Glass 1 54 Book_— ^L A NEW GAZETTEER OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA;^ CONTAINING A COPIOUS DESCRIPTION OP THE STATES, TERRITORIES, COUNTIES, PARISHES, DISTRICTS, CITIES AND TOWNS-MOUN- TAINS, LAKES, RIVERS AND CANALS— COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES, AGRICUL- TURE, AND THE ARTS GENERALLY, OP THE UNITED STATES ; EMBRACING ALSO THE EXTENT, BOUNDARIES, AND NATURAL PRODUCTIONS OF THE PRINCIPAL SUBDIVI- SIONS, THE LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE OF CITIES AND TOWNS, AND THEIR BEARING AND DISTANCE FROM IMPORTANT PLACES ; INCLUDING OTHER INTERESTING AND VALUABLE GEOGRAPHICAL, HISTORICAL, POLITICAL, AND STATISTICAL INFORMATION ; WITH THE POPULATION OF 1830. BY WILLIAM DARBY AND THEODORE DWIGHT, JR. HARTFORD, PUBLISHED BY EDWARD HOPKINS. 1833. \ Entered .ccordingto act of Congress, in the year 1832, by Edwah. Hopkins, in the Clerk', office of the District Court of Connecticut. //f^ PREFACE. The collection, and arrangement of the materials for this Gazetteer, were commenced in April, 1830, and have been steadily continued to the present time, Nov. 1832. It must therefore be evident that great labour has been ex- pended upon the work — how satisfactory to the public the result of the under- taking will prove, remains to be decided. It is not with a view to enhance the value or importance of these labors, but to explain one of the principal causes of delay attendant upon the publication of this volume, that some remarks are introduced on the manner, and protracted time of publishing the census, which was not available until June of the current year, or about two years after it was taken ; this fact, together with the confused, and utter want of arrangement in that document, renders unnecessary any farther apology for the delay to which we advert. Indeed as this document is published, it is to a convenient analysis of the population of the U. S., what stones in a quarry are to a build- ing ; and deserves to be estimated much as the material, on the ground where an edifice is to be erected. In every state, and territory, with the exception of the northern district of New. York, the eastern district of Pennsylvania, Dela- ware, Maryland, the western district of Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, the western district of Tennessee, and Ohio, an alphabetical arrange- ment of the census table was genei'ally omitted, and of course to find any given county or town, required an examination of the whole mass. The inconven- ience of this arrangement may be estimated, when it is known that five hun- dred and thirty counties, with their towns, are thus defective in arrangement. Of some states, nothing is given but the aggregate of the counties ; and in Geor- gia, no city, town, or village is named ; — the returns of some other states are equally imperfect. These facts will account for numerous apparent defi- ciencies in population, and explain their true cause. The post offices, particu- larly in the middle, southern, southwestern, and western states, have been in- serted from the official list of 1831 ; and great pains have been taken, with the aid of the best maps, to locate the most obscure of them. The qualifying term, " post road" has been adopted, as by that the postage of letters, &c. is regula- ted, altho' in innumerable cases these much exceed more direct routes. In re- gard to rivers, it may be doubted whether their extent should be estimated by the meanders of the streams, or by the length of their basins, or vallies. Ex- cept in New England, N. York, and N. Jersey, we have chosen to estimate them by the latter method, the length of the surface which they drain. Tan- ner's new and excellent map of the U. S., a proof sheet of which was early and obligingly forwarded to Mr. Darby, has been the guide generally followed in regard to geographical position ; with the aid of this, extensive additions have been made to the geography of the western country, particularly that of the states of Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana, and the territories of Michigan and Huron. The extended plan of this Gazetteer, seemed at first to promise the compiler of that part of it embracing New York, New Jersey, and the New England states, an opportunity to introduce large details of the intellectual and moral institu- PKKFACE. tions of the country ; and the hope of accomplishing this object was one great motive for his engaging in the work. Experiment however soon proved, that the prescribed hmits, although large, would not allow the introduction of many- such details, without excluding others more practically indispensable, in a work of this kind. He acknowledges his obligations to the authors of the following works, from some of which he has derived much statistical information ; Green- leaf's Survey and Map of Maine ; Tanner and Moore's Gazetteer of N. Hamp- shire ; Thompson's Gazetteer of Vermont; Spofford's Gazetteer of Massachu- setts ; Pease and Niles's Gazetteer of Connecticut and Rhode Island ; Spaf- ford's Gazetteer of New York, and Gordon's Map of New Jersey ; with partic- ular gratitude he also acknowledges his obligations to James Parker, Esq. of Amboy, N. J., for valuable statistics of different parts of that state, which have been embodied in the work. In the compilation of the Gazetteer of the U. S., numerous authorities beside those already mentioned, have been consulted ; and accuracy has ever been a prominent object of its compilers. But some recent sources of information have been deficient ; — the census was formerly an invaluable source of various sta- tistical matter ; that of 1830, however, has proved to be entirely useless on every subject other than population. Inconsistencies and contradictions in orthogra- phy, and in statistics of different kinds, found even in works of the highest rep- utation, may perhaps have induced some errors and omissions here. Indeed to say that such will not be found in the work, would be presumption ; from the very nature of it, perfect accuracy cannot reasonably be insisted on in every detail, by the reader. Such errors and omissions as have been discovered, on a rapid review of the work, have been noticed in the Appendix. We may say, however, what is undeniable, that much has been added to the geography of the country, in the present work ; that numerous new counties, and towns, have been embodied in it, and that it contains many and important corrections of some similar and respectable works. On the whole, as a convenient and safe book of reference, extended in its detail far beyond any work of the kind here- tofore published, and to a great extent original, we hope, and confidently be- lieve, that it will prove both useful, and valuable, to those who have occasion to consult its pages. ABBREVIATIONS. Ark.— Arkansas. Me.— Maine. S. C— South Carolina. mtn.— mountain. Aia.— Alabama. Mich.— Michigan. Ten.— Tennessee. pop.— population. Conn.— Connecticut. Miris.— Mississippi. U. S.— United States. p-o.— post oJtice Del.— Delaware. Mo.— Missouri. Vt.— Vermont. p-t.— post town. Dist. Col.— Disuict of Co- N.C.— North Carolina. Va.— Virginia. p-v.— post village. lumbia. N. H.— New Hampshire. W. C— Washington City, p-r.— post road. Flor. — Florida. N. J. — New Jersey. r. — river. Geo.— Georgia. N. Y.— New York. cap.— capital. s-p.— sea port. Ind.— Indiana. N. W. Ter.— North West co.— county. sq. ms.— square miles, n.— Illinois. Territory. dist.— district. st. jus.— seat of justice. Ky.— Kentucky. O.— Ohio. isl.— island. t.— town. La.— Louisiana. Phil.— Philadelphia. lat.— latitude. ter.— territory. Mass.- Massachusetts. Pa.— Pennsylvania. long.— longitude. tsp.— township. Md.— Maryland. R. I. — Rhode Island. ms.— miles. A few other abbreviationg used in the work will at once be intelligible to the reader. A GAZETTEER OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ABB ABI Aaronsburg, p-v. Centre co. Penn. ; situa- ted on one of the highest branches of Penn's creek, 18 miles e. of Bellefonte, and by post road 79 miles n. w. from Sunbury. Aberdeen, p-t. Brown co. O. Abbeville, district of, South Carolina ; ex- tsnding along and from Savannah river ; boimded n. w. by Anderson dist. ; n. e. by Sa- luda river separating it from Laurens dist. ; s. E. by Edgefield dist. ; and s. w. by Savan- nah river separating it from Lincoln and El- bert counties in Georgia. It lies in form very nearly a square of 31 miles each side ; area 960 square miles. Extending in lat. from 33° 50' to 34° 28' N.; and in long, from 4° 56' to 50 42' ^_ from W. C. The southern and- central parts of Abbeville slope toward and are drained into Savannah river, with a south. em declination. A narrow zone along the northeastern border slopes to the southeast- ward towards the main stream of Saluda riv- er. By the census of 1820, this district con- tained a population of 23,167 ; but in the ensuing ten years it had increased to 28,149. Of the latter 7,680 were white males ; 7,181 white females, and the residue, 13,288, were people of color. Distributive population by the census of 1830, was 30 to the square mile. Chief town Abbeville. Abbeville, p-v. and seat of justice, Abbe- ville dist., S. C. ; situated near the centre of the district, on one of the branches of Little river, atN. lat. 34° 11' ; long. w. from W. C. 5° 20'; 63 miles n. n. w. from Augusta in Georgia, and by post road, 100 m. a very little N. of w. from Columbia. Abbeville, or Abbeyville, p-v. Mecklen- burg CO. Va. ; situated on the left bank of Staunton or Roanoke river, about 10 miles above the influx of Dan river, and by post road, 126 miles s. w. from Richmond, and 227 m. s. s. w. from W. C. Abbottstown, p-v. Adams co. Penn. ; si- tuated on almost the eastern line of the coun- ty, and on a branch of Conewago creek, 15 miles N. E. by e. from Gettysburg, very near- ly an equal distance s. w. by w. from the bo- rough of York ; and by post road 86 m. n. from W.C. Abbott's Mills, and post office, Rutherford CO. Tenn. ; by post road, 40 miles southeast, ward from Nashville. Abingdon, p-v. Harford co. Md. ; 22 miles northeastward from Baltimore. Abingdon, p-v. and seat lof justice. Wash- ington CO. Va. ; situated at the southeastern side of a mountain ridge, about niid-distance between the two main forks of Holston river and about 7 miles distant from each, also on the Great Valley road. According to Tan- ner's map of the U. S. this place stands about 8 miles northwardly from the northern boun- dary of Tennessee, n. lat. 36° 42', long. 4*^ 58' w. from W. C, by post road 385 miles s. w. by w. from W. C, and 309, a little s. of w. from Richmond. Abington, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. ; 22 miles s. e. of Boston, contains 2 ponds, one emptying into North river and the Atlantic ocean, the other into Taunton river and Nar- ragansett bay. Spirited resolutions against the right claimed by the British Parliament to tax the colonies were passed here, 1770. Pop. 2,428. Abington, p-v. Windham co. Conn. Abington, p-v. Luzerne co. Penn. ; 15 ra. 2 ADA 10 ADA N. E. from Wilkes Barre, and by post road 137 miles n. e. from Harrisburg, and 245 m. N. N. E. from W. C. Abington, p-v. Wayne co. Ind. ; by post road, 76 miles n. e. by e. from Indianopolis. Abram's Creek, Columbia co. N. Y. ; is formed by the junction of Kinderhook and Claverack creeks, and after a course of half a mile falls into Hudson river 4 miles above Hudson. Absecombe, p-v. Gloucester co. N.J. AccoMAC, the northernmost of the two coun- ties which constitute together, that section called, " The Eastern Shore of Virginia." This county extends from the Atlantic ocean to Chesapeake bay, — is bounded by the Atlantic ocean e. ; Northampton co. Va. s. ; Chesapeake bay w. ; Pocomoke bay n. w. ; and Worcester co. Md. n. ; extending in lati- tude from 37° 28' to 38° 02' n. and in long. from 1° 24' to 1° 46' e. from W. C. Great- est length from s. s. w. to n. n. e. 48 miles ; mean width about 10 miles, area 480 square miles. Much of the surface is sand banks, or islands along the Atlantic coast ; the real ara- ble superficies is about 400 square miles. The surface is level. Chief town, Drummonds- town. Pop. 1820, 15,966, and 1830, 19,656. Of the latter, were white males 4,495 ; white females 4,969, total 9,458 ; and the residue people of color. AccoMAC, court-house. See Drummonds- town. Accord, p-v. Ulster co. N. J. AcHOR, p-v. in the northern part of Colum- biana CO., O. AcRA, p-v. Greene co. N. J. Acton, t. Windham co. Vt.; 32 miles n. e. of Bennington, 18 n. w. of Brattleboro', has an uneven surface, well watered by brooks, but without good mill streams. Pop. 176. Acton, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. ; 24 miles N. w. of Boston, has a good soil. Asabet riv- er, a chief tributary of Concord river, passes through a part of it, as well as its 2 branches, and the post road from Boston and Concord to Groton and Keene. Pop. 1,128. AcwoRTit, p-t. Cheshire co.N. H. ; 50 miles w. of Concord, 87 w. of Portsmouth, 93 n. w. of Boston. Cold river rising at Cold Pond, af- fords mill seats. The town is agricultural, has a good soil, and raises flax, and cattle. It is on the post road and turnpike from Charles- town to Concord and Boston. Pop. 1,401. Adair, one of the southern counties of Ken.; bounded by Russell *. and ■*. e. ; Monroe s. w. ; Barren w. ; Green n. w. ; and Casey e. The greatest length is about 40 miles from n. e. to s. w. ; mean breadth 17, and area 680 square miles. Extending in lot. from 36° 51' to 37° 28' N. and in long, from 7° 50' to 8° 30' w. fromW. C. The northern, central, and in- deed the far greater part of this county slopes to the N. w. and is drained in that direction by confluents of Green river. The southern part declines towards and is drained by creeks falling into Cumberland river. In 1820, this county was much more extensive than it is at present, being lessened by the intermediate creation of Russell county. Pop. of Adair 1830,8,220. Chief town Columbia. -\dairsville, p. v. Logan co. Ken. ; by post road 181 miles s. w. from Frankfort ; and 10 in a similar direction from Russellville, the county seat. Adams, Cape of the United States, on the Pacific ocean. It is the Point Ronde of La- peyrouse," and the southern point at the mouth of Columbia river. It Is thus descri- bed in a geographical sketch of Oregon Ter- ritory, published at Boston, 1830. — " Point Adams forms the south side of the river Co. lumbia. It is a low projection of land, bear- ing s. e. about seven miles from the Cape (Disappointment), and thinly wooded. From it sand banks extend within one mile of the Cape Disappointment , and inside of the bank which runs out from the Cape." As laid down by Tanner, in his map of the United States, the lat. is 46° 17' n. and long. 46° 50' w. from W. C. Variation of the magnetic needle at, 22° 40' E. See Columbia river. Adams, t. Coos co. N. H. ; in a romantic situation at the e. base of the White Moun- tains, is uneven and partly rocky, but has a rich soil. It contains Black, Baldface and Thorn Mountains, and 2 branches of Ellis' riv- er, which falls into Saco river. Adams, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass.; 125 miles N w. of Boston, 20 Pittsfiekl, 40 e. of Albany, was named after Samuel Adams, is divided from Williamstown on the w. by Saddle Moun- tain. Hudson's branch, a mill stream, comes from Vermont, and falls into Hoosick river through a channel in one place cut 60 feet in- to a White marble quarry, leaving a natural bridge, 12 or 15 feet long, 10 wide and 62 high. Some of the marble is clouded. Fort Massachusetts was on the n. e. end of Saddle Mountain. The Marquis de Vaudreuil attack- ed it, August 26, 1746, with 900 French and Indians, but was resisted, with 45 killed, for 24 hours, by 33 men, women and children, under Colonel Hawkes, who obtained an hon- orable capitulation. /August 2, 1748, it was attacked by 300 French and Indians who were repulsed by Colonel Williams. The Adams and Hoosick cotton and woollen manufacto. ries were incorporated 1809, and 2 more in 1814. There are about 25 cotton and woollen in all. There is a turnpike to Claremont. There are many fine dairies. Graylock, a peak of Saddle mountain and highest land in Massachusetts, is 3,580 feet above Hudson river at Albany. It has two villages, n. and s. Pop. 2,648. Adams, p-t. Jefferson co. N. Y. ; 166 miles w. of Albany, is 6 miles square, has very rich arable land, good for grain. N. branch of Big Sandy creek and Stony creek furnish mill seats. Many remains of ancient mounds are found here, with coarse earthen pipes, stone hearths many feet under ground, &.c. 7 tu- muli have been observed, with ditches round them, enclosing from a half to two acres. Pop. 2,995. ADA 11 ADR Adams, one of the southern counties of Penn. ; bounded by Franklin co. w. ; Cumber- land N. ; York n. e. and e. ; and Frederick co. Md. s. Length 25 miles, mean breadth 18, and area 450 square miles. Extending in lat. from 39° 42' to 40° 2', and in long, from the meridian of W. C. to 0° 30' w. This county is table land, and nearly equally divided be- tween the basins of Potomac and Susquehan- na. The southern part slopes towards the former stream, and is drained by the sources of Monocacy, whilst the northern section gives source to Conewago, and declines to- wards the Susquehanna. The surface of the whole county is hilly, but soil generally fertile. Chief town Gettysburg. Pop. 1820, 19,370, and in 1830, 21,379. Adams, one of the southwestern counties of the state of Miss. ; bounded n. e. by Jeffer- son ; E. by Franklin; on the s. by riomochit- to river which sejiarates it from Wilkinson ; and on the w. it is separated from the parish of Concordia in Louisiana, by the Mississippi river. From s. s. w. to n. n. e. along the general course of the Mississippi the length is about 40 miles, mean breadth 15, and area 600 square miles. Extending in lat. from 31° 15' to 31° 46', and in long, from 14° 16' to 14° 43' w. of ^V . C. The general slope is to the southwestvvard. Surface broken by hills, which though very numerous are of inconsid- erable elevation ; except some bottoms along the Mississippi and Homochitto, there is but little level land in the county. The soil is, though of various qualities in different pans, generally productive. Staple, cotton. Chief towns Natchez and Washington. Pop. 1820, 12,073, and in 1830, 14,919. Adams, one of the southern counties of Ohio ; bounded by Brown co. w.; Highland n. w. ; Pike N. E.; Scott E.; andby the Ohio river separating it from Lewis and Mason counties of Kentucky, s. Length 28, breadth 22, and area 616 square miles. Extending in lat. from 38° 37' to 40° N., and inMong. from 6° 12' to 6° 36' w. from VV. C. The general slope of j this county is to the southward and towards the Ohio river ; it is hilly but fertile. Chief town West Union. Pop. 1820, 10,406, and in 1830, 12,278. Adams, one of the western counties of Illi- nois ; bounded as laid down on Tanner's map on the N. byHancock ; e. by Schuyler ; s. e. and s. by Pike ; and on the w. is separated from Marion county and a section of the unappro- priated part of the state of Missouri, by the Missisippi river. — Length from s. to n. 32, mean width 24, and area 768 square miles. Extending in latitude from 39° 42' to 40° 11', and in longitude from 13° 52' to 14° 26' w. from W. C. The western and central parts of this county slope westward towards the Mississippi river, whilst the eastern border gives source to creeks, the water of which is finally discharged into Illinois river. Chief town Quincy. Pop. 1830, 2,186. Adams, p-v. ■Seneca co. O. ; by post road, 98 miles northward from Columbus, and 412 N. w. by w. from W. C. Adams, p-v. Decatur co. Ind. ; by post road 48 miles s. e. by e. from Indianopolis. Adams Basin, p-v. Monroe co. N. J. Adamsburg, p-v. Westmoreland co. Penn. ; on the main road from Greensburg to Pitts, burg, 6 miles w. from the former, and by post road 176, westward from Harrisburg, and 198 N. w. from W. C. Adams, old, court house and post office, Adams co. Miss. ; 9 miles from Natchez. Adams' Mills, and post office, Pulaski co. Ky. ; by post road 82 miles a little e. of s. from Frankfort. Adamstown, p-v. near the northeastern border of Lancaster co. Penn. ; 23 miles N. N. E. from the city of Lancaster, and 12 s. s. w. from Reading. Adamsville, p-v. Washington co. N. Y. Adamsville, post office, Berks co. Penn. ; 9 miles from Reading and 61 eastward from Harrisburg. Adamsville, p-v. Frederick co. Md.; by post road 48 miles n. w. from W. C. Adamsville, p-v. Marlborough dist., S. C. ; by post road 1 10 miles eastward from Colum- bia, and 398 s. s. w. from W. C. Addison, t. Washington co. Me.; 15 miles w. Machias. Pop. 741. Addison Co. Vt. ; bounded by Chittenden co. N. ; Chittenden, Washington and Orange coun- ties E. ; Windsor CO. s. E. ; Rutland co. s. ; Lake Champlain w. Pop. 1820, 20,469 ; 1830, 24,940. It is crossed by Otter creek s. to n., and by the Green mountains e. The county town is Middlebury. It has a good port oa the lake at Basin Harbor. Addison, p-t. Addison co. Vt. ; e. of Lake Champlain, opposite Crown Point, New York, 83 miles n. Bennington, 40 s. w. Montpelier. This was probably the first settlement by Eu- ropeans in this state w. of the Green inoun- tains. In 1731 the French built a fort at Crown Point, and occupied this shore. The English first came in 1770. It is low and generally level, with few streams. Snake mountain is in s. e. corner. Otter creek and one of its branches, with Mill and Pike rivers, (falling into Lake Champlain,) are within the town. Sulphuret, and magnetic oxide of iron are found. Pop. 1,306. Addison, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y. ; 25 miles s. of Bath, N. of Pennsylvania Line, has Ca- nisteo (navigable for boats) and Tuscarora creeks, but the land is broken, and has little value, except for timber. Grindstones are here made of sandstone. Pop. 944. Addison Point, p-v. Washington co. N. Y. Adelphia, p-v. in the northeastern part of Ross CO. O. ; by post road 46 miles south- wardly from Columbus, and by the common road 20 n. e. from Cliilicothe. Adgates' Falls, New York. (See Ches- terfield, N. Y.) Adrian, p-v. Lenawee co. Michigan Ter. ; by post road 10 miles from Tecumseh the ALA 12 ALA county seat, 73 s. w. by w. from Detroit, and 502 N. w. by w. from W. C. Agamenticus Mountain, York, York co. Maine. Adriance, p-v. Dutchess co. N. Y. Agawam, p-v. Hampden co. Mass. ; 2 miles s. w. Springfield. Agawam r. Mass. See Westfield river. Agnew's Mills, and post office, Venango CO. Pa. ; by post road 248 m. n. w. fromW. C. Ahosky Ridge, post office, northern part of Hertford co. N. C; by post road 121 miles n. E. by E. from Raleigh, and 240 very nearly due south from W. C. Ahpmoojeenee-Gamook, lake. Me. ; n. of Moosehead lake, empties St. John's river. Akron, p-v. Portage co. O. Alabama river, the great northeastern con- stituent of Mobile river, is formed by the confluent streams of Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers, and receives as a tributary, the Caha- ba from the north. Of the three constituents of Alabama, the Cahaba is the only one entire- ly in the state of Alabama. Rising between the vallies of Black Warrior and Coosa rivers, in the counties of Jefferson and St. Clair, the Cahaba assumes a course a little w. of s. and which it maintains over Shelby, Bibb, Perry and Dallas cos. falling into Mobile at the town of Cahaba in the latter county. The valley of Cahaba is about 120 miles in length with a mean breadth of 20, and with an area of 2400 square miles. Coosa or the main constituent of Alaba- ma, has it highest and most i emote source in Tennessee, interlocking sources with those of Hiwassee and Chattahooche. The most northern sources of Coosa are at n. lat. 35° 05', and are the most northern fountains, the water of which is finally discharged into the Gulf of Mexico E. from the Mississippi basin. There known by the name of Connessauga, it flows first west, but curving to s. s. w. about 70 miles receives from the east the Etowah. The latter rises in Georgia, be- tween the sources of Hiwassee and Chatta- hooche, and only separated about 15 miles from the Turoree branch of Savannah river, by spurs of the Blue Ridge. Issuing from this elevated region the Etowah, with a sweeping curve to the southward, pursues a general course of s. w. by w. 100 miles to its union with the Connessauga or Oostenalah. Hav- ing their fountains and channels in the com- paratively high Appalachian vallies, the supe- rior branches of Coosa are rapid mountain streams. Below the junction of Etowah and Connessauga, the united waters henceforth known as the Coosa flow 8 or 10 miles west- ward, when, leaving Georgia and entering Alabama, the now considerable volume by an elliptic curve inflects first to s. w. thence s. and finally s. s. E. to its junction with the Tal- lapoosa to form the Alabama, at Coosauda, n. lat. 32° 28', long. 9° 22' w. from W. C. The entire comparative course of the Coosa is about 240 miles, but by the bends may not fall much short of 400 miles. The valley it drains is about 200 miles in length with a mean breadth of 45 ; area 9000 square miles. Talapoosa, or eastern branch of Mobile, ri- ses between the vallies of Etowah and Chat, tahooche, and principally in Carroll county of Georgia, at n. lat. 34 nearly. — Flowing s. s. w. it enters Alabama, and continuing that course, 130 miles, turns abruptly to the west 25 miles, unites with the superior volume of the Coosa as already noted. The valley of Talapoosa lies entirely between those of the Coosa and Chattahooche ; it is about 150 miles in length with a mean width of 25, and area 3750 square miles. In one striking feature the Coosa and Talapoosa have strong resemblance to each other. In the lower part of their respective courses in Alabama, neither receive tributa- ries above the size of a large creek. Alabama, formed thus by the union of the Coosa and Talapoosa, assumes a general western course to the influx of Cahaba, and thence curving to the s. s. w. to its junction with Tombigbee to form the Mobile. By a comparative course from the mouth of Coo- sa to that of Tombigbee, the length of the Al- abama is 130 miles, but so tortuous is its channel that the navigating length fiiUs little if any under 250 miles. The valley of the Alabama proper is about 120 miles by 30» with an area of 3600 square miles. Combi- ning the area of all the sections of the Ala- bama valley we find it comprises 18,750 square miles. From the great diti'erence of height between the sources and mouth of the assemblage of confluents, the streams of this valley are rapid. At times of flood they are all, how- ever, navigable for down stream vessels from near their sources. Schooners of 5 feet draught are navigated into Alabama and as far as the lower falls at Claiborne, 50 miles above the mouth. Alabama, one of the United States, boimd- ed W. by the state of Mississippi ; N. by the state of Tennessee ; E. by Georgia ; S. by Florida ; and S. W. by the Gulf of Mexico. This state has an outline in common : Miles. With the state of Mississippi . . . _ 330 " " Tennessee . . . 153 " " Georgia .... 306 Along N. lat. 31°, and in common with Florida 150 Down Perdido river, from N. lat. 31° to its mouth 60 Along the Gulf of, Mexico to place of beginning 60 Having an entire outline of . . 1059 The area of Alabama, is 51,770 square miles, equal to 33,132,800 statute acres. Greatest length of the Gulf of Mexico to the Teimessee line 336 miles ; the mean breadth from E. to W. 154. Geographically, this state hes between N. lat. 30° 10', and 35°, and in long, between 8° 05', and 11° 30' W. from W. C. ALA 13 ALA This state lies, with the exceptions of its southeastern and southwestern angles, in the valley of Tennessee and basin of Mobile. If taken under a general view, it is subdivided into two unequal physical sections. The northern and smaller section is comprised in the valley of Tennessee. That river wind- ing by a general western course, but vnih a sweeping curve to the south, enters at the northeastern angle of the state, and issues from it at the southeastern. The southern, and by far the most exten- sive section, has a slope very nearly due south, and is drained by the main streams, and numerous confluents of Tombigbee, Black Warrior, Alabama, Mobile, Conecuh, Choctawhatchie and Chattahooche rivers. Northern, or the Tennessee river section of Alabama, contains the counties of: Square Population, Populatior miles. 1820. 1830. Franklin . . 684 4,988 11,078 Jackson . . 1040 8,751 12,700 Lauderdale 672 4,963 11,781 Lawrence 816 14,984 Limestone 600 9,871 14,807 Madison, and 648 17,481 27,990 Morgan . . 600 9,062 Amount . . 50(50 46,054 102,402 The surface upon which resided the re- spective populations of 1820, and 1830, was nearly the same, we therefore find that north- ern Alabama gained in the 10 intermediate years 222 per cent. Passing the ridge which separates the sources of the southern creeks of Tennessee river, from those of Coosa, Black Warrior and Tombigbee, we are on the northern and higher border of the great southern slope of Alabama, down which spread the counties of: Square miles Popnlalion, Population, ill 1830. 1820. 1830. Autauga . . 1080 3,853 11,874 Baldwin . . 2000 1,713 2,324 Bibb . . . 800 3,676 6,306 Blount . . 1650 2,415 4,233 Butler . . . 1000 1,405 5,650 Cataco . . . 5,263 Clarke . . 1200 5,839 7,595 Conecuh . . 1531 5,713 7,444 Covington 1004 1,522 Dale . . . IGOO 2,031 Dallas . . 1064 6,003 14,017 Fayette . . 1250 3,547 Greene . . 836 4,554 15,026 Hemy . . 1344 2,638 4,020 Jetierson . . 1040 6,855 Lowndes 9,410 Marengo . . 960 2,933 7,700 Marion . . 1140 4,058 Mobile . . 2250 2,072 6,267 Monroe . . 960 8,838 8,782 Montgomery . 1500 6,004 12,695 Perry . . . 966 11,490 Pickens . . 648 6,622 Pike . . . 1750 7,108 St. Clair . . 720 4,166 5,975 Shelby . . 1100 2,416 5,704 Tuscaloosa . 853 8,229 13,646 Walker . . 1500 2,202 Washington . 840 3,474 Wilccx . . 1200 2,917 9,548 33,451 81,847 207,125 Add N. Alabam a 5060 46,054 102,402 The preceding area of 38,511 square miles comprises that part of Alabama, yet pur- chased from the Indians, and organized into counties. But there is on the northeast- ern border a section of about 600 square miles still in the possession of the Chick- asaws. On the western border, and nearly opposite the middle of the state, there is a second tract, possessed by the Choctaws, which comprises about 1800 square miles. Again, there is a region of about 11,000 square miles along the eastern and northeastern side of the state still pos- sessed by the Creeks and Cherokees. The President of the United States in his message to Congress, at the opening of the present session, informs that body that measures have been taken under the laws of the United States, " By which the whole of the state of Mississippi, and the western part of Alaba- ma, will be freed from Indian occupancy, and opened to a civilized population. The trea- ties with these tribes are in a course of exe- cution, and their removal, it is hoped, will be completed in the course of 1832." By the preceding elements we are shown that in the decennial period from 1820 to 1830, the population of Alabama had gained 234 per cent. We may premise, that in the preceding physical division of Alabama, into northern and southern sections, we have not pursued the same limits of division, adopted in taking the recent census, but the difference is not material to any general result. The follow, ing tabular statements are from the census of 1830. Recapitulation, exhibiting the general ag- gregate amount of each description of per- sons in the northern district of Alabama. Free White Persons. Males unde " of Amount 38,511 309,527 r 5 years of age 9,459 5 and under 10 years of age 6,727 10 " 15 " 5,221 15 " 20 " 4,300 20 " 30 " 7,036 30 " 40 " 4,458 40 " 50 it 2,5)6 50 " 60 '< 1,501 60 " 70 It 773 70 " 80 '< 246 80 " 90 11 63 90 " 100 i( 11 100 and upwards 00 42,311 Free White Persons. Females under 5 years of age 8,964 " of 5 and under 10 years of age 6,426 10 " 15 ' 4,927 15 " SO ' 4,404 20 " 30 ' 6,306 30 " 40 ' 3,665 40 " 50 ' 2,135 50 " 60 ' 1,186 60 " 70 " 575 70 " 80 " 182 80 " 90 " 69 90 " 100 ' 16 100 and upwards 7 38,862 42,311 Total number of Free 'Wliite Persons 81,173 ALA 14 ALA V\ hite persons included in tlie foregoing who deaf and dumb. Under 14 years of age 14 " and niider 23 25 " and upwards Blind Foreigners not naturalized Slaves. Males under 10 years of age 8 " of 10 and under 24 years of age 7 " " 24 " 36 " 4 " " 36 " 55 " 1, " " 55 " 100 " " " 100 and upwards Total males 22,383 Females under 10 years of age 7,974 of 10 and under 24 years of age 7,152 " 24 " 36 " 4,209 " 36 " 55 " 1,897 " 55 " 100 " 507 " 100 and upwards 8 Total Females Amount of Slaves Free Colored Persons. Males under 10 years of age " of 10 and under 24 years of age " " 24 " 36 " " " 36 " 55 " " " 55 " 100 «• " " 100 and upwards Total Males Females under 10 years of age " of 10 and under 24 years of age " " 24 " 36 " " " 36 " 55 " " " 55 " 100 " " " 100 and upwards Total Females Amount Free Colored Total aggregate population of Northern Alabama 125,725 General aggregate amount of each descrip- tion of persons in Southern Alabama. Free White Persons. Males under 5 years of age 13,305 ' ige 8,755 6,908 5.209 10;404 6,941 3,513 2,092 968 345 84 21,747 44,130 54 66 39 19 00 253 54 48 31 19 16 1 169 422 " of 5 and under 10 " " 10 ' 15 " " 15 20 " " 20 30 " " 30 40 " " 40 ' 50 " " 50 ' 00 " " 60 ' 70 " " 70 80 " " 80 ' 90 " " 90 " " 100 and 100 Total White males Females under 5 years of age " of 5 and under 10 years of age 10 ' 15 15 ' 20 20 ' 30 30 ' 40 40 ' 50 50 ' ' 60 60 70 70 ' 80 80 ' 90 90 100 " " 100 and upwards Total White Females Total number of Free White Persons Persons inchidrd in the foregoing, who are deaf and dumb, under 14 Persons of 14 and under 25 Persons of 25 and upwards Persons Blind Foreigners not naturalized 58,535 12,.376 8,375 6,165 5,547 8,151 4,894 2,560 1,545 744 250 75 13 3 50,698 109,233 Slaves. Males under 10 years of age " of 10 and under 24 years of age " " 24 " 36 " " " 36 " 55 " " " 55 " 100 " " " 100 and upwards Total of Male Slaves Females under 10 years of age " of 10 and under 24 years of age " " 24 " 36 " " " 36 " 55 " " " 55 " 100 " " " 100 and upwards Total Female Slaves Total of Slaves Free Colored Persons. Males under 10 years of age " of 10 and under 24 years of age " " 24 " 36 " " " 36 " 55 " " " 55 " 100 " " " 100 and upwards Total Free colored Males Females under 10 years of age " of 10 and under 24 years of age " " 24 " 36 " " " 36 " 55 " " " 55 " 100 '• " " 100 and upwards Total of Free colored Females Total number of Free colored Persons Slaves and colored persons included in the foregoing who are deaf and dumb, under 14 years of age " " " " of 14 and under 25 " " " " of 25 and upwards " " " " blind . 13,585 12,235 6,8.53 3,201 8,091 22 36,787 13,412 12,517 6,879 3,001 805 18 36,632 73,419 200 148 112 85 37 00 501 191 161 100 65 40 2 559 5 3 5 36 Summary. Northern Alabama, whites Southern " " . Total Whites Slaves and Free colored 44,552 74,569 81,173 109,233 190,406 Total Slaves and Free colored Total Population of Alabama, by the Census of 1830 119,121 309,527 Physical Features. — The surface of Ala- bama is divided into two very unequal sec tions, as we have shown under the head of population. The northern and smaller plain is a part of the valley of Tennessee River, the main volume of that stream entering at the northeastern, and leavingthe state at the northwestern angle, flowing in the interme- diate distance by a general course to the westward, but with a sweeping curve to the south. The Tennessee enters Alabama in a mountain valley immediately below the influx of Sequatche River, flows thence by compa- rative courses 60 miles in a direction to the s. w. ; thence abruptly inflecting to north, west by west 130 miles, passes a chain of the Appalachian system by the noted pass called the Muscle Shoals ; below which, curving gradually more to the northward, leaves the state at the influx of Bear Creek. In this distance of 190 miles, Termessee receives but one tributary stream deserving the name of a river ; that is Elk River which enters ALA ALA from the right ; but the confluent creeks are numerous on both sides. Northern Alabama is finely, indeedbeautifuUy variegated by hill, dale, and in some places by plain. It was the first part of the state inhabited by whites, if we except a few spots along Mobile and Tombigbee Rivers, above and below the town of Mobile ; and is yet far most densely settled ; the mean to the square mile being by the census of 1830, a small fraction above 20, whilst that of Southern Alabama, did not amount but to a little above the one third, or not quite 7 to the square mile. The southern and much most extensive zone, or inclined plain, falls by a very gentle declivity from N. Lit. 34° 20' to the Gulf of Mexico, over something more than four de- grees of latitude. This slope is drained and finely variegated by the numerous branches of the Coosa, Tallapoosa, Cahaba, Black Warrior, Tombigbee, and Alabama, all contri- buting to form the Mobile. The southeastern angle of the state declines to the southwest- ward and is drained in that direction by Choc- taw, Yellow Water, Conecuh rivers. A ve- ry narrow strip of the southeastern border, declines eastward, and is drained into and bounded by the Chattahooche river. The state is over both physical sections, very advantageously supplied with navigable rivers, though possessing within its own lim- its but one outlet to the Gulf of Mexico by Mobile Bay. The tides being moderate, not exceeding two and a half feet at a mean. The entrance of sea vessels of any draught, is arrested by rapids at Claiborne, in Alaba- ma, and St. Stephens, in Tombigbee river ; both places being about one hundred miles direct distance above the outlet of Mobile Bay, into the Gulf of Mexico. Li common winters, the rivers of even northern Alabama, are but little impeded by ice, but there do occur seasons, and that of 1831 — 32, is an example, when Tennessee river and its con- fluents are completely frozen. The streams flowing southwardly, towards the Gulf of Mexico, are still more rarely, and below N. lat. 33", perhaps never rendered unnaviga- ble by frosts. The excessive droughts of summer are, indeed, far more frequently the cause of impeding navigation in, not only the rivers of Alabama, but all the streams be- tween the Mississippi and the Atlantic ocean below N. lat. 35". The seasons at the extremes of Alabama, in regard to mean and extreme temperature dif- fer greatly. The border along the Gulf of Mex- ico may be called tropical when compared with the valley ofTennessee. Between lat. 30° 10', and 31° 30', or below tide water, exces- sive frost or lying snows are rare ; but the temperature changes sensibly advancing to. wards and into the valley of Tennessee. No part, however, of the state reaches suffi- ciently to the southward to admit the profita- ble cultivation of sugar cane. Cotton is the general staple of the state. Indian corn or maize is the usual crop ; but in the mid- dle and northern part small grain succeeds well. The arable land of southern Alabama, lies mostly along or near the water courses, and is composed of two species. Alluvion, pro- perly so called, and Interval land. The latter a kind of intermediate soil between the allu- vial river bottoms and the open pine woods. The latter description of land, is sterile, and comprises the much greater part of the sur- face of the state, more comparatively exten- sive, however, on the southern than on the northern section. Constitution of Government, Judiciary. — The territory now constituting the state of Alabama was formerly included in the west- ern territory of Georgia, afterwards in the Mississippi territory. ( See Georgia and Mis- sissippi.) In March, 1817, the Mississippi territory was divided oy an Act of Congress, by which authority was given to form the western section into a state, and subsequent- ly the eastern part was formed into a territo- ry under the name of Alabama. The in- crease of population was so rapid as to enti- tle it to admission as a state government in 1818, and application was made to Congress accordingly. A bill was brought in and a law passed, March, 1819, empowering the people of Alabama to form a Constitution ; under the authority of which, a Convention met at Hunts- ville in Northern Alabama, and on August 2, 1819, adopted a Constitution of State Govern- ment, which was ratified by Congress Decern, ber 1819, and the state admitted into the Un- ion. The Constitution of Alabama provides: — that " The powers of the government of the state of Alabama shall be divided intJ three distinct departments; and each of them con- fided to a separate body of magistracy, to wit, Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. No person, or collection of persons, being of one of those departments, shall exercise any pow- er properly belonging to either of the others, except in the instances hereinafter expressly directed or permitted." " The legislative power of this state shall be vested in two distinct branches : the one to be styled the Senate, the other the House of Representatives, and both together the Gene- ral Assembly of the state of Alabama. "The members of the House of Represen- tatives shall be chosen by the qualified elec- tors, and shall serve for the term of one year. No person shall be a representative unless he be a white man, a citizen of the United States, and shall have been an inhabitant of this state two years next preceding his election ; and the last year thereof, a resident of the county, city, or town, for which he shall be chosen, and shall have attained the age of twenty-one years. " Senators shall be chosen by the qualified electors, for the term of three years, at the same time, in the same manner, and at the same places, where they may vote for mem- bers of the House of Representatives ; and ALA 16 ALA no person shall be a Senator unless he be a white man, a citizen of the United States, and shall have been an inhabitant of this state two years next preceding his election, and the last year thereof a resident of the district for which he shall be chosen, and shall have attained to the age of twenty-seven years." " Every white male person of the age of twenty-one years, or upwards, who shall be a citizen of the United States, and shall have resided in this state one year next preceding an election, and the last three months within the county, city or town, in which he offers to vote, shall be deemed a qualified elector: Provided, that no soldier, seaman, or marine, in the regular army or navy of the United States, shall be entitled to vote at any elec- tion in this state." Electors protected from arrest in civil cases, going to, attendance at, or return from the places of election. Art. 4. — " The supreme Executive power of this state shall be vested in a chief magis- trate, who shall be styled the governor of the state of Alabama. The governor shall be elected by the qualified electors, at the time and places when they shall respectively vote for representatives. He shall hold his office for the term of two years, from the time of his installation, and until his successor shall be duly qualified ; but shall not be eligible for more than four years in any term of six years. He shall be atleast thirty years of age, shall be a native citizen of the United States, and shall have resided in this state, at least four years next preceding the day of his election." "The Judicial power of this state shall be vested in one Supreme Court, Circuit courts to be held in each county of the state, and such inferior courts of law and equity, to consist of not more than five members, as the general assembly may, from time to time, direct, or- dain, or establish. No person who shall have arrived at the age of seventy years, shall be appointed to, or continue in the office of Judge in this state." Education. — The following section is made part of the Constitution of Alabama. " Schools and the means of education, shall forever be encouraged in this state ; and the general as- sembly shall take measures to preserve, i'rom unnecessary waste or damage, such lands as are or hereafter may be granted by the Uni- ted States, for the use of schools, within each township in this state, and apply the funds which may be raised from such lands, in strict conformity to the object of such grant. The general assembly shall take like mea- sures, for the improvement of such lands as have been or may be hereafter granted by the United States to this state, for the support of a seminary of learning, and the monies which may be raised from such lands, by rent, lease or sale, or from any other quarter, for the pur- pose aforesaid, shall be and remain a fund for the exclusive support of a state imiversity, for the promotion of the arts, literature, and the sciences ; and it shall be the duty of the gen- eral assembly, as early as may be, to provide effectual means for the improvement and per- manent security of the funds and endowments of such institution." The following provision is proof decisive of the progress of liberality and humanity :' — " In the prosecution of slaves for crimes, of a higher grade than petty larceny, the gene- ral assembly shall have no power to deprive them of an impartial trial by a petit jury." The Constitution of Alabama may be amended or revised, whenever two thirds of each house of the general assembly propose such amendments or revision. The proposed changes duly published three months before the next general election, when and where the voice of the people is taken, and if " it shall appear that a majority of all the citizens of this state, voting for representatives, have voted in favor of such proposed amendments ; and two thirds of each house of the next gen- eral assembly, shall after such an election and before another ratify the same, they shall be vahd, to all intents and purposes, as parts of this constitution." History. — This state derives its name from that of one of the noble rivers which channel its surface. Early in the eighteenth century, the French, in founding the colony of Loui- siana, formed small settlements on Mobile river, and built a fort where the city of Mo- bile now stands, but a large share of what ia now Alabama remained in possession of the native Indians for about a century after the founding of Louisiana. The original charter of Georgia covered the whole zone from 31° to 35° N. ; of course four degrees wide of Alabama was included in Georgia. In 1802, a cession was made by Georgia to the United States, of all her western territory between Chattahooche and Mississippi rivers, as far up the former as near lat. 33°, and from thence to lat. 35°, by the existing line of demarca- tion between Georgia and Alabama. Alaba- ma continued apart of the Mississippi territo- ry until separated in the manner stated under the head of Constitution ; where also the ma- terial facts in the history of the state are also given. For seat of government see Tuscaloosa. Alabama, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. Pop. 783. Alachua co. Flor. ; bounded n. by Duvall CO. N. E. by St John's co. ; e. s. e. and s. by the country of the Seminole Indians, and w. by the Gulf of Mexico. Extending from south to north along the Gulf from n. lat. 27° 28' at Sarazota Entrance, to N. lat. 29° 24', at the mouth of Suwanne river ; and in long, from 5° 10' to 6° 20' w. from W. C. In length it is about equal to the difference of its extremes of lat. or about 140 miles ; the breadth varies greatly, but may be about a mean of 30 miles ; area, 4,200 square miles. The surface slopes westward, but the decliv- ity is slight, and discharges with no great ra- pidity of descent, Hillsboro', Anaclote, Ama- sura, and Suwanne rivers. It is generally flat, part marshy, some prairie. Soil mostly sterile. Court House at Dells. ALA 17 ALB Alachua Savanna, grassy plain in Alachua CO. Florida ; " lies about 4 miles above Or- ange lake ; its length is 7 miles, and its breadth 3 miles. The great body of water in this Savanna is represented as losing itself in a large sink, supposed to be at the northern side, and to discharge itself through a sub- terranean passage into Orange lake. What- ever may be the case, this Savanna exhibits but the appearance of a level, watery mea- dow, covered with a thick growth of aquatic grass, a circumstance which causes it to be called, in the idiom of the country, a grassy lake. Its outlet, the Chechale, which flows into Orange lake, is of rather small size. The Alachua Savanna is lined with ham- mocks, in which the live-oak and water-oak are predominating." Alapapaiia, a river of Geo. and Flor. tlic eastern branch of Suwanne river. Sec Su- wamie. Alaqua, a small but remarkable river of ly the course of Oconee s. s. e.- by compara- tive courses 90 miles, falls into the Atlantic ocean by one main and several smaller outlets, between St. Simon's and Sapeloo islands, and between Mcintosh and Glynn counties. The entire length of the basin of Alatamaha is 250 miles, with a mean width of 50, and area 12,500 square miles ; and lying between lat. 31° 15' and 34° 28', and between long. 4° 22' and 7° 20' w. from W. C. The sources of Ala- tamaha interlock with those of St. Ilia, Cam- baliee,Ogeeche, and Savannah rivers, flowing into the Atlantic ocean, and with those of Chattahooche, Flint, and Suwanne, flowing into the Gulf of Mexico. ' As a navigable channel, Alatamaha has 14 feet water on its bar. Boats of 30 tons are navigated to Milledgeville on the Oconee, and to an equal or greater distance up the Oak- mulgee. Down stream navigation is practi- cable on both rivers from near their sources. The climate of this basin difl'ers very much Flor. in Walton co. rises in a ridge of hills | between the extremes, from difference of lat- near the centre of the county, and in two I itude and of level. The lat. differs near 3^°, branches which unite to fbrni Alaqua, which, and the level not less than 1000 feet, giving assuming a southern course, falls into Choc taw bay. This stream admits the entrance of vessels drawing 5 feet water, for a distance of 15 miles to the margin of a fine body of fertile land, already extensively settled and cultivated. " Alaqua," says Williamson in his Florida, " is the largest stream that en- ters from the Ridge. The springs of the two eastern branches of this river rise gradually in cane patches, and flow through a beautiful imdulating coimtry of good land." Alaqua, p-v. and seat of justice for Walton CO. Flor. is situated on Alaqua river, 70 miles a little N. of E. from Pensacola, and by post road 161 miles a little n. of w. from Tallahas- se. N. lat. 30° 38' : long. 9° 20' w. from W. C. Alatamaha, a fine river of Georgia, drain- ing tlic central parts of that state, and the space between the branches of the Flint, Chattahooche, and Savannah rivers. The Oco- nee and Oakmulgee rivers, are the great con- stituent streams of the Alatamaha. The two former rising southeastward from the valley of the Chattahooche ; the Oconee in Hail, near Gainsville, and the Oakmulgee in Gwinnett and De Kalb counties. Both streams rise so near as from 10 to 15 miles from the main volume of Chattahooche, but both assuming a an entire diflerence of temperature, of up- wards of 5° of Fahrenheit's Thermometer. The vegetable productions, both natural and exotic, present a corresponding variety, with the extent of climate. On this basin, near the mouth of Alatamaha, the orange tree and sugar-cane arc cultivated, and on its higher branches, the apple, peach, and pear ; wheat, rye, oats and meadow grapes flourish. The staple vegetable, however, over the whole basin, which is most cultivated and valued, is Cotton. Tobacco, Indigo and rice, are also occasionally produced. Alba, p-v. Bradford co. Pa. Albanv, p-t. Oxford co. Me. 18 miles n. w, of Paris. Pop. 387. Albany, p-t. Orleans CO. Vt. 6 miles square, 34 miles n. Montpclier, contains several ponds, and part of Black river. The market road from Boston to Montreal passes through it. Pop. 683. Albany co. N. Y. bounded by Schenecta- dy and Saratoga counties n. ; Rensselaer e. ; Greene s. ; Schoharie w. ; 22 by 21 miles ; 462 square miles ; n. lat. 42° 21', long. 20' e. and 15' w. New York city, is w. of Hudson river, about 144 miles n. of New York ; contains 9 townships. Albany is the chief town. Forma- tions, transition and secondary, on slate rock. nearly parallel course of s. s. e., about forty over which lies graywacke, especially in the miles asunder. The Oconee, or eastern branch, pursues the original course with but slight general inflections, 170 miles to its junc- tion with Oakmulgee, between Montgomery and Appling counties. The western, or Oak- mulgee branch, pursues the original course, 160 miles, to near Jacksonville in Telfair co., where it curves round to n. e., 30 miles, to its union with Oconee, almost exactly on N. lat. 32°, and directly w. from the mouth of Savamiah river. Below the junction of Oco- nee and Oakmulgee rivers, the united waters form the Alatamaha, which, maintaining near- west and middle. There are also shell lime stone and sandstone. Loose primitive rocks lie on the surface ; and the minerals arc nu- merous. The soil is various, low and rich on Hudson river, sand plains in the interior, hilly w., rocky n., much land is uncultivated. Nor- man's, Cocyman's, Bethlehem and Ten Miles creeks are small mill streams. Catskill river rises in the s. The Erie and Champlain canals unite and terminate in this county, and the Mohawk and Hudson rail road (for which see Albany,') is entirely within it. One of the first settlements 3 ALB 18 ALB in the state was here. There is an agricul- tural society for the county ; at Watervliet on the canal, is the United States arsenal, the principal depot for amis in the northern States. Population, 1820, 38,116 ; 1830, 53,5G0. Albany, city, Albany co. N. Y. Capital of the state ; on the w. bank of Hudson riv- er, 144 miles n. of New-York, 1G5 w. of Boston, 230 s. of Montreal, 30 n. of Hud- son, 15 s. E. of Schenectady, is the second city in the state in population, trade, wealth and resources. It has been greatly increas- ed and enriched by the operation of the Erie and Champlain canals, which unite 8 miles north of the centre of the city, and terminate at the Basin, which is formed in Hudson riv- er by a pier 4,300 feet in length, along the upper part of the city, by which sloops, tow boats and canal boats are brought side by side, or have their cargoes exchanged over the pier. The amount of canal tolls received at Albany in 1830, was $212,056; 1831, $269,443. The whole amoimt received since the opening of the canals, $1,273,219 13. The Capitol, which stands on a fine square at the head of State street, facing e. is a large and spacious stone building, and has two spa- cious and richly furnished chambers for the Senate and Assembly. In it are also rooms for the Superior Court, the Chancellor's Court, an office for the Governor, Committee, Jurors, and other rooms. The City Hall, situated on the same square, and facing west, is a noble building of white marble, where are held the Courts of the U. S. Circuit, of Common Pleas, the Mayor's, &c. The build- ing is surmounted with a large dome, richly gilded, which marks its site to the traveller when many miles distant. This building, to- gether with the Academy which stands on the same square, and which is a beautiful structure of free-stone, are a just source of pride to the citizens, and are evidence of the taste, wealth and enterprise of the inhabit- ants. Here are a Female Seminary and an Academy, to which are apportioned, from the school fund, to the former, $115 50 and to the latter, $360 68. There are 5 Banks, 3 Insurance Offices, an Institute, Li- brary and AthenfEum. The number of trav- ellers passing through this city is very great, at all seasons. While the river is navigable, four elegant steamboats arrive here from N. York daily, and as many depart, transporting hundreds of passengers ; while the travelling is great in all other directions, by tow. boats, canals, staci;es, &c. A steam boat line is also to begin this year between New York and Troy. Steam tow-boats and sloops transport a vast amount of merchandize for and from the canals. The Mohaivk and Hud- son Rail Road, designed to avoid the locks and circuit of Erie canal, was partly in use in 1831, and is now completed. It ex- tends in a straight line from Albany to Sche- nectady, 14 miles, over an elevated sandy plain, with an inclined plane at each end. On to be placed 130 ft. above the canal : 2 of the 3 sections are level ; the others slope very gently towards Albany. It is thought that 600 passengers will pass on this road daily, and many more during the travelling season. The annual expenses are estimated at $14,- 600. Rail-road routes have been surveyed from Albany to Boston, and it is proposed to construct one either by the 8th Mass. turnpike, through Blanford, or by the Pontoosuc turn- pike. Another is proposed, to West Stock- bridge, Mass. at an estimated expense of .^500,000, to connect part of the valley of Housatonic r., with Hudson r. A charter of a N. York city and Albany rail-road has been granted, to run e. of Hudson r. Pop. 26,000. Albemarle Sound, a deep bay of N. C. is the estuary of the Roanoke and Chowan riv- ers, extending 60 miles in length from east to west, along N. lat. 36° with a mean breadth of 8 miles, but protruding several deep minor bays. The Roanoke enters from the west and the Chowan from the northwest at the extreme interior of Albemarle, which spreads below the entrance of those rivers in a shallow expanse of water, with a level, or rather flat country along each shore. Every small inlet has its own comparative broad bay, by one of which the Pasquotank, a navigable inland communication by the Dismal Swamp canal, has been formed between Albemarle sound and Chesapeake bay. Albemarle sound is separated from the Atlantic ocean, by long, low, and narrow reefs of sand; but having two channels of connexion southward with Pamlico Sound, one on each side of the Roanoke Island, and on the northward an opening to the ocean by Ctirrituck Sound and inlet ; both rivers are navigable to near their sources. The climate of this basin differs very much between its extremes both from difference of latitude and of level. The lati- tude differs near 3\ degrees, and the level not less than 1000 feet, giving an entire dif- ference of temperature of upwards of 5 de- grees of latitude. The vegetable productions, both natural and exotic, have a corresponding variety with the extent of climate. On this basin, near the mouth, the orange and sug:ir cane are cultivated ; and on its higher branch- es, the apple, and wheat, rye, oats, and other cerealia. The staple vegetable, how- ever, both on the interior and islands contig- uous to this basin, is cotton, though admitting a very wide range of staple, such as tobacco, indigo, &c. Rice is extensively cultivated. Albemarle, one of the central counties of Va. bounded n. w. by the Blue Ridge which separates it from Augusta and Rockingham, on the N. e. by the western part of Orange, on the E. by Louisa and Fluvanna, on the s. by James River, wliicli separates it from Buck- ingham, and on the s. w. by Nelson. Length from s.w. to n. e. 35 miles, mean width 20, and area 700 square miles, N. lat. 38°, passes over very nearly the middle of the county, which is again nearly divided into two equal that near Schenectady, a stationary engine is { parts by long. 1° 30' w. from W. C. The ALE 19 ALE body of this comity is drained by the con- stituent creeks of Rivanna River, which uniting below Charlotte viile, pass through the south-west mquntain, and a few miles lower enter Fluvanna. The face of this county is elegantly diversified by hill and dale, whilst the Blue Ridge affords a fine north-western border, and the more humble ridges of the south-west mountain decorate the eastern part. The soil, of course, partakes of the variety of feature from mountain, rocky and sterile, to productive river alluvion. Chief towns, Charlotteville, Scotts-ville, and War- ren. Pop. 1820, 19,750, and in 1830, 22,G18. Albertsons, post office, Duplin Co. N. C. 70 miles s. e. from Raleigh. Albiox, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y. Pop. 669. Albion, p.v. and seat of justice, Edwards CO. Illinois, situated between Bon Pas and Little Wabash rivers, 44 miles s. w. from Vincennes, and by post road 733 miles west- ward from W. C. and 92 s. e. by e. from Van- dalia ; n. lat. 38° 23', and long. 1 1° 07' w. from W. C. Albrights, post-office. Orange co. N. C. 70 miles n. w. from Raleigh. Alburg, p-t. and port of entry. Grand Isle CO. Vt. 33 m. N. Burlington, is of a triangular form, 10 ms. long, and on an average 3i wide, with Lower Canada line n. Missisque Bay E, and L. Champlain w., forming a point s. It was settled in 1782, by refugees who re- turned from Canada. The surface is very level, and there are no mountains or consid- erable streams. The soil is rich : timber, cedar, elm, beech and maple. There is a mineral spring, used in scrofulous cases Pop. 1,239. Alden, p-t. Erie co. N. Y. 22 ms. e. Buffa- lo. Pop. 1,257. Aldie post-ofiice, Loudon co. Va7 by post road 39 miles westward from W. C. Alexander, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. ; 8 m S. s. w. Batavia, is crossed by Tonnewanta cr. with several branches, and has a gently vari- ed surface, with a soil yielding grain, grass, &c. beech, maple, elm, ash, &c. The village is on Tonnewanta cr. Pop. 2,331. Alexander t. Washington co. Me. 30 ms. N. Machias. Pop. 334. Alexander, p-v. Athens co. O. by p-r. 79 miles s-E. by e. from Columbus, and 350 n-w. by w. from W. C. Alexander p-v. southern part of Montgom ery co. O. by p-r. 73, s-w. by w. half west from Columbus, and 469 ms. n-w. by w. from W. C. Alexander's mills, p-o. Fleming co. Ky. ; by p-r. 86 miles estrd. from Frankfort. Alexandria t. Grafton co. N. H. 30 m. n. by w. Concord, 72 n. w. Portsmouth. On Smith's and Fowler's v'vers are 2000 acres of intervalland, good for flax, potatoes and grass. Wheat and maize grow well in other parts. The mountainous tracts are rocky. Pop. 1,083. Alexandria, p-t. Jefferson co. N. Y. oppo- site the 1000 Isls. in St. Lawrence r. which belong to it. Ti».e shore, which extends 9 ms. is high, rocky a'lid varied, with many bays. The St. L. is 2 ms. wide. It contains Indian r. Mullet, Otter, Hyde, Plesses and Crooked creeks, with other mill streams ; and 12 ponds, 3-4 to 3 ms. long. There are many falls, and numerous fish. At the falls on Ind. r. (6> ft.) is Theresa r. That r. is navigated by boats to Rossie. The timber is maple, beech, bass, elm, red and white oak, black and white ash, hemlock, pine, &c. It is crossed by the military road from Plattsburg to Sacket's Harbor. Pop. 1,523. Alexandria, p-t. Hunterdon co. N.J. n. w. Musconetcong r.; s. w. Delaware r. ; Mus- con mt. w. Alexandria city, s-p. p-t. and st. jus. for the CO. of the same name, D. C. situated on the right bank of the Potomac, 7 miles be- low the Capitol in Washington. The public buildings in Alexandria are several churches, Court-house, Academy, &c. The streets run at right angles to each other, and nearly so to the Potomac. This city is the centre of a considerable commerce, particularly in the article of flour. The harbor admits vessels of any draught, from ships of the line down- wards. The meridian of Washington pass- ing through the capitol leaves the central part of Alexandria, near 3 minutes to the e. lat. Alexandria 38° 48" n. Population 1810 — Free white males - Do. Females 2525 2378 Total white pop. 1810 4903 All persons except Indians not taxed 836 Slaves .... - 1488 In 1820— Free white males Do. Females - Foreigners not naturalized 7227 2667 2948 153 Total white pop. 1820 5768 Free colored males Do. Females Slaves, male, - Do. Female 461 707 606 829 Total population in 1820 8371 Engaged in Agriculture ... 22 Do. Commerce . . - 331 Do. Manufactures . - - 699 Pop. 1830— See W. C— Table 2d. Alexandria co. D. C. comprising that part of the District ceded by Virginia and ly. ing s. w. from the Potomac. From s. e. to N. w. it is 10 miles in length widening from the lower part of the city of Alexandria where it is a mere point, to a width of 4 miles from ALL 20 ALL the little Falls of Potomac, area about 36 sq ms. The surface with but little exception hilly, and soil thin. It is connected with the city of Washington by a wooden bridge over the Potomac. See D. C. pop. 1830, ex- clusive of the city, 1345, and including the city, 9608. Alexandria p-v. and st. of jus. of Passide Parish, situated on the right bank of Red r. about half a mile below the lower Rapids in the bed of that stream, and by water 350 ms. above New.Urleans ; and by a similar means of conveyance 65 ms. below Natchitoches. The t. is mostly comprised in a single line of houses along the river. Pop. about 800. Lat. 31° 18' N. long, from W. C. 15° 39' W. Alexandria p-v. Huntingdon co. Penn. on Frankstown branch of the Juniatta, 10 miles N. N. w. from Huntingdon and by p-r. 96 ms. N. w. by w. from Harrisburg. Alexa ,DRiA p-v. Smith co. Ten. by p-r. 86 ms. N. E. from Nashville. Alexandria p-v. Campbell co. Ky. by p-r. 75 ms. N. E. from J^-ankfort. Alexandriana p-v. Mecklenburg co. N. C. by p-r. 15] ms. s. w. by w. from Raleigh. Alford, t. Berkshire co. Mass. I25ins. w. Boston, E. N. y. line, is watered by Green r. and another branch of llousatonic r. and crossed by a turnpike. It is on the E. decliv- ity of Tanghkannuck mts. Pop. 512. Alfordsville, p-v. Robeson co. N. C. by p-r. 109 ms. s. s. wstrd. from Raleigh. Alfred, p-t. and half-shire, York co. Mc. 24 ms. N. York. Pop. 1,453. Alfred, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 10 ms. e. Angelica, W. Steuben co. is well watered by streams of Canacadeacr. Pop. ],4l6. Alleghany, important river of western Pennsylvania and New-York, and one of the constituents of the Ohio. In strictness of Physical Geography, the Alleghany is the Ohio, of which the Monongahela is only a branch. By the Indians of different tribes, the words Ohio and Alleghany, mean the same thing, clear or line river, of which native names, the French term Belle Riviere was a literal translation. By the Shawnese, the Alleghany was called Palawa Thepika. The remote sources of this stream are in McKean and Potter co. Pa., from whence, flowing northward, they unite and enter the state of New York, over which it curves 40 miles in Cataraugus co., and re-enters Pennsylvania, within which, in Warren co., it receives a large branch, the Conewaiigo, from Chatauque co. N. Y., and assuming a s. w. direction to Venango, where the main stream is again augmented by a considerable branch, French Creek, from the n. w. Now a considerable stream, Alleghany by a large eastern curve flows 120 miles by comparative courses, to Pittsburg, where it receives the Monongahela, and forms the Ohio. Below the influx of French Creek, the Alleghany receives no further large branch from the right, but from the left it receives Clarion river, Red Bank and Mahoning creeks, and a still more important tributary, the Kiskiniin- itas. The entire length of the basin of the Alleghany, extends 173 miles, nearly along long. 2° w. from Washington. The higher sources of Stoney Creek, branch of the Kis- kiminitas, rise at n. lat. 42° 26'. The mean breadth of the basin, about 70 miles, area 12,110 square miles. The position of this river is admirably calculated to render it a great navigable chain of intercommunication. The main volume is a boatable stream at Hamilton, in the state of New York, within 25 ms. from the navigable water of Genesee r., at Angelica. French Creek becomes navigable atWaterford, with a portage of on- ly 14 ms. between that point to the navigable waters of lake Erie. These lines have al- ready become of commercial importance, but on the eastern side of the basin, the channel of the Kiskiminitas is becoming that of a part of the Pa. canal. The latter great work commences on the Conemaugh, at Johnstown, and follows that stream and its continuation, the Kiskiminitas to the Alleghany, which it crosses and following the right bank to the mouth, re-crosses, and passing through Pitts- burg, enters the Monongahela by Lukes run. A rail road has been designed to continue from the latter canal line at Johnstown, and crossing the main ridge of the Alleghany mountains, terminates at Frankstown on the Juniatta, from whence the chain of canal re- commences, and continues by the basins of the Susqueiianna and Schuylkill to the city of Philadelphia. — See Ohio basin. Alleghany, mountain of the Appalachian system. It is an unanswerable objection to giving the name of Alleghany to the whole system, that it has been appropriated to a par- ticular chain in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. From the basin of the 'Kcnhawa, to that of the western branch of the Susque- hannah, through four degrees of latitude, the Alleghany is a dividing ridge between the waters flowing into the Atlantic, frotn those of the Ohio, giving source, estnl. to the branch- es of James r. and the Potomac, and on the other side, or wstrd. to those of the Kenhawa, Monongahela, Yonghioghany, and Kiskimini- tas. 'I'he ridjfes which form the particular chain of the Alleghany, are not very distinct- ly defined, though the entire chain constitutes so remarkable a feature in the geography of the United States. The length of the Alle- ghany is, from Monroe co. in Va. in the val- ley of the Kenhawa, to Centre co. in Pa. in the valley of Susquehannah, 300 miles. The height varies, but maybe stated at 2500 feet, as a mean. Similar to all otiier chains of the Appalachian system, that of Alleghany does not rise into peaks, but stretches in paral- lel ridges, which, to the view from either side, presents gentle rounded, and swelling knolls, or elegantly defined lines, which bound the distant horizon. I'iie component materi- al of the Alleghany, is mostly graywake, though limestones and other rocks occasion- ally occur. This chain is rich in iron and bi- ALL 31 ALL taminous coal. Some ridges have naked summUs, but this feature is rare, the ridges generally being clothed with timber in all their height. A few mountain plains with tolerable soil for agriculture occur, but most- ly the soil is rocky and barren, and often marshy. Pine and oak the most abundant timber. — See Appalachian System. Alleghaivy CO. N. Y. in the w. part of the state, N. Pennsylvania line, 260 ms. w.Albany, bounded by Genesee and Livingston cos. n. Steuben e.. Pa. s., Cataraugus and Genesee w., 40 ms. by 28, has 1120 sq. ms. It contains 13 towns, and is divided nearly equally by Genesee r. running n. with two falls 90 and 60 feet. Much of the soil is good alluvion, and the rest a gently varied surface, generally better for grass than for grain. Iron is mined in the n. There is a good number of mills and manufactories 26,218. 537 feet, and following the U. S. road 9 miles to Frost town, the rise is 125.5 feet and is 26 ms. to the highest simimit, 2289 feet. Bitu- minous coal abounds in the mountain bowels of this county, which, should one or both the Baltimore and Ohio rail road, and Chesapeake and Ohio canal be completed even to Cumber- land, must become of great importance. For lat. and long, see Cumberland. In 1820, pop. 8,654, in 1830 it had risen to 10,609. Alleghany co. of Va., bounded by Monroe s. w. ; by the Alleghany mtn. or Green Briar N. w. ; Bath n. e; and Botetourt s. e. Length from N. E. to s. w. 28 ms. ; mean breadth, 18 ms. area 500 sq. ms. This county occupies a high mountain valley, drained by some of the higher branches of James river. Dunlap's and Poll's creeks, rising in Monroe, flow into Alleghany, unite vvith Jackson's river Pop. 1820, 9,330 ; 1830, | near Covington, and form the main western branch of James river, which continuing n. Alleghany co. of Pennsylvania, having estrd, receives Cowpasture on the n. e. bor- Washington co. s. and s. w. ; Beaver n. w. ; Butler N. ; and Westmoreland e. Length from E. to w. 32 miles, mean breadth, 18, and area 575 sq. ms. The face of this county is in a peculiar manner diversified. Though not traversed by any mountain chain, the hills arc high and swelling. The soil is fertile to the highest summits, and in its natural state covered with a very dense forest. But it is the rivers and their variegated banks which form the true decoration of this fine county ; the Alleghany enters from the n. e., and the Mo- nongahela from the s. e., and uniting at Pitts. burg, form the Ohio ; the latter winding to the N. w. traverses 14 miles of the western part of the county. To the rivers may be added Chartiers and many other creeks which contribute to drain and fertilize the fine vales which spread over this beautiful country. For lat. and long, see Pittsburg. In 1820 the population was, including Pittsburg, 34,- 921, in 1830, pop. 50.552 including the city of Pittsburg, and exclusive of Pittsburg, 37,- 984. Alleghany, extreme western county of Maryland, bounded by Washington in Md. e. west branch of the Potomac, or Hampshire and Hanay counties in Va. s., Randolph and Preston counties of Va. w., and Fayette, Somerset, and Bedford counties in Pa. n. Extreme length along the Pennsylvania line is 65 ms. but the breadth is very irregular, on Randolph and Preston counties, it is about 35 ms.; at Cumberland about 7; the mean breadth 123, superfices 800 sq. ms. This county is traversed by the main chain of the Alleghany which discharges the higher branches of the Youghioghany to the n. w. and those of the west branch of the Potomac to the s. e. The entire face of the country is excessively bro- ken and rocky, yet there is much excellent arable land, some tracts of good soil even on the mountain plains. The U. S. road com- mences at Cumberland, and the elevation of the country may be seen, by the fact that Cumberland stands elevated above tide water by p-r. 16 ms. of Ky; Barren der of the county. Lying between lat. 37° 35' and 38° n. and 3° w. from W. C. and ri- sing to a mean level exceeding 1000 feet above the ocean tides, the seasons of this county are essentially influenced by mountain exposure and by native height. Staples, grain, flour, &c. Chief town, Covington. Pop. 1830, 2,816. Alleghany Bridge p-o. McKean co. Pa. by p-r. 210 ms. n. w. from Harrisburg. Allemance, p-v. Guilford co. N. C. 77 ms. N. w. from Raleigh. Allen, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 276 ms. w. from Albany. Pop. 898. Allen, p-v. Cumberland co, Pa. ; from Harrisburg. Allen, southern and border co. bounded by Simpson w., Warren n,, x. E., Monroe e., and Jackson, in Ten. s. — Length from n. to s. 23 ms., mean width 17, and area about 400 sq. ms. Surface general- ly level ; soil middling. It is drained by the higher creeks of Big-Barren branch of Green river. Chief town, Scottsville, n. lat. 36" 45' and long. 8° 50' w. intersect in this co. Pop. 1820, 5,327. Allen, p-o. Miami co. O., 66 ms. wstrd from Columbus. Allen's Creek, Genesee co. N. Y. 140 ms. long, enters Genesee river in Wheat- land. It waters a fertile country, which it supplies with many mill seats. It was named after an Indian robber. Aw.en's Ferry, and p-o. Warren co. Ten. ; by p-r. 76 ms. s. e. by e. from Nashville. Allen's Fresh, p-o. Charles co. Md, by p-r. 43 ms. sthrd. from W. C. Allen's Settlement, p-o. Natchitoches parish, La. ; by p-r. 252 ms. n. w. from New Orleans. Allen's Store, p-o. Randolph co. N. C. by p-r. 78 ms. wstrd. from Raleigh. Allenstown, Merrimack co. N. H. e. Suncook r., 11 ms. s. e. Concord, 38 w. Ports- mouth, 58 n. n. w. Boston ; contains 12,225 acres of ordinary land. The timber is oak ALT 22 AMH and pine, great quantities of which are sent to Boston. Bear brook furnishes mill seats. Catamount hill supplies building granite. — Pop. 484. Allenstown, v. w. corner of Upper Free- hold, Monmouth co, N.J. 11 ms. e. Tren- ton, or Doctor's creek, a branch of Croswick's creek. Allensville, p-o. Mifflin co. Pa. by p.r. 76 ms. N.wstwrd. from Harrisburg. Allenton, p-o. Montgomery co. N. C. by p-r. 123 ms. s. w. by v/. from Raleigh. Allenton, p-v. in the s. part of Wilcox co. Ala. 19 ms. southwardly from Canton, the seat of justice, and by p-r. 132 ms. a little e. from Tuscaloosa, and 931 s. w. from W .C. Allenton, p-v. in the northern part of Greene co. Ky. 15 ms. northwardly from Greensburg, the st. jus. and by p-r. 75 ms. s. w. from Frankfort. Allentown, p-v. borough and st. jus. for Lehigh co. Pa. The proper legal name of this borough is Northampton, which see. Alligator, p-o. in the northern part of Al- achua co. Flor. by p.r. 110 ma. s. e. by e. from Tallahasse, and 851 s. s. w. from W. C. Allow ay's Creek, Salem co. N. J. empties into Delaware r. about 6 ms. s. of Salem. It rises in the satne co. Alloway's Creek, Lower t. Salem co. N. J, between AUoway and Slow creeks, n. e. Delaware r. is almost connected with low lands and swamps. Alloway's Creek, Upper p-t. Salem co. N. J. on the upper parts of Alloway's creek. Almirante p-o. Walton co. Flor. by' p-r. J.32 miles from Pensacola. Almond, p-t. Allegany co. N. Y. 12 m. n. e. Angelica, has pretty good land, with maple, beech, bass, elm, oak, ash and other timber. Canadea creek and branches furnish mill seats. Pop. 1804. Alna, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. 10 ms. n. Wis- casset. Pop. 1175. Alstain's p-o. St. Mary's co. Md. by p-r. 52 ms. s. s. e. from W. C. Alstead, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H. 12 ms. s. E. Charlestown, 14 n. Keene, 50 w. Con- cord ; 24,756 acres ; has mill seats on Cold r. &c. Warren's and other ponds atlbrd many perch and pickerel. The soil is strong. There are 2 public libraries. Pop. 1559. Alton, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. 22 ms. n. e. Concord, 25 n. w. Dover, s. Wimiipisseogee lake and bay ; contains 23,843 acres. The soil is rough and rocky, but strong ; the tim. ber is oak, beech, maple, pine, &.c. It con- tains Mount Major and Prospect Hill, and part of Merrymeeting Bay, which receives Merrym r. Pop. 1993. Alum Bank, p-o. Bedford co. Pa. by p-r. 120 ms. wstrd. from Harrisburg. Amasura, Amazura, or Amaxura r. of Flor. rising in the Seminole country, interlocking sources with those of St. John's and Hills. borough rivers, N. lat, 28° 25', and flowing thence 45 ms. to the n. w. curves to the w. enters Alachua co, in which, after a course of 30 ms. it falls into the Gulf of Mexico. Amboy, t. Oswego co. N. Y. Pop. 669. Amboy, (or Perth Amboy,) city and p-t. Middlesex co. N. J. has a good harbor, which is sometimes resorted to to avoid the port regulations of N. Y. It stands on a point at the junction of Raritan r. and Arthur Kill Sound, 35 ms. s. w, N. Y. 74 n. e. Phil. A rail road hence to Camden will soon be com- pleted, and afford an important route for travelling between N. Y. and Phil. (See Camden.) Amelia coTof Va. bounded n. w. by Cum- berland, or the Appomattox r. n. by the Ap- pomattox or Powhatan, n. e. by Appomattox or Chesterfield ; s. e. by Namazine creek or Dinwiddle ; s. by Nottoway, and w. by Prince Edward ; length from s. e. to n. w. 30 miles, with a mean width of 10, area 300 sq. ms. It is drained by various creeks flowing to the north estrd. into Appomattox. The surface is pleasantly diversified ; soil of middling quality. For lat. and long, see next article. Pop. in 1820, 11,106; in 1830, free whites, 3293; slaves, 7518 ; free colored, 220 ; total, U,031. Amelia Court House and p-o. Amelia co. Va. 40 ms. s. w. l)y w. from Richmond. N. lat. 37° 13', long. 10° 11' w. from W. C. Amelia Island, of Flor. forming the east- ern part of the ro. of Nassau, and the north eastern of the Territory. It is 13 or 14 ms. long, with a mean breadtli of about 1 m ; surface low and sandy. The position of this narrow strip is a little inclining from n. and s. towards n. w. and s. e. extending from the aiouth of St. Mary's r. to that of Nassau. Chief town Fernandino. Amenia, p-t. Duchess co. N. Y. w. Conn. 24 ms. e. n. e. Poughkeepsie, 12 ms. by 4.^ ; contains Great Oblong, Kent and West mts. which arc of a poor soil. It has a number of mills, &c. Pop. 2,389. Ameriscoggin r. (See Androscoggin.) Amesbury, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 40 ms. n. e. Boston, 4 w. Newburyport, n. side of Merri- mac r. s. N. H. It is celebrated for tho ma- nufacture of flannel. Powow r. runs through the township, and affords excellent seats for manufactories. It is navigable to the falls, where ships of 300 tons have been built, and sent into Merrimac r. through a draw bridge at the mouth of the Powow r. Pop. 2,445. Amherst, p-t. and half shire, Hillsborough CO. N. H. 28 ms. s. Concord, 47 n. w. Boston, 6j w. Portsmouth. Souhegan river passes through it, and furnishes mill seats. There are 3 ponds, called Babboosuck, Little do. and Jo English. The soil on Souhegan r. is excellent ; on the hills it is generally good. 50 years ago iron ore was wrought here. The alluvion is sand, with loose masses of primitive rock on the surface ; the hills pri- mitive. Pop. 1657. Amherst, p-v. Hampshire co. Mass. 8 ms. N. E. Northampton, 85 w. Boston, 7 e. Conn, r. Is hilly, with a very good soil. Amherst College was founded in 1821, and incorpo- |i AMI 23 AMW rated in 1825. Rev. Heman Humphrey is president. The expences are from $93 to $118 a year to each student. There are two parallel courses of study, one embracing the ancient languages and literature, the other modern. There are 6 professors and 2 tutors. The^ apparatus was obtained in Europe. Board costs $1 or $1 50 a week. Students in 1831-2, 195. Pop- 263j. The Amherst Academy and Mckmt Plea- sant Institutions are also in this town. The former, where youth are fitted for college, has a building 4U by 60 feet, 3 stories. The former, on the plan of a German gymnasium, has a building 2u0 feet long. Amherst, Erie co. N. Y. 7 ms. e. Buffalo, 5 or 6 ms. by 17. Tonawanta creek is on the N. and its tributaries, Ellicott's, Cayuga, Conjocketa, Skyajocketa, Seneca and Caze- nove creeks run through the town. The soil is a gravelly loam, nearly level, bearing small oaks, and chesnuts, &c. with stony tracts. Limestone is found, with nodules of gun-flint. Williamsville v. 11m. n. e. Buf- falo v. has a toll bridge, 210 feet long, and many mills. On some reserved land s. w. are some Seneca Indians. Pop. 2489. Amherst co. of Virginia ; bounded by Bed- ford CO. or James river s. w. ; on the s. by James river, or Campbell co. ; s. e. by James river or Campbell and Buckingham counties ; E. and N. E. by Tye river, or Nelson co. ; and N. E. by Blue Ridge or Rockbridge county. The form of this county is that of a parallelo- gram, 22 by 19 ms. ; area 4l8 sq. ms. It is enclosed on 2 sides s. w. and s. e. by James river, and entirely drained by the confluents of that stream ; general slope of the county to the southward ; oceanic elevation, from 500 to 800 feet ; with a tolerable fertile soil, the face of Amherst is beautifully variegated by a mountain, hill, and river scenery. For lat. and long, see next article. Pop. in 1820, 10,483, in 1830, 12,071. Amherst Courthouse and p-o. Amherst co. Va. 102 ms. w. from Richmond, and 15 n. n. E. from Lynchburg, at n. lat. 37° 29' long. 2° 12' w. from W.C. Amissville, p-o. Culpepper co. Va. 86 ms. s. w. from W. C. and 100 n. n. w. from Richmond. Amite river, of the states of Miss, and La. ; rises in the former, 40 ms. s. e by e. from Natchez, and in Franklin co. over which and Amite co. it flows sthrd. 35 ms. and enters La. ; continuing a southwardly course 50 ms. farther it receives the Iberville from the w. and turning abruptly to the East, falls into lake Maurepas, after an entire comparative course of 100 ms. Schooners drawing 5 feet water are navigated up this stream to Gal vezton, at the mouth of the Iberville. Amite, one of the southwestern counties of the state of Mississippi; bounded w. by Wilkinson; n. by Franklin ; e. by Pike; and s. by East Feliciana and St. Helena parishes in La. It is in form of a parallellogram, 30 ms. from e. to w. and 24 from n. to a. area 720 sq. ms. Surface moderately hilly, and though some good laud is found along and near the streams, the great body of the county is ste- rile and covered with fine timber. The Ho- nochitto river forms a few miles of its boun- dary on the N. w. and the Tangipa rises in its s. E. angles, but the central and far greater part of the surface is drained by the Amite r. Lat. 31° 15'n. long. 14° w. froniW. C. Pop. 1820, 6,859, and in 1830, 7,934. Amitv, Alleghany co. N. Y. Pop. 872. Amity, p.v. of Washington co. Pa. on Bane's Fork of Ten Mile creek, 10 ms. s. from Wash- ington, the comity town, and 248 ms. wstrd. from Harrisburg. Amity tsp. of Berks co. Pa. Pop. 1810, 1,090, in 1820, 1,279 and in 1830, 1,384. Amity p-v. in the s. w. part of Trumbull co. Ohio ; 10 ms. s. w. from Warren, the st. jus. and 147 by p-r. n. e. by e. from Columbus. Ammonoosuck, Lower or great r. chiefly in Grafton co. N. H. rises on the w. side of the White mts. with one of its soui'ces coming from near the summit of Mount Washington, within a few rods of the source of the Saco r.- which runs into the Atlantic. This stream has a s. w. course of about 50 ms. and after receiving the wild Ammonoosuck, 2 ms. from its mouth, enters Conn. r. between Bath and Haverhill. It has a clear current except in floods, and a valley half a m. wide. It has a fall of 40 feet 6i ms. from the notch in the mts. Ammonoosuck, Upper, or Little, Coos co. N. H. rises n. of the White mts. runs near to Androscoggin r. and after an irregular course of about 50 ms. through a romantic valley 7 or 8 ms. wide, enters Conn. r. in Lancaster. Amoskea.g, p-v. Hillsboro co. N. H. 16 ms. Concord. Amoskeag Falls, Merrimack r. N. H. 48 ft. 3 in. descent in 5 m. are dammed in several places, and have a canal of 1 m. with 9 locks. Cost $35,000. Amsterdam, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y. n. Mohawk r. 6 ms. by 1-. Soil various, gen- erally fertile, with alluvion on the r. Here was fort Johnson. Chuctenanda cr. falls 120 ft. in 100 rods from the Mohawk, at Amster- dam village. Pop. 3,354. Amsterdam, p-v. Botetourt co. Va. 5 ms. s. from Fincastle and by p-r. 2U4 w. from Rich- mond. Amwell, p-t. Hunterdon co. N. J. 16 ms. N. Trenton. Pop. 7,385. Amwell, tsp. Washington co. Pa. Pop. in 1810, 1,G73; in 1820, 1,825; and in 1830, 1,733. Anastatia, isld. of Flor. on the Atlantic ocean, extending 18 miles from the harbor of St. Augustine, to Mantanzas Inlet, with a breadth not exceeding a mean of half a mile- It is a lov,', sandy, ocean beat reef, separated from the main land by one of the Rigolets so very common on the Atlantic and gulf coasts of the U. S. According to Tanners' U. S. the signal tower on the northern end of the island, is at N. lat. 29° 50', long. 4° 29' w. from W. C. AND 24 AND Ancocus (or Rancocus) cr. Burlington co. N. J. runs n. w. enters Delaware r. 6 ms. s. Burlington, and is navigable 16 ms. Ancram, p-t. Columbia co. N. Y. 21 ms. s. E. Hudson, 51 s. Albany, formerly was inclu- ded in Livingston's Manor. Ancram cr. tra- verses it, and supplies mills, &.c. particularly Ancram Iron Works, the ore for which, is brought from Salisbury, Conn. The soil is various but generally good, and is held chiefly on life leases. Charlotte Pond empties into Dove cr. a branch of Ancrum or. Pop. 1,533. Andalusia, p-v. Bucks co. Pa. by p-r. 96 ms. E. from Harrisburg. Anderson, one of the Western Districts of S. C. lying between the Savannah and Saluda T. having Picken's District, n. w. ; Grcnville, *N. E. ; Abberville, s. e. ; and Savannah r. or Elbert co. in Geo. s. w. ; in form of a rhomb of 28 ms. each perpendicular, and about 800 sq. ms. The two new dists. of Anderson and Pickens, were formed from Pendleton which was abrogated. Though bounded by Saluda on the n. e. the far greater part of Anderson is drained by the confluents of Sa- vannah r. ; the slope sthrd. The centre of the dist. is at n. lat. 34i° very nearly, and w. long. 5° 40' from W. C. Chief t. Pendleton. Pop. in 1830, 17,169. Anderson co. of Ky. bounded by Mer- cer s. Spencer w. Shelly n. w. Franklin n. and Kentucky r. which separates it from Wood- ford E. Length 18 ms. mean breadth 10, and area 180 sq. ms. lying between lat. 37° 58' and 38° 8' and long. 7° 46' and 8° 8' w. from W. C. Though bordering on Kentucky river, Ander- son is drained in most parts by the branches of Salt river, which flows wstwrd. Chief town, Lawrence. Anderson co. of Ten. bounded s. and s. w. by Roan co. w. by Morgan, n. e. by Campbell, and s. E. by Knox. The outline is very ir- regular, but from s. e. to n. w. the length is 30 ms. and the mean breadth about 25 ; the area is 750 sq. ms. The surface is very rugged, though much of the soil is highly productive. It forms part of the valley between Cumber- land mountain and Copper Ridge, with the northern angle extending into the valley of Cumberland river. The main volume of Clinch r. passes Clinton, the st. jus. travers- ing the s. E. angle of the co. Pop. 1820, 4,674, and in 1830, 5,310. Andersonborougii, p-v. Perry co. Pa. 37 ms. N. w. from Harrisburg. Anderson Court House, p-o. Anderson District, S. C. by p-r. 148 ms. n. w. by w. from Columbia. Anderson's p-o. Wilson co. Ten. 34 miles eastward from Nashville. Andersontown, (^or Andersonton,) p-v. and St. jus. Madison co. Ind. situated on White r. by p-r. 41 ms. n. e. from Indianapolis, n. lat. 40° 7", long. 8° 42' w. from W. C. Andersonville, p-v. in the n. western an- fcle of Franklin co. Ind. 20 ms. n. w. from Brooksville, the st. jus. and by p-r. 50 ms. s. e. by E. from Indianapolis. Anderson's Store, and p-o. Morgan co. O. by p-r. 84 ms. eastward from Columbus. Anderson's Store, p-o. Caswell co. N. C. 56 ms. N. w. from Raleigh. Andersonville, p-v. of Pickers District, S. C. situated on the point of junction of Trigaloo and Seneca rivers, on which the two latter streams unite to form the Savannah r. by p-r. 152 ms. s. w, by w. from Columbia. Andes, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y. 15 ms. s. Delhi, 55 w. Kingston, 10 ms. by 15 ,is water- ed in the e. by Delaware r. which is naviga- ble in rafts to Philadelphia. Tremperskill r. and branches spread over much of the town, affording mill seats. There are also streama of the Little Delaware, and the Plattekill. The surface is hilly, and the soil rich, bearing maple, beech and hemlock. Pop. 1,860. Andes, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y. 90 ms. s. w. Albany. Andover, p-t. Oxford co. Me. Gl ms. w. of Augusta, one of the most n. townships in the CO. named. It is mountainous, a little n. of Androscoggin r. and is crossed by one of its branches. There is but one tsp. between it and N. H. Pop. 399. Andover, West Surplus, t. Oxford co. Me. Pop. 119. Andover, North Surjdtis, Oxford co. Me. Pop. 76. Andover, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H. !8ms. n. w. Concord, has Pemigewasset r. e. and Blackwater r. s. w. which, with their branch- es, supply many mill seats. There are also six ponds of pure water, with pleasant shores. The surface is very uneven, and in some pla- ces, rocky and barren, but generally of good soil. Ragged mountains are n. and Kear- scarge has its base in the western part. There is an academy, endowed with a legacy of $10,000 by the late Mr. Joseph Noyes. Pop. 1,324. Andover, t. Windsor co. Vt. 20 ms. s. w. Windsor, 68 s. Montpclier, 37 n. e. Benning- ton ; first settled 1768. Markham's mnt. and mt. Terrible w. It has only a few head streams of Williams r. Pop. 975. Andover, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 20 ms. n. Boston, 16 w. N. w. Salem, 20 s. w. Newbury- port, on the main p-r. from Boston to Haver- hill and Concord, s. e. Merrimack r. incorpo- rated 1646, is a beautiful town, hilly, general- ly with good soil and farms. There is a pond 7 ms. round, whose outlet info Merrimack r. furnishes mill seats, as docs Shawsheen r. There is a bank, with woollen and cotton manufactories. Phillips Academy, founded in 1778, by Samuel and John Phillips, contains about 130 students, in a building adjoining the Theological Academy, 40 feet by 80, and has funds to the amount of more than $.50,000. Franklin Academy is in the n. parish. The Theological Seminary here is the old- est in the U. S. estabhshed in 1807, chiefly by the donations of Wm. Bartlett, Mosea Brown, Phebe Phillips, John Phillips, Samu- el Abbot, John Norris, and his lady. It has a president, 4 professors, and 3 brick build- ANN 25 ANT ings on a commanding elevation. The pri- vate donations which support the Institution amount to about $400,000, from which the students are partly or wholly instructed. A class of 40 left this Institution in Sept. 1831. There is also a seminary for teachers here, established about 1830, for common and oth- er English Schools and practical men. The usual English branches may be pursued in it, with mathematical and natural sciences, mo- ral and intellectual philosophy, and even modern languages, apparatus, lectures on school keeping, &c. It has four terms in a year, at $5 to $8 for each branch per term, including vocal music. Boarders in com- mons work on the farm 2 -hours a day, which reduces the price to 77 cents a week. Pop. 1830, 4,540. Andover, p-v. Tolland co. Conn. 17 ms. e. Hartford. Andover, p-v. Alleghany co. N. Y. 252 ms. w. Albany. Andover, v. Byram, Sussex co. N. J. 30 ms. N. Trenton, 40 ms. w. n. w. N. Y. n. Mus- conetcong r. Andover, t. Alleghany co. N. Y. Pop. 598. Androscoggin, r. (or Ameriscoggin,) Me. The outlet of lake Umbagog, rises in N. H. (one branch, Peabody's r. flowing from the White mts.) then passing into Me. runs e. then s. and joins Kennebec r. at Merrymeet- ing bay, 18 ms. from the sea. It falls 30 feet, near Lewistown. It flows between two moun- tainous ranges. Angelica, p-t. and cap. Alleghany co. N. Y. 260 ms. w. Albany, 40 w. Bath, 9 ms. by 30, is divided n. and s. by Genesee r. whose branches supply mill sites, and is slightly undulated with a large share of good soils, of various descriptions, and many kinds of forest trees. Belvidere v. has a bridge over Genesee r. and Angelica v. contains the county buildings, 2 ms. e. of that r. Some iron ore is found here. Pop. 1830, 998. Anglinton, P-v. Gwinnet co. in Georgia, by p-r. 98 ms. n. w. from Milledgeville. Annapolis city, seat of government for Md. and of justice in and for Ann Arundel CO. is situated on the right bank of the Severn r. 3 ms. above its mouth into Chesapeake Bay, 37 ms. n. 76 e. from W. C. and 30 a little E. of s. from Baltimore. The seat of government was fixed in this city in 1699 and has remained there ever since. In 1820, the pop. amounted to 2260 ; in 1830, the number of inhabitants was 2623. N. lat. 38° 58', long, from W. C. O^ 31' e. St. John's College in Annapolis was found. ed and endowed in 1784, and is now in full operation, as appears from an advertisement of the President, A. C. Magruder, inserted in the National Intelligencer, March 24th, 1831. The charges in the regular college bills, as stated in the President's expose, are as fol- lows : — payable quarterly in advance. Eng- lish department, $24 per annum. Prepara- tory classes 40 do. Freshmen and Sopho- more classes, 40 do. >Senior and Junior 4 classes, 50 do. There is no commons in the college ; but good boarding, it is stated, can be procured in the city for $120 per annum. "An abatement of tlie college bills may be made to necessitous students ; and provision is secured for the gratuitous instruction of 10 students who may bring the proper testi- monials for that purpose." Annapolis, p-v. Jefferson co. Ohio, 16 ms. N. w. by w. from Steubenville. Ann Arbour, p-t. and st. jus. Washington CO. Mich, situated on Huron r. by p-r. 42 ms. w. from Detroit, n. lat. 42° 18', long. 6° 45' w. from W. C. Ann Arundel co. of Md. bounded by Cal- vert CO. s. Patuxent r. or Prince George's co. w. Patuxent r. or Montgomery co. n. w. Pa- tapsco r. or Baltimore co. n. and Chesapeake bay E. This coimty lies in form of a Cres- cent 60 ms. in length from Fish creek at the N. e. angle of Calvert, to where it touches Frederick co. at Poplar Spring ; mean breadth about 12, and area 720 sq. ms. Face of Ann Arundel is cither hilly or roll- ing ; the soil is varied, but in general rather of a middling quality. The eastern part on the Chesapeake is very much indented by small rivers and bays. Pop. in 1 820, 27,165 ; in 1830, 28,295. Annsburg, P-t. Washington co. Me. 30 ms. N. w. Machias. Annsville, Oneida co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 1481. Annsville, p-v. Dinwiddle co. Va. by p-r. 57 ms. southwardly from Richmond. Annville, p-v. Lebanon co. Pa. 17 ms. e. from Harrisburg. Anson, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 12 ms. n.w. Norridgewock, 40 Augusta. Pop. 1533. It lies w. Kennebeck r. and is crossed by 7 mile brook, in the s. part of the co. e. Saratoga co. N. Y. Anson, border co. of N. C. bounded by the CO. of Mecklenburg w. Rocky r. or Mont- gomery N. Yadkin r. or Richmond e. and by Chesterfield district in S. C. s. Length from E. to w. 33 ms. menu breadth 23, and area 760 sq. ms. The slope of this county is fo the N. e. and estrd ; face of the country bro- ken. Chief town Sneadsborough. N. lat. 35° and long 3° w. from W. C. intersect m the eastern part of the co. Pop. 1820, 12,534, and in 1830, 14,095. Anson gold mines and p-o. Anson co. N. C. about 140 ms. s. w. by w. from Raleigh. Anthony's Kill, a mill stream, running from Long and Round lakes into Hudson r. between Half moon and Stillwater. Anthony's Nose, mt. N. Y. There are 3 or 4 hills or mts. by this name, in different parts of the state, which bear some rcaeni- blance to a human nose ; 2 in the Highlands, E. Hudson r. 1 hi Johnstown, n. JMohawk r. Anthony's Creek and po. north eastern part of Green Briar co. Va. by p-r. 195 ms. n. w. by w. from Richmond. • Antietam Creek of Pa. and i\M. rises in Franklin co. of the former, and entering the APP 26 APP latter, flows sthrd. past Hagerstown in Wash- ington CO. falls into the Potomac. Antioch, p-o. Marengo co. Ala. about 80 ms. a little w. of s. from Tuscaloosa. Antistown, p-v. Huntingdon co. Pa. by p-r. 124 ms. wstrd. from Harrisburg. Antrim, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H. 30 ms. w. by s. Concord, 20 n. w. Amherst, 67 n. w. Boston ; contains 21,74.3 acres, w. Contoo- cook r. is hilly with much good land, espe- cially the river alluvion : n. branch supplies mill seats. The w. part is mountainous, but good pasturage. Greggs' Pond covers 200 acres, and is 80 feet deep, with many perch and pike ; there are 5 others. The soil is generally gravelly loam, good for grass, corn, oats, flax, &c. apples, maple, beech, birch, ash, elm, hemlock, &c. with very little white pine. First settled 1768. Pop. 1309. Antrim, township of Franklin co. Pa. bor- dering on Washington co. Md. Pop. 1810, 2864, in 1820, 4120, in 1830, 3831. Antwerp, p-t. Jefl^erson co. N. Y. 170 ms. N. w. Albany, 8 ms. by 13, has an uneven sur- face, with much good soil for grass and grain, well watered by Oswegatchie and Indian rivers. It contains 2 p-vs. Antwerp and Ox- bow. Pop. 2411. Aplington, p-v. and st. jus. Columbia co. Georgia, 21 ms. n. n. w. from Augusta, and 70 ms. N. E. by e. from Milledgeville in Geo. N. lat. 33° 32', and long. w. from W. C. 5° 20'. Apollo, p-v. Armstrong co. Pa. by p-r. 222 ms. wstrd. from Harrisburg. Appalachee Bay. This term has been given to a rather undefined expanse of water spreading from Appalachiola bay and St. George's island, estrd. to the coast of Madi- son CO. in Flor. bounded inward by the Ock- lockonne and St. Mark's bays, and merging outwards by no assignable limit into the Gulf of Mexico. As a navigable inlet, Appalachee bay is of little consequence ; but it gains im- |)ortance as being the chtmnel of entrance to Tallahasse, and affording 7 feet water to St. Mark's. The wide and shoaly bank, which obstructs the coast from Esj)iritu Santo to Vassassa- ousa, continues uninterrupted to the bay of Appalache, where its breadth is reduced to about 3 ms. and a chainiel found to enter the river St. Mark. This channel is accessi- ble to vessels drawing 10 feet, and aflbrds to them a good anchorage 8 miles from St. Mark. Vessels drawing 8 feet, can, at high tide, reach St. Mark. The distance along the coast, from Vassasaousa bay, mouth of Su- wannee, to Appalache bay, mouth of St. Mark's r. is about 95 ms. ; and the latter bay ort'ers the only anchorage to be found from the bay of Espiritu Santo, that is to say, on an extent of coast of about 230 ms. — ( Vide Engi- neer's Report.^ Appalachee, small r. of Geo. and w. branch of Oconee, rises about n. lat. 34° in Jackson and Gwinnette counties, flows s. e. 50 ms. i and ialls ini-o the Oconee between Magan and j to the river. Green counties. Appalachicola Bay, or the estuary of Ap- palachicola r. This bay, properly speaking, is composed of two connected parts. St. George's Sound, and Appalachicola Bay pro- per. St George's Sound. The shoal which ex'^ tends all along and parallel with the coast, makes out abruptly at Ocklockony bay to the s. for a distance of about 12 ms. and projects from South Cape. West of this Cape, it re- assumes its parallel course to the coast, and may be considered as terminating at Cape San Bias : on this distance it forms the basin of the islands which cover St. George's Sound. These islands are three in number. To the n. e. towards Ocklockony, the first is Dog Island, 6 ms. long. Thence, stretching first s. w. by. w. and thence with a projection to n. w. extends to St. George's Island, 30 ms. in length. Continuing the course of the n. w. curve of St. George's Island, extends to St. Vincent's Island, 9 ms. long. The water dis- tance from the e. to the w. end of the Sound is about 50 ms. The width at its eastern ex- tremity, is about 4 ms. and n. from Cape St. George, about 9 ms. The Sound can be en- tered by any of the passes; one round the eastern point of Dog Island, the second be- tween this island and St. George's Island, the third between St. George's Island and St. Vincent's Island. The first, called the east- ern pass, oflTers a depth of 14 feet at low tide, and this depth is found on a width of 600 yards, on a bar which lies at about 2^ ms. from the Sound. The second or middle pass, has a least depth, at low tide, of 15 feet on the bar ; its channel is contracted between the shoals which make out of the two islands ; the width on the bar, for 15 feet water, is about 650 yards ; the entrance is on Dog Island side. The distance between Dog and St. George's Islands is three miles. The third pass, called main pass, has a width, on the bar, of 300 yardsj for a depth of 14 or 13 feet at low tide. The bar lies s. eastward of Flag Island, and about 2 ms. s. w. of the entrance into the Sound. Between St. Vincent's Island and the main shore, called the Western or Indian pass, the depth, it is said, admits only canoes. From the eastern to the middle pass, St George's Sound aftbrds from 9 to 18 feet water; but hence wstrd. to the main pass, it is so ob- structed by banks as to admit vessels of 6 feet draught only. Mean rise of tide, 2i feet, as 15 days observation ; s. w. wind prevailing. Appalachicola Bay is the mere opening of the r. of that name into St. George's Sound. Its entrance into the sound is upwards of 5 ms. wide. The distance in a s. w. direction, from tlie main pass between St. George's and St. Vincent's islands to the w. point on the bay, is about 12 ms., but intervening obstruc- tions compel vessels bound up or down, to curve estrdi' which increases the distance 6 ms. Vessels drawing 10 feet can anchor in the bay, but only 7^ can be carried up and in- APP 27 APP Vessels drawing from 5 to 5^ feet, can be navigated between Appalachicola bay and Ocklockony bay, by keeping not far from the shore, and entering St. George's Channel at its eastern end. Except the Capes of St. George and St. Bias, the out shore of the islands covering the sound may be considered as bold, within a short distance from the land. ( Vide Engineer's Report.) Appalachicola, r. and basin of the U. S. in Ala. Geo. and Flor. The r. is formed by the united streams of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers. The Chattahoochee rises in Habersham co. of Geo. n. lat. 34° 50', and between long. 6° 7' w. from W. C. inter- locking sources with Savannah, Hiwassee, branch of the Temiessee, and Etowah branch of Coosa r. Flowing thence s. w. by compar- ative courses 200 ms. to n. lat. .33°, where it assumes a southern course of 200 ms. to its junction with Flint r. at n. lat. 30° 42'. It is a singular feature in the character of Chatta- hoochee valley that in a length of 320 ms. it is in no one place 50 miles wide, and does not average a width of more than 30 ms. giving to this lengthened valley only a superficies of 9,600 sq. ms. Flint r. rises in Coweta, Campbell, Fayette, and Henry counties of Georgia, between the main volume of Chatta- hoochee, and the sources of the Oakinulgee, and flowing thence s. s. e. by comparative courses, 120 ms. nearly parallel to the latter, thence inflects to s. s. w. 100 ms. to its junc- tion with Chattahoochee. Though compara- tively wider, the valley of Flint, like that of Chattahoochee, is narrow. In Derby and Lee counties of Geo. where, in n. lat. 32° the valley of Flint is widest, the breadth is only 65 ms. and the entire valley does not ex- ceed a mean of 35 ms. or about 7000 sq. ms. The Appalachicola is formed by the united waters of Chattahoochee and Flint, which. lets into the bay of the same name. The first, a straight channel, close to the right shore, and through which 5 feet only can be carried at low tide. Second, the main channel, which is very crooked, bends in a semicircle towards the e. and affords, up to the rivei", a depth of 7i feet. Thirdly, the swash, or N. E. channel, which comes into the main channel, 3 ms. from the bar, and presents a depth of 5 feet through. It must be remark- ed, that the tide makes earlier in the first channel than in the others. The mean rise of tide has been If feet for ten days observa- tion. The bay of Appalachicola cannot admit, at low tide, vessels drawing more than 10 feet. {Vide Engineer's Report.) Apple River, small stream rising in the N. W. Ter. flows southwardly into II. travers- es Joe Daviess co. and falls into the Missis- sippi, about 20 ms. below Galena. Apple River, p-v. on the river of the same name, Joe Daviess co. II. about 20 ms. s. e. by E. from Galena, and by p-r. 310 ms. n. n. w. from Vandalia, and 974 ms. from W. C. Appleton, p-t. Waldo co. Me. 35 ms. n. e. Wiscasset, 35 w. s. w. Augusta, between St. George's and Muscongus rivers, which pass Warren and Waldoboro' to the sea. Pop. 735. Appling co. of Geo. bounded s. by Ware, s. w. by Irwin, w. by Telfair, n. w. by Mont- gomery, on the Oakmulgee r. n. andN. e. by Tatnall, or the Altamaha r. and e. by Wayne. Length along the sthrn. boundary 60, mean width 25, and area 1,500 sq. ms. The northern part is drained by small creeks flowing into the Oakmulgee or Altamaha riv- ers, but the central, southern, and more than half the whole area is watered by various branches of Santilla r. (For lat. and Ion. see Applingville.) Pop. in 1830, 1,468. Applington, (or Columbia Court House,) assuming a course of a little e. of s. receiving i p-v. and st. jus. Columbia co. Geo. 21 ms. n. from the n. w. the small river Chissola, and not even a large creek from the opposite slope, after flowing 70 ms. falls into Appa- lachicola bay by several channels at n. lat. 29° 46' and exactly on long. 8° from W. C. The Mississippi and Appalachicola, are the only confluents of the Gulf of Mexico, in the U. S. which protrude deltas at their mouths, and the latter, compared with its length of course, of all rivers of the U. S. presents the greatest variety of climate. This basin stretches through 5^° of lat. and rising on a mountain- ous region, elevated at least 2000 feet above the surface of the Mexican gulf, or an equiv. alent in relative height to 5° of lat. the dif- ference of temperature, at the extremes, must equal near 10°. The entire superficies in the basin of Appalachicola, is 19,700 sq. ms. of a dry, and, except near the coast of the G. of Mexico, a broken, and near the superior sources, a mountainous country. Though less in volume than the Mobile, it is compara- tively a more navigable stream. Sea vessels ascend to the junction of the Flint and Chatta- hoochee. The Appalachicola r. has three out- w. by w. from Augusta, and by p-r. 81 ms. n. E. by E. from MiUedgeville ; n. lat. 32° 32', long. 5o20'w. from W. C. Applingville, (or Appling Court House,) now Holmcsville p-o. and st.jus. for Appling CO. Geo. N. lat. 31° 16', long. 5° 28' w. from W. C. in a direct line about 100 ms. s. w. by w. from Savannah, and 1 20 s. s. e. from Mil- ledgeville. Letters intended for this place, ought to be directed to Holmesburg, or Ap- pling Court House. Appomattox, r. of Va. rising in Bucking- ham and Prince Edward counties, and flow- ing thence by a very crooked channel, but by a general eastern course, with the counties of Prince Edward, Amelia, Dinwiddie, and Prince George on the right, and Buckingham, Cumberland, Powhatan, and Chesterfield on the left, falls into James r. after a compara- tive course of 90 ms. The tide ascends the Appomattox, to the falls of Petersburg, about 20 ms. above the mouth, and thus far contains depth of water for large merchant vessels. This stream drains a very fine section of Vir- ginia, between lat. 37° 33' and 37° 26' n. ARK 28 ARK Appoquinimink, Binall r. or creek of New I windings, perhaps a thousand miles from its Castle CO. Del. rising in Kent and Coecil cob. source. The valley of the Canadian is in fact Md. interlocking sources with Sassafras r. of a part of a real North American desert. The Chesapeake bay, and ilowing thence east- Canadian drains the space eastward from the wardly, falls into Delaware bay, below Reedy sources of Rio Grande del Norte, and between island Aquackanock, p-v. Essex co. N. J. w. Pas- saic r., lU ni. N. Newark. Boat navigation extends to this place. Aquasco, p-v. Prince George's co. Md. situ- ated on the right bank of Patuxent r. 34 m. s, E. from Washington city. Aquia p-o. Staflord co. Va. on a small creek of the same name, by p-r. 42 ms. s. s. w. from W.C. Ararat, p-o. Patrick co. Vd. by p-r. 31 1 ms. 8. vv. by w. from W. C. Arbei-a, p-o. Lancaster co. Pa. by p-r. 47 ms. estrd. from llarrisburg. Arcadia, p-v. Wayne co. N.Y. Pop. 3,774. Arcadia, p-v. Morgan co. 111. by p-r. 122 ms. N. w. from Vandalia. Arcola, p-v. Lawrence co. Ind. by p-r. 82 ms. 9. s. w. from Indianopolis. Ard's Bluff p-o. on Pearl r. Marion co Miss, about 120 ms. s. e. by e. from Natchez. Arqyle, t. Penobscot co. Me. Pop. 32G. Argyle, p-t. Washington co. N. Y. 6 ms. s. Sandy hill, 44 n. Albany, e. Hudson r. has an undulated surface, pretty good soil, with se- veral ponds and mill streams, and 2 villages, Argyle and Fort Miller, where is a bridge over Hudson r. Pop. 3,459. Arkansas, r. of the U. S. and of the Mexi- can province of Texas, rises in the eastern vallies of the Rocky or Chippewayan mts. about N. lat. 42°, and long. 31° w. from W. C. interlocking sources with those of Lewis r. branch of Columbia, the main volume of Platte r. of Missouri, opposite to those of St. Buena- ventura, of the Pacific ocean, and the Rio Grande del Norte. Flowing 200 ms. s. e. near- ly parallel to the Rio Grande, the Arkansas as- sumes an easterly course of 400 ms. to its junction with the Negracke, and returns to the course of s. e. 250 ms. to the entrance of the great western confluent, the Canadian r. This r. is the great sotithwestern confluent of the Arkansas, and as laid down by Maj. Long, rises in the mountains of New Mexico, 27° of long. w. from W. C. and between n. lat. 33° and 37°. Rising in the eastern vallies of a rather elevated chain, the two main, and nu- merous minor branches of the Canadian pur- sue a general eastern course over 9° of long. the various branches first uniting into one stream, wliich joins the Arkansas at n. lat. 35°, and long. 18° \v. from W. C. The valley of the Canadian r. is in length about 500 ms. with a mean breadth of 100 or area 50,000 eq. ms. The far greater part of this physical section is an open, unwooded series of plains, or roll- ing prairie. The soil is sterile, and partakes much of the character of the steppes of north. em Asia. Maj. Long, in 1817, found the bed of this r. almost dry, and himself and party were exposed to great suffering from want of water on the bajiiis of a river, following its that of Arkansas and Red r. About one half of this valley is e. of the 100th deg. w. from Greenwich, of course in the U. S. Below their junction the united waters of the Arkan- sas and Canadian rivers pierce the Arkansas mts. and flow s. e. 250 ms. to their final union with the Mississippi, at n. lat. 33° 56', and long. 14° 10' w. from W. C. Of the confluents of the Arkansas, the first rank is due to the Canadian r. The latter, though long known by name, has been but re- cently sufliciently explored to enable geogra- phers to assign its due rank. As laid down from Maj. Long's discoveries, this river, by two great branches, rises in the mts. of New Mexico, as far wstrd. as 28° from W. C. and within 40 ms. from the main stream of the Rio del Norte, between the towns of Santa Fe and Taos, and between the sources of Arkan- sas proper and those of Red r. and between N. lat. 34° 30' and 37° 30'. From this moun- tainous origin, the Canadian by two branches, called relatively North and South Canadian rivers, flows over the wide central plains of North America by a course of e. a little s. the two streams generally at from 40 to 60 or 70 ms. asunder, gradually approach each other, and finally unite, after a comparative course of upwards of 700 ms. Besides the two middle or principal branches of Canadian r. there are beside many smaller, one the s. e. Fork, a stream 300 ms. long, rising between the south- ern Canadian and the branches of Red r. and falling into the main Canadian below the junc- tion of its two great constituents. Below the union of all these confluents, the Canadian, after an easterly course of about 50 ms. joins the Arkansas at n. lat. 35°, and 18° w. from W. C. and directly on the western side of the Arkansas mts. Between the Kansas and Osage branches of Missouri, the Arkansas mts. and Arkansas r. a space of about 10,000 sq. ms. is drained by Verdigris, Neoscheo and Illinois rivers, which flow southward uito Ar- kansas, which they join wstrd. from the Ar- kansas mts. The entire surface contained in the Arkansas valley, above the mountains, is at least 170.000 sq. ms. Below the mountain pass, the Arkansas valley, in a length of 250 ms. does not average a width above 40 ms. or 10,000 sq. ms. Combining the two sections, the entire surface drained by the Arkansas and all its confluents, amounts to 178,000 sq. ms. The geographic position of this valley is between lat. 34° and 42° n. In compara- tive geography, the river of Europe, which in course and extent most nearly approaches the Arkansas, is the Danube. By actual calcu- lation, the Arkansas flows s. 6.5° e. a fraction above 1,300 statute ms. in a direct line from source to mouth. The Danube flows s. 82°, E. within an inconsiderable fraction of 1,470 ins. The subvallies of the Danube are some- ARK 29 ARK thing more extensive than those of Arkansas, jri and the higher Mississippi, and nearly si- but in a general view, if even the inflections multaneous with that of the Ohio. of those two great rivers are compared, the resemblance is very strong, and if White r. was included in Arkansas valley, as it might Arkansas Ter. of the U. S. bounded w. by the yet unorganized territory formerly a part of La. N. by the state of Mo. e. by th^ Miss. be without much violence to correct analogy, | r. and s. by the state of La. On Tanner's the two valleys would present features pecu- 1 map of the U. S. the ter. of Ark. is made liarly similar. But with the outline and gen- \ commensurate on the w. with the state of La. eral course of the main and minor volumes of lor 17° .30' w. long, from W. C. having out- the Danube and Arkansas, all resemblance between these rivers ceases. The latter, in- deed, in many essential physical features, bears a striking likeness to the Nile, though taken as a whole, the Arkansas stands alone among the rivers of the earth. Rising on a mountainous table land of probably 5,000 feet elevation, and entering the Mississippi where the river level does not exceed that of the ocean 150 feet, the actual depression of slope is equal to 12 degrees of lat. giving a differ- ence of temperature of 20 degrees. The far greater part of the inclined plane falling from the Chippewayan towards the Arkansas mts. is naked of timber and sterile, scarce of foun- tain water and presenting a perfect model of the central steppes of Asia. In the winter and spring, or in the rainy season, the streams bear down immense masses of water, whilst in Autumn and in the early part of winter, they are dwindled to mere rills where any stream continues ; but in the Canadian, even that feature ceases, and the bed of the river becomes in September, October, and Novem- ber, a lengthened line of dry sand, and in ma- ny places, miles intervene without even a re- m aining stagnant pond. Those harsh features are softened rather than changed, below the mountains marked in Tanner's maps as Ozark mts ; prairies still continue, though less extensive and less ster- ile than those more wstrd. Springs of fresh water also increase, approaching the inun- dated plains near the Mississippi, but in a general view, the entire valley of Arkansas may be regarded as naked and rather sterile. To this character, the most striking exception is afforded by the inundated border near the Mississippi. Without including minute bends, the Arkansas flows 300 ms. from the mouth of Canadian to its own influx into the Mississippi. This part of the valley does not exceed a mean breadth of 50 ms. the tlibutary streams are of course small ; prairies gradually cease, and approaching the great recipient, an annu- ally overflowed and deeply wooded plain, ter- minates the lengthened valley of Arkansas. The inundations of this great, though second- ary river, are as regular as those of the Mis- sissippi, but from the position of the valley, the discharge of the Arkansas is less in quan- tity in a given time, than might be expected. The water of the Missouri, a milky blue, and that of the Ohio, a blackish green, are very distinct from the ochreous red water of the Arkansas, which latter again differs from the brighter red volume of Red r. The great Arkansas flood reached Delta in May, and early in June preceding the tide from Missou- lincs in common with La. on n. lat. 33° of 190 ms. on the Mexican province of Texas about 40 ms. along the wstrn. ter. of the U. S. 210, in common with the state of Mo. along n. lat. 36° 30', 266 ms. down St. Francis r. to N.lat. 36°, 50 ms. along n. lat. 36° to the right bank of the Miss. r. 34 ms. down the right bank of the Miss, to the n. e. angle of La. 360 ms. en- tire outline 1140, lying between lat. 33° and 36° 30' N. and between Ion. 12° 44' and 17° 30' w. from W. C. The ter. within these out- lines embraces an area of 54,860 sq. ms. lying so very compact as to approach a sq. of 234 ms. each side. Ark. is naturally divided into thr6e distinct sections. The e. section along the Miss. White, St. Francis, and Ark. rs. is mostly level, and in winter and spring, except the margin of the streams, liable to inundation. With some prairie, this e. section is covered with a dense forest. The soil, where arable, is very productive. The middle section wa- tered by the higher branches of White r. by the main volume of Ark. the higher branches of Ouachitta, and by Red r. is broken, in part, rather moimtainous, and presenting extensive prairies. The w. and n. w. section is moun- tainous, with extensive prairies. Though an interior region, Ark. is in a high degree sup- plied with navigable streams. Beside the Miss, which forms the eastern boundary, St. Francis rises in Mo. and flowing s. enters Ark. over which it flows 12,0 ms. falls into the Miss, about 60 ms. above the mouth of White r. The latter, a much more considerable stream, rises in the s. part of Mo. by two great branches. White r. proper and Black r. which, uniting in Ark. flows below the junction 120 ms. and falls into the Miss. 15 ms. above the mouth of Arkansas r. Tliough impeded by shoals, the Ark. is a navigable r. far above the limits of the ter. to which it gives name. The Ouachitta rises by numerous branches in the Masserne mountains, between Ark. and Red rs. and is navigable at high water, with boats of considerable size, by the bends 200 ms. within Arkansas. Red r. traverses the extreme s. w. angle of the ter. It mny be doubted whether in this large ter. there is one spot, 100 ms. from a navigable water course. The St. Francis, White, and Ark. rs. form navigable channels within the ter. into the Miss. ; whilst the Red r. and its confluent, the Ouachitta, leave the ter. traverse La. and fi- nally join the same great recipient. The mineral wealth of Ark. has been too imper- fectly developed to admit definite notice. The immense salt prairies or steppes of the inte- rior, give a brackish taste to the water of Ark. Numerous salt springs are scattered over the ARK 30 ART country. Indications of lead and iron are nu- merous. Some lead has been smelted but not in large quantity. As a whole, Ark. may be regarded as a barren country, though scat- tered over the entire extent, tracts of exu- berantly fertile soil occur. If we compare it with La. and from what I have seen of both these two regions they appear remarkably similar in the relative extent of arable to un- productive soil in each, respectively, the cul- tivate able surface would be about as one to four. The difference of lat. and elevation give lo the respective sections of Ark. a much greater range of temperature, than from its extent could be expected. Cotton can be cul- tivated to advantage on the s. and s. e. sec- tions ; but advancing up the streams and ris- ing to a much higher elevation, the tempera- ture falls, and small grain succeeds well. On the whole, the climate of Ark. may be con- sidered as excessively variable ; that of the s. resembles La. whilst towards the n. and w. the seasons approach those of Mo. Amongst the curiosities of Ark. may be particularly mentioned the Hot Springs. These fountains, with a temperature near that of boiling wa- ter, are 47 ms. s. w. by w. from Little Rock, on the Ark. and near the main stream ofWa- shitau. They became a place of resort for invalids about 1800, and have increased in reputation. The adjacent country is rocky, sterile and motmtainoiis, the water pure, and air elastic, affording a most delicious retreat from the summer and autumn temperature of La. and S. Ark. The Washitau is navigable with steam boats to within 30 ms. of the springs. Ark. being yet a ter. the govern- ment is therefore not permanently fixed, which precludes the propriety of inserting the exist- ing form in this place. For counties, their population and chief towns, see Appendix. Arkansas co. of the territory of the same name, lying on both sides of Ark. r. having Chicot CO. s. Clark w. Pulaski n. w. White r. or Philips co. n. e. and the Miss. r. e. Length from N. to s. GO ms. mean width 40, and area 2,400 sq. ms. This co. is traversed obliquely from N. w. to s. e. by the Ark. r. and the White r. bounding it to the n. e. renders the lower part subject to annual overflows. The Bayou, Barthelany, and Boeuf rs. branches of the Washitau, rise in the s. part, flow s. over Chicot CO. enter La. The w. side rises into eminences, but the body of the county is level. (For lat. and long, see next article.) Arkansas, p-v. and st. jus. for Ark. co. Ark. Ter. This is the same village formerly called " The Post of Ark." and was founded l)y the French in 1685. It stands on the n. bank of Ark. r. at n. lat. 34°, long. w. from W. C. 14° 25'. The site is a high narrow bluff of poor soil, with the inundated flats of White r. in the rear. Distant about 100 ms. s. e. from Little Rock, and by the bends of the r. 50 ms.from the Miss. Arkiopolis, p-v. and seat of government Ark. ter. (See Little Rock.) Arkport, p-v. Hornellsville, Steuben co. N. Y. 20 ms. s. Bath, 260 ms. w. by s. Alba- ny, on Canister r. ARKWRiGHT,Chautauque co.N.Y. Pop. 926. Arlington, p-t. Bennington co. Vt. 12 ms. N. Bennington, 106 Montpelier, and 40 from Troy, Saratoga Spa, Whitehall and Rutland, was first settled 1763, and is watered by Roar- ing Branch, Mill Creek, Warm Creek and Gfreen r. as well as Battenkill r. of which they are branches. There is plenty of mill seats and much fine interval land. North and Red Mountains in the w. are divided by Battenkill r. and bear white, red and black oak, white and black birch, chesnut, walnut, &c. The soil is rich, and bears grain. Much white marblejs quarried here^for tombstones, &c. and lime-stone is burnt. There is a fer- rugineous spring and a curious cavern in this t. Pop. 1,207. Armagh, p-v. s. part of Indiana co. Pa. about 60 ms. e. from Pittsburgh, and 35 n. e. from Greensburg. Armstrong's p-o. Wabash co. Illi. by p-r. Ill ms. s. E. by e. from Vandalia. Armstrong co. of Pa. bounded e. by Jeffer- son CO. s. E. by Indiana, s. by Kiskiminitas r. or Westmoreland co. w. by Butler, and n. by Clarion r. or Venango co. Length 45, mean width 20, and area 900 sq. ms. The face of this county is delightfully diversified, with hill, dale, and river scenery. Alleghany r. enters at the n. w. angle, and sweeping over the country by an elliptical curve, leaves it at the s. w. angle receiving v/ithin the co. from the E. Clarion r. Red bank, Mahoming, and Crooked creeks, whilst the Kiskiminitas en- ters as a s. border, n. lat. 41° and long. 2° 30' v». from W. C. intersect a little n. of the centre of the CO. Chief t. Kittanning. Pop. 1820, 10,524, in 1830, 17,695. The traverse sec- tion of the Penn. Canal, crosses Kiskiminitas at Warren t. and enters Armstrong from West- moreland CO. and thence follows the right bank of the Alleghany r. The canal is then carried overthe latter stream, and down its right bank to Freeport, where it leaves Arm- strong and enters Alleghany co. Arnold's, old place p-o. Fauquier's co. Va. by p.r. 56 ms. w. from W. C. Arnoldstown, p-v. Campbell co. Va. by p-r. 131 ms. s. w. from W. C. Arnold's p-o. Rush co. Ind. by p-r. 50 ms. a little s. E. from Indianopolis. Aroostic, (or Aroostook) r. Me. rises near the w. bound of Penobscot co. which it cross- es N. E. in a devious course, receiving several branches, and falls into St. John's, in New- Brunswick. It passes through lands almost imsettled, but which will probably soon be- come valuable. Its head waters are 20 ms. from those of Penobscot r. and part of the in- tervening country is very hilly, with numer- ous ponds, the rest marshy. A road is ma- king from this r." t the Mattawankeag, a branch of Penobscoi £. which is to be extend- ed 60 ms. N. to Madawasca. This will facil- itate emigration. Arthursburg, p-v. Dutchess co. N. Y. 77 ms. s. E. Albany. ASH 31 AsBURY, p-v. Warren co. N. J. 35 ms. n. Trenton n. w. Musconetcong r. Ascension, parish of La. bounded by As- sumption s. E. St. James e. Amite r. n. e. Ibberville n. w. and Atchafalaya r. vv. length from N. E. to s. w. 40 ms. mean width about 10 and area 400 square ms. The face of this parish is one great plain and most part liable to annual submersion, similar to every other part of the delta. The bank of the Miss, is the highest part of the parish, and that wind- ing across it near the middle, contains the far greater part of the population. This parish is rendered remarkable from containing the outlet of the La Fourche. This stream is in fact a mouth of the Miss, from which it flows at Donaldsonville,(see La Fourche). What soil of Ascension is sufficiently elevated for culti- vation, is highly fertile. Staple, sugar and cotton. For lat. and Ion. see Donaldsonville. Pop. 1820, 3,728, in 1830. 5,426, chief town Donaldsonville. AscuTNEY, mt. Windsor co. Vt. between Windsor and Weathersfield, is 3,320 feet higher than tide water, and 3,116 above Conn r. at Windsor. It is nearly bare, except on the N. E. side, and consists of granite. The view from the summit is very fine. The ascent is performed in 2 and a 5 hours. From Windsor the route is 4 ms. to the base, half a mile up is a moderate ascent, after which it is steep. AsuBURNHAM, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 55 ms. N. w. Boston, was granted to certain sol diers from Dorchester, in a Canada expedi- tion in ] 690. It is watered from ponds, by mill streams of Miller's r. which falls into Conn. r. and Nashua and Souhegan rs. which fall into Merrimack r. It is hilly, with a strong soil producing grass, fruit and forest trees. Two incorporated companies manufacture leather and soap stone in large quantities. ^500 worth of chairs are made here weekly, and many nails, clapboards, &c. Pop. 1,402. Asiiiiv, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 50 ms. n. w. Boston, is handsomely varied with hill and vale, with good farms, producing grass and fruit, and has a fine mill stream, a branch of Nashua r. rising in it. Pop. 1,240. Ashe, northwestern co. of N. C. bounded by Surrey co. of the same state n. E.the main spine of Blue Ridge or Wilkes co. s. e. Bun- combe s. w. and Carter co. of Ten. w. Ashe CO. occupies part of the elevated valley between Bald mtn. and Blue Ridge, and from the courses of the rivers, must be the highest section of the valley, and at least 2500 feet above the Atlantic tides. The N. E. part of of the co. slopes towards Virginia, and is drained by the extreme sour- ces of Great Kenhawa whilst the discharge of the southwestern part is formed by the sources of the Watauga branch of Ilolston. The extreme length of Ashe, from n. e. to s. w. is 70 ms. with a mean breadth of 12 ms. area 840 sq. ms. The surface is broken and soil of middling quality. The climate is peculiarly line, air pure and bracing. In long, this CO. lies very nearly between 4° and 5° ASH w. from W. C. while the central part is about n. lat. 36° 20'. Pop. 1 820, 4,335, and in 1830, 6987. Chief town, Jeffcrsonton. AsuFiELD, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 15 ms. N. w. Northampton, 105 w. Boston, is on high land between Deerfield and Westfield rs. to each of which it sends a tributary. It wag settled and garrisoned about 1754 and called Hmitstown, but abandoned in 1755, and re- settled in 1763. Pop. 1,732. AsHFORD, new v. Berkshire co. Mass. AsnFORu,p-t. Windham, co. Conn. 31 ms. e. Hartford, about 9 ms. long and 7 broad, 59 sq. ms. is hilly, with a gravelly soil, but favorable for grazing, and raises many cattle. Still, Bigelow and Mount Hope rs. are small. Crystal pond, 1 m. by J m. is between this town and Pomfret. There are two small villages. First settled in 1700. Pop. 2,660. AsHFORD, p-t. Cattaraugus co. N. Y. 282 ms. w. by s. Albany. Pop. 631. Ashland, p-v. in the northern part of Rich- land CO. O. by p-r. 88 ms. northeastward from Columbus. Ashley's Mills, p-o. Telfair, co. Geo. 102 ms. by p-r. sthrd. from Milledgeville. AsHPALAGA, p-t. village of .lackson co. Florida, on the Appalachicola r. by p-r. 35 ms. westrd. from Tallahasse. Ashtabula, northeastern co. of O. bounded N. E. by Erie co. Pcnn. e. by Crawlbrd co, Pcnn. s. by Trumbull. O. w. by Geauga and N. by Lake Erie. Greatest length along Penn. 32 ms. on the western border the length is about 26 ms. mean length 29 and breadth 28, area 812 sq. ms. extending in lat. 41° 32' to 41° 58' and in long, from 3° 30* to 3° 58' w. from W. C. The southeastern angle of this co. slopes to the s. e. and gives source to the Shenango and other branches of Big Beaver. The western and central sec- tions have a norlhwestern declivity and are drained by the sources of Grand river of Lake Erie, while the northeastern part slopes northwardly and is watered by Conneaut anct Ashtabula rivers. From the preceding ele- ments we find this co. occupying a part of the table land between the vallies of Erie and O. Chief town Jelferson. Population 1830, 14,584. Ashtabula, p-v. on the r. of the same name at its eflux into Lake Erie,northern part ofAsli- tabula CO. O. about 40 ms. s. w. by w. from Erie in Penn. and by p-r. 191 ms. n. e. from Co- lumbus. AsHviLLE, p-v. and st. jus. for Buncombe co, N. C. stands on French Broad r. 40 ms. n. n. w. from Rutherfordton and by p-r. 273 ms. wstrd. from Raleigh n. lat. 35° 32', long. 5° 28' w. from W. C. AsHviLLE, p-v. and st. jus. St. Clair co. Ala.- on Canoe creek (branch of the Coosa) by p-r. 90 ms. N. E. from Tuscaloosa and about 70 s. wstrd. s. E. from Iluntsville, n. lat. 33° 48' long. 9° 21' w. from W. C. AsHUELOT r. Cheshire co. N. H. rises from a pond in Washington ; runs s. to Keene, then s. w. to Conn. r. 3 ms. from the line of Mass. To make it navigable for boats, from ASS 32 ASS Keene to the mouth, considerable exertions were made several years ago ; several places wore locked. AssiNiBOiN,large r. of North America partly in the U.S. and partly in the British territories. It is formed by two great branches, Assini- iioin proper and Red r. The Assiniboin rises by mmierous branches between lake Winni- pec and the northeastern curve of Missou- ri. Flowing s. E. upwards of 300 ms. it re- ceives from the sthrd. a remarkable confluent, Morse or Sourie r. The latter rises in the United States and, what is remarkable, with- in 1 m. of tlie main volume of the Mo. Be- low the influx of Morse r. the Assiniboin curves to the estrd. about 100 ms. to its junction with Red r. Red r. or the southern branch of Assiniboin, rises in the United States, on the marshy and extended plain which gives source to the higher confluents of Miss, but the extreme southern fountain of the former, as laid down by Tanner, is at N. lat. 45° 37', interlocking sources with St. Peter's r. and extending 1°39' of lat. south of the northern sou^pe of the Miss. Issuing from this elevated tabic land. Red r. assumes a general northern course, but with an elliptic curve to the westrd. receiving from the east- ern side descending, Otter Tail, Buff'alo, Wild Rice, Plum, Sand Hill, Red Fork, Swamp, Salt and several smaller streams. From the westrd. this r. is augmented also in descending, by Ipse, Thienne, Elve, Goose, Turtle, Saline, Park Tongue and Pembina which the sources of the Miss, and Assiniboin flow, is continued to the northeastward to within 900 miles of Hudson's Bay. Amongst the countless lakes scattered over this eleva- ted but comparatively flat space, there are two chains to the northwest of Lake Superior, which,after discharging their waters from one reservoir into another, converge and unite about N. lat. 48° 20' and long. 15° w. from W. C. Thus far the general course is westrd. but inflecting to the n. w. dilating into Stur- geon lake, again into a r. and thence once more opening into the large Lake Rain. From the southwestern margin of Lake Rain, issues a large navigable stream, the proper Rain Lake r. This stream, flowing a little north of wstrd. about 80 ms. by comparative course, falls into another considerable sheet of water called Lake of the Woods. From the source of the southern branch of Rainy Lake r. to the Lake of the Woods, the lakes and intermediate straits or rs. form the boun- dary between the United States and the British territories. The southern extremity of the Lake of the Woods is traversed by the 49th degree of N. lat. and the lake and its discharge into Lake Winnipec, assuming a northwestern course, the residue of the val- ley of Rainy Lake r. is in the British ter- ritories. AssoNET, p-v. Berkley t. Bristol co. Mass. 42 s. Boston. Assumption, or Assomption parish of La. bounded by the Miss. r. n. e. St. Johns Bap- rs. Immediately below the influx of the latter tist e. La Fourche interior s. E.ands. Atcha the main volume crosses n. lat. 49° enters the falya r. w. and n. w. by the parish of Ascen- British territories, inflects to tho northeast- sion. Similar to all other parts of the delta, As- ward and finally joins the Assiniboin very sumption is a plain slightly raised above the nearly on n. lat. 50°' and about 40 ms. above the influx of the latter, into the sthrn. extreme of Lake Winnipec. The direct length of Red r. is about 300 ms. but its comparative course no doubt exceeds 350. The valley of Red r. extends between those of Mo. and Miss, and it is remarkable, that the sources of streams flowing into Red r. from the wstrd. rise close u|)on the margin of Mo. near the Mandan villages, (see Pembina.) Red r. is rendered remarkable for another physical feature ; its source is the extreme southern extension of the great northern uiclined plain of the conti- tinentofN. Am. The following note inserted in Tanner's United States will serve to illus- trate the singular features of the region from which Red, Miss, and Rainy Lake rs. have their sources. The note alluded to, and quoted below, is inserted on the map between the extreme sources of Miss. Grand Fork of Rainy lake r. and Red lake, from which flows the Red Fork of Red r. " An uninterrupted water communication between the Grand Fork of Rainy Lake r. and Winnipec Lake, is said to exist at this place." Rainy Lake r. is another very singular water course, the drain of innumerable lakes between lakes Superior and Winnipec, which though entering the latter lake by a separate mouth from the Assiniboin may be correctly noticed under fhai head. The Plateau, from common level of the rs. The Miss, forma one of the borders, whilst La Fourche enter- ing from Ascension, winds in a direction from N. N. w. to s. s. E. dividing Assumption into two nearly equal parts. Length from s. w. to N. E. 40 ms. mean width 15 and area 600 sq. ms. Most of the arable land is on the two above mentioned rs. as the surface falls gradually, from the La Fourche towards the Atchafalya, and the banks of the latter rise in very few places above annual overflow. Much of Assumption, is, indeed, open, untim- bered, and overflow marsh. The inhabitants reside in great part on the margin of the Miss. and La Fourche. The arable margin on the right bank of the Miss, at the eftlux of La Fourche, is continued, down the latter though narrower than along the former stream. The soil is of similar quality on both rs. and crops are specifically similar. Though cotton is the common staple, some sugar farms are scattered along the banks of La Fourche in Assumption. The orange tree also begins to flourish in this parish. N.lat.30°, and long. 14' w. from W. C. intersect in the northern part of Assumption. No town of note. Pop. 1820, 3,576, in 1830, 5,669. Assumption, Court House, and p-o. on La Fourche, by p-r. 9t ms. from N. O. AssYLUM p-o. Bradford co. Penn. by p-r. 184 ms. northward from Harrisburg. ATC 33 ATC Atacapas, large settlement of La. lying along both banks of Tcche r. and extending southeastward from Opelousas to the Gulf of Mexio. Under the French and Spanish governments, Atacapas was under the juris diction of a commandant ; it is now subdivi- ded into the parishes of St. Martin's and St. Mary's, which see. Atchafalaya, r. of La. and though a mouth of Miss, may be correctly regarded as the continuation of Red River. It is only about a m. and five tenths from the inlet of the Red River to the outletof Atchafalaya, the latter leaving the mainstream at n. lat. 31° almost exactly. Many erroneous opinions exist re- specting the Atchafalaya, and the quantity of its drain from the Miss, has been greatly overra- ted. It is only indeed at high water in the latter, that any current passes into the former. The writer of this article has been at the efflux of the Atchafalaya at almost every stage of weather, and has seen the current actually passing into the Miss. At its outlet, the Atchafalaya is only 1 1 1 yds. wide, but dilates below to a general breadth of about 200 yds. Leaving the Miss, the course is s. w. 2 ms. from whence with a very tortuous channel, but general course to the s. it flows 50 ms. then turns s. e. 1 ms. and thence e. 25 ms. to where it receives from the estrd. the Pla- quemine, another, though much smaller outlet of the Miss. Receiving the Plaque- mine, the Atchafalaya curves to the south- ward and continues in that direction 60 ms. into the Gulf of Mexico, having an entire comparative course of 147 ms. In its gene- ral appearance, the Atchafalaya is a miniature picture of the Miss, though very little soil on the banks of the former, is exempt from an- nual overflow. Except merely on the margin of the r. the adjacent country for many ms. is a congeries of bayous and lakes ; but to apply to this annually inundated tract the term of swamp, is a great misnomer. So far from being swamp the general surface when not flooded is excessively dry and hard. In reality, the basin of the Atchafalaya, if de- nuded of timber would appear, in season of high water, an immense irregular lake, with hues of land merely rising above the common surface. The whole surface is, however, except the lakes and streams, and near the sea coast, covered with a very dense forest. Timber along the Atchafalaya, cotton wood, willow, ash, red flowing maple, difl'erent species of oak, and hickory, &o. whilst in tlie remote recesses of the overflow, Cyprus and tupeloo, intermingle with the oaks and willows. When this region was surveyed by the writer of this article, in 1809 and 1810, the great raft in Atchafalaya commenced 2G ins. from the outlet, and continued down that river at broken intervals to within 5 ms. above the entrance of the Teche. A small fragment of the lower part of the raft broke loose from the main body about 1774, and again lodged immediately below the mouth of Courtableau. The raft is not a stationary mass ; I have myself seen large fragments break loose, and again lodge. This much misunderstood obstruction was formed in the first place by floating timber from the MiBsissippi, and is perpetuated by accessions from the same source. The current of the Atchafalaya, at its issue from the Mississippi, is excessively rapid, but deadens, falling to- wards the interior low lands, which circum- stance, taken in connexion with the very tor- tuous channel of the former, accounts for the original formation and perpetuity of the raft. The vulgar tales respecting the raft, deserve some notice. So lonely and so seldom visited is that region, that even at Opelousas, within 15 miles direct from the spot, I have heard it asserted that so compact was the raft, that men and horses had passed it without know- ing a river was beneath. Myself and assis- tants did frequently, and in numerous places pass the river by the raft, but never without danger and difficulty. In fact, the timber, thrown together by accident, lies in all direc- tions, interlaced by roots and branches, but still with so much interval and so liable to partial removal, that accumulations of mud and young trees are prevented. The body of the raft rises and falls with the rise and fall of the river, and from the sediment fixed on the logs, is in autumn covered with a rank growth of weeds, which at a distance appears a flowery plain, but approached is found to be a very dimgerous and uneven surface to tread. In both the Atchafalaya and Courta- bleau, the raft impedes navigation. In the latter the people of Opelousas have effected a partial removal ; but still the direct line of in- tercommunication between New Orleans and the upper part of Opelousas, continues in some measure broken. The very near approach of the general plain of Louisiana to a level is shown by the tides in the Atchafalaya and its confluents. In season of high water in the Mis- sissippi, the tide from the higher parts of the basin overcomes the more feeble tide from the Gulf of Mexico ; but in Autumn, when the Mississippi falls far within its own chan- nel, the gulf tide not more than 2 feet at an average, penetrates the Atchafalaya above the lower raft, and into the Plaquemine to within 4 miles by the channel from the Mississippi, and up the Couitableau to the prairies of Ope- lousas. The water of the Atchafalaya, usually turbid, becomes very highly pellucid, when the outlet from the Mississippi is interrupted for some weeks. (See articles Courtableau, Teche, Opelousas, and Atacapas.) A long expected change in the bed of the Mississip. pi above the outlet of Atchafalaya and influx of the Red river has taken place recently; and the Atchafalaya can no longer be regarded as an outlet of the Mississipjii. (See article Mississippi and Red River.) • Atchafalaya, bay of La. the estuary of the river of the same name, an elliptical sheet of water 25 ms. from n. w. to s. e. with a mean width of about 8 ms. Two long, nar- row and low points of land, Point Au Fer to ATH 34 ATL the s. E. and Point Chevreuil to the n. w. i ms. a little n. of w. from Huntsville, and 120 distant from each other 7 or 8 ms, terminate ms. n. n. e. from Tuscaloosa, n. lat. 34° 58', this bay. A bar with 9 feet water extends long. 10° 2' w. from W. C. from point to point, but within, and far in both rivers above the junction of Atchafalaya and Teche, a sufficient depth of water exists at all seasons for vessels of any tonnage. Bar of Atchafalaya bay is at n. lat. 29° 25', long. I4°40'w. fromW. C. The river en- ters the N. E. side of the bay. The whole adjacent country is a dead level, and grassy plain, interrupted with numerous lakes and interlocking water courses, and nearly desti- tute of timber. The surface so near that of the gulf, as to be flooded at every tide. The first arable land rises above diurnal tides about 5 ms. below the mouth of Teche. Athens, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 22 ms. N. E. Norridgewock, 45 Augusta, 50 n. Hal- lowel, is crossed by the branches of a small stream of Kennebeck r. Pop. 1200. Athens, p-t. Windham co. Vt. 10 ms. s. Bellows' Falls, 25 n. e. Brattleborough ; con- tains 7628 acres, and was first settled 1779. It is imeven, with a good soil for grazing, and apple trees ; with a native growth of beech, birch, bass, maple, ash, hemlock, and spruce. A small stream affords mill sites. Pop. 415. Athens, p-t. Greene co. N. Y. w. side Hud- son r. opposite Hudson city, 5 ms. n. Cats- kill, 28 s. Albany, is watered by Potock, Cor- Icar's and Catskill creeks, has Hoogeberg, or High Hill w. but pretty good alluvial soil E. with some pine sands. Athens, v. extends IJ ms. on the Hudson r. and about the same distance w. The chan- nel is near the shore ; there is a flat in the r. through which a channel is kept open for the ferry boats. Pop. 2425. Athens, or Tioga Point, p-v. of Bradford CO. Pa. is most beautifully situated on the point above the junction of the Susquehannah and Tioga rs. The village extends in a sin- gle street up the peninsula ; the site an undu- lating plain, but environed by mountain and river scenery. Athens is but little improved, but from its proximity to two navigable rivers, the fertility of the river soil, and from the pic- turesque vicinity, nature has done her part in forming a, most inviting residence to man. Pop. of the township in 1820, 1108, in 1830, 1249. Lat. 41° 56' n. Athens, p-v. st. jus. and of Franklin col- lege, Clarke co. Geo. is situated on the right bank of Oconee r. at n. lat. 33° 58', long. W. C. 6° 40' w. 85 ms. n. w. from Augusta. Franklin college was located here in 1803, with a faculty of a president, 4 professors, and two tutors, supported by a fund of $100,000 bank stock, and 50,000 acres of land ; $12,000 were appropriated to purchase a library and pliilosophical apparatus. The situation has been represented as in an emi- nent degree agreeable and healthy. Athens, p-v. Fayette co. Ken. by p-r. 33 ms. from Frankfort. Athens, p-v. and st. jus. Limestone co. Ala Athens, p-o. Giles co. Vir. by p-r. 265 ms. a little s. of w. from Richmond. Athens, co. of O. bounded s. by Meigs, s. w. by Galia and Jackson, w. by Hocking, N. w. by Perry, n. e. by Morgan, e. by Wash- ington, and s. e. by O. r. separating it from Wood CO. of Vir. The longest line that can be drawn over this irregular formed county is di- agonal from s. w. to n. e. 40 ms. Mean breadth 20 ms. and area 800 sq. ms. extending in lat. from 39° 5' to 39° 33', and in long, from 4° 44' to 5° 30' w. from W. C. The southern margin of this CO. declines to the sthrd. and gives source to some creeks flowing in that direc- tion into O. r. The central and rather most extensive section is watered by the Hocking r. and its confluents. The Hocking enters at the extreme northwestern angle, and flowing to the s. e. diagonally over the county falls into the O. r. at the extreme southwestern angle. The surface of Athens co. of O. is exces- sively hilly, but fertile. Chief town, Athens. (See Appendix, article Ohio.) Athens, p-t, and st. jus. Athens co. O. situated on Hocking r. near the centre of the CO. 41 ms. a little s. of w. from Marietta, 50 ms. e. from Chilicothe ; and by p-r. 73 ms. s. e . by E. from Columbus, n. lat. 39° 20', and long. 5° 6' w. from W. C. Athol, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 30 ms. n. Worcester, 70 w. Boston ; is uneven, with a strong soil, and is supplied with water power by Miller's r. Pop. 1325. Athol, p-t. Warren co. N. Y. 18 ms. w. n. w. Caldwell, is mountainous, with a poor soil. Pop. 909. Atkins, p-v. Bucks co. Pa. 20 ms. n. e. from Phil, and 10 ms. s. w. from Trenton. Atkinson, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 79 ms. from Augusta. Pop. 418. Atkinson, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 4i ms. by 5, with 6839 acres, 30 ms. s. w. Ports- mouth, 32 s. E. Concord ; has an uneven sur- face, with very good soil. First settled 1727. Dr. Belknap says that a piece of ground, 7 or 8 acres, in a meadow, floats when the mea- dow is flooded. There is an old and respec- table academy here. Pop. 554. Atkinson, p-o. Monroe co. Mich, by p-r. 43 ms. s. w. from Detroit. Atlantic Ocean, that great expanse of water which separates Africa and Europe from America. Under this general term very different extremes north and south have been understood by writers on Geograhy. In the present article we include all the ocean surface comprised between a line drawn from the extreme southern point of America to the extreme southern point of Africa, and another line drawn from the western point of Nova Zembla, through the islands of Spitz- bergen to the coast of Greenland. Thus defined, the Atlantic mingles on the s. with the great Austral ocean, and to the north with the Frozen or Arctic Ocean. In extent, including is situated near the centre of the co. about 25 I its seas, the Atlantic spreads over above thirty ATL 35 ATL millions of sq. ms. The narrowest part be- j northern side of the Torrid Zone, is gradu- tween the coasts oT Norway and Greenland, ally carried into the Gulf of Mexico, and from exceeds one thousand ms. and the widest port i thence by its own weight, rushes towards on a line nearly at right angles to its general j the Atlantic between Cuba and Florida, but length, something less than five thousand, meeting part of the original stream flowing seven hundred ms. from the mouth of thejwestrd. along the northern shores of St Do. Senegal to that of Rio Grand del Norte. Itisjmingo and Cuba, the whole body is turned far the widest at the northern extreme of the two Oceanic connections between the Polar regions of the Earth, a circumstance most powerfully influential on the respective cli- mates of North America and Europe. The general phenomena, on the two oppo- sing sides of the Atlantic have great resem- blance. To the deep indenting of the Baltic is opposed the much more extensive Medi- terranean composed of Hudson's and Baffin's Bays. To the south, relative extent is re- versed. To the West Indian Mediterranean is opposed that most interesting Gulf between Europe and Africa, to which that descriptive name has been given, and which has been incorporated with the history and science of marikind in all ages. But departing from a general to a special view, in this article, we shall confine ourselves to the features and sections of the Atlantic connected with the United States. By actual calculation, a line drawn from the Point of Florida to the Straits of Belle Isle deflects from the Meridians of the Earth 35° fifty-one minutes, say 56° extending 2654 statute ms. Coast of Africa and Europe from Cape Verd of the former, to Cape North of the latter, deflects from the meridians 24° forty five minutes in a distance of 4232 statute ms. These two lines, opening upon each other within a small fraction of 11°, enclose the great body of the northern Atlantic, and if extended to strike the continent of Ameri- ca, will include, with the exception of the Gulf of Mexico, the sphere of action of that immense whirlpool called the Gulf Stream. The Earth moving around its axis with a maximum of rotation at the equator, and les sening, advancing along the meridians. It is very remarkable that the equator nearly coincides with the deep indenting of Africa on the east and the eastern protrusion of America on the west, and here, particles on the Earth's surface are moved with uniform motion estrd. at the hourly rate of 1042 ms. nearly. The distance is about 7700 ms. from where the equator intersects western Africa to the mouth of Rio Grande del Norte, and if we assume lOQi) ms. as the mean intermedi- ate motion, objects are borne through the in- termediate space in about 5 ^ hours. The vis iiiertice of matter produces a perpetual retardation, which efl^ects a current of rota - tion setting from Africa to America in oppo sition to the horary motion. This current striking the extreme eastern cape of South America is divided into two bodies. That to the south is wafted and dispersed over the Southern Ocean, but that to the north meeting the continent of America is deflected north- wardly and augmented by accessions from the northeastwardly along the coast of the United States ; flows thus towards the polar section of the Atlantic until again deflected by the northern currents, is swept down the coasts of Europe and Africa,into its original fountain. An opinion prevails, which was once shared by the author of this article, that the Gulf Stream exerts a great infltience on the cli- mate of the United States. Move extensive and accurate observation has modified that opinion in his individual case. Under the general head of United States, it may be seen that the wind over the United States, and that part of the Atlantic ocean between North America and Europe, blows with a uniformity from the western points, which vies in steadi- ness with those from the eastward within the tropics. If, therefore, we f cgard the atmos- phere over the Atlantic ocean nthrd. of the equator, to n. lat. 50°, we discover two pow- erful currents setting in opposite directions over the extremes ; and directing our atten- tion to the incumbent ocean, we find the aquatic current corresponding to the aerial. The effects of these phenomena on the cli- mate of both continents will be shown under the head of climate, under the general article United States. Commercially, or nautically, to speak in more generic terms, the combined effect of the Gulf Stream and prevalent western winds over the northern Atlantic has had, and as long as the present order of things endures, must have a most extensive agency in the af- fairs of mankind. The share exerted by the Gulf stream in the mean period of voyages over the Atlantic, has been overrated, whilst that of the wind has been in a corresponding degree overlooked. The Gulf of Mexico, sve have shown, is the great reservoir from, which the Gulf Stream is supplied, and the difference of level between that reservoir and the Atlan- tic ocean e. of the peninsula of Florida, has been determined at 3 or 4 feet, by the U. S. engineers; who observe in page 39 of their report, " should the surveys be perfectly ac- curate, the ^evel of low tide in the Gulf would be 2 65-100 feet above that of low tide in the Atlantic. On another hand it has been shown, in describing the surveys relating to the St. Mary's route, that the result of the levelling has given 3 55-100 for the difference of level between the Gulf and the Atlantic. We must therefore consider it as probable, that at low tide, the elevation of the Gulf at the mouth of the Suwannee, is not more than 3 or 4 feet above low tide at the entrance of the St. John's into the Atlantic, and that such might be the limit of the rise caused at this point of the Gulf, by the tropical trade wind." Such a rise, or double such height, could ATL 36 AUB, not sustain the actual current of the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic ocean, unless aided by other causes. Such a cause, however, does exist in the northern Trade winds. The lat- ter current operates so greatly on navigation, as to make the mean of voyages from Amer- ica to Europe, 23, whilst the mean of those in an opposite direction demand 40 days. Such is the steadiness and intensity of these west- em winds, that the orchards and forests of the U. S. are bent towards the Atlantic in the U. S. and from it along northwestern Europe. {See Art. U. States, head of Climate.) The Atlantic coast of the U. S. presents an elliptic curve, if taken in its entire extent, with three intermediate and similar curves. Advancing from south to north, the first par- tial curve has its axis from Cape Florida to Cape Hatteras, about 700 ms. with an ordinate or depth of near 200 ms. the chord deflecting from the meridians by an angle of 25°. Issu- ing from the Bahama chamiel, the Gulf stream flows towards cape Hatteras very nearly along the chord of the intermediate bay. The second, or middle bay, sweeps from cape Hatteras to the outer capes of Massachu- setts, 500 ms. with considerably less deflec- tion from the meridians, and less comparative depth from its chord. The Gulf stream, turn- ed from the coast by Cape Hatteras, has its axis beyond the capes of Mass, and, indeed, more estrd. than the general line of the coast. The third, or northern bay of the U. S. is, in fact, formed by the coasts of Massachu- setts, New Hampshire, Maine, New Bruns- wick and Nova Scotia ; therefore, only the southwestern part really appertains to the U.S. The respective coasts of these three phys- ical sections of that part of the U. S. border- ing on the Atlantic ocean, have each its ap where, and at all seasons of the year, exceeds the mean temperature of that in the l^nd bays. It is evident that the increased height of the tide advancing along the coast from south to north, arises from the decreased velocity, and wider dispersion of the Gulf Stream, as the magnitude of the two sets of phenomena is reverse to the extremes where they occur. — {See Articles Gulf Stream, United States, and Gulf of Mexico.) Atlas, p-v. in the s. w. part of Pike co. II. about 100 ms. following the land route, about N. N. w. from St. Louis, and by p-r. 148 ms. n. w.by w. from Vandalia. Atsion, v. Gloucester co. N. J. CO ms. s. e. Philadelphia. Attica, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 12 ms. s. Batavia, 250 w. Albany, is watered by Tone- wanta cr. and branches. It has a pleasant v. on the cr. and much timber. Pop. 1830, 2,492. Attica, p-v. in the n. part of Seneca co. O. by p-r. 92 ms. northwardly from Columbus. Attleborough, p-t. Bristol co. Mass. 29 ms. s. w. Boston, 9 n. Providence, has 3 p-vs. is furnished with water power by a branch of Pawtucket r. and has many manufactories. The Falls cotton factory was incorporated in 1813, cap. $100,000. This was an early settlement on the frontier of King Philip's country, and was exposed to much difficutly with the Indians, in his war. Pop. 1830, 3,219. Attleborough, p-v. Bucks co. Pa. 20 ms. N. E. from Phil, and 10 ms. s. w. from Trenton. Atwater, p-v. Portage co. O. by p-r. 137 ms. N. E. from Columbus. Auburn, p-v. and cap. in the t. of Aurelius, Cayuga co. N. Y. on the outlet of Owasco lake, is very pleasant and flourishing; 175 ms. w. Albany, 7 s. Erie Canal. It contains propriate and very distinct character. The the county buildings, and one of the state rivers of the southern bay flow geperally from N. w. to s. E. with narrow and shallow mouths, made in a low, flat, and inundated coast. The harbors are shallow, and tides moderate and not exceeding a mean of 5 feet. The rivers of the second bay mingle with the tides in wide sounds, and one, the Hudson, carries its tides inland beyond the Appalachi- an system of mts. The tides are along this coast of increased elevation, having an ave- rage of perhaps 7 feet. The solid land ceases, gradually, advancing northwardly, to be inun- dated by the Ocean tides or river floods, to any great extent. The third bay presents phenomena, in a very striking manner distinct. The coast be. comes more bold, and the general slope more abrupt. Though the tides so enor- mously increase in height as to exceed a mean of 25 feet, yet this great swell is arrest- ed within from 15 to 30 ms. from the coast. Opposite to the United States, the Atlantic ocean no where deepens very rapidly, but on the contrary, admits soundings in every place near the shores. From the course and origin «f the Gulf Stream, the ocean water every prisons, the wall of which is of hammered limestone and encloses 5 acres, on the bank of Owasco cr. whose water moves the machine- ry of the prison. Earnings, the year ending Sept. 30, 1831, $36,209 14 cts. Expendit- ures, $34,405 61. Balance in favor of the prison, $1,803 83. Receipts, .$43,762 81. Number of convicts, Dec. I, 1831, 646, 60 of whom were received from the Sing-Sing pris- on. Of 133 discharged that year, 95 had been intemperate. Of the number remaining, 209 were grossly intemperate, 258 regular drink- ers, occasionally intoxicated, 132 temperate drinkers. Of these, 346 were imder the in- fluence of ardent spirits at the time of the commission of their crimes. The labor per- formed is on contracts, chiefly for the city of New-York. It has been occupied about 12 years. Only 2 suicides have occurred. Ser- vice is performed in the chapel on the sab- bath, and a Sunday school is kept by the stu- dents of the theological seminary of the Presbyterian church, which is established at Auburn. Pop. 1830, 4,486. Auburn, p-v. in the s. w. part of Geauga co. O. by p-r. 143 ms. n. e. from Columbus. AUG 37 AUR Auburn, p-v. Oakland co. Mich, byp-r. 30 ins. N. w. from Detroit. Augusta, p-t. and cap. Kennebec co. RIe and cap. of the state ; 2 ms. n. Hallowell, 56 N. E. Portland, the third in the state in Pop. (increase in 10 yrs. 61 pr. ct.) is divided by Kennebec r. 47 ms. from its mouth, across which is a bridge. The v. is on an elevated plain and a declivity near the r. and contains the state house, county buildings, 60 stores, 3 churches, an academy, &c. Vessels of 100 tons come up to this place, the head of sloop navigation. The state house, somewhat re semblcs that at Boston, but is smaller. It stands on Capitol Hill, e. front 150 feet, with 2 wings of 33 feet, and 54 deep ; central part, 84 feet and 56 deep. It is of granite — and 8 Doric columns, also of granite, 21 feet high, weighing 10 tons each, form a portico of 89 feet, one story. The dome is 54 feet square, with a cupola. Extreme height, 114 feet 2 in. The back country is very extensive and fertile. Pop. 1830, 3,980. The Kennebec road, hence to Quebec, was travelled in 1831, in carriages, in 3 days. Augusta, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y. 17 ms. s. w. Utica, 6 ms. by 7. Oriskany, Oneida, and Shanando creeks, furnish mill-seats. The surface is gently swelling, with a pretty good soil for grain and grass. First settled, 1794. Pop. 1830, 3,058. Augusta, p-v. Frankford, Sussex co. N. J. 79 ms. N. from Trenton. Augusta, p-v. Northumberland co. Pa. by p-r. 57 ms. n. from Harrisburg. Augusta, city once seat of govt. Georgia, and St. jus. Richmond co. situated on the right bank of Savannah r. 120 ms. n. w. from the city of Savannah, n. lat. 33°, 28', long. w. from W. C. 4°, 58'. Pop. 1820, 4,000 ; 1830, 6,690. Augusta co. Va. lying w. from the Blue Ridge, is bounded s. w. by Rockbridge, w. by Bath, N. w. by Pendleton, n. e. by Rocking- ham, and s. E. by the Blue Ridge, or Albe- marle and Nelson. It lies in form of a square of about jO ms. each side, of course, contains about 900 sq. ms. The surface is broken, and in part mountainous, and elevated at a mean of about 1200 ft. above the Atlantic ocean, n. lat. 38°, and long 2° w. from W. C. intersect in the s. e. part of this county. Though some of the higher creeks of James r. rise in and flow s. from Augusta, the body of the CO. is drained by the confluents of the Shenandoah. The soil is productive in small grain, and the principal staple is flour. Chief town, Staunton. Pop. 1820, 1 6,742 ; in 1830, 19,926. Augusta, p-v. and st. jus. Perry co. Miss. situated on Leaf r. or the w. branch of Pas. eagoula, 160 ms. a little s. of e. from Natch- ez, and by p-r. 137 ms. s. e. from Jackson. N. lat. 31°, 12', long. 12°, 12' w. from W. C. Augusta, p-v. in the s. w. part of Columbia- na CO. O. by p-r. 141 ms. n. e. from Columbus. Augusta, p-v. and st. jus. Bracken co. Ky. situated on Ohio r. on an elevated bank, af- fording a very pleasing site. n. lat. 38°, 45', long, from W. C. 7° w. Distant about 70 ms. N. e. from Frankfort. Augusta Springs, p-o. Augusta co. Va. 17 ms. N. N. w. from Staunton, and by p-r. l37 ms. N. w. by w. from Richmond. Augustine, St., city of Flor. situated on the Atlantic shore of that ter. opposite the n. ex- tremity of the isl. of Anastasia, n. lat. 29° 48', long. w. from W. C. 4°, 31'. This is the old- est city of either the U. S. or Canada, having been founded by the Spaniards in 1565, up- wards of forty years before the establish- ment of the English at Jamestown. It is situated on a plain, resting on a limestone base, along a safe and commodious harbor^ with a depth of water from 28 to 30 feet, at low tide. The following notice appeared in the Nat. Intelligencer, Oct. 17, 1825, and from the importance of this city and harbor, is inserted entire in this Gazetteer. " The entrance is covered outside by sand banks and rocks, extending out more than one third of a league, between which, there are open- ings and passes which form the channel lead- ing to the interior of the harbor. The south channel is the one vessels generally enter. There is not less than from 20, 25, to 30 ft. of water at low tide ; but before you enter this channel you have to pass a bar, over which there is not more than 9 ft. water, at low tide. You can moor your ship outside the bar, and wait till the tide comes in. This pass can ea- sily be distinguished by the breaking of the sea on the rocks s. and n. and thereby plainly marking out the passage, which is at least 300 fathoms wide. After passing the bar you find from 18 to 20 ft. water. You will range along the island oi Anastasia, within 2 cables lengths ; you may anchor near the n. e. point, opposite a battery, in 26 ft. water, with- in one cable's length and a half of the land. You double the n. point of the island, and then come to anchor before the town. These passes and entrances into the harbor are very advantageously situated ; for all the vessels coming from Mexico. Louisiana, and Havan- na, are obliged to pass through the Bahama chaimel, at a short distance from St. Augus- tine, the port of which can be made with ease." Pop. 1830, 1,377. AuRELius, p-t. and cap. Cayuga co. N. Y. between Cayuga and Owasco lakes, 159 ms. w. Albany, contains no streams except the outlets of these lakes. Agriculture is pros- perous. There are 3 villages, Auburn, Cay- uga, and Union Springs. Pop. 1830, 2,767. Aurora, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 2,423 ; 171 ms. w. from Albany. Aurora, p-t. Erie co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 2,421. Aurora, p-v.Dearbon co. Ind. about 25 ms. wstrdly. from Cincinnati, and by p-r. 102 ms. a little e. of s. e. from Indianopolis. Aurora, p-v. in the northern part of Port- age CO. O. 15 m. N. N. w. from Ravenna, the St. jus. and by p-r. 131 ms. n. e. from Colum- bus. BAG 38 BAG Au-Sable, p-v. Essex co. N. Y. 167 ms. n. Albany. AusTERLiTZ, p.t. Columbia co. N. Y. 17 ms. E. Hudson, 130 e. s. e. Albany ; has a broken surface, with a moist, loamy soil, and is cross- ed by Klinekill and Green r. a branch of Housatonic r. It has two villages, Green River, and Spencertown. Pop. 1830, 2,245. AosTiNBURG, p-v. in the northwestern part of Ashtabula co. O. by p-r. 185 ms. n. e. from Columbus. Autauga, one of the central counties of Ala. bounded e. by Coosa r. s. by Alabama r. w. by Dallas, Perry, and Bibb cos. and n. by Shelby. It approaches a square of 32 ms. each side, with an area exceeding 1000 sq. ms. Surface very varied and broken, with a soil as varied ; that along the rivers of first rate qual- ity, but deteriorating from thence to sterile ridges. Staple, cotton. Beside the two fine rivers which form the eastern and southern li- mits, this county is drained by the Autauga and other large creeks, mostly flowing sthrd. into the Alabama r. Chief t. Washington. Pop. 1820, 3,853, in 1830, 11,784. Central lat. 32° 35' N. long. w. from W. C. 9° 35'. AvENTSviLLE, p-v. Nash CO. N. C. by p-r. 44 ms. estrd. from Raleigh. AvERiLL, t. Essex CO. Vt. has a broken sur- face and a very sterile soil. It is 6 ms. square, and is watered by a branch of Nolhegan r. with several streams which fall into Connect- icut r. and others flowing into Canada. AvERYSBOROUGH, p-v. Cumberland co. N. C. situated on the left bank of Cape Fear r. 25 ms. N. N. E. from Fayetteville, and about 40 ms. s. from Raleigh. Avery's Gore, Addison co. Vt. Pop. 1830, 33. Avery's Gore, Franlilin co. Vt. Pop. 1830, 22. Avon, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 35 ms. N. from Norrldgewock, 50 ms. n. n. w. from Au- gusta, on Sandy r- Pop. in 1830, 745. Avon, p-t. Hartford co. Comi. 10 ms. w. Hartford, w. Talcott mtn. has much good level land on the banks of Farmington r. Fop. 1830, 1,025. Avon, p-t. Erie co. N. Y. 10 ms. n. e. Ge- nesee, 21 w. Canandaigua, E. Genesee r. s. Honeyco creek, is well watered by these streams and their tributaries, and contains some of the best land in the state, as it in- cludes a tract of the alluvion on Genesee r. Boats go down to Rochester and the Erie canal, 20 ms. Pop. 1830, 2362. Avon, p-v. in the N. e. part of Lorraine co. O. by p-r. 149 ms. n. n. e. from Columbus. Avoyelles, prairie and parish. La. bounded by Opelousas, e. by Atchafalaya, Mississip- pi, and Red r. n. by Red r. w. parish of Ra- pide, s. w. by part of Opelousas. The ex- treme length from the mouth of Bayou Rouge, to that of the Ouchitta r. is about 40 ms. The breadth from e. to w. a mean of 20 ms. hav- ing an area of 800 sq. ms. Avoyelles de- signates a district of country composed of two unequal and very different bodies of land. The western part is a plain, elevated 15 or 20 feet above the highest flood of the adja- cent rivers. This comparative table land rises at once and on all sides, from the annu- ally inundated low lands, but is nevertheless an almost undeviating plain, of tolerable good soil, covered in part by forest, but in great part prairie. Below the prairie plain, ex- pands the uninhabitable overflow, forming more than two thirds of the whole parish. This overflowed tract is so uniform in its ge- neral features, as to admit little variety of description. We may therefore refer to arti- cle " Atchafalaya," for a view of the Avoyel- les overflow. 13ayou de Glaize, one of the outlets of Red r. flows to the estrd. passing the southern extremity of the Avoyelles table land, and by a very winding course, falls into the Atchafalaya. By the Bayou de Glaize, a belt of soil is carried across the deeper inun- dation, which, except at very high floods, admits a road from Avoyelles to Red r. This tortuous zone contributes in part to produce a phenomenon very remarkable, and yet very little known even in Louisiana. The far greater share of the amiual flood of Red r. is prevented by the banks of the de Glaize, from flowing sthrd. towards Opelousas, but is thus directed southeastward, into the outlet of the Atchafalaya, and again on the opposite side of the Mississippi, the incumbent water is in a similar manner turned wstrd. so that the entire body of flood brought down by both rivers is forced into a passage of at most 5 miles wide. This accumulation of water above the Bayou de Glaize, however, contri- butes to render that part of Avoyelles in a particular manner exposed to suf/rnersion. On the habitable table land, the staple is cot- ton — the port of the settlement, Red r. Pop. in 1820, 2245, in 1830, 3484. n. lat. 31°, and w. long, i'rom W. C. 13°, intersect near the centre of this parish. Ayletts, p-o. King William co. Va. by p-r. about 36 ms. n. e. from Richmond. It is situ- ated near the right bank of Mattapony r. op- posite Dunkirk.' B. Bacheldor, t. Oxford co. Me. 20 ms. w. i and by p-r. 154 ms. n. w. by w. from Colum- Paris, E. New Hampshire, and" just south bia. Androscoggin r. has several mtns. but no streams. Bachelor's Retreat, p-v. Picken's dist. S. C. 90 ms. a little ». of w. from Pendleton, Back Creek Valley, p-o. Frederick co. Va. by p-r. 88 ms. wstrd. from W. C. Baggs, p-v. Mcintosh co. Geo. by p-r. 1 30 ms. s, E. from Milledgeville, and 35 from Darien. BAK 39 BAL Bahama Channel, a narrow sea or sound be- tween Florida and the Bahama Islands. This sound is usually considered as commencing to the sthrd. about n. lat. 24°, where the Florida and Santerim channels unite, and thence ex- tending due n. to Matinilla Reef, about N. lat. 28°. The entire length 280 ms. with a ge- neral width of 60 ms. The Bahama channel is a great ocean river, formed by the Gulf Stream flowing estrd. between Cuba and Florida, and which meeting the current from the Santerim channel, the whole turns north- ward, and flows with a velocity from 2 to 5 ms. per hour, between the Florida coast, and the numerous keys, islands and shoals, known under the general name of Bahama. When the winds are from any southern point, the navigation of Bahama channel is delightful, but on the contrary, when northern winds meet and contend with the powerful current of this sound, the waves of the sea are in a peculiar manner dreadful. Baileysburg, p-v. Surrey co. Va. by" p-r. 72 ms. s. E. from Richmond. Bainbridge, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y. 20 ms. s. Norwich, 110 w. Albany ; contains 48,000 acres. It is crossed diagonally by Susquehaunah r. and has 3 post-offices. It has a good soil, well watered, and little waste land. Bainbridge v. w. Susquehaunah. r. is pleasant. Pop. in 1830, .3040. Bainbridge, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa. situated on the left bank of Susquehannah r. opposite the mouth of the southern Conewago creek, 18 ms. below Harrisburg, and about the same distance a little n. of w. from Lancaster, Bainbridge, p-v. Jackson co. Geo. by p-r. 88 ms. northward from Miiledgeville. Bainbridge, p-v. situated on the left bank of Tennessee r. 5 ms. above, but on the con- trary side from Florence, and in the n. e an- gle of Franklin co. Ala. 100 ms. n. from Tus- caloosa. Baird's Forge, p-o. Burke co. N. C. by p-r. 187 ms. w. from Raleigh. Bairds or Bairdstown, p-v. and st. jus. Nelson co. Ky. situated near the Buck Fork of Rolling r. 41 ms. s. s. e. from Louisville, and 47 ms. s. w. from Frankfort, n. lat. 37° 48^ long. w. from W. C. 8° 25'. Pop. in 1820, about 600, in 1830, 1629. Baker's River, Grafton, co. N. H. unites with Pemigewasset r. near Plymouth v. Baker's Island, Essex co. Mass. of Salem harbor. Baker's Falls, on Hudson r. Sandy Hill t. Washington co. N. Y. about 100 ms. from the source of- the r. and 44 above tide. The de- scent, including the upper and lower Falls, and the rapids is here 70 feet in 100 rods. The dam nt Fort Edward has raised the water 10 feet at the foot of the falls. Baker County, Geo. bounded w. by Early, N. w. by Randolph, n. by Lee, n. e. by Doo- ley, e. by Irwin and Thomas, and s. by Deca- tur. Length 43 ms. breadth 35. Area 1500 sq. ms. Flint r. traverses Baker diagonally, from N. E. to s. w. It is a new, and in great part, unsettled tract, extending in lat. from 31° 7' to 31° 43', and in long, from 7° 10' to 7° 45' w. from W. C. Chief town, Byron. (For pop. see appendix, Georgia.) Bakersfield, p-t. Franklin co. Vt. 30 ms. N. E. Burlington, 38 n. n. w. Montpelier ; con- tains 26,000 acres, and was first settled about 1789. It is hilly, with a productive soil, bearing much hard wood, and watered by Black creek and other streams of Missiscoui r. with few mill sites. Pop. in 1830, 1087. Bakerstown, p-v. Alleghany co. Pa. 14 ms. from Pittsburg on the Butler road. Bakerstown, p-v. Burke co. N.C. by p-r. 220 ms. wstrd. from Raleigh. Balcony Falls and p-o. in the western part of Rockbridge co. Va. by p-r. 153 ms. w. from Richmond, and 210 s. w. by w. from W. C. Bald Eagle, chain of Appalachian system of mtns. in Pa. extends in'a direction nearly n.e. and s. w. between the main and west branch of Susquehannah r. separating Nor- thumberland and Columbia cos. from Lyco- ming, and stretching into Luzerne. Bald Eagle, large creek or river, of Cen- tre and Lycoming cos. Pa. rises by numerous branches in the former, which by a general course of n.e. imite, antl entering Lycoming, fall into the w. branch of the Susquehannah, at Dunnstown, after a comparative course of 50 ms. Bald Eagle, p-v. Lycoming, co. Pa. by p-r. 126 ms. from Harrisburg. Bald Head, cape, Me. in long. 70° 35', lat. 43° N. Bald PIill, p-v. Cumberland co. Me. 39 ms. from Augusta. Baldridge's p-o. Buncombe co. N.C. by p-r. 283 ms. wstrd. from Raleigh. Baldwin, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. 26 ms. N. w. Portland, 80 w. s. w. Augusta, w. Seba- go pond, N. Saco r. Pop. in 1830, 947. Baldwin, p-v. Tioga co. N. Y. Baldwin co. Geo. on both sides Oconee r. having Putnam and Hancock n. Hancock n. e. Washington s. e. Wilkinson s. and Jones w. Length from w. to e. 18 miles, mean breadth 12, and area 216 sq. ms. The face of the country rolling, and soil second rate gene- rally, though some of first rate skirts the streams. Pop. in 1820, 5665, (for 1830, see appendix, Georgia.) n. lat. 33° traverses the southern extremity of this county, and the centre is about 6° 20' w. from W.C. Chief town, Milledgeville, the seat of government of the state of Georgia. Baldwin co. Ala. bounded by Perdido r. or Escambia co. in Flor. e. and s. e., by Co- necuhco, in Ala. n. e., by Munroe n., Ala- bama r. n. w.. Mobile r. and bay w., and s by the Gulf of Mexico. In a direction from N. to s. in Tanner's map of the U. S. this co. is 72 ms. in length, with a mean width of 28, and an area of 2,000 sq. ms. Along the riv. ers there is some good land, but taken as a whole, this county is sterile. The surface rises very gradually, from the sandy plain near BAL 40 BAL the Gulf of Mexico, to the interior pine ridg- es. Staple, Cotton. It oxtcncis from n. lat. 30° 13' to 31° 16', and is traversed by long. 11° w. from W. C. Chief town, Blakeloys. Pop. 1820, 1,713, and in 1830, 3,324. Baldwin's Cross Roads, p-o. Ann Arundel CO. Md. on the road from W. C. to Annapolis, 48 ms. from the former, and 12 from the lat- ter place. Baldwinsville, p-v. Worcester co. Mass. 59 ms. from Boston. Ballston, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 23 ms. N. Albany, about 5 ms. square, is principally on an elevated, open, champaign country, with gentle swells — the soil a strong gravelly loam, and some sand and clay. It produces grass and grain, orchards, and numerous fo- rest trees. It has Ballston lake or Long pond, s. E. 4 ms. long, 90 rods wide. Tlie outlet and Mournkill are the principal streams, which supply a few mills. There is a small post-village, with an academy and a high school. This place was an early settlement, and was attacked and burnt by a party of In dians from Canada, during the Revolution. The Ballston Springs are not in this township, but in the neighboring one of Milton. Pop 1830,2,113. Ballston Spa, p-v. t. of Milton, and cap. •Saratoga co. N. Y. 18 ms. n. w. Waterford, .7 s. w. Saratoga Springs, 15 n. Schenectady, 26 N. by. w. from Albany. Ballard's Bridge, and p-o. in the northern ;part of Chowan co. N. C. 16 ms. n. from Eden- 'ton ; and by p-r. 268 ms. sthrd. from VV. C. and 155 ms. n. e. by e. from Raleigh. Ballardsville, p-o. Logan co. Va. by p-r. :390 ms. s. w. by w. from W. C. Ballardsville, p-v. w. part of Oldham co. 'Ky. 31 ms. n. by w. from Frankfort. Baltimore, t. AVindsor co. Vt. Pop. 1830, 179. Baltimore co. Md. bounded by Chesapeake Bay, s. E., Patapsco r. separating it from Ann Arundel co. s. w., Frederick co. Md. w., York CO. Pa. n., and Harford co. Md. n. e. ^Greatest length from s. e. to n. w. 36 ms. mean width, 25 ms. and area, 900 sq. ms. It extends in lat. from 39° 12' to 39° 42^' n. ; and in long, from 0° 7' w, to 0° 39' e. from W. C. This county contains two natural sections in itself, being very nearly commensurate I with the vallies of Gunpowder and Patapscoj rivers. The surface is finely varied ; no part, is mountainous, but the greater jiart is hilly. The great primitive ledge, which, except in the St. Lawrence and Hudson, arrests the At- lantic tides, traverses Baltimore county, leav- ing a minor section of sea-sand alluvionbe- tween the bays of Gunpowder and Patapsco. Though the section below the head of the tides is not very broken, it is far from level. Above the head of tide water the country rises, and the hills in many places are eleva- ted, and near the streams abrupt. The gene- ral surface at Reislerstown, 17 ms. n. w. from Baltimore, has gained a relative elevation of. 500 feet, and at the sources of the Patapsco and Patuxent, along the southeastern foot of the dividing ridge between Baltimore and Frederick counties, the farms are about 800 feet above tide water. This diftcrence of height produces a very sensible difference of temperature. At and near Baltimore, spring time and harvest are from a week to 10 days in advance of similar seasons at the western and northwestern parts of the county. This and the two adjacent coimties, P"'rederick and Ann Arundel, afford a very central example of the middle climate of the United States, on and near the Atlantic ocean. The great va- riety in the soil and sensible extremes of tem- perature arising from relative level, are pro- ductive of a corresponding diversity of vege- table genera and species. To enumerate the cultivated plants of Baltimore co. alone, would be to give a list of almost every vegetable reared in the middle climate of the United States. In commercial rank and importance, Balti- more county is a very interesting section of the U. S., and one that is rapidly increasing in wealth and population. Beside the rising city of Baltimore, the great Western rail-way now in progress, will pass along the whole southwestern margin of this county. This interesting work has been already extended to the city of Frederick, and Point of Rocks on Potomac river, 71 ms. But a recurrence to the census of the city and county of Balti- more, gives the most decisive evidence of the augmentation of both within the last ten years. Pop. 1820, exclusive of the city, 33,. 463, and in 1830, 40,250. In 1820, aggregate of city and county, 96,201, but in 1830 it had risen to 120,870, and yielded an increase of 126 per cent. The county now, 1832, no doubt contains 136 to the sq. m. Baltimore city, port of entry, p-t. and st. jus. Baltimore co. Maryland, is situated on the primitive ledge, and on a small creek or bay of Patapsco r. 14 ms. above its mouth in- to Chesapeake bay, 38 ms. n. e. from W. C. within a small fraction of 100 ms. sthrd. from Phil., and by p-r. 30 ms. a little w. ofN. from Annapolis. N. lat. 39° 17', long. 0° 26' e. from W. C. Baltimore, named from the title of the ori- ginal founder of Maryland, stands on an ad- mirably well chosen site, at the head of the tide. The city^ similar in that respect to Philadelphia, occupies in part the margin of primitive rock. The northern and most ele- vated part of the ground plan, is composed of rounded hills, rising to 80 or 100 feet above tide level. The slope from the alluvial sec- tion of the city, now the basin, is not regular, but is in no place very abrupt. The lower part rests on a real recent alluvion, around a basin into which only vessels of 200 tons can enter. Southward from the main body of the city, and over the bagin, rises a conical hill, on which stands Fort Mc'Henry, the citadel of Baltimore, and below which the harbor widens and deepens, so as to admit ships of BAL 41 BAN 600 tons bnrthen to Foil's Point, or the lower and soutbonstern part of the city. Connected with the adjacent country by only tho ordinary roads, Baltimore is well situated for internal commerce. It is more contiguous to the valley of Ohio, to all western Maryland, and also to a large section of Pa. than is Phil, and having the advantage of a more southern climate, the harbor of tho former, is not so liable as that of the lat- ter to annual obstructions from ico. In ship- ping tonnage Baltimore is the third city in rank in tho the United States. The buildings, public and private, vie in elegance with those of Phil., New York, or Boston. There are within tho city between thirty and forty places of public worship ; an exchange, several splendid hotels, and two monuments. The battle monument, in N. Calvert street, is a chaste obelisk. Washington's monument rising in the intersection between N. Charles and Monument streets, is by far tho most magnificent cdilice in tho U. 8. of that class. It is surmounted by a colossal statue of the Father of his country. This imposing figure is visible from tho surrounding country, at an immense number of different points ; and is an honor to tho city. There are in Baltimore 10 banks, 4 market houses, a prison, the state penitentiary, museum, library, three theatres, a great number of private schools, and two colleges. Of the edifices and institutions of Baltimore those of the most decided utility, are those dedicated to education, and of these, the most remarkable are Baltimore, and St. Mary's colleges. In 1807, a medical col- lege was founded, but subsequently connect- ed with tho university of Maryland. All those institutions arc in activity. St. Mary's college belongs to tho Roman Catholics, and is in a flourishing state. The following notices of this school may be regarded as orticial, as they are extracts from an address to the public, dated the 3d March, 1831, and undersigned by Samuel Eccleston, the pres- ident. "In the month of January, 1805, this insti- tution was raised to the rank of ' University of Maryland,' and vested with power to hold public commencements and grant degrees." " St. Mary's college enjoys the advantage of a most healthful and pleasant situation, in the most northwestern part of the city of Baltimore. The buildings are sufiicient for the accommodation of one hundred and fifty boarders, and afford the facility of appropria- ting a separate room to each cla.ss of the various literary departments." "The system of instruction embraces the various arts and sciences usually taught in the most extensive colleges. Latin, Greek and the Mathematics, are considered as the ground work of general scholarship." From the residue of the address, too lengthy for insertion in this Gazetteer, it appears, that the means of a complete classical and liberal education, are all embraced in this College. Boarding is at f 140, for full and $70 for half boarders,annually. Tuition per annum, ^60, paid half yearly in advance. Day scholare $15 per quarter ; and entrance fee $5. The manners of the people of Baltimore aro those of business and industry. Habits of mere pleasure or amusement, have gained but little force. In literary acquirement the people of this city are perhaps in the rear of some others of the large commercial capitals of the U. S., but certainly in advance of their modest claims. In solid prosperity, Balti- more has probably no second in the United States. The advance of this emporium ia best seen by a single glance on the following table of progressive population. In 1790 - . 13,503 1800 - . - 26,514 1810 - - 35,583 1820 - - - 62,738 1830 - - 80,625 This table shows an increase of nearly 600 per cent in 40 years, and if the ratio of in- crease in tho decennial period from 1820, to ■1830, has been preserved, this city now (April 1832) contains about 85,000. Baltimore, Hundred, of Sussex co. Del. containing a population of 2176, by the cen- sus of 1830. Baltimore, a small village in the middle and eastern part of Fauquier co. Va. about 50 m. a little s. of w. from W. C. Banesbridge, and p-o. in the northern part of Richmond co. N. C. by p-r. 5 m. nthrd. rom Rockingham, the co. seat, and 108 ms. s. w. from Raleigh. Bangor, p-t. and cap. Penobscot co. Me. w. side Penobscot r. 35 m. N. Castine, 66 n. h. Augusta, 52 from Owl's Head point, a cape of Penobscot bay, is the most flourishing town in the state. The place was a wilder- ness 30 years since. It stands at the head of navigation, and is easily accessible except in the winter. The Maine charity school, a theological seminary, was established here in 1815, and prepares young men for the desk. The course of study embraces 4 years. There is also a mechanic association. Bangor is destined to be tho centre of business within the state, for more than half of Me., and it will command the trade of 9000 sq. ms. or more than i without competition. The water power in the vicinity is said to be superior to that of any other town in the U. S. Great expectations are entertained of the growth of this place. The increase of Pop. lietween 1820 and 1830, was about 130 per cent, and the surrounding regions have been rapidly peopled from different parts of the country, though the greater part of the Pe- nobscot valley is still unoccupied. When the lumber shall have been removed, the soil will be arable and valuable. The following re- capitulation, the exports of one year, will show the importance of this branch of busi- ness to 'he place- BAR Boards, plank tStjoiste, surveyed 23,473,180 ft. Do. Bhippod without survey, 3,354,000 26,827,180 ' ^ BAR stone are found. The soil is hard and dry and gonernlly not good for tillage, except along the streams. The grazing is good, and con- eidarnble butter and choese are sent to mar- ket, as well as cattle and sheep. Oak, chest- nut, sugar, maple, beech, pine, &c. were formerly abundant, but have been destroyed partly by fire and wind. Still r. and another main branch of Farmington r. supply mill seats. First settled, 1744. Pop. 1830, 1715. Barksdale, p-v. in the western part of Halifax co. Va. by p-r. 246 ms. s. w. from W. C. and 156 s. w. by w. from Richmond. Barnard, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. 21 ms. n. w. Windsor, 37 s. Montpelier, lies between Queechy and White rs. and has a pond of 100 acres, near the centre. Locust cr. and oth- er streams afford mill seats. There is a small V. in the centre ; and in th6 e. part,a bog of marl. First settled, 1744. Pop. 1830, 1881. Barnard's Station, p-o. Buncombe co, N. C. about 200 ms. wstrd. from Raleigh. Barnegat, v. Poughkeepsic, Duchess co. N. Y. is remarkable for the large quantities of limestone which is burnt and transported to different parts of the U. S. Barnegat, bay and inlet, Monmouth co. N. J. N. lat. 39° 47' ; long. 74° 13' w. The bay is about 20 ms. long, separated from the ocean by a beach, and united with it by the Inlet. Barnes's Store, and p-o. Pike co. Geo. by p-r. 33 ms. w. from Milledgeville. Barnestown or Barnesville, p-v. in the northwestern part of Montgomery co. Md. on the road from W. C. to New Market, 15 ms. s. E. by E. from Frederick, and by p-r. 40 ms. n. n. w. from W. C. Barnesville, p-v. in the western part of Belmont co. O. 30 ms. s. w. by w. from Wheel- ing in Ohio co. Va. and by p-r. 297 ms. n. w. by w. a little w. from W. C. and 128 ms. e. from Columbus. Pop. 1830, 408. Barnet, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt. w. Connect- icut r. opposite Lyman, N. H. 35 ms. e. Mont- pelier, 65 N. Windsor, contains 40 sq. ms. has Passumpsic and Stevens' rs. which supply mills, particularly Stevens' mills, where the fall is 100 feet in 10 rods. The 15 m. falls of Connecticut r. are in this town, and below them are 21 islands, one of which contains 90 acres. The soil is generally rich, and good for grazing and tillage. There is much slate, and some iron ore. Boats come up Connect- icut r. to this place. There are 3 ponds, 1 of 100 acres. Pop. 1830, 1,764. Barnett's Mills and p-o. Fauquier co. Va. by p-r. 56 ms. wstrd. from W. C. Barneysville, p-v. Bristol co. Mass. 43 ms. from Boston. Barns' Mills and p-o. western part of Mo- nongalia CO. Va. by p-r. 233 ms. n. w. by w. a little w. from W. C. Barnstable co. Mass. is the easternmost This item, at $8,14 the thousand, amounts to $-218,471 ; besides which 4338 tons oftim- ber, at $2,75, 99,671 feet ranging timber at $•2,50, shingles, clapboards and laths to the value of ^96,0O0, and staves, oars, and other email lumber to the value of $7,000 more, make a total sum of $335,891. The transportation employs many vessels, their own, and from other districts also. Building goes on fast, but rents arc high. Above 3,000,000 bricks were made in 1831. Abridge crosses the Kenduskeag. 4 church- cs have been built in 3 years, and a jail and court h. are intended to bo built this season. Navigation in the summer, and sleighing in the winter, give great activity to the place. Pop. 1830, 2,867. Bangor, p-t. Franklin co. N. Y. 210 ms. from Albany, 6 ms. by 48, is but little settled, has a sandy loam,bearing beech, maples, bass,' elm, cherry and cedar. Little Salmon r. is the principal stream. Pop. 1830, 1,076. Banister, r. of Va. rising by numerous branches in Pittsylvania co. flows 25 ms. in a northeasterly direction, enters Halifax co. and inflects to the s. e. about 30 ms. and falls into Dan r. about 10 ms. above the junction of the latter, with Roanoke. Banister drains most part of the peninsula between Dan and Roanoke rs. below the e. boundary of Henry and Franklin cos. Banister, named in the post office list, Halifax C. H. p.v. and st. jus. Halifax co. Va. situated on Banister r. by p-r. 130 ms. s. w. by w. from Richmond, and 220 s. w. from W. C. N.lat. 36° 44', long. 1° 58', w. from W. C. Barbersville,p-o. Jefferson co, Ind, by p-r. 95 ms. s. E. from Indianopolis. Barboursville, p-v. Orange co. Va. at the northwestern foot of south mtn. by p-r. 113 ms. s. vv. from W. C. and 88 n. w. from Rich- mond. Barboursville, p-v. and st. jus. Cabell, co. Va. situated on the right bank of Great Guy- andot, 5 ms. above its entrance into the Ohio r. by p-r. 355 ms. s, w. by w. from W. C. and 344 ms. a little n. of w. from Richmond, n. lat. 38° 24', long. 5° 12', w. from Washing- ton City. Barboursville, p-v and st. jus. Knox co. Ky. situated on the right bank of Cumberland r. by p-r. 122 ms. s e. from Frankfort, and 533 ms. s. w. by w. from W. C n. lat. 36° 55', long. 6° 47' w. from W. C. Pop. 1830, 138. Barges, p-o. Wilcox co. Ala. by p-r. 81 ms. sthrd. from Tuscaloosa. Baring, p-t. Washington co. Me. 209 ms. E. from Augusta. Bark Camp, p-o. Burke co. Geo. by p-r. 67ms. estrd. from Milledgeville. BARKHAMSTtiD, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn. 231 land in the state, and comprehends the penin ms. N. w. Hartford, contains about 32 sq. ms. sula of Cape Cod. It is bounded by Massa- 5 ms. by 6 and a half, and is rough and stony, Ichusetls bay n. Buzzard's bay s, w. the ocean divided n. and s. by two high granite ridges [e.. and s. e. and Plymouth co. %v. connected which run far N. A little iron ore and free by a narrow neck, and is almost entirely sandy BAR 43 BAR and barren. The inhabitants are almost all fishermen. Barnstable is the chief t. Great quantities of salt are made here from sea wa- ter, by solar evaporation ; the water being pumped by wind into large vats exposed to the sun's heat, and covered with moveable roofs from dew and rain. Some parts of this county are like an Arabian desert. Pop. 1830, 28,- 514. Barnstable, p-t. s-p. and cap. Barnstable CO. Ms. 66 ms. s. e. Boston. The township extends across Cape Cod, and is 9 ms. by 5, with a better soil than most of the Cape, chief, ly producing oak and yellow pine. The tide ri- ses from 8 to 14 ft. and supplies many salt vats. towns in the co. Ware r. passes through it. and there are here several of its branches. The ground is high, dividing the head waters of Ware, Biackstone, and Nashua rs. Barre, p-t. Orleans co. N. Y. 13 ms. n. Batavia, 5 Montpellier, is on the mountain Ridge, and is watered by small branches of Oak, Orchard and Sandy creeks. Pop. 1830, 2,503. Barren, Big and Little, the two southern confluents of Green r. Ky. Big Barren r. has its numerous sources in Jackson, Smith and Sumner cos. Ten. Flowing thence in a n. n. w. direction, it enters Ky. receiving conflu- ents from Barren, Monroe, Allen, Simpson The town is on a declivity, s. Barnstable bay, and Warren cos. they unite in one channel, with considerable shipping, and at the mouth of the port is a bar with 6 or 7 ft. water at low tide. Incorporated 1639. Fop. 1830, 3,974. Barnstead, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. 36 ms. N. w. Portsmouth, 26 w. by n. Dover, 20 e. Concord ; has a swelling surface, good soil, bearing pine, oak, beech, maple, &c. Sun- cook, Brindle, and Halfmoon ponds are stocked with fish, and enter into Suncook r. Urst settled, 1767. It has asocial library. Pop. 1830, 2,047 Barnwell, one of the southwestern dis- tricts of S. C. bounded by Edgefield dist. n. w. South Edisto r. separating it from Orange- burg Nf. and N. E., Colleton e., Beaufort s. e., and Savannah r. separating it from Scriven CO. of Geo. s. w. and from Burke co. w. Great- est length by a line along the general course of South Edisto, 60 ms. mean breadth 28, and area 1,680 sq. ms. E.xtending in lat. from 32° 50', to 33° 37' n. nnd in long, from 3° 48' to 4° 60' w. Both the two rivers which bound this district on the southwest and northeastern sides, as well as the two Salkehatchies which rise within it, flow to the s. E. the general slope of the district is therefore in that direction. Soil in general of middling quality. Chief staple, cotton. Cliief t. Barnwell. Pop. of the dist. 1820, 14,750, and in 1830, 19,236. Barnwell, court house, and p-v. and st. jus. Barnwell dist. S. C. situated on Great Salkehatchie r. near the centre of the dist. 90 ms. N. w. by w. from Charleston, and by ji-r. 62 ms. s. s. w. from Columbia, and 562 ms. s. s. w. from W. C. n. lat. 33° 13', and long. 4° 20' w. from W. C. Barre, p-t. Washington co. Vt. 50 ms. n. w. Windsor, contains 31 sq. ms. First settled 1788. The soil is a dry, warm loam, without stones, with an uneven surface, and the peo- ple arc good farmers. Cobble and Millstone liills in the s. e. yield much granite for build- ing and mill stones. The latter are sent to diri'erent parts of the U. S. Spanish brown and alum are found. Stevens' and Jail branch, uniting and joining with Onion r. give excel- lent mill seats. There are 2 villages, and 14 school districts. Pop. 1830,2,012. Barre, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 66 ms. w.i from Boston, named after Col. Barre, a dis-| in the latter, near Bowling Green. Assuming thence a n. w. course, Big Barren, now a navi- gable stream, joins Green r. on the border between Warren and Butler cos. The valley of Big Barren ia about 70 ms. in length, by a mean width of 30 ; area 2,100 sq. ms. Little Barren, a much inferior stream to the prece- ding, rises in the eastern part of Barren, and western of Adair counties, and flowing in a N. N. w. direction, first separates Barren from from Green, and thence Green from Hart cos. finally joining Green r. near Sirdiing Spring, after a comparative course of about 30 ms. Barren, one of the southern comities of Ky. bounded s. by Monroe, w. by Warren, n. by Hart, N. E. by Green, and e. by Adair. Length from E. to w. 30 ms. mean breadth 18, and area 540 sq. ms. extending in lat. from 36° 52' to 37" 11' N. and in long, from 8° 30' to 9o 02' w. from W. C. The eastern part of this CO. is drained by Little Barren, but the great- er part of the surface is drained by the sour- cos of Big Barren. Surface rather level and soil far more fertile than the ill-choSen name would induce the reader to suppose. Chief town, Glasgow. Pop. in 1820, 10,328, and in 1830, 15,079. Barren Creek Springs, p-o. in the extreme northern part of Somerset CO. Md. about 80 ms. s. e. from Baltimore, and 80 s. e. by e. from W. C. Barren Hill, p-o. Montgomery co. Pa. by p-r. 93 ms. n. e. from W. C. Barrington, p-t. Strafl'ord co. N. H. 20 ms. N. w. Portsmouth, 30 e. Concord, 65 n. Boston, has a surface somewhat broken and rocky, with much gravelly loam. The oak ridges have a sandy loam, good for tillage. There are 13 ponds, whose streams furnish mill seats. The rocks are granite, &c. and there are bog iron ore, crystals, &c. The Devil's Den is a curious cavern. First settled, 1732, Pop. 1,);95. Barrington, p-t. Bristol co. R. I. 7 ms. s. E. Providence, s. Massachusetts, n. e. Narra- ganset r. is about 3 ms. by 3, with a surface nearly level, and a light sandy soil, good for grain. Sea weed is used as manure. A bridge crosses to Warren. There is plenty of fish, and some salt is made. Pop. 1830, 6l2. Bariungton, Great, p-t. Berkshire co. tingui.shed friend of America in the British [Mass. (Sec Great Barrington.) parliament, is one of the first agricultural Barrington, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y. E. BAT 44 BAT Crooked lake, 21 nis. n. k. Bath, 219 w. Al- bany, 6 ms. hy 5, has a good soil, nearly lovel, with chestnut, oak, walnut, and some pine. Pop. 1B30, 1,854. Barron's, p-o. Perry co. Ala. 52 ms. s. e. from Tuscaloosa. Barryville, p-v. Sullivan co. N. Y. Barryville, p-v. in the northern part of Stark CO. O. by p-r. 127 ms. n. e. from Co- lumbus, and 322 ms. n. w. by w. from W. C. Bart, tep. and p-o. easlorn part of Lancas- ter CO. Pa. by p-r. 54 ms. southeastward from Harrisburg. Pop. 1820, 1,423, and in 1830, 1,470. Bartholomew co. of Ind. bounded by John- son n.w., Shelby n.'e., (^Decatur e., Jennings s. E., Jackson e., and on the w. boundary not known. Length 24 ms. mean width 2U, and area 480 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 03' to 390 21' N. and in long, from 8° 38' to 9° 08' w. from W. C. The slope of this co. is nearly southward. In it unite Clifty, Flat Rock, and Blue rs., confluents of Driftwood, fork of White r. Bartlett, p-t. Coos CO. N. H. 45 ms. s. w. Lancaster, 75 n. by e. Concord, 85 n. by w. Portsmouth, lies at the s. base of the White mtns. and contains about 13,000 acres of rough land, but little cultivated, with some good, on Saco r. Named after Gov. B. Pop. 644. Barton r. Orleans co. Vt. rises near the source of Lamoille r. and runs n. to lake Memphremagog, watering about 160 sq. ms. Barton, p-t. Orleans co. Vt. e. Montpelier, is crossed by Barton r. and has apartof Wil- loughby's r. a branch of it, with several ponds. Bellwater pond, a source of Barton r. has an outlet with mills, and a village. First settled, about 1796, from N. II. and R. I. Pop. 1830, 729. Barton, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y. Barton's p-o. Lauderdale co. Ala. by p-r. 164 ms. northwardly from Tuscaloosa. Bascobel, p-v. Jackson co. Geo. by p-r. 85 ms. a little w. of n. from Miliedgcville. Bason Harbor, p-v. Fcrrisburg t. Addison CO. Vt. is one of the best harbors on Lake Champlain. Basking Ridge, p-v. Bernard, Somerset co. N. J. near the head waters of Passaic r, 7 ms. s. w. Morristown, is situated on elevated land, and is memorable for the capture of Gen. Lee by the British in the revolutionary war. Part of the house is still standing near the stage road. Stage coaches go daily for New York by 2 routes, except in winter. Batavia, p-t. and cap. Genesee co. N. Y. 25G ms. w. Albany, 20 s. Erie canal, 36 e. Buffalo, is crossed by Tonawanta creek, and has small head streams of Oak, Orchard and Black creeks. It has level land, good for farms, and is on the road from Albany to Buffalo. The village is very neat. Here are the county buildmgs, and the house oi the agent of the Holland land comjiany. Pop. 4264. Batavia, p-v. and .st. jus. Clermont co. O. situated on the e. branch of Little Miami r. 24 ms. a little s. of e. from Cincinnati, and by p-r. 109 ms. s. w. from Columbus, and 496 w. from W. C. N. lat. 39° 2', long. 7° w. from W.C. Batesville, p-v. in the eastern part of Guernsey co. O. by p-r. 119 me. e. from Co- lumbus. Batesville, p-v. and st. jus. Independence CO. Ark. situated on the left bank of White r. 87 ms. N. N. E. from Little Rock, and about 250 ms. s. s. w. from St. Louis. By p-r. 1044 ms. s."w. by w. from W. C. n. lat. 35° 44', long. 14° 18' w. from W. C. Bath, p-t. s-p. Lincoln co. Me. w. Kenne- bec r. 37 ms. Augusta 15 ms., ocean 14 ms. 6. w. from Wiscasaet, 34 n. e. Portland, 153 N e. Boston, is the highest place to which the r. is navigable in winter. It stands on an acclivity and is almost isolated by Bome of the numerous arms of the sea which pene- trate that part of the coast. Pop. in 1830, 3773. Bath, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. e. Conn. r. 42 ms. N. E. Dartmouth college, 81 n. n. vv. Con- cord, 148 ms. N. N. w. Boston, has some rich land, and is sheltered e. by the White mtns. and w. by the Green mtns. It has many good mill seals on Ammonoosuc r. and a bridge across it 350 feet. There is a majestic full in Conn. r. near this place. Perch pond, 100 acres, is also here. Gardner's mtn. about 500 feet high, which divides the t. consists of granite, slate, &c. and contains alum, pyrites, some iron and silver, and a stone which dis- solves in warm water. The hills have a red loam, or marl, with maple, beech, birch, oak, &c. The vallies alluvial, with white pine, hemlock, spruce, elm, &c. Pop. in 1830, 1623. Bath, p-t. and cap. Steuben co. N. Y. 240 ms. w. Albany, 41 s. s. w. Geneva, 41 e. An- gelica ; is crossed by Conhocton r. which winds through it for 30 ms. and its streams furnish mill seats. The soil is various and irregular. The village is on the e. side of Conhocton r. which is 75 feet wide. Poj). 1830, 3387. Bath, p-v. Northampton co. Pa. 10 ms. N. N. w. from Easton, and 8 a little vv. of n. from Bethlehem. Bath, one of the central cos. of Va. bound- ed by Alleghany co. s. and s. w. by Allegha- ny mm. separating it from Greenbrier on the w. and Pocahontas on the n. w. by Pendleton N. E. by the Great North mtn. separating it from Augusta on the e. and Rockbridge on the s. E. Length from n. e. to s. w. 36 ms. Mean breadth 21, and area 750 sq. ms. ex. tending m lat. from 37° 50' to 38° 25' n. and in long, from 2° 18' to 3° w. from W. C. Bath occupies part of a high mountain valley, with a slope to the southwcstward. The ex- treme northwestern constituents of James r. CoM'pasture and Jackson's rs. have their sources along the southwestern border of Pendleton, but llow into and traverse Bath in a southwestern direction. North r. another BAT branch of James r. itisuca from the eastern part of this co. and traversing Kockbridtre, joins its recipient at tlic western foot of the Bhie Ridge. The mean elevation of the cul- tivated surface of Bath, excceils 1200 feet, or an equivalent to 3° of lat. The face of the country is very broken and in part mountai- nous ; and with the latitude and elevation produces winters severe and lengthened. The cultivated vegetables also evince a cli- mate of nmch lower mean temperature than on like latitudes near the Atlantic coast. Soil in general sterile. Chief (own, Warm .Springs. Top. 1820, 5237, and in 1830, 1002. Bath, court house, or Warm Springs, p-v. Bath CO. Va. by p-r. 170 ms. n. n. w. from Richmond, and 22G s. w. from W. C. Bath, p-v. in the eastern part of Beaufort CO. N. C. situated on a small bay near the north shore of Pamlico r. IG ms. s. e. by e. from the port of Washington, and by p-r. 138 ms. a little s. of e. from Raleigh. Bath, p-v. in the northeastern part of Me- dina CO. O. by p-r. n. e. from Columbus, and 34'J ms. N. w. by w. from W. C. Bath, co. of Ky. bounded by Morgan s. e. Montgomery s. w. and w. Nicholas n. w. and Licking r. se[)arating it from Fleming n. and N. E. Length froms. e. to n. w. 25 ms. mean breadth 10, and area 250 sq. ms. Extending in hit. from 38° to 38° 17' n. and in long, from 6° 30' to G° 50' w. from W. C. The slope oi this CO. is to the northwestward towards Lick- ing r. Chief towns, Owingsburg, and Sharps- burg. Pop. 1820, 79G1, and in 1830, 8799. Bath Iron ^VoK^is, and p-o. in the southern part of Rockbridge co. Va. by p-r. 1G7 ms.w. from Richmond, and 209 s. w. by w. from W.C. 45 BAZ from W. C. This town was founded on the lower blulf or high land which reaches the bank of the Mississippi, and extends mostly in one street along the margin of tiie hill. The site of Baton Rouge is, however, only a hill comparatively, as it does not rise above high water mark more than 25 feet ; but contrasted with the uniform plain along the margin of the river, the apparent elevation of Baton Rouge is real and pleasing deception in vision. Pop. about 1000. Baton Rouge, West, parish of La. bound- ed by the parish of Iberville s. e. the Atchai- alaya r. sei)arating it from the parish St. Mar- tin's s. s. w. and w. and St. Landrc' or Oiie- lousas N. w. parish of Point Coupee n. and the Mississippi r. separating it from East Baton Rouge on the e. Length from e. to w. 35 ms. mean breadth 20, and area 700 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 30° 12' to 30° 32' n. and in long, from 14° 15' to 14° 55' w. from W.C. The surface being a part of the delta of the Mississippi, is an almost undeviating plain, with a very slight southern declivity, and tiie far greater part liable to annual sub- mersion. The arable part lies along the streams, and the soil being invariably fertile, every spot which can be brouglit under the plough is highly productive. Cotton is the common staple ; sugar has been attempted, but the situation is a little too far n. for the sugar cane. In the post-odlce list of 1831, no post-office is named in this parish ; nor does it contain a village worthy of notice. The settlements border the streams, and are principally upon the Mississijipi. Pop. 182Q, 233.), and in 1830, 3084. Battahatcha, r. of Ala. and Miss. lising in Marion co. of the i'ormer, havjjig inter- Baton Rouge, p-v. in the northern part of locking sources with Bear creek, branch of Chester dist. S.C. by p-r. GG ms. n. from Columbia. Baton Rouge, East, parish of I^a. bounded by the parish of Iberville s.e. the Mississip- pi r. separating it from the parish^of w. Baton Rouge on the s. and w. and from that of Point Coupee on the n. w., E. Felcciana n. and the Amite r. separating it from St. Helena e. Length from s. to n. 23 ms. mean width 15, and area 345 sq. ms. extending in lat. from 30° 18' to 30° 37' N. and in long. 14° to 14° 22' w. from W. C. This parish contains the first land which rises above the level of tiie delta, ascending the Mississippi. Immedi- ately above the efflux of the Iberville outlet, the surlacc begins to swell into eminences or hills of humble elevation. The soil of the Tennessee r. and with those of the north- western sources of Black Warrior r. and flowing thence southwcstwardly enters Mon- roe CO. Miss, falling into the Tombigbee after a comj)arative course of 70 ms. BATrisNKii.L, r. rising in Vt. and crossing Washington co. N. Y. joining Hudson r. hall a mile abijve Fish creek, is a good mill stream, 50 ma. long. Battlei'own, p-v. Frederick co. Va. situ- ated on Opcquhar creek, 6 ms. s. E. from Winchester, und by p-r. G8 ms. a little n. of w. from W.C. Battle Creek, and i)-o. southwcHtern an- gle of Marion co. Ten. by i)-r. 107 ms. south- eastward from iNashville. Bayou Chicot, p-o. in the northwestern parish, in a state of nature, was covered with part of the settlement of Opelousas or jjarish a very dense forest. The slope either way of St. Landre', La. about30 nis.N. w. from the is but slight, that eastward towards Amite r.| village of St. Landre', and by p-r. 1298 ms. is widest. Chief town. Baton Rouge. Pop. Is. w. by w. from W. C. 1820, 5220, and in 1830, GG98. Baton Rouge, [Rod Stick,) [)-v. and st. jus for East Baton Rouge, parish of La. is situ- ated oil the left bank of the Misaissippi r. at N. lat. 30° 31', and long. 14° 18' w. from W.C. 30 ms. above Doiialdsonville, niid 117 above New Orleans, and by p-r. 1237 ms. s. \v. by w. Bay Settlement, and p-o. along the Erie sfioro or eastern part of Monroe co. Mich. The settlement extends northwestward irom Manmee Bay, and by p-r. tho p-o. is 46 ms. s. w. from Detroit. Ba/.etta, p-v. in the western part of Trum- bull cd. O. 7 ms. N. w. from Warren, and by BEA 46 BEA p-r. 162 IDS. N. E. by e. from Columbus, and 302 N. w. by w. Irom W. C. Beal's Island, Washington co. Maine. Pop. 35. Beallsville, p-v. on the U. S. road, south- eastern part of Washington co. Pa. 14 ms. from Washington, the co. seat, by p-r. 2 18 ms. N. w. by w. from W. C. and 300 ms. wstrd. from Phil. Beallsville, p-v. in the western part of Monroe co. O. lO ms. wstrd. from Woodsfield, and by p-r. 140 ms, a little s. of e. from Co- lumbus, and 294 ms. wstrd. a little n. from W. C. Bean's Station, p-o. Granger co. Ten. by P-r. 204 ms. cstrd. from Nashville. Bear Creek, a small confluent of Tennes- see r. rising in Marion and Franklin cos. Ala. flows thence westward into the state of Miss. in which it inflects to the nthrd. and falls into Tennesse r. after a comparative course of 70 ms. This small r. gains importance from forming the boundary on and near Ten- nessee r. between the states of Alabama and Mississippi, Bkard's Ferry, and p-o. western part of Morgan co. II. 7 ms. wstrd. from Jacksonville the CO. seat, and by p-r. 140 ms, n. w. by w. Vandalia, Beard's Store and p-o. Anson co. N. C. by p-r. 102 ms. s. w. from Raleigh. Beatie's Bluff and p-o. southern part of Madison co. Mo. by p-r. 50 ms. s. from ,St. Louis, and 1085 s. w. by w. from W. C. Beatie's Ford, and p-o. Lincoln co. N. C by P-r. 151 ms. estrd. from Raleigh. Beatty's Bridge, and p-o. New Hanover CO. N. C. by p-r. 1 14 ms. southeastward from Raleigh. Beaucoiip, p-v. Washington co. II. No lo- cation given in p-o. list. Beaufort, co. N. C. on both sides of Pam- lico r. bounded by Pamlico Sound e.. Cra- ven CO. s. and s. w., Pitt w. and n. w., Mar- tin N. and Hyde n. e. Length 40 ms. mean breadth 17, and area 670 sq. ms. n. lat. 35° 30' and the meridian of W. C. intersects in the western part of this < o. The whole sur- face is a plain, and liable to periodical sub- mersion. Staples, cotton, rice, &c. Chief towns, Washington, and Baths. Pop. 1820, yyOO, and in 1830, 10969. Beaufort, p-t., pt. ent. and st. jus. Beau- fort dist. S. C. situated on the western bank of Port Royal, r. 14 ms. n. from Port Royal Enlrnnce, by the land road 50 ms. n. e. from Savannah, 75 s. w. from Charleston, and by p-r. 148 ms. a little e. of s. from Columbia. N. lat. 32° 25, long. 3° 42' w. from W. C. The harbor of Beaufort is spacious, and of more than sufficient depth to admit the entrance of any vessel which can pass the bar of Port Royal Entrance. Steam and other vessels of small draught have an inland passage by Beaufort into Coosan r. The whole ot St. Helena parish in which this seaport is situa- ted, contained in 1830, a population of8788. Beaufort, extreme southern dist. of S. C. bounded by the Atlantic ocean s. e.. Sa- vannah r. which separates it from Scriven, Effingham, and Chatham co. Geo. s. w., Barn- well dist. N. w., and Cambahee r. separating it from Colleton dist. n. e. Greatest length in a direction from south to north, and from the outerside of Turtle Island to the s. e. botmdary of Barnwell dist. 61 ms, ; mean breadth 30, and area 1830 sq. ms. extending in lat. from 32° 03', to 3i° and in long. 3° 30' to 4° 30' w. from W. C. The slope of this district is to the southeastward, but the de- clivity is very slight, being from the utmost extent inland a level plain, terminating to- wards the Atlantic ocean in numerous inter- locking streams enclosing, with many others ot lesser note, Hilton Head, Turtle, Hunting, Reynold's, St. Helena,and Port Royal Islands. - "Though no entrance into Beaufort is of great depth, it is remarkably well supplied with commercial inlets for vessels of mode- rate draught, of which the principal are Sa- vannah r, Callibogue Sound, Port Royal En- trance, and St. Helena Sound or the outlet of Cambahee river. Commercially, Savannah in Chatham co. Geo. is a port of Beaufort, ad- mitting vessels of 16 feet draught. Vessels drawing 14 feet are navigated to the port of Beaufort. Beside the two rs. which bound this dist. on the s. w. and n. e. sides, the central parts are drained by the Coosawhat- chie river, which, rising in Barnwell and entering Beaufort, flows southeastward 35 ins. to where it divides into two channels, whicli a few ms. lower, again separate. The north- ern channel under the name of Coosaw river flows estrd. into St. Helena Sound, whilst that of the south maintains the original direction to the southeastward, gradually widens into Broad r. and finally contributes to form Port Royal Entrance. The position of this dist. and its moderate elevation give it a climate which admits the culture of sugar, rice, cot- ton, and in some places the orange tree. Chief town Beaufort, though the seat of jus- tice is at Coosawhatchie, Pop. 1820, 32,199, and in 1830, 37,032. Beaufort, s-p. and p-t. Carteret co. N. C situated on the mainland at the head of Ons- low Bay, and opposite Old Topsail Inlet, about 1 1 ms. N. w. from Cape Lookout, and by p-r. 164 ms. s. E. from Raleigh, n. lat. 34° 47', long. 0° 18' E. from W. C. This is one of the best ports of N. C. admittting vessels of 14 feet draught, and affording complete shelter. It is well situated to become a mart of con- siderable consequence. A canal has been proposed across the intermediate peninsula to unite Onslow Bay with Neuse r. and if such a work was executed Beaufort must be- come the southern of its depots. In tiie Cen- sus lists of 1830, the population of this place not given separate from Carteret co. BEAVERjBig r. of Pa. and O. is composed of two branches, the Mahoning and Shenango. The Mahoning rises by numerous branches in Columbiana, Portage and Trumbull cos. O. which, uniting in the latter co. bends BEA 47 BED from N. K. to s. E. and after an entire compar- ative course of 60 ms. enters Beaver co. Pa. in which it receives the Shenango from the N. The latter rising in Crawford and Mer- cer COS. Pa. flows by a general course of sixty ms. southwardly, to its junction with the Mahoning. Below the union of its main con- stituents, Beaver flows a little e. of s. 20 ms. receiving from the estrd. in the intermediate distance, the Conequenessing, and falls into the Ohio at the t. of Beaver, after an entire comparative course of 80 ms. This stream rises on a table land elevated from 800 to 1200 feet, and is precipitated over a fall of about 44 feet entire descent, about 1^ ms. above its entrance into Ohio. The elevation of the farms near the mouth, is about 700 feet above the Atlantic tides. The valley of this river lies between lat 40° 44' and 41° 45', and comprises an area of 3850 sq. ms. The channel from the mouth to Warren, in Trum- bull CO. O. forms a part of the route along which a canal has been projected to unite the Ohio r. to lake Erie, or to unite with the Ohio canal. The valley of Beaver has that of the Alle- ghany r. to the N. E. ; that of Cayahoga to the N. w. and that of the Tuscarawas branch of Muskingum to the s. w. and w. To the n. it has interlocking sources with those of Con- neaut, Ashtabula and Grand rs. flowing into lake Erie. Beaver, co. of Pa. bounded by Mercer co. N., Butler E., Alleghany s. e., Washington s., Ohio CO. Va. s. w., and Columbiana co O. N. w. Greatest length along the state of Ohio 36 ms. mean breadth 18, and area 648 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 40° 30' to 41° 02' N. and in long, from 3° 06' to 3° 30' w. fromW. C. The O. r. enters the south- eastern border and flowing thence n. n. w. 10 ms. to the influx of Big Beaver,inflects thence to s. w. by w. leaving the co. below the mouth of Little Beaver, and dividing it into two un- equal sections. The smaller section com- prising about one third of the entire surface lies south of Ohio r. and slopes northwardly towards that stream. The northern section comprised in the vallies of Big and Little Beaver, has a southern declivity towards Ohio r. The surface of the whole co. on both sides of Ohio r. is very hilly, but the soil almost uniformly productive. Chief town, borough of Beaver. Pop. 1820, 13,340, and in l83i>, 24,183. Beaver, borough, p-t. and st. jus. Beaver CO. Pa. situated on the right bank of Ohio r. and on the point below the mouth of Big Beaver 30 ms. by water below Pittsburg ; 45 a little w. of N. from Washington Pa. 35 ms. N. E. from Steubenville O. and by p-r. 251 ms. N. w. by w. from W. C. ; and 229 a little n. of w. from Harrisburg. Lat. 40° 44' n. long. 3° 23' w. from W. C. Pop. of tsp. 1820, 351 ; of the borough alone in 1830, 914. Beaver, cr. N. Y. a mill stream, rises in Ulster and Sullivan cos. and runs through Delaware co. into a branch of Delaware r. . 2,750- Beaver Creek, p-o. Anderson co. Ky. about 15 ms. s. w. from Frankfort. Beaver Dam, p-v. in the central part of Erie co. Pa. 7 or 8 ms. southwardly from the borough of Erie, and by p-r. 325 ms. n. w. from W. C. Pop. of the tsp. 1820, 142, in 1830, 443. Beaver Dam, p-o. Goochland co. Va. near the northern bank of James r. by p-r. 25 ms. above Richmond, and 139 s. s. w. from W. C. Beaver Dam, p-v. in the eastern part of Rutherford co. N. C. 1 9 ms. estrd. from Rutherfordton, and by p-r. 204 ms. a little e. of w. from Raleigh. Beaver Meadows, post office, in the nor- thern part of Northampton co. Pa. 21 ms. n. from Easton, and by p-r. 211 ms. n. e. from W. C. Beavertown, p-v. in the southern part of Union co. Pa. by p-r. 59 ms. a little w. of n. from Harrisburg. Pop. of the tsp. in 1830, 2280. Becket, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 17 ms. s. e. Lenox, 110 w. Boston, is on high land of the Green mtn. range, and contains 4 ponds which give rise to branches of Westfield, Farmington and Housatonic rs. The inhabi- tants are chieily farmers. Pop. 1830, 1063. Beckhamsville, p-v.. Chester dist. S. C. situated on Catawba river, by p-r. 50 ms. n. from Columbia, and 479 s. s. w. from W. C. Beddington, t. Washington co. Me. 35 ms. N. w. Machias, is the fourth town from the coast, and is crossed by the upper parts of Pleasant, and Narraguasus rs. It adjoins Hancock co. Bedford, p-t. Hillsboro' co. N. H. w. side Merrimack r. 8 ms. n. w. Amherst, 18 s. Concord, 52 n. w. Boston, contains 20,660 acres. Merrimack and Piscataquoy rs. water the town. Piscataquoy v. is in the n. e. part. The w. part is uneven and stony, but warm. The E. is a pine plain, and some intervals. White, red, and black oak, walnut, chesnut, birch, pine and hemlock are the trees. Much white oak has been sent by the r. and Middle- sex canal, for ship timber. Hops have been raised here to a large amount. Cotton and woollen are manufactured. There is a brook which falls 200 feet. Iron ore, black lead, copper, pyrites, gneiss, &,c. are found. The t. was granted by Mass. in 1733, to officers, soldiers, &c. of Philip's War. First settled, 1737. Pop. in 1830, 1563. Bedford, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 16 ms. N. w. Boston, s. w. Concord r. Shawshecn r. a good mill stream, rises here. It is a small town, and half shire. Pop. 1830, 685. Bedford, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y. 44 ms. N. New York, 130 s. Albany, s. e. Croton r. 6 ms. square. Several small streams supply many mill sites. It is elevated land, with va- rious soils for farms, well watered, and pro- ducing much excellent rye. It belonged to Conn, till 1700. The village was burnt in the revolutionary war. Hon. John Jay lived here many years, and here died. Pop. 1830, BED Bedford co. Pa. bounded w. by Homorsct, N. w. by Alloghany mtn. eoparfiting it from Cambria co., n. e. by Huntingdon co., e. by Franklin, s. e. by Washington co. Md., and e. and s. w. by Alleghany c&. Md. Greatest length from the Maryland line io the northern angle, 52 ms., containing IGl^sq. ms. ex- tending in lat. from 39° 12' to 40° :J0', and in long, from 0° 53' to 1° 44' w. from W. C. The surface of this largo co. is lined with chains of mtns. extending from s. s. w. to n. n. E. with very productive intervening valleys. In regard to the rivers, the central part is a table land, from which creeks flow eoutliward- ly into the Potomac r. The northern and larger section declines to n. n. e. and gives source to both the Raystown and Frankstown branches of.Tuniata. To travel over Bedford without giving other than a cursory glance, the country would appear a congeries of rocks and mountain ridges, yet the valley soil is generally good, and in many places very pro- ductive. Many of the mountain ridges have broad table lands of excellent quality on their summits. There is no part of Bedford co. which does not exceed an elevation of 500 feet above the Atlantic level, and the farms along the east- ern margin of the -\Ueghany mtn. to at least 1700 feet. The mean height of the arable land is from 1200 to 1300 feet, or an equiva- lent to at least three degrees of latitude. The winters are long and severe, but the highly diversified features of this region render it a delightful summer residence. The mineral springs near the borough of Bedford are much frequented. The northern extreme of Bod- ford is traversed or rather touched by one of the rail-roads of Pa. a link in the great chain of internal improvement, advancing to com- pletion in that state. Staples of the coimty, grain, salted provision, live stock, &c. to which iron, and mineral coal of the bituminous species may be added. Cliief towns, Bed- ford and Mc'Coimellsburg. Pop. 1820, 20,- 248, and in 1830, 24,502. Bedford, p-v., borough, and st. jus. Bedford CO. Pa., situated on one of the higher branch- es of Juniata r. 105 ms. s. w. by w. from Har- risburg, 200 ms. almost due w. from Phil., and by i)-r. 126 northwestward from W. C. According to Tanner's U. S. the borough stands exactly on n. lat. 40°, and very near on 1° 30' w. from W. C. This village had its origin in a fort, and was laid out as a town in 1771. The situation is truly roman- tic. The main body of the village stands on a globular swell in a beautiful iriountain val- ley. The scenery has great variety of fea- ture ; softness is blended with grandeur; there is nothing of sublime, but a pleasing boldness and richness strikes the eye on all sides. The village is, in summer, a place of fashionable resort by persons visiting the mineral waters in its vicinity. It does not, however, appear to gam rapidly in permanent Pop. In 1820 the inhabitants were 789, and only 869 by the census of 1830. Bbdiwikd CO. of Va. bounded e. and s. f. BEE l)y Campbell co., by Roanoke r. separating it from I'ittsylvania, s., Franklin, s. w., by Bluo Ridge separating it from Botetourt w. and N. w., and by James r. separating it from Amherst, N. e. Length between James and Roanoke rs. 30 ms. mean width 22, and area 6fi0 sq. ms. extending in lat. from 37° to 37° 32' N., and in long, from 2° 10' to 2° 50' w. from W. C. The declivity of this co. is to the southeastward ; the northern part contain- ing, in tho peaks of Otter, the highest eleva- tion of the Appalachian system, 4,250 feet, unless the White mtns. of N. H. are included. From this elevated part of Blue Ridge, Bed- ford elopes with the course of the great bound- ing rs. and with that of the two small inter- mediate streams, (Joose and Otter. Chief town, I-iberty. Pop. 1820, 19,305, and in 1830,20,246. Bedford co. of Ten., bounded w. by Mau- ry, N. w. by Williamson, n. by Rutherford, ^. E. by Warren, s. e. by Franklin, and s. by Lincoln. Length from e. to w. 40 ms, mean width 25, and area 1,000 sfj^. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 20' to 35° 44' n., and in long, from 9° 02' to 9° 47' w. It is nearly com- mensurate with the higher part of the valley of Duck r. and with the general course of that stream, slo])es wstrd. Chief town Shelby- villc. Pop. 1830, 30,396. Bedford, p-v. in the northern part of Old- ham CO. Ky. 10 ms. n. e. from Westport, the St. jus. and by p-r. 53 ms. s. w. by w. Frank- fort. Bedford, p-v. and st. jus. Lawrence co. Ind., situated on the right bank of tho east fork of White r. at and above the mouth of Salt cr., 60 ms. n. w. by w. from Louisville Ky., and by p-r. 73 ms. s. w. from Indianopo- lis, and 633 ms. wstrd. from W. C. n. lat. 38° 52'. BuDFORDViLLE, p-v. Burke CO. N. C. by p-r. 205 ms. w. Yrom Raleigh. ]3edminsteh, t. Somerset co. N. J. 20 ms. n. w. New Brunswick. Pop. 1830, 1,453. Beech Grove, p-v. Luzerne co. Pa. by p-r. 86 ms. N. N. e. from Ilarrisburg. Beeck Grove, i)-v. Bedford co. Ten. 48 ms. sthrd. from Nashville. Beech Hill, p-v. Jackson co. Ten. 47 ms. N. E. from Nashville. Beech Park, p-o. Gallatin co. Ky. by p-r. 34 ms. northwardly from Frankfort. Beekmam, p-t. Dutchess co. N. Y. 12 ms. e. Poughkecpsie. The Clove is a fine valley between w. mtn. and Oswego ridge 1 or 2 ms. by 6, with a warm gravelly loam, much improved by gypsuin, and watered by Clove- kill, flowing through it and turning mills. JJuslikill joins it, and they form Fishkill r. on which is Beekinan v. Great Pond covers about 300 acres, and empties into the r. as does Sprout cr. Many human bones found here, probably were left in some Indian fight. Beekmantown, p-t. Chiston co. N. Y. 6 ms. N. Platisburg, 165 n. Albany, w. Lake Cham- plain, has fertile land in the e. part, and most, of iis population farmers. Population 2,:m. BEL 49 BEL Beelan's Ferry and p-o. Perry co. Pa. by P-r. 31 ms. from Harrisburg. Beeler's Station and p-o. in the southern part of Ohio co. Va. by p-r. 250 ms. n. w. by -w. something w. of VV. C. and 350 ms. n. w. by w. from Richmond. Belair, p-v. Lancaster dist. S. C. by p-r. 81 ms. nthrd. from Columbus. Bejlbrook, or Bellbrook, p-v. in the south- western part of Greene co. 0. 9 ms. s. w. from Xenia, the st. jus. fortho co. and 40 n. n. e. from Cincinnati. Belchertown, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. 80 ms. w. from Boston, 12 e. Northampton, has hills of gentle declivity, with loam and gravel. The village is large, handsome and on high gromid. Pop. in 1830, 2,491. Belew's Creek and p-o. in the northeast, em part of Stokes co. N. C. by p-r. 127 ms. N. w. by w. from Raleigh. Belfast, p-t. s-p. capital of Waldo co. Me. 40 ms. e. Augusta, 9 w. Castine, from which it is separated by Penobscot r. which, although about 30 ms. from the sea, is very broad. A wide but short stream crosses the tsp. with several of its branches. It is 40 ms. n. e. Hallowell. The harbor has considerable ad- advantages, and the coasting trade is great. Pop. 1830, 1,743. Belfast, p-v. Alleghany co. N. Y. 262 ms. w, Albany. Pop. 743. Belford, p-v. Nash co. N. C. by p-r. 50 ms. E. from Raleigh. Belgrade, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. 10 ms. N. Augusta, is situated between 3 lakes, or large ponds. Pop. 1830, 1,375. Belgrade Mills, p-v. Kennebec co. Me. 16 ms. N. from Augusta. Bellborouhg, p-v. Williamson co. Ten. by p-r. 32 ms. southwardly from Nashville, Bellefqntaine, p-v. and st. jus. Logan co. O. 125 ms. N. N. E. from Cincinnati, and by P-r. 458 ms. n. w. by w. from W. C. and 62 ms. N. w. from Columbus, n. lat. 40° 21' long. 6° 43' w. from W. C. Pop. 1830, 266. This place stands on the table land between the val- leys of Sciota and Great Miami rs. the water sources discharging from its vicinity like radii from a common centre. Bellefonte, borough, t. p-v. and st. jus. Centre co. Pa. situated on Spring creek, a branch of Bald Eagle r. 45 ms. s. w. from Wil- liamsport,35 ms. n. n. e. from Huntingdon, and by p-r. 85 ms. n. w. from Harrisburg, and 192 N. N. w. from W. C. n. lat. 40° 55'. Pop. 1820, 433, and in 1830,698. Bellefonte, p-v. and st. jus. Jackson co. Ala. situated on Paint Rock r. 25 ms. a little s. ofE. from Huntsville, and by p-r. 171 ms. N. E. from Tuscaloosa, n. lat. 34° 43', long. 9° 20' w. from AV. C. Belle Haven, p-o. in the southeastern part of Accomac co. Va. 20 ms. s. of Drum- mondstown, and by p-r. 194 ms. s. s. e. from Annapolis, and 226 s. e. from W. C. Belle Isle, p-o. in the northern part of Matthews co. Va. by p-r. 98 ms. a little s. of e. from Richmond, and 182 ms. s. s. e. W. C. Belle Valley, p-o. in the northeastern part of Rockbridge, co. Va. by p-r. 147 ms. w. from Richmond, and 188 ms. s. w. by w. from W. C. Belle View, p.v. in the northern part of Calhoun, co. II. by direct distance, about 100 ms. but by p-r. 146 ms. n. w. by- w. a little w. of Vandalia, and 926 ms. w. from W. C. Belleville, p-v. Essex co. N. J. 3 ras. n. Newark, w. Passaic r. is in a pleasant situa- tion, and has a large printing, bleaching and dying factory, for cotton, woollen and silk. The principal building is of hewn stone, 263 ft. long and of 3 stories. The bleaching and print works are now upon the largest scale, producing upwards of four thousand pieces weekly, of a variety of styles of goods. Belle Ville, p.v. on the western border of Mifflin CO. Pa. 20 ms. n. n. from Hunting- don, and by p-r. 77 ms. n. w. by w. from Har- risburg, and 169 ms. n. n. w. from W. C. Belle Ville, p-v. on the left bank of Ohio r. at the mouth of Lee's creek 30 ms. below Marietta, and by p-r. 314 ms. westwardly from W. C. Belle Ville, p-v. in the northern part of Conecuh co. Ala. 12 ms. northwardly from Sparta, the st. jus. and by p-r. 193 ms. a little E. of s. from Tuscaloosa, and 959 ms. s. w. by w. ofW. C. Belleville, p-v. in the eastern part of Roane co. Ten. 9 ms. estrd. from Kingston, and by p-r. 148 ms. a Httle s. of e. from Nash- ville, and 567 s. w. by w. from W. C. Belleville, p-v. in the southern part of Richland co. O. 10 ms. s. from Mansfield the St. jus. and by p-r. 62 ms. n. n. e. from Columbus, and 368 ms. n. w. by w. from W. C. Belleville, p-v. and st. jus. St. Clair co. II. 15 ms. s. E. from St. Louis, Mo. and by p-r. 71 ms. s. w. from Vandalia, and 843 ms. westwardly from W. C. Bellingham, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. 26 ms. s. w. Boston, n. R. I., is a manufacturing place. The Bellingham cotton and woollen factory, incorp. 1814, cap. $15,000, and Boston do. 1813, $400,000, are moved by the water of Charles r. The soil is sandy. Pop. 1830, 1102. Bellona, Arsenabard p-o. on the right bank of James r. 14 ms. above and wstrd. from Richmond, but in Chesterfield co. Va. Bellows Falls, p.v. Westminster, Wind- ham CO. Vt. about 40 m. n. e. Bennington, 80 s. Montpelier, is in a pleasant and picturesque situation at the place where Connecticut r. after flowing tranquilly through Charlestown meadows, with a current 350 ft. wide and 25 deep, rushes down a fall of 44 feet in i a m. amongst rocks of hard gray granite, into which the water has worn deep holes. Ifi summer, the r. is here only 16 feet wide. Above the falls is a bridge ; and a canal ^ ms. long, was dug through the rocks, some years ago, at much expense, for the passage of flat bottomed boats and rafts. A steam boat has BEN 50 BEN once or twice gone through, and navigated 1 Henry co. Ky. by p-r. 566 ms. wcstrd. from the r. above. There is an ancient bed of the W. C. and 47 ms. n. w. Frankfort, river. \v. of the village. Bones and weapons Bennett's Branch, small or. and p-o. in of Indians are found here, and a rude speci-jthe northwestern part of Clearfield co. Pa. It was men of their art is seen on a rock once a great fishing place for salmon. Bell's Landing, and p-o. on Alabama r. in the northern part of Monroe co. Ala. by p-r. 136 ms. R. from Tuscaloosa, and 935 s. w. by w. from W. C. Belmont, p-t. Waldo co. Me. 20 ms. w. Castine, 34 Augusta, is near the centre of the CO. Pop. 1830,3077. Belmont, one of the eastern counties of O. " bounded s. by Monroe, w. by Guernsey, n. w. by Harrison, n. e. by Jefferson, and e. by Ohio r. separating it from Ohio co. Va. Greatest lengtii along the northern border 30 ms. the breadth 20, and mean length 26, tlic area 520 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39 52' to 40° 10' and in long, from 3° 40' to 4° 14' w. from W. C. This co. is divided into two very nearly equal sections, by the divi- ding table land between the vallics of Oliio and Muskingum, from which flow estrd. small creeks into Ohio r. and issue wstrd. the sources of Will's and Stillwater bran- ches of Muskingum. The surface is a se- ries of hills, with deep and narrow interven- ing vallies. Soil almost uniformly fertile. Chief town, St. Clairville. Pop. 1820, 20,329 ; and in 1830, 28,412. Belmont, p-v. in the central part of Bel- mont CO. 0. 17 ms. w. from Wheeling in Va. and by p-r. 119 ms. e. from Columbus, and 288 ms. N. w. by w. of W. C. Pop. 1830, 142. Bei.mont, p-v. in the eastern part of Wayne CO. Miss. 10 ms. eastwardly from Winches ter, the st. jus. and aboxit 180 ms Natchez. 100 ma. N. E. from Pittsburg, and 120 n. w. from Harrisburg. Bennett's Store, and p-o. Halifax co. Va. by p-r. 131 ms. s. w. from Richmond. Bennettsville, p-v. and et. jus. Marlbo- rough dist. S. C. situated between the Lit- tle and Great Pedee, 25 ms. s. e. from Sneadsboro' in N. C. and by p-r. 406 ms. s. s, w. from W. C. and 102 n. e. by e. from Co- lumbus N., lat. 34° 36, long. 2° 40' w. from W. C. Bennettsville, p-v. in the northern part of St. Clair co. Ala. 13 ms. nthrdly. from Ashville, the st. jus. and by p-r. 735 ms. s. w. by w. from W. C. and 142 ms. n. e. from Tuscaloosa. Bennington, co. Vt. s.w. corner of the state is bounded by Rutland co. n., Windham co. E., Massachusetts s., and New York, w. It lies between 42° 44' and 43° 18' n. lat; and 3° 46' and 4° 10' r. long. ; it is 20 ms, by 39, and contains 010 sq. ms. a large part of it mountainous. Streams flow out on all sides, into Deerfield, Hoosac, Battenkill, and West rs. and Otter and Wood creeks, and give good mill sites. The low lands are good for tillage. A range of limestone crosses the CO. n. and s. and good marble, chiefly white & fine grained, is taken from several quarries. Some iron and lead ore, is also found. Ben- nington and Manchester are the shire and chief ts. This was the first co. settled in Vt. w. of the Green mtns. Most of the commit- tees of safety in the state, in the revolution- fromjary war, were held here. Pop. 1830, 17,468. Bennington, p-t. and i shire, Bennington Belpre, P-V. in the southern part of Wash- co. Vermont, 100 miles southwest Montpelier, ington CO. O. situated on the right bank of Ohio r. opposite the mouth of Little Kenhawa r. and the village of Parkersburg, AVood co. Va. 12 ms. below Marietta, and by p-r. Ill s. e. from Columbus, and 316 miles west from W. C. Belvernon, p-v. on the right bank of Mo- nongahela r. and in the extreme northwestern angle of Fayette co. Pa. 20 ms. a little w. of N. from Uniontown, the co. seat, and by p-r. 194 ms. wcstrd. from Harrisburg, and 217 ms. N. w. by w. from W. C. Belviiiere, t. Franklin co. Vt. 32 ms. n. e. Burlington, 32 n. Montpelier, on the west range of the Green mtns. contains 30,100 acres, is watered by 2 branches of Lamoille r. but has much mountainouf land. Pop. 1830, 185. Belvidere, P-t. and cap. Warren co. N. J. 11 ms. N. E. Easton, 70 w. N. York, is on the E. side of Delaware r. at the mouth of Be- quest r. on a broad plain. Benedict, p-v. on the right bank of the Pa- tuxent,in the extreme eastern angle oiCharles CO. Md. by p-r. 49 ins. s. s. e. from W. C. and 54 s. from Annapolis. Benevola, p-v. in the riorihwestern part of 110 west by north Boston, 33 n. e. Albany, 160 N. New York city, 37.3 e. by n. W. O. was chartered by Gov. Beiming Wentworth, 1749, and was first settled by separatists un- der Samuel Robinson, 1761, who first resist- ed the authority of New York. The l)atlle of Bennington, 1777, occurred near the line of this town in Washington co. N. Y. Iron ore, marble, &c. are found here in large quanti- ties. There are mills and factories, large iron works, &c. The village is on a hill, with a court house, academy, &c. Pop. 1830,3419. Bennington, p-t. Genessee co. N. Y. !8 nis. s. w. Batavia, 250. w. Albany, has Elli- cot's cr. on the n. Cayuga branch of Buffalo cr. s. w., Tonawanta, s. e. &lc. The land is nearly level, and pretty good. Pop. 1830,2224. Bennington, p-v. in the northeastern part of Delaware co. O. situated between Big Walnut and Alum crs.41 nis. a little e. ofN. from Columbus, and 60 ms. n. w. from Zancs- ville. Bknsboro', p-v. Pitl CO. N. C. 1 15 ms. estrd. from Raleigh. Benson, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 57 ins. n. Ben- nington, 84 Montpelier, e. Lake Chaniplain, BER 4 to 1^ ms. wide, contains 2.5,214 acres, is poorly watered, but has a pond, Ilubbardton f. &,c. A stream which flows from a swamp runs under a hill ^ a mile. First settled 1783. Timber, chiefly pine, with hemlock, beech, mai)le, walnut, <&.c. Pop. 1830, 1493. Bi'.N'T Creek, and p-o. in the southwestern part oi' Buckingham co. Va. by p-r. 19() ms. s. w. by w. from W. C. and 112 wstrd. from Richmond. BEXTLEYViLLiD, p-v. OH Pigeon creek, east- ern part of Washington CO. Pa. 13 ms. s. e. by E. from Washington, the co. seat, 9 ms. n. w. by w. from Brownsville, and by p-r. 222 ms. N. w. by w. from W. C. Bexton, p-t. Yates co. N. Y. 18 ms. s. e. Canandaigua, w. Seneca lake, G ms. by 8, has the outlet of Crooked lake and Cushong creek, with mills, &.c. slightly varied surface, a warm, gravelly soil, producing fruit trees, and forests of oak, chesnut, maple, and beech The soil rests on argilaceoua lime and slate. It has Hopeton and Dresden villages, and part of Penn-Yan. Pop. 1830, 3,957. Benton, p-v. and st. jus. Yazoo co. Miss, by p-r. 45 ms. nthrd. from Jackson, and about 120 N. N. E. from Natchex. Bexton, p-v. and st. jus. Scott co. Mo about 25 ms. isr. w. by w. from the mouth ofi Ohio r. and 40 ms. n. from New Madrid, on Mississippi r. n. lat. 37° 05', long. 12° 38' w. from W. C. Bent's p-o. in the extreme southwestern angle of Washington co. O. by p-r. 320 ms. wstrd. from W. C. and 107 s. e. from Colum- bus. Bergen, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 16 ms. e. N. E. Batavia, 240 Albany,58 s. Erie canal, bus H varied surface, and soil very favorable for fruit. Black creek sujiplies some mill seats. Fop. 1830, 1,508. Bergen, co. N. J. bounded by Orange co. N. Y. N., Hudson r. e., Pequannock and Pas- saic rs. s. vv., with Newark bay and Kill-van- Kuhl, s. e., and Essex co. n. w., is crossed by Hackensack, Saddle, and Ramapo rs. run- ning southwardly, and many small streams, with falls. The Short hills enter the co. near the middle, and the Pompton or Ramapo nitns*. cross it above. There are large marshy meadows in the s. E. Along the Iludsoii ex- tends a remarkable trap precipice, called the Pallisadoes. Tlie n. part is mountainous, with many iron mines and forges, some of which are not in operation. The lower part of the CO. is pleasantly situated opposite New York city, from which it derives much advan- tage, having communication by steamboats. 9 townships. Pop. 1830, 22,412. Bergen, p-t. Bergen co. N. J. w. Hudson r. opposite and 3 ms. from N. York city, has a gently varied surface, with extensive mead- ows along the head of Newark bay;has a vil. lagc. The soil is pretty well cultivated, and supplying vegetables, &.c. to the city. It was settled from Holland, and the inhabitants still epeak Dutch. Pop. 1830, 4,651. Berger's Store, and p-o. Pittsylvania co. 51 BER Va. by p-r. 164 ms. s. w. by w. fiom Rich- mond. Beuivlev, p-t. Bristol co. Mass. 35 ms. a. Boston, e. Taunton r. Pop. 1830, OiiT. Berkley, co. Va. bounded by Jefterson s. E., Frederick, s. w., Morgan, w. and n. w., and Potomac r. separating it from Washing, ton CO. Md. N. E. Greatest length from n. e. to s. w. 28ms., mean breadth, 14 ms. and area 392 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 14' to 39° 35' and long, from 1° 14' to 2° 11' w. from W. C. The slope of this co. is to the n. e. and it is drained in that direction by Back and Ope- quhan creeks. The mean elevation of the arable surface of the farms, from 500 to 700 feet above tide water. Surface, broken and mountainous. Chief t. Martinsburg. Pop, 1830, 10,528. Berkley Springs, otherwise called Bath, P-V. and St. jus. Morgan co. Va. situated 8 ms. s. s. w. from Hancockstown, Md. 45 ms. n. w. by w. from Harper's Ferry, and by p-r. 93 ms. n. vv. by w. from W. C. and 186 ms. n. n. w. from Richmond. Berks, co. Pa. bounded n. e. by Lehigh CO. e., by Montgomery, s. e by Chester, s. by Lancaster, s. w. by Lebanon, and w. and j*. w. by Kittatiimy nitn. separating it from Schuylkill. Breadth 30 ms. the northeastern and southwestern sides being parallel, mean length 34, and area 1,020 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 40° 09' to 40° 42' n., and in long, from 0° 30' to 1° 24' e. The face of this fine county is greatly di- versified ; bounded on the northwest by the Kittatinny, and s. e. by the s. e. chain of mtns. it contains a part of two mountain vallies. The general slope is to the southeastward, and it is traversed in that direction by the Schuylkill r. which breaks through the Blue Ridge at Reading. The latter chain travers- es Berks in a southwestern direction, dividing the CO. into two unequal valley sections. The lower and lesser, lies between the Blue Ridge and Southeast mtn. and widens from N. E. to s. w. from 3 to 15 ms. The section above Blue Ridge has a nearly equal breadth of 18 ms. something more than a third of which is on the great limestone strata which flanks the Blue Ridge on the northwestern side. The limestone tract is the most fertile, but the general character of the soil of the CO. is that of productiveness, and the staples are numerous and valuable. The mean level of the arable soil of Berks is about 300 feet above the level of tide water in Delaware r. The seasons of inflorescence, foliage, and of harvest, are sensibly diflerent above and be- low Blue Ridge. Under the head of canals and roads, the great improvements which traverse Berks are noticed. Chief t. Reading. Pop. 1820, 37,327, in 1830, 53,152. Berkshire, p-t. Franklin co. Vt. 50 ms. N. w. Montpelier, 31 n. e. Burlington, has a va- riety of good soils, and is watered by Missis- que and Pike rs. and many brooks which sup- ply water power. The timber is beech and BER 52 BER maple. First settled, 1792. Fop. 1830, 1,308. Berkshire, co. Mass. the w. co., is bound- ed by Vt. N., Hampshire, Hampden and Frank- lin E., Connecticut s.. New York w. The people are engaged in agriculture, and a va- riety of manufactures ; Housatonic and Hoo- sic rs. are the principal streams, whose wa- ters are divided from those of Connecticut r. by the Green mtn. range. Much white mar- ble is obtained from the quarries. Lenox is the CO. town. Pop. 1830, 37,835. Berkshire, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y. 14 ms. n. Oswego, 160 w. Albany, e. of w. branch of Oswego cr.. 8 ms. by 14, has a gently varied surface, with soil favorable for grain and grass, especially the meadows on the e. branch of Oswego cr. First settled, about 1793, from Berkshire co. Mass. It is well watered, and the land is held in fee. Pop. 1830, 1,883. Berkshire, p-v. towards the eastern side of Delaware co. O. 10 ms. e. from Delaware, the St. jus. and by p-r. 23 ms. n. from Colum- bus. Pop. of the tsp. of Berkshire, 1830, 1,057. Berlin, t. Oxford co. Me. Pop. 1830, 478. 45 ms. N. w. Augusta. Berlin, t. Washington co. Vt. 4 ms. Mont- pelier, near the centre of the state, contains 31,855 acres, much broken but good land, and is watered by Onion r., on n. line Dog r., and has a pond 2 ms. long. First settled, about 1786. Pop. 1830, 1,6G4. Berlin, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 33 ms. w. from Boston. North brook furnishes mill seats. There is a quarry of building stone. Pop. 1830, 692. Berlin, p-t. Hartford co. Ct. 1 1 ms. s. Hart- ford, 23 N. New Haven, about 5 ms. by 8, with 40 sq. ms., is uneven, with mtns. s. w. and vv. The rocks are clay, slate, and greenstone, of the range extending from Middlctown to Northfield Ms., and some coal, carb.lime, iron pyrites, silver, &c. have been found. The soil is generally a gravelly loam, and is very good for grass, grain, and orchards. Tin ware. — This manufacture was carried on for many years here, to a great extent, and the products sent to all parts of the U. S. and oth- er countries. It was introduced here, and into the U. S. by Edward Patterson, an Irish- man, about the time of the revolutionary war. The neighboring towns are now engaged in it, and manufacturers have gone to the southern states ; and the business is now carried on in almost all parts of the country. Other manu- factures are also carried on here. Pop. 1830, 3,047. Berlin, p-t. Rensselaer co. N. Y. 20 ms. E. Albany, 20 e. s. e. Troy, 7 ms. by 8, is hilly and partly mountainous, with much poor soil, many marshes and evergreen forests, and some fine vallies. It is watered by Little Hoosac cr. and some small streams. The soil is generally permanently leased by S. Van Rensselaer, Esq. for about 10 bushels of wheat for 100 acres. A few Germans settled herein 1764. Pop. 1830,2,019. Berlin, p-v. and borough of Somerset co. Pa. on the main road from Cumberland in Md. to the borough of Somerset, 25 ms. n. w. of the former, and 10 s. e. from the latter place, and by p-r. 157 ms. n. w. by w. from W. C. Berlin, p-v. Worcester co. Md. by p-r. 150 ms. s. E. by e. from W. C. Berlin, p-v. in the eastern part of Maury CO. Ten. by p-r. 47 ms. a little w. of s. from Nashville. . Berlin, p-v. in the northeastern part of Holmes co. O. 8 ms. a little n. of e. from Mil- lersburg, the co. seat, and by p-r. 333 ms n.w. by w. from W. C. and 88 ms. n. e. from Co- lumbus. Bermudian, p-v. York co. Pa. 18 ms. sthrd. from Harrisbiirg and 96 nthrd. W. C. Bernardston, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 96 ms. N. w. Boston on high land between Green and Connecticut rs. is uneven, with pretty good soil. First settled 1746, and was at- tacked by Indians the same year. Pop. 1830, 918. Bernard, p-t. Somerset co. N. J. watered by Raritan and Passaic rs. Pop. 1830, 2062. Berne, p-t. Albany co. N. Y. 20 ms. w. Albany, on the high lands between Albany and Schoharie cos. has some of the Helder- berg mtns., small streams, 2 ponds of 100 acres, fine vallies of calc. loam, marshes and beds of clay, turf and marl. There are many marine petrifactions in the rocks. Pop. 1830, 3,607. Berrien, p-v. and st. jus. Dooley co. Geo. situated on the table land between Oakmul- gee, and Flint rs. by p-r. 739 ms. s. w. from W. C. and 97 ms. s. s. w. from Milledgeville, N. lat. 32° 03', long 6° 48 w. from W. C. Berrien, co. Mich, the position and boun- daries of which are uncertain. Chief town, Niles. Berry's p-o. Wayne co. Ky. 11 ms. sthrd. from Monticello, the co. seat, and by p-r. 121 ms. a little e. of s. from Frankfort. Berrysville, p-v. in the northern part of Knox CO. Ind. 13 ms. nthrd. from Vincennes, the CO. seat, and by p-r. 113 ms. s. w. from Indianopolis. Bertie, co. N. C. bounded n. w. by North, ampton, n. by Herford, e. by Chowan r. sep- arating it from Chowan co., and by Roanoke r. separating it from Washington s. e., Mar- tin s. and s. w., and Halifax w. Greatest length 40 ms. from Chowan point at the head of Albermarle sound and junction of Roanoke and Chowan rs. to the extreme northwestern angle on Roanoke r., mean breadth 25, and areajlnOO sq. ms., extending in lat. from 35° 40', to 36° l5' n., and in long, from 0° 20' e., to 0° 21' w. from W. C. The slope is to the southeastward. Surface generally level, and in part marshy ; staples, cotton, tobacco, &c. Chief town Windsor. Population 1820, 10,805, and 12,262, in 1830. Berwick, p-t. York co. Me. 16 ms. n. w. Portsmouth N. H. 103s.w.Augusta,on Salmon Fall r., contains an academy, and has consid- BET 53 BET erable trade in lumber, &c. Pop. 1831), 3168. Berwick, South, p-t. York co. Me. 17 me. N. Portsmouth, 103 s. s. vv. Augusta, is situ- ated at the falls of Salmon Falls r. e. New Hampshire. Berwick, p-v. and borough of Columbia co. Pa. situated on the right bank, of Susquehan- na r. and on the extreme eastern border of the CO., 28 ms. below and s. w. from Wilkes, Barre, and by p-r. 86 ms. n. e. from Harris- burg, and 196 n. n. e. from W. C. Population, 500. Bethania, p-v. Stokes co. N. C. 5 ms. sthrd. from Germantown, the co. seat, and 122 ms. N. w. by w. from Raleigh, Bethanv, p-t. New Haven co. Conn. 45 ras. s. w. Hartford. Bethany, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 8 ms. s. s. E. Batavia, 240 w. Albany, is on the highest ground between Black and Tonawanta crs. and has a surface favorable for farming. Pop. 1830, 2374. Bethany, p-v. borough and st. jus. Wayne CO. Pa. situated on Dyberry cr. a branch of Lackawaxen r. about 80 ms. a little w. of n. from Easton, 3 ms. n. from Honesdale on the Lackawaxen canal, and by p-r. 265 ms. n. N. E. from W. C. and 162 n. e. from Harris- burg. N. lat. 41° 37', long. 1° 42' e. from W. C. Pop. 1830, 327. mineral springs, and mtn. and bog iron ore, exist. First settled 1790. Pop. 1830, 673. Bethlehem, p-t. Albany co. N. Y. i m. s. w. Albany, w. Hudson r., contains 96 sq. ms. part of Vlamanskill, Norman's cr., Vlykill, and a part of Helderberg hills. There is much rich alluvial land near Hudson r. in- habited by descendants of early Dutch set- tlers. There are several caverns. The seat of Gen. Schuyler, distinguished in the revo- lutionary war, is near the r. New Scotland, and Rensselaer's mills, (mouth of Norman's creek) are villages. Population in 1830, 6082. Bethlehem, t. Hunterdon co. N. J. Pop. 1830, 2,032. Bethlehem, p-v. and borough, Northamp- ton CO. Pa. situated on a fine acclivity rising from the Lehigh r. below the mouth ofMa- nocasy cr. 48 ms. a little w. of n. Phil. 12 ms. s. w. by w. Easton, and by p-r. 184 ^ms. n. e. W. C. N. lat. 40° 37', long. 1° 46' e. from W. C. Bethlehem was founded on land pur- chased by the Unitas Fratrum, United Breth- ren, under Count Zinzendorf, 1741. The Moravians, as the United Brethren are usual- ly called, have retained the ownership, and have produced a very neat and flourishing borough and seat of female education. The body of the village extends up the acclivity from the Lehigh bridge. The houses are Bethany, p-v. Brooke co.Va. 26 ms. n. w. [neat, substantial, and though not splendid. from the borough of Washington, Pa. and 282 ms. N. w. by w. of W. C, and 375 n. w. Richmond. Bethany Church, and p-o. western part of Iredell co. N. C. 6 ms. westrd. from States- ville, the co. seat, and by p-r. 402 ms. s. w. from W. C. and 152 w. from Raleigh. Bethel, p-t. Oxford co. Me. 18 ms. n. w. Paris, 63 from Augusta, s. and e. Andros- coggin r. Bethel, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. 30 ms. s. MontpeUer,30 n. w. Windsor ; contains 23,060 acres, has a mountainous surface, but gener- ally a warm, and productive soil, watered by White r. and its second and third branches ; with 2 rs. e. and w. Fifst settled about 1780. Pop. 1830, 1240. Bethel, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn. Bethel, p-t. Sullivan co. N. Y. 16 ms. w. Monticello, 10 ms. by 15, e. Delaware r. and Pa. has Collakoon and Mongaup crs. White lake, 1 m. long, with a p-o. mills, &c. at the outlet. Cochecton v. is on Delaware r. Pop. 1830, 1203. Bethel, tsp. and p-o. Berks co. Pa. by p-r. 80 ms. estrd. from Harrisburg. Pop. 1830, 1491. have a fine appearance when seen from the vicinity. This village, from the date of its foundation, has been the seat of a female school, and in which many of the most ac- complished women of the middle states of the U. S. have received their education. There is but one house of public worship, in which divine service is performed in English and German. Though from having to contend with so many other respectable seminaries, that of Bethlehem has not maintained its rel- ative rank, still it may be safely asserted, that the solid and useful elements of female education can be obtained at this school witii a cheapness, and moral and bodily health, exceeded by but very few, if any others in the U. S. The manners of its inhabitants and the richly varied scenery of its neighborhood render Bethlehem a very pleasant place of visit to the traveller. Progressive population. — In 180O the v. contained 543, and the tsp. 1343. In 1810, the tsp. contained 1436; in 1820, thev had risen to 1860, and in 1830, to 2430. the v. alone contains about 1000 or 1200 inhabit- ants. The Lehigh canal passes along the river Bethel, p-v. in the southwestern part of bottom at the lower extreme of Bethlehem Hartford co. N. C. 14 ms. southwestward Bethlehem, p-v. on Tuscarawas r. and Winton, the co. seat, and by p-r. 254 ms. s. Great O. canal. Stark co. O. about 60 ma. from W. C. and 143 n. e. by e. Raleigh. Bethlehem, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 100 ms. N. from Concord, is crossed by Great Am- monoosuc r., contains 28,608 acres. Round and Peaked mtns. ; produces good crops of grain and grass, pine and sugar maple. Some N. w. by w. Steubenville, 60 ma. n. n. e. Zanesville, and by p-r. 329 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 114 n. e. by e. Columbus. Bethlehem, p-v. on the right bank of O. r. and eastern part of Clarke co. Ind. 26 ms, above Louisville, Ky. and by p-r. 592 ms. w. BIG W. C. and 101 s. s. e. from Indianopolis Bbtiilem, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn. 38 ms. w. s. w. Hartford, 33 a. w. N. Haven, 4 ins. by 4J, about 18 sq. ms., is hilly, with granite rocks, and a gravelly loam, good for grazing and grain, bearing oak, maple, nut-wood, &i.c. Branches of Pomperaug r. supply mill seats. Pop. 18311, 906, Bettsburg, p-v. Chenango co. N.Y. 120 ms. w. Albany. Bevansvillk, p-o. in the eastern part of Al- leghany CO. Md. by p-r. 109 ms. n. w. W. C, and 142 n. w. by w. Annapolis. Beverly, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 17 ms. n. e. Boston, N. Salem harbor, connected with Sa- lem by a bridge 15;iO feet by 32, has excellent soil well cultivated, and is much engaged in fisheries. Pop. 1830, 4073. Beverly, p-v. and st. jus. Randolph co. Va. situated on Tygart's Valley r. or the eastern fork of Monongahcla r. about GO ms. very Dearly due s. from Morgantown, 45 s. e. Clarksburg, by p-r. 221 a little s. of w. W. C. and 210 n. w. by w. Richmond, n. lat. 38° 50', long. 2° 55' w. from W. C, Bibb, co. of Geo. bounded by Tehocnnn or. separating it from Houston s. and part of Crawford s.w., by the northern part of Craw- ford w., Monroe n. w., Jones n. e., and the Ockmulgee r. separating it from Twiggs e. Length parallel to the general course of the Ockmulgee 30 ms., mean breadth 15, and area 450 sq. ms. extending in lat. from 32° 35' to 33° N. and in long, from 6° 36' to 7° w. from W.C. The general slope is southeast- ward. The Ockmulgee r. enters at the ex- treme northern angle, and flowing within the CO. about 20 ms. becomes thence a boundary between it and Twiggs co. Chief town, Ma cun. Pop. 1830, 7154. Bibb, co.of Ala. bounded by Perry s. Tus- caloosa w. and N. w. Jefferson n. Shelby n. e and E. and Autaiiga s. e. Length 40 ms. mean breadth 20, and area 800 sq. ms. Ex- tending in lat. from 32° 46' to 33° 20', and in long, from 10° 3' to 10° 3U' w. from W. C. The general slope is s. southwestward, and is diiiined in that direction by Cahaba r. Chief town, Centreville. Pop. 1»20, 367G, and in 1830, 6306. Bii)DEi-oRD, p-t. York CO. Me. 38 ms. n. e. York, s. Saco r. It extends to the sea, and has Fletcher's neck, off the mouth of Saco r. and near Wood isl. with a revolving light. Pop. 1830, 1995. Big Black, or Chitteloosa r. of Miss. rises in the country of the Choctaw Indians, interlocking sources wish those of the Oak- noxabce, branch of Tombigbee, and with those of Pearl river, and flowing thence about 60 miles westward along north lat. 33° 10' ; enters Yazoo co. inflects to s. w. and with a very tortuous channel continues that direction 100 ms. to its junction with the Mississippi between Warren and Claiborne COS. at N. lat. 32° 2', and long. 14° 7' w. from W.C. after a comparative course of 160 ms. The valley of Big Black lies between that of 54 BI G Yazoo, and the higher part of that of Pearl. Big Bone Lick, p-v. Boone co. Ky. situated on a creek of the same name, in the southern part of the co. about 30 ms. s. s. w. from Cin- cinnati, and by p-r. 66 ms. nearly due n. from Frankfort. BiGBYviLLE, P-v. southem part of Maury co. Ten. 7 ms. southwardly from Columbia, the CO. seat, and by p-r. 42 ms. s. s. w. Nash- ville. Big Creek, p-o. southeastern part of Logan CO. Va. about 70 ms. s. s. e. Charleston, on Great Kenhawa, by p-r. 396 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 338 a little s. of w. Richmond. Big Creek, a small branch of White r. Ark. rises in St. Francis co. and flowing sthrd. over Philip's falls into white r. about 15 ms. above the mouth of the latter. The valley of Big Creek lies between those of White and Mississippi rs. Big Creek, p-o. on the last noted stream, by p-r. 106 ms. s. e. by e. Little Rock, and 1056 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Big Creek, p-o. on a small creek of the same name, northern part of Shelby co. Ten. by p-r. 221 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville, and 918 ms. in a nearly similar direction from W. C. Big Darly, p-v. in the n. w. angle of Picka- way CO. O. 13 ms. s. w. Columbus. Big Eagle, p-v. in the northeastern jiart of Scott CO. Ivy. by p-r. 34 ms. n. e. Frankfort. Big Flats, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y. 10 ms. n. w. Elmira, 218 w. s. w. Albany, has rich alluvial lands on Cheming r. but the hills are sterile, bearing only pitch and white pine, and shrub oak. Pop. 1830, 1149, Big Hatchy, r. of Miss, and Ten. rises in the Chickasaw country, and northern part of the former, and flows thence n. into H.irdi- man co. Ten. and inflecting to northwestward, pursues that course over Hardiman and Wood into Tipton co. In the latter the chnnnel curves round to s. w. to its final disc^harge into the Miss, above the second Chickasaw Bluff; after an entire comparative course of something above 100 ms. The valley of Big Hatchy lies between those of Loosahatchie and Forked Deer rs. Big Horn, r. great southern branch of Yel- low stone r. has its remote sources in the Chippewayan or Rocky mtns. and as laid down by Tanner, has interlocking sources with those of Arkansas and Platte rs. on the sthrd. and with those of Yellow Stone north- ward. Its extreme southwestern fountains are the springs which feed Biddle lake, n. lat. 42° 20', long. 32° w. from W. C. From this elevated region Big Horn flows 150 ms. to the N. E. receives by the influx of Stinking- water r. from the wstrd. a large accession, and inflecting to a course of n. n. e. 200 ms. joins the Yellow Stone at Manuel's Fort, n. lat. 46°, after a comparative course of 450 ms. The valley of Big Horn lies between those of Yellow Stone proper and Tongue rs. The country it drains is generally compo- BIG 55 BIR scd of open arid plains. (See Yellow Stone.) Big Island, tsp. and p-v. Marion co. O. By p-r. the p-o. is 51 ms. a little w. of n. Co- lumbus. Pop. 1830, 470. Big Lick, p-v. in the southeastern part of Botetourt co. Va. 53 ms. a little s. of w. Lynchburg, 173 wstrd. from Richmond, and by p-r. 250 ms. s. w. by w. from W. C. Big Mills, and p-o. Dorchester co. Md. 14 ms. from Cambridge, the co. seat, and by p-r. 113 ms. s. E. by e. W. C. and 76 s. e. Anna- polls. Big Prairie, and p-v. in the southwestern part of Wayne co. O. by p-r. 77 ms. n. e. from C'olumbus, and 357 n. w. by w. from W. C. Big River Mills and p-o. in the eastern part of St. Francis co. Mo. about 70 ms. s. of St. Louis, 30 s. w. from St. Genevieve, and 9 cstrd. from Farmington, the co. seat Big Sandy, r. ofVa. and Ky. having its most remote sources in the northwestern slopes of Clinch mtn. but receiving tributaries from a distance of 70 ms. along the upper parts of Russel, Tazewell and Logan cos. Va. The eastern or main branch rises in Logan and Tazewell, but the higher streams imiting, the main channel becomes for a dis. tance of 30 ms. a line of demarcation between those two cos. to where it passes Cumberland mtn. From the latter point to its influx into Ohio, the channel of Big Sandy separates Ky. from Va. flowing between Logan and Cabell of the latter, and Floyd, Lawrence, and Greenup of the former state. The main or eastern branch of Big Sandy has interlock, ing sources with those of Guyandot, Blue- stone, branch of Great Kenhawa, Clinch, branch of Tennessee, and its own West Fork. The West Fork of Sandy rises in Russel CO. Va. flows thence westward, traverses Cumberland mtn. and enters Pike co. Ky. Passing over Pike into Floyd in the original direction, the channel curves to nthrd. and unites with the eastern branch between Law- rence, of Ky. and Cabell of Va. The valley of Big Sandy is in its greatest length from s. s. E. to N. N. w. about 100 ms. with a mean breadth of about 30 ; area 3000 sq. ms. ; bounded to the wstrd. by the vallies of Ken- tucky and Licking rs. to the northeastward by that of Guyandot, and estrd. by that of New r. or the upper waters of Great Kenhawa. The main stream enters the Ohio at Catletts- burgh in Greenup co. Ky. and opposite to the extreme southern angle of the state of Ohio. N. lat. 38° 24' and long. 5° 33' w. W. C. Bio Sioux, r. (See Sioiix r.) Big South Fork, of Cumberland r. rises in Morgan co. of Ten. and flowing thence by a general course ahttle w. ofN. enters Wayne CO. Ky. which it traverses to its final influx into Cumberland r. having a comparative course of about 40 ms. Big South Fork, p.v. in the southern part of Wayne co. Ky. by p.r. 28 ms. s. e. Mon- ticello, the co. seat, and 138 ma. s. s. e. Frank- fort. Big SfRiNG, and p-o. western part of Giles CO. Va. 26 ms. wstrd. from tho court house or Parisburg, by p-r. 324 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 266 a little s. of w. Richmond. Bio Spring, p-v. in tho northwestern part of Hardin co. Ky. 17 ms. wstrd. Elizabeth- town, the CO. seat, 45 ms. s. s. w. Louisville, and by p-r. 98 ms. s. w. by w, Frankfort. Big Spring and p-o. in the western part of Montgomery co. Mo. about 80 ms. a little n. of w. St. Louis, and by p-r. 64 ms. n. e. by e. Jefferson, and 952 wstrd. W. C. Big Swamp, and p-o. northwestern part of Montgomery co. Ala. by p-r. 112 ms. s. s. e. Tuscaloosa. Big Walnut r. one of the easterly branches of Sciota r. rises in Delaware co. O. and flow ing thence southwardly, traverses the eastern parts of Delaware and Franklin, and joins the Sciota in the northern side of Pickaway CO. after a comparative course of about 55 ms. Big Walnut has interlocking sources with those of White Womans r. a branch of Musk- ingum. Billerica, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 20 ms. N. w. Boston, is supplied with mill sites by Concord and Shawsheen rs. and has a hand- some V. in the centre, on a fine eminence, with an academy. Pop. 1830, 1,374. Billsburg, p-v. in the northwestern part of Randolph co. Va. by p-r. 224 ms. w. from W. C. and 240 n. w. by w. from Richmond. Bingham, t. Somerset co. Me. 26 ms. n. Norridgewock, 55 n. Augusta, e. Keimebec r. opposite Concord. It has a few brooks. Pop. 1830, 535. Bingham, formerly Rose's, p-v. in the north- western part of Potter co. Pa. 15 ms. from Cowdersport, and by p-r. 192 ms. n. w. Ilar- risburg, and 298 ms. n. n. w. from W. C. BiNGHAMTON, p-v. and cap. Broome co. N. Y. 40 ms. S. W. Norwich, at the junction of Chenango and Suscjuchannah rs. Birciiardsville, p-o. in the eastern part of Susquehannah co. Pa. about 9 ms. from Mon- trose the CO. seat, and by p-r. 172 ms. n. n. k. from Harrisburg. Birch Pond, p-o. in the western part of Fayette co. Ten. 12 ms. from Somcrville, the CO. seat, and by p-r. 196 ms. s. w. by w., Nash- ville and 885 ms. in the same general direc- tion from W. C. Birch River, and p-o. in the northern part of Nicholas co. Va. 17 ms. n. w. from the st. jus. of the CO. and by p-r. 327 ms. a little s. of w. W. C. Birdsall, p-v. Alleghany co. N. Y. 240 ms. w. Albany. Pop. 1830, 543. BiRDSoNo's Bluff, and p-o. on the southern branch of Forked Deer r. and western part of Madison CO, Ten. 9 ms. wstrd. 'from .lackson, the CO. seat, and by p-r. 156 ms. s. w. by w. from Nashville. BiRDSviLLE, P-V. western part of Burke co. Geo. 16 ms. wstrd.' from Waynesboro', the St. jus. and e. Milledgeville. Birmingham, p-v. on the Little Juniata r. northwestern part of Huntingdon CO. Pa. 15 nis. N. w. from the borough of Huntingdon, BLA 56 BLA and by p-r. 105 ras. n. w. by w. Harrisburg, and 163 ms. n. n. w. W. C. BiscANE, bay of Florida on the eastern or Atlantic side of that peninsula. This ellipti- cal sheet of water opens from the Bahama channel, having at the extremes of its en Black r. N. Y. is the third r. in size which is wholly in the state. Rising near the sour- ces of Hudson r. e. Canada cr. after a crook- ed course and receiving many branches, it enters Black r. bay, an arm of Chaumontbay, near the outlet of lake Ontario. Long Falls trance, cape Florida n. and Ellis island s.l extend 14 ms. below Wilna, and High Falls, The small Paradise islands or Keys lie scat- at Turin, are 45 ms. below these. The water tered between the two capes. The centre of the bay is about n. lat. 25^ 35' and long. 3° 20' w. from W. C. BisHOPSviLLE, p-v. near the extreme north- ern angle of Sumpter dist. S. C. about 20 ms. E. Camden, and by p-r. 67 ma. n. e. by e. Co- lumbia, and 477 s. s. w. Washington City. Bissell's, p-o. in the southwestern part of Geauga co. O. about 20 ms. s. s. w. Chardon, the CO. seat, and by p-r. 136 ms. n. e. Colum- bus, and 333 n. av. by w. W. C. BiSTiNEAU, lake of La. in the valley of Red r. This very remarkable sheet of water is, however, only the most extensive of a series of similar reservoirs along both sides of the main channel of Red r. for a distance of 120 ms. below its entrance into La. The author of this article surveyed the country on both sides, in the region of these lakes, and from actual observation came to the conclusion that the Cado, Coshatta, Spanish and Cassin lakes on the right, and Bodeau, Bistineau, Black, Saline, and Noix, on the left, are all of comparative recent formation, and formed by the operation of one general cause. Ta- king Bistineau as an example, since their features are common, it extends along a val- ley, between hills of considerable elevation, for a distance of about 35 ms. varying from half a mile to 3 miles wide. Into the head of this lengthened body of water Dacheet r. enters, and at the opposite or lower extreme it narrows into a river channel connecting it with Red r. It is completely evident that what is now a permanent lake, lies over what was formerly the valley and low lands, or bottom ground of Dacheet, but the alluvial deposit brought down by Red river, gradually formed bars between the base of the hills and effected natural dams. These lakes contribute most efficiently to mitigate the floods of Red r. over La. In the latter, summer, autumn, and early winter, as the streams become low, a considerable part of the water of Bistineau and similar lakes drains out, and extensive natural meadows skirt the margin of the contracted lakes. On the contrary, at the season of winter snows, thaws, rains, and spring flood, the lakes open immense depositories into which the surplus water of the main stream is poured. (See Ocatahoola, and delta. looks dark, and is deep and slow, and the land on the low part is good. It is 18 rods wide at Louville, 40 ms. from its mouth. Black r. of N. C. one of the eastern branch- es of Cape Fear r. rises in the northeastern part of Cumberland CO. between the valliesof Neuse and Cape Fear rivers. Flowing thence about s. s. eastwardly over Cumber- land, Sampson, Bladen and New Hanover counties, it falls into the main stream of Cape Fear r. between New Hanover and Bruns- wick counties, after a comparative course of 90 ms. Black r. of S. C. the s. western branch of Great Pedee r. has its most remote source in Kershaw district, and flowing thence over Sumpter and Williamsburg, falls into Great Pedee 3 ras. above the harbor of Georgetown, in Georgetown district, after a course of 110 ms. The higher confluents of this stream drain the greater part of Sumpter and Wil- liamsburg districts. Black Lake, and r. of La. The river ri- ses out of the pine forests of the parish of Claiborne, interlocking sources with those of the Terre Bonne branch of Washitau, and flowing thence sthrd. expands into a lake and again contracts to a river, which joins the Saline to form the Rigolet de Bondieu. The valley of Black lake andr. lies between those of Saline and Bistineau. Black r. of La. separating the parishes of Concordia and Rapides, though thus lo- cally designated, is in reality lower Washitau. Where the higher Washitau receives the Ten- sau from the n. e. and the Ocatahoola from the w. the united waters take the local name of Black r. which by a very tortuous channel unites with Red r. about 30 ms. above the junction of the latter with thie Mississippi. The soil along both banks of Black r. of La. is highly fertile, and yet rendered generally uncultivatable from annual overflow. The channel of Black r. is navigable except at very low water. Black r. of Mo. and Ark. rises by numer- ous branches in the former, interlocking sour- ces with those of St. Francis, Maramee and Gasconnade rs. and flowing thence by two main branches. Current r. to the w. and Black r. proper to the e. The latter winds, first s. s. E. but curving gradually to the s. w. enters Ar- BLACKr. Windsor CO. Vt. 35 ms. long, joins 'kansas, and unites with Current r. in Law- Connecticut r. at Springfield, after passing | rence co. after an entire comparative course through many ponds, and watering 160sq.|of 110 ms. After their junction, the name of Black r. Orleans co. Vt. runs 30 ms. n. m- !o the s. bay of lake Memphremagog, water- ing 150 sq. ms. Black Lake, (see Oswegatchie lake). Current r. is lost in the general term Black r. which, turning to s. s. w. and continuing in that direction by comparative courses 60 ms. in turn looses its name in that of White r. at their union in Independence co. It may be BLA 57 BLA remarked, that in the much greater part of its course, Black r. receives no tributary of consequence from the left. The channel seems to be a common recipient for numerous streams from the n. w. Of these tributaries, Eleven Points, Spring and Strawberry rs. en- ter l)c]o\v the influx of Current r. The val- ley of JJlack r. including all its confluents, ex- tends from lat. 35° 32' to 37° 40' n. and is about equal to a parallelogram of 150 by 60 or with an area of 9000 sq. ms. very nearly traversed centrally by long. 14° w. from W.C. Blackbys, p-v. in the western part of Indi- ana CO. Pa. by p-r. 202 ms. n. w. W. C. and 170 a little n. of w. Harrisburg. Blackbyville,p-o. in the northern part of Wayne co. O. 8 ms. northwardly from Woos- tcr, the CO. seat, and by p-r. 94 ms. n. e. Co- lumbus, and 3.5.') N.w. by w. from W. C. Black Horse, tavern and p-o. Chester co. Pa. Black Rock, Conn. (See Fairfield, Conn.) Black Rock, p-v. Buffalo, Erie co. N. Y. 2 ms. N. Buffalo, has a large artificial harbor, made by a pier, intended as the canal harbor in lake Erie. A large amount of money was expended in constructing and repairing it, as it was repeatedly injured by storms, &.c. For a few years the village was very flourishing while it was expected to become an important place ; but the capital and business have since been chiefly transferred to Buffalo. Black Rock was burnt by the British during the last war, and but one house left standing. There is here a ferry to Waterloo, on the Canada side about | m. Blacks and Whites, p-o. Nottaway co. Va. by p-r. 60 ms. s. w. Richmond. Black's Bluff and p-o. on the right bank of Alabama r. about 105 ms. n. n. e. Mobile, and by p-r. 126 ms. s. from Tuscaloosa. Blacksburgh, p-v. in the northern part of Montgomery co. Va. 9 ms. northwardly from Christiansburg, the CO. seat, and by p-r. 290 ms. s. w. by w. from W. C. and 215 ms. west- wardly from Richmond. Black Stocks, p-o. in the s. western part of Chester dist. S. C. by p-r. 46 ms.N . n. w. Columbia. Blackstone r. or Pawtucket, rises in Wor- cester CO. Mass. and after a s. w. course across the n. e. corner of R. I. enters Provi- dence r. on the line of Mass. It supplies a great number of factories and mills, and adds vastly to the wealth of the region through which it flows. The Blackstone canal lies very nearly along its course. Blackstone, p-v. Worcester co. Mass. 41 ms. s. w. Boston. Hlackstone Canal, Mass. and R. I. extends from Worcester, Mass. to Providence R. I. It was commenced about 1826, and was first navigated in 1829. It is 45 ms, long, and is supplied principally with water from Black- stone r. It is of great service in the trans- portation of raw cotton, foreign merchan- dize, &c. into the country, and of maliufac- s tured articles and produce to Providence. The cost has been ^700,000. Blackstone, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 41 ms. s. w. Boston. Blacksville, p-o. Monongalia co. Va. by p-r. 243 ms. a little n. of w. W. C. Black Walnut, p-o. Halifax co. Va. by p-r. 112 ms. s. w. Richmond. Black Warrior, (Tuscaloosa) r.of Ala.is formed by two main branches, Locust Fork to the estrd. and Mulberry r. to the wstrd. Both of these constituent streams have their sources in the ridge of hills which separate the Mobile and Tennessee vaHies,and between the confluent streams of Coosa and Tombig- bee. The Locust Fork, or eastern branch, rises in Blount co. within 20 ms. from Coosa r. at the mouth of Will's cr. and about the same distance from the extreme southern bend Ten- nesse r. Flowing thence southwestwardly over Blount co. it unites with Mulberry r. in the western part of Jeflerson co. after a com- parative course of 80 ms. Mulberry r. though with a more contracted length of course than the Locust branch, is however the main stream. Deriving its nu- merous confluent crs. from Lawrence, Walk- er, and the western and central part of Blount COS. the general course of the Mulberry is from N. to s. ; comparative length 60 ms. Be- low the union of its two great constituents the Black Warrior receives no tributary worthy notice in a comparative course of SO ms. to its final junction with Tombigbee. The val- ley of this r. approaches the form of a trian- gle ; base 150 ms. from s. w. to n. e. and from the source of Locust r. to the mouth of the main stream ; greatest breadth 65, and area 4,875 sq. ms. extending in lat. from 32° 32' to 34° 25', and in long, from 9° 15' to 11° w. W. C. In this valley are contained all the COS. of Blount and Walker, great part of Jefferson, Tuscaloosa and Greene, with about one third of Fayette. It has the valley of Tombigbee w., Tennessee n., Coosa n. e. and Cahaba, s. e. Blackwater, r. Merrimack co. N.H. joins Contoocook r. in Hopkinton. Blackwater, r. of Va- has its extreme source in Prince George's co. and within 8 or 10 ms. sthrd. from the influx of Appomattox into James r. Flowing thence southeastward over Surry and Sussex, inflects to the south- ward and separating Southampton on tho right from the isle of Wight and Nansemond on the left, falls into the Nottaway r. very nearly on the border between Va. and N. C. after a comparative course of 70 ms. Blackwell's isl. in the East r. opposite N. York city, near Hurl Gate, is occupied by the city prison or penitentiary, where about 200 convicts are employed in hammering stone &.c. and the institution has become a source of profit to the corporation. Blackwell's Mill and p-o. Fauquier co. Va. by p-r. 60 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 116 .\. N. w. Richmond. Bladen, one of the southern cos. of N. C. BLA 58 BLO bounded n. w. by Cumberland, by Black r. separating it fr rni Sampson n. e., and from New Hanover e,, Brunswick s. e., by White Marsh cr. separating it from Columbus s. w., and by the eastern branch of Lumber r. sepa- rating it from Robison w. Length from s. e. to N. w. 40 ms. meanbreadth 30, and area 1200 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 34"^ 14' to 34° 4!2' and in long, from 1° 15' to 2° 04' w. W. C. The main volume of Cape Fear r. enters the northwestern border and winding southeast- ward divides Bladen into two not very une- qual sections. The general slope is sthrd. Much, indeed most of its surface is flat and marshy. Chief town, Elizabethtown. Pop. in 1820, 7,276, and in 1830, 7,814. Bladenscurg, p-v. in the northwestern part of Prince George's co. Md. and on the bank of the E. branch of Potomac, 6 ms. n. e. from the general p-o. W. C. and 31 ms. w. Annapo- lis. It is a village extending chiefly in one street, along the main road from Baltimore to W. C. Blair, p-v. and st. jus. Harford co. Md. 23 ms. N. E. Baltimore, n. lat. 39o 33', long. 0° 40'E.W. C. Blair's Cross Roads, and p-o. Grainger co. Ten. by p-r. 101 ms. estrd. from Nashville. Blair's Ferry, and p-o. in the eastern part of Roane co. Ten. by p-r. 20 ms. from Kings- ton the CO. seat, 179 a little s. of e. Nashville, and 546 ms. s. w. by. w, W. C. Blair's Gap, and p-o. in the extreme west- ern part of Huntingdon co. Pa. 35 ms. n. from the borough of Bedford, and by p-r. 120 ms. wstrd. from Harrisburg, and 158 n. n. w. W. C. Blairsville, borough and p-v. on the right bank ofConemaugh r. southern part of Ind. CO. Pa. by p-r. 161 ms. a little n. of w. from Harrisburg, and 189 n. w. W. C. This borough stands on the Pa. canal, and is a flourishing village. Pop. 1830, 957. Blairsville, otherwise Bellville, p-o. in the southwestern part of York dist. S. C. 9 ms. s. w. from Yorkville, the st. jus. of the co. and by p-r. 86 ms. a little w. of n. Columbia, and 441 ms. s. w. W.C. Blakelv, p-v. in the northeastern part of Stokes CO. N. C. by p-r. 316 ms. s. w. W. C. and 132 n. w. by w. Raleigh. Blakely, p-v. and st. jus. Early co. Geo. situated between Flint and Chatiahooche rs. by p-r. 869 ms. s. w. W. C. and 227 ms. in a nearly similar direction from Milledgeville. N. lat. 31° 22', and long. 8° w. W. C. Blakely, p-v. port of entry, and st. jus. Baldwin co. Ala. situated on the left bank of Tensaw r. or eastern arm of Mobile r. 8 ms N. e. and on the opposite side from the city of Mobile, and by p-r. 228 ms. a little w. of s. Tuscaloosa, and 1,020 s. w. by w. W. C. n. lat. 30° 44', w. long. 11° 04'. By the returns of the census of 1830, the population of this place is not given separate from that of Bald- win CO. but is supposed about 500 Blakesbtjrg, Plantation, Penobscot co. Me. 20 ms. N.Bangor, 90 n. n. e. Augusta, one tsp. 6. Piscataqua r. crossed by Dead creek, both branches of Penobscot r. Pop. 1830, 403. Blakesburg, p-v. Putnam co. Ind. 19 ms. from Green Castle, the st. jus. and by p-r. 614 ms. wstrd. W. C. and 54 wstrd. Indianopolis. Blanchard's Fork, the eastern constituent of the Au Glaize branch of Maumee r. O. The extreme source is in the central part of Hardin co. interlocking sources with those of Sciota and Sandusky, and flowing thence northwardly 30 ms. into the central part of Hancock co. where abruptly inflecting to the wstrd. it crosses Hancock into Putnam, and finally unites with Au Glaize, near the west- ern border of the latter co. Blanford, p-t. Hampden co. Mass. 15 ms. w. Springfield, 116 s. w. Boston, s. w. West, field r. two branches of which rise here among hilly country, and are subject to sudden floods. It is a good farming town, and was principally settled from n. of Ireland. Pop. 1830, 1,590. Blanding, p-v. Orangeburg dist. S. C, by p.r. 61 ms. southwardly from Columbia. Bledsoe, co. of Ten. bounded s. w. by Ma^ rion, by Cumberland mtn. separating it from Warren w., and White n. w., by Fentress n., Roane n. e., and by Walden's Ridge, separa- ting it from Rhea co, e. Length from s. w. to N. E. 40 ms. mean breadth 15, and area 600 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 25' to 36^ N. and in long, from 7° 48' to 8° 36' w. W. C. This CO. occupies part of the comparatively elevated valley between Cumberland mtn. and Walden's Ridge ; the central part being a table land from which flows southwestwardly the sources of Sequatchie, and northeast, wardly those of Emery's r. The surface hilly and in part mountainous. Chief town, Pikesville. Pop. 1830, 4,6 Iti. Blendon, p-v. and tsp. of Franklin co. O. The tsp. in 1830, contained a population of 666. The p-o. is within a few ms. from Co- lumbus, the seatof government, but the exact distance is not given in the post office list. Blenheim, p-t. Schoharie co. N. Y. 44 ms. w. Albany, 38 n. n. w. Catskill ; is supplied by Schoharie cr. and branches, with many fine mill seats, includes the w. part of the Catsberg hills, bears oak, walnut, beech, ma- ple, birch, &,c. Pop. 1830, 2,280. Blissfield, p-o. Lenawee co. Mich, by p-r. 67 s. w. by w. Detroit. Blockersville, p-v. Edgefield dist. S. C. by p-r. 64 ms. a little s. of w. Columbia, and 553 ms. s. w. W. C. Block Island, or New Shoreham, isl. and t. Newport CO. R.I. lies in the Atlantic, 15 ms. s. s. w. Point Judith, 12 s. of the nearest part of the continent, 3 ms. by 8, has an un- even surface, generally high, with a chain of ponds from n. to centre, has no forests and is devoted to tillage, though formerly to pasture. It is a heap of loose earth, with separate masses of granite, and is constantly washmg away by the sea. It has no harbor, and boats are secured only by bemg drawn upon shore. BLO 59 BLU Long. 71° 30' w., lat. 41° 8' n. It is proposed by the U. S. gov't, to form a harbor here. Blocklkv, tsp. along the right bank of Schuylkill r. Philadelphia co. Pa. 3 ms. Phil- adelphia. Pop. 1810, 1,618, 1820, 2,655, and in 1830, 3,401. Bloody Brook, p-v. Frnnklin co. Mass. 90 ms. w. Boston, the scene of a battle in 1675. Bloody Run, p-v. Bedford co. Pa. on the left bank Juniata r. 8 ms. E. borough of Bedford, and by p-r. 118 ms. n. w. W. C. Bloom, p-v. in the s. e. part of Seneca co. O. by p-r. 423 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 83 northvs^ard of Columbus. Bloomfield, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 7 ms. n. K. Norridgewock, 33 n. Augusta, s. Kenne- bec r. at the bend. Has an academy. Pop. 1830, 1,072. Bloomfield, p-t. Ontario co. N. Y. 13 ms. w. Canandaigua, 12 ms. by 6, has £in agreea. ble variety of surface, with a good and well cultivated soil, and is supplied with many mill seats by Honeoye outlet and Mud cr. It produces grain, grass, and plenty of apples, &c. East and West Bloomfield are p-vs. In the latter is an academy. Pop. 1830, 3,861. Bloomfield, p-t. Esse.^c co, N. J. 5 ms. N. w. Newark. Pop. 1830, 4,309. Bloomfield, p-v. and tsp. of Crawford co. Pa. 16 ms. wstrd. Meadville. Bloomfield, p-v. Loudon co, Va. by p-r. 51 ms. N. w. by w, W. C. Bloomfield, p-v. in the northeastern part of Nelson co. Ky. by p-r. 44 ms. s. w. Frank- fort, and 595 wstrd. W. C. Pop, 1830, 301. Bloomfield, p-v. in the southeastern part of Oakland co. Mich. 19 ms. n. w. Detroit. Bloomfield, p-v. and st. jus. Greene co. Ind. situated on the west branch of White r. by p-r. 648 ms. w. W. C. and 76 below and s. vv. Indianopolis. n. lat, 39° 06' and long. 10° w, from W. C. Bloomfield, p-v. Edgar co. II by p-r. 120 nis. N. e, Vandalia, and 689 ms. w. W. C. Bloomingbuiig, p-v. Sullivan co. N. Y. 23 ms. w. Nevs?burgh on Shawangunk cr, Bloomingburq, p-v. in the n. part of Fay- ette CO. O. by p-r. 44 ms. e. w. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 100. Bloomingdale, p-v. in the w. part of Jef- ferson CO. O. 14 ms. from Steubenville, and by p-r. 274 n. w. by vv. W. C. and 135 n. e. by E, Columbus. Blooming Grove, p-t. Orange co. N, Y. 12 ms. w. West Point, is broken by mountainous ranges of the Highlands, and watered by Murdner's or Murderer's creek. Skunne- munk mtn. has several commanding eminen- ces, s. e. Salisbury mills is a village and 2 ms. w. of it Washingtonville. Craigsville and Oxford, are small villages. Pop. 1830, 2,099. Blooming Grove, p-v. in the n. e. part of Tazewell co. II. by p-r. 772 n. w. by w. half w. W. C. and 169 northwardly Vandalia- Bloomington, p-v. and st. jus. Monroe co. Ind. by p-r. 627 ms. w. W. C. and 51 s. w. In- dianopolis ; N. lat. 39° 12', long. 9° 34' w. from W. C. Bloomington, p-v. and st.jus. McLean co . II. Neither the co. or village is located by either Tanner's United States, or the post office list of 1831. Bloomingville, p-v. in the n. part of Huron CO. O. 15 ms. N. Norwalk, the co. seat, and by p-r. 415 ms. n. w. by w. W. C, and 108 a little e. of n. Columbus, Bloomsburg, p-v, situated on the right bank of the main or e. branch of Susquehannah r, and in the s. e. part of Columbia co. Pa, by p-r. 75 ms. above Harrisburg, and 196 a little E. ofN.W.C. Bloomsburg, p-v. in the southern part of Halifax CO. Va. 13 ms. s. Banister, the co, seat, and by p-r. 233 s, s. w, W, C, and 143 s. w. by w. Richmond. Bloomville, p-v. Delaware co. N. Y. 70 ms. s. w. Albany. Blount, co. of Ala. bounded by Jefferson s., Walker s. w. and w., Morgan n., the Chero. kee country n. e,, and St. Clair co. e. and s. E. Greatest length from e. to w. 55 ms, mean breadth 30, and area 1,650 sq, ms. Extending in lat, from 33° 45' to 34° 16', and in long, from 9° 14' to 10° 12' w. from W. C, The N, and n, e, boundaries of this co. are along the dividing ridge between the vallies of Tennessee, and Tombigbee branch of Mo- bile r. From this rather elevated tract, the higher sources of both branches of Black Warrior r. are poured southwardly, giving a general slope to the county in that direction. The surface is billy, and soil with some exceptions rather sterile. Chief t. Blountsville. Pop, 1820, 2,415, 1830,4,233. Blount, co. of Ten. bounded by Tennessee r. separating it from the Cherokee country s. w., and Monroe co. of Tenn. w., by Holston r. separating Roane co. n. w., and Knox n., Sevier co. n. e. and e., and the Iron mtn, se- parating it from Haywood co. N. C. s. e. Length 48 ms, mean breadth 14, and area 672 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 28' to 36"' 53', and in long, from 6° 24' to 7° 12'. The slope of this co. is n. wstrd. towards Holston r. The surface is broken, but soil good. It is among the most ancient settlements of Ten. by the whites. Chief t. Marysville. Pop. 1820, 11,258, and in 18.30, 11,028. Blount Spring, p-o. in the s. part of Blount CO. Ala. by p-r. 90 ms n. e. from Tuscaloosa, and 789 s. w. by w. W. C. Blountsville, p.v. Jones co. Geo. 17 ms. w. Milledgeville. Blountsville, p-v. and st. jus. Blount co. Ala. situated on Locust branch of Black War- rior r. 56 ms. southward from Huntsville, and by p-r. 748 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 110 N. E. Tuscaloosa, n. lat. 34° 05', w. long. 9° 35' from W. C. Blountsville, p-v. and st. jus. Sullivan co. Ten. 107 ms. n. e. by e. Knoxville, and by p-r. 409 s. w. by w. W. C. and 306 a little n. of e. Nashville, n. lat. 36° 32', long. 5° 18' w. W. C. Blue Hilj^, p-t. Hancock co. Me. IS ms. n.b. BLU 60 BLU Castine, 78 Augusta, on a large Bay — it has an academy. Pop. 1830, 1486. Blue House, p-v. in the southern part of Colleton liist. S. C. by p-r. 93 ms. s. Colum- bia, and 588 s. w. W. C. Blue Mountain. This undistinguishing term has been applied to several chains of the Appalachian system in the U. S. but more particularly to that one called by some tribes of Indians " Kaatatin Chunk," or Endless mountain. If we turn our atttention to the Appalachian chain we find them often only interrupted, where a cursory survey would lead us to place a termination. Whether the Kittatinny Chain or " Blue Mountain" could be detected eastward from the Hudson we are unprepared to determine, but westward of that river, this chain is found distinct in the Shawangunk, near Kingston, in Ulster co. N. Y. It thence ranges s. w. meets and turns Delaware r. at the extreme northern angle of N. J. and continues its original di- rection to the Del. Water Gap, where the mountain chain is traversed by the river, and the former curves more westward, enters Pennsylvania, over which it ranges about 150 ms. to the northern angle of Franklin co. af- ter having been pierced by the Lehigh, Schuylkill, and Susquehannah, rivers. Be- tween Franklin and Bedford cos. the Kitta- tinny reassumes nearly its original direction in the state of N. Y. and though in some places confounded with the Alleghany, real- ly continues a distinct chain over Md. Va. N. C. and Ten. into Ala. s. w. of Susquehan- na, the Kittatinny rises, and extending first nearly w. between the coiifluents of Coredog. winet and Shoreman's rivers, is thence bro- ken into ridges bounding on the w. the valley of Conecocheague, gradually curves to the southward, and reaches Potomac, extend- ing very little w. of s. Rising again beyond the Potomac, between the Opequan and Black creeks, it runs nearly parallel with the Blue ridge, is passed by the North Fork of Shenan- doah, and extends thence between the two main branches of that river. Though scarce- ly appearing distinctly on our best maps, the chain of Kittatiimy is completely distinct and continues over Rockingham, Augusta, and Rockbridge cos. Va. into Botetourt, to where it is traversed by James river, below the mouth of Craig's creek. Rising again be- yond James r. the chain stretches along the higher sources of James and Roanoke rs. to the centre of Montgomery co. near Chris- tiansburg. Here it leaves the Atlantic slope, and merges into the valley of O. by entering the subvalley of New river or Upper Ken- hawa. Thus far, in all its range from the Hudson, the Kittatinny chain is broken into links by the higher sources of the Atlantic rivers, and similar to the Southeast mountain and Blue ridge, the base gradually rises, ascending the vast inclined plain obUquely, until it reaches the highest apex between the sour- ces of Roanoke and those of Little river branch of New river. In this region the lowest gap through which measurements luive been made for a projected canal, is 2049 feet above the level of the Atlantic ocean. The base of the chain now commences to de- press and inflecting to a course considerably west of southwest, is traversed by New river or Upper Kenhaway. Beyond the htter stream, under the local name of Iron moun- tain, and discharging to the eastward the confluents of New river, and from the oppo- site flank those of the south branch of IIol- ston and Watauga, reaches the extreme north, eastern angle of Ten. At the latter point, the chain assumes a direction very nearly s. w. and under the various local names of Iron mountain. Bald mountain. Smoky mountain, and Unika mountain, is pierced in succession by Watauga, Doe, Nolechucky, French Broad, Big, Pigeon, Tennessee, Proper, and Hiwassee rs. & merges according to Tanner's map of the United States, into Blue ridge, in the northern part of Georgia, between the sources of Coosa and Hiwassee rivers. If the whole body of the Kittatinny and its mean elevation is compared with the body and elevation of Blue ridge, the former ex- ceeds in both respects, from the Hudson to their termination in Georgia, though at the High lands on the Hudson and in the Peaks of Otter, the Blue ridge rises to a superior el- evation from their respective bases. As a distinct and defined chain the Kitta- tinny is upwards of eight hundred miles in length. The height above the ocean varies from 800 to 2,500 feet. All the ridges in their natural state were wooded to their sunmiits, though the trees are goncrdl- ly stunted in growth at any considerable height. In the vallies along both flanks the timber is often very large and lofty ; par- ticularly the pines, oaks, hemlocks, and lirio- dendron. On some of the ridges good arable soil is found on the summits, but sterility is the general character of the soil. Amongst the peculiar features of this chain, one may be remarked, which gives it a very distinct character. In all its length, it is no where strictly a dividing limit between river sources. Without assuniing any connexion with the mountains eastward of the Hudson, the Kit- tatinny is pierced by the Delaware, Le- high, Schuylkill, Susquehannah, Potomac and James rivers, flowing into the Atlantic ocean, and by the Great Kenhawa, and various bran- ches of Tennessee flowing into the valley of Ohio, or basin of the Mississippi. Blue Ridge ; of the distinctive chains of the Appalachian system, and indeed of all the sections of this system, the Blue ridge stands most apart and prominent, though of much narrower base, and of less mean elevation than either the Kittatinny or Alleghany. On a colored map of Virginia the Blue ridge has a very striking appearance, arising from the fact of being a county hmit in all its range over that state. Without tracing a probable but hypothetical identity, between the moun- BLU 61 BLU tains of Mass. Conn, and Vt. with the Blue ridge, we first meet this chain distinct at West Point on the Hudson river. Thence it rises into brolccn but continuous ridges over N. Y. and N. J. to the Delaware, in a south- westerly direction. Traversed by the Dela- ware imntediately below the influx of Lehigh, and inflecting similar to the Kittatinny, to s. w. by w., it is pierced by the Schuylkill at Reading, by the Susquchannah below the mouth of Swatara, by the Potomac at Harp- er's Ferry, by James river, between Bed- ford and Amherst cos. Virginia, and by the Roanoke between Bedford and Franklin cos. in the same state. In its further progress s. w. from Roanoke, the Blue ridge becomes the limit of river source to its final extinc- tion in Ala. The length of this chain from the Hudson to Roanoke, 450 ms. and from Roanoke to where it ceases to be a distinct chain in Ala. 3.50 ms. having an entire length of 800 ms. s. w. from the Hudson. The Hudson does not, however,terminate the Blue ridge to the N. eastward. Many river passages through mountains have been noticed and celebrated, and, amongst others, the passage of this chain by the Potomac at Harper's Ferry ; but it may be doubted whether from all the at- tendent circumstances, any similar phenome- non on earth combines so many very remark- able features as the tide stream of the Hudson through the two chains, the south- east mountain and Blue ridge. Profoundly deep, far below the utmost draught of the largest vessels of war, the flux and reflux of the tides rush along a nar- row and tortuous channel, on both sides bounded by enormous craggy and almost per- pendicular walls of rock, rising from one thousand to twelve or fifteen hundred feet above the water surface. Sailing along this astonishing gorge the mind involuntarily de- Tilands by what operation of nature has this complication of wonders been produced ? Again, what in an eminent degree enhances the surprise and admiration, is the fact, that this'*great river pass is made directly through a mountain nucleus. In all the chains of the Appalachian system, masses rise at different places, far above the ordinary height, and spreading much wider than the mean base of the chain in which they occur. The peaks of Otter — the peaks in the Catsbergs, in Windham, Green co. N. Y. several peaks of the Green mts. in Vt. and above all, the White mts. of N. H. are examples. The Highlands, pierced by the Hudson, and passed by the tide from the" ocean, are however, every thing considered, by much the most remarkable of these mountain peaks or groups to be found, not only in the U. States, but probably on this planet. Receding from the highlands, either to the s. w. or n. e. the chain depresses so much, that on our maps, the continuity in either direction, is generally not represented. There is, nevertheless, in the vicinity of the Hudson, no real interruption of either the s. e mtn.or Blue Ridge, along their lines of direc tion.The highest peaks being in the Blue ridge on both sides of the river. Of these peaks, the highest is Butter Hill, which rises 1,535 feet above the ocean tides, and rising abrubt- ly from the water, affords a very fine and extended landscape to the n. w. and n. After leaving the Hudson, Blue Ridge con- tinues to N. E. about 20 ms. and then, similar to other chains of the same system on both sides of that river, rapidly inflects to a course a very little n. of e., a direction which it maintains above 250 ms. in the states of N. Y. Mass. and Vt. For the first 70 ms. of ita northerly course, the Blue Ridge discharges from its eastern flank numerous branches of Housatonic, and from the opposing slope, Fishkill, Wappingers, Jansen's or Ancram, and Kinderhook creeks, flowing wstrd. into the Hudson. With the sources of Housa- tonick and Hoosack rs. the features of Blue Ridge change ; hitherto from the Hudson, a line of river source, it now loses that charac ter, and is broken into innumerable ridges by the higher sources of Hoosack and Batten Kill, flowing into the Hudson, and thence by those of Paulet, Otter, Onion, La Moille, and Missisque rs. falling into lake Cham- plain. All these latter streams rise in the s. E. mountain, and flowing down a western slope pass the Blue Ridge. A hypothesis may be hazarded that what is designated Greenmountains in the southern part of Vt. and the ridge or series of ridges known by the same term in the northern part of the same state, are fragments of two sep- arate chains, though generally represented as the continuation of one & the same chain. Re- garding the great western chain e. of the Hudson, in the State ofN. Y., Mass. and Vt. as the continuation of Blue Ridge, the whole length of the chain in the U. S. exceeds 1,000 ms. In relative elevation, the Blue Ridge is humble, though in one part, Bedford co. Va. the peaks of Otter rise to 4,200 feet above tide water. Generally, the ridges are from 700 to 1,000 feet above their bases, and the base rising with the mountain, when the ridg- es are seen from the elevated table land, from which flow Roanoke, Kenhawa, Yadkin, and Tennessee, they are, in fact, less impo- sing than when seen from the Hudson, Dela- ware, Susquchannah, Potomac or James rs. though at the former region, the real ocean- ical elevation is more than double to what it is near the more northern rivers. From its prominence, and southwestward- ly from the Hudson, its isolation. Blue Ridge has been, though very erroneously, regarded and delineated as the extreme southeastern chain of the system ; in reality, however, it is the third distinct chain advanci'ig from the Atlantic ocean. (See art. Southeast mtn.) Blue Rock, p-v. in the western part of Musk- ingum CO. O. 12 ms. from Zanesville, and by p-r. 71 E. Columbus, and 348 n. w. by w. W. C. Blue Spring Grove, p-o. Barren co. Ky. 12 ms. N. Glasgow, the st. jus. and by p-r. 126 s. w. Frankfort. BOE 62 BOL Blue Stone, small r. of Va. in Tazewell and Giles cos. rises in the latter, interlocking sources with those of Clinch and Big Sandy, flows thence n. e. down a mountain valley into New r. which it enters about five miles above the influx of Green Brier r. Blue Stone, p-o. on the Blue Stone r. southeastern part of Tazewell co. Va. by p-r. 279 ms. a little s. of w. Richmond, and 337 e. w. by w. W. C. Blue Sulphur Spring, and p-o. Green Bri- er CO. Va. by p-r. 203 ms. w, Richmond, and 264 s. w. by w. W. C. Bluffdale, p-o. in the w. part of Greene co. II. 10 ms. w. Carrollton, the st. jus. for the co. and by p-r. 116 ms. a little n. of w. Vandalia, and897 w. W.C. Boalsburg, p-v. in the southern part of Centre co. Pa. 15 ms. s. Bellefonte, by p-r. 81 N. w. Harrisburg, and 183 n. n. w. W. C. BoARDMAN, p-v. on Malioning r. and in the 8. E. part of Trumbull co. O. 11 ms. s. e. and below Warren, the st. jus. and 161 ms. n. e. by E. Columbus. BoDCAU, r. of Ark. and La. The Bodcau rises in Hempstead co. of the former, and flowing thence s. over La Fayette, enters Claiborne parish, La. expands into a lake and again into a river which falls into Red r. op- posite the great raft. The valley of Bodcau lies between those of Bistineau and Red r. The lake of Bodcau is similar in its features to that of Bistineau, which see. BoEUF, large bayou or creek of La. Jias its source in the pine forests, of the parish of Rapide, 8 or 10 ms. s. w. from the village of Alexandria on Red r. This remarkable wa- ter course flows first to the n. e. towards Red r. and entering the alluvial tract near that stream, approaches within a few hundred yards of that arm of Red r. called the Rapide bayou, but the Boeuf retires to the s. e. about 15 ms. where it divides into two streams, one of which, the left or eastern, winds eastward- ly and communicates with Red r. by an out- let from that stream ; again divides the right branch, forming the bayou de Glaize which unites with the Atchafalaya, 5 ms. below the outlet of the latter from the Mississippi. The main or right branch of the Boeuf, af- ter the division of its waters as noticed above, assumes a course of s. s. e. by direct distance thirty miles, but perhaps a third more follow. ing the windings to its junction with the Cro- codile, to form the Courtableau r. The lands along the Boeuf are exuberantly fertile. By its channel, at seasons of high flood, a naviga- ble connexion exists for small vessels, be- tween Red r. and the streams of Opelousas and Attacapas. The writer of this article made this navigation in a very large pirogue, built on lake Bistineau, brought down Red r. and through the intermediate bayou into the Boeuf, and down the Boeuf into the Courta- bleau to Lemelle's landing, 4 ms. from the village of St. Lardie in Opelousas. Boeuf, r. of Ark. and La. rises in the for- mer and in Arkansas co. and within 7 or 8 ms. from Arkansas r. Interlocking sources with those of the Barthelemy, and flowing at a mean distance of about 20 ms. from the Miss. r. over Ark. and Chicot cos. the Boeuf enters La. Bending to s. s. w. about 70 ms. and again curving to a little e. of s. joins the Washitau, twenty direct miles north of the junction of the latter with Ocatahoola and Tensaw. The entire comparative course of the Boeuf is 170 ms. The valley of Boeuf generally separates the pine forest land from the annually overflown tracts along the Mis- sissippi and Tensaw rs. A boatable channel could be easily formed to unite the Mississippi with the Washitau by means of the Boeuf, and by a canal from Grand lake immediately above the northern boundary of Louisiana. Bogle's, p-o. in the s. w. part of Iredell co. N. C. by p-r. 167 ms. w. from Raleigh. Bogle's, p-o. Perry co. Ala. by p-r. 50 ms. s. E.Tuscaloosa. Bogue Chitto, r. of the states of Miss, and La. is the s. w. branch of Pearl r. rising in Lawrence co. of the former, flows thence by a course a little e. of s. over Pike, and en- ters Washington parish. La. Inflecting to southeast 35 ms. over Washington, it thence bends still more e. and for a distance of 25 ms. separates the latter from St. Tammany parish to its final influx into Pearl r. after an entire comparative course of about 90 ms. The Bogue Chitto has interlocking sources with those of Bayou Pierre, and Homochitto, but higher part of the valley of Bogue Chitto lies principally between that of Pearl and Tangipaha, and the lower part between that of Pearl and Chifunate. Bohemia, large cr. in the southern part of Coecil CO. Md. This cr. rises in Newcastle CO. Del. and flowing thence w. opens into a comparatively large bay, which communi- cates with the Elk r. between 4 and 5 ms. above the opening of the latter into Chesa- peake bay. The Bohemia heads with the Appoquinimink. Bolivar, p-v. Alleghany co. N. Y. 265 ms. w. Albany. Bolivar, p-o. Westmoreland co. Pa. by p-r. 189 ms. N. e. by w. W. C. and 166 w. Harris- burg. Bolivar, p-v. in the s. part of Robeson co. N. C. by p-r. 101 ms. a little w. of s. from Raleigh. Bolivar, p-v. Washington co. Miss, about 100 ms. N. N. e. Natchez. Bolivar, p-o. and st. jus. Hardiman co. Ten. situated on Big Hatche r. 70 ms. a little N. of E. Memphis, on Mississippi r. and by p-r. 849 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 158, in nearly a similar direction from Nashville, n. lat. 35® 16' and long. 12° w. from W. C. Bolivar, p-v. on Tuscarawas r. in the north- ern angle of Tuscarawas co. O. 10 ms. above and north from New Phil, the st. jus. and by p-r. Ill ms. N. E. by e. Columbus, and 324 N. w.by w. W. C. Bolivia, p-v. in the w. w. part of St. BOO 63 BOO Genevieve co. Mo. by p-r. 894 ma. a little b. ofw. W. C. and about 65 a little w. of s. St. Louis. Bolsters' Mills, p-v. Cumberland co. Me. 81 ms. from Augusta. Bolton, p-t. Chittenden co Vt. 17 ms. n. w. Montpelier, 17 s. e. Burlington, is very moun- tainous, and has but a small part habitable, on the w. range of the Green mtns. crossed by Onion r. and several branchea. Pop. 1830, 452. Bolton, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 33 ms. w. Boston, has a varied surface, with good soil, between Concord and Nashua rs. Pop. 1830, 1258. Bolton, p-t. Tolland co. Conn. 14 ms. e. Hartford, 3 ms. by 5, is on the granite range which divides the waters of Conn. & Thames rs., has a coarse gravelly loam, with very good grazing, with oak, walnut, chestnut, &c. It has a branch of Hop r. and one of Salmon r. Pop. 1830, 744. Bolton, p-t. Warren co. N. Y. 14 ms. n. Caldwell, 76 n. Albany, w. Lake George, e. Scaroon r. has a mountainous or hilly surface, with broad vallies. It yields wheat, rye, grass, &c. with fruit trees near the lake. Timber is carried down the lake on rafts. The people are chiefly from N. England. The t. hicludes Tongue mtn. n. w. Bay, and the Narrows of Lake George, which is spot- ted with innumerable islands, and offers the most romantic scenery on the lake. The steamboat Mountaineer plies from Caldwell to the bottom of the lake 14 ms. Pop. 1466. Bond, co. of II. bounded by Clinton s., Madison w., Montgomery n., and Lafayette E. Length 20, breadth 18, and area 360 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 44' to 39° 02', and in long, from 12° 16', to 12° 36' w W. C. The slope is nearly due south, and in that direction is drained by Shual creek and other smaller streams flowing into Kas- kaskia r. Chief town, Grenville. Pop. 1830, 3124. Bone, p-o. Hopkins co. Ky. by p-r. 210 ms. s. w. by w. P^ankfort. Bonnet Carre', (Square Bonnet,) remark- able bend of the Mississippi r. Bonnet Carre', p-o. on Bonnet Carre' Bend parish of St. Jolm Baptist, La., 36 ms. above New Orleans, and by p-r. 1241 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. - Bono, p-v. in the southern part of Lawrence CO. Ind. by p-r. 84 ms. a little w. of s. In- dianopolis, and 631 westward W. C. Bon Pas, p-v. on the right bank of Wa- bash r. in the extreme n. e. angle of White CO. II. 45 ms. s. w. Vincennes, and by p-r. 106 ms. s. E. by e. Vandalia, and 747 West- ward W. C. Bon Secours. (See Mobile bay). Boone, p-v. in the w. part of Pickens co. Ala. 11 ms. w. Pickensville, the st. jus. and by p-r. 48 ms. w. Tuscaloosa, and 906 s. w. byw. W. C. Boone, one of the two extreme northern COS. of Ky. bounded by Grant s., the Ohio fiver below the mouth of Great Miami, eepa- tingfrom Switzerland co. Ind. w., and Dear- borne CO. Ind. N. w., by Ohio river above the mouth of Great Miami, separating it from Hamilton co. O, n., and by Campbell co. Ky. E. Length from south to north along the Ohio river, 25 ms., mean breadth 12, and area 300 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 47', to 39° 08' N., and in long, from 7° 35', to 7° 51' w. from W. C. The slope is westward to- wards the Ohio r. surface very hilly, but soil productive. Chief towns, Burlington and Florence. Pop. 1820, 6582, 1830, 9075. BooNE, CO. of Ind. bounded s. by Hendricks, w. by Montgomery, n. by Wabash, e. by Hamilton, and s. e. by Marion. Length 26, breadth 20, and area 520 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 57', to 40° 13', and in long, from 9° 13', to 9° 42' w. from W. C. The slope is westward and drained in that direc- tion by Sugar and Raccoon crs. and other streams flowing into Wabash r. Thorntown, the St. jus. is situated in direct distance 35 ms. southwestwardly from Indianopolis, but by p-r. 62, and 598 ms. w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 622. Boone, co. Miss, bounded on the n. w. by Howard, n. by Randolph, n. e. by Ralls, e. & s. e. by Callaway, and s'. and s. w. by Missou- ri r. separating it from Jefferson. Length from south to north 40 ms. ; mean breadth 20, and area 800 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 38', to 39° 12' and in long, from 15° 03', to 15° 32' w. W. C. It slopes a little w. of s. and is drained in that direction by Rock cr. Cedar cr. and other small streams falling into Missouri r. Chief town, Columbia, situated 24 ms. eastwardly from Franklin, and 130 west St. Louis. Population 1830, 8839. Boonsboro', or Morganville, p-v. in the eastern part of Washington co. Md. 11 ms. s. s. E. Hagerstown, 16 n. w. by w. Freder- ick, and by p-r. 59 n. w. W. C. BooNESBORo', p-v. on the left bank of Ky. r. Madison co. Ky. 41 ms. s. e. Frankfort, 13 s. s. E. Lexington, and by p-r. 526 a little s. of w. W. C. Boone's Mill, and p-o. Franklin co. Va. by p-r. 167 ms. s. w. Richmond, and 263 s. w. by w. W. C. Booneton, p-v. Boone co. Mo. by p-r. 57 ms. northwardly from Jefferson, and 992 ms. westwardly from W. C. Boonevile,p-v. and St. jus. Warrick co. Ind. situated between Pigeon and Cypress crs. 19 ms. N. E. by E. Evansville, on Ohio r. 55 ms. s. s. E. Vincennes, and by p-r. 187 ms. s. s. w. from Indianopolis. BooNEViLLE, p-v. St. jus. Coopcr CO. Mo. situated on the right bank of Missouri r. op- posite to Franklin in Howard co. by p-r. 185 ms. a little n. ofw. from St. Louis, and 5i n. w. by w. Jefferson. BooNviLLE, p-t.' Oneida co. N. Y. 27 ms. n. Utica, is hilly in some parts, is crossed by Black r. of L. Ontario, 10 ms. above High Falls. The v. is in the s. on the Black r. road. Pop. 1830, 2,746. BooTHBAY, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. 10 ms. s! e. BOS 64 BOS WisCasset, 39 from Augusta, w. Damariscot- ta r. which, with another arm of the sea w. almost insulate it. Pop. 1830, 2,286. BoRDENTowN, p-t. B+ullngton CO. N. J. 6 ms. s. Trenton, '24 n. Phil., e. Delaware r. has a level surface, considerably elevated. By means of the river it has a ready commu- nication with the Phil, market. The seat of the Count de Survilliers, Joseph Bonaparte, is here, on the bank of the Del. BoRDENviLLE, p-0. Carteret co. N. C. by p-r. 177 ms. s. E. Raleigh, and near the Atlantic coast, Boam.AY, p-v. in the western part of Union CO. Ky. by p-r. 753 ms. w. W. C, 21 5 a little s. of w. from Frankfort, and 10 w. from Mor- ganfield, the co. seat. BoRGNE, lake of, as usually denominated, is a bay, and the western extreme of Pasca- goula sound. The sheet of water particular, ly called lake Borgne, lies between the parish of Plaquemines in La. and Hancock co. Miss. It communicates on the n. e. with Pascagou- la sound by the pass of Christian, between Cat island and the main shore of Mississippi, on the E. with the gulf of Mexico by the pass of Marian, and to the n. w. with lake Pont- chartrain, by the two passes of Rigoletts and Chef Menteiir. From its position lake Borgne is important, as through it exists the inland or Pontchartrain entrance to New Orleans. (See Pascagola sound.) BoREDiiVo, p-v. in the n. w. part ofWayne CO. Mich, by p-r. 547 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 30 westwardly from Detroit. BoscAWEN, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H. 8 ms. N. N. w. Concord, 52 n. w. Portsmouth, e. Mer- rimack r. 7 ms. by 7, contains 32,230 acres, and is partly watered by Blackwater r. on which are fine meadows and mill sites, and it has Great and Long ponds. It has exten- sive meadows on Merrimack r. The hilly country (five sevenths of the t.) is fertile and bears oak, »fcc. It is remarkably healthy. First settled 1734, and the inhabitants lived in a garrison 22 years. Pop. 1830, 2,093. BosTic's Mills, and p-o. in the s. part of Richmond co. N. C. by p-r. 411 ms. s. w. W. C. and 127 s. w. by w. Raleigh. Boston Corner, t. Berkshire co. Mass. Pop. 1830, 64. Boston, s-p. capital of Mass. and st. jus. Suffolk CO. is the largest city in New England, and the fourth in the U. S. in population. It stands on an irfegular peninsula, at the bottom of Mass. bay, and is united s. v/. to the main land by a narrow neck, which formerly was overflowed by high tides. Length nearly 2| ms., original breadth 1 m. but by the addition of streets built out* upon the flats is now much wider ; so that including South Boston (which is not within the peninsula) the whole extent is about 3 sq. ms. It is distant from W. C. N. E. 436 ms. .300 n. e. Phil., 210 n. e. New York, 100 E. N. E. Hartford, 40 n. e. Provi- dence ; long. 70° 58' 53" w. lat. 42° 22' n. Pop. I76r>, 15,520, in 1790, 18,038, in 1800, 24,937, in 1810, 33,250, in 1820, 43,298, and in 1830, 61,392. Its harbor is commodious f it might contain 500 ships, and is of depth sufficient for those of the largest size. It is protected from storms by numerous islands. On Governor's and Castle islands, are forts Warren and Independence, which defend the harbor, and in a good degree shelter it from the sea. The entrance is very narrow. Commerce. — The commerce of Boston has always been great. Many ships are owned and employed in their coasting and foreign trade ; imports about $14,000,000 and ex- ports about !^ 1 0,000,000 ; amount of revenue secured at the customhouse in 1831, t'j^5,299,- 608. Aggregate tonnage of 3 lines regular coasting vessels to New York 19 JO, and their cargoes estimated at $6,000,000 per annum. There are also regular packets to Phil. Baltimore, Alexandria, Georgetown, Washington, Charleston, Hartford, Albany, Troy, &.C. Large investments have been made by the capitalists here, in the joint stock manufacturing establishments of Mass. in Lowell, "Waltham and many other towns ; and in N. H., R. I., Conn, and other states. The interior communication has been much improved. The Middlesex canal, which is 29^ ms. long, breadth 30 feet, and depth 3 feet, with an elevation of 104 feet, extends to Lowell from Boston harbor, and forms with Merrimack river a navigable channel to Con- cord, N. H. Large quantities of manufactured goods and the raw material, granite, timber, &c. are transported upon it. A rail road is now constructing to Lowell, and several oth- ers are projected ; from Boston to Albany, and Ogdensburg, N. Y. to Providence R. I. and Taunton ; and surveys were begun in 1831 for one or more to the waters of Narra- ganset bay. Numbers of fine stage coaches run regu- larly on all the principal roads from Boston, and the travelling between that place and Providence is very great, while the steam boats ply on Long Island sound. By steam boats to Augusta, Me. and thence to Quebec by the Kennebec road, travellers have gone through in five days. Banks, Insurance Companies, ^-c. — There are 22 Banks, the aggregate capital of which is $15,600,000, including a branch of the U. S. bank, capital .$1,500,000, and the State bank, capital $1,800,000. In 1831 their divi- dends were $770,000. There are 13 Ma. rine Insurance companies, capital $3,375,000, and 10 Fire Insurance companies, capital $2,. 8: 0,000 : the Mass. hospital and Life Insu- ranee company, capital, $500,000, and the Mass. Assurance, and Fishing Insurance companies. Seventeenof these companies, in 1831, averaged more than 5 per cent, dividend. Bridges, °5' rises the French liroad r. which, receiving tributary creeks from both chains flows in a northwardly direction, with a curve to the E. 55 ms. to its passage through the Bald mountain, after having drained the south- BUR 77 BUR eni part of Buncombe. Similar to the French- 1 30 ms. and area 1,200 sq. ms. Beside Sa- Broad, the Nolachucky rises also in Bun- combe, and draining the northern part ot the CO. by confluent streams from both chains, bends to n. vv. and enters the state of Ten. between the Bald and Iron mountains. Bun- combe co. comprises the s. e. section of the basin of the Mississippi ; the French Broad interlocking sources with those of Santee and Savannah rs. as the Nolachucky does with those of the Catawba. Buncombe is an elevated region, the lowest point perhaps exceeding 1,00.J feet above tide water, and the farms varying from that height to 1,400, or 1,500 feet, which, with a north, western exposure gives to Buncombe a win- ter as intense, if not more so, as that of south- ern Maryland. The surface is excessively broken, and soil as greatly varied. The air and water are, however, as fine as that of any other section of the earth. Chief town, Ashville. Pop. 1820, 10,542, and in 1830, 16,281. BuNDYSBURO, p-v. in the northern part of Geauga co. O. by p-r. 13 ms. northwardly from Chardon. Burgess' Store, and p-o. in the s. part of Northumberland co. Va. by p-r. 101 ms. a little N. of E. Richmond. BuRGETTSTowN, Small p-v. in the n. w.part of Washington co. Pa. Burke, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt. 40 ms. n. e. Montpelier, 37 N. Newbury First settled, 1790, — has Passumpsick r. with many mill sites, and Burke mtn. 3,500 ft. s. e. It is uneven, with good soil, and hard wood, and evergreen trees. Magog oil-stones are brought from an island in Memphramagog lake, and manufactured here. Pop. 1830, 866. Burke, co. N. C. bounded by the Blue Ridge, which separates it from Buncombe n. w., by Wilkes n. e., Iredell e., Catawba r. which separates it from Lincoln s. e., and by Rutherford and the western part of Lincoln s. This county is commensurate with the upper valley of Catawba, enclosed on three sides by Montague hills, Blue Ridge, and Brushy mtn. The various creeks rising in these mtns. and flowing towards the interior of the county to form Catawba, which, flow, ing estrd. to the western border of Iredell, then turns abruptly to the s. and continues that course to its tinal issue from N. C. In lat. Burke co. reaches from 35° 32' to 36° 08' N. and in long, from 4° 12' to 5° 15' w. from W. C. Greatest length n. e. to s. w. in the general direction of the Catawba valley, 65 ms. mean breadth 25 ms. and area 1625 sq. ms. Similar to most mountain valleys, the soil is of every quality. The elevation ren- ders it a grain district. Pop. 1820, 13,411, in 1830, 17,888. Chief ts. Morgantown and Mackeysville. Burke, co. of Geo. bounded by Scrive s. E., Great Ogeechce r. or Emanuel co. s. Jef- ferson w., Richmond n., and Savannah r. which separates it from Barnwell dist. S. C. vannah and Great Ogeechee, which bound this county, it is watered by Brier cr. which, entering its western border, traverses the co. in a s. E. direction, n. lat. 33° and long. 5° w. from W. C. intersect near the centre of Burke. Chief t. Waynesboro. Pop. 1820, 11,574. Burkes Garden, and'p-o. Tazewell co. Va. 20 ms. N. N. w. Evansham. BuRKEsviLLE, p.v. in the northern part of Prince Edward co. Va. by p.r. 66 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. BuRKEsviLLE, p.v. and St. jus. Cumberland CO. Ky. on the right bank of Cumberland r. by p-r. 152 ms. a little w. of s. from Frankfort. BuRKETSviLLE, p-v. Frederick co. Md. Burlington, p-t. and port of entry, and st. jus. Chittenden co. Vt. 38 ms. Montpelier, 22 s. E. Plattsburgh, 97 s. Montreal, 75 N.White- hall, has a fine and advantageous situation, E. lake Champlain, and is large and flourish, ing. The v. is on a slope of 1 m. to a fine harbor. On the top of the hill is the college, and many of the private houses are in beauti. ful taste, with large gardens, &c. It has the county buildings, an academy, bank, ($150,- 000 capital) &c. Many of the vessels on the lake belong to this village. A manufacturing village is at the falls of Onion r. 5 ms. from its mouth, IJ m. n. e. Burlington. First set- tled just before the revolution, which inter- rupted it. It is agreeably uneven, with a soil not very good : hard timber s. w., pine plains N. E. Below the falls is a fine alluvial tract. Limestone abounds, and some iron ore is found. The Champlain glass company here make excellent glass. Very good stage coaches travel by day light to Boston, through Middlebury, Rutland, Keene, and in other di- rections. A branch of the U. S. bank is lo- cated here. Burlington college is J m. e. of the village, overlooking it and much of the lake. Two steam boats which ply between Whitehall, and St. John's L. Canada, touch here, and another runs to Plattsburgh, 25 ms. The road to Rutland is quite level, with fine scenery. Pop. 1830, 3,525. Burlington, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 12 ms. n. w. Boston. Pop. 1830, 446. Burlington, p-t. Hartford co.Ct. 16 ms. w. Hartford, 5 ms. by 6, 30 sq. ms. is irregular, with a gravelly loam on granite rocks, yield- ing grain, &c. and is watered by Farmington r. and branches of Poquaback r. Pop. 1830, 1,301. Burlington, city, port of entry and st. jus. Burlington co. N. J. on e. bank Delaware r. 11 ms, s. Trenton, 17 n. e. Phil., is a very pleasant place, with green banks on the rivtjr and some fine country seats, principally of Phil, gentlemen. The co. buildings, a bank, and an academy, are here. The large steam boats touch here several times every day. The soil is good, level, well cultivated, and inhabited by industrious people. It is opposite Bristol, Pa. Pop. 1830, 2670. Burlington, co. N. J. nearly triangular. on the N. E. Length 40 ms. mean breadth bounded by Hunterdpn, Middlesex and Men- BUR 78 BUT mouth COS. N., Little Egg Harbor s. e., Glou- cester CO. s., Delaware r. w. It has Ranco- cus and Croswicks crs. with Assompink or. N. and Little Egg Harbor or. s. Burlington is the CO. town, and it contains also Borden- town, Mount HoUey &c. The land n^ar the Delaware, is level, fertile, well cultivated and sends supplies to Phil, but much of the re- mainder is poor. The steam boat navigation of Delaware river is important to the co. and one of the great routes of travelling between Philadelphia and New York is by Borden- town, where the Rail-road is to strike the Delaware from Amboy, and whence it is to extend to Camden. Pop. 1830, 31,107. Burlington, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y. 12 ms. w. Cooperstown, 78 w. Albany, is hilly, arable, productive, and well supplied with mill sites, by Butternuts and Otsego creeks, which have rapid descents. The trees are maple, beech, birch, elm, &c. Pop. 1830, 2459. Burlington, p-v. in the southeastern part of Bradford co. Pa. by p-r. 162 ms. e. of n. Harrisburg. Burlington, p-v. Hampshire co. Va. about 16(1 ms.N. n. w. W. C. . Burlington, p-v. Meigs co. Ohio, 8 ms. westward from Chester, the co. seat. Burlington, p-v. and st. jus. Lawrence co. O. situated on Ohio r.in the extreme southern point of the state, nearly opposite the mouth of Great Sandy r. by p-r. 135 ms. s. s. e. Co- lumbus, Pop. 163U, 149. Burlington, p-v. and st. jus. Boone co. Ky. 12 ms. s. w. Cincinnati. Pop. 1830, 276. Burnham's, p-t. Waldo co. Me. 37 ms. s. Augusta. Pop. 1830, 803. Burning Spring, p-v. in the n. w. corner Floyd CO. Ky. by ])-r. 126 ms. s. e. Frankfort. Burnt Coat, Island, Hancock co. Me. ofl' Blue-hill bay and Union r. Pop. 1830, 2.54. Burns, town Alleghany co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 702. LiuRNT Corn, p-v. in the s. part of Monroe CO. Ala. by p-r. 183 ms. s. Tuscaloosa. Burnt Cabins, p-v. Bedford co. Penn. by p-r. 70 ms. s. w. by w. Harrisburg. Burnt Prairie, p-v. in the s. part White CO. U. 15 ms. from Carmi, the st. jus. for the CO. Burnt Tavern, p-o. in the s. part of Gar- rard CO. Ky. by p-r. 49 ms. s. s. e. from Frank- fort. BuRRiLLViLLE, p-t. Providcncc CO. R. I. 24 ms. N. w. Providence, is a new t. e. Conn, line, 5 ms. by 12, with 60 sq. ms. rough, with pretty good timber and grazing land, on pri- mitive soil, watered by the outlet of AUum pond. It is a manufacturing town. Pop. 18.30,2196. Burrow's Old Store and p-o. in the n. part of Madison co. Ala. l)y p-r. 15 ms. from Hnntsville, the st. jus. Burrsville, p-v. Caroline co. Md. by p-r. 87 ms. E. W. C. and 50 from Annapolis. Burton, t. StraH'urd co. N. H. 7.3 ms. n. e. Concord, 45 Guilford, 75 Portsmouth, 5 ms. by 12, with 36,700 acres, supplied by Swift r. a branch of Saco r. and other streams, with mill sites. They once were stocked with otter and beaver. There are high, granite mtns. Chocorna, &c. The soil is generally good, with maple, birch, ash, pine, &c. Pop. 1830, 325. Burton, p-v. and tsp. in the e. part of Geauga co. O. 9 ms. s. E. Chardon. Pop. of tsp. 1830, 646. BuRTONsviLLE, p-0. E. part of Orange co. Va. by p-r. 81 ms. n. w. Richmond. BusiiKiLL, p-v. on Del. r. at the mouth of Bushkill cr. Pike co. Penn. 90 ms. e. of n. Phil. BusiiKiLL, the name of two creeks of Penn. one rising near the centre of Pike co. in three branches which rise and fall into the Del. at the village of the same name ; the second rises in the Blue or Kittatinny mtns. Northampton co. and falls into Del. r. at Easton. BusHviLLE, p-v. Franklin co. Geo. by p-r. 116 ms. nthrd. Milledgeville. BusHwicK, t. King's co. N. Y. on Long Island, E. East r. opposite N. Y. is hilly, with a light, fertile loam, with Bushwick and Williamsburgh v. At the latter is a steam ferry boat to N. Y. Pop. 1830, 1020. Buskirk's Bridge, p-v. Cambridge, Wash- ington CO. N. Y. BusTi, p-v. Chatauque co. N. Y. 334 ms. w. Albany. Pop. 1830, 1680. Butler, t. Wayne co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 1764. BusTLETOWN, p-v. Phil. CO. Penn. 11 ma. n. K. Phil. Butler, co. of Penn. bounded by Alleghany s., Beaver w., Mercer n. w., Venango n., and Armstrong e. Length 35, mean breadth 23 ; and area 800 sq. ms. extending from n. lat. 40° 42 'to 41° 11', and in long, from 2° 48' to 3° 14' w. from W. C. Alleghany r. merely touches the n. e. angle of Butler, from which it then recedes, and again touches the s. e. angle at Freeport. The body of the county is drained by the Slippery Rock, and other branches of Connequenessing, flowing wtrd. into this r. Surface very hilly, but soil ex- cellent for grain, fruit, and pasturage. Chief town, Butler. Pop. 1820, 10,251, 1830, 14,683. Butler, p-v. borough and st.jus. Butler co. Penn. on the Connequenessing, 32 ms. e. of n. Pittsburg, and by p-r. 205 ms. wstrd. Harris- burg. Pop. 1830, 567. Butler, co. Ky. bounded by O. co. n. w., Grayson n. e., Warren s. e., Logan s. w. and Muhlenburg w. Length from s. w. to n. e. 38 ms. mean breadth 15, and area, 570 sq. ms. ex- tending from n. lat. 37° to 37° 23', and in long, from 9° 25' to 10° 2' w. Green r. receives its great tributary. Big Barren, on the s. e. margin of this county, and the united waters in a n. w. direction, flow across the county, and then turning s. w. form a common boun- dary between it and O. co. to the eastern an- gle of Muhlenburg co. Thus though Butler may be considered an inland co. a line navi CAB 79 CAB gable channel untites it to O. r. Chief town, In. w. Saco, 40 n. York, 71 s. s. w. Augusta, Morgantown. Pop. 1820, 3083, 1830, 3058 Butler, co. Ala. bounded w. by Monroe and Wilcox, n. by Montgomery, e. by Pike, s. by Covington and Conecuh. Length 33, mean breadth 30, and area 1000 sq. ms. ex- tending from n. lat. 31° 30' to 31° 57', and in long, from 9° 38' to 10° 2' w. from W. C. Surface undulating, and soil generally thin and sterile. It is a table land from which flow many creeks towards Ala. r. but the body of country slopes southwardly, giving source to Patsligala, Pigeon and Supulga, branches of Conecuh r. Staple, cotton. Chief town, Greenville. Pop. 1820, 1405, in 1830, 5650. Butler's, p-o. Putnam co. Geo. by p-r. 28 ms. nthrd. Millcdgeville. Butler's Mills, p-o. Montgomery co. N. C. by p-r. 100 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. Butler's Ferry and p-o. Jackson co. Ten. by p-r. 94 ms. n. e. by e. from Nashville. BuTTAHATCHE, r. rises in the wstrn. part of Marion co. Ala. and flowing s. s. w. enters and traverses Monroe co. Miss, falls intoTombig- bee 12 or 13 ms. above Columbus, after a comparative course of 70 ms. This stream has interlocking sources with Bear creek, flowing into Ten. with the Black Warrior. Buttermilk Channel, the channel between Governor's Island and Long Island in New York harbor. Butternuts, p-t. Otsego CO. N. Y. 21 ms. s. w. Cooperstown, 87 w. Albany, bears grain and grass ; maple, beech, birch, elm, &c watered by Unadilla creek, and other streams ; contains Louisville v. Gilbertsville V. and Gilbert's v. p-o. Pop, 1830, 3991. Butts, co. Geo. bounded by Monroe s., Pike w., Henry n. w. and Oakmulgee r. separating it from Newton n. e., Jasper e. and Jones s. e. Length 28 ms. breadth 15, and area 420 sq. ms. extending in lat. from 33° 5' to 33° 28', and in long, from 6° 50' to 7° 13' w. from W. C. Chief town, Jackson. Pop. 1830, 4944. Butztown, p-v. Northampton co. Penn. by p-r. 103 ms. n. e. by e. Harrisburg. Buxton, p-t. York co. Me. e. Saco r. 8 ms. ' bordering n. e. on Cumberland co. Here is a large manufactory on Saco r. at a fall of 79 feet ; 7 ms. by 40. Pop. 1830, 2856. BuvGONSviLLE, p-v. castem part of De Kalb CO. Geo. by p-r. 92 ms. n* w. Millcdge- ville. Buzzard's Bay, on s. coast Mass. 7 ms. by 40, with Plymouth co. n., Barnstable co. e., Bristol CO. w. and Atlantic Ocean s. It ex. tends within 3^ ms. of Cape Cod Bay, 2^ Barnstable, to which a canal has been pro- posed for coasters through Sandwich^ It re- ceives a number of small streams ; Elizabeth islands are off the mouth. Seakonet is the w. Point. Byberry, tsp. and p-o. Phil. co. Penn. by p-r. 11 ms. n. e. Phil. Byfield, p-v. and parish, Rowley and New^ bury, Essex co. Mass. 6 ms. s. w. Newbury, port, has a good soil, well cultivated. Parker r. falls 40 feet in 1 m, of tide, with many mill sites, on one of which was the first woollen factory in New England, perhaps in America* Boats go to the ocean. Here is Dummer's academy, founded 1756, by Lt. Governor D. with a fine farm, for a Latin and grammar school; opened 1763; the first academy established in Mass. Byon, p-v. and st. jus. Baker co. Geo. on Flint r. at the Falls, by p-r. 150 ms. s. w. Mil- ledgeville. Byrasi, r. on the s. w. bound, of Conn, be- tween it and N. Y. is small, and runs into Long Island Sound. Byram, t. Sussex co. N.J. has a part of the range of Schooley's mtn. verges upon Morris canal s. with Hop Pond on the e. Pop. 1830, 958. Byran's p-o. Pike co, Geo. by p-r. 68 ms. w. Milledgeville. Byron, p-t. Genesee co. N, Y, 10 ms. e. N. E. Batavia, 5 ms. by 6, has level and good land, watered by Black, Bigelow and Spring creeks, with some mill seats. Pop, 1830, 1936. c. Cabarras,co, of N.C. bounded s.w. by Meck- lenburg, N. w. by Iredell, n. by Rowan, and s. E. by Montgomery. It is in form of a tri- angle, base from e. to w. along Montgomery and Iredell 30 ms. and salient point sthrd. between Montgomery and Mecklenburg with a perpendicular of 20 ms. which yields 300 sq. ms. Cabarras occupies a mountain valley drained by the higher sources of Rocky river. These streams with a general southern course unite in the southern part of the co. and leav- ing it at the extreme s. point turn thence eastward, separating Montgomery and Anson CO. fall into the Yadkin. The face of Ca- barras is broken and in part mountainous, though much of the soil is productive. Lat. from 35° 13', to 35° 30' n. and long, from 3° 21', to 3° 52' w, W. C Chief town, Concord. Pop. 1820, 7228, 1830,8810. Cabell, co. of Va. bounded by Mason co. n. E., Kenhawa e., Logan s. e., Sandy r. which separates it from Lloyd, Lawrence, and Greenwich co. of Ky. w., and by O. r. which separates it from Galia and Lawrence co. O, N. Greatest length from s. w. to n. e. 50 ms. mean width about 20, and area of 1000 sq. ms. Extending from 37° 55', to 38° 40' n. and in long, from 4° 45', to 5° 34' w. from W. C. Beside this and Sandy rivers which form part of the boundaries of Cabell, it is subdivided into two not very unequal parts, by th^ Great Guyandot, which rises in Logan, enters Ca- bell, over which in a northwestern direction, it reaches the Ohio, r. below Barboursville, CAI 80 CAL The face ofCabell is very broken and in part mountainous. The soil, except a minor part, rocky and sterile. Chief town, Bar- boursville. By the census of 1820, Cabell, then including about one third of what is now com- prised in Logan, contained a pop. of 4789, in 1€30, Cabell, as then restricted, contained 5834. Cabell, court house, p-o. and st. jus. Ca- bell CO. Va. [See Barboursville, Cabell co, Va.) Cabin Poipo-, p-v. almost on the meridian of W. C. and in the w. part of Surry co. Va. 49 ms. s. E. Richmond. Cabin Creek, p-o. , in the southern part of Lewis CO. Ky. by p-r. 83 ms. n. e. by e. Frank- fort. Cabot, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt. 18 ms. n. e. Montpelier, 65 n. Windsor, 6 ms. sq. on the head waters of Onion r. First settlement, 1785. The plain is on the height between Conn, and Onion rivers. The soil is hard and uneven. Zerah Colburn was born here. Pop. 1830, 1304. Cackley's, p-o. Pocahontas co. Va. by p-r. 202 ms. N. w. by w. Richmond. Cadiz, p-v. and st. jus. Harrison co. Ohio, 27 ms. s. w. by w. Steubenville, and by p-r. 124 N. E. by e. Columbus. It is a very neat, thriving village. Pop. 1820, 537, 1830, 818. Cadiz, p-v. and st. jus. Trigg co. Ky. on Little r. a small branch of Cumberland r about 100 ms. n. w. Nashville, Ten. and by .p-r. 218 ms. s. w. from Frankfort. Caddo, p-v. Clarke co. Ark. by p-r. 75 southward from Little Rock. Cadwallader, p-v. in the e. part of Tusca- rawas CO. O. by p-r. 112 ms. n. e. by e. Co- lumbus. Cahaba, r. Ala. rises in Jefferson and St. Clair cos. flowing s. w. by w. over Bibb, Shelby, Perry, and Dallas cos. falls into Ala. r. at the town of Cahaba, after a course of 120 ms. Cahaba, p-v. and st. jus. Dallas, co. Ala. on the right bank of Alabama river, immediately below the mouth of Cahaba r. 77 ms. s. s. e. Tuscaloosa, and about 14o ms. n. n. e. Mo- bile. Cahokia, p-v. on the left bank of the Miss. r. St. Clair co. II. 5 ms. s. e. St. Louis. Cahoos Falls, N. Y. 3 ms. from the mouth of Mohawk river, is one of the greatest cataracts in the U. S. The Mohawk falls very abruptly about 70 feet over a broken precipice of slaty rock, in one sheet of foam, at high wafer. The banks below are nearly 100 feet high, rocky and perpendicular. Fish abound in the basin. Erie canal, on the s. bank, surmounts the fall by locks, and cros- ses the river on an aqueduct, a little above. A bridge crosses about 1 mile below, and Champlain canal by a ferry. Cain's p-o. Lancaster co. Pa. 64 ms. east- ward Harrisburg. Cainsville, p-v. Wilson co. Ten. by p-r. 48 ms. eastward from Nashville, and 700 s. w. by vv. from W. C. Ca Ira, (pronounced Sa Era) small p-v. on Willis river, in the w. part Cumberland co. Va. 62 ms. a little s. of w, Richmond and 45 ms. N. e. by e. Lynchburg, Calahan's, p-o. Alleghany co. Va. by p-r. 189 ms. w. Richmond. Cairo, p-t. Green co. N. Y. 10 ms. n. w. Catskill, ] 1 w. Athens v. 40 s. Albany, baa the summits of Catskill mts. on s. bound, nearly 7^ ms. sq., is hilly, with alluvial levels on Catskill creek, and 2 branches, which also supply iron works, mills, &,c. Pop. 1830, 2912. Calais, p-t. Washington co. Me. 30 ms. N.w. Eastport, 204 e. Augusta; below the falls of St. Croix r. it is accessible to navigation through Passamaquoddy bay. It stands a lit- tle above and nearly opposite St. Andrews in New Brunswick. Pop. 1830, 1686. Calais, t. Washington co. Vt. 37 ms. e. Burlington, 12 Montpeher. Population 1830, 1539. Calcasiu r. of Louisiana, rises in the par- ish of Natchitoches, between Red and Sa- bine rivers. Flowing thence in a nearly gen- eral southern course, but curving to the east ward, with a remarkable compliance to the course of lower Sabine. From the source of the former to the head of Calcasiu lake, the two rivers maintain a nearly regular distanc-e of about 35 ms. asunder. The Calcasiu rises in a forest of pines, which continues to be the prevailing tree on all its tributaries to where all forest ceases ; and is followed by the prarics of Opelousas. Issuing from this great body of woods, the Calcasiu similar to the Sabine, expands into a lake, of from 1 to 10 ms, wide, and 30 long, and again contracting into a river falls into the Gulf of Mexico at n. lat. 29° 28,' long. 16° 20' w. from W. C. Though the tide flows up this river above the head of its lake, it can scarce be called navigable, as there is not more than 3 feet water at it« mouth and not much more in the lake. The soil it waters both in woods & prarie is mostly thin and sterile, though in the former section supplied with abundance of pure and limpid spring water. Caldwell, p-t. and cap. Warren co. N. Y, 62 ms. N. Albany, at the head of lake George, 7 ms. in extent, is very hilly and picturesque, the scenery on this lake being more admired than almost any other in the U. S. The head of the lake is in the centre of the township, and towards it slopes a high ridge 2 or 3 ms. s. French mln. nearly e. and Rattlesnake mtn. 1^ ms. w. leaving little arable land. Part of Scaroon creek, the e. branch of Hud- son r. touches the w. bound. Caldwell village, near the head of lake George w. containing the co. buildings, is pleasant, with a fine view down, and over the sites of Fort George and Wm. Henry. There is a hotel for about 200 persons look. ing upon a basin and the lake, for hundreds of visiters who resort here every summer. Near it is the line of approaches of Gen. Montcalm, who captured Fort Wm. Henry CAL 81 CAM 1757, and allowed the prisoners to bo massa- cred by Indians. A steamboat plies hence to the bottom of the lake in the warm season, and the excursion surpasses all others of the kind in the country for beauty of scenery. Gen. Johnson was attacked, 1765, where Fort George was built, bv Gen. Dieskau, who was defeated. Pop. 1830, 797. Caldwell, p-t. Essex co. N. J. a Httle s. Morris canal, and s. Passaic r. has. Short Hills in the e. part. Pop. 1830, 2,004. Caldwell, co. of Ky. bounded s. w. by Tennessee r. which separates it from Calla- way and McCracken cos., n. w. by Livings- ton, N. E. by Tradewater r. which separates it from Hopkins co., and n. e. by Trigg. Length 32 ms. breadth 22, and area 700 sq. ms. Cumberland r. enters the s. e. border, and by a very winding channel, passes over the s. w. part, leaving a strip of 1 to 8 ms. wide between the latter r. and Ten. r. Sur- face mostly level, and soil productive. Chief towns, Eddyville and Princeton, n. lat. 37°, and long. 10° w. intersect in this co. Pop. 1820, 9,022, 1830, 6,324. Caldwell's p-o. Washitau parish, La. by p-r. 201 ms. n. w. N.Orleans. CaledOi\l\, CO. Vt. w. Connecticut r. 700 sq. ms. is crossed in w. part by the height of lands on e. range of Green mtns. between which and Conn. r. is fine country, with Pas- sumpsic r. &c. w. of it, forms Onion r. Lime- stone, granite, &c. abound, and sulphur springs. Chief and county t. Danville. In- corporated 1792. Pop. 1830, 20,967. Caledonlv, p-t. Livingston co. N. Y. 31 ms. w. Canandaigua, 12 n. Genesee, 1 7 above Rochester, w. Genesee r. which is very crooked, but affords navigation to Erie canal ; it has excellent wheat land. 2^ ms. by 8. Pop. 1830, 1,618. Caledonia, p-v. in the s. w, part Moore co. N. C. 20 ms. sthrd. from Carthage, the co. seat, and by p-r. 89 ms. s. w. Raleigh. Caledonia, p-v. in the w. part Henry co. Ten. by p-r. 123 ms. a little n. of w. Nash- ville. Caledonia, p-v. in the southern part Jeffer- son CO. Ind. by p-r. 97 ms. 9. s. e. Indianopo- lis. Caledonia, p-v. in the western part Wash- ington CO. Mo., 15 ms. wstrd. from Potosi, the St. jus. Calhoun's, p-v. and st. jus. McMinn co. Ten. on Iliwassee river, 78 ms. s. w. Knox- ville, and by p-r. 159 ms. s. e. by e. Nashville. Calhoun's Mills, and p-o. Abbeville dist. S. C. by p-r. 136 ms. s. w. Richmond. Calibogue Sound, aninlet of S. C. between Dawfuskee and Hilton Head islands. It opens a little e. of n. 7 ms. from Savannah r. entrance, and extending inland is lost in a maze of interlocking inlets, enclosing the nu- merous islands which chequer the ocean bor- der of Beaufort dist. between Broad and Sa- vannah rivers. Calland'3, p-o. Pittsylvcuiu CO. Va. by p-r. 136 ms. s. w. Richmond. 11 Callaway's Mill, and p-o. Franklm co. Va.by p-r. 190 ms. b. w. by w. Richmond. Callinsburo, p-v. Armstrong co. Pa. by p-r. 248 ms. wstrd. Harrisburg. Calloway, co. of Ky. bounded by Graves w., McCracken n., Tennesse r. separating it from Caldwell n. e., Trigg e., Stewart co. Ten. s. E., and Henry co. Ten. s. Length 30, mean width 20, and area 600 sq. ms. Ex- tending in lat. from 36° 30' to 36° 56' n., and in long, from 11° 11' to 11° 35'. The eastern margin of this county declines n. e. towards Tennessee r. but the body of it is drained by Clarke's r. flowing n. into Ohio. Chief t. Wadesborough. Pop. 1830, 5,164. Calvert, co. Md. bounded n. by Ann Arun- del CO., E. by Chesapeake bay, and s. s. w. and w. by Patuxent r. which separates it from St. Mary's, Charles, and Prince George's cos. Length 33 ms., mean width 8, and area 264 sq. ms. Rolling surface, rather than level or hilly. For lat. and long, see article Prince Fredcricktown. Pop. 1820, 8,073, 1830, 8,900. Calvert, p-o. Franklin co. Ky. Cambria, p-t. Niagara co. N. Y. 7 ms. n. w. Lockport, 13 e. Lewiston v. is crossed e, and w. by the mtn. ridge, and Erie canal, with small streams of Howell's, Cayuga, and 18 m. creeks. The soil is pretty good, ill watered, and greatly diversified. Lockport, a very important v. is in this t. (See Lock- port.) Pop. 1830, 1,712. Cambria, co. Pa. bounded e. by the Allegha- ny chain which separates it from Bedford and Huntingdon, n. by Clearfield, w. by Laurel Hill, separating it from Ind. and Westmore- land, and s. by Somerset. Length from s. to N. 36 ms., mean breadth between the two chains of mountains, 20 ms., and area 720 sq ms. Cambria occupies part of the elevated mountain valley, from which the streams flow, like radii from a common centre. The southern part is drained by numerous creeks of Conemaugh river, whilst the northern sec. tion gives source to the extreme heads of the w. branch of Susquehannah. By the surveys made on the route of the Pennsylvania canal, it appears that Johnstown, at the forks of Co- nemaugh in this county, is elevated 1154 feet above the tide water, in Delaware r. This point is at least 150 feet below the common level of the county, which may be assumed at 1300 feet. The surface of the county is hilly, rocky, and in part mountainous, with a soil of middling quality. In lat. it extends from 40° 15' to 40° 40' n. and in long, from 1° 22' to 2° w. from W. C. Pop. 1820, 3,287, in 1830, 7,076. The canal and rail way route, designated the Pennsylvania canal, passes over the southern paii of Cambria. Cambridge, p-t. Franklin co. Vt. 30 ms. n. w. Montpelier, 22 n. k. Burlington, 28,533 acres, first settled 1783. Lamoille r. runs 12 ms. in it, with branches and mill sites. It is uneven, but fertile, with 3 villages. Pop. 1830, 1,613. Camuriugk, p-t. .Middleac.K co. Mass, Sins- CAM 82 CAM N. w. Boston, was first settled 1G31. It has 3 principal divisions ; Cambridge, containing the university, an arsenal, and several churches, is pleasantly situated on a beauti- ful plain, extending from Charles r. It is a handsome village, and contains the residen- ces of several officers of the university. Cambridge port, p-v. is a village of conside- rable business, containing several churches, connected by w. Boston bridge with the city ; and East Cambridge, p-v. on Lechmere point, is also a flourishing village, where are vari- ous manufactories, among them the largest of glass in the U. S., a court house, jail, and 4 churches. This point is connected with Boston by Craigie's bridge. Harvard University, the oldest institution of the kind in the U. S. was founded in 1638, and derives its name from Rev. John Har- vard, who made the first large donation to it. It was designed to be a nursery for the churches. The buildings are University Hall, an elegant granite edifice, 140 feet bv 50, and 42 high ; Hollis, Massachusetts, Stoughton and Holworthy Halls ; Holden Chapel, of brick, containing a chemical laboratory, ana- tomical museum, and other lecture rooms, and Divinity Hall, a commodious building, ap- propriated to theological students. The li- brary is the largest in the U. S. containing 35,000 volumes, exclusive of that for the stu- dents, of nearly 5,000. There is also a min- eralogical cabinet, and a botanic garden of 8 acres. Connected with the University are also a law and medical schools, and a theolo- gical seminary. By large donations from the state, and individuals also, this institution is more richly endowed than any other in the U. S. Several professorships have thus been established. The president's house, and the medical college in Boston, containing a library of 4,000 vols, belong to the institution. Pres- idents, as inducted, — Dunster, 1640, Chaun- cey, '54, Hoar, '72, Oaks, '75, Rogers, '82, Mather, '85, Willard, 1701, Leveret, '08, Wadsworth, '25, Holyoke, '37, Locke, '70, Langdon, '74, Willard, '81, Webber, 1806, Kirtland, '10, and Quincy, 1828. Under- graduates, 1830 — 31,248 — medical students, 91 — law 31. Commencement is on the last Wednesday in August. The first printing press in America was located here, and was used by Steplicn Day, who printed " The Freeman's Oath." The American army encamped here in 1776, du- ring the siege of Boston, and some of their entrenchments remain. On Copp's hill is a monument bearing date 1625. Pop. 1830,6072. Cambridge, Washington co. N. Y. 12 ms. s. Salem, 35 n. e. Albany. It is in part, hilly, has good farms, on a warm deep gravel. Streams — White creek, with few mill scats. Pop. 1830, 2,319. Cambridge, p-v. and st. jus. Dorchester co. Md. on s. side of Choptankbay, about 12 ms. above its mouth, 36 ms. s. e. Annapolis in a di- rect line, but by p-r. 53. Cambridge, p-v. in the e. part of Abbeville dist. S. C. by p-r, 81 ms. a little v. of w. Columbia. Population 1820, about 350. Cambridge, p-v. and st. jus. Guernsey co. O. on Wilts creek, 53 ms. w. from Wheeling, and by p-r. 83 ms. a little n. of e. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 518. Camden, p-t. Waldo co. Me. 12 ms. n. e. Thomaston, 59 s. e. Augusta, on Penobscot bay. Pop. 1830, 674. Camden, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y. 20 ms. N. w. Rome, 6 ms. by 12, has many mill sites on Fish creek — is uneven, with a fertile, sandy loam, good for grain, bearing beech, maple, bass, and hemlock. Camden and Taberg iron works, arc villages. Pop. 1830, 1,945. Camden, p-v, Newton, Gloucester co. N. J. e. Delaware r. opposite Philadelphia, with a ferry. Here commences the Camden and Amboy rail road, designed to transport travel- lers and merchandize between New York and Philadelphia. (See Rail Roads and Canals.) Camden, co. of N. C. bounded by Nanse- mond and Norfolk counties, Va. ^., by Curi- tuck CO. N. C. n. e., Albemarle sound s. and- Pasquotank r. and co. w. Greatest length from s, e. to N. w. 38 ms. ; mean breadth 6, and area 228 sq. ms. ; n. lat. 36° 15', long. 38' e. from W. C. Surface level, and in part marshy. Pop. 1820, 6,305, 1830, 6,733. Camden, C.H. and p-o. Camden co. N, C, by p-r. 199 ms. n. e. by e. Raleigh. Camden, p-v. in the eastern part of Kent co. Del. by p-r. 3 ms. from Dover, and 117 a little N. ofE. from W. C. Camden, p-t, and st.jus, Kershaw dist. S. C. near the left bank of Wateree r. 31 ms. n. E. Columbia, and 123 ms. n. n. w. Charleston. Wateree r. is thus far navigable for boats of 70 tons, which gives to Camden considerable trade. Pop. 1820, about 1,000. It contains an academy, and several places of public wor- ship. Camden, s. eastern co. of Geo. bounded by St. Mary's r. s. and s. w., Warren co- w., Wayne CO. n. w. Scilla r. or Glynn n.e. and the At- lantic Ocean e. without including a long nar- row strip in the s. western part of this co. and in the great bend of St. Mary's r.; the body is a parallelogram of 35 by 25, and the whole area about 1,000 sq. ms. Lat. from 30° 21', to 31° 10', and long, from 4° 36', to 5° 24. The surface is in great part a plain, with Cumber- land isl. stretching along nearly its whole front. The Santilla r. enters it from Wayne's CO. and flowing s. 20 ms. turns abruptly e. pursues the latter course 30 ms. into St. An- drew's sound. The river St. Mary's aflbrds the deepest entrance on the Atlantic coast of U.S. s. of Chesapeake bay, a depth suffi. cient for ships of war of the first class. Chief towns, St. Mary's and Jefferson. Pop. 1820, 3,402, in 1830, 4,578. Camel's Back, or Hump, mtn. Huntington, Chittenden co. Vt. one of the highest of the Green mtns. 4,188 ft. above tide, 3,960 above Montpelier state house. 17 ms. w, Montp., 2.') N. e. Middlebury, 20 s. e. Burlington. It aflbrds a fine view, and is seen from lake Champlain. Cameron, t. Steuben co- N Y. 8 ms. s. of CAM 83 CAN Bath, watered by Canisteo and Conliocton creeks, has broken land, with some alluvion, and i)ine, hemlock, maple, beech, &c. Pop. 1830, 924. Camillus, p-t. Onondago co. N. Y. 10 ms. N. w. Onondago, 160 w. Albany, is supplied by Seneca r. with navigation and mills seats, and has 3 villages, Camillus on Otisco cr., Elbridge on Skeneatcles cr., and Jodan on Erie canal, which crosses the town. There are remains of two large works, supposed to be ancient fortifications, 4 ms. from Seneca r. one is of 3 acres on a hill, with a ditch and earth wall, with gate ways. There is also a well. Gypsum is found on Otisco cr. Pop. 1830,2,518. Campbell, CO. ofVa. bounded by Stanton and Roanoke rs. s., separating it from Halifax and Pittsylvania cos., by Bedford w., James r. N., separating it from Amherst, by Buck- ingham N. E., and by Prince Edward and Char- lotte E. Campbell is a rude advance to a sq. of 24 ms. each side, with an area of 576 sq. ms., extending in lat. from 37° to 37° 26', and in long, from 1° 46' to 2° 22' w. from W. C. Surface much broken, but soil productive in grain, fruits, tobacco, pasturage, &c. Chief town, Lynchburg. Pop. 1820, 16,570 ; 1830, 20,350, including the t. of Lynchburg. Both the bounding rivers of this county are navigable for boats far above its limits, afford ing an opening by water to Chesapeake bay and Albemarle sound. Campuell, CO. Geo. bounded e. and n. e. by De Kalb, s. by Lafayette and Coweta, s. w. by Carroll, and n. w. by Chattahooche river. Length 30, mean breadth 10; area 300 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 33° 37' to 33° 56', and in long, from 7° 30' to 7° 53'. The southern, a parallelogram from e. to w. and the northern stretching a triangle up the Chattahooche. General slope s. wstrd. towards Coweta and Carroll cos. Pop. 1830, 3,323. Campbell, C. II. and p-o., Campbell co. Va. 1 1 ms. s. s. E. Lynchburg. Campbell, co. of Ten. bounded s. by a chain of mtns. called Chesnut Ridge, which sepa- rates it from Knox, s. w. by Clinch r. which separates it from Anderson, w. by Anderson and Morgan, n. by Wayne, Whiteley, and Knox cos. Ky., and e, by Claiborne and Grainger counties. Ten. Extending in lat. from 36° 07' to 36° 35', and in long, from 6° 36' to 7° 17' w. from W. C. Length from s. to N. 32, mean width 21, and 672 sq. ms. in area. Powell's r. enters the eastern border and traversing an angle of this co. falls into Clinch r. at Grant's corners. The n. e. part is traversed by Cumberland mtn., from the n. w. side of which the creeks are discharged into the state of Ky. and thence into Cumber. land r. Campbell co. therefore is a table land between the vallies of Cumberland and Ten., and has a mean elevation above the Atlantic of at least 800 feet. Chief town, Jackson- boro'. Population 1820, 4,244 ; 1830, 5,120. Campbell co. of Ky. bounded by Ohio r. which separates it from Hamilton co. O. on the N., and Clermont co. O. on the k., s. by Pendleton, and w. by Boone cos. Ky. Length 20, mean width 12, and area 240 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 49' to 39° 07', and in long, from 7° 12' to 7° 32' w. from W. C. Similar to other cos. of Ky. near O. r. the features of Campbell are hilly, but soil fertile; placed directly opposite Cincinnati, and tra- versed in its greatest length by Licking r., it is well situated for trade and commerce. Though bordering on Ohio along two sides, the body of the co. is in the valley of Licking, and slopes with the course of that stream to s. s. w. Chief towns, Newport and Coving- ton. Pop. 1820, 9,022 ; 1830, 9,883, Campbell's Mills, and p-o. in the wstrn. part of Abbeville dist. S. C. 8 ms. from Abbeville Court House and by p-r. 108 ms. wstrd. Co- lumbia. Campbell's Station, and p-o. in the s. w. partof Knox CO. Ten. on the road from Knox- ville to Nashville, 14 ms. wstrd. from the for- mer, and 184 ms. a little s. of e. from the latter place. Campbellsville, p-v. Giles county, Ten- nessee, by p-r. 66 ms. a little w. of s. from Nashville. Campbellsville, p-v. in the n. e. part of Greene co. Ky. 12 ms. s. e. Greenburg, the St. jus. for the co. and by p-r. 78 ms. s. s. w. from Frankfort. Pop. 1830, 122. Campbellton, p-v. and st. jus. Campbell co. Geo. situated on Chattahooche r. by p-r. 134 ms. N. w. by w. from Milledgeville. Campbellton, p-v. in the wstrn. part of .Tackson co. Flor. by p-r. 96 ms. wstrd. from Tallahasse. Camp Creek, and p-o. Livingston county, Kentucky. Campbelltown, p-v. in the s. w.partof Le- banon co. Pa. 15 ms. e. Harrisburg. Campti, p-o. in the northern part of Natchi- toches parish. La. by p-r. 7 ms. nrthd. from the village of Natchitoches. Campton, p-t. Grafton co. N. II. 27,892 acres, 50 ms. n. n. w. Concord, 75 n. w, Portsmouth, is uneven, with mtns. and rocks. It has Pemigewasset and its branches. Mad and Beebee rs., also W. Branch r. and Bog Branch. There is good soil in the vallies, white oak, pitch pine, iron ore, and many orchards. First settled 1765. Pop. 1830, 1,314. Camptown, p-v. Orange, Essex co. N. J. Canaan, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 10 ms. e. Norridgewock, 34 n. by e. Augusta, e. Ken- ncbeck r., bordering on Kennebeck co. Pop. 1830. 1,076. Canaan, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 40 ms. n. vr. Concord, 16 e. Dartmouth college, on the high land between Conn, and Merrimack rs. It has several ponds and small streams. Heart pond, on high ground, has formed a low bank of earth nearly round its circumfer- ence, by the motion of the ice in breaking up in the spring. The soil is pretty good, yield- ing grain, flax, &c. First settled 1766 or 7. Pop. 1830, 1,428. CAN 84 CAN Canaan, p-t. Essex co. Vt. Pop. 1830, 373. CanaaiJ, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn. 16 me. n. N. w. Litchfield, 41 n. w. Hartford, s. Mass., E. Ousatonick r., C nis. by 9, with 50 sq. ms. is on granite mtns. with fine valliea. Lime stone is quarried, iron ore is mined, and there are several forges, &c. The soil and timber are various. Branches of Ousatonick r. give many mill scats. Pop. 1830, 2,301. Canaan, p-t. Columbia co. N. Y. 24 ms. e. E. Albany, 22 n. e. Hudson, has Willianis- town mtns. e. with hills and vales e. w. Gyp- sum has done much for the soil, much of which is very good. It has generally pure I water, some bog iron; Whitney's pond and outlet, Klein kill, &c. and a bed of marl. i Canaan, p-v. and tsp. in the northern part] of Wayne co. O. The p-o. by p-r. 97 ms. n. K. E. from Columbus, and 358 ms. n. w. by w. fromW.C. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 1,030. Canada creek, east, runs 30 ms. into the Mohawk, 9 ms. below Little Falls. Canada creek, WEST, the largest branch of Mohawk r. 60 ms. long, rises near the head waters of Black r, and enters at the German Flats, 6 ms. above Little Falls. The nume- rous rapids and cascades make this a beauti- ful stream, with its lofty banks of dark lime- stone rock, full of marine petrifactions. It is an important point in the tour of travellers through the state. Two unfortunate visiters have been drovmed here Mdthin 4 or 5 years. There is a public house near, and pains have been taken to make the difficult passes acces- sible. Utica is the proper place to proceed from, to pay a visit to this interesting vicin- ity- Canada creek, Oneida co. N. Y. 10 or 12 ms. long. n. branch. Wood cr. Canadaway creek, N. Y. 15 ms. long, with many falls. Formerly there was a portage of 6 ms. between this and the Cordaga waters, to Alleghany r, Canadian river, ( See Arkansas r.) Canajoharie, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y. s. Mohawk r. at Bowman's cr. The N. Y. Cen- tral asylum for the Deaf and Dumb is on the cr. 6 ms. s. of the canal, and 7 n. Cherry Val- ley. The building is of brick, and there are; two boarding houses for the male and female pupils, at $80 a year. 15 ms. s. w. Johns-] town, 69 w. Albany, The ground is uneven, the crop chiefly wheat, and there are mill! seats on Canajoharie an- Plattekill crs. &c.i The people are German. The Nose (a hill,) has a large cave. A rail road is projected to Catskill, 75 ms. Pop. 1830, 4,348. Canal, Dover, p-v. in the northern part of Tuscarawas co. O. by p-r. 110 ms. n. E.by e. Columbus. Canal, Fulton, p-v, in the northwest part of Stark co. O.by p-r. 117 ms. n. e. Colum- bus. Canandaigua, p-t, and capital Ontario co, N. Y, 108 ms, E. Niagara falls, 208 ms. w. Albany, 88 e. Buffalo, on the great road to Buflalo, 6 ms. by 12, contains 8 ms. of the n. I part of Canandaigua lake, and part of the out- I let, and has fine hills and vallies, with good soil and much wealth. First settled 1790, The village or borough is large, and has a number of fine houses, stores, churches, county buildings, a bank, &c. on a strait, i broad street, 1 mile long, on the ascent and summit of a high, gentle hill, gradually rising from the N, end of the lake. There is a flourishing female seminary, where some of the higher branches are taught, in which arc about 100 pupils. There is also an academy iwith a department for the instruction of school teachers, from Aug. 8th, 6 weeks. Pop. 1830, 1,830. Canandaigua LAKE, Ontario co. N. Y.. 14 ms. N. and s. and about 1 m. wide, empties by an outlet n. into Seneca r. The land is hand- somely varied on the shores, in some parts high, and near the head well cultivated. Canandaigua creek, or outlet, Ontario co, N. Y, flows from the bottom of Canandaigua lake, to Seneca r. which it enters in Wayne CO. 50 ms. long, after receiving Mud and Flint crs. &c. It is navigable from Seneca r. to the block house in Clyde, 12 ms, Canasauga, p-v, near Hiwassee r. in Amoi dist, of tliat part of the Cherokee territory ad- jacent to McMimi CO, Ten, by p-r. 186 ms. n.k. by E. from Nashville. Canaveral. {See Cannaveral.) Canaseraga, cr. N, Y, a branch of Chitte- ningo cr. Another is a branch of Genesee r, which it enters 3 ms, n, Geneseo, Candia, p-t. Rockingham co. N, H. 16 ms. s. E. Concord, 4 ms. by 6, with 15,360 acres, has a hard but well cultivated soil, and a high situation, in view of White Hills, and the lights on Plum Island on the coast. It is very healthy. First settled 1748. Pop. 1830, ],3G0. Candor, p-t. Tioga co, N. Y. 8 ms, n. Owe- go ; has streams of Owego, Pipe, and Mud crs. with mill sites. First settled 1796 ; has pret- ty good land. Pop. 1830, 2,653. Caneadea, p-t. Alleghany co, N. Y. 6 ms. s. w. Angelica, 6 ma. by 12, is supplied with a few mill seats. Genesee r. is in n. e. The soil is pretty good, and bog iron ore is found. Pop. 1830, 780, Candice, t, Ontario co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 1386. Cane Creek, p-o. Chatham co. N. C, by p-r, 52 ms. w. Raleigh. Cane Creek, p-o. in the northwestern part of Lincoln co. Ten. 62 ms. s. from Nashville, and 721 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Cane Hill, p-o. Washington co. Ark. by p-r. 203 ms. n. w. Little Rock. Canestola, p-v. Lenox, Madison co. N. Y. on Erie canal, 25 ms. w. Utica, was a wilder- ness, 1819, Canesus, t, Livingston co, N, Y. Pop, 1830, 1690, Canesus, lake, Livingston co. N. Y. 9 ms. by 1 and 1^, 6 ms, E. Genesee r. into which it empties, in Avon, by an outlet of nifte miles. CAN 85 CAP Caney Spring, p o. Bedford co. Ten. s. s. e. 1 from Nashville. Canfield, p-v. and tep. in the southern part of Trumbull co. O. 18 ms. sthrd. from War- ren, the CO. seat, and by p-r. 156 n. e. by e. Cohunbus. Pop. tsp. 1830, 1249. Canisteo, t. Steuben co. N. Y. 18 ms. s. w. Bath, 2G0 w. Albany ; has Canisteo r. which is boatable, with rich flats for grass and grain. Pop. 1830, 620. Cannaveral, Cape of Flor. on the Atlantic ocean, being the salient point of a long, nar- row, and low sandy island between Indian r. and the ocean. On Tanner's U. S. it is placed at n. lat. 28° 18', and at long. 3° 23' w. from W. C. Cannonscurg, borough and p-v. Washing- ton CO. Pa. on the road from the borough of Washington, the co. seat to Pittsburg, 7 ms. a little E. of N. from the former, and 18 s. w. from the latter, by p-r. 219 ms. wstrd. from Harrisburg, and 23G n. w. from W. C. It is situated on Chartiers creek, and on a rather bold acclivity from the valley. Here is loca- ted Jeflerson college, formerly an academy. The faculty is composed of a president and two professors. It contains a respectable li- brary and philosophical apparatus. Pop. of the borough, 1830, 673. n. lat. 40° 17', and long. 3° 18' w. from W. C. Cannon's Ferry and p-o. in the s. w. part of Sussex CO. Del. 23 ms. s. w. by w. George- town, the st. jus. for the co. Cannonsville, p-v. Del. co. N. Y. 94 ms. s. w. Albany. Cannouche, r. of Geo. tho western and largest confluent of Great Ogcechee ; rises in Emanuel co. and flowing s. e. falls into Great Ogeechee in Bryan co. about 12 ms. s.w. from the city of Savannah. Tho valley of Can- nouchee lies between those of Ogeechee and Altamaha. Length 90, mean breadth 10, and area 900 sq. ms. Canoe Creek, and p-o. in the n. w. part of Huntingdon co. Pa. by p-r. 20 ms. wstrd. from the borough of Huntingdon. Canonicut, isl. Narragansetbay, R. I. Canterbury, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H. 8 ms. N. Concord, e. Merrimack r. tineven, with grass, small mill streams, and 2 bridges over Merrimac r. Contains 26,345 acres. Shaker's v. s.e. has good gardens, and some manufactures. Pop. 1830, 1663. Canterbury, p-t. Windham co. Conn. 40 ms. e. Hartford, 12 n. Norwich, 4J ms. by 8, 36 sq. ms. is uneven, with rich gravelly loam, yielding rye, maize, oats, &c. Quinebaug r. enriches its banks by spring floods ; yields shad, and affords valuable mill sites. Bates's pond is stocked with flsh. Pop. 1 830, 1881 Canterbury, p-v. on tho head of Mother Kill creek, Kent co. Del. by p-r. 8 ms. a little w. of s. Dover. Canton, p-t. Oxford co. Mo. 32 ms. from Augusta. Pop. 1830, 746. Canton, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. 14 ma. s. Boston, flat, 200 feet above tide, with littl •arable land ; 2 ponds give rise to two branches of Neponset r. Steep Brook cotton factory here, was incorporated 1815 ; can. ^50,000. Pop. 1830, 1515. Canton, p-t. Hartford co. Conn. 15 ms, N.w. Hartford, 4 ms. by 8; 19,000 acres. The soil is gravelly, chiefly yielding oak, grass, rye, corn, oats, and fine orchards, and is crossed by Farmington r. Pop. 1830, 1437, including Collinsville, which see. Canton, p-t. St, Lawrence co. N, Y, Pop, 1830, 2440. Canton, p-v. Bradford co. Pa. by p-r, 137 ms. nrthd. from Harrisburg. Canton, p-v. and st. jus, Wilcox co, Ala, situated on the left bank of Ala. r. by p-r, 113 ms, a little e. of s, Tuscaloosa, and by the common road, 120 ms, n. n. e. Mobile. Canton, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Trigg CO. Ky. by p-r. 9 ms. sthrdly. from Cadiz, the St. jus. far the co. and 235 s. w. by w. from Frankfort. Canton, p-v. and st. jus. Stark co. Ohio, situated on Nemishillen creek, a branch of Tuscarawas r. by p-r. 116 ms. n. e. Colum- bus, and about 60 ms. a little e. of s. Cleave- land. Pop, 1830, 1257, This is one of the finest towns of interior O, There are three or four fine bridges over the Nemishillen in the vicinity ; and the adjacent country is well cultivated and populous. Cantonment Gibson, p-o, as laid down on Tanner's map of the U, S, is situated on the left bank of Ark, r. on the point below the mouth of Grand r, n, lat. 35° 47'. long. 18° 9' w. from W. C, In the p-o. list it is stated to be 208 ms, from Little Rock, and is 1359 ms, s. w. by w. from W. C. Cantonment, Jessup, military station and p-o. in the n. w. part of Louisiana, and on Sa- bine r, N. lat, 31° 30', long, 16° 42' w, from W. C, and by p-r, 379 ms, n, w, from New Orleans and 1353 ms. s, w, W, C, Cantonment, Leavenswortii, on the Mis- souri r. Clay co. Mo. by p-r. 354 ms. above, and a little n. of w. St. Louis, 220 from Jef- ferson City, and 1172 ms. wstrd. W. C. Cantwell's Bridge, and p-o. on the Ap- poquinimink creek in the southwestern part o! New Castle co. Del. by p-r. 24 ms. n. n. e. from Dover. Cape Cod, a peninsula forming part of Barnstable co. Mass. s. side Massachusetts bay, is in shape like a man's arm bent inwards at the wrist and elbow. Length 60 ms. va- rying from 1 to 20 ms. in width. A large proportion is sandy and barren, without vege- tation, yet partly populated. The men arc employed at sea, and the boys are put on board the fishing boats. Violent e. winds are gradually wearing it away. Lon, 70° 14', w, lat. 420 4' N, Cape Elizabeth, t. Cumberland co. Me, 6 ms, s, w, Portland. Pop. 1830, 1696. Cape Fear, a remarkable point of N. C, between Long bay and Onslow bay. The term is extended to the whole cape near the mouth of Cape Fear r. but correctly cape Fear is the extreme southern point of Smith's Isle, CAR 86 CAR and on Tanner's U. S. map, is laid down at N. lat. 33° 55' and 1° 03' w. from W. C. Cape Fear, river of N. C. rising between the Yadkin and Uan rivers, in Stoke, Rock- ingham, and Guilford cos. flows thence 200 ms. in a s. e. direction, receiving numerous smaller tributaries and is lost in the Atlantic ocean, by two mouths, one on each side of Smith's island. The basin of cape Fear r. is 200 by 40 ms. mean width, 800 sq. ms. be tween lat. 34° and 36° 2'n. and in long, be tween 1° 30', and 2° 18' w. from W. C. Cape Girardeau, co. of Mo. bounded by Scott CO. s. E., Stoddard s., Wayne s. w Madison w., Perry n. and the Mississippi r. se- parating it from Union and Alexander cos. of II. E. Length e. to w. 38 ms. mean breadth 30, and area 1140 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 11', to 37° 36' n., and in long. from 12° 30', to 13° 10' west from W. C. Though bordered on the e. by the Mississippi r. the grcatestpart of the surface of this co. is drained to the southward by the sources of White water or eastern branch of St. Francis r. Chief town, Jackson. Cape Henry, opposite and bearing a little w. of s. from cape Charles, is the southeast point of the mouth of Chesapeake bay ; on Tanner's U. S. cape Henry is laid down at n. lat. 36° 56', and in long. 1° 02' e. from W.C. Cape May, co. N. J. bounded by Glouces- ter co. N., Atlantic ocean e. and s., Delaware bay and Cumberland co. w. It forms the south point of the state, terminating in cape May, the n. cape of Delaware ba}% on which is a light house. The east coast is lined by sand beaches, dangerous to navigation. — Within it is a stretch of marshy lands, with ponds, iidcts and creeks. It contains 4 town- ships. Fop. 1830, 4936. Cape Neddoce, York co. Me. 95 ms. s. s. w. Augusta, a rocky, barren, head land, stretching into the Atlantic from a hard and almost uninhabited shore. A few huts shel- ter a small number of fishermen. It is called in derision the city of Cape Ncddock. Capeville, p-v. Eastern shore, Va. North- ampton CO. near cape Charles, 176 ms. from Richmond. Cape Vincent, p-v. Lyme, Jefferson co. N. Y. at the foot of lake Ontario, 21 ms. from Brownville, 8 from Kingston. It is on a broad gravelly point, between St. Lawrence r. and Chaumont bay, with Grenadier and Fox isles off the extremity. The St. Law- rence is here ferried by steam. Captain's Islands, Conn. In Long Island Sound off Horse Neck. On one of them is a light house. C/'aptina, p-v. on Captina cr. s. w. part Bel- mont CO. Ohio, 20 ms. s. w. Wheeling. i Carrondale, a very flourishing villnge on Lackawana cr. at the western base of Moosic mtn. on the n. e. margin of Luzerne co. Pa. 35 nis. N. e. Wilkesbarre, and 130 due n. from Phil. The site of the village is 874 ft. above tidewater. It has 150 houses and log huts, I stores, iims, &c. and owes its existence to the Lackawana coal strata, which here is 26 feet in depth. The coal bed is in an area sur- rounded by forests, and is opened in about 20 places. The coal is conveyed by stationa- ry steam engines — first a distance of 4 ms. with an ascent of 855 feet, and thence over a level of 8,300 feet to the head of 3 inclined planes, down which in cars it proceeds to Honesdale, at the head of the canal. The whole length of the rail road and planes ia 91,000 ft. or about 17i ms. Total ascent from Carbondale to Rix's Gap, the height of land, 855 ft. and total descent thence to Hones, dale 912i ft. Caroline, p-t. Tompkins co. N. Y. 13 ms. s. e. Utica, 170 w. by s. Albany ; Owego, Six Mile cr., and a branch of Mud cr. supply mill seats. Pop. 1830, 2,633. Caroline, co. Md. bounded by Queen Ann N. and N. w., by Dorchester co. s., Rutland and Sussex COS. Del. e., and w. by Talbot co. and Tuckahoe r. Length from s. to n. 30, mean breadth 8 and area 240 sq. ms. Surface un- dulating. The main branch of Choptank r. rises in Kent co. Del., but flows s. s. w. into Caroline, over which it meanders to its junc- tion with Tuckahoe. In lat. from 38° 40* to 39° 10' and long, from 1° 03' to 1° 18' e. Chief town, Denton, pop. 1820, 10,108 ; 1830, 9,070. Caroline, co. Va. botmded by Rappahannock r. which separates it n. from Strafford, and N. E. from King George, e. by Essex, s. e. by King and Queen, and King William, s.w.by N. Anna r. which separates it from Hanover, and N. w. by Spottsylvania, It lies very nearly in form of a parallelogram, 30 ms. from s. w. to N. e. with a breadth of 20 ms. area 600 sq. ms. Extending from lat. 37° 47' to 38° 16' n. and in Ion. from 0° 02' to 0° 43' w. from W. C. Surface very much broken by hills, with a soil of great variety ; staples, grain, flour, tobacco, &c. Chief town, Bowling Green. Pop. 1820, 18,008 ; 1830, 17,760. Carolus, p-v. Vermillion co. II., by p-r. 697 ms. wstrd. from W. C. and 136 ms. n. e. from Vandalia. Car(5^delet, canal of, extends from Bayou St. John about 2 ms. By this channel, vessels drawing 5 ft. water are navigated from lake Pontchartrain into the city of New Orleans. Carondelet, p-v. on the right bank of Mo. r. 6 ms. below St. Louis. Carpenter's mills and p-o. Lycoming co. Pa. by p-r 97 ms. northwardly from Harris. burg. Carritunk, p-v. Somerset co. Me. Carroll, p-t. Chautauque co. N. Y. 336 ms. w Albany. Pop. 1830, 1,015. Carroll, co. of Geo. bounded n. e. by Camp- bell CO. ; E. and s. e. by Chattahoochee r. which separates it from Coweta co., s. by Troup CO. ; w. by the state of Alabama, and N. by the Cherokee nation. Length from s. to N. 40 ms. mean breadth about 20, and area 800 sq. ms. Extending from lat. 33° 15' to 33° CAR 87 CAS 52' N. and in long, from 7° 52' to 8" 30' from W. C. The extreme Bources of both branches of the Talapoosa r. rise in the Cherokee coun- try, but little distance above Carroll co. which they enter and traverse in a s. w. di- rection. It is a high, dry and broken coimty. For down-stream vessels, the Chattahoochee is navigable above Carroll. Chief town, Car- rolton. Pop. 1830, 3,419. Carroll, co. W. Tennessee, bounded n. w. by Weakly ; n. by Henry ; e. by Humphries and Perry; s. by Henderson, s. w. by Madi- son, and w. by Gibson. Length from e. to w. 30, breadth 24, and area9G0 sq. ms. Extend- ing from lat. 35° 49' to 3Go 08' and in long. from 1 1° 15' to 11° 50' w. fromW. C. This county occupies part of the table land be- tween Tennessee and Miss, rivers ; Sandy creek, a small branch of the latter, rises in the eastern part of the county, and flows n. n. E. into Henry, whilst the central and western parts are drained by the head branches of Ohio r. flowing wstrd. towards the Miss. Chief town, Huntingdon. Pop. 1830, 9,397. Carrolton, p-v. and st. jus. Carroll co. Geo. situated near the centre of the co. on the s. Fork of Tallapoosa r., byp-r. 151 ms. n. w. by w. from Milledgeville, n. lat. 33° 35', long. 8° 10' w. from W. C. Carroll, p-v. in the southwestern part of Washington co. O., by p-r. 96 ms. s. e. by e. Columbus. Carrolton, p-v. in the n. w. part of Fairfield co.O., 20 ms. s. E. from Columbus. Carrollton, p-v. and st. jus. Greene co. II., by p-r. 106 ms. n. w. by w. Vandalia, and 60 ms. a little w. of n. St. Louis. Carrollville, p-v. Wayne co. Ten., by p-r. 97 ms. s. w. Nashville. Carson\'ille, p-v. Ashe co. N. C, by p-r. 238 ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. Carter, extreme eastern co. of Ten. bound- ed N. e. by Washington co. Va., e. by Ashe co. N. C, w. by Washington co. "Ten., and n. w. by Sullivan. Length, along the Iron mtn., which separates it from Ashe co. 45 ms., mean breadth 12 ms., and area 540 sq. ms. The whole CO. is a mountain valley, drained by and commensurate with the main branches of Wa- tauga r. which flow from this co. northwest- wardly into the middle fork of Holston. The surface is mountainous and rocky, extending from N. lat. 36° 05' to 36° 35' and in long, from 4° 40' to 5° 15' w. from W. C. The elevation of this part of Ten. above the surface of the Atlantic, must be at least 2000 feet. Pop. 1820,4,835 ;1830, 6,414. Carter's store and p-o. in the southwestern part of Prince Edward co. Va. 81 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. Carter's store and p-o. in the s. e. part of Nicholas co. Kentucky, by p-r. 65 ms. e Frankfort. Cartersville, p-v. on the right bank of James r. Cumberland co. Va., by p-r. 44 ms. wstrd. Richmond. Carteret co. of N.C, bounded by Onslow j CO. or Whitiock r. w., by Joues and Craven N., by Pamlico sound n. e., and by the Atlan- tic s. E., s. and s. w. Length from s. s. w. to N. N. E. 60 ms,, mean breadth 10 ms. and area 600 sq.ms. Extending in lat. from Cape Look- out 36° 56' N. and in long, from 0° 15' w. to 1° E. from W. C. It is a long and sandy, and in part marshy strip, with sandy isles or reefs in front. Chief town, Beaufort. Pop. 1820, 5,609 ; 1830, 6,597. Carthage, p-t. Oxford co. Me. 46 n. w. Augusta, Pop. 1830, 333. Carthage, p-v. Wilna, .Tefferson co. N. Y. 16 ins. E. Watertown, 160 from Albany ; con- tains extensive iron works, e. side Long falls, on Black r. Carthage, v. Brighton, Monroe co. N. Y. 2i ms. N. Rochester, at Lower falls of Gen- nesee r. and 5 ms. s, lake Ontario. [See Brighton.) Pop. 1830, 333. Carthage, p-v. Tuscaloosa co. Ala. 17 ms. from Tuscaloosa. Carthage, p-v. in the southern part of Campbell co. Ky. by p-r. 79 ms. n. e. Franli- fort. Carthage, p-v. in Mill Creek tsp. Hamilton CO. O. 7 ms. from Cincinnati. Carthage, p-v. and st. jus. Moore co. N. C. 55 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh, and 42 n. w. Fayetteville. Carthage, p-v. and st. jus. Smith Co. Ten. situated on the right bank of Cumberland r. directly opposite the mouth of Carey Fork, 47 ms. a little n, of e, Nashville. CARVER,p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 28 ms. s. e. Boston, 8 E. Plymouth, is thinly populated, with 642 acres tillage, 361 mowing and 1939 of pasturage ; soil not very good. Iron ore is found and wrought. Pop. 1830, 970. Casco Bay, Cumberland co. Me. between Capes Elizabeth s. w. and Small Point, 40 miles apart. It has fine anchorage, and islands, popularly reported as many as there are days in the year. Portland harbor is on the N. w. corner. Casdaga Lake, Chatauque co. N. Y. con- nected with Conewango lake by Casdaga r. which is 40 ms. long. Casdaga, p-v. Chatauque co. N. Y. 340 ms. w. Albany. Casey, co. Ky. bounded by Estille s., by Adair s. w. and w., Mercer n., Lincoln e., and Pulaski s. e ; length from s. to n. 32 ms. mean breath 14 and area 448 sq. ms. Ex- tending in lat. from 37° 08', to 37° 35', and in long, from 7° 34' to 7° 58'. The slope of this CO. is to the westrd. From the northern sec- tion rise the extreme sources of Salt r. and from the southern those of Green r. The surface is high and broken. Chief town, Liberty. Pop, 1830, 4342. Cashville, P-V. Spartansburg dist. S. C. by p-r, 110 ms, N. w, Columbia. Cass, co. Mich, boundaries imcertain. This county embraces a region on both sides St. Joseph's r. of lake Mich. Besides at Edwards- burg, the St. jus. It had in 1831, a p-o. at La Grange and Pocagon. The body of the co. lies a little s. of w. of Detroit about 170 ms. iind Edwardsburg 169. CAS f Castana, p-v. in tho southom part of Sene- ca CO. Ohio, by p-r. 97 me. northwardly from Columbus. Castile, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 30 nis. s. E. Batavia, has pretty good land, is crossed by Genesee r. and contains Gardeau Reser- vation. Pop. 1830, 2269. Castine, sea port, p-t. and cap. Hancock CO. Mc. 122 ms. e. n. e. Portland, 78 Augus- ta, on a promontory, near the head of Penob- scot bay, with a good harbor for large vessels, open at all seasons. A narrow isthmus might easily be cut through, and made a powerful fortress, to command tho coimtry to St. Croix. Long. 68° 4G' w., lat. 44° 24' n. Pop. 1830, 1148. CASTLEMANS,r. a N.E. branch of Youghaghany river rises in Alleghany co. Md. and Somer- set CO. Pa. the higher branches uniting in the latter, flows n. w. 12 ms., and thence s. w. 25 ms. to its junction with Youghaghany, the eastern side of Laurel Hill. It is a real mtn. torrent, having a fall of upwards of 1000 feet in a comparative course of 60 ms. The val- ley of this stream is intended as part of the route of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal. Castlemans, p-o. Gallatin co. Ky. by p-r. 48 ms. N. Frankfort. Castleton, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 10 ms. w. Rutland, 36 sq. ms., first settled 1769, It is crossed by Castleton r. which here receives the waters of lake Bombazine, 8 ms. long, chiefly in this t. containing an island. Tho land is good, with oak on the hills, and pine in the vallies, and supplied with mill sites. The Vermont acadejmj of medicine is in Cas- tleton, incorporated I8l8, degrees being re- ceived at Middlebury college. There are two buildings, one of which is 50 feet by 30, 2 stories high, with a dissecting room, and rooms for lectures, the library, chemical la- boratory, and anatomical museum. Five courses of lectures are delivered annually, commencing on the first Tuesday in Septem- ber. The buildings aro large, and plea- santly situated. The Rutland co. Grammar school, was incorporated 1805. Pop. 1830, 1,783. Castleton, r. Rutland co. Vt. rises in Pittsford, runs s. and then w. and joins Poult- ney r. It is 20 ms. long. Castletown, p-t. Richmond co. N. Y. n. e. corner of Staten isl., s. N. Y. bay, is hilly, with arable land, high and agreeably varied, but lately subject to fever and ague. The V. is near tho water, looking e. upon the quarantine ground, and Long isl. and contains the Lazaretto, or quarantine hospital, a fever hospital, the Sailor's Snug harbor, and Marine hospital of New York city. A steamboat runs to New York 5 or G times daily; dis- tance 5J ms. The t. contains Clove hills, and others fortified by the British in the revo- lution. Pop. 1830, 2,201. Caswell, co. of N.C. bounded by Person e.. Orange s., Rockingham \v., and Pittsylva- nia CO. of Va. N. It is a square of 20 ms. each side, extending from lat. 36« I.''.' to 36° 02' 3 CAT and in long, from a*' 11' to 2° 33' w. from W, C. The slope of this co. is to the n. e. and its waters flow in that direction into Dan r. which stream, already navigable, winds estrd. along the northern border of the county. The soil is productive and climate agreeable. Chief t. Leesburg. Pop. 1820, 13,253, 1830, 15,185. Caswell, C. H. p-o. and st. jus. Caswell CO. N. C. on Lime cr. a branch of Dan r. Casville, p-v. Iowa co. Mich. Catahoola, or Ocatahoola, parish of La, bounded by tho parish of Washitau n. w. and n. Tensas r. or the parish of Concordia e., Cata- hooche r. and lake s., and Litttle r. w. Length from s. w. to n. e, 75 ms., mean width 28, and area 2100 sq. ms. Extending from lat. 31° 29' to 32° 20' and in long, from 14° 24' to 15° 24' from W. C. The face of this large parish differs materially in difi'erent parts. The Washitau re-enters it from the n. winding over it in a southern direction, and receiving near its centre the Boeuf, from the tj. b. Northward from tho Ocatahoola r, and be- tvveen tho Washitau and Little rs. the country rises into hills, covered generally with pine timber, and watered by clear, perennial creeks, but soil sterile, except in confined spots near streams. The entire eastern part of the parish lies within the overflow of the Miss, and except some few strips along the rivers, or on Sicily island, is liable to annual inundation. When the soil of the alluvial part of Ocatahoola is sufficiently elevated for cultivatioh, it is very productive. Staples, cotton, live stock, and lumber. Chief town, Harrisonburg. Pop. 1820, 2,287, in 1830, 2,581. Catahoola, r. and lake of La. The r. rises in Clairborne, Natchitoches, and Washitau parishes, flows in a general course s. s. e. about 80 ms. to the extreme s. w. angle of the parish of Ocatahoola, where, at seasons of high water of the AVashitau and Mississippi rivers, it expands into a lake of 18 ms. long, and from 2 to 5 wide. At the head of the lake the river turns abruptly to n. e. by e. continues in that direction through the lake, and again contracting to a river of about 80 yards wide, flows 15 ms. to where it joins the Washitau to form Black r. Ocatahoola lake is one of those depressions in the great plain of Louisiana which operate to form re- servoirs, filled and emptied annually. The bottom of the lake is below that of even the common inundated lands, and when the Wa- shitau and Miss, are rising, receives a sur- charge of water by the chaimel of Ocatahoola. Tho reverse takes place when the great streams aro falling ; then the current flows rapidly from the lake, which is finally drain- ed, and in aruumn and early winter, becomes a vast meadow covered with herbage, with the river meandering over its surface. Simi- lar features aro presented by Black lake, Natchitoches lake, Spanish lake, Bristineau, Bodeau, >Scc. CAR 89 CAT Cardtngton, p-v. in s. part Marion co. O. by p-r. 42 ms. n. Columbus. Cari.eton, Isl. and p-v. Jefferson co. N. Y. in the St. Lawrence, has n good harbor, and much trade. 10 ms. s. e. Kingston, 30 n. Sacket's harbor. Carlintille, p-v. and si. jus. Macaupin co. II. by p-r. 95 ms. from Vandalia. Carlisle, t. Middlesex co. Massachusetts 20 miles n. w. Boston. Population 1830, 56G. Carlisle, p-t. Schoharie co. N. Y. 40 ms. w. Albany, 8 w. Schoharie, 7 ms. by 8, pro- duces grass and grain. Limestone, sulp. baryfes, white pine, maple, beech, &c. Pop. Ifi30, 1,748. Carlisle, p-v. borough and sf. jus. Cumber- land CO. Pa, about a mile from the right bank of Conedogwinetr., 18 ms.w. Harrisburg and by p-r. 103 ms. a little w. of n. from W. C. n. lat. 40° 12' and long. U° 13' w. from W. C. Cumberland was made a co. separate from Lancaster, Jan. 1749-50, and Carlisle made the St. jus. It is situated on an undulating plain, amid a very fertile and well cultivated country. The houses are generally of brick or lime-stone. The latter material is easily procured, as the town rests on a soil incum- bent over a mass of blue limestone. The streets are at right angles, and the buildings generally commodious. In 1783 a college was established at Carlisle and named in honor of John Dickinson. This seminary, after a long period of languishment, was re- vived in 1820 by private and legislative dona- tion and is now, 1830, in active operation. Fop. of the borough in 1820 about 3,000, in 1830, 3,707. Carlisle, p-v. and st. jus. Nicholas co. Ky. 56 ms. a little n. of e. Frankfort and 38 ms. N. E. Lexington. Carlisle, p-o. in the s. part of Sullivan co Ind. 12 ms. s. e. from Merom, the co. seat and by p-r. 115 ms. s. w. from Indianoplis. Carlto.v, t. Orleans CO. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 168. Carlton's store, and p-o. King and Queen CO. Va. by p-r. 44 ms. e. Richmond. Carlyle, p-v. and st. jus. Clinton co. II. on Kaskaskias r. by p-r. 30 ms. below, and s. s. w. Vandalia and 49 e. St. Louis. Carlo, p-v, Hopkins CO. Ky. by p-r. 172 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. Carmel, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 15 ms. w. Bangor, 71 n. e. Augusta, has ponds and streams runing e. to Penobscot. Pop. 1830, 257. Carmel, p-t. and st. jus. Putnam co. N. Y. 11 ms. E. West Point, contains the county buildings, is hilly, yields grass and contains Mahopack pond, Croton cr. and other ponds emptying into Peekskill cr. with many mill seats. Carmel Hill, and p-o. Che.ster dist. S. C. Carman's, p-o. Harford co. Md. 32 ms. n. e. Baltimore. Carmel, p-o. in the CheTokce nation, Geo. by p-r. 224 ms. from Milledgeville. Carmichakls, p-o. Greene co. Pa. by p. r. 190 ms. w. from Harrisburg. Carnesville, p-v. and st. jus. Franklin co. Geo. by p-r. 110 ms., almost due n. from Mil- ledgeville. Cataraugus, CO. N. Y. hounded by Cata. raugus cr. n. or Erie and Genesee cos., Alle- ghany CO. E., Pennsylvania s., Chatauque co. w., about 34 by 38 ms. 1292 sq. ms., has Al- leghany r. winding through s. part, and streams of Genesee and lake Erie, above which it is 500 to 1,200 feet with high hills. There are white pine tracts and marshes s. but the land is generally firm, with maple, beech, bass, nut, and oak. Grass and grain grow best n. This co. was purchased by the Holland companv, 19 townships. Pop. 1820, 4,090, 18.30, 16,726. Cataraugus Reservation, N. Y. 6 ms. by 12, on Cataraugus cr. was reserved by the Seneca Indians, who here enjoy christian worship, schools, «fec. with good habits. Catherine, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y. 18 ms. n. Auburn, 200 w. Albany, 12 ms. sq. gives rise to the inlet of Seneca lake, Newtown cr. &c. It has good land n. with oak and pine, and in other parts beech, maple, bass, elm, &oc. Limestone and iron ore are found, and a pig- ment like Spanish brown. Pop. 1830, 2,064. Catawba, r. of N. and S. C. called Wateree in the lower part of its course, rises in the Blue Ridge by numerous branches, which flow generally eastward over Burke co. unite at Morgantown, and continuing eastward 25 ms. still over Burke, turns abruptly s. s. e. be- tween Iredell and Lincoln. This higher val- ley of Catawba is about 65 ms. long, with a mean breadth of 20, and nearly commensurate with Burke co. Leaving the latter the Ca- tawba, in a general course of s. s .e. flows 50 ms. in N. C. and 100 in S. C, finally unites with the Congaree to form the Santee. The Catawba is remarkable for the narrowness of its valley, which in a distance of 215 ms. is in no place 60 ms. wide, and at a mean un- der 20. In length of course it exceeds the Congaree, but in volume the latter is greatly the superior stream. Catawissa, p-v. Columbia co. Pa. situated on the left bank of the East Branch of Sus- quehannah r. and at the mouth of a creek of the same name. Catfish, p-o. on a creek of the same name, Marion dist. S. C. by p-r. 138 ms. eastward Columbus. Cathey's creek, and p-o. Buncombe co. N. C. by p-r. 267 ms. wstrd. from Raleigh. Catlettsburg, p-v. on the left bank of the Ohio r. at and below the mouth of Great San- dy r. Greenup co. Ky. It is the extreme n. e. village of the state, by p-r. 159 ms. a little by p-r. 74 ms. n. Columbus. Carmi, p. v. and et.jus. White co. II, by p-r. |n. of e. from Frankfort 94 ms. s. e. from Vandalia and 75 ms. s. s. w. j Catlin, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y. 18 ins. n from Vincennes, Ind. i Elmira. Pop. 18.30, '2,' !l5. 12 CAY 90 CEN Cato, p-t, Cayuga co. N. Y. 18 ms. n. Au- Ibounded by lake Ontario, Oswego, Ononda- burn, 155 w. Albany, n. Erie canal and Sene- [ ga and Cortlandt cos. e., Tompkins co. s., Sen- ca r. has a variety of soil, and swamps and leca co. w. It is E. Seneca lake. 23^ by 55 ponds. Cross and Otter lakes, and Parker's pond. Pop. I!i30, 1,782. Catonsville, p-v. Baltimore co. Md. by p-r. 44 ms. N. E. from W. C. and 36 n. from An- napolis. Catskill, p-t. and st. jus. Greene co. N. Y. 36 ms. s. Albany, 5 s. w. Hudson, w. Hud- son r. hasjgentle hills e. with pretty good soil, Catskill mtns. w. and a high plain and sand and clay n. It is watered by Catskill creek and Keaterskill creek, its branch ; with rich meadows, and mill sites ; it has 3 villages and 2 banks, capital $250,000. The post v. is the St. jus. I mile w. Hudson river, with a pier, where the large steam boats touch a ferry ; and the co. buildings. A company has been incorporated to make a rail road from here to Schoharie. Pop. 1830,4861, TAe Pine OrcAarfZ, on Catskill mountain, is I ms. n. w. Owego, on Cayuta creek, favorite resort of travellers in the warm 1830, 042 ms. are its greatest dimensions, with about 545 sq. ms. It has a spur of Alleghany hills parallel with Cayuga lake, good soil and very good farms. There is much lime rock, with petrifactions, &c. It is watered by Sen- eca r. Fall, Salmon, Owasco crs. &:.c. Owas- co lake, and parts of Ontario, Cayuga, Skene- ateles and Cross lakes. Erie canal crosses the CO. Clay slate, limestone, gypsum, and hydraulic lime are found, and argilaceous ox- ide of iron is abundant. 19 tsps. Pop. 1820, 38,897, 1830,47,947. Cayuga, or E. Cayuoa, p-v. Aurelius, Cay- uga CO. N. Y. 165 ms. w. Albany, at the bridge and w. side of Cayuga lake. Cayuga, p-v. Claiborne co. Miss, by p-r. 60 ms. N. N. E. Natchez. Cayuta, v. Newfield, Tioga co. N. Y. 20 Pop. months. A fine hotel has been erected there several years, on the brow of a rock, at a great elevation above Hudson river, with a view embracing about 70 ms. from n. to s. on the valley of Hudson river, and the hilly country e. including a number of peaks of the Green mountain range in Mass. and Vt. Thunder storms are often seen below the ■ spectator, and the air is generally cool. Two ponds in the rear of the house, unite their streams, and the water falls 175 feet, and soon after 85 feet, into an immense ravine between 2 ridges of mtns. A limestone range begins a little w. of Catskill v. reaching 4 ms., w. of which is sand-stone, then gray- wacke slate, the peaks being pudding stone, conglomerate, &c. Stage coaches take visi- tors to Pine Orchard ; the last part of the road is steep and rough. Caughnawaga, p-v. Johnstown, Montgomery CO. N. Y. 39 ms. w. Albany, n. Mohawk r. once the residence of the Mohawk Indians. (See Johnstown.) Cavendish, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. lOms. s. w. Windsor, 60 s. Montpelier. First settle- ment 1769. It has a fertile soil, with Black r. and 20 mile stream. Black r. at the falls, has itE'channel worn down 100 ft. Button's village has an academy, and Proctorsville has another. Serpentine iron ore, and primitive limestone are found near it. Pop. 1830. 1,498. Cave Mills, p-o. Warren co. Ten. by p-r. 74 ms. s. E. Nashville. Cavesville, p-o. Orange co. Va. by p-r. 94 ms. N. w. Richmond. Cavetown, p-v. Washington co. Md. Cayuga, lake, N. Y. between Cayuga, Tompkins & Seneca cos. from 1 to 4 ms. wide, 38 long, N. and s., 35 ms. s. lake Ontario, re- ceives Seneca r. near the outlet, which runs N. The shores rise gradually, 100 or 150 ft. but in some places are precipitous. It has J'all, 6 miles, and Main Inlet crs. s. and other fine mill streams, and has several villages on its shores. Cazenovia, p-t. Madison co. N. Y. 113 ms, w. Albany, 11 w. Morrisville, 5 ms. by 12, has Canaseraga lake, of 44 ms., and Chitte- ningo and Limestone creeks. It is level, high land, rich loam for grass and grain. First settled, 1793. The village is at the s. end of the l»ke, and is flourishing. Pop. 1830, 4344. Cecelius, p-v. Cataraugus co. N. Y. 290 w. Albany. Cecil, or Coecil, n. e. co. of Md. bounded 9. by Kent co,, s. w. by Chesapeake bay, w. by the Susquehannah r., n. w. by Lancaster, N. e. by Chester co. Pa., and e. by New Castle CO. Del. Length from s. to n. 22 ms. mean breadth 12, and area 204 sq. ms. Ex- tending from N. lat. 39° 22' to 39° 42', and in long, from 0° 50' to 1° 18' e. from W. C. The surface of Cecil is undulating, and soil of middling quality. It is in a peculiar manner favorably placed, commercially. To the Sus- quehannah r. and Chesapeake bay may be added Elk r. and the Chesapeake and Del. canal. Chief town, Elkton. Pop. 1820, 16,048, 1830, 15,432, Cecilton, p-v, Cecil co. Md. This place was formerly called Savingston. Cedar Creek, one of the w, branches of the N, Fork of Shenandoah r. and separating Shenandoah and Frederick cos. Cedar Creek and p-o. in the nthrn. part of Shelby co. Ala, by p-r. 97 ms. n. e. by e. Tus- caloosa. Cedar Spring and p-o. in the estrn. part of Centre co. Pa. by p-r. 101 ms. n. n. w. Harris- burg. Cedarsville, p-v. in Perry co. O. by p-r. 101 ms. s. w. Columbus. Cedar Spring, Spartanburg dist. S. C. 5 ms. s. e. Spartanburg, the st. jus. 90 ms. n. w. Columbia. Cei.ina, p-v. Overton co. Ten. by p-r. 85 ms. N. N. E. Nashville. Centre co. Penn. bounded n. and n. e. by Lycoming, w. branch of Susquehannah, Cayuga, co. N. Y. 170 ms. w. Albany, [which separates it from Clearfield and Ly- CEN 91 CHA coming w. and n. w., by Huntingdon and Mifflin 8. and by Union k. Length 8 nis. mean breadth 2b, and iirea 15C0 sq. nis. Ex- tending from n. lat. 40° 43' to 41° 16', and in long, trom 0° 12' to 1° 23' w. from W. C. Bald Eagle and Peun's creek rise in this co. and with the Susquehannah afford some good soil, though the body of the co. is moun- tainous and rocky. Staples, grain, flour, live stock, lumber, iron, &c. Chief town, Belle- fonte. Pop. 1820, 13,786, in 1830, 18,295. Centre, pv. Guilford co. N. C. by p-r. 77 ms. N. N. w. Raleigh. Centre Harbor, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. 48 ms. N. Concord, 70n.w. Portsmouth, 110 N. w. Boston, N. E. corner Winnipiseogee lake. 7550 acres ; contains part of Squam and Measley lakes, with part of Winnipiseogee lake ; has a varied surface, and some good Boil. Pop. 1830, 577. Centres Minot, p-v. Cumberland co. Me. 42 ms. from Augusta. Centreville, p-o. Kent co. R. I. 11 ms. from Providence. Centreville, p.t. Allgehany co. N. Y. 16 ms. N. w. Angelica, 6 ms. square, has small streams of Genesee r. Bog iron ore abounds. The soil, alight loam, with few stones, bear- ing maple, basa, beech, &,c. Pop. 1830, 1,195. Centre Moreland, p-v. Luzerne co. Pa. by p-r. 133 ms. Harrrisburg. Centre Point, Montgomery co. Pa. by p-r. 96 ms. Harrisburg. Centre Ville, p-v. Crawford co. Pa. about 100 ms. a little e. of N.Pittsburg. Centre, p-v. Delaware co. O. by p-r. 30 ms. n. Columbus. Ckntre, p-v. Farmington tsp. Trumbull CO. O. by p-r. 167 ms. n. e. Columbus. Ccntreton, p-v. Halifax co. Va. by p-r. 139 ms. s. w. by w. from Richmond. Centrkville, p-v. in the s. part of Mont- gomery CO. O. by p-r. 41 ms. n. n. e. Cincin- nati. Centreville, p-v. and st. jus. Wayne co. Ind. on a branch of White Water r. about 70 ms. N. w. from Cincinnati, O. by p-r. G3 e. from Indianopolis. Centreville, p-v. in the s. part of Wabash CO. II. 115 ms. s. E. by e. from Vandalia. Centreville, P-V. in the n. part of New- castle CO. Del. 10 ms. n. n. e. from Wilming- ton. Centreville, Queen Ann co. Md. situated on Casica creek, 36 ms. s. e. by e. from Bal timore, and 31 ms. a little n. of e. from An- napolis. It is the seat of an academy. Centreville, p-v. in the w. part of Fairfa.\ CO. Va. 27 ms. a little s. of w. W. C. Centreville, p-v. in the n. e. part of Lau- rens Dist. S. C. by p-r. 81 ms. n. w. Columbia. Centreville, p-v. Wilkes co. Geo. by p-r. 81 ms. N. E. from Milledgeville. Centreville, p-v. and st-jus. Bibbco. Ala. situated on the right bank of Cahaba r. 32 ms. s. e. from Tuscaloosa. . Centreville, p-v. Livingston co. Ky. 20 ms. N. E. by E. from Smithland, at the mouth of Cumberland r. by p-r. 275 ms. s. w. by w. from Frankfort. Centreville, p-v. Hickman co. Ten. by p-r. 81 ms. s. w. from Nashville. Centreville, p-v. Amite co. Miss, about 45 ms. s. e. from Natchez. Cerestown, p-v. on Oswago cr. a branch of Alleghany r. in the n. k. part of Mc Kean CO. Pa. 20 ms. s. e. from Hamilton, 165 n. w. Harrisburg. Cerulean Springs, and p-o. Trigg co. Ky. 5 ms. N. E. from Cadiz, the st. jus. and by p-r. 221 ms. s. w. by w. from Frankfort. Chactaws, nation of Indians. (See Choc- taws.) Chagrin, r. p-v. and tsp. in the n. e. angle of Cayahoga co. O. The p-v. is near the shore of lake Erie, 16 ms. e. from Cleaveland. In 1830, the tsp. contained 1,275 inhabitants. Chalk Level, p-v. in the w. part of Hum- phrey CO. Ten. by p-r. 70 ms. w. from Nash- ville. Chalk Level, p-o. Pittsylvania co. Va. by p-r. 133 ms. s. w. from Richmond. Chambersburg, p.t. and St. jus. Franklin co. Pa. situated on both sides of Conecocheague creek, 82 ms. s. w.from Harrisburg. It is a very thriving borough, situated in a fertile limestone region. Pop. 1830, 2,783. Chambersburg, p-v. in the e. part of Foun- tain CO. Ind. by p-r. 66 ms. n. w. by w. Indian- opolis. Champaign, co. O. bounded by Clarke s., Miami s. w., Shelby n. w , Logan n., Union N. e., and Madison s. e. Length 29, breadth 16, and area 464 sq. ms. extending in lat. from 39° 58', to 40° 15', and in long, from 6° 52', to 7° w. W. C. Though the extreme sources of Darby's creek, a branch of Sciota r. flows from the eastern border, and some fountains of creeks flowing into the Great Miami, issue from the wstrd. the great body of this co. slopes sthrd. and is included in the valley of Mad r. Chief town, Urbana. Pop. 1820, 8,479, 1830, 12,131. Champion, p-t. Jefferson co. N. Y. 12 ms. E. Watertown, at the Long Falls of Black r. contains 26,000 acres, with rich loam and sand ; first settled from Conn. Pop. 1830, 2,342. Champlain Lake, between Vt. and N. Y. extends from Whitehall, N. Y. a little beyond the Canada line, 140 ms. nearly n. and s. generally narrow and deep, 12 ms. in the widest part. That part of it from Whitehall to Mount Independence, opposite Fort Ti- conderoga, was formerly considered a part of Wood creek. The principal islands are N. and S. Hero, Lamotte, Valcour and Schuy- ler's. It is navigated by many vessels of 80 and 90 tons, which are generally built to pass the canal ; an active trade is carried on from the numerous towns and villages on the shores. Large and elegant steamboats ply daily between Whitehall and St. John's, Low- er Canada, which touch at the principal places ; and multitudes of travellers for CHA 92 CHA pleasure every season pass this route. Thai length. The soil is a chocolate colored sandy shores are varied and pleasant, generally cul- 1 loam or red clay, supported by limestone, tivated in farms near the water, and rising to- j The timber, a mixture of oak, pine, hickory, wards the mountains which appear in various land dogwood, lilled up with cane. Corn, cot- directions. The principal eminences of the ; ton, and sugar are the most important staples. Green mountains are fine features in the land- 1 Cuardon, p-v. and st. jus. Geauga co. O., scape. The outlet of Lake George enters at i by p-r. 28 ms. in. e. by e. Cleaveland, on Lake Ticonderoga, and Chazy, Saranac, Sable and Erie, and 157 ms. n. e. Columbus. Pop. Bouquet rs. w. Wood creek s. and Otter, ; 1830, 88L Onion, Lamoille and Missisquo rs. e. The j Chariton, r. of Mo. rises about n. lat. 40*' largest bay is South bay, and Cumberland 'between the vallies of the Ravine des Moines the principal head land. Ticonderoga and I and Grand r., and flowing thence by a general Crown p-t. N. Y. at two important bends of | sthrn. course 130 ms. falls into Mo. r. between the lake, were formerly great fortresses, both I Howard and Chariton cos. used in the French wars, and abandoned at Chariton, co. of Mo. bounded e. by Ran- the close of the revolution. Large remains j dolph, s. e. by Howard, s. by Mo. r. separating of the works are seen. The lake was dis-jit from Sabine co., w. by Grand r., N.bounda- covered 1608, abounds in salmon, trout, stur-.| ries uncertain. Length 32 ms. mean breadth geon, pickerel, «Slc. ; freezes deep for sever-}26, and area 832 sq. ms. Extending in lat. al months, and is usually travelled with land vehicles from Dec. 10th, to March 15th or 20th. Several new villages have recently grownup on the banks, particularly near iron mines, &c. Champlain, p-t. and port of entry, Clinton CO. N. Y. 21 ms. n. Pittsburgh, ] 88 n. Alba- ny, on Lake Champlain. Great Chazy r. afTords mill sites at the v. It contains Pointe- au-fer, and has level land on the lake, gener- ally strong loam or clay, bearing apples, pears, plums. Rouse's Point has lately been taken from this town, and added to Canada. Pop. 1830, 2456. Champlain Canal. {See Rail Roads and Canals.) Chanceford, p-v. York co. Pa. 35 ms. s. e. the borough of York, and 30 a little w. of s. from Lancaster ; the two tsps. of Chanceford, Upper and Lower, contained a Pop. in 1830, of 2213. Chancellorsville, p-0. Spottsylvania co. Va. by p-r. 75 ms. from Richmond. Chandlersville, t. Somerset co. Me. 39 ms.N. Augusta. Pop. 1830, 172. CnAPiNviLLE, p-v. Litchfield co. Conn., 50 ms. w. Hartford. Chaplin, p-t. Windham co. Conn., 32 ms. e. Hartford, recently formed of a part of Mans- field, Tolland co. It is divided by Natchaug r., a branch of Shetucket r., and is a hilly, grazing country. Pop. 1830, 807. Chapmajn's Mills, and p-o. Giles co. Va. by p-r. 225 ms. a little s. of w. Richmond from 39° 11' to 39° 40' n., and in long, from 15° 39' to 16° 16' w. from W. C. The slope of this CO. is to the sthrd. with the general courses of Grand and Chariton rs. Chief town, Chariton. Chariton, p-v. and st. jus. Chariton co. Mo. by p-r. 79 ms. n. w. from Jefferson co., and 2 13 m. N. w. by w. St. Louis. It is on the left bank of Mo. r., at the mouth of Chariton r. Long. 15° 48' w. from W. C. Charlemont, p-t. Franklin co. Mass., 14 ms. w. Greenfield, 107 n. n. w. Boston, is wa- tered by Deerfield r., and contained 3 garri- sons, erected 1754, against the French and Indians. Pop. 1830, 1,065. Charles r. Mass., rises nearR. I. and flows through Norfolk and Middlesex cos., between which it forms part of the boundary, and joins Mystic r. in Boston harbor. Charles, co. of Md. bounded by Potomac r. s. s, w. and w., Prince George's n., Swanson cr., Patuxent r., St. Mary's co., and Wernico r. E. Length 30 ms., mean breadth 15, and area 450 sq. ms. Extending froniN. lat. 38° 15' to 38° 40', and in long, from 14' w. to 19' E. from W. C. Surface broken, and soil of middling quality. Chief town. Port Tobacco. Pop. 1B20, 16,500, 1830, 17,769. Charles City, co. of Va., bounded by James r., which separates it from Prince George's s., Henrico, n. w., Chickahoming r., which sepa- rates it from New Kent, N., and by the latter r. which separates it from James City, e. Length 26 ms. mean breadth 8 and area 208 Chapmans, p. v. Union co. Pa., by p-r. 53jsq. ms. Extending from n. lat 37° 09' to 37° ms. n. n. w. Harrisburg. 28' and in long, from 5' e. to 22' w. from W. Chapola, r. of Flor. and Ala., rises in Hen-iC. Surface rolling. Pop. 1820, 5,255 ; 1830, ry CO., of the latter, enters Jackson, of the 15,500. former by several creeks, which uniting, pass- j Charles city, C. H. and p-o. near the centre 68 under a natural bridge, about 15 ms. within j of the co. 31ms. s. e. by e. Richmond. Florida. Issuing thence, it flows about 30 ! Charleston, dist. of S. C. bounded s. w. ms. nearly parallel, and fromlO to 20 ms. dis-[ by Colleton dist., n. w. by Orangeburgh, n. tant from the Appalachicola r. and is finally | and n. e. by Santee river, which separares it merged in Horts lake, after an entire course from Sumpter, Williamsburg and George of 45 ms., in a direction s. s. e. by 3. "On its margin," says Williams, "is some of the best land in the country." The most exten- sive settlements are on its western border, ex. town, and s. e. by the Atlantic ocean. The greatest length along the Atlantic coast 68 miles, and inland at nearly right angles to the coast, 55 miles. Mean breadth about 33, tending from 1 to 5 ms. in width, and 30 in; and area 2,244 sq. ms. The surface of this CHA 93 CHA district is in great part an inundated plain near- ly coiniuensurate witli tho basin of Ashley and Cooper rivers. The part towards the Athm- tic presents a net work of interlocking streams and islands. The soil where of suf- ficient elevation for cultivation is highly pro- ductive. Staples — cotton and rice. As a com- mercial section, Charleston dist. is favorably situated, since beside the harbor of Charleston city, there are many inferior inlets. A canal has been constructed to unite Cooper r. with the Santee opposite Black Oak island. Length '21 ms. embracing in lat. from 32'^ 32' to 3!>° 28', and in long, from 2° 20' to 3° 32' w. from VV. C. Charleston is in itself a considerable physical section. From observations made from 1750 to 1789 inclusive, and from 1791 to 1824 inclusive, the mean annual tempera- ture of the city of Charleston n. lat. 32° 44' is within an inconsiderable fraction of 60° Fahrenheit. This is a temperature higher considerably than that on similar lat. hi the valley of the Mississippi. Chief t. Charles- ton. Pop. 1820, 80,212 ; 1830, 10(i,70(i. Charleston, city, and s-p. Charleston dis. S. C. situated on the point between Ashley and Cooper rs. 6 ms. from the open Atlantic ocean, 113 ms. s. s. e. Columbia, and by p-r. 539 ms. s. s. w. from \V. C, n. lat. 32° 44', long, as marked on Tanner's U. S. 3° w. from W. C. The bay formed by Ashley and Coop- er rs. is about 2 ms. wide, and extending from city point a little s. of e. There are two en- trances, the deepest of which admits vessels of 16 ft. draught, but the channel coming close upon the s. w.. end of Sullivan's Island, gives a safe means of defence, which was reduced to certainty in the revolutionary war, when on June 28th, 1776, a British tlcet under Sir Peter Parker was repulsed and shattered by the camion of Fort Moultrie, a mere stockade battery. On the w. the harbor of Charleston is united to Stono r. by Wappoo creek, and by the channel of Cooper r. and a canal of 20 ms. it is connected with Santee r. 50 ms. a little w. of n. from the city. Ash- ley, Cooper and Wando rs. are all navigable for small vessels above the harbor. The whole adjacent country, being a plain, but little elevated above tide water, the city is liable to occasional inundation from ocean swells. It is nevertheless a line commercial mart, well built and prosperous. Every spot in the vicinity capable of improvement is de- corated with plantations in a high state of cultivation. Within the city exist all those institutions which mark a wealthy communi- ty. The most noted public edifices are the Exchange, City Hall, 6 Banking Houses, a a Guard House, an Arsenal, 2 College build- ings, academical and medical, a large fire proof building, erected for the greater security of public documents, at an expense of$60,000. Court House, numerous places of public wor- ship, among which are some of the most an- cient in the U. S., 2 markets, one of which is very extensive, St. Andrew's Hall, an Alms House, an Orphan Asylum, and many other charitable institutions, richly endowed, among which are the St. Andrew's, South Carolina, and Fellowship societies. The Orphan Asylum, in which 150 children are protected, supported and educated, is an honor to the state. The public Library con- tains 15 to 20,000 volumes. Charleston ofl'ers a delightful residence to the planters, who are widely scattered through the surrounding country, many of whom have tine residences in the city. It is one of the gayest cities of the U. S., and its society is ex- cellent. The progressive population ofCharles- ton is as follows: in 1790, 16,35'J; 1800, 18,711; 1810, white persons, 11,568, slaves and free blacks, 13,143, total 24,711; 1820, whites, 10,653, slaves and free blacks, 14, 127, total 24,780 ; 1830, whites, 12,928, slaves and free blacks, 17,361, total 30,289. Charleston, p-v. and st. jus. Jefferson co. Va. 10 ms. s. w. by w. Harper's Ferry and 63 N. w. from W. C. Charleston, p-v. Cecil co. Md. 10 ms. s. w. by w. Elkton, and about 60 ms. n. e. Balti- more. Charleston, p-v. and st. jus. Kenhawa co. Va. situated on the right bank of the Great Kenhawa r. and on the point above the mouth of Elk r. about 50 nis. by land above the mouth of Great Kenhawa, and by p-r. 304 N. w. by w. from Richmond. Charleston, p-v. and st. jus. Clarke co. Ind. by p-r. 105 ms. s. s. e. from Indianopo- lis, 14 n. n. w. from Louisville in Ky. It is situated on the bank of Ohio river. Charleston, p-v. and tsp. in the sthrn. part of Portage co. O. by p-r. 132 ms. n. e. from Columbus and 10 s. from Ravenna, the CO. St. Pop. 1830, 475. Charleston, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 73 ms. N. E. Augusta. Pop. 1830, 859. Charlestown, p-t. Sullivan co. N. H. 51 ms. from Concord, 100 from Boston, 18 from Windsor Vt., e. Conn, r., contains 21,400 acres. Little Sugar r. and 3 isls. arc oppo- site this town in Conn. r. It has various soils, few mill sites, 1500 acres of rich mead- ow in one place, and in another a ridge of waste land. There arc two villages, the s. very pleasant. Here was a fort built, 1743, above 30 ms. in advance of other settlements, and st^od a siege and repeated athicks, till about 1760. Pop. 1830, 1,773. Charlestown, p-t. and port of entry, Mid- dlesex CO. Mass. 1 m. n. of Boston, with which it is connected by a bridge 1,503 feet long, and also by a branch of Craigie's bridge. Chelsea bridge crosses Mystic r. e. nearly I m. on the Salem road, and Maiden bridge, 2,420 Jeet, leads to Maiden. A bay of Charles r. is w.. Mystic r. e., and a narrow neck connects it with the main land n. The sur- face is irregular, with two fine eminences, Breed's and Bunker's hills. The v. is large and flourishing, one of the suburbs of Boston, with Bunker hill bank, and many other public buildings. It was burnt 1775, by British troops. Soon after the battle of Lexington, CHA 94 CHA while a body of American militia were at fruit. There are some high hills. A ferry Copp'3 hill, in Cambridge, detachments of to Essex, N. Y. Pop. 1830, 1702. them were sent to fortify Breed's hill, to Charlotte, or Port Genesee, p-v. and port prevent the British troops in Boston from oc- of entry, Genesee, Monroe co. N. Y. at the cupying it and Charlestown. Jime 17, 1775, mouth of Genesee r. the latter landed and attacked the American Charlotte, t. Chatauque co. N. Y. Pop. redoubt three times, being repulsed twice 1830, 886. with great loss. They finally succeded, and Charlotte, co. of Va. bounded n. w. by the Americans retreated ; but the resistance Campbell, n. by Prince Edward, e. by Lu- te regular troops was considered as encoura- nenburg, s. e. by Mecklenburg, and s. and s. ging as a victory, and greatly animated the w. by Stanton or Roanoke r. which separates people. General Warren lost his life, with it from Halifax. Length 33, mean breadth many others. A granite obelisk, in comme- 18, and area 600 sq. ms. Extending from n. moration of this memorable event, magnifi- iat. 36° 41', to 37° 16' and in long, from 1° cent in design, has been commenced on the 33' to 2° 05' w. from W. C. The slope of battle ground. Charlotte co. is to the sthrd. towards the Ro- The state prison of Mass. is in Charles- anoke. It is in great part drained by Little town, near the r., and has been recently re- Roanoke and Cub creeks. Soil generally built, on the Auburn plan, with 300 cells, and good and productive in grain, fruits, tobacco, reorganized, at an expense of $86,000. It &c. Chief tovra, Marysville. Pop. 1820, had in 1831, 290 convicts, in solitary cells at 13,290, in 1830, 15,252. night and meal times. Charlotte, p-v. and st. jus. Mecklenburg The navy yard of the U. S. in the s. e. part co. N. C. by p-r. 157 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh, of the t. opposite Boston, is surrounded by a Charlotte, p-v. and st. jus. Dickson co. wall enclosing about 60 acres, a marine hos- Term. 36 ms. w. from Nashville. pital, warehouse, arsenal, powder magazine, Charlotte, r. bay, and harbor , west coast of and superintendent's house, all brick, with 2 Florida. The r. rises in the interior plains or large wooden houses, to shelter frigates and swamps and flowing westward enters the sloops of war on the stocks. The dry dock eastern part of a deep and safe bay, sheltered is the finest in the U. S. !|382,104 were paid on the side next the Gulf of Mexico, by a for materials and labor before Nov. 1831, and chain of islands or reefs. The adjacent coun- it was supposed that $118,000 more would try is low, sandy, marshy, and also sterile. be required to complete it. Pop. 1830, The centre of the bay is about n. Iat. 26° 45' 8,783. and 5° 20' w. from W. C. Charlestown, t. Washington CO. R. I. 40 Charlotte Hall, p-v. near the northern ex- ms. s. w. Providence, s. Charles r., n. Atlan- tremity of St. Mary's co. Md. 17 or 18 ms. a tic ocean, nearly 7 miles square, 43 sq. ms. little s. of e. from Port Tobacco, including 3 fresh, and 2 salt ponds, which open Charlotteville, p-v. and st. jus. for Alber- to the sea, part of the year. It has plenty of marie co. Va. and also the seat of the central fish, good mill sites, with a rich level tract in college or university of Virginia. Situated on the s. and rough land n. It bears nut, maple, the right bank of Rivanna river and near the ash, birch, while and yellow pine ; corn, rye, northwestern foot of South West mountain,by barley, oats, &c. There is a remnant of p-r. 123 ms.s.w. from W. C. and 81 ms. n. w. Narraganset Indians in this t. Pop. 1830, by w. from Richmond, n. Iat. 38° 03', long. 1284. 1° 35' w. from W. C. The university of Vir- Charlestown, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y. ginia, was organized in 1825, and in 182R, had 40 ms. w. N. w. Albany, 10 s. Johnstown on 120 students, a library, containing 7000 vols. Mohawk r. containing 100 sq. ms. is some- and a small observatory for the use ofthestu- what hilly, with rocks which afford quarries, dents. Pop. 1830, not given in the tabular The soil is generally clay or loam. Arieskill returns of the census ; supposed about 1000. and Schoharie creek give mill sites. There The arable surface on which this town is lo- was once an Indian town at the mouth of cated, is elevated from 500 to 700 feet above Schoharie creek, partly settled before the rev- the Atlantic tides, and the vicinity is regard- olutionary war by Dutch ; and since by New ed as salubrious. England emigrants. Charlestown, Voorhies, Charlton, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 15 ms. and Currie, are villages. Pop. 1830, 2148. s. w. Worcester, 60 s. w. Boston, A farming Charleston, t. Orleans co. Vt. Pop. 1830, towri, with hard, rough, but strong soil, des- 564.- titute of large streams, but w^ell watered. Charlestown, p-v. Chester co. Pa. by p-r. Pop. 1830, 2,173. 82 ms. E. Harrisburg. Charlton, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 25 n.w. Charlotte, t. Washington co. Me. Pop. Albany, 8 s. w. Ballston Spa, agreeably va- 1830, 557. ried, with a gentle descent s. to Mohawk r. Charlotte, p-t. Chittenden co. Vt. 10 ms. Eel Place creek furnishes mill sites. Fanning s. Burlington, 10 n. Vcrgennes, 48 Montpelier, prevails. Pop. 1830, 2,023. E. Lake Champlain. First settled 1776, is Chartiers Creek, or small river of Wash- pleasantly situated, and is watered by Piatt ington and Alleghany cos. Pa. rises by nume- r. and Lewis creek. Pine and hemlock grow j rous branches in the vicinity of the borough E. ; hard wood on a good soil w. favorable to, of Washington, and flowing thence a course CHA 95 CHA a little E. of N. about 30 ms. falls into Ohio j Chatham, t. Middlesex co. Conn, opposite r. 4 ms. below Pittsburg. At high water it is Middletown, 16 ms. s. Hartford, k. Conn. r. navigable for down stream vessels from its main Fork 2 ms. below Cannonsburg ; and the country it drains is remarkable for fer- tility of soil, and for immense strata of bitu- minous coal. CuATAuauE, lake, Chatauque co. N. Y. 16 ms. long, 1 to 4 wide, is on high land, with good grazing banks, producing grain in some parts. Maysville, the co. t. on its margin is N. w. 8 ms. from Portland, on Lake Erie. Chatauque r. Chatauque co. N. Y. flows from Chatauque lake into Conewango creek, a branch of Alleghany r. Chatauque creek, Chatauque co. N. Y. runs 15 ms. from the ridge, through a deep ravine, into Lake Erie Chatauque co. N. Y. the s. w. co. of the state, 360 ms. w. Albany, 60 s. w. Buffalo, bounded by Lake Erie n., Cattaraugus co. e.. Pa. s. and w. ; contains 659,280 acres, and 22 tsps. It is high land, with streams run ning into the lake. Chatauque lake, in this co. flows through Casdaga creek into Conewango, thence into the Alleghany r. at Warren, Pa. which emp- ties into the Mississippi, and thus a boat na- vigation is opened from within 6 or 8 ms. of Lake Erie to the Gulf of Mexico, and rafts go down every year. From 3 to 10 ms. from Lake Erie is a ridge 800 or 1200 feet high, being a loam on clay, or mica slate, bearing nut, oak, maple, birch, &c. and making good farms. On Lake Erie is a rich alluvion, from 1 to 4 ms. wide. The co. is exposed to cold and damp winds, late springs, and cold win- ters ; but is healthful. Bog iron ore is foimd, and fruit trees flourish. Maysville, the co. t. is 164 ms. w. Albany. Pop. 1820, 12,568, 1830, 34,057. Chatauque, t. Chatauque co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 2,442, Chateaugay, r. rises in Franklin co. N. Y. flows into Canada and joins St. Lawrence r. a little w. Montreal. Chateaugay, p-t. Franklin co. N. Y. 12 ms. K. N. e. Malone, 10 ms. wide, by 40 long, has a sandy loam, bearing beech, maple, bass, hemlock, pine, &c. Chatauque r. on which are the High falls and many ponds s. abound in trout. Part of the iron district is in the s. part. Pop. 1830, 2,432. Chatham, t. Strafford co. N. H. Pop. 1830, 419. Chatham, t. Coos co. N. H. on e. side of White mtne., w. Maine boundary, contains 26,'000 acres. It is mountainous and rocky, with ponds and streams. Carter's mtn. w. cuts off" direct communication with Ad- Chatham, p-t. Barnstable co. Mass. 20 ms. E. Barnstable, at s. e. point Cape Cod, is surrounded by water, except n. w. where it touches Harwick ; has a good harbor s., out. side of which is a long beach, a moveable sandy soil, without trees, with some salt marshes. Long. 69° .SO' w., lat. 41° 42' n. Pop. 1830,2,130. about 6 ms. by 9, 56 sq. ms., is hilly, being crossed by the granite range, but has some very good farms. Extensive quarries of free- stone are wrought on the shore of Conn. r. and sloops are loaded there, which supply the city of N. York with the best stone of the kind, and transport it also to many other pla- ces. A cobalt mine has been wrought on Rattlesnake hill, at different times, but it is not rich enough to bear the expense. At Middle Haddam v. is a good laiiding for river vessels. Opposite Chatham, Conn. r. turns E. through the narrows, where the ice often stops in the spring, and causes considerable freshets in the r. Pop. 1830, 3,646. Chatham, p-t. Columbia co. N. Y. 18 ms. N. E. Hudson, 18 s. E. Albany, has different soils, with good farms, slaty hills, with tracts of alluvion ; it is supplied with mill sites by Lebanon cr. Klein kill, &c. It has several villages. New Britain, New Concord, &c. Pop. 1830, 3,538. Chatham, p-t. Morris co. N. J. 13 ms. n. w. Elizabethtown, 6 s.w. Morristown, w. Passa- ic r. Pop. 1830, 1,865. Chatham, p-v. Chester co. Pa. 16 ms. s. w. from West Chester, and 40 ms. s. w. by w. from Philadelphia. Chatham, co. of N. C. bounded s. by Moore, w. by Randolph, n. by Orange, e. by Wayne, and s. E. by Cumberland. It is an oblong of 33 ms. e. and w. and 26 n. and s., area 858 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 30' to 35° 53' and in long, from 1° 55' to 2° 40' w. W. C. Haw and Deep rs. unite near its s. e. angle, to form Cape Fear r. General slope, s. e. Chief t. Pittsboro'. Pop. 1820, 12,661, in 1830, 15,405. Chatham, co. of Geo. bounded by Ogee- chee r. which separates it from Bryan s. w., by Effingham co. n. w., by Savannah r. sepa- rating it from Beaufort dist. in S. C, n. e., and by the Atlantic ocean s. e. Length from s. e. to N. w. 27 ms. breadth 15 ms, and area 405 sq. ms. Extending from lat. 31° 50' to 32° 13' and in long. 3° 56' to 4° 26' w. W. C. The very slight declivity of this co. is s. e. towards the Atlantic ocean. The surface is level, and but slightly elevated above the At- lantic tides. Staples, rice, cotton and sugar. Chief town. Savannah. Pop. 1830, 14,230. Chattahoochee, r. of Geo. Ala. and Flor. the western and main constituent of Appa- lachicola r. rises on the high table land of tho Appalachian system, with sources issuing from Blue Ridge, and either interlocking with, or nearly approaching those of Savannah, Tennessee, Pieper, Hiwassee and Coosa. The higher Chattahoochee is formed by two branches, Chestatee and Chattahoochee pro- per. Both branches rise in Habersham, and unite on the western iiordcr of Hiill co. Geo. having flowed in a sthrn. direction about an equal distance, 45 ms. Thence known as Chattahoochee, the r. assumes a southwestern course of 140 mg. in Geo. to Miller's Bend, where it becomes a boundary between Geo. CHE 96 CHE and Ala. Below Miller's Bend, with partial windings, the general course is 150 ms. very nearly due s. to its union with Flint, to form Appalachicola r. About 20 ms, of the lower part of its course, Chattahoochee separates rior. from Geo. It is very remarkable that in a comparative distance of280 ms. from the junction of Chestatee and Chattahoochee, to the mouth of FUnt, no tributary stream enters the main recipient above the size of a large creek, and the valley at its widest part does not exceed 50 ms. and the whole, fully estima- ted at a mean breadth of .35 ms. Entire length of this vale 325 ms. The higher part of the valley of Chattahoochee lies between those of Coosa to the n. w. and Oconee and Oakmul- gee to the s. e. It thence, for about 130 ms. intervenes between the vallies of Flint and Tallapoosa, and the lower section between those of Flint and Choctaw rivers. [See Aj)- palachicola r.) Chatico, p-v. on a small creek of Wicomico r., St. Mary's co. Md. by p-r. 53 m. s. s. e. W. C. and 64 a little w. of s. from Annapo- lis. Chatuga, r. the extreme highest constituent of Savannah r. rises in the southern vallies of Blue Ridge, and in Macon co. N. C. Issuing thence by a course of a little w. of s. and traversing n. lat. 35°, in a distance of 25 ms. separates Pickens dist. S. C. from Rabun co. Chelmsford, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 27 ms. N. Boston, s. Merrimack r. formerly con- tained the present towTi of Lowell. Pop. 1830, 1387. Chelsea, p-t. and st. jus. Orange co. Vf. 20 ms. s. E. Montpelier, 20 s. w. Newbury, 36 sq. ms,, first settled 1783 ; it is watered by the 1st branch of White r., &c., has an un- even surface, but a warm and fertile soil. Pop. 1830, 1958. Chelsea, t. Suffolk co. Mass. 3 ms. N. e. Boston, to which Winnesemit ferry crosses, was incorporated 1638. It is n. of Boston harbor, w. of Lynn bay ; a strip of land 100 rods wide, stretches 3^ ms. to Reading. A granite hospital was built here in 1827, look- ing on Boston harbor. With Boston it forms Suffolk CO. but has no vote nor expense in co. business. Pop. 1830, 770. Chelsea Landing, p-v. Norwich, Conn. {See Norwich.) Chelsea, p-v. Cataraugus co. N. Y. 260 tns. w. Albany. Chewu.ng, r. or Tioga, in Steuben and Tioga cos. N. Y. a large w. branch of Alleghany r. Chemung, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y. 198 ms. s. s. w. Albany, ; 9 e. Elmira, n. Pennsylvania, is crossed by Tioga or Chemung r. with Cay- uta creek on e. side, and has other mill streams. It is hilly, with fine alluvion on Tioga creek, and is gravelly on the hills, bear- Geo. to its union with Turoree r. and forms ing yellow pine and some hemlock, oak, Tugaloo r. This small stream has its sour- beech and maple. The narrows of Chemung ces opposite to those of Tennessee proper, r. are wild and singular. Pop. 1830, 1462. and Hiwassee Chaumont, p-v. Lyme, Jefferson co. N. Y 10 ms. from Brownville, at the head of Chau mont bay, carries on a valuable fishery of white fish and siscoes. Chazy, p-t. Clinton co. N. Y. 175 n. w. Al- bany, 12 N. Plattsburgh, s. and w. lake Cham- plain, is watered by Little Chazy r. It has good land in some parts. The village is 15 ms. N. Plattsburg. The landing on lake Champlain is 1 ni. s. Little Chazy r., 3 ms. e. of the village. Pop. 1830, 3,097. Chazy, r. Franklin and Clinton cos. N. Y. about 50 ms. long, and a good mill stream, enters lake Champlain, near Port au Fer. Chazy, (Little), r. Clinton co. N. Y. 1^ ms. s. Chazy r. 18 ms. long, is a good mill stream. Cheat, r. of Va. rising on the border be- tween Randolph and Pocahontas cos. inter- locks with Elk and Green Brier branches of Great Kenhawa, and after uniting with the south branch of Potomac, flows thence by a general northern course 70 ms. over Randolph into Preston co., inflecting in the latter co. to N. N. w. 40 ms. to its junction with the Monon- gahela, at the southwestern angle of Fayette CO. Pa. The valley of Cheat lies between those of the Monongahelaonthe w., Potomac E., and Youghioghany ,v. e. Length about 100, mean breadth not exceeding 18, area 1800 sq. ms. Cheek's Cross Roads, and p-o. Hawkins CO. Ten. by p-r. 212 ms. estrd. Nashville. Cbeeksville, po. e. part Marion co. Ten. by p-r. 124 ms. s. e. by e. from Nashville. Chenango, r. N. Y. rises in Madison and Oneida cos. near the headwaters of Oneida, Oriskany and Sadaquada creeks, crosses Chemung co. s. s. w., and Broome co., and joins Susquehannah r. at Binghampton ; it is 90 ms. long, with many useful branches. Chenango, co. N.Y. bounded by Madison co.N., Otsego and Delaware e., Broome co. s. and Broome and Cortlandt w. ; 35 and 28 ms. are its greatest dimensions ; 780 sq. ms. and it contains 19 townships. It is watered by streams of Susquehannah r. as, Chenango, Unadilla, Otselic crs. &c. and is high, hilly, with various soils, generally good for farms. Settled principally from New England. Pop. 1830, 37,238. Chenango Forks, p-v. Lisle, Broom co. N. Y. at the union of Chenango and Tioughnio- ga rivers. Chenango Point, or Binghampton, p-v. and CO. seat, Chenango, Broome co. N. Y. 148 ms. w. s. w. Albany, 40 ms. from Nor- wich. Chen.\ngo, p-v. Beaver co. Pa. 80 ms. n. w. Pittsburg. Chenango, r. of Crawford and Mercer cos. Pa. (See Shenango.) Cheneyville, p-v. on Bayou Boeuf, s. E. part of Rapide parish, La. by p-r. 32 ms. s. s. e. from Alexandria ; st. jus. for the parish. Chexoweth's p-o. wstrn. part of Darke co. O. by p-r. Il3ms. n. of w. Columbus. Chepacket, p-v. Providence co. R. 1. 16 ms.. from Providence. A flourishing village oa , the river of its name. CHE 97 CHE CuERAw, p-T. in the n. e. part of Chester- 1 people who reside in Georgia, have been field dist. S. O. on the right banli of Great made subject to the laws of Georgia by a Pcdee r. by p-r. 88 ms. n. e. by e. Columbia, statute of that state. Cherokees, or Chelokeks, nation of In- Cherokee Corner, p-v. Oglethorpe co. dians, inhabiting a part of northwesternj Geo. by p-r. 77 ms. alittle e. of n. from Mil- Geo. northeastern Ala. southeastern Ten. and the extreme wstrn. angle of N. C. " la 1809, by an enumeration made by the agent, the pop. of this people amounted to : Cherokees, one half of whom were mixed, . . . 12,395 Negro slaves . . . 583 Whites resident, . . . 341 Total .... 13,319 The following document was published in the National Intelligencer of Aug. 14, 1830; and is literally copied, if we except a different arrangement of the items in the enumeration of the population. " A statistical table exhibiting the popula tion of the Cherokee Nation, as enumerated in 18:i4, agreeably to a resolution of the legis- lativc council ; also of property, &-C. Males ..... " under 18 years of age 3054 " from 18 to 59 . . 3027 " over 59 . . . 352 Females ..... " under 15 years of age 3010 " from 15 to 40 . . 3103 over 40 . . . 782 Add for those who have since re- moved into the nation from North Carolina, who were living in that state on reservations, . . V S Males, 610 > N^g™«^' J Females, 667 i " 6,883 6,900 500 1,277 Total population . . . 15,560 There are 147 white men married to Che- rokee women, and 68 Cherokee men married to white women. Schools . 18 Black cattle . 22,531 Scholars of both sexes 314 Swine . 46,732 Grist mills . ;i6 Sheep . 2,566 Saw inills . 13 Goats . 432 Looms . 762 Blacksmith shops 62 .Spinning wheels . 2186 Stores . 9 Wagons . 192 Tan yards 2 Ploughs . .2923 Powder mill . 1 Horses .7683 Besides many other items not enumerated ; and there are several public roads and ferries, and turnpikes in the nation." Speech of Mr. Everett, on the bill for re- moving the Indians from the^. to the w. side of the Mississippi, H. of R. 19th of May, 1830. A discrepancy appears above, on footing the sums attached to the ages of the male and female population, and comparing the amount with the sums total of each, as stated collectively. The latter are presumed to be ledgeville. and 611 ms. s. w. from W. C. Cherry, p-o. Lycoming co. Fa. 113 ms. nthrd. Harrisburg. Cherryfield, t. Washington co. Me. 30 ms. w. Machias, e. Hancock co. is crossed by Narraguagus r. Pop. 1830, 583. Ciierrry Ridge, p-o. Wayne co. Pa. by p-r. 165 ms. N. E. Harrisburg. Cherry Tree, p-o. Venango co. Pa. by p-r. 244 ms. N. w. by w. Harrisburg. Cherry Valley, p-v. and tsp. in the e. part Ashtabula co. O. The p-o. is by p-r. 5 ms. from Jefferson, the st.jus. for the co. and 192 N. e. Columbus. Pop. of the tsp. in 1830, 219. Cherry Valley, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y. 53 ms. w. Albany, 14 ms. n. e. Cooperstown, is high and hilly ; gives rise to Canajoharrie creek, of Mohawk r. Cherry Valley creek, and of Unadillar. which runs into Susquehan- nah r. Mill sites are numerous ; rich alluvi- on abounds in the vallies, and the great number of wild cherry trees gave name to the town. Pop. 1830, 4,098. Cherry Valley, v. in the above town, sit- uated in a valley with an academy, has an important position on 3 turnpikes 13 ms. s. w. Schoharie ; marble is quarried here. The village was destroyed by the French and Indians, Nov. 1758. Pop. 1830, 641. Chesapeake Bay, a deep gulfopening from the Atlantic ocean, between Capes Henry and Charles ; lat. 37° and long. 1° e. from W. C. intersecting in the mouth of the bay, near midway between the capes, which are about 15 ms. asunder. The mouth of this fine sheet of water extends wstrd. 20 ms. to the mouth of James river. Curving rapidly, above the influx of James river, the Chesa- peake extends almost directly north over one degree of lat. with a mean breadth of 20 ms. having received from the westrd. James, York, Rappahannoc, and Potomac rivers, and from the opposite side, Pocomoke and Nantikoke rivers. Widened by the union of so many confluents, the Chesapeake is up- wards of 40 ms. wide from the mouth of the Potomac to that of Pocomoke, and about 35 from the most southern capes of the Potomac to the influx of Nantikoke river. Above the entrance of the two latter streams, the main bay narrows to a mean width of about 10 ms. and at some places imder 5 ms., but with an elliptic curve to the wstrd. 115 ms. to its termination at the mouth of Susquehannah river, having received from the westrd. above the Potomac, the Patuxent, Patapsco, Gunpowder and Bash rivers, and from the estrd. Nantikoke, Chopfank, St. Michaels, Chester, Sassafras, and Elk rivers. correct. By some still more recent document, it ap- The entire length of Chesapeake Bay is 185 pears that the population of the Cherokee |ms. ; and it may be doubted whf.ther any nation is on the increase. That part of this other bay of the earth, ii, in proportion to ex. 13 CHE 98 CHE tent, 80 much diversified by confluent etreaniBl any consequence. The opposite shore or as is the Chesapeake. I Chesapeake is in an especial manner indent- In strictness of geographical language, it jed by innumerable bays, and compared with is,however, only a continuation of Susquehan- Ithe confined width of the peninsula, rivers of nah river, of which primary stream all the I great magnitude of volume. The character other confluents of Chesapeake are branches, of the Atlantic shore is extended along the In the main bay the depth of water continues i Delaware bay, and entirely round the penin- Buflicient for the navigation of the largest sula ; much of the soil is liable to diurnal or ships of war to near the mouth of Susque- occasional submersion from the tides. hannah ; and in Potomac that depth is pre- The general slope is southwestward as de- served to Alexandria. In the other tributary jmonstrated by the course of the rs. Pocomoke, tivers large vessels are arrested before reach- iNantikoke,Choptank,Chester,Sassafras&.Elk, ing the head of tide water. If taken in its ut- jPolitically it contains all Sussex, Kent, and tnost extent, including the Susquehannah j more than one half of New Castle cos. Del. ; valley, the Chesapeake basin forms a great all Worcester, Somerset, Dorchester, Tal- physical limit; to the s. w. with few excep-lbot, Caroline, Queen Ann, and Kent, and one tions, the rivers, bays and sounds, are shal- low, and comparatively unnavigable ; but with the Chesapeake commences deep har- bors, which follow at no great distance from each other, to the utmost limits of the Atlan- tic coast of the United States. The entire surface drained into this immense reservoir amounts to near 70,000 sq. ms Chesapeake Peninsula. This article is introduced in order to give a general descrip- tion of a natural section of the United States, the peculiar features of which are lost or con- fused, in most of our geographical works, amongst the political subdivisions which have been drawn upon its surface. This physical section is bounded by the Atlantic ocean s. e., by Chesapeake bay w., by Delaware bay n. e., and united to the main continent by an isthmus, now traversed by the Chesapeake and Delaware canal n. The latter work has third of Cecil cos. Md. with all Accomac, and Northampton cos. Va. Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. ((See art. Rail Roads and Canals.) Chesapeake, p-v. in the s. part of Cecil co. Md. on Chesapeake Bay, immediately below the mouth of Elk river, by p-r. 35 ms. n. e. by E. Baltimore. Cheshire, co, N. H. the western co. of the state, bounded by Grafton co. n.. Hillsborough, E., Mass. s., andVt. w., 26 by 54; 1,254 sq. ms., has Conn. r. w. It contains 37 towns, Sunapee and Spaffbrd and Ashauelotand Su- gar rivers ; Grand Monadnock, above 3,000 feet, Craydon and Grantham mtns.' Bellows Falls, on Conn. r. are in this co. There is much good meadow land. Chief towns, Keene and Charlestown. Pop. 1820, 26,753, 1830, 27,016. Cheshire, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 130 ms. in fact insulated the peninsula, and given it w. Boston, is crossed by a branch of the Hoo water boundaries on all sides. Thus restrict- ed, the Delaware peninsula extends from Cape Charles n. lat. 37° OS', to the Chcsa. sick r. There are glass manufactories here. Pop. 1830, 1,050. Cheshire p-t. New Haven co. Conn. 13 peake and Delaware canal at n. lat. 39° 32'. ms. n. New Haven, 6 ms. by 7, 40 sq. ms., is Greatest length very nearly in a direction n. {watered by Quinipiack r. and a branch. Here and s. 182 ms. The general form is that of lis the Episcopal academy of Conn. It has a an elongated ellipse, which, in component ifund of $25,000, a brick edifice and small material, features, and elevation, differs in library. It is under the direction of a princi- pal and professor of languages. The soil uneven, with gravelly loam, bearing chestnut, oak, walnut, &c. The Farmington canal passes through. Pop. 1830, 1,780. Cheshire, p-v. and tsp. Galia co. O. by p-r. Pop. of the tsp. nothing essential from other Atlantic islands scattered along the coast of the United States. Chesapeake Bay is itself divided between Virginia, and Maryland ; the shores on both sides s. of the Potomac and Pocomoke rs. be- longing to the former, and to the northward 106 ms. s. s. e. Columbus, to the latter state. The southern part of the 1830, 664. peninsula is entirely in Virginia, and is a long | Chesnut Grove, p-o. in the s. part of Pitt- narrow promontory 70 ms. by 8 to 10 ms. isylvania co. Va. by p-r. 13 ms. southardly •wide. Above Pocomoke Bay the peninsula wi-t from Competition, the st. jus. for the co. 180 dens, and after an intermediate distance ofjs.w. by w. Richmond. 33 ms. is equally divided between the states] Chesnut Hill, (now Shafer's) p-o. Nor- of Maryland and Delaware. In the widest 'thampton co. Pa. by p-r. 20 ms. n. from part, between Cape Henlopen, Sussex co Delaware, and the western part of Talbot, Md. the width is 70 ms. ; but narrowing to- wards both extremes the mean breadth is about 27 ; area 4900 sq. ms. The surface is generally level or very gently undulatin Easton. Chesnut Hill, p-o. Phila. co. Pa. 8 ms. n. Phila. Chesnut Hill, p-o. Orange co. Va. by p-r. 88 ms. N. w.^Richmond. Chesnut Hill, p-v. Hall co. Geo. by p-r. The ocean and Chesapeake shores are 113 ms. northward Milledgeville strongly contrasted. Along the former, are [ Chesnut Level, p-o. in the e. part of Lan- narrow and low islands, with shallow sounds, ^easier co. Pa. by p-r. 51 ms. s. r. by e. Har- and with no stream leaumg from the land of 'riaburg. CHE 99 CHE CiiKSNtri' RinoE, p-o. Stokos co. N. C. by | recovered from tho ravagos of a destructive Ji-r. 152 nis. n. w. by \v. Raleigh. tiro, which a few years since destroyed a num- CnKSN'UT RiDoi:, local name given to that [bcr of the best buildings. Pop. 1820, 657, part cf the western prominent chain of tiic 1 1830, 817, showing an increase of 41 per cent Appalachian mountains, between Kiskimini- 'in ten years tas and Youghioghany rivers, and in West morcland and Fayette cos. Pa. Chester, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. on the Merrimac r. 23 ms. s. e. Concord, 17 Ex- eter, is crossed by a branch of Exeter r. and contains Massabesick ponds, fine meadows, and several caverns. The rocks are grani- ted gneiss. Pop. 1830, 2,028. Chester, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. 16 ms. s, w. Windsor, has a good soil with hills and val- lies, and three streams here form Williams r. An academy. Pop. 1830, 2,320. ' CrtESTER, p-t. Hampden co. Mass. 20 ms. N. w. Springfield, 120 ms. w. Boston, n. w. Westfield r. is crossed by two of its streams. Pop. 1830, 1,407. Chester, p-v. Saybrook, Middlesex co. Conn, has great water power, and eomo man- ufactories near Conn. r. Chester, p-v. Goshen, Warren co. N. Y. 91 ms. N. w. Caldwell. Pop. 1830, 1,284. Chester, P-t. Morris CO. N.J. crossed by Black r. Pop. 1830, 1,338. Chester, t. Burlington co. N. J. lies s. e. Delaware r. and has Rankokus creek n. and Pensaukin creek s. Pop. 1830, 2,333. Chester, co. Pa. bounded by Lancaster co. w., Berks n. w., Schuylkill r. which separates it from Montgomery n. e., Delaware co. e., Newcastle co. in the state of Delaware s. e., and Cecil co. Md. s. Length from s. w. to n. E. 44 ms. ; mean breadth 18 and area 792 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 42', to 40° 15', and in long, from 0° 55' to 1° 40' e. W. C. Surface very diversified ; the eastern part rolling, rather than hilly, and in some places level ; but the central and w-estern part hilly, and in many places even mountainous. The «oil is greatly varied from rocky and sterile to highly fertile. The general slope is to the s. e. The lar|;est stream originating in this co. is the Brandywine, which rising on the bor- . Mr. M. states in his appendix, page 201, "There are 4 males to 1 female. This inequality is attrib- uted to the practice of polygamy, which is general in this tribe. If the curious fact is truly stated, the reference is at variance with either the causes or effects usually connected with the history of polygamy. " The nation resides in S towns, and like their neighbours, are considerably advanced in civilization." Chicot, s. e. co. of Ark. bounded by Clark w., Arkansas, co. n., by the r. Missis- sippi E., and by the parish of VVashitau, La. 8. Extending in lat. 33° to 33° 40' n., and in long. froml4°5' to 14°57'w. VV. C. It ap- proaches the form of a sq. of .'SO ms. each side, area2500sq. ms. The boundaries indeed to the N. and w. are vague. The slope is south- banks, and between 30 and 40 mercantile stores, with numerous and-flourishing manu- factories, oil, i'uUing. ilour and saw mills. Pop. 1810, 1,369,1820,2,426 1830, 2,847. CnioiAiiK, p-t. Dukes co. Mass. is the 8. w. end of Martha's Vineyard. 'I'he n. w. l)oint is called (Jays head. The s. point .Stjuibnocket. Congregational, Methodist and Baptist society. Fop. 1830,2,010. Ciiii.0, p-v. in the extreme southern part of Clermont co. O. on Ohio r. by p-r. 127 ms. s. w. Columbus. Fop. 1830, 128. China, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. 20 ms. n. Augusta, w. Falermo, Waldo co. Population 1830, 2,233. China, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 32 ms. s. w. Batavia, watered by head streams of the Tonnewanta, Cataraugus and Seneca creeks. Moderately uneven. Heavily timbered with beach, maple, elm, ash, linden, hemlock, &lc. sure indications, on all table lands, that the wardly, and in that direction it is bounded by i soil and climate are better adapted to grass Mississippi, and traversed by Barthclnmy and j than grain. Has 4 saw mills, 3 grist mills, 9 Boeuf rivers. The surface is generally a plain, and most part an alluvial flat. The soil differs extremely in character> much of it liable to annual submersion ; parts rising nearly above inundation and exuberantly fer- tile, whilst in other places the land is sterile. Chief town, Villemont. Pop. 1830, 1,165, Chifuncte, pronounced Chifunty, r. of the states of Miss, and La. rises in Pike co, of the former, from which it issues a mere creek ; enters La. within which it traverses Wash- ington and St. Tammany parishes, falling into the northern side of Lake Pontchartrain, after a comparative course of 55 ms. s. s. e. There is 7 or 8 feet depth of water on the bar of this river, and a safe and deep harbor within its mouth, at Madisonville. Childsborg, p-v. La Fayette co. Ky. .32 ms, B, E, Frankfort, Chilhowee, p-v, in the e, part of Monroe CO. Ten. about 180 ms. s, e. by e. Nashville. Chili, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y. on Genesee or Henrietta r. 10 ms. s. w. Rochester, water- ed by Black creek, a fine mill stream. Pop. 1830, 2,010. CniLisauAKE, p-v. on Chilisquake cr, North- umberland CO. Pa. 10 ms. above Sunbcrry, the St. jus. and by p-r. 62 ms. n. Ilarrisburg. CniLLicoTiiE, flourishing p-t. and st. jus. Ross CO. O. on the right bank of Scioto r. at the salient point of the bend above the mouth of Paint creek, by p-r. 404 ms. a little n, of w. W, C. 45 ms. nearly due s. from Colum- bus, 96 ms. a little N. of E. from Cincinnati, and56 ms. s. w. bv w. from Zancsville. n. lat. 39° 20', long. 6° w. from W. C. The Grand canal is cut through it. The site of this town is a plain, hut the ad- jacent country rising into hills of from 200 to 300 feet elevation above the river bottoms, the place seems to occupy the centre of a schools 5 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 2,387. China Grove, p-o. Rowan co. by p-r. 130 ms, w. Raleigh. China Grove, p-o. Williamsburg dist. S. C. by p-r. 112 ms. s. Columbus. China Grove, and p-o. Pike co. Ala. by P-r. 159 ms. s. e. Tuscaloosa. China Grove, p-o, in the n. part of Pike CO, Miss, by p-r. 75 ms. s. of e. Natchez. China Hill, p-o. w. part of Mecklenburg CO. N. C. 12 ms. w. Charlotte, the st. jus. CiiiNauiPiN Grove. (See Locust ch;el; Louisa CO. Va.) CiiiNQUiPiN RiuGE, p-o, Lancaster dist, S. C. by p-r. 81 ms. n. n. e. Columbia. Chij'ola River. {See C/irrpola river.) Chiitewa, p-v. and tsp. in the n. w. part of Wayne co. O, 18 ms. n. e, Wooster, the st. jus. and by p-r. 104 ms. n. e, Columbus, Pop, of the tsp, 1830,1,498. CiiippEWAN. (See Chippewayan moun- tains.) Chh'peway, r. of the N. W. territory, one of the left branches of the Miss. r. rises inter- locking sources with some small streams which fall into the southwestern part of lake Superior, and with the St. Croix to the n. w. and Ouisconsin to the s. e. The sources of this stream arc drawn from a flat table land chequered with lakes, one of which, Flam- bleau lake, is as laid down by Tanner, upwards of 40 ms. in length with a breadth of from one to ten ms. It flows into lake Pepin, lat. Uh°, long. 15° 10' w. W. C. after a s. w. course of 135 ms, ^ Chippewayan, orChippewan, mountains of North America. This immense system ex- tends continuous chains from the Isthmus of Darien to the Arctic ocean, through 60 degrees of lat. with a considerable difference of long, between the extremes. Whether this CHO ia2 CHO system is connected or separate from the An- des of South America, is a yet unsolved problem in physical geography. In North America it forms the principle spine, from which rivers flow in opposite directions to- wards the two great oceans which bound the opposite sides of the continent. These corel- ebra, for they deserve the title, range up- wards of five thousand miles. In southern Mexico the system is known by the general term Anahuac, and further north as the mountains of New Mexico. In the U. S. it is designated Rocky Mountains, whilst British America, it is called by its native name,Chippo.wan or Chippewayan. In Guate- mala, or Central America, and in Mexico, rise from it enormous volcanic summits, ele- vated far above the region of perpetual snow. Popocatapetl, Citlaltepetl or peak D'Orizaba, Pico Frailes, and Coffre de Pe- rote, all rise above 13,500 feet, and the for- mer to 17,700 feet above the ocean tides. In the U. S. and northwardly, the elevation re- easy of entrance. Choctaw Bay, or the estuary of Choctaw river, extending between Jackson and Wa!-' ton cos. Florida. In the Report of the board of internal improvement, this bay is called St. Rosa,.from which, however, it is distinct. (M i„ ,»,.g. ftos oo m ,0 oo :w,:,z. by p"."u.; ■:;:•.: r wsr W. C. The slope is slight, but what little declivity there exists in the co. is to the s w towards Chowan river. Soil productive,' in 183r6?69? ^''^* ^^^"' ^''^^'^' ^"'^ Christian, CO. Ky. bounded by Trigg w Hopkins, N. w., Muhlenburg n. e., Todd e and Montgomery co. of Tcnn. s. Length irom N. to s. 34 ms., mean breadth 18, and area 612 square milea. Extending in latitude from 360 37', to 37° 07', and in longitude from 10° 04' to 10° 23' w. from W. C. Ihoughnot very elevated, this county is a table land, from which Little r. flows w mto Cumberland r.. Pond r. n. into Green r. and the western fork of Red river branch of Cumberland 8. into Red river. Chief town. Hopkmsville. Pop. 1830, 12,864. Christiana, tide water creek, principally of New Castle co. Delaware, but deriving its remote sources from Cecil co. Md. and Ches- ter CO. Pa. It is formed by the junction of Christiana proper with the United streams of White Clay, and Red Clay creeks. The two latter rise m Chester co. Pa., the latter in Cecil CO. Md. The general course of Chris- tiana proper and the united stream below the influx of Red and White Clay creeks is from 3. w. to to N. E., comfiarative length 30 ms. to Its junction with the Brandywino r. at Wilmington. The tide ascends Christiana, and enables vessels of 6 feet draught to be navigated to Christiana bridge, 10 ms. above Wilmington. Christiana, usually called Christiana Bridge, p-v. New Castle co. Del. situated on Christiana creek, 10 ms. above and s. w. Wilmington, by p.r. 47 ms. a littleN. of w. Dover. Christiana, p-v. in the n. e. part of Butler CO. O. by p.r. 88 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. Christiansburg, p-v. and sf. jus. Montgom cry CO. Va. by p.r. 282 ms. s. w. W. C. and 206 s. of w. Richmond. Lat. 37° 08', loner 3° 24' w. from W. C. ^ C'hristiansburg, p-v. Shelby co. Ky. 14 ms. w. P'rankfort. Christiansville, p-v. in the northern part of Mecklenburg co. Va. by p-r. 128 ms. s. w. Richmond. Christmasville, p.v. Carroll co. Ten by p.r. 105 ms. w. Nashville. Chuckatuck, p.v. Nansernond co. Va. about 30 ms. s. w. Norfolk. Chucky Bend, of Nolechucky r. and p-o. IS about 45 ins. n. of e. Knoxville, and in the eastern part of Jefferson co. Ten. by p-r. 215 ms. K. Nashville. The Nolechucky r. and French Broad unite about 5 ms. below the bend. Church Hill, p.v. Queen Ann co. Md. on a small s. e. branch of Chester river, 10 ms. N. ?<. E. Centreville, and about 50 ms. s. e. by E. from Baltimore. Church Hill, p-v. Abbeville diet. S. C. by p.r. 96 ms. w. Columbia. Church Hill, p.v. Montgomery co. Ala. CIT ;;^^^7r^r'Gr^enville, 1795, progressed but slowly. In 1810, the total population was 2 540 in 1820, 9,642, in 1826, 16,230, andm 1829 '24 408. •' By a very accurate enumer- ation in 1831, 28,014, with a floating popu a. tion,notinduded, of 1,500, makmg the total at this time (1832) more than 30 000. By the census tables for 1830, prmted at Washington, the population of Cmcmnati was \v ab.imsi500,000, and savings baiik, insurance companies, 3 belonging to the city, with two branches of companies at Hertford, A water company supplies the city crossed by the Ohio and Erie canal and on the largest aqueduct on the hnc of this work. It contains the ordinary co. bmldings, a print- ing oftice, 10 or 12 stores, numerous mechan- ics shops, and in 1830, a population of ,136. which now,1832, it is probable exceeds 1,200. This town derives its name from several re- markable remains of ancient works, in the Tdinary circular form of ^-h ^n^''^^^^'^;' scattered over the valley of Ohio They were here very extensive, and before the 'white settlements were made, were well i'"" vWND, N. Y. iSeePelham.) City Point, port and p-v. on the right shore CLA 105 CLA of James river, on the point formed at the junction of James and Appomattox rs. in the N. w. part of Prince George's co. Va. 12 ms. below Petersburg, by p-r. 34 ms. b. tf. from Richmond. Civil Order, p-v. in the n. w. part of Bod- ford CO. Ten. by p-r. 48 nis. s. Nashville. Claiborne, co. Miss, bounded w. by Miss. r. separating it from Concordia parish in La., N. w. and N. by Big Black r. separating it from Warren co. Miss., n. e. by Hinds, s. e. by Copiah, and s. by Jefferson. It approach- es the form ofa right angled triangle, hypote- nuse along the Miss, and Big Black, rs. 38 ms., base on Jefferson 30,area 380 sq. ms. Ex- 1 tending in lat. from 31° 53' to 32° 11', and in long, from 13° 50' to 14° 20' from W. C. Along the Mississippi and Big Black rivers the bottoms are level, extremely fertile, but Subject to aiinual submersion. Rising from this alluvial border, the country is elevated into hills, which towards the rivers are fer- tile, but receding eastward the pine forest and sterile soil commence. Bayou Pierre {Stony Creek), a fine stream bordered with ex- cellent landj^flows to the b. s. w. and drains the central part of the co. ; staple, cotton. Chief town, Gibsonport. Pop. 1820, 5,963, 1830, 9,787. Claiborne, parish of Lo. as laid down by Tanner, is bounded e. by the parish of Washitau.s. by Natchitoches, s.w. & w. by Red r. and n. by Lafayette co. of Ark. Length from B. to N. 65 ms. ; mean breadth 55, and area 3,575 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 32° 05' to 33°, and in long, from 15° 51' to 16° 57' w. from W. C. The northeast part is drained eastward by the sources of Bayou Terrebonne flowing into Washitau r. but the great body of the parish declines southward, and is drained in that direction by the sources of Dugdomini, Saline, Black Lake, Dacheet and Bodcau rs. ; the western part also contains the lakes Bistineau, and Bodcau. Some of the soil along the streams is of good second rate quality, and wooded with oak, hickory, and elm, but the body of the parish, or at least nine tenths of its surface, is composed of bar- ren hills clothed with pine timber. The bor- der on Red river is partially liable to annual submersion. The writer of this article was the first person who surveyed or indeed ex- plored this section of Louisiana. It was then, (1812) an uninhabited, in great part, and path- less wilderness. It contained then 3 white families, and a small Indian village, on Red river. By the post office list, 1831, there were offices at Allen's settlement and Rus- sellville. Pop. 1830, 1,764. Claiborne, co. of Ten. bounded by Clinch r. separating it from Hawkins e., Granger s. and Campbell s. w. ; on the w. it has again Campbell, on the n. w. Knox co. of Ky. and N. E. Lee, the extreme s. w. co. of Va. It lies nearly in the form of a right angled tri- angle ; base 50 ms. along Va. and Ky. per- pendicular on Campbell co. 28 ms. and hy- potenuse along Clinch r. ; area 700 sq. ms. U Extending in lat. 36° 13' to 13° 35', and in long. 5° 52' to 6° 48' w. W. C. Surface mountainous. The northwestern angle is occupied by Cumberland mtn. whilst Powell's mtn. traverses it in its greatest length from N. E. to s. w. Between these two chains flows Powell's r. s. w. whilst the co. has again a river border of 70 ms. along Clinch. Chief town, Tazewell. Pop. 1820, 5,508, 1830, 8,470. Claiborne, p-v. and st. jus. Monroe co. Ala. on the left bank of Ala. r. by p-r. 949 ms. s.w. from W. C. 157 s. from Tuscaloosa, 80 N.N. E. from Mobile. Lat. 31° 33', long. 10° 40' w. from W. C. Claiborne stands at the lower falls and head of schooner naviga- tion in Ala. Clapps, p-o. Guilford co. N. C. by p-r. 73 ms. N. of w. Raleigh. Claremont, p-t. Sullivan co. N. H. on Conn. r. opposite Windsor Vt. Area 25,800 square acres. Its surface, a rich gravelly loam, finely undulating, and furnishing the best meadows. Produce in 1820 : butter 30,000 ibs. ; cheese 55,000; flax 7,500; pearlashes 3 tons. Watered by Conn, and Sugar rs. Religious societies ; Congrega- tionalist, Episcopalian, Baptist, Methodist, 1 each. Lat. 43° 23'. Pop. 1830, 2,526. Claremont, p-v. Picken's dist. S. C. by p-r. 163 ms. n. w. by w. from Columbia. Clarence, p-t. Erie co. N. Y. 18 ms. e. Buffalo. N. boundary, Tonnewanta creek. Soil, a loam, which good husbandry may make very productive. Its rocks, horizontal limestone. Schools 21, 6 months in 12. Distilleries 6. Asheries 13. Pop. 1830, 3,360. Clarendon, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 55 ms. s. Montpelier. Otter creek. Mill and Cold r. furnish numerous mill seats. Alluvial flats, from ^ to 1 m. wid«, on Otter creek, very pro- ductive, extend through the town. Here is one of the fanciful stalactite caves. Marble or limestone, plenty, and wrought. Religious societies, 2 Baptist, 1 Coiigregationalist. Mill for sawing marble, 3 distilleries, &.c. Lat. 43° 31'. Pop. 1830, 1,585. Clarendon, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 18 ms. N. E, Batavia, about 6 ms. square, watered by Sandy creek. Soil good. It has 8 schools, 7 months in 12. Distillery 1. Pop. 1830, 2,025. Clarendon, t. Orleans co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 2,025. Claridon, p-v. and tsp. in the stlirn. part of Geauga co. O. by p-r. 327 ms. n. w. W. C. and 155 N. E. Columbus. Pop. 1820, 588, 1830, 637. Clarion, r. of Pa. usually called Toby's creek, rises by numerous branches in Mac Kean and Jefferson cos. interlocking sources with creeks flowing nthrd. into Alleghany r. and opposite to those of the Sinnamahoning branch of Susquehannah. The difl'erent branches unite near the centre of Jefferson, and the main stream, assuming a s. w. course over thdt CO. and thence separating Arm- CLA 106 CLA strong from Venango, falls into Alleghany r at Foxburg, after an entire course of 60 ms. Clarion, p-v. in the n. part Armstrong co Pa. by p-r. about 70 ms. n. e. Pittsburg. Clark, co. of Geo. bounded by Walton w Jackson n. w. Madison n. e. Oglethorpe e. Greene s. and is separated from Morgan s. w. by Appalache, branch of Oconee r. Length 23, mean breadth 18, and area 414 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 33° 32' to 34° 2', and in long, from 6° 17' to 6° 40' w. from W. C. The constituents of Oconee r. unite in Clark, and flowing generally to the s s. e. give that declivity to the co. The Appalache, which bounds it on the s. w. flows also to the s. s.e. Chief towns, Watkinsville and Athens. Pop. 1830, 10,176. Clarke, co. of Ala. occupying the lower part of the peninsula between the Tombigbee and Ala. rs. bounded n. by Marengo, n. e. by Wilcox, by Ala. r. separating it on the s. e. from Monroe, and s. from Baldwin ; by Tom- bigbee r. separating it from Mobile s. w. and from Washington w. and n. w. Length from the junction of Ala. and Tombigbee rs. and nearly along long. 11° w. from W. C. to the s. boundary of Marengo, 60 ms. Mean breadth 20, and area 1200 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 31° 10' to 32°, and in long, from 10° 30' to 11° 18' w. W.C. Surface hilly, and soil, except near the streams, sterile, and wooded with pine. Much of the river bottoms liable to occasional inundation. Chief town, Clarkesville. Pop. 1820, 5,839, 1830, 7,595. Clarke, co. of Ky. bounded s. and s. w. by Ky. r. separating it from Madison co., w. by Lafayette, n. by Bourbon, n. e. and e. by Montgomery, and s. e. by Red r. separating it from Estill. Length 20, mean breadth 15, and area 300 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from from 37° 52' to 38° 10', and in long, from 6° 50' to 7° 18' w. W. C. This small co. is ne- vertheless a table land. From the nthrn. side issue the extreme sources of the w. fork of Licking, whilst short creeks flow southwardly into Ky. r. The soil is highly fertile. Chief town, Winchester. Pop. 1820, 11,449, 1830, 13,051. Clarke, co. O. bounded s. by Green, s. w. by Montgomery, n. w. by Miami, n. by Cham- paign, and e. by Madison. Length 30 ms. mean breadth 18, and area 540 sq. ms. Ex- tending in lat. from 39° 45' to 40° 03', and in long, from 6° 31' to 7° 5'. From the southern part flows little Miami, whilst the central sections are traversed by Mad r. giving a s. w. slope to the body of the co. Chief town, Springfield. Pop. 1830, 13,074. Clarke co. Ind. bounded by Floyd s. w. Washington w. Scott n. Jefierson n. e. O. r. separating it from Oldham co. Ky. e. and s. e. and from Jefierson co. Ky. s. It approaches the form of a triangle 28 ms. each side ; area 336 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 18' to 38° 37', and in long, from 8° 25' to 8° 54' w. W. C. The slope of this co. is almost di- rectly s. towards O. r. Silver creek rises in Clark, and flowing s. falls into O. r. at the lower end of the rapids at Louisville. The surface Is broken and hilly, soil fertile. Chief town, ChM-leston. Pop. 1820, 8,079, 1830, 10,686. Clarke, co. of II. bounded s. by Crawford, w. by Shelby, n. by Edgar, by Wabash r. separating it from Vigo co. Ind. e. and from Sullivan co. Ind. s. e. Breadth 24, mean length 45, and area 1080 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 10' to 39° 30', and in long, from 10° 34' to 11° 30' w. W. C. Little Wa- bash rises in the w. part of Clarke, which is traversed also by the w. and e. branches of Embarras r. all those streams flowing to the sthrd. The eastern part slopes south estrd. obliquely towards the Washitau. Chief t. Clark Court House. Pop. 1830^ 3,940. Clarke, co. of Ark. extending along both sides of Washitau r. above the influx of Little Missouri. The boundaries or extent not very well defined, but combining Tanner's map with Flint's description, it has Hempstead co. s. Pope w. Hotsprings n. Pulaski n. e. and Union e. Lat. 34°, and long. 16° w. W.C. intersect near its centre. The slope is to the s. e. down which pour the confluents of Washitau and Little Missouri. The surface is hilly, and in part mountainous. Considera- ble bodies of good land ekirt the streams, though the soil is generally sterile. The road from St. Louis, by Little Rock to Lower Texas passes through it, and on which two villages, Biscoeville and Crittenden are laid down by Tanner. Pop. 1830, 1,369. Clark, court house, and p-o. Clark CO. Ark. by p-r. 87 ms, s. w. Little Rock. Clark, C. H. and p-o. Clark co. II. by p-r. 134 ms. N. E. Vandalia. Clarkesburg, t. Berkshire co. Mass. Has Williamstown on the w. Pop. 1830, 315. Clarkson, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y. on Lake Ontario, 18 ms. w. s. w. Rochester. Area about 80 sq. ms. Soil excellent. Contains many salt springs. Watered by 3 creeks, one a fine mill stream. The village is li ms. N. of Erie canal. Pop. 1830, 3,251. Clarkstown, p-t. cap. Rockland co. N. Y. on the w. bank of the Hudson 132 ms. s. Albany, 28 n. N. Y. Here are the Nyak hills, furnishing the red sand stone, of which the Capitol at Albany is principally built. Church, 1 Dutch Reformed. In 1808, dis- tilleries 3. Schools kept 11 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 2,298. Clarksville, N. Y. (See Middlefield.) Clark's Ferry and p-o. Perry co. Pa. by p-r. 44 ms. n. w. Harrisburg. CLARKSBtJRQ, Small p-v. Montgomery co. Md. on the road from W. C. to Frederick, 28 ms. N. w. from the former, and 15 ms. s. e. from the latter city. It is a small village of one street along the main road. Pop. about 50. -T Clarksburg, p-v. and st. jus. Harrison co. Va. by p-r. 260 n. w. by w. Richmond, and 45 ms. above, and s. s. w. from Morgantown. CLA 107 CLA It is situated on the right bank of Monongahe- lar. Clarksburg, p-v. and 8t. jus. Lewis co. Ky. by p-r. 96 ms. n. e. by e. Frankfort. Pop. 1830, 62. Clarksville, p-v. in the n. e. part of Greene CO. Pa. situated on the ji^int between nnd above the junction of the two main branches of Ten Mile creek, 10 ms. s. w. from Browns- ville, about an equal distance n. e. from Waynesburg. Clarksville, p-o. on the road from Rock- ville to Baltimore, Ann Arundel co. Md. 20 ms. 8. w. by w. Baltimore. Clarksville, p-v. Mecklenburg co. Va. by p-r. 99 ms. s. w. Richmond. Clarksville, p-v. Spartanburg dist. S. C. by p-r. Ill ms. n. n. w. Columbia. Clarksville, p-v. and st. jus. Habersham CO. Geo. by p-r. 144 ms. a little vv. of n. from Milledgeville, on one of the highest branches of Chattahoochee r. Lat. 34° 35', and long. 6° 40' w. from W. C. Clarksville, p-v. and st. jus. Clark co. Ala. by p-r. 146 ms. a little w. of s. Tuscaloosa, and 84 ms. a little e. of n. from the city of Mobile. Clarksville, p-v. and st. jus. Montgomery CO. Ten. by p-r. 46 ma. n. w. by w. from Nash- ville, situated on the point above the junction, and between Cumberland and Red rs. Clarksville, p-v. in Clarke tsp. western part of Clinton co. O. The p-v. is by p-r. 76 ms. s. w. Columbus. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 1,886. Clarksville, p-v. on the right bank of Miss. r. in the e. part of Pike co. Mo. about 75 ms. by the land route above St. Louis, and by p-r. 126 n. e. Jefferson. Clark's p-o. and tsp. Coshocton co. O by p-r. ; the p-o. is 88 ms. n. e. by e. Colum bus. In 1830 the tsp. contained 246 inhabit ants. Clarksburg, p-v. in the nthrn. part of Ross CO. O. by p-r. 44 ms. s. s. w. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 56. Clarksfield, p-v. and tsp. Huron co. O. The p-v. is by p-r. 121 ms. a: little e. of n. Co- lumbus, and 385 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. Pop. of the tsp. 1830,368. Clark's Mills, and p-o. in the s. part of Moore co. N. C. by p-r. 108 ms. s. w. from Raleigh. Clark's River. (See Oregon.) Clark's Store and p-o. in the s. part of Martin co. N. C. by p-r. 106 ms. e. Raleigh. Clark's Store and p-o. in the s. w. part of Hamilton co. O. by p-r. 13 ms. from Cincin- nati. Clarkston, p-o. King and Queen co. Va. by p-r. 50 ms. n. e. Richmond. Clarkstown, p-v. Wayne co. ?a. by p-r. 158 ms. N. e. Harrisburg. Claverack, t. Columbia co. N. Y. 5 ms. k. Hudson. Claverack creek, its w. 'boundary, is a fine mill stream. Has along the creeks, rich alluvial flats. Contains good limestone, some slate, some lead, and a mineral spring. Schools 13,11 months in 12. Distillery 1. Pop. 1830, 3,000. Clav, t. Onondaga co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 2,095. , Clav, co. of Ky. bounded by Knox s. Laurel w. Estill i;. and Perry e. Lengih from N. to s. 40, mean breadth 22, and area 880 sq. ms. Ext sliding in lat. from 36"^ 57' to 37° 33', and in long. Trom 6° 18' to 6° 52' w. from W. C. Though some of the sources 01 Rockcactle creek, a branch of Cumberland r. rise along the western border of Clay, the body of the co. is drained by, and nearly com- mensurate with the valley of the southeast Fork of Ky. r. and slopes northwardly. The soil is generally thin. Chief t. Manchester. Pop. 1830, 3,548. Clav, co. of Ind. bounded s. w. by Sullivan, w. and N. w. by Vigo, n. by Parke, ^. e. by Putnam, e. and s. e. by Owen, and s. by Greene. Length from s. to n. 30 ms. mean breadth 12, and area 360 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 12' to 39° 38', and in long, from 9° 58' to 10° 18' w. from W. C. Slopes to the sthrd. and is drained by Eel r. a branch of the w. fork of White r. Creeks, flowing wstrd. into the Wabash r. rise along the wstrn. border of Clay, but the body of the co. is in the valley of Eel r. Chief t. Bowling Green. Pop. 1830, 1,616. Clay, co. of II. bounded s. e. by Edwards, s. by Wayne, s. w. by Marion, n. w. by Fay- ette, N. and N. E. by Crawford, and e. by Lawrence. Length 32 ms. breadth 21, and area 672 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 37' to 38° 54', and in long, from 11° 9' to 11«» 44' w. from W. C. The main stream of Lit- tle Wabash enters the nthrn. border from Fay. ette, and inflecting to s. e. receives nume- rous creeks from, and traverses Clay, issuing from it in the s. e. angle. Chief t. Maysville. Pop. 1830, 755. Clay, co. of Mo. bounded on the w. by the w. boundary of the state, and n. and n. e. by country not yet laid out into cos. ; e. it has Ray CO., and s. the Missouri r. separating it from Jackson co. Breadth from e. to w. 22, mean length from s. to n. 30, and area 660 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 04' to 39° 34', and in long, from 17° 06' to 17° 28' w. from W.C. Chief t. Liberty. Pop. 1830, 5,338. The Kansas r. enters the Missouri directly opposite the s. w. angle of this co. at a distance by the p-r. of 1170 ms. w. from W.C. Claysville, p-v. on the U. S. turnpike road, Washington co. Pa. by p-r. 222 ms. w. Har- risbujji, and 10 ms. s. w. by w. from the borough of Washington. Claysville, p-v. Guernsey co. O. by p-r. 92 ms. e. Columbus. Claysville, p-v. Washington co. Ind. by p-r. 92 ms. s. Indianopolis. Claysville, p-v. in the e. part Harrison co. Ky. by p-r. 50 ms. n. of e. Frankfort. Clayton or Claytonsville, p-v. and st. jus. Rabun co. Geo. by p-r. 611 ms. s. w. a little w. of W. C. and 174 ms. n. Milledgeville. It CLE 108 CLI is situated at the southern base of Blue Ridge, I It has the usual co. buildings, upwards of 40 between the Chatuga and Turoree branches stores, 9 or 10 groceries, a number of taverns, of Tugaloo r. and is the most northern co. t. 200 dwelling houses, and 4 or 5 churches of Geo. Ci.AYTONviLLE, p-0. Buucombe CO. N. C. 286 nis. wstrd. Raleigh. Clay Village, p-v. Shelby co. Ky. 16 ms. w. Frankfort. Clear Creek, p-o. Hardiman co. Ten. by p-r. 168 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville, Clear Creek and p-o. Richland co. O. The p-o. by p-r. 96 ms. e. of n. Columbus. Clear Creek, p-o. in the n. part of Sanga- mon CO. II. by p-r. 96 ms. w. of n. Vandalia. Clearfield, co. of Fa. bounded s. by Cam- bria, s. w. by Ind. w. and n. w. by Jefferson, N. by Mac Kean, n. e. by Lycoming, e. by the w. branch of Susquehannah r. separating it from Centre, and s. e. by Mushannon creek, separating it from the southwestern part of Centre. Length from s. to n. 45, mean breadth 32, and area 1425 sq. ms. Extend- ing in lat. from 40° 45' to 41° 24', and in long, from 1° 3' to 1° 53' w. W. C. Clear- field is an elevated, and in great part a moun- tainous region. Lying wstrd. from the main chain of the Appalachian system, it is on the floetz or level formation. From the western border issue the extreme fountains of the Mahoning and Red Bank creeks, flowing to the w. into Alleghany r., but the far greater part of the area is drained by the main streams and numerous branches of Sinnamahoning, and w. branch of Susquehannah. The di- viding ridge of the waters, traversing the N. w. part of Clearfield, is elevated about 1200 feet above the Atlantic tides. From this ridge the extreme western sources of the Susquehannah flows, e. down the mountain vallies, giving an uncommonly diversified surface to Clearfield. The soil is generally rocky and sterile. Chief t. Clearfield. Fop. 1820, 2,342, and in 1830, 4,8o3. 1 Clearfield, p-v. and st. jus. Clearfield co. Pa. by p-r. 201 ms. n.n. w. W.C. 129 n. w. by w. Harrisburg, and about 100 ms. n. e. by E. Pittsburg. It is situated betw^-en Clear- field creek and the w. branch of the Susque- hannah r. Clearfield Ridge and p-o. Clearfield co. Pa. by p-r. 4 ms. s. e. Clearfield v. 125 n. w. by w. Flarrisburg. Clear Spring, p-v. in the w. part of Wash- ington CO. Md. by p-r. 82 ms. n. w. W. C. Cleaveland, p-v. and st. jus. Cuyahoga CO. O. about 130 ms. n. w. Pittsburg, and by p-r. 366 ms. a httle w. of ^.w. W.C. 140 N. N.E. Columbus, and 104 by the lan^routc, B. w. by w. from the borough of Erie in Erie CO. Pa. N. lat. 41° 32', long. 4° 42' w. W C. The site of Cleaveland is an elevated point below the entrance of Cuyahoga r. into lake Erie. The river here admits vessels of 7 feet draught, and vith the outlet of the great canal of Ohio has given advantages and rapid advance to the place. By the census of 18.30 it contained a pop. of 1,070, and now, (1832) no doubt the inhabitants exceed 1,200. The future and securely permanent pros- perity of this place is evident from its po- sition. Clemonsville, •i-v. Davidson co. N. C. by p-r. 125 ms. w. Raleigh. Clemontville, p-o. Mac Kean co. Pa. by p-r. 201 ms. n. w. Harrisburg. Clermont, p-t. Columbia co. N. Y. on e. bank of the Hudson, 45 ms. s. Albany. Area 14,000 acres, divided into about 120 farms, and leased to practical farmers. The country seat of the late Chancellor Livingston, is one of the most extensive and elegant in the state. There are 7 schools 8 months in the year. Pop. 1830, 1,203. Cleves, p-v. in the s. w. part, of Hamilton CO. O. 16 ms. wstrd. from Cincinnati. Clifton Park, t. Saratoga co. Pop. 1830, 2,294. (See Half Moon.) Clifton, p-v. Russell co. Va. by p-r. 330 ms. a little s. of w. Richmond. Clifty, p-v. in the s. part of White co. Ten. by p-r. 102 ms. s. e. by e. Nashville. Clinch, r. of Va. and Ten. the great north- estrn. constituent of Ten. r. rises in Tazewell CO. Va. and flows thence by a general course of s. w. over Russell and Scott cos. 90 ms. Entering Ten. Clinch separates Claiborne co. from Hawkins, Granger and Anderson ; Campbell from Anderson, and thence tra. versing the latter, enters Roan, and unites with the Ten. at Kingston, after an entire comparative course of 180 ms. In the s. part of Campbell co. Clinch receives from the n. e. Powell's r. The latter rising in Russell CO. Va. issues thence in a direction almost parallel to the Clinch ; traverses Lee co. of Va., enters Ten. crossing Claiborne and Campbell cos., joins the Clinch at Grants, [boro after a comparative course of 90 ms. A short distance above its junction with Ten. r. the Clinch receives from the n. w. Emery's r. It may be remarked that the course of the higher branches of Emery's r. is directly the reverse of that of Clinch and Powell's r. Uniting the vallies of Emery's and Clinch r. the whole valley is about 220 ms. long ; but the width is contracted comparatively, and fully estimated at 20 ms. Area 4400 sq. ms. In all their respective courses. Clinch and Holston pursue a parallel direction, in few places 20 ms. asunder, each receiving short creeks, from an intervening mountain chain- On the opposite or right side. Clinch in suc- cession interlocks sources with those of Great Sandy, Ky. and Cumberland rs. The relative elevation of the vallies of Clinch and Holston differ but little from each other, and each stream above their junction, must have, from their remote fountains, a fall of 1000 or 1200 feet. Clinch Dale, p-o. Hawkins co. Ten. by p-r. 280 ms. a little n. of e. Nashville. Clingan's p-o. Chester co. Pa. 22 ms. from Phil. CLI 109 COA Clinton, p-t. Kennebeck co. Me. 24 nis. N. Augusta. Pop. 1830, 2,130. Clinton, co. N. Y. on lake Champlain, .bounded n. by Lower Canada, lat. 45"', e. by lake Champlain, s. by Essex co. and w. by Franklin co. Greatest length n. and s. 40^, breadth 31. West part mountainous, well timbered, supplied with mill streams, iron ore, exceeded in richness by none in the world. The lake shore 8 ms. in width, moderately uneven, or quite level, very amply repays the labors of the husbandman. Rivers Saranae, Sable, &c. Capital, Plattsburg. Distilleries 4. Pop. 1830, 19,344. Clinton, p-t. Duchess co. N. Y. Abounds in slate equal to any in the U. S. The quar- ries employ 300 hands. Watered by Wap- pingers creek. Pop. 1820, 12,070, 1830, 19,344. Clinton, p-v. Oneida co. N. Y. on the Oriskany creek, 9 ms. w. s. w. Utica. The proposed Chenango canal runs through this place. An Universalist seminary is building here, 90 feet long. On a high hill 1 m. w. of it, is Hamilton college, incorporated 1812. In 1825 one 4 story, and one 3 story building was erected. It has 4 professors, 2 tutors, and a college and student's library of 3000 volumes each. Undergraduates in 1831-2, 77. Commencement 4th Wednesday in August. Clinton, p-v. Hunterdon co. N. J. on the s. branch of Raritan r. 30 ms. w.n. w. New Brunswick, formerly Hunt's Mills. Clinton, p-v. Alleghany co. Pa. 23 ms. from Pittsburg, and by p-r. 224 ms. w. Har- risburg. Clinton, p-v. and st. jus. Sampson co. N. C. situated on a branch of Black r. 72 ms. s. s. e. Raleigh, and 18 nearly due e. Fayetteville. n. lat. 35°, w. long, l" 18'. Clinton, p-v. and st. jus. Jones co. Geo. by p-r. 665 ms. s. w. W. C. and 23 w. Milledge- ville. N. Lat. 33° 01', and long. 6° 40' w. W. C. Clinton, p-v. Greene co. Ala. by p-r. 25 ms. s. Tuscaloosa. Clinton, p-v. Hinds co. Miss, about 80 ms. N. E. Natchez. Clinton, p-v. parish of East Feliciana, La. about 50 ms. n. e. St. Francisville, and by p-r. 158 ms. n. w. New Orleans. Clinton, p-v. and st. jus. Hickman co. Ky by p-r. 847 ms. s. w. by w. ^ w. W.C. and 308 ms. 8. w. by w. Frankfort. Pop. 1830, 82. Clinton, p-v. and st. jus. Anderson co. Ten. by p-r. 534 ms. s.w. by w. W.C. and 195 almost due e. Nashville. It is situated on the right aide of Clinch r. Lat. 36° 06', long. 7° 8' w. W. C. Clinton, co. of O. bounded s. e. by High- land, s.w. by Browne, w. by Warren, n. by Green, and n. e. by Fayette. Length 22, mean breadth 18, and area 396 aq. ms. Ex- tending in lat. from 39° 13' to 39° 33', and in long. from. 6° 31' to 6° 57' w. W. C, This CO. is a real table land, from which creeks flow literally in every direction. On its sur- face are the sources of Paint creek branch of Sciota, and of East Fork, Todd's Fork, and other branches of Little Miami. The soil is generally productive. Chief t. Wilmington. Pop. 1820, 8,085, 1830, 11,436. Clinton, p-v. in the n. w. part of Stark co. O. by p-r. 121 ms. n- e. by e. Columbus. Clinton, co. of Ind. bounded by Boone s., Tippecanoe w., Carroll n. w., the Miamis N. E., and Hamilton co. s. e. Length from e. to w. 24 ms. breadth 15, and area 360 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 40° 14' to 4^° 28', and in long, from 9° 12' to 9° 40' w. W. C. The slope of this co. is nearly due w. and drained by the eastern branches of Wild Cat towards the more considerable stream of the Wabash. Chief t. Frankfort. Pop. 1830, 1,423. The st. jus. of this co. is about 45 ms. N. n. w. Indianopolis. Clinton, p-v. Vermillion co. Ind. by p-r. 87 ms. w. Indianopolis. Clinton, co. of II. bounded by Washington s., St. Clair s.w., Madison n.w., Bond n., Fayette n. e., and Marion e. Length from e. to w. 30 ms., mean breadth 15, and area 450 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 25' to 38° 45' N., and in long, from 12° 10' to 12° 42' w. W. C. This CO. is traversed from its nthrn.. border in a direction of s. s. w. by Kaskaskias r. and by Shoal creek and other of its branches. The chief t. Carlyle, stands on the Kaskaskias, and on the road from Vincennes to St. Louis. Pop. 1830, 2,330. Clintonville, p-v. Green Brier co. Va. by p-r. 231 ms. a little n. of w. Richmond. Clintonville, p-v. Bourbon co. Ky. by p-r. 52 ms. estrd. Frankfort. Clio, p-v. in the s. part of Adams co. U. by p-r. 178 ms. n. w. by w. Vandalia. Clockville, p-v. Madison co. N. Y. Cloutiersville, p-v. in the s. e. part of the parish of Natchitoches, La. about 25 ms. a.E. from the village of Natchitoches. Clover Bottom, p-o. Iredell co. N. C. by p-r. 156 ms. w. Raleigh. Clover Creek, p-o. Madison co. Tea by p.r. 159 s. w. by w. Nashville. Clover Dale, p-o. Botetourt co.Va. by p-r. 160 ms. w. Richmond. Clover Garden, p-o. Orange co. N. C by p.r. 48 ms. n. w. Raleigh. Clover Hill, p-o. Blount co. Ten. by p-r. 162 ms. s. e. by e, Nashville. Cloverport, p-v. on O. r. n. w. angle of Breckenridge co. Ky. 11 ms. n. w. by w. Har- densburg, the st. jus. Clyde, r. Vt. empties into Memphrema- gog lake in Derby. Clyde, p-v. Wayne co. N, Y. on Erie canal, 4 ms. n. Waterloo. Clymer, t. Chatauque co. N. Y. s. w. cor- ner, having Pa. boundary on the w. and a. 2 schools, 3 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 567. Coal River, a r. of western Va. rises in Logan CO. by two branches, called relatively Great and Little Coal rivers. The former rises in the western spurs of the Appalachian COH 110 COL ridges, flows n. w. out of Logan into Kanaw- hay CO., receives Little Coal r. from the s. w. and finally falls into the right side of Great Kanawhay, after a comparative course of 70 ms. The valley of Coal r. lies between those of Great Kanawhay and Guyandot r. Coal River iVIarshes, p-o, Logan co. Va. by p-r. 277 ms. n. of w. Richmond. CoALSMOUTH, p-v. Kauawhay co. Va. situa- ted on Kanawhay r. at the mouth of Coal r. by p-r. 12 ras. below and wstrd. from Charles- ton, the St. jus. for the co. Coat's Tavern and p-o. York dist. S. C. by p-r. 97 ms. nthrd. Columbia. CoATESviLLE, Small p-v, on the w. bank of Brandywine creek, Chester co. Pa.39ms. w. Phil. CoBBs, p-o. McMinn co. Ten. by p-r. 181 ms. s. E. by e. Nashville. CoBLESKiLL Or CoBELSKiLL, p-t. Schoharic CO. N. Y. 38 ms. w. Albany ; is watered by the Cobuskill, a tolerable mill stream, having a fine alluvion margin. Population of Ger- man origin. Pop. 1830, 2,988. Coburn's Store and p-o. Mecklenburg co. N. C. by p-r. 167 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. CocHEco, or Dover r. N. H. a branch of the Piscataqua. CocHRANsviLLE, p-v. in the w. part of Ches- ter CO. Pa. 45 ms. w. Phil. CocHRANSviLLE, p-v. in the w. part of Ab- beville dist. S. C. by p-r. 102 ms. w. Co- lumbus. CocHRANTON, p-v. in the n. part of Marion CO. O. by p-r. 56 ms. n. Columbus. Cocke, co. of e. Ten. bounded s. E. by the main chain of the Alleghany mtns., here called the Smoky mtns. separating it from Haywood and Buncombe cos. of N. C, s. w by Sevier, w. and n. w. by Jefferson, and N. E. by Greene. Length from s. to n. 22, mean breadth 17, and area 374 sq. ms. Ex- tending in lat. 35° 40' to 36° 05', and in long, from 5° 45' to 6° 13' w. W. C. The surface is broken and hilly, being part of a mountain valley, sloping to the n. w. and drained in thai direction by French Broad and Big Pigeon r. Chief t. Newport. Pop. 1820, 4,892, 1830, 6,017. CoDoRus, large creek, or rather small r. having ".ts remote source in the n. e. part of Frederick co. Md. flows nthrdly. over York CO. Pa. and falls into Susquehannah r. at the village of New Holland after a comparative course of 30 ms. CoDORUB, tsp. and p-o. s. w. part of York CO. Pa. by p-r. 38 ms. s. Harrisburg. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 2,429. CoEYMANS, p-t. Albany co. N. Y. on the Hudson 11 ms. s. Albany, has plenty of lime- stone, some shell marie, 2 Dutch churches, 1 Methodist. There is a sloop-landing at the mouth of Coeyman's creek. Pop. 1830, 2,723. CoHASSET, p-t. Norfolk CO. Mass. 20 ms. s. E. Boston. Cohasset rocks, 3 ms. from its shore, have been fatal to many vessels. Pop. 1830, 1,233. Coffee Creek, p-o. Warren co. Pa. by p-r. 270 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. Coffee Run, p-o. Huntingdon, Pa. 10 ms. s. K. from the borough of Huntingdon, and by p-r. 82 ms. wstrd. Harr-ibrrg. Coffeeville, p-v. on the left bank of the Tombigbee r. Clarke co. Ala., 16 ms. n. w. Clarksville, the co. town, and by p-r. 120 ms. a little w. of s. Tuscaloosa. Coffyviixe, p-v. Clark co. Ky. 35 ms. s. e. by E. Frankfort. CoKALAHisKiT, r. a branch of Clark's r. rises in the Chippewan mtns. opposite to the sources of Dearborne branch of Missouri, and flowing thence to the n. w. falls into Clark's r. after a comparative course of 150 I ms. The mouth of this r. is according to I Tanner at n. lat. 46° 44', and long. 36° w. W.C. Colchester, t. Chittenden co. Vt. ; w. boundary is lake Champlain, s. Onion r. se- parating it from Burlington ; timbered by beech, maple, ash, oak, chestnut, walnut, white and pitch pine. Has much pine plain, good mill streams, 1 distillery, 3 churches, and 4 school houses. Pop. 1830, 1,489. Colchester, p-t. New London co. 23 ms. s. E. Hartford, 15 w. Norwich, borders on 4 cos. 6 ms. by 9, 50 sq. ms. is uneven ; primi- tive good grazing land, watered by Salmon r. &c. and has factories. Bacon academy, founded 1801, has a fund of $30,000. Pop, 1830, 2,068. Colchester, p-t. Del. co. N. Y. 21 ms. s. Delhi, 91 s. w. Albany, is crossed by e. branch of Del. r. and Beaver creek. Much lumber is rafted for Phil. Pop. 1830, 1,424. Colder, p-t. Erie co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 464. CoLDENHAM, p.v. Montgomery, Orange co. N. Y. 13 ms. from Goshen. Cold Spring, v. Cattaraugus co. N. Y. 14 ms. s. w. EUicottville. Cold Spring, landing, Putnam co. N. Y, opposite West Point. Has the great iron foundry of the U. S. Cold Stream Mills, p-o. Hampshire co. Va. by p-r. 104 ms. n. w. by w. from W. C. Cold Spring, p-v. Wilkinson co. Miss, by p-r. about 30 ms. s. from Natchez. Cold Spring, p-v. Hardiman co. Ten. about 150 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. Cold Water, p-o. St. Joseph's co. Mich, about 150 ms. a little s. of w. Detroit. Cole, co. of II. bounded by Jasper s. E, Effingham, s. w., Shelby w., Macon n. west Vermillion northeast, and Edgar and Clark e. Length from s. to n. 50 ms. ; mean breadth 24, and area 1200 sq. ms. Extend, ing in lat. 39° 10' to 39° 53', and in long. 11° 02' to 11° 30' w. from W. C. This co. eon. tains a table land from which flow the Kas- kaskias to s. s. w. and the Embarras to the s. Both these rivers have their sources in the country westward from, and yet attached to, Vermillion co. The Kaskaskias enters and traverses the n. w. angle of Cole, retiring COL 111 COL from it to the s. w. The Embarras traverses the CO. in its greatest length by a general southern course. The extreme source of Little Wabash is also in the s. w. angle of this CO. Chief town, Charleston. Not in- cluded in the census of 1830. Cole, co. of Mo. bounded w. and n. w. by Cooper, N. by the Missouri river, separating it from Boone, n. e. by the river Missouri sep ating it from Callaway co., k. by the Osage, separating it from Gasconnade co., and s. e and 8. by Osage r. separating it from a coun try not yet appropriated to co. division. As laid down by Tanner, Cole co. is in form of a triangle, longest side 50 ms. along Cooper, and from the Osage to Missouri river ; mean breadth 17, and area 850 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 09' to 38° 51', and in long. from 15° to 15° 34' w. from W. C. The gen- eral slope of this co. is to the eastward, though the two bounding rivers converge the Mis- souri to the s. E., and the Osage to the n. e. Moreau creek flowing from the westward and entering Missouri one or two ms. above the influx of Osage, divides Cole into two not very unequal sections. Chief town, Jeffer- son, the capital also of the state. Pop. 1830, 3,023. CoLEBROOK, p-t. Coos CO. N. H. 40 ms, n. Lancaster, 25,000 acres, has rich meadows on Conn. r. Mohawk r. and Beaver brook. Incorporated 1790. Pop. 1830, 532. CoLEBRooK, p-t. Litchfield co.Conn. 31 ms. N. w. Hartford, 18 n. e. Litchfield, on high ground, 5 ms. by 6, 30 sq. ms. with granite hills, has a hard soil, pretty good for grazing, with many mill seats on the main branch of Farmington and Sandy rivers. Pop. 1830, 1,332. Colebrook, tsp. and p-o. Ashtabula co. O. byp-r. 191 ms. n. E.Columbus. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 92. Colebrookdale, p-o. Berks CO. Pa. 11 ms. E. from Reading and 63 ms. in a similar di- rection from Harrisburg. Colebrookdale tsp. in 1820. contained a pop. of 1,046, in 1830, 1,229. Coleman's Cross Roads, and p-o. Edge- field dist. S. C. by p-r. 50 ms. wstward from Columbia. CoLERAiN, p-t, Franklin co. Mass. 105 ms. N. w, Boston, s. N. H., has two forks of Deerfield river, and was settled about 1736, by a colony from Ireland. Pop. 1830, 1,877. Colerain, tsp. and p-o. Lancaster co. Pa. The p-o. is by p-r. 52 ms. from Harrisburg. In 1820, the tsp. contained a pop. of 1,088, in 1830, 1,194, Colerain, p-v. Bertie co. N. C. situated on the western side of Chowan r. 60 ms. s. s. w. from Norfolk, in Va. by p-r. 174 ms. n. e. by e. from Raleigh. Colerain Forge, and p-o. on Spruce creek, in the northern part of Huntingdon co, of Pa E. Chenango Point, 125 s. w, Albany, has good grazing, though hilly lands ; crossed bjr Susquehannah river. Pop. 1830, 2,387. Colesville, p-o. Montgomery co. Md. 15 ms. N. from W. C, Colesville, p-v. in the southwestern angle of Chesterfield co, Virginia, 31 miles s. w. from Richmond. College Corners, and p-o. Prebble co. O. situated in the n. w. part of the co. about 60 ms. a little w. ofN. Cincinnati. College Hill, p-o. at Columbia college, dist. of Columbia, 2 ms. n. from the general p-o. W. C. Colleton, dist. S. C. bounded s. w. by Cambahce r. which separates it from Beau- fort, n. w. by Barnwell and Orangeburgh,' n. and E. by Charleston, and s. e. by Atlantic ocean. Length from s. e. to n. w. 37 ms. mean breadth 37, and area 2,100 sq. miles. Extending in lat, from 32° 28' n. to 33° 18' n. and in longitude from 3° 10' to 4° 8' west from W. C, Colleton is situated almost entirely within the Atlantic tide plain, and is in great part a dead level. Besides the Cambahee which bounds it on the s. w., this district is traversed by the Edisto and gives source and course to the Ashepoo river. The latter uniting with Cambahee, contributes to form St. Helena sound. The Edisto, before reaching the ocean, divides into two branches, encompas- sing an island which bears the name of Edisto island. This island, chequered by points and traversed by numerous creeks, is mostly sub- ject to daily submersions by ocean tides, where the land of either the island or parts more in- land, have been made arable ; the soil is pro- ductive. Chief staples, rice and cotton. Chief town, Watersboro. Pop. 1820, 26,373, in 1830, 27,256. Colleton, s. e. parish of Charleston dist. S. C. This parish is composed of a congeries of islands, of which the principal are Wad- melaw, Jones, Seabrooks, and Kiawaw. These low islands are enclosed on the s. w. by N. Edisto, s . w. by Stono, N. and e. by Stono, and s. e, by the Atlantic ocean. (See Charleston dist.) Collie's Mill, and p-o. in the w. part of Caldwell CO. Ky. 1 2 ms. w. Eddyville. Collins, t. Erie co. N. Y. 32 ms. s. Buffalo, is uneven, v/ith a moist loam, favorable to the dairy, bearing much maple, beech, linden, &c. and watered by Cattaraugus creek and two creeks of lakeErie. Pop. 1830, 2,120. Colli IN sviLLE, p-v. a manufacturing village lying on both sides of Farmington river, at the s. part of Canton, Conn, containing about 800 inhabitants, of whom about 300 men are employed in the edge tool manufactory of Collins' & Co. ; established here in 1826. The principle article of manufacture at pres- ent is axes, of which about 200,000, of superi- 15 ms. N. from the borough of Huntingdon, or quality, are manufactured per annum. The and byp-r. 106 ms. n, w. by w. from liar- village consists of about 20 buildings, of stone risburg. and wood, devoted to the business of the man- CoLESviLLE, p-t. Broom CO. N. Y. 15 ms. ufactory ; very neat and comfortable dwell- COL 112 COL ings, (separate tenements,) for about 150 families ; a place of worship, lyceum, and library, for the workmen, and schools, for the children ; of the latter, none are employed m the manufactory. This village is entitled to particular notice, from the fact that it has been built up entirely by the enterprise of the firm we have mentioned, to whom it exclu- sively belongs. Collins' cross roads, and p-o. in the s. part of Colleton dist. S. C. by p-r. 137 ms. a little E. of s. Columbia. Collins' Settlement, and p-o. in the w. part of Lewis co. Va. by p-r. 286 ms. n. w. Richmond. CoLLiNsviLLE, p-o. in the w. part of Hun- tingdon CO. Pa. by p-r. 126 ms. n. of w. Har- risburg. CoLLiNsviLLE, p-o. in the w. part of Madi- son CO, II. by p-r. 67 ms. from Vandalia w. Colon, p-v. Callaway co. Ky. about 260 jns. by p-r. s. w. by w. Frankfort. Colosse, p-v. Me.xico, Oswego co. N. Y. Colts Neck, p-v. Monmouth co. N. J. on a branch of Shrewsbury r. 5 ms. n. e. Free- hold. Columbia, p-v. Washington co. Me. 18 ms w. Machias, 128 from Augusta, crossed by Pleasant r. Pop. 1830, 663 Columbia, p-t. Coos co. N. H. e. Conn. r. 30 ms. N. Lancaster, with Stratford mtns. s. from which flow mill streams, and several ponds, near one of which, great quantities of shells are found, which make lime. Few •evergreens grow here. Pop. 1830, 442. Columbia, p-t. Tolland co. Conn. 22 ms. e. Hartford, 4 ms. by 5, 20 sq. ms. is hilly, with a hard, prime soil, favorable to grazing, and 5bearuig oak, chestnut, &c. Pop, 1830, 962. Columbia, co. N. Y. e. Hudson r. 30 ms. s. Albany, 130 n. N. Y. city, bounded by Rens- selaer co. N., Mass. E., Duchess CO. s., Green 4ind Ulster cos. w. 18 ms. by 30, 594 sq. ms. is one of the richest towns in the state. It is irregular but not mountainous, with Shistic hills e. ; slate abounding, and some lime- stone. South the soil is warm gravel. Abram's and Lebanon or Claverack creeks flow into Hudson r. The Warm spring at Lebanon is one of the principle watering places of the United States. The manufac- tures are important. Livingston's Manor, or Lordship, is in this CO. It consisted of several grants made in 1 684, '85 and and '86 to Robert Livings- ton, by the British government and extended lOi ms. on Hudson r. and e. about 20^. It is owned by his heirs, (except a part forming Germantown,)!ind includes Clermont,Livings- ton, Taghkanick and Ancram, At Ancrara are celebrated iron works. Population 1830, 38,325. CoLUMBi.i, p-t. Herkimer co. N, Y. 10 ms. 6. Herkimer. Pop. 1830, 2,181. Columbia, v. Warren co. N. J. on the Del- aware below the Water gap, h. a stream of almost equal length, the Salkehatchie. The united waters continue to flow s. e. 30 ms. and fall into the head of St. Helena Sound. The Combahee in the 50 lower miles of its course separates Colleton and Beaufort dis- tricts. Comfort, p-v. Jones co. N. C. by p-r. 152 ms. s. E. Raleigh. CoMiTE, small r. rising near the line be- tween La. and Miss, enters the former state, and traversing the parish of East Feliciana, falls into Amite r. 12 ms. estrd. Baton Rouge. Commerce, p-v. e. part of Wilson co. Ten. 43 ms. e. Nashville. CoMMUNiPA, V. Bergen co. N. J. w. side N. Y. bay, opposite s. end Manhattan Island, 2 ms. s. w. Jersey City, on low lands ; sends oysters, &c. to N. Y. market. Concord, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 55 ms. from Augusta, w. side Kennebec r. Pop. 1830,391. Concord, p-t. Menimack co. N. H. cap. of the state, 45 ms. w. n. w. Portsmouth, 62 ms. w. N. w. Boston, 505 Washington. Long. 71° 30' w., lat. 43° 12' n. on both sides of Merrimack r. on which are rich meadows ; 40,918 acres, of which 1800 are water. It has 5 ponds, is crossed by Contoocook r. and has Sewalls, Turkey and Garvins falls on Merrimack r. with locks for navigation on the last. The river boating company have stores on the bank, and boat navigation extends through Middlesex canal to Boston. Pine grows on the low grounds. The upland is very good. First settled 1724, and suffered from the Indians 1744. The village of Con- cord is handsomely built, on 2 principal streets w. Merrimack r. and has the state house and state prison, of granite. A bank- ing capital of $200,0 0. A saving's bank, large hotels, churches, newspaper offices, &c. Pop. 1830, 3,727. Concord, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 20 ms. n. e. Haverhill, 28 ms. n.n. e. Lancaster. Con- tains 29,130 acres, is crossed by Ammonoo- suc r. and other streams, with ponds, rich meadows, good uplands, and poor plains. Maple sugar is made, and iron ore, used in the Franconia furnaces, is dug in the e. part of this town. Pop. not in the census. Concord, p-t. Essex co. Vt. n. Conn. r. 38 CON 115 CON ma. E. by n. Montpelier. First settled 1788 ;jpart, asevery where else in Louisiana, where has an academy, incorporated 1823, is partly I annual floods prevail, is composed of narrow watered by Moose r., uneven, with good strips along the streams. Staple, cotton, grazing, and some tillage, 9 school districts. Chief t. Concordia. Pop. 1820,2,626,1830, Pop. 1830, 1,031 Concord, r. Middlesex co. Mass. runs n. and joins Merrimack r. at Chelmsford, after serving as the only feeder to the Middlesex canal. Concord, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 18 ms 4,662. Concordia, lake of La. in the parish of Concordia, evidently once a bend of the Miss. r. It is about 5 ms. long, curving to the wstrd. with a breadth of between \ and ^ a m. connected with the Miss, by an outlet N.Boston, crossed by Concord r. ; incorpo- Which leaves that stream directly opposite rated 1635; has some good meadows, light Natchez. soil on the plains, and gravelly loam on the Concordia, p-v. and st. jus. parish of Con- hills. In the battle of Concord, iOih April, cordia, La. situated on the right banls. of the 1775, the militia drove back the British light i Miss, opposite Natchez. infantry, under colonel Smith and major Pit- cairne, who had come from Boston to destroy military stores deposited here. The action was at the bridge, and with that at Lexington, on the same day, caused the first bloodshed Concordia, p-v. in the w. part of Dark co. O. 109 ms. N. of w. Columbus. CoNECocHEAGUE, r. of Pa. and Md. rises in the former by two branclies, the western in the northern part of Franklin co. interlocking in the revolutionary war. The provincial j sources with those of Tuscarora creek ; the congress met here 1774. Pop. 1830, 2,017. Concord, t. Erie co. N. Y. 32 ms. s. s. e. Buffalo, N. Cattaraugus cr. whose branches water it, with some of Cazenovia creek, &c. has a moist loam, good for grazing and bear- ing beech, maple, bass, &;c. Pop. 1830, 1,924. Concord, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 30 ms eastern rises in Adam's co. but flowing wstrd. enters Cumberland, interlocking sources with those of the Monocacy, Conewago, and Co- nedogwinet, passing Chambersburg, the e. branch turns to s. s. w. and uniting below Greencastle with the wstrn. enters Washing, ton in Md. and falls into the Potomac at Williamsport. The valley of Conecocheague N. w. Ballston Spa, is crossed by Sacandagalis about 40 ms. in length, by a mean breadth creek and Kayderosseras mtn. Pop. 1830, 758. Concord, meeting house, and p-o. Del. CO. Pa. 10 ms. n. Wilmington, Concord, small p-v. Franlin co. Pa. situated on the headof Tuscarora creek, near the ex- treme nthrn. angle of the co. about 45 ms. nearly due w. Harrisburg. Concord, small p-v. on the head of Broad creek, branch of Nantikoke r. Sussex co. Del. 40 ms. s. Dover. Concord, p-v. Campbell co. Va. 118 ms. w. Richmond. Concord, p-v. and sf. jus. Cabarras co. N. C. situated on a branch of Rocky r. by p-r. 140 ms. s. of w. Raleigh. Lat 35° 26', long. 3^ 32' w. W. C. Concord, p-v. Decatur co. Geo. by p-r. 186 ms. s. s. w. Milledgeville. Concord, p-v. and tsp. in the n. e. part of Geauga CO. O. by p-r. 163 ms. n. e. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 979. Concord, p-v. in the s. part White co. II. 10 ms. from Carmi, the st. jus. for the co. Concordia, parish of La. bounded by Miss. r. E. and s., by Red r. s. w., and by Owachitta and Tensaw rs. w. Length 120, breadth unequal, but average about 10; area about 1200 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 3 . ° to about 32°, and long, from 14° to 14° 50' w. \V^. C. It is a long level peninsula, falling by a very gentle slope from the Miss, to- wards Owachitta and Tensaw rs. It is much traversed by interlocking lakes and water courses, with an exuberantly fertile soil, but at least nine tenths liable to annual submer- sion. In its natural state a very dense forest covered the whole land surface. The arable of 15 ; area 600 sq. ms. : but it is important from the almost uniform fertility of soil. From Chambersburg to its mouth, this river, serving nearly as a line of separation, leaves the limestone e. and slate vv. (See Kittatinny valley.) Conecuh, r. of Ala. and Flor. rising by numerous branches in Pike, Butler, Conecuh, and Covington cos. of the former, flow gene- rally to the s. w. unite in Conecuh co. where, turning to the sthrd. enters Florida, about 2 ms. within which it receives an inferior branch, the Escambia, but loses its name in that of an unimportant confluent ; the ex- treme remote sources of the Conecuh rise above lat. 32°, and if we include Escambia, the valley reaches to 30° 25', with a length of 140 ms. and mean breadth of 25; area 3500 sq. ms. The Conecuh is navigable at high water as high as Montezuma in Coving- ton CO. but in general the soil of the valley is sterile and wooded by pine timber. Conecuh, co. of Ala. bounded by Baldwin CO. w., Monroe n. w., Butler n., Covington e., and Escambia co. in Flor. s. Length 53 from s. to N., mean breadth 27 ; area 1531 sq. ms., in lat. from 31° to 31° 46' n. and long, from 9° 51' to lU° 30' w. W.C. This CO. is drained by various branches of Cone- cuh r. which join the main body of that stream near Fort Crawford. The soil is of middling quality. Chief t. Sparta. Staple, principally cotton. Pop. 1820, 5,713, 1830, 7,444. Conedogwinet, r. of Pa. rising in the N. E. part of Franklin, and s. w. of Cumber- land CO. leaving the former and entering the latter, gradually curves from N. to n. e. and CON 116 CON finally: nearly k. passes within little more than a mile from Carlisle, finally falls into Susquehannah, about 2 ms. above Harrisburg, after a comparative course of 80 ms. Th vallies of Conedogwinet and Conecocheague united, occupy the greater part of the im- portant mountain valley between the Kit- tatinny and Blue Ridge, and between the Susquehannah and Potomac rs. The Cone- dogwinet, like the Conecocheague, very nearly separates the limestone and slate for- mations. The two streams seem to offer a tempting means of constructing a canal to unite the two fine rivers into which they are respectively discharged. CoNEMAUon, r. of Pa. rises by numerous branches in the valley between the Allegha- ny mtn. and Laurel Hill, and in Somerset and Cambria cos. opposite the sources of the w. branch of Susquehannah, Juniata, and a branch of Potomac, and in the same valley interlocking sources with those of the Yough- ioghany to the s. and those of the w. branch of Susquehannah lo the n. After a general course to the N. w. the different branches unite at the lower slope of the valley, and the united waters pierce the Laurel Hill, turn to a n. w. by w. course, traverse the valley between Laurel Hill and Chesnut Ridge, and piercing the latter chain, leave the mountains and enter on the great wstm. hilly region. Continuing to n. w. by w. and receiving from the n. Cherry r. from Ind. co. and from the s. Loyalhanna, from Westmore- land CO. fall into the Alleghany r. at Free- port, after a comparative course of 150 ms. very nearly of similar length with the Yough- ioghany ; the Conemaugh valley is more ex- tensive. That of Youghioghany embracing about 4000, and that of Conemaugh 6000 sq. ms. Independent of the mountain ridges, the elevation of the higherpart of the Conemaugh valley is about 1,300 feet, but the fall of its plain so rapid, that from the summ.it of the Alleghany to Johnstown, where the two main lakes imite in Cambria co. in a direct dis- tance of 50 ms. the descent is 1,137 feet. The Conemaugh r. has gained an importance much beyond its comparative size, as its im. mediate valley from Johnstown to the mouth, has become the route of the traverse section of the Pa. canal. Conemaugh, late Johnstowm, p-v. at the forks of Conemaugh r. Cambria co. Pa. by p-r. 138 ms. w. Harrisburg. CoNEQUKNEssiNG, r. of Pa. composed of the Conequencssing and Slippery Rock crs. The inclined plain extending from the Alleghany r. above Pittsburg to the summit level be- tween the vallies of Ohio and Lake Erie, has its slope of declination to the s., giving source to the numerous branches of Shenango and Conequencssing rs. or the e. confluents of Big Beaver r. These streams rise generally within about 10 or 12 ms. from the Allegha- ny r. and flow directly from it to the s. w.j The valley of the Conequencssing is nearly commensurate with the quadrangular space | ibetween Alleghany, Ohio, Big Beaver rs. comprising two thirds of Butler, with part of Alleghany and Mercer cos. embracing a square of about 30 ms. each way, or 900 sq. ms. CoNESTOGOE, r. of Pa. i'n Lancaster, Berks, and Dauphin cos. This fine stream has its remote sources only in Lebanon and Berks ; the greatest part of its valley is in Lancaster. The comparative length of Conestogoe is about 30 ms. and the breadth of its sources about an equal distance, stretching from the Welsh mtn. to the Conewago Hills. The area of the valley is 450 sq. ms. This small natural section includes the city of Lancaster, the northern and central parts of Lancaster CO. and is one of the best cultivated and most productive tracts of the U. S. A canal extends along the Conestogoe valley, from the city of Lancaster to its discharge into Susquehannah r. 10 ms. s. s. w. from that city. Conestogoe, p-o. and tsp. of Lancaster co. Pa. Pop. 1830. 2,152. CoNEsus, t. Livingston co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 1,690. Conewago, r. rises by its w. and main branch in Adams co. Pa. and by its eastern confluent in Frederick co. Md. The two branches unite in Adams co. near Abbotts- town, and assuming a n. e. course, fall into the Susquehannah, opposite Bainbridge in Lancaster co. after a comparative course of 40 ms. The valley of the Conewago and that of Manocacy united, fill the space be- tween the Blue Ridge and the s. e. range of Appalachian system, and between the Sus- quehannah and Potomac rs. Conewago, small creek of Pa. rising in Lebanon co. and flowing thence s. s. w. sepa, parating Lancaster from Lebanon and Dau- phin cos. and falling into the Susquehannah, opposite York Haven, after a course of 15 ms. CoNEWANGO, r. N. Y. rises between Cha- tauque and Cattaraugus cos. runs w. to the outlet of Chautauque lake, then s. to Alle- ghany r. at Warren, Pa. Length 40 ms. and is navigated in boats and rafts parts of the year, which may go within 7 ms. of Lake Erie. CoNEWANGo, t. Cattaraugus co.N. Y. Pop. 1830, 1,712. CoNEWANGO, P-V. N. part of Warren co. Pa. on Conewango creek, by p-r. 222 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. CoNEWiNGO, creek and p-o. n. w. angle of Cecil CO. Md. 40 ms. n. e. Baltimore. The lower falls in Susquehannah, sometimes, though erroneously, called Concwingo falls. The true Conewingo falls are 6 ms. above the lower falls or head of tide water. Congaree, r. of S. C. formed by the united streams of Broad and Saluda rs. which com- mingle at Columbia, almost at the point where lat. 34° and 4° w. W. C. intersect. The ge neral and comparative course of the Conga, ree is s. e. with a sweep to the s., and thence CON 117 CON B. 35 ms. ; but by the meanders the length would probably exceed 50 ma. ; in a swampy tract, between Orangeburgh, Richland, and Sumpter districts, the Congaree unites with the Wateree from the n. to form the Santee. (See Santee.) CoNHocTON, creek Steuben co. N. Y. en- ters Chemung r. at Painted Post. CoNHOcTON, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y. 16 ms. N. w. Bath, gives rise to Conhocton r., bears beech, maple, elm, bass, ash, hemlocR and grass. Pop. 1830, 2,711. CoNKLiN, t. Broome co. N. Y. Population 1830, 908. CoNNEAUT, lake and creek of Crawford co. Pa. The lake is about 4 ms. long, and 1 to 2 wide, discharging the creek southeastward in French creek,which it enters about 8 ms. B. from) Meadville. CoNNEAUT, small r. of Pa. and O. rises in Crawford co. of the former, near a lake of the same name, and flowing thence 20 ms. n. n. e. enters Erie co. in which it inflects to the w. 15 ms. entering Ashtabula co. Ohio, and again turning abruptly to n. e. 10 ms. falls into lake Erie in the n. e. angle of the state of O. at the p-v. of Conneaut. CoNNEAUT, p-v. in the extreme n. e. angle of Ashtabula co. O. at the mouth of Conneaut creek, by p-r. 203 ms. n. e. Columbus, and 30 ms. s. w. by w. Erie, in Erie co. Pa. Conneautville, p-v. on Comieaut creek in the N. w. part of Crawford cOt Pa. 20 ms. n. w. Meadville. Co.NNECTicuT Hvcr, the principal and most important stream of New England, rises in the highlands, dividing the United States from Lower Canada, the head waters of which, forming Lake Connecticut, are 1600 feet above the level of L. I. Sound. Within the first 25 ms. of its course, which is s. w., it falls about 600 feet, and afterwards, pursu- ing a more southerly course to the head of Fifteen Mile falls, it has a farther descent of 350 feet in 20 miles. Between the latter and the foot of Enfield falls, where it meets tide water, are several other descents and rapids, among which the principal are White r. falls at Hanover, and Bellows falls near Walpole, in N. H. ; Miller's and Montague's and Had- ley falls in Mass. ; and Enfield falls in Conn. The descent in these, exclusive of smaller rapids which intervene, is 236 feet. The general course of the river is southerly, di- viding the states of Vt. and N. H. ; after- wards crossing the western part of Mass., and dividing Conn, almost equally from n. to s. as far as Middletown, whence it curves to the s. E. to Saybrook, between which place and Lyme it empties into Long Island Sound. The length of the Conn, including its wind- ings, is 400 miles, and the valley, not follow- ing the course of the stream, is over 30O ms. long. The tributaries of the Connecticut are nu- merous ; among them are the Pasumsic, a large stream emptying into the Con.at the foot of Fifteen Mile falls ; White river at Hano- ver; Deerfield and Agawam, at the two places from which they derive their names, and Farmington, or Windsor river, at Wind- sor. Conn. These are the principal tributa- ries on the w. side. On the e. the most im- portant are Miller's river, which flows into the Conn, at Montague ; and at Springfield it receives the Chickapee, its largest tribu- tary. The valley of the Conn, presents to the eye every variety of scenery ; magnificent moun- tains, and hills, valleys and meadows, unsur- passed in beauty or fertility ; upon its banks are some of the most beautiful towns and villages in New England. Nearly two hundred small lakes, from one to three miles in length,are scattered over the higher surfaces, and are generally found at the sources of tributaries of the river. The Mascony in Lebanon, N. H. and the Sunapee, are the largest in the valley ; the former being 7, and the latter 12 ms. in length. Among the high lands which bound the valley, are the Green mountains in Vt. with peaks and rid- ges 4,000 feet high ; and on the e. are the White mountains, and Monadnok, in N. H. Mount Washington, of the former, is the highest land between the Atlantic and the Rocky mountains, and is 6,250 feet above the level of the ocean. Ascutney mountain in Vt. lies wholly within the valley, and is 3,000 feet high. The banks of the Connecticut are annually overflown in the spring, and not unfrequently at other seasons ; the extensive meadows lying upon its banks receive at such times a rich, valuable and abundant addition to their soil. Numerous bridges are thrown across the river, the lowest of which is at Hartford. At the N. boundary of Vt. the Conn, is 150 feet wide ; 60 miles below, 390 feet ; and in Mass. and Conn, it varies from 450 to 1,050 feet in width. Salmon, which formerly were abundant in the Conn, have entirely disap- peared ; the principal fishery is shad, which is very valuable. Large quantities of other fine fish also abound in it. The Connecticut is navigable to Hartford, 50 ms. from its mouth, for vessels of 8 feet draft, and to Middletown, for those drawing 10 feet of water. Large steam boats ply daily between the former place and the city of N. York, touching at the intermediate places on the river. Above Hartford numerous flat bottom boats of 15 to 30 tons burthen ascend 220 miles above Hartford, to Wells river, by aid of locks and canals around the falls. These are principal- ly towed by small steam boats, six in num- ber, placed on the diflTerent sections between Springfield, Mass., and Wells river. Two steam boats, for passengers, also ply daily be- tween Hartford and Springfield. The improvements recently made, and others contemplated in the navigation of the river, have already given a fresh impulse to business ; as is evident from the great in- crease of merchandise and produce trans- ported upon its waters, and the iacreasing in- CON ns CON tercourse between the towns and villages in its vicinity. Connecticut, one of the United States ; bounded n. by Massachusetts, e. by Rhode Island, 3. by Long Island Sound, and w. by New York. It lies between 41 and 42° n. lat. and between 71° 50' and 73° 43' w. long. It is 90 miles long, 70 broad and contains 4,764 square miles. Connecticut was first settled in 163.5, by emigrants from Massachusetts, who located themselves in Windsor, Hartford and Weth- ersfield. A charter was granted to them by Charles the 2d, in 1662. New Haven, which was settled by emigrants from England in 1638, and for many years formed a separate colony, was united with Coimecticut under this charter in 1 665. The people were great ly harrassed by the arbitrary and oppressive conduct of James 2d. In 1687, Sir Edmund is held twice every year in each county, by one of the judges of the supreme court. In each county also, there is a county court, composed of a chief judge and two associate judges, who with justices of the peace, are appointed annually. Every white male citi- zen of the United States, 21 years of age, who has gained a settlement in the state, re- sided in the town six months, and having a freehold estate of the yearly value of seven dollars ; or having performed military duty ; or paid state tax, maybe an elector. The surface of the state is uneven and greatly diversified by hills and valleys. There are three ranges of mountains in the state ; one running within 8 or 10 miles of Connecti- cut river, on the east side, as far south as Chatham, where it crosses the river and ter- minates at East Haven ; the Mount Tom range, which comeS from Massachusetts, runs Andross, having been appointed governor of through the whole state on the west side of New England, came to Hartford, and by the Connecticut, and terminates at New Ha- royal authority demanded a surrender of the ven in a perpendicular bluff called TDast Rock ; charter. The assembly being then in ses-jand the Green mountain range, which is still sion, were reluctant to make this surrender, further west, comes from Vermont, passes and while the subject was under considera tion, the charter was secretly conveyed away, and concealed in the cavity of an old oak tree on the estate of Mr. Wyllys, one of the magistrates of the colony. This charter form- ed the basis of the government until 18! 8, when the present constitution was adopted. The powers of the government are now divi- ded into three distinct departments, viz. the legislative, executive, and judicial. The le- gislative power is vested in a senate and house of representatives. The senate must consist of not less than 18, nor more than 24 members, who are chosen annually in as ma- ny districts, by a plurality of votes. The present number is 21. The house of rep- resentatives consists of 209 members, who are chosen annually in each town by a ma- jority of votes, 178 towns, (the more ancient ones,) sending two members, 53 towns only one. The executive power is vested in a governor, who must be 30 years of age, and is chosen annually by a majority of the votes of the people. The lieutenant governor is also chosen annually by ihe people. He is presi- dent of the senate, and also performs the duties of governor, in case of his death, re- signation, refusal to serve, impeachment, or ab- sence. The legislature has one stated session annually, on the first Wednesday in May, al- ternately at Hartford and New Haven. The judicial power is vested in a supreme court of errors, a superior court, and such inferior courts as the legislature may from time to time establish. All the judges are appointed by the legislature ; those of the supreme and superior courts, hold their offices during good behavior until 70 years of age, subject to impeachment, or removal by the governor, on the address of two thirds of each branch of the legislature. The supreme court of er- rors is composed of five judges, and is held in each county annually. The superior court through the whole state, and terminates in a similar bluflT, at New Haven, called West Rock. The land is generally good, and the meadows on Connecticut river are uncom- monly fine ; but a large part of the state is better adapted to grazing than tillage. The principal productions are, Indian corn, rye, wheat in some parts, oats, barley, flax, grass, potatoes. Butter and cheese are made in large quantities. Sheep are extensively raised, and beef and pork are abundant. The farms are generally small, varying from 50 to 300 or 400 acres. The winters are severe, but the country is healthy. Tlie principal rivers are the Connecticut, the Housatonic, and the Thames. The principal harbors, New London, New Haven, and Bridgeport. Iron ore of excellent quality is found in great abundance in Salisbury, and other places in the north western part of the state. A cop- per mine was opened and wrought at Simsbu- ry previous to the revolutionary war, but was subsequently abandoned, and for many years occupied as a state prison ; after the removal of the prison, a company commenced working it again, who have succeeded in obtaining copper ore of great purity. Superior white marble is found at Washington and New Milford, and beautiful variegated marble of the verd antique species, at New Haven and Milford. There are extensive quarries of excellent free stone, at Chatham and other adjacent towns on the river. The state is divided into eight counties, Hartford, New Haven, New London, Fair- field, Windham, Litchfield, Middlesex, and Tolland. There are five incorporated cities, Hartford, New Haven, New London, Nor- wich, and Middletown ; and eight boroughs, Danbury, Guilford, Bridgeport, Newtown, Stonington, Stamford, Waterbury, and Kil- linworth. 1 The population of Connecticut in 1810 CON 119 CON was 261,942, and in 1820, 275,248. it was as follows. Counties. Counties. Hartford, 51,141 Windham, New Haven, 43,848 Litchfield, New London, 42,295 Middlesex, Fairfield, 46,950 Tolland, Of which were whites, Males. Under 5 years, 19,033 5 to 15 35,679 15 to 30 42,675 30 to 50 28.203 50 to 70 13,346 70 to 90 4,025 90 and above, 86 In 1830 27,077 42,}i55 24,845 18,700 Females. 18,270 33,518 42,518 31,151 15,952 4,988 159 Insurance stock, 53,642 Turnpike stock, 157,362 Money on interest, 2,087,976 State bank stock, 3,14.S,73G U. S. bank stock, 17,880 25 Quarries, and shares of, 38,350 1 Ferry, 200 Total, 143,n47 146,556 Of free colored persons there were as follows :— under 10, 1,019 males, 1,051 fe- males — between 10 and 24, 1,121 males, 1,233 females— between 24 and 36, 771 males, 819 females — between 36 and 55, 624 males, 667 females — between 55 and 100, 3l3 males, 417 females — 100 years and up- wards, 2 males, 10 females. Total, 8,047. Blacks not emancipated on account of ad- vanced age or infirmities, 8 males and 17 fe- males. Total 25. Recapitulation, Whites. Free color'd. Slaves. Total. 289,603 8,047 25 297,075. Of the foregoing were whites, deaf and dumb, under 14, 43 ; between 14 and 25, 152 ; 25 and upwards, 99 ; total, 294. Blind, l88 ; aliens 1481. Of the blacks there are deaf and dumb, 6; blind, 7. The foreign trade of Connecticut is prin- cipally with the West Indies, but it is less extensive than the coasting trade. The ex- ports are beef, pork, horses, mules, cattle, butter, cheese, fish, and various articles of manufactures. New London, Stonington, and some other towns, have recently engaged with much success in the whaling business. Connecticut is extensively engaged in manu- factures, consisting principally of cotton and woollen goods, iron, glass, paper, tinware, buttons, clacks, leather, shoes, fire arms, and various other articles. The following is an abstract of the rateable estate and polls in Conn, as returned in 1831, 42,8.52 Houses, 2,622,676 Acres of land, 1,572 Mills, 1,826 Stores, 283 Distilleries, 1,521 Manufactories, 183 Fisheries, 34,250 Horses, asses, mules, &.C. 237,989 Neat cattle, 271,625 Sheep, Silver plate and plated ware, 5,196 Riding carriages and wagons, 22,893 Clocks and watches. $21,948,740 50,782,455 843,511 1,467,748 64,052 1,637,149 498,625 1,290,094 3,347,667 333,657 10,014 238,798 174,843 87,737,699 Assessments. On professions, 147,683 34,466 polls, $20 each, 689,320 837,003 There are 19 state banks in Connecticut, with a capital, as officially returned, March 1832, of $4,944,100; in addition to which .is a branch of the U. S. bank, capital $300,000. There are also 5 banks for savings, and -11 insurance companies. The principal literary and benevolent in- stitutions areYale College in New Haven, the Wesleyan University in Middletown, and Washington College, the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, and Retreat for the Insane, in Hart- ford. A general state hospital has also been recently founded in New Haven. Numerous academies and high schools for both sexes, are established in various parts of the state. The state prison at Wethersfield deserves to be'mentioned as an institution creditable to the state. In its construction and general arrangements, it is similar to the New York state prison at Auburn. The number of convicts in March, 1832, was 192, of whom 18 were females. They are kept at hard labor in workshops by day, and confined in solitary cells by night. A-prominent feature in the system of discipline, is the prevention of all intercourse or communication between the prisoners. The prison produces a hand- some revenue to the state ; the avails of it for the year ending on the 31st March, 1832, after deducting all expenses, amounted to $8,713 53. There is a chaplain connected with the institution ; a Sunday school has been organized, and all proper means are faithfully used for the reformation of the con- victs. In no part of the world has more ample provision been made for the instruction of all classes of the people in the elements of use- I'ul knowledge than in Connecticut. Her in- stitutions of learning, and provision for the general instruction of the people, have placed Connecticut on a proud eminence among her sister states. By the last estimate of the commissioners, April 1, 1831, the aggregate amount of the school fund of the state amounted to $1,902,957 87 ; and the whole proceeds for the year ending 31st March, 1832, was $84,173" 83. This fund is derived from the sale of vvestcrn lands, and the pro. cceds are appropriated to the support of com- mon schools. Her citizens have always been distinguished for their intelligence, industry, economy, and correct moral habits. A spirit of enterprise has led thousands of them to emigrate to distant parts of the country, CON 120 COO where they have assisted in the settlement of other states and territories. Perfect re- ligious toleration is enjoyed in Connecticut. No person is compelled to support or be con- nected with any church or religious associa- tion ; and although while thus connected, he may be compelled to pay his proportion of the expenses, he may at any time dissolve his connection by leaving a written notice of the same with the clerk of such society. There are various religious sects in the state ; Congregationalists, Baptists, Episcopalians, Methodists, Unitarians, Friends, Universal- ists. Shakers, Catholics, some Free Will Bap- tists, and a few Christ-ians. The Congrega- tionalists are much the most numerous. Connecticut Farms, v. Essex co. N. J. 4 ms. N. w. Elizabethtown. CoNNELLsviLLE, p-v. and tsp. Fayette co. Pa. The village is situated on the right bank of Youghioghany river, 12 ms. n. n. e. Union TOVVTI. CoNNERSViLLE, p-v. Boone CO. Ky. by p-r. 86 ms. N. Frankfort. CoNNERSviLLE, p-v. and et. jus. Fayette co. Ind. by p-r. 527 ms. w. from W. C. 68 ms. a little s. of E. Indianopolis, and 60 ms. n. w. Cincinnati, O. It is situated on White Water r. atlat. 39° 38', & long. 8° lO'w. W.C. CoNOTTON, P-V. in the n. part of Harrison CO. O. by p-r. 127 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus. Conquest, p-t. Cayuga co. N, Y. 19 ms. N. w. Auburn. Pop. 1830, 1,507. Conrad's Ferry, over the Potomac, just above the mouth of Goose creek, and p-o. in the w. part of Montgomery co. Md. 4 ms. s. e. by E. Leesburg, Va. and 37 ms. from W. C. Conrad's store, and p-o. Rockingham co. Va. by p-r. 141 ms. n. w. Richmond. Constable, t. Franklin co. N. Y. 7 ms. n. Malone, 6 ms. by 9, has a sandy loam, with beech, maple, bass, elm, hemlock, and groves of pine. Bog iron ore is dug. Sal- mon and "Trout rivers supply mill seats. Pop. 1830, 693. Constantia, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y. 28 ms. w. from Rome. n. Oneida lake, 7 ms. by 17, is low and level, with good land, and some bog iron ore. It includes the site of Fort Brewerton, at the outlet of Oneida lake. The village on the n. side of the lake has iron works. Pop. 1830, 1,193. Contoocook, r. Hillsborough co. N. H. enters Merrimack r. at Concord. Conway, p-t. Staflbrd co. N. H. 76 ms. n. N. e. Concord, crossed by Saco river w. Me. 6 ms. square, is watered also by Swift, and Pequacokett rivers. A sulphur spring here, is visited by invalids ; magnesia and fuller's earth are found. The banks of Saco r. are level and rich ; the uplands rocky. The tim- ber is oak, maple, beech, and white pine. Saco r. is subject to sudden floods. Pop. 1830,1,601. Conway, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 6 ms. w. Greenfield, 100 w. Boston, s. w. Deerfield r. 7 ms. w. Conn. r. formerly part of Deerfield. Pop. 1830, 1,563. CoNWAYS, CO. Ark. ter. bounded s. w. by Arkansas r. which separates it from Craw- ford, w. by a part of Crawford, N. by Izard, N. E. by Red. r. branch of Whife r. & s. e. by Pulaski, length 55, mean breadth 30, and area 1650 sq. ms. extending in lat. from 34° 52' to 35° 40' and in long, from 14° 55' to 15° 56' w. from W. C. Chief t. Lafayette. Conway, p-o. Ark. by p-r. 190 ms. s. w. from Little Rock. Conway's borough p-v. and st. jus. Horry, dist. S.C. on the right bank of Waccamau r.by p-r. 153, but by direct road, about 100 ms. n. e. from Charleston, and about an equal distance a little w. of s. from Fayetteville in N. C. lat. 33° 49' and long. 2° 05' w. from W. C. CoNYNGHAM, p-v. situated at the foot of Buck mtn. Nescopeck valley, and in the south- ern part of Luzerne co. Pa. 12 ms. a little s. of e. from Burwick and 20 ms. n. w. by w. from Mauch Chunk, on the Lehigh. It is a most romantic situation, surrounded by mts. and stretching in one street across the val- ley, presents to the traveller a well built vil- lage, containing a pop. 1830, of about 300. Coochk's Bridge, and p-o. in the n. w. part of New Castle co. Del. 62 ms. w. of n. from Dover. Cook's Law oflSce and p-o. Elbert co. Geo. by p-r. 65 ms. n. n. e. from Milledgeville. Cook's, late Broom's p-o. in the s. part of Fairfield co. S. C. 20 ms. n. from Columbia. Cook's settlement and p-o. in the w. part of St. Genevieve co. Mo. about 60 ms. s. from St. Louis. CooKSTOWN, p-v. on the right bank of the Monongahela r. n. w. part of Fayette co. Pa. 28 ms. a little e. of s. from Pittsburg. CooKsviLLE, p-v. N. part of Ann Arundel co. Md. by p-r. 51, but by actual distance 32 ms. N. from W. C. CooKviLLE, p-o. Jackson co. Ten. by p-r. 92 ms. N. E. byE. from Nashville. Coolbaugh's p-o. Pike co. Pa. about 21 ma. s. from Milford, the st. jus. Cool spring, p-o. Washington co. N. C. by p-r. 182 ms. e. from Raleigh. Cool spring, p-o. in the e. part of Chester- field dist. S. C. by p-r. 89 ms. n. e. from Co- lumbus. Cool spring, p-o. Wilkinson co. Geo. by p-r. 44 ms. s. from Milledgeville. Cool spring, p-o. Gibson co. Ten. by p-r. 130 ms. w. from Nashville. Coolville, p-v. on Hocking r. s. e. part of Athens co. O. by p-r. 24 ms. below Athens, the CO. seat. Cooper, t. Washington co. Me. 164 ms. from Augusta, has a stream on e. border emptying into Coolescook bay. Pop. 1830, 396. Cooper, r. of S. C. in reality the drain of a swampy tract semicircle, by Santee r. the various drains uniting about 29 ms. n. from Charleston, form Cooper r. which, flowing s. joins Wards r. form the n. and at Charleston Ashley from the s. all contributing to form the fine harbor of that city. Santee canal unites Cooper and Santee r. extending from n. n. w. to s. s. E. 21 ms. from the Santee at Black- oak isl, to the w. branch of Cooper. coo 121 COR Cooper's p-o. Franklin co. Va. 159 ms. s.i falls into the Atlantic between the mouth of w. by w. Richmond. Savannah r. and Caliboguc Sound, after a CooPERSTowN, p-v. and et. jus. Otsego co. course of 80 ms. The main Cooaawhatehie N. Y. 12 ms. w. Cherry Valley, 66 w. Albany, again divides into two channels below the 21 s. Erie Canal, s. end Otsego Lake. There |eHhix of Cyprus creek, but after a separation is a deep valley at the outlet of Otset^o hike, of 12 ms. reunites, forming Tullyfnuiy is!. between liigli hills. Timber, chiefly pine and hemlock. The village has 3 churches ; 1 Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist, a court-house, county bank with $100,000 capital ; a card factory here, is chiefly worked by dogs. Pop. 1830, 1,115. CoopERSTowN, p-v. in the n. w. part of Ve- nango CO. Pa. byp-r. 70 ms. n. Pittsburg. CooPERSTOWN, p-o. in Nancoochy valley, w. part of Habersham co. Geo. by p-r. 12 ms. w. Clarksville, the co. st. Coos, CO. N. H. the largest in tho state, bounded by Lower Canada N.,-Me. e., Staf- ford CO. s., Grafton co. and Vt. w. with 1,G00 sq. ms. includes the White mtns. the highest in the U. S. and gives rise to the 3 Ammo- noosucks, branches of Conn, r., and Saco, which enters the Atlantic. A great part of tho CO. cannot bo improved by cultivation, and is unoccupied. On Conn. r. are some tine meadows. It contains 25 towns and 47 school districts. Pop. 1820, 5,151, 1830, 8,390. CobsA, r. of Ten. Geo. and Ala. tho n. w. and main branch of Ala. r. The extreme higher sources of Coosa is in Ten. at lat. 35° 05', there known by the name of Connes- sauga. It flows first w. but curving s. s. w. .70 ms. receives from the n. e. the Etowah r. The two branches have interlocking sources with the Iliwassa branch of Ten. with those of Ten. Proper, and the Chatta- hooche. Having their fountains amid the elevated Appalachian vallies, tho higher confluents of Coosa are rapid perennial streams. Below the junction of Connessau- ga and Etowah, the united waters flow 8 ms. wstrd. entering Ala. near Fort Armstrong, inflect to s. s. w. receiving but few acces- sions above the size of a large creek, join the Talapoosa at lat. 32° 28', long. 9° 22' w. W. C. to form Ala. having an entire compa- rative course of about 240 ms. The valley of the Coosa is about 200 ms. long, and mean breadth 45 ; area 9,000 sq. ms. CoosAUUA, p-v. on the right bank of Ala. r. Autauga co. Ala. 6 ms. below the junction of Coosa and Talapoosa rs. and bv p-r. 96 ms. s. E. by E. Tuscaloosa. CoosAw, r. S. C. is a broad and deep inlet, uniting Coosawhatchie or Broad r. toComba- hce r. on St. Helena Sound. In fact Coosa is the northern mouth of Coosawhatchie. In the languages of many southern tribes of Indians, Hatcliie or Ilntchy signifies river, and has become a suflix to several rivers of the southern states. Coosawhatchie, r. of S. C. rises in Barn- well dist. but entering Beaufort, flows s. e. 30 ms, to where a branch flows from the main stream (o the w. This outlet, a mouth by the name of Cyprus creek, inflects to the b. e. ;6 Below the latter island a third separation of the waters of Coosawhatchie takes place. The principal stream widens into Broad r. and finally opens to tho Atlantic by Port Royal Entrance. The northern branch flows s. e. by E. and is known as Coosaw r. (See Coosaio r. and Beaufort dist.) CoosAwiiATcniE, p-v. on the right bank of Coosawhatchie r. Beaufort dist. S. C. 75 ms. s. w. by w. Charleston. CooTSTowN, or more accurately from the German geography, Kutztown, a fine well built p-v. Berks co. Pa. 17 ms. n. n. e. Read- ing, and about an equal distance s. w. by w. Allentown. Copake, t. Columbia co. N. Y. w. Mass. line ; has 2 ponds or lakes emptying into Claverack creek, and has Penobscot co. on 3 sides, Roclefl" and Janson'a Kills. Pop. 1830, 1,676. Copenhagen, v. Lewis co. N. Y. on Deer creek, 6 ms. n. Denmark. CopELAND, p-v. Telfair co. Geo. by p-r. 77 ms. s. Milledgeville. Copiah, co. of Miss, bounded by Franklin s. w., Jefferson w.,ClairborneN. w.. Hinds n., Simpson e., and Lawrence s. e. It is nearly in form of a square of 28 ms. each side, or area of 784 sq. ms. lying between lat. 31° 36' and 32° 4', and long. 13° 21' and 13° 50'. The water courses flow from this co. estrd. into Pearl r. ; N. wstrd. they form the Bayou Pierre, whilst the s. w. section gives source to the Homo- chitto. The central part is therefore a table land, and the whole surface, with partial ex- ceptions, is composed of sterile soil, covered in a natural state, with pine forests, slightly intermingled with other timber. Chief t. Gallatin. Pop. liiSO, 7,001. CoroPA, p-v. in the central part of Lorrain CO. O. by p-r. 128 ms. n. n. e. Columbus. CoppERHONK, p-o. Sussex CO. ,Va. 59 s. s. e. Richmond. CoauiLLE, usually called Petites Coqiiillcs, Fort and p-o. on the s. point, where the Rego- lets flow from Lake Pontchartrain, 25 ms. N. e. by E. New Orleans. Core a Fabre, p-v. Union co. Ark. position uncertain. Core Creek, p-o. w. part of Craven co. N. C. by p-r. 104 ms. s. e. by e. Raleigh. Core Sound and Core Island, Cartaret . N. C. The island is a long, narrow, and low reef, extending 20 ms. from Cape Ijook Out, its salient point s. w. to Cedar Inlet. The Sound stretches between the island and mainland, from the n. e. part of Onslow bay to Pamlico Sound, and is 40 m.^:. long, with a mean breadth of 1 or 2 ms. It is shallow, admitting only small coasting vessels. Corinth, p-t. i'enobscot co. Me. l&ms. N. w. Bangor, bl .\iigusta. it situated near COR . 122 COS the head waters of many streams flowing into Penobscot r. Pop. 1830, 7 12. Corinth, p-t. Orange co. Vt. 21 ms. s. e. Montpelier, 12 w. Haverhill, N. H., 41 w. Windsor, 6 ms. square. P'irst settled, 1777, is very rough, with good dark loam, and hard wood trees, except the hemlock, spruce and furs, on the streams. Waits brook and oth- ers supply mills. Pop. 18.30, 1,953. Corinth, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 18 ms. N. Ballston Spa, s. w. Hudson river, at the Great Falls 30 feet cataract, and one and a i ms. above, has a smooth and sandy land above the falls, with white pine and beech ; broken, stony and loamy below. Palmer's town mtn. is s. and Kayadarossoras mtn. w. At Hadley, or Jessups landing, is a village, and rafts go from the sands bank 1^ ms. be- low. About 100 yards above Great Falls is a chasm, 12 feet wide, 20 long, and very deep, through which the entire river passes at low water. Limestone abounds ; and oxides of iron used for paints. Population 1830, 1,412. Cork, p-v. in the n. part Ashtabula co. O. by p-r. 187 ms. n. e. Columbus. CoRLEARS Hook, city of New York, the n. E. point of the city, at the turn in the Sound. Corn Creek, p-o. Gallatin co. Ky. by p-r. 59 ms. N. Frankfort. Corneliusville, p-o. Boone co. Ky. by p-r. 88 ms. N. Frankfort. CoRNERSBURG, p-v. Trumbull CO. O. about 150 ms. N. E. Columbus. Cornish, p-t. York co. Me. 50 ms. n. York, 83 Augusta, south Ossipee river, where it joins the Saco. Population 1830, 1,23.5. CoRMSH, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H. 17 ms. n. CharlestQwn, 50 Concord, 108 Boston, e. Conn. r. 23,160 acres, is fertile, except near the river. A few mill seats are on Blow-me down and Briant brooks. Settled 1765 from Sutton, Mass., seceded from N. H. 1778, with 15 other towns. Pop. 1830, 1,235 Cornishes' p-o. Lauderdale co. Ala. by p-r. 119 ms. N. Tuscaloosa. Cornville, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 11 ms. E. N. e. Norridgewock, 38 Augusta, is crossed by a small tributary of Kennebec r. Pop. 1830, 1,104. Cornwall, t. Addison co. Vt. on Otter creek, 3 ms. s. w. Middleburj', 75 ms. n. Bennington, 36 ms. s. Burlington. Settled 1774, deserted '77, and resettled from Conn. 1784, is generally level, and crossed by Le- monfair r. has no good mill seals, but a large swamp, 7 school districts. Pop. 1830, 1,264. Cornwall, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn. 10 ms. N. Litchfield, 38 w. Hartford, and 48 n. w. New Haven, e. Housatonic river, 9 by 5, 46 square miles, has mtns. and mountainous their school here 1816, and educated many young men from heathen countries. Pop. 1830, 1,714. Cornwall, t. Orange co. N. York, 52 ms. N. N. York, 108 s. Albany, w. Hudson river, is mountainous, but has good pasturage, and some level lands north, where Murderers creek supplies mills. The village landing sends wood and stone to N. York. West Point in this town is a tract of land owned by the United States, bordering on the North river, where is the military academy, and the professors quar- ters ; the barracks and parade ground are on a level 182 feet above Hudson river, above which on a mtn. are the remains of Fort Putnam, and in front, those of Fort Clinton, built in the revolution, when this was an im- portant military post. Sir Henry Clinton forced his passage here in 1777, to cooperate with Gen. Burgoyne, but after burning Kings- ton, &c. returned to N. Y. Gen. Arnold's treasonable design was to betray West Point to the British. There is a large hotel, and a monument to Kosciusko, erected by the ca- dets. Pop. 1830, 3,485. CoRowAUGH, creek, swamp, and p-o. s. w. part of the Isle of Wight co. Va. 35 ms. s. w. Norfolk. Cormnna, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 53 ms. Augusta. Pop. 1830, 1,079. Cortland, co. N. Y. bounded by Ononda- ga CO. N., Madison and Chenango cos. e., Broome and Tioga cos. s., Tompkins and Cayuga cos. w., an oblong 19 ms. by 25, 475 square ms., has 9 towns, many brooks. Tioughnioga creek nearly through it. Osse- lie creek in the s. e. ; it gives rise to bran- ches of Owego creek and Cayuga lake ; mill sites abounds. The soils chiefly yellow- ish loam, on warm gravel, uneven but ex- cellent for grain and grass, bears maple, elm, bass, butternut, pine, &.c. There are some salt and sulph. hyd. and chalybeate springs, and iron ore. The N. w. corner touches the s. end of Skeneateles lake. Cortland village is the capital. Pop. 1820, 16,507, 1830, 23,753. Cortland, t. Westchester co. N. Y. 40 ms. N. N. York, 104 s. Albany, e. Hudson river, has 2 post vs. Cortlandt t. Peekskill, Peeks- kill creek and Croton river afford many mill sites, and it includes the s. peaks of the Highlands, Vcrplanks point where was Fort Lafayette, and Tellers point. Pop. 1830, 3,840. Cortlandtvslle, p-t. and cap. Cortlandt CO. N. Y. 140 ms. w. Albany, on Tioughnioga at the bend, and contains Cortlandt village and Port Watson. Pop. 1830, 3,673. CoRYDON. p-v. and st. jus. Harrison co. Ind. by p-r. 614 ms. a little s. of w. W. C. 124 hills, of granite and limestone, with black ms. s. Indianopolis, and 20 ms. a little s. of lead, porcelain clay. Some of (he large: vallies have rich calc loam. It yields oak, chestnut, maple &-c. grain, grass, beef, &c. There aie two ponds I mile lojig, with jiick- erel and trout, with many mill sites. The American board of Foreign Mis.siou.'^, formed w. Louisville, in Ky. n. lat. 38° 15', long. 9" 08' w. W. C. Pop". 1830, 459. Coshocton, or Cochecton, p-v. Bethel- Sullivan CO. N. Y. 16 ms. w. Monticello, 60 ms. w. Newburgli, on Delaware river. CosuocTO.N, CO. of O. bounded southeast COT 123 GOV by Guernsey, s. by Muskingum, s. w. by Licking, w. and n. w. by Knox, n. by Holmes, and N. E. and e. by Tuscarawas. Greatest length 30, mean width 20, and area GOO sq ms. Extending in hit. from 40^ 10' to 40' 27 N. and in long, from 4° 40' to 5° 12' vv. W. C The union of Tuscarawas r. with White Woman's creek to form the Muskin- gum river, is made a little s. e. from the centre of this CO. Kilibuck creek rising in Medina and Lorrain cos. flows to the south- ward over Wayne and Holmes into Coshoc- ton, and uniting with While Woftian's from the westward, the combined waters inflect to the s. E. to their junction with Tuscarawas river at the village of Coshocton. From the course of the three preceding streams, Cos- hocton CO. is formed out of as many deep river vallies. That of White Woman's in- clines to the east ; Tuscarawas in an oppo- site direction, and that of Kilibuck south- wardly. Below the village of Coshocton the channel of Muskingum river is nearly south to the influx of Will's creek, on the southern border of the co. The Olno and Erie canal reaches the bank of Muskingum a little be- low the mouth of Will's creek, and following Muskingum and Tuscarawas rivers, travers- es Coshocton between 25 and 30 miles. The northern, and about one third part of what surface was included in Coshocton in 1820, has been since united to a part of Wayne, to form Holmes co. Chief town, Coshocton. Pop. 1830,11,161. Coshocton, p-v. and st. jus. Coshocton co. O. by p-r. 336 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 84 ms. N. E. by E. Columbus, and 26 ms. n. Zanes- ville. It is situated on the left or east bank of Muskingum river, just below the junction of Tuscarawas river and White Woman's creek. Lat. 40° 15', long. 4° 54' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 333. CossiTAT, p-v. Hempstead co. Ark. by p-r. 1,234 s. w. by w. ^ w. W. C. and 166 miles s. w. by w. Little Rock. CoTACo, formerly a county of Al. now Mor- gan CO. Cote Isle, post -village, Rapide parish, Louisiana. CoTOCTiN, a ridge of the i\ppa!achian mtns. This ridge branches from the south inouiitnin on the southern border of Pa. and between Adams and Franklin counties ; stretching thence nearly due s. flirough Frederick co. in Md. reaches the Potomac river between the mouths of Monocacy river and Cotoc- tin creek. The same ridge or rather chain rises southward of the Potomac and travers- es Loudon CO. Va. passing about 2fj ms. west- ward of Leesburg. In Md. the C(Hoctin has gained importance and celebrity from the controversy between the Baltimore and Ohio rail road company, and that of the Chesa- peake and Ohio canal. Where the ridge terminates on the Potomac, it is known as the Upper Point of rocks and L6wer Point of rocks. CoTocriN, in the p-o. list Cotocton, p-v. in the w. part of Frederick CO. Md. by p-r. 46 ms. N. vv. W. C. Coquille, usually called Petite Coquilles (Little Shells), fort and p-o. at the outlet of the Rigolets from lake Pontchartrain, in the N. w.part of Orleans parish. La. by ship chan- nel 31 ms. N. e. by e. New Orleans. Cotton Gin Port, p-v. at the union of Tombigbee and Notachucky rivers, and on the left bank of the former in Lowndes co. Miss, by p-r. 188 ms. n. e. Jackson. That part of Monroe containing Cotton Gin Port, has been recently erected into Lowndes co. Cotton Guove, p-v. Madison co. Ten. 163 miles s. w. by w. Nashville. Cotton Pout, p-v. on the right bank of Tenn. river, in the s.e. part of Limestone CO. Ala. 15 ms. s. s. w. Huntsville. Cottonville, p-v. in the s. part of Lawrence CO. Miss, about 80 ms. e. Natchez, and by p-r. 1,119 s. w. W. C. CoTRELLviLLE, p-v. on the right bank of St. Clair river, s. e. part of St. Clair co. Mich, according to Tanner. By the land route round the w. side of lake St. Clair 52 ms. n. e. Detroit, and by p-r. 578 ms. n. w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 230. Councill's Store, and p-o. by p-r. 231 ms. a little n. o w. Raleigh. CouNTSviLLE, p-v. On Preston creek, n. an- gle of Lexington dist. S. C. 31 ms. n. n. w. Columbia. County Line, p-o. Rowan co. N. C. by p-r. 138 ms. w. Raleigh. County Line, p-o. in the w. part Camp, bell CO. Geo. by p-r. 725 ms. s. w. W. C. and 139 N. w. Milledgeville. CouRTABLEAu, river of La. formed by two confluents, the Crocodile, from the pine wood between Opelousas and R:ipides, and the Boeuf, from the intermediate space between the Crocodile and the overflowed region of Red and Atchafalaya rivers. The two bran- ches unite about 10 miles n. from St. Landre, and assuming a s. e. course flow 35 miles, falling into Atchafalaya at the lower frag- ment of the Great Raft. This fine though small stream forms a link in the chain of wa- ter intercommunication between Opelousas and the Miss, river. •CouRTLAND, p-v. northern part of Laurence CO. Ala. about 50 ms. a little s. of w. Hunts- ville, and by p-r. 104 ms. n. Tuscaloosa. CouRTWRiGHT, p-v. in the w. part Fairfield CO. O. by p-r. 18 ms. s. e. Columbus, and 382 N. w. by w. W. C. Cove Creek, p-o. in the w. part of Ashe CO. N. C. by p-r. 432 ms. s. w. W. C. and 238 a little N. of w. Raleigh. Coventry, town, Grafton co. N; H. 9 ms. e. Haverhill, 70 n. by w. Concord, 100 n. w. Portsmouth, mountainous, with some useless soil, watered by streams of Oliverian brook and Wild Amonoosuc river, has Owl's Head mtn. vv. Pop. 1830, 440. Coventry, p-t. Orleans co. Vt. 49 ms. n. Montpclicr. First settled 1800, has s. bay of Mcmphremagog lake, with good soil, and GOV 124 COW the lower parts of Barton and Black rivers, which arc deep with good mill seats. Pop. 1830,728. Coventry, t. Kent co. R. I. 15 ms. s. w. Providence, e. Conn., 6 ms. by 6, 72 square miles, rugged, primitive, good for grass, with s. branch of Pawtucket, Flat river and other excellent mill streams. It is much devoted to manufacturing. Pop. 1830, 3,851. Coventry, p-t. Tolland co. Conn. 18 ms. e. Hartford, w. Willimantic river, Gi ms. by 7, 45 square ms., uneven, with gravelly loam, primitive, bearing oak, walnut, chestnut, &c. grass, grain, &c., crossed by Skunamug r. which forms Hop r. and unites with Williman tic river at s. e. corner; Wangumbog lake is •1 mile by 2. First settled, 1711. Population 1830. 2,119. Coventry, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y. 20 ms. s. w. Norwich, midway between Susquehan- nah and Chenango rivers. The land is bro- ken, but much that is good, with small streams. Pop. 1830, 1,576. Covert, p-t. Seneca co. N. Y. 6 ms. s. Ovid, E. Seneca lake, 5 ms. by 12, has mill seats on Halsey's creek, &c. The land on the lake is excellent for wheat. CovEsviLLE, p-v. in the w. part of Alber- marle co. Va. 22 ms. w. Charlottsville, and by p-r. 145 ms. s. w. W. C. and 103 n. w. by w. Richmond. Covington, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 12 ms. s. E. Batavia, has soil of ordinary quality, pretty well watered by Allan's creek and branches. Pop. 1830, 2,716. Covington, p-v. on Tioga cr. Tioga co. Pa. C5 ms. s. w. by w, Tioga Point. Covington, p-v. and st. jus. Alleghany co. Va. situated on Jackson r. 200 ma. s. s. w. W. C. and 173 ms. w. Richmond. Lat. 37° 48', long. 3° 3' w. W. C. Covington, p-v. in the s. part Richmond co. N. C. 14 ms. sthrd. Rockingham, the co. st. and by p-r. 4l3 ms. s. s. w. W. C. and 127 s. w. Raleigh. Covington, p-v. and st, jus. Newton co. Geo. on Yellow r. a branch of Oakmuljrce, by p-r. 07 ms. n. w. Milledgcville. Lat. 33° 32', long. 6° 58' w. W. C. Covington, co. Ala. bounded w. by Cone- cuh,, n. w. and N. by Butler, e. by Dale, and s. by Walton co. in Flor. Length s. toN. 52, mean breadth 32, area 1,664 sq. ms. Ex- tending in lat. 31° to 31° 42', long. 9° 15' to 9° 52' w. W. C. Surface generally sterile. The N. w. angle of this co. is traversed by the two main branches of Conecuh and Pi- geon rs. ; the central section gives source to Yellow Water r. which flows sthrd. towards Pensacola bay ; Pea r. the w. branch of Choc- taw r. rises in the Creek country, traverses Pike and Dale, cnlcra and again curves out of the eastern border of C'ovington. Chief t. Montezuma. Pop. 1830, 1,522. Covington, co. Miss, bounded s. by Ma^ tending in lat. from 31° 26' to 31° 48', long, from 12° 28' to 12° 58' w. W. C. It is tra- versed by various branches of Leaf r. which flowing s. E. towards their confluents Pasca- goula, afibrd some good land, but in general the face of the co. is open, sterile, pincy woods. Chief t. Williamsburg. Pop. 1820, 2,230, 1830, 2,551. Covington, p-v. and et. jus. parish of St, Tammany, La. situated on Chifuncte r. 36 ms. a little w. of n. New Orleans. Covington, p-v. on the bank of Ohio r. on the point below the mouth of Licking r. which separates it from Newport, and opposite Cin- cinnati, Campbell co. Ky. TJie great road up the Ohio r. passes through Covington over abridge into Newport. Pop. 1830, 715. Covington, p-v. and st. jus. Tipton co. Ten. situated on a small branch of Big Ilatchie r. 40 ms. n. n. e. Memphis, and by p-r. 225 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. Lat. 35° 34', long. 12° 41' w. W. C. Covington, p-v. and st. jus. Fountain co. Ind. by p-r. 654 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 81 ms. n. w. by w. Indianopolis. It is situ- ated on the left side of the Wabash r. n. lat. 40° 10', long. 10° 24'w. W. C. Covington, p-v. near the n. border of Washington co. II. by p-r. 812 ms. w. W. C. and 40 s. w. Vandalia. It is situated on the Kaskaskias r. on the great road from Shawneetown on O. r. to St. Louis, 47 ms. s. of E. from the latter. Lat. 38° 28', long. 12° 28' w. W. C. Cowan's Store andp-o. Cabarrasco. N. C. 151 ms. w. Raleigh. CowANSViLLE, p-0. 136 ms. w. Raleigh. CowANSViLLE, p-0. Rhca CO. Ten. by p-r. 170 ms. s. e. by e, Nashville. Cowdersport, p-v. and st. jus. Potter co. Pa. situated on Alleghany r. by p-r. 186 ms. N. w. Ilarrisburg. Lat, 41° 56', long. 1° 4' w. W. C. Coweta, co. Geo. bounded w. and n. w. by the Chattahoochc, which separates it from Carroll, n. by Campbell, e. by Fayette, and s. by Merriwether and Troup. Length from s, w. to N. E. 38 ms. mean breadth 14, and area 532 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 33° 15' to 33° 37', in long, from 7° 40' to 8° 18' w. W. ('. It lies in form of a triangle, ex- tending its hypothenuse along Chattahoochc, and its base e. and w. Chattahoocho to Flint r. Chief t. Newmanf Pop. 1830, 5,003. Coweta, p-v. Coweta co. Geo. by p-r. 135 ms. N. w. Milledgcville. CowpASTURE, r. Va. rising in the mountain valley between the Kittatinny and Warm Spring mtn. interlocking sources with the s. branch of Potomac, but flowing in an oppo- site direction s. s. w. falling into, or joining Jackson's r. to form James r. after a compa- rative course of 50 ms. Cowi'en's Furnace, p-o. between Pacolet and Broad rs. Spartanburg dist. S. C. by p-r. rion, w. by Lawrence, n. by the Choctaw ter. 124 ms. n. n. w. Columbia. and e. by Jones. Length from E. to w. 30, Cowper Hill, p-o. Robeson co. N. C. by mean breadth 24, and area 960 sq. ms. Ex- Ip-r. 92 ms. s. s. w. Raleigh. CRA 125 CRA CoxsACKiK, p.f. Greene co. N. Y. 2G ms. s. Albany, 10 n. Catbkill, w. Hudson r., e. Calskill creek. Cox's creek is n. Mill eites abound ; there arc hills, pine plains, some sand and clay. 'I'he inhabitants are of Dutch extraction, and hold the land in fee. It has a valley 1 ni. \v. Hudson r. and 3 landings. Pop. 1830, 3,373. Cox's Cross Roaus, in the s. w. part of Coshocton CO. O. by p-r. 3.'}? nis. n. w. by w. W. C. and 70 N. e. by e. Columbus. Cox's Stoke and p-o. Sampson co. N. C. by p-r. 95 ms. s. s. e. Raleigh. CoYLEsviLLE, p-o. in the w. part of Butler CO. Fa. by p-r. 10 ms. w. tho borough of But- ler, and 226 n. w. W. C. Crac Orchard, p-v. Lincoln co. Ky. by p-r. C2 ms. E. of s. Hartford. Crab' Run, p-v. in the s. w. part Pendleton CO. Va. by p-r. 19G ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 154 ms. N. w. by w. Richmond. Crai'ton, p-v. Pittsylvania co. Va. by p-r. 236 ms. s. s. w. W. C. and 156 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. Crai'tsburv, p-t. Orleans co. Vt. 25 ms. n. Montpelicr, 25 s. Canada, halfway between Lake Champlain and Conn. r. First settled 1789 ; gives rise to Black r. which has many mill sites ; has Wild Branch and 5 Trout ponds. The village is near the centre, on high ground. The trade is with Montreal. There are 5 school districts. Pop. 1830, 982. Craig's Creek, p-o. Botetourt co. Va. 8 ms. w. Fincastle, the co. st. Craig's Creek, or more correctly, Craig's r. is the extreme s. w. confluent of .Tames r. rises in Giles and Montgomery co. V^a. inter- locking sources with a branch of Great Ken- hawa, and with the extreme higher sources of Roanoke ; and flowing thence to the n. e. over Botetourt co. falls into James r. after a comparative course of 40 ms. Craig's Meadow, p-o. Northampton co. Pa. by p-r. 127 ms. n. e. Harrisburg. Crampton's Gap and p-o. Washington co. Md. by p-r. GO ms. n. w. W. C. Craniiury Isles, Hancock co. Me. between Frenchman's Bay and Mount Desert Sound, in the ocean. Pop. 1830, 258. Cranberry, p-t. Middlesex co. N. J. 9 ms. E. Princeton, n. Millstone r. Cranberry, p-v. and tsp. w. part of Butler CO. Pa. about 30 ms. n. Pittsburg, and by p-r. 244 ms. N. w. W. C. and 213 ms. n. of w. Harrisburg. Pop. of the tsp. 1820, 765, 1830, 1,032. Cranberry Plain, p-o. Grayson co. Va. by p-r. 251 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. Cran- berry creek is a small branch of Great Ken- hawa, rising in the Iron mtn. and flowing slhrd. over the w. angle of Grayson co. into Ashe CO. N. C Cranesvillk, p-o. in Williams co. O. by p-r. 524 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 188 ms. N. w. C^okunbus. Cranky Inland, a small island in Elizabeth r. V^a. only of adeipiatc size ibr u fort, which commands tho entrance to the harbor of Nor- folk. Cranston, t. Providence co. R. I. 5 ms. s. Providence, w. Providence r., n. Pawtuckel r., 7 ms. by 4i, 19,448 acres; level e. but poor soil, and uneven w. A mine here has furnished ore for many cannon of the navy. Vegetables are furnished for the Providence market. Pop. 1830,2,653. Craven, co. N. C. bounded by Cartaret s. e., Jones s. w., Lenoir n. w. Pitt n., Beau- fort N. E., and Pamlico Sound e. Length from s. E. to N. w. G5 ms., mean breadth 17, and area 1,100 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 34° 48' to 35° 23', long, about 35' on each side of the meridian of W. C. Neuse r. enters this CO. on its N. w. border, and after flowing to the s. E. 35 ms. opens a wide bay, which, cur- ving to e. and n. e. expands into Pamlico Sound. The surface is level, and in great part marshy, but with much good soil. Chief t. Ncwbern. Population 1820, 13,394, 1830, 13,734. Crawford, t. Washington co. Mc. has a large pond emptying into Machias r. Pop. 1830, 182. Crawford, t. Orange co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 2,019. Crawford, co. Pa. bounded n. by Erie, e. by Warren, s. e. by Venango, s. by Mercer, s. w. by Trumbull, and w. by Ashtabula cos. of Ohio. Length 48, mean width 22 ; area 1,016 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 4 1° 29' to 41° 51', long, from 2° 42' to 3° 36' w. W. C. From the s. w. angle rises Shenango branch of Big Beaver ; from the n. w. angle rises the sources of Conneaut, flowing into Lake Erie ; the e. part gives source to, and is drained by Oil creek, whilst the central section is traversed by the main volume, and several minor branches of French creek. The declivity of the whole co. is sthrd. Chief t. Meadville, Pop. 1820, 9,397, in 1830, 16,067. Crawford, co. Geo. bounded by Upson N. w., Monroe n., Bibb e., Houston s. e., and Flint r. which separates it from Marion and Tall)ot s. w. Length 30, mean breadth 12, and area 360 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 32° 30' to 32° 50', long, from 6° 53' to 7° 24' w. W. C. Though limited on one side by Flint r., the central i)art of this co. is a mid- dle ground, from which the waters flow sth. cstrd. by the Chocunno and Chupce crs. into Oakmulgee r., and by various branches s. w. into Flint r. Chief t. Knoxvillo. Pop. 1830, 5,313. Crawford, co. Ark. bounded w. by the In- dian or Mexican ter., n. by Washington co., N. E. by Conway, s. e. by Pulaski, and s. by Clark and Miller cos. The existing bounda- ries must, however, be temporary, since as laid down on Tanner's U. S. it stretches 120 ms. from e. to w. with a mean breadth of 65, and area of 7,800 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 34° 43' to 35° JG', long, from 15° 28' to 17° 30' w. W. C. The Ark. r. enters this CO. on its n. w. border, arid winds cast. CRA 126 CRO wardly over it about 100 ms. ; and thence turning to s e. forms the boundary 40 ms. between it and Conway. Tiie surface is di- versified by mountains, prairies, and wood lands near the water courses. Chief town, Marion. Crawford, co. Mich, on both sides of the Ouieconsin r. and bounded w. by the Miss. r. The outlines of this co. except on the Miss. are uncertain. Prairie du Chien, the st. jus. stands at the point above the entrance of the Ouisconsin r. into the Miss., and derives its name from a Prairie or natural meadow, so called. As laid down by Tanner, the junc- tion of the two rs. is at lat. 43° and 14° 12' w. W. C. The village of Prairie du Chien is stated in the p-o. list of 1831, as being 1,060 ms. distant from W. C. Crawford, co. of O. bounded by Marion s., Hardin s. w., Hancock n. w., Seneca n., Huron n. e., and Richland e. Length from E. to w. 32, mean breadth 20, and area 640 .sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 40° 43' to 41° 02', and in long, from 5° 48' to 6° 24' w. W. C. This CO. is nearly commensurate with the higher part of the valley of Sandusky r. and is drained ^. by the various constituents of that stream. The surface is level, and is a rather elevated table land. Chief t. Bucy rus. Pop. 1830, 4,791. Crawford, co. of Ind. boimded by Perry s. w., Dubois N. w.. Orange n., Washington N. E., Harrison e., and O. r. separating it from Meade co. Ky. s. Length 24, mean breadth 14, and area 336 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 07' to 38° 25', and in long, from 9° 18' to 9° 4.i' w. W. C. The slope is to the s. and towards O. r. The surface very broken. Chief t. Fredonia. Pop. 1830, 3,238. Crawford, co. II. bounded s. k. by Law- rence, s. w. by Clay, w. by Lafayette, n. by Clark, N. E. by the Wabassh r. separating it from the northern part of Sullivan co. Ind., E. by Wabash r. separating it from the sthrn. part of Sullivan co. Ind., and the Wal)ash r. separating it from the n. w. angle of Knox co. Ind. (.Greatest length from e. to w. 50 ms., mean breadth 20, and area 1,000 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from '38° 50' to 39° 10', and in long, from 10° 34' to 11° 30' w. W. C. This CO. is traversed in as. e. direction, and subdivided into two not very unequal sec- tions by Embarras r. Some of the higher sources of the Little Wabash rise in its s. w. angle. The general slope is a little e. of s. Chief t. Palestine Pop. 1830, 3,1 17. Crawford, co. of Mo., position uncertain, but supposed to be on the head branches of the Maramec and Gasconade rs., s. from t^asconade and Franklin cos. ; about 100 ms. s. w. St. Louis. Crawford, C. II. and p-o. by p-r. 136 ms. N. w. Little Rook, and l,t'04 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Exact situation imcertain. Crawford's p-o. in the e. part of EsiJH co. Ky. 34 ms. e. Irvine, the st. jus. for the co., and by p-r. 531 ms. s. w. by w. W. C- and 71 ms. s. E. by e. Frankfort. Crawford's Mills and p-o. Del. co. O. by p-r. 29 ms. n. Columbus, and 425 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. Crawfordsville, p-v. and st. jus. Montgo- mery CO. Ind. by p-r. 617 ms. n. of w. W. C. and 44 ms. n. w. by w. Indianopolis. It is on Sugar creek, and on the road from Indi- anopolis to Covington, in Fountain co. Lat. 40° 03', long. 9° 53' w. W. C. Crawfordsville, p-v. and st. jus. Talia- ferro CO. Geo situated between Little r. and Great Ogeechee r. 44 ms. n. n. e. Milledge- ville, and 65 a little n. of w. Augusta. Lat. 33° 34', long. 5° 58' w. W. C. Cra\tonville, p-v. Anderson dist. S. C. 81 ms. N. w. Columbia. Creagers or Creagerstown, p-v. near the left bank of Monocacy r. Frederick co. Md. 12 ms. a little e. of n. Frederick city. Creek Agency and. p-o. Creek ter. Ala. 181 ms. from Tuscaloosa. Creek Indians, or Muscogees, stated by Dr. Jedediah Morse in 1820, 'at 20,000, over- rated perhaps, reside principally in Geo. and Ala. but with some scattering bands in Flor. and La. This once comparatively considi-ra- ble Indian nation has been known under the name of tribes, as Appalaches, Alabamas, Abacas, Cowittas, Coosa, Oakmulgees, Ooo- nees, &c. Creek Path and p-o. in the Cherokee ter. Ala. by p-r. 135 ms. n. e. Tuscaloosa, and 723 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Creelsburgii, p-v. Russell co. Ky. by p-r. 162 ms. s. Hartford. Cresaptown or Cresapsburg, p-v. Allegha- ny CO. Md. near the left bank of Potomac, 6 ms. s. w. by w. Cumberland. Criciiton's Store and p-o. in the s. part Brunswick co. Va. 18 ms. s. Lawrcnceville, St. jus. for the co. and by p-r. 209 ms. s. s. w. W. C. and 87 from Richmond, in a nearly si- milar direction. Cripple Creek, p-o. Greenville dist. S. C. by p-r. 118 ms. n. w. Columbia. Crittenden, v. on the road from Little Rock to Hempstead co. on Red r. Clark CO. Ark. 82 ms. s. w. Littlo Rock. Crittenden, co. Ark. boimded e. by the Miss. r. w. and s. w. by St. Francis r., n. by New Madrid co. Mo. Length from s. to n. 105 ms. mean breadth about 20 ms. ; area 21,000 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 31° 35' to 36°, long, from 12° 40' to 13° 45' w. W. C. It is composed of'an immense plain, in most part liable to annual submersion ; but where the soil is of suOicient elevation to admit cultivation, it is highly productive. Staple, cotton. Chief t. Greenock. Crooked Creek and p-o. n. part of Living- ston CO. Ivy. by p-1-. 235 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. Crooked Creek and p-o. in the n. e. part of Tioga CO. Pa. by p-r. 9 ms. n. Wnllsbo- rough, the co. st. 262 ms. n. W. C. and 156 w. of N. Ilarrisburg. Crooked Lake, N. Y. Steuben and Ontario COS. 18 ms. by ll, has two branches divided CRO 127 CUL by Blufl' Head. An outlet gives mill sites, incy Point, where the lake is 1 m. wide. Oct and runs G nis. into Seneca lake. Crooked IJiver, Mc. flows into Scbago pond. Crookf.tt, p-v. Gibson co. Ten. by p-r. 149 nis. s. of w. Nashville, and 854 ms. s. w. by w W C. Crommelin, p-v. Montgomery co. Md. by p-r. 18 ms. from W. C. and 55 from Anna- polis. 1 Cross Anchor, p-o. in the extreme s. part of Spartanburg dist. S.C. by p-r. 82 ms. n. w. Columbia. Cross Canal, p-o. Cambden co. N. C. by p-r. 151 ms. N.E. by e. Raleigh. Cross Creek, v. and p-o. w. part of Wash- ington CO. I'a. 17 ms. n. w. Washington, the CO. St. Cross Keys, p-o. Rockingham co. Va. by p-r. 123 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Cross Keys, p-o. in the w. part of Union dist. S. C. by p-r. 63 ms. n. w. Columbus. Cross Lake, N. Y. Cato, Cayuga co. Cross Pi.ains, p-r. Robertson co. Ten. 31 ms. N. w. Nashville. Cross Plans, p-v. Ripley co. Ind. by p-r. 88 ms. s. E. Indianopolis, and 560 w. W. C. Cross Roads, p-o. Jones co. N. C. by p-r. 163 ms. s. E. Raleigh. Cross Roads, p-o. Hardiman co. Ten. by p-r. 222 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. Cross Roads, p-o. Bibb co. Ala. 42 ms. s. E. Tuscaloosa. Cross Roads, p-o. Chester co. Pa. (See New London, Cross Roads.) Cross Roads, p-o in the w. part of Newton CO. Geo. by p-r. 10 ms. w. Covington, the CO. St. 70 N. w. Milledgeville, and 672 s. w. W. C. Crosswick's Creek, N. J. rises in Mon- mouth CO., and running through Burlington, falls into the Del. at Bordentown ; is naviga- ble several miles for sloops. Crosswicks, p-v. Chesterfield, Burlington CO. N. J. 8 ms. s. E. Trenton, 2 e. Borden- town, on Croswick creek. Croton Creek, Dutchess and West Ches- ter COS. N. Y. nms s. and s. w. 40 ms. into Hudson r. at Tappan bay, with good mill sites. It has been proposed to take the water to N. Y. city by aqueduct. Croton, v. Cortlandt, West Chester co. N. Y. at the mouth of Croton creek, where is a fall of 60 or 70 feet. Crownpoint, p-t. Essex co. N. Y. 15 ms. N. Ticondoroga, 18 s. Eiizabethtown, 184 s. Montreal, w. Lake Champlain. Level e. mountainous w. Contains the site of the old fortress of Crown Point, which was first occu- pied as a military position by the French, 1731. Surrendered to the British, 1759, and to tlie Americans, 1755 ; evacuated and taken by Gen. Burgoyne, 1777 ; retaken by Ameri- cans the same year. It has been long aban- doned, but the earth shows the form of the fortress, which was a spar work, with 5 bastions, the walls of the barracks, &c. on d low level cape, runnhig n. opposite Chim- 13th, 1776, the American flotilla, mider Gen- Arnold, was destroyed off Crown Point by the British. Pop. 1830, 2,441. Crowder's Creek and p-o. in the e. part of York dist. S. C. The creek tails into Ca- tawba r. where the road from Charlotte in N. C. passes to Yorkville in S. C. by p-r. 101 ms. N. Columbia. "Crowell's Cross Roads and p-o. Halifax CO. Geo. by (i-r. 229 ms. s. W. C. and 99 n. e. Raleigh. Crow's Ferry and p-o. parish of Natchi- toches, La. This ferry is over the Sabine r. by the common road 33 ms. s. w. by w. Natchitoches or Rod r., and by p-r. 405 n. w. by w. New Orleans, and 1,379 s. w. by w. W. C. By the p-o. list of 1831, Crow's ferry was the extreme s. w. p-o. in the U. S. Crow's Nest, mtn. Cornwall, Orange co. N. Y. 1,3.30 feet elevation. Crowsville, p-v. s. part of Spartanburgh dist. S. C. 72 ms.N. w. Columbia. Croydon, t. Cheshire co. N. H. 44 ms. n. w. Concord, 100 ms. Boston, 26,000 acres, is crossed by n. branch -Sugar river and Croy- don mtn. ; though moist and rocky it yields grass and some grain. Pop. 1830, 1,056. Crystal Spring, p-o. Lawrence co. Ark. by p-r. 176 ms. n. n. e. Little Rock. Cuba, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 18 ms.s. w. Angelica, n. Pa. 6 ms. by 18. It has Oil creek and some branches of Genesee river, is cold and wet, bears red oak, ash, maple, beech, some evergreen. Pop. 1830, 1,059. Cuba, p-v. in the w. part of Clinton co. O. by p-r. 6 ms. w. Wilmington, the co. st. 450 w. W. C. and 73 s. w. Columbus. Cockoville, p-v. Louisa co. Va. by p-r. 95 ms. s. w. W. C. Culbertsons, p-o. Mercer co. Pa. by p-r. 293 ms. N. w. by w. Ilarrisburg. Culhreath's, p-o. Columbia co. Geo. by p-r. 86 ms. n. e. by e. Milledgeville. Cullen, p-v. Weakley co. Ten. by p-r. 108 ms. w. Nashville. Culloden's, p-o. Monroe co. Geo. by p-r. 68 ms. w. Milledgeville. CuLPErrER, CO. Va. bounded by Rappahan- noc r. whicii separates it from Fauquier n. e., by Rapid Ann river, whicli separates it from Spottsylvania, and Orange s., by Madison s. w., and by the Blue Ridge which separates it from Shenandoah n. w. liPiigth i'rom the junction of Rapid Ann and Rappahannoc rs. to its northern angle on lhe Blue Ridge, 42 ms. ; mean breachh 16 and area 672 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 15' to 38° 51', long, from 0° 35' to 1° 20' w. W. C. Besides the boundary streams, Culpepper is watered by Thoyiton river which, rising in the spars of i>lue Ridge, winds s. e. over the central parts of the co. and falls into Rappa- haruioc. The surface is finely diversified with hill and dale, with large bodies of ex- cellent land ; staples, grain, tobacco, &c. Chief town, Fairfax. Pop. in 1320, 20,942, 1830, 24,027. GUM 128 CUM Culpepper, court house, (see Fairfax, Cul- pepper CO.) Cumberland, co. Mo. bounded by Oxford CO. N., Lincoln co. e., the Atlantic s., York s. w. direction 65 ms. Below Carthage, Cumberland inflects to a western course, which it pursues 100 miles to its great bend in Stewart co. and thence turning to n. w. and Oxford cos. w. It is one of the smallest flows 75 miles to its final junction with the COS., but contains Portland, the cap. and in | Ohio, after an entire comparative course of 1820, 52,000 acres under tillage, 17,000 ----- under pasturage, 17,000 upland mowing, 950 meadow mowing, 1,000 working horses, and 2,600 working oxen. It contains Sebago Pond and several others, some of which it has been proposed to connect by navigable channels. Population 18^0, 49,445, 1830, 60,113. Cumberland, p-t Cumberland co. Me. on the sea coast, 54 ms. from Augusta. Pop. 1830, 1,558. Cumberland, t. Providence co. R. I. 8 ms. N. E. Providence, n. e. Pawtucket r. 28 square ms., contains much hilly ajnd rocky grass land, but the rest is generally good. Has Abbot's mill and Peter's rivers. Cotton has been manufactured here for some time ; and 700 boats have been made here yearly, gen- erally of oak. Pop. 1830, 3,075. Cumberland, co. N. J. bounded by Salem and Gloucester cos. n.. Cape May co. e., Del- aware Bay s., Delaware Bay and Salem co. w. Chief town, Bridgetown, is crossed by Slaurice river and Cohanscy creek branch- es. Pop. 1830, 14,093. Cumberland, mtn. chain of the Appala- chian system, and continuation over Va<. Ky. Ten. and part of Alabama, of the Lau- rel chain of Pa. The Cumberland chain, though not so delineated in our defective maps, is continuous from Steuben co., N. Y. into Jackson, Morgan, and Blount cos., Ala. along an inflected line of 800 ms. About the extreme e. angle of Ky. and s.w. Great Sandy, this chain is distinctly known as Cumberland mtn. and ranging s. w. separates Va. from Ky. as far as Cumberland gap, on the north- ern boundary of Tenn. Continuing s. w. but with an inflection to the n. w., this chain stretches over Tenn. as dividing ridge be- tween the confluents of Cumberland and Ten. rivers. Entering Ala. and crossing Ten. river at its great bend, gradually disap- pears amongst the sources of Black Warrior river. The Cumberland chain is in no part very elevated, varying from 800 to 1000 feet above the tide level ; but though humble as to relative height it maintains otherwise all the distinctive characteristics of other Appal- lachian chains. Extending in long, regular, and often lateral ridges, passable only at long intervals where gaps occur, or where traversed by rivers. The ridges are wooded to their summits. Cumberland, r. Ken. & Ten. rises in the for- mer fm. theN. w. slope of Cumberland mtn. in- terlocking sources with Ky. r. to the n . and 360 ms. The above measurements are made by extending from extreme to extreme of the respective courses, but as the stream is in its particular bends very tortuous, we may with- out excess allow for its comparative length 200 ms. in Upper Ky., 190 in Ten. and 50 in Lower Ky. or an entire comparative course of 440 ms. At high water it is navigable for boats, to near its source, and for at least one half its length, at all seasons. Without re- ference to the inflections of the river itself, the valley it drains is 350 ms. long with a mean breadth not exceeding 50 ms. area about 17,500 square ms. holding the third rank in regard to superficies of the conflu- ents of Ohio r. The relative difference of level between the source and mouth of Cum- berland, has never been determined but must exceed 1000 feet. The far greater part of this valley lies between lat. 36° and 37° and between long. 6° and 12° w. W. C. Cumberland, co. Pa. bounded n. w. and n. by the Kittatinny, or as there locally named N. mtn. which separates it from Perry's, Sus- quehannah river separating it from Dauphin York CO. s. E. ; Adams s., Franklin s. w. Length 34, mean breadth 16, and area 544 square ms., lying between lat. 39° 58', and 40° 18', and long. 0° 08' e., and 0° 40' w. W. C. This CO. is in great part commensu- rate with the valley of the Conedogwinet, which rising in Franklin enters the s. w. border of Cumberland and by a very winding channel flows n. e. by e. into Susquehamiah r. The southern part including the ridges and valleys of s. mountain is watered by Yellow Breeches creek, which also flows n. e. by k. into Susquohannah river. The s. side of Cumberland rests mostly on limestone, whilst the substratum along the Kittatinny is clay slate. The surface moderately hilly, and soil generally very productive in grain, pas- turage and fruits. Iron ore abounds in S. mtn. Chief town, Carlisle. Population 1820, 23,606, 1830, 29,228. Cumberland, p-v. and st. jus. Alleghany CO. Md. situated on the left bank of the Poto- mac river, and on both sides of Wills' creek, 136 ms. N. w. by w. W. C. and 140 a little n^ of W.Baltimore. Lat. 39° 33', long. 1°46' w. W. C. The United States western road has its eastern termination at this village, which is elevated 537 feet above the level of the At- lantic. It is neat and well built, mostly in one street along the main road. Cumberland, co Va. bounded by Appomat- Powell r. s. ; flowing thence westward by tox river which separates it from Amelias, comparative course 120 ms. in Russell co. and Prince Edward s. w., by Buckingham w. Here it inflects to s. w. leaving Ky. and en- tering Ten. and preserving the latter course to Carthage in Snntli co. having flowed in a and N. w., by James river which separates it from Goochland n. e., and by Powhatan e. Length 32, mean breadth 10, area 320 square CUR 129 CYN miles. Between lat. 37«> 12' and 37o 39', long. 1° 13', and 1° 40' w. W. C. The slope of this CO. is N. E. and the central parts drained of Wills' river, a branch of James river. The surface is moderately hilly, and soil productive. Chief town, Carterville. Pop. 1820, 11,023, 1830, 11,690. Cumberland, court house, (see Sjjring- field, Cumberland co. Va.) Cumberland Ford, and p-o. Knox co. Ky. where the road from Frankfort through Lan- caster, Mount Vernon, and Barboursville, in- to Ten. by Cumberland Gap, passes Cumber- land river 16 miles up that stream above Barboursville, and 138 s. s. E. Frankfort. Cumberland Gap, and p-o. Claiborne co. Ten. The gap is in Cumberland ratn. 15 ms s. Cumberland Ford. Cumberland, p-v. Guernsey co. O. by p-r. 91 ms. E. Columbus, and 330 north of west W. C. CuMMiNGTON, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. 20 ms. N. w. Northampton, 110 w. Boston ; has an academy, and several factories on the n. branch of Westfield river. Pop. 1830, 1,261. Cunnl\gham's Store, and p-o. in the n. w. part of Person co. N. C. by p-r. 75 ms. n. w. Raleigh, and 257 ms. s. w. W. C. Curran, p-v. in the n. part of Gallatin co. II. by p-r. 118 ms. s. E. Vaadalia, and 792 ms. w. W. C. Current, r. of Mo. and Ark. the western and indeed the main branch of Black r. rises in Miss, interlocking sources with the Black, Merrimack, and Gasconade rivers, forms by its course an eliptic curve, first s. e. then s., and finally s. w. to its junction with Black r. in Lawrence co. Ark. {See Black river of Mo. and Ark.) Currituck, co. N. C. bounded by the At- lantic E., Princess Ann, and Norfolk cos. Va. N., Camden co. N. C. w., and Albermarle Sound s. Length 40, mean breadth 15, area 600 square miles. Lying between lat 36° and 36° 30', long. 0° 45', and 1° 25' e. W. C. It is composed of a plain country, in part marshy, and divided into two sections by Currituck sound. Chief town, Currituck. Pop. 1820, 8,098, 1830, 7,655. Currituck Sound, Isle and Inlet, Curri- tuck CO. N. C. The sound is a narrow sheet of water extending from Albemarle sound n. about 50 miles, and terminating by North r. bay and Rocky r. bay, in Princess Ann co. Va. It is shallow, with a breadth varying from one to ten miles. Currituck sound is open to the Atlantic by two inlets, S. inlet, and Currituck inlet, enclosing between them along, low, and sandy reef of 20 miles in length, called Currituck island. According to Tanner's United States, Currituck inlet, is at lat. 36° 26', 30 miles n. Albermarle sound. Currituck, p-v. and st. jus. Currituck co. N. C. situated on the w. side of Currituck sound, 35 miles s. s. e. Norfolk in Va. and by p-r. 234 miles n. e. by e. Raleigh. Lat. 36° 24', long. 1^ 02' e. W. C. 17 Curwinsville, p-v. Clearfield co. Pa. on the left bank of Susquehannah, 7 miles above and 8. w. the borough of Clearfield. CusHiNQ, t. Lincoln co. Me. 33 ms. E. Wiscasset, n. w. St. George's river, and indented with coves from the sea. Popula- tion 1830, 1,681. Cutler, t. Washington co. Me. e. Ma- chias bay on the sea coast. Pop. 1830, 454. Cuyahoga, r. of O. This stream though comparatively small is very remarkable in it- self, & has gained great importance from hav- ing become in part the route of the Ohio and Erie canal. The extreme source of Cuya- hoga is near the eastern border of Geauga CO. interlocking sources with those of Grand r. and within 20 miles from lake Erio at the mouth of the latter. Flowing thence s. s. w. nearly parallel, though rather inclining from the opposite shorg of lake Erio, by compara- tive courses 45 ms., traversing Geauga and Portage cos. to near the e. border of Medina. Inflecting at more than a right angle upon its former course, the Cuyahoga bends to a little w. of N., is intersected by the Ohio canal near Northampton in Portage co., continues over the latter and Cuyahoga co. to its influx into lake Erie at Cleaveland, after an entire com- parative course of 85 miles. The higher part of the course of Cuyahoga river is on a real table land. The summit level of the Ohio and Erie canal, between the vallies of Tusca- rawas and Cuyahoga is 973 feet above tide water in the Atlantic, and 408 feet above lake Erie. The elevation of the canal in the aqueduct 18 ms. above the mouth of Cuya- hoga, is 704 above the ocean tides, and 139 above the level of lake Erie. Cuyahoga, co. of Ohio, bounded by Geauga CO. N. E., Portage s. e., Medina s. w., Lorain w., and lake Erie n. Length from east to west 32 ms., mean breadth 17, and area 544 square ms. Extending in lat. from 41° 18' to 41° 45', and in long, from 4° 26' to 5° w. W. C. The surface of this co. is a rather rapidly inclining plain, the farms having a fall of at least 400 feet from the southern and higher, to the lower border on lake Erie. Chief town, Cleaveland. Pop. 1820, 6,328, 1830, 15,813. Cuyahoga Falls, and p-o. Portage co. O. by p-r. 122 ms.N. e. Columbus, and 334 ms. N. w. W.C. Cynthiana, p-v. and st. jus. Harrison co. Ky. by p-r. about 70 ms. a little e. of s. Cin- cinnati, 5J3a little s. of w. W. C. and 38 n. e. by E. from Frankfort. It is situated on the eastern or right bank of the south fork of Licking river, at lat. 37° 23', long. 7° 17' w. W.C. Pop. 1830, 975. The adjacent coun- try is fertile and well cultivated. Cynthiana, p-v. in Shelby co. Ohio by p-r. 92 miles n. w. by w. Columbus, and 489 ms. from Washington City in a similar direction nearly. Cynthiana, p-v. in the n. e. part of Posey county, Indiana, by p-r. 157 ms. s. w. Indian- opolis, and 718 s. of w. W. C. DAL 130 DAN D. Dabney's Mills and p-o. in the e. part of Louisa CO, Va. by p-r. 84 ms. w. of s. W. C. and 52 w. of n. Richmond. Daciieet, r. of Ark. and La. rises in Hempstead, and flowing sthrd. over La Fay- ette CO. of the former, enters the parish of Claiborne in the latter, is rather continued than lost in Lake Bisteneau. Tho writer of this article made a survey of Lake Bisteneau and Dacheet r. as far as the northern boun- dary of La. and found ample memorial to de- monstrate, that the existence of the lake is recent. The cypress timber, once growing in the valley, is dead ; but that timber re- sisting decay, the stumps remain standing in the water. The lake was, no doubt, formed by gradual accretion of soil, brought down by Red r. and deposited at the ancient mouth of Dacheet, 30 ms. below the existing head of the lake. Dacresville, p-v. Pickens dist. S. C. by p-r. 133 ms. n. w. Columbia. Daggett's Mills, p-o. Tioga co. Pa. by p-r. 155 ms. n. n. w. Harrisburg. Dagsboro, p-v. Sussex co. Del. on Pepper creek, a confluent of Rohoboth bay, 18 ms. a little w. of s. Lewistown. Dale, co. of Ala. bounded by Covington w.. Pike N., Henry e., and by Jackson co. of Flor. s. E., and Walton co. Flor. s. w. Length from s. to N. 50 ms., mean breadth 32, and area 1,600 sq. ms. Lying between lat. 31° and 31° 43', long. 8° 46' and 9° 16' w. W. C. Dale CO. occupies great part of the valley of Choctawhatchie r. Chief t. Richmond. Pop. 1820,2,031. Dale, p-v. Berks co. Pa. 20 ms. n. w. Reading. Daletown, p-v. Wilcox co. Ala. by p-r. 92 ms. s. s. E. Tuscaloosa. Dallas, co. Ala. bounded by Marengo w., Perry n. w. and n., Autauga n. e., Montgo- mery E., and Wilcox s. and s. w. Length 38, mean breadth 28, and area 1,064 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 32° 03' to 32° 33', long, from 9° 57' to 10° 40' w. W. C. Ala. r. enters the eastern border of Dallas, and winding over it by a very circuitous channel, and receiving the Cahaba near tho centre, leaves the co. on the s. w. ilowing thenco into Wilcox. The river lands are highly fertile. Chief staple, cotton. Chief t. Ca- hawba. Pop. 1820, 6,003, 1830, 14,0 1 7. Dallas, p-v. Luzerne co. Pa. by p-r. 116 ms. N. e. Harrisburg. Dalmatia, p-v. Northumberland co. Pa. 42 ms. N. Harrisburg. Dalton, p-t. Coos CO. N.H. nexts. of Lan- caster, e. Conn. r. at the head of 15 m. falls. It has John's r. &c., hills w. and s., and good soil on the uplands ; 16,455 acres. Pop. 1830, 532. Dalton, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 12 ms. s. N. £• Lenox, 120 w. Boetoii, near the head of E. branches of Housatonic r., is nearly level, with good soil, and manufactures cot- ton, paper, &c. Pop. 1830, 827. Dalton, p-v. in the e. part of Wayne co. O. 15 ms. E. from Wooster, the co. st., and by p-r. 336 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 99 ms. N. E. Columbus. Daley's p-o. in the w. part of Montgomery CO. Ten. 6 ms. w. Clarksvillc, and by p-r. 52 N. w. by w. Nashville. Damariscotta, r. Me. passes through Lin- coln CO. and empties between Brothbay and Bristol. Damariscotta Mills, p-v. Lincoln co. Me. 34 ms. from Augusta. Damascus, p-v. on the right bank of Del. r. Wayne co. Pa. 15 ms. n. e. Bethany. The tsp. in 1820 contained a pop, of 366, in 1830, 613. Damascus, p-v. in the extreme n. part of Montgomery co. Md., and on one of the roads from the city of Baltimore to Frcde- rick t. Damascus, p-v. in the n. part of Henry co. O. situated on the left bank of Maumec r. by p-r. 485 ms. n. w, by w, W. C. and 161 N. N. w. Columbus, Damascoville, p-v. in the n. w. part of Co- lumbiana CO. O. 15 ms. N. w. New Lisbon, the CO. St., and by p-r. 158 n. e. by e, Colum- bus, and 297 n, w, W, C. Dan, r, Va. and N. C. drains the far greater part of Granville, Person, Caswell, Rockingham and Stokes cos. of the latter state, and of Patrick, Henry, Pittsylvania, and Halifax cos. of the former state. The extreme western sources of Dan r. are in Pa- trick CO. Va. and in the s. e. spurs of the Blue Ridge. The general course almost due e. along the intermediate borders ot N. C. and Va. to where the 4 cos. of Pittsylvania, Hali- fax, Person and Caswell meet. Here enter- ing and flowing in Va. n.e. by E., falls into the Roanoke at Clarksvillc, having a mean hreadth of about 33 ms. This river drains 3,960 sq. ms. Dana, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 75 ms. w. Boston, is crossed by a branch of Swift r. Pop. 1830, 623. Dancoro, p-v. Bucks co. Pa. 30 ms. n. Phil. Danburgh, p-v. Wilkes co. Geo. 68 ms. N. E. Milledgcvillc. Danbuuy, t. Graflon co. N. H. 93 ms. from Boston, 30 from Concord; !9,000 acres, diuinond-ehaped ; is generally hilly, and wa- tered by Smith's r. First settled, 1771. Pop, 1830, 780. Danbury, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn. 55 ms. s. w. Hartford, 35 n. w. New Haven, G5 n. e. New York ; 6 ms. by 8^ ; 53 sq. ms.; is fer- tile, with granite rocks, gravelly loam, undu- lated, with some marble quarries. There are manufactories on Still r. a branch of DAN 131 DAR HouBatonic. It bears oak, walnut, &c. Ilatsj quehannali r. Columliia co. Pa. 25 ni8. above are made to a great amount. The British Nortliunibcrland. I»urut tiic town, 1777, with some military stores, and Gen. Wooster fell in opposing them. Pop. 1830, 4,331. Danhv, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 18 ms. s. Rut- land, 34 N. Bennington ; 39 sq. m8. First settled, 1768 ; has Otter creek e. and several small branches, and is uneven, with some mountains. It has large dairies. There are several caverns, and lead ore is found. Pop. 1830, 1,362. Danbv, p-t. Tompkins co. N, Y. 7 ms. b. Ithaca, 11 from Candor, 22 Owego, has pretty good land, watered by Mud creek, and a branch of Cayuga inlet. Dancey's Store and p-o. Northampton co. N. C. by p-r. 100 ms. n. e. by e. Raleigh, and 200 s. W. C. Dandkidge, p-v. and st. jus. Jefferson co. Ten. situated on the right bank of French Broad r. on the road from Knoxvillo to Greenville, 32 ms. e. from the former, and 39 s. w. by w. from the latter place. Lat. 38° 58', and long. 6° 14' w. W. C. Dandridge, p-v. Morgan co. Ala. by p-r. 1 10 ms. N. N. E. Tuscaloosa. Danielsville, p-v. Spottsylvania co. Va. by p-r. 78 ms. s. w. W. C.^ Danielsville, p-v. and st. jus. Madison co. Geo. 81 ms. n. Milledgeville. Lat. 34° 10', and long. 6° 15' w. W. C. ' Dansbv, p-o. Oglethorpe co. Geo. 81 ms. n. Milledgeville. Danube, p-t. Herkimer co. N. Y. 10 ms. s. E. Herkimer, 68 n. w.' Albany, s. Mohawk r., E. German Flats, 5^ ms. by nearly 10, has a stiff loam, on hard grit, with many springs, few streams, and waving surface. Nowada- ga creek enters Hudson r. at the site of Hen- (Jrick's castle; a friendly Mohawk chief was killed at Lake George, 1755. The Indians had a church here. Pop. 1830, 1,723. Dawers, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 16 ms. n. e. Boston. Tiie village streets form a continua- tion of those of Salem, 7 ms. by 8. The first victim of the persecution of witchcraft was a daughter of a clergyman of Salom, living in this towfl, then a part of it. The soil is good, well cultivated ; granite mill stones are made, and different manufactures. There are several creeks from Bass r., two navigable to the two villages. Pop. 1830, 4,238. Danville, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. 32 ms. from Augusta, s. w. Androscoggin r. Pop. 1830, 1,128. Danville, p-t. and st. jus. Caledonia co. Vt. 25 ms. N. E. Montpelier, 25 \. w. New- bury, IGO n. by w. Boston. First settled, 1784, from Essex co. Mass. ; broken w., hills and vallies e., with fine farms ; Merrill's r. &c. supplies mills. The village is pleasant in the centre. Pop. 1830, 2,631. Danville, (now Wilmington,) p-t. Steuben CO. N. Y. 24 ms. n. w. Bath. Pop. 1830, 1,728. Danville, p-v. on the right bank of Sus- Danville, p-v. Pittsylvania co. Va. on the right bank of Dan r., and near the s. border of the CO. In the natural state, the falls of Dan r. at Danville, were the head of boat na- vigaiion, but by a not very expensive canal improvement, the higher part of Dan valley might be opened to an intercommunication by water with the Roanoke. Danville, p-v. Warren co. Ten. 55 ms. 3. w. Nashville. Danville, flourishing p-v. on the s. e. bor- der of Mercer co. Ky. 41 ms. s. s. e. Frank, fort, and 35 a little w. of s. Lexington. Pop. 18i^0, 1,000, in 1830, 849. Centre college is situated in the immediate vicinity of Dan- ville, a quiet and retired village, where there are few temptations to seduce the young men from their studies, or allure them into vice. The town and surrounding country are remarkable healthy. Danville is 10 ms. dis- tant from the Harrodsburg springs, the fa- vorite watering place of persons from the s. The proximity of these springs, affords to parents from that quarter, a favorable oppor- tunity of occasionally seeing their sons who may be placed there for education. The price of tuition is in the college classes $30, and in the preparatory department $24, per college year, payable half yearly in advance. Boarding of a superior kind in the refectory, including washing and lodging, $1 50 per week. Fuel and light, furnished by the steward, at cost. Whole estimated expense $103 per annum, exclusive of books. Danville, p-v. in the n. e. part of Knox co. O. by p-r. 302 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 59 ms. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 234. Danville, p-v. and st. jus. Hendricks co. Ind. by p-r. 593 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 20 ms. w. Iiidianopolis. It is situated on the head of White Lick creek, at lat. 39° 47', long. 9° 30' w. W. C. Danville, p-v. and st. jus. Vermillion co. II. by p-r. G83 ms. n. of w. W. C. and 150 n. n. e. Vandalia. It is situated on Vermillion r. about 4 ms. from the e. boundary of II. Lat. 40° 8', long 9° 42' w. W. C. Darbv Creek, or small r. of O. rises in Champaign and Union cos. flows s. s. e. over Franklin, and falls into the w. side of Sciota r. in Pickaway co, nearly opposite Circle- ville, having a comparative course of 60 ms. Darbv, p-v. 7 ms. s. w. Phil., Del. co. Pa. The old town of Darby is divided into Lower Darby and Upper Darby. In 1830, the for- mer contained 1,085, and the latter 1,325 in- habitants. The village of Darby is a fine and pleasant town. Darbv, p-v. and tsp. on Darby creek, s. part of Union co. O. by p-r. 22 ms. n. w. Columbus, and 418 n. w. by w. W. C. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 417. Darby's p-o. Columbia co. Geo. 12 ms, from Applington, the co. st. and by p-r. 590 s. w. W. C. and 81 n. e. by e. Milledge- ville. DAR 132 DAU Darbyville, p-v. in Darby tsp. Pickaway! CO. O, by p-r. 39 ms. s. Columbus, and 407 N. of w. W. C. Pop. of the tep. 1830, 827. Dardanelles, two mountain peaks, so called, Crawford CO. Ark. They are situated j on the right side, and near Ark. r. 82 ms.| above Little Rock. Dardanelles, p-o. Ark. near the Darda- nelles mtns. Crawford co. (See Tekatoka.) DARDENNE.-small r. of St. Charles co. Mo. rising along the boundary between the latter and Montgomery CO. and flowing n. e. falls into the Miss. r. about 5 ms. N. ^. w. from the village of St. Charles. Dardenne, p-v. in the w. part of St. Charles CO. Mo. by p-r. 34 ms. n. w. St. Louis, 100 N. of E. Jefferson, and 897 w. W. C. Dardenne Bridge and p-o. in the N. e. pal t of St. Charles co. Mo. about 30 ms. n. w. by w. St. Louis, and by p-r. 886 ms. w. W. C. Darien, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn. 42 s. w. New Haven, n. Long Island Sound, formerly s. E. part of Stamford, and has a good undu- lating soil. Pop. 1830, 1,201. Darien, important p-t. and sea-port Mcin- tosh CO. Geo. on the n. side and principal channel of the Altainaha, 12 ms. above the bar, and 190 by water below Milledgeville. The pop. of Darien has rapidly increased ; in 1810, the inhabitants were about 200, in 1820,2,000. It has a bank, custom house, and many splendid private buildings. A steam boat navigation extends above to Mil- ledgeville, whilst the bar admits vessels of 12 feet draught from the ocean. It is 56 ms. s. s. w. Savannah, and byj p-r. 185 s. e. Milledgeville. Lat. 31° 23', long. 4° 37' w. W. C. Darke, co. O. bounded n. by Mercer, n. e. by Shelby, s. e. by Miami and Montgomery, s. w. by Wayne co. Ind. and w. by Randolph CO. Ind. Extending in lat. from 39° 52' to 40° 27', and in long. 7° 26' to 7° 48' w. W. C. Breadth 21 ms. from e. to w., mean length 36, and area 756 sq. ms. Darko co. is nearly commensurate with the region drained by and giving source to the higher branches of the w. Fork of Great Miami, with a general s. e. slope. Surface pleasantly diversified by hill and dale, soil in part productive. Chief t. Greenville. Pop. 1820, 3,717, 1830, 6,204. Darkesville, p-v. on Sulphur Springs cr., a branch of Opequau, Berkley co. Va. 25 ms. a little N. of w. Harper's Ferry. Darling's p-o. in the n. e. part of Knox co. O. by p-r. 65 ms. n. e. Columbus, and 362 N, w. by w. W. C. Darlingsville, p-o. Pike CO. Pa. by p-r. 12 ms. n. Milford, the co. st. and 169 n.e. Har- risburg. Darlington, formerly Griersburg, p-v. in the N. w. part of Beaver co. Pa. about 10 ms. N. w. -from the borough of Beaver, 37 ms. in a similar direction . from Beaver, the co. st. and 263 in a similar direction from W. C. Darlington, p-v. Harford co. Md. Darlington, dist. S, C. boimded by Ker ehaw w., Chesterfield n. w. and n.. Great Pc- dee river, which separates it from Marlbo- rough N. e., Marion s. e., and Lynch's creek which separates it from Sumpter s. w. Length 35 ms., mean breadth 30, and area 1,050 square ms. Extending from lat. 33° 58' to 34° 32', long, from 2° 40' to 3° 20' w. W. C. The slope of this co. is to the s. e. ; the surface rather waving than hilly. Chief town, Darlington. Pop. 1820, 10,949, 1830, 13,728. Darlington, p-v. and st. jus. Darlington dist. S. C. on Black creek, 40 ms. a little n. of e. Camden, and by p-r. 93 n. e. by e. Co- lumbia. Lat. 34° 19', long. 2° 58' w. W. C. Darnestown, p-v. in the w. part of Mont. gomery co. Md. by p-r. 25 ms. n. w. W. C. Darrtown, p-v. in Milford tsp. western part of Butler co. O. 8 ms. from Hamilton, the CO. St. and by p-r. 109 ms. s. w. by w. from Columbus, and 490 ms. w. from W. C. Dartmouth College. {See Hanover, N. H.) Dartmouth, p-t. and sea port, Bristol co. Mass. 62 ms. s. Boston, 27 s. Taunton, n. Buzzard's bay, e. R. I., has several creeks running s. one of which, Aponiganset river, is navigable nearly to its centre. It was des- troyed by Indians 1675. Pop. 1830, 3,866. Dartmouth, p-o. Tioga co. Pa. by p-r. 153 ms. N. Harrisburg. Darvills, p-o. Dinwiddio co. Va. 32 miles 8. Richmond. Dauphin, p-v. Dauphin co. Pa. by p-r. 8 ms. from Harrisburg. Dauphin, co. Pa. bounded by Mahantango creek, which divides it from Northumberland N., by Schuylkill n. e., Lebanon e., Conewa- go creek, which separates it from Lancaster south, and by the Susquehannah river, which separates it from York south, and from Cumberland and Perry west. Length 38 miles, mean breadth 16, area 608 square miles. Extending from lat. 40° 08' to 40° 40', long, from the meridian of W. C. to 30' e. The surface of Dauphin is peculiarly diversi- fied. The lower, southern, and smaller sec- tion enclosed by the Susquehannah r., Cone- wago creek, Kittatinny mtn. and the west- em boundary of Lebanon, and comprising about 170 square miles, is hilly, but highly fertile, and the southern part resting on a substratum of limestone. This lower section of Dauphin is traversed by the Swatara creek, and through its valley by the Union ca- nal. The higher northern and mountainous part of Dauphin, beyond and including Kitta- tinny mountain, is formed by a congeries of mountain ridges, lying parallel to each other from N. E. to s. w., with narrow intervening vallies, discharging their streams s. w. into Susquehannah. The soil of Dauphin is pro- ductive in fruit, grain, and pasturage, and its mountain vallies abound in excellent timber. Besides the Union canal already mentioned, the transversed section of the Pa. canal follows the left bank of Susquehannah, in Dauphin, from the Conewago, to opposite the mouth of Juniata river, {See Pa. canal.) Chief town, DAW 133 DEA Harrisburg. Fop. 1820, 21,663, in 1830, 26,241. DAVExroRT, p-t. Delaware CO. N. Y. 11 ms. N. Delhi, is hilly ; yields grass and lumber, and has Charlotte river of the Susquchannah. The lands are leased. Pop. 1830, 1,778. Davidson, co. N. C. bounded by Stokes n., N. E. by Guilford, e. by Randolph, s. by Mont- goinery, andw. by Yadkin r. which separates it from liowan. Length from s. to n. 40 ms., mean breadth 20, and area 800 square miles. Lying between lat. 35° 30' and 30° 04', long. 3° 05', and 3° 34' w. W. C. Tho slope of this CO. is southardly, and is drained by dill'er- ent small creeks flowiiiij into the Yadkin. Chief town, Lexington. 1Pop. 1830, 13,389. Davidson, co. Ten. bounded s. by Williaiai- son, w. by Dickson, n. by Kobertson, n. e. by Sumner, e. by Wilson, and s. e. by Ruther- ford. Length 30, mean breadth 22, area 6G0 square ms. E.xtending from hit. 35° 56' to 36o22',long.from 9° 40' to 10° 10' w. W. C. Cumberland r. winds by a very tortuous chan- nel over this co. from e. to w. dividing it into two nearly equal parts ; surface moderately hilly, with a very fertile soil, abounding in limestone. Staples, grain, and cotton. Chief town, Nashville. Pop. 1820, 20,154, 1830, 28,122. Davidsonsville, p-v. and st. jus. Lawrence CO. Ark. situated on the point above the junction of White and Eleven Points river, by p-r. 169 ms., but by direct road 124 miles n. n. E. Little Rock, Lat. 36° 10', long. 14° 03' w. W. C. Davidsonville, p-0. Ann Arundel co. Md. by p-r. U ms. from Annapolis and 30 ms. eastward W. C. Davies, CO. Ky. bounded by Hancock co. n. E., Ohio s. e., Green r. dividing it from Muh- lenburg s., Hopkins s. w., and Henderson w., by a small part of Henderson n. w., and by Ohio river separating it from Spencer co. Ind. N. Extending in lat. from 37° 29' to 37° 63', long, from 9° 55' to 1U° 36' w. W. C. It is nearly a square of 22 ms. each way ; 484 sq. miles, surface rather flat, and soil productive. Chief town, Owensburg. Pop. 1820, 3,876, 1830,5,209. Davis' Mills, and p-o. Bedford co. Va. by p-r. 138 ms. s. w.by w. Richmond. Davis' Mills, and p-o. Barnwell district S. C. Davis' Mills, and p-o. Bedford co. Ten by p-r. 45 ms. s. e. Nashville. Davis' Cross Roads, p.o. Franklin co. N. C. by p-r. 31 ms. n. e. Raleigh. Davis' TAVER^, and p-o. Sussex co. Va. about 50 ms. s. e. Richmond. Davis' Store, and p-o. Bedford co. Va. by p.r. 152 ms. w. Richmond. Davis' Store, and p-o. Martin co. N. C. by p-r. 81 ms. E. Raleigh. Davisboro', p-v. in the southern part of Washington co. Geo. by p-r. 39 ms. s. e. Milledgevillc, and 657 s. w. W. C. Davisville, p-o. Bucks co. Pa. Dawson'.';, p-o. Alleghany co. Md. by p-r. 16 ms. w. Cumberland, and 148 miles n. w. W. C. Dawson's, p-o. Nelson co. Va. by p-r. 107 miles N. of w. Richmond, and 149 miles s. w. W. C. DAWsom'iLLE, p-o. in the western part of Montgomery co. Md. by p-r. 27 miles n. w. W. C. Day, t. Saratoga co. N. Y. Population 1830, 758. Dayton, p-v. and st. jus. Montgomery co. O. by p-r. 462 ms. n. w. by w. i w. from W.C. 66 ms. a little s. of w. from Columbus, and 52 ms. n. of E. from Cincinnati. Population 1830, 2,950. It is situated on a fine site along the left bank of Great Miami river, directly below the influx of Mad river, and near where the Miami canal connects with Miami river. The water of Mad river is conveyed across the point to the Miami, affording numerous and excellent mill seats, n. lat. 39° 43', long. 7° 11' w. from W. C. Tiie population of Dayton tovraship, was in 1830, 0,828. The town contained 370 houses and mercantile stores, 4 churches, the county buildings, and market house. This place is in a remarkable manner prosperous, arising from an active and intelligent popula- tion, rendering available great natural advan- tages of water power. This power is in one way employed to give motion to saw mills, grist mills, cloth factories, and many other applications of machinery ; and on the other, Miami canal has opened a water intercom, munication with the Ohio river at Cincinnati ; distance between the two places by the canal 67 miles. Dead, river, Me. w. branch of Kennebec river, rises on the bonders of Lower Canada, and Oxford co. Deadfall, p-o. Abbeville dist. S. C. Il2 ms. w. Columbia. Deal, a part of the sea shore in Monmouth CO. N. J. south of Long branch. Deal, v. N. J. 7 ms. s. Shrewsbury, w. Atlantic ; has a gently varied surface, with much thin sandy soil, and a white sand beach, on which vessels are frequently wrecked in E. storms. The marl, dug here near swamps and creeks, is excellent manure. It often contains sharks' teeth, bits of bones, &c. 30 loads to an acre, after being exposed one winter, converts a sand waste into a garden. The only table land in the United States tilla- ble to the beach of the ocean (with one ex- ception s. in this state,) is in Deal. Dearborn, p-t. Kennebeck co. Me. 22 ms. N. Augusta, contains parts of two large ponds, one with several islands. Population 1830, 616. Dearborne, CO. Ind. bounded by Switzer- land CO. s., Ripley w., and Franklin n., again on the N. K. it is bounded by Hamilton co. O., and on the s. e. by the Ohio river, separating it from Boone co. Ky. Length 27, mean breadth 15, and area 405 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 54' to 39° 18', and in long, (iom 7° 48' lo 8° 08' w. W. C. The slope oi DED 134 DEE this CO, is rather k. of s. e. towards tho Miami and Ohio rivurs. Surface generally hilly. Chief town, Lawrenceburg. I'opulation 1820, 11,468, 1830, 13,974. Deavertown, p-v. York tsp. inthe n. part of Morgan co. O. by p-r. 352 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 75 ms. 8. of e. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 116. Decatur, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y. 12 ms. s. E. Cooperstown, 5 ms. by 6, on high land, is good for grazing, watered by the heads of Oaks' and Parker's creeks, rapid streams. It is very healthy. Pop. 1830, 1,110. Decatur, s. w. co. of Geo. bounded by Early and Baker n., Ocklockonnc r. which separates it from Thomas co. e., by Gadsden CO. Flor. s., and by Chatahooche r. which se- parates it from Jackson, in Flor. and Henry in Ala. w. Length from e. to w. 60 ms. mean breadth 28, area l,6fi0 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 30° 42' to 31° 06', long, from 7° 11' to !i° 12' w. W. C. Flint river enters from Baker and flowing s. w. joins Chatahoo- che at the southwest angle of Decatur. It has advantages of three navigable rivers, the two bounding streams, and the Jlint. The surface is'moderately hillj', with a soil gencr-j ally of second rate. Chief town, Bainbridgc. Pop. 1830, 3,854. Decatur, p-v. and st. jus. Do Kalb co. Geo. by p-r. 680 ms. s. w. W. C. and 117 ms. n. w. Milledgeville. It ia situated on the high ground between the waters of Ockmulgec and Chatahooche rivers. Lat. 33° 40', long. 7° 24' w. W. C. Decatur, court house. {See Bainbridge, Decatur co. Geo.) Decatur, p-v. on the left bank of Ten. r. and inthe n. e. part of Morgan co. Al., about 20 ms. s. w. Huntsville. DECA.TUR, p-v. on the western border of Adams CO. Ohio, by p-r. 469 miles w. W. C. and 110 w. of s. C(;lumbus. Decatur, co. of Ind. bounded s. e. by Rip- ley, s. by Jennings, s. w. by Bartholomew, N. w. by Shelby, n. by Rush, and N. E. by 'Franklin. Length diagonally from s. w. to N. E. 30 ms., mean breadth lu, and area 300 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 07' to 39° 27', and in long, from 8° 18' to 8° 49' w. W. C. A slip along the e. border gives source to Loughery's creek, flowing s. e. over Ripley and Switzerland cos. into the O., and to Salt creek, entering White Water branch of Great Miami ; but the body of the CO. declines to the s.w. and is drained in that direction by Sand, Clifty, and Flat! Rock creeks, flowing into the E. Fork of White r. Chief t. Greensburg. Pop. 1830, 5,887. I Decatur, p-v. and st. jus. Macon co. II. byi .p-r. 771 ms.N. w. by w. W^ C, 70 e. of n. Vandalia, and about 150 ms. n. of w. Indiaii- opolis in Ind. It is situated on Sangamon r. i at lat. 39° 55', long. 11° 50' w. W. C. | Deckerstown, p-v. Wantage, Sussex co.; N. J. on Deep Clove creek. t Deduam, p-t. and cap. Norfolk co. Mass.: 10 ms. B. w Boston, s. Charles r., w. Nepon- sct r., has dilTcrent soils, some high and ara. blc ; i)ine, and swamps capable of draining. It has a largo village on Charles r. on the turnpike road from Boston to Providence. Mother Brook, a mill stream, runs from Charles r. into Neponset r. First settled from England. Silk is reeled and throwstcd here on a limited scale, one of the first ex- periments of throwsting in the U. S. Pop. 18.30, 3,117. Deep Creek and p-o. Norfolk co. Va. The creek is a branch of Elizabeth r., and village is situated at the n. extremity of the Dismal Swamp canal. The village has been indeed created by the canal, and is now a flourishing depot, about 10 ms. s. s. w. Norfolk. Deep River, one of the main northwestern branches of Cape Fear r. N. C. rising I)y several branches in Guildford and Randolph COS., which flowing s. e. unite in the latter. Leaving the n. e. angle of Randolph, and curving along the northern side of Moore, turns to N. E. by n., enters Chatham, and joins Haw r. to form Cape Fear r. The valley of Deep r. lies between those of Yad- kin and Haw ra. Deep Rfver, p-o. s. w. part of Guilford co. N. C. about 90 ms. n. of w. Raleigh. Deep Spring and p-o. Monroe co. Ten. by p-r. s. E. by e. Nashville. Deerfield, p-t. Rockingham co. N. II. 17 ms. a. E. Concord, 35 n. w. Portsmouth ; 28,254 acres ; has Shingle, Moulton's and part of Pleasant Ponds, emptying into Sun- cook and Lamprey rs. It is uneven and hard, bearing maple, beech, birch, red oak, pine, &-C. ; has Tuckaway, Saddleback, and other mtns. First settled, 1756. Pop. 1830, 2,090. Deerfield, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 4 ms. s. Greenfield, 17 n. Northampton, 92 w. Bos- ton, w. Conn, r., has rich soil, with fine mea- dows on Deerfield r. The village is a little elevated above them on a level. First settled, 1670. About 80 men were killed at Bloody Brook, 3 ms. s. returning with loads of wheat from this place, and long after an exposed frontier settlement. It was burnt by French and Indians, except one house, 1704. Many of the inhabitants were at different periods killed or carried captive to Canada. The bell taken from the church, 1704, still hangs in that of St. Regis, above Montreal. There is an academy. Pop. 1830, 2,003. Deerfield, t. Oneida co. N. Y. 96 ms. w. N. w. Albany, n. Mohawk r. opposite Utica, s. w. Canada creek, e. Nine Mile creek. The uplands are good for grain and grass. The vallies have rich sand, loam, and pebbles. Pop. 1830, 4,182. Deerfield, p-t. Cumberland co. N. J. near the source of Cohansey creek. Contains several villages, of which the largest is Bridgeton. Pop. 1830, 2,417. Deerfield, p-v. Warren co. Pa. 100 ms. .\. .\. E. Pittsburg. Deerfield, p-v. Augusta co. Va. by p-r. 181 ms. s. w. W. C. DEL 135 DEL Deerfjeld, p-v. and tsp. in the s. e. angle of Portage co. O. The p-o. is situated by p-r. 307 ms. N. w. W. C. and 15 s. e. Ravenna, the CO St., and 142 n. e. Columbus. Pop. 1830, G94. Deerfieldville, p-v. Union tsp. Warren CO. O. by p-r. 4 ms. n. Lebanon, the co. st. 472 w. W. C. and 87 s. w. by vv. Columbus. This place is not the same as Deerficld tsf). in tlic same co. Pop. 1830, 6G. Deering, p-t. Hillsboro co. N. H. 23 ms. w. by s. Concord, 23 from Hopkinton, G6 from Boston ; 20,057 acres, is uneven and favora- ble for agriculture, with 3 ponds, sources of N. branch of Piscataquog r. First settled, 1705. Pop. 1830, 1,228. Deer Isle, p-t. and island, Hancock co. Me. 95 Augusta. Is protected from the sea by numerous small islands, 9 ms. s. e. Castine, in Penobscot bay. Deer Park, p-t. Orange co. N. Y. 30 ms. w. Newburgh, 14 w. n. w. Goshen, 110 w. by 6. Albany, e. Del. r. and Pa. 6 ms. by 12, w. Shawangunk creek ; Navisink creek follows Shawangunk mtns. through e. part, half is uncultivated mountains, quarter stony pas- ture, quarter pretty gooS for grain. Shawan- gunk mtns. are rich and arable w. Pop. 1830, 1,167. Deersville, p-v. Stock tsp. Harrison co. O. by p-r. 290 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 131 N. E. by E. Columbus. Defiance, usually called Fort Defiance, on the point between and above the junction of Maumee and Au Glaize rs. and in the s. e. angle of Williams co. O. The p-v. is situ- ated in a tsp. of the same, and is also the st. jus. for the co. distant 511 ms n. w. by w. W. C. and 175 n. w. Columbus. I'his was a very important military station during the Indian wars, and is situated in a very fertile, but, as yet, a thinly settled country. Pop. 1830, 52. N. lat. 41° 18', long. 7° 22' w. W.C. De Kald, CO. of Geo. bounded s. by Henry and Fayette, w. by Campbell, n. w. by Chat- ahooche r. n. e. by Gwinnet co. and s. e. by Newton. Length from s. to n. 30 ms., mean breadth 12, and area 3G0 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 33° 41' to 34° OG', and in long. from 7° G' to 7° 32' w. W. C, Do Kalb is a table land, from which issues one of the ex- treme branches of Ockmulgee r. flowing s. e. whilst from the n. part of the co. rise brief' streams, falling into Chatahooche r. Chief t. Decatur. Pop. 18.30, 10,047. Dekalb, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 15 ms. 8. Ogdensburgh, 10 ms. square, is crossed by Oswegatchie, 20 ms. above its mouth in St. Lawrence, to which there is a boat naviga- tion from the village and falls, between rich meadows. It affords oak, maple, beech, &.c. marble, iron ore, ashes, &c. Settled from Conn. Pop. 1830, l,OGl. Delaware, r. N. Y., N.J. and Pa. rises in Schoharie co. N. Y. and in the western spurs of Catskill mtns. by two large branches, the Oquago and Popachton. The Oquago is the most remote and real source of D(;l. r. flowa H. w. 50 ms. reaching within 10 ms. of the Susquehannah, turns to s. e. and flowing in that direction 5 ms. to the n. e. angle of Pa. anil 5 ms. still lower, receiving the Popach- ton from n. e., continues the latter course 70 ms. to the western base of Kittatinny mtns., having for GO ms. formed the boundary be- tween Pa. and N. Y. Inflected to s. w. by the Kittatinny, and almost washing the base of that chain 35 ms. to the entrance of Broad Head's creek from the w., and from Pike and Northamp'.on cos. it takes a southern course, and pierces the Kittatinny, by the known Del. Water gap. Continuing south- wardly 21 ms. it receives its first great con- fluents from the right, the Lehigh, at Eas- ton ; 2 ms. lower it pierces the Blue Ridge, and 5 ms. still lower the S. mtn. having tra- versed a great part of the Appalachian sys- tern obliquely. Below the s. mtn. this now fme navigable r. assumes a course s. e. e. from which, 35 ms. it falls over the primi- tive ledge, and meets the tide at Trenton ; 5 ms. below, opposite Bordentown, it again turns to s. w. Following nearly the range of the primitive rock, the Del. now widening, passes Phil., and 5 ms. below that city, re- ceives its greatest tributary, the Schuylkill, from N. w., Cartney s. w. ; 35 ms. still far- ther it passes Old Chester, Wilmington, and New Castle, to an imaginary lino from Cape May to Cape Henlopen. The comparative length of Del. r. from its source to tide water is 185 ms., and 132 ms. from the rapids and head of tide at Trenton, to the Atlantic, having an entire comparative course of 317 ms. It has been already remarked, that from the n. e. angle of Pa. to the bend at the w. base of Kittatinny mtn., the Del. forms the lino of separation between N. Y. and Pa., from N. J. and thence to the mouth of the bay, it divides N. J. from Del. The navigation of Del. bay is tortuous and something diflicult, but ad. mits the entrance of vessels of the first class to near Phil. • Above that city the depth gra- dually decreases, but sniall sea vessels are navigated to Trenton. Though above tide water, this river is much impeded by shoals, and at low water by rapids ; no falls, pro- perly so called, exist in its bed, it is there- fore navigable for down stream rafts and boats from near its source. As a commercial basin, that of Del. is in a rapid and extensive state of improvement. Within Cape Henlopen a breakwater or artificial harbor is in progress, which, when completed, will secure safety to vessels entering in all weather. The bay of Del. is connected with that of Chesapeake by the Chesapeake and Del. canal, extending 14 ms. with a depth of 8 feet, GO wide at the surface, and 3G at bottom, and flic river with Hudson r., by the Del. and Hudson, and the Morris canals. An active businesa on this stream has originated in the extensive mining districts in its vicinity ; and these DEL 136 DEL have chiefly encouraged the construction of the canals to Hudson r. (See article ' Rail Roads and Canals:) Aside from the im- mense business arising from the coal mines, the Del. is one of the principal channels of internal trade in the U. S. The basin of Del. r. Ues between lat. 38° 45' and 42° 30', and long. 0° 42' to 2° 35' e. W. C. It is about 250 ms. in length from s. to N. with a mean breadth of 45, area 11,250 sq. ms. The surface greatly diversified, and with considerable ditTerencc of relative height. The higher fountains of Oquago and Papachton rs. must bo at an elevation of at least 2500 feet, but the fall is rapid, and the general and comparative height of the cultivated sections is as follows : — Port Car- bon, on the head of Schuylkill, G20 feet ; Manch Chunk village on Lehigh 534 ; Eas- ton on Del. at the mouth of Lehigh 170 ; Del. at the mouth of Lackawana 455. These points are greatly depressed when compared with the adjacent arable country, we may therefore regard the basin of the Del. as an inclined plain, rising from the alluvial dcposites almost on a level with the tides, to 1,200 or 1,800 feet. The difference of cli- mate above and below the Kittatinny chain is very marked, arising from thi? great change of aerial pressure. In their general inflec tions the conformity of the Del. and Susquc- hannah rs. is too great not to have arisen from some common causes. So greatly striking is this unity of course, that where the Dei. flows s. between the Water gap and S. mtn. a corresponding southern stretch of the Susquehannah reaches from the mouth of the W. Branch, to that of Juniata. Both rs. receive their great tributaries from the n. w. and receive only comparative creeks from the opposite direction ; and both rivers open to their great recipient by wide and deep bays. Delaware, state of the U. S. bounded by Worcester and Somerset cos. Md. s., by Dorchester, Caroline, Queen Ann, Kent, and Cecil cos. of Md. w., by Chester and Del. cos. of Pa. N., by Del. bay n. e., and by the Atlantic Ocean s. e. Outline^. : along the Atlantic from Cape Henlopen to Fenwick's isl. 20 ms.; w. along Md. 36 ms. ; n. along Md. to the w. cusp of the semicircle round New Castle 87 ms. ; along the semicircle to Del. r. 26 ms. ; and thence down Del. bay to Cape Henlopen 90 ms. having an entire out- lino of 259 ms. Length 100, mean breadth 21, area 2,100 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 27' to 39° 50', long, from 1° 17' to 2°E. W.C. Natural features.— Dc\. comprises a com- paratively long and narrow inclined plain, with its decUvity e. towards Del. bay. Down this slope flow Indian r. Broad Kill, Cedar, Mispohan, Mother Kill, Jones Duck, Apoqui- nimink and Brandywine, with some lesser streams. This plahi includes the vvhole n. e. and s. E. sections of the state. The s. e. angle slopes to the n. w. and is drained by the sources of Nantikoko and Choptank rs. The N. part of Del. is waving rather than hilly, but these humble elevations gradually de- press, and the s. part spreads into an almost general level. The soil, in some places very productive, is, however, generally thin, and in many places marshy. The climate at the two extremes differs much more in tempera- ture than might be expected from so little ex- tent of lat. and small difference in relative height. The staples of the n. part, grain, flour, &c. ; near the Atlantic cotton can be profitably cultivated. Political geography. — Delaware is divided into three cos. New Castle n., Sussex s., and Kent, lying between them. The population of the state in 1790 was 59,094, in 1800, 64,273. The progressive pop. since, has been as follows : New Castle, Kem, Sussex, 1810. 24,429 20,795 27,750 1820. 1830. 27,899 29,710 20,793 19,911 24,057 27,118 72,974 72,749 76,739 Of which were white persons, Mules. Females. Under 5 years of age. 4,744 4,047 From 5 to 10, 4,099 4,011 " 10 to 15, 3,919 3,054 " 15 to 20, 3,184 3,381 " 20 to 30, 5,508 5,484 " 30 to 40, 3,200 3,179 " 40 to 50, 2,036 2,047 " 50 to 60, 1,280 1,397 " CO to 70, 609 030 " 70 to 80, 202 263 " SO to 90, 43 56 " 90 to 100, 9 " 100 and upwards, I Total, 28,845 28,758 Of the above are deaf and dumb, under 14 years, 6 ; 14 to 25, 15 ; 25 and over, 14 ; blind, 18 ; foreigners not naturalized, 313. Colored population as follows : Slaves. Free colored. Males. Fenis. Males. Fenis. Und«r 10 years of age, 580 508 2,627 From 10 to 24, 853 617 2,259 " 24 to 36, 245 230 1,303 " 36 to 55, 83 " 55 to 100, 42 " 100 and upwards, 3 230 80 49 2 1,180 503 10 2,524 2,359 1,446 1,102 526 16 Total, 1,806 1,480 7,882 7,973 Slaves and colored persons included in the foregoing who arc deaf and dumb, under 14 years, 5 ; 14 to 25, 4 ; 25 and over, 11. Recapitulation, Whites. Free colored. Slaves. Total. 57,001 15,855 3,292 76,748 Constitution of government, judiciary. — The existing constitution of this state was so greatly changed by amendments in conven- tion Dec. 1831, as to render it, in fact, a new instrument, and as it is brief and not to be foimd in but few editions of the State Con- stitutions, we have concluded to insert it en- tire. 1. The representatives are to be chosen for two years ; the property qualification abolished. DEL 137 DEL 2. The senators are to be choacn for four years. 3. The legislature Is to meet biennially ; the first Tuesday of January, 1833, is to be the commencement of biennial sessions. 4. The state treasurer is to be elected by the legislature biennially. In case of his death, resignation, &c. the governor is to fill the office until the next session of the legis- lature, lie is to settle annually v/ith the le- gislature, or a committee thereof, which is to be appointed every biennial session. 5. No acts of incorporation are' hereafter to be passed without the concurrenco of two- thirds of each branch of the legislature, ex- cept for the renewal of existing corporations — all acts are to contain a power of revoca- tion by the legislature. No act hereafter passed shall be for a longer period than 20 years, without a re-enactment by the legis- lature, except incorporations for public inv provement. 6. The governor is to be chosen for four years, and to bo ever after ineligible. New provisions are made for contested elections of governor ; and to fill vacancies. lie is to set forth in writing, fully, the ground of all re- prieves, pardons, and remissions, to be en- tered in the register of his official acts, and laid before the legislature at its next ses- sion. 7. All elections are to be on the second Tuesday of November. Every free white male citizen, who has resided one year in the state, the last month in the county, and, if he bo of the ago of 22 years, is entitled to vote. All free white male citizens, between the ages of 21 and 22 years, having resided as afore- said, may vote without payment of tax. No person in the military, naval, or marine ser- vice of the United States, can gain such resi- dence as will entitle him to vote in conse- quence of being stationed in any military or naval station in the state : no idiot, insane person, pauper, or person convicted of a felo- ny can vote ; and the legislature is authorized to impose the forfeiture of the right of suf- frage as a punishment for crime. 8. The judicial power of the state is to be exercised by four common law judges, and a chancellor. Of the four law judges, one is chief justice, and three associates. The chief justice and ehancellormay bo appointed in any part of the states — of the associates, one must reside in each county. [The court of civil jurisdiction is styled the supreme court; and is composed of the chief justice The chancellor exercises the powers of the court of chancery. The orphans' court is composed of the chancellor and the associate judge residing in the county. Either may hold the court, in the absence of the other. When they concur in opinion there shall be no appeal, except in the matter of real estate. When their opinions are opposed, or when a decision is made by one sitting alone, and in all matters involving a right to real estate, there is an aj)peal to the supreme court of tJie county, whose decision shall be final. The court of errors and appeals, upon a writ of error to the superior court, is com- posed of the chancellor, who presides, and two of the associate judges, to wit, the one who, on account of his residence, did not sit in the case below ; and ono who did sit. Upon apjieal from the court of chancery, the chief justice and three associates conijiosc the court of errors and ajjiieals ; three of them constitute a quorum. If the suiJcrior court deem that a question of law ought to be heard before all the judges, they may, upon the ap- plication of either party, direct it to be heard in the court of errors and appeals, which shall then be composed of the chancellor (who presides) and all the judges. When the chancellor is interested in a chancery case, the chief justice, sitting alone in the superior court, shall have jurisdiction, with an appeal to the three associate judges sitting as a court of errors and appeals. When there is an exception to the chan- cellor or any judge, so that a quorum cannot be constituted in court, in consequence of said exception, the governor shall have power to appoint a judge for that special cause, whose commission shall expire with the determina- tion of the cause. The judges are to receive salaries, which shall not be less than the following sums, to wit — the chief justice ^1,200, chancellor $1,100, — the associates, each $1,000. They are to receive no other fees or perquisites for business done by them. The general assembly may establish infe- rior courts, or give to ono or more justices of the peace, jurisdiction in cases of assaults and batteries, unlicensed public houses, re- tailing liquors contrary to law, disturbing camp meetings or other meetings of public worship, nuisances, horse-racing, cock-fight- ing, and shooting matches, larcenies com- mitted by negroes or mulattoes, knowingly re- ceiving, buying, or concealing stolen goods by negroes or mulattoes, &,c. Thisjurisdic- and two associates — no associate judge sits tion may be granted cither with or without in his own county — the chief justice presides 'the intervention of a grand or petit jury, and in every county. Two judges constitute a either with or without appeal, as the legisla- quorum.] ture shall deem proper. The court of general sessions of the peace The clerk of the supreme court is to be and gaol delivery, is composed of the same styled the protiionotary. The oflice of clerk judges and in the same manner as the superior of the supremo court is abolished. court. I 9. But one person is to be voted for as The court of oyer and terminer is com- 'sheriff and one person as coroner, in each posed of the lour law judges. Three to con stitxite a quorum. 18 (county. The term of ofRce in each case is Uwo years. In New Castle and Kent coun. DEL 138 DEL ties, at the expiration of the term of oflice of the present sherill's and coroner, respec- tively, in 1833, the governor is authorized to fill up the offices for any year, in conse- quence of there being no election in that year, under the biennial system. 10. Elections for conventions to revise the constitution, are hereafter to be held on the third Tuesday of May in any year. The majority of all the citizens of the state having right to vote, is to be ascertained by reference tp the highest number of votes given at any one of the three general elections next pre- ceding, unless the number of votes given on the occasion, shall exceed the number given in any of the three preceding elections, in which case the majority shall be ascertained by reference to the election of itself. 11. No ofiiccs are vacated except the chan- cellor and judges of the existing courts, and the clerks, whose offices will be abolished on the third Tuesday of January next ; on which day the new judicial system goes into efl'ect. The offices of registers for wills and justices of the peace are not affected. The above sketch of the amendments adopted by the convention, does not enter into details, but merely presents a general view of the changes which have been made. History. — Delaware was first colonized by the Swedes and Fins, under the auspices of Gustavus Adolphus, and was called New Sweden. The Swedes were then too poor, and not sufficiently commercial, to form colo- nies ; therefore New Sweden fell under the power of the Dutch, in 1G55. In 1664 the Delaware colony was conquered with all New Netherlands, by the English, and {(ranted by Chrffles II. to James, duke of York, who in 1G82 conveyed it to William Penn. Delaware thus imder the same pro- prietary remained nominally a part of Penn- sylvania, until 1775, though really a distinct colony from 1704, when a colonial assembly for the three lower counties met at New Castle. Delaware was amongst the first states in which a constitution of government was formed, in 1776. In 1792, a convention met, and on June 12th of that year, the e.x- isting government was adopted. Delaware, co. N.Y. bounded by Otsego CO. N., Schoharie and Greene cos. e., Ulster and Sullivan s., Pa. s. w. and Broome and Che- nango COS. w., 60 ms. w. Hudson r., 70 w. s. w. Albany. Greatest extent 35 and 54 ms., 1,425 sq. ms. ; 24 towns, is hilly and mountainous, with rich valleys, well watered, chiefly by N. E. sources of Del. r., to which timber is sent in rafts, e. branch of Susquchannah is N. E. ; deserted in revolutionary war. Pop. 1820,26,587, 1830, 32,933. Delaware, co. Pa. bounded by Chester co. w. and N. w., by Montiromery n. e., by Phil. CO. e., by Del. r. separating it from Glouces- ter CO. N. J. s. E., and by New Castle co. s. Length 20, mean breadth 11, area 220 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 3DC' 47' to 46° 05', long. from !•' 28' to J-^ 48' )■:. W. C. Tlic slope of this CO. is to the s. e., down which flow Dar. by, Ridley, and Chester creeks, with suffi- cient descent to give innumerable sites for water propelled machinery ; and so greatly have the facilities of nature been improved, that as early as 1822, there were, from good authority, 144 machines of various descrip- tions in actual operation. At present, 1830, it is probable that the saw and grist mills, with other manufactories, do not fall much short of one to each sq. m. The surface is gently rolling, and soil productive. To enumerate its staples, would be to give a list of most articles found in Phil, vegetable market, of which the climate admits the culture, and of an indefinite invoice of the product of mills and looms. Chief t. Chester. Pop. 1820, 14,810, 1830, 17,361. Delaware, p-v. Pike co. Pa. Delaware City, p-t. New Castle co. Del. situated on Del. r. at the termination on that stream of the Chesapeake and Del. canal, 32 ms. nearly due n. from Dover. Pop. 1830, about 100 ; it contains several handsome brick houses. Delaware, co. of O. bounded s. by Frank- lin, w. by Union, n. by Marion, n. e. by Itnox, and s. e. by Licking. Greatest length 28, mean breadth 25, and area 760 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 40° OP.' to 40° 32', and in long, from 6° 45' to 7° 18' w. W, C. The e. border of this co. extends from s. to n. along the summit between the vallies of Muskingum and Hocking on the e., and the Sciota on the w. The extreme sources of White Woman's Fork of Muskingum, and of the Hocking rise along the e. border of Del. and flow estrd. The body of the co. has a slope almost due s., and is traversed in that direction by the two main constituent streams of Sciota, the Whetstone and Sciota Proper ; Allum and Walnut creeks, also tributary, wa- ters of Sciota, rise in its eastern section. Chief t. Delaware. Pop. 1820, 7,639, 1830, 11,504. Delaware, p-v. st. jus. and tsp. Del. co. O. The St. jus. is by p-r. 419 ms. s. w. by w. W. C and 23 above, and n. w. Columbus. It stands on the right bank of Whetstone r. Lat. 40° 13', long. 6° 7' w. W. C. Pop. of the village, 1830, 527, and of the tsp. including che village, 936. Delaware, co. of Ind. bounded by Ran- dolph e., Henry s., Madison w., and Grant N. w. Length 22, breadth 20, and area 440 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 40° 05' to 40° 24', and in long, from 8° 12' to 8° 24' w. W. C. The Mississinawa and White rs. rising in Randolph, traverse Del. in which they diverge, the former to the n. w. and the latter to the w. General slope to the wstrd. Chief t. Munsey. Pop. 1830, 2,374. Delhi, v. Del. co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 435. Delhi, p-t. and st. jus. Delaware co. N. Y. 70 ms. s. w, Albany, 54 w. Catskill, 63 Kingston, 156 square ms., is crossed by Del. r. and Little Del. which joins it near the vil- higc. There are hills, mins., vallics, and on DEP IS'J DET the river fine meadows. Pop. 1830, '2,1 14. DELiijiiiTFUL Grove, p-o. Spartanburg dist. S. C. by p-r. Ill nis. n. vv. Columbia, and 484 s. w. W. C. Dells, p-o. Allacliua co. Flor. Delphi, p-o. Marion eo. Tenn. by p-r. 129 ms. s. E. Nashville. Deliuii, p-v. and st. jus. Carroll co. Ind. by p-r. 661 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 88 n. w. Indianopolis. It is situated on Wabash river, just below the mouth of Deer creek. Lat. 40° 37', long. 9° 40' w. W. C. Demopolis, p-v. Marengo co. Ala. at the left bank of Tombigbee, r. immediately below the mouth of Black Warrior or Tuscaloosa r., 65 ms. s. s. w. Tuscaloosa. Denmark, p-t. Oxford co. Me. on Saco r. 30 ms. s. w. Paris, 85 Augusta. Population 1830, 954. Denmark, p-t. Lewis co. N. Y, 150 miles N. w. Albany, w. Black river, 22,000 acres ; has a rich soil in the vallies. Deer creek has a fall of 175 feet, almost perpendicular, with high limestone banks, and other falls from 10 to 60 feet. Copenhagen is the only village. Pop. 1830, 2,270. Denmark, p-v. Madison co. Ten. by p-r. 16 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. Denmark, p-v. and tsp. Ashtabula co. O. by p-r. about 190 ms. n. e. Columbus, and 340 N. w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 169. Dennings, p-o. Frederick co. Md. by p-r. 60 ms. N. w. W.C. Dennis, p-t. Barnstable co. Mass. 97 ms. s. e. Boston, 8 from Barnstable, n. Atlantic, E. Bass river, has several ponds, a poor soil, except N., and many works for making salt from sea water, by evaporation. Scargo hills is the highest land in the co. Popula- tion 1^30, 2,317, Dennis, p-t. Cape May co. N. J., has a small harbor. Pop. 1830, 1,508. Dennis, p-o. Amelia co. Va. 54 ms. s. w. Richmond. Dennisville, p-t. Washington co. Me. 17 ms. N. w. Eastport, 172 n. n. e. Augusta, on Denny's river. It is crossed by several streams. Colescook bay lies s. of it. Pop. 1830, 856. Dennwille, p-v. Wilkes co. N. C. by p-r. 172 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. Denton, p-v. and st. jus. Caroline co. Md. on the left bank of Choptank river, 18 ms. n. E. Easton, and by p-r. 65 ms. a a little s. by e. AnnapoUs. Lat 38° 53', long. 1° 14' due e. W.C. Dentonsville, p-o. Hanover co. Va. 42 ms N. Richmond. Denville, village, Morris co. N. J. 8 ms. n. of Morristown, on Rockaway creek. Deposit, p-v. Tompkins, Delaware co. N. Y. 40 ms. s. w. Delhi, 105 vv. Catskill, on Delaware river. ^ Deptford, t. Gloucester CO. N.J. 20 ms. s. Burlington, between Bigtimber and Mantua creeks, on Delaware river. Population 1830, 3,599. Deptford, t, Gloucester co. N. J. on the Delaware, between Mantua creek, which parts it from Greenwich on the s. w. and Gloucester on the n. e. Popuhition 3,599. Woodbcrry, the st. jus. is in tliis township. Deuuane, corrupted from Terre Bonne, the name ol several small streams of La. ; one, a . r. of about 80 miles comparative course, rises in Lafayette co. Ark. and parish of Claiborne La. llowss. E. and falls into Ouachitau river a short distance above the village of Monroe, in the parish of Ouachitau. Another of the same name, giving name to a parish, rises w. from the river La Fourche, and flowing a few ms. s. falls into the Gulph of Mexico, between Timballier and Petite Caillon bays. There are 3 or 4 more, but of too little consequence to deserve particular notice. Derby, p-t. Orleans co. Vt. 52 ms. n. e. Montpelier, e. Memphremagog lake, 7h ms. on Canada line, 23,040 acres. First settled 1745, from Conn. &c. White and Norway pine grows near the lake, with red oak, and rock maple, &c., elsewhere, the soil being generally rich. It has Salem pond, and Clyde river, with mill seats. Pop. 1830, 1,469. Derby, p-t. New Haven county. Conn. 8 ms. w. New Haven, at the confluence of Naugautuck and Ilousatonic rivers, 12 miles from Long Island Sound, navigable for ves- sels of 80 tons, 4i miles by 5J, has a varied surface, with some meadows, mill sites, advantages for trade, and shad fishe- ries. Humphreysville is one of the oldest woollen manufactories in the country ; incor- porated 1810, with $500,000 capital. There are other manufactures. An agricultural seminary was opened here, 1824, for practi- cal education, with philosophical aparatus, &c. Pop. 1830, 2,253. Derry, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 28 ms. from Concord. Pop. 1830, 2,1-76. Derry, p.v. and tsp. Columbia co. Pa. The p-o. is 7 ms. n. Danville, the co. st. and by p-r. 77 ms. e. of n. Harrisburg, and 187 ms. from W. C. in a nearly similar di- rection. Pop. of the tsp. 1820, 1662, in 1830, 1689. De Ruyter, p-t. Madison co. N. Y. 21 ms. w. s. w. Morrisville, 123 w. Albany, is hilly, well watered by sources of Tioughnio- ga creek and yields grass and some grain, 17 miles s. Erie canal. Pop 1830, 1,447. Detroit, or " the Strait," river, uniting lakes St. Clair and Erie, and forming part of the limit between Upper Canada and Michi- gan. At its outlet from lake St. Clair, De- troit river is upwards of a mile wide and di- vided into two channels by Peach Islands ; the course a little s. of w. 8 ms. to the lower extreme of the city of Detroit, where it makes a regular curve to the s. s. w. and continues the latter course 4 ms. to the influx of the river Rouge, from the n. w. One mile below the mouth of the Rouge the rivor is again di- vided into two channels, by Grand Turkey Is- land. The Detroit now rapidly widens to from 3 to 4 miles, and assuming a southern course of 17 miles, finally opens into the ex- DEX 140 DIL tremo n. w. angle of lake Erie. This is in- deed a most beautiful, gentle and navigable stream, of 29 miles in length. Though en- cumbered with islands, and the chamiel rath- er intricate, vessels of considerable burthen can bo navigated through into lake St. Clair. The shores though not elevated are bold, and being cultivated give a charming appear- ance in summer to the landscape along both shores. On the right are the city of Detroit and l?^o^^^lstown, and on the Canada shore Sandwich and Amherstburg. From Michi- gan enter at the influx of both into Erie, the Huron, and one mile above Grand Turkey Island the Rivierie Rouge ; and from the same side the lesser streams of Bauche, Curriere, and Clora. From Canada the only stream which enters the Detroit worthy of notice is fhe Canard, falling into the main stream .3J miles above Amherstburg. The Detroit islands are elevated and are composed of excellent arable soil ; two of them, Gros Isle and Grand Turkey Island, exceed 6 miles each, in length, but are com- paratively narrow. Tho whole river is frequently and completely frozen over in winter. Detroit, p-t. city, port of entry and st. jus. for Wayne co. and of tho government of Michigan, as laid down on Tanner's United States, is at lat. 42° 20', and exactly 6° west W. C. Theso relative positions give by calculation a bearing of 52° 50', and a dis- tance in statute miles, of 41G, from W. C. to Detroit. By the post office list of 1831, the distance from W. C. to Detroit ia etated at 52fi miles. Detroit is situated on a rising plain along the western or right shore of Detroit r. Tho streets are laid out at right angles to each other, though something obliquo to tho course of the stream. Tho plain has a gentle ac- clivity from tho water to the main street, but spreads thence to the westward nearly level. A remark may bo made of Detriot which applies with equal force to many other places in the U.S., of comparatively small population ; that is, that the real and commercial wealth of the smaller are far above the proportion which relative numbers would produce be- tween them and places of greater population. Few places can be more admirably situated for a commercial city than Detroit, and few have a more solid promise of permanent pros- perity. Pop. 1830, 2,222. N. w. Ann Arbor, the co. St., and by p-r. 52 w. Detroit, and 545 n. w. by w. W. C. Diamond Ghove, p-v. Brunswick co. Va. by p-r. 73 ms. s. s. w. Richmond. Diamond Grove, p-v. Northampton co. N. C. by p-r. 25 ms. s. e. Raleigh. Diana, t. Lewis co. N. Y. Fop. 1830, 3on. Diana Mills and p-o. Buckingham co. Va. by p-r. 125 ms. w. Richmond. Dickenson, p-v. Franklin co. Va. by p-r. 199 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. Dickenson's Store and p-o. Bedford co. Va. by P-r. 151 ms. w. Richmond. Dickinson, t. Franklin co. N. Y. 12 ms. w. Malone, 233 w. Albany, 6 ms. by 48, watered by Little Salmon r., has much sandy loam, with beech, maple, bass, elm, &c. Population 1830, 446. Dickinson, p-v. and tsp. in the w. part of Cumberland co. Pa. The p-o. is 3G ms. w. Ilarrisburg, and 108 w. of n. W. C. Pop. of the tsp. 18.30, 2,523. Dick's r. Ky. rises in Rockcastle co. inter- locking sources with Rockcastle and Green rs,, and flowing thence n. w. passes through Lincoln, and thence separating Garrard from Mercer co., falls into the left side of Ky. r. 10 ms. from Harrodsburg. Dick's Mills and p-o. in tho w. part of Bnt- ler CO. O. 8 ms. from Hamilton, the st. jus. for the CO. and by p-r. 496 ms. n. of w. W. C. and 109 s. w. by w. Columbus. Dickson, co. Ten. bounded by Humphrey's w., Stewart n. w., Montgomery n., and Hick- man s. Length 36, mean width 28, area 100 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 55' to 3G° 20', long. 10° 09' to 10° 45' w. W. C. This CO. is a table land, from which the water flows s. into Duck r., w. into Ten., n. into Cumber- land, and E. into Ilarpeth rs. The n. w. and angles touch Cumberland r., but no stream of consequence flows into the body of tho CO. Soil of middling qualitv. Chief town, Charlotte. Pop. 1820, 5,190, 1830, 7,265. Dickson's Mills and p-o. in tho e. part of Parke co. Ind. by p-r. 10 ms. e. Rockville, the CO. St., 58 w. Indianopolis, and 630 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. DioHTON, p-t. port of entry, Bristol co. Mass. 38 ms. s. Boston, w. Taunton r., has an irregular surface, conglomerate rocks, (boulders,) in diluvial soil, over granite. A rock inscribed by Indians has excited atten- Devereaux, store and p-o. in the s. w. tion. Several coasting vessels are owned part of Hancock co. Geo. by p-r. 16 ms. n Milledgeville, and 626 s. w. W. C. De Witt, p-v. in the western part of Clin- ton CO. Illinois, 18 ms. from Carlyle, the st. jus. and by p-r. 48 s. w. Vandalia, and 820 ms. w. W. C here, Taunton r. being navigable for small vessels. Pop. 1830, 1,723. Dill's Bottom and p-o. in the w. part Bel- mont CO. O. by p-r. 268 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 149 e. Columbus. Dillon's p-o. in the w. part of Tazewell co. Dexter, p-t. Penobscot co. Mc. 30 ms. n. w. ;Il. by p-r. 821 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and l.'iO Bangor, 67 Augusta, has waters flowing intojw. of n. Vandalia. Penobscot and Kennebec. Population 1830, Dillon's Run, p-o. Hampshire co. Va. by 835. jp-i'- 16 ms. E. Romney, the co. st- 100 ms. n. Pexteu, p-v. Washtenaw co. Mich. 10 ms. of w. W. C. and 179 n. w. Richmond. DOB 141 DOR DiLLONsviLLE, p.v. in the 8. part of Meck- lenburg CO. N. C. by p-r. 19G ms. s. w. by w. Rnleigh. DiLLSBERo, or more correctly Dillston, p-v. w. part York co. Pa. 20 ms. s. w. Ilar- risburg. Dillvvorth's Towv, p.v. E. border Chester CO. Pa. 7 ms. s. West Chester. Dimocksville, p-v. in the e. part of Susquc- han;iah co. Pa. by p-r. 274 ms. n. n. e. W. C. and 175. ms. e. of n. Ilarrisburg. Divoman's Creek, p-o. and Ferry, over Del. r. 25 ms. above Del. Water Gap. DiwvinniE, co. Va. bounded by Nottaway r. which separates it from Brimswick s. w., by Nottaway co. w., Namazino creek, sepa- rating it from Andic, n. w., by Apjiomattox r. separating it from Chesterfield, n. e., by Prince George's co. e., and Sussex and Gran- ville ' s. E. It lies in nearly the form of a hexagon, equal to a circle of 28 ms. diameter. Area about 6l6 sq. ms., and is divided into very nearly equal portions by lat. 37°. In long, it lies between 0° 33' and 1° 3' w. W. C. About one fourth part on the n. border slopes towards, and is drained into the Appomattox. The other three quarters incline to the s. e. and are drained by Monk's Neck, Stony, Sa pony, and other confluents of Nottaway r. Surface waving. Chief t. Petersburg. Pop 1820, 13,792, 1830, 21,901. - DiNwiDDiE, C. H. and p-o. on Stony creek, 15 ms. s. w. Petersburg. Dismal Swamp, a rather undefined, marshy tract, between the s. part of Chesapeake bay and Albermarle sound, occupying a part of Nansemond and Norfolk cos. Va., and of Camden and Pasquotank cos. N. C. The sources of Nansemond and Elizabeth rs. flowing N, in the estuary of James r., those of Pasquotank and Perquiman's entering Al- bermalo sound, and some small creeks flow- ing s. E. into Currituck Sound, have their heads in Dismal Swamp. Dividing Creek, a small stream of Va. forming for a few ms. the boundary between Lancaster and Northumberland cos. and then falling into the Chesapeake. DixitoRo', p-o. in the e. part of Washtenaw CO. Mich, by p-r. 540 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 37 w. Detroit. DiXFiELn, p-t. Oxford co. Me. 18 ms. n. r. Paris, N. Androscoggin r., 40 from Augusta. Pop. 1830, 889. DixMONT, p-t. Penobscot co. Mo. 20 ms. w. of Bangor, 44 of Augusta. Pop. 1830, 945. Dixon's Smixris and p-o. Smith co. Ten. by p-r. 48 ms. e. Nashville. DixviLLE, p.v. Henry co. Va. by p-r. 158 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. Dtxvii.i.e, t. Coos CO. N. II. ; settled IHO.'), 31,023 acres, with small streams and uneven lands. Pop. 1830, 2. DoAKs' Stand, and p-o. Yazoo co. Miss, about 120 ms. n. m. e. Natchez. Dockley's Store, and p-o. Richmond co. N. C. by p-r, 121 ms. s. w. Raleigh. , DoDDSviLLE, p-v. Fauquicr co. Va. by p-r. 53 ms. from W. C. DoDGEViLLE, p-v. lowa CO. Mich. 75 ms. s. Prairie du Cliien, 60 n. n. e. from Galena in 11. and by p-r. 1042 n. w. by w. W, C. DoDSONSViLLE, p-v. Jacksou CO. Ala. by p-r. 186 ms. N. E. Tuscaloosa. DoERUN, p-o. Chester co. Pa. 14 ms. s. w. by w. Westchester. Doo, river, e. branch of Pascagoula river, rises in the pine forests between Pascagoula and Tombigbec, and flowing a little w. of s. 90 miles, nearly along the line between; Ala. and Miss, falls into Pascagoula, 10 ms. above its mouth. Dog, river, a much smaller stream than the preceding, rises between it and Mobile bay, and flowing s. e. falls into the latter 10 ms. s. Mobile. Dogwood Springs, and p-v. Pulaski co. Ark. by p-r. 15 ms. westward Little Rock,and 1083 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Doiiemans, p-v. and tsp. in the e. part of Tuscarawas co. O. The p-o. by p-r. is 298 ms. N. w. by w. W. C. and 123 n. e. by e. Co- lumbus. Pop. of the tsp. 1«30, 1,161. DonERTi'viLLE, p-v. Jcflcrson co. Ten. by p-r. 196 ms. e. Nashville. DoLBEE's, p-v. N. w. part Potter co.Pa. IG ms. from Coudersport, and by ji-r. 299 ms. N. N. w. W. C. and 190 n. w. Harrisburg. DoLiNGTON, p-v. Bucks CO. Pa. near Dela- ware river, 9 miles above Trenton. DoNALDSoNviLLE, p-v. and St. jus. for the parish of Ascension, and seat of government of La. It stands on the right bank of Mis3. r. below the efflux of Lafourche, extending along both rivers. Pop. 1820, 200, 1830, 500. Lat. 30° 05', long. 14° 03' w. W. C. Donegal, p-o. Westmoreland co. Pa. DoNORAiLE, P-v. Fayette co. Ky. by pr. 31 ms. s. E. Frankfort. DooLEY, CO. Geo. bounded by Trewins. e. and s., Flint river separating it from Lee w., Houston N., and by Oakmulgee river separa- ting it from Pulaski n. e., and Telfair e. Length along lat. 32° from Oakmulgee to Flint river 4b ms., mean width 34, and area 1,632 square miles. Extending in lat. from 31° 42' to 32° 18', in long, from 6° 21' to 7° 14' w. W. C. It must be obvious from the position of Dooley that it is composed of two inclined planes falling towards Flint and Oakmulgee respectively. The extrem.e source of Savannah river is also in the s. part of this CO. Chief town, Berrien. Population 1830, 2,1.35. Dorchester, p-t. Grafton co. N. II. 50 ms. by w. Concord, 23 s. Haverhill, 90 n. w. Portsmouth, 12 e. Connecticut r., 8 w. Mcrri- mac river, has rocky highlands, and fertile vallies on several brooks, 8 school districts. Pop. 1830, 693. DoRniESTER, t. Norfolk co. Mass. 3 ms. .«!. DonsoNs Cross Road, and p-o. Stokoa co. [s. e. Boston, w. Mass. bay, n. vv. N<^ponset N. C. by p-r. 110 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. I river, has a rich soil and many inhabitants n. DOU 142 DOV E. with few hills ; favorable to fruit &c. has , practised elsewhere. It has good meadows. Thompson's and Moon's islands, with GOO | Pop. 1830,1,742. acres of salt marsh, several factories and j Douglass, p-v. in the w.part of Logan co. O. dams on Neponset river; was settled, by p-r. 10 ms. from Bellefontaine, 468 n. w. 1630, soon after Plymouth and Sulum. There, by w. W. C. and 72 in a nearly similar di- was a fort on Rock Hill. 1636, about 100 j rection from Columbus. persons travelled across the wilderness in ' Douglass' Mills and p-o. Perry co. Pa. by 14 days, and settled Hartford, Conn. March p-r. 30 ms. a little n. of w. Harrisburg, and 4th, 1776,' 1,200 men, sent by Gen. Washing- 117 n. n. w. W. C. ton, threw up works on the Dorchester Douglassville, p-v. in the n. e. part of Heights in the night, which commanded ! Berks co. Pa. by p-r. 147 ms. n. e. W. C. Boston harbor, and drove the British army j and 64. e. Harrisburg. Pop. of Douglass away. Part of Dorchester neck belongs to Boston, to which a bridge extends. Pop. 1830, 4,074. Dorchester, v. on Maurice river. Cum- berland co. N. J. e. Maurice river, 5 miles from its mouth in Delaware bay. Dorset, p-t. Bennington co. Vt.^7 miles n. Bennington, 41 square ms. First settled 1768, has part of Otter creek and sources of Battenkill and Powlet river, with mill sites, Dorset and Equinox mtns., several caves and some manufactories. Population 1830, 1,507. Dorchester, co. Md. bounded by Nanti- koke bay s., Chesapeake bay s. w., w. and K. w., Choptank river n., Caroline co. n. e., Sussex CO. Del. e., and Choptank river which separates it from Worcester co. Md. s. e. Length from s. w. to n. e. 32 miles, mean breadth 20, and area 640 square miles. Ex. tending in hit. from 38° 14' to 3o° 40', in long, from 0° 36, to 1° 20' e. W. C. Chief town, Cambridge. Population 1820, 17,700, 1830, 18,686. Dorchester, p-t. Colleton dist. S. C. on Ashley river, 20 miles above Charleston. Dorsettsville, p-o. Chatham co. N. C. 20 ms. from Raleigh. Dorsey's, p-o. southwestern part of St. Mary's co. Md. 4 miles from Leonardstown, and by p-r. 78 miles s, from Annapolis, and 5!) s. s. E. from W. C. Double Branches, p-o. Anderson district. South Carolina, by p-r. 132 miles northwest Columbia. Double Branches, p-o. Lincoln co. Geo. by p-r. 95 ms. n. e. Milledgeville. Double Bridge, p-o. Lunenburg co. Va. by post road 118 miles southwest Rich- mond. Double Cabins, p-o. in the western part of Henry co. Geo. by p-r. 107 miles n. w. by w. from Milledgeville, and 699 miles s. w. from W. C. Double Pipe, creek, p-o. n. e. part Fred- erick CO, Md. about 50 ms. a little w. of n. W. C. Double Wells, p-o. Warren co. Geo. by p-r. 37 ms. n. e. Milledgeville. Dougherty's, Carroll co. Ten. {See La- morcspUle.) Douglass, p-t. Worcester co. lVIass.47 ms. s. Worcester, n. Conn, has Mumford r. a branch of Blackslone r. between which and Shetucket it lies, artificial irrigation is re- sorted to, with wisdom, and deserves to be tsp. 1830, 839. DouTHET, p-v. in the n. part of Anderson dist. S. C. by p-r. 531 ms. s. w. W. C. and 139 ms. N. w. by w. Columbus. Dover, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 77 ms. Augusta, s. Piscataquis r. Pop. 1830, 1,042. Dover, p-t. and st. jus. Strailord co. N. H. 10 ms. N. w. Portsmouth, on the e. great road and w. of Piscataqua r. and Me. The town contains a court house, gaol, four public houses, and seven meeting houses. The Cocheco manufacturing company have a capital of one million five hundred thousand dollars, 4 large brick mills. Three are sit- uated in the centre of the town. They run 24,320 spindles and 780 looms — employ 900 operatives — 750 of whom are females. They consume 2,600 bales of cotton, or 1,000,000 lbs., and produce about 100,000 a week, or 5,200,000 yards yearly. The calico printing, is equal to the best imported. They bleach and print 3,000 pieces, of 28 yards each, a week, equal to 4,368,000 yards per annum. They consume 4,000 gallons of oil, 500 barrels of flour, 26,000 lbs. of potato starch, 3,000 cords of wood, 2,000 tons of anthracite coal, &c. The Cocheco is navigable for vessels of 80 tons, up to the landing, in the town. There are 50 shops, some large. Piscataqua r. is formed here of Cocheco and Belamy, or Black rs. which afford fine water power, and supplies many factories. The land swells genlly, and is picturesque. First settled 1623, on the neck s. between the rs. by the compa- ny of Laconia, from Eng. who entrenched the place, and established a fishery. The population have since collected at Cocheco falls; 4 ms. n. w. the Cocheco descends 322ft. at the head of navigation 12 ms. from the sea. Here in the village, 1689, Major Wal- dron was killed by Indians, to revenge the death of 7 or 8 whom he had executed 13 years before. The place often suffered from Indians. Here was the first preaching in N. H. Pop. 1830, 5,449. Dover, t. Norfolk co. Mass. 7 ms. w. Ded- ham, 16 s. w. Boston, e. and s. Charles r. is uneven, woody, with some manufactories. Pop. 1830, 497. - - Dover, p-t. Duchess co. N. Y. 21 ms. e. Poughkeepsie, 100 s. Albany, w. Conn. 6 ms. by 7, level in centre, where is 10 m. creek of Ilousatonic r. hilly e. and w. and grain and grass flourish. In this town, near the v, of DOY 143 DRY the Plain, e. of a mtn. is a wild passage cuti Doylestown, p-v. and st. jus. Bucks co. by a stream among rocks, which in one place | Pa. by p-r. 171 ms. n. e. W. C. and 107 near- meet over head, and also form a hollow, call- ed the stone church, which is 50 ft. long and 30 wide in the broadest place. Pop. 1830, 2,198. Dover, t. Monmouth co. N. J. 45 ms. s. N. Y. 20 s. E. Bordentown, with the ocean e. is crossed by Tom's cr. falling into Tom's bay, and Cedar creek. A narrow beach, called Long and Cran beach, forms Barnegat bay, most of which is in this t and receives its waters. Cranberry inlet is now closed, so that the entrance of Bar brook is s. in Staf- ford; Egg and other islands are in Bar brook. There are 15 or 20 furnaces here, chiefly on Tom's r. Pop. 1830, 2,898. Dover, p-v. Morris co. N. J. on the Rock- away, 8 ms. N. of Morristown, containing extensive manufactories of Iron. The Mor- ris canal passes the village. Dover, p-v. and tsp. w. part York co. Pa. 24 ms. s. Harrisburg and 94 a very little e. of N. W. C. Pop. of the tsp. 1820, 1,816, 1830, 1,874. Dover, p-t. st. jus. for Kent co. and of the government of Del. by p-r. 114 ms. n. e. by E. W. C. It is by the road about 50 ms. s. Wilmington, lat. 39° 09', long. 1° 28' e. W. C. Pop. of the hundred of Dover, 1830, 4,316. Dover, p-v. and st. jus. Stewart co. Ten. by p-r. 787 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 81 n. w. by w. Nashville. It is situated on the left bank of Cumberland r. lat. 36° 28' long. 10° 52' w. W. C. Dover, p-v. and tsp, in the n. w. angle of Cuyahoga co. O, The p-v. is situated on Lake Erie 12 ms. w. Cleavcland, by p-r. 366 N. w. W. C. and 140 n. n. e. Columbus. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 462. Dover Furnace, and p-o. Stewart co. Ten. by p-r. 7 ms. s. e. Dover, the co. seat 780 s. w. by w. W. C. and 74 n. w. by w. Nasliville. Dover Mills, and p-o. Goochland co. Va. 21 ms. N. w. Richmond. DowNE, t. Cumberland co. N. J. 60 ms. s. by w. Bordentown, is nearly an island, with Maurice r. e. Nantuxet creek w. and Dele- ware Bay s. about 4 appears to be swamps, near the water, and Bear Swamp is near the middle. Pop. 1830, 1,923. Down East, p-v. Penobscot co. Me. 96 ms. from Augusta. DowNiNGTowN, p-v. on the left bank of the N. branch of Brandy wine creek, and near the centre of Chester co. Pa. 30 ms. w. Phil, and by p-r. 122 n. e. W. C. The village is small but contains in its vicinity extensive grist mills, and is situated in a very well cultivated and pleasantly diversified country. It stands on the great road from Phil, to Lancaster. DowNiNGTON, p-v. in the n. w. angle of Meigs CO. O. by p-r. 85 ms. s. s. e. Columbus and 356 w. W. C. Doyal's Mills, and p-o. Jackson co. Ala. by p-r. 670 ms. s. w by w. W. C. and 188 N. v.. Tuscaloosa. ly due E. Harrisburg. By the relative p-o. distances it appears to be 35 ms. from Phil. to Doylestown, whilst the real distance is only about 26. It is situated on a branch of Ne- shamony creek, lat. 40° 18', long. 1° 56' e. W. C. Pop. of the borough and tsp. 1820, 1,430, 1830, 1,777. Dracut, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 28 ms. N. N. w. Boston, s. of N. H. line, n. Merri- mack r. is pleasant, with pretty good soil, well watered by Beaver brook, &c. A fine bridge crosses Pawtucket falls to Chelmsford, and the growth of Lowel, to which is anoth- er bridge 500ft. and roofed, has been useful to Dracut. Pop. 1830, 1,615. Drake's, p-o. in the n. w. part of Holmes CO. O. by p-r. 359 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 71 N. E. Columbus. Drakeville, vil. Morris co. N. J. on the Morris canal, 12 ms. n. w. Morristown. Dranesville, p-o. Fairfax co. Va. 17 ms. from W. C. Draper's Valley, and p-o. in the w. part of Wythe CO. Va. 18 ms. from Evansham, the co. seat, and by p-r. 310 ms. s. w. W. C. and 225 s. of w. Richmond. Dresden, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. 8 ms. n. w. Wiscasset, 14 from Augusta, on both sides of Kennebec r. Pop. 1830, 1,151. Dresden, p-t. Washington co. N. Y. 20 ms. N. Sandyhill, 72 n. Albany, w. Lake Cham- plain, e. Lake George, and ends n. at Pulpit point. It is mountainous, with several natU' ral ice-houses. Pop. 1830, 475. Dresden, p-v. and st. jus. Weakly co. Ten. by p-r. 834 ms. s. w, by w. W. C. and 132 ms. a very little n. of w. from Nashville. It is situated on a branch of Obion river, lat. 36° 19' and long. 11° 50' w. W. C. Dresden, p-v. in Jefierson tsp. n. part of Muskingum co. O. by p-r. 14 ms.N. Zanesville, the CO. seat, 73 n. of e. Columbus, and 350 n. w. by w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 391. DRirriNG Sprlng, p-v. Edmonson co. Ky. by p-r. 138 ms. s. w. Frankfort. Drowned Lands, Orange co. N. Y. on Wallkill creek, 10 miles long, 3 to 5 broad, have a rich mould, good for hemp when drained. Drowned Meadow, p-v. Brookhaven, Suf- folk CO. N. Y. 3 ms. e. Setauket. Drowning Creek, and p-o. Burke co. N. C. about 200 ms. w. Raleigh. Dry Creek, and p-o. Campbell co. by p-r. 82 ms. N. n. e. Frankfort. Dryden, p-t. Tompkins co. N. Y. 35 ms. s. Auburn, 9 e. Ithaca, 150 w. Albany, 10 ms. sq. is level with much good soil. Good pine abounds, Fish and 6 m. creeks give many mill scats. Pop. 1830, 5,206. Dry Ridge, p-v. Grant co. Ky. by p-r. 48 ms. N. N. e. Frankfort. Dry Ri'n, p-o. in the n. part of Franklin CO. Pa. 23 ms. from Chambersburg, and by p-r. 63 ms. w. Ilarrisburtr, and 113 n. w. W. C. DUG 144 DUN DuANE, t, Franklin co. N.Y. Pop. 1830,247. I ville, the at. jus. for the co. andby p-r. 533 me- DuANESBURo, p-t. Schcnoctady co. N. Y. 8 ms. square, s. end of the co. is 400 or 500ft. above Hudson r. at Albany, a little uneven, M'ith good soil, and sources of Norman's and Bowza Kills, which falls 70 ft. Lake Maria is drained by Chuctenunda creek which turns about 20 mills. DuDLiN, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H. 10 ms. e. s. E. Keene, 50 from Concord, 70 from Bos- ton, 2G,560 acres, on high land between Conn, and Mcrrimac rs. contains most ol Grand Mo- nadnock mtn. Centre and North ponds, and is pretty good for grass, 10 school districts. Rev. Ed. Spraguc loft a fund of $8,000 to public schools, and ,^5,000 to the congrega- tional church pastor. There arc two libra- ries. First settled 17G2. Pop. 1830, 1,218. Dublin, p-v. Bucks co. Pa. 6 ms. n. n. w. Doylcstown, the co. seat, and by p-r. 1G6 ms. N. E. W. C. and 97 e. Harrisburg. Dublin, p-v. in the n. part of Harford co. Md. 32 ms. n. e. Baltimore, and 3 ms. from Conewingo Ferry. Dublin, p-v. and st. jus. Laurens co. Geo. situated on the right banli of Oconee r. near the centre of the co. 55 nis. below, and e. of 8. from Milledgeville, lat. 32° 34' and long (j° 05' w. W. C. Dublin, or, Dublinton, p-v. in Washington tsp. n. w. part of Franklin co. O. 12 ms. n. n. w. Columbus, and by p-r. 408 n. w. by vv W. C. Pop. 1830, 96. Dubois, co. of Ind. bounded n. e. by Mar- tin and the s. w. part of Orange, e. by Craw- ford ; s. e. by Perry ; s. by Spencer ; w. by Pike ; and n. w. and n. by the East Fork of white river, separating it from Daviess. Length 24 ms. mean breadth 20, and area 480 sq. ms. — Extending in lat. from'38° 14' to 38° 34' and in long, from 9° 43' to 10° 08' w. W. C. Though this co. bounds on the East Fork of white river, the far greater part of the surface is drained by the Patoka and con- lluent creeks, and slopes westward. Chief t. Portersville. Pop. 1830, 1,778. Dubourg's, p-v. and st. jus. parish of St. Baptiste, La. 49 ms. above New Orleans. Duck r. Ten. having its main sources in Warren and Franklin co. between those of Elk r. a branch of Ten. and a branch of Cumberland, flowing thence tlirough Bedford, Maury, Hickman, Perry, and Humphries cos. falls into Ten. r. in the latter, after an entire comparative course of 130 ms. in a direction N. w. by w. In seasons of high water it is navigable about 100 ms.; the valley of Duck r. is comparatively narrow, not averaging above 25 ms. and in no place above 60 wide. It lies between lat. 35° 10' and 36° 10'. Duck Branch, and p-o. Barnwell disl. .S. C. The Duck Branch is a small stream near the s. e. border of the dist. forming one of the sources of the Coosawhatchie r. The p-o. is situated on the cr. by p-r. 81 ms. a little w. of s. Columbia. Duck Creek Crossings, and p-o. in the n. w. part of Franklin co. Ind. 10 ms. n. w. Brook- 1 l. Harrisburg. w.W. C. Dudley, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 20 ras. 8, Worcester, 55 s. Boston, n. Conn, is well supplied with mill seats by Quneboag and French or Stony rivers, the heads of Thames r. and has wool and other factories. There are several ponds, one nearly 5 ms. long. It was one of the Christian Indian colonies formed in early times. Pop. 1830,2,115. Duff's Forks, and p-o. e. part of Fayette CO. O. by p-r. 33 ms. s. w. Columbus, and 425f N. of w. W. C. DuGGER's Ferry, and p-o. Carter co. Ten. by p-r. 420 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 31G n. of E. Nashville. Duke's co. Mass. consists of the islands of Martha's Vincyard,Chippaquiddick,Norman's Land and Elizabeth islands, forming 3 towm; — Chief town, Elizabethtown. — The soil is poor. Martha's Vineyard is favorable to commerce and fishing. Pop. 1820, 1,702, 1830, 1,768. Duke's p-o. Dickson co. Ten. by p-r. 44 ms. w. Nashville. DuMAs's Store, and p-o. in the s. part of Richmond co. N. C. by p-r. 18 ms. s. Rockingham, the co. et. 417 ms. s. s. w. W. C. and 131 s. w. Raleigh. Dumfries, p-v. on Quantico creek, Prince William co. Va. 33 ms. s. s. w. W. C. DuMMER, t. Coos CO. N. H. is of little val- ue, watered by Amonoosuck and Ameris- coggin rs. Pop. 1830, 65. Dummerston, p-f. Windham co. Vt. 5 ms. N. Brattleborough, 31 e. Bennington, w. Conn, r.; was one of the first settled in N. H. is wa- tered by West r. &c. with many mill sites. Black mtn. is granite ; the roof slate is quar- ried here, and primitive limestone is found. Pop. 1830, 1,592. DuxBARTON, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H. 10 ms. N. Amherst, 9 s. w. Concord, has 21,000 acres, few hills, M'ith clear air, good water, chestnut, pine and oak timber, and good soil. Settled from Londonderry, N. II. 1749; and partly by Scotch and Irish. Pop. 1830, 1,067. DuNBARTON, p-0. in the s.w. part of Adams CO. O. by p-r. 450 ms. w, W. C. and 91 s. s. w. Columbus. Duncan's Creek, and p-o. in the e. part ol Rutherford co. N. C. 18 ms. e. Ruthcrfordton, the CO. St. and by p-r. 467 s. w. W. C. and 206 w. Raleigh. Duncan's p-v. Thomas co. Geo. by p-r. 120 ms. s. s. w. Milledgeville. Duncan's p-o. Hardiman co. Ten. by p-r. 190 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. Duncansville, p-v. Barnwell dist. S. C. is by p-r. 24 ms.from Barnwell, the st. jus. for this list. 86 w. of s. Columbia, and 584 s. s. w. W. C. Duncanton, p-v. White co. II. by p-r. 780 ms. s. of w. W. C. and 109 s. e. Vandalia. Dundaff, p-v. in the s. e. angle of Susque- hannah co. Pa. 22 ms. s. e. Montrose, the co. seat, by p-r. 256 ms. n. n, e. W. C. and 148 K. DUR 145 DUX DuNKARD Creek, and p-o. in the n. w. part of Monongalia co. Va: about 29 ma. n. w. by w. Morgantown, and by p-r. 2-17 n. w. by w. W. C. Dunkirk, p-v. Pomfrct, Chatautiue co. N. Y. 4.5 ms. s. \v. Bullalo, 4.5 n. e. Eric, has a good harbor, with 7 ft. water on the bar. Du.NKniK, called in the p-o. list King and Queen C. II., p-v. on the left bank of Matta- l)ony r. at or near tho head of tido water, 60 nis. above Yorktown, and by p-r. 140 nis. a little w. of s. W. C. and 54 N. e. liichinond; lat. 37° .50', long. 0° 11' w. W. C. Vessels of considerable tonnage are navigated up to Dunkirk. DuNLApsviLLE, p-v. in tho s. w. angle of Union co. Ind. by p-r. 82 ms. s. of e. Indian- opolis, and 521 ms. n. of w. W. C. DuNNiNGSTREET, p-v. Malta, Saratoga co. N. Y. DuNsnuRO, OR DuNSTOwN, p-v. Lycoming CO. Pa. on tho left bank of the w. branch of Susquchannah, opposite the mouth of Bald Eagle cr. 25 ms. above Williamsport. DiJNNSvii.T.E, p-o. R. part of Essex co. Va. 56 ms. s. E. Richmond. Dunstable, p-t. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 12 ms. s. E. Amherst, 40 n. w. Boston, w. Merrimack r. contains 18,878 acres, has a variety of good soils, level e. hilly w. with mill seats on .Salmon brook, and rich land on Nashua r. on which is the chief village ; first settled in the CO. 1672, and was attacked by Indians. Lo- verell's company went from this t. performed exploits, and were cut off 1724 at Fryeburg, Me. Pop. 1830, 2,414. Dunstable, t. Middlesex co. Mass. 37 ms. N. w. Boston, s. Merrimack r. has pretty good level land, with pine, oak, and nutwood. Nashua r. on n. w. Pop. 1830, 593. DuNTONViLLE, p-v. w. part of Edgefield dist. S. C. by p-r. 67 ms. w. Columbia. DuPLESsis, Landing and p-o. Opelousas, La. by water route 180 ms. n. w. by w. Now Or- leans. Duplin co. N. C. bounded w. by Sampson, N. by Wayne, n. e. by Lenoir, e. by Onslow, and s. by New Hanover. Length 30, mean breadth 20, and area 640 sq. ms. extending from lat. 34' 48' to 35° 12', and divided into nearly equal portions by long. 1° w. W. C. It is drained by, and nearly commensurate with, the higher part of the valley of the e. branch of Capo Fear r. Soil of middling quality. Pop. 1820, 9,744 ; 1830, 11,291. Duplin, C. H. and p-o. by p-r. 86 ms. s. e. Raleigh. Duplin, old C. H. and p-o. by p-r. 81 ms. s. e. Raleigh. DuRAND, t. Coos CO. N. H. 77 ms. n. Con- cord, N. White mtns., contains 26,680 acres, crossed by Israel's and Moose rs., has n pretty good soil. Durant's Neck, and p-o. Perquimans co. N. C. by p-r. 218 ms. n. of e. Raleigh. Durham, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. 26 ms. n. e. Portland, 31 Augusta, s. w. Ameriscog- gin r. Pop. 1830, 1,731 19 Durham, p-t. StralFord co. N. II. n. w. Lit- tle and Great bays, contains 14,970 acres, 1ms Piscataqua r. and branches ; the village is on Oyster r. at the falls, to which the tide flows. Tho soil is hard, but good, especial- ly on Onion r. Cranite is quarried. The place has sullcrod from tho Indians. Pop. 1830, 1,606. Durham, p-t. Middlesex co. Conn. 7 ms. a. Middlctown, 18 n. e. New Haven, 4 ms. by 6, 23 sq. ms., handsomely varied, with hills E. is at the beginning of tlie argillaceous tract running n., has sand stone quarries, and good soil, especially on Middlctown and West rs. Gen. James Wadsworth, of the revolution, was born here. Pop. 1830, 1,116. Durham, p-t. Greene co. N. Y. 22 ms. n. w. Catskill, 30 s. w. Albany, on the top of Catskill mtns.; greatest dimensions 8 ms. by 17, has various soils, generally good for grass. Pop. 1830, 3,039. Durham, tsp. and p-o. Bucks co. Pa. It is the extreme northern tsp. ofthe co. on Del. r. 12 ms. s. from, and below Easton. Duriiamville, p-o. Tipton co. Ten. by p-r. 190 ms. a little s. of w. Nashville. Dutchess co. N. Y. bounded by Columbia CO. n.. Conn, e., Putnam co. s., Hudson r. and Ulster CO. w., contains 725 sq. ms. has 18 towns, and is one of the richest in the state. The soil is generally warm loam, n. w. clayey and uneven. Mattawan mtns. e. some ridges arc bare, and some slate, both are quarried — gypsum has been very useful. It is water- ed by Wappingers, Fishkill, Fall, Croton and Ancram creeks ; Cram, Elbow, &c. It has manufactories. Chief t. Poughkeepsie. Pop. 1820, 46,615, 1830, 50,926. Dutch Settlement, C. H. and p-o. St. Mary's parish. La. on Techo r. about 120 ms. w. New Orleans. Dutotsburg, p-v. Northampton co. Pa. sit- uated on Del. r. n. side of the water gap, and at and below the cr. 25 ms. n. Easton. Dutton, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 76 ms. from Augusta^ Duval, co. Flor. as laid down on Taimcr'e U. S. includes all the coimtry from the Allan- tic, between St. .Johns and Nassau r. to Su- wanno r. on the w. St. Mary's n. and on the s. and s. E. by a line from .Tacksonville on the St. Johns, to the mouth of the Suwanne into the Gulf of Mexico. This would include a triangle of 125 ms. base, and 40 ms. perpen- dicular, or 2500 sq. ms. lying between lat. 29° 22' and 80° 30', long, from 4° 38' to 6° 28' w. W. C. It is probable that only the n. E. part, between Nassau co. and r., the Atlan- tic, St. .lohns, and St. Mary's rs. or about 750 sq. ms. will remain included in Duval co. DuxBURY, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 10 ms. N. Plymouth, 38 s. v.. Boston, w. Plymouth harbor. Capt. Standish was buried here, 1656. The soil is warm and sandy, good e. and the people live chiefly by trade snd fishing. Pop. 18.30, 2,716. DuxBURV, t. Washington co. Vt. 13 ms. w. Montpelier, 22 s. e. Burlington, 100 n. Ben- EAS 146 EAS njiigton. It ia mouniainoue and unsettled e.iw. Dycrsburg. The main branch of Forked Chifcf population e. on Onion r. over wjiich ie a natural hridgo, with cavoe. There tore 4 school dislricts. Pop. 1830, C51. D WIGHT, p-v. Pope CO. Ark. by p-r. 1,146 Door r. enters Dyer from the s. and flowing N. w. receives a large confluent from the k. at Dyersburg, and then abruptly turning to s. w. leaves Dyer, and falls into Miss. r. at Tip- nis. 8. w. by w. W. C. niid 71 ms. above, and ton co. at the upper end of the first Chicka- N. w. by w. from Little Rock. As laid down j saw Bluff. The surface of this co. is rolling, by Tanner, it is fituated on the lift bank of i except some alluvial (lats along Miss. r. Chief the Ark. r. 7 or 8 ms. nbove, and on the oppo-jt. Dyersburg. Pop. 1830, 1,904. site side from the influx of Petite Jean r. Dyer, C. H. or more correctly Dyersburg, Dyer go. Ten. hounded n. by Obion co , E.|p-v. and st. jus. Dyer co. Ten. situated on the by Gibson, s. by Haywood and Tipton, and w. In. branch of Forked Deer r. about 30 ms. by the Miss. r. which pei)arates it from Crit- from Miss. r. at the first Chickasaw BlutF, tendon and New Madrid cos. Ark. Length and by p-r. 164 ms. a very little s. of w. from w. to E. 36, mean width 28, and area Nashville. 840 sq. ms. extending in Int. from 35'^ 48' to Dyer's, p-o. Franklin co. Va. by p-r. 191 36° 10', lon^. from 12° 15' to 12° 46'. Obion ms. s. w. by w. Richmond, r. enters this CO. on the N. border, and flow- Dyer's, old store and p-o. Albemarle co. ing 8. w. falls into the Mies, about 12 ins. s. 'Va. by p-r. 101 ms. e. w. W. C. E. Eagle, t. Alleghany co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 892. Eagi.e, p-o. Franklin co. Goo. by p-r. 101 ms. N. Milledgcville. Eagle Grove, p-o. Elbert co. Geo. by p-r. 93 ms. N. N. E. Milledgeville. Eagle Rook, p-v. Wake co. N. C. 12 ms. from Raleigh. Eagleville, p-v. in the n. e. part of Ashta- bula CO. O. by p-r. 189 rns. n. e. Columbus. Eaker's Mills, and p-o. in the w. part of Graves co. Ky. 15 ms. w. Mayfield, the co. st. and by p-r. 299 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. Earl, tsp. and p-o. Lancaster co. Pa. on Conestoga creek, 12 ms. above Lancaster. Earlesville, p-v. Anderson dist. S. C. by p-r. 135 ms. n. w. by w. Columbia. Early, co. Geo. bounded n. by Randolph CO. (ieo., E. by IJuker, s. by Decatur, and w. by Henry co. Ala. or by Chattahooche r. Length from s. to >'. 40, mean breadth 32, area 1280 nq. ms. extending in lat. from 31° 06' to 31° 43', long, from 7° 46' to 8° 20' w. ms. Augusta. East Claridon, p-v. Geauga co. Ohio, by p-r. 174 ms. n. e. Columbus. East FAiRFiELn, p-v. near the eastern bor- der of Columbiana CO. Ohio, 8 ms. e. New liisbon, the co. st. and by p-r. 152 n. e. by E. Columbus. East Farmington, p-v. in the n. part of Oakland CO. Mich, by p-r. 40 ms. n. Detroit. East Feliciana, parish of La. bounded by Amite co. which separates it from St Helena parish K., by East Baton Rouge b., Thomp- son's creek which separates it from West Feliciana w., and by Wilkinson and Amite CO. of Miss. N. Length from s. to n. 28 ms., mean breadth 20, area 560 square ms. Ex- tending in lat. from 30° 37' to 31°, in long, from 14° to 14° 24' w. W.C. The slope of this parish is almost directly s. Much of the soil on Amite river, on Comite and Thomp- son creeks, is excellent ; staple, cotton. Chief town, Jackson. Pop. 1830, 8,247. East Green, p-v. Keimebec co. Mc. 20 W. C. Chief t. Blakely. Pop. 1830, 2,081. Early, C. H. (we JJlulcelcy,) Early co. (.co. East Berlin, t!i- Eastham, p-f. Uarnetablo co. Mass. 21 ms. N. K. JJariistabIc, 75 s. e. Boston, on Capo (loil, is a narrow strip of sand, ic. Cape Cod bay an, Elba, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 6 ms. n. Ba- tavia, 10 s. Erie canal, is nearly level, gOod for grazing, and gives rise to Oak Orchard creek, and sends streams s. to Black creek. Pop. 1830,2,678. Elbert, co. Geo. bounded by Broad r. which separates it from Lincoln s. E., Wilkes s., Oglethorpe s. w., and ^ladison w., by Franklin n. w., and by Savannah r. which se- parates it from Anderson dist. S. C. n. e., and from Abbeville dist. e. Length along Sa- vannah r. 40 ms., mean breadth 14, and area 560 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 33° 56' to 34° 30', long, from 5° 33' to 6° 10' vv. W. C. Surface hillv, and soil productive. Slope s. estrd. Chief t. Elberton. Pop. 1820, 11,788, 183i!, 12,354. Elbridge, p-v. Onondaga co. N. Y. 2 ms. 8. Erie canal. Pop. 1830, 3,357. Elbridge, p-v. in the b. e. part Edgar co. II. by p-r. 116 ms. n. e. by e. Vandalia, and 065 ms. w. W. C. Elderton, p-v. in the s. e. part of Arm- strong CO. Pa. 13 ms. from Kittaning, the co. St., and by p-r. 202 ms. n. w. W. C. and 170 w. from Harrisburg. Eldersville, p-v. Washington co. Pa. on the road from Washington, the st. jus. for the CO., to Steubenville, 20 ms. n. w. the former, and 16 s. e. the latter place. Eldenton, p-v. Armstrong co. Pa. Eldredville, p-o. Lycoming co. Pa. by p-r. 105 ms. n. w. Harrisburg. Eldridge, p-o. Buckingham co. Va. by p-r. 82 ms. w. Richmond. Eldridge, p-v. and tsp. in the N. E. part of Huron co. O. The p-o. 397 ms. n. w. W. C. and 124 n. n. e. Columbus. Pop. of the tsp. in 1830, 742. Elizabeth River, Va. rises by numerous smaJl branches in Princess Ann and Norfolk COS., flows to the n. w. opening into a wide estuary, terminating in the moutli of James r. The entire length of Elizabeth r. is only about 25 ms., but it gains importance as forming the fine harbor of Norfolk, admitting to that port vessels of 18 feet draught, and again as constituting with the Dismal vSwamp canal and Pasquotank r., a chain of inland navigation from Chesapeake bay to Albe- marle sound. Elizabeth Islands, Duke's co. Mass. are 16 in number, not all inhabited, extend s. w. from Barnstable, forming the s. e. side of Buz- zard's bay, s. E. Bristol co., and s. w. Mar- tha's Vineyard. The largest are Nashawn, Nashawenna, and Presque Isle. Gosnold spent the winter of 1602 here with a party of English. Elizabeth, p-o. Alleghany co. Pa. by p-r. 234 ms. N. w. W. C. Elizabeth, p-v. in the s. part of Harrison CO. Ind. 11 ms. s. Corydon, the co. st. and by p-r. 613 s. of w. W. C. and 135 ms. e. Indi- anopolis. Elizabeth City, co. Va. bounded w. by Warwick, n. by Black r. separating it from York CO., E. by Chesapeake bay, and s. by Hampton roads, or mouih of James r. It lies in the form of a square of 18 ms. each side, area 64 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 02' to 37° 08', long, from 0° 37' to 0° 47'. Chief t. Hampton. Pop. 1820, 3,789, 1830, 5,053. Elizabeth City, p-v. and st. jus. Pasquo- tank CO. N. C. situated on the right bank of Pasquotank r. at the point where that stream widens into a bay, 45 ms. s. Norfolk, Va. by p-r. 182 ms. n. e. by e. Raleigh. Lat. 36° 14', long. 0° 52' E. W. C. Elizabethtown, p-t. and st. jus. Essex co. N. Y. 12G ins. N.Albany, 16 w. Essex, w. of N. West bay of lake Champlain, has mtns. with some large and fertile valleys. Plea- sant valley is crossed by Bouquet r. It has a village, with co. buildings, state arsenal, &c. The Giant of the valley mountains is ELK 151 ELK 1,200 feet high. There are ores and forges, i thence by a general course e. w. by w, over Pop. 1830, 1,015. ^ . .. ,. . . -.. Elizabethtown, p-t. and borough, Essex CO. N. J. 15 ms. w. by s. N. Y. by water G, s. Newark, 17 n. e. New Brunswick, w. Newark bay, level, with pretty good soil, well cultivated for gardens, &c., supplying many articles for N. Y. market. Was settled from Coiuiccticut, and has a large and handsome village, with a court house, &c., an academy and apprentices' library, 1 m. from the point whence is frequent daily steamboat naviga- tion to N. Y. and Phil. Vessels of 300 tons go to the point, and those of 30 to the village. Pop. 1830, 3,445. Elizabetutown, p-v. near the w. border of Lancaster co. Pa. on tho road from the city of Lancaster to Harrisburg, about 18 ms. from each. Elizabetutown, v. Alleghany co. Pa. on the right bank of Monongahela r. 15 ms. a little E. of s. Pittsburg. Elizabetutown, Washington co. Md. {See Hagerstown.) Elizabetutown, p-v. and st. jus. Bladen CO. N. C. situated on the right bank of Cape Fear r. 37 ms. by the road below Fayette- viile, and by p-r. 98 ms. s. Raleigh. Lat. 34° 40', long. 0° 38' w. W. C. Elizabetutown, p-v. and st. jus. Hardin CO. Ky. situated on a small creek, n. branch of Nolins creek, 43 ms. s. Louisville, and by p-r. 72 ms. s.w. Frankfort. Lat. 37° 42', long. 8° 50' w. W. C. Elizabetutown, p-v. and st. jus. Carter co. E. Ten. situated on the waters of Watauga r. about 120 ms. n. e. by e. Knoxville, and by p-r. 270 ms. a little N. of e. Nashville. Lat. 36° 22', long. 5° 5' w. W. C. Elizabetutown, p-v. White Water tsp. in the s. w. part Hamilton co, 0. 17 ms. w. Cin- ciiinati, and by p-r. 514 ms. w. W, C. Pop. 1830, 134. Elizaville, p-v. in tho w. part of Flemming CO. Ky. Elk, r. stream of Pa. Del. and Md. The extreme source in Chester co. of the former state between Octora and White Clay creeks, and flowing thence s. enters Coecil co. Md. receiving from Del. Back and Bohemia creeks, falls into the head of Chesapeake bay 8 rns. s. s. e. the mouth of Susquehannah r. This small river is important from its position. The lower part below Back creek forms a part of the line of inland navigation by the Chesapeake and Del. canal. Elk r. Western Va. rises amid the Appala- chian Uidges in Randolph and Pocahontas COS., interlocking sources with those of Mo- nongahela, Little Kenhawa, Wheat, Green Brier and Gourly rs. Leaving Randolph and Pocahontas, and traversing Nicholas and Kenhawa cos., it finally is lost in Great Kenhaway at Charleston, after a comparative western course of 100 ins. Elk River of Ten. and Ala., drav<'ing its remote sources from the n. w. slope of Cum- berland mtn. Franklin co.. Ten., and flowing Franklin, Lincoln, and Giles cos. Ten. enters Ala., traversing limestone, and falling into Ten. r. in the s. e. angle of Lauderdale co., after a comj)arative course of 110 ms. The valley of Elk r. lies between those of Ten. and Duck rs. Elk Creek, p-o. in Elk Creek tsp. n. w. part of Erie co. Pa. by p-r. 30G ms. n. w. Harrisburg. Elk Ckeek, tsp. Erie co. Pa. on the heads of Cussewago, Conneaut and Elk creeks, 17 ms. s. w. the borough of Erie. Pop. 1820, 288, 1830^ 562. Elk Fork, p-v. in tho n. part of Jefferson CO. O. by p-r. 23 ms. northerly from Stcuben- ville, tho CO. st., 283 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 145 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus. Elk Grove, p-v. Iowa co. Mich, by p-r. 1,110 ms. N. w. by w. W. C. Elkhart, co. of Ind. boundfid by La Grange co. e., tho Putawatomie territory s. E. and 8., St. Joseph's co. w., Berrien co. of Mich. N. w., and Cass co. of Mich. n. e. Length from s. to n. 26 ms., breadth 20, and area 520 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 41° 25' to 41° 46', and in long, from 8° 45' to 9° 8' w. W. C. The southwestern angle gives source to the Kankakee branch of Illinois, and delines wstrd. The northern part also declines wstrd., but is traversed in that di- rection by the main volume of St. Joseph r. Elkhart r., from which the co. derives ita name, enters the southeastern angle, and flowing N. N. w. falling into St. Joseph r. and receiving confluents from both sides, gives a slope in that direction to the body of the co. Pop. 1830, 935. Elk Heart Plain, p-v. Wabash co. Ind. by p-r. 616 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 196 n. n. e. Indianopolis. Elk Hill, p-o. Amelia co. Va. by p-r. 59 ms. s. w. Richmond. Elkiiorn, small r. of Ky. rising in Lafay- ette CO. near Lexington, and traversing Scott and Woodford, falls into the right side of Ky. in Franlclin co. 10 ms. below Frankfort, after a comparative course of 30 ms. Elkhorn, p-o. Franklin co. Ky. 4 ms. from Frankfort. Elkiiorn, p-v. on a small river of the same name, in the s. w. part of Washington co. II. The p-o. is by p-r. 824 ms. w. W. C. and 52 ms. s. s. w. Vundalia. The r. is a small stream rising near the northern border of Perry co. and flowing northwstrd. over Washington, falls into Kaskaskias r. near the boundary be- tween Washington and St. Clair cos. Elkland, p-o. Tioga co. Pa. by p-r. I6l ms. N. Harrisburg. Elk Marsh, p-o. s. part Fauquier co. Va. 22 mp. N. w. Petersburg. Elk Ridge, p-o. Giles co. Ten. by p-r. 91 ms. s.s. w. Nashville. Elk Ridge liANoiNG, p-o. Ann Arundel co. Md. on the right bank of Patapsco r. 9 ms. s. w. Baltimore. Elk Run, church and p-o. s. e. part of ELL 152 ELM Fauquier co. Va. 20 xns. n. n. w. Fredericks- burg. Elkton, p-t. and st. jus. Coecil co. Md. situated on the point between and above the junction of the two main brandies of Elk r., very nearly on the direct line and mid dis- tance between Philadelphia and Baltimore, or about 50 ms. following the road from each. Lat. 39° 36', long. 1° 13' e. W. C. The im- portance of Elkton as a travelling station has been lessened by the change of routes, and particularly by the opening of the Chesapeake and Del. canal. It is still, however, a neat village, and the depot of considerable trade. Elkton, p-v. s. part of Giles co. Ten. situated on the point and above the junction of Elk r. and Richland creek, 10 ms. s. s. e. Pulaski. Elkton, p-v. and st. jus. Todd co. Ky. situated on Elk creek, a branch of Red r. by p-r. 190 ms. s. w. by w. FranJifort. Lat. 36° 51', long. 10° 13' w. W. C. Ellejoy, p-v. in the s. part of Blount co. Ten. by p-r. 534 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 208 s. of E. Nashville. Ellenuurgh, t. Clinton co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 1,222. Ellenton, p-v. and st. jus. Elbert co. Geo. about 70 ms. n. w. Augusta, and by p-r. 73 ms. N. n. e. Milledgeville. Lat. 34° 05',' long. 5° 52' w. W. C. Ellekslie, p-v. in the n. part of Susque- hannah co. Pa. by p-r. 16 ms. n. from Mon- trose, the CO. St., and 287 ms. a little E. of n. W. C. and 179 n. n. e. Harrisburg. Ellerslie, p-v. in the w. part of Harris CO. Geo. by p-r. 776 ms. s. w. W. C. and 134 w. Milledgeville. Ellery, p-t. Chatauque co. N. Y. 11 ms. s. E. Mayville, 54 sq. ms. with most of Cha- tauque lake, pretty good land, with oak, ash, bass, &c. ; recently settled, has many small streams. Pop. 1830, 2,002. Ellicott, t. Chatauque co. N. Y. 30 ms. s. E. Mayville, 144 sq. ms., the n. and w. branches of Connewongo creek meet here, and are navigable for rafts. Mill seats abound ; the soil is various. Pop. 1830, 2,101. Ei.LicoTTS, or Eleven Mile Creek, Gene- see and Erie cos. N. Y., joins Tonawanda creek near Lake Erie. Ellicotts Mills, p-v. Baltimore co. Md. on the main stream of Patapsco, 10 ms. s. w. by w. Baltimore. The village straggling along the valley, and intermingled with mills and other manufactories, is in both Baltimore and Ann Arundel cos., and on the main road from Baltimore to the city of Frederick. The Baltimore and Ohio rail road, which leaves the city and follows the valley of the Patapsco, generally intersects the turnpike in Ann Arundel, part of Ellicott Mills. The vicinity is broken and romantic, and scenery formerly not suspected to exist 10 ms. from Baltimore, will no.w command attention, and become a fashionable place of resort, from the facility and pleasure of moving on the rail way. Elliottsburo, p-v. Perry co. Pa. by p-r. 48 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. Elliotts' Cross Roads and p-o. Cumber- land CO. Ky. by p-r. 151 ms. a little w. of s. Frankfort. Ellicottville, p-t. and st. jus. Cattaraugus CO. N. Y. 325 ms. w. Albany, 6 ms. by 15, is supplied with excellent mill sites by Great Valley creek. Pop. 1830, 626. Ellington, p-t. Tolland co. Conn. 13 ms. N. E. Hartford. Greatest extent 6 by 9 ms., 34 sq. ms., level w., broken e., good for grain, has a pleasant village, near which is Mr. Hall's academy. Pop. 1830, 1,455. Ellington, t. Chatauque co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 1,279. Elliot, p-t. York co. Me. e. Piscataquay r., which divides it from Newington and N. H. 107 ms. from Augusta. Pop. 1830, 1,845. Ellis, r. Coos co. N. H. joins Saco r. in Bartlctt. Ellisburg, p-t. Jefferson co. N. Y. s. lake Ontario. First settled, 1797, 9 ms. square, level except s. e., watered by Great Sandy creek, and has many mill sites, with a tole- rable harbor on the lake Ontario, at the mouth of Great Sandy creek, and a navigation of 2 ms. up each of its branches. Here is a salt spring. Pop. 1830, 5,292. Ellis Island, low, sandy reef of Flor. on the Bahama channel, and forming the s. e. boundary of Biscane bay. Lat. 25° 24', long. 3° 20' w. W. C. Ellisville, p-v. Warren co. N. C. by p-r. 67 ms. N. N. e. Raleigh. Ellisville, p-v. and st. jus. Jones co. Miss, situated on a confluent of Leaf r. branch of Pascagoula, about 100 ms. due e. Natchez, and by p-r. 81 ms. s. e. Jackson. Lat. 31" 37', long. 12° 17'w. W. C. Ellsworth, p-t. Hancock co. Me. 24 ms. N. E. Castine, 8l Augusta, crossed by Union r. Pop. 1830, 1,385. Ellsworth, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 11 ms. N. n. w. Plymouth, 52 n. n. w. Concord, 84 N. w. Portsmouth ; contains 16,606 acres, has Carr's mtn. in n. and centre, much bad soil, but yields grain, maple sugar, clover seed, &c. Pop. 1830, 1,492. Ellsworth, p-v. Sharon, Litchfield co. Conn. 47 ms. w. by N. New Hartford. Elmira or Newtown, p-t. and half co. t. Tioga CO. N. Y. 32 ms. w. Owego, 16 e. Painted Post, 19 s. head of Seneca lake, 210 w. by s. Albany, crossed by Chemung r., and there are mill seats on this and Elmira creek, with hills, and some good meadows. The land is held in fee. Pop. 1830, 2,962. Elmore, t. Orleans co. Vt. 17 ms.N. Mont- pelier, 33 e. Burlington, 6 ms. square. First settled, 1790, from Conn., is uneven, with Fordway mtn. n. w., hard wood and iron ore, sends streams to Lamoille and Onion rs. There are 3 school districta. Fop. 1830, 442. ELS 153 ENO Elsenborough, t. Salem co. N. J. on Del. r. s. w. Salem. Pop. 1830, 503. Elsworth, p-v. and tsp. Trumbull co. O. The p-o. is by p-r. 296 ms. n. w. W. C. and 151 N. E. Columbus. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 803. Ely, p-v. Jennings co. Ind. by p-r. 574 ms. w. W. C. and 69 s. e. Indianopolis. Elyria, p-v. tsp. and st. jus. Lorain co. O. The village is by p-r. 377 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 130 a little e. of n. Columbus. It is situated on Black r. 10 ms. fron^ lake Erie, at lat. 41° 24', long. 5° 6' w. W. C. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, GG3. Elyton, p-v. and st. jus. .Tefferson co. Ala. situated on the road from Tuscaloosa to Huntsville, 48 ms. n. e. the latter, and 88 s. s. w. the former. Lat. 33° 35', long. 10° w. W. C. Emaus, p-v. s. part Lehigh co. Pa. situated near Little Lehigh creek, at the n. w. foot of the Blue Ridge, 10 ms. s. w. Bethlehem, and by p-r. 88 ms. n. e. by e. Harrisburg. This village is one of the settlements of the United Brethren or Moravians, and is included in the tsp. of Salisbury. Pop. 1820, about 100. Emanuel, co. Geo. bounded by Great Ohoope r. which separates it from Montgo- mery s. w., by Washington n. w., and Jefl'er- son N. Great Ogeechee r. which separates it from Burke n. e., Scriven e., Bullock s. e., Tatnell s. Length from e. to w. 56 ms., mean breadth 20, and area 1,120 sq. ms. Ex- tending in lat. from 32° 21' to 32'' 52', long, from 4° 51' to 5° 48' w. W.C. Surface generally level, soil sandy and barren. Chief t. Swainsboro'. Pop. 1820, 2,928, 1830, 2,681. Embreeville, p-o. Chester co. Pa. by p-r. 106 ms. ^.E. W.C. Emery, r. of Ten. having its source by several streams issuing from the s. e. slope of Cumberland mtn. in Bledsoe and Fentress COS., and flowing thence n. e, enter and unite in the s. angle of Morgan co., and abruptly inflecting to the s., separating Anderson from Roane, falls into Clinch r. opposite King- ston, after an entire comparative course of 60 ms. Emery Iron Works and p-o. on Emery r. Roane co. Ten. by p-r. 141 ms. e. Nash- ville* .'''TErMMETTSBURG, p-v. N. part of Frederick CO. Md. on the road from the city of Frede- rick to Gettysburg, Adams co. Pa. 22 ms. a little E. of N. Frederick. Eminence, p-v. in the e. part Greene co. II. by p-r. 860 ms. from W. C. and 79 from Vandalia, in a nearly similar direction a little N. of w. Emison's Mills and p-o. Knox co. Ind 10 ms. from Vincennes, the co. st., and by p-r. 693 ms. w. W. C. and 136 ms. s. w. Indian- opoli.s. Emporium, p-v. Lycoming co. Pa. not lo- .cated in the p-o. list. Elsingborough, t. Salem co. N. J. 60 ms. 20 s. w. Trenton, s. Salem r., n. Alloway's cr., E. Del. r., opposite Del. city. Pop. 1830, 503. Embden, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 46 ms. from Augusta, 16 N. Norridgewock, w. Kennebec r. just above Seven Mile brook. Pop. 1830, 894. ^, Enfield, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 12 ma. s. E. Hanover, 42 n. w. Concord, 105 n. n. w. Boston, with 24,060 acres, is hilly, with fish ponds and streams. Mascomy pond, 4 ms. long, has many islands, and receives Masco- my r. Here is a Shaker settlement. Pop. 1830, 1,492. Enfield, p-t- Hampshire co. Mass. 81 ms. w. Boston, has several factories on Swift r. Pop. 1830, 1,056. Enfield, p-t. Hartford co. Conn. 16 ms. n. Hartford, s. Mass., e. Conn, r., 51 ms. by 6, 33 sq. ms., is generally level, but high near the river, has a light, rich soil, which bears oak and walnut, grain and grass. Scantic r. has mill sites and meadows. First settled, 1681, from Salem, as a part of Springfield, Mass. The village is pleasant, with fine elms. There is a settlement of Shakers in this town. At Thompsonville, on Conn. r. is an extensive manufactory of carpets, where Scoth weavers were first employed. Pop. 1830, 2,129. Enfield, p-t. Tompkins co. N. Y. 5 ms. w. Ithaca, is hilly, but has pretty good soil. Pop. 1830, 2,690. Enfield, p-v. King William co. Va. by p-r. 31 ms. N. E. Richmond. Enfield, p-v. on Beach Swamp creek, Halifax co. Va. by p-r. 110 ms. direct line, by the road 88 ms., n. e. Raleigh. Enfield, p-v. Halifax co. N. C. about 15 ms. w. of s. Halifax, the co. st., and by p-r. 228 w. of s. W. C. and 74 n. e. by e. Ra- leigh. English Neighborhood, v. Bergen co. N. J. 12 ms. from N. Y. on the e. branch of Hackensack r., is pleasantly situated on w. bank of Hudson r., with good land, and settled by Dutch. English Towv, p-v. Monmouth co. N. J. 18 ms. e. Princeton, 21 w. Shrewsbury, on Matchaponix creek, the s. branch of Rari- tan r. Ennisville, p-v. Huntingdon co. Pa. by p-r. 79 ms. w. Harrisburg. Ennoree, r. of S. C. rising in Greenville dist. interlocking sources with those of Salu- da and Tyger rs., and generally about from 5 to 10 ms. distant from the latter, falls into Broad r. after a comparative course of 75 ms. Ense, p-v. Orange co. N. C. 6 ma. w. Hillsboro', the co. st. and by p-r. 302 s. s. w. W. C. and 47 n. w. by w. Raleigh. Enosburo, p-t. Franklin co. Vt. 35 ms. n. e. Burlington, 43 n. w. Montpelier. First settled, 1797 ; is very healthy, with hills and vallies, good for grass, crossed by Missisque and Trout rs, &c., with good mill sites, .' Q school districts. Pop. 1830, 1,560. ERI 154 ERR Ephratah, t. Montgomery co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 1,818. Epiirata or Tunkertown, p-v. on a branch of Conestogoe r. Lancaster co. Pa. 15 ms. N. N. E.. Lancaster. Epping, p-t. Rockingham co. N. II. 20 ms. w. Portsmouth, 30 s. e. Concord, 8n. Exeter, nearly 20 sq. ms., has good soil, and is crossed by Lamprey and North rs. Pop. 1830, 1,262. Epsom, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 12 ms. E. Concord, 45 n. w. Portsmouth; contains 19,200 acres, is uneven, with McKoy's fort, Nat's and Nottingham mtns., generally bears grain and grass ; has Great and Little Sim- cook rs. which unite here. Pop. 1830, 1,413. Equality, p-v. and st. jus. Gallatin co. II. by p-r. 773 ms. w. W. C. and 137 ms. s. s. e. Vandalia. It is situated at the Forks of Sa- line r. 12 ms. N. w. by »v. Shawneetown, on Ohio r. at lat. 38° 45', long. 11° 25' w. W. C. Erie, largo lake of the U. S. and Upper Canada, forming a link in the great central chain of fresh water seas in the interior of North America. The greatest length of Erie is from the mouth of Maumee to the outlet of Niagara strait, within an inconsiderable fraction of 270 ms. The width varies from 15 to 50 ms. The widest part from Ashta- bula CO. Ohio, to Middlesex in Upper Cana- da, narrowing towards both extremes. The depth of Erie is much less than that of either of the other Canadian lakes, not exceeding a mean of 120 feet, or 20 fathoms, and gene- rally very shallow towards its shores. The harbors are mostly obstructed by bars, and none having a depth of more than 6 or 7 feet. From the w. this lake receives the Maumee, Raison, Huron, and Detroit rs. ; from the n. only the Ouse or Grand river, but from the s. the Portage, Sandusky, Hu- ron, Cayahoga, Grand Conneaut, Cattarau- gus and Bufl'aloe. Erie is united to On- tario by Niagara, with the Hudson by the Erie canal, with the Ohio, by the Ohio ca- nal, and with the higher lakes, by Detroit and St. Clair straits. With all the impedi- ments to navigation arising from defective harbors, the commerce on lake Erie is al- ready immense, and very rapidly augmenting. The position of Erie lake is in a singular manner favorable to its becoming the centre of an unequalled inland navigation. To the natural, and already completed artificial channels of connexion, may be, amongst some others of less obvious facility of execu- tion, noticed the route through Maumee and Wabash rs. That by the channels of Huron and St. Joseph's into the s. part of lake Mi- chigan, ^-c. Commerce on Lake Erie. — The following extract will serve to show the immense and in- creasing value ofnavigation of this lake. Tiiey are part of the remarks of Mr. Sill, of the house of representatives, on the bill making additional improvements of certain harbors, &c., delivered Feb. 18, 1831. " I have not ascertained the exact amount of the export trade of lake Erie during the past year. I have seen a partial statement of its amount, which proves it to be of great extent, and should it be estimated at 15,000 tons, which is probably below the actual amount, it would swell the aggregate amount of that trade to 40,000 tons. Erie County, N. Y. bounded by Niagara CO. N., Genesee co. e., Cattaraugus andCha- tauque cos. s., lake Erie and Niagara r. w. 33 ms. by 40, 950 sq. ms., has 16 towns. It has Tonnewanta creek iv. with EUicotts' ; Buffa- lo creek in the middle, with its branches, Cayuga, Seneca and Cazenove creeks, and on the w. Canquaga, Conjocketa, Two Sis- ters, Smoke's, Delaware creeks, and others. Oaks grow n, on a swelling gravelly loam', with limestone. 'A wet loam s. with beech, maple, &c., grass, grain, bog iron, limestone, water lime, gun flint, &c. Erie canal passea along w. and n. This co. suffered in the late war. Pop. 1820, 15,668, 1830, 35,710. Erie, p-t. Erie co. N. Y. 23 ms. e. n. e. Buffalo, 260 w. Albany. Pop. 1830, 1,926. Erie, co. Pa. bounded w. by Ashtabula cov Ohio, N. w. and n. by lake Erie, n. e. by Chatauque co. N. Y., e. by Warren, and s, by Crawford cos. Pa. Greatest length along Crawford co., 45 miles, mean breadth 17, area 765 square ms, Lat. 42°, and long. 3° w. W. C. intersect near the centre of this CO. Surface finely diversified by hill and dale, with a very productive soil. Chief town, Erie. Population 1820, 8,553, 1830, 17,027. Erie, p-t. borough, port of entry, and st. of jus. Erie co. Pa. It is the same place formerly called Presque Isle by the French, from the peninsula which forms the harbor. The borough extends along the main shore, is well built and increasing. Pop. 1820, 635. The harbor is formed by the main shore pen- insula, and a sandy shallow or reef. The opening is to the n. e. having in common only 8 feet water on the reef. The depth within is more than adequate to the draught of any vessel navigated on lake Erie. The lake and inland trade of this place is already extensive and increasing. A turnpike road extends hence to Pittsburg, 136 miles, the two towns lying almost exactly n. and s. from each other. Lat. 42° 08', long. 3° 10' w. distant by p-r. 357 ms. n. w.. W. C. and 302 N. w. by w. llarrisburg. Erie, p-v. and st. jus. Green co. Alabama, by p-r. 896 ms. s. w. W. C. and 47 s. s. w. I'uscaloosa. It is situated on the left bank of Black Warrior or Tuscaloosa river. Lat. 32° 43', long. 10° 54' w. W. C. Erie, town, Tioga co. N. Y. 12 miles n. e. Elniira, w. f^iyiita creek,' has no other mill stream, is hilly. Pop. 1830, 976. Ernest's Store, and p-o. Butler co. Ala. by p-r. 920 ms. s. w. W. C. and 125 ms. s. s. E. Tuscaloosa. Errol, town, Coos co. N. H. on w. side of Umbagog lake, w. M«. contains 35,000 acres, ESS 155 ESS iJ,5U0 of which is water, is crossed by Araer iscoggin river, which is lierc joined by several streams. ropuiation 1830, 8: Ervi.wa, ji-v. n. part ot Bucks co. Pa. IG ms.N. Doylestown. EiiwiNsviLLE, p-v. Rutherford co. N. C. by p-r. a little s. of w. Raleigh. Escambia, river of Florida and Alabama. The small stream called Escambia rises in Monroe co. Ala. and flowing s. over Bald- win, enters Florida, and falls into the much more considerable volume of Conecuh, though below their junction the united waters take the name of the lesser confluent. Now known as Escambia, tliis stream continues s. 40 ms. with an elliptic curve to the w. and gradually spreads into a bay, which is again lost in the more extensive sheet of Pensacola bay. (See Conecuch river.) Escambia, extreme western co. of Florida, bounded by Perdido river, or Baldwin co. Ala. w., by Monroe and Conecuch cos. Ala. N., by Walton co. Florida e., and the Gulf of Mexico s. It is nearly a square of 50 miles each side, or with an area of 2,500 square ms. Extending in lat. from 30° 16' to 31°, long, from 9° 38' to 10° 48' w. W. C. The surface rises gradually from the Gulf shore, from sandy plains to ridges of some eleva- tion. The soil with but partial exception is barren, and its natural state wooded wilh pine. The asperity of soil is in some mea- sure compensated by the fme harbor of Pen- sacola, and its confluent rivers. These rs. are the Escambia and Yellow Water, (see these articles, and also Conecuh and Pensaco'a.) Chief town, Pensacola. Pop. 1830,3,386. Escambia, p-v. Escambia co. Florida, on Escambia river, 78 ms. n. Pensacola. Esopus, town, Ulster co. N. Y. 4 miles s Brown's and Indian rivers, 10 school districts. Pop. 1830, 1,6G4. Essex, co. Mass. bounded by N. II. state N., the Atlantic ocean e. and s. e., Suflblk co. s. w., Middlesex co. w., has Merrimac river N., Ipswich river in the centre. Parker r. enters Plumb Island sound. Saugus river Lynn bay. The land is highly cultivated. It has an antiquarian and an agricultural society, and contains 27 towns. Pop. 1820, 74,655, 1830, 82,887. Essex, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 12 ms. n. e. Salem, 25 n. e. Boston, is pleasant, has nav. igation on a creek, fishing and ship building, with a canal thro' the marsh from Ipswich bay, for rafts from Merrimack river. The small and useful coasting craft, called Che- bacco boats, derived their name from this place, which the Indians called Chebacco. Pop. 1830, 1,333. Essex, co. N. Y. bounded by Clinton and Franklin cos. n., lake Champlain and Vt. e., Warren co. s, Hamilton and Franklin cos. w., about 41 miles by 43 ; contains 1,763 square ms., has 16 towns, granite hills and mtns. of 1,200 feet and comprises much of the iron region. It is about halfway between N. Y. and Quebec, on navigable waters. It has white and black oak, white and yellow pine, maple, beech, &c., much game and fish, Au Sable, Bouquet, Hudson and Scaroon rivers, water power, particularly the outlet of lake George. Limestone, marble, black lead, as- bestos, &c. are found. Population 1820, 12,811, 1830, 19,387. Essex, p-t. Essex co. N. Y. 6 ms. e. n. e. Elizabethtown, 133 n Albany, w. lake Cham- plain, has pretty good land, landings and trade on the lake. From the village is a ferry to Charlotte village, has good farms and Kingston, 69 s. xVlbany, s. Walkill creek, w.jiron ore ; there is the curious split rock, and side Hudson river, about 2^ miles by 7, 12 square ms. has good land, long cultivated by Dutch descendants. Pop. 1830, 1,770. Esorus, creek, Ulster co. N. Y. runs 58 ms. into Hudson river, at Saugerties, 11 ms. below Catskill. Esperance, or Schoharie bridge, p-v. Sco- harie co. N. Y. 26 ms. w. Albany. Espy, p-v. Columbia co. Pa. by p-r. 84 ms. N. Ilarrisburg. Essex, co. Vt. forms the n. e. corner of the state, and is bounded by Lower Canada n., Connecticut river, (the line of N. H.) e. and s., Caledonia co. s. w., and Orleans co. w., 23 ms. by 45. It is rocky and poor, and has but few inhabitants, and those chiefly on Connecticut river. Nulhegan river'hnd oth- ers enter Connecticut river. Passumpsic and is crossed by Bouquet river. Population 1830, 1,543. Essex, co. N. J. bounded east by Staten Island sound, Newark bay, and Passaick r. which separate it from Staten Island and Bergen co., n. by the Passaick and Bergen, w. by Morris and Somerset, s. by Middlesex. Principal towns, Newark, Patterson, Eliza- beth. Pop. 1820, .30,793, 18.30,41,928. Altho' the smallest CO. (save one) in N. J. it is the most populous. It is an excellent agricultu- ral district, containing many prosperous man- ufactories, fine streams, and good facilities for transportation ; among which is the Mor- ris canal, which passes through it. Essex, co. Va. bounded a. e. by Middle- sex, s. w. and w. by King and Queen, n. w. by Caroline, andby Rappahannoc river which Moose rivers s. w., Clyde, &c. run into Can- separates it from Westmoreland n., and ida. Chief town, Guildhall. Pop. 1820, 3,284, 1830,3,981. Essex, p-t. Chittenden co. Vt. 8 miles n. e. Burlington, 32 w. Montpelier, n. Onion river. First settled 1783, from Salisbury Conn, has few hills, is sandy s. and w., elsewhere, grass and h:ud wood. Onion river lias 2 falls ; there are also Richmond e. Length 28, moan breadth 10, area 280 square ms. Lat. 37, is intersected by the meridian of W. C. in the n. w. part of this CO. Surface moderately hilly. Chief town, Tappahannoc. Population 1820, 9,909, bears pine, rye and corn 1830, 10,531. Essex Hall, and p-o. in the n. part Har- ford CO. Md. by p-r. 22 ms. n. Belair, the cq. EVA E. W. C. and 45 miles 156 EXP St. 83 ms. N. E. W. C. and 45 miles e. of N.l st. jus. Wythe co. Va. by p-r. 329 miles s. w. Baltimore. by w. W. C. and 253 a little s. of w. Rich- EsTiLL, CO. Ky. bounded by Madison w., mond. Lat. 36° 56', long. 4° 05' w. W. C Clarke n. w., Montgomery n., Morgan n. e., Perry e. and s. e., and Clay s. Length from s. E. to N. w. 48 miles, mean breadth 18, area 864 square ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 30' to 37° 34', long, from 6° 15' to 7° 04' w. W. C. Kentucky river, by a very winding channel, traverses Estill, in its utmost length, receiving several confluents, particularly from the south. Chief town, Irvine. Pop. 1820, 3,507, ly30, 4,618. EsTiLLViLLE, p-v. and St. jus. Scott CO. Va. on Moccasin creek, between n. forkofHol- ston and Clinch rivers, by p-r. 445 ms. s.w. by w. W. C. and 348 a Httle s. of w. Richmond. Etna, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 63 ms. Au- gusta. Pop. 1830, 362. Etna Furnace, and p-o. Hart co. Ky. by p-r. 96 ms. s. w. Hartford. ETowy>H, river, Geo. in the Cherokee ter- ritory, rises in the western border of Haber- sham CO. flowing by a general course of s. w.l but with extensive inflections, 120 miles com- parative course to its junction with the Oosten- ahah to form the Coosa. The valley of the Etowah, lies between those of Chattahoochee and Oostenahah, and between latitude 34° and 35°. Etowah, Indian village, and st. of a p-o. ^s situated on Etowah river in the Cherokee nation, n. w. part of Geo. about 130 miles n. w. Milledgeville. This place and the river from which it has either derived or communi- cated its name, is with some absurdity in our books and on the p-o. hst changed to High Tower. EuBANKS, p-o. Columbia co. Geo. by p-r. 88 ms. N. E. Milledgeville. Euclid, tsp. and p-v. Cuyahoga co. Ohio. The p-v. is situated in the n. e. part of the CO. 10 ms. N. E. Cleaveland, the co. st. and by p-r. 363 ms. n. w. W. C. and 147 n. e. Co- lumbus. By the census of 1830, the tsp. contained a pop. of 1,099. Eugene, p-v. in the w. part of Vermillion CO. Indiana, by p-r. 658 miles tf. w. by w. W. C. and 86 n. w. by w. Indianopolis. EuTAW Springs, small stream of S. C. falling into Santee river at the point where the line between Charleston and Orangeburg districts intersects that river, about 60 miles N. N. w. Charleston. Evans, p-t. Erie co. N. Y. 25 miles south Buffalo, w. lake Erie, n. Cattaraugus creek, has Delaware creek, Two Sisters, &c. ; has wet loam, is uneven, with beech, maple, hem- lock, bass, &c. Bad for corn, cold and changeable weather. Sturgeon point puts into the lake. Pop. 1830, 1,185. Evans Cross Roads, p-o. Williamson co. Ten. 32 ms.s. Nashville. Evansburq, p-o. Crawford co. Pa. EvANSHAM, or Wythe, court house, p v. and Evansville, p-v. and st. jus. Vanderburgh CO. Indiana, by p-r. 728 miles s. w. by w. W. C, 170 s. w. IndianopoUs, and 55 ms. w. of s. Vincennes. It is situated on the right bank of Ohio river, lat. 38°, long. 10° 38' w. W. C. Everetts, house and p-o. Lewis co. Ky. by p-r. 90 ms. n. e. by e. Frankfort. Everettsville, p-o. Albermarle co. Va .by p-r. 128 ms. s. w. W. C. Everton, p-v. Fayette co. Indiana, by p-r. 534ms. w. W. C. and 75 ms. s. of e. Indian- opolis. Evesham, town, Burlington co. N. J. ad- joining Gloucester county, and on the south branch of Rankolm creek. Population 1830, 4,239. Ewing's Mills, and p-o. Indiana co. Pa. by p-r. 151 ms. w. Harrisburg. Ewingsville, p-o. Coecil co. Md. E■:. by that part of vcNHfds drawini^ alxjut 5 feet water. KcrHliaw w. of (Jatawba r., h. by Riciiland, and by IJroad r. separating il from Lexington H. \v., Newljerry w. and tJnioiiN. w. Length from K. to w. 38 nis. mean lireadth 2ti, and area 79Gh(). mu. Extending in lat. fnnn '.ii° J 2' to 31" 32', long, from 3'= 41' to d" 20' w. W. C 'I'hJH distriel, filling the Hjiace from the Catawba to the IJroad r. ia divided inl, p-v. s. w. part of Spencer co. Ky. 3.'* mw. s. k. Louisville and by p-r. 40 ms. H. w. Frankfurt. Faikkium), ji-v. Aniitc co. Miss, about CO ms. s. K. Nalelies. I'Aiii V)i;w, p-v. Hunterdon co. N. J. G ms. N. w. Flemingtovvn. Fairview, p-v. and tsp. on lake Eric in the N. w. part Erie co. Pa. The village stands near the lake shore at the mouth of VValniit (•r. 9 ms. s. vv. from the borough of Erie, and \>y v-r. 319 ms. n. w. W. C. Foj). of the tsp. 1H.3(», 1,.'',2G. FAiRviiiw, p-v. Urookc co. Va. by p-r. 302 ms. N. w. by w. W. C. Fairvjkw, p-v. in the s. part of (Jrecnvillo dist. S. C. by p.r. 509 ms. s. w. W. C. and 1 1 7 ms. N. w. by w. Colimibus. Fairview, p-v. Oxford tsp. Guernsey co. O. by p-r. 105 ms. e.- of Columbus, 22 ms. eastward Cambridge, the co. st. and 294 n. w. by w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 1G2. Fairview, p-v. in the e. part of Rush co. Ind. 14 ms. e. Rushville, the co. si. and by Fairfiei.i), p-v. IJath tsp. (Jrccne co. O. by j).r. 541 a little n. of w. W. C. and 54 h. e. p-r. 452 Ills, a little n. of w. W. (;. and 5G s w. by w. (Jolunibns. I'oj). 1(J30, 137. Fairmki.i), p-v. ill the n. part of Franklin CO. InSrRiNf; Creek, a small branch of left several mills dry, cxjioscd old buried i.faekson's r. Palh co. Va. in the chaiintd ul' trees, and ruined the harbor. Pop. Ifj30, G75. I''airiiaven, ))-l. IJrislol co. Mass. 48 ins. s. Uoston, N. IJu/.zard's Pay, e. Acushnctt r. has some commerce, an academy, and a bridge of 3,9«0 ft. to N. IJedford, several which there is a fine fall of water, cstiinateil to be near 200 feet i)er])endicular fall. Falling Waters, p-o. in the vv. part oi Berkeley co. Va. by ji-r. 79 ms. n. w. W. ('. Falltown, ji-o. in the s. ])artof Iredell co. islands between, extend it 2,000 ft. more. { N. C. J3 ms. from Statesvillc, and by p-r. 151 First settled ]7(i4, and in 1778, ihe village was defended against tin' Uritish, by Maj 18' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 207. Fancy Bluff, and p-o. in tho s. part of Glynn co. Geo. 5 ms. s. Brunswick, tho co st. and 738 s. s. w. W. C. Fancy Hill, and p-o. Rockbridge co. Va. by p-r. 210 ms. s. w. W. C. X'ANNF.TTaituRO, p-v. and tsp.on the w. bor- der of Franklin co. Pa. The village is sit- uated on tho main road from Shippensburg to Bedford, 17 ms. w. from the former, by j)-r. 10.') ms. N. N. w. W. C. and S.") a litttc s. of w. Ilarrisburg. The tsp. of Fannet ex- tends along the fine valley of the w. branch of ("onecoclieaguc, and between the cove or Tuscarora and Jordens mountains. Pop. of the tsp. 1820, l,747,andin 1830, 2,110. Farm, p-v. in Franklin co. Geo. by p-r. 9 ms. from Camesville, tho co. st. 585 ms. s. vv. W. C. and 122 n. Milledgcville. Faiimea, p-v. Ovid, Seneca co. N. Y. FARMiiiisvrLLE, p-t. Cataruugus co. N. Y. 15 ms. N. E. Ellicottsville, 10 w. Genesee r. nis. by 8, has plenty of mill sites, though the streams aro small and few. Pop. 1830, 1,005. Farminoton, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. 30 ms. N. Augusta. Ilas an academy. Pop. 1830, 2,340. Farmin«ton, p-t. Staflord co. N. II. 25 ms. E. N. E. ('oncord,26 n. vv. by. w. Portsmouth, is rough, but productive, with some meadow on Gocheco r. It is crossed by Blue Hills or Frost mtn., and from mt. Washington, the highest point, sliips may be seen without a fllass, olf Portsmouth, alid on the other side the White Hills, &,c. A rock of about GO tons is balanced by nature, and can be moved with one hand. Pop. 1830, 1,4G5. Farmington, t. Ontario co. N. Y. Pop. 1,773. Farmlngton, P-t. Hartford co. C'onn. 10 ms. w. Hartford, 30 n. New Haven, has much very rich meadow land on Farmington or Tunxis r. and is one of the richest agri- cultural towns in the state. The village is pleasant, contains some line houses, an aca- demy, &c, on a plain a little above tJiu mea- dows. The Farmington canal' affords boat navigation to Now Haven, and partly by the Hanipshiro and Hainixlcn canal to Wostfield, Mass. It was intended to extend it to North- ampton. The town contains about 70 sq. ms. nearly 7 ms. by 11. Talcott mtn. of tho range beginning at Neck llock, New Haven, and running far n. crosses it. There is much light sandy soil s. Montevideo, the seat of Mr. Daniel Wadsworth of Hartford, in the w. E. on the ridge of Talcott mtn. is a delightful place, with a pond, a country house, vtc. and an extensive view n. E.and w. over tho vallies Tunxis and Conn, up to mt. Tom, Mass. FAiiML\nTON, p-t. Ontario co. N. Y. !) ms. N. Canandaigua, G ms. sq. is gravelly and un- dulated N., clayey, good for grass, and level s., large tracts of water limestone are found in tiio centre. It was principally settled by Fri(!n(ls, who were dairy farmers from Ches- hire, Mass. The people own the land in fee, and have good schools. Mud creek supplies mill scats. The villages are Salem v. and Brownsville. Pop. 18.30, 1,773. Farmiwjton, p-v. in the s.w. part of Bedford CO. Ten. by p-r. 48 ms. s. Nashville, and 707 :. S. W. W. C. Farminoton, i)-v. and tsp. in the N. w. part Trumbidi co. O. by p-r. 311 ms. n. w. W. C and 164 N. e. Columbus. Pop. of tho tsp. 1830, 696. Farmington, p-v. in the n. part of Oakland CO. Mich. 26 ms. n. n. w. Detroit, and 564 N. w. W. C. Farmington, p-v. and st. jus. St. Francois CO. Mo. by p-r. 912 ms. a little s. of w. W. C. 152 s. E. Jefferson, and 60 s. s. w. St. Louis. It is situated on the table land, from which flow the Big River, branch of Marramcc, northward, the extreme sources of St. Francis to the southward, and some comparatively small creeks n. e. into the Miss.; lat. 37° 47', long. 13° 25' w. W. C. Farm Tavern, and p-o. Southampton co. Va. about 210 ms. s. W. C. and 00 s. s. z. Richmond. Farmville, p-v. on the right bank of Appo- mattox r. N. border of Prince Edward co. Va. by P-r. 81 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond, and about an equal distance w. Petersburg. Farnham, p-v. Richmond co. Va. about 85 ms. N. E. Richmond. Farrowville, p-v. in the n. w. part of Fau- quier CO. Va. 64 ms. w. W. C. Fauciuier, CO. of Va. bounded by Frede- rick CO. N. w., Loudon n. e., Prince William E., Stafford s. E., and by Rappahannoc r. se- parating it from C;ulpcp|)er s. w. and w. Greatest length 45 ms., mean breadth 16, and area 720 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 24' to .3!)° 02', and in long, from 0° .32' to 1° 5' w. W. C. 'Phc general slope is s. e., and down which flow the higher branches of Rappahannoc and Occoquhan rs. ~ Surface pleasantly broken, and soil tolerably produc- live, ('hief t. Warrenton. Pop. 1820, 23,103, 18.30, 26,086. Fausse RjviEKi;, (False River,) once a FAY 160 FAY bend of the Miss., but now a lake of Louisi- ana, in the parish of Point Coupee. In or about 1714, the change was affected, from which both names were taken, that is Fausse Riviere, and Point Coupee, (Point Cut Off.) Previous to that era, the Miss, r., below Ba- you Sara, made an immense bend to the wstrd., curving until it returned so nearly upon itself as to leave only a narrow neck of land. This isthmus, gradually diminished on both sides, was at length worn through, and the vast river shortened its channel upwards of 30 rns. The old bed rapidly filled with alluvion near the new channel, but in all other parts, retained its forms and features, and is now a fine lake, lined with farms and farm houses, with a soil possessing the usual fertility of the Miss, banks. Fawn Grove, tsp. and p-v. s. e. part of York CO. Pa. The tsp. extends from Muddy creek to the Md. line. The p-o. is by p-r. 49 ms. s. E. Harrisburg, and 22 in a similar di- rection from York. Fayette, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. 20 ms. w. Augusta, has several ponds on its e. border. Pop. 1830, 1,049. Fayette, t. Seneca co. N. Y. 6 ms. e. Ge- neva, 3 s. Waterloo, 18 n. Ovid, 188 w. by n. Albany, w. Cayuga lake, e. Seneca lake, s. Seneca r. about 7 ms. by 9. Seneca r. and Canoga creek supply mills. It is nearly level, and has gypsum and limestone. Fayette, p-v. Montgomery co. Va. by p-r. 208 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. Fayette County, Pa. bounded by Allegha- ny CO. Md. s. e., Preston and Monongalia cos. Va. s., by Monongahcla r. which separates it from Green co. of Pa. w., and Washington N. w., by Westmoreland n., and Somerset e. It approaches a square of 28 ms. each side, area 784 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 42' to 40° 10', and in long, from 2° 23' to 3° 3'. The surface of this co. is every where broken by hills, and the eastern part is tra- versed from s. w. to n. e. by two chains of mountains. The soil is almost uniformly fertile. The Monongahcla, with a rather crooked channel, winds a navigable stream along the western border. The Youghio- ghany, after piercing a chain of mountains, enters Fayette from the s. f.., and breaking through hills and mountains, traverses it flowing to the n. w. The channel of the Youghioghany is part of the projected route of the Chesapeake and Ohio catial. Chief t. Union. Pop. 1820, 27,285, 1830, 29,237. Fayette, p-v. in the n. w. part of Montgo- mery CO. Va. 16 ms. e. Christiansburg, the CO. St., by p-r. s. w. W. C, 190 a little s. of w. Richmond. Fayetti', CO. of Geo. bounded s. by Pike, E. by Henry, n. e. by De Kalh, n. by ('amp- bell, and by I'lmt r. separating it from Cowe- ta w., and Merriwether s. w. Length 30, mean breadth 18, and area 540 sq. ms. Ex- tending in lat. from 33° 11' to 33° 40', and in long, from 7° 28' to 7° 46' w. W. C. Chief t. Fayciteville. Pop. 1830, 963. Fayette, co. of Ala. bounded by Marion N., Walker n. e., Tuacaloosa and Pickens s., and Monroe co. Miss. w. Length e. to w. 50 ms., breadth 25, and area 1,250 sq. ms. Ex- tending in lat. from 33° 26' to 33° 47', and in long, from 10° 28' to 11° 25' w. W. C. This CO. slopes to the sthrd., and is drained by the Sipsey, Luxapatilla, and Battahatchy, branches of Tombigbee r. Chief t. Fayette Court house. Pop. 1830, 3,547. Fayette, p-v. and st. jus. Fayette co. Ala. by p-r. 874 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 50 ms. N. N. w. Tuscaloosa. Fayette, p-v. and st. jus. Jefferson co. Miss, by p-r. 1,127 ms. s. w. by w. W.C, 93 ms. s. w. Jackson, and 19 n. e. Natchez. It is situated on Coles creek, and on the great road from Natchez towards Temiessee, &c. Lat. 31° 42', long 14° 18' w. W. C. Fayette, co. of Ten. bounded w. by Shel- by, N. w. by Tipton, n. by Haywood, e. by Hardiman, and s. by the Indian country in the state of Miss. Length from n. to s. 24, and same from e. to w., area 576 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° to 35° 23', and in long, from 12° 12' to 12° 39' w. W. C. Chief t. Sumnerville. Pop. 1830, 8,658. Fayette, co. Ky. bounded s. w. by Jessa- mine, w. by Woodford, N. w. by Scott, n. by Harrison,, n. e. by Bourbon, e. by Clark, and s. E. by Kentucky r. separating it from Ma- dison. Length from n. to s. 25 ms., mean breadth 11, and area 275 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 51' to 38° 13', and in long, from 7° 14' to 7° 38' w. W. C. This fine county is a true table land, from the centre of which flow streams like the radii of a circle. These streams all finally discharge into Kentucky, which touching on the s. e., semicircles the co. The chief t. Lexington. Pop. 1830, 25,098, or upwards of 91 to the sq. m. Fayette, co. of O. bounded by Highland s., Clinton s. w., Greene n. w,, Madison n., Pickaway n. e., and Ross s. e. Length from s. to N. 26, mean width 16, and area 416 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 21' to 39° 43', and in long, from 6° 16' to 6° 38' w. W. C. The slope is a little e. of s. The s., central, and indeed greater part of the sur- face is in the valley of Paint creek, but some of the higher branches of Little Miami rise and issue from the n. w. angle, as do from the s. E. some creeks entering Deer creek, a tributary of Sciota r. The surface of this CO. is rather too level, though the soil is pro- ductive. Chief t. Washington. Pop. 1830, 8,182. Fayette, co. of Ind. bounded by Franklin s., Rush w., Henry n. w., Wayne n. e., and Union e. Length from s. to N. 18 ms., mean breadth 10, and area 180 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 33' to 39° 47', and in long, from 8° 3' to- 39° 17' w. W. C. This co. is traversed by the main stream, and is chiefly comprised in the vallev of White Water r. Chief t. Coimereville. 'Pop. 1830, 9,112. FAYJiTTJi, CO. of 11. bounded s. e. by Clay, FAY 161 FIN s. by Marion, 3. w. by Clinton, w. by Bond, i Fearing, p-v. in tho southern pan of Wash- N. vv. by Montgomery, n. by Shelby, and Ei ington co. O. by p-r. 313 nis. a little n. of w. by Effingham. Length from i;. to w. 30 me., mean breadth 24, and area 720 eq. ms. Ex- tending in lat. from 38'=' 50' to 39° 12', and in long, from 11«> 44' to 12° 17' w. W. C. The slope is to tho s. s. e., and traversed in that direction by the main volume of the Kas- kaskia r., which leaves the co. at its extreme southwestern angle. Chief t. Vandalia, which is also the capital of the state. Pop. Ib30, 2,704. The latter aggregate, however, in- cludes also the inhabitants of two recently formed cos. Effingham and Jasper. Fayktte Corner and p-o. in the eastern part of Fayette co. Ten. 9 ms. estrd. from Somerville, the co. st., and by p-r. 865 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 173 ms. in a nearly si- mil.'ir direction from Nashville. Favktteville, p-v. in the northwestern part of Franklin co. Pa. by p-r. 96 ms. n. w. W. C. and 52 wstrd. Ilarrisburg. Favetteville Village, in the southwstrn. part of Fauquier co. Va. about 50 ms. s. w. W. C. Favetteville, p-v. and st. jus. Cumber- land CO. N. C. by p-r. 347 ms. s. s. w. W. C. 61 in a very nearly similar direction from Ra- leigh, and by the land road up Cape Fear r. 107 ms. above Wilmington. Lat. 35° 02', and long. 1° 50' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 2,868. This once flourishing depot is situated on the right bank of Cape Fear r. at the head of uninterrupted boat navigation. On May 29, 1831, it was desolated by a most destructive W. C. 114 8. E. Columbus, and 8 Marietta. Federal Hill, p-o. in the eastern part of Hardy co. Va. by p-r. 125 ms. w. W. C. Federalsburo, p-v. in the extreme n. e. angle of Dorchester co. Md., and on Marshy Hope creek, 20 ms. a little s. of e. Easton, 25 N. e. by E. Cambridge, and by p-r. 99 a little s. of E. W. C. Federaltox, p-v. in the eastern part of Athens co. O. by p-r. 344 ms. a little n. of w. W. C. and 73 s. e. Columbus. Feliciana. {See East Feliciana, West Feliciana.) Feliciana, p-v. in the western part ot Graves co. Ky. by p-r. 16 ms. wstrd. May- field, the CO. St., and 823 from W. C. and 284 from Frankfort, in a similar direction s. w. by w. i w. Felicity, p-v. Franklin tsp. Clermont co. O. by p-r. 9 ms. wstrd. Batavia, the co. st. 485 wstrd. W.C. and 116 s. w. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 199. Femmk Osage, p-v. in the wstrn. part of St. Charles co. Mo. 20 ms. wstrd. from St. Charles, the co. st. and by p-r. 896 wstrd. W. C. and about 20 n. w. by w. St. Louis. Fenner, p-t. Madison co. 12 ms. n. w. Morrisville. Fenn's Bridge and p-o. Jeflerson co. Geo. by p-r. 91 ms. estrd. Milledgeville. Fenwick's Tavern and p-o. St. Mary's co. Md. by p-r. 82 ms. s. e. W. C. Ferdinand, t. Essex co. Vt. n. Granby, fire, but is again rising from the ruin occa- is a poor tract of mountains and swamps, un- sioned by the calamity. We insert the fol- inhabited ; 23 sq. ms., watered by the great lowing for the display of a fine moral pic- branch of Paul's stream, ture. The humane feelings of the people of i Fernandina, p-v., city, s-p., and st. jus. other parts of the U. S. were not vainly ap-j Nassau co. Flor. by p-r. 776 ms. s. s. w. W. pealed to on the distress at Fayetteville, and , C, 8 ms. s. e. from the town of St. Mary's, 80 contributions were raised in a little n. of w. St. Augustine, and 181 a little N. of E. Tallahassee. Lat. 30° 40', long. 4° 41' w. W. C. It is situated on the northern end of Amelia isl., and nearly opposite to the mouth of St. Mary's river. Pop. 1830, 198. Ferrisburg, t. Addison co. Vt. 19 ms. s. Favetteville, p-v. and st. jus. Fayette co. | f3urlington, 34 w. Montpelier, e. lake Cham- M.iiiie, $125 N. J. $805 S. C. .$9,100 N. H. 2!)0 Pa. 12,7;}1 Geo. 4,102 Mass. 14,.518 Md. 6,820 Ten. 45 K.I. 2,067 Dist. Col. 870 Ohio, 1,158 Conn. 3,002 Va. 8,040 Miss. 1,110 N. Y. 10,048 N.C. 11,406 La. 5,050 :in aagregiitc am 38. ount, including fractions, of«01,002 Geo. by p-r. 700 ms. n. w. W. C. and 107 ms N. w. by w. Milledgeville. It is on a small branch of Flint r. Lat. 33° 27', and long. 7° 36' w. W. C. Favetteville, p-v. and st. jus. Lincoln co. Ten. by p-r. 722 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 73 ms. a little e. of s. Nashville. It is on the right bank of Elk r., and on the direct road from Nashville in Ten. to Huntsville in Ala. Lat. 35° 10', long. 9° 37' w. W. C. Favetteville, p.v. and st. jus. Washington plain, settled 1784, from Bennington and Conn. It is supplied with excellent mill sites by Otter, Little Otter, and Lewis creeks. It has Basin harbor, and Otter and Little Ot- ter creeks, whose mouths are 80 rods a part, are navigable 8 and 3 ms. A ferry of 2 ms. crosses the lake from below Little Otter cr. Hilly N. level w. Has afforded e-xcellent timber for Quebec, maple, beecli, bass, &c. on uplands ; pine, oak, &-c. on low lands. It sends out many fat cattle, — 11 school districts. CO. Ark. by p-r. 1,285 ms. s. w. by w. i w.' Pop. 1830, 1,822. W. C. and 5!l7ms. n. w. by w. Little Rock. } Fife's, p-o. western part of Goochland co. Favston, t. Washington CO. Vt. 25 ms. s. E.fVa. by p-r. 116 ms. s. s. w. W. C. and 39 a Burlington, 16 s. w. Montpelief. First settled j little n. of w. Richmond. about 1798, is on the w. range of Green mtns. F'incastle, p-v. and st. ju&. Bottetourt co. broken, with little useful land, almost unin- Va. situated near the right bank ot Catawba habited, and has only a few streams of Madt cr. by p-r. 235 ms. s. w. W. C. 176 westward r. Pop. 1830, 447. Richmond, and 45 n. e. Chnstiansburg. Lat. 21 FIS 162 FLA 37° 28', and long. 2° 57' w. W. C. This place contains the ordinary co. buildings, and a pop. of about 1,000. FiNDLAY, p-v. and Rt. jus. Hancock co. Mo. by p-r 502 ins. s. w. by w. W. C. and 114 n. N. w. Columbus. It i.s situated on Blan- chard's Fork of Auglaize r. on the road from Cincinnati to Detroit, lat. 41° 04', long. 6° 40' w. W. C. FiNDLAYRviLLE, p-v. Meckleuburg co. N. C. by p-r. 363 ms. s. w. W. C. and 111 s. w. by w. Raleigh. FiNEVwooD, P-V. Charlotte co. Va. by p-r. 102 ms. 8. w. by w. Richmond, and 17 from Marysville. FiNLAVviLLE, p-v. in the n. w. part of Wash ington CO. Pa. about 12 ms. n. w. Washing ton, the CO. st. and 30 s. w. Pittsburg. Finney Mills, and p-o. Amelia co. Va. by P-r. 61 ms. s. w. Richmond. Fischlie's Mills, and p-o. in the northern part of Jackson co. Ind. by p-r. 613 ms. west- ward W. C. and 59 southward Indianopolis. Fish Dam, p-o. south western part of Wake" CO. N. C. 12 ms. Raleigh. Fish Dam, p-o. western part of Union diet. S. C. by p-r. 63 ms. n. w. Columbia. FisiiERSFiELD, p-t. Merrimac co. N. H. 33 ms. N. N. w. Hopkinton, 30 from Concord. Pop. 1830, 797. Fishkr's Island, N. Y. Long Island sound, 5 ms. s. w. Stonington, [see Souihold.) Fish's Store, and p-o. in the northern part of Washington co. Geo. by p-r. 37 nis. east- ward Milledgeville, and 659 ms. s. w. W. C. Fishing Creek, tsp. and p-v. in the north- eastern part of Columbia co. Pa. by p-r. 199 from W. C. and 89 from Ilarrisburg, and in a similar direction a little n. of E. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 568. Fishing Creek, and p-o. Tyler co. Va. The creek rises in Tyler, flows n. w. into Ohio CO. and falls into Ohio r. in the south- western angle of the latter. The p-o. is sit- uated on the head waters of the cr. about 28 ms. w. Morgantown, and by p-r. 238 n. w. by w. W.C. Fishing Creek, and p-o. in the northeas- tern part of Chester dist. S. C. The creek rises in York dist. near Yorkville, interlocking sources with Allison's creek of Catawba, and Bullock's of Broad r. and flowing s. s. e. enters Chester, witliin whii h it fails into Ca- tawba r. 20 ms. s. e. Chestcrville. The p-o is by the common road 60 ms. n. Columbia, and by p-r. 442 s. w. W. C. Fishkill, N. Y. a branch of Wood cr. Fishkill, N. Y. the outlet of Saratoga lake, joins the Hudson at Schuylerville. On the banks of this creek Burgoyne's army surren- dered to Gen. Gates, Oct. 17, 1777. Fishkill, p-t. Duchess co. N. Y., v.. Hud- eon r. 14 ms. B. Poughkeepsie, 89 s. Albany, and 65. n. of New York. It derives its name from the Fishkill, which runs nearly central- ly througli it to the Hudson. There are 4 landings on the Hudson. It is a place of considerable busincts. Tlic village of Fishkill is 5 ms. e. of the Hudson. This town was the first that was settled in the co. Here is the Matteawan cotton factory, the largest in the state, situated on the Fishkill, about half a mile from the Hudson. It produ- ces annually about half a million yards of cloth. Near this factory is Schenck's ex- tensive grain mill, which manufactures 50, 000 bushels of wheat per annum. There is likewise an extensive wollen manufactory at this place. The Glenham wollen factory is about two ms. from the Matteawan factory. At this establishment are manufactured su- perfine blue and black cloths. The other settlements in this town, are the Upper Lan- ding, Low Point or Carthage Landing, Hope- well, New Hackensack, and Middlcbush. Pop. 1830, 8,292. Fishkill mtns. (see Matteawan.) Fitchburg, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 43 ms. N. w. Boston, 25 n. e. Worcester. Finely watered by Nockege r. a branch of the Nash- ua, and by two other streams, which render it an excellent town for manufactories ; and accordingly it has become an extensive man- ufacturing place. Pop. 1830, 2,169. FiTcnviLLE,p V. and tsp in the northern part of Huron co. O. p-r. 388 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 109 ms. a little e. of n. Columbus. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 347. FiTzwiLLiAM, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H. 13 ms. from Keene, 60 from Concord, and 65 from Boston. It was named in honor of the Earl of Fitzwilliam. This town was the residence of Brigadier Gen. James Reed, a revolutionary patriot. Pop. 1830, 1,229. Flanders, village, Morris co. N. J. on the s. branch llaritan, 12 ms. w. N. w. Morris- town. Flatbush, p-t. St. jus. Kings CO. Long Isl- and, 4^ ms. s. Brooklyn, 5 s. N. Y. Here is a flourishing academy, denominated Erasmus Hall. A battle was fought near this place, Aug. 27, 1776, in which the Americans were defeated by the British, and suffered a heavy loss. Pop. 1830, 1,143. Flat Creek, p-o. Campbell eo. Va. 11 ms. s. w. Linchburg, and by p-r. 119 s. w. by w. Richmond. Flat Creek, p-o. in the western part of Bath CO. Ky. by p-r. 494 ms. s. w by w. ^w. W. C. and 67 e. Frankfort. Flatlands, t. King's co. s. side and near w. end Long Island, 7J, ms. a little e. of s. N. Y. and 2 ms. s. Flatbush. Pop. 1830, 596. Flat Lick, p-o. Trigg co. Ky. by p-r. 224 ms. s. s. w. Frankfort. Flat Rock, p-o. eastern part of Powhatan CO. Va. 24 ms. w. Richmond. Flat Rock, p-o. in the western part of Bun- combe CO. N. C. by p-r. 285 ms. westward Raleigh. Flat Rock, p-o. in the northern part of Ker- shaw district, S. C, about 20 miles n. Cam- den, and by p-r. 53 >. k. Columbia. Flat Rock, p-o. in the eastern part of Bour- bon CO. Ky. by p-r. 504 ms. westward W. C. and 55 eastward Frankfort. FLO 163 FLO Flat 1{oi;k, p-o. on a large cr. of the same j name, soiitlieiu part of Shelby co. Ind. hyj p-r. 53 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. Flat Woods, p-o. in the western part ofj Lewis CO. Ky. by p-r. 304 ms. w. W. C. Fi.KETwooD, p-v. Hinds co. Mies, by p-r. 1,053 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and about 100 n. E. Natchez. Fr.K.Mi.vG, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y. 4 ms, s. Auburn. Pop. 1830, 1,461. Fleming, co. Ky. bounded w. by Nicholas ; N. w. by Mason ; n. e. by Lewis ; K. and s. e. by Lawrence, and s. w by Licking r. which separates it from Bath. Length s. e. to n. w. 36 ms., mean breadth 16, and area 576, si]. ms., extending m lat, from 38° 06' to .38° 33', and in long, from 6° 22' to 6° 55' w. W. C. The slope of Fleming is to the s., soil produc- tive, and surface moderately hilly. Chief t. Flemingsburg. Pop. 1820, 12,186, and in J830, 13,499. Flemingburg, or Flemingsburg, p-v. and st. jus. Fleming co. Ky. by p-r. 498 ms. a little s. of w. W. C. and 79 eastward Frankfort. It is situated on the table land near the sources of creeks flowing northwards into O., and southwards into Licking r. lat. 38° 25', and long. 6° 40' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, G48. Flemington, p-v. Amwell, Hunterdon co. N. J. 23 ms. N. N. w. Trenton. Fleming's, p-o. Weakly co. Ten. by p-r. 834 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 132 westerly from Nashville. Fleming's, p-v. in the north-western part of Shelby co. Ind. 5 ms. n. w. Shelbyvillc, by p-r. 580 a little N. of w. \V. C. and 35 s. e. Indianopolis. Fletcher, t. Franklin co. Vt. 22 ms. n. e. Burlington, and 35 N. w. Montpelier. Pop. 1«3(), 793. Flint, r. Ontario co. N. Y., waters Italy, Middlesex, Gorham, and Phelps, where it joins the Canandaigua outlet, at the village of Vienna, its whole course of 32 miles being a good mill stream. Flint, r. of Geo. (see Appalachicola, first paragraph.) Flint Hill, p-o. Culpepper co. Va. by p-r. 104 ms. s. w. W. C. Flint Mills, and p-o. in the southern part of iVIadison co. Ala. 10 ms. s. from Ilunts- ville, by p-r. 716 s. w. by w. W. C. and 165 N. n. e. Tuscaloosa. Flint Stone, p-o. Alleghany co. Md. by p-r. 119 ms. N. w. W. C. Flood's, p-o. Buckingham co. Va. by p-r. 180 ms. s. w. W. C, and 96 westward Uich- mond. Florence, p-t. Oneida eo. N. Y., 20 ins. N. w. Rome. Pop. 1830, 964. Florence, p-v. and st. jus. Lauderdale co. Ala. by p-r. 796 ms. s. w. by w. W. C, 146 a little w. of N. Tuscaloosa, and 70 west- ward Huntsville. It is situated on the right bank of Tennessee r. at the mouth of Cypress «reek, and below the Muscle Shoals. Lat. 34° 47', long. 10° 46' w. W. C. At seasons of high or even moderate height of water, steam boats ascend to Florence. The pop. is estimated at 1,500, and the place so advan- tageously situated, possesses a flourishing trade. Florence, p.v. Boone co. Ky. by p-r. 507 ms. westward VV. C. and 70 n. Frankfort. Pop. 1830, 63. Florence, p.v. and tsp. in the western part of Huron co. O. The p-v. is situated on Vermillion r. by p-r. 13 ms. n. e. by e. Nor- walk, the co. scat, 395 n. w. W. C. and 127 N. N. E. Columbus. Pop. of- the tsp. 1830, 760. Florida, a canal, town, and p-t. Montgom- ery CO. N. Y., 8. shore Mohawk river, 35 ms. n. w. Albany. Pop. 1830, 2,851. Florida, p-v. Orange co. N. Y. 6 miles s. Goshen. Florida, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 25 miles N. E. Lenox, 120 w. Boston. Hoosic moun- tain lies between this town and Adams ; and Deerfield river rises on the eastern declivity of the mountain, on the Florida side. Pop. 1830, 454. Florida, cape, promontory of the southeast- ern coast of Florida, projecting southward, &. enclosing on the ^.E. the bay of Biscane. On Tanner's U. S. map cape Florida is laid down at lat. 25° 38', long. 3° 10' w. W. C. Florida, extreme southern territory of the United States, bounded N. w. by Alabama, N. by Geo., E. by the Atlantic ocean and Baha- ma channel, s. by Cuba channel, and w. and s. w. by the Gulf of Mexico. Length, if we follow the curve from Perdido river to cape Sable about 660 miles. The breadth from Perdido river along the northern border, to the Atlantic ocean, is 375 miles, but the mean breadth being only about 84 miles, the area is 55,400 square miles, or 35,456,000 statute acres. Extending in lat. from 25° to 31°, if we include only the continent, but embracing Thompson's island, the southern extreme is at lat. 24° 30'. In long, this territory lies between 3° and 10° 44' vv. W. C. Florida has a boundary along the Gulf of Mexico, from the mouth of Perdido, to cape Sable, 600 miles ; along the Cuba and Baha- ma channels, and Atlantic ocean from cape Sable to the mouth of St. Mary's river, 450 miles ; in common with Geo. from the mouth of St. Mary's to that of Flint river, 240 miles ; I up Chultahooche nvcr to lat. 31°, 40 miles ; ' in common with Alabama from Chattahooche It^o Perdido viver, 140 miles ; down Perdido to ' its mouth, 40 miles ; entire outline, 1,510 ; with a perimeter exceeding 1500 miles, and extending through 6 degrees of lat. Florida presents some diversity of climate, but the j difference of relative level being but slight, the seasons at the extremes more nearly ap- proach an e(iuality of temperature than does any, other similar extent of lat. in the United States. The northern and part of central Florida is covered witli a dense lorest, ex- cept the partial clearing of land for agricul- 1 tural and other purjjoses of human society, ': but the southern section presents large spa- FLO 164 FLO ces of open, grassy, and in part marshy plains. Pine is the prevailing timber, but great vari- ety of other forest trees are intermixed. Sterility is the true general character of the soil, with, it is true, some favorable ex- ceptions. The value ofthe soil is, however, in some measure equalized with that of more fertile but more nthrn. land, by the high temperature of the climate of Florida. Oi cultivated vegetables the principal species are, of grains, rice and Indian corn ; the sweet potatne is produced in great abundance. Garden vegetables admit of immense varie- ty. Staples are cotton, indigo, and sugar. Of fruits, the orange, lime, several varieties of figs, the peach, pomegranate, and some others flourish. The olive and some species of the vilis vinefera (wine producing grape vine) might be produced perhaps to more ad- vantage than in any other section ofthe U. S. The profitable culture of the coffee plant and date palm, is more doubtful. That part of Florida extending along the northern shore ofthe Gulf of Mexico slopes towards that recipient of its rivers, with a general southern course ; Florida is traversed, advancing from east to west, by the rivers Suwannee, Oscilla, Ocklockonne, Appala- chicola, Choctaw, Yellow Water, and Es- cambia. The two latter are discharged into the fine sheet of water, which forms the har- bor of Fensacola. Choctaw opens into a wide bay of the same name. The Appalachicola forms a delta. Ocklockonne is discharged into the deep bay of Appalachie. The Su- wanne has a more southern influx than any ofthe preceding, and looses its volume in Vacasausa bay, lat. 29° 25'. With the Vacasausa bay the slope of Flor- ida bends with the peninsula, and Amasura, Anclota, Hillsboro', Charlotte, Gallivan's, and Young's rivers have a general western course. The St. John's of Florida is an anomaly amongst the rs. of the Atlantic coast ofthe United States. The source of this stream is rather indefinable, being derived from the flat grassy plains, about lat. 28, and flowing thence to the west of north, nearly parallel to the opposite Atlantic coast, has more the appearance of a sound than a river. The long eastern shore of Florida can hardly be regarded as having a slope. The level is general and very slightly broken by eleva- tions of any kind. On tjiis monotonous ex- panse, a shell bank appears an object of magnitude. Descending from the more general to the more specific features, we find the long nthru. parallelogram of J^lorida offering con- siderable diversity of surface. The rise from the mouth of St. Mary's to the dividing ground between its basin and that of Suwan- nee exceeds 200 feet. The ridges or table land, protruded southwardly between the other more western rivers, are perhaps still more elevated, but all imperceptibly decline, ap- proaching the sea coast until merged in the Bandy shores. The depth of the harbors may be seen under the respective heads of the rivers and bays. The table land between the basins of St. Mary's and Suwannee rivers stretches southward, and may be regarded as the spine of peninsula Florida, until grad- ually lost in.the plains between the sources of St. John's and Amasura rivers. Florida as a political subdivision compris- es two natural sections. The northern slope, already noticed, extending from the Atlantic ocean to Perdido river, deeply furrowed by the river channels, is followed by the penin- sula, properly so called. The two physical sections can have no actually defined line of separation, but a line drawn from the mouth of St. John's river to that of Suwannee, would afford a demarcation, having two natural points of termination. A base of calcareous rock commences in northern, and extends un- der perhaps all peninsular Florida. This friable stone breaks forth at St. Augustine and many other points, but is overlaid generally by deep superstrata of clay, shells, and sand. We insert the following description as being official. It is extracted from the files of congressional document, and from a Report of the engineer department, on the practica- bility of a canal across the peninsula of Flor- ida. Read in congress March 26th, 1832. " The part of the peninsula of Florida, compreliended between the southern bounda- ries of Georgia, and a line drawn from Tampa bay to cape Cannaveral, is an extensive pine forest, interspersed with numberless lakes, ponds, low savannahs, and cypress swamps, of various sizes. The country, though gen- erally flat, is, however, much undulated in some districts, and even hilly in many places. The ridge which divides the waters emptying into the Atlantic ocean from those running into the gulf, is sloping gradually from n. to s., and seems to become totally depressed south of a line drawn from the bay of Tampa to cape Cannaveral. Indeed all that great tract of country south of this line, is represented, by those best informed, as an extensive marsh, forbidding, during the rainy seasons (between June and October,) any land passage from the gulf to the Atlantic. The elevation ofthe dge above the level of the sea, has been found to be 152 feet at the head of St. Mary's river, near the Georgia line, 158 between Kinsley's pond, and Little Santa Fe pond, head of Santa Fe river, and 87 feet between the head branches of the Amaxura and Ock- lawaha rivers. "The soil is generally sand, except at pla- ces called hammocks, the soil of which is either a red-yellow, or black clay, mixed with sand. These hammocks are numerous, and much scattered throughout the country ; they vary in extent, from a few acres to thou- sands of acres, and form together but an in- considerable portion of the peninsula. On them, the- growth of tree is red oak, live oak, water oak, dog wood, magnolia and pine ; the red oak ])redoniinating. Whilst these hanimocks,under the auspicious climate F1.0 of Florida, present a very productive arable land, the pine forests afford every facility to the raising of cattle ; and under this point of view, this pari of the peninsula may bo con- sidcred as a most valuable grazing country. " It is to be observed that, in Florida, the fern grass is exclusively peculiar to low grounds and heads of water courses. "If the upper stratum of the peninsula, is generally sand on both sides of tho ridge, and that to a depth of at least 5 or 6 feet, tho sub- stratum is not the same on both sides. On the eastern, it is clay mixed with a great deal of sand ; but on the western, it is, through- out, a kind of stratified rotten limestone, which frequently appears at the surface, and which at many places, is undermined by streams sinking abruptly to take their pas- sage through the cavernous parts of the mass, and to resume, at some distance down, their natural course. It is owing to tho nu- merous cavities of this rotten substratum, that the surface of the ground is seen inter- spersed with numberless inverted comic hol- lows, called sinks, the size of which varies from a few square yards to many acres. " The streams which run tlirough the pen- insula, present, generally, no flat bottom, or arable fluviatic deposito along their banks ; they force their course through the sandy upper stratum, and are fed more by lateral filtration than by tributaries. However, their margins are often trimmed with trees, such as live oak, water oak, magnolia, and laurel thicket, which receive chiefly their nourish- mcnt from moisture. " The sea along the western coast of the peninsula is shallow, from Tampa bay to Appalachic bay, and on a width varying from 5 to 15 miles. From the latter to cape San Bias, this width diminishes, except at the in- tervening 'capes, where extensive shoals pro- ject out ; but from cape San Bias to lake Pontchartrain, the shore is generally bold, and the coast affords several good harbors.* As to the coast on the Atlantic, the sea is all along shallow, and offers no harbors except at the moufh of St. John's r. and St. Augustine." St, Mary's river ought to be added. " The shortest distance across tho penin- sula is about from St. Augustine, to a point on the gulf between the mouths of tho Suwan- nee and Amaxura rivers ; this distance is 105 miles. The distance on a straight line from the mouth of the St. John to that of the Suwannee is 130 miles, and from the mouth of St. John to St. Mark, 170 miles." The long problem in theory seems to be solved, that is, the difference of level between the Atlantic ocean outside, and the Gulf of Mexico inside of the peninsula of Florida. On this subject the topographical engineers observe, " should the surveys be perfectly accurate, the level of low tide in the gulf would be 2 263-100 feet above that of low tide 165 FLO in the Atlantic. On another hand it haa been shown, in describing the surveys rela- ting to the St. Mary's route, that the result of the leveling has given 3 55-100 for the dif- ference of the level between the gulf and the Atlantic. We must therefore consider it as probable, that, at low tide, tho elevation of the gulf at tlie moutli of the Suwannee, is not more than 3 or 4 feet above low tide at the entrance of St. John's into the Atlantic. Political Geography. In the census ol 1830, Florida is subdivided into Eastern, Western, Middle and Southern ; of which the population was as follows : — ' Tliis rharacter of roast between Mobile bay and laki- I'ontchnrtr.-iin, is only applicable oiitsicle of the iRJands. (Sec fancagotUa sound.) Whites, Free col'd, Slaves, Total, Eastern, 4,r)l5 :mo 4,095 8,950 Wosti'rn, 5,319 3'M 3,75.3 9,408 Middle, 8,17.3 19 7,587 15,779 Southern, aG8 83 00 517 Total 18,375 844 15,501 34,720 The counties and their population, as ex- hibited in the census, is as follows : — Eastern Florida, Western Florida, Middle Floridn, Alarhu.i, 2,204 Escainl)ia, 1 Gadsden, 4,895 IJuval, 1,970 .liickson, ( „ .^r, H.-iniilton, .5.53 Nassau, 1,511 Walfon, p'.4"3 Jelferson, 3,312 MosclicU), 7.13 Washington, J l,enn, 0,494 St. .loliMs, 2,.538 Madison, 525 All southern Florida is included in the county of Monroe. In the census, the popu- lation of tho counties, composing Western Florida, is not individually given. Of the foregoing population, there were white persons : — Male.s. Females Under 5 years of age, 1,932 1,807 From 5 to 10, 1,.333 1,251 " 10 to 1.5, J,015 981 " 15 lo 20, 789 923 " 20 to 30, 2,161 1,447 " 30 to 40, 1,5.36 H48 " 40 to 50, 700 484 " 50 to GO, 430 247 " 60 to 70, 194 101 " 70 to 80, 57 45 " 80 to 90, 10 10 " 90 to 100, 5} 5 " 100 and upwards, 1 10,220 8,149 Total, Of the foregoing are deaf and dumb, under 14 years, 2 ; 14 to 25, 0; 25 and upwards, 3 ; Blind 2. Colored population, as follows : — Free. Slaves. Males. I'eins. Males. Fenir<. Under 10 years of age, 1.38 From 10 to 24, 109 " 24 to 36, 47 " 36 to 55, 50 " 55 to 100, 33 " 100 and upwards, Hi 2,.501 2,.5liO 1.30 2,482 2, 1 19 70 1,830 1,501 62 948 ■;(W 48 224 177 I 1 Total, 383 401 7,985 7,510 Deaf and dumb, colored, under 14 years, 1 ; 14 to 25, 1 ; over 2.5, 1. From the preceding analysis of its distrib- utive population of 18.30, Florida contained the largest number of inhabitants of the three United States territories, Arkansas, Michi- gan, and Florida ; and of this aggregate 53 percent are whites. The weight of the pop- ulation of Florida lies along the northern FLO 1G6 FLU parallelogram and above lat 28°. The-rela-i dangerous chain, is composed of Ball islands, tive distribution must at all future times re- JMatacumbe islands, Cayasbacos, the Pine main not greatly difl'erent from the present,] islands, Thompsons islands. Mule islands, as the productive soil and navigable rivers are in great part confined to the three northern sections. Extensive surveys have been made to determine the practicability of forming a canal across Florida, from the Atlantic ocean to the Gulf of Mexico. These surveys have been productive of much very valuable geo- graphical information, of which we have availed ourselves in this treatise, but the prac- tical construction of the proposed canal re- mains doubtful, and the doubts arise chiefly from the shallowness of the water on the gulf side of the peninsula. History. — The fine, sonorous name of Flor- ida, was imposed by the discoverer, John Ponce de Leon, from having made the coast on or about " Pasqua Florida," Palm Sunday, in 1512. The first attempt to form a civili- zed colony in Florida, was made by the French in 15G2, under Francis Ribault, but the colonists were, in 1565, surprised and Cayos Marques, and on th(j extreme w. the Tortugas. Florisant, p-v. in the northern part of St. Louis CO. Mo. situated between the Miss, and Mo. rivers, below their junction, 18 miles a little w. of N. St. Louis, and 872 westward W. C. Floijrnoy's Mills, and p-o. Telfair co. Geo. 772 ms. southwestward W. C. and 120 sthrd. Milledgeville. Flowing Spring, p-o. Bath co. Va. 20G ms. s. w. W. C. and 164 a little n. of w. Rich- mond. Floyd, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y. 6 miles e. Rome, and 10 n. Utica. Pop. 1830, 1,699. Floyd, eastern co. Ky. bounded s. by Pike, s. w. by Perry, w. by Morgan, n. by Lawrence, and e. by the Tug or eastern branch of Big Sandy, which separates it from Logan CO. of Va. Length, from east to west 50 miles, mean breadth 30, and area 1,500 aq. murdered by the Spaniards. This massacre miles. Extending in lat. from 39° 24' to S?"* was severely revenged by a French exped tion ; but the Spaniards remained masters of ihe country, and founded in 1565, the city of St. Augustine, in East Florida. West Florida was not colonized until 1699, when Pensaco- Ja was founded by Don Andre de la Riola. Though often invaded by French and English armaments, this province remained a part of Spanish America, until 1763, when it was ceded to Great Britain. By the definitive treaty of 1783, it was receded by Great Brit- ain to Spain. When Florida was a colony of s. s. w. and w., Washington n. w., Clark n Spain, and Louisiana of France, or irom 1699 10 1763, the Perdido river was a com- ruon boundary, but when in 1769, Louisiana was taken into possesion by Spain, under the treaty of cession of 1763, they, for their own convenience, incorporated that part of Louis- iana between the Mississippi and Perdido 55', and in long, from 5° 02' to 6° 10' west W.C. This county occupies an elevated ta- ble land, the eastern part slopirig northwardly, and down which flow the two main branches of Sandy river. From the southwestern an- gle flow the higher branches of Kentucky, and from the northwestern, the extreme sour- ces of Licking river. The face of the coun. try is hilly and broken. Chief town, Preston berg. Pop. 1820, 8,207, in 1830, 4,347. Floyd, CO. of Indiana, bounded by Harrison E. and E., apd the Ohio river, separating it from Jeff'erson dounty, Kentucky, s. e. Length 20 miles, mean breadth 15, and area 300 square miles. Extending in lat. from 38° Ifi'lo 38° 31', and in long, from 8° 44' to 9° 03' w. W. C. This CO. lies directly opposite Louisville, in Ky. The slope is southward ; surface hilly, river with Florida. This incorporation of land soil productive. Chief town. New Alba- part of Louisiana into Florida, involved Spain iny. Pop. 1831,6,361. in a controveisy with the United States, wheni Floydsburg, p-v. on Floyd Fork, southern the hitler government gained possession of part of Oldham co. Ky. 20 ms. n. e. by e. Louisiana. On virtue of claiming the latter, j Louisville, and 34 a little n. of w. Frankfort, as held by France previous to 1763, the Uni-i Floyd's Fork, r. of Ky. rises in Oldham ted States, in 1811, seized Baton Rouge, and ; co., flows thence s.s. w. over the eastern part all otlier parts of Florida west of Perdido, ex. i of .lefierson, and northern of Bullitt, falls ccpt Mobile, which also surrendered in 18 12. [into salt r. aj, Shepperdsville, after a compa- After a lengthened and interrupted negotia-i rative course of 35 ms. tion, Florida was ceded to the United States, February 22d, 18 19, by a treaty formed at Flukes, p-o. Bottetourt co. Va. P'lushing, p-t. Queen's co. n. side Nassau, Washington. This treaty was finally ratified! on Long isl. 15 ms. e. N. Y. Flushing v. by the King and Cortes of Spain, October 24th, j which stands at the head of Flushing bay, is 1820, and February 22d, 1821, was ratified] a fashionable place of resort. In tliis town by the congress of the United States. Since i are still remaining, two of the while oaks, the latter period, there has occured no event| under whose shade George Fox, the founder in ilie history of Florida, worthy of particular] of Quakerism, held a religious meeting in notice. " 11672. Pop. 1830, 2,820. Florida Keys, is achain of isllels, rocks,] Flushing, p-v. in Flushing tsp. Belmont reefs, and sand banks, extending westward co. O. by p-r. 124 ms. e. Columbus, and 275 from the southwardly part oi Florida, stretch- ms. n. w. by w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 114. ing in long, from 3i° to 6° 15' w- W. C. be- Fluvanna, co. of Va. bounded n. w. by Al- tween iat 24° 30' and 24° 45'. This very' bemarlc, n. e. by Louisa, s. e. by Goochland, FOR 167 FOR and s. and 8. w. by James r., which separates it from Buckingham. Length along Albe- marle 26, mean breadth 16, and area 41G sq. ras. Extending in lat. from 37° 3G' to 40°, and in long, from 1° 12' to 1° 43' w. W. C. Fluvanna r. enters it from Albemarle, and flowing s. E. divides it into two nearly equal sections. Surface agreeably broken. Chief t. Columbia. Population 1820, 6,704, 1830, 8,221. FoGELSviLLE, p-0. Lehigh co. Pa. Folly, p-o. Gates co. N. C. by p-r. 186 ms. N. E. by E. Raleigh. Ford's Ferry and p-o. Livingston co. Ky. by p-r. 227 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. Forked Deer River, stream of Ten. rising in Carroll, Henderson, and McNair cos., and flowing over Madison, Gibson, Haywood and Dyer cos., falls into the Miss. r. in the nthrn part of Tipton, above the first of the Chick- asaw blufls, after a comparative course of 80 ms. N. w. by w. The valley of Forked Deer lies between those of Obion and Big Ilitchie, and embraces an area of about 2,000 sq. ms. Fork Shoals, p-o. on Saluda r. Greenville dist. S. C. by p-r. 107 ms. n. w. Columbus. FoRSYTHE, p-v. and st. jus. Monroe co. Geo. situated on Chussee creek, about 60 ms. a little s. of w. Milledgeville. Lat. 33°, and in long. 7° 5' w. Fort Adams, p-v. on the left bank of Miss. r. at Loftus Heights, Wilkinson co. Miss. 41 ms. by the road s. Natchez. Fort Anne, p-t. Washington co. N. Y. de- rives its name from the fort here erected during the French wars, which stood at the head of batteaux navigation on Wood creek. The Champlain canal runs througli this town, 62 ms. from Albany, 10 n. Sandy Hill, and 11 s. Whitehall. The village of Fort Anne stands near the site of the fort, on the Cham- plain canal. Pop. 1830, 3,200. Fort Ball, p-v. in the western part of Se- neca CO. O. by p-r. 446 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 85 a little w. of n. Columbus. Fort Blount, p-v. Jackson co. Ten. by p-r. 66U ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 70 n. e. by e. Nashville. Fort Claiborne. {See Claiborne, st. jus. Monroe, Ala.) Fort Covington, p-t. Franklin co. N. Y. on the St. Lawrence, at the month of Salmon creek, 15 ms. n. w. Malone, 235 from Alba- ny, and 53 e. n. e. of Ogdensburg. This Fort Crawford, Crawford co. Mich. (See. Prairie du Chien.) Fort Dale, p-v. Butler co. Ala. 132 ms, N. E. from Blakely, on Mobile r. and by p-r. 152 ms. 8. s. E. Tuscaloosa. Fort Defiance, p-v. in the westert part of Wilkes CO. N. C. situated on the Yadkin near its source, 25 ms. above, and s. w. by w. Wilkesboro, the co. St., and by p-r. 428 ms. s. w. W. C. and 200 w. Raleigh. Fort Edward, p-t. Washington co. N. Y. E. Hudson r. near the Great Hend. It is 2 ms. s. Sandy Hill, 16 from Caldwell, and 22 from Whitehall. The old fort, which gives the name to the town, was built by the Ame- ricans in 1755. The village is built on the Champlain canal, which here forms ft junc tion with the Hudson. A dam is built across the river at this place, for the purpose of sup- plying the canal with water, by moans of a feeder, which is half a mile long. The dam is 900 feet long, and 27 high. It cost. $30,000. Pop. 1830, 1,816. Fort Gaines, p-v. Early co. Geo. by p-r. 175 ms. s. w. Milledgeville. Fort Jackson, p-v. Montgomery co. Ala. situated on the point between Coosa and Tal- lapoosa rs. immediately above the junction, 96 ms. s. E. Tallapoosa. Lat. 32° 29', ajid long. 9° 23' w. W. C. Fort Gratiot, p-v. in the eastern part of St. Clair co. Mich., and on the point w. side of St. Clair r. where that stream issues from lake Huron, and just above the mouth of the river Dulude, by p-r. 597 ms. n. w. W. C. and 71 n. n. e. Detroit. Fort Jackson, p-v. Plaquemines parish, La. 75 ms. below New Orleans. Fort Jefferson, p-v. Dark co. O. by p.r. 103 ms. wstrd. Columbus, and 501 a little n. of w. W. C. Fort Lafayette, N. Y. on a reef of rocks in the Narrows, commanding the entrance of N. Y. bay. Fort Lee, Bergen co. N. J. a forry and landing place on the Hudson, 10 ms. above N. Y. near the site of the fort of same name. A turnpike road from Patcrson and Hacken- sack terminates at this place, and a steam- boat plies to N. Y. city. Fort Littleton, in the southeastern part Bedford co. Pa. by p-r. 103 ms. n. w. W. C. and 64 wstrd. Ilarrisburg. Fort Miller, p.v. Washington co. N- Y. on the Hudson, e. side, which here has falls. town and the fort within it derive their name around which there is a canal, with a dam from Gen. Covington, who was mortally wounded in the battle of Williamsburg, during our last war with Great Britain. St. Regis across the river for supplying the same with water, s. Sandy Hill 11 ms. Fort Richmond, N. Y. on the heights, at v. (Indian) is situated in this town. The! the s. k. point of Staten isl., on the w. of the chief of these Indians is a descendant of a Narrows, commanding the entrance of N. Y. daughter of Rev. Mr. Williams, minister of bay. Decrtield, Mass. She was carried into cap- Fort St. Philip, p-o. an important military tivity when Deerfield was destroyed by the establishment of the U. S. on the left bank of Indians, in the time of the old French war, and marrying an Indian, refused to return ; and so lived and died among the Indians. Pop. 1830, 2,901. the Miss, parish of Plaquemines, La. 70 ms. below New Orleans. Fort Seneca, p-v. in Seneca tsp. Seneca CO. O. situated on Sandusky r. by p-r. 437 ms. FOR 168 FOX N. w. by w. W. C. and 94 a little w. of w. Co- lumbua. Pop. tsp. 1830, 369. Fort Smith, military station and p-v. as laid down by Tanner, is situated on the right bank of Arkansas r. on the extreme western border of Crawford co. Ark. by p-r. 235 ms. above, and n. w. by w. Little Rock, and 1,303 s. w. by w. i w. W. C. FoRTSMouTii, p-v. Shenandoah co. Va. by p-r. 92 ms. wstrd. W. C. FoRTSMOUTH, p-v. Page co. Va. by p-r. 63 nis. N. w. Richmond, and 147 wstrd. W. C. Fort Snelling, military station and p-o. at tliQ mouth of St. Peters r. and Falls of St Anthony in Miss. r. The distance by p-r from Washington City is not given in the p-o. list, but as it is something above 200 ms. above Prairie du Chien, which latter is stated at 1,060 ms. from W. C., fort Snelling must amount to near 1,300 ms. from the seat of the general government. Lat. 44° 53', long. 16° 13' w. W. C. These relative positions yield a bearing from W. C. to fort Snelling of 63° 33' w. ; distance 968 statute ms. Fort Towson, or Cantonment Towson, as laid down in Tanner's U. S. is situated almost on lat. 34° and 18° 07' w. W. C, about 10 ms. N. from the efflux of Kiameche into Red r. In the p-o. list of 1828, the p-o. at fort Towson is named in Miller co., distant 253 ms. from Little Rock, though on the map, even the road distance falls short of 180 ms. s. w. by w. Fortune's Fork, p-o. (See Gretna Green, Halifax co. Va.) Fort Valley, p-o. Crawford co. Geo. 48 ms. by p-r. s. w.by w. Milledgeville. FoRTviLLE, p-v. Jones co. Geo. 31 ms. wslrd. Milledgeville. FoRTLMEs Fork and p-o. Halifax co. N. C. by p-r. 85 ms. n. e. Raleigh. Fort Washington, p-v. and military sta- tion of the U. S. on the left bank of Potomac r. at the mouth of Piscataway creek, in Prince George's co. Md. 15 ms. below, and very nearly due s. W. C. Fort Wayne, p-v. and st. jus. Allen co. Ind. by p-r. 561 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 141 N. w. Columbus, and also by the interme- diate road 160 ms. s. w. Detroit. This vil- lage occupies the very remarkable point above the junction of St. Mary's and St. Jo- seph's rs. and on the right bank of the for- mer. The united streams here take the name of Maumee. (See Maumee r.) Fort Wayne received its name in honor of the old veteran hero, who so much contributed to give peace and security to the new settle- ments in Ohio valley, and who found a grave at Presqu' Isle, now Erie in Pa. the 15th Dec. 1796. Fort Wayne stands at lat. 41° 04', long. 8° 7' W. C. Fort Winnebago, as laid down by Tarmer, is situated on the portage ground between the Ouisconsin and Fox r. of Green bay. In the p-o. list it is placed in Jowaco. In the latter work the relative distances are not given, but measured on Tanner's U. S., it is distant, by the circuitous route of Pektano r., 258 ms. N. w. Chicago, though only about 150 in direct course, 143 above and s. w. fort Howard, at the mouth of Fox r., 150 ms. by the land route above Prairie due Chien at the mouth of Ouisconsin, and by actual cal- culation N. 57° w., 586 statute miles from W.C. Foster, p-t. Providence co. R. 1. 15 ms. w^ Providence ; well watered, and contains nu- merous sites for water works. Pop. 1830, 2,672. FosTERTOwN, V. Evcsham, Burlington co. N.J. 15ms.E. Phil. FoTHERiNGAY, p-v. Montgomery co. Va. by p-r. 201 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. FouLKSTowN, p-v. in the eastern part of Columbiana CO. O. by p-r. 166 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus, and 269 n. w. W. C. Fountain, co. of Ind. bounded byTippeca. noe on the n. e., Montgomery e., Parke a., Wabash r. separating it from Vermillion, s.w., and Wabash r. again separating it from War- ren w. and N. w. Greatest length along the eastern border 30 ms., mean breadth 16, and area 480 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 58' to 40° 22', and in long, from 10° 06' to 10° 26' w. W. C. Slope south wstrd. towards the Wabash. Chief t. Covington. Pop. 1830, 7,619. FouNTAiNDALE, p-v. in the southern part of Adams co. Pa. by p-r. 46 ms. s. w. Harris- burg, and 71 n. W. C. Fountain Head, p-o. in the eastern part of Sumner co. Ten. 34 ms. n. e. Nashville. Fountain of Health, p-o. Davidson co. Ten. 6 ms. from Nashville. Fountain Inn and p-o. Chester co. Pa. Fountain Powder Mills and p-o. Hart co. Ky. by p-r. 101 ms. s. w. Frankfort. Fountain Spring, p-v. Warren co. Ten. by p-r. 72 ms. s. e. by e. Nashville, and 659 s. w. by w. W. C. FouRCHE A Renault, p-v. Washington co. Mo. by p-r. 128 ms. above and n. w. by w. Little Rock, and 921 ms. n. w. by w. I w. W.C. Four Corners, p-v. Huron co. O. by p-r. 404 ms. N. w. by w. W.C. and 125 n. Co- lumbus. Four Mile Branch arid p-o. Barnwell dist. S. C. by p-r. 90 ms. s. w. Columbia. Four Mile Prairie, p-o. Howard co. Mo. by p-r. 1,032 ms. w. W. C. and 214 ms. wstrd. St. Louis. Fowler, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. on the Oswegatchie, 36 ms. s. Ogdensburgh. Well watered and timbered, and contains many sites for water works. It contains iron ore, and other valuable minerals. Pop. 1830, 1,437. Fowler, p-v. and tep. in the northern part of Trumbull co. O. The p-o. is by p-r. 12 ms. nthrd. from AVarren, the co. si., 309 n. w. W. C. and 169 n. e. Columbus. Fox River, of II. and Mich, the main nthrn. branch of II., rises at lat. 43° 30', between Rock r. and Manawakee r., and flowing FOX 169 FRA thcnco by comparativo courses s. a. w. 160 nis., falls into II. at Otawa, 86 ms. s. w. Chi- cago. Fox r. of II. receives no tributary streams of consequence ; its valley lies be- tween those of Rock r., the upper II., and wstrd. from lake Michigan. That part of Fox r. which is comprised in Micliigan or the higher part of its course, is nearly parallel, and from 20 to 25 ms. distant from the wstrn. shore of lake Michigan. Fox River, confluent of Green bay, is com- posed of two main and numerous minor branches. The two principal branches are Fox r. proper, and Wolf r. Fox r. proper is that remarkable stream which derives its source from the level table land estrd. from the Ouisconsin. The two higher branches approach each other in nearly opposite direc- tions, and uniting at fort Winnebago, leave a portage of less than 2 ms. from the navigable channel of the Ouisconsin. These higher constituents of Fox r. from their respective courses, seem to be natural tributaries of Ouisconsin, but reflowing, if we may use the expression, back upon their own courses, deflect to the northward, assume the name of Fox r., and continuing to the nthrd. 20 ms. dilate into Buflalo lake, and bend to the e. Buftalo lake, an intervening strait, and Fuck- awa lake, occupy 25 ms. of this curious r., which, leaving the latter, inflects abruptly to the wstrd., again estrd., and finally north eslrd. The last course is maintained 55 ms. to the influx of Wolf r. from the nthrd. Wolf r. has its sources interlocking with those of Ontonagon of lake Superior. Flowing thence s. s. E. 120 ms. unites with and loses its name in Fox r. Below the mouth of Wolf r.. Fox r. inflecting to s. e. dilates into Menomonie lake, and thence with a short intervening strait, opens into the comparatively large Winnebago lake. The latter sheet of water stretches from s. to n. 30 ms. with a breadth varying from 2 to 10 ms. Fox r. enters its western side near the middle, and issues from the northwestern angle. Below Win- nebago lake Fox r. inflects again to the n. e., but with an elliptic curve to the estrd. 45 ms. comparative course to the head of Green bay at fort Howard. The general course of Fox r. from the por- tage at fort Winnebago to its final eflSux into Green bay, is a little e. of n. e., and distance, by comparative course, 130 ms. Such is, however, the great and numerous inflections of the stream and lakes that the navigable distance perhaps exceeds 200' ms. The valley of Fox r. lies between that of Green bay and the upper Ouisconsin. In fact Green bay is the continuation and lower depression of the Fox r. valley, and both contribute to form links of the navigable route from lake Mich, to the Miss. r. by the Ouisconsin. Including Wolf r. the Fox r. valley extends from lat. 43° 30' to 46", and in long, from 10° to 12° 12' w. W. C. FoxBOROUGH, p-t. Norfolk CO. Mass. 24 ms. 22 w. Boston. Well watered, and contains manufactories. Fop. 1830, 1,165. FoxcKOFT, p-t. Penobscot co. Mo. 35 ma. N. w. Bangor. Pop. 1830, 677. Fox, p-v. Clearfield co. Pa. by p-r. 119 ms. N. w. Ilarrisburg. FoxnuRG, p-v. at the extreme southern an. gle of Venango co. Pa. situated on the point between and above the junction of Alleghany and Clarion rs. about 100 ms. n. n. e. Pitts- burg. Fox's Creek and p-o. Lawrence co. Ala. by p-r. 129 ms. n. Tuscaloosa, and 758 s. w. by w. W. C. P^oxTowN, p-o. Madison co. Ky. 6 ms. n. w. Richmond, the co. st., and by p-r. 543 s.w. by w. i w. W. C. FoxviLLE, p-v. Fauquier co. Va. by p-r. 56 ms. wstrd. W. C. Fov's Store and p-o. Onslow co. N. C. by p-r. 410 ms. s. W. C. and 193 s. e. Raleigh. Framingiiam, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 20 ms. w. Boston. Finely watered by Sudbury r. a branch of Concord r. The manufactur- ing business is here carried on on a large scale. Pop. 1830, 2,313. Francestown, p-t. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 12 ms. from Amherst, 55 from Hanover, 27 from Concord, and 60 from Boston. It contains a quarry of free-stone. Very eligibly situated for business, being on the great thoroughfare from Windsor to Boston. Population 1830, 1,541. Francisburg, p-v. Union co. Ky. by p-r. 204 ms. s.w. by w. Frankfort. Franconia, p-t. Grafton co. N. 11. 28 ms. from Haverhill, 74 n. Concord, and 140 from Boston. A large proportion of the town is mountainous. There is a singular natural curiosity in this town, called the Profile, situ- ated on a peak about 1,000 feet high, pre- senting a front of solid rock, a side view of which exhibits a striking profile of the human face, every feature being conspicuous. The town contains an iron mine, said to be inex. haustible, yielding the richest supply in the U. S. There are two iron manufactories in the town; the ore of them is very extensive, manufacturing 12 to 15 tons per week. There is a highly impregnated mineral spring in the town. Pop. 1830, 447. Fra>'conia, p-v. and tsp. Montgomery co. Pa. The p-o. is 30 ms. n. w. Phil. The tsp. is on the s. side of the n. e. branch of Per- kiommg creek. Pop. 1820, 848, 1830, 998. Frankford, p-v., tsp. and borough, Phil. CO. Pa. 5 ms. n. e. from the central part of the city of Phil. Pop. of the tsp. 1820, 1,405, 1830, 1,633. Frankford, p-v. near the right bank of Greenbriar r. Greenbriar co. Va. 12 ms. n. \. e. Lcvvisburg, by p-r. 257 ms. s. w. W. C. Frankford, p-v. in the n. w. part of Pike CO. Mo. 94 ms. n. w. St. Louis. Frankfort, t. vSussex co. N. J. Pop. 18.30, 1,996, Frankfort, p-t. Waldo co. .Me. w. Penob. FRA 170 FRA scot r., head of navigation, 26 ms. n. Cas-l manufacturing town. The Franklin cotton tine, 12 s. Bangor. Pop. 1830, 2,487. | manufacturing company, was incorporated FuANKFoaT, p-t. Herkimer co. N. Y. on] in 1813. Capital $200,000. In this town, ia the Erie canal, in which town there are 3 1 the private hospital of Dr. Nathaniel Miller, locks on said canal, terminating the level from Salina, a distance of G9i miles without a lock. This town is situated s. of the Mo- hawk, 8 ms. w. Herkimer, and 86 w. n. w. Albany. Pop. 1830, 2,620. Frankfort, p-v. Beaver co. Pa. 25 ms. a little ^. of w, Pittsburg, -and 30 a little w. ofN. Washington, Pa. Frankfort, p-v. near the right bank of Patterson's creek, northern part of Hampshire CO. Va. 15 ms. s. Cumberland, Md. and by p-r. 119 ms. N. w. by. w. W. C Frankfort, p-t. St. jus. for Franklin co. and of government for the state of Ky. It is situated on the right bank of Ky. river, 24 ms. N. N. w. Lexington, 53 a little s. of e. Louis- ville, by the p-r. 86 s. s. w. Cincinnati, and 538 s. 83i w. W. C. At seasons of high water steam boats are navigated to PVankfort, and the Ky. r. is navigable for down stream- boats, to near 200 ms. following the stream above that town. In 1810, the population was 1,092, of whom 407 were slaves ; in 1820, the aggregate was l-,679, of whom 643 were slaves ; in 1830, the population amount- ed to 1,682. Lat. 38° 12', long. 7° 52' w. W. C. Frankfort, p-v. and st. jus. Clinton co. Indiana, by p-r. 620 miles northwest by west i vv. W. C. and 50 ms. n. n. w. Indianopolis. It is situated on the South Fork of Wild Cat river. Lat. 40° 20', long. 9° 30' w. W. C. Franklin, co. Vt. n. w. part of the state Bounded n. by Lower Canada, e. Orleans co., 3. Chittenden co., w. Grand Isle co., from which it is separated by a part of lake Cham, plain, 34 ms. from e. to to w. and about 33 from N. to s., containing 730 square ms. Shire town, St. Albans, a place of considerable business. The Missiscpie river waters the ■ N. part of this co. and the Lamoille the s. The E. part extends on to the western range of the Green intns. and is high and broken, the w. part is generally level, and is a very fine farming country. It began to be settled immediately after (he close of the revolution. Very fine marble is found in abundance in Swanton, and large (luantitics of iron ore in Highgate. Population 1820, 20,469, 1830, 24,525. Franki.in, p-t. N. part Franklin co. Vt. 36 ms. N. E. Burlington, and 51 n. w. Montpclier. Much injured by a large pond near the centre. Pop. 1830, 1,129. Franklin, co. Mass. bounded n. by N. IL, E. by Worcester co., s. by Hampshire co., and w. by Berkshire. Watered by Connec- ticut, Deerfield, and Miller rivers. Few tracts of country exceed this for the extent and value of its water powers. Shire town, Greenfield. Population 1820, 29, 268, 1830, 29,501. Franklin, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. 26 miles a distinguished physician and surgeon of that place. Here also resides that eminent di- vine. Rev. Nathaniel Emmons, D. D. Pop. 1830, 1,662. Franklin, p-t. New London co., Connecti- cut, 34 miles from Hartford. Diversified wj,th hills and dales, best adapted to grazing. Watered by the Shetucket and a branch of the Yantic. 9 school districts. Population 1830, 1,196. I'^anklin, CO. N. Y. on the n. line of tho state, bounded n. by Lower Canada, e. by Clinton and Essex counties, s. by Essex and Hamilton, and w. by St. Lawrence co. The w. line is 60 miles long. Greatest breadth 30 ufis.Kcontaining 1,506 square ms. In the s. w. part are some lofty ridges of the Peru mtns. the rest is rather level than hilly. Small streams numerous. A number of email lakes or ponds. Capable of being rendered a pretty good farming country. Here are mines of iron ore, and some indications of other ruBtals. Chief town, Malone. Pop. 1820, 4,'439, 1830, 11,312. Franklin, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y. on the Susquehannah, 13 miles n. w. Delhi. Sur- face broken, hilly, and mostly mountainous. WclKwatered, and reputed healthy. Has various kinds of manufactories. Population 1830, 2,786. Fkanijlin, town, Somerset co. N. J. bound- ed by the Raritan and Millstone river, and south byj^the comity of TVIiddlesex. This t. includes the N. J. part of New Brunswick. Pop. 1830, 3,352. FRANi*LiN,/'town, Bergen co. N. J. on the N. Y. line, 'bounded n. w. by Pornpton, s. E. by Harrington. Pop. 1830, 3,449. F"rankjf.in, town, Gloucester co. N. .T, ad- joins l?*Eilem CO. E. of Woolwich and Green- wich. •5op.:i830, 1,574. Franklin, co. of Pa. bounded by Bedford w., Huntingdon n. w., Mifflin n.. Perry and Cumberland n. e., Adams e., and Washing- ton, Md. s. Length s. to n. 40 ms. , mean breadth 18, and area 720 square ms. Ex- lending in lat. from 39° 43' to 40° 18', and in long, from 0°28' to 1° 09' w. W. C. This co. is bounded on the e. by tho continuation in Pa. of the Blue Ridge, and is traversed in a N. N. e. direction by several chains of the Ap- palachian system. The slope of the south- ern and central parts are towards the Poto- mac, and down which flow the various bran- ches of the Conecocheague and Antictam creeks, in nearly a southern direction. The Conedogwinnet rises in the northern section, and flows n. e. towards the Susquehannah. The great valley of the Conedogwinnet and Conecocheaque, for in reality these two streams flow in opposite directions along the same valley, has a limestone base towards Boston. Finely watered by Charlesi the Blue Ridge, and one of clay slate towards river and its branches, and is a flourishing the Kittatinny, or as there locally called, the FRA 171 I'UA North or Blue Jiitn. Fraiiklia co. may, with ilio excci)tion oCtlio N. lo. and s. k. sections, ))c considurod as nearly co-extcnsivo with tlio valley of the Conccochcague. The soil, especially where resting on limestone strata, highly productive in grain, grasses, and fruit. Chief town, (-'hambersburg. Topulation 1620, 31,80-2, 1830, 35,103. Fkanki.in, i)-t. borough and st. jus. Venan- go CO. Pa. stuatcd on the rigiit hank of Alle- ghany r. and French creek at their junction, 70 ms. N. Pittsburg, and about 65 a little e. of .s. Erie. Lat. 41° 2-1', long. 2° 55' w. W. C. Pop. 1820, 252, 1830, 410. Frankhn, tsp. Adams co. Pa. on Marsh creek, another of York co., on the head of liernmdian cr., another in the northern part of Huntingdon co., another in Westmoreland CO. on the head waters of Poketon's and Turtle or., and another in Green co. on the s. fork of Ten Mile cr. ' Franklin, co. of Va. bounded k. by Pitt- sylvania; s. E. and 3. by Henry; s. w. by Pa- trick; by the the Blue Ridge which separates it from Montgomery w., and Botetourt n., and by Roanoke, r. which separates it from Bedford n. e., length 30, mean breadth 25, and area 750 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 46' to 37° 13', in long, from 2° 4l' to 3° 18' w. VV. C. The slope of this co. is to the E. and s. E., and down which flow, beside Roanoke r. Black Water, Pig, and Irwine rs. The elevation of surface, about equal ta that of the adjoining co. of Bedford, or about C50 feet above the ocean tides. It comprises a part of the valley between Blue Ridge, and Turkey Cock mtn. and is moderately hilly, .soil productive. Chief t. Rocky Mount. Pop 1820, 12,017, 1830, 14,911. Franklin, p-t. and st.jus. Pendleton co. Va. on the middle branch of the South fork of Potomac, by p-r. 171 ms, s. w. by w. W. C. and 17 1 N. w. by w. Richmond, Lat. 38° 42', and long. 2° 26' w. W. C. Franklin, co. of N. C. bounded s,* w. by Wake ; n. w. by Granville ; n. k. by Warren ; and s. E. by Nash. Length 30, mean breadth 18, and area 540 sq. ms., lying between lat. 35° 49' and 3G° 16', and long. 1° 02' to 1° 32' w. W. C. Tar r. enters it from the n. w. and flowing southeasterly, divides it into nearly equal sections. The entire slope of the co. is to the s. E.; chief t. Louisburg. Pop. 1820, .9,741, 1830, 10,665. Franklin, p-v. and st. jus. Haywood co. N. C. by p-r. 311 ms, westward Raleigh and 18 w, Waynesville. Franklin, co. of Geo. bounded .s. e. by Elbert ; s. by Madison ; s. w. by Jackson ; w. by Hall ; ^, w. by Habersham, aud n. e. by Tugaloo r. separating it from Pickens dist. S. C, Length from s.w. to n. e. 34 ms. mean breadth 20 ms., and area 680 sq. ms. Exten- ding in long, from 5° 50' to 6° 33' w. W. C. The slojie of this co. is southeastward with the general course of Tugaloo r. The cen- iral and western sections are, however, drain, ed by and are nearly commensurate with the higher branches of the north fork of Broad r. Chief t, CarnesviUe, Pop. 1830, 10,107. FnANiciiiN, p-v. Troup CO. Geo. by p-r. 762 ins..s, w. W. C, and 143 w. Millodgcville. Franklin, one of the northwestern cos. of Ala. bounded n, by Ten. r. separating it from Lauderdale, e. by Lawrence co,, s, e, by Walker, s. w. by Marion, and w. by the Chic- kasaw territory of Ala. Greatest length iilong the eastern boundary 38 ms. mean width 18, and area 084 sq. ms. extending in lat. from 34° 18', and in long, from 10° 36' to 1 1° 04' w. W. C. The southern part slopes to the northwestward, and is drained by the sources of Bear cr., the northern part tails to the N. towards Ten. r. Chief ts. Russellvillc, Tuscambia, and Bainbridge. Pop. 1830, 11,078. Franklin, p-v. in the northern part of Hen- ry CO. Ala. by p-r. 850 ms. s. w. W. C. and 238 s. e. Tuscaloosa. Franklin, co, of Miss, bounded w. by Adams', n. w. by Jefferson, n. e, by Copiah, E. by Lawrence, s. e. by Pike, s. by Amite, and s. w. by Wilkinson. Length from e. to w. 36 ins. mean breadth 20, area 720 sq. ins. lying between lat. 31° 22' and 31° 40', and long. 13° 40' and 14° 18' w. W. C. It is chiefly drained by the various branches of Ilomochitto r. though tiie extreme sources of Amite rise in the southeastern angle ; soil near the water courses productive, but in the intervals barren pine woods, staple cotton, surface moderately hilly. Chief t. Meadville. Pop. 1820, 3,881, 1830, 4,622. Franklin, p-v. Yazoo co. Miss, by p-r. 1037 ms. s. w. by w. W, C. and 120 n. k. Natchez, Franklin, p-v. and st.jus, St Mary's par- ish, La, by p-r. 1344 ms. s. w. by w, W, C. and 141 a little s. of w. New Orleans, It is situated on the Teche r. 22 ms. above its mouth, lat. 29° 52', long. 14° 37' w. W. C. Franklin, co. of Ten. bounded w. by Lin- coln,!*, w. by Bedford, N. E. by Warren, E. and s. E. by Cumberland mtn. which separates it from Marion, and by Jackson co. in Ala., length from the Ala. line n. n. e. 42 ms., mean breadth 20, and area 840 sq. ms. lying be- tween lat. 35° and 35° 34', and long. 8° 36' and 9° 21' w. W. C. Falling by a not very rapid declivity from Cumberland mtn., this co. discharges from its northern extremity the extreme sources of Duck r. flowing west- ward, whilst the central and southern parts arc drained by the higher branches of Elk, Paint, Rock, and other streams, flowing to the s. w. and s. into. Ten. r. Though broken, the soil is productive. Chief t. Winchester, the St. jus. near the centre, Metcalfboru', in the N. E. and Sulein s. w. Pop. 18'20,16,57 1, 1830, 15,626. Franklin, p-v. and st. jus. Williamson co. Ten. by p-r. 732 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 18 ms. a little w. of s. Nashville, It is situa- ted on Harpcth r. Lat. 35° 53', long. 9° 50' w. W. C. Franklin, co. of Ky. bounded w by Shelby, FRA 172 FRA N. w. by ilenry, n. by Owen, e. by Scott, s. E.ltant from the Miss. r. on the w., and the Wa- by Woodford, and s. w. by Anderson. Length bash and Ohio on the east. It is a table land 20, mean breadth 10, and area 200 sq. nis. lying between laL'SS^ 06', and 38° 24', and long. 7° 42' and 7° 59' w. W. C. Ky. r. en- ters from the s. and traversing in a direct, tion nearly N. divides {his co. into two not very unequal sections. ElkRorn r. also tra- verses the E. part, entering from Scott and fal- ling into Ky. r. about 8 ms. below Frankfort. In 1820, the population amounted to 11,024, but it then included what is now comprised in Anderson. In 1830, the pop. was 9,254<' Franklin, p-v. and st. jus. Simpson co. Ky. situated on Drakes cr. branch of Big Banner r. and on the road from Nashville in Ten. to Bowling Green in Ky. 55 ms. a little E. of N. from the former and 22 a little w. of s. from the latter place, and by p.r. 162 ms. s. w. Frankfort. Lat. 36° 44', and long. 9° 29' w. from W. C. Pop. 1830, 280. Franklin, co. O. bounded s. by Pickaway, s. w. and w. by Madison, n. w, by Union, n. by Delaware, n. e. by Licking, and s. e. by Fairfield. Length 25, mean breadth 22, and area 550 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 37' to 40° 08' and in long, from 5° 44' to 6° 16' w. W. C. The slope is directly south- ward, and in that direction the co. is traver- sed by Whetstone and Sciota rs. which, enter- ing on the northern border, and uniting bc- from which Muddy creek and its branches flow southwestward into the Miss., and the western confluents of Saline r. southeastward into Ohio r. Though rather level it has there- fore two slopes, that on the western side to- wards the Miss, and that of the east towards the Ohio. Chief t. Frankfort. Pop. 1820, 1,7G3, 1830, 4,083. Franklin, p-v. and st. jus. Franklin co. II. by p-r. 802 ms. a little s. of w. W. C. and 102 a little e. of 8. Vandalia. Franklin, co. of Mo. bounded n. e. by St. Louis CO., E. by Jefferson, s. e. by Washing- ton, 8. w. CO. unknown, w. by Gasconade, N. w. by Missouri r. separating it from Mont- gomery, and n. by Missouri r. separating it from St. Charles co. Length 36 ms. mean breadth 30, and area 1080 sq. ms. Exten- ding in lat. from 38° 10' to 38° 44', and in long, from 13° 44' to 14° 20' w. W. C. The slope of this co. is to the northeastward, and the surface about equally divided between the vallica of Maramac and Missouri. The southern and southeastern parts are drained by the former, whilst the northern section is drained by short creeks into Missouri. The surface is hilly. Chief town, Union. Pop. 1820, 2,379, 1830, 3,484. Franklin, p-v. Howard co. Mo. about 188 tween Franklin and Columbus, the combined ms. a little k. of w. St. Louis. Neither dis- waters, assuming the name of Sciota, contin- ue south over the residue of the co. The eastern side is also traversed in a southern course by Big Walnut, as is the western by Darby cr. The soil is productive. Chief t. Columbus, St. jus. for the co. and capital of the state. Pop. 1820, 10,291, 1830, 14,741. Franklin, p-v. Warren co. O. {See Frank, linton, same co. and state.) Franklin, co. of Ind. bounded by Dear, borne s., Ripley s. w., Decatur w.. Rush n. w., Fayette, and Union n., and Butler co. of O. E. Length 24, breadth 21, and area 504 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 17' to 39° 33', and in long, from 7° 52' to 8° 17' w. W. C. This CO. is almost entirely comprised in the valley of White Water r. the main volume of which traverses it from n. w. to s. e. The surface rather hilly. C^hief t. Brookville. Pop. 1820, 10,763, 1830, 10,190. The appa- rent decline in pop. of this co. ought to be explained. In 1820, it contained great part of what is now comprised in Fayette and Union coimties. Franklin, p-v. and st. jus. Johnson co. Ind. by p-r. 20 ms. a little e. of s. Indianopolis, and 593 westward W. C. It is situated on a small tributary ot the Driftwood fork of White r., lat. 39° 30', long. 9° 05' w. W. C." Franklin, co. of II. bounded by Johnson s.. Union s. w., Jackson w., Perry n. w., JefTer- sonN., Hamilton n. e., and Gallatin e., length from s. to N. 36, breath 24, and area 864 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 37' to 38° 08', and in long, from 11° 47' to 12° 14' w. tance nor relative position given in the P. O. list. This Franklin is a distinct p-o. from Old Franklin in the same co. [See Old Frank, lin.) Franklin, p-v. in the northwestern part of Oakland co. Mich, by p-r. 7 ms. n. w. Pontiac, the CO. St. 33 n. w. Detroit, and 559 north- westerly from W. C. Franklin Academy, and p-o. Upson co. Geo. by p-r. 82 ms. westward Milledgeville. FRA^KLI^DALE, p-0. Bradford co. Pa. by p-r. 169 ms. n. Harrisburg. Franklin Furnace, and p-o. Sciota co. O. by p-r. 106 ms. southward Columbus, and 434 westward W. C. Franklin Mills, and p-o. Portage co. O. by p-r. 326 ms. northwesterly from W.C., and 133 N. E. by E. Columbus. Franklin SETTLEMtNT, Chicot co. Ark. by p-r. Ill ms. s. E. Little Rock. Franklin SauARE, and p-o. in the north, em part of Columbiana co. Ohio, by p-r. 288 miles northwesterly from W. C. and 158 n. e. by E. Columbus. Franklinton, p-v. on Scota river, Frank- lin CO. Ohio, situated directly opposite Co- lumbus. Pop. 1830, 331. Franklinton, p.v. in Franklin tsp. n. w. angle of Warren CO. Ohio, 11 miles n. n. w Lebanon, the co. st. and by p-r. 481 westrd. W. C. and 84 s. w. by w. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 584. Franklintown, p-v. and st. jus. parish of Washington, La. situated on the Bogue Chitto river, 60 miles a little w. of n. New Orleans, W. C. The body of this co. is about cqui-dis- 1 and 84 nearly due e. St. FrancisviUe, lat. 30° FRE 173 FRE 50', in long. 13° 08' west Waeliington City. Franklintown, p-v. in the norlhwcstetn part of York co. Pa. by p-r. 17 miles s. s. w. Harrisburg, and by direct road about 22 n. w. the borough of York. Franklinville, p-v. and st. jus. Lowndes CO. Georgia by p-r. 829 miles s. s. w. i s. w. W. C. and 187 s. Milledgeville. Frankstown Branch, northwestern con- stituent of the .Tuniatta, rises in the eastern slopes of the Alleghany chain, between the sources of Kaystown branch and those of Bald Eagle creek. The sources of Franks town are extended from the n. k. angle of Bedford, over the northwestern part of ilun- lingdon into Centre county. Flowing like vadii from the circumference to the center of a circle, the numerous branches of this river unite in Ihmtingdon co. near tho village of Petersburg, where assuming a course of s southeast passes the borough of Hunting, don and two miles below unites with Rays- town branch and forms the Juniata. The two constituents of Juniata above their junc- tion drain a space to 5 miles by 25, or 1,625 square miles, composed of lateral nUn. chains and narrow, but in many places highly produc- tive vales. The immediate valley of Franks- town branch has become of great statistical importance from being a part of the route of the Pa. canal. I Frankstown, tsp. of Huntingdon co. Pa. on Frankstown branch. Pop. 1821), exclu- sive of the two villages of Frankstown and Holladaysburg, 1,297. Frankstown, p-v. Huntingdon county. Pa. in Frankstown tsp. situated on the left bank of Frankstown river, 20 miles a little s. of w. from the borough of Huntingdon. It is at the village of Frankstown that the eastern sec- tion of transvorsed division of the Pennsylva- nia canal connects with the rail-road over the Alleghany mtn. The village or point of con- nection is 910 feet above the level of Atlantic tides, and the summit level of the rail road, has a similar relative elevation of 2,291 feet. Frazer, p-v. in the western part of Ches- ter CO. Pa. by p-r. 128 ms. n. e. W. C. and 74 eastward Harrisburg. Frederica, p-v. Kent co. Delaware, 13 ms. s. Dover. Pop. 1820, 250. •Frederica, p-v. and sea port, on St. Simons islands, Glynn co. tieorgia, 12 ms. s. Darien, and by p-r. 198 ms. s. e. Milledgeville. Frederick, tsp. of Montgomery co. Pa. on the right side of Pcrkiomen creek, 9 ms. n. e. Pottstown. Pop. 1820, 927. Frederick, co. of Maryland, bounded n. by Adams, and n. e. by York co. Pa., the s. e. mtn. lorms its boundary from the mouth of Monocacy to the Pa. line, separating it on the e. from Baltimore, and on the s. e. from Ann Arundel and Montgomery cos. On the B. w. the Potomac river, between the s. e. mtn. and Blue Ridge, separates it from Lou- don CO. Va., and on the w. the Blue Ridge constitutes its line of separation from Wash- ington co. 3Iaryland. Length from s. w. to N. E. 42 ms., mean breadth 18, and area 776 square miles. Lying between lat. 39° 14' and 39° 43', and between 8' e. and 39' w. W. C. Except its higher sources in Adams CO. in Pa. the valley of' Monocacy is entirely in, and together with the small valley of Co- toctin creek, on the s. w. is conunensurate with, Frederick co. in Maryland. A minor ridge, the Cotoctin mtn. detaches from the Blue Ridge, in the n. w. part of Frederick, stretches in a southwardly direction between the Cotoctin and Monocacy vallies, termi- nates near the Potomac river at the mouth of Monocacy creek. Wit1i the exception of the Cotoctin ridge, though Frederick is bounded on two sides by mtns., the surface is not even very hilly, and in places is level. The soil ' is generally fertile in grain, fruit and pas- turage. It is one of the best cultivated sec- tions of Md. Chief town, Frederick. Pop. 1820, 40,459, 1830, 45,793. Frederick, city, p-t. and st. jus. Freder- ick ' CO. Maryland, situated on the great western road from Baltimore, 47 miles west- ward from the latter, 2 ms. w. from Monoca- cy bridge, and by p-r. 44 ms. n. n. w. W. C. Lat. 39° 24', long. U° 24' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 7,255. Frederick is in size, wealth, and the elegance of its buildings, the second town of Maryland, and is increasing in all respects. The adjacent country is pleasant [and well cultivated. I Frederick, co. Va. bounded on tho n, w. by the Kittatinny chain, in part which sepa- rates it from Hampshire, on the n. w. it reach- es Morgan, n. Berkley, n. e. Jefferson. The Blue Ridge separates it on the e. from Lou- don, and on the s. e. from Fauquier. A direct line from the Blue Ridge to Shenandoah river, and thence up that stream to tho mouth of Cedar creek, and along the n. e. border, the mean width 20, and 6G0 square miles. Joy- ing between lat. 38° 50', and 39° 25', long, 0° 48', and 1° 28' w. W. C. The surface of this county is very much diversified by hill, and mtn. scenery, and by diversity of soil. It occupies s. from ihc Potomac part of the continuation of the great valley, in which arc shuated Lebanon, the lower part of Daupliin, the greatest part of Cumberland and Franklin counties, Pennsyl- vania, and Jefl'crson and Berkley counties, Vaginia. The Shenandoah river traverses the southeastern border meandering along the northwestern base of the Blue Ridge. Ope- ([uan, Back and Sleepy creeks, flowing n. n. p.. into the Potomac, also rise in Frederick. Tlic slope of tho county is of course northcstrd. in a similar direction with the streams. The ground near Harpers Ferry and along the Potomac is about 200 feet above tide water, and allowing a similar rise from the Poiomac, the mean height of Frederick would be about 400 feet. The soil of this county is highly productive, though the face of the county is considerably broken by mtn. ridges. Chief town, Whichester. Population 1&20,'24,70(), 1830, 2(i,046. Fredericsjjurg, port of entry, p-t. and st.jns. FRE 174 FRE isjxjitsylvania county, Virginia, situated un the right bank of the Rappahanuoc river, by p-r. 57 miles s. s. w. W. C. and 66 miles a little E. of ^. Richmond. Lat. 38° 19' long. 0° 28' w. W. C. Placed at the head of tide water this is a very prosperous port ; vessels of 140 tons can be navigated to the foot of the falls. The staples of domestic produce, grain, with its products, tobacco, &c. Pop. 1830, 3,308. Fredericksburg, p-v. on the left bank of Ohio river, in the n. e. angle of Gallatin co. Ky. about 40 miles directly n. Frankfort. Frederickton, (see city of Frederick, Frederick co. Maryland.') Fredericksburg, p-v. in the northern part of Holmes co. O. 8 ms. n. Millersberg, the CO. seat, by p-r. 342 n. w. by w. W. C. and 95 northeastward from Columbus. Fredericktown, p-v. on Monongahela r. below the mouth of Ten Mile creek, in the southeastern angle of Washington county, Pennsylvania, 22 miles s. e. Washington the CO. seat, by p-r. 213 s. w. by w. W. C. and 2Ufi a little a. of w. Ilarrisburg. Fredericktown, p-v. on Ky. river, north- western angle of Washington county, Ky. 8 nis. N. w, 8pringiield, the co. seat, by p-r. <510 miles s. w. by w. i w. W. C. and 59 s. w. Frankfort. Pop. 1830. 58. Fredericktown, p-v. in Wayne tsp. north- ern part of Knox co. Ohio, 7 ms. a little w. of N. Mount Vernon, the co. seat, by p-r. 382 ms. N. w. by w. W. C. and 52 n. n. e. Colum- bus. Pop. 1830, 161. Frederigktown, p-v. and st. jus. Madison CO. Mo. by i)-r. 894 ins. a little s. of w. W. C. 90 ms. s. St. Louis, and 40 ms. s. w. St. Gene vieve. It is situated on one of the north- western branches of St. Francis river, lat. 37° 32', long. )3o21' w. W. C. Fredo.nia, p-v. Chatauque county, N. V. {See I'omfret.) Fredoima, p-v. and st. jus. Crawford co. Indiana, by p-r. 632 ms. westward W. C. and 122 ms. s. s. w. Indianopolis. Fredonia, p-v. Montgomery co. Tenn. by p-r. 55 ms. n. w. Nashville. P'liEEiiUKG, p-v. Union co. Pa. 10 ms. s. s. E. New Btalin, and by p-r. 48 ms. a little w. of N. Ilairishurg. Fruedinsuuhg, p-v. Schuylkill co. Pa. 10 ms. s. w. Orvvicsburg, and by i)-r. 53 miles n. e. Ilarrisburg. Freedom, p-t. Waldo co. Me. 28 miles n. W.Augusta. Pop. 1830, 867. FiiEEDOfti, P-V. Dutchess co. N. Y. 8 miles E. Poughkccpsio, well watered, and has a good supply of mill seats. A good tsp. ol land, ami highly cultivated. lias various kinds of manufactories. FuKKDOM, p-t. Caturaugus co. N. Y. 18 ms. N. E. lOllicoiiville. First rate as to soil, tim- lier, and lace of the counlry very level. "Well watered. Pop. 18.i0, 1,.'')0"5. Freedom, 1)-v. in llie norlliern pari ol 15al- tirnoro co. Md. about 30 ms. n. n. w. Balti- more, ^md by p-r. 63 ms. n. n. e. W. C. P'reedom, p-v. in the northwestern part of Portage co. Ohio, and in the tsp. of the same name. The p-v. 9 ms. n. w. Ravenna, the co. scat, by p-r. 328 n. w. W. C. and 141 n. e. Columbus. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 341. Freehold, or Monmouth, p-t. and st. jus. Monmouth co. N. J. 20 ms. s. e. New Briuis- wick, 30 E. Trenton. Pop. 1830, 5,481. A battle was fought in this town June 28, 1778. Freehold, Upper, town, JVIonmouih co. N. J. bounded n. e. by Freehold, n. w. by Middlesex co., w. by Burlington, s. e. by Do- ver. Pop. 1830, 4,826. Freeman, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 33 ms. n. w. Norridgewock. Pop. 1830, 724. Freemansdurg, p-v. in the southern part of Northampton co. Pa. by p-r. 187 ms. n. e. W. C. and 97 ms. a little n. of e. Harrisburg. Freeman's Creek, and p-o. Lewis county, Virginia, by p-r. 249 ms. westward W. C. Freeman's Store, and p-o. Jones co. Geo. 26 ms. westward Milledgeville. Freeman's Store. {See Green Hill, Jones CO. Geo.) Freeport, p-t. Cumberland co. Mo. head of Casco bay, 20 miles n. Portland. Pop. 1830, 2,023. Freeport, town, Livingston co. N. Y. 10 ms. s. E. of Geneseo. Freeport, p-v. Armstrong co. Pa. on the Alleghany river above the mouth of Bulfalo creek, and about 2 miles below the mouth of Kiskiminitas river, 15 ms. by land beluw Kittatinny, and 25 above Pittsburg. FiiEi'i'ORT, i)-v. in Freeport Isp. and in the southwestern part of Harrison co. Ohio, 12 ms. westward from C'adiz, the co. st. and by p-r. 297 s. w. by w. W. C. and 107 a little n. of E. Columbus. Pop. of the village, 1830, 211, and of the tsp. exclusive of the vil- lage, 980. Freemason's Patent,N.Y. 5000 acres.grant. cd June 12, 1771, then in Albany co. now in Oneida and Herkimer cos. Freetown, p-t. Bristol co. Mass. 40 miles s. Boston, and 9 s. e. Taunton. Pop. 183U, 1,909. Freetown, town, Cortlandt co. N. Y. about 9 ms. s. e. Homer, and 142 w. Albany. Pop. 1!.30, 1,0.54. French Broad, river of N. C. and Tenn. formed by two branches, French Broad and Nolachucky. The French Broad rises in the Blue Ridge at the extreme southern part of Buncombe co. N. C. Flowing thence n a northwardly direction 50 ms. comjiara- tive course, receiving tributary creeks from ihu Blue Ridge on one side, and a ridge of hills on the other, turns to n. w. and at the Warm Springs traverses the Bald mtn. and enters Tenn. Continuing the latter course 20 ms. receives Pigeon river from the left, and 5 ms. below joins the Nolachucky. Pig- con river branch rises in Haywood, N. i'. and flowing by a course of n. n. w.50 miles, ak-^o traversing the Bald mtn. joins the Krench Broad as already noticed. The Nolachucky, similar lo the French Broad, derives its high- FRI 175 FUL er sourcea from the Blue Ridge, in the north- ern part of Buncombe county. The various branches traversing the mtn. valley, unite, and breaking through Bald ratn. enters Tonn. where assuming a western course over the southern angle of Washington, and separa- ting Greene and Jefferson from Cocke joins the French Broad almost exactly on lat. d6°. The united stream, by a general western course, but with a sthrn. curve, after travers- ing Jetferson and Sevier cos. enters Knox, and falls into Holston river, 4 or 5 ms. above Knoxvillc, after an entire qpmparative course from the sources of French Broad of liJO nis. Tlio whole valley drained by the various confluents of this stream forms a tri- angle of 90 ms. base and 70 perpendicular, area 3,150 square ms. FiiENcii CiucKK, a largo branch of the Al- leghany r. of the O. heads in Clymer, Cha- tauque CO. N. Y. 10 ms. s. lake Erie. French Creek, absurdly so called, rises in Chatauque co. N. Y. Flowing thence s. w. 20 ms. enters Erie co. Pa. where gradu- ally curving to s. s. w. and s. receives the Cussawago at Meadville, and still curving, turns to s. e. and finally joins the Alleghany r. at Frankhn, after a comparative course of 80 ms. having drained part of Chatauque co. N. Y. the central parts of Erie and Crawford, with the nrthestrn. part of Mercer and the nrthwstrn. of Venango co. Pa. It is naviga- ble into Erie co. within a few ms. from Wa- ter ford. French Creek, and p-o. Lewis co. Va. by p-r. ^67 ms. wstrd. from Richmond. French Grant, p-v. Sciota co. O. by p-r. 420 ms. wstrd. W. C. and 111 sthrd. Colum- bus. Frenchman's Bay, Me. between Mt. Des- ert isl. and the peninsula of Goldsboro, long. 68° vv. lat. 44° 20'. French Mills, v. {See Fort Covington.) French's Mills, and p-o. Bradford co. Pa. by p-r. 268 ms. n. Sv. C, and 1C2 n. n. e. Ilar- risburg. French's Mills, and p-o. Onslow co. N. C. by p-r. 405 ms. s. W. C. and 188 s. e. by e. Raleigh. Friend's Grove, p-v. Charlotte co. Va. by p-r. 195 ms. s. s. w, W. C. and 104 s. w. by vv. Richmond. Frenciitown, p-v. Hunterdon co. N. J. on Del. r. 30 ms. above Trenton. Frienushh', t. Lincoln co. Me. 30 ms. e. Wiscasset. Pop. 1830, 634. Friendship, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 13 ms 8. w. Angelica. Pop. 1830, 1,502. Friendship, p-v. Ann Arundel co. Md. by p.- 40 ms. Annapolis. Friendship, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Sunip- ter dist. S. C. by p-r. 501 ms. sthwstrd. W. C. and 64 s. e. Columbia. Friendsville, p-v. in n. w. part of Susque- hanna CO. Pa. on the road from Montrose to Owego ; 12 ms. n. w. from the former, and 25 s. E. from the latter, and by p-r. 166 n. n. E. Harrisburg. j Frog's Point. {See Throg's Point.) I Front Roval, p-v. in the extreme sthestrn. part of Frederick co. Va. 20 ms. a little e. of s. Winchester, and by p-r. 74 w. W. C. Frostbukg, p-v. Alleghany co. Md. situa- ted on the united road, and on the Back-bone, or Alleghany mtn. at an elevation of 1792 feet above the Atlantic tides ; 9 ms. w. and 1,155 feet above Cumberland on the Potomac, and by p-r. 145 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. Frost Run, p-o. Lycoming co. Pa. 6 ms. above Wiliiamsport, and 101 above Harris- burg by p-r. Frost's Iron Works, and p-o. in the wstrn. part of Stokes co. N. C. by p-r. 6 ms. wstrd. from Germantown, the co.-seat, 361 s. w. W. C. and 133 n. w. by w. Raleigh. FiiosTviLLE, p-v. in the nrthwstrn. part of Cuyahoga co. O. by p-r. 368 ms. n. w. W. C. and 136 N. e. Columbus. Frozen Run, p-v. formerly called Lyco- ming, in Lycoming tsp. Lycoming co. Pa. See Lycoming tsp. Fruit Hill, p-v. Clearfield co. Pa. by p-r. 179 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. f\uir's, p-v. in the nthrn. part of Callaway CO. Mo. by p-r. 951 ms. w. W. C, 48 n. Jef- ferson, and 150 n. w. by w. St. Louis. Fryeburg, p-t. Oxford co. Mc. on the Saco, which here has a remarkable bend, winding for 36 ms. through the town. The village of Fryeburg stands on a plain, surrounded on all sides, except towards the south, by lofty moun- tains. It contains a flourishing academy, whose funds consist of 15,000 acres of land. It is 60 ms. N. vv. of Portland, and 120 n. by E. of Boston. Pop. in 1830, 1,353. Frysburg, p-v. in the estrn. angle of Le- high CO. Pa. 12 ms. s. e. Allcntown ; 12 ms. s. Bethlehem ; and by p-r. 102 ms. n. e. by e. Harrisburg. Fulghampton, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Co- piah CO. Miss, about 50 ms. s. w. Jackson, and an equal distance n. e. by e. Natchez. Fullwood's Store, and p-o. Mecklenburg CO. by p-r. 152 ms. sthwstrd. from Raleigh. P'uLTON, p-v. Rowan co. N. C. by p-r. 137 ms. wstrd. from Raleigh. P'uLToN, p-o. Sumpter dist. S. C. on the road from Eutaw Springs to Statesburg, by p-r. 51 ms. s. e. Columbia. Fulton, p-v. in the nrthestrn. part of Tip- ton CO. Ten. by p-r. 218 ms. s. w. by w. Nash- ville. Fulton, p-v. Hamilton co. O. 3 ms.,estrd. Cincinnati, by p-r. 494 vv. W. C. and 109 s. w. by w. Columbus. Fulton, p-v. and st. jus. Callaway co. Mo. by p-r. 967 ins. vv. W. C. 32 n. n. e. Jefferson, and 150 a little n. of w. St. Louis. Lat. 39° II' and long. 11° 52' vv. W. C. P'uLTON, Fulton CO. 11. (See Letoistowv, Fulton CO. II.) FuLTON, CO. of li. bounded s. w. by Schuy- ler ; vv. by Macdonough ; n. w. by Warren ; N. by Knox ; n. e. by Peoria ; and s. e. by Il- linois r. separating it from Tazewell. Length from s. to N. 33 ms. mean breadth 24, and GAL 176 GAL area 792 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 40° I 12' to 40° 42' and in long, from 12° 50' to 13° 25' w. W. C. This co. is chiefly drained by! tlie Kickapoo creek. Tlic slope stheetrds.t towards Illinois r. The latter stream, oi)-| posite to the upper part of the co. dilates into i Peoria lake, a sheet of water upwards of 20 miles in length, with a breadth from ^ a mile to 2 miles. The face of the co. is diversified by hill and dale ; soil highly fertile. Chief t. Peoria, called in the p-o. list, Fulton. Pop. 1830, 1,841. FuLTONiiAM, p-v. in the wstrn. part of Mus- kingum CO. O. by p-r. 345 n. w.by w. i w. W. C. and 55 e. Columbus. FuNDY, Bay of, sets up between Cape Sa- ble in Nova Scotia, and Mt. Desert isl. Me. The tides at Cumberland, N. B. at the head of the bay, and at some other places, often rise to the height of 70 ft. in the spring ; and from 30 to 60 ft. at other points along the bay. FuNKSTowN, p-v. on the left bank of Antic, tarn creek, Washington co. Md. 3 ms. s. s, e. Hagerstown, and 22 n. w. from the city of Frederick. a. Gadsdkn, CO. of Flor. bounded s. by the Gulf of Mexico, by the Appalachicola r. which separates it from Washington w., Jack- son N. w., N. by Decatur co. Geo. and on the E. the Ocklockomie r. whicli separates it from Leon co. Flor. Ijcngth from Cape .St. George, includmg Appalachicola bay, 75 ms. mean breadth 28, and area 2,100 sq. ms. Chief town Quincy. Pop. 1830, 4,895. Extending in lat. from 29° 39' to 30° 40', and in long, from 7° 26' to 8° 08' w. W. C. Gainkk, p-t. Orleans co. N. Y. on the canal, 22 ms. N. Batavia. Soil, mostly a rich loam, watered by Otter, Marsh and Sandy creeks. Pop. 1830, 1,833. Gainesboro, p-v. Frederick co. Va. 13 ms. s. E. Winchester, and by p-r. 144 n. w. by w W. C. Gainesboro, p-v. and st. jus. Jackson co Ten. on the right bank of Cumberland r. 68 ms. N. E. by E. Nashville. Lat. 30° 24', long. 8°42'w. W. C. Gainesburg, p-v. Dauphin co. Pa. by p-r. 22 ms. from Harrisburg. Gaink's Cross Roads, p-o. Culpepper co. Va. by p-r. 97 ms. southwesterly from W. C. and 128 n. n. w. Richmond. Gaine's Cross Roads, p-o. Boone co. Ky. by p-r. 68 ms. a little e. of n. Frankfort, and 25 8. s. w. (jincinnati. Gaine's Store, and p-o. Pike co. Ala. by p-r. 934 ms. s. w. W. C. and 204 s. e. Tus- caloosa. Gainesville, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 28 ms. 3. Batavia. Soil a loamy gravel, heavily timbered ; bog iron ores. Pop. 1830, 1,934. Gainesville, p-v. and st. jus. Hall co. of Geo. 167 ms. a little w. of n. Milledgeville. Lat. 34° 22', long. 6° 42' w. W. C. Galen, t. Selieca co. N. Y. 12 ms. N.Wa- terloo. Contains about 70,000 acres. Soil principally good, excepting 4000 acres of marsh, being part of the great Cayuga marsh. The Erie canal passes through the whole extent of the town. There is a salt spring on the eastern margin, capable of supplying any quantity of good water. Galena, p-v. and st. of jus. Joe-Daviess co. II. by p-r. 990 ms. from W. C, and 326 w. n." w. ^ N. Vandalia. .\ccording to Tanner it is situated on Fever r. 5 nis. above its influx into the Miss. r. lat. 42° 19', long. 13° 22' w. W. C. These relative geographical jiositions, give the bearing from W. C. to Galena n. 71i° w. very nearly, and the direct distance 771 statute ms. within an inconsiderable frac- tion. Galena derives its name from the abun- dant mines in its vicinity, of the Galena ore of lead, (see Joc-Davicss co.) Galion, p-v. in the northwestern part of Richland co. O. by p-r. 398 ms. n. w. by. w. W. C, and 81 a little e. of n. Columbus. Gallatin, p-v. and st. jus. Sumner co. Ten. siiuated on the road from Nashville to Glas- gow, in Ivy. 31 ms. n. e. from the former, and 62 s. w. from the latter place. Lat. 36° 20', and long. 9° 24' w. W. C. Gallatin, co. of Ky. bounded by Grant co.' E., Owen s. E., Henry s., Oldham s. w., and by Ohio r. which separates it from Jefl'erson in Ind. N. w., and from Switzerland Ind. n. The Ohio r. where it bounds Gallatin co. Ky. flows by a course of nearly w. and the great- est length of the co. lies parallel to that stream 36 ms. ; mean breadth about 10, and area 360 sq. ms., lying between lat. 38° 33' and 38° 50', and long. 7° 45' and 8° 25' w. W. C. Ky. r. enters the southern border, and flowing thence n. w. falls into Ohio r. at the CO. St. Port William. The surface is hilly but soil fertile. Pop. 1820, 7,075, in 1830, 6,674. Gallatin, p-v. and st. jus. Copiah co. Miss, situated on the southern branch of Bayou Pierre 65 ms. n. e. by e. Natchez, and 40 ms. s. w. Jackson. Lat. 31° 51', long. 13° 35'. Gallatin, p-v. in the western part of Parke CO. Ind. by p-r. 639 ms. n. w. by w. i w. W. C. and 77 w. Indianopolis. Gallatin, co. of II. bounded s. by Pope, w. by Franklin, n. w. by Hamilton, n. e. by White, N. E.by e. by the lower part of Wabash r. separating it from Posey co. of Ind., E. by Ohio r. separating it from Union co. Ky., and s. e. by the Ohio r. separating it from Living- ston CO. Ky. Greatest length from south to north 40 ms., mean breadth 22, and area 792 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 27' to 38°, and in long, from 11° 08' to 11° 48' w. W, C. GAL 177 GAR This large co. is a natural section in itself being nearly commensurate with the valley of Saline river. The slope is to the e. e. in the general direction of Saline r, though the base of its plain, the channels of Wabash and Ohio rivers, extend from north to south very nearly; as the Ohio opposile Gallatin CO. of II. continues the course of lower Wa- bash. Saline r. derives its name from exten- sive springs of water, impregnated with com- mon culinary salt (muriate of soda,) which is manufactured in considerable quantities in this CO. Chief town, Shawneetown. Pop. 1830, 7,405. Gallatin's r. one of the extreme south- western sources of Missouri proper. This stream rises in one of the Cliippewayan val- lies, about lat. 44°, long. 32° w. W. C., and interlocking sources with those of Yellow Stone r. on the cast, Madison's river on the west, and with a mountain chain intervening, opposite to those of Lewis r. Flowing north- wards unites with Madison's and Jefferson's rs. to form Missouri. The very elevated val- ley from which issue these remote fountains of Missouri, is one of those interesting moun- tain basins, of which Bohemia in Europe, and Mexico in North America, are striking ex- amples. [See Missouri r.) Gallia, co. of O. bounded s. w. by Law- rence, w. by Jackson, n. w. by Athens, n. by Meigs, and n. e., e. and s. e. by Mason co. Va., from which it is separated by Ohio r. Length from south to north 30, mean width 16, and area 480 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 34' to 39°, and in long, from 5° 07' -to 5° 30' w. W. C. This co. lies opposite to the mouth of Great Kenhawa, is traversed by Raccoon creek, and though bounded by the Ohio r, on the east, the slope is parallel to and not towards that stream. The surface of the whole CO. with but little exception is broken, the soil various, but in part very productive. Chief town, Gallipolis. Pop. 1820, 7,098, 1830, 9,733. Gallipolis, p-v. and st. jus. Gallia co. O. by p-r. 362 ms. w. W. C. and 108 s. e. Co- lumbus. It is situated on a rather elevated second bottom, on the right bank of Ohio r. nearly opposite Point Pleasant in Mason co. Va., at the mouth of Great Kenhaway. This place and Gallia co. were named by the original French settlers under M. D'Hebe- court. This small colony were fixed on Ohio, about the beginning of the French revolu- tion. The place now contains, according to Flint, a court house, jail, two places of pub- lie worship, an academy, three steam mills, one printing office, 80 houses, and 12 mercan- tile stores. Pop. 1830, 75.5. Lat. 38° 51', long. 5° ll'w. W. C. Gallivemts Ferry, over Little Pedee, and p-o. in the northwestern part of Hony district S. C. 22 ms. N. w. Conwaybro, and by p-r. 3 38 ms a little n. of e. Columbia. Galloway, t. Gloucester co. N. J. Pop. 1830, 2,960. Galveston, Bmal! village of La. in the pa- j 23 rish of Iberville, situated on the right bank of Amite r. immediately below the mouth of bayou Iberville, about 20 ms. n. n. e. Donald- sonville, and 25 southeastward Baton Rouge. Galway, p.t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 10 ms. n. w. Ballston Spa, a good tsp. for agriculture. Gypsum is said to have been discovered in a state of solution in a spring in this town. Pop. 1830, 2,710. Gamage's, p.o. Bibb co. Ala. by p-r. 38 ms. eastward from Tuscaloosa. Gambier, p-v. in Pleasant tsp. Knox co. O. by p-r. 5 ms. e. Mount Vernon, the co. st. 370 ms. N. w. by w. W. C. and 50 n. e. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 220. Gamble's Mills, and p-o. in the n. w. angle of Richland co. O. by p-r. 12 ms. northwards from Mansfield, the co. st. 398 n. w. by w. W. C. and 81 n. n. e. Columbus. Gamble's p-o. Alleghany co. Pa. by p-r. 223 ms. N. w. W. C. Gandy's p-o. Morgan CO. Ala. by p-r. 104 ms. N. N. E. Tuscaloosa. Gap, p-v. on tlje eastern border of Lancas- ter CO. Pa. and on the Phil, road 16 ms. s. e. by E. Lancaster and 48 ms. w. Philadelphia. Gardner, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. w. Ken- nebec r. Contains a flourishing Lyceum. Well situated for manufactures, 6 ms. s. Au- gusta, Pop. 1830, 3,709. Gardner's Bay and Island, end of Long Island, N. Y. celebrated for its dairies. From 6,000 to 7,000 weight of cheese are made an- nually. The neat profits of the farm average about $5,000. Gardner, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 25 ms. N. Worcester, and 58 n. w. Boston. Face of the town uneven. Soil good for grass, and most other products. Pop. 1830, 1,023. Gardner's Bridge, and p-o. Martin co. N. C. by p-r. 140 ms. eastward from Raleigh. Gardner's Cross Roads, and p-o. Louisa co.Va. by p-r. 72 ms n. w. Richmond, and 101 s. w. W. C. Gardner's Store, and p-o. Randolph co. N. C. by p-r. 51 ms. westward from Raleigh. Gardner's Tavern, and p-o. Hanover co. Va. 21 ms. from Richmond. Garland, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 28 ms. n. w. Dangor. Pop. 1830, 621. Garner's Ford, and p-o. Rutlierford co. N. C. by p-r. 222 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. Garnet, p-v. in the southern part of Henry CO. Ind. by p-r. 530 ms. n. "w. by w. ^ w. W. C. and 44 a little n. of e. Indianopolis. Garoga or. rises in Johnstown, Montgome- ry CO. N. Y. and runs s. w. about 20 ms. to the Mohawk, and is a fine mill stream. Garrard, co. of Ky. bounded by Rockcas- tle N. e., Lincoln s. w., Mercer n. w., Ky. r. which divides if from .Tessamine n., and by Madison n. e. Length 30, mean breadth 8, and area, 240 sq. ms. Lying between 37° 28' and 37° 52', and long. 7° 16' and 7° 42' w. W. C. It is composed of the space between Dicks r. and Paint Lick rjreek, and is a high- ly productive tract. Chief town, Lancaster, Pop. 1820,10,851, 1830, 11,871. GAT 178 GEN Garrkttsville, p-v. Portage co. O. Garwood's Mill, and p-o. southeastern part of Logan co. Ky. by p-r. 10 nis. eoutheastwarcl Bellcf'ontaine, the co. st. 448 n. w. by w. W. C, and 52 n. vv. by w. Columbus. Gasconade r. confluent of Mo. in the state of Mo. rises interlocking sources with those of the southeastern branches of Osage r. and the numerous branches of White, Black, and Maramec rs. The extreme sources of Gas- conade are in Wayne co., but Howing thence towards the n. e. enters Gasconade co. which it traverses to its entrance into Mo. r. at the village of Gasconade, after a comparative course of 140 ms. The valley of this r. lies between lat. 37° and 38° 40', and between long. 14° 25' and 16° 0' w. W. C, Gasconade, co. of Mo. bounded e. by Franklin, s. and s. w. by counties unknown, N. w. by Osage r. separating it from Cole co., N. w. by Mo. r. separating it from Calaway CO. and Mo. r. on the n. e. separating it from Motgomcry co. Length from e. to w. 45, mean breadth 28, area 1,2G0 sq. ms. Exten- ding in lat. from 38° G7' to 38° 32', and in long, from 14° 20' to 15° 08' w. W. C. This CO. is traversed and bisected into two very nearly equal sections by Gasconade r. the general slope being to the n. eastward, toward Mo. r. The southeastern angle giving source to the Bourbeun branch of the Maramec. Chief town, Gasconade. Pop. 1830, 1, 545. Gasconade, p-v. and st. jus. Gasconade co. Mo., is situated on the point above the junc- tion of Gasconade with Mo. r. 80 ms. a little N. of w. from St. Louis, and by p-r. 47 ms. a little N. of E. Jefierson. Lat. 38° 40', long. 14° 32'w. from W.C. Gassa way's Mills, and p-o. in the eastern j)art of Monroe co. O. by p-r. 304 ms. west- ward W. C, and 150 eastward Columbus. Gates, t. st. jus. Monroe co. N. Y. 236 ms. w. N. w. Albany. The post borough of Ro- chester, the seat of the co. buildings, is in this town. The Erie canal extends e. and w. through this tsp., crossing the Genesee r. at the Falls by a stone aqueduct. Pop. 1830, 1,631. Gates, county of N. C. bounded cast by Pasquotank, southeast by Perquimans, by Chowan or Mcherin r. which separates it from Hertford s., and Northampton s. w., by Southampton co. Va. n. w., and Nanscmond N., lying between lal. 36° 18' and 36° 30', and between long. 10 minutes w. and 20 e. from W. C. Pop. 1820, 6,837, in 1830, 7,866. (iates CO. is well situated for navigation, as besides being bordered by Chowan r. that stream receives within the co. the united wa- ters of Nottaway and Black water. Gates, C. H. and p-o. in the forks of Ben- nett's cr. Gates co. N. C about 45 ms. s. w. Norfolk in Va. and by p-r. 214 ms. n. e. by e. Raleigh. Lat. 36° 25', long. 0° 12' e. W. C. Gatesville, p-v. and st. jus. Gates co. N. C. by p-r. 254 ms. s. W. C. and 141 n. e. by E. Raleigh. It is situated on the main road from Raleigh to Norfolk in Virginia, and nt the forks of Bennett's cr. a small branch of Chowan r. lat. 36° 23', long. 0° 14' e. W. C. Gaulei', river of Virginia, rises in Ran- dolph, Pocahontas, and Green Briar counties, by numerous creeks which unite in Nicholas, and flow by a course of a little s. of w. falling into the right side of the Great Kenhawa river, at the head of the Great Falls. The valley ofGauley river is about 60 miles long, and lies between those of Elk and Green Briar rivers. Gaulev Bridge, and p-o. on tho Great Kenhawa r. Kenhawa co. Va. by p-r. 278 ms, a little N. of w. Richmond and 344 s. w. by w. W.C. Gebharts, p-o. in the western part of Soni- erset co. Pa. by p-r. 175 ms. n. w. from W. C. Geigeu's Mills, and p-o. in the southeastern part of Berks co. Pa. by p-r. 138 ms. n.n. e. W. C. and 63 eastward Harrisburg. Gelostek, p-v. Kalamazoo co. Michigan, about 140 ms. w. Detroit. General Pike, p-o. late Phoenixvillc, Chester co. Pa. by p-r. 132 ms. n. e. W. C. and 77 s. e. by e. Harrisburg. Genesee, co. N. Y. bounded by lake Onta- rio N., by Monroe and Livingston counties e., s. by Alleghany and Cattaraugus, and w. by Erie and Niagara cos. Extreme length n. and s. 54 ms., extreme width 29^, containing 1,280 square ms. or 819,200 acres. Lands heavily timbered, on the lake Erie table land. Soil loamy or gravelly, good for wheat and grass. Its surface undulating, extensive champaigns, small swells, and broad vallies. Limestone, iron ore, water lime, salt springs, and various clays are among its mineral pro- ductions. It produces vast quantities of maple sugar. A tract about 40 miles wide, along Gene- see river, is the best land in'all the state, and equal to any wheat country in the world, and yet till within about 20 years, was unknown as such. Multitudes of New Englandcrs passed it, and went to settle on cold poor land, where 30 bushels of corn and potatoes only, satisfied them. At length a man named Rogers made an experiment on the alluvial Genesee land with wheat, and raised im- mcnse crops. Now it yields 60 bushels of corn to the acre, 25 of wheat ; the latter at an expense (rent included] of only 33 and sometime 25 per cent. Ancient mounds are numerous, mere bury. ing grounds, where bones are found in heaps, much decayed, laid horizontally. Indian skeletons are often washed out of the banks in sitting postures, with implements, &c. Broaches and crosses are sometimes found, which were brought from Canada. Consump- tion is not known in this region ; but cutane- ous disorders abound. There are no manu- factories except flour mills, &c. Threshing is done by machines, which cost from .^80 to f|150 each. Population 1820, 39,835, 1830, 51,992. (Jenesee, river, rises on the great table land, or Grand Plateau of Western Penn.«iyl- GEO 179 GEO vania, runs n. across the western part of N. Y. and empties into lake Ontario. Near its mouth, at Cartilage, there uro falls of 75 feet, and at Rochester, just above, of 'JG feet, and some rajjids for 2 miles further, from the head of which, the feeder leads into the Erie canal. In the town of Nunda, at the n. end of Alleghany co. are two other falls near each other, of tiO and 90 feet. At the falls at liochestcr, the notorious Sam Patch lost his life. It was here, that he made his " last leap," which proved fatal to him. Genesko, p-t. St. jus. Livingston co. N. Y. 27 miles s. s. w. Rochester, and 238 from Al- bany. Surface undulating. In Fall brook is a cascade nearly 100 feet, almost perpen- dicular. Pop. 1830, 2,675. Genuva, village and p-o. ((See Seneca.) Geneva, p-v. and tsp. in the western part of Ashtabula co. Ohio, by p-r. 348 ms. n. w. W. C. and 180 ms. n. e. Columbus. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 771. Geneva, p-v. in the northwestern part of the CO. by p-r. 585 ms. w. W. C. and 53 s. e. Indianopolis. Genito, p-v. on the left bank of Appamat- tox river, in the southeastern part of Pow- hatan, CO. Virginia, by p-r. 34 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. Genoa, p-v. and tsp. Delaware co. O. The p-v. is in the southern part of the county, 17 ms. north waril from Columbus, and 392 ms. N. w. bv w. W. C. Pop. of tlie township, 18:}0, (i.W. <4enoa, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y. 20 miles s. Auburn, and 185 from Albany. Surface gently uneven. Soil remarkably fertile. Well supplied with mill seats. Pop. 1830, 2,7ti8. (i entry's Store, and p-o. Spencer co. Indiana, about lliU ms. a little w. of s. In- dianopolis. (iENi'sviLLK, p-o. Abbeville district, S. C. by [>-r. 102 nis. a little n. of w. C'olumbia, and .^.iiti s. w. W. C. CJeor<;es Store, and p-o. Pike co. Ala. by p-r. 168 nis. s. e. Tuscaloosa. GEoiKiEsvii.LE, p-v. Yazoo CO. Miss, by p-r. 81 nis. northward from Jackson. (iEORUEsvu.LE, p-v. in Pleasant tsp. and in the southwestern angle of Franklin co. Ohio, 13 nis. s. w. C^olunihus, and by p-r. 409 s. w. by w. i w. VV. C. Pop. 1830, 39. (teoroetown, town, Lincoln co. Me. at the mouth of the Kennebec, 15 ms. s. w. Wis- casset. Pop. 1830, 1,258. GEoiifiKTowx, p-t. Madison co. N. Y. 12 ms. s. w. Morrisville, and 106 w. Albany, good for grazing, &c. Pop. 1830, 1,094. Georgktown, p-v. on the left liaiik of the Ohio river, imnicdiaiely above tlu! mouth of Mill creek, and of the Virginia line, Beaver CO. Pa. 35 ms. by land w. n. w. Pittsburg. Georgetown, p-v. and st. jus. Sussex co. Delaware, on the height of land between the sources of Nanticoke and Indian rivers, 37 ms. a little e. of s. Dover. Lit. 38° 43', long. 1" 37' E. W. C. Georgetown, port of entry, and p-t. at the head of the tide, and on the loft bank of Poto- mac river, Washington co. Dist. Columbia. It extends in length along the Potomac, and in breadth up Rock creek, rising by a bold acclivity from both streams. The Chesa. peake and Ohio canal passes through this town. It is the seat of a Roman Catholic college, and of considerable commerce. The progressive population is shown by the subjoined table. (iSee article District Co- lumbia.') Whites, Free Col'd, Slaves, Total' 1810, 3,235 551 1,162 4,948 1820, 4,940 894 1,526 7,360 1830, 6,057 1,209 1,175 8,441 Georgetown, district of S. C. bounded by Santee river, which separates it from Charles- town dist. 8. and s. w., by Williamsburgh dist. w. and n. w., by Horry dist. n. and n. e., and by the Atlantic e. and s. e. Length nearly parallel to the ocean 40 miles, mean breadth 26, and area 1,040 square ms. Ly- ing between lat. 33° 05' and 33° 46', and long. 2° 13' and 2° 50' w. W. C. The surface of this district is a plain, in many places marshy, but much of the river soil is very productive, and as it is in a remarkable man- ner traversed by rivers, the commercial ad- vantages are extensive. Beside the outlets of Santee river, Winyau bay is the estuary of Waccamaw, Great Pedee, and Black rs. All those confluents of Winyau, unite at, or near Georgetown, the mart and st. jus. of the district. Rice and cotton are the principal staples. Population 1820, 17,603, 1830, 19,943. Georgetown, p-t. port of entry and st. jus. Georgetown dist. S. C. situated on the point above the junction of Sanipit creek and Pedee r. ; the boia co. N. Y. v.. of most of the colonists, tlie advance was very ] the Hudson, 12 ms. s. of the city of Hudson, slow in the first years of settlement. Time | Surface gently undulating, soil good (or grass, and experience meliorated these municipal | &-c. Poorly watered — remarkahly well tiin- evils ; but as a feeble colony, the ravages of war could not be averted. Spain, even in bered — noted for fruit. Pop. 1830, !>G7. Germantown, p-v. and st. jus. Hyde co. N. times of peace, claimed the country; and injC. situated on a small bay ofl'ninlico sound, war, her colonies in Florida, and the West j or rather of Pamlico r. about 40 ms. a little s. Indies, facilitated an invasion of Georgia, and j of e. Washington, at the mouth of Tar r. and )y p-r. 149 ms. in nearly a similar direction Lat 35° 24' and long. 0° what was perhaps fully as injurious, retalia. tion was equally facile. In fact, the first se-| from Raleigh, rious attempt at conquest was made in 1740, 1 e. W. C. when general George Oglethorpe made an I Germantown, p-v. Phil. co. Pa. It is a attempt to seize St. Augustine, and was re- 1 double line of houses, with the Heriding road pulsed with loss. In 1742 the Spaniards in I as a street, extending upwards off nis. from their turn invaded Georgia, and were also I its commencement, G ms. from I'hil. Mt. defeated in their design. Laboring under so Airy college is located in Genu intown. Pop. many combined burthens, the exports of 1830, 4,G28. Georgia in 1750 fell short of »i^50, 000. In Germantown, p-v. about the centre of Fau- 17.52 the charter was changed, and the pro- quier co. Va.by p-r. 133 ms. n. w. by w. Ra- vince became a royal colony, when more li- leigh. beral principles of trade and tenure were Germantown, p-v. in the s. w. part of Ma- adopted. A general representative assembly son CO. Ky. by p-r. 81 ins.N. r.. Frankfort.' was established in 1755, and was in 1763 fol lowed by a cession of all the country between the Aliamaha and St. Mary'.? rivers. The latter grant was one of the meliorating con- eequences to Georgia, of the cession of hnnbus. Pop. oftlie tsp. 1830, 4,70it Germantown, p-v. in German tsp. and in the nrthvvstrn part of Montgomery co. O. 15 ms. s. w. Dayton, the co. st. by p-r. 487 n. w. by i w. W. C. and 90 ms. a little s. of w. Co- GIB 183 GIL Gehman Valley, Morris co. N.J. abcauti-terscd by Patokar. The sthestni. angle gives I'ul and rich valley, through which runs the source to Great Pigeon creek, a confluent of s. liiiuicii ut' Rarilan r. IG ins. vv. Morristown. O. r., and declines sthrdly. towards tliat com- (inRUAuusTowN, p-v. in the sthrn. part of! paratively large recipient. Face of the co. Berkley co. Va. 18nis. n. Winchester Geriiv, t. Chautauque co. N. Y. 18 ms. E. Mayville. Well watered. The timber con- sists of beech, maple, birch, basswood, ash, elm, oak, walnut, hemlock, &c. Pop. 1830, J, no. Gettysihjrg, p-y. borough and st. jus. Ad- ams CO. Pa. situated on a fine elevated site between Marsh and Rock creeks of Monoca- broken. Chief t. Princeton. Pop. 1830, 5,418. GiLEAD, p-t. Oxford CO. Me. on the An- droscoggin, 30 ms. w. Paris. Pop. 1830, 377. GtLEAD, p.v. nnd st. jus. Calhoun co. II. by p-r. 907 ms. w. from W. C. ; 1^6 ms. a liltle N. of w. from Vundalia, and 50 ms. n. n. w. from St. Louis in Mo. It is situated between the Miss, and II. rs. near the right bank of cy r. 115 ms. a little s. of w. Phil, and by p-r.; the latter : lat..39° 03', long. 13° 37' w. W^C. 44 ms. s. s. w. Ilarrisburg. Lat. 30° 50' andj Gilford, t. StrrJVord co. N. H. s. side lake long. 0° 14' w. W. C. it is a very pleasant iWinnipiseogce, 23 ms. n. E.Concord. Con- town, in a well cultivated and delightful vicin-j tains an academy, 11 schools, a valuable pa- nagc, e.vtending mostly in a single street j per manufactory, and other useful mills and along the main and direct road from Phil, to machinery. Pop. 1830, 1,870. Pittsburg. GjLEs, co. of Va. bounded n. by Monroe ; n. GiiBNT, t. Columbia co. N. Y. 11 ms. e. k. by Botetourt; s. k. by Montgomery; s. by Hudson. * Excellent land, well supplied with Wythe ; s. w. by Tazewell ; and w. by the mill seats and mills. Pop. 1830, 2,783. I Great Flat Top mtn. which separates it from Ghent, p-v. Gallatin co. O. on the left bank | Logan. The form of this co. is a rude ap. of O. r. opposite Vevay, Switzerland co. Ind. i proach to a half moon, and the length between by p-r. 52 ms. a little w. ofN. Hartford. [the points about 70 ms. Lying between lat. GiioLsoNS, p-o. Graves co. Ky. by p-r. 259:37° OG' and 37° 43' and long. 3° 15' to 4° 15' ms. s. w. by w. Frankforf. [ w. W. C. Surface a congeries of mtn. ridg- Gholsonville, p-v. on the left bank of Me- herin r. JJrunswick co. Va. by p-r. 78 ms. s. s vv. Richmond. Gibbons' Tavern, and p-o. Delaware co. Pa. by p-r. 94 ms. s. e. by e. Harrisburg, and 12G N. E. W. C. GiBBONsviLLE, (Scc WatefvUet.) Gibraltar, p-v. in Iowa co. Mich, by p-r. 1,012 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. This place is not located on Tanner's map, but relatively with Cassville, and Galena in II. it must be be- es and intervening vallics, extending in a n. E. and s. w. direction. The mtn. vallios are cut and traversed almost at right angles by the Great Kenhawa, which pouring from the elevated vales between the Blue Ridge and Alleghany, in a n. n. e. course, suddenly in- flects to N. w. and passing the latter, enters Giles : breaking through several more minor chains, and receiving Greenbriar from Mon. roe, Kenhawa r. pursues its nrthwstm. course towards O. At the mouth of Sinking creek twecn the two latter, and about 22 ms. above! into Kenhawa, in the estrn. and upper part of Galena. the co. opposite the mouth of Greenbriar, the Gibson, p-v. Susquehannah co. Pa. by p-r. [water surface is 1,333 feet above the Atlan- 177 ms. N. N. E. Harrisburg. j tic tides. We may therefore safely assume Gibson co. of Ten. bounded-by Dyer w. ;i 1,600 feet, as the mean level of the cultivated Obion N. w. ; Weakly n. ; Carroll e. ; Madi- son s. ; and Haywood s. w. Length 30 ms. mean breadth 22 ; area 660 sq. ms. Lat. 36°, long. 12° w. W. C. intersect near the centre land of Giles. Tliis height is fully equivalent to 4 deg. o£ Fahrenheit, and would give to Giles a winter climate equal to that on n. lat. 41° along the Atlantic margin. Chief t. Pa- of this CO. The slope of this CO. is wstrd. to- risburg. In 1820, the pop. was 4,522 only, wards the Miss. r. and down which flow vari- and at that epoch it included a large tract now ous branches of Forked Deer, and Obion j comprised in Logan co. Pop. 1830, 5,274. rs. Chief t. Gibbonsville. Population 1830, Giles, C. H.Giles co. Va. {See Paris. 5,801. \hurg.) Gibson Port, p-v. of Gibson co. Ten. about Giles, one of the sthrn. cos. of Ten. bound- 150 ms. a little s. ofw. Nashville. cd w. by Lawrence; n. w. by Hickman; n. Gibson Port, Claiborne co. Miss. (Sccj by Maury ; e. by Hickman ; and s. by Mad- I'ort Gibson, same co.) lison and Limestone cos. of Ten. It is very GiiisON, CO. of Ind. bounded n. by White r. jncarly a square of 30 ms. and area 900 sq. ms. sei)arating it from Knox co. ; n. e. and e. by Pike ; s. e. by Warrick ; s. by Vanderberg ; s. w. by Posey, and w. and n. w. by Wabash r. separating it from Wabash co. II. (Great- est length from e. to w. 38 ms. ; mean breadth 16, and area 600 sq. ms. Extending in lat.'r. from .38° 12' to 38' 34' and in long, from 10°lki Extending in lat. from 35° to 35° 25' and trav. ersed by long. 10 w. from W. C. Elk r. winding sthrdly. traverses the s. e. angle of this CO. but the much greater part is drained by Richland creek, and other branches of Elk Surface moderately hilly. Chief t. Pulas- Pop. 1820, 12,558; lfi30, 18,703. 22' to 11° 04' w. from W. C. Slope of the' Gill, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 90 ms. n. w nrthrn. and wstrn. section very nearly due w. Boston. Fine land, beautifully situated n. & and in that direction the lalhrn. part is trav- ' w. Conn, r- which here makes a bend. Mil GLO 184 GLO ler's Falls are in the Conn, adjoining this t. Pop. 1830, 1,407. Gill Land's Creek, N. Y. [See Willsbo- rough.) GiLLMANTOWN, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. 17 ms. from Concord, 44 from Portsmouth, 78 from Boston, and 522 from W. C. Very hil- ly and rocky— ^well watered — contains iron ore and mineral springs — has a flovirishing academy. Pop. 1830, 3,816. GiLsuM, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H. 37 ms. s. Concord. Has good mill privileges. Pop. 1830, 642. Gladwin, co. of Mich, bounded by Arena ually owned in this town. Rocky and uue- ven. The principal part of Gloucester is a peninsula, connected with the main by a very narrow isthmus, across which is a canal for the passage of small vessels. On the south- east side of the town is Thatcher's island, on which are two light houses. This town is a charming place in the warm season. Pop. 1830, 7,510. Gloucester, p-t. Providence co. R. I. 16 ms. from Providence. Surface generally un- even. Extensive and valuable forests. Che- pachet river runs through the centre of the town, upon which river, near the centre of CO. E., Midlands, and ter. not yet divided into! said town, is a considerable village called COS. w. and n. It is a sq. of 24 ms. each side, area 576 sq. ms. E.vtending in lat. from 43° 50' to 44° 10' and in long, from 7° 08' to 7° 35' w. W. C. Tittibawassee r. or the nrthrn. branch of Saginaw r. drains the body of this CO. flowing by a general sthrn. course. The centra] part of Gladwin is about 150 ms. N. N. w. Detroit. Ginseng, p-v. Logan co. Va. about 380 ms. B. w. by w. W. C. Glade Run, p-o. Armstrong co. Pa. by p-r. 214 ms. N. w, W. C. Gladden's Grove, and p-o. Fairfield co. S. C. 31 ms. N. Columbia. Glady Creek, Cross Roads and p.o. Ran- dolph CO. Va. 60 ms. s. e. Clarksburg, and by p-r. 223 wcstrd.W.C. Glasgow, p-v. on the head of Christiana creek, New Castle co. Del. 15 ms. s. e. Wil- mington, and by p-r. 98 ms. n. e. W. C. Glasgow, p-v. and st. jus. Barren co. Ky. 116 ms. 8. s. w. Frankfort, and 89 ms. n. n, e. Nashville, in Ten. lat. 37° 01' long. 8° 4& w. W. C. Glassborough, p-v. Gloucester co. N. J. 20 ms. s. e. Phil. Here is a glass factory. Glastenbury, p-t. Hartford co. Conn. e. Conn. r. Timber, oak, chestnut, &.c. — well watered — contains cotton, woollen, and iron manufactories, &c. and fine sliad fisheries in the Conn. ; also a mineral spring. It has 13 school districts. Pop. 1830, 2,SreO. Glastenbury, t. Bennington co. Vt. 9 ms. n. e. Bennington, 25 n. w. Brattleborough. Land a great part high, broken, and incapa- ble of being settled. Pop. 1830, 59. Glen, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y. on the canal, 8 ms. s. Johnstown. Pop. 1830, 2,451. Glencoe, p-v. Hampshire co. Va. by p-r. 124 ms. nrthwstrdly. from W. C. Glenn's, p-o. Gloucester co. Va. by p-r. 92 ms. E. Richmond. Glen's Falls, v. & p-o. (See Queensbury.) Glenville, p-t. Schenectady co. N. Y. n. Mohawk r., 5 ms. n. w. Schenectady. Has 9 school houses. Pop. 2,497. Gloucester, p-t. and port of entry, Essex, Chepachet, where are a number of cotton fkclories, and some additional water works. Contains twelve schools. Population 1830, 2,522. Gloucester, co. N. J. extends from the Delaware river to the Atlantic, bounded n. E. by Burlington, s. w. by Salem, Cumber- land and cape May. Pop. 1830,28,431. Prin- cipal towns, Woodbury, and Camden. The lands along the Delaware, extending inland, are highly cultivated for fruit, vegetables, &c. for the Philadelphia market. In the interior, are pine lands, and several forges, and manu- factories of glass, &c. Gloucester, town, Gloucester co. N. J. bounded n. e. by Waterford, s. w. by Dept- ford, s. w. by Gloucester t. Pop. 1830, 2,332. Gloucester Town, t. Gloucester co. N. J. on the Delaware, between Deptford and Newton, bounded n. k. by Gloucester. Pop. 1830, 686. GJ;loucester, co. of Va. bounded n. w. by King and Queen, n. by Piankatank river, which separates it from Middlesex, n. e. by North river, which separates it from Mat- thew.s, e. by Chesapeake or Mobjack bay, and s. and s. w. by York r. which separates it from York and James city cos. Length 28 miles, mean width 10, and area 280 square ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 15' to 37" 35' and in long, from 0° 14' to 0° 42' e. W. C. Chief town, Gloucester. Pop. 1820, 9,678, 1830, 10,608. Gloucester, court house, Gloucester co. Va. p-o. near the centre of the co. by p-r. 88 ms. E. Richmond. Glover, p-t. Orleans co. Vt. 33 miles e. Montpelier. Contains 8 school houses. This town is noted for the following remarkable occurrence. A pond, a mile and a half long, and half a mile wide, situated partly in this town, and partly in Greensborough, on the 6th ot June, 1810, on having a small outlet opened, broke loose through the quicksand, of which its bank was in that place principal- ly composed, and in ITy minutes was entirely emptied, its waters rushing forth in a mighty Mass. 30 ms. n. e. Boston, and 16 n. e. mass, 60 or 70 feet in height, and 20 rods in Salem, situated on cape Ann, n. extremity of width, levelling forests and hills, filling up Mass. bay. One of the most considerable i the valleys, sweeping away houses, barns, fishing towns in the state, with a harbor) cattle, &c. and giving the inhabitants time open a)id accessible to large ships at all sea- 1 barely to escape with their lives into the sons. About 10,000 tons of shipping are us- 1 mountains. In thas manner did it deluge the GOO 185 GOU country for tlio space of 10 iiis. So rapidly rtovved tlie torrent, that it reached lake Mcni- phrcniagop, 27- nis. distant, in about 6 hours I'roni tlic time of its getting vent. Nothing now remains of tho pond but its bod. a part of which is cultivated, and a part overgrown with buslies and wild grass, with a small brook running through it, which is now at the head of Barton river. Pop. 1830, 902. Glynn, co. of Geo. bounded by Camden co. s. w., Wayne n. w., Altamaha river which separates it from Mcintosh n. e., and the At- lantic ocean s. e. It lies very nearly in form of a square of 25 nis.; area 625 square ms. Ex- tending in lat. from 31° to 31° 29', and in long, from 4° 22' to 4° 58' w. W. C. St. Si- mons, and .Ickyl islands, constitute the At- lantic border of Glynn. The whole surface is level and cut by interlocking water courses. Where the soil admits of culture, the climate is suitable to rice, indigo, tobacco, sugar cane, &c. The orange tree and fig tree I nourish. Chief towns, Brunswick and Fred- erica. Pop. 1820, 3,418, in 1830, 4,567. Gnadenhutten, p-v. Clay tsp. Tuscarawas CO. Ohio. The tsp. is in tho southern part of the CO. The post village is situated on Tus- carawas river, 11 ms. s. New Philadelphia, the CO. at. Pop. of the p-v. 1830, 49. Godfrey, Savannah post office, Colleton dist. S. C. by p-r. 1 14 miles sthrd. Columbia. (iodfrey's Ferky, and p-o. by p-r. 151 ms. a little s. ofE. Columbia. The ferry is over the Great Pcdee, about 10 miles above the mouth of Lynches creek or river. GoFFSBORo', p-o. Washington parish, La. by p-r. 1147 ma. southwcstward W. C. and 83 N. N. w. New Orleans. GoFFSTOwN, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H. 12 ms. from Amherst, 16 from Concord, and 55 from Boston, w. Merrimack river, at Amoskeag falls. Piscataquog river runs through its centre, and falls into the Merri- mac. Good land. The timber, oak, sever- al sorts of pine, hemlock, beech, and maple. A great number of masts, for tho English navy, have been furnished from this place. It is the present residence of Hon. David L. Morrill, late governor of the state, and mem- ber of congress. Pop. 1830, 2,208. GoLAN.sviLLE, p-v. Caroline co. Va. by p-r. 29 ms. s. s. w. W. C. and 56 nearly due n. Richmond. Golden, p-v. Baltimore co. Md. Golden Grove, p-o. Greenville dist. S. C. by p-r. 110 ms. n. w. Columbia. GoLcoNDA, p-v. and st. jus. Pope co. II. by p-r. 791 ms. s. s. w. i w. W. C. and 160 ms. s. e. E. Vandalia. (ioLDsnoRoiion, town, Hancock co. Me. 40 ms. E. C^nstinc. Pop. 1830, 880. Gold Mene, p-v. Chesterfield dist. S. C. by p-r. 449 ms. s. s. w. W. C. and 101 ms. n. -E. Columbia. Goocrn.AND, co. of Va. bounded by Flu- vanna N. w., Loui.sa n., Hanover .\. e., Henri- co s. E., and James river which separates it from Powhatan s., and Cumberland s. w. 21 Length 28, mean breadth 12, and area 336 square ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 31' to 37° 51', and in long, from 0° 47' to 1° 20' w. W. C. Goochland slopes to tho s. and is drained by several small creeks falling into James river. Chief town, Hardensvillo. Pop. 1820, 10,007, 1830, 10,369. Goochland, court house, and p-o. Gooch- land CO. Virginia, by p-r. 32 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. Goode's Bridge, and p-o. in the sthrn. part Chesterfield co. Va. 38 nis. s. w. Richmond. GooDFiELD, p-v. Rhea co. Tcnn. by p-r. 151 ms. s. E. by e. Nashville. Good Luck, formerly Magruder's p-o. southwestern part of Prince George's co. Md. by p-r. 18 ms. s. e. W. C. and 40 ms. e. w. Annapolis. Goodson's, p-o. Montgomery CO. Va. by p-r. 299 miles s. vv. W. C. and 221 westward Richmond. Goodson's, p-o. Cumberland co. Ky. by p-r. 634 miles s. w. by w. W. C. and 122 s. Frankfort. Good Spring, p-o. Williamson co. Tcnn. 12 ms. s. w. Nashville. Goodwynsville, p-o. Dinwiddle co. Va. 7 ms. s. Dinwiddle court house, and 47 s. s. w. Richmond. Gooseberry Island and Rocks, of! cape Ann, Mass. Goose Creek, or river, branch of Roanoke river rising in the southeastern vallies of Blue Ridge, 4 or 5 ms. s. w. from the peaks of Otter, and flowing thence s. e. over Bed- ford CO. falls into Roanoke river, in the west- ern angle of Cnmpbell co. Va. after a com- parative course of 30 ms. Goose Creek, post office, on the preceding creek, in the western part of Bedford co. Va, 10 ms. westward Liberty, the co. st. GoosEPOND, p-o. Oglethorpe co. Geo. by p-r. 86 ms. n. n. e. Millcdgevillo. GoRDONsviLLE, p-v. at tho eastern foot of South Weatmtn. and on the source of North Anna rive«prange co. Va. about 50 ms. s. w. by w. Frcoericsburg, by p-r. 92 ms. n. w. Richmond, and 115 s. w. W. C. GoRDONsviLLE, p-v. Smyth co. of Tep. 6 ms. from Carthage, and by p-r. 81 ms. though di- rect only about 50, eastward Nashville. GoRDONTON, p-o. Persou CO. N. C. 60 ms. by p-r. N. N. w. Raleigh. Gore, a tract of land lying w. of Williams- town, Mass. 140 ms. n. w. of Boston, 2 ms. wide at s. end, and tapering to a point at the Vt. line. Gorham, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. 9 ms. n. W.Portland. If has n considerable village, in which is an aondcmy. Pop. 1830, 2,988. GoRiiAM, i)-t. Ontario co. N. Y. 8 ms. s. e. Canandaigua. Flint creek runs, across the E. part, and supplies mill seals. It contains j23 school districts. Pop. 1830, 2,081. I GoRHAM, P-V. in the eastern part of Daviess CO. Ky. 8 ms. s. e. Owensburg, or Owensbo- I ro', the CO. st. and 150 s. w. by w. i w, : Frankfort. GOW 186 GRA GoBHAM, p-v. Daviess co. Ky. by p-r. 152 niB. B. w. by w. from Frankfort, Goshen, p-t. Sullivan co. N. H. 43 ms. w. Concord. Soil particularly good for grass. Timber, maple, birch, beech, hemlock, spruce, and some oak. Maple sugar is here manufactured to a considerable extent. Pop. 1830, 772. Goshen, town, Addison co. Vt. 31 ms. s. w. Montpelier, and 43 n. w. Windsor. Con- iiderably mountainous. Watered by Leices- ter river. Contains iron ore, and the oxide of manganese ; 6 school districts. Popula- tion 1830, 555. Goshen Gore, Caledonia co. Vt. There are two gores of this name, both in this co. the largest contains 7,339 acres, the smaller, 2,828. Goshen, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. 115 ms. w. Boston, and 12 n. w. Northampton. Sev- eral minerals, among which is the emerald, are found here. Pop. 1830, 617. Goshen, p. t. Litchfield co. Conn. 32 ms. w. Hartford, and 42 from New Haven. It is the highest land in the state. The sugar maple is the predominant forest tree. It contains various kinds of manufactories — 8 school dists. It is remarkably healthy. Pop. 1830, 1,734. Goshen, p-t. and half-shire town, Orange CO. N. Y. 20 ms. w. Hudson r. 110 s. Albany, and 60 n. N. York. Contains 12 schools. Fop. 1830, 3,361. Goshen, p-v. Monmouth co. N. J. 12 ms. s. Allentown. Goshen, small village in the sthrn. part of Loudon CO. Va. about 35 ms. w. W. C. Goshen, p-v. Lincoln co. Geo. about 45 ms. above Augusta, and by p-r. 99 ms. n. e. Mil- ledgeville. Goshen, p-v. in the estrn part of Iredell CO. N. C. 11 ms. estrd. Statesville, the co. st. and 157 ms. westrd. Raleigh. Goshen, p-v. in Goshen tsp. nrthrn. part of Clermont co. O. by p-r. 93 ms. s. w. Colum- bus. Pop. 1830, 139. ^ Goshen Hill, p-v. between Ennoree and Tyger rs. sthrn. part of Union dist. S. C. by p-r. 107 ms. n. w, Columbia. The real road distance between those two places about 50 ms. Goshen Mii-ls, and p-o. Montgomery co. Md. Goshensville, p-o. Chester co. Pa. GovERNEUR, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 23 ms. s. Ogdensburg. Received its name in honor of Governeur Morris. It has a great diversity of soil, and is situated on the Os- wegatchie r. Pop. 1830, 1,4.30. GovANSTowN, p-o. in the sthrn. part of Bal- timore CO. Md. by p-r. 42 ms. n. e. W. C. Governor's Island, N. Y. directly s. of the city of N. York, formins the harbor in the East r Belongs to government and is strong- ly fortified. GowANSViLLE, p-v. Greenville dist. S. C. by p-r. 121 ms. N. w. Columbia. GowDYSviLLE, p-v. Uuion dist. S. C. by p-r. 454 ms. s. w. W. C. and 89 n. w, Columbia. Graceham, p-v, Frederick co. Md. on the road from Hagerstown to Westminster, 15 ms. N. Frederic, and 81 ms. n. n. vv. W. C. Grafton co. N. H. 58 ms. long, and 30 at its greatest breadth, containing 828,623 acres, besides a large tract of ungranted land.— Bounded n, by Coos co., e. by Strafford, s, by Hillsborough, and w. by Vt. It is watered by Conn, r., Pemigewasset, Lower Amonoosuck, and many smaller streams — somewhat moun- tainous — contains fine tracts for pasturage, a large proportion of arable land, and on the rivers extensive and fertile intervals — there are in the co. 36 towns — the sessions of the superior court and of the court of sessions are holden alternately at Haverhill and Plyui- outh. Pop. 1820, 32,989 ; 1830, 38,632. Grafton, t. Grafton co. N. H. 36 ms, n, w. Concord, and 13 s. e. Dartmouth college — well watered — rocky, hilly, and mountainous. Pop. 1830, 1,207. Grafton, p-t. Windham co. Vt. 36 ms. n. e. Bennington, and 22 s. w. Windsor — contains good mill seats — surface uneven — abounds in a great variety of minerals — contains an im- mense quantity of soap stone — 11 school dists. Pop. 1830, 1,439. Grafton, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 40 ms, s. w. Boston, and 8 s. e. Worcester, on the Blackstone canal. Watered by Blackstone r. ; contains flourishing manufactories, one of which has a capital of $500,000, at which is manufactured twine and duck, from flax and hemp. Pop. 1830, 1,889. Grafton, p-t. Rensselaer co, N. Y, 11 ms. E. Troy. Soil principally an argillaceous loam ; timber, hemlock, white pine, fir, spruce, maple, &c. ; contains 10 school hous- es. Pop. 1830, 1,681. Grafton, p-v. in the nrthrn. part of Medina CO. O. by p-r. 367 ms. nrthwstrdly. W. C. and 129 n. n. e. Columbus. Graham's Station, and p-v. Meigs co. O, by p-r. 352 ms. w. W. C. and 103 e. e, Co- lumbus. Graham's Bridge, and p-o. Richmond co, N. C. by p-r. 93 ms. s. w. Raleigh, Grahamsville, orGrahamstown, p-v. near the centre of Beaufort dist. S. C. 74 ms. s. w, by w. and by a rather ciroiitous road from Charleston, and 10 s. Coosawhatchie the st. jus. for the dist. Grainger, co. of Ten. bounded by Clinch r. which separates it from Claiborne co. n. w., by Hawkins co. n. e., by Jefferson s. e. and Knox, s. w. Length 3!S ms. breadth 10, and area 320 sqare ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 08' to 360 30/ and in long, from 6o 03' to 6° 40' w. W. C. This co. being bounded on the N. w. by Clinch, and traversed on the s. E. by Holston r. has some very fine r. soil, but the body of the co. is hilly, and in part rocky and mountainous. A minor ridge called Chesnut Ridge, stretches to the s. w. and n. e. between the two rivet»=i, and divides Grain- ger mto two not very unequal parts. Chief t. Oresville. Pop. 1820, 7,650 ; 18.S0, 10,066. GRA 187 GRA Granberry's, p-o. ill the sthrn. part of Twigg'9 CO. Geo. 8 itis. sthrd. Marion, tlie co. St. and 45 .s. w. Millcdi,'eville. Grandy, t. Essex CO. Vt. 47 ms. n. e. Mont- pelier, Vt. Pop. 1830, 97. Granby, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. 90 ms. w. of Boston. In a cavern recently discov- ered here, were found two decayed statues originally formed of wood or earth. The (late of 1760 was on the walls. Pop. 183 J, 1,064. Granbv, p-t. Hartford co. Conn, bordering on Mass. 17 ms. ^. n. w. Hartford. The sur- face is diversified with mountain, hill, and dale ; it has within its limits a great variety of limber, and contains several kinds of min- erals. It is pretty well watered, and con- tains various kinds of manufactories, 16 school dists. and a small village in the centre of each of the located religious societies. Here is the Newgate, once the state prison, which was formerly a cavern, and originally opened and wrought as a copper mine. — Since the removal of the prison, this mine has been purchased by a mining company, and wrought with some success. Pop. 1830, 2,722. GiiANDV, p-t. Oswego CO. N. Y. s. w. Os- wego village, 12 ms. above Oswego, 25 n. of Salina, and 155 w. of Albany. Surface mod- erately uneven ; soil generally fertile ; tim- ber, pine, oak, maple, beach, &c. The Oswe- go falls are between this town and Volney ; there are 8 schools in the town. Pop. 1830, 1,423. Granbt, p-v. and st. jus. Lexington dist. S. C situated on the right bank of Congaree r. nearly opposite Columbia. Lat. 33° 58' long. 4'^03' w. W. C. Grand r. or Neosho r. a branch of Ark. r. rises in the angle between Ark. proper, Kamsae, and Osage rs., flows by a general course ofs. s. e. upwards of 200 ms. by com- parative courses, and falls into Ark. at Can- tonment Gibson. The valley of Grand r. stretches from lat. 35° 47' to 38° 40', and though some of its branches rise in the state of Mo. the great body of the valley lies westrd. of that state and of the Ter. of Ark. between 17°and20° w. W. C. Grand r. a branch of Mo. r. about lat 42°, between the sources of Raccoon fork of Des Moines r. and Naudaway branch of Mo. and flowing thence sthrdly. about 100 ms. enters the state of Mo. ; inflecting thence a little e. of s. li;0 ms. falls into the left side of Mo. by direct course 2j0 ms. above St. Louis. This stream and its confluents water upwards of 5000 sq. ms. in the nrthwstni. angle of Mo. Its val- ley lies between long. 16° and 17° 30' w. W. C. Grand r. stream of Mich. Ter. and conflu- ent of Lake Mich, rises, interlocking sources with th'ise of Huron, Lake Erie, Resin, and also with those of St. Joseph's and Kala- a little s. of w. from Detroit, about n. lat. 42". Flowing thence by comparative courses n. >'. w. about 100 ms. the chunncl abruptly inflects to the wstrd. which latter course is continued 70 ms. to its final influ.x into lake Mich, at lat. 43° 08'. Some of the nrthestrn. conflu- ents of Grand r. interlock with those of Sag- inaw r. and the main body of the valley of the former, lies between those of Saginaw and Kalainazoo. Grand, p-v. and tsp. in the nrthwstrn. part of Marion co. O. ; the p-v. is 74 ms, n. n. w, Columbus. Pop. tsp. 1830, 317. Grand Blanc, p-v. Oakland co. Mich. n. n. w. Detroit. Granj> Cakamn, p-v. Brown co. Mich. — The names or position of these two latter not on Tanner's map ; nor is the relative position of either given in the p-o. list. Grande, p-v. Crittenden co. Ark. 141 ms. by p-r. N. E. by e. Little Rock, and 932 ms. s. w. by w. i w. W. C. Grand Gulf, abrupt and remarkable bend of the Mississippi r. at the influx of Black r. Grand Gulf, p-v. on the Grand Gulf and Miss, r., and in the nrthwstrn. part of Clai- borne CO. state of Miss, by the land road 50 ms. above and n. n. e. Natchez. Grand Isle co. Vt. boimded n. by L. Can- ada, on the N. line of Alburgh, the rest of the CO. consisting of isl'u. in lake Champlain. It is 28 ms. long from n. to s. and about 5 ms. wide, containing 82 sq. ms. ; streams small, having scarcely a good mill privilege in the CO. ; surface generally level, and very rich and productive ; chief t. North Hero. Pop. 1820, 3,527; 1830, 3,696. Grand Isle, p-t. Grand Isle co. Vt. 18 ms. N. Burlington. Pop. ;8.'i0, 643. Grand Island, N. Y. in Niagara river 12 ms. long, and 2 to 7 wide, commencing about 3 ms. below Black Rock, and terminating a mile and a half above Niagara Falls ; con- taining 17,800 acres. Soil strong and rich. A large marsh in the centre. It is well wooded. Here was acted the farce of laying the foundation of the Jewish city of Ararat. Grand or Ciiilnucook lake. Me. the source of St. Croix r. 30 ms. long, and about 5 broad. Grand Traverse, Strait and Islands, between lake Michigan and Green Bay. This strait opens at lat. 45° 30', and is filled with small islands, which render the entrance from lake Michigan into Green Bay rather intricate. Grand Traverse, bay, or the outlet of Ot- tawa river, Mich. Amongst the confusion of naming rs. by the same name, or by one ap- propriated to another object, this alTords an instance. Directly opposite Grand Traverse Strait and Islands, init on the contrary shore of lake Michigan, opens Grand Traverse bay. The Ottawa r. rising on the peninsuala of Vlichigan, and flowing to the n. w. about lat. mazoo rs. flowing into Lake Mich. The 1 45, widens to a bay, which with u length of extreme sources of Grand r. are on the flat la- 30 nis. terminates in lake Michigan, and is ble landot'^he Mich.peninsula, about 80 ms. [known as Grand Traverse Bay. GRA 188 GRA Granger, p-v. Caldwell co. Ky. by p-r. 235 ma. s. w. by w. Frankfort. Granger, p-v. and tsp. Medina «o. O. by p-r. 348 ms. n. w. by w. of W. C. and 12] n. N. E. Columbia. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 676. Grant, co. of Ky. bounded a. and s. w. by Owen, Gallatin N. w., Boone N.,and Pendleton E. Length 23, mean width about 8, and area 184 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 30' to 38° 48', and in long, from 7° 35' to 7° 47' vv, W. C Eagle or. a branch of Ky. r. winds over a part of Grant, and is tho only stream of consequence in the co. Chief town, Williamsville, or Williamstown. Pop. 1820, 1,805, 1830,2,987. Grantham, t. Sullivan co. N. II. 12 ms. s. E. Dartmouth college, and 45 n. w. Concord. Croydon mtn. runs through the west part of the town. Soil productive. Well watered by numerous brooks and rivulets. Contains a medicinal spring, and a bed of paint. Pop. 1830, 1,079. Grantlev's, p-o. Culpepper co. Va. by p-r. 59 ms. s. w. W. C. Grant's Lick, and p-o. Campbell co. Ky. by p-r. 76 ms. n. n. e. Frankfort. Grantsville, p-v. Green co. Geo. by p-r. 52 ms. northward Milledgeville. Granville, t. Hampden co. Mass. 120 ms. s. w. Boston, and 18 s. w. Springfield— a handsome and flourishing town. Pop. 1830, 1,649. Granville, p-t. Washington co. N. Y. about 60 ms. n. e. Albany. Soil excellent ; surface handsomely diversified, and well watered with springs, rivulets, &.c. It con- tains an academy, and 19 schools. It has a marble quarry ; and common slatestone, and limestone are also found. It contains like- wise various kinds of manufactories. Pop. 1830, 3,882 opposite St. Regis Island. It is 125 ms. long. It is naturally connected, with the Oswegat- chie in Canton. Grass Lake, p-v. .Tackson co. Mich, by p-r. 88 ms. w. Detroit. Grassy Crbek, and p-o. Pendleton co. Ky. by p-r. 68 ms. n. n. e. from Frankfort. Grassy Creek, and p-o. Burke co. N. C. about 200 ms. w. Raleigh. Grassy Point, p-v. Madison co. O. by p-r. 61 ms. westward Columbus. Gratiot, co. of Mich, bounded by Saginaw CO. E. , Clinton s., Montcalm w., Isabella n. w., and Midland n. e. It is a sq. of 24 ms. each side, area 576 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 43° 08' to 43° 28', and in long, from 7° 22' to 7° 48' w. W. C. The slope to the south- west, and drained by some of the higher northern sources of Grand r. of lake Michi- gan. The central part is about 110 ms. n. w. from Detroit. Gratiots Grove, p-o. Joe-Daviess co. II. 17 ms. N. E.byE. Galena, and by p-r. 972 n. w. by w. W. C. Gratis, p-v. 2 ms. from Eaton, the co. st. Prebble co. O., and 94 a little s. of w. Co- lumbus. Gratz, p-v. in Wiconisco valley, in the northern angle of Dauphin co. Pa. by p-r. 46 ms. a little e. of n. Harrisburg. Grave Creek, or Elizabethtown, p-v. of Ohio CO. Va. 12 ms. below Wheeling, and by p-r. 352 N. w. by w. W. C. This creek and village take their name from very extensive* tumuli, scattered over an elevated bottom or plain. The author of this article visited this plain twice in 1794, previous to the plough or other operations of farming having much dis- turbed the remains. At that epoch, one very large conical mound surrounded by a ditch, t was itself environed by numerous and similar, Granville, p-v. on Duncard or. near the! though smaller tumuli. The remains of the southern border of Green co. Pa., but in Mo-i roads, sloping down the banks from the plain, nongalia CO. Va., about 12 ms. n.w. Morgan- | were also perfectly distinguishable; as was town, and by p-r. 211 ms. n. w. by w. W. C.j the trench of a work, in form of a parallelogram. Granville, p-v. Monongalia co. Va. 217 ms. N. w. by w. i w. W. C. Granville, co. of N. C. bounded by War Graves, co. Ky. between Ten. and Miss. ., bounded by McCracken n., Calloway e., Weakly co. of Ten. s., and Hickman in Ky. ren e., Franklin s. E., Wake s.. Oranges. w.,jw. Length 33, mean breadth 20, and area Person w., and by Halifax co. of Va. n. w.,J660 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 30' and Mecklenburg CO. of Va. n. Length 36, 1 to 36° 58', and in long, from 11° 35' to 11° mean width 23, and area 828 sq. ms. Ex- 56' w. W. C. Chief town, Mayfield. Pop. tending in lat. from 36° 03' to 36° 30', and in 1830, 2,503. long, from 1° 20' to 1° 50' w. W. C. The southern part of this co. is drained by creeks flowing s. into Neuse r., the centre is travers- ed by Tar r. whilst the northern section slopes towards, and is drained by creeks flowing into Roanoke. Chief town, Oxford. 1820, 18,216, 1830, 19,343. Granville, p-v. and tsp. in the southwest- ern part of Licking co. 0. The village is by p-r. 28 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus, and 6 ms. westward Newark, the co. si. Pop. ofl Gravelly Hill, and p-o. Bladen co. N. C. by p-r. 101 ms. s. Raleigh. Graves, p-o. in the western part of Madi- son CO. Va. by p-r. 110 ms. s. w. W. C. Gravesend, t. Kings co. N. Y. 9 ms. s. N. Pop. Y. on the coast; a bathing resort. Pop. 565, Gray, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. 20 ms. n. of Portland. Pop. 1^830, 1,575. Grayson, co. of Va, lying between the Blue Ridge and Iron mtn., bounded w. by the Iron mtn. which separates it from Washington; n. the tsp. 1830, 1,781, and of the village 3G2.! vv. and n. by the Iron mtn. separating it from Grape Island, and p-o. Tyler co. Va. byj Wythe ; n. e. by Montgomery co.; e. and s. e. p-r. 273 ms. westward W. C. by Blue Ridge, separating it from Patrick co.; Grass r. N. Y. enters the St. Lawrence,: and s.e. by Surrey, and s. w. by Ashe coun- GRE 189 GRE liesN.C. The greatest lenylli of Grayson is about 70 ins. from the extreme western angle on lion mtn. to tlio extreme eastern on Blue Ridge ; mean width 12, and area H 10 sq. ma. Extending in Int. iVoni 3G° 33' to 3G° 53', and in long, from 3° 2b' to 4" 40' w. W. C. Grayson is the most eastern ol the soutliern COS. of Va. which are comprised in the valley of Ohio r. Great Kenhawa r. rising in Ashe CO. of N. C. flows northeastwardly into Gray- son, and thence turning eastward about 20 . nis. along the line between Va. and N. C. and turning to n. n. e. traverses Grayson, which it leaves by piercing the Iron mtn. This co. is apart of the Great Valley west of the Blue Ridge, and slopes northward, drained by in- numerable creeks (lowing from the two boun- ding channels into the Great Kenhawa, hero called New River. C'omparing the mean elevation of Grayson, with that of Wythe, Montgomery and Giles, wo cannot assume , for the former less than 1,G00 feet above the ocean level, (see Gilea ^-c.) Chief town of Grayson, Greensville. Pop. 1820, 5,598, 1830, 7,675. Grayson C. H. and p-o. (see Greensville, Grayson co. Va.) Ghavson, C. H. and p-v. Grayson co. Va. by p-r. 354 ms. s. w. W. C., and 276 s. w. by w J w. Richmond. Grayson, co. of Ky. bounded w. by Ohio CO., N. w. by Hancock or by Rough creek, branch of Green r., n. by Rough creek, sepa- rating it from Breckenridge, N.E. and E. by Hardin, s. e. by Nolin's creek, separating it from Hart, s. by Edmonson, and s. w. by But- ler. Length from e. to w. 40, moan breadth 20, and area 800 sq^ ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 10' to 37° 38', and in long, from 8° 58' to 9° 40' w. W. C. This co. occupies part of the peninsula between Green r. and Rough creek, the central part being u table land, from which small creeks flow into the two bordering streams. The general slope is to the wstrd., as both the bordering rivers flow in that direction. Chief t. Litchfield. Pop. 1820, 4,U55, 1830, 2,504. This county must have been divided in the intermediate time. Gray's Settlement, and p-o. Erie co. Pa. by p-r. 327 ms. n. w. W. C. Graysville, p-v. Huntingdon co. Pa. by p-r. 96 ms. westward Harrisburg. Great Bay, Rockingham co. N. H. The western branch of the Piscataqua, 4 miles wide, empties north east through Little Bay. Great Bay, Strafford co. N. H. connected with Winnipiseogeo lake, and heads Winni- pisseogee r. Great Crossings, p-v. Scott co. Ky. 15 ni8< N. E. Frankfort. ' Great Kenhawa. (See Kuiihavm.) Great Mills and p-o. at the head of St. Mary's r., St. Mary's co. Md. by p-r. 81 ms. s. s. E. W. C. and almost due s. Anna- polis. Great Salt Works, or Saltsburg, at the forks, and on the right bank of Conemaugh r., a p-v. Ind. co. Pa. about 30 ms. a little N. of E. Pittsburg, and 211 wstrd. Harrisburg. Great Ogeechee. {Sec Ogeechee r.) Great Valley, p-t. Cattaraugus co. N. Y. 14 ms. s. e. from Ellicottville. Pop. 1830, 647. Great Works River, Mo. enters the Pe- nobscot r. 2 ms. below the Great Falls. Greece, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y. at the mouth of Genesee r. Pop. 1830, 2,574. Green River, considerable navigable stream of Ky. having its most remote source in Lincoln co. heading with Dick's r., and with the extreme northern branches of Cum- berland r. Flowing thence westwardly, in- clining a little to the n., receiving, beside numerous creeks, the comparatively large tributaries of Big Barren, from the s. and No- lin and Rough creeks from the n. The main stream enters Ohio r. after a comparative course of about 200 ms. The valley of Green r. extends from n. lat. 36^° to 37° 65', and is in length 170 ms., with a mean breadth of 40 ms., and area 6,800 sq. ms. It has the vallies of Salt and Ohio rs. n. and that of Cumberland s. Green, t. Sussex co. N. J., joins Warren CO. 6 ms. s. Newton. Pop. 1830, 801. Green Bank, p-o. Pocahontas co. Va. by p-r. 242 ms. wstrd. W. C. Green Bay, p-o. Hanover co. Va. by p-r. 94 ms. s. s. w. W. C. Green Bay, Brown and Chippewa cos. Mich. The sheet of water to which this title has been given is usually regarded as a part of lake Michigan, though in geographical strictness. Green bay is itself a lake con- nected with Michigan by a strait called Grand Traverse. (See Grand Traverse IsLtnds.) Green Bay, considered as a separate sheet of water from lake Michigan, though con- nected by a common strait, extends from s. w. to N.E. 120 ms. ; the width varies, but is ge- nerally about 25, and the mean breadth would be rather underrated at 20 ms. The south- western extreme branches into two large arms. Sturgeon bay to the estrd. and Fox r. bay to the wstrd. {See Fox r. of Green hay.) Besides Grand Traverse Islands, there are other islands in Green Bay, the largest of which, Menomonie island, w. of the Grand Great Bend, p-v. on the left bank of the j Traverse, is about 25 ms. in length, but corn- East Branch of Susquehannah r. at the mouth iparatively narrow. Vessels of 200 tons bur- of Salt Lick creek, Sustiuehamiah co. Pa. then are navigated into and through Green 15 ms. N.N. e. Montrose, and by p-r. 170 n. n E. Harrisburg. Gkeat Bridgf., i)-v. Norfolk co. Va. situ- ated on Southern r. 12 ms. s. s. v.. Norfolk, and by i).r. 124 s. e. by e. Richmond. Bayto the mouth, and some distance ni)Fox r. Menomonie r. enters Green Bay from the northwstrd., and 50 ms. n. v.. .from the influx of Fox r. Green Bay, p-v. IJrown co. Midi, by |).r. GRE 190 GRE 1,037 ms. N. w. by w. W. C. and 511 ms. in nearly a similar direction Detroit. Green Brier, r. of Va. rising in the nthrn. part of Pocahontas co. over which it flows, and entering and traversing Green Brier co., falls into Great Kenhawa, after a compara- tive southwestern course of 90 nis. Green Brier has its remote sources in the same ridges with those of Cheat r. branch of Mo- nongahela, and those of the South branch of the Potomac. The valley of Green Brier lies between those of James and Ganley rs. It is an elevated region. The water level is from actual admeasurement, 1,333 feet at the efflux of Green Brier into Great Kenhawa. The mean height of the farms above the ocean level cannot fall much, if any, short of ], 500 feet. Greenbrier, co. of Va. bounded by Nicho- las N. w., Pocahontas n. e., Alleghany e., Monroe s., and Great Kenhawa r. separa- ting it from Logan n. w. and w. Length from s. w. to >.E. 60 ms., mean breadth 22, and area 1,320 square miles. Extending in lat. from 37° 40' to 38° 18', and in long, from 3° to 4° 3' w. W. C. It is principally drained by Green Brier r. and confluents ; but from the western margin numerous creeks flow n. westwardly into Gauley r. Surface broken, and in part mountainous. The mean eleva- tion of the farms above the ocean level, at least 1,.'>00 feet. Chief t. Lewisburg. Pop. 1820, 7,040, 1830, 9,006. Green Castle, p-v. in the southern part of Franklin co. Pa. situated at mid-distance between Chambersburg and Hagerstown, 11 ms. from each, and 77 n. w. W. C. Green Castle, p-v. and st. jus. Putnam co. Ind. by p.r. 614 ms. a little n. of w. W. C. and 42 w. Indianopolis. Lat. 39° 42'. Green Creek, p-v. and tsp. northern part of Sandusky co. O. The p-o. is by p-r. Ill ms. N. Columbus, and 434 ms. n. w. by w. VV. C. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 444. Greeniiush, p-t. Rensselaer co. N. Y. on Hudson r. opposite Albany. The high ground above the village was an important canton- ment during the late war. There is an aca- demy, board and instruction !|20 or !|25 per quarter. Pop. 1830, 3,216. Greene, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. 39 ms. n. Portland, on the Androscoggin. Pop. 1830, 1,324. Greene County, N. Y. bounded by Scho- harie and Albany cos. n., the Hudson r. e., Ulster CO. s., and Del. co. w. Area about 508 sq. ms. It is crossed by the Catsberg mtns. Pop. 18t'0, 22,996, 1830, 29,525. Greene, southwestern co. of Pa. bounded by Washington co. n., by Monongahela r. se- parating it from Fayette e., by Monongalia CO. of Va. s., Tyler co. Va. s. w., and Ohio CO. Va. w. Length e. to w. 32 ms., mean breadth 18, and area 576 sq. ms. Extending in hit. from 39° 42' to 40° 01', and in long. from 2° 57' to 3° 35' w. W. C. About two thirds of the surface slopes estrd. and is drained by the numerous branches of Ten Mile and Dunkard creeks into Monongahela r. The western side slopes to the wstrd. and is drained by Fish and Wheeling creeks. Surface very broken, and along the line of separation between the confluents of Ohio and Monongahela rs. the aspect is mountai- nous. The soil is, however, almost invaria- bly productive. Chief t. Wayncsburg. Pop. 1820, 15,554, 1830, 18,026. Greene, co. of N. C. bounded by Lenoir s., Wayne w., Edgecombe n., and by Sandy creek, separating it from Pitt e. Length 20 ms., mean breadth 12, and area 240 sq. mg. Extending in lat. from 35° 32' to 35° 40', and in long, from 0° 35' to 0° 50' w. W. C. Chief t. Snow Hill. Pop. 1820, 4,533, 1830, 6,4 iS. Contentney creek or river, a branch of Neuse r. traverses this co. from the n. w. to s. e. giving the surface a general slope in that di- rection. Grekne, CO. of Geo. bounded n. w. by Clark, N. E. by Oglethorpe, e. by Talliaferro, s. E. by Hancock, and by Oconee r. which se- parates it from Putnam s. w., and Mprgan w. Lengtli 28, mean width 18, and area 504 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 33° 22' to 33° 43', and in long, from 6° 5' to 6° 31' w. W. C. The Oconee r. enters the northern border, and receiving Appalache from the n. w., be- comes thence a boundary to the extreme southwestern angle of the co. Chief t. Greensboro'. Pop. 1820, 13,589, 1830, 12,549. Greene, co. of Ala. bounded by Pickens n. w., Tuscaloosa n. e.. Perry e., Marengo s., and by Tombigbee r. which separates it from the ('hoctaw country s. w. and w. I-ength 38, mean width 22, and area 836 sq. ms. Ex- tending in lat. from 32° 32' to 32° 57', and in long, from 10° 40' to 11° 20' w. W. C. This county being bounded by the Tombigbee, and traversed from n. to s. by Tuscaloosa r. its down stream navigable facilities are very great. The surface is hilly, but having con- siderable river bottom, much of its soil is excellent. Chief t. Erie. Pop. 1820, 4,.'>54, 1830, 15,026. Greene, co. of Miss, bounded by Jackson s., by Perry w., Wayne n., and by Mobile co. Ala. E. Length 36, mean width 24, and area 864 sq. rns. Extending in lat. from 30° 55' to 31° 27' and in long, from 11° 37' to 11° 58' w. W. C. Chickasawhay r. enters the nthrn. border of this co., and winding to the slhrd. receives Leaf r. from the n. w., and the union of the two near the southern border of the co. forms the Pascagoula r. {See article Chirk- asaw bay.) The general feature of the sur- face of Green co. is that of pine forest, of course most of the soil is sterile. Staple, cotton. Chief t. Greensboro'. Pop. 1820, 1,445, 1830, 1,854. Greene, co. of East Ten. bounded by Cocke CO. s. w., Jefierson w.. Bays mm., se- parating it from Hawkins n.w., Washington N. E., ami by the Iron nitn., separating it from Bnnt'otnbe co. N. C. s. e. Length 32, mean width 22, and area 704 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 52' to 36° 20', and in long. GRE 191 GRE from 50 35' to 6° lO' w. W. C. This co. oc cupics part of an elevated valley between two Appalachian chains, and is in a peculiar man- ner diversified by hill, dale, mountain, and r. scenery. The Nolachucky r. rising in Bun- combe CO. N. C, and in Washington Ten. enters and traverses Greene co. in a western direction, receiving from the nthrd. Lick creek and numerous other streams of lesser size. Chief t. Greenville. Pop. 1820, 11,328, 1830, 14,410. Greene, co. of Ky. bounded by Barren s. w., Hart w., Hardin n. w. and n., Casey e., and Adair s. e. Length from s. w. to n. e. 38 ms., mean breadth 12, and area 456 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 07' to 37° 30', and in long, from 8° to 8° 35' w. W. C. The slope wstrd., and in that direction traversed by the main volume of Green r. which re- ceives within its limits, numerous tributary crs. from the n. e. and s. e. Chief t. Greens- burgh. Pop. 1820, 11,943, 1830, 13,138. Greene, co. of O. bounded s. e. by Clinton, s. w. by Warren, w. by Montgomery, n. by Clark, N. E. by Madison, and e. by Fayette. Length 28, mean breadth 18, and area 500 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 30' to 39° 51', ?ind in long, from 6° 38' to 7° 8' w. W.C This CO. is drained by some of the higher branches of Little Miami. Slope south wstrd. Chief t. Xenia. Pop. 1830, 14,801 Greene, co. of Ind. bounded by Daviess s., Knox s. w., Sullivan w.. Clay n. w., Owen N. e., Monroe e., and Lawrence s. e. It is a parallelogram. Length 30 ms. from e. to w., breaddi 18, and area 540 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 56' to 39° 12', and in long, from 9° 42' to 10° 17' w. W, C. Slope a lit- lie w. of s., and in that direction traversed, and nearly equally divided by tlie main stream of the western Fork of White r. Chief t. Bloomfield. Pop. 1830, 4,242. Greene, co. of II. bounded by Morgan n . Macoupin e., Madison s. e., Miss. r. sepa- rating it from St. Charles co. Mo. s., II. r., separating it from Calhoun co. Ind. w., and still by II. r. separating it from Pike co. Ind. N. w. Extending in lat. from 38° 54' to 39° 30', and in long, from 13° 08' to 13° 35' w. W. C. The general slope is southwestward towards II. r., and in that direction is drained by Otter, Macoupin and Apple creeks. Chief t. CarroUton. Pop. 1830, 7,674. Greene, tsp. and p-o. Harrison co. O. The p.o. is by p-r. 271 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 13! a little n. of e. Columbus. Greene Mou.ntains, Vt. The range be- gins near New Haven, Conn, and runs nearly parallel to Conn. r. till it passes into Lower Clanada. It gave the name to Vermont, through the middle of which it passes. Mans- divides; and a spur called the Height of Land runs n. e. into the w. part of Caledonia CO. Greene River, p-v. Columbia co. N. Y. Greenfield, tsp. and p-v, Erie co. Pa Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 654. Greenfield, p-t. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 38 ms. s. w. Concord. Pop. 1830, 946. Greenfield, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. w. side of Conn, r., 21 ms. n. Northampton. Pop. 1830, 1,540. (iREEN FIELD, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 36 ms. N. Albany. Pop. 1830, 3,151. Greenfield, p-v. Madison tsp. Highland CO. O. It is situated in the northeastern an- gle of the CO., and on Paint creek, 67 ms. s. s. w. Columbus, and 20 n. e. Hillsboro', the CO. St. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 399. Gree.vfield, p-v. Nelson co. Va. by p-r. 114 ms. wstrd. Richmond. Greenfield, p-v. in the northeastern part of Johnson co. Ind. 10 ms. s. e. Indian- opolis. Greenfield, p-v, and st. jus. Hancock co. Ind. This village, called in the p-o. list, Hancock court-house, is situated near the head of Sugar creek, 21 ms. by p-r. n. e. by E. Indianopolis. Pop. 1830, 1.33. Greenford, p-v. Columbiana co. O, Grken Garden, p-v. Sumner co. Ten. 37 ms. N. e. Nashville. Green Hill, formerly Freeman's Store, p-o. Jones CO. Ga. Green Hill, p.o. Columbiana co. O. 295 ms. N. w. W. C. Greenland, p-t, Rockingham co. N. H. 4 ms. s. w. Portsmouth, on Great bay. Pop. 1830, 681. Greenmont, p-o. King William co. Va, 53 ms. from Richmond. Greenock, p-v. and st. jus. Crittenden co. •Ark. by p-r. 938 ms. s, w. by w. W. C. Green Pond, a beautiful lake in Morris co. N. J. giving name to a ridge of mountains 16 ms. N. Morristowii. Green River, p-v. Rutherford co. N. C. Green's p-o. Jefferson co. Al. by p-r. 66 ms. N. E. Tuscaloosa. Green's p-o, Grayson co. by p-r. 130 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Greensboroitgh, p-t. Orleans co. Vt. 27 ms. N.K. Montpelier. Pop. 1830, 784. Greensboro', p-v. Greene co. Pa. Greensboro', p-v. Caroline co. Md. 8 ms. a little N. of e. Denton. Greensboro', p-v. and st. jus. Guilford co. N. C by p-r. 89 ms. n. w. by w. Ruleigli. Lat. 36° 07', long. 2° 52' w. W. C. Greensboro', p-v. and st. jus. Greene co. Geo. by p-r. 40 ms. a very little k. of N. Mil- ledgevillc. Lat. 33° 33', long. 6° 12' w. field North Peak is the highest elevation, W. C. 4,279 feet above lake Champlain. Those! Greensboro', p-v. in the southeastern p^rt nearest this in height are Camel's Back, {of Greene co. Al. 40 ras. almost directly s. Shrewsbury mtn., Mansfield, South Peak and 1 Tuscaloosa. Killington Peak, the last 3,924 feet. The Greenburoii, t. West Chester co. N. Y. range is crossed by several turnpike roads.!28 ms. n. York, on the Hudbon. Pop. 1830, In the s. part of VVushington co. the rangel 2,195. GRE 192 GRE Greensburo, p-v. in tho northern part of Mecklenlnirg co. Va. 10 ms. n. n. e. Boyilton, the CO. St. and by p-r. 93 s. s. w. Richmomh GiiKE.NScuRo, p-v., borough and st. jus. Westmoreland co. Pa. by p-r. 192 nis. n. w. W. C It is situated on one of tho head branches of Sewickly creek, 32 ms. s. e. by E. Pittsburg. It is a neat village, composed in great part of a single street along the great western r. Lat. 40° 18', long. 2° 34' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 810. Greensbuhg, small village on tho loft bank of Monongahela river, and in the southeast- em angle of Green CO. Pennsylvania, 20 ms. by land above Brownsville. Greensburg, p-v. and st. jus. Greene co. I^. situated on Greene river, 120 nis. n. e. Nashville, in Tenn. and by p-r. 82 ins. s. w. Frankfort. Pop. 1830, GG9. Greensburg, p-v. in the northeastern part of Trumbull co. Ohio, by p-r. 304 miles n. w. W. C. Greensburg, p-v. and st. jus. Decatur co. Ind. by p-r. 559 ms. w. W. C. and 55 s. e. In- dianopolis. Lat. 39° 16', long. 8° 30' w. W. C. Green's Fork, and p-o. Wayne co. Ind. by p-r. 75 ms. a little n. of e. Indianopolis. Greensville, p-v. and st. jus. Grayson co Va. This place, called in the p-o. list Gray- son court house, is situated on the right bank of New river, or the higher part of tircat Kenhawa, 25 ms. s. s. e. Evansham, and by p-r. 354 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Lat. 3G° 38', long. 3° 55' w. W. C. Greentown, p-v. in Lake tsp. Stark co. Ohio, 11 ms. N. vv. Canton, the st. jus. for the CO. Pop. 1830, 85. Greentrek Grove, and p-o. Stewart co. Tenn. by p-r. 94 miles n. w> by w. Nash- ville. Greenup, northeasterly co. of Ivy. bounded s. by Lawrence, w. by Lewis, n. w. by Ohio river, separating it from Sciota co. state of Ohio, N. E., again by Ohio river, separating it from Lawrence co. state of Ohio, and e. by Big Sandy river, separating it from Cabell CO. Va. Length from west to cast, 48 ms. mean breadth 16, and area 768 square ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 13' to 38° 44', and in long, from 5° 30' to 6° 23' w, W. C. Slope as of the adjoining co. of Va. Cabell is to the northward. The greatest jjart of Greenup ia drained by. Little Sandy and Ty- ger's creeks. Chiel town, Grcenupsburg. Po|). 1820, 4,311, 1830, 5,852. Greenup, or Greenupscurg, p-v. and st. jus. Greenup co. Ky. situated on Ohio river, at the mouth of Little Sandy river, by p-r. 138 ms. n. e. by e. Frankfort. Lat. 38° .32', long. 5° 46' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 204. Greenville, ilist. S.C. bounded by Spar- tanburg e., Lawrence co. s. e., Anderson s. w., Pickens w., and Buncombe co. N. C n. Length fro.m s. to n. 47 ms. mean width 15, and area 705 square ms. Extending in lat. from 34° 28' to 35° 10', and in long, from 5° JU' to 5° 40' w. W. r The slope nearly to the southward, falling from the Blue Ridge, which bounds it on the north. On the west it is limited in all its length by Saluda river, which separates it from Anderson and I'ickens districts. It is drained by the branches of Saluda, Reedy, Ennoree, and Tyger rivers. The surface is finely di- versified by mtn. hill and valley scenery, with much excellent soil. Chief town, Greenville. Population 1820, 14,530, 11130, 16,476. Green Valley, p-v, Warren co. Pa. by p-r. 233 ins. n. w. Ilarrisburg'. Green Valley, p-v. on Cowpasture river, Bath CO. Va. by p-r. 230 ms. s. w. by w. Washington City, and 181 n. w. by w. Rich- mond. Green Village, p-v. and tsp. Franklin co. Pa. The p-o. is about 5 ms. n. k. Cham- bcrsburg. Greenville, p-t. Greene co. N. Y. 17 ms. N. w. Catskill, on Catskill river. Population 1830, 2,565. Greenville, p-v. in the northern part of Luzerne co. Pa. by p-r. 155 ms. n. e. Har- risburg. Greenville, one of the southern counties of Va. bounded by Brunswick w., NotaVay river separating it from Dinwiddle n. w., by Notaway river again separating it from Sus- sex N., a part of Sussex and apart of South- ampton E., and by Northampton co. N. C. on the s. Length 22, meaii width 14, and area 308 square ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 30' to 36° 48', and in long, from 0° 20' to 0° 46' w. W. C. Meherin river entering the western border, traverses it southeasterly and divides it into two not very unequal sections, and being bounded on the north by Notaway river. It is well situated, commercially. Slope eastward with a slight inclination to the south. Chief town, Hicksford. Pop. 182G, 6,858, and in 1830, 7,117. Greenville, p-v. in the southern part of Augusta CO. Va. 11 ms. s. s. w. Stanton, and 136 N. w. by w. Richmond. Greenville, p-v. and st.jus. Pittco.N. C. situated on the left bank of Tar river, 23 ms. by land above Washington, and by p-r. 105 ms. a little s. of e. Raleigh. Lat. 35° 35', long. 0° 24' w. W. C. Greenville, p-v. and st. jus. Greenville (list. S. C. situated on, and near the head of. Reedy river, by p-r. 110 ms. n. w. Columbia. Lat. 34° 50', long. 5° 27' w. W. C. Greenville, \S-v. and st. jus. Merriwether CO. Geo. by p-r. 1'53 ms. s. w. W. C. and 111 ms. w. Milledgeville. Greenville, p-v. and st. jus. Butler co. Aln. situated on a creek of the Sapulga branch of Conecuch r. about 120 ms. n. e. Mobile, and by p-r. 151 ms. s. s. e. Tusca- caloosa, lat. 31° 42', long. 9° 46' w. W. C. c;reen"ville, p-v. and st. jus. Jefterson co. Miss, situated on a branch of Coles creek, 24 ms. N. N. E. Natchez. Lat. 31° 47', long. 14° 9' w. W. C. Greenville College, and p-o. Green co. GRE 193 GUI Ten. is laid down on Tanner's map of the Uunitcd States, about 4 ms. a little e. of s. Greenville, the co. st. This is the most an- cient collegiate establishment made in the United States, westward of the Appalachian mountains, being founded in 1794, four years previous to Transylvania University, Ky. According to the statement of Mr. W. R. John- son, head of education, art. U.S. in the Phil adelphia edition of Brewster's Encyclopedia, published this year, 1832, Greenville col- lege, had students 32 ; volumes in the college library, 3,500, and the annual term of instruc- t tion included 42 weeks. Greenville, p-v. and st. jus. Green co. Tenn. situated 71 ms. a little n. of e. Knox- ville, and by p-r. 232 ms. e. Nashville, lat. 36" 07.' Greenville, p-v. and st. jus. Muhlenberg CO. Ky. situated on a small branch of Green river, by p-r. 171 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. Pop. 1830, 217. Greenville, p-v- and st. jus. Dark co. O. by p-r. 501 ms. n. w. by w. i w. W. C. and 103 westward Columbus. It is situated on Greenville creek, a branch of Great Miami river, lat 40° 06', long. 7° 36' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 160. Greenville, p-v. in the western part of Floyd CO. Ind. 9 ms. n. w. New Albany, the CO. St. Greenville, p-v. and st. jus. Bond co. II. 20 ms. s. w. by w. Vandalia, and 801 w. W. C. lat. 38° 53'. Greenville, p-v. and st. jus. Wayne co. Mo. by p-r. 908 ms. a little s, of w. W. C. and about 120 a very little w. of s. St. Louis, lat. 37° 06'. Greenwich, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. 20 ms. e. Northampton. Pop. 1830, 813. Greenwich, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn. 48 ms. w. N. Haven, on Long Isl. Sound. Pop. 1830, 3,805. Greenwich, p-t. Washington co. N. Y. on Hudson r., contains a number of manufacto- ries on the Battenkill. Union v. is 5 ms. from the r., 37 ms. n. e. Albany. Pop. 1 830, 3,850. Greenwich, t. Cumberland co. N. J. on the Del. bounded e. by Cohansey cr., w. by Sa- lem co. Pop. 1830, 912. Greenwich, p-v. in the town of the same name, Cumberland co. N. J. on Cohansey cr. 6 ms. s.w. of Bridgeton. Greenwich, t. Gloucester eo. N. J. on Del. r. boimded n. e. by Deptford, s. w. by Wool- wich. Pop. 1830, 2,657. Greenwich t. Warren co. N. J., in the s.w. end of the co., bounded on Del. r. &■ Muscon- etcunk, 31 ms. s. Newton. Pop. 1830,4 ,486. Greenwich, p-v. and tsp. in the estrn. part of Huron co. O. by p.r. the p-o, is 384 nis. n. w. by w. W. C, and 105 n. n. e. Columbus. CSreenwood, t. Oxford CO. Me. 5 ms. n. w Paris. Pop. 18.30, 694. (JREENwooD, p-v. iirthestrn. part of Colum bia CO. Pa., by p-r. 92 ms. nrthrd. Harrisburg Greenwood, p-v. Laurens dist. S. C. 81 ms N. w. Columbia. 25 Greggville, p-v. Loudon co. Va. 54 ms. wstrd. W. C. Gregstown, v. Somersetco. N. J.,6 ms. n. E. Princeton. Gretna Green, formerly Fortune's Fork, p-v. Halifax, N. C, by p-r. 216 ms. s. W. C, and 86 n. e. by e. Raleigh. Griersburg, Beaver co. Pa. {See Darling- ton, same co.) Griffinsburg, p-o. Culpepper co. Va. 90 ms.s. w. W. C. Griggsby's Store and p-o., Fauquier co. Va. 61 ms. from W. C. Griggstown, v. Somerset co. N. J., on Milstone r., and the Del. and Raritan canal, 12 ms. w. New Brunswick. Grimville, p-o. Berks co. Pa. Griswold, t. N. London co. Conn. 6 ms. n. e. Norwich, on Quinebaug r. Pop. 1830, 2,212. Groton, t. Grafton co. N. H., 45 ms. n. w. Concord. Pop. 1830, 689. Groton, t. Caledonia co. Vt. I6 ms. e. Montpelier. Pop. 1830, 836. Groton, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 34 ms. N. W.Boston. Pop. 1830, 1,925. Groton, p-t. N. London co. Conn, at the mouth of Thames r. opposite N. London. Fort Griswold is on the summit of a hill com. manding N. London harbor ; a monument has been erected there, by subscription, in memory of the capture of the fort, and a cruel massacre, made by British troops under Ben- edict Arnold, September 6th, 1781. Pop. 1830, 4,750. Groton, p-t. Tompkins co. N. Y. 14 ms. N. e. Ithaca. There are mills, &.c. on Fall cr. and two villages, Moscow and Peru. Pop. 1830, 3,597. Grove, p-v. Tazewell co. II., by p-r. 196 ms. N. Vandalia, and 748 ms. n. w. by w. i w. W. C. Grove Hill, p-o. Clark co. Al., by p-r. 127 ms. a little w. of s. Tuscaloosa. Groveland, p-t. Livingston co. N. Y. 6 ms. s. Geneseo. On Genesee r. is Williamsburgh v. Pop. 1830, 1,703. Grove Level, p-o. Franklin co., Geo. by p-r. 97 ms. n. Milledgeville. Groveville, v. Burlington co. N. J. on Crosswick cr. 3_ms. n. e. Bordentown. Guanos, {See Brooklyn, N. Y.) Guernsey, co. O. bounded s. e. by Monroe ; by Morgan s. w. ; Muskingum w. ; Coshoc- ton N. w. ; Tuscarawas n. ; Harrison n. e., and Belmont e. Length from sth. to nrth. 28 ms. ; mean breadth 25, and area 700 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 51' to 40° 12' ; and in long, from 4° 13' to 4° 43' w. W. C. It is almost commensurate with the higher valley of Wills' cr. ; slope nrthwstrdly. in the gencr- al course of that stream ; surface hilly, with good soil. Chief t. Cambridge. Pop. 1820, 9,292; 1830, 1^,036. Guilderlandt, p-t. Albany co. N. Y., J2 ms. w. Albany. Norman's Kill and its branches furnish mill seats ; Hamilton v. 8 ms. from Albanv. Pop. 1830, 2,742. HAB 194 HAC GuiLDHAix, p-t. and 8t. jus. Essex oo. Vt., opposite Lancaster, with two bridges over Conn, r., 50 ms. n. b. Montpelier ; it has mill seals, a court house and jail. Pop. 1830,481. GuiLFOHD, t. Penobscot co. Me., 49 ms. n. E. Norridgewock. Pop. 1830, G55. Guilford, p-t. Windham co. Vt., 31 ms. e. Bennington. 350 acres of land were appro- priated to schools, and 500 acres to the gov- ernor ; the last include Governor's mtn. a bar- ren tract ; it has several mills. Pop. 1830, 1,760. Guilford, p-t. and borough, N. Haven co. Conn., 15 ms. e. Now Haven, on Long Isl. sound ; it has two harbors. Pop. 1830, 2,344. Guilford, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y., 108 me. w. Albany. Pop. 1830, 3,634. Guilford, p-v. York co. Pa., byp-r.TSms. K.W. C. Guilford, p-v. and tsp. Medina co. O., p-o. by p-r. 103 ms. n. n. e. Columbus. Pop. tsp 1830, 625. Gulf Mills, p-o. Montgomery co. Pa. Gulf (The), p-o. Chatham co. N. C, 16 ms. WBtrd. Pittsboro', the co. at,, and 49 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. Gulf Stream, (See art. Atlantic ocean.) Gull Islands, at the mouth of Long Isl. sound. They are two. Great and Little ; on the latter is a light house. Gunpowder, r. of Maryland. This stream has its remote sources near the line of demar- cation between Pa. and Md., but enters the latter as mere rills ; pursuing a general sthestrn. course over Baltimore co., by com- parative distance 30 ms. it receives a large or. from the nrthestrd., called the Falls of Gunpowder, and having met the tides, inflects to the sthrd. 10 ms. widening into a bay, which is finally merged in the larger sheet of the Chesapeake. Gunpowder is navigable for small vessels to Joppa, at the confluence of the two branches, and near the head of tide water. GusTAVUB, p-v. and tsp. nrthrn. part of Trumbull co. O., 99 ms. n. Warren, the co. Bt> and 319 ms. n. w. W. C. GuTHRiEsviLLB, p-o. wstm. part Chester oo. Pa., by p-r. 72 ms. e. Harrisburg. Guyandotte, r. of Va., rising in Logan co. from the nrthwstrn. foot of the Great Flat Top mtn. and flowing thence n. n. w. draining a valley between those of Great Kenhawa and Sandy rs., enters Cabell co. and falls into O. r. below Barboursvillo, after a compara- tive course of about 100 ms. Guyandotte, Litte, cr. of Va., falling into O. r. between the mouths of Guyandotte and Great Kenhawa rs., and for some ms. above its mouth constitutes the boundary between Mason and Cabell cos. Guyandotte, p-v. Cabell co. Va., by p-r. 401 ms. s. w. by w. i w. W. C. Guy's Mills, and p-o., Crawford co. Pa. Gwinn's Mill, and p-o. Monroe co. Va., by p-r. 277 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. GwiNNET, CO. Geo., bounded n. e. by Hall ; E. by Jackson ; s. e. by Walton ; s. by New- ton ; s. w. and w. by De Kalb ; and n. by Chattahooche r. Length 36 ms. ; mean width 18, and area 648 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 330 50' to 34° 12', and in long, from 6° 47' to 7° 28' w. W. C. Lat 34° extends across Gwinnet, along very nearly its greatest length, and divides it into two nearly equal portions. This natural geographical limit al- so passes upon a dividing ridge, from which flow nrthwstrdly. some confluents of Chat, tahooche, and ethrdly. the extreme sources of Ockmulgeo r. Gwinnet, therefore, occu- pies a part of the summit ridge between the rs. of the Atlantic slope, and those of the Gulf of Mexico. Chief t. Lawrcnceville. Pop. 1820, 4,589 ; 1830, 13,289. Gwynned, or Gynncd, p-o. and tsp. Mont- gomery CO. Pa. on the heads of Tonamcnsing and Wissahiccon crs. 18 ms. n. n. w. Phil. H. Habersham, co. of Geo., bounded by Turo- ree r. separating it from Rabun n. e. ; the Tugaloo r. separating it from Pickens dist. S. C. E. ; Franklin co. of Geo. s. e. ; Hall s. ; Chestatec r. w. ; and Macon co. in N. C. n. Length 38 ; mean breadth 20, and area 760 sq, ms. Extending in lat. from 34° 27' to 350, and in long, from 6° 20' to 6° 55' w. W. C. Habersham embraces an elevated and remarkable natural section ; from it flows to the N. w. the sources of Hiwassce branch ol Ten. r. ; from the wstm. part flows the sour- ces of Etowah, or the most nrthcstrly. foun- tains of Mobile ; in the central parr rises the extreme nrthrn. sources of Chattahooche ; whilst from the estrn. side are discharged the most nrthwstrly. constituents of Savannah r. It is in this co. and in the wstrly. border of] Rabun, that the Blue Ridge declines to the w., forming the nucleus from which the streams are discharged like radii from a com- mon centre. The mean height of Habersham, independent of the mtn. ridges, must be at least 1,500 feet, or an equivalent to near 4 de- grees of temperature ; assimilating the win- ter climate to that on the Atlantic border, on lat. 39°. Chief t. Clarksville. Pop. 1820, 3,171 ; 1830, 10,671. Hackersville, p-v. Lewis co. Va., by p-r. 246 ms. w. W. C. Hackettstown, v. Warren co. N. J., on the w. side of Muskonetcunk r., 22 ms. w. Morristown, 4 ms. n. Schoolley's mount. The Morris canal passes 1 m. n. w. of this place. Hackinsack, r. N. J., rises in Rockland co. N. y. runs 14 ms. and enters N. J., empty- ing into Newark bay ; navigable 15 ms. Hackinsack, p-v. and st. jus. Bergen co. HAG 195 HAL N. J., on the w. side of H»ckinsack r., 14 ms. N. N. y., 14 N. N. E. of Nowark, and 7 ms. E. of Putcrson. Tlioro is a handsamu court house, 2 churches, a bonk and acad- emy in the v. Hackney's Cross Roads, and p-o. Chatham CO. N. C, by p-r. 38 ms. w. Kalcigh. Hahuam, p-t. Middlesex co. Conn., 33 ms. s. llariford, on the w. side Conn. r. Granite is quarried here. Pop. 1830,2,830. Haddonfieli), v. Gloucester co. N. J., on Cooper's cr. 9 ms. e. Camden. Hadensville, p-v. Todd co. Ky., by p-r. 188 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. Hai>ley, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. on tlie «, side Conn. r. opposite Northampton, (to which it is connected by a bridge across the Conn.) and 97 ms. w. Boston; the Hopkins academy here is very respectable and flour- ishing ; this is a fine farming town, and the meadows are the finest in New England ; the manufacture of brooms in this town is very €xtensive ; the crop of broom corn in 1831, was estimated at 150 tons, and the value of the brush and seed alone, at $21,7.")0 ; the whole crop of 18 Jl, was manufactured into brooms within iho town, and great qnaniitios of this article are annually scattered hence, through the U. S. Pop. 1H30, 1,886. Hadluy, t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 27 ms. n. Ballstown Springs, 51 N. Albany. Much timber is sawn at the falls on the Mohawk. Fop. 1830, 829. Habley's Mills, and p o. by p-r. 43 ms. westward Raleigh. Hakklem, p.:. N. York co. N. Y. 8 ms. n. New York. Tiie heights wore fortified in the revolutionary war, and in the late war. A canal is projected to cross Manhattan island iiero. Haerlkm r. N. Y. co. N. Y. is a strait on the N. side of ^lunhattan island, 6 me. long, and from | to J m. wide. Haeklem, p-v. and tsp. called on the cen sus tables Harlem, in the southern jiart of Delaware co. O. The p-v. 20 ms. northward from Columbus. Pop. tsp. 1830, 532. Hagerstown, p-v. and st. jus. Washington CO. Md. situated on a fine limostouo valley 2 nis. westward from Antictam creek, 72 ms. N. w. by w. from Baltimore, luid by p-r. G9 ms. N. w. W. C. Lat. 39° .39', and long. 0° 42' w. W. C. It is a well built and thriving town, with a well cultivated, fertile and wealthy neighborhood. It contains the tisual buildings, a female academy, numerous pri- vate schools, with several places of public worship. By the census of 1830, the pop. of this place stood, ^ VVliitee, Males. Fems. Free col'd. Slaves. Total. 1,307 2,075 326 309 3,371 Hague, p-t. Warren co. N. Y. on lake George, 22 ms. n. e. Caldwell. Brant lake and Rogers Rock, are in this town. Pop. 1830, 721. Haguk, p-v. eastern part of Westmoreland CO. Va. by p-r. IIG ms. s. e. Richmond. Hailstonk, p-v. Mecklenburg co. Va. ty p-r. 91 nts. B. s. w. Richmond. Hadierts' p-o. Tuscaloosa co. Ala. 25 ms. BOUthwestward Tuscaloosa. Halfmoon, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y. on Hudson r. 14 ms. n. Albany. Clifton Park, the borough, and Newtown, arc small villa- es. The Erie and Champlain canals, run through the town. Pop. I!j30, 2,042. Half Moon, tsp. and p-o. southern part of Centre co. Pa. by p-r. 178 ms. n. w. Harris. burg. Pop. tsp. 1830, 1,092. Halfway House, and p-o. Ann Arundel co. Md.by p-r. 15 ms. from Annapolis. Halfway House, and p-o. eastern part of York, Va. 84 ms. s. e. byE. Richmond. Halifax, p-t. Windham co. Vt. 9 ms. e. w. Brattleborough, has a male and female school for the higher branches. Pop. 1830, 1,5G2. Halifax, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 13 ms. n. w. Plymouth, 35 s. e. Boston. Pop. 1830, 709. Halifax, co. of Vn. boimdcd by Pittsylva- nia w., Roanoke r. wldch separates it from Campbell n., and Charlotte n. e. and e., by Mecklenburg co. Va. and Granville of N. C. S.K., and Person co. of N. C. s. Length 33, mean breadth 23, and area 759 sq. ms. Ex- tending in lat. from 30° 30' to 37° 02', and in long, irom 1'= 38' to 2° 12' w. W. C. Though the Roanoke curves semicircularly round the northern and eastern border of this co. the slope is almost directly eastward ; Dan r. en- ters at the 8. w. angle and flowing n. e. by e. over the co. receives within it Banister r. from the northwest, and Hycootoo from the southwest, and thus augmented, joins tlie Roanoke at tho extreme eastern angle of the CO. It is a well watered co. with much ex- cellent soil. Chief town, Banister. Pop. 1820, 19,060, 1830, 28,034. Halifax, p-v. and tsp. on tho left bank of Susquehannah r. ot tho mouth of Armstrong cr. Dauphin CO. Pa. 18mp. above, and north- wards Harrisburg. Pop. tsp. 1830, 1,772. Halifax, C. H. Halifox co. Va. {See Ban- ister.) Halifax, co. N. C. bounded by Roanoke r. which separates it from Northampton n. e. and e., and from Bertie s. e., by Martin co. s., by Fishing cr. separating it from Edgecombe and Nash s. w., and by Warren w. Length 45 ms., mean width 16, ond area 720 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 57' to 36° 28', and in long, from 0° 18' to 1° 03' w. from W. C. This CO. is crossed by the great primitive ledge which separates tho sea sand alluvion, from the hilly, or intermediate region between the tide waters, and the mountain system in the interior of the continent. By the joint exertions of N. C. and Va., a canal and sluice navigation has been completed along the Roanoke, from Weldon in Halifax co. N. C. to Salem in Botetourt co. Va. (see art. Roanoke, Halifax co. of N. C.) posseses the advantages of tide and r. navigation, with extensive bodies of fertile soil, and a climate admitting the profitable cultivation of cotton. HAM 196 HAM Chieftown, Halifax. Pop. 1820, 17,237, 1830, 17,739. Halifax, p-t. port of entry, and st. jus Halifax co. N. C. situated on the riglu bank of Roanoke r. 90 ms. s. w. by w. from Nor- folk in Va. and by p-r. 103 n. e. froni Raleigh in N. C. Lat. 36° 18', long. 0° 38' w. W. C. Vessels of 45 tons ascend to this port and there come in contact with the extensive navigation of Roanoke r. above tide water. Hall, co. of Geo. bounded by Habersham N., Franklin e., Jackson s. e., Gwinnet s. w., and Chestatee or Chattahooche r. w. Length 35, mean breadth 15, and area 525 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 34= 03' to 34° 28', and long. 6° 28' to 6° 53' w. W. C. This co. similar to Gwinnet and Habersham, occupies a part of the table land between the waters of the Atlantic and those of the Gulf of Mexico. The whole southeastern side slopes to the s. E. discharging into Franklin, the extreme sources of Broad r. branch of Savannah r. and into Jackson, the higher fountains of Oconee. The western and northern sections are drained by Chestatee and Soquire, uniting near the middle of the co. to form Chattahoo- che. Chief town, Gainesville. Pop. 1820, 5,086, 1830, 11,748. Halloca, p-v. Muscogee co. Geo. by p-r. 134 ms. s. w. by w. Milledgeville. Hallocksburg, p-v. Bourbon CO. Ky. by p-r. 37 ms. eastward Hartford. Hallowell, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. on Ken- nebec r. at the head of the tide, 2 ms. below Augusta, 54 n. e. Portland. It is one of the most wealthy, populous, and flourishing towns in the state. The principal village is on the w. bank of the r. It is navigable to this place for vessels of 150 tons. The Hallowell gra- nite is very celebrated, and is extensively quarried and wrought. Pop. 1830, 3,9C1. Halls r. N. H. forms the boundary between L. Canada and N. H. from its source in the highlands, to its junction with the Connecticut r. at Stewartstown. Hallsboro, p-v. Chesterfield co. Va. by p-r. 17 ms. from Richinond. Halls Cross Roads, and p-o. at the head of the N. E. branch of Bush r. Harford co. Md. 30 ms. N. e. from Baltimore. Hallsville, p-v. Amelia co. Va. by p-r. 33 ms. slhwestrc?. Richmond. Hallsville, p-v. Duplin co. N. C. by p-r. 106 ms. s. E. from Raleigh. Hallsville, p-v. in the western part of Fairfield district, S. C. by p-r. 60 ms. n. n. w. Columbia. Hallsville, p-o. Ross co. O. by p-r. 50 niB. southward Columbus. Halsellville, p-o. Chester district, S. C. by p-r. 50 ms. N. Columbia. Halseyville, p-v. Chester dist, S. C. by p-r. 47 ms. n. from Columbia. Hamcaugh's, p-o. Shenandoah co. Va. by p-r. 82 ms. w. W. C. Hamburgh, p-t. Erie co. N. Y. 9 ms. s. Buffalo. Surface variable. Climate always dripping with an overload of moisture. Con- tains 17 schools. Population 1830, 3,351. Hamburgh, village Sussex co. N. J. on the Wallkill 12 ms. n. e. Newton. Hamburg, flourishing p-v. on the left bank of the Schuylkill r. immediately below the gap where that stream passes the Kittatinny mtn. Berks co. Pa. 16 ms. above Reading. It is composed in great part of a single street extending along the great western road, and nearly parallel to the r. Pop. 1830, about 5u0. Hamburg, p-v. on Savannah r. directly op- posite to Augusta, in Geo. and in the south- ern part of Edgefield dist. S. C. by p-r. 81 ms. s. w. Columbia. A rail road is in pro- gress from this town to Charleston. [See rail roads and canals.) Hamburgh, p-v. Calhoun co. II. by p-r. 136 ms. w. Vandaha. Hamden, t. N. Haven co. Conn. 5^ ms. from N. Haven, and 32 ms. from Hartford. It contains several kinds of minerals. A mass of copper weighing 90 lbs. was once disco- vered on one of the Greenstone hills of the town. Soil generally fertile. Timber, waU nut, oak of the various kinds, and other deci- duous trees. It contains numerous mill pri- vileges, an extensive gun manufactory, and other manufactories of various kinds. Pop. 1830, 1,669. Hamilton, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 26 ms. n. E. Boston. A neat and pleasant town. Soil good. Surface sufficiently level for beauty or utility. Pop. 1830, 748. Hamilton, co. N. Y. bounded n. by St. Lawrence and Franklin cos., e. by Essex, Warren, and a small part of Saratoga cos., §. by Montgomery co., and w. by Herkimer co. It is 60 ms. long n. and s., 30 ms. wide e. and w. containing 1800 sq. ms. or 1,152,000 acres. Its surface is elevated. It is traver- sed by mtns. abounding with swamps. The principal part of the land is of little value. Pop. 1820, L251, 1830, 1,325. HamiltOxN, p-t. Madison co. N. Y. situated on the Chenango r., being the seat of the N. Y. Baptist theolog. seminary, founded in 1819 by the Baptist education society of the state of N. Y. It has an edifice of stone, 64 feet by 36, erected at the expense of the inhabitants of the village ; several scholarships, each endowed with $1000 ; and a library, 8 ms. s. e. Morrisville, and 25 s. w. Utica. Fop. 1830, 3,220. Hamilton, village, Albany co. N. Y. (See Guilderlandt.) Hamilton College, N. Y. (See Paris.) Hamilton, river, N. Y. (See Olean.) Hamilton, town, Gloucester co. N. J. Pop. 1830, 1,424. Hamilton's Store, and p-o. Loudon co. Va. by p-r. 37 ms. w. W. C. Hamilton, p-v. Martin co. N. C. by p-r. 120 ms. E. Raleigh. Hamilton, p-v. and st. jus. Harris co. Geo. named on the post office list, Harris court house, and stated by p-r. 112 ms. from Milledgeville, course a little s. of w .; on Tan- HAM 197 HAM net's U. S. it is laid down at 3li° 41', long. 8" 03' w. W. C. Hamilton, co. of Ten. bounded by Mari- on w., Bledsoe N. w., Riicu n. e., and Ten. river E. s. Ji. and s. Extending in lat. (roni 35° 04' to 35° 41', and long, from 8° to 8° 22' w. W. C. The eastern tit. southestrn. sections of this CO. occupy part of the slope descend- ing easterly from Waldcn's Ridge, to Ton. r. The northwestern section is a parallelogram of about 8 by 10 nis. sloping westerly from Waldcn's Ridge to the Scquatche river. The Ten. inclined plain is about 32 ms. in length along the river, with a width of 12, area 384 square ms. The whole co. having a super- ficies of 464 square ms. Chief town, Ham- ilton court house. Pop. 1820, 821, in 1830, 2,274. Hamilton, court house, and p-o. Hamilton CO. Ten. about 120 ms. s. e. by e. from Nashville. Hamilton, co. Ohio, bounded w. by Dear- born CO. Ind., N. by Butler co. O., n. e. by Warren, e. by Clermont, s. e. by Ohio river, separating it from Campbell co. Ky., and s. w. by Ohio river, separating it from Boone CO. Ky. Length from cast to west 30, mean breadth 16 miles, and area 480 square ms. Lat. 39^ 02' to 39° 20', long. 7° 18' to 7° 48' w. W. C. This CO. occupies a part of that great buttress of hills, which skirt the right bank of Ohio river from its head near Pitts- burg, to below the influx of Wabash. Great and Little Miami traverse Hamilton in deep vallies. The surface of the co. is hilly, but the soil in an especial manner productive. Bituminous mineral coal abounds. The Miami canal, connecting the stream of Great Miami with the Ohio, reaches the latter in Cincimiati. In 1830, this co. exclusive of the city of Cincinnati, contained a population of 22,317, and including the inhabitants of that city 52,317, or with the city a distributive population of 109 to the sq. m. Hamilton, p-v. and st. jus. Butler co. O. 25 ms. N. Cincinnati. It is situated on the left bank of Great Miami, lat. 39° 22'. Pop. 1830, 1,079. HaiMilton, CO. Ind. bounded s. e. by Han- cock, s. by Marion, w. by Boone, n. by , and E. by Madison. It is a square of 21 ms. each way, 441 square ms. Lat. 39° 57' to 40° 13', long. 8° 53' to 9° 15' w. W. C. Slope s. s. w. and in that direction is traversed by the main stream of White river, and also by some of its tributaries. Chief town, Nobles- ville. Pop. 1U30, 1,757. Hamilton, p-v. and st. jus. Monroe co. Miss, situated on Battahatchce river, 15 ms. N. N. E. Columbus, 237 n. e. Natchez, and 70 N. w. Tuscaloosa, in Ala. Hamilton, co. of II. bounded s. by Galla- tin, s. w. by Franklin, n. w. by Jeflerson, n. by Wayne, and e. by Wiiite. It is a square of 24 ms. each way, 576 square ms. Lat. 37° 59' to 58° 16'. Long. 11° 25' to 1 1° 46' w. W. C. This CO. is a table land; from the southwestern angle rises the Raccoon branch of Muddy river, the northern part is drained by Wayne's fork of Little Wabash, whilst the central and rather most extensive section gives source to the north branch of Saline r. The slopes are consequently s. w. towards the Mississippi in the general direction of Muddy river, s. e. towards Ohio river by the course of the Saline, or eastward towards the Wabash, with the branches of Little Wa- bash. Chief town, MacLeansboro'. Pop. 1830, 2,616. Hamilton, co. of Florida. This co. is, as laid down on Tanner's U. S. map, bounded n. by Lowndes and Ware counties, Geo., e. and s. by Little Sawannah, and w. by Withla- cuchee river. Length 34 ms. mean breadth 17, and area 578 square miles. Extend- ing in latitude from 30° 20' to 30° 29', and in long. 5° 52' to 6° 28' w. W. C. This co. slopes southward, and is drained by the va- rious branches of Suwaimee river. Chief town, Micco. Pop. 1830, 553. Hamilton, village, on the west hank of Schuylkill, opposite to and adjoining Phila. of which city it is really a suburb, extending principally along West Chester, Darby and Lancaster roads. The site rises by a fine acclivity from Schuylkill, and affords elegant seats for houses, many of which are the sum- mer retreats of the citizens of Phila. The village and the city are connected by Perma- nent Bridge. Hamlet's, p-o. Stewart co. Teim. by p-r. 67 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. Hamlinton's, p-o. Wayne co. Pa. by p-r. 150 ms. N. E. Harrisburg. Hamorton, p-o. Chester co. Pa. by p-r. 107 ms. n. e. W. C. Hamor's Store, and p-o. Delaware co. Pa. 129 ms. n. e. W. C. Hampden, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. w. Pe. nobscot river, 10 ms. s. s. w. Bangor, 29 ms. N. w.Castine. Pop. 1830, 2,020. Hampden, co. Mass. contains 19 towns, bounded n. by Hampshire, e. by Worcester, s. by Conn, line, w. by Berkshire. Chief town, Springfield, e. Coim. river. Excellent- ly watered, by the passing of Conn, river through its centre from n. to s., by Chickapee river from the e., and Westfield river from the west. The Farmington canal passes through the width of the co. and opens a di- rect communication with New Haven. — Steam-boats now pass up the Conn, river through this CO. Pop. 1830, 31,640. Hampden, p-v. Walton co. Geo. by p-r. 82 ms. N. N. w. Milledgeville. Hampden, p-v. and tsp. northeastern part of Geauga co. Ohio. The p-o. is by p-r. 127 ms. N. e. from Columbus. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 530. Hampshire, co. Mass. contains 23 towns. Northampton is the chief, by whicii runs the Conn, river, and tiirough tJie centre of the CO. from N. to s. A branch of Swift river waters the e. and a branch of Westfield river the w. parts of the CO. It is bounded n. by Franklin, e. by Worcester, s. by Hampden, HAM 198 HAN lying wholly in the valley of the Conn. The soil is of the best quality. Population 1830, 20,210. Hampshire, co. of Va. boutided by Morgan N. E., Frederick e., Hardy s. and s. w., and the Potomac river separating it from Alle- ghany CO. in Md. n. w. and n. Length 40, mean breadth 24, and area 9G0 square ms. Extending in lat. from 1° 28' to 2° 12' w. W. C. The slope of this mountainous co. is to the northeast, traversed in that direction by the south branch of Potomac and several les- ser streams, with lateral mtn. ridges inter- vening. Though so much broken by mtn. much of the soil on the streams is excellent. The lowest part along the two branches of Potomac, exceeds an elevation of 500 feet above tide water. Chief town, Romney. Pop. 1820, 10,889, in 1830, 11,279. IIampstead, p-t. Rockingham co, N. H. 24 ms. from Portsmouth, an ill shaped town, having about 30 angles. The soil hard, strong land, favorable to the growth of oak, walnut, and elm, with some chestnut, maple, &c. Pop. 1830, 913. Hampstead, town, w. angle of Rockland co. N. Y. 130 me. s. Albany. Surface broken. Crossed on the w. by Ramapo river, which here receives a stream, that also supplies mill scats, abounding with falls. The iron works in this town employ a great number of hands. Ramapo works, on Ramapo river, employ 300 hands and give support to about 700 persons. Dater's works, 2 ms. above these on the same river, support about 140. The town has various oflier manufactories, among which is a cotton factory, containing 5000 spindles, and employing 200 women and children. Hampstead, p-v. Baltimore co. Md. 25 ms. from Baltimore. Hampstead, p-v. in the southeast angle of King George's co. Va. by p-r. 90 ms. s. W. C. and 82 n. n. e. Richmond. Hampton, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. on the sea coast, 7 ms. from Exeter, 13 miles s. w. Portsmouth, and 50 ms. from Concord. Pleasfrom 35° to 35° 28', and long, from 11° 03' to 11° 28' w. W. C. The Ten. r. enters near the middle of the southern bor- der, flows northwardly with a western curve, to near the northern side of this co.. and then turns to N. E. leaving it at the northeast angle. On the western side the valley of Ten. r. is very narrow ; the sources of Big Hatchee rising on the border between Hardin and McNair cos. On the eastern side also the slope of Ten. is narrow, and almost confined to Hardin co. The co. is therefore composed of two narrow inclined plains falling towards the Ten. Chief town, Hardensville. Pop. 1830, 4,868. Hardin, co. Ky. bounded by Grayson s. w,, Breckenridge w., Meade n. w.. Rolling fork of Salt r. or Nelson n. e., Washington e., Greene s. e. and Hart s. Length 60, mean width 20, and area 1,200 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 22' to 37° 52', and in long, from 8° 20' to 9° 18' w. W. C. The general slope of this co. is to the s. w. being in that direction drained by various creeks flowing into Green r., the northern part, however, slopes to the n. and is drained by creeks flow- ing into O. or Salt r. Chief town, Elizabeth, town. Pop. 1820, 10,498, 1830, 12,849. Hardin, co. O. bounded by Union s. e., Lo- gan s., Allen w., Hancock n., Crawford n. e., and Marion e. It is very nearly a sq. of 24 ms. each way, 576 sq. ms. in area. Lat. 40° 32' to 40° 51', long. 6° 24' to 6° 52' w. W. C. This CO. occupies a table land from which the branches of Sandusky and those of Blan- chard's r. flow to the north ; the extreme sources of Sciota s. e., those of Sandy creek, branch of Great Miami s. w., and those of Au Glaize r. west. Chief town. Hardy. Pop. 1830, 210. Hardin, p-v. in the western part of Shelby CO. O. by p-r. 12 ms. n. w. from Sidney, the county scat, and 88 miles n. w. by w. Colum- bus. Hardinsburgh, p-v. and st. jus. Brecken- ridge CO. Ky. 35 ms. w. from Eliabethtow.n, 29 s. 9. w. from Brandenburg, on O. r. and by p-r. 1 10 ms. s. w. by w. from Frankfort. Lat^ 37° 47', long. 9° 28', w. W. C. Hardinsburg, p-v. Dcarbon co. Ind. by p-r. 98 ms s, E. Indianopolis. HA.R 201 HAR Hardins Tavern, and p-o. Albemarle co. Va. by p-r. 130 ms, 8. w. W. C. Hardinsville, p-v. St. jus. Hardin co. Ten situated on the right bank of Ten. r. 40 ms N. w. Florence in Ala. and about 120 ms. s w. by 3. Nashville. Lat. 35° 12', long. 11° 18'w. W. C. Hardinsville, p-v. southeastern part of Shelby co. Ky. 10 ras. s. w. Frankfort. Hardiston, t. Sussex CO. N. J. Pop. 18 0, 2,588. Hardwick, p-t. w. part of Caledonia co. Vt. 21 ms. N. E. Montpelier, 73 n. Windsor. Sur- face pleasantly diversified with large swells and valleys. The r. Lamoille runs circuitous- ly through it, furnishing a number of excel- lent mill privileges. Timbered with maple, beech, birch, &c. Contains sulphur springs, and 9 school districts. Pop. 1830, l,2l6. Hardwick, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 70 ms. w. Boston, 20 n, w. Worcester. Surface une- ven. Soil fertile, adapted to grass and fruit trees. Pop. 1830, 1,885. Hardwick, t. Warren co. N. J. 10 ms. s. w. Newton. Pop. 1830, 1,9G2. Hardy, co. of Va. bounded by Hampshire N. E., Shenandoah s. e., Rockingham s., Pen- dleton s. w., Randolph w., and Alleghany co. of MJ. N. w. Length 12, mean width 17, and area 714 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 43' to. 39° 18', and in long, from 1° 43' to 2° 30' w. W. C. The surface of Hardy inclines to N. E. and is traversed in that direction by the south branch, and several other confluents of Potomac, with lateral chains of mtns. in- tervening, which also extend in a similar di- rection with the rivers. The surface is indeed excessively broken, rocky, and sterile, though tracts of excellent river lands lie detached between the mtn. ridges. The mean eleva- tion of the arable land perhaps exceeds 1,000 feet above the ocean level. Chief town, Moorfield. Population 1820, 5,700. 1830, 6,7m. Hardy, p-v. Hardin co. O. by p-r. 66 ms. n. w. Columbus. Harewood, p-v. Susquohannah co. Pa. by p-r. 174 ms. n. e. Ilarrisburg. Harford, p-v. und tsp. Susquchannah co. Pa. situated between Vanwinkle.s and Mar- this branches of Tunkhannock r. 12 ms. s. e. Montrose, and 40 a little e. of n. Wilkes- barre. Harford co. of Md. bounded by Susquc- hannah r. scparatingit from Coecil n. e., by *the head of Chesapeake bay, separatmg it from Kent s. e., by Baltimore co. s. ^. and w., and by York co. in Pa. n. Length 30, mean width 16, and area 480 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 19' to 39° 43' nearly. The south- ern part of this co. is drained principally by Bush r. and slopes to the southward. The northern is drained by Deer cr. or r. and de- clines eastward, towards the Susquchannah. The soil of this co. is very diversified, from ..best to worst. Chief town. Belair. Pop. 1820.15,924,1830,16,319. Harford, p-v. and named in the p-o. listl 26 Harford C. H., it? situated at the head of Bush r. bay 26 ms. n. e. Baltimore. Harlan, co. of Ky. bounded w, and n. w. by Knox, N. by Perry, n. e. by Pike, and e. s. e. and a. by Cumberland mtn. which separates it from Lee, the extreme southwestern co. of Va. Length 48, mean width 10, area 480 eq. ms. This co. contains the extreme higher sources of Cumberland r. and is in great part confined to a narrow valley between Cumberland mtn. and the Laurel ridge, with an inclination to tho s. w. It extends in lat. from 36° 36' to 37°, and long, from 5° 49' to 6° 24' w. W. C. The mean elevation of the arable surface of this co. is propably above 1000 feet above the ocean level, which would yield a mean temperalure equal to that of be- tween 38 and 39 on the Atlantic coast. Chief town. Mount Pleasant. Pop. 1830. 2,929. Harlan, C. II. and p-o. {See Mount Plea- sant, Harlan co. Ky.) Harlansburg, (iSee Harlensburg, Mereer CO. Pa.) Harleesville, p-v. on Little Pedee r. in the northern part of Marion dist. S. C. about 54 ms. s. 8. w. Fayettevillo in N. C. and by p-r. 121 N. E. by E. Raleigh. Harlem, t. Kennebeck co. Me. 16 ras. E. Augusta. Harlem, (-v. in the extreme n. w. an- gle of Butler CO. Pa., 55 ms. almost duo n. Pittsburgh. Harrisville, p-v. on Nottaway r., in the n. E. angle of Brunswick co. Va., by p-r. 57 ms. a little w. of s. Richmond. Harrisville, p-v. in the nrihestrn. part of Harrison co. O., by p-r. 8 ms. n. Cadiz, and 1.32 N. E.by E. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 314. Haruisville Reserve, p-v. Medina co. O., 1 1 1 ms. n. e. Columliia. IlARRonsBURo, p-v. and st. jus. Mercer co. Ky., situated near the main source of Salt r., 31 ms. a very little e. of s. from Frankfort. Lat. 37° 44', long. 7° 48' w. W. C. This place was amongst the most ^rly towns founded in Ky. ; in 1830 contained a iiop. of 1,051. Hart, co. of Ky. bounded by Edmonson w. ; Nolin Fork of Green r. which separates It from Grayson n. w. ; Raccoon cr. which sarates it from Harden n. ; Greene e. ; and Mnnen s. Length 24, mean breadth 18. area 433 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 06' to 37° 25', and long, from 8° 28' to 9° 03' w. W. C. Tho main body of Green r. traverses Hart in a s. w. by w. direction, and receiving creeks from each side drains tho co. The surface is generally level, and in its natural statu, in u great part composed of a species of soil deceptively called barrens, as much of it in this and adjacent cos. is highly fertile. Chief t. Mumfordsvillc. Pop. 1820, 4,184; 1830, 5,191. IIartfield, p-v. WBtrn. part of Tipton co. Ten., 10 ms. Covington, tho co. st., and by p-r. 207 ms. a little s. of w. Nashville. Hartford, p-t. Oxford co. Mo., 12 ms. w. E. Paris. It is very hilly, being at the ex- tremity of a spur from the White mtns. Pop. 1830, 1,294. Hartford, co. Conn., situated in tho w. central section of the state, principally within tho valley, and on both sides of Conn. r. ; is bounded by Hampden co. Mass. n. ; by Tol- land CO. E. ; New London co. p. e. ; Middle- sex and New Haven cos. s. ; and the cos. of New Haven and Litclifiold w. Lat. 42° trav- erses itfl northern, and 4° e. W. C. its wstrn. I)order. It forma nearly a nquarc, is about 30 ms. in length n. and s., and 25 in width , and comprises an area of about 727 sq. ms., or 465,280 acres. This co., as a whole, will rank before any other in the state ; and in ma- ny respects before any in N. England. Tlie soil is rich, various and fertile ; well adapted to grain, fruit, and almost every thing of which the climato admits, and is for the most part highly cultivated. The co. is intersect- ed nearly in tho centre by Conn. r. ; w. by the Greenstone (locally Talcott) mtns. ; and b. e. by a high range of hills. Tho surface is un- dulating, abounding in the fertile and varied scenery common to much of the valley of the Conn., and is timbered with various kinds of the oak, walnut or hickory, elm, maple, ash, &c. &c. It is watered by several streams, among which is the Tunxis or Farmington r. on the w. ; and Freshwater, Scantic, Podunk, and Hockanum, on the e. A groat variety of manufactories arc carried on in this co. ; among them, that of cotton, (according to a recent return to tho Secretary of the Treas- ury,) employs a capital of ^260,000, consu- ming annually .509,000 lbs. of cotton; and the woollen manufacture employs a capital of $311,500, consuming about 600,000 lbs. of wool per ann. The towns and villages, which arc numerous, are generally pleasant; many of them are populous and wealthy. Pop. 1820,47,261; 1830,51,141. Hartford, city and p-t. Hartford co. Conn., one of the seats of government of the state, and St. jus. for the co., is situated at the head of sloop navigation on the w. side of Conn r., 50 ms. from its mouth, at lat. 41° 45', and long. 4° 15' e. W. C. It is 123 ms. n. e. N. York, 34 n. n. e. New Haven, 15 n. Middle- town, 44 N. w. New London, 74 w. Provi- dence, 100 w. s. w. Boston, and 97 s. e. A1- liany. The legislature of tht state assciu- HAR 204 HAR bles alternately at this place and New Haven — the odd years at the former. The city is over a mile inlength, and f the of a mile wide ; surface undulating, sloping gradually from the principal street to the Conn. ; it is irreg- ularly laid out, and is divided e. and w. by Mill, or Little r. Across this stream a fine bridge of free stone has been thrown, which connects the two parts of the city. This structure is 100 feet wide, supported by a single arch, 7 feet in thickness at the base, and 3 feet 3 inches at the centre ; the chord or span of which is 104 feet ; elevation from the bed of the river to the top of the arch, 30 feet 9 inches. Another bridge across the Conn., covered, 1,000 feet long, and which cost over f 100,000, unites the city with East Hartford. ^Hartford is very advantageously situated foV business, is surrounded by an extensive and wealthy district, and communi- cates with the towns and villages on the Conn, above, by small steam boats, (now 8 in number) two of which, for passengers, ply daily between Hartford and Springfield. The remainder are employed in towing flat bot- tomed boats of 15 to 30 tons burthen, as far as Wells r., 220 ms. above the city. The coasting trade is very considerable, and there is some foreign trade, not extensive, carried on. Three steamboats form a daily line bo tween here and New- York. The manufac- tures of this city, by a late return made to the Secretary of the Treasury, exceed $900,000 per ann. ; among these are various manufac- tures of tin, copper, and sheet iron ; block tin and pewter ware ; printing presses, and ink ; a manufactory of iron machinery ; an iron foundry; saddlery, carriages, joiners tools, paper hanging, looking-glasses, umbrellas, stone ware, a brewery, a web manufactory, cabinet furniture, boots and shoes, hats, cloth- ing for exportation, soap and candles, 2 man- ufactories of machine and other wire cards, operated by dogs ; &c. &.c. More than twice as many books are published here, annually, as are manufactured in any other place of equal pop. in the U. S. There are 15 peri- odicals ; 12 weekly newspapers (5 sectarian), 2 semi-monthly and 1 monthly. The city is well built, and contains many elegant public and private edifices. The state house, in which are the public offices of the state, is surmounted by a cupola, and is a very hand- some and spacious building. The city hall, built for city purposes, is also spacious, and elegant ; it has two fronts, with porticos, sup dumb, the Retreat for the insane, and Wash- ington college, arc all beautifully located, in the immediate vicinity of the city. The Asylum, the first institution of the kind in America, incorporated in 1816, was founded under the auspices of Rev. T. H. Gallaudet, who visited Europe with that object. The sys- tern of deaf and dumb instruction in the U. S., which is uniform, proceeded from this institu- tion, and in some respects differs from any oth- er. By the aid of a considerable fund.pupils are instructed and supported, at a yearly expense of $115 ; a sum much below the actual cost. Beside the Principal, there are 9 teachers in the institution, which contains 138 pupils, ma- ny of whom are taught cabinet making, shoe making, and tailoring ; females are taught the latter, as well as boys. The principal building is 130 feet long, 50 wide, and 3 sto- ries high, beside a basement and dormitory. Total number of pupils, 412. The Retreat for the insane was instituted principally by the munificence of the citizens of Hartford, and ranks high among the first institutions of the kind. The edifice is both spacious and elegant ; it has an entire front of 254 feet : viz. a centre 50 feet, two wings 70 feet each, and ends each 32 feet ; centre and ends 3, and wings 2 stories high ; and basement. The grounds belonging to the Retreat are spacious, and highly improved. Washington college, founded in 1826, has two edifices of free stone ; one 148 feet long by 43 wide, and 4 stories high, containing 48 rooms ; the oth- er 87 feet by 55, and 3 stories high, contain- ing the chapel, library, mineralogical cabinet, philosophical chamber, laboratory and recita- tion rooms. There are 5,000 vols, in the col- lege library, and 2,500 in the libraries of the different societies. A complete philosoph- ical apparatus, cabinet of minerals, and bo- tanical garden and green house, belong to the institution. The faculty consists of a presi- dent, 6 professors, and 2 tutors. Students, about 60. Commencement 1st Thursday in Aug. The Alms house, with a farm on which the able inmates are employed, is conducted on a plan of remarkable economy, and nearly supports itself. The public schools arc nu- merous, and there are several excellent pri- vate schools. Mill r. has several water priv- ileges, which are improved ; and about 2 ms. from the city is an extensive quarry of wall stone, suitable for building and other purpo- ses. The location of the city is in every re- ported each by 6 massy columns. In the city spect delightful ; it is surrounded with a fer- are 1 1 places of public worship — 5 for Con. gregationalists, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist, 1 Universalist, 1 Rom. Catholic, and 1 African ; several of these are very hand- some, and the Episcopal, a gothic edifice, is much admired for its elegance. There are 4 banks, including a branch of the U. S. B., with an aggregate capital of $2,856,400 ; a tile and indeed exuberant soil, and is not ex. ceedcdby any other inland town in the varie- ty and beauty of its scenery. Hartford was settled 1635, the city incorporated 1784, and is memorable as the seat of the Hartford convention. Pop. city, including the t. 1830, 9,789; city, 7,076. Hartforu, p-t. Washington co. N. Y. 54 bank for savings ; 3 fire and marine insurance ms. a little e. of n. from Albany, 8 e. Sandy offices, an arsenul, museum, two markets. Hill. Wood cr. runs along the n. w. corner ; &c. The American asylum for the deaf and 15 schools, 7 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 2,420. P HAR 205 HAV Hartford, p-v. and st. jus. Pulaski co. Geo. situated on the left bank of Ockmul- gee river, about GO nis. s. r,. w. Millcdgcvillc, latitude 32° 20', long. 0° 30' w. Washington City. IIahtford, p-v. and st. jus. Ohio co. Ky. situated on the left bank of Rough creek, near the centre of the co. by p-r. 147 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort, and 45 n. Russcllvillo, lat. 37° 25', long. 9° 56' w. W. C. Hartford, p-v. and tsp. northeastern part of Trumbull co. Ohio. Tho p-o. is by p-r. 175 ms. N. E. Columbus. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 859. Hartford, p-v. Dearborn co. Ind. 100 ms. s. E. Indianopolis. Hartland, p-t. Somerset co. Mo. Pop. 1830, 718. IIartland, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. w. Conn, river, 50 ms. s. e. Moiitpclier, 62 n. e. Ben- nington, 100 from Boston. A rich farming town, pleasantly diversified with hills and vallies. Watered n. e. by Queechy river, s. by Lull's brook, vi'hich aflbrd some of the best mill privileges in the state. The town con- tains a valuable bed of paint. There are 18 shool disiricts. It has a variety of manufac- tories. Pop. 1830, 2,503. Hartland, p-t. Hartford co. Conn. 22 ms. N. w. Hartford, bounded n. by Mass. line. Hilly and mountainous. Tolerable for gra- zing, but poor for grain. Timbered with beech, maple, chestnut, and evergreen. Wa- tered by the e. branch of Farmington river. Fop. 1830, 1,221. Hartland, p-t. Niagara co. N. Y. on lake Ontario, 12 ms. n. e. Lockport, and 30 e. n. -E. Lewiston. Land good, 11 school districts. Croosed by the Ridge road, on which stands Hartland village, 2 ms. n. Erie canal, 10 ms. N. E. Lockport. This town contains salt springs. Pop. 1830, 1,584. Hartleton, p-v. and tsp. of Union co. Pa. 12 ms. w. New Berlin, and by p-r. 65 ms. n. N. w. Harrisburg. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 1,737. Hart's Crosb Roads, and p-o. Crawford CO. Pa. Hart's Grove, p-o. Ashtabula co. Ohio. Hartsville, p-v. Bucks co. Pa. about 25 ms. Phila. Hartsville, p-v. on the right bank of (Cumberland river, in the extreme southeast- ern angle of Sumner co. Ten. by p-r. 43 ms. N. e. by E. Nashville. Hartwell's Basin. {See Pcrrinton.) Hartwick, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y. 6i ms. s. w. Cooperstown, 70 w. Albany. Watered by the Susquehannah, Oak's creek, the outlet of Caniaderaga or Schuyler's lake, and the Otsego creek, which supply u great abun- dance of mill seats. Surface considerably broken and hilly ; well watered by springs and brooks ; 14 schools kejit 6 months in 12. A literary and theological seminary was es- tablished here in 18 1 6, by members of the Lutheran church. i'oi>. Ib30, 2,772. Harvard, p-t. Worcester co. Muss. 20 ms. N E Worcester, 30 .n w Bo-siun Divided by Nashua river from Lancaster and Shirley. Soil good, especially for fruit. Here is a settlement of Shakers. Pop. 1830, 1,600. Harvard University. (See Cambridge.) Harvey's p-o. Greene co. Pa. by p.r. 241 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. Harvey's Store, and p-o. Charlotte co. Va. 108 ms. s. w. Richmond. Harvevsville, p-o. Luzerne co. Pa. 94 ms. N. E. Harrisburg. Harwich, p-t. Barnstable co. Mass. 79 ms. 8. E. Boston, bounded e. by the Atlantic. Pop. 1830, 3,974. Harwinton, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn. 23 ms. w. Hartford. Elevated and hilly. The timber consists principally of deciduous trees. Lands best adapted to grazing. Watered by the Naugatuck, and the Lead Mine rivers. Contains vtirious kinds of manufactories, 11 school districts, and an academy. Pop. 1830, 1,516. Haskinsville, p-v. Gibson co. Ten. by p-r. 151 ms. westward Nashville. Hat (The), tavern and p-o. Lancaster co. Pa. by p-r. 54 me. from Harrisburg. Hatboro', p-v. situated near the northeast- ern border of Montgomery co. Pa. and on a branch of Penepack creek, 17 ms. n. Phila. Hatciiersville, p-o. Chesterfield co. Va. by p-r. 12 ms. from Richmond. Hatciiy, Big. [See Big Hatchy river.) Hatfield, p-t, Hampshire co, Mass. w. Conn, river, 5 ms. n. Northampton, 95 w. Boston. Soil various, but valuable. This town unanimously protested against the rev- olutionary war, and was the head quarters of the Shay's insurrection, but its patriotism has since been undoubted. It is supposed that tho farmers of this town now stjill feed three times as many oxen as were fattened in all the towns of Old Hampshire, 100 years ago. Pop. 1830, 893. Hatfield, tsp. of Montgomery co. Pa. 24 ms. N. N. w. Phila. Pop. 1830, 835. Hatteras, q very remarkable cape of the Atlantic coast of the United Slates, in N. C. Pamlico sound is inclosed on the ocean side by a long low reef of sand and rock stretch- ing 65 ms. from Ocracock inlet on the s. w. to New inlet on the n. e. Cape Hatteras, properly so called, is the salient point of this reef, jutting in the Atlantic ocean, at lat. 35° 12', and long. !« 35' e. W. C. This low but stormy promontory, is a true cape of winds and a point of interest and dread in naviga- ting tho Atlantic coast of the United States. Havana, p-v. Greene co. Al. by p-r. 26nis. s. w. Tuscaloosa. Havana, p-v. in tho northwestern part of Sangamon co. II. by p-r. 123 ms. n. n w. Van- dalia. Haverford, p-v, Delaware co. Pa. 6 ms. from Phila. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 980. Haveruill, p-t. and half shire town, Graf- ton CO. N. H. 31 ms. n. w. Plymouth, 27 nis above Darhnouth college, 70 N.CJoncord, 132 4|» from Boston. It is siiuaiod on Comi. river. Watered by Olivenan and Ilazen brooks. A plca.sunt town Has ;i htndsomc village, de. HAY 206 HAZ nominated Haverhill corner, lying at the s. w. angle of the town. Pop. 1830, 2,151. Haverhill, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 30 ms. n. Boston. A handsome and flourishing town, at the head of sloop navigation on the Mor- rimac, being situated on the n. side of that river. It has an academy. An elegant and costly bridge, 800 feet long, across the river, connects the principal village with Bradford. Four miles below is Rocks village, where is another bridge nearly 1000 feet long. Pop. 1830, 3,896. Haverstraw, p-t. Rockland co. N. Y. 36 ms. N, N. York, w. Hudson river, which hero spreads into Haverstraw bay. It includes Stony point with the old forts, Clinton and Montgomery, together with Dunderberg, or Thunder mtn. It has many good mill seats and several landings, with wharves, sloops, and some trade. There is an academy in the village of Warren. Pop. 1830, 2,306 Havre De Grace, p-v. and sea port, situa- ted on the right bank of Susquehannah river, near its mouth, 36 ms. n. e. Baltimore. Lat 3D0 33', long. 0°58'e.W. C. Haw, r. of N. C. rises in Rockingham and Guilford cos. and flowing thence eastward, unite in Orange, when turning to s. e, the united stream traverses Orange, and Chat- ham and in the s. e. angle of the latter at Ilaywoodboro, joins Deep river to form the main Cape Fear river. The union of Haw and Deep river is in a uiircct Imo about 30 ms. s, w. by w. Raleigh. Haw, river, p-o. in the northwestern part of Orange co. N. C. by p-r. 65 miles n. w. Raleigh. Hawfield, p-v. westrn. part of Orange co. N.C.byp-r. 14 ms. westward Hillsboro', and 55 ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. Hawke, p-t. Rockingham co. N. II. 19 ms. s. w. Portsmouth. Had 500 inhabitant.*! more in 1775, than it has had since. Soil un- even. Ithas 3 schools. Pop. 1830, 520. Hawkinsville, p-v. Pulaski co. Geo. about 70 ms. s. Milledgeville. Hawlev, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 120 miles N. w. Boston, 14 s. w. Greenfield. Situated on the Green mtn. range, and well watered by several branches of Deerficid river. Pop. 1830, 1,037. Hawsville, p-v. and st. jus. Hancock co. Ky. by p-r. 130 ms. a little s. of w. Hartford. Haye's Cross Roads, and p-o. Richland co. Ky. 14 ms. from Marsficld, the st. jus. and 71 N.N.E. Columbus. Hay Market, p-v. in the northern part ot Prince William co. Va. situated on the head ofOccoquon crock, by p-r. 38 ms. a|by w. little s. of w. W. C. 5,334 Haynes' p-o. Grainger co. Tenn. by p-r. 231 ms. cstrd. Nashville. Haynesville, p-v. Lowndes co. Al. bjsp-r. 120 ms. but by direct road GO ms. westward Tiiscaloosa. Haysdoro', village of Davidson co. Ten. ^.n Cumberland nvcr, 7 ms. above Nashville. HayV Mills, and p-o. Shenandoah co. Va. by p-r. Ill miles westward Washington City. Hayesville, p-v. Franklin CO. N. C. by p-r. 31 ms. N. E. Raleigh. Haywood, co. N. C. bounded e. by Picken's district S. C, Rabun co. in Geo. s. w., Cowee branch of Ten. which separates it from Ma- con CO. N. C., w. by the Iron or Bald mtn. separating it from Blount, Sevier, and Cocke Cos. of Ten. on the n. w., and by a nameless chain of mtns. separating it from Buncombe E. The greatest length of Haywood is from the 8. w. to the N. E. angle, 63 ms., the mean width 30, area 1,890 square ms. Extending in lat. from 35° to 35° 46', and long, from 5° 38' to 6° 43' w. W. C. The extreme south- ern section of Haywood is occupied by the Blue Ridge, from the southern side of which rise and flow southwardly the extreme high- er sources of Savannah river. The Blue Ridge, however, forms merely the border of the CO., the far greatest part of the surface sloping to the n. w., and is drained on the western side by Cowee and Tukasccgec branches of Ten. and on the eastern by Pigconriver, branch of French Broad. These streams rising in Blue Ridge flow northwest- ward, and pierce the Iron mtn. about 50 ms. asunder at the extremes of the co. If n cor- rect estimate can be made from the courses of the streams, Haywood co. is amongst the most elevated sections of the United States. The arable vallies must be from 1,500, to 1,800 feet above the ocean level, giving a temperature as low in winter as that on the Atlantic ocean at the mouth of the Del. Chief town, Franklin. In 1820, Haywood com- prised what is now Macon, and the census, 4,073, included both cos.; in 1830, Haywood contained 4,578 inhabitants. Haywood, C. H., N. C. (See Waynesville, Haywood en. N. C.) Haywood, p-v. Chatham co. N. C. {See Hayvioo(lboro\) Haywood, co. of Ten. bounded s. e. by riardinian, s. by Lafayette, w. by Tipton, n. w. by Dyer, n. e. by Gibson, and e. by Madi- son. Length 30, mean width 20, area GOO sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 22' to 35° 48', and long. 12° 07' to 12 32' w. W. C. The southern part of this co. is drained by the Hatchce and its branches, the main stream entering the s. E. angle and traversing the co. in the direction of n. w. by. w. Tlie s. branch of Forked Deer r. enters the eastern border and loaves the co. near the n. w. angle, flowing nearly parallel to the Big Hatchce. The slope of the whole co. is therefore n. w. Chief town, Brownsville. Pop. 18.30, IIayvvoodsboro, p-v. Chatham co. N. C. by by p-r. 38 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. It is sit- uatoil m tlie s. E.part of the co. and the point above the confluence of Haw and Deep rs and at the head of Cape Fear r. Hazard Forge, and p-o. Hardy co. Va. by p-r. 135 ms. westward W. C. H.^/LEuiiEEN, p-v. m the norihciii part o[ % ^. HEL 207 HEN Madison CO. Ala. 12 me. nlmoet due n. Hnnte- ville. IIazlb Patch, p-v. Laurel co. Ky. by p-r. 101 ms. 8. B. E. Frankfort. IIazlewood, p-o. Chester diet. S. C. about GO ms. N. Columbus. This place was former- ly midway. Head of Coosa, p-o. in the Cherokee tcr. state of Geo. by p-r. 196 ms. n. w. Milledge- ville, and G43 southwcstvvard W. C. Head OF Navigation, p-v. Spartanburg dist. S. C. by p-r. 107 ms. n. n. w. Columbia. Head of Sassafras, p-v. in the n. e. part of Kent CO. Md. about 50 ms. n. e. by e. Balti- more. Head's, p-o. southom part of Fayotto co Geo. by p-r. 100 ms. n. w. by w. Millcdgcville. Health Seat, p-o. Granville co. N. C. by p-r. 58 ms. northward Raleigh. Heard, co. Geo. relative position uncertain. Tlie C. H. is given in the p-o. list at 153 ms. from Milledgeville. Heard, C. H. and p-o. Heard co. Geo. by p-r. 153 ms. from Milledgeville. He.vtu, p.1. Franklin co. Mass. 125 ms. n. w. Boston, 12 N. w. Greenfield, bounded n. by Vt. line. Pop. 1830, 1,199. Hebron, p-t. Oxford co. Mc. 35 ms. n. w. Portland. Pop. 1830,915. Hebron, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 9 ms. from Plymouth, and 40 from Concord. Pop. 1830, 540. Hebron, p-t. Tolland co. Conn. 20 ms, s. e. ' Hartford. Surface uneven — Soil considera- bly fertile — watered by Hop r. a branch of the Willimantic, and several small streams. It contains a considerable number of manu- factories, and 12 school districts. Pop. 1830, 1,939. Hebron, p-t. Washington co. N. Y. 52 ms. N. N. e. Albany, 6 n. Salem. Surface broken by hills, somo of large size. It hasnorivcrs and is therefore destitute of mill seats. Soil productive, and well watered. 19 schools kept 7 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 2,68G. IIedron, p-v. in the northern part of Greene CO. Ala.by p-r. 38 ms. s. s. w. Tuscaloosa. Hebron, p-v. Washington co. Geo. 17 ms. b'juthcastward Millcdgcville. Hecktown, p-v. Northampton co. Pa. 191 ms. N. e. W. C. » Hector, p-t. Tompkins co. N. Y. lying be- tween Cayuga and Seneca lakes, 17 ms. w. Ithaca and 187 w. Albany. Surface broken by elevated ridges. 24 school districts. Pop. 1830,5,212. Hedricks, p-v. southwestern part of York CO. Pa. 18 ms s. s. w. from tho borough of York and 40 n. n. w. Baltimore. Heidlessburg, p.y. Adams co. Pa. 11 ms. N. N. E. Gettysburg and 27 s. a. w. Ilarris- burg. Helderberg, orHelleberg, ranges of hills of a mountain character, extending from the Cdtbkill mtns. to the Mohawk near Schonec lady. Helena, p-v. Pickciib dist. fc?. C. by p.r. IW nia. N. w. Columbia ' Helena, p-o. and st. jus. Iowa co. Mich- position uncertain. Helena, p-v. and st. jus. Phillips co. Ark. situated on tho right bank of Misa. r. in a direct course about 100 ms. a little s. of e. but by p-r. 151 from Little Rock. Lat. 34° 28', long. 13° 39' w. W. C. Hellen, p-v. Clearfield co. Pa. by p-r. 122 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. IIellerstown, p-v. in the sthrn. angle of Northampton co. Pa. 4 ms. s. e. Bethlehem. Hell Gate, or Hurl Gate. (See Horll Oatt.) Helm's, p-o. Franklin co. Va. by p-r. 281 me. 6. w. W. C. Hemlock Lake, 6 ma. long. East comer of Livingston co. N. Y. HEMPniLL's Store and p-o. Mecklenburg CO. Va. 140 ms. e. s. w. Richmond. Hemphill, p-o. Butler co. Ala. by p-r. 167 ms. s. 6. E. Tuscaloosa. Hempstead, p-t. Queens co. N. Y. s. side Long Island, 22 ms. a little s. of e. of New York. Hempstead plains lie principally in this town, and arc 15 ms. long by 4 broad. 14 school districts, schools kept 10 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 6,215. Hempstead, co. Ark. as laid down on Tan- ner's map of tlie U. S. is bounded by Red r. separating it from Texas s. w., by Sevier co. of Ark. w., by Clark n. n. e. and e., and by Lafayette s. Length from s. e. to n. w. 75, mean width 15, area 1,125 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 33° 32' to 34°, and long. 15° 42' to 16° 50' w. W. C. Tho sthrn. and wstrn. part of this CO., is drained into Red r., tho nthrn. and estrn. into little Mo. branch of Washitau. Tho sur- face is generally thin and sterile. Chief t. Washington. Pop. 1830, 2,512. Hempstead, C. H. and p-o. [See Washing, ington, same CO. Ark. ter.) Henderson, p-t. JelFerson co. N. Y. on lake Ontario, 8 ms. s. of Black r. mouth. Soil productive. Timber — oak, walnut, clm,boech, &c. 12 school districts. Pop. 1830, 2,428. Henderson, p-o. Mercer co. Pa. 280 ms. by p-r. N. w. W. C. Henderson's, p-o. Botetourt co. Va. by p-r. 227 ms. s.w. W. C. Henderson, co. of Ky. bounded by Green which separates it from Daviess k., by Hopkins s., Union w., aijd by O. r. separating it from Posey, Vanderburg, Warwick, and ~ Spencer cos., Indiana, n. Length parallel to the general course of O. r. 40 ms., mean width 18, area 720 sq.ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 30' to 37° 58', and in long, from 10° 20' to 11° 12' w. W. C. The course of Green r. near its discharge into the O., and the general slope of Henderson co. is to the nrthrd. Chief t. Henderson. Pop. 1820, 5,714, 1830, G,G59. Henderson, p-v. and st. jus. Henderson co. Ky. situated on the left bank of O. r. about 44 nib. by water above the moutii of Wabash r- ;ijid by p-r. 103a littles, of w. Frankfort. CR. 37° 48'. long. 10° 42' .w. W. C. IJenderho.v, CO. of Ten. bounded by Ptriv HEN 208 HER js., Hardin ». E., McNair s. w., MadiBon w., and Carroll n. It is very nearly a sq. of 28 nw. each side; area 784 sq. ms. Extending in lat, from 35° 24' to 35° 48', and in long, from 11° 14' to 11° 44' w. W. C. Though the eastern border of Henderson approaches with u mean distance of 10 ms. from Ten. r. the central part is a table land from which tjie water courses flow, like radii from a com- mon centre. From the southwestern angle issue the sources of the s. branch of P'orked Deer r.; from the wstrn. side flows the mid- dle branch of tho same stream, whilst, from the N. w. angle, flow tho extreme sources of Obion r. The wstrn. slope of the co. is there- fore to the wstrd. towards Miss. Tho estrn. pajt declines towards Ten. but even there, crs. flow like diverging radii. Sugar cr. north- wards. Beech r. cstrds., and Doe cr. to tho s. E • Chief t. Lexington. Pop. 1830, 8,748. IIendersonville, p-v. st. jus. Nottaway co. Va. situated on little Nottaway r. 65 ms. s. w. Richmond. Lat. 37° 04', long. 1° 18' w. W. C. Hendersonville, p-v. Sumner co. Ten. 44 ms. N. K, Nashville. Hendrensville, p-v. Henry co. Ky. by p.r. 40 ms. wstrd. Frankford. Hendricks co. Ind. bounded s. by Morgan ; w. by Putnam ; n. w. by Montgomery ; n. by Boone ; and e. by Marion. It is a square of 21 ms. each way; area 441 sq. ms. lat. 39° 40' to 39° 56', long. 9° 16' to 9° 40' w. W. C. Slope sthrd. and drained by diflerent branches •of the main volume of White r. Chief town, Danville. Pop. 1830, 3,975. Hendrick's Store, and p-o. Bedford co Va. 239 ms. s. w. W. C. Hendrysburg, p-o. Belmont co. O. IlENLorEN Cape, the ethrn. salient point at the mouthof Del. r. opposite and (by Tanner's U. S. Pa. and N. J.) between 12 and 7 3 ms. asunder. By the same authorities, the lat. is by the Pa. and N. .1. 38° 45' and by the U. S. 38° 47'. The long, is by the former map 1° 58' and by the latter 1° 53' e. W. C. Henlofen Coal Mines, and p-o. Fentress CO. Ten. by p-r. 124 ms. estrd. Nashville. IIenniker, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H. 15 ms. w. Concord, 27 from Amherst, 75 from Bos- ton. Watered by Contoocook r. Contains excellent water privileges. Soil as various and fertile as any in the co. Pop. 1830, 1,725. Henrico, co. of Va., bounded s. and s. w. by James r. which separates it from Chickihomi- nar. which separates it on the n. from Hano- ver, and N. E. from New Kent ; and on the s. E. it has Charles City co. The greatest length from s. e. to n. w. 30, mean width 10, area 300 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 17' to 37° 40', and long. 0° 20' to 0° 49' w. W. C. This CO. is composed of a central ridge with two narrow inclined plains, fulling towards James r. to the s. w., and Cliickiho- miny to the n. k. The surface is broken bv waving hills ; soil very rmich diversified. I Chief town, Kichmond. The entire pop 1820. 33,667, of whom, 12,067 were contained in tho city of Richmond in 1830. Henrietta, p-t. Monroo co. N. Y. 11 ms. 8. Rochester. Peculiarly good for grazing 12 school districts. Pop. 1830, 2,322. Henrietta, p-v. northwestern part of Lorain co. O. by p-r. 133 ms. n. n. e. Co- lumbus. Henry Cape, of Va. the sthm. salient point at the mouth of Chesapeake bay. On Tanner's U. S. cape Henry is in lat. 36° 55', long. 1° 02' E. W. C. It is the extreme north- eastern angle of Princess Ann co. Va. Henry, co of Va. bounded by Patrick w., Franklin n., Pittsylvania e. and Rockingham CO. N. C. s. It is in form or nearly so of a rhomb, and about equal to a sq. of 20 ms. each side, area 400 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36^0 to 36° 50', long. 2° 44' to 3° 08' w. W. C. The slope of this co. is rapid, and to the s. E. The extreme sthwstrn. angle is crossed by the two branches of Mays r., but the much greater part of the area of the co. is included in the valley of Irvine r. which enters at the n. w. and leaves the co. at tho s. E. angle. Chief t. Martinsville. Pop. 1820, 5,624, 1830, 7,100. Henry, co. Geo. bounded by Butler s. e.. Pike s., Fayette w., De Kalb, Ockmulgee r, separating it from Newton, n. e. Length 33, mean width 18, and area 594 sq. ms. Exten- ding in lat. from 33° 12° to 33° 42', and long, 7° 02' to 7° 28' w. W. C. This is one of the COS. of Geo. which occupies a part of tho di- viding plain between the waters of the Atlan- tic and those of the Gulf of Mexico. Tho wstrn. part is drained by the sources of Flint r. whilst from the estrn. section the waters flow s. e. into the Ockmulgee. Chief town, McDonough. Pop. 1830, 10,567. Henry, sthestrn. co. of Ala. bounded w.by Dale, N. by Pike, e. byChattahooche r. which separates it from Early co. Geo., s. by Jack- son, and s. w. by Walton co. Flor. Length from s. to n. 48, mean width 28, area 1,.344 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 31° to 31° 42'. The northwestern part of this co. is drained by different branches of Choctawhatcho ; the estrn. and sthm. by crs. flowing into Chatta- hoochc r. ; surface generally covered with pine, and soil sterile. Chief t. Columbia. Pop. 1830, 3,955. HE^'RY, CO. O. bounded e. by Wood, s. by Putnam, s. w. by Paulding, w. by Williams, and n. by Lenawe co. Mich. Length from s. to N. 32 ms., breadth 27, and area 804 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 06' to 41° 39', long. 6° 50' to 7° 20' w. W. C. This co. lies entirely in the valley of Great Miami, and is traversed by the main volume of that i,. flowing northeast- ward, and dividing the co. into two not very unequal sections. Chief town, Damascus. Pop. 1830, 262. Henry, p-v. Muskingum co. O. by p-r. 7J» ina. e. Columbus. Henry's Cross Roads, and p-o. Sevier cu Ten. by p-r. 182 ms. e. Nashville. IlEhBERT'b Cross Koad.s, and p o. Ilfir HER 209 IIIC ford county, Mil. 29 miles n. e. Baltimore. IIkrculanaelm, p-v. and 8t. jus. Jeflcrson Of. Mo. by p-r. 88G ms. a little h. of w. W. C. and 30 below, and a little w. of s. St. Louis. It is situated on the right bank of the Miss. r. nearly opposite Harrison in II. It is the usu- al landing place from the lead mines in Wash- ington CO. Pop. about 300, lat. 38° 15', long. 13o24'w. Uerekord, p-v. Berks co. Pa. IIiiREFORU, p-v. Baltimore co. Md. by p-r. 29 ms. from Baltimore. IIerefords, p-o. Mason co. Va. by p-r. 329 ms. N. w. by w. Richmond and 31G westward W. C. IIkrkimer CO. N. Y. lies between Oneida and Montgomery cos. embracing the Mohawk r., and is bounded n. by St. Lawrence and Montgomery cos., s. by Otsego, w. by Oneida and Lewis. Greatest length n. and s. 85 ms. greatest width 22, containing 1,290 sq. ms. or 725, GOO acres. The Mohawk r. and the grand canal run through the heart of the pop. of this CO. its whole width. It has a pretty large proportion of hilly land, and as great a diversity of soil as any in the state. Watered by branches of the Oswegatchie and Black r., and by W. Canada creek. The East Canada creek forms the eastern boundary. Pop. 1!{30, 35,870. Herkimer, p-t. and st. jus. of Herkimer CO. N. Y. N. Mohawk, 14 ms. s. e. Utica, 79 w. N. w. Albany, extending along the Mo- hawk r. nearly 15 ms. Land of a superior quality. The village of Herkimer stands on the w. side of W. Canada creek. The village of Little Falls is situated at the Little Falls of the Mohawk r. The scenery here abouts is grand and interesting ; 13 school districts ; schools kept 11 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 2,486. Hermitage, p-v. in the western part of Prince Edward co. Va. 87 ms. s. w. by w Richmond. Hermox, t. Penobscot co. Me. 7 ms. w Bangor. Pop. 1830, 535. Herndon's p-o. Orange co. N. C. by p-r. 19 ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. Hermjonsville, p-v. Scott co. Ky. 33 ms. from Frankfort. Heron, Pass of, the strait uniting Mobile bay to Pascagoula sound. It is enclosed to the N. by the main shore of Ala., and to the s. by Dauphin Isl. At mid tides it admits the passage of vessels drawing 6 feet water. Herrin's p-o. Humphreys co. Ten. by p-r. 81 ms. wstrd. Nashville. Herriotville, p-o. Alleghany co. Pa. by p-r. 211 ms. N. w. W. C. Hertford, p-v. and st. jus. Perquimans co. N. C. about 50 ms. a little w. of s. Norfolk in Va. and i)y p-r. 200 n. e. by e. Raleigh. Lat. 36° 13', long. 0° 36' e. W. C. Hertford County, N.C. bounded by Ber- tie s., by Northampton w., Roanoke r. which separates it from (Jalcs n. and n. e., and Cho- wan bay, which separates it from Chowan co. B. E, Length 28, mean width 12, and area 27 356 sq. me. E.\tcnding in lat. from 36° 11' to 36° 27', and in long, from 0° 20' e. to 0° 12' w. W. C. Tho slope of Hertford is to the N. E. PoUacasty, Loosing, and Pine creeks, all flow in that direction into Roanoke or Chowan r. Chief t. Wynton. Pop. 1820, 7,712, 1830, 8,.541. Hetrick's p-o. York co. Pa. by p-r. 83 ms. nthrd. W.C. HiBERNiA, p-v. on Missouri r. opposite Jef- ferson, Callaway co. Mo, 981 ms. by p-r. w. W.C. HicKLENS, p-v. Washington co. Geo. 31 ms. from Milledgcvillc. Hickman County, Ten. bounded by Wayne n. w.. Perry w., Dickson n., Williamson n. e., Maury E., Giles s. e., Lawrence s. Length 38, mean width 28, and area 1,064 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 23' to 35° 51', long, from 10° 12' to 10° 45' w. W. C. The southern part of Hickman is drained by the Duflulo branch of Duck r., flowing over it westerly, but full three fourths of the whole surface is included in the valley, which also flows westerly, receiving creeks from each side. Chief t. Vernon. Pop. 1C20, 6,080, 18.30, 8,132. Hickman, southwestern co. Ky. bounded by Mayfield's r. separating it from McCrack- en N., by Graves e.. Weakly co. Ten. s. e., Obion CO. Ten. s. w., and w. by the Miss. r. separating it from New Madrid and Scott cos. of Mo. Length 31, mean width 18, and area 540 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 30' to 36° 57'. The slope of this co. is wstrd. towards Miss. r. and is drained in that direction by Mayfield's r. and little Obion. Chief t. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 5,198. Hickman's p-o. Monongalia co. Va. by p-r. 208 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. Hickory, small p-v. Washington county Pa. Hickory Creek and p-o. southern part of Warren co. Ten. The p-o. is 10 ms. sthrd. McMinville, the co. St., and 74 ms. s. e. by e. Nashville. Hickory Flat, p-o. Gwinnct co. Geo. by p-r. 130 ms. N.N. w. Milledgeville. Hickory Fork and p-o. Gloucester co. Va. by p-r. 85 ms. e. Richmond. Hickory Grove, p-o. Mecklenburg co. N. C. by p-r. 181 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. Hickory Grove, p-o. York dist. S. C. by p-r. 89 ms. n. Columbia. Hickory Grove, p-o. Henry co. Geo. by p-r. 81 ms. N. w. by w. Milledgeville. Hickory Grove and p-o. Montgomery co. Ala. by p-r. 142 ms. s. e. Tuscaloosa. Hickory Grove, p-o. Bond co. II. 30 ms. wstrd. Vandulia. Hickory (J ROVE, p-o. Montgomery co. Mo. 45 ms. w. St. Louis. Hickory Hill, p-v. (Jh Coosaw r. northern part of Beaufort dist. S. C. 70 ms. w. Charles, ton, and by p-r. 93 a little w. of s. Colum. bia. Hickory Mountain, p-v. Chatham co. N. C. by P-r. 4G ms. w.strdly. Raleigh. HIL 810 HIL HicKet-oni), p-v. and et. jus. Grennvillc co. Va. situated on tho right bank of Mchorin r. by p-r. G9 ms. almost exactly due s. Rich- iiiond. Lat. 3G° 37', long. 0° 35' w. W. C. HicKSTowN, p-v. and st. jus. Madison co. Flor. 1 1 iGGiNsroRT, p-v. in the southern part of Brown co. O. by p-r. Ill ms. s. s. w. Colum- bus. lIjGiiGATE, p-t. Franklin co. Vt. on Missis- qne bay, 33 ms. N. Burlington. Pop. 1830, 2,038. High Gkove, p-v. Nelson co. Ky. near Bardstown, and 54 ms. s. w. by w. Frank fort. HiGiiTSTOwN, P-V. Middlesex co. N. J. 3 ms. s. Cranbury, 12 n. e. Bordentown. Highland, co. O. bounded s. e. by Adams, s. w. and w. by Brown, n. w. by Clinton, n. by Fayette, n. e. by Ross, and e. by Pike. Lat. 39° 0' to 39° 22', long. 6° 16' to 6° 47' w. W. C. This CO. derives its name from occupy- ing a table land between the Ohio, Sciota, and Little Miami vallies. The southeastern sources of Paint creek flow to the n. e. to- wards the Sciota ; those of Brush and Eagle creeks, sthrd. towards Ohio r., and the estrn. branches of Little Miami wstrd. The sur- face is hilly and broken. Soil various, but generally productive. Chief t. Hillsboro'. Pop. 1820, 12,308, 1830, 10,345. Highlands, N. Y. (See Matteawan mtns.) ITiGH Plains, p-v. Bledsoe co. Ten. by p-r. 89 ms. estrd. Nashville. High Rock, p-o. Rockingham co. N. C. by p-r. 74 ms. n. w. Raleigh. High Shoaxs, p-o. Rutherford co. N. C. by p-r. 234 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. High Spire, p-v. Dauphin co. Pa. 6 ms. from Harrisburg. High Tower, p-v. Cherokee tcr. Geo. on Etowah r. by p-r. 151 ms. n. w. Milledgeville. This is one amongst ihe many Indian names mutilated to suit tho English idiom ; it is a corruption of Etowah. Hiliiam, p-v. in the western part of Over- ton CO. Ten. 14 ms. wstrd. Monroe, co. st. and 109 ms. N. E. by e. Nashville. riiLLEGAs, p-o. Montgomery co. Pa. by p-r. 170 ms. N.E.W.C. Hill Grove, p-v. Pittsylvania co. Va. by p-r. s. w.by w. Richmond. HiLT.Hoi'SE, p-v. in the northern part of Geauga co. O. by p-r. 185 ms. n. e. Columbus, and 336 n. w. W. C. HiLLiARDSTON, p-v. Nash CO. N. C. 10 ms. northestrd. Nash court house, and 54 n. n. e. Raleigh. Hillsborough County, N. H. bounded n. by Grafton co., e. by Rockingham, s. by Mass., w. by Cheshire co. Greatest length 52 ms., greatest width from e. to w. 32 ms. ; containing 1,245 sq. ms., or 796,800 acres. Surface generally uneven ; mountains, Kear- earge, Ragged, Lyndenborough, Sunapee, Unconoonock, Crotclied, and Society Land. "Well watered. The Merrimack, the Con- tocook, the Nashua, the Souhcgan, and the Piscataquog, are the principal rivers. It has several mineral springs. It possesses many advantages for manufacturing establishments. Chief towns, Amherst and Hopkinton. Pop. 1820, 35,781, 1830, 37,762. fliLLsnoRouGH, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H. 23 ms. from Amherst, 24 w. Concord, 70 from Boston. Well watered by Contocook and Hillsborough rs. Land uneven. Pop. 1830, 1,792. Hillsborough, t. Somerset co. N. J., lies w. of the Miistone, and e. of the Raritan, 15 ms. w. New Brunswick. Pop. 1830, 2,878. Hillsboro', p-v. on the U. S. road, Wash- ington CO. Pa. very nearly mid-distance be- tween Washington, Pa. and Brownsville, and 11 ms. from each; by p-r. 2'2l ms. n. w. W, C. This village stands on ground elevated J, 750 feet above the Atlantic level. It ex- tends in a single street along the road. Hillsboro', p-v. in the western part of Caroline co. Md. situated on Tuckahoe creek, about 13 ms. n. n. e. Easton, and 46 s. e. Bal- timore. Hillsboro', p-v. at the eastern foot of the Blue Ridge, northern part Loudon co. Va. by p-r. 51 ms. N. w. W. C. Hillsboro', p-v. and st. jus. Orange co. N. C. by p-r. 41 ms. n. w. Raleigh. Lat. 36° 04', long. 2° 7' w. W. C. It is situated on Eno r. one of the higher branches of Neuse r. Hillsboro', p-v. Jasper co. Geo. by p-r. 61 ms. N. w. Milledgeville. Hillsboro', p-v. Madison- co. Ala. Hillsboro', p-v. Franklin co. Ten. by p-r. 85 ms. s. s. E. Nashville. Hillsboro', v. of Davidson co. Ten. 11 ms. w. Nashville. Hillsboro', p-v. and st. jus. Highland co. O. by p-r. 74 ms. s. s. w. Columbus, and 441 ms. w. W. C. It is situated on the head of the s. w. branch of Paint creek, in a fine healthy country. Lat. 39° 12', long. 6° 35' w. Pop. 1830, 566. Hillsboro', p-v. in the eastern part of Fountain co. Ind. 61 ms. n. w. by w. Indian- opolis, and 20 ms. eastward Covington, the CO. St. Hillsboro', p-v. and st. jus. Montgomery CO. II. by p-r. 28 ms. n. w. by w. Vandalia, and 809 ms. w. W. C. Situated on Shoal creek branch of Kaskaskias r. Lat. 39** 08', long. 12° 32' w. Hill's Bridge and p-o. Halifax co. N. C. by p-r. 83 ms. n. e. Raleigh. HiLLTOWN, post tsp. Bucks CO. Pa. about 22 ms. N. Philadelphia. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 1,670. Hillsdale, p-t. Columbia co. N. Y. 16 ms. K. Hudson. Surface broken. 15 schools, kept 9 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 2,446. lliLLSDALE, one of the southern cos. of Mich, bounded by Williams co. O. s.. Branch CO. Mich, w., Calhoun n. vv., Jackson n., and Lenawee e. Length from s. to n. 32 ms., breadth 26, and area 8.32 sq. ms. Lat. 41° .38' to 42° 06', long. 7° 21 to 7° 50' w. W. C. Hillsdale co. is in an especial manner a table HIN 211 HOL land. The sources of 8t. Joseph's branch ofj by the Ashuelot, besides which, it has sev Great Mauineo rise in and drain the 8tlirn.| oral other streams. It contains iron ore, and and central part of tlic co. leaving it by a sthrn. course. Along the eastern margin rises Bean or Tiffin's r. another branch ot Maumee, flowing also to the sthrd. The northwestern angle gives rise to the extreme sources of St. Joseph's r. of lake Michigan, flowing to the n. w., and finally from the northeastern angle issue to the estrd. the extreme sources of the river Raisin. To the above it may again be added, that the extreme sources of Grand r. of lake Mich, rise on the southern border of Jackson co., and almost on the northern margin of Hillsdale. It must therefore be obvious that the latter occupies the central plateau of Michigan, from which literally, the streams flow like radii from a common centre. Chief t. Sylvanus. Hill's Gkovk, and p-o. Lycoming co. Pa. 100 ms. northward Harrisburg. Hill's Store, and p-o. Randolph co. N. C. 84 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. Hillville, p-v. in the northwestern part of sonic otiior minerals and fossils. Those arc found in West River min. which, some years since, suffered a slight volcanic eruption. Timber, pitch and white pine, white and yellow oak, chestnut, and walnut. Here is a bridge across the Conn. r. Population 1830, 937. Hinsdale, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 10 ms. E. Pittsfield, 125 w. Boston. Situated on the highlands, near the heads of the Housatonic and Westfield rivers. A farming town. Pop. 1830, 780. Hinsdale, p-t. Cataraugus co. N. Y. IG ms. s. E. Ellicottville. Timber, pine, beech, and maple. Pop. 1830, 919. Hiram, p-t. Oxford co. Me. on the Saco, 31 ms. s. w. Paris. Pop. 1830, 1 ,026. Hiram, p-v. and tsp. in the northern part of Portage co. Ohio. The p-o. is by p-r. 141 ms. N. E. Columbus. Pop. of the township 1830, 517. Hix's Ferry, and p-o. Lawrence co. Ark. Mercer CO. Pa. 12 ms. n. w. the borough of by p-r. 1,014 ms. W. C. and 151 northeast- Mercer HiNDSviLLE, p-v. in the southwestern part of Jefferson CO. Ind. 17 ms. wstrd. Madison, the CO. St. and 82 ms. s. s. e. Indianopolis. Hinds, co. Miss, bounded s. by Copiah, s. w. by Claiborne, n. w. by Big Black river, separating it from Warren, n. by Madison, and E. by Pearl river, separating it from Rankin. Extending in lat. from 32° 02' to 32° 28', long. 13° OG'to 13° 50' w. W. C. It is in length from s. to n. 30, with nearly the same mean width, area 900 square miles. Hinds is composed of two inclined plains, the westrn. and most extensive, slopeing to- wards the Miss, and drained by tho Big Black river, and Bayou Pierre ; the eastern plain declines towards, and is drained into the Pearl river. Chief town, Jackson. Pop. 1830, 8,045. HiNESBURG, p-t. Chittenden co. Vt. 12 ms. s. E. Burlington, 26 w. Montpeher. Fine for farming. Principal streams, Piatt river and Lewis creek. Pop. 1-830, 1,665. HiNGiLVM, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 14 ms. a. Boston. A handsome and compact village, at tiie head of an arm of Mass. bay. Surface broken and unpleasant. Has a respectable academy. Is a place of considerable trade and manufactures, and has some navigation. In 1830, there were 44,878i bbls. of mack- erel packed in this place. Population 1830, 3,387. Hinkletox, p-v. situated at the forks of Concstogo creek, Lancaster co. Pa. 15 ms. .N. E. Lancaster. HiNKLEv, p-v. and tsp. in the northern part of Medina co. Ohio. The p-o. is by p-r. 125 ms. n. e. Columbus. Pop. of the township 1830, 399 ward Little Rock. HoBOKEN, village, Bergen co. N. J. beauti- fully situated on the Hudson river, opposite N. Y. city, with which there is a constant communication by a steam boat ferry, every 20 minutes ; a place of great resort for the citizens of N. Y. in warm weather. HocKMAN, p-o. Green Briar co. Va. by p-r. 275 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. HoDGENsvjLLE, p-v. Hardins co. Ky. by p-r. 83 ms. southwestward Frankfort. HoFFSviLLE, p-o. Harrison co. Va. by p-r. 236 ms. w. W. C. HoGESTowN, p-v. Cumberland co. Pa. 9 ras. from Harrisburg. Hogg's Store, and p-o. in the northern part of Newberry district, S. C. 03 ms. v. w. Columbia. Hog Island, on the coast of Northampton . Va. Hog Mountain, p-o. northern part of Clark CO. Geo. by p-r. 84 ms. n. n. w. Mil- ledgeville. HoKESViLLE, p-o. Lincoln co. N. C. by p-r. 178 ms. s. w. Raleigh. HoLDEN, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 51 ms. w. Boston. Situated on elevated ground. The main branch of the Blackstone river heads in this town. Well watered and sup- plied with mill seats. Pop. 1830, 1,719. HoLDENS, p-o. Lycoming co. Pa. HoLDERNEss, p.t. Graftou CO. N. H. 40 ms. N. Concord, 65 from Portsmouth. Soil hard. Timber, oak, pine, beech, and maple. Well watered, and supplied with mill seats by the Pemigewasset and various other streams. Pop. 1830, 1,430. Holland, town, Orleans co. Vt. 56 ms. n. E. Montpelier, 61 n. Newburg. Seitlement Hinsdale, p-t. s. w. corner of Cheshire co. [commenced since 1800. Watered by seve- N. H., e. Coim. riv^r, 75 ms. from Concord, ral branches of C'lyde river. Land handsome 96 from Boston, 86 from Hartford, Conn, andjand excellent. Pop. 1830, 422. 86 from Albany. Well watered. Crossed' Holland, p-t. Hampden co. Mass. 20 ms. HOL 212 HON E. Springfield, 75 s. w. Boston. Crossed by the Quinnabaug. Pop. 1830, 453. Holland, p-t. Erie co. N. Y. 24 ms. 8. e. Buffalo. Watered by Cazenovia and Seneca creeks. Land moderately uneven, an easy and rather a moist loam, timbered with ma- pie, beech, linden, iieiulock, &c. Popula- tion 1830, 1,071. Holland, p-v. Venango co. Pa. by p-r. 302 ms. N. w. W. C. Hollidaysburo, p-v. in the western part of Huntingdon co. Pa. 3 ms. e. w. Frankstown, 40 ms. N. of Bedford and by p-r. Ilia little n. ofw. Harrisburg. Holliday's CJove, p-o. Brooke co. Va. on the p-r. about 35 ms. w. Pittsburg, and by p-r. 269 N.w. W. C. lloLLiNGSwoRTii Farm, and p-o. Habersh- am CO. Geo by p-r. 137 ms.N. MiUedgeville. HoLLis, p-t. Ilillslwrough co. N. H. B ms. s. Amherst, 36 s. Concord, 42 n. w. Boston. Watered s. e. by Nashua river, s. w. by Misi- tissit river. Soil various. A pleasant vil- lage near the centre. Pop. 1830, 1,792. HoLLis, p-t. York co. Me. on Saco river, 42 ms. N. York. Pop. 1830, 2,272. HoLLisTON, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 25 ms. s. w. Boston. Soil good, and well culti- vated. Water privileges valuable. It has several extensive factories, and is a very flourishing town. The shoe manufacturing Florida, 108 ma. a little n. of e. Pensacolrt, and 71 w. Tallahasse. The tract of country called Holme's valley is described in Will- iam's Florida, under the head of Jackson, but in his map it is included in Washington co. It is thus delineated. " Holme's Valley com- mences near the Choctawhatche river and extends eastwardly 10 or 12 ms. parallel with Holme's creek, from which it is separa- ted by a sand ridge, one or two ms. wide. It contains from 8 to 10 sections of good land, sunk nearly 100 feet below the surface of the surrounding country. The soil is a dark sandy loam, covered with white, black, and yellow oak, white ash, black gum, wild che- ry, red bay, magnolia, &c." It is already extensively settled along a stream supp/icd by springs from the adjacent hills. ' HoLMESviLLE, formerly called Appling court house, p-v. and st. jus. Appling co. Geo. by p-r. 145 ms. s. E. Millcdgeville, and 787 ms. southwestward W. C. N. lat. 31° 43', long. 5° 32' w. HoLMEsviLLE, p.v. and St. jus. Pike co. Miss. 56 ms. s. e. by e. Natchez, and 1,128 s. westward W. C. It is situated on the main stream of Bogue Chitto river, n. lat. 31° 12'. Holt's Store, and p-o. Orange co. N. C. G8 ms. N. w. Raleigh. Homer, p-t. Cortlandt co. N. Y. the st. jus. of the CO. 26 ms. s. Onondaga, 15 n. business is recently carried on extensively Ithaca, and 138 w. Albany. It is situated on in the place. Pop. 1830, 1,304. the Tioughnioga, which, with its numerous Holloway's p-o. Edgefield districts. C. branches, supply an abundance of mill .scats. by p-r. 89 ms. wstrd. Columbia. Holly Grove, p-o. Monroe co. Geo. by p-r. 32 ms. weslrd. Millcdgeville. Holly Iron Works, and p-o. Cumberland CO. Pa. by p-r. 31 ma. w. Harrisburg. Holmes, co. of Ohio, bounded e. by Tus- carawas, s. by Coshocton, s. w. by Knox, n. w. by Richland, and n. by Wayne. Length from E. to w. 30, breadth 18, .and area 540 square ms. Lat. 40° 27' to 40° 40', long. 4° 42' to 5° 13' w. W. C. This co. is traversed from north to south by Kilbuck, branch of White Woman's river, and the western bor- der by Mohiccon river, slope southward. Chief town, Millcrsburgh. Pop. 1830, 9,133. Holmes co. was formed since the census of 1820, from the southern part of Wayne, and northern of Coshocton. HoLMESBURGii, village, Philadelphia co. Pa. on the Pcnnipack and main stage road, 9^ ms. N. E. Philadelphia. There arc several manufactories here on the Pennipack. HoLMEsnuRGH, p-0. Phila. co. Pa. 10 ms. N. E. from the city of Phila. Holmes' Hole, p-v. Duke's co. Mass. on Martha's Vineyard, 9 ms. from Falmouth, 9 1 8. E. Boston. Has a safe and sjiacious har- bor, where wind boimd vessels often wail for a propitious gale, to waft ihcm safely by the Cape Cod shoals. Holme's Mill, and p-o. Loudon co. Va. by p-r. 46 ms. westerly W. C. Holme's Valley, p-v. on Holme's creek, in the northwestern part of Washington co The land is good. It contains two consider- able and flourishing villages. Homer and Cortland, in eachofwhicli is an academy. There are 32 school districts, in which schools aro kept 7 months in 12. Pop. 1830. 3,307. HoMOCHiTTo, river of the state of Miss, has its most remote source in Copiah co. from which it flows southwestward into and over Franklin, draining by its confluents nearly the whole surface ol the latter co. Leaving Franklin it assumes a w. s. w. course sep- arating Adams from Wilkinson co. and falls into the Miss, after a comparative course of 75 ms. The Ilomochitto has interlocking sources with those of Amite, Bogue Chitto, and Pearl river, and with those of Bayou Pierre. Hone Factory, and p-o. Randolph co. N. C. 64 ms. westward Raleigh. HoNEOYE Lake, Richmond, Ontario co. N. Y. about 5 ms. long n. and s., and 1 mile wide. It discharges, at the n. end Iloneoye creek, which receives also the outlets of Cancadea and Hemlock lakes, and falls into the Genesee at Avon. Honesdale, flourishing p-v. Wayne co. Pa. at the junction of Dyberry creek with Lack- awaxcn river, 24 ms. above the junction of the latter with the Delaware river, at an elevation above the Atlantic tides, of 816 feet. The situation is delightful, and.herc, as at many other places, canals and roads have produced almost instantly u town .>vith all the attributes HOP Q13 HOR of business ; wealth, and population possess- 1 Hopewell, p-t. tsp. liediord co. Pa., in the iiig intelligence and independence. Hones- n. k. part of the co., on Kayton branch of Ju- daic stands at the point of connexion betwcim the Lackawuxcn canal and r;nl road, by the latter 17i ms. estrd. Carbondalc, and 130 n. Phila. lat. 41° 35', long. 1"^ 41' e. W. C. Fop. 1830, 433, now perhaps, lOUO. Honey Brook, p-t. tsp. Chester co. Pa. on the heads of Brandy wine creek, about 40 ms. wstrd. Phila. Honey Creek, and p-o. Vigo co. Ind. 7 ms. s. Terre Haute, the co. st. Honey Hill, and p-o. Monroe co. Ala. by p-r. 152 ms. s. Tuscaloosa. HoNEYviLLE, p-v. Shenandoah co. Va. by p-r. 115 ms. w. W. C. »iOOKERSTowN, p.v. Grecnc co. N. C. by p-r. 85 ma. n. e. Raleigh. niatn, liy p-r. 110 ms. w. Harrisburg. Hoi'KwELL, p-v. Mecklenburg co. N. C, by p-r. 173 ms. s. w. Raleigh. HorEWELL, p-v. Yorkdist. S.C., by p-r. 64 ms. N. Columbia. Hopewell, p-v. Rock Castle co. Ky., by p-r. 83 ms. s. s. e. Frankfort. Hopewell, p-v. Muskingum co. O., by p-r. 54 ms. estrd. Columbus. Hopewell, Cotton Works, p-o. Chester co. Pa. Hopkins, co. of Ky., bounded e. by Pond r. separating it from Mecklenburg ; s. e. by Christian ; s. w. by Trade water, separating it from Caldwell ; w. by Livingston ; n. w. by Union and Henderson ; and n. by Green HooKESTOwN, p-v. Bcavcr co. Pa. by p-r. r. separating it from Daviess. Length 35, mean 258 ms. from W. C. IlooKSETT, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H., on the Merrimack, 9 ms. s. Concord, 12 from Hopkinton, and 54 from Boston. Here are those beautiful falls, known by the name of Isle of Hooksott falls ; the r. descends 16 feet in the course of 30 rods ; here too is a bridge across the Merrimack. Pop. 1830, 880. HooKSTowN, v. of Baltimore co. Md., on the Reisterstown road, 6 ms. n. w. Baltimore. HoosAC Creek, or Little Hoosac, waters the fine farming valley in the e. of Rensselaer CO. and unites with Hoosac r. at Petersburg, being about 12 ms.in length. Hoosac a. rises in the n, w. corner of Mass., and after coursing 45 ms., falls into the Hud- son at Schaghticoko point. Hoosack Mtn., Williamstown, Mass., one of the loftiest summits of the Green mts. Hoosack, Ilosick, or Hoosick, p-t. Rens- selaer CO. N. Y., 20 ms. n. Troy, 2(5 from Al- bany, and 8 w. Bennington ; crossed nearly centrally by Hoosac r. ; land broken ; il has water privileges in abundance, supplied by Hoosac falls ; Bennington battle was fought here, and in Bennington and White I'rcck, Aug. 16, 1777; contains limestone, brick clay, and slate ; here are several nitro- gen springs. Pop. 1830, 3,584. Hop Bottom, p-v. Susquehannah co. Pa. Hope, p-t. Waldo co. Me. 35 ms. N. e. Wis- casset. Pop. 1830, 1,541. Hope, t. e. e. corner Hamilton co. N. Y., 25 ms. N. N. e. Johnstown ; land very broken. Pop. 1830, 719. Hope, v. Warren co. N. J. 16 ms. s. New- ton, 10 N. E. of Belvidere. Hope, p-v. Pickens co. Ala., by p-r. 43 ms wstrd. Tuscaloosa, Hopewell, p-t. Ontario co. N. Y., 5 ms. e. by w. Frankfort. width 20, area 750 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 04' to 37° 34', and long. 10° 18' to 10° 52' w. W. C. The nrthcstrn. and larger section of this co. slopes towards, and is drained into Green r., whilst the sthwstrn. declines towards, and gives source to sever- al creeks, flowing into Trade water. Chief t. Madisonville. Pop. 1820, 5,322 ; in 1830, 6,763. Hopkinsville, p-v, St. jus. Christian co. Ky., 81 ms. n. w. Nashville in Ten., 33 w. Russellvillc, and by p-r. 212 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. Lat. 36° 52', long. 10° 35' w. W. C. Hopkinsvjlle, p-o. Warren co. 0., by p-r. 88 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Hopkinton, p-t. and one of the sts. jus. in Merrimack co. N. H., 28 ms. n. Amherst, 7 w. Concord, 46 n. e. Kccne, 30 s. e. New- port, 50 w. Portsmouth, and 65 n. n. w. Bos- ton. Crossed in s. w. part by Contocook r. Pop. 1830, 2,474. Hopkinton, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 32 ms. s. w. Boston. The main brancli of Con- cord r. rises in this town, also branches of Charles and Blackstone rs. ; land, large swells, well watered, good for grazing and orcharding ; it contains two large manufac- turing establishmcnie, with a capital of 100,- 000 dollars each. Pop. 1830, 1,809. Hopkinton, j)-t. Washington co. R. I., 30 ms. s. w. Providence. There is n sevcnih day Baptist society in this place. Pop. 1830, 1,777. Hopkinton, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y., 40 ms. E. Ogdensburgh, 23 w. s. w. Malone ; heavily timbered with maple, beech, elm, bass, butternut, &.c. Pop. 1830, 827. Hopper's Tan Yard, and p-o. in the n. e. part Christian co. Ky., by p-r. 202 ms. s. .v. C'anandaigua village ; excellent land. Pop. 1830, 2,198. Hopewell, t. Cumberland co. N. J., bound- ed N. and E. by Cohansey cr., and s. w. by (Jreenwich. Poj). 1830, 1,953. Hopewell, p-t. Hunterdon co. N. J., on Del. r., 1 1 ms. n. Trenton, 14 w. Princeton. Pop. 1830,3,151. HoRLL Gatt, Hurl Gate, Hell Gate, a strait in East r. N. Y., 8 ms. from N. Y. city, be- tween the islands of MaiiJiatlan and Parsell on the N. w., and L. I. on the s. e. Here arc numerous little wliir]i)ools ; but vessels may neverllielcss pass wiili (lie greatest safety, i( well piloted. Thciiroper name of this strait is Hurll Gatt, a Dutch term si>jnifying a IIOU 214 HUB whirlpool ; but it is sometimes corruptly writ- ten iind pronounced IlellGatc. IIoKNiiiccK's, p-o. Pike CO. Pa., by p-r. 242 ms. N. N. E. W. C. IIORNELLSVILLE, p-t. StCUbCH CO. N. Y., 20 ms. w. Bath, 260 from Albany ; watered by the Canistco, a beatable stream ; good land. Pop. 1830, 1,365. IIoKN Island, a long, low, and almost na- ked bank of sand in the gulf of Mexico, op- posite the mouth of Pascagoula r. It is one of that chain of islands, which merely merge above high water, and range from the mouth of Mol)i!e bay in a westerly direction, to the mouth of Pearl r. and aro in few places half a mile wide. HoiiNTowN, p-v. Accomac co. Va., situated on the road from Drummondtown to Snow Hill, 26 nis. n. n. e. from tJie former, and 16 a little w. of N. from the latter place, and by p-r. 188 ms. s. e. W. C. IIoiiKY, extreme cstrn. dist. of S. C, bound- ed s. by Georgetown ; w. and n. w. by Little Pcdee r., separating it from Marion ; n. e. by Columbus co. N. C. ; and s. e. by the At- lantic. Length 50, mean width 20, area 1,000 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 33° 34' to 34° 17', and long. 0° 44' to 1° 25' w. W. C. The declivity of this dist. is almost due s., and though having 30 ms. of ocean border, none of its streams flow in that dircc tion ; Waccamaw r. on the contrary entering from N.C., flows almost parallel to the oppo sing ocean coast, at from 8 to 15 ms. dis- tance. The whole dist. is, with little excep- tion, a plain ; in a great part sandy and inarsiiy. Stajjlcs, cotton and rice. Chief t. Conwaysboro. Pop. 1820,5,025, 1830,5,248. IloKSKiiAM, p-v. and tsp. Montgomery co. Pa., 20 ms. n. Phil. Pop. tsp. 1820, 1,U81 ; 1830, 1,086. Horse Head, tavern and p-o. Prince George's co., 35 ms. by p-r. sthestrdly. W. C Horse Race, in the Highlands, 15 ms. be- low West Point, a zig zag course in the Hud- son, between Anthony's Nose and Dunder- berg. Horse Shoe Bottom, p-v. Russell co. Ky., I)y i)-r. 153 ms. s. Frankfort. Horse Shoe Bridge, and p^o. Colleton dist. S. C, by p-r. 105 ms. s. Columbia. Horse Well, tavern, cro.'is roads and p-o. Barren co. Ky., 9 ms. n. Glasgow, and by p-r. 106 ms. s. s. w. Frankfort. HosKiNsviLLE, p-o. Morgan co. O., by p-r. 94 ms. a little s. of e. ('olumbus. Hotel Creek, in Riga, runs into Black creek. Hot Springs, p-v. Bath co. Va., situated between the ("ow Pasture, and tiic eastern branch of Jackson's r., 40 ms. s. w. by w. Stanton, by p-r. 231 s. w. by w. W. C, and'[ 183 N. w. by w. Richmond. HojiNSFiELD, t. JelTerson co. N. Y., lying on the E. side ofChaumont bay, of lake Onta- rio ; surface gcnily uneven; soil i)riiuii)ally clay or loam ; conlains tine mill seals. In this town is Sackett's Harbor, the settle- ment of which was not commenced till 1801, but which came into general notice, and made a conspicuous figure during the last war be- tween Great Britain and the U. States. It has a most excellent harbor, containing a depth of water sufficient for the largest ships of war ; on Navy Point, there is now the "largest ship of war on the stocks that ever was built." Here is laid up the U. S. squad- ron emi)loyed on lake Ontario during the last war, under Commodore Chauncey ; and here Gen. Brown gathered his first laurels, by a brilliant and successful defence of the place against the British forces from Kingston. Pop. 1830,3,415. Houston, co. of Geo., bounded by Dooley s. ; by J'lint r., separating it from Marion w. ; by Crawford n. w. ; Tehocunno r., separating it from Bibb n. e. ; and the Ockmulgee r., sejiarating it from Twiggs and Pulaski e. Extending in lat. from 6° 32' to 7° 13' w. W. C. This CO. is in length along Dooley from Flint to Ockmulgee r. Pop. 1830, 7,369. Houston's, store and p-o. Rowan co. N. C, by p-r. 136 ms. westrd. Raleigh. Houston's store and p-o. Morgan co. Ala., by P-r. 114 ms. n. Tuscaloosa. HousTONViLLE, p-v. Iredell co. N. C by P-r. 172 ms. w. Raleigh. Howard, p-t. Steuben eo. N. Y. 10 ms. w. Bath, 254 w. s. w. Albany. Rough and bro- ken ; 9 schools, kept 6 months in 12. Pop.' 1830,2,464. Howard, p-t. tsp. on Beach creek, north- ern angle of Centre co. Pa. about 15 ms. n. Bellcfontc, and by p-r. 94 n. w. Harrisburg. Howard, co. Mo. bounded n. w. by Chari- ton, N. E. by Randolph, e. by Boone, s. by Missouri river, scparaling it from Cooper, and by the Mo. river separating it from Sa- line. Length 24 ms., mean breadth 20, and area 480 s(iuare ms. Lat. 38° 55' to 39° 17', long. 1.5° 21' to 15° 50' w. W. C. Slope slhrd. towards that part of Missouri river, wliich separates it from Cooper. Chief town, Fayette. Pop. 1830, 10,854. Howard's Race, p-o. St. Mary's co. Md. by p-r. 60 ms. s. e. W. C. Howell, island, Monmouth county, N. J. bounded e. by the sea, s. by Dover, w. by Freehold, N. by Shrewsbury. Pop. 183 >, 4,141. Howell, p-o. Logan co. O. by p-r. 73 ms. N. w. Columbus. Howellville, p-v. Frederick co. Vn. by p-r. 74 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. Hoylesville, p-o. Lincoln CO. N. C. by p-r. 200 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. IIovsviLLE, p.v. Loudon co. Va. by p-r. 53 ms. w. VV. C. IIovsviLLE, i)-v. Loudon co. Va. 43 ms. N. w. W. C. Hubbard, p-v. and tsp. Trumbull co. O. By p-r. the p-o. is 285 ms. n. w. W. C, and 174 N. E. Columbus. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 1,085. HuuiiARDSTOWN, p.t. N. w. part of liutland CO. Vt. 50 ms. s. w. Montpelicr, and 50 n. ncnninglon. Surface uneven ; well watered ; well timbered with hard wood. Contains HUL 215 HUN good mill seals. 9 school diHtricts, A part|oa8tern part of Armstrong co. Pij, 28 ms. a of general St. Clnir's army was hero defeated little k. of n. Kittanning, and 70 n. n. k. Pitts- on their retreat from Ticonderoga, July, 1777 Hubbardton r. which ri.scs in Sudbury, passes through this town, and falls into E. buy in W. Haven. Its length is about 20 ms. Pop. 1830, 8C5. IIuBBARDSTox, p-t. Worccstcr CO. Mass. 60 ms. w. Boston, 20 n. e. Worcester. Agree- ably diversified with hills and valleys. Pop. 1830, 1,G74. Hudson River, ono of tho best for naviga- tion in America, rises in tho high mountai- nous region w. lake Champlain, in numerous branches, and pursuing a straight southerly course for more than 300 ms., unites with the Atlantic below tho city of N. Y. It has three largo expansions, Tappan bay. Haver- straw bay, and another bay between P'ishkill and New Windsor. Tho Mohawk is its prin- cipal tributary. Notwithstanding it Hows through a hilly and mountainous country, it is navigable for small sloojjs to Troy, IGG ms. from its mouth. The combined action of the tides, arriving in the Hudson by the East r. and the Narrows, carries the swell of the river upwards at the rate of 15 to 25 ms. an hour. Swift sailing vessels, leaving N. Y. at new tide, frequently run through to Albany with the same flood-tide. The passage of this river, through the Highlands, is charming and sublime. The Erie and Champlain ca- nals connect this river with lakes Erie and Champlain. Hudson, city, p-t., port of entry, and st. jus. Columbia co. N. Y. e. Hudson r., which is navigable to this place for ships of the largest size, 117 ms. n. N. Y., 28 s. Albany. Cla- verack creek, which forms the e. boundary, adbrds the best of sites for water works. Factory creek, which forms the boundary to- wards Kindcrhook, baa likewise mill privile- ges. It contains limestone, brick clay, lead, nitre, alum, &c. Its manufactures and com- merce arc considerable. The city is sui)plicd with water brought in an aqueduct from a spring 2 ms. distant. It is pretty well laid out, the streets generally crossing each other at right angles. Pop. 1830, 5,302. Hudson, p-v. in the n. w. part of Caswell CO. N. C. by p-r. 86 ms. n. w. Raleigh. Hudson, p-v. and tsp. Portage co. (). The p-o. is by p-r. 124 ms. n. e. Columbus, and 336 N. w. W. C. Pop. of tho tsp. 1830, 775. Hudson's p-o. Culpepper co. Va. HuDsoNviLLE, p-v. Graysou co. Ky. by p-r. 113 ms. s. w. Frankfort. HuFKERSviLLE, p-0. Grccnc CO. O, by p-r. 50 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. HuGnK's p-o. Allen co. Ky. by p-r. 1G5 ms. s. 8. w. Fraidifort. HufiiiEsvii.LE, p-v. Chester dist. S. C. by p-r. 53 ms. n. Columbia. HuGiiEsviLLE, p-o. Loudon CO. Va. 4 ms. from Leesburg, the co. st. and by p-r. 36 ms. N. w. W.C. bjirg. HuuNo's Ferrv and p-o. Perry co. Pa. by p-r. 18 ms. northrd. Harrisburg. Huj.L, t. Plymouth ro. Mass. s. side Boston harbor, on a peninsula 8 ms. long, and from 40 roils to half a mile in width, connected with Hingham by a mill dam, 9 miles e. Uoaton, 3G n. Plymouth. Population 1830, 198. Hull's Stoke and p-o. Pendleton co. Va. by p-r. 206 ms. wstrd. W. C. HuLMKsviLLE, p-v. ou tho Icft bank of No- slmminy creek, 4 ms. n. w. Bristol, and 20 n. n. e. Phil. IIULMESVILLE, p-O. Bucks CO. Pa, Hume, t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 13 ms. n.w. Angelica, crossed s. e. by Genesee r. Haa bog iron ore. Pop. 1830, 951. HuMMELSTowN, p-v. on tho left bank of Swatara creek, Dauphin co. Pa. 10 ms. e. Harrisburg, and 94 n. w. by w. Phil. It is for its size a wealthy village, extending, in [good substantial houses, principally in ono street along the main road, from Reading to Harrisburg. Humi'iirey's Creek and p-o. in tho north- western angle of McCracken co. Ky. The creek falls into the Ohio r. about 12 ms. above the junction of that stream with the Miss. The p-o. is by p-r. 30 ms. n. w. by w. Wilmington, the co. st. and 309 ms. s. w. by w. ^ w. W. C. Humphrey's Mills and p-o. Monroo co. Ten. by p-r. 145 ms. s. e. by k. Nashville. Humphrey's Villa, p-o. Holmes co. O. by p-r. 66 ms. n. e. Columbus. Humpiireysville, p-v. Derby, Conn. 10 ms. N. w. New Haven, 15 n. e. Bridgeport. It is a manufacturing village of some extent, and promises much more than it already is, being finely situated on the Naugatuck r. At this place merino sheep were first introduced into the U. S. by general Humphreys, in 1801. It is surrounded by lofty hills, covered with wood, and is considered by visiting strangers as one of the most beautiful and romantic places in the country. Humpiirevsviij.e, p-v. Chester co. Pa. Humphries, co. of Ten. bounded s. by Per- ry, w. by Carroll, n. w. by Henry, n. by Stew- art, and E. by Dickson. Length 30, mean width 24, and area 720 sq. ms. Lat. 36°, long. 11° w. W. C, intersect about 5 ms. s. of the centre of this co. Ten. r. enters the southern border, and about 3 ms. within it receives Duck r. ; thence traversing the co. in a northern direction, divides it into two nn- equal inclined plains, the most extensive being on the E. towards Dickson co. Chief town, Rcynoldsburgh. Pop. 1820, 4,067, 1830, 6,189. Hunter, p-t. Greene co. N. Y., w. Kaats- bcrg, or Calskill nitns. 22 ms. w. Catskill, 58 from Albany. It embraces the highest points of the ('alskill mius. The Kaatcrskill falls. HuLLKGSDURO, p-v. on Puicy creek, north- of about 300 feet, are in thu town. Here is HUN 216 HUN one of tho most extensive tanneries in the U.S. Pop. 1830, ],9G0. IIuNTKaDON CoUiNTv, N. J. OH Dclawaro r. hoiindcil N. w. by Warren, n. e. and k. by Morris, Somerset and Middlesex, 8. e. by IJurlington, st. jus. Flcmington. Trenton in this CO. is the st. of government of tlie state, wliere thero arc several manufactories on the Assanpink. The remainder of the co. is principally ngrieultural. Pop. 1820, 28,G04, lH;iO, 31,0GG. IIi;NTi;a's Hall and p-o. Franklin co. Va. by p-r. 194 rns. s. w. by w. Richmond. lIuNTKHsviLLK, p-v. ttnd St. jus. Pocahon- las CO. Va. by p-r. 219 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 1 8G n. w. by w. Richmond. Lat. 38° 12', long. 3° 1' w. W. C. It is situated pn one of the higher branches of Green Briar r. be- tween Green Briar and Alleghany mtns. at an elevation above the Atlantic of upwards of 1,HOO feet. ilijNTi'.usviLLE, p-v. Lincoln co. N. C. by p-r. 18.'> ms. H. w. by w. Raleigh. IIuNTERsviLLE, p-v. Tippccanoe co. Ind. G ms. estrd. Fayette, and by p-r. 64 ms. n. w. Imlianopolis. If IINTINGUON, CO. of Pa. bounded s. w. by Bedford, n. w. by Alleghany mtns., separating it from (fimbria, n. by (ventre, n. K.by Mifflin, and s. v.. by Tuscarora mtn., separating it from Franklin. Length, diagonally from s. k. to N. w. .58 ms. mean breadth 22, and area 1,276 s<]. ms. Extending in lat. from 40° 03' to 40° 46', and in long from 0° 44' to 1° 35' w. W. C. This CO. is composed of lateral chains of mtns., ranging from s. w. to n.e. with very fertile intervening vallies; and it may be remarked tli;it the declivity of its surface is estrd., and the central part south estrd., as evinced by the course of the rivers. The whole co. is embraced in the valley of Juniata, and traversed along the channel of that stream, by the Pa. canal. The mean elevation of the arable surface of Hunting- don must exceed 800 feet. At Frankstown in the western j)art of the co. the surface of the (vmal is 910 feet above tide water in Del. I. This CO. abounds in iron ore of very su- perior quality. (Jhief t. Huntingdon. Pop. 1820, 20,142, in 1830, 27,145. lIiJNTiNonoN, P-V., !)orough, and st. jus. Huntingdon co. Pa. 50 ms. n. N. E. Bedford, GO in a direct line, though by p-r. 92 rns. n. w. by w. Ilarri.sburg. Lat. 40° 31', and long 1° 2' w. W. C. It is situated on the left bank of Frankstown branch of the Juniata, about 2 ms. above the junction of the latter, with the Raystown or Main stream of Juniata. In 1820, this borough contained 841 inhabit- ants, but being situated on the Pa. canal, its pop. must rapidly increase. Not being givim in the census tables (1830) separate from the tup. in which it is situated, the exact popula- tion cannot be given ; but supposed 1,200. IIiJNTiNonoN, tsp. and p-v. on Hiuilingdoii ereek, in tho extreme western angle of Lu- zerne CO. Pa. about 20 ms. n. w. by w. Wil- kesbarre, and by p-r. 105 ms. n. n. e. Harris- burg. HuNTiNODOM, p-v. and st. jus. Carroll co. Ten. by p-r. 109 ms. w. Nashville. It is situated on the s. Fork of Obion r. Lat. SG"* 02', long. ll°28'w. W. C. Huntington, t. s. e. part of Chittenden co. Vt. 20 ms. w. Montpelier, 15 s. e. Burling- ton. Principal stream, Huntington r., which affords some good mill seats. Surface very uneven, consisting of high mountains and deep gullies. Here is that celebrated peak of tho Green mtns., called Camel's Rump. Soil in general gravelly and poor. 8 school districts. Huntingdon r., which rises in Lin- coln, runs through this town, and joins Onion r. at Richmond, after a course of about 20 ms. Pop. 1830, 923. HuNTiNOTON, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn., w. Ousatonic r. Surface uneven. Soil fertile. IB school districts, 17 ms. w. New Haven. Pop. 1830, 1,371. Huntington, p-t. Suffolk co. N. Y. on Long Isl. 40 ms. E. N. Y. bounded n. by Long Isl. sound. Has an academy and 24 school dis- tricts, together with a variety of manufacto- ries. This is a place of resort for strangers ,in summer, for the purpose of fishing and fowling. Pop. 1830, 5,582. Huntington, p-v. La wrens dist. S. C. by p-r. 64 ms. n. w. Columbia. Huntington, p-v. Calvert co. Md. on the road from Prince Frederick to Annapolis, 3 ms. N. the latter, and by p-r. 57 ms. s. the for- mer, and 94 s. e. W. C. Huntington, p-v. and tsp. Lorain co. O. By p-r. the p-o. is 105 rns. n. n. e. Columbus. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 169. HuNTSBuiiGii, p-o. Geauga co. O. by p-r. 173 ms. N. e. Columbus. Hunt's Mills, (now Clinton,) v. Hunter- don CO. N. J. HuNTSviLLE, p-t. near s. w. angle of Otsego CO. N. Y. 25 ms. s. w. Cooperstown, embra- cing both sides of the Susquehannah r., whence rafts of timber descend to Baltimore. Pop. 1830, 1,149. IIuNTSviLLE, p-v. Luzcmc CO. Pa. by p-r. 125 ms. N. E. Ilarrisburg. HuNTSViLLE, p-v. and st. jus. Surry CO. N. C. situated on the right side of Yadkin r. in the s. E. part of the co. by p-r. 151 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. Lat. 36«> 09', long, 2° 32' w. W. C. HuNTsviLLE, p-v. Lawrcns co. dist. S. C. 9 ms. s. E. Lawrencevillc, and by p-r. 81 ms. N. w. Columbia. IIuNTSViLLE, p.v. and St. jus. Madison co. Ala. 101 ms. almost due s. Nashville in Ten. 146 ms. by the common road, but on the p-o. list stated at 165 n. n. e. Tuscaloosa, n. lat. 34° 44', long. 9° 35' w. W. C. This place has been called the capital of northern Ala. and is a very flourishing village ; by the cen- sus of 1820, the population stood, whites, 833; colored, 4U3 ; total, 1,316. The pop. of 1830 not given in the census. HUR 317 HUR 93 HuNTsviLLE, p-v. Butler co. O. by p-r nis. southwstrd. Columbus. HuNTSvii.LK, p-v. and st. jus. Rniidolph co. Mo. by p-r. 1,0-12 ms. wstrd. W. C. and 230 N. w. by \v. St. Louis. HuRLiiY, I. Ulster CO. N. Y. 3 rns. w. King- ston, 08 s. Albany, 100 n. N. Y. Tliero i.s an inexhauHtiblo quarry of variegated marhlo in this town, composed of petrified sliells of a bluish and reddish cast. Population 1830, 1,408. Huron, one of tho live great lakes, which, with many snialior ones, form tho inland fresh water bca of North America, usually called the sea of Canada. Huron in its ut- most extent has been, until the iiuhlication in 18xJ0, of Tanner's map of the U. S., very in- accurately delineated. This extensive sheet of water is there laid down, according to its real natural divisions, inio three pans, lake Huron Proper, lake Iroquois, and Manitou bay. Huron Pkoi-er lies in form of a crescent, the middle curve of which stretches 2G0 ms. from the Michilimakinnk straits to the head of St. Clair r. With tiic exception of the Saginau, and some other lesser bays, the outline approaches very nearly to a real cres- cent. Greatest breadth, independent of the bays, about 70 ms. Superiicial extent about 20,U00 sq. ms. On the s. w. it ia limited hy the peninsula between lake Huron and Mich- igan ; on tho n. w. it has tho peninsula be- tween Huron and Superior; and on tho s. k. the peninsula of Upper Canada. From the latter protrudes northwardly a smaller penin- sula, called (^al)ot's Head, which is followed as part of the same chain by a series of isls. inHccting to the n. w. towards St. Mary's strait. These islands retaining their Indian name, " Manitou (Great Spirit) islands," form with Cabot's Head so nearly a continuous land barrier as to divide lake Huron into two. gun, lake Nipissing, lako Simcoc, and numer- ous small rs. It is in fact tho lower depression of a basin, in form of an equilateral triangle of 300 miles each side, or about 37,500 aq. miles. That part of the water of the Huron basin not abstracted by evaporation is poured to the sthrd. by the river or strait of St. Clair. The surface of the water at its mean height is about GOO feet above the Atlantic level. The boundary between tho U. S. and Canada passes along the main Huron about 22.'} ms., and thence; between Druunnond's and liillle Manitou islands, and over the wes- tern end of Manitou lake ^.1 ms., or along 2.'')0 ms. from tho influx of (he northern branch of St. Mary's r. into lake Manitou to outlet of St. Clnir r. from lake Huron. As a com- mercial link in the chain of inland navigation, Huron is of immense importance. In its natural state, the main lake opens a spacious channel into both Superior and Michigan lakes. Heing united to lake Siincoe by Mat- chadash r., a natural channel is thus extended from the extreme sthestrn. angle of lake Iro- quois, l)y the Matchadash r., Simcoe lake, and the Trent r. and lakes, into tho extreme nrthcstrn. angle of lake Ontario, with only a few intervening portages. This latter route has long attracted attention as one admitting, with moderalo comparative expense in im- provement, an abridgement of one half in dis- tance from the head of St. Lawrence r. to the head of lake Huron. By the route of Ontario, Erie, Huron, and connecting rs. the distance is 800 ms.; whilst by the Simcoc, and lake Iroquois route it is only 400 ms. The actual execution of the Rideau canal is a practical illustration of what may be expected, in re- gard to the futiLre artificial and direct union of Ontario and Huron lakes. Huron, a name given to several rs. one the northern part of the state of Ohio, and by the northern protrusion of Great Ma- rising in Richland co. but flowing nrthds. into ritou isl. into thfee bodies of water. lake Eric, drains tho greatest part of and To the northeastward of Huron Proper, gives name to Huron co. Entire comparative and E. of Cabot's Head, spreads a sheet of 'course 40 ms. water, called by Taimer, lake Iroquois. This latter lake is in form of an ellipse : 140 ms. the longer, by 70 the shorter axis. Al- lowing for the angles, the area is about 7,000 sq. ms Another Huron r. of much greater length of course, and draining a greatly larger valley, falls into the extreme nrthvvsirn. angle of lako Erie at the outlet of Detroit r. This second Huron has interlocking sources with Separated from Huron Proper by Drum- those of St. Joseph's, Kalamazoo, and Grand mond's, and the Lesser and Greater Manitou rs. of lake Michigan, with those Saginau r. isls., and from lake Iroquis by the Great Ma- and with a third Huron flowing into lake St. nitou, stretches another sheet of water, called Clair ; and again to the sthrd. with those of by Tanner, Manitou bay. This is in length from E. to w. 80 ms. with a mean breadth of 20, and area 1,600 sq. ms. Taken in all its extent with the islands be- tween the sections, lake Huron fdls a physical area of 28,(i00 sq. ms. having a rude approach to a triangle of 240 ms. base. The main lake is excessively deep, but similar to most part of all the other Canadian lakes; the shores are generally shallow, though some fine harbors exist. Lake Huron is the com- inon recipient of lake Superior, lake Michi- 28 the r. Raisin. With a comparative course of G.5 ms. Huron, or as it might be called mid. die Huron, rises in Oakland, Ingham, and .Tackson €os., but drains nearly all Washte- naw and part of Wayne cos. The third or nrthrn. Huron, has interlock, ing sources with those of Raisin, middle Huron, and Saginau rs. It is one of those rivers the breadth of which exceeds the length of course ; as across the stream it is 40 ms. but from head to mouth only about 33 ms. It drains great part of Oakland and Macomb cos. HUR ai8 IIUR Sijch a repetition of tho eamc namo applied to tho same spocios of object in a Bcrlous incon- venience, wliich if! in tho present inptnncc enhanced \>y two rivers of tho same namo failing into lake Erie, depriving us of tho re- medy of distinguishing them by their reci- picnts. Huron, co. of O. boumied E. by Lorain co. ; 8. by Ilji^hland ; s. w. by. Crawford; w. by Seneca and Sandusky, and n. by lake Erio. Greatest length from s. to n. along tho wetrn. border 48 me., tho mean length is about 40 ms., breadth iiS ms ; and area 1,120 sq. ms. Lat 40° to 40° 38', long. 5° 18' to 5° 48' w. W. C Vermillion r. of Erio flows nrthwrdly. along its eastern border. Sandusky r. after a nrthrn. course over Marion, Crawford, Sene- ca and Sandusky cos. inflects to tho k. widens into a bay, the lower part of wliich traverses Huron CO. and separates Sandusky point from the other parts of the county. Iluron river, however, from which the county fakes its name, drains tho much greater part of its sur- face. The whole area is an inclined plain falling by gentle slopes nrthwards. towards lake Erie. Tho soil is generally fertile. Chief town, Sandusky, though Norwalk is the St. jus. Pop. 1830, 13,341. llrjKON, p-v. and tsp. at tho mouth of Iluron r. Iluron co. O. The p-v. is by p-r. 125 ms. a littlo E. of N. Columbus. Fop. tsp. 1B30, 480. Huron, territory of .the U- S. This article is introduced to admit a general view of that region of tho U. S. extending wstrd. of lake Mich, to the Miss. r. A bill has been sever- al times before Congress, to obtain a law for the formation of a territory of the U. S. w. of that of Mich., and in choosing and impo- sing a general name, Huron and Ouiscon- sin have been alternately introduced ; the latter will most probably bo preferred. According to information communicated to the author of this article by Austin E. Wing, Esq. delegated from Michigan, that territory when erected into a state, will, it is probable, follow tho middle of lake Mich., from the nrthwstrn. part of Ind. to some distance w. of Michilimakinak strait, or about the 8th degree of long. w. W. C, and thence duo n. to lake Superior. If this demarcation is adopted, an immense territory will be left be- Meadow rs. Of these tributaries of the Miss, tho largest In volume and most impor- tant as a commercial channel is tho Ouiscon- sin. Tho breadth of tho plain, down which these streams flow, restricts that of the wes- tern shore of Mich. It is rather remarkable that along the w. shore of the Michigan from Green bay sthrds. no r. enters the lake hav. ing a comparative length of GO ms. (Sec Rock r. and Fox r. of Illinois.) To the nrthrds. of the two preceding slopes extends a third, that nflake Superior, stretch- ing about 500 ms. along tho sthrn. side of that lake. This latter plain is comparatively nar- row, not having a mean breadth above GO ms. Tho rivers aro numerous, but brief in their length of comi)arativG course. Tho whole surface is amongst tho least inviting of the sections of the Iluron region. The eastern section is a long narrow peninsula enclosed between lake Superior, lake Huron, Green bay, and tho nrthrn. jiart of lake Michigan. In the interior it is wet and marshy, a charac- ter of country which applies in good measure to much of Huron. Along the lino of separa- tion of the streams flowing into the basin 6f the Mississippi, from those discharged into tho Canadian sea, the smaller lakes and swamps are numerous. The whole region is, it is true, not very minutely known ; but as far as explored, if taken as a whole, does not appear so well adapted to agricultural settle- ment as the valley of O. or the lower part of that of the Miss, proper. Flat, and of course in winter and spring, wet, prairies or savan- nahs are common. Over Huron there arc two route.% along which nature has afforded facility of water intercommunication. The lower and yet most frequented is that by Fox and Ouisconsin re. from lake Mich, to the Miss. r. The direc- tion of this route is s. w. by w., and the re- vorse, about 400 ms. without calculating minute bends from tlie straits of Michilimaki- nak to tho mouth of Ouisconsin. There is only a short portage between the Ouisconsin and Fox rs. to interrupt the passage of boats along the entire distance ; and so nearly is the actual water line complete, and so level the portage, that small craft are navigated at sea- sons of high water from one r. to the other. The second route passes through lake Su- tween it and tho Miss. r. amounting to some- perior in its greatest length, to reach St. Louis thing above 100,000 sq. ms. In regard to |r. By the channel of the latter and Savannah the recipients of its rivers, it is composed of three natural sections; which may be desig- nated the Miss , Michigan and lake Superior slopes. The declination of the Miss, slope of Huron, is to the sthwst.very nearly at right angles to the general course of that part of the Miss. r. from the influx of the Riviere au Corbcau, (Crow river) to the great bend, opposite the branch of the Miss, that great stream is reach. ed above n. lat. 47°, and at no very great distance below its sourcie. Independent of partial bends the distance of the two points of contact with the Miss, exceeds 500 ms. That region from which originates the Miss., Rain liake r.. Red r., branch of Assiniboin, and tho St. Louis r. of lake Superior, is an immense elevated plain, from which the water flows nrthwstrn. angle of the state of Illinois. Down slowly or stands stagnant, owing to the very this plain, of 400 ms. length and 140 mean near ajiproach of the whole surface to the breath in descent, fall, beside many rivers of Icurve t)f tho sphere. To the same physical lesser size, the Owisconsin, La Croix, Hlack, [construction arises the many interlocking wa- Chippeway, St. Croix, Rum, Savannah and .ter courses, which in fact connect the conflu- ILL 219 ILL cnts of Hudson's bay, with those of the Gulf of Mexico. {See Assinihnin, Lake of the Woods, Rain)/ Lake r. »^c.) Tlie secliou iutcudtul to be incIuJed under the nuinc of Huron was by tiic census of 183U, given under the head of Miciiiffan ; the coun- ties were, Brown, along both banks of Fox river and around Green bay ; lovvay K. of the Miss, r., and between the nrthrn. boundary of II. and Ouisconsin. r.; ami Craw- ford CO. extending nrthwrds. and above the Ouisconsin, and eastward of the Miss. r. By tiie census of 1830, tlic population of Brown, including the officers, privates, and other per- sons, attaclicd to forts Winnebago and How- ard, 1,356 ; Crawford, including Prarie due (;hicn, and military station at fort Crawford, C92; loway, 1,.')87; total, 3,G35. The settlements aro very scattered and much det;ii;licd, and extend from s. w. to n. k. 25U ms., with a mean breadth of about 100 ms. ; with an area of at least 25,000 square miles or nearly 7 square miles to 1 white person. HuRRiCANK, p-v. in the southeast part of Montgomery co. II. by p-r. 12 ma. n. w. Van- dalia. HujiRicANF. SiioALS, p-0. Jackson county, Georgia, by p-r. 91 miles n. N. w. Millodgo- ville. lioiiTs Cjioss Uoaos, Maury co. Ten. p-o, by p-r. 55 ms. s. s. w. Nashville. IIurroN.svii.ij.;, p-o. Randolph co. Va. by p-r. 210 ms. w. VV. C. HuTTsviLLK, i).o. Westmoreland co. Va. by p-r. s. W. C. HvANNis, p-v. and parish on the n. shore of Cape Cod, s. e. part of Barnstable and Yar- mouth. Hyattstown, p-v. on the wstrn. border of Montgomery co. Md. 33 ms. n. w. W. C, and 11 s. s. ic. Frederick. It is a small village of a single street along the main road. HyoE Park, p-t. s. w. part of Orleans co. Vt. 24 ms. N. Montpolier, 32 n. e. Burlington. Watered by the Lamoille, Green r.. Little North IJranch, and Town Hill brook ; which furnish numerous mill privileges. Soil gene- rally good. Pop. 1830, 823. IIyue Park, p-t. Dutchess co. N. Y. on the Hudson, 7 ms. n. Poughkeepsio. Excellent land, highly cultivateil, and very wealthy. The village of Hyde Park is beautifully situated on a handsome-plain, surrounded by lighly ctjlivatod farms. Population 1830, 2,554. IIvDE Park, p-v. Halifax co. N. C. by p-r 82 ms. N. E. Raleigh. Hydraulic Mills, and p-o. Albemarle oo. Vtx, 6C ms. e. w. W. C. InERviLLE, upper mouth of the Miss, on the left. The outlet of Iberville only receives water from the main r. at high flood, and «ven when supplied with water is from ob- structions of trees, of no navigable conse- quence until its junriion with the Amite. The outlet of Iberville is at the bottom of a large belK^ofthe Miss. 11 ms. below Baton Rouge. After its efllux this stream is augmented by some swamp drains, but W'ith little addition of breadth or depth for 20 ms. to where it meets with and is lost in the Amite. {See Amite r.) Iberville, parish of La. bounded by Atcha- falaya r. s. w., the Bayou Plaqucmine and Miss. r. separating it from W. Baton Rouge on the N. w., by E. Baton Rouge iN., Amite r. N. E., and the parish of Ascension e. and s. v.. Length 35, mean width 10, and are 350 sq. ms., extending in hit. from 30° 03' to 30° 18', and in long, from 13° 50' to 14° 24' w. W. C. The surface very nearly an undeviating plain, similar to other parts of the Delta, the mar- gin of the streams only sufTicicntly elevated for cultivation. What soil admits of agricul- ture, &LC. is exuberantly productive. JSlaple, cotton. Cliief town, St. Gabriel. Pop. 1820, 4,414, ]!i30, 7,049. IcKsi!iiit(;u, p-v. Perry co. Pa. 42 ms. by p-r. Harrisburg. Illinois, r. of the U. S. and great sthestrn. confluent of the Miss, proper. From its rela- -tive position the Illinois is a river of great importance as a connecting link In the chain of internal navigable waters. The extreme nrthrn. source of Illinois is that of Fox r. of Illinois. This stream according to Tanner's late improved map, rises in Huron territory as far n. as lat. 43° 25', between the sources of Rock r. and those of Manawakec, and flowing thence 8. s. w. IGO ms. comparative course unites with the Illinois in Lasalle co. II. If length of course is considered as the deciding criterion. Fox r. is the main stream above their junction, though the name of II. commences with the union of the Plane and Kankakee rivers. Plane r. though more generally known is a far inferior stream to the Kankakee. The Plane is, however, from its position an important branch. Rising wstrd. and near the shore of lake Mich, and flowing s. nearly parallel to and about 10 ms. of that lake, it has become at seasons of high water, a navigable stream 12 ms. from Chi- cago. Thence inflecting to the s. w. 40 ms. it joins the Kankakee to form Illinois. Kan- kakee r. is composed of two branches, Kan- kakee proper and Pickimink rs. The former has its extreme source in St Joseph's co. Ind. and by a general course of s. w. by w. about 100 ms. receives the PickiYnink from the sthestrd. The latter also has its source in Ind. from whence curving to the sthrd. but by a general wstrn. course joins the Kan- kakee. The two rivers are nearly of simi. lar volume and length. Below their union ILL 220 ILL the waler bunds to n. n. vv. 15 mfi.to where it minylea with that of Plane river. JJoth the Kankakee and rickiinink, have channels curving in a very remarkable manner with the outline of the southern part of lake Mich. Below the union of Plane and Kankakee, the lUinoia Hows about GO ms. very nearly w. receiving the Fox river, from the n., and Vermillion (rom the 8. and falling over rapids, inflects abruinly to the s. s. w. The up- per part of the Illinois valley encircles the southern part of lake Michigan, ai)out200 ms. A canal has been proiioscd to follow the Illi- nois and Plane, and i hence over the iniermc- diate space to Chicago on lake Mich. Na- ture seems to have done a great share of the necessary labor, to elTcct this improvement. The canal distance from the rapids to lake Michigan will be 100 ms. The rapids of Illinois arc a mere shelf, uniting two plains of no considerable difference of elevation. Lake Michigan is elevated about fiOO feet above tide water in the Atlantic ocean, and the higher part of the Illinois valley has but little more relative height. The surface of the country presents no considerable difi'er- cnce of elevation ; it is in great part a plain, and much of it naked of timber. Below the great bend, the Illinois with a considerable western curve pursues a gener- al 8. s. w. course 200 ms. to its junction with the Mississippi. If measured by the channel of Fox river, the entire comparative length of Illinois, is very near 400 ms. Below the great bend it is augmented by Spoon river from the west, and by the much larger vol- ume of Sangamon, and also from both sides by numerous creeks, or small rivers. The greatest breadth of the Illinois valley is 120 ms. from the eastern sources of Sangamon to the western of Spoon river, but the northern or rather northeastern part, branching into two long narrow arms, the mean breadth does not exceed GO ms. The area about 24,000 square ms. Physically this fine valley has lake Michigan n. e.. Rock river n. w., Mis- sissippi w. and s. w., Kaskaskias river s. e., and the higher branches of Wabash river, n. E. Below the rapids, the character of the river itself approaches to that of a tortuous canal, in many parts widening into swells that appear similar to lakes. Politically a small section drained by the higher part of Rock river, is in Huron, area about 700 square ms. Both branches of Kankakee rise in Indiana, draining about two thousand three hundred square miles leaving twenty one thousand square miles in Illinois. No circumstance could ex- hibit the immense extent of the vast basin of the Mississippi more forcibly than to Illinois, state of the United States, bound- ed by the Mississippi river w. and s. w., by Huron territory n., lake Michigan n. f.., In- diana E., and Ohio river separating it from Kentucky s. e. and s. For outlines, commencing at the junction of Ohio and Mississippi rivers, and thence up the latter opposite the state of Missouri, to the mouth of Lenioine river, by con»parative courses 310 miles ; continuing up the Mis- sissippi to lat. 42° 30' 200 ms. ; thence duo E. to lake Michigan along the s. boundary of Huron, 1G7 ms. ; along the s. w. part of lake Michigan GO ms. ; thence due a. along the western boundary of Indiana to Wabash river 1G3 ms. ; down the Wabnsh, opposite Indi- ana to the Ohio river 120 ms. ; down the Ohio river opposite Kentucky, to the Missis- sippi river, and place of beginning 130 ms. ; having entire outline of 1,170 ms. This stale, next to Virginia, and Missouri, is the third in area amongst the states of the United States, extends in lat. from 37° to 12° 30', and in long, from 10° 3G' to 14° 30' w. W. C. The greatest length is exactly on a line with the extreme of its lat. or 382 ms. A similar feature is presented by the extremes of its long, where the breadth is greatest, or 206 ms. Narrowing, however, towards both extremes, and the actual area being 53,480 square miles, the mean width is about 140 miles. Embracing a zone of 5i degrees of lat. and with an area of 34,227,200 acres, this state presents, as far as lat. is concerned, the most extended arable surface of any state of the United States. As a physical section it oc- cupies the lower part of that inclined plain of which lake Michigan and both its shores are the higher sections, and which is extended into and embraces the much greater part of Indiana. Down this plain in a very nearly sputhwesicrn direction, flow the Wabash and confluents ; the Kaskaskias, the Illinois and confluents, and the Rock, and Ouiscon- sin rivers. [See article Huron Territory.) The lowest section of the plain is also the extreme southern angle of Illinois, at the mouth of Ohio river, about 340 feet above tide water in the gulf of Mexico. Though the state of Illinois docs contain some hilly sections, as a whole, it may be regarded as a gently inclining plain, in the direction of its rivers as already indicated. Without inclu- ding minute parts, the extreme arable eleva- tion may be safely staled at 800 feet above tide water, and the mean height at 550. With all the uniformity of its surface and the mod- erate difference of its relative level, there still exists a great difference in the extremes of its climate. Compared with the tempera- compare it with the valley of Ilhiiois. The ture on Rock river plains, that near the con- latter exceeding the fourth part of an area fluence of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers equal to the Rhine, does not amount to the may be called warm. Cotton can be cultiva- fortieth part of the basin of which it forms a ted to the southward, and the summers are section. [See the tributary rivers, Fox, Kan. often intense, but a very severe winter cli- kakee, Saiigamon, Spoon, nc, Carrnll, Cass, Clark, Clay, Jliiitoii, llrawford, Daviess, Deailiorn, Di'lnwnrc, Dc'critnr, Dubois, F/lklinrt and tor. iiltaclied, I'^iyotto, |.^lny,l, _ Fouiitairi, l''raiLklin, (;iil)>on, Gr<;eno, CJratit, Mainill.m, Hancick, Harrison, Henry, Hoiidricks, Hiiiilinf^ton, Jaikson, .Jcir.'rsoii, Jcnnin£f3, Johnson, Knox, La Grange, La Porte, IND Pop. Coiuities. O'JC) Ijawrcncf, 5,17(5 Maitison, G21 Marion, 1,611 Martin, 1,1G2 Miami, 10,680 Monroe, 1,G16 Montgomery, 1,423 Morgan, 3,238 Orange, 4,513 DwiMi', 13,074 Parko, 2,374 Perry, 5,887 Pike, 3,778 Posey, Puliiaui, ■'^'' Uandolph, 9,112 Ripley, 0,301 KmsIi, 7,019 Sp.oU, 10,190 Shelby, 5,118 Spencer, Pop- U,231 2,238 7,192 2,010 6,577 7,317 5,593 7,901 4,017 7,535 3,3G'J 2,475 0,549 8,262 3,912 3,989 9,707 3,092 0,295 3,196 4,242 St. Josop'h and ter. nlluclied, 287 -. 1,757 Sullivan, 4,030 1,136 Switzerland, 7,028 10,273 Tippecanoe, 7,167 6, 197 Union, 7,944 3,975 Vanderburgh, 2^011 Vermillion, 5,092 4,870 Vigo, 6,766 11,405 Wabash, 3,974 Warren, with ter. 4,019 attnehed, 2,«61 0,525 Wnrrick, 2,R77 Washington, 13,004 Wayne," 18,571 Of the foregoing were white persons, Males. Fernnlep. Under G years of ugc, 39,789 37,505 From 5 to 10 28,092 27,313 " 10 to 15 22,872 21,072 " 15 to 20 17,053 18,087 " 20 to 30 28,153 20,702 30 to 40 17,904 15,703 " 40 to 60 10,300 9,028 " 50 to 00 0,001 4,808 " CO to 70 3,160 2,275 " 70 to 80 1,059 780 " 80 to 90 240 212 " 90 to 100 49 25 " 100 and upwards, 13 4 Total, 175,885 103,514 Of the above arc deaf and dumb, under 14 years, 49 ; 14 to 25, 59 ; 25 and upwards 33 ; blind 150. Colored population- -free, Males. Females. Undcr 10 years of ago, 617 594 From 10 to 24 544 573 " 24 to 36 307 279 " .30 to 55 240 215 " .55 to 100 13(5 107 " 100 and npwa rds, 1 1 4 Total, 1,857 ,772 There are three slaves only in Indiana, and these are females. Colored persons who arc IND 225 IND deaf and dumb, under 14 years, 1 ; 14 to 25, 2 ; blind 2. Recapitulation — Whiirs, Free Col'J, Slaves, Total. 3:i'J,399 3,629 3 313,031 Progressive population in Indiana, was 132 per cent durinj; the 10 years preceding the last census. We have seen that that of it. was still more in excess, being 185 per cent during the same term. The two states taken togcth- er, contain 89,880 square miles, equal to 57,523,200 statute acres. Their joint popu- lation amounts to 500, 47G. Thus on a physical section of 81), 880 square ms., in 1830, the population amounted to a small fraction above 5i to the square niiic. Forty times such a distributive population would only a little ex- ceed 20 millions, and fall even then far short of what has already comparatively accumulat- ed on regions greatly less productive in every necessary requisite to sustain a dense popula- tion ; such are the itnmcnse voids to be lilled in the central United .States. Constitution, irnrcrnmcnt, judiciary. The constitution of Ind. was adopted on the lOtli of June, 181G, and contains the following es- sential provisions : Art. ]. Is a Bill of Rights containing 24 sections. Art. 2. The powers of the government of Indiana shall be divided into three distinct departments, and each of them be confided to a separate body of magistracy, to wit : those which are legislative to one ; those which are executive to another ; and those which are judiciary to another; and no person, or collection of persons, being of one of those departments, shall exercise any power prop- erly attached to either of the others, except in the instances herein expressly permitted. Art. 3. Sec. 1. The legislative authori- ty of this state shall be vested in a general assembly, which shall consist of a senate and house of representatives, both to be elect- ed by the people. Sec. 3. The representatives shall be chosen annually, by the qualified electors ol each county respectively, on the first Monday in August. Sec. 4. No person shall be a representa- tive, unless he shall have attained the age of 21 years, and shall be a citizen of the United States, and an inhabitant of this state ; and shall also have resided within the limits of the county in which he shall be chosen, one year next preceding his election, &.c. Sec. 5. The senators shall be chosen for three years, on the first Monday in August, by tlie qualified voters for representatives. Sec. 7. No person shall be a senator, un- less he shall Jiave attained the age of 25 yrs., and shall be a citizen of the U. S., resid- ed two years in the .'^tate, and the last year in the coimty from which elected. Art. 4. Sec. 1. The supreme executive power of this slate shall be vested in a gov- ernor, who shall be styled, the governor of the stale of Indiana. 2a Sec. 3. The governor shall hold his of- fico during 3 years, or until a Buccessor shall be chosen and qualified. Sec. 5. He is required to be 30 years of age, a citizen of the United .States 10 years, and have resided in the state 5 years next preceding his election. He has the usual power of governors of states. As in Illinois a lieutenant is chosen with the governor, and as in Illinois, the two odicers have the same legal relation to each other. Art. 5. Sec. 1. The judiciary power of this state both as to law and equity shall be vested ill one supreme court, in circuit courts, antl such other inferior courts as the genera! assembly may, from time to time, direct and establish. Art. C. Sec. 1. — Every white male citi- zen of the United .States, of the age of 21 years and upwards, who has resided in the state one year immediately preceding such election, shall be entitled to vote in the co. where he resides. All elections by ballot. Art. II. Sec. 7. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in this state. The other provisions of the constitution of Indiana, have the ordinary features of those charters in other states. History. The town of Vincennes is the crrtdie of Indiana, and was founded by the French about 1 COO. This remote village re- mained of little consequence, but was the scene of some interesting events in the revo- lutionary war. It was reached and taken by a British force, and again reached and reta- ken by a small army under the authority of Virginia and commanded by Col. Rogers Clarke. After the treaty of Grenvillc, 1795, setilcments along the Ohio, Wabash and While rivers, began to extend. What is now Indiana, was severed from Ohio, in 1801, and Illinois constituted a territory. These two latter were separated in 1809, when each became a separate territory. In 1815, hav- ing attained the requisite population, Indiana became a state, as may be seen in the sketch of its constitution. .Since boccming an inde- pendent member of the I'nion, its history is mergclrn, ash, butternut, &,c. Isinglass r. N. IT. takes its rise from Long Pond in Barrington, and Bow Pond in Strai- light. No marshes, swamps, or ponds. Pop. ! ford, and after receiving the waters of several 1830,2,199 other ponds, unites with the Cocheco, near Irasdurgh, a post and shire town in the ccn- 1 the s. part of Rochester JAC 227 JAC , Island Creek, p-v. Jetferson co. 0. 15G his. N. K. by E. Columbus. Island Fokd, and p-o. Rutherford co. N. C. by p-r. 198 nis. s. w. by w. Raleigh. IsL. N. vv. VandaJia. Isi.E liiiKviLLE, p-v. Natcliiochcs parish La. biuween Alexandria of Rapides and the town ot Natchitoches. Isi.E OF JShoals, small islands, 8 in number, belonging mostly to Maine, 3 leagues s. s. e. Portsmouth, N. fl. Hog island, the largest, contains S.'iO acres. Star island constitutes the town of Gosport, belonging to Koeking- ham CO. N. H. The whole cluster is inhabi- ted by about one hundred fishermen. For- merly, the population was much larger. Isle ov Wight, co. Va. bounded by Black- water r. separating it from SoMthampton on the s. w., Surry w. and n. w., James r. n. e., and Nanseniond e. and s. e. Length 37, mean width 1 1, and area 407 sq. nis. Exten- ding in lat. 3G° 38' to 37° 07', and in long. from 0° 02' to 0° 36' e. W. C. This co. is very nearly divided into two equal sections by two inclined plains, one running s. w. towards Black water and the other n. e. towards James r. Chief t. Smithfield. Pop. 1820,10,139, 1830, 10,517. Isle of Wight, C. II. and p-o. Isle of Wight CO. Va. situated near the centre of the CO. 33 ins. a little n. of w. Norfolk, and by p-r. 89 nis. a. e. by e. Richmond. Islesborougii, t. Waldo co. Mo. on L. I. in Penobscot bay, 1 m. w. Castine. Pop. 1830, 674. IsLir, p-t. Suffolk CO. N. Y., s. side Long Island. 44 ma. e. N. Y. city. It extends along the ocean IG ms. and has a medium width of 7 ms. lias a pond 3 ms. in circum- ference, denominated Ronconcoma pond, which has neither inlet nor outlet ; concernin, which many curious particulars are related relative to a supernatural ebb and flow of its waters. Supplied with mill seats. Soil pro- ductive ; is a fine town for sea fowl of various kinds, and still produces wild deer. Pop 1830,1,653 hilly. Soil good. Watered by Flint cr., which furnishes mill seats. Itmaca, p-t. and St. jus. Tompkins co. N. Y. 170 ms. vv. Albany, 37 s. Auburn, 45 s. e. Geneva. It lies at the s. end or head of Cayuga lake. Has a romantic apiicarance. Is abundantly watered by fine mill streams. Fall creek descends 438 ft. within the space of a mile, and furnishes several stupcnduous cataracts. These falls are about ^ of a mile N. of the village. The first is truly grand. The whole sheet of water is poured over the rock 116 ft. and the banks above are about lOi) ft. more. Twenty rods above this, is a a fall of 50 ft.; and there is still another of 70 ft, The other streams arc Cayuga inlet or Five Mile cr.. Six Mile cr., and Cascadil- la cr. Soil good. On Fall cr. 2 nis. from the village, hemp is dressed by machinery, and on Six Mile cr. 3i ms. from the village, is a cotton factory. No where can a finer site be found for commercial manufactories. 12 school districts, schools kept six months in 12. The valley of the lake is here hem- med in on three sides by huge hills 4 or 500 ft. in height. The village of Ithaca lies at the bottom of the valley, on the plain, 2 ms. from the lake, from which the ('ayuga inlet is navigable to the village, for boats of 40 or 50 tons. It is handsomely built, and, among other public buildings, contains a Methodist college, and an academy. Ithaca and Owe- go rail road, which is now commenced, is to extend to the Susquehannah. Pop. 1830, 5,270. Ivv, p-v. Buncombe co. N. C. by p-r. 2G0 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. Ivy Mills, and p-o. Del. co. Pa. 9 ms. from Philadelphia. Izard co.. Ark. as laid down on Tanner's map, is bounded N.by the state of Mo., e. by liuwrence, s. e. by Independence, s. by Con- way, and s. w. and w. by Washington cos. Extending in lat. from 35° 33' to 3G° 30', and in long, from 14° 43', to 16° 43' w. W. C. Length e. to w. Il2, with a mean width of 4 1 ins., and area 4,928 sq. ms. It is an ex- tensive, and in great part unsettled region, Israel's r. N. H. formed by the waters! traversed by the main volume of White r. which descend from mins. Adams and Jeilcr-lPop. 1830, 1,266. son, and falls into the Coim. at Lancaster.) Izard, C. H. p-o. Izard co. Ark. by p-r. 185 A beautiful stream. iins. northward Little Rock, and 1,056 from Italy, p-t. Ontario co.N. Y. 15 ms. w. Penii W. C. Yan, 20 s. Canandaigua. Surface somewhat] J. Jacicsiioro', p-v. and st. jus. Campbell co. i Jackson, p-v. Susquehannah co. Pa. by p-r. Tennessee. {See Jackaonhoro'y same co. and\ 181 ms. n. n. e. Ilarrisburg. state.) Jackson, p-v. Louisa co. Va. by p-r. 37 ms. Jackson or IlrTCiicocK, p-t. Hancock co. |n. w. Richmond. Me. 25 ms. n. w. Castine. j Jac;'. Mont- pelier, 50 n. e. Burlington. Has some good mill seats. Being a town on the Canada fron- tier, its inhabitants, consisting of but five or six families, nearly all left it during the late war with Great Britain. It is now settling slowly. Pop. 1830, 196. Jay, p-t. Essex co. N. Y. 18 ms. n. w. Elizabethtown, 145 n. Albany ; e. and w. borders hilly and mountainous ; central part a vale, pleasant and fertile, through which runs Little Au Sable r. Water privileges in abun- dance, with timber and iron ore ; 7 schools kept 7 months in 12. Pop;1830, 1,629. Jayncsville, p-o. Covington coimty, Mich, about 100 ms. e. Natchez. Jeanerf.tt's p-o. St. Mary's parish. La. 161 ms. wstrd. New Orleans. Jefferson, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. 28 ms. n. e. Wiscasset. Pop. 18.30, 2,074. Jefferson, p-t. Coos co. N. H. 77 ms. n. Concord. Pop. 1830, 495. Jefferson, co. N. Y. situated at the east end of lake Ontario, and on the St. Lawrence r. Bounded n. w. by the St. Lawrence, n. e. by St. liiiwrence co., e. by Lewis co., s. by Oswego CO., w. by lake Ontario, extending about 65 nis. along the lake and river, contain- ing an area of 600,000 acres. Watered by Black r. running across the centre in a wester- ly direction ; by the Indian r. winding over the E. and n. e. parts, and by Big Sandy cr. and some other mill streams, &c. in the s.w These waters furnish some navigation, and numerous mill seats. A large proportion of of the soil is of a rich and superior quality. Surface in general waving and undulating. Timbered with maple, beech, birch, oak, wal- nut, bass, ash, elm, hemlock, groves of pine, &.C. It contains iron ore in the e. and s- e. parts. Climate mild and agreeable. Chief town, Watcrtown, on S. Black r. 4 ms. from navigable waters, 12 e. Sacket's Harbor. Pop. 1820, 32,952, 1830, 48,493. Jefferson, p-t. Schoharie co. N. Y. 20 ms s. w. Schoharie, 48 w. Albany. Soil good for grass. Considerable grain is raised; 11 schools, kept 8 months in 12. Population 1830, 1,743. Jefferso.v, town, Morris co. N. J. bound- ed N. w. by Sussex co., n. e. by Bergen co., s. w. by Roxbury, and s. e. by Pequanack. Pop. 1830, 1,551. Jefferson co. Pa. bounded by Indiana s. Armstrong and Venango w., Warren n. w., McKean n. e., and Clearfield e. and s. e. Length 46 ms., mean breadth 26, and area 1,196 square ms. Extending in lat. 40° 55' to 41° 36' N., and in long. 1° 41' to 2° 17' w. W. C. The declivity of this co. is to the s. w. and drained in succession s. to n. by the branches of Mahoning, Redbank, Clarion, and Teomista rs. nil flowing towards and finally entering Alleghany r. Surface rocky and hilly, and in part mountainous. Chief t. Port Barnet. Pop. 1820, 561, 1830, 2,025. Jefferson, p-v. on the souihern branch of Ten Mile creek, Greene co. Pa. 15 ms. s.w. Brownsville and 9 n. e. by e. Waynesburg. Jefferson, co. Va. bounded by the 131ue Ridge, separating it from Loudon s.e., by Fre- derick s. w., by Berkshire w. and n. w., and by Potomac r. separating it from Washington CO. Md. N. E. Length 22, mean breadth 10, and area 220 square ms. Extending in lat. 39° 10' to 39° 28', and in long. 0° 43' to 1° 02' w. W. C. The Shenandoah r. enters the southern angle and traversing this co. in a N. N. E. course along its southeastern border, and parallel to the Blue Ridge, falls into Po- tomac at Harper's Ferry. The declivity of the CO. is to the n. n. e. The water elevation at Harper's Ferry being 182 feet above tide water, that of the arable soil of Jefleison must be greatly higher and cannot fall short "of a mean of 400 ft., or an equivalent to a degree of lat. Though the face of this county is broken and even mountainous, it is a very produc- tive tract in grain, pasturage and fruit. Chief towns. Harper's Ferry, and Charleston. Pop. 1820, 13,087, 1830, 12,927. Jefferson, p-v. on the right bank of James r. northern part of Powhatan co. Va. 84 ms. above, and n. n. w. Richmond. Jefferson, co. Geo. bounded by Washing- ton w., Warren n. w., Richmond n. e., Burke E., and Emanuel s. Length 33, mean width 20, and area 660 square ms. Extending in lat. 32° 51' to 33° 20', and in long. 5° 14' to 5° 46' w. W. C. It is traversed on the south, west side by Great Ogeechec, and bounded on the northeast by Brier cr., both flowing to the s. E. in the direction of the general decliv- ity. Chief town, Louisville. Pop. 1820, 7,058, 1830, 7,.309. JeffI'Irson, p-v. and st.jus. Jackson co.Geo. situated on one of the higher branches of Oconee, by p-r. o5 ms. a little \v. of n. Mil. ledgeville, lat. 34° 07', long. 6° 37' w. W. C. Jefferson, co. Alabama, bounded s. by Bibb, s. w. by Tuscaloosa, w. by Lafayette, N. w. by Walker, n. by Bloimt, n. e. St. Clair, JEF 232 JEF and s. E. by Shelby. Length s. w. to n. e. 52 ms., mean breadth 20, and area 1,040 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 33° 17' to 33° 52', and in long. 9° 37' to 10° 32' w. W. C. This co. lies entirely in the valley of Tuscaloosa, the main volume of which entering the northeast border from Blount, flows over the co. in a s. \v. direction, receiving near its exit from the southwestern angle Mulberry r. from the southwestward. The main road from Tus- caloosa to the northeastern part of the state passes nearly centrically over Jefferson. Chief town, Elyton. Pop. 1830, 6,855. Jefferson, co. Miss, bounded by Claiborne N., Copiah E., Franklin s. e., Adams s. w., and the Miss, r., separating it from Concordia in Louisiana n. \v. Length e. to w. 35, mean width 18, and area 630 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 31° 37' to 31° 53', and in long, from 13° 50' to 14° 28' w. W. C. Though bounding on the Miss. r. this co. is a real ductive. Chief t. Dandridge. Pop. 1820» 8,953, 1830, 11,801. Jefferson, p-v. Rutherford co. Ten. 21 ms. s. E. Nashville. Jefferson, co. Ky. bounded by Oldham n. E., Shelby e., Spencer s. e., Bullitt s., Ohio r. which separates it from Harrison in Ind. w., and from Floyd and Clark, Ind. n. Length 28, mean width 18, and area 504 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 02' to 38° 22', and in long, from 8° 25' to 8° 55' w. W. C. The slope of this co. is sthwrd. giving source to some of the northeastern branches of Salt r. It is rendered remarkable, as lying opposite the rapids of O., and as containing the canal of Louisville. Chief town, Louisville. Pop. 1820, 20,768, 1830, 23,979. Jefferson, co. Ohio, bounded n. by Co- lumbiana, by the Ohio r. e. separating it from Brooke co. Va., by Belmont, Ohio, s., and Harrison w. Length 27, breadth 20, and table land. The bluffs extending parallel to J area 540 sq. ms. Lat. 40° 10' to 40° 33', the general course of the Miss, range alon the western part of Jefferson, leaning towards the Great r. some annually overflowed and level bottom. With the bluffs commences a very rolling country, to adopt an expressive figurative term. From this broken region issue wstrd. Fairchild's and Cole's creeks ; to the n. w. branches of the Bayou Pierre, and to the s. w. those of Homochitto r. The Miss, bottoms where capable of being pro- tected from flood, are extremely productive. The soil of the bluff land is also excellent ; but advancing estrd. the pine woods gradually expand, so that the two extremes of the co. are also extremes of fertility and the reverse. Staple, cotton. Chief t. Greenville. Pop. 1820, 6,822, 1830, 9,755. Jefferson, parish, La. bounded s. by the Gulf of Mexico, s. w. by the parish of La Fourche Interior, w. and n. w. by St. John Baptiste, n. by lake Pontchartrain, e. by the parish of New Orleans, and e. by that of Plaquemines. Length s. to n. between the Gulf of Mexico and lake Pontchartrain 60 ms., mean width 12, and area 720 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 29° 17' to 30° 05', and in long. w. W. C. from 12° 54' to 13° 10'. The Miss. r. traverses the northern part of this parish, and with some strips on the sthrn. water courses towards the Gulf of Mexico, affords the only land sufficiently elevated above the tide level to admit cultivation. Staples, cotton, sugar and rice. Pop. 1830, 6,846. Jr.FFERSON, CO. Ten. bounded s. w. by Se- vier, w. by Knox, n. by Granger, n. e. by Hawkins, e. by Greene, and s. e. by Cocke. Length 28, mean width 28, and area 356 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 48' to 36° 11', long. 3° 50' w. W. C. Slopes estrd. towards Ohio r., and in that direction is drained by Yellow Cross and Short creeks. Surface hilly, but soil fertile and abounding in bitumi- nous mineral coal. Chief t. Steubenville. Pop. 1820, 18,531, 1830, 22,489. •Tefferson, p-v. and st. jus. Ashtabula co. O. by p-r. 191 ms. n. e. Columbus, and 325 ms. n. w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 370. It is the most northeastern co. town in the state. Jefferson, co. Ind. bounded by O. r. sepa- rating it from Gallatin co. Ky. s. e., Clarke s. w., Scott w., Jennings N. w., Ripley n., and Switzerland n. e. Length 25 by 15, mean breadth 375 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 43', long. 8^ 28' w. W. C. The features of this co. are remarkable ; though bounding on Ohio r., it is drained almost from the margin of that stream, by creeks which flow directly from it into the valley of White r. The surface very broken ; soil fertile. Chief t. Madison. Pop. 1820, 8,038, 18.30, 11,465. Jefferson, p-v. Clinton co. Ind. about 50 ms. N. w. Indianopolis. Jefferson, co. of II. bounded by Franklin s., Perry s. w., Washington w., Marion n., Wayne n. e., and Hamilton s. e. It is a square of 26 ms. each vs'ay ; area 676 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 09' to 38° 30', long. 11° 48' to 12° 09' w. W. C. The eastern part slopes to the s. E., and gives source to Waynes fork of Little Wabash, the residue slopes sthrd. and gives source to Muddy creek. Chief town, Mount Vernon. Pop. 1830, 2,555. Jefferson, co. Mo. bounded by the Miss. r., separating it from Monroe co. II. e., St. Genevieve co. s.e., St. Francis s., Washing- ton s. w., Franklin w., and St. Louis n. Lat. 38° to 38° 30', long. 13° 13' w.W. C. It may be and in long, from 5° 54' to 6° 24' w. W. C. observed as a curious feature in the geogra- This CO. is bounded on the n.w. by Ilolston, phy of this co. that the Big r. branch of Mer- and on the s. E. by the French Broad, whilst riiuack, traverses the western side to the a mountain ridge stretches over it from Knox 'nfhrd. in direct opposition to the course of the into Hawkins. The course of the rivers and j Miss, along its eastern boundary. The sur- general slope is lo the w. s. w., with a very j face is hilly and broken. Chief town. Mount rugged surface. The soil where arable is pro-| Vernon. Pop. 1830, 2,592. JER 233 JOE Jefferson, co. Flor. bounded e. by Madi- son CO. of the same tor., e. by Appalachee bay of the Gulf of Flor., w. by Leon co. and N. by Thomas co. of Geo. Extending in lat. 30° to 30° 42', and in long. 1° to 1° 16 vv. W. C. Length 48 ms., mean width 16, and area 768 sq. ms. Chief t. Monticello. Pop. 1830, 3,312. Jefferson Barracks and p-o. St. Louis co. Mo. Jkfferson City, st. jus. for Cole co., and of the government of Mo. situated on the right bank of Mo. r. about 9 miles above the mouth of Osage river, by p-r. 134 ms. w. St. Louis, and 980 ms. w. W. C. Lat. 39° 32', long. 15° 06' w. W. C. It is a new town containing 200 houses and 1,200 inhab- itants, and after Little Rock in Ark. the most western state capital of the U. S. The two towns differ but little in long. JeffersontoiV, p-v. near the right bank of the Rappahannoc river, and n. e. angle of Culpepper co. Va. about 33 ms. n. w. Fre- dericburg, and by p-r. 62 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Jeffersonton, p-v. on Santilla r. Geo. 25 ms. N. w, St. Mary's in the same co., and by p-r. 219 ms. s. s. e. Milledgeville. Jeffersontovvn, p-v. Jefferson co. Ky. 15 ms. s. E. Louisville, and by p-r. 44 ms. w. Frankfort. Jeffersonville, p-v. Montgomery co. Pa. Jeffersonville, p-v. on the North Fork of Clinch r. Tazewell co. Va. 30 ms. n. w. by w. Evansham, and by p-r. 372 ms. s. w. by w. W. C, and 275 a little s. of w. Richmond. Lat. 37° 0.5', and long 4° 32' w. W. C. •Jeffersonville, p-v. Clarke co. Ind.by p-r. 119 ms. a little e. of s. Indianopolis. It is situated on Ohio r. opposite Louisville in Ky. Pop. about 1,000. Jekyl, small island on the Atlantic coast of Geo. between Cumberland and St. Si- mon's isl. It is the s. e. part of Glynn co. Jemappe, p-v. Caroline co. Va. 69 ms. Rich- mond. Jexa, p-v. Jefferson co. Flor. {See Li- pona.) Jenkinton, p-v. in the s. e. part of Montgo- mery CO. Pa. lO ms. n. Phil. Jen'nersville, p-v. Chester co. Pa. 43 ms. s w. by w. Phil. Jennings, co. Ind. bounded by Jefferson s., Scott w., Jackson n. w., Bartholomew n. w., Decatur n., and Ripley n. e. Length 26, mean breadth 20, and area 520 sq. ms. Lat. 39° N., long. 8° 30' w. W. C. Slope s. w. Drained by numerous branches of White r. Chief t. Mount Vernon. Pop. 1830, 3,974. Jennlng's Gap, over North mtn. and p-o. in the northern part of Augusta co. Va. by p-r. 162 ms. s.w. by w. W. C. Jericho, p-t. Chittenden co. Vt. on Onion r. 12 ms. F.. Burlington, 26 n. w. Montpelier. Watered by Brown's r. and a great number of smaller streams, which furnish numerous mill privileges. 13 school diets. Pop. 1830, 1,655. I 30 ' Jeromesville, p-v. N. E. Wayne co. O. 90 ms. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 133. Jersey, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y. 13 m8. e. Bath, 228 w. Albany. A broken township, with some good land. Timbered with oak, chestnut, hemlock, beech, maple, &c. 7 .schools, kept 6 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 2,391. Jersey City, or Paulus Hook, p-v. Bergen CO. N. J. on the Hudson r. opposite New York. Jersey Settlement and p-o. in the south- western part of Rowan co. N. C. by p-r. 133 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. Jersey Shore and p-o. on the left bank of the W. branch of Susquehannah r. below the mouth of Pine creek, 14 ms. above Williams, port, and by p-r. 108 ms. n. n. w. Harris- burg. Jersey Town, p-v. near the centre of Co- lumbia CO. Pa. 8 me. a little e. of n. Danville, and by p-r. 86 ms. n. n. e. Harrisburg. Jerusalem, p-t. s. line of Ontario co. N. Y. 20 ms. s. e. Canandaigua, 18 s. Geneva. Scenery, wild and romantic. Jemima Wil- kinson, the founder of a sect denominated, by herself, the Universal Friends, died here in 1819. Jerusalem, p-v. and st. jus. Southampton CO. Va. situated on Nottaway r. 70 ms. s. s. e. Richmond. Lat. 36° 42', long. 0° 3' w. W. C. Jessamine, co. Ky. bounded n. w. by Wood- ford, N. and N. E. by Lafayette, and on all other sides by Ky. r., which separates it on the s. E. from Madison, s. from Garrard, and s. w. from Mercer. It lies nearly in the form of a square, and would average about 16 ms. each side. Area 256 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 37° 4.3' to 38° 01', and in long. w. W. C. 7° 24' to 7° 43'. It is almost an undeviating expanse of fertile soil, moderately level. Chief t. Nicholasville. Pop. 1820, 9,297, 1830,9,960. Jetersville, p-o. Amelia co. Va. 35 ms. s. w. Richmond. Joe Daviess, extreme n. w. co. of II. as laid down by Tanner on his recently improv- ed map of the U. S., is bounded w. by Miss. r., N. by Iowa co. of Huron, e. by La Salle CO. II., s. E. by Rock r., and s. by Plum creek, separating it from Rock Island co. II. It ex. tends about 40 ms. from s. to n., but the out- lines towards Rock r. are too undefined to ad- mit an estimate of its superficial area. In lat. it extends from 41° 55' to 42^° n., and is traversed by long. 13° w. W. C. Peektans r., a branch of Rock r. rises in Iowa co. Hu- ron, and flowing s. e. by e., enters II., and joins the main stream in the northern part of La Salle co. Joe Daviess co. is composed of an inclined plain between the Peektans and Miss., and is traversed in the direction of s. w. Fever r., and by Apple and Rush crs., with other smaller streams. Joe Daviess co. comprises the lead mines around the chief town. Galena, a name imposed from the abun- dance of the galena ore of lead found in it» JOH 234 JON vicinity. The same country has recently be- 1 Joiinso.Vs SprInos, and p-o. Goochland co. come painfully interesting as the seat of aiVa. by p-r. 82 ms. n. w. Richmond, desolating Indian war. Poj). 1830, 2,111. Joiinsonville,p-v. Trumbull co. 0. 180 ms. Joe's Brook, or Merriti's r. Vt. rises near n. e. Columbus. the N. line of VValdcn, atui falls into the Pas- sumsic in Barnet. A raiuil stream, (urnisliing many 5 s(|.jms. n. e. by e. Columbus ms. Extending in lat. 30° 34' to 37° 02',| Knoxville, p-v. Frederick co. Md. by p-r. and in long. 6° 20' to 7° w. W. C. This co. 1 53 ms. n. ^ . w. W. C. is traversed and drained by CuniberUmd r., KoiiTRiaiiT, p-t. Del. co. N. Y. 6 to 12 ms. slope to the westward. Chief town, Barbour, ville. Pop. 1820, 3,661, including what is now Laurel co. In 1830, Knox contained 4,315 inhabitants. Knox, co. Ohio, bounded s. by Licking, Delaware w., Marion n. w., Richland n.. Holmes x. e. and Coshocton e. Length 30, mean width 21, and area 6.30 sq. ms. Lat. 40° 14' to 40° 32', long. W. C. 5i w., slope south- cstrd., and drained by the sources of Mohic- con creek. Chief town. Mount Vernon. Pop. 1830, 17,085. Knox, p-v. Knox co. Ohio, by p.r. 56 ms. n. N. E. Columbus. Knox, co. Ind. occupying the lower part of the peninsula between the Wabash and White e. and N. Delhi. Hilly or mountainous. Soil strong, capable of producing good crops. 17 schools, kept 8 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 2,870. Kreidersville, p.v. Northampton co. Pa. 12 ms. N. N. w. Bethlehem, and 14 ms. e. Easton. KtjTZTowN. (See Cootstown.) Kyaderosseras creek, a good mill stream of Saratoga co. N. Y. rising in Corinth and Greenfield, and falling into Saratoga lake in the town of Saratoga Springs. Kvkendall's p-o. Henry co. Ten. by p-r. 121 ms. w. Nashville. Kylersville, p-v. Clearfield co. Pa. by p-r. 1C8 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. li. Lackawannoc, r. rises in Wayne and Schuylkill COS. between the Lackawannoc and Tunkhannoc chains, and flowing s. 20 ms. turns to s. w. 25 ms., falls into Susque- hannah r. 9 miles above Wilkesbarre. The valley of Lackawannoc is, in reality, the continuation to the n. E.of the Wyoming val- ley, and equally remarkable for the great .abundance of mineral coal. Lackawannoc, ridge of mtns. in Luzerne! and Wayne cos. Pa. the continuation of Wy- oming mtn. e. of Wilkesbarre. It ranges in a northcstrn. direction, between the sources of Ijackawaxen and Lackawannoc rs. The now remarkable Moosuck mtn. traversed by a rail-road between Carbondalo and Honey- dale, is the N. E. part of the Lackawannoc. Lacka waxen, r. of Pa. rising principally in Wayne co., but after the union of its main branches forming the boundary between Wayne and Pike cos. This comparatively small stream has gained importance from a LAF 246 LAK canal constructed along its valley. This ca- nal commences on the Del. r. at the mouth of Lackawaxen creek, and following the valley of the latter 24 nis. to Honeydale, where it joins a rail-road over Moosuc mountain. (See articles Honeydale and Carhondale.) In 1830, there was sold in the city of New- York 23,605 tons of Schuylkill, Lehigh, and Lackawannoc coal. Laconia, p-v. Harrison co. Ind. 21 ms. s. Corydon, and 145 ms. s. Indianopolis. Lacy's Spring and p-o. Morgan co. Al. by p-r. 149 ms. n. n. e. Tuscaloosa. Lady Washington, sign of, and p-o. Mont- gomery CO. Pa. 22 ms. Phil. Lafayette, p-v. McKean co. Pa. by p-r. 178 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. Lafayette, p-v. Montgomery co. Va. by p-r. 20U ms. a little s. of w. Richmond. Lafayette, parish of La. boimded by Mer- mentau r. w., bayou Queue Fortue, separa- ting it from St. Laudre n., by St. Martin's pa- rish N. E., by Vermillion r. separating it from St. Mary's e., and by the Gulf of Mexico s. ; greatest length along the Gulf 55 miles, mean width 30, and area 1,650 sq. ms. Ex- tending in lat. 29° 30' to 30° 06'. The whole surface of this large parish is a plain, the far greater part a marsh. The very small lines of soil along the Vermillion, and Queue For- tue, with still less on Mermentau, are the only parts admitting cultivation. It is also, with very slight exceptions, an unwooded prairie. The narrow lines of wood along the streams composed of black oak, white oak, live oak, &c. cease before reaching the Gulf. Clumps of live oak are seen rising on shell and sand banks from the marsh. Chief town, Mountenville. Pop. 1830, 5,653. Laj'ayette, CO. Ten. [See Fayette co. Ten. J ' Lafayette, co. of Ky. bounded Si w. by Jessamine, w. by Woodford, n. w. by Scott, N. E. by Bourbon, e. by Clark, and s. e. by Ky. r. separating it from Madison. Length 23, mean width about 11, and area 253 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 37° 52' to 38° 12', and in long. 7° 15' to 7° 55' w. W. C. This co. is chiefly drained by the Elkhorn river, and slopes to the n. w. Surface comparatively level, and soil highly productive. Chief t. Lexington. Pop. 1820, 23,250, and in 1830, 25,174. Lafayette, co. Ind. (See Fayette co. same state.) Lafayette, co. of Mo. having the Mo. r. N., and extending s. indefinitely to Osage r. ; it is mostly uninhabited. Chief t. Lexington. Pop. 1830, 2,912. Lakayftte, C. H. and p-o. Lafayette co. Ark. 182 ms. s. w. Little Rock. Lafayette, p-v. and st. jus. Tippecanoe CO. Ind. 70 ms. n. w. Indianopolis. It is situated on Wabash r. about 10 ms. below the mouth of Tippecanoe r. Lafayette, southwestern co. of Ark., t! e limits of which are yet but vaguely defined ; on Tanner's map of the U. S., it has Hemp- stead in Ark. on the n., and the parish of Clai. borne in L^. s., extending e. and w. Washi- tau river to the western boundary of the Ter. Length along La. 130 ms. mean width about 35, and area 4,550 sq. ms. It is traversed by Red r. Pop. 1830, 748. Lafayetteville, p-v. Oldham co. Ky. 43 ms. nthwrd. Frankfort. Lafourche, (The Fork), r. of La. a mouth of the Miss. This outlet, about 80 yards wide at its efflux from the main stream, is- sues at and above Donaldsonville, and though remarkable as receiving no tributary water in all its length of, by comparative courses, 90 ms., the stream widens and deepens as it ap- proaches its discharge into the Gulf of Mexi. CO. The general course is very near s. e., and though presenting on a smaller scale, si- milar features with the Miss, the bends of La- fourche are comparatively lessnumerous an^ abrupt in the Lafourche. It enters the Gulf over a bar of 9 feet water, at n. lat. 29° 12', and long. 13° 09'w. W.C. Lafourche Interior, parish of La. bound- ed by Assumption n. w., St. .lohn Baptiste n., St. Charles and the Gulf of Mexico s. e., and the parish of Terre Bonne s. and w. Length 70, mean width 15, and area 1,050 square nis. Extending in lat. 29° 12' to 29° 57', and in long. 13° 07' to 14° 15' w. W. C. The La- fourche r. winds through this parish in the direction of its greatest length, and contain- ing on its banks the far greatest part of the arable soil of its surface. The whole, indeed, as part of the delta, is an almost undeviating plain ; the banks of the streams rising but little above the interior marshes. The arable mar- gins of the streams contain also most of the timbered land. Where the soil, however, ad- mits cultivation, it is highly productive. Sta- ples, sugar and cotton. Chief t. Thibadeaux- ville. Pop. 1820, 3,755, 1830, 5,503. La Grange, p-v. Chester dist. S. C. by p-r. 77 ms. N. Columbia. La Grange, p-v. and st. jus. Troup co. Geo. situated on a small creek of Chattahooche r. by p-r. 133 ms. very nearly due w. Milledge- ville. N.lat. 33° 05', long. 8° lO' w. W. C. La Grange, p-v. Franklin co. Ala. by p-r. 110 ms. N. N. w. Tuscaloosa. La Grange, p-v. Fayette co. Ten. by p-r. 242 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. La Grange, p-v. Oldham co. Ky. marked in the p-o. list as the st. jus. in the list of offi- ces, though in the list of cos. which precedes the offices, Westport is annexed to Oldham, as the CO. st. Lafayetteville is not inserted on Tanner's map, but in the p-o. list stated at 43 ms. Frankfort. La Grange, t. Loraine co. O. by p-r. 119 ms. N. Columbus. La Grange, p-v. Cass co. Mich. 178 ms. a little s. of w. Detroit. Lairdsville, p-v. Lycoming co.Pa. by p-r. 9i ms. N. Harrisburg. Lake George, a beautiful body of water, about 33 ms. long, and nearly 2 wide, princi- pally in the cos. of Warren and Washington, hAM 247 LAN N. Y. It discharges itself into lake Cham- plain atTiconderoga. The outlet is little more than 3 ms. long, and is said to descend 157 ft. This lake is surrounded by hi{;h mountains, and is surpassed in the romantic by no lake scenery in the world. Water deep and clear, abounding with the finest of fish. The lake abounds with small isls. It is a fashionable place of resort in summer. In consequence of the extraordinary purity of the waters of this lake, the French formerly procured it for sa- cramental purposes ; on which account they denominated it Lac Sacrament. Roger's rock is on the w. side of the lake, 2 ms. from its outlet. It rises out of the water at an angle of more than 45° to the height of 300 or 400 feet. It received its name from Major Rogers, who, to evade his Indian pursuers, ascended the rock on the land side with snow shoes ; and throwing his pack down the pre- cipice on the waterside, turned his feet about on his snow shoes, and travelled back with ihem, they being heel foremost ; thus leading the Indians to suppose that two persons had ascended the rock, and precipitated them- selves into the lake. This lake was conspic- uous during the French and revolutionary wars, forming the most convenient connexion between Canada and the Hudson; hence the establishment of the forts at the head of the lake, and also in part of tort Ticondcroga. Lake Pleasant, p-t. Hamilton co. N. Y. 70 ms. N. w. Albany It is a wild waste of mtn. and swamp lands, abounding with small lakes ; so poor in general that nobody inclines to settle in it. The lakes are very numerous and produce immense quantities of very fine large trout. Lake Pleasant is said to be 4 ms. long, with a fine sandy beach. Pop. 1830, 266. Lake Port, p-v. Chicot co. Ark. by p-r. 200 ms., but by direct distance only 130 s. e. from Little Rock. Lake Providence, and p-o. nrthest. part of the parish of Washitau, La. Thep-o. is about 100 ms. N. Natchez. The lake in every re- spect similar to Fausse Riviere, lakes Con- cordia, St. Joseph, and Grand lake, is evident- ly the remains of an ancient bend of Miss. Lake Providence is entirely omitted on Tan- ner's U. S. Lamberton, village, Burlington co. N. J. on the Del. 2 ms. below Trenton. Lambertsvii.le, village, Hunterdon co. N. J- on the Del. 16 ms. above Trenton, connec- ted by a bridge with New Hope. Lamivgton, (Indian, Alamatunk,) v. Som- merset co. N. J. Lamoille, r. Vt. formed by the union of several streams, in Greensborough, and fulls into lake Champlain at Colchester. Lamoresville, p-v. Carroll co. Ten. 118 ms. w. Nashville. Lampeter, tsp. and p-o. Lancaster co. Pa. The tsp. lies between Peqnea and Mill crs., and the p-o. is about 6 ms. s. e. the city of Lancaster. Fop. of the township in 1820, 3,278. Lamprey, r. N. H. rises on the w. of Sad> dleback mtn. in Northwood, and meets the tide about 2 ms. above the Great bay at Durham. Lampton's, Clark co. Ky. by p-r. 53 ms. s. E. Frankfort. Lancaster, p-t. and st.jus. Coos co. N. H. on the s. e. bank of Conn. r. 110 ms. w. Port- land, 130 N. Portsmouth, 95 almost due n. from Concord, and 75 above Dartmouth college. Watered by Conn, r., Israel's r., and several smaller streams ; situated near lofty moun- tains. Pop. 1830, 1,187. Lancaster, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. the oldest town in the co., 35 ms. n. w. Boston, 15 N. E Worcester. Finely situated on both sides of Nashua r. Here arc found slates of a good quality, andalusite, earthy marl, phos- phorate of lime, and several other minerals. Map printing, and comb making, are here carried on, upon an extensive scale. Here is an academy. Pop. 1830, 2,014. Lancaster, co. Pa. bounded by the estrn. Conewago cr. separating it from Dauphin w., by Lebanon co. n. w., Berks n. e., Chester e., Coecil CO. of Md. s., and Susquehannah r. separating it from York co. s. w. Lines drawn over this co. from its s. e. angle on Octarara cr. a little w. of n. to its extreme nthrn. angle on Lebanon and Berks or n. w. parallel to Susquehannah r. to its extreme wstrn. angle at the mouth of Conewago, are very nearly equal and 43 ms. in length, and the area being within a trifle of 1,000 sq.ms., the mean width will be about 23 ms. Exten- ding in lat.39° 42' to 40° 19', and in long. 0" 19' to 1° 10' e. W. C. The slope of this fine CO. is towards the Susquehannah, and in a direction of s. s. w. The central and best parts are drained by the Conestoga, but the Conewago and Chiques in the wstrn. angle, and Pequea and Octarara crs. in the sthestrn., are creeks of some size, watering excellent land. Lancaster is one of the best cultivated cos. of Pa. and produces large quantities of live stock, salted meat, hides, leather, grain, flour,fruit, particularly apples, cider, whiskey, &c. Chief t. Lancaster. Pop. 1820, 68.336, and in 1830,76,63!. Lancaster, city of, p-t. and st. jus. Lancns. ter CO. Pa. situated in the fine fertile and well cultivated valley of Conestoga, about one mile wstrd. of that stream, 62 ms. Phil, and 36 Harrisburg ; n. lat. 40° 03', and long. 0° 41' E. W. C. This city was laid out in streets at right angles. The central part is well and closely built. The C. II. is the central edifice, standing at the inter.section of the two main streets. The commerce and manufac- tures of the place are flourishing. Pop. 1810, 5,405, in 1820, 6,633, and in 1830, 7,7(!4. Lancaster, co. Va. bounded n. w. by Rich- mond, N. E. and E. by Northumberland, s. e. by Chesapeake bay, and s. and s.w. by Rappahan- noc r., separating it from Middlesex. Length 24, mean width 8, and area about 200 sq. ms Extending in lat. 37° 35' to 37° 55', and in long. 0° 22' to 0° 40' e. W. C. On the Polo- LAN 248 LAU mac border it is deeply indented by small but convenient bays. Pop. 1820, 5,517, in 1830, 4,801. Lancaster, C. H. and p-o. Lancaster co. Va. s tuated near the middle of the co. by p-r. 85 ms. N. E. by e. Richmond, and 152 s. s. e. W. C. Lat. 37° 46', long. 0° 30' e. W. C. Lancaster, dist. of S. C. bounded by Lynch- es cr. separating it from Chesterfield s. e., by Kershaw s., by Catawba r. separating it from Fairfield, Chester and York w., and by Meck- lenburg CO. N. C. N. Length s. to n. parallel to Catawba r. 44 ms. ; the sihrn. part is about 23 ms. wide, but to the nthrd. the breadth is reduced to less than 5 ms. ; the mean width may be assumed at 12, and area 524 sq. ms. The general slope is sthrd. Chief t. Lancas- ter. Pop. 1820, 8,716, 1830, 10,361. Lancaster, p-t. and st. jus. Lancaster dist. S. C. situated near the centre of the dist. 38 ms. a little w. of n. Camden, and 63 ms. e. of N. Columbia. Lat. 34° 42' long. 3° 47' w. W.C. Lancaster, p-v. Smith co. Ten. by p-r. 58 ms. N. e. Nashville. Lancaster, p-v. and st. jus. Garrard co. Ky. 37 ms. s. Lexington, 10 a little s. of e. Dan- ville, and 52, s. s. e. Frankfort. Lat. 37° 37', long 7° 30'. w. W. C. Lancaster, p-v. and st. jus. Fairfield co. O. by p-r. 28 ms. s. e. Columbus, and 372 n. w. by w. i w. W. C. This is one of the finest interior villages of O., containing from 250 to 300 houses, by the census of 1820, 1,037, but by that of 1830, 1,530, and at present at least 1,6C0 inhabitants. According to Flint it con- tains the common co. buildings, an academy, several private schools, 4 churches, 12 stores, 2 printing offices, issuing a weekly English, and weekly German paper ; a bank, and is united to the great central canal of O. by a side cut. Lat. 39° 45'. Lancaster, p-v. JetTerson co. Ind. by p-r. 76 ms. s. E. Indianopolis. Landaff, t. Grafton co. N. H. 12 ms. e. Haverhill corner, 9 from Concord. Watered by Wild Amonoosuck and Great Amonoosuck rivers. Landaft' mtn.. Cobble hill, and Bald hill, arc the principal elevations. Soil in some parts very fertile. Pop. 1830, 949. Landgrove, p-t Bennington co. Vt. 33 ms. N.E.Bennington, 70 s. Montpelier. Water- ed by head branches of West r. 3 school dis- tricts. Pop. 1830, 385. Landisburg, p-v. on the waters of Shermans cr. Perry co. Pa. 12 ms. n. n. w. Carlisle, and by p-r. 32 ms. n. w. by w. Harrisburg. Landsford, p-v. in the nth est. part of Chester district, S. C. 10 ms. n. e. Chester- villc, and by p-r. 92 ms. n. Columbia. Lane's p-o. Mason co. Va. by p-r. 366 ms. wstrd. W. C. Lanesborougii, t. Berkshire co. Muss. 5 ms. from Pittsfield, 14 N. Lenox, 135 from Hoston. Part of the waters of this town descend to Long Island sound, and part to the Hudson. Soil, a fine loam. Contains great quantities of white marble. Pop. 1830, 1,192. LA^ESB0Ro^ p-v. Anson co. N. C. by p-r- 154 ms. s. w. Raleigh. Lanesboro', p-v. Susquehannah co. Pa. by p-r. 187 ms. n. e. Harrisburg. Lanesville, p-v. Susquehannah co. Pa. by p-r. 178 ms.N. N. e. Harrisburg. Lanesville, p-o. Floyd co. Ky. by p-r. 154 ms. s. E. by e. Frankfort. Langdon, p-t. Sullivan co. N. H. 17 ms. from Keene, 50 w. Concord. Watered by a branch of Cold r. It was named in honor of Gov. Langdon. Pop. 1830, 666. Langhorn's Tavern, and p-o. Cumberland CO. Va. by p-r. 60 ms. wstrd. Richmond. Langsbury, p-v. Camden co. Geo. by p-r. 199 ms. s. s. E. Milledgeville. Lansing, t. Tompkins co. N. Y., having Ludlowvillep-o. on the e. side, near s. end of Cayuga lake, 7 ms. n. Ithaca, 160 w. Alba- ny. Soil of the best quality. Watered by Salmon creek, which has falls. 20 school districts. Pop. 1830, 4,020. Lansingburgii, p-t. Rensselaer co. N. Y. e. Hudson r.,4 ms. n. Troy, 10 n. Albany. There is an elegant bridge across the Hudson, be- tween this place and Waterford, the first as we ascend from the ocean. Here is a very extensive nursery. Epsom salts, and stone for building are found here. The village of Lansingburgii is 2 ms. long, and half a mile wide, being regularly laid out in blocks, or oblong squares 400 by 260 ft. It has a flour- ishing academy. A dam 11 ft. long, and 9 ft. high, is built across the r. below the village, by which the water has been made sufllcient- ly deep for sloops throughout the season. Vessels ascend through a sloop lock 30 feet wide, and 114 long. Cost of the dam and lock, $)fl2,270. Lansingburgh employs in trade about 12 sloops. Population 1830, 2,663. Lapeer, co. Mich, bounded s. by Oakland, s. w. Shiawassee, n. w. Saginaw, n. Sanilac, E. St. Clair co., and s. e. by Macomb. Lat. 43°, long. 7° 15' w., slope n. w., and drained by Flint r. branch of Saginaw. It lies n. n. w. about 60 ms. from Detroit. Larkin's Fork, and p-o. Jackson co. Al. about 170ms. n. E.Tuscaloosa. La Salle, county of Illinois, along both sides of Illinois r. from the junction of the Kankakee and Plane rivers down to below the mouth of Vermillion r. It would be useless to ofler a delineation of this county, as it con- tains, as laid down by Tanner, 110 ins. from s. to N. with a breadth of 50, of course must be rapidly subdivided. That part along the Illinois near the rapids, will probably retain the the title. (See Ottawa, Fox river of I Hi- riois, tj-c.) Lauderdale, northwestern co. of Alabama, bounded on the n. by the cos. of Hardin, Wayne and Lawrence in Tenn., e. by Lime- stone, Ala., s. by Ten. r. separating it from Lawrence and Franklin, Ala., s.w. by Ten. r. separating it from the Chickasaw territory, in Ala., and w. again by Ten. r. separating it from the Chicksaw territory, in the state of LAU 249 LAW Miss. Length k. to w. 56 ms., mean width 12, and area 679 square me. Extending in lat. 34° 43' to 35°, and in long. 10° 16' to 11° 15' w. W. C. Elk river enters Ten. about the middle of the Muscle shoals, and in the ex- frenie southeastern angle of Lauderdale co. The general declivity is southward towards Ten. down which flow Blackwatcr, Shoal, Cy- press, Second and other creeks. The sur- face is broken and soil excellent. Chief town, Florence. Pop. 1020, 4,963, and in 1830, 11,781. L.vuGiiERY, p-v. Ripley co. Ind. situated on a creek of the same name in tho s. e. part of the CO. byp-r. 81 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. Laugulintown, p-v. Westmoreland co. Pa ■Jti ms. E. Grecnsburg, and 43 n. w. by w Bedford. Laughriuge, p-v. Gwinnett co. Geo. by p-r. 99 ms. N. w. Milledgevillc. Laurel, p-v. southern part of Sussex co. Del. 58 ms. southward Dover. Laurel Furnace, and p-o. Dickson co. Ten. by p-r. 44 ms. westward Nashville. Laurel Hill, or Laurel mountains, a local name given to several of the western chains of the Appalachian system, an absurdity pro- ductive of no small share of confusion. The chain in Pa. extending from the Conemaugh to Youghioghany r., and which separates Cam- bria co. from Westmoreland, and Somerset from Westmoreland and Fayette, is there call- ed " The Laurel Hill" whilst another chain westerly and with an intervening valley of 10 ms. wide is called " The Chestnut Ridge." Both chains are continued out of Pa. into Va. southwestward of the Youghioghany, but the names are reversed, and the Chestnut ridge of Pa. is the Laurel ridge of Va. Such is the wretched delineation of the Appalachian sys- tem on all our maps, that no adequate idea of the respective chains can in many instances be obtained by their assistance. The two chains mentioned in this article, though not so rep- resented, preserve their idenity, similar to the Blue Ridge from the state of N. Y. into Ala. Laurel Hill, p-o. Somerset co. Pa. by p-r. l62ms.N. w. W.C. Laurel Hill, p-o. Lunenburg co. Va. by p-r. 1 12 ms. s. w. Richmond. Laurel Hill, p-v. Richmond co. N. C. by p-r. 97 ms. s. w. Raleigh. i Laurel Hill, p-v. w. Feliciana parish, La. 20 ms. St. Francisville. Laurel Spring, p-v. Fluvanna co. Va. by p-r. 61 ms. N. w. by w. Richmond. Laurence, co. of Ala. bounded e. by Mor- gan, s. by Walker, w. by Franklin, n. w. by Ten. r. separating it from Lauderdale, and n. E. from Ten. r. separating it from Limestone. Length from n. to s. along its water bounda- ry 38 ms., the breadth 24, mean length 34, and area 816 square ms. Extending in lat. from 34° 18' to 34° 48', and in long. 10' 13' to 10° 36' w. W. C. The southern border ex- ern sections, comprising full two thirds of the whole surface, declines northwardly towards Ten. r. That part of the latter stream which forms the northern boundary of Lawrence, is known as the Muscle shoals. Chief town, Moulton. Pop. 1830, 14,984. Laurens, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y. 12 ms. s. w. Cooperstown, 78 w. Albany. Surface broken by hills of a moderate height. Soil a rich loam. Timber, pine, oak, chestnut, walnut, &c. Contains a mineral spring ; 14 schools, kept 8 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 2,23 1 . Laurens, district of S. C. bounded by Newbury s. e., the Saluda river separating it from Abbeville s. w., Greenville n. w., and the Ennoree river separating it from Spar- tanburg n., and Union n. e. Length 33, mean width 28, and area 924 square miles. Extending in lat. 34° 12' to 34° 45', and in long. 4° 37' to 5° 18' w. W. C. The slope of this CO. is very nearly southeastward with the course of Ennoree and Saluda rivers. Chief town, Laurensville. Pop. 1820, 17,682, 1830, 20,263. Laurens, co. of Geo. bounded by Mont- gomery e. and s. e., Pulaski s. w. and w., Wilkinson n. w., Washington n., and Eman- uel N. E. The greatest length from the south- ern to northern angles 40 ms., and as the area is about 800 square ms. the mean width will be 20 ms. In lat. it extends 32° 12' to 32° 45' and in long. 5° 40' to 6° 18' w. W, C. Oconee river traverses this co. in a s. s. e. direction, dividing it into two unequal sec- tions, two thirds to the right and one third to the left of the river. Chief town, Dublin. Pop. 1820, 5,436, 1830, 5,589. Laurensville, p-v. and st. jus. Laurens district, S. C. situated near the centre of the district, about 75 ms. almost due n. Augusta in Geo. and by p-r. 81 ms. n. w. by w. Colum- bia, lat. 34° 31', long. 5° w. W. C. Lausanne, tsp. and p-o. Northampton co. Pa. by p-r. 13 ms. Mauch Chunck and 132 n. E. Ilarrisburg. In this township are situated tho vast strata of anthracite coal near Mauch Chunk. Lawrence, town, Hunterdon co. N. J. lies N. E. of Taunton, and extends to Somerset and Middlesex. Pop. 1830, 1,433. Lawrence, co. of Ten. bounded by Wayne w., Wickman n., Giles e., and Lauderdale co. in Ala. s. It is a square of 28 ms., area 784 square ms. Extending in lat. 35° to 35° 24', and in long. 10° 17' to 10° 45'. This county occupies a table land ; from the southern and larger section, the waters flow southward, over Lauderdale co. into Ten. river, whilst the northern discharges to the n. w.'^ the sources of the Buffalo branch of Duck river. Chief town, Lawrenceburg. Pop. 1820, 3,271. and in 1830,5,411. Lawrence, co. of Ky. bounded by Floyd s.. Licking r. separating it from Morgan s. w., and Bath w., Fleming n. w., Greenup n., and tends into the higher rim of the valley of Mul- 1 Sandy r. separating it from Cabell co. Va. E. berry river, branch of Black Warrior, and; Length w. to e. 60, mean width 26, and area slopes southwardly, but the central and north- i 1,560 square ms. Extending in lat. 37° 53' 32 LAW 250 LEA to 38° 22'. Tliis co. occupies a fable land, from which the creeks flow 8. w. into Lick- ing, N. towards Ohio, and n. e. into Sandy r. Cliief town, Louisa. Pop. 1830, 3,900. Lawrence, extreme southern county of Ohio, bounded by Sciota co. n. w., Jackson N., Gallia n. e., s. e. by O. r. separating it from Cabell CO. Va., and s. w. by O. r. separating it from Greenup co. Ky. Length 30, menu breadth 13, and area SOO square ms. It lies directly opposite the mouth of Big Sandy r. slopes southward, and in that direction is drained by Symme's creek, and some small- er streams. Chief town, Burlington. Pop. 1820, 3,499, and in 1830, 5,:J67. Lawrence, co. Ind. bounded s. by Orange, Martin s. w., Greene n. w., Monroe n., Jack- son E., and Washington s. e. It is about 22 ms. square, area 4G4 square ms. Lat. 39° N., long. 9° 40' w. W. C. It is traversed from east to west by the main volume of the South fork of White r. Chief town, Bed- ford. Pop. 1830, 9,234. Lawrence, co. of Miss, bounded w. by Franklin, n. w. by Copiah, n. by Simpson, e. by Covington, s. e. by Marion, and s. w. by Pike. Length e. to w. 42, mean width 20, and area 840 square ms. Extending in lat. 31° 24' to 31° 47' n., and in long. lJ° 58' to 13° 40' w. W. C. This CO. is traversed in a s. s. E. direction by Pearl river, the western part is, however, a table land, from which flow, northwards, the head waters of Bayou Pierre, westward those of the Homochitto, and southward, those of the Bogue Chitto. The [Surface generally a barren soil, covered with pine timbers. Staple, cotton. Chief town, Monticello. Pop. 1820, 4,916, and in 1830, 5,293. Lawrence, county of Illinois, bounded by Wabash CO. s., Edwards s. w., Clay w., Jas- per N. w., Crawford n., and Wabash r. sepa- ting it from Knox co. Ind. e. It is 20 by 25 ms., area 500 square ms. Lat. 38° 45,' long. W. C. 11° w., slope s. and traversed by Em- barras r. Chief town, Lawrenceville. Pop. 1830, 3,668. Lawrenck, county of Ark. as laid down on Tanner's United States, is bounded s. by St. Francisco., s. w. by Independence, w. by Izard, n. by Wayne, co. of Miss., e. by St. Francis r. separating it from New Madrid co. of Miss., and s. e. by C^rittenden co. in Ark. Length of St. Francis river to the eastern boundary of Izard co. 86 ms., the greatest breadth is near 70, but the mean breadth about 50, area 4,300 square ms. E.xtonding in lat. 35° 30' to 36° 30', and in long. 13° lU' to 14° 40' w. W. C. The largo tract included un- der the name of this co. comprises a very di- versified surface. The estrn. section near the St. Francis is flat, and in great part liable to annual submersion. Approaching the centre the surface rises into hill and dale, presenting a fine country and congeries of confluent rs. The Black and Current rs. flowing down in fine copious navigable streams from southern Miss., here unite and at Davidsonville, the ward Eleven Points and Spring rs. Chief town, Davidsonville. Fop. 1820, 5,602, and in 1830, 2,806. Lawrenceburg, p-v. on Alleghany river and in the n. w. angle of Armstrong co. Pa.^ about 50 ms. n.n. e. Pittsburg and by p-r. 195 ms. n. w. by w. Harrisburg. Lawrenceburg, p-v. and st. jus. Lawrence CO. Ten. situated in the forks of Shoal creek, 28 ms. N. .N. E. Florence, in Ala. and by p-r. 88 ms. s. s. w. Nashville, lat. 35° 08', long. I0°3.5'w. W. C. Lawrenceburg Hotel, and p-o. in the vill- age of Lawrenceburg, Anderson co. Ky. 10 ms. s. Frankfort. Lawre.nceburgh, p-v. and st. jus. Dear. Ijorn CO. Ind. situated on Ohio r. immediately below (he mouth of (Jrcat Miami, and by p-r. 98 ms. s. E. Indianopolis, and 23 below Cincin- nati. Lat. 39° 04'. Lawrenceville, village, Hunterdon co. N. J. 6 ms. N. E. Trenton. Lawrencevilj.k, p-v. Tioga CO. Pa. by p-r. 151 ms. northrd. Harrisburg. Lawrenceville, village, on the left bank of Alleghany r. Alleghany co. Pa. This place is only two ms. above the nthrn. Liberties of the city of Pittsburg. It is the seat of an arsenal and U. S. military depot. Lawrenceville, p-v. Madison co. Ohio by p-r. 23 ms. wstrd. Columbus. Lawrenceville, p-v. and st. jus. Lawrence CO. II. situated on Emharras r. by p-r. 84 ms. a little s. of E. Vandalia, and 10 ms. w. Vin- cennes in Ind. n. lat. 38° 45', long. W. C. 10° 45' w. Lawrencevlile, p-v. and st. jus. Bruns- wick CO. Va. situated on a branch of Meherin r. by p-r. 72 ms. a littlfc w. of s. Richmond. Lat. 36° 48', long. 0° 50' w. W C. Lawrenceville, p-v. and st. jus. Montgo- mery CO. N. C, situated on the right bank of Yadkin r. by p-r. 109 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. Lat. 35° 2.V, long. 3° 11' w. W C. IiAvvRE.NCEViLLE,p-v. and St. jus. Gwinnett CO. Geo. situated near the extreme source of Oekmulgce r. by p-r. 87 ms. n. w. Milledgc- ville. Lat. 33° 58', long. 7° 05' w. W. C. Lawson's, p-o. Logan co. Va. by p-r. 239 ms. wstrd. Richmond. Lawsvili.e, p-v. in the nthrn. part of Susquc- hannah co. Pa. about 20 ms. from Montrose, and by p-r. 179 n. n. e. Harrisburg. Leacock, p-v. and tsp. of Lancaster co. Pa. The p-o. is 7 ms. estrd. Lancaster. Pop. of the tsp. 1820, 2,882, 1830, 3,315. IjKading OR., and p-o. nthrn. part of Lewis CO. Va. by p-r. 2J3 ms. almost due vv. W.C. Leadsville, p-v. Randolph co. Va. by p-r. 218 ms. w. W. C. Leaf r. wstrn. branch of Pascagoula r. This stream, frequently called from its princi- pal constituent branch, Chickisawliay r. rises in the Choctaw country, state of Miss., and flowing thence in a sthrn. direction over Co- vington and Jones co.s. gradually bends to s. E., unite in Perry, from which the united waters enter Greene and fall into Pascagoula, neat of justice, receives from the northwest- a thort distance below n. lat. 31°. Thegcnc- X,EB 251 LEE ral feature of the valley of Leaf r. is that of sterile pine woodland. Leak r. p-o. {See Greesboro\ Greene co. Miss.) Leakiosvilli:, p-o. on the riglit bunk of Diin r. northern part of liockingiiani county, N. C. 5 ins. N. Wentworth, andby p-r. 105 n. n, w. Iti.lcigh. Lkakksville, p-o. Laurens dist. S. C. by p-r. \)2 nis. nthwstrd. Columbia. LKAKiisvii.i.E, p-v. Newton CO. Geo. by p-r. 50 ins. N. w. Milledgcvillc. Lrakesviij.e, p-v. G'rcen co. Miss, by p-r. 15!2 Ills. 8. E. Jackson. Leasburo, p-v. Caswell co. N. C. by p-v. 85 ms. N. w. Kalcigh. Leavenworth, p.o. Crawford co. 120 nis. sthrd. Indianopolis. Lebanon, ji-t. York co. Mc. on the Pisca- taqua, 2H nis. n. w. York. Pop. 1830, 2,391. Lebanon, p-t. Grafton co. N. IL e. Conn. r. 4 ms. below Dartmouth college. Watered by Conn, and Mascomy rivers. Contains many valuable mill scats. Timbered with white pine, oak, sugar maple, birch, beech, iVc. 'J'lierc are falls in the CJonn. in this town, wiiich are locked and canalled. Lyman's bridge, across tiie Conn, connects this town with Hartford, Vt. The principal village is situated on a plain near the central part, at the head of the falls of Mascomy r. In this town is a medicinal spring. Here are also a lead mine, and a vein of iron ore. Pop. 1830, 1,8(18. LEBA^oN, p-t. New London co. Conn. 30 ms. s. E. Hartford. Moderately hilly. Soil a rich, deep, unctuous mould, very fertile, and peculiarly adajjied to grass. Timbered prin- cipally with clirstnut, walnut, and oak. Well walured wiili brooks and rivulets, some of which ad'urd mill sites. 17 school dists. Pop. 1830,2,554 Lebanon, p-t. Madison co. N. Y. 35 ms. s.llong. 5° 03' w. W. C. long. 0° 20' to Oo 51' e. W. C. The estrn. angle of this co. gives source to the Tulpe- hockcn, and to the nthwstrn. branches of Co- nestoga ; from the extreme sthrn. part flows the estrn. Conewago, but more than three fifths are included in the valley of the Swata- ra, and slopes s. s. wstrd. The whole co. is included in the fine valley of Kittalinny, and similar to other parts of this physical region, the side next the Blue Ridge is based on lime. stone, and that towards the Kittatinny on clay slate. Soil generally excellent. The surface tho' bounded by the Kittatinny N. w., and Blue Ridge s. E. is not even very hilly, no part is however level. To the many natu- ral advantages of Lebanon, may be added the artificial r., the Union canal. This work, pursuing tlie valley of the Tulpehocken, that of the Quitapaliilla, into Swatara, and down the latter into Susquehannah r., passes over the central part and divides Lebanon into two not very unequal sections. Staples are every agricultural product of that i)art of the mid- dle states of the U. S. includeil in the same zone of lat., with immense quantities of cast and hammered iron. Chief town, Lebanon. Pop. 1820, 16,988, 1830, 20,557. Lebanon, p-t. boro', and st. jus. Lebanon CO. Pa., situated near the centre of the co. on the Union canal, and on one of the liead branches of the Quitapahilla cr., 24 ms. a lit- tie N. of E. Ilarrisburg, 1.33 n. n. e. W. C, and 77 ms. n. v/. by w. Phil. Lat. 40° 20', long. 0° 35' K. W. C. This is a very neat, well built, and flourishing town; situated on the limestone part of the Kittatinny valley, with a well cultivated and fertile vicinity. Pop. 1820, 1,437, 1830,3,-5.55. Lkhanon, p-v. and st. jus. Russell co. Va. situated on a branch of Clinch r. about 130 ms. N. K. by E. Knoxville in Ten., and by ]>.t. 430 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Lat. 36° 53' and Utica. Surface hilly. The Chenango r. runs through the e. part. Soil light. Tim- bered with mai)le, beech, birch, ash, &.c. 13 schools, kept 8 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 2,249. Lebanon, village, Columbia co. N. Y. a beautiful village, famous for its springs, the water of which issues in great abundance from the side of a high hill, and being remark, ably clear, soft and tepid, is much used for bathing. The houses of accommodation arc excellent, .ind it is a place of great resort in the summer months ; 27 ms. e. Albany; 31 N. K. Hudson. Lebanon, t. Hunterdon co. N. J. bounded s. w. by Bethlehem and Kingwood, n. w. by the Musconetcunk, n. e. by Morris co. and Jewksbury, s. e. by Readingtown. Pop. 1830, 3,436. Lebanon, co. Pa. bounded by Dauphin w. and N. w., Schuylkill n., Berks n. e. and Lan- caster s. E. The greatest length of Dauphin is a diagonal 29 ms., the estrn. to the wstrn. angle ; mean width 12, and area 348 sq. ms. Extending in lat, 40° 11' to 40° 32' and in Lebanon, p-v. Washington co. Geo. 21 ms. I from Milledgeville. Leisanon, p-v. and st. jus. Wilson co. Ten. situated on a creek of Cumberland r. 23 ms. a little N. of E. Nashville, and 24 a little s. of w. Carthage ; n. lat. 30° 12', and long. 9° 21 w. W. C. Lebanon, p-v. and st. jus- Warren co. O. by p-r. 83 ms. s. w. Columbus, 28 s. Dayton, and 31 n. e. Cincinnati. It contains the com- mon CO. buildings, a printing office and bank. Pop. 1830, 1,165. Lat. 39° 25', long. W. C. 7° 12' w. Lebanon, p-v. in the nrthestrn. part of St. Clair CO. II. It is situated on Silver cr. 8 ms. N. E. Belleville, and by p-r. 59 miles s. w. Vaiidalia. Lebanon, p-v. on Chaplin's fork of Salt r. Washington co. Ky. by p-r. 56 ms. s. s. w. Frankfort. Leoyard, t. Cayuga co. N. Y. on Cayuga lake, 19 miles s. w. Auburn. Pop. 1830, 2,427. Lee, t. Hancock co. Me. 25 ms. n. w. Cas. tine. LEE 252 LEH Lee, p-t. Strafibrd co. N. H. 13 ms. n. w. Portsmouth. Watered by Lamprey, Little, North, and Oyster rivers. Population 1830, 1,009. Lee, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 5 ms. s. e. Lenox, 120 w. Boston. Finely situated on both sides of the Housatonic r., which is here a large and powerful stream, and aflbrds great facilities for manufacturing purposes. Here are 6 paper mills which amiually con- sume 500 tons of rags. Here too are marble, limestone, and iron ore in abundance. Pop. 1830, 1,825. Lee, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y. 8 ms.N. Rome. Well watered and supplied with mill seats. Land rich. Most excellent for flax. 10 school houses. Pop. 1830,2,514. Lee, extreme sthwstrn. co. of Va. bounded N. E. by Russell, e. by Scott, s. and s. w. by Claiborne co. Ten., and by Cumberland mtns. which separates it from Harlan co. Ky. n. w., and Pike co. Ky. n., length along Cumber- land mtn. 60 ms., mean width about 10 ms., and area 600 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 36° 30' to 37° 06', and in long. 5° 35' to 0° 30' w. W. C. This CO. occupies the higher part of Powell's valley, extending from Cumberland to Powell's mtn. The extreme sources of Powell's r., are in Russell, but they unite and form a river in Lee co., which, flowing sth- wstrd. divide it into two narrow but steep in- clined plains. Chief town, Jonesville. Pop. 1820,4,256, 1830,6,461. Lee, CO. Geo. bounded by Baker s., Ran- dolph w., Marion n., and Flint r. separating it from Dooley e. Length 43 ms., mean width 30, area 1,290 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 31° 42' to 32° 18', and in long. 7° 8' to 7° 42' w. W. C, The slope of this co. is to the 8. e. towards Flint r. Chief town, Pinder- town. Pop. 1830, 1,680. Lee, p-v. Athens co. O. byp-r. 82 ms. Columbus. Leech's Stream, rises in Averill, Vt. and falls into Conn, r., where it is about 2 rods wide. Leechburg, p-v. Armstrong co. Pa. 227 ms. N. w. W. C. Leeds, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. on the An- droscoggin r. 20 ms. s. w. Augusta. Pop. 1830, 1,685. Leeds, village, Gloucester co. N. J. on the Atlantic s.of Great bay, at the mouth of Mul- leins r. Leeds, p-v. W^eetmoreland co. Va. by p-r. 82ms. s. s. K. W. C. Leedsville, p-v. Randolph co. Va. situated on Tygarts valley r. at the passage of that stream through Laurel mtns., 10 ms. n. n Beverly, by p-r. 200 ms. w. W. C. Leesboro', p-o. Montgomery co. Md. by p-r. 31 ms. W. C. Leesburg, p-v. and st. jus. Loudon co. V byp-r. 35 ms. n. w. W.C, and 158 n. Rich- mond. Lat. 39° 07' long. 0° 33' w. W. C. It is a well built and neat village, situated near a minor ridge of mtns. The environs are waving, well cultivated and delightfully variegated by hill and dale. Pop. 1830, about 1,500. Leesburg, p-v. Washington co.Ten. on the between Greenville and Jonesboro', 18 m?. N. E. by e. the former, and 9 s. w. the latter, and byp-r. 250 ms. e. Nashville. Leesburg, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Harri- son CO. Ky. 10 ms. s. w. Cynthiana, and 30 N'. E. by E. Frankfort. Leesburg, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa. by p-r. 44 ms. estrd. Harrisburg. Leesburg, p-v. Highland co. O. by p-r. G2 ms. s. w. Columbus. Leesville, p-v. and manufacturing village Mid. Haddam, Middlesex co. Conn. 15 ms. s. E. Middletown. Leesville, p-v. Campbell co. Va. by p-r. 119 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. Leesville, p-v. Robeson co. N. C, by p-r. 101 ms. s. s. w. Raleigh. Leesville, p-v. in the wstrn. part of Lex- ington dist. S. C, 31 ms. a little s. of w. Columbia. Leesville, p-v. Tuscarawas co. 0. 123 ms. N. E.by E. Columbus. Leesville, p-v. Lawrence co. Ind. by p-r. 76 ms. s. s. w. Indianopolis. Leetown, p-v. in the wstrn. part of Jeffer- son CO. Va. 30 ms. w. Harper's ferry, and by p-r. 84 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. Lee Valley, p-v. Hawkins co. Ten. by p-r. 277 ms. estrd. Nashville. Legrand's store and p-o. Anson co. N. C. 140 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. Legro, p-v. Randolph co. Ind. by p-r. 87 ms. N. e. by e. Indianopolis. Lehigh, r. of Pa. a branch of Del. having its most remote sources in the sthrn. part of Wayne, and the sthestrn. of Luzerne near Wilkesbarre. The general course of its higher constituents, is sthwstrd. to their junc- tion below Stoddartsville, and between Lu- zerne and Northampton cos. It thence flows 10 ms. by a general s. w. course, but curving to the wstrd. enters Northampton, and turning to nearly a sthrn. course 15 ms. to Lchighton, having in the latter part of its course received numerous mtn. creeks from both sides, and passed the now noted coal depot, Mauch Chunk. Below Lehighton the stream inflects to s. E. 10 ms. to its passage thro' the Kitta- tinny cliains by " The Lehigh Water Gap." Inflecting below "The Gap", to s. s. e. 20 ms. to the reception of Little Leiiigh, and N. w. side of the Blue Ridge. Turned by the latter mtns. to n. w. the now beautiful Le- high flows down its base 15 ms. to Easlon, svhere it is lost in the Del. The Lehigli drains a small sthrn. section of Wayne ; tiie sthcst. part of Luzerne; the wstrn. angle of Pike, more than two thirds of Northampton; small sections of Schuylkill and Berks, and seven eights at least of Lehigh. From the intricacy of its. course through numerous ridges of mtns. the real length of this r. is diflScultto determine. The valley from s. e. to N. w., and from the Blue Ridge to the mtns. e, of Wilkesbarre, is about 50 ms , the mean LEII 253 LEN breadth is at least 25, and area 1,250 square ion the Lehigh above the mouth of Mahoninc miles. To the truly romantic and ever varying landscapes on this stream, it has now gained great celebrity from having become part of the channel of intercommunication from the great coal strata near Mauch Chunk, and tlie Atlantic tide water. In a distance following the stream 47 ms. from Easton to Mauch Chunk, the rise is 364 ft. This relative ele- vation is obviated by 57 locks, and 8 dams, as the chain is formed by alternate canals, and slack water ponds. The canals are 60 ft. at top, and 45 at bottom, with 5 ft. depth of water. Locks 22 ft. by 10:) ft. From the termina- tion of the canal chains at Mauch Chunk, a rail road of 9 ms. reaches the great mass of anthracite coal, lying upwards of 1,000 feet above the Lehigh at the village. The following relative heights will exhibit the rise of the Lehigh valley above the (ide water in Del. r. Easton — level of the water at the confluence of Del. and Lehigh rs. above tide water, 170 ft. Ascent from Easton to Mauch Chimk, 364 ft. Ascent i'rom Mauch Chunk to Stoddartsville, 850 ft. Total 1,384. The Lehigh has interlocking sources to the N. with the Lackawannoc, andsthrn. con. fluents of Lackawa.xen, to the sthrd. it embo- soms the sources of Broadhcads cr. To the wstrd. the sources of Bear creek, branch of Lehigh, rise within 10 ms. from the Susque- hannah at Wilkesbarre, and finally curving from the sources of Nesquehoning, to those of Saucon cr., the confluents of Lehigh are embosomed by those of the Schuylkill. Lehigh, co. Pa. boimded by Schuylkill co. w., by Northampton n. w., n. and n. e., and by Bucks s. e. Length 28, mean width 13, and area 364 sq. ins. E.xtending in lat. 40° 25' to 40° 46', and in long. 1° 11' to 1° 43' e. W. C. The sthestrn. part is a narrow valley between the Blue Ridge, and South mtn., con- taining the two tsps. of Upper Milford, and Upper Saucon. This truly beautiful vale, or that part contained in Lehigh, is about 10 ms. by 4, or 40 sq. ms. The residue, or the 8-9th of the whole co., lies in the Kittatinny valley, and very nearly subdivided into equal portions by the limestone and slate formations. The soil of the valley is more productive, and the surface less broken on the former rock, but the CO. taken as a whole, is amongst the most "* productive in Pa., in grain, fruit and pastur- age. The general elevation above tide water in Del. from about 350 to 500 ft. The high- est water level of Leiiigh r. at the Water gap, 375 ft. Chief t. AUontonor Northampton. Pop. 1820, 18,895, 1830, 22,256. Lehighton, or Lehightown, p-v. of North- ampton CO. Pa. on the road from Bethlehem to Mauch Chunck, 36 nis. n. w. the former, and 3 lower down the Lehigh than the latter. It is a small village situated on a fine acclivi- ty rising from the Lehigh, and about one fourth of a mile on the right of that stream. A little distance below the present village, stood the old Moravian town of Gnadenhutten, cr. This establishment was made about 1742, and here in July, 1752, a treaty of amity was held between the Moravian brethren and Mass. 6 ms. An uneven position, its Shawnese Indians. On the 24th of Nov. 1755 the settlement was surprised, and the whites mostly massacred by a party of French Indi- ans. A large gravestone, with a very pathet- ic inscription recording the fact, and the names of the sufferers, was lying on the ground of the old burial place, to the s. e. of Lehighton, when the author visited the place in 1821, and 1823. Lehigh Water Gap, tavern and p-o. on left bank of the Lehigh, at the mouth of Aquanshicola cr., and immediately above the passage of the Lehigh through the Kittatinny mtn. 20 ms. n. w. Bethlehem. Leicester, p-t. Addison co. Vt. 9 ms. s. Middlebury, 36 s. w. Montpelier. Principal streams, Otter creek, and Leicester r. Soil a rich sandy loam, interspersed with some flats of clay. 5 school districts. Pop. 1830, 638. Leicester, p-t. Worcester co. s. w. Worcester, 46 w. Boston, town. It occupies an elevated waters running both to the Conn, and Black- stone rivers. Soil deep and strong ; clay predominates. Here are manufactures of various kinds, especially that of cards, of which $200,000 worth are manufactured annually. Here is a large and flourishing academy. A society of Jews once resided in this town, who came from Newport, R. I. to avoid the dangers of the war. None are now remaining. Pop. 1830, 1,782. Leicester, t. Livingston co. N. Y. w. Ge- nesee r., 5 ms. w. Geneseo. Good land, supplied with mill seats. 11 schools, kept 8 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 2,042. Leighton, p-v. Lawrence co. Ala. by p.r. 104 ms. nthrd. Tuscaloosa. Leipersville, p-o. Del. co. Pa. by p-r. 97 ms. N. E. W. C. Leipersville, p-o. Crawford co. O. by p-r. 75 ms. nthrd. Columbus. LEiTERsni'RG, p-v. iu the extreme wstrn. part of Washington co. Md. by p-r. 98 ms. n. w. W. C. Lemay's Cross Roads, and p-o. Granville CO. N. C. 26 ms.N. Raleigh. Lemington, p-t. Essex co. Vt. 64 ms. n. e. Montpelier, w. Conn. r. On a brook in this t. is a cascade of 50 ft. The Monadnock mtn, of Vt. lies in tiie n. e. corner of this t. 2 school districts. Pop. 1830, 183. Lempster, p-t. SuUivan co. N. H. 40 ms. w. Concord, 90 from Boston. Surface in ge- neral uneven, \v. part mountainous. Soil moist, better for grass than grain. Well wa- tered with small streams. Has some water privileges. Pop. 1«330, 999. Lenoir, co. N. C. bounded s. w. and w. by Duplin, N. w. by Wayne, n. by Greene, n. e. by Pitt, E. by Craven, and s. e. by Jones. Length 26, mean width 15, and area 390 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 35° to 35° 23', and in LEW 254 LEW long. 0°33' to 0° 50' w. W. C. The slight ■ Bristol, and falls into lake Champlain in Fer- declination of this co. is estrd., the nthrn. part traversed in that direction by Neuse r., whilst the sthrn. gives source to the small r. Trent, flowing also to the estrd. into the Neuse. Chief town, Kingston. Pop. 1820, 6,800, 1830, 7,723. Lenoirs p-o. Roane co. Ten. by p-r. 143 ms. eastward Nashville. Lenox, p-t. and shire town of Berkshire co. Mass. 6 ms. s. Pittsfield, 125 w. of Boston. Contains an academy. Surrounded by ro- mantic mountain scenery. Soil excellent. Contains iron ore in great abundance, and has a furnace for casting hollow iron ware. This vicinity abounds with primitive white limestone, and white marble is so plentiful as to be used for door steps and foundations. Pop. 1830, 1,359. Lenox, p-t. Madison co. N. Y. about 25 ms. w. Utica on Oneida lake. Soil produc- tive. The Erie canal runs through this town. Near the centre, 10 rods from the canal, is a salt spring. Limestone, iron ore, water lime, or water cement, and gypsum are found in abundance ; 15 schools, kept 10 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 5,039. Lenox, p-v. Susquehannah co. Pa. Lenox, p-v. Ashtabula co. Ohio, by p-r. 190 ms. N. E. Columbus. Lenox Castle, and p-o. Rockingham co. N. C. by p-r. 105 ms. n. e. Raleigh. Leominster, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 46 ms. w. Boston, 19 n. Worcester. Watered and supplied with mill privileges by a princi- pal branch of Nashua river. Pretty level, soil excellent. Contains good stone for building, and good clay for bricks. Combs to the value of $100,000 per annum, are manufactured here. Contains numerous mills and manufactories. Pop. 1830,1,801. Leonardstown, p-v. and st. jus. St. Mary's CO. Md. situated on a small tide water creek of Potomac, called Britten's river, 25 ms Port Tobacco, and by p-r. 02 ms. s. s. e. W. C. and 72 a very little w. of s. Anapolis, lat. 38° 18', and long. 0° 24' e. W. C. Le Ravsville, p-v. Susquehannah county, Pennsylvania. Leroy, p-t. Genessee co. N. Y. 10 ms. e. Batavia, 33 w. Canandaigua, 17 s. Eric canal. Good land, watered by Allan's creek ; 13 schools, kept 8 months in 12. Population 1830, 3,902. Lerov, p-v. Medina co. Ohio, by p-r. 109 ms. N. E. Columbus. Letart Falls, and p-o. Meigs co. Ohio. The p-o. is by p-r. 109 ms. s. e. Columbus. The falls of Letart are merely rapids, entirely covered at a moderate rise of the Ohio r. the navigation of which except at very low water they but little obstruct. Levant, p-t. Penobscofco. Me. 10 ms. N. w. Bangor. Pop. 1830, 747. Levekett, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 10 ms. s. e. Greenfield, 85 w. Boston. Pop. 1830, 939. Lewis Creek, Vt. rises near the n. line of risburgh, a short distance n. of the mouth of Little Otter creek. The mill privileges on this stream are numerous, and many of them excellent. Lewis, co. N. Y. b)undedN. e. by St. Law- rence co., e. by Herkimer co., southerly by Oneida co., westerly by Oswego and Jefl'er- son cos. Greatest length n. and s. 54 miles, greatest width 33, containing about i,008 sq. ms. or 645,120 acres. Watered centrally by Black river, e. by Beaver and Moose creeks, and several other small streams, w. by Deer creek and some other small streams, n. by some branches of Indian and Oswegatchie rs. and Fish creek and Salmon r., w. part a good tract of country. Chief town, Martinsburgh. Pop. 1830, 15,239. Lewis, p-t. Essex county. New York, 4 miles north EUzabethtown, 130 north of Albany. Broken by high mountains. Tim- bered with maple, beech, some oak and wal- nut, ash, elm, &.c. Apples grow abundantly. Well watered, and tolerably supplied with mill sites. Mount Discovery is in this town, from the summit of which, the view is su- blimely grand. It is supposed to be 2,000 feet in height. Iron ore abounds ; seven schools, kept 7 months in 12. Population 1830, 1,305. Lewis, p-v. Sussex co. Delaware, by p-r. 127 ms. N. E. by e, W. C. Lewis, co. of Virginia, bounded s. by Nich- olas, s. w. by Kenhawa, w. by Wood, n. by Harrison, and e. and s. by Randolph. Length diagonally 70 ms., mean width 21, and area a small fraction above 1,600 square ms. Ex- tending in lat. 38° 38' to 39° 12', and in long. 3° to 4° 17' w. W. C. This co. is composed of two inclined plains, the dividing ground between which is very nearly a diagonal from the southeastern to the northwestern angles. Southwestardly the slope inclines westward and is drained by Little Kenhawa, whilst the northeastern plain gives source to the two main branches of Monongahela and slopes to the northward. The whole surface is rocky, hilly, and even in part rather moun- tainous. Chief town, Weston. Pop. 1820, 4,247,1830,6,241. Lewis, co. Ky. bounded by a ridge of hills, separating it from Greenup e. and s. e., by Fleming s. w.. Mason w., and by Ohio river which separates it from Adams and Scott COS. Ohio, N. Length diagonally 35 miles, mean width 11, and area 375 square miles. Extending in lat. 38° 22' to 38° 42', and in long. 6° to 6° 35' w. W. C. The general slope of this co. is northeastward towards that part of Ohio river by which it is bounded. Chief town, Clarksburg. Pop. 1820, 3,973, 1830, 5,229. Lewis, p-v. Prown co. Ohio, by p-r. 122 ms. s. s. w. Columbus. Lewis Bay, Mass. puts up from Hyannis harbor, between Barnstable and Yarmouth, on Cape Cod. Lewisbekry, p-v. in the northern part of LEW 255 LEW York CO. Pa. by p-r. 13 ms. southward Har- risburg. Lewisburg, p-v. on the right bank of Sus- quehannah river below the mouth of Buffalo creek, Union co. Pa. 8 ms. above, and on the contrary side of the river from Northumber- Idnd, and 65 above Harrisburg. Lewisburg, p-v. and st. jus. Greenbriar co. Va. by p-r. 263 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 263 ms. w. Richmond. It is situated near the southern border of the co. on a branch of Greenbriar r. lat 37° 48', long. W. C. 3° 26' w. Lewisburg, p-v. on the left bank of Green r. and in the northern part ofMuhlenburg co. Ky. 10 ms. n. Greenville, and by p-r. J 67 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. Lewisburg, p-v. Preble co. Ohio, by p-r. 90 ms. westward Columbus. Lewisport, p-v. in the northwestern part of Harrison co. Va. about 20 ms. northward Clarksburg, and 247 a little n. of w. W. C. Lewiston, town, Lincoln co. Me. on the Androscoggin, at the Falls, 30 ms. w. of Wiscasset. Pop. 1830, 1,549. Lewiston, p-t. Niagara co. N. Y. 27 i ms. N. N. w. Buffalo, 7 s. fort Niagara, 16 w. Lockport. Traversed by the mountain ridge. Land tolerably good. Contains gypsum. Here is a village of the Tuscarora Indians. This tribe came from North Carolina about 1712, and joined the confederacy of the Five Na- tions, themselves making the sixth. The village of Lewiston was laid waste during the last war between Great Britain and the United States, and likewise the Indian village before mentioned. Lewiston was deserted of its inhabitants from Dec. 1813, to April 1815. It lies on Niagara river, opposite Queenston in Upper Canada. It is situated at the head of navigation, and steamboats ply between this place and Ogdensburgh. Pop. 1830, 1,528. Lewiston, p-v. and st. jus. Fulton co. II. about 130 ms. n. w. Vandalia. It is situated on the table land between the Illinois and Spoon rivers, on the military bounty lands. Levvistown, p-v. usually called Lunenburg courthouse, Lunenburg co. Va. by p-r. 103 ms. s. w. Kichmond, lat. 36° 58', long. 1° 16' w. W. C. Lewistown, P-v. and st. jus. Mifflin co. Pa. situated on the left bank of the Juniata river, on the jioint above the mouth of Kishicoquil- las creek, 56 ms. by the land road above and N. w. Harrisburg, lat. 40° 36', long, 0° 37' w. W. C. Pop. 1820, 600 and in 1830, 1,480. Lewistown, P-v. and V. of Sussex co. Del. situated on Del. bay, 3 ms. westward cape Ilenlopen, and opposite the Del. break wa- ter. It is laid down by Tanner at 38° 46' K. lat., 1° 54' e. W. C. Lewistown, p-v. and st. jus. Montgomery CO. Mo. 74 ms. n. w. by w. I w. St. Louis, and by p-r. 67 ms. n. e. by k. Jefferson city, lat. 38° 51', long.W.C. 14°21'w. Lewisville, p-v. Brunswick co. Va. by p-r. 82 ms. s. s. w. Richmond. Lewisville, p-v. in the northeaBtern part of Chester district, S. C. 10 ms. n. e. Chester- ville, and by p-r. 72 n. Columbia. Lexington, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 10 ms. N. w. Boston. Surface uneven. FIcre was shed the first blood in the American revolution. There is a monument on the spot where fell tlie first victims. Pop. 1830, 1,543. Lexington, p-t. Greene co. N. Y. 30 ms. w. Catskill, 43 from Albany. Rough and broken. Watered by the Schoharie emd Albion creeks, and by several other mill streams. A great amount of leatlier is made at two very extensive tanneries in this town. Pop. 1830, 2,548. Lexington Heights, p-v. in the foregoing town. Lexington, p-v. western part of Erie co. Pa. 22 ms. s. w. tiie borough of Erie, and 25 N. N. w. the borough of Meadville. Lexington, post town and st. jus. Rock- bridge CO. Va. situated on the right bank of North river, branch of James river, about 35 ms. >. w. Lynchburg, and by p..r. 129 ms. a little N. of w. Richmond, lat. 37° 44', long. 2°2l'w.W.C. The following account of this village was remitted to the author of this article in 1821. It has no doubt both increased in population and improved in other respects in the inter- vening 9 years. It is distant about half a mile from North river, contains 120 dwelling houses, and 766 inhabitants. Many of the houses are constructed of brick. Beside the ordinary county buildings, and houses of pub- lic worship for Presbyterians and Methodists, it contains a state arsenal, in which are de- posited about 20,000 stand of arms ; this town has become noted for its literary establish- ments. Washington college doubly deserves its title, as it was endowed by that incompar- able man with 100 shares of the stock of James river company, now (1821,) producing an annual income of $2,400. The two col- lege halls, built of brick, are capable of con- taining and accommodating from 50 to 60 students, and additional buildings are about to be erected. The faculty are a president, two professors, and a tutor. The library, and philosophical apparatus, are tolerably ample. Andrew Smith's academy, for the education of young ladies, occupies a large and hand- some edifice in which are teachers of all the requisite branches of such an institution. Lexington, p-v. and st. jus. Davidson co. N. C. situated on Abbot's creek on eastern branch of Yadkin r. by the common road 109 but by p-r. 136 ms. w. Raleigh, lat. 35° 49,' long. 3° 18' w. W. C. Lexington, district, S. C. bounded by Edgefield w., Newberry n. w., by Broad r. separating it from Fairfield n. and Richland n. e., by Congarec r. separating it from Kichland E., and by Orangeburg s. e. and s. w. Length diagonally from s. to n. 45, mean width 20, and area 900 square ms. Extend, ing in lat. .33° 40' to 34° 15', and in long. 3* 50' to 4° 34' w. W. C. The Saluda r. trav. LEY 256 LIB erses in an eastern direction the northern part of this district, falling into or joining Broad r. at Columbia to form the Congaree. From the southern part flow the higher bran- ches of North Edisto. The general slope of the whole surface is southeastward towards the Broad and Congaree rs. Chief town, Granby. Pop. 1820, 8,083, 1830, 9,065. Lexington, court house, and p-o. Lexing- ton district, S. C. by p-r. 15 ms. w. Columbia. Lexington, p-v. and st. jus. Oglethorpe CO. Geo. 76 ms. n. w. by w. Augusta, and 65 a little E. of N. Milledgeville, lat. 33° 53', long. 6° 10' w. W. C. Lexington, p-v. and st. jus. Henderson co. Ten. situated on Beech creek, a small west- ern branch of Ten. r. 44 ms. s. s. w. Rey- noldsburg, and by the p-r. 114 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville, lat. 35o 38', long. 11° 25' w. W. C. Lexington, post town, and st. jus. Fayette CO. Ky. situated on the head waters of Town creek, a branch of Elkhorn r., 24 ms. s. e. by E. Frankfort, and about 80 ms. very nearly due s. Cincinnati, and by p-r. 517 ms. a little s. of w. W. C. On Tanner's United States, it is laid down at 38° 03' lat., long. 7° 28' w. W. C. This now flourishing seat of the arts, law and polished Ufe, the cradle of Kentucky, first began to assume the aspect of a village in 1785, but so slow was its progress during the existence of Indian wars, that in 1795, it contained only about 50 ordinary houses, and at most 350 inhabitants, whilst by the recent census, 1830, it contained 3,757 whites, 230 free colored persons, and 2,100 slaves ; to- tal, 6,087 inhabitants. This population is actively engaged on manufactories of cotton, woollen and linen, copper, tin and iron ware, grist mills, paper mills, rope walks, tanne- ries, breweries, distilleries, printing, book- selling, commerce, agriculture, &c. Besides numerous private schools, Lexing- ington contains Transylvania university. The incipient steps towards the foundation of this institution were taken before the sepa- tion of Kentucky from Virginia. It was re- organized in 1798, and in 1818, placed under its existing regulations. In 1820, it was ufi- dcr a president, 7 professors, 4 of whom were medical, 5 tutors, and the principal of a pre- paratory department. The library then con- tained about 3000 volumes. {See arlicle Traimi/lnania university.) Lexington, p-v. in the southern part of liichlandco. Ohio, by p-r. 71 ms. Columbus. Lexington, p-v. and st. jus. Scott co. Ind. situated in the eastern angle ofthe co. 30 ms. N. Louisville in Ky., and 89 ms. s. s. e. Indianopolis, lat. 38° 40', long. 8° 40' w. W. C. Lexington, p-v. and st. jus. Lafayette co. Mo. situated on Mo. r. by p-r. 138 ms. above Jcfierson city, and 272 above St. Louis, lat. 39° 05', long. W. C. 16° 44' w. Levden, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 117 ms. N. w. Boston, 6 N. w. Greenfield. Pop. 1830, 796. Leyden, p-t. Lewis co. N. Y. 33 ms. n. ofUtica, w. of Black r. Surface somewhat uneven. Well watered by small springs. Soil better adapted to grass than to grain. Limestone abounds ; 6 school districts. Pop. 1830, 1,502. Liberia, p-v. Prince William co. Virginia, by p-r. 33 ms. s. w. W. C. Liberty, p-t. SuUivan co. N. Y. 22 ms. N. w. Monticello. Watered by the Mongaup and the CoUakoon, with their branches. Timbered with beech, maple, ash, «&c. 6 schools kept 6 months in 12. Population 1830, 1,277. Liberty Corner, p-v. Somerset co. N. J. 2 ms. 6. w. Baskenridge, 7 ms. s. Morris- town. Liberty, post township, Tioga co. Pa. by p-r. 123 ms. northward Harrisburg. Liberty, p-v. and st. jus. Bedford co. Va. on a branch of Otter r. 26 ms. a little s. of w. Linchburg, and by p-r. 140 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond, lat. 37° 17', long. 2° 29' w. W. C. Liberty, co. Geo. bounded by Mcintosh s., Alatamaha r. separating it from Appling s. w., Tatnall w. and n. w., Bryan n. and n. e., and the Atlantic ocean s. e. This co. lies in the singular form of a curve or half moon, from St. Catharine's island inclusive to Alatamaha r. embosoming Mcintosh co. 66 ms., mean width 10, and area 660 square ms. Extend- ing in lat. 31° 26' to 32° 04', and in long. 4° 16' to 5° 08' w. W. C. That part of this co. bordering on the Atlantic is low and intersect, ed by interlocking tide water courses. The northern part traversed by the most southern branches ofCannouchee r. rises something higher than the ocean border, but the whole CO. may be regarded as flat. Chieftown, Riceboro.' Pop. 1820, 6,695, 1830, 7,233. Liberty, p-v. eastern part of Talbot co. Geo., by p-r. 105ms. westward Milledgeville. Liberty, p-v. Smith co. Ten. by p-r. 59 ms. N. E.by E. Nashville. Liberty, p-v. and st. jus. Casey co. Ky. situated on Green r. 68 ms. very nearly due s. Frankfort, n. lat. 37° 20', long. 7° 50' w. W. C. Liberty, p-v. Montgomery co. Ohio, by p-r. 74 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. Liberty, p-v. and st. jus. Union co. Ind. by p-r. 77 ms. e. Indianopolis, and 54 n. n. w. Cincinnati, lat. 39° 40'. Liberty, p-v. and st. jus. Amite co. Miss, situated on Amite r. 50 ms. s. e. Natchez, and by p r. 112 ms. s. s. w. Jackson, lat. 31° 10', long. 13° 58'. Liberty, p-v. Clark co. Al. about 140 ms. southward Tuscaloosa. Liberty, p-v. and st. jus. Clay co. Mo. by p-r. 190 ms. n. w. by w. Jefferson city, and 324 ms. above, and by the land road west- ward St. Louis, lat. 39° 10', long. W. C. 17o ' 17' w. Liberty Hall, p-v. Pittsylvania co. Va. by p-r. 121 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. Liberty Hall, p-v. Morgan co. Geo. by p-r. 45 ms. N. n. w. Milledgeville. Lie 257 LIN Liberty Hill, p-v. Iredell co. N. C. by p-r. 154 ms. westward Raleigh. Liberty Hill, p-v. Kershaw district, S. C. by p-r. 40 ms. n. e. Columbia. Liberty Hill, p-v. Dallas co. Al. by p-r. 114 ms. southward Tuscaloosa. Liberty Pole, p-v. Northumberland co. Pa. by p-r. 81 ms. n. Harrisburg. LiBF.RTY Town, p-v. Frederick co. Md. 10 ms. N. E. from the city of Frederick, and by p-r. 55 ms. a little n. of w. W. C. Lick, creek, p-o. (ireenbriar co. Va. by p-r. 293 ms. N. w. by w. W. C. LtcKiNG, CO. Ohio, bounded s. E. by Perry, s. Fairfield, s. w. Franklin, n. w. Delaware, n. Knox, N. E. Coshocion, and e. iiy Muskingum. It is 30 ms. from e. to w. and 24 broail, and area 720 square ms. lat. 4(1° 10', long. 5° 30'. | The slope is eastward, and the whole surface very nearly commensurate witli the higher part of the valley of Licking creek, or more correctly river. The great central Ohio ca- nal enters this co. on its southern border near Hebron, sweeping a northern curve past New- ark, the St. jus. ; this work passes down the Licking valley and leaves the co. near the middle of its eastern side. Though a level country, it is a rather elevated table land ; the level of the canal at Newark is 834 feet above mean level of the Atlantic ocean, and 219 feet above that of the Ohio river, at the mouth of Sciota r. The arable land of the CO. is from 900 to 1,100 feet above the ocean tides. The excellence of the soil is shewn by progressive population ; 1820, 11,861, 1830, 20,714. LicKiNo, river, a stream of Ky. rising in Floyd CO. interlocking sources with those of the w. branch of Sandy, and with those of the northeastern branches of Ky. r., and flowing thence by a general course very nearly ^'. w. between the vallies of O. and Ky. rs. passing through or touching the counties of Floyd, Morgan, Fleming, Lawrence, Bath, Nicholas, Harrison, Bracken, Pendleton and Campbell, falling into Ohio river, between Covington and Newport, and directly opposite the city of Cincinnati, after a comparative course of about 175 ms. The valley of Licking is nar- row, compared with its length, the greatest width falling short of 50 ms. and tiie mean breadth fully estimated at twenty, and area at 3,500 square miles. [See Kentucky river.) Licking, small but important river of Ohio. This stream has interlocking sources with those of the various eastern branches of Scio- ta on the s. w. and w., and with those of Owl creek, branch of White Woman's river, on the N. The creeks which form Licking, drain Licking co. uniting at Newark, and flowing thence e. into Muskingum co. inflect to s. E. to the main Muskingum r. at Zanes- ville. Comparative length 75 miles. (See Licking CO. Ohio.) Licking, p-v. Floyd co. Ky. by p-r. 120 ms. s. E. from Frankfort. Licking Creek, and p-o. southeastern part 33 of Bedford co. Pa. about 25 me. 8. b. from Bedford, and 10 n. Hancookstown, Washing, ton CO. Md. Licking Forge, and p-o. Bath co. Ky. by p-r. 78 ms. eastward Frankfort. Licking Forge, and p-o. eastern part of Bath CO. Ky. 13 ms. e. Owingsville, and by p-r. 85 ms. e. Frankfort. LiCKviLLE, P-v. in the northeastern part of Greenville district, S. C. by p-r. Il6 ms. n. w. from Columbia. LiGONiER, p-v. on the r. from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, at the western loot ofLaurel hill, and in the eastern part of Westmoreland co. Pa. 19 ms. a little s. of e. Greensburg, and by p-r. 151 ms. w. Harrisburg. LiLESviLLE, p-v. Anson co. N. C. by p-r. 1 12 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. Lilly, p-o. Brown co. Ohio, by p-r. 90 ms. s. s. w. Columbus. Lilly Point, p-o. King William co. Va. by p-r. 36 ms. n. e. Richmond. Lima, p-t. Idvingston, co. N. Y. 13 ms. n. E. Geneseo, 18 w. Canandaigua. Soil good ; 9 schools, kept 8 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 1,764 Lime, p-t. Grafton co. N. II. 6 ms. s. Or- ford, 54 from Concord. Smart's mfn. lies in the N. E. part of the town. Pop. 1830, 1,804. Limerick, p-t. York co. Me. 35 ms. n. York, 30 N. w. Portland. Contains a flourishing academy. Pop. 1830, 1,419. Limerick, p-o. and tsp. Montgomery co. Pa. lying e. Pottstown, and 24 ms. n. w. Phil. Pop. 1820, 1,577,1830, 1,744. Limestone, p-v. Armstrong co. Pa. by p-r. 241 ms. n. w. W. C. Limestone, p-v. Buncombe co. N. C. by p-r. 245 ms.a little s. of w. Raleigh. Limestone, co. of Ala. bounded by Madi- son e.. Ten. r. separating it from Morgan s., and Lawrence s. w., by Lauderdale w., and by Giles CO. of Ten. n. Length 30, mean breadth 20, and area 600 square ms. Extending in lat. 34° .33' to .35°, and in long. 9° 52' to 10° jl8'w. W. C. Elk r. entering the northern j border traverses the n. western angle of this CO. flowing to the s. w. The general slope is 1 a little w. of s. down which flow into Ten. r. i several bold fine creeks. Chief town, Athens. Pop. 1820, 9,871, 1830, 14,807. Limington, p-t. York co. Me. on Saco r. 40 ms. N. Saco. Pop. 18.30, 2,317. Linbank, p-v. Granville co. N. C. by p-r. 48 ms. N. Raleigh. Lincoln, co. Me. bounded n. by Kennebec, N. E. by Waldo, e. by Penobscot bay, a. by the Atlantic, and w. by the Androscoggin river, which separates it from Cumberland. It is divided by Kennebec river, nnd the whole southern nnd s. e. part is composed of numer- ous islands, and long peninsulas, extend- ing into the ocean. Within the co. arc nu- merous bays and rivers. The surface of the CO. in the mterior is finely diversified, and soil productive in grain and pasturage. Chief towns, Wiscasset, Warren, and Tophnin. LIN 2.-,« LIS Population 18'2(), 53,189, 1830, 57,1«1.' Lincoln, town, Hancock co. Me. 27 ms. N. w. Castine. Lincoln, town, Grafton co. N. II. 70 ms. N. Concord. Watered by the middle branch of the Pemigewasset. In the ^'. part of the town are two large gulfs, made by an extraor- dinary discharge of water from the clouds in 1774. Pop. 1830,51^. Lincoln, town, Addison co. Vt. 21 ms. s. w. Montpelier, 28 s. e. Burlington. Considera- bly uneven. West part watered by New Ha- ven river, which is formed here; cast part by several small branches of Mad river. Tim- ber principally hard wood ; 4 school districts. Pop. 1830,639. Lincoln, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. IG ms. N. w. Boston. Rather uneven and encumber- ed with rocks. Pop. 1830, 709. Lincoln, co. N. C. bounded by York dist. S. C. s., Rutherford co. N. C. w., Burke >\ w. and N., and by Catauba river which sepa- rates it from Iredell N. E., and Mecklenberg E. Length south to north 48, mean width 2.5, and area 1,200 square ms. Extending in lat. 35° to 35° 49', and in long. 4° to 4° 33' w. W. C. This CO. is very nearly commensurate with the valley of Little Catauba, for though bounded in all its length, by the Groat Catau- ba, the creeks generally enter the former. Chief town, Lincolnton. ' Pop. 1820, 18,147, 1830, 22,455. Lincoln, co. of Geo. bounded by Little r. separating it from Columbia s., by Wilkes w.. Broad r. separating it from Abbeville district S. C. n. e., and from Edgefield S. C. E. Length 22, mean width 10, and area 220 sq. ms. Extfjnding in lat. 33° 40' to 33° 56' and in long. 5° 16' to 5° 38' w. W. C. The slope of this CO. is to a little n. of k. Chief town, Lincolnton. Pop. 1820, 6,458, 1830, 6,145. Lincoln, co. Ten. bounded by Giles w., Bedford n., Franklin e., Jackson co. Ala. s. E., and Madison co. Ala. s. Length 26, mean breadth 25, and area 650 square ms. Extending in lat. 35° to 35° 24', and in long. 9° 16' to 9° 40' w. W, C. This is composed of two inclined planes, being the opposing slopes of Elk river valley, which struaiu trav- ersca it flowing s. w. by w. Chief town, FayetteviUc. Population 1820, 14,761, 1830, 22,075. Lincoln, co. Ken. bounded by Casey s. vv. and w., McrccrN. w., Garrard n. e.. Rock Castle s. E. and Pulaski s. Length 27, mean width 16, and area 432 square ms. Extend- ing in lat. 37° 17' to 37° 38', and in long. 7° 23' to 7° 44' w. W. C. This is amongst the central counties of the state, and occupies a table land, from which flow creeks towards Cumberland river s., the extreme sources of Salt and (ireen rivers w., and Dicks river northward into Kentucky river. Chief town, Stanford. Pop. 1820, 9;979, 1830, 11,002. Lincoln, co. Mo. bounded s. by St. (Charles, s. w. and w. Montgomery, n. w. and n. Pike, and on the e. by Miss. r. separating it from Calhoun co. 11., very nearly a tq. of 24 in:*., area 576 sq. ms. Lat. 39°, long. 14° w. Slope southestrd. and traversed by Cuivre r. by which it is principally drained. Chief t. Troy. Pop. 1830, 4,059. Lincolnton, p-v. and st. jus. Lincoln co. N. C, situated on Little Catauba, 45 ms. n. e. by E. Rutherfordton, and by p-r. 166 ms. a little s. of w, Raleigh. Lat. 35° 28', long. 4° 16' w. W. C. LiNC0L\T0N, p-v. and st. jus. Lincoln co. Geo. situated near the centre of the co. 40 ms. N. w. Augusta, and by p-r. 91 ms. n. e. Mil- ledgeville. Lat. 33° 44', long. 5° 28' w. W. C. LiNCOLNViLLE, p-t. Haucock CO. Me. w. side Penobscot bay, 16 ms. w. Castine. Linden, p-v. and st. jus. Marengo co. Ala. by p-r. 78 ms. s. Tuscaloosa. Lat. 32° 20', ong. 10° 56' w. W. C. LtndsayIs Ooss Roads and p-o. Fluvanna ;o. Va. 80 ms. wstrd. Richmond. Lindsey's store and p-o. Albemarle co. Va. 76 ms.w. Richmond. Line creek, p-o. wstrn. part of Greenville dist. ^. C. N. w. from Columbia. Line creek and p-o. Montgomery co. Ala. by p-r. 145 ms. s. e. Tuscaloosa. Line Lexington, p-v. Bucks co. Pa. about 23 ms. from Phil. Line Mills and p-o. Crawford co. Pa. by p-r. 278 ms. n. w. by w. Harrisburg. LiNGLESTOwN, p.v. Dauphin co. Pa. 8 ms. N. E. Harrisburg. LiNviLLE creek and p-o. Rockingham co. Va. by p-r. 142 ms. wstrd. W. C. LiNviLLE creek and p-o. western part of Burke co. N. C. The p-o. is about 10 miles wstrd. Morgantown, and by p-r. 215 ms. w. Raleigh. LioNviLLE, p.v. Chester co. Pa. about 20 ms. N. w. Phil. LipoNA, formerly Jena, p-v. Jefferson co. Flor. 20 ms. e. TaJlahasse. Lisbon, t. Lincoln co. TMc. on the Andros- coggin, 23 ms. w. Wiscasset, Pop. 1830, 2,423. Lisbon, t. New London co. Conn, at the junction of Quinebaug and Shetuck rs. 7 ms. N. Norwich, 45 s. e. Hartford. Uneven and somewhat hilly. Timbered with oak, walnut, chestnut, &.c. Soil fertile. Here arc seve- ral fisheries of shad and salmon. Has se- veral manufactories. Pop. 1830, 1,161. LisiiON, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. on St. Lawrence r., 3 ms. below Ogdensburgh. Soil very excellent. In this town is a small Indian village. Pop. 1830, 1,891. Lisbon, p-v. Ann Arundel co. Md. situated on the turnpike road from Baltimore to Fre- deric, 34 ms. N. W. C. It is a small village of a single street along the road. liisnunN, p-v. on Yellow Breeches creek, southeastern part of Cumberland co. Pa. 12 ms. s. w. Harrisburg. Lisle, p-t. Broome co. N. Y. 18 ms. n. Chenango Point, 130 from Albany. Watered and abundantly sufiplied with mill seats by Tioughnioga, Otsclic, and Nanticoke creeks. LIT 25a LIT Soil in general good. Surface uneven. 29 schools, kept 11 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 4,378. Litchfield, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. 2.5 ms. n. w. Wiscasset, 10 from Hallowell. Pop. 1830, 2,308. LiTCHFiF.LD, t. Hillsborough co. N. H. a small fertile tsp. on the e. bank of Merrimack r. 8 ms. from Amlierst, 30 s. Concord. 3 school dists. Pop. 1830, 49 1. Litchfield co. Conn., an extensive agri- cultural and manufacturing co. bounded n. by Berkshire co. Mass., e. by Hartford and New Haven cos., s. by New Haven and F'airfield COS., w. by N. Y. Average length 33 miles from iN. to s., average width, nearly 27 ms., containing about 885 sq. ms., being the lar- gest co. in the state. Seat of justice, Litch- field. Principal part of the co. elevated and mountainous. Prevailing soil a gravelly loam, strong and fertile. Watered abundantly by the waters of the Ousatonic andTunxisrs. The iron manufacture is carried on more extensively in this co. than in any other sec- tion of the state. The ore is obtained within the CO. Pop. 1820, 41,267, 1830, 42,858. Litchfield, p-t. and st. jus. of Litchfield CO. 30 ms. w. Hartford, 3G n. w. New Haven, 100 from N. Y. An elevated tsp. diversified with hill and dale. Mount Tom is in the w. part of this town; height 700 feet above the margin of Naugatuck r. Contains a quarry of inferior slate stone, and a good quarry of free stone. Prevailing soil, a dark colored, gravelly loam, deep, strong, and fertile. Well supplied with forests, consisting of sugar ma- ple, beech, button wood, oak, birch, «Slc. Well watered and supplied with excellent hy- draulic privileges, by the Naugatuck and She paug rs., and the Bantam waters. Litchfield great pond, the la ripest in the state, is a beau tiful sheet of water, comprising about 900 acres. At its outlet are numerous and valu- able mill seiUs. The manufacture of iron is here carried on, on an extensive scale. 2G school districts, and a most respectable aca- demy. Contains a medicinal spring. Litchfield v. is delightfully situated on an elevated plain, surrounded with interesting scenery and charming landscapes. Here is a very cele- brated law sch'iol. A manual labor high school has recently been incorporated here. Pop. 1830, 4,458. Litchfield, p-t. Herkimer co. N.Y. 11 ms. s. w. Herkimer, 11 s. Utica. Situation elevated. 11 school dists., schools kept 8 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 1,750. Litchfield, p-v. Hedford co. Pa. by p-r. 153 ms. w. flarrisburg. Litchfield, p-v. and et. jus. Grayson co. Ky. 69 ms. s. s. w. Louisville, -iG s. w. Eli/a- bethtown, and by p-r. 105 s. w. by w. Frank- fort. Lat. 37° 28', long. 9° 15' w. W. C. Litchfikld, p-v. Jackson Co. Ark. LiTHopoi.is, p.v. Fairfield co. O. 10 ms. n. w. Lancaster, the co. st. and 18 s. r. Coluni- bus. Pop. l:i30, IGl. Litiz, small, but neat p-v. 7 ms. x. the city of Lancaster, Pa. This village was founded by the Ignited Brethren or Moravians in 1757. Little Braver bridge and p-o. eastern part of Columbiana co. O. by p-r. 1G9 ms. n. E. by e. Columbus. Little Britain, extreme southern p-tsp. of Lancaster co. Pa. The p-o. is situated 22 ms. s. s. E. Lancaster, and by p-r. 58 ms. s. e, Harrisburg. Little Cape Capon creek and p-o. Hamp- shire CO. Va. 188 ms. n. w. W. C. Little Compton, p-t. Newport co. R. I. situated in the s. e. extremity of the co. and state, 30 ms. s. e. Providence. Soil, a deep, rich loam. Surface pleasantly diversified. 7 schools. Pop. 1830, 1,378. Little Falls, p-v. Herkimer co. N. Y. on the Mohawk, derives its name from the falls in the river at this place, which descend in the course of about a m., 42 feet. For about half a mile, it passes through a fissure in the rocks, which rise on each side 500 feet, and seem formerly to have been united, and to have constituted the barrier of a lake extend- ing far to the w. Here is a canal on the n. side of the r. round the falls, three quarters of a mile long, through an uncommonly hard rock. This canal is now connected with the Erie canal, on the opposite side of the r. by an aqueduct 170 feet long, and 30 above the stream. The Erie canal here descends 40 feet in 1 mile. The village of Little Falls stands on this canal, and is 72 ms. w. Alba- ny, and 22 e. Utica. It is the centre of 'one of the best grain and grazing districts in the state. It is large and well built. Ma- teriats for the erection of factories, &c. are on the premises in large quantities. No other place in the Union combines greater advan- tages for the economical and profitable opera- tion of all kinds of machinery. Pop. of tlie vil. 1832, 1,500. Little Flat Rock, p-o. Rush co. Ind. by p-r. 57 ms. s. e. by e. Indianopolis. LrrTj.E Gunpowder creek and p-o. eastern p!irt of Baltimore co. Md. by p-r. 16 ms. n. e. by E. Baltimore. Little Hockhocking, small stream and p-o. in the southwestern j)art of Washington CO. O. 7 ms. below Belpre, and by p-r. 104 ms. s. E. Columbus. Little Miami, r. of O., has its extreme sources in Clark co. interlocking with those of Mad r., and with those of Deer and Paint creek branches ofSciota, and flowing thence by comparative courses 120 ms. to the s. s. e. to its entrance into Ohio r. about 10 ms. by water above Cincinnati. The course of the Little Miami is very nearly parallel to that of Great Miami, ihe former deriving its princi- pal tributaries from the estrd. and draining great part of Green, Clinton, Warren, Cler- mont, with parts of Brown, Clark, and Ha- milton COS. Rising on a comparatively ele- vated tract, the fall is rapid, rendering this r. one of the best in O. for mills. Liptle Missoi'ri is the name of two small. LIT 260 LIT and from each other, distant rs. One is a branch of Mo., and the next of any conse- quence from the sthrd. below the Yellow Stone r. As laid down by Tanner, Little Mo. rises at lat. 45°, about 200 ms. s. w. of the Mandan villages, and has thence a course of N. N. E. 200 ms. nearly parallel to and about CO ins. distant from Yellow Stone r. Little Missouri is the name also of the principal wstrn. conllueiit of Ouachita r. The valley of this stream lies bel ween that of Oua- chita proper, and Red r. It drains part of Hempstead and Clark cos. Ark. LiTTLK Pedee, r. of N. and S. Carolina. (See Pedee and Lumber rs.) Little Piney, p-v. and st. jus. Crawford CO. Mo. by p-r. 97 ms. s. s. e. Jefferson City, and about an equal distance s. w. St. Louis. Little Piney cr. is an estrn. branch of Gasco- nade r. Little Plymouth, p-v. in the sthrn. part of King and Queen co. Va. by p-r. 56 ms. n. e. by E. Richmond. Little Red River, p-v. Pulaski co. Ark. 11 ms. wstrd. Little Rock. Little River, is a name given to numer- ous streams in the United States. Little r. one of the branches of Pedee. Little r. branch of Savannah r. which falls into its recipient, 30 ms. above Augusta, after hav- ing drained a part of Wilkes, Warren, Colum- bia and Lincoln cos. Geo. Little r. also in Geo., falls into Oconee from the wstrd., 12 ms. above Milledgeville. Little r. of Trigg and Christian cos. Ky., falling into Cumber- land r. below Cadiz. Little r. of the south, as it is there called, a small stream falling into Red r. from the wstrd. in the sthwstrn. angle of La. Red r. of the north another, and much more considerable branch of Red r., joining that stream between Sevier and Hempstead cos. Ark. Red r. of the north, is a stream of some size, having a comparative length of upwards of 100 ms. There are some other rivers bearing the same title, but of too little consequence to merit particular notice. The Ocatahoola r. La. is frequently in that country called Little r., above its lake and below the mouth of Dugdomony r. Little r. small r. of Montgomery co. Va. rises in the wstrn. vallies of the Blue Ridge, Little r. La. rises in the parishes of Clai- borne, and Ouachita, flows s. s. k. into Ra- pides parish and falls into Ocatahoola lake- The valley of Little River lies between those of Rt'd and Ouachita. Little r. of the north, rises in Texas, and flowing s. E. enters the Ter. of Ark. and falls into Red r. between Hempstead and Sevier cos., draining by its confluents the greatest part of Miller and Sevier cos. Little r. Ken. rises in Cliristian, flows into Trigg and falls into Cumberland r. below Cadiz. Little r. inlet, a small opening at the mouth of an inconsiderable creek of the At- lantic Ocean, but gaining importance from forming the limit on the Atlantic Ocean be- tween N. and S. Carolina. Little r. p-v. wstrn. part of Burke co. N. C. by p-r. 220 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. Little r. p-o. Marion co. Miss, about 110 ms. s. e. by e. Natchez. Little Rock, p-v. and st. jus. Pulaski co. and of the government Ark. Ter. situated on the right bank of Arkansas river, and about 120 ms. by land above the mouth of that stream. Lat. 34° 42', long. 15° 15' w. W. C. The course and distance between W. C. and Little Rock by a mercator's calculation, is s. 71° 10', w. 980 statute ms., the p-r. as stated on the p-o. list gives a distance of 1,111 ms. It was intended to give the name of Acro- polis to Little Rock, but the people of the country playfully called it by its present name from the enormous rocks in the vicinity. The site is a high rocky bluff on the right bank. Steamboats are safely navigated thus high, about 300 ms. from the Miss, by the bends of Ark. r. Little Sandusky, p-v. nthrn. part of Craw- ford CO. O. by p-r. 71 ms. nthrds. Columbus. Little Sandy, p-v. on Little Sandy r. in the sthrn. part Greenup co. Ky. by p-r. 132 ms. a little N. of E. Frankfort. The p-o. is at the salt works, 20 ms. above the mouth of Little Sandy at Greenupsburg. Littleton, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. on Conn, r. at the Fifteen Mile falls, 18 ms. below Lan- caster, 30 from Haverhill corner, 100 n. Con- cord. Timbered with sugar maple, beech. and flowing to the n. w. about 25 nis. com- birch, bass, &,c. Amonoosuck r. waters the parative course, falls into New r., 12 ms. s. w by w. Christiansburg. Little r. S. C. rises on the border between Anderson and Abbeville dists., between the Saluda and Savannah rs., and flowing sthrd. drains by its confluents, the central and lar- ger part of Abbeville, and falling into Savan- nah r. opposite Lincoln co. Geo. Little r. p-v. or p-o. on Little r. Henry dist. S, C. 120 ms. n. e. Charleston, and by p-r. 179 ms. e. Columbia. Little r, Geo. rising by numerous branch- es between Ockmulgee and Oconee rs., and draining part of Morgan, Jasper, Jones, Put- s. part, on which, in this town, is the pleasant village of Glynville, where there are falls. Pop. 1830, 1,433. Littleton, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 28 ms. N. w. Boston, 10 N. w. Concord. Pop. 1830, 947. Littleton, p-v. Sussex co. Va. by p-r. 36 ins. sthrd. Richmond. LittletoiV, p-v. Warren co. N. C. by p-r. 67 ms. N. N. E. Raleigh. Little Valley, p-t. Cataraugus co. N. Y. on the Alleghany r., 12 ms. s. w. EUicottville. Land in general of a superior quality, mode- rately uneven, timbered with hickory, oak. nam and Baldwin, falls into Oconee r. be- chesnut, &.c. Pop. 1830, 336. tween the two latter cos. ; Little Yadkin, p-v. in the nthwstrn. part LIV 261 LOD by of Stokes CO. N. C. by p-r. 167 ms. n. vv w. Raleigh. LiTTi.K. Yadkin, r. N. C and one of the wstrn. confluents of (Ji>'at Yadkin, rises in Iredell co. most of which it drains, having its remote sources within 3 ms. from Great Ca- tauba, thougii flowing from it estrdly. toward the Yadkin over Iredell and Rowan cos. Little York, p-v. Hardin co. Ky. eth- wstrd. Frankfort. LiTTi-E York, p-v. nthestrn. part Montgo- mery CO. O. by p-r. 71 nis. wstrd. Columbus. LiVERMoiiE, p-t. Oxford CO. IMe. on the Androscoggin, 18 ms. n. e. Paris, 78 from Portland. Pop. 1830, 2,453. LiVEHMORE, p-v. Westmoreland co. Pa. 22 ms. s. E. Pittsburg, and by p-r. 172 ms. w, llarrisburg. LivEiirooL, p-v. on the right bank of Sus- quehannah r. in the nthestrn. part of Perry CO. Pa. 29 ms. n. Harrisburg. Liverpool, p-v. Medina co. O. by p-r. 124 ms. N. E. Columbus. Liverpool, p-v. Yazoo co. Miss, about 20 ms. N. N. E. Natchez. Livingston, co. N. Y., situated on Genesee r. boimded n. by Genesee and Munroe cos., E. by Munroo and Ontario cos., s. by Steuben and Alleghany cos., w. by Alleghany and Ge- nesee COS. ; containing 460 sq. ms. or 294, 400 acres. Watered by Genesee r. on the w., Canasaraga and Cashque creeks s., ilo- neoye creek &c. e. and n. Surface a pleasing variety. Limestone and clay slate abound. Soil a good variety. Iron ore is found al- most every where, not in beds, but in lumps, in the soil or subsoil . Chief town, Geneseo. Pop. 1820, 19,196, 1830, 27,719. Livingston, p-t. Columbia co. N. Y. on the Hudson, 12 ms. below Hudson. Pop. 1830, 2,087. Livingston, t. Essex co. N. J. adjoins Pas- saik river, 54 ms. n. e. Trenton. Pop. 1830, 1,150. Livingston, co. Ky. bounded n. e. by Trade- water r. separating it from Union, e. by Hopkins, s. e. by Caldwell, s. w. by Ten. r. separating it from McCracken, by O. r. sepa- rating it from Posey co. II. w., and again by O. r. separating it from Gallatin II. n. ; length from N. E. to s. w. 40 ms. ; mean width 20, and area 800 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 04' to 36° 30', and in long. 10° 52' to 11° 35' w. from W. C. In a navigable point of view this county is in a peculiar manner ad- vantageously placed, beside Ten., Ohio, and Trade water rs. by which it is bounded. Cum- berland r. traverses the sthrn. part falling into O. at Smithland. The surface of the CO. is mostly level or moderately hilly, with fertile soil. Chief t. Salem. Pop. 1820, 5,824,1830,5,971. Livingston, p.v. and st. jus. Madison co. Miss., N. N. E. from Natchez. Livonia, p-t. Livingston co. N. Y. 8 ms. e. Geneseo. Land pretty good. Contains some small streams. 12 schools, kept 9 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 2,665. Livonia, p-v. Washington co. Ind. by p-r. 103 ms. s. Indianopolis. Lloyd's, p-o. Essex co. Va., by p-r. 84 ms. N. e. Richmond. Loch Rauza, p-v. Montgomery co. Ala. by p-r. 82 ms. s. e. Tuscaloosa. Locke, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y. 21 ms. s. s. E. Auburn, 152 w. Albany. Excellent land, handsomely diversified with easy swells, hill and dale, and extensive alluvial flats. Well watered with springs and brooks. 13 schools kept 6 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 3,3 lO, LocKPoiiT, p-t. and st. jus. of Niagara co. one of the results of the Erie canal, 31 ms. by that canal n. k. Buflalo, at the e. extremi- ty of the Buflalo level, 20 ms. e. Lewiston, 63 v/. Rochester. When the route of the canal was established in 1821, this place was a wilderness. It is now a large and flourish- ing town I The canal here descends tiic ter- race called the Mountain ridge, or Ontario Heights, by 5 double locks, each of 12 feet descent, to the Genesee level. These locks being double, one line of boats can ascend while another descends. Above the locks, the canal is cut through rock to the depth of 20 ft. for the distance of 3 ms. The Genesee level extends eastward from this place to the distance of 65 ms. The locks ai. Lockport are the only ones from lake Erie to Genesee which by the canal route is a distance of 96 ms. The descent of the canal down the Mountain ridge at this place, is truly a line spectacle. This is the same ridge over which roll the thundering torrents of Niagara, constituting the Niagara falls. Pop. 1830, 1,801. Lock's, village, and p-o. Franklin co. Miss, about 25 ms. e. from Natchez, and by p-r. 86 from Jackson. Locust, r. Ten. the nthestrn. branch of Black Warrior, rising from the table land be- tween the basins of Mobile and Ten., and within 15 ms. from the great bend of the lat- ter, where it traverses Cumberland mtns., draining the estrn. part of Blount and five sixths of Jefferson cos., and flowing to the s. w. by comparative courses 75 ms. it joins the Mulberry to form the Black Warrior. {See Mulberry r.) Locus r, cr. p-o. formerly Chinquipin Grove, Louisa CO. Va. 101 ms. s. w. W. C. Locust Dale, p-v. Culpepper co. Va. by p-r. 86 ms.s. w. W. C. Locust Grove, p-o. Orange co. Va. by p-r. 81 ms. s. w. W. C. Locust Grove, p-o. Perry co. Ten. by p-r. 99 ms. s. vv. by w. Nashville. Locust Hill, p-o. Butler co. Ala. by p-r. 160 ms. s. e. Tuscaloosa. Locust Siiadi!:, p-o. Overton co. Ten. by p-r. 81 ms. N. E. by e. Nashville. Loni, t. Bergen co. N. J. between the Hac- kcnsack and Passaic rs., s. of New Barbadoos and Saddle r. Pop. 1830, 1,356. LoDi, p-v. Abbeville dist. S. C. by p-r. 86 ms. N. w. by w. Columbia. LoDi, p-v. Washtcnau co. JMich. by p-r. 47 ms. w. Detroit. LON 262 LON LoDiMoNT, p-v. wstrn. part of Abbeville dist. S.C. Logan, p-v. Centre co. Pa. by p-r. 92 ms. wstrd. Harrisburg. Logan, co. Va. bounded n. w. by Cabell, n. by Kenhawa, n. e. by New r. or Great Kenha- wa, separating it from Nicholas and Green- briar, E. by the Great Flat Top mountain, separating it from Giles, w. by the estrn. branch of Sandy r. separating it from Floyds CO. Ky., and s. by Tazewell. Length 70, mean breadth 55, and area 3,850 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 36° 13' to 37° 10', and in long, from 3° 50' to 5° 22' w. W. C. The surface of this very broken and extensive co. is from the Great Flat Top mtn. to n. n. w., beside Great Kenhawa and Sandy rs. Logan is drained by Guyandot and Coal rs. Chief t. Logan. Pop. 1830, 3,680. Logan, C. H. and p-o. Logan co. Va. by p-r. 338 ms. w. Richmond. Logan, co. Ken. bounded by Todd w., Muhlenburg n. w., Butler n., Wayne e., Simpson s. E., and Robertson co. "Ten. s. Length 30, mean breadth 20, and area 600 sq. ms. Extending-in lat. from 36° 36' to 37° 02', and in long, from 9° 33' to 10° 03' w. W. C. Logan occupies a part of the table land be- tween the vallies of Cumberland and Green rs. From the sthrn. section flow the nthrn. branches of Red river of Cumberland, and from the nthrn. part flow creeks towards the N. into Green r. Chief town, Russellville. Pop. 1820, 14,423, 1830, 13,012. Logan, co. Ohio, bounded s. by Champaign, w. Shelby, n. w. Allen, n. Hardin, and e. Union, lat. 40° 25', long. 6° 45' w., slope southward and principally drained by Sandy creek branch of Great Miami and the sources of Mad river. Chief town, Bellefontaine. Pop. 1830, 6,440. Logan, p-v. and st. jus. Hocking co. Ohio, by p-r. 47 ms.s. e. Columbus. It is situated on Hockhocking river, near the northeastern angle of the co., lat. 39° 33', long. W. C. 5° 24' w. Pop. 1830, 97. LoGANsPORT, p-v. and st. jus. Cass co. Ind. by p-r. 113 ms. a little w. of n. Indianopolis. It is situated at the junction of the main Wabash with Eel r., lat. 40° 45', long. W. C. 9° 20' w. LoGANviLLE, p-v. York CO. Pa. by p-r. 89 ms. northward W. C. Log House Landing, p-o. southern part of Beaufort co. N. C. by p-r. 170 ms. a little s. of E. Raleigh. Log Lick, p-o. eastern part of Clark co. Ky. by p-r. 51 ms. s. e. by e. Frankfort. LoMBARDY, p-v. Amelia co. Virginia, by p-r. 50 ms. s. w. Richmond. LoMBARDY, p-v. Columbia co. Geo. by p-r. 64 ms. N. E. by e. Milledgeville. LoMBARDY Grove, p-o. Mecklcnberg co. Virginia, by p-r. 81 ms. s. w. Richmond. London, p-v. formerly Hazel Patch, st. jus. Laurel co. Ky. by p-r. 102 ms. s. e. Frankfort London, p-v. and st. jus. Madison co. Ohiot by p-r. 27 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus, lat. 39° 50', long. 6° 28' w. Pop. 1830, 249. London Bridge, p-v. in the northeastern part of Princess Ann co. Va. 15 ms. a little n. of E. Norfolk, and 8 ms. s. w. Cape Henry. London Grove, post tsp. Chester co. Pa. between New Garden and Oxford. Thep-o. is about 40 ms. s. w. by w. from Phila. Londonderry, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 15 ms. N. Haverhill, Mass., 35 s. w. Ports, mouth, 25 s. Concord. It is a valuable agri- cultural township, and contains an academy, with a fund of $14,000, the donation of Maj. John Pinkerton, after whom the academy is named. This town is celebrated for the lon- gevity of its inhabitants. Population 1830, 1,467. Londonderry, p-t. Windham co. Vt. 30 ms. N. E. Bennington, 27 s. w. Windsor. Watered by West and Winhall rivers, Utley brook and another considerable mill stream. Mill priv. ileges are numerous. Contains a bed of very fine clay, two villages, and 9 school districts. Pop. 1830, 1,302. Londonderry, p-v. Guernsey co. O. by p-r. 102 ms. eastward Columbus. Pop. 1830, 54. Long Bottom, p-v. Meigs co. Ohio, by p-r. 102 ms. s. E. Columbus. Longbranch, Monmouth co. N. J. The sea shore about 6 ms. s. of Shrewsberry river, a place of great resort for sea bathing and fishing, having several large and well kept boarding houses, 30 ms. s. New York. Long Creek Bridge, and p-o. New Hano- ver CO. N. C. by p-r. 128 ms. s. e. Raleigh. Long Falls Creek, and p-o. Daviess co. Ky. by p-r. 165 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. Long Hollow, p-o. Sumner co. Ten. by p-r. 14 ms. n. e. Nashville. Long Island, N. Y. extends from the narrows, below New York city, in an easter- ly direction, 140 ms.to Montaidi Point. Aver- age width 10 ms. Contains 1,400 square ms. Divided into 3 counties. Kings, Queens, and SuflTolk. It belongs wholly to the state of N. Y. Bounded s. by the Atlantic, separated from the continent on the n. by Long Island Sound, and East river. Much indented witli bays. There is a rocky ridge denominated the spine of Long Island, extending from the w, end to River Head, the highest point of which is 319 feet above the level of the tide, situated in N. Hempstead. Land on the n. side of this ridge, rough and hilly, on the s. side level and sandy. W^aters stored with a vast abundance and variety of fish, and the island has long been celebrated for its wild fowl, and various forest game. A beach of sand and stones runs along the s. side of the island 100 ms. with various inlets, admitting vessels of 60 or 70 tons. The long narrow bay formed by the beach is in the widest pla- ces 3 ms. broad. Long Island Sound, an inland sea, from 3 to 25 ms. broad, and about 140 long, divi- It is situated on a tributary of Rock Castle, ding Long Island from Conn. It comnnmi- branch of Cumberland r., lat. 37° 13', long, cates wiih the ocean at the n. end, and -with 6°56' w. Pop. 1830, 15. ' LOS 263 LOU N. York harbor at the a. and affords a very safe and convenient passage. Long Lick, p-o. Scott co. Ky., 23 me. estrd. Frankfort. Long Meadow, p.t. Hampden co. Mass., E. Conn, r., 6 ms. s. Springfield, 97 s. w. Bos- ton; beautifully situated; soil fine. Pop. -1830, 1,257. LoNGMiEs, Store and p-o. Edgefield dist. S. C, 76 ms. s. w. by w. Columbia. Long Old Fields, p-o. Prince George's CO, Md., 14 ms. estrd. W. C, and 26 wstrd. Annapolis. Long Pond, Me. chiefly in Bridgetown, 10 ms. long and 1 broad, connected by Sungo r. with Sebago lake. Long Pond, lake on the line between N. Y. and N. J., principally in the former; dis-jthe Blue Ridge separating it from Frederick charges through Long pond and Pompten rs. w. ; and Jefferson n. w ; and by Potomac r. Lost r., p-o. on Lost r., estrn. part of Hardy CO. Va., by p-r. 130 ms. w. W. C. Lott's mills and p-o., Copiah co. Miss, about 75 ms. n. e. Natchez, and 39 a. Jack> son. LoTTSviLLE, p-v. Warren co. Pa., by p-r. 235 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. Loudon, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H., 7 ms is. E. Concord ; furnished with valuable mill privileges by Soucook r. ; timbered with su- gar maple, beech, pine, oak, and chestnut. Pop. 1830,1,642. Loudon, p-v. in the wstrn. part of Franklin CO. Pa., 15 ms. a little s. of w. Chambersburg, and 63 s. w. by w. Harrisburg. Loudon, co. Va., bounded s. e. by Fairfax ; s. by Prince William ; s. w. by Fauquier ; by into the Passaic. Long Prairie, p-o. Hempstead co. Ark., by p-r. 175 ms. s. w. Little Rock. Long Run, p-o. Jefferson co. Ken., by p-r. 25 ms. w. Frankfort, and about 17 E. Louis- ville. Long's Bridge, and p-o. Hancock co. Geo., 10 ms. N. E. Milledgeville. Long's Mills, and p-o. Orange co. N. C, by p-r. 81 ms. n. w. Raleigh. Long Street, p-v. Moore co. N. C. Long Street, p-v. Lancaster dist. S. C, by p-r. 64 ms. n. n. e. Columbia. Long Swamp, p-tsp. Berks co.Pa., situated on the head waters of Little Lehigh. The p-o. is 18 ms. N. E. Reading. Longtown, p-v. Davidson co. N. C, by p-r. 152 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. LoNGWooD, p-v. Albemarle co. Va., by p-r. 86 ms. N. w by w. Richmond, and 151 ms. s. w. W. C. Loop, p-v. Logan co. Va., by p-r. 320 ms. s. w. by w. J w. W. C. Lorain, co. O., bounded n. e. by Cuyahoga CO. ; E. Medina ; s. e. Wayne ; s. w. Rich- land ; W.Huron, and n. lake Erie. From s. to N. 40 ms., mean breadth 15, and area 600 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 15', long. 5° 10' w. Slope almost due n. and drained by Black r. and some smaller streams. Chief t. Elyria. Pop. 1830, 5,686. LoRENz, Store and p-o. Lewis co. Va., by p-r. 261 ms. w. W. C. Loretto, p-v. Cambria co. Pa., 7 ms. n. e. Ebensburg, 75 ms. estrd. Pittsburg, and by p-r. 116 ms. N, w. by w. Harrisburg. Lorraine, p-t. Jefferson co. N. Y., 16 ms s. w. Watertown, 150 w. n. w. Albany, 9 e. lake Ontario. Healthy, and well watered by a number of small creeks, of a tolerable size for mill streams, and a great variety of small springs and rivulets. Pop. 1830, 1,727. Lorretto, p-v. Essex co. Va., by p-r. 81 ms. N. E. Richmond. separating it from Frederick co. in Md. n. ; and Montgomery co. Md. n. e. Length from to N. w. 22, mean breadth 21, and area 462 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 38° 49' to 39° 18' N., and in long. 0°, 20' to 0° 54' w. W. C. The declivity of this co. is to the n. e. towards the Potomac ; surface broken and even in part mountainous ; much of the soil excellent. Chief t. Leesburg. Pop. 1820, 22,702 ; 1830, 21,939. LouDONviLLE, p.v. Richland co. O., by p-r. 67 ms. N. E. Columbus. Louisa, co. Va., bounded by Hanover s. e. ; Goochland s. ; Fluvanna s. w. ; Albemarle w. ; Orange n. ; and Spottsylvania n. e. Length 36, mean breadth 16, and area 576 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 37° 45' to 38° 6', and in long. 0° 48' to 1° 28' w. W. C. The declivity of this co. is towards the s. e., down which flow numerous branches of N. and S. Annanvers. Chief t. Louisa C. H. Pop. 1820,13,746; 1830, 16,151. Louisa, p-v. and st. jus., Lawrence co. Ky., by p-r. 127 ms. e. Frankfort ; lat. 38° 12', long. 6° w. Pop. 1830, 87. Louisa, usually called Louisa C. H., p-v. and St. jus., Louisa co. Va., by p-r. 110 ms. s. w.W. C, and 54 ms. n. w. Richmond; and on Tanner's map U.S. exactly on the intersec- tion of lat. 38° and 1° w. W. C. Louisburgh, p-v. and st. jus., Franklin co. N. C, 30 ms. N. N. E. Raleigh ; lat. 36° 06', long. 1° 18'. Louisiana, state of the U. S., bounded s. by the Gulf of Mexico ; e. and n. e. by the state of Miss. ; n. w. by the tor. of Ark. ; and w. by the Mexican province of Texas. Lou- isiana, without including the partial indenta- tions of the coast, extends along the Gulf of Mexico 400 ms. ; up Sabine r. from the mouth of that stream, to where intersected by n. lat. 32°, 190 ms. ; thence along one degree of lat. 32° to 33°, 69i ms. ; thence due e. along lat. 33°, to the right bank of Miss. r. 168 ms. Lost Prairie, p-o. Lafayette co. Aik , by thence down the latter r. to where it is cros- p-r. 152 ms. s. w. Little Rock. | sed by lat. 31°, 220 ms. ; thence along lat. Lost r., local name of the higher part of; 31° from the Miss, to Pearl r. 105 ms. ; Great Cacopon r. of Va. i thence down Pearl r. to the mouth, 60 ms. ; I having an entire outline of 8124 ms. The LOU 264 LOU longest line that can be drawn over La., is a diagonal from the s. pass of Miss, to the n. w. angle, 380 ms., and the area being 48,320 sq. ms., the mean breadth is about 127 ms. In lat. this state extends 28° 56' to 33°, and in long. 11° 55' to 17° 25' w. W. C. In regard to natural features, and to the intrinsic quali- ties of soil. La. is divisible into four distinct sections. The Delta, is the first which is in- definitely connected with the great prairies of Attacapas and Opelousas. The latter is followed by the immense pine and oak forests of the nrthwstrn. part of the state. The fourth, though the least extensive, is in many respects the most interesting section of La. ; that is the fine slope formerly part of west Florida, between the Pearl and Miss, rs., and s. of lat. 31°. In a general view, the Miss. r. is the most conspicuous and important feature in the to pography of La. By a very winding cliannel, that great river forms a boundary between the states of Miss, and La. between lat. 31° and 33°, but below the former lat. enters entirely into La. Assuming a course of a little e. of s. B., but still with a very sinuous channel, the Miss, winds over La., embracing by its numerous inlets or mouths, an alluvial region, to which in nature, and even in outline, the name of Delta is not unaptly applied. Between lat. 31° and 33°, the general course of the Miss, is along the bluffs, or wstrn. margin of a comparative table land. Here it receives numerous small streams from the left, whilst on the right stretches a narrow, annually inundated tract. When swelled by spring floods, the superabundant water of the Miss, flows out by innumerable channels, which are discharged into the Ten- S3W, Black, and Red rs., and by the latter borne back into the main stream. But, as if disdaining to receive into its bosom the re- jected water, less than Ij mile below the mouth of Red r., the Atchafalaya is dischar- ged to the left, forming the upper mouth of the Miss. ; below which on that side, the ad- jacent surface of the land being lower than that of the surcharged r., all water which es- capes from the main stream returns to it no more, but slowly seeks a recipient in the Gulf of Mexico. On the cstrn. or left, the blufis are continued on or near the Miss, to a few ms. below Baton Rouge, where the out- let of Iberville terminates high land, and com- mences the Delta on that side also. If we regard the efflux of Atchafalaya, as its head, and the Gulf of Mexico as its base, the Delta stretches over two degrees of lat. and three degrees of long. The utmost length from the outlet of the Atchafalaya, to the mouths of the Miss., 220 ms. Its widest part from the Point Timballier to the Pass of Mahchar, between lakes Pontcharfrain and Maurapas, 100 ms. The breadth, however, varies from ten miles to the utmost width. From the generally well defined outlme, the limits of the Delta are distinct ; but from the great indentations oi that outline, the area is difiicuk to estimate accurately, but amounts to at least the one fourth of the state, or 12,000 sq. ms. The lower, or sthrn. and sthestrn. part of the Delta, is with very trifling exceptions sea marsh, naked of timber, and flooded with every flow of the tide, and with very few spots or strips of arable soil. Advancing nrthwstrdly. up the streams, the surface very slowly rises, and the arable borders along the rivers increase in width, and become more continuous. The unwooded sea marsh is followed by a dense forest, but which stands on a plain in a great part annually inundated by the spring floods of the Mies., Ouachitta, and Red rs. The very gradual and trifling acclivity of the Delta, is demonstrated by the fact, that in autumn, when the rivers are re- duced to their lowest level, the tides of only about two feel mean height, are sensible in Atchafalaya and Iberville. I have myself seen the current of the former flowing into the Miss. West from the Delta, the sea marsh is continued, and the prairie or grassy plains rise from the great forest overflow of Atcha- falaya. The acclivity from the sea marsh of Opelousas and Attacapas is so much more abrupt as to raise the surface of the prairies above annual overflow, but even here the rise is very gradual and so small as to admit the tides in autumn, as high as Lemcll's landing, on Courtableau river. From actual observation I doubt whether a single spot of southwestern La. below lat. 31° is elevated 50 feet above high tide ; the far greater part is, I am confident, under ten feet comparative elevation. The surface of the prairies of La. has been very greatly overrated, and these plains have also been confounded with the sea marsh. Though contiguous, and similar in the single feature of being void of timber, in all other respects these two sections differ from each. The prairies though approaching a dead level, are composed of solid, and arable soil. If an eye sufficiently elevated could scan the whole surfiice from the Gulf of Mexico to the forests of Red and Sabine rivers, the streams would be seen issuing from those forests and carrying lines of woods along their banks, and which wooded borders grad- ually narrowing would terminate at diflerent distances from the sea coast, in most cases about the line of separation between the Prai- rie and sea marsh, small wooded spots isola- ted from the great forest would be seen dot- ted along the sea marsh, the timber of which composed in part of live oak retaining leaf throughout the winter. But on the sea mar- gin of the Sabineand Calcasire, even the live oak ceases, and the great grassy marsh ex- pands. The western sea marsh of La. may be re- garded as extending from the Atchafalaya to the Sabine 160 ms., the mean breadth about 25, and area 4,000 square ms. The prairie section reaches from the junction of Teche and LOU 265 LOU Atchafalaya, to the Sabine, 160 ma. along the sea marsh, but lies in form of a triangle, the apex at the head waters of Mumentan, jjcr- pendicuhir 60 ms. and area 4,800 square ms. In the latter superficies arc, however, inchided large bodies of woods ; the real prairie does not exceed the sea marsh in extent, and the aggregate of both may be safely assumed at 8,000 square ms. Lying northward from the prairies of Ope- lousas, and westward of the inundated mar- gin near the Miss, spreads what may, from its prevailing timber, be called the pine section of La. This extensive region, embracing about 24,000 square ms. is watered by Oua- (^hitta. Red, Calcasin and Sabine rivers. The surface considerably broken into hills, though of moderate elevation. In this tract some rocks and even water falls appear. The low grounds near streams are clothed with various species of oaks, elms, hickory, sweet gum, honey, locust, and cypress, but leaving the water courses, pine prevails to such an extent, that from five to twenty ms. may be travelled over in one unbroken pine forest. The river soil on Red and Ouachitta, gener- ally productive ; fertile water margins occur in other places, but the general character of the soil is sterility. The fourth and least extensive natural sec- tion of La. is that of the former W. Florida. In general character, the latter bears a very exact resemblance to that of the northwest. Pine becomes again so much the prevailing timber, that at least nine parts in ten of the whole surface is covered with this tree. The arable soil is on or near the streams and con- fined in extent Taken as a whole. La. is composed of in- undated and noninundated land. The tract of soil liable to annual submersion, is narrow above Red river, but widening below that stream, expands like a fan, and finally em- braces the whole gulf border. What soil is of adequate elevation for culiivation within the inundated region, is of the very best quali- ty, and towards the gulf, the climate admits the very profitable growth of sugar cane. The Gulf's grassy border is followed in- land by a forest which, from the peculiar na- ture of the soil, must remain many ages but partially disturbed. Of forest, in point of rel- ative quantity, pine, oak, sweet gum, and hickory predominates, but admixed with an indefinite number of other trees, such as ma- ple, liriodendron, cypress, black gum, ash, persimon, black walnut, honey, locust, elm, dog wood, &c. On the margin of overflow, immense brakes of reed cane rise amid the forest, but this gigantic grass, contrary to common opinion, never flourishes where the surface is liable to periodical submersion. Where the cane abounds, so do various spe- cies of grape vine and smilax, rendering those forests most difficult to penetrate. Below lat. of supporting the inundations longer than the reed cane, cannot, however, exist where the ground is liable to deep and annual overflow. In the latter case indeed the ground produ- COS few weeds and the lofty trees are the only vegetables of any consequence which rise from the saturated earth. Climate andsrasons. — In a country whore the extremes of latitude are only 4 degrees, and those of height perhaps less than two hundred feef, it might be supposed that very little difference of seasons, would be percept- ible, but with both these causes of equality, the mean and extreme temperature of the Delta, and that of the northwestern section- differs far beyond what could be expected. The relative temperature is more decisively shown by indigenous vegetables than by observations made with a thermometer. Amongst those vegetable indicia the live oak affords the most conclusive data. This tree is found to abound most in the lower part of the Delta, and to decrease ascending to the N. w. It would appear from places where this tree flourishes, that its existence must depend more on the relative tempera- ture than on soil. From the bay of Mobile westward to the Teche, the live oak is limi. ted northward by n. latitude 30° 25' very nearly. Passing the Teche, where the north- western winds have free access over the prairies, live oak ceases in great part above lat. 30°, and on the Calcasin and Sabine does not exist. On the Atlantic coast of the U. S. the live oak is found as far n. as 34°. The cultivation of sugar cane ceases in Louisiana at about n. lat. 30° 10', but tm the Atlantic coast can be made a profitable crop two degrees higher. Similar remarks apply to the orange tree and some other exotic trees, which are restricted on the Delta of the Miss, (ind contiguous places between two and three degrees lower than on the Atlantic coast. At Natchez, lat. 31° 33' the thermometer has fallen to 12° above the zero of Fah't. I have myself seen the creeks and ponds of La. at New Orleans, frozen, and once, Janua- ry 1812, saw snow at Opelousas 11 inches deep. These phenomena are rare, but their occurrence exhibits a severity of climate much greater than is experienced on similar latitudes along the Atlantic ocean. In regard to staple productions, sugar and rice in La. will, it is probable, be always re- stricted to the lower sections, whilst cotton can be cultivated over the whole surface, as may be maize, tobacco, and indigo. Of fruit trees, the peach and fig are those which seem most congenial to the climate. The apple can be cultivated, but not to advan- tage : the cherry is utterly unproductive. The latter circumstance is the more curious as the wild cherry tree grows to the size and elevation of a forest tree of large magnitude. 31° and on land partially liable to overflow, jnol unfrequently of 50 or 60 feet shaft, and are extensive brakes of palmetto, or dwarfl from 2 to 3 feet diameter. palm. The latter vegetable, though capable j If we assume New Orleans as a siaiiouary 34 ' LOU 266 LOU point, and allow a mean temperature of 60° Uhe senators of the first class, shall be vacated Fah't. probably rather too high, we have a at the expiration of the second year, & of the temperature very nearly similar to that of second class at the expiration of the fourth Charleston, S. C. {See the latter article.) By recurring to Dr. Lovell's tables of rela- tive mean temperature, & comparing the mean range of thermometer at Cantonment Jessup, on the Sabine, Baton Rouge, Pensacola, Taw- pa Bay, St. Augustine and Charleston, we find the curious result, that the lowest de- pression at Cantonment Jessup was plus 7, year ; so that a rotation shall be chosen every year, and one half thereby be kept up perpet- ually. No person shall be a senator, who, at the time of his election, is not a citizen of the United States, and who hath not attained the age of 27 years, resided in this state four years, next preceding his election, and one year in the district in which he may be Baton Rouge plus 18, Pensacola plus 11, and I chosen at Charleston plus 19°. In brief, combining! No person shall be a representative, who, vegetable physiology with the thermometri cal results, the seasons of Charleston, lat 32° 42', are milder than at New Orleans, lat. 30°. Political Geography. — For civil or munici- pal purposes Louisiana is subdivided as fol- lows : — Parishes. Ascension, Assumption, Avoyelles, Catahoola, ClBiborne, Concordia, East Baton Rougp, East Filiciana, Iberville, Jetlerson, Lafayette, Lafourche Interior, Natchitoches, Orleans, Plaquerninee, Point Coupee, Rapides, St. Bernard, St. Charlea, St. Helena, St Jamea, St. John Bafilisl, St. Landry, St. Martins, St. Mary's, St. Tammany, Torre Bonne, Washitau, West Baton Rouge, W. Feliciana, Was-hington, Chief Towns. Pop. 1830. Donaklsonville, Assumption, Marksville, Concordia, Baton Rouge, Jackson, Iberville, Thibadeauxville, Natchitoclies, New Orleans, Plaqneniines, Point Coupee, Alexandria, St. Helena, Bringier'B, Dubouy's, St. Landry, St. Martinvilie, Dutch SflllcuiCnt, Covington, Monroe, Mt. Pleasant, St. Francisville, Fraiiklinton, 5,426 5,66S at the time of his election, is not a free white male citizen of the United States, and hath not attained the age of 21 years, and resided in the state two years next preceding his elec- tion, and the last year thereof in the county of which he may be chosen, and who must hold landed property to the value of 500 dollars, according to the tax list in the county or dis- trict for which he is chosen. The supreme executive power is lodged in 3,484 the hands of a governor, chosen for 4 years, 2,581 and ineligible for the succeeding 4 years af- l>764 ter the expiration of the time for which he 4,662 ghall have been elected. He shall be at 6,698 8,247 7,049 6,846 5,653 5,503 7,905 49,838 4,489 5,936 7,575 3,3 Tot.n Of the above, 109,600 are slaves. least 35 years of age, and a citizen of the United States, and have been an inhabitant of this state, at least six years preceding his election, and shall hold in his own right a landed estate of $5,000 value, agreeably to the tax list. No member of congress, or per- son holding any office under the United States, or minister of any religious society, shall be eligible to the office of governor. The general powers of the governor of La. in extent and limitation, are very similar to 147 those of the president of the United States. 4,028 1 The judiciary power is vested in a supreme and inferior courts The supreme court hav. ing appellate jurisdiction only, extending to all civil cases where the matter in dispute shall exceed the sum of .^300. The supreme court shall consist of not less than three judges, nor more than five ; the majority of whom shall form a quorum. The legislature is authorised to establish such inferior courts as may be convenient to the administration of justice. The judges, both of the supreme and infe- rior courts, shall hold their ofiices during good behavior. Removeable by address of both houses of the legislature, orby impcach- 7,646 5,677 12,591 7,205 6,442 2,864 2,121 6,140 .3,084 8,629 2,286 215,541 Principal towns. — The only city of conse- mcnt by the lower house before the senate. quence, is New Orleans, which see. Donald sonville, Baton Rouge, St. Martins, St. Lan- dry, Alexandria, and Natchitoches, are small villages, which will be found noticed under their respective heads. Donaldsonville is at present the seat of legislation. Constitution of government. — The legisla- and in both cases a concurrence of two thirds requisite for removal or conviction. To enjoy the right of suffrage, it is requi- site, to be a free white male citizen of the United States, to have attained the age of 21 years, resided in the county where he offers to vote, one year next preceding the election. live power is vested in a senate and house of. and witliin the last six months prior to the representatives. To be eligible to the senate said election, have paid a state tax. demands a landed estate, in full right of I No person, while he continues to exercise $1,000. The members of the senate shall the functions ofa clergyman, priest, or teacher be chosen for the term of 4 years. Senators of any religious persuasion, society, or sect, divided by lot into two classes ; the seats of' shall be eligible to the general assembly, or LOU 267 LOV to any office of profit or trust under this state. I has been regular thougli not comparatively Historij. — The term Louisiana, once so rapid. comprc'lieiisive, including all Arkansas, Mis- souri, the undefined regions on the waters of Miss, and the region now included, under the name of La. was imposed by the French in honor of Louis XIV. Confining therefore this brief notice to the state to which the name is now exclusively appropriated, we may observe that M. de la Salle, a French of- ficer, made its first known civilized dicovery, in 1G83. In 1699 M. d'lbervUle laid the foundation of the first French colony. The local knowledge of the country was so defec- tive, that the first settlements were very in- judiciously made along the barren coast east and west from Mobile, and so slow was the advance, thai in 1712, the inhabitants amount- ed to only 400 whites, and 20 negroes. Hitherto a royal colony, in 1712 La. was ceded to Crozet, who after abortively expend- ing large sums, in 1717 surrendered the gov- ernment tq the Miss, company. In the latter year the permanent base of the colony was laid by the foundation of New Orleans. Un- derthe Miss, company La. flourished, though ultimately ruinous to the company itself, who in 1731, ceded their powers to the crown. Again a royal colony. La. slowly augmented in population and wealth, but until its cession to Spain by France, in 1762, and its being ta- ken into actual possession by the former in 17G9, the colony afforded no important mat ter for history. France after her cession of La. regretted the step, and by a sncret treaty with Spain, signed Oct. 1st, 1800, La. was receded to her former parents. Tiie reacquisition of the colony availed nothiiii:; to France in the ac- complishment of its original intention, but it enabled her to negociate a sale to the United States in consideration of 60,000,000 of francs. These negociations were consumma- ted April, 1803. In the following December, the Spanish commissioners transferred the country to France ; the authorities of the latter duly transferred it to the United States. By an act of Congress, passed March, 1804, La. was definitively subdivided ; tiie northern part above lat. 31° was named " 7'lie Territory of Miss." the lower section, " The Terrilori) of Orleans." The latter in 1811 was authorised to form a constitution of gov- ernment, and that part of West Florida, west of Pearl river, subsequently annexed. Thus bounded as noticed in the first part of this ar- ticle. La. in 1812, was formally received into the Union as a sovereign state. A powerful British fleet and army invaded La. December, 1814, but after some par- tial actions, the army was utterly defeated, January 8th, 1815, and the seige of New Or- leans raised. This event gave to La. a classic interest in the history of the United States, and left her to the peaceable pursuit of the arts of social life, and the cultivation of her soil. The progressive population of this state. In 1810, the inhabitants amounted to 86,000 1820, . . . 153,000 1830, - - - 215,541 Louisiana, p-v. on the right bank of the Miss, at the mouth of Salt r. Pike co. Mo. 12 ms. N. E. Bowling Green, and 90 ms.N. n. w. St. Louis. Louisville, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. on St. Lawrence r., 30 ms. below Ogdens- burgh. Soil a rich loam, gently uneven, well watered with Racket and Grass rs. Has vast forests of pine, cedar, &c. Williams- burgh in Canada, where was fought the bat- tle of Williamsburgh, Nov. 11, 1813, lies op. posite this town. 10 schools, kept 7 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 1,076. Louisville, p-v. and et. jus. Jefferson co. Geo. situated on or near the left bank of Great Ogeechee r. 58 ms. a little s. of e. Milledge- ville, and 43 ms. s. w. Augusta. Lat. 33^^ 02', long. 5° 22' w. W. C. Louisville, p-v. or city, Jefl^erson co. Ky., is situated on the left bank of O. r. between the head of the Rapids and the mouth of Bear Grass cr., 52 ms. a little n. of w. Frankfort, and 112 ms. s. w. and by the land route from Cincinnati, n. lat. 38° 17', and long. 8° 45' w. W. C. The site of Louisyille is a swelling bank, rising by a gentle acclivity from the r. and from Bear Grass cr. The streets are laid out at right angles to each other. The ad- vance of this port, for such it is in fact, has been very rapid. In 1800, the pop. amount- ed to 1,357, and by the census of 1830, 10, 196. The manufacturing establishments are numerous and valuable, as are the buildings for judical, commercial, and religious pur- poses. The most important works, however, ever attempted near Louisville, is a canal on the Ky. side to pass the Rapids. This enter- prise, so interesting not alone to the people of tlie wstrn. states, but those of the whole Un- ion, either direct or indirectly, advances to- wards completion. In brief, this flourishing town exhibits all the attributes of a prosper, ous commercial depot. Louisville and Portland Canal. {See article rail roads and canals.) Louisville, p-v. Blount co. Ten. by p-r. 168 ms. a little s. of e. Nashville. Louisville, p-v. Pike co. Ala. by p-r. 144 ms. s. E. by e. Tuscaloosa. LouTRE {Otter) Island, and p-o. sthrn. part of Montgomery co. Mo., 75 ms. wstrd. St. Louis, and by p-r. 59 ms. estrd. Jefferson City. LouTRE Lick, and p-o. Montgomery co. Mo. 78 ms. wstrd. St. Louis. LovELL, p-t. Oxford co. Me. 20 ms. n. Paris. In this town are Lovcll falls, which have been discovered within a few years, and are an object of great natural curiosity. Where the water makes over into the tremendous basin below, it falls perpendicularly 40 feet. Above the falls, there is a chain of 8 ponds, LOW 268 LOW partly in Lovell, iuid partly in Waterford, connected by small natural dams one or two rods in width, through which there are sluice- ways, which will admit the passage of a com- mon sail boat. The scenery of the moun- tains and ascending lands in the vicinity, is rural and beautiful. Pop. 1830, 697. Lovell's Pond, N. II., the head of the e. branch of the Piscataqua. Lovely, co. of Ark. This co. is named in the p-o. list, but if it exists, it has been omit- ted on Tanner's U. S. Lovettsville, p-v. Loudon co. Va. in the N. w. part of the co. by p-r. 55 miles n. w. W. C. Loveville, p-v. New Castle co. Del. 103 ms. N. E. W. C. LoviNGTON, P-V. and st. jus. Nelson co. Va. situated on a branch of Tye r. by p-r. 94 ms. a little N. of w. Richmond, and 171 ms. s. w. W. C. Lat. 37° 44', and long. 1° 52' w. W. C. Lowell, the American Manchester, situ- ated at the confluence of Merrimack and Concord rs. Middlesex co. Mass. This place is undoubtedly destined to be a manufacto- ring city. Its growth for a few years past has been almost unparalleled. The founda- tion of the second factory was laid here in 1822, at which time, the territory now inclu- ded in the town, exclusive of one factory establishment, contained less than 100 inhabi- tants. There are now 9 manufacturing cos. viz. the Merrimack, Appleton, Hamilton, Low- ell, Kurd's (formerly), Jackson, Tremont, Suffolk, and Lawrence. In 1831, when only the first five were in operation, from 12 to 14 million yards of doth were manufactured in a year, equal to 1 yard per second. The Lowell company make carpets, which are equal to the imported. There are 15 houses of worship, and 3 newspapers. 200 houses were built between April and November 1831 . $500,000 worth of land was sold that year, and $270,000 in 4 years. Land rose 100 per ceni. in 1831. Rents aflbrd a higher profit than in any other New England town. The Merrimack manufacturing C(jmpany have a capital of $1,50(1,000, with 5 large brick fac- tories, containing 26,0(j0 spindles, and about 1000 looms. They emi)loy from 3 to 40O males, and from 8 to 900 females, and use 5,000 bales of cotton, or about 1,50U,000 lbs. annually. They manufacture, bleach, and print, 6,500,000 yards yearly. The Ilamil. ton and Lawrence inanufacturing companies have each a capital of $1,200,000. Lowell manufacturing' company $C00,G0O ; Appleton,, Middlesex, and Tremont, $5(J0,000 each; Suffolk $450,000. Then there are the locks and canal company with a capital of $600, 000, wiio own the water privileges, and dis- pose of them as they arc wanted. This com- pany own a machine shop 150 ft. by 40, and 4 stories high, in which are employed about 200 hands. The stock of this co. is 160 per cent, advance. The great water power is produced by a canal a mile und a halt long, 60 ft. wide, and 8 ft. deep, from its commence- ment above the head of Pawtucket falls on the Merimack, to its termination in Concord r. The entire fall is 32 ft. The water is taken from this canal by smaller canals, and conveyed to the factories, and thence into the Merrimack. There are room and water pow- er sufficient for 50 huge additional factories ! In the suburbs of Lowell, near the canal, is a settlement called New Dublin, which occu- pies upwards of an acre of ground. It con- tains not far from 500 Irish people, and about 100 cabins, from 7 to 10 ft. high, built of slabs and rough boards, a fire place made of stones in one end, topped out with several flour bar- rels or lime casks. In a central situation is the school house, built in a similar style, turf- ed up to the eaves, with a window in one end, and small holes in two sides for the admis- sion of air and light, — all this under the eye of capitalists having their seven millions invested in establishments along side of them ! There is a canal round the falls of the Merrimack, 90 feet wide and 4 deep ; which however is no longer used for boat navigation. On the Concord r. about one m. from the town, are powder works, at which powder of a very superior quality is made. 30,000 kegs, 25 lbs. each, arc made annually. Lowell communicates with Boston by means of the Middlesex canal, and a rail road be- tween the two places is in progress. It lies 25 ms. N. w. Boston. The village of Belvi- dere, on the opposite side of Concord r. has grown up along with Lowell, and, from its contiguity, seems but a part of the latter place. Lowell continues rapidly to increase, and is becoming a rival of the manufacturing towns of England. Pop. in 1830, 6,474. At the next census, it will probably contain 20 or 30,000. Lower Beaver, p-v. wstrn. part of Beaver CO. Pa. about 26 ms. n. w. Pittsburg. Lower Blue Lick, and p-o. Nicholas co. Ky. by p-r. 65 ms. n. e. by e. Frankfort. Lower Chanceford, p-v. York co. Pa. 20 ms. nthestrd. the boro' of York, 16 s. s. w. Lancaster, and 36 s. e. Harrisburg. Lower cr. p-o. Burke co. N. C. 14 ms. n. E. Morgantown, and by p-r. 219 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. Lower Marlborough, p-v. on tie left bank of Patuxent r. in the nthwstrn. part of Cal- vert CO. Md. by p-r. 49 ms. s. e. W. C, and about a similar distance s. s. w. Annapolis. Lower Merion, p-v. Montgomery co. 14 ms. nthrds. Phil. Lower Peach Tree, p-o. Wilcox co. Al. by p-r. 129 ms. sthrd. Tuscaloosa. Lower Salem, p-v. Washington co. O. by p-r. 118 ms. s. e. Columbus. Lower Sandusky, p-v. and si. jus. Sandus- ky CO. O. by p-r. 103 ms. n. Cokmibus. Lat. 41° 21', long. 6° 10' w. Pop. 1830, 351. Lower Saucon, p-v. and tsp. sihrn. part of Northampton co. Pa. by p-r. 51 ms. nthrd. Phil. 97 ms. estrd. Harrisburg. and 187 ms. N. e. W. C. Pop. tsp. 1830, 2,308. LUB 269 LUN Lower ISmitiifield, p-v. Northampton co. Pa. by p-r. 15 ins. n. n. e. Easton. LowEK TiiiiEE Runs, p-o. southern part of Barnwell dist. S. C. by p-r. 81 ms. s. w. Co- lumbia. Lowe's p-o. Robertson co. Ten. 23 miles nthrd. Nashville. LowniLL Port, p-v. eastern part of Lehigh CO. Pa. by p-r. 76 ms. n. e. by e. Ilarrisburg, and 179 n. n. e. W. C. LowMAN, p-v. in the northern part of Lewis CO. Va. by p-r. 256 ms. w. W. C. LowNUES, CO. of (jco. bounded w. by Tho- mas, N. by Irwin, e. by Ware, s. by Hamilton CO. in Flor., and s. w. by Madison co. Flor. Length from s. to n. 52, breadth 40, and area 2,080 sq. ms. E.xtending in lat. 30° 38' to 31° 22', aiid in long. 6° 6' to 6° 46'. The slope of this co. is almost directly s., and is entirely drained by various confluents of Su- wanee r. Pop. 1830, 2,453. Lowndes, C. H. and p-o. Lowndes co. Geo. by p-r. 165 ms. s. Milledgeville. Lowndes, co. Ala. on Ala. r. bounded n. e. and e. by Montgomery, s. e. by Pike, s. by Butler, s. w. by Wilcox, w. and n. w. by Dal- las, and n. by Ala. r. separating it from Au- tauga. Greatest length diagonally from s. e. to N. w. 50 ms., mean breadth 32, and area 1,600 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 31° 51' to 32° 23', and in long. 9° 21' to 10° 04' w. W. C. The general slope of this co. is to the n. N. w. towards the Ala. r. Chief t. Lowndes C. H. Pop. 1830, 9,410. Lowndes, co. of Miss, bounded by Batta- latche r. separating it from Monroe on the n. w., by Jjafayette, Ala. n. e., by Pickens Ala. s. E., and Tombigbee r. separating it from the, ter. of the Chickasaws s. w. and w. Length i valuable lead mine has recently been dis- covered at this place. Pop. 1830, 1,535. LucASTowN, p-v. Limestone co. Ala. by p-r. 132 nis. a little e. of n. Tuscaloosa. LucASviLLE, p-v. Sciota CO. O. by p-r. 79 ms. s, Columbus. Pop. 1830, 45. Ludlow, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. 16 ms. w. Windsor, 61 s. Montpclier. Watered by Black and Williams rs. Mountainous. Well situated for trade with the surrounding country. Land in general well timbered. Amethyst in crystals has been found here, three fourths of an inch long, and an inch in diameter. 12 school dists. Pop. 1830, 1,227. Ludlow, p-t. Hampden co. Mass. 90 ms. g. w. Boston, 10 M. E. Springfield. Watered by the Chickapee and several smaller streams. Here is a glass manufactory, with a capital of ^40,000. Pop. 1830, 1,327. Ludlow, Morgan co. O. {See Olive Green.) I The office is now called permanently Lud- low, and is situated by p-r. 85 ms. s. e. by k. Columbus. Ludlowville, p-v. (See Lansing.) Lumber, r. of N. and S. C, rises in Mont- gomery and Moore cos. of the former, the boundary between which it for some distance forms, flowing in a s. s. e. course. Thence assuming a southern course between Rich- mond and Cumberland, and between Rich- mond and Robeson. Turning to s. e. and en- tering and traversing Robeson, it once more inflects to s. s. w., and separating Robeson and Columbia cos. finally enters S. C. between Marion and Horry districts, joins little Pedee after a comparative course of about 100 ms. Lumber r. is the northeastern and main branch of Little Pedee. Lumberland, t. SulHvan co. N. Y. 14 ms. along Ala. line 36 ms., mean breadth 9, andjs. w. Monticello, on Del. r. It is well named, " " ' '"'" in reality lumber land. Pop. 1830, area 324 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 32° 18 to 50° 54' N., and in long. 11° 21' to 11° 36' w. AV. C. The slope of this co. is westrd. to- wards Tombigbee r. Chief town, Columbus. Pop. 1830, 3,173. Lowndes, p-v. Rankin co. Miss, by p-r. 118 ms. N. E. Natchez, and 6 from Jackson. Lowrev's Mills and p-o. Chesterfield dist. S. C. by p-r. 143 ms. n. e. Columbia. LowviLLE, p t. Lewis co. N. Y. 35 ms. n. Utica, 150 from Albany, w. Black r. Well bein£ 953. LuMBERTOv, p-v. ahd St. jus. Robeson co. N. C, situated on the left bank of Lumber r. 32 ms. s. s. w. Fayetteville, 33 w. Elizabeth- town, and by p-r. 92 ms. s. s. w. Raleigh. Lat. 33° 41', long. 2° 10' w. W. C. LuMBERviLLE, p-v. on the right bank of Del. r. Bucks CO. Pa. 10 ms. n. e, Doylestown, and 35 N. Phil. Lumpkin, formerly called Randolph C. H., watered. Eligibly situated. 10 school dists. | p-v. and st. jus. Randolph co. Geo. by p-r. 170 Contains an academy and a handsome village.! ms. s. w. Milledgeville. Pop. 1830, 2,334. Lunenburgh, p-t. Essex co. Vt. 45 ms. e. Loyalsock, small r. of Pa. rising in the|N. e. Montpelier. Some parts very stony, sthrn. part of Bradford county, interlocking {Timber generally hard wood. Conn. r. wa- sources with Mahoopeimy and Towanda crs. Iters the s. e. part, besides which the town is Entering Lycoming co. and flowing s. w. be- watered by Neal's and Catbow branch, which 9 school dis- tween the vallies of Muncy and Lycoming creeks, it falls into the w. branch of Susque- hannah r. 4 ms. below the boro' of Williams- port. Lvat.c, p-t. and port of entry, Washington | by several branches of Nashua r CO. Me. in Passamaquoddy bay, lying how- 1 1,317. ever on the main land, and possessing a spa- 1 Lunenburg, co. Va. bounded by Meherin r. cions harbor, sheltered from every wind, and separating it from Mecklenburg s., by Char- never closed by ice. The first settlement | lotte w., Prince Edward n., Nottuway r. sepa- «'as made here no longer ago than 1815. A. rating it from Nottaway co. n. e., and by are considerable mill streams, tricts. Pop. 1830, l,o54. Lunenburg, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 45 ms. N. w. Boston, 26 n. Worcester. Watered Pop. 1830, LUZ 270 LYC Brunswick e. -Length 26, mean width 16, 1 this great valley abounds in interminable and area 416 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 36° 46' to 37° 04', and in long. 1° 8' to 1° 32' w. W. C. The slope of this co. is to the s. k. by E. Chief town, Lewistown. Pop. 1820, 10,662, 1830,11,957. LuKENBURG, C. H. and p-o. {See Lewis- town, Lunenburg co. Va.) Luney's creek and p-o. Hardy co. Va. 10 ms. wstrd. Moorfields, and by p-r. 133 wstrd. W. C. LuRAY, p-v. Shenandoah co. Va. by p-r. 132 ms. wstrd. W. C. Lusk's Ferry and p-o. Livingston co. Ky. by p-r. 254 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. LuTHERSBURG, p-v. Clearfield co. Pa. by p-r. 212 ms. n.w. W.C. Luzerne, p-t. Warren co. N. Y. e. Hudson r. at Hadley falls, 12 ms. s. w, Caldwell, 12 w. Sandy Hill. Pop. 1830, 1,362. Luzerne, co. Pa. bounded by Columbia s. w., Lycoming w., Bradford n. w., Susquehan- nah N., Wayne n. e.. Pike e., Northampton s. K., and Schuylkill co. s. Length s. to n. 50 ms., mean breadth 36, and area 1,800 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 40° 56' to 41° 43', and in long. 0° 40' to 1° 36' e. W. C. This is per. haps the most diversified co. in the U. States The N. e. branch of Susquehannah enters it from Bradford at the n.w. angle, and pur- suing a s. E. course forces its passage through numerous mountain chains, by comparative courses 35 ms. to the entrance of Lackawan- noc r. from the n. e. It here enters Wyo- ming valley, and turning at right angles, flows down the mountain vallies again 35 ms. to the mouth of Nescopeck creek, where it leaves Luzerne and enters Columbia. The peculiar features of Susquehannah r. will be seen under its own head. It is evident from the course of Susquehannah r. through Lu- zerne, that the western part of the co. is in- cluded in a concavity of that stream, and vice versa, on the opposite side. In the con- cave section the creeks are small, but on the convex side two streams of considerable comparative magnitude enter from the n. e., the Tunkhannoc and Lackavvannoc. Below the latter, and estwrd. from Wilkesbarre, the higher sources of Lehigh r. are within 5 ms. from the Susquehannah bank. Luzerne is composed of narrow vallies and intervening mountain chains, both extending from n. e. to s. w. That part of the Susquehannah valley above the entrance of Lackawannoc being the only exception to the foregoing arrange- ment The vallies of Luzerne are narrow, but contain the great body of the population. The central and principal valley is that of Wyo- ming, between Bullock and Shawaney mtns. The distance from ridge to ridge about 5 ms., but the real arable part of the valley less than 2 on an average. This fine vale com- mences about 15 ms. below Wilkesbarre, and extending to the n. e. is continued by the Lackawannoc into Wayne co., and besides the great fertility of soil in most of its length, strata of mineral coal, both along the Susque- hannah and Lackawannoc. Tunkhannoc valley in the northern part of the CO. is narrow, not exceeding 1 mile ; also very irregular, but extends into Susquehan- nah CO. Nescopec valley is in the extreme southern part of the co. ; this valley abound- ing in excellent soil, it is remarkable, is de- tached from the Susquehannah r. ; the Nes- copeck cr., after winding about 20 ms. to s. w. by w. turns abruptly n., leaves the arable valley by passing through a mountain chain. On the concave or western part of Luzerne, the two principal vallies are those of Mohoo- penny and Bowman's. Of the whole surface of this large co. about one fortieth is perhaps already culti- vated, and at most one third admits of being so ; in pasture more might be made useful, but more than one half is irreclaimable. In mineral coal this co. is peculiarly afflu- ent. The writer has himself visited many of the mines already opened. The quantity seems to admit of indefinite supply, and more recent and deeper examinations have given enlarged expectations of the value and abun- dance of this mineral treasure. The mountain timber of Luzerne, similar to that of most other parts of the Appalachian system, is gigantic in the vallies, and dimin- ishing in size ascending the mountain heights. In the northwestern section, in the vallies, beech and sugar maple abound, admixed with hemlock of very large growth. The hem- lock is indeed the production of all varieties of soil, and ascending the Susquehannah, commences to be found in large quantities in Luzerne. In the southern or lower part of the CO. the prevailing trees are, yellow and white pine, oaks of several species, beech, hickory, and more rare, black walnut and sycamore. The staples of this co. are coal, lumber, grain and flour. Chief ts. Wilkesbar- re, Kingston and Stoddartsville. Pop. 1820, 20,027, 1830, 27,380. Lycoming, co. of Pa. bounded by Clearfield s. w., McKean w.. Potter n. w., Columbia a. E., and Union and Centre s. Length from E. to w. 106 ms., and the area being 2,332, the mean breadth must be 22 ms. Extending in lat. 41° 04' to 41° 36', and in long. 1° 18' w. to 0° 45' E. W. C. The junction of the w. branch of the Susquehannah r., with the large confluent from the n. w., the Sincmahoning is formed in the western part of Lycoming. The united waters, now a fine navigable river, winds eastwardly over the co. about 80 ms. by comparative courses to Pennsboro' where it winds to the sthwrd., leaving Lycoming be- tween Union and Northumberland co. In its passage over Lycoming, the w. branch re- ceives from the n. Pine creek, Lycoming, Loyalsock and Muncey creeks, and from the S. Bald Eagle creek. The face of this co. is very broken, and similar to Ijuzcrne, tra- versed by several mountain chains sirrlching from s. w. to n. e. Tliough the general slope LYN 271 LYO is estwrd.thc western part of Luzerne actu-Inumerous 8tor«s and groceries, there are in ally declines towards the Appalachian sys-j this town 4 book stores, and a marble manu- tem. In general features the resemblance is I factory, marking the advance of wealth, in- very strong between Luzerne and Lycoming ;telligence and taste. Pop. 1830, 4,()30. the arable part of both being narrow river or] Lvnciiburg, p-v. sthrn. part of Lincoln co mountain vallics. The proportion of good soil in I>ycoming is perhaps rather more. comparatively, than in Luzerne. In 18:20, Lycoming contained 13,517 inhabitants, and in 1830, 17,636. Chief t. Williamsport. Lycoming, tsp. and p-v. Lycoming co. Pa., extending from the W. Branch up Lycoming or. The p-o. by p-r. 6 ms. nrthwstrdly. Wil- liamsport, and 101 N. N. w. Harrisburg. {See Frozen run.) Lyell's, store and p-o. Richmond co. Va., by p-r. 60 ms. s. s. e. W. C. Lyman, p.t. York co. Me., 25 ms. n. York. Pop. 1830, 1,503. Lyman, p-t. Grafton co. N. H., e. Conn, r.. Ten., by p-r. 70 ms. sthrdly. Nashville. Lynch's cr., one of the numerous misno- mers so disgraceful to our nomenclature. It is a river of N. and S. Carolina, rising in Mecklenburg and Anson cos. of tho former, between Yadkin and Catawba rs., and flow- ing thence enters S. Carolina between Lan- caster and Chesterfield (lists. ; continuing a e. E. course, separates Kershaw from Ches- terfield and Darlington, .Sumpter from Dar- lington, and Williamsburg from Marion, and falls into Great Pedce, after a comparative course of about 120 ms. ; more than one half |of which course it is navigable. Lyncuvvood, p-v. in the nrthrn. part of 13 ms. above Haverhill, 90 from Concord, 155 (Chesterfield dist. S. C, by p-r. 55 ms. n. n. k. from Boston ; prevailing forest trees are pine Columbia. and hemlock ; contains a considerable eleva- tion, called Gardner's or Lyman's mtn. Pop. 1830, 1,320. Lyme, N. H. {See Lime.) Lyme, p-t. New London co. Conn., e. Conn, r. at its mouth, opposite Saybrook, 40 ms. s. E. Hartford, and about the same distance e. New Haven ; it is a maritime town ; surface strikingly diversified ; prevailing soil, a grav- elly loam ; timber, deciduous trees ; among the vegetable productions, are ginseng and Virginia snake root ; waters abundant ; the town is accommodated with several good har- bors ; the fishing business is carried on ex- tensively ; 24 school dists. Population 1830, 4,084. Lyme, t. Jefferson co. N. Y., s. e. St. Law- rence r., 8. Chaumont bay, w. lake Ontario ; predominant soil, clay or marl ; timber, a lofty growth, consisting of white pine, white oak, beech, sugar maple, hickory, &c. ; 6 school dists., schools kept 6 months in 12. The fisheries of Chaumont bay are important ; excellent white fish arc here taken in abun- dance. Pop. 1830, 2,873. Lyme, p-v. nrthrn. part of Huron co. O., by p-r. 103 ms. n. Columbus. Lyme Range, a branch of the White mtns., commencing a little below Northampton, Lyndeborougii, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H., 10 ms. from Amherst, 35 s. Concord ; divided by a mtn. from e. to w. ; soil deep and strong, excellent for grazing. Pop. 1830, 1,147. Lynden, or Marengo, p-v. and st. jus., Ma- rengo CO. Ala., situated on Chickasaw cr.,by p-r. 72 ms. a little w. of s. from Tuscaloosa ; lat. 320 22', and long. 10° 51' w. W. C. Lyndon, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt., 34 ms, n. E. Montpelier ; watered by Passumpsic r. At the Great Falls in this r. near the s. part of the town, the water descends 65 ft. in the distance of 30 rods ; at the Little Falls, one mile above, the water descends 18 ft., aflbrd- ing excellent water privileges ; agaric miner- al is found in this town ; it is a tolerable sub- stitute for chalk, and a good one for Spanish white ; this is a valuable township ; soil a rich loam, easy to cultivate ; 14 school dists. Pop. 1830, 1,822. Lynesvillf., p.v. nrthrn. part of Granville CO. N. C, by p-r. 60 ms. n. Raleigh. Lynn, p-t. Essex co. Mass., on the coast, 10 ms. N. E. Boston, 6 s. w. Salem ; it has long been noted for the manufacture of ladies shoes ; the number of shoes manufactured at this place annually, is from 1,500,000 to 2,000,000 ; they are sent in large (|nantitics to the southern states, and to the W. Indies. Mass. and running s. along the e. bank of; Lynn beach connects Nahant with the main Conn, r., at the distance of 8 or 10 ms., till it land, and is a favourite place of resort in the terminates at Lyme on Long Island sound. summer. Lynn has a small and convenient Lynchburg, large and flourishing p-t. Camp- 1 harbor ; soil of the first quality; it has a bell CO. Va., situated on the right bank of{ town house and academy. Pop. 1830, 6,138. James r., at the great bend below the south estrn. chain of the Appalachian system. By p-r. 108 ms. a little s. of w. Richmond, and Lynn Camp, p-v. nrthwstrn. part of Knox CO. Ky., by p-r. 112 ms. s. e. Frankfort. Lynn, cr. p-o. sthwstrn. part of Giles co. 206 ms. s. w. W. C. . lat. 37° 19', long. 2o[Ten., by p-r. 112 ms. s. s. w. Nashville. 05' w. W. C. This town was incorporated in, Lvnnfield, t. Essex co. Mass., 10 ms. w. 1805, and has risen to the rank and impor- Salem, 12 n. e. Boston. Pop. 1830,617. tanceofa flourishing commercial mart. .lames Lvnnvili.e, on the p.o. list, fhui Linvilleon r. being navigable for batteaux, for a consid-! Tanner's maps"), p-v. nrthwstrn. part of Lc- crablc distance above, and below to tide wa- high co. Pa., 20 ms. n. w. Allentown, and 30 ter, gives to Lynchburg the advantages of a 'a little e. of n. Reading. Lynn tsp. contain- sea port. The buildings, public and private, ' ed in 1820, 1,664 inhabitants, in 1830, 1,747. arc 9>ibstantial and elegant. In addition toi Lyons, p-t. and st. jus. Wayne co. N. Y., 16 MAC 272 MAC ms. N. Geneva, 205 from Albany; soil good ;j Lysander, p-t. Onondaga co. N. Y., 15 ms. has an abundance of mill seats; situated on U. iv. w. Onondaga, 24 s. s. e. Oswego; wa- the Erie canal, which hero crosses the r. tered bv Seneca r. ; 10 school dists. Pop. Clyde by an aqueduct of 90 feet ; contains 20 1830, 3',228, school dists. Pop. 1830, 3,603. | M. Note. — Under the letter M. those names I nually submerged, but the soil, where suita- which usually begin with the abbreviation Mc,, ble for culture, highly productive. Chief t. are in this work given in their proper place, i Wilmington. Pop. 1830, 1,297. and spelled at full length. j MacCullough's p-o. Jeilerson co. O. by MacAllister's, cross roads and p-o. Mont- 'p-r. 140 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus, gomery co. Ten., by p-r. 67 ms. n. w. Nash- j Macdonough, t. Chenango co. N. Y. 11 ms. ville. [N. Norwich. Named in honor of Com. MAcALLfSTERSviLLE, p-v. Mifllin CO. Pa., j Macdonough. Soil good. Heavily timber- by p-r. 42 ms. n. w. Flarrisburg. led with maple, beech, basswood, elm, &lc, MacArthurstowx, p-v. Athens co. O., by j Well watered by springs and brooks, and a p-r. 71 ms. s. E. Columbus. branch of the Chenango r. Pop. 1830, 1,232. MACAuriN, cr. of II., rising in and giving] MacDonough, p-v. and st. jus. Henry co. name to Macaupin co., flows a little s. of w. jGco. situated on Towanligan cr., a branch of over Montgomery co., and falls into II. r. near- lOckmulgee, 67 ms. by p-r. n. w. by w. Mil. ]y opposite Gilead, in Calhoun CO. jledgeville. Lat. 33° 2G', and long. 7° 17' w. Macaupin, co. II., bounded s. by Madison ;'W. C. w. Greene ; n. w. Morgan ; n. e. Sangamon ; and E. Montgomery. Length 38, mean width 2.5, and area 950 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 20', long. 13° w. W. C. The sthrn. part slopes s., and is drained by the sources of Cahokia cr. ; but ' Macedon, p-t. on the canal, Wayne co. N. Y. 20 ms. w. Lyons. Pop. 1830, 1,989. Macedonia, p-v. Carroll co. Ten. by p-r. 121 ms. w. Nashville. MacEwensville, p-o. Northumberland co. the body of tlie co. slopes sthwstrd., and is 'Pa. 70 ms. n. Harrisbur§ drained by the numerous fountain streams of Maciiias r. Me. formed of two branches, Macaupin cr. Chief t. Carlinville. Pop. Uvhich unite at a place in Machias called the 1830,1,990. 'Rim; when the r. widens into a bay, called Macaupin Point, p-o. wstrn. part of Mont- [Machias bay, which communicates with the gomery CO. II., 5] ms. wstrd. Vandalia. MacCall's, cr. and p-o. Franklin co. Miss., about 40 ms. e. Natchez. MacCi.ellandstown, p-v. in the wstrn. part of Fayette co. Pa., 8 ms. w. Uniontown, and 10 s. Brownsville. ocean 6 ms. below. There are falls on each of the brandies, about 3 ms. above their con- fluence, which afford numerous mill scats. Machias, p-t. port of entry, and st. jus. of Washington co. Me. on Machias bay, 221 ms. N. E. Portland. The principal settlement is MacClellansvii.le, p-v. Camden co. Geo., | at the falls of the e. branch of Machias r. At by p-r. 219 ms. s. s. e. Millcdgeville. the falls of the w. branch is another consider- MacC^onnelsburg, p-v. in the estrn. part of ! able village. A bridge is erected across Bedford co. Pa., on the r. from Chambersburg to Bedford, 18 ms. w. the former, 31 a little s. of E. the latter place, and by p-r. 70 s. w. by w. Ilarrisburg. MacConnelsville, p-v. and st. jus. Mor- gan CO. O., situated on a branch of Muskin- gum r., 30 ms. n. n. w. Marietta, 70 ms. s. e. by E. Columbus, and 30 ms. s. s. e. Zanes- ville ; lat. 39° 40', long. W. C. 4° 46' w. Pop. 1830, 267. MacCracken, CO. Ky., bounded by Callo- way s. e. ; Graves s. ; Hickman s. w. ; the Miss. r. separating it from Scott co. Miss. w. ; Ohio r. separating it from Alexander co. of II. N. w. ; Johnson co. of II. n. ; and Posey CO. of II. N. e. ; and by Ten. r. separating it from Livingston and Caldwell cos. of Ky. e. Length along 37th dcg. of n. Int. from the junction of Ohio and Miss, rs., to the eastern border of Ten. r. .54 ms. ; mean width l4, and area 756 sq ms. ; lat. 37°, and long. 12° w. W. C. inter&ect in the sthwhiin. part of this Middle r. between the two villages, which, with the causeway, is 1,900 feet long. Ma- chias has an academy, which is situated in the easlern village. There is a p-o. at each of the settlements. It is a thriving town, has considerable trade, principally lumber, and has 26 saw mills, which cut 10,000,000 feet of boards annually. Pop. 1830, 2,774. MacIntosh, CO. Geo. bounded by the Alta- mahah r. separating it from Glynn and Wayne s. w., by Liberty n. w., n. and n. e., and by the Atlantic ocean s. e. Length 50, mean breadth 12, and area 600 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 31° 08' to 31° .55', and in long. 4° 58' w. W. C. This CO. besides some of lesser note, includes the two islands on the Atlantic coast of St. Simon's and Sapelo. The whole surface is an almost unbroken plain, inclining sthwstrdly. towards the Altamahah r. Staples, cotton, rice, and sugar. Chief town, Darieri. Pop. 1820, 5,129, 1830, 4,998. M.^cKean, CO. Pa. bounded by Potter e., CO. The surface is generally level, part an- 'Lyconung s. e., Clearfield s., Jeflerson s.w. MAC 273 MAC Warren w., Cattaraugus co. of N. Y. n., and Alleghany co. of N. Y. n. b. Length 42, mean width 32, and area 1,344 sq. ms. Ex- tending in lat. 41° 24' to 42°, and in long. 1° 16' to 2° 03' w. W. C. This co. occupies part of an elevated table land, from which flow 8. E. the higher sources of Sinnamaho- ning branch of Susquehannah, s. w. the sources of Clarion r. branch of Alleghany. The Alleghany r. rising in Potter co., flows wstrd. into MacKean, and winding n. n. w. enters Cattaraugus co. of N. Y. Within the latter co. this stream forms an elliptic curve and again re-enters McKean by a southern course. In the semicircle or segment of an ellipsis thus formed, the water courses radiate from the central parts of McKcan, flowing in diflerent directions, into Alleghany as a com- mon recipient. Tlie surface is hilly, in part it is mountainous and soil generally of mid- dling quality. Pop. 1820, 728, 1830, 1,439. MacKeans, old stand, and p-o. Westmore- land CO. Pa. about 20 ms. n. w. Greensburg, and by p-r. 199 ms. a little n. of w. Ilarris- burg. MacKeansbury, p-v. Schuylkill co. Pa. 5 ms. N. E. Orwicksbury, and by p-r. C4 n. e. Harrisburg. MacKees Port, p-v. situated on the right side of Youghioghany and Monongahela rs. at their junction, in Alleghany co. Pa., 11 ms. by land s. e. Pittsburg, and by p-r. 189 ms. w. Harrisburg. It is a village composed in great part of a single street along both rs., and on a high bottom. The situation is a most delightful one for a town, as far as natu- ral scenery is concerned. MacKke's Half Falls, and p-o. Union co. Pa. by p-r. 56 ms. nthwrd. Harrisburg. Macklnac, on the p-o. list, Mackinaw, on Tanner's U. S. map, the old Michilimakinak, port, and st. of jus. co. of Michilimakinaw. As given on the p-o. list it is 321 ms. n. n. w. Detroit. {See MicJdlimakinac island and co.) Mackln'aw, r. of II. rising on the plains, near the centre of the state, interlocking sour- ces \vith those of Vermillion branch of II. and with those of Sangamon. Flowing thence s. w. falls into II. r. about 5 ms. above the in- flux of Spoon r. The valley of Mackinaw lies between those of Vermillion and Sanga- mon, and comprises most part of McLean, and Tazewell cos. Mackinaw, p-v. and st. jus. Tazewell co. II. is situated on Mackinaw r. by p-r. 149 ms. >. Vandalia. Lat. 39° 33', long. 12° 18' w. W. C. MacKinstry's, mills and p-o. nthwstrn. part of Frederick co. Md. by p-r. 68 ms. n. n. w. W. C. Mackville, p-v. in the nthrn.part of Wash- ington CO. Ky. 13 ms. n. w. by w. Harrods- burg and by p-r. 34 ma. a. s. w. Frankfort. Mackville, p-v. Franklin co. Geo. by p-r 100 ms. N. N. E. Milledgeville as laid down on Tanner's improved map, 50 from N. to s. and 40 k, to. w., area 2,000 sq. ma. Lat. 40° 40', and long. 12° w. W. C. Slope wstrd. and drained by the sources of Salt cr. branch of Sangamon, and those of the Ver- million branch of of Illinois. The surface in great part open grassy plains. Chief t. Bloo- mington. MacLeansville, p-v. Jackson co. Ten. by p-r. 77 ms. nthestrd. Nashville. MacMinn, CO. of Ten. bounded by Rhea CO. N. w. ; it merely touches Roane on the n., is again bounded by Monroe n. e. and e., and by Iliwassee r. s. Length .38, mean width 16, and area 608 sq. ms. Extending in lat. SS^' 15' to 35° 44', and in long. 7° 23' to 7° 52' w. W. C. It lies in a form approaching a trian- gle, but the sthrn. side curving outwards along Iliwassee r. The whole surface an inclined plain, sloping towards the Iliwassee sthwstrd- ly., and drained by numerous crs. which flow into that r. Chief town, Athens. Pop. 1820, 1,62.3,1830, 14,460. MacMinvit.lk, p-v. and st. jus. Warren co. Ten. situated on a creek of Caney fork, branch of Cumberland r., 65 ms. s. e. by K. Nashville. Lat. 35° 44', long. 8° 48' w. W. C. MacNairy, CO. of Ten. bounded by Hardi- rnan w., Madison n. w., Henderson n., Har- din e., and the Chickasaw country in the stato Miss. s. Length 30, mean widtii 24, and area 960 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 35° 26', and in long. 11° 26'to 11° 50' w. W. C. This CO. occupies part of the table land between the Ten. and Big Hatchee r., the vvstrn. part drained by the sources of the latter, the north- westrii. by the sources of the Forked Deer r., and the cslrn. by small creeks flowing into Ten. r. Chief town, Purdy. Population 18.30, 5,697. Macomb, co. of Mich, bounded by Wayne s. w., Oakland w., Lapeer n. w., St. Clair co. N. E., and St. Clair lake e. and s. e. Length 32, mean breadth 12, and area 384 sq. ms. Lat. 42° 35', long. 5° 50' w. W. C. This co. is drained by the main stream and numerous branches of the Huron of lake St. Clair, and slopes to the e. Chief t. Mount Clemens. Pop. 1830,2,413. Macomb's, p-v. Abbeville dist. S. C. about 100 ms. w. Columbia. Macon, extreme wsfrn. co. of N. C, boun- ded s. by Rabun and Habersham cos., and s. w. by the Cherokee country in Geo. ; w. by Amoi district, in Tenn. ; n, w. by Unika mtn. separating it from Amoi district in Ten., N. E. and E. by Tenn. r. separating it from Haywood co. N. C. Length from e. to w. 45 ms.; mean width 20, and area 900 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 35°, to 35° 28', and in long. 6° 20' to 7° 09' w. W. C. This co. is very elevated; the surface above 1,500 ft. mean height from the ocean. The general slope is to the nthwstrd. Hiwassec r. rises in Geo. MacLean, CO. II. bounded by Vermillion but enters and traverses in a n. w. by w. di- CO. E., Macon s., Sangamon s. w., Tazewell rection Macon co. ; the extreme sthestrn. w., Putnam .n. w., and La Salle n. Extent I branch of Tenn. also rises in Geo. but flow. 35 MAD 274 MAD ing X. enters N. C. forming ite boundary be- ] situated near the centre of the co., byp-r. 99 tween Macon and Haywood cos. (See Tenn. ImB. b, w. by w. W. C, and 95 ms. n. n. w. r.) If allowance is made for relative height, Macon must have a winter climate similar to that of N. lat. 39°, on the Atlantic, or like that near the mouth of Del. r. Chief t. Frank- lin. Pop. Id30, 5,333. Macon, p-v. Franklin co. N. C. 35 me. n. E. Raleigh. Richmond. N. lat. 38o 22', and long. 1° 15' w. W. C. Madison, p.v. Rockingham co. N. C, by p-r. 32 ms. n. w. Raleigh. Madison, co. Geo. bounded s. by the S. Fork of Broad r., which separates it from Oglethorpe, s. w. by Clark, w. by Jackson, Macon, p-v. and st. jus. Bibb co. Geo. situ- n. w. and n. by Franklin, and k. by Broad R. ated on the right bank of Ockmulgee r. 3 ms. ; separating it from Elbert. Length 28 ms. s. w. by w. Milledgeville, lat. 32° 52' and long. 6° 42' w. W. C. Macon, p-v. Bedford co. Tenn. about 50 ms. s. E. Nashville. Macon, co. II. bounded by Cole s. e., Shel- by s., .Sangamon vv., MacLean n., and Vermil- lion N. E. Extent 40 by 35, or area 1400 sq. ms. Lat. 39° and long. 12° w. W. C. inter- sect not far from the centre. From the slh- eatrn. angle flow some of the higher sources of Kaskaskias r. The main volume of San- gamon, rising in MacLean and Vermillion en- ters the nthestm. angle and winding over it diagonally, divides it into two not very unequal sections. The sthwstrn. part is drained by the sources of Salt cr. branch of Sangamon. General slope of the co. s. w. Chief t. De- catur. Pop. 1830, 1,122. Mac WiiiLiAMSTOwN, p-o. sthwstrn. part of Chester co. Pa. byp-r. 63 ms. sthestrd. Har- risburg. Macumgy, p. t-ship. on Little Lehigh r. Le- high CO. Pa. .5 ms. s. w. Allentown, and by p. r. 95 ms. n. E.byE. Harrisburg. MacVeytown, p-v., Mifflin co. Pa. by p-r. 68 ms. from Harrisburg. Madbury, t. Strafibrd co .N. H. 11 ms. n. w. Portsmouth. Contains bog iron ore, and red and yellow ochre. Pop. 1830, 510. Madison, p-t. Somerset co. Me. on the Kennebec r. 9 ms. n. Norridgewock. Popu- lation 1830, 1,272. Madison, co. N. Y., bounded N. and n. e. by Oneida lake and co., e. by Otsego co., s. by Chenango co., w. by Cortland and Onon- daga cos. containing 616 sq. ms. or 394,240 acres. Morrisville is the st. jus. of the co. Its mineralogical productions are no where exceeded in the western cos. Pop. 1820, o2,- 208—1830, 39,038. Madison, p-t. Madison co. N. Y. 7 ms. e. Morrisville, 95 w. Albany. Pop. 1830, 2,544. Madison, tsp. of Columbia co. Pa. 5 ms. n. Danville. Madison, co. Va. bounded n. w. by the Blue Ridge, which separates it from Shenandoah CO., N. e. and e. by Culpepper, and s. e., s. and s. w. by Rapid Ann r. separating it on all these sides fm. Orange co. Length s. to n. 28 ; mean brdth. 12, and area 336 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 38° 14', to 38° 38', and in long. 1° 09' to 1° 30' w. W. C. This co. slopes to the s. s. E., drained by various branches of Rapid Ann. The surface is moderately hilly, and soil of middling quality. Chief, t. Madison. Pop. 1820, 8,490—1830, 9,236. mean wdth. 9 and area 252 sq. ms. Extending in lat 34° to 34° 15', and in long. 6° to 6° 28' w. W. C. The slope of this co. is generally s. E. toward* Savannah r., but the extreme estrn. part is drained by Sandy creek, a branch of Oconee flowing into Altamahah. Chief t. Danielsville. Pop. 1820, 3,735,— 1830,4646. Madison, p-v. and st. jus. Morgan co. Geo. situated near the centre of the co. 40 ms. n. N. w. Milledgeville, lat. 34° 09' long. 6°. 14' w. W. C. Madison, co. Ala. bounded e. by Jackson, s. by Ten. r., separating it from Morgan, w. by Limestone, n. w. by Giles co. in Ten., and N. by Lincoln co. iiiTen. Length 36, mean width 18, and area 648 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 34° 30', to 35° n. and in long. 9° 24' to 9° 54' w. W. C. This co. slopes sthrd. towards Ten. r. The surface moderately hilly and soil highly productive. Principal staple cot- ton. Chief t.Huntsville. Pop. 1820, 17,481 —1830, 27,990. Madison, co. Miss., bounded by Big Black r. separating it from Yazoo co. n. w., by the Choctaw CO. N. E. and e. byRankin co. s. E.,and Hinds s. w. Length s. w. to n. e.55, mean wdth. 12, and area 660sqms. Extending in lat. 32° 28' to 33°, and in long. 12° 58' to 13<» 38' w. W. C. This co. is bounded on the n. w. as has been shown, by Big Black r., and the sthestn. part is traversed by Pearl r., the two streams flowing to the s.w. at a distance of 18 to 20 ms. asunder, at this particular part of their respective courses. The great road from Natchez to Florence, Nashville, &c. also traverses this co. between Pearl and Big Black rs. Chief t. Madisonville. Fop. 1830, 4,973. Madison, co. of Ten. bounded s. by Har- diman, w. by Haywood, n. Gibson, n. e. Car. roll, E. Henderson, and s. e. by MacNairy. Length 28, width 24, and area 672 sq. ms. Ex- tending in lat. 35° 24' to 35° 47'. The de- clivity of this co. is to the n. n. w., drained to- wards Miss. r. by different branches of For- ked Deer r. Chief t. Jackson. Pop. 1830, 1 1,- 549. Madison, p-v. and st. jus. Monroe co. Ten. situated near the centre of the co. by p-r. 168 ms. s. E. by e. Nashville, lat. 35° 27', long. 7<* 18' w. W. C. Madison, co. of Ky. bounded by Estill e., Laurel s. e.. Rock Castle s. w., Garrard w., and Ky. r. which beparates it from Jessamine i\. w., Lafayette n., and Clark n. e. Length Madiso>, p-v. and st. jus. Madison co. Va. '40, mean width 13, and area 520 sq. ms. Ex- MAD 275 MAH tending in lat. 37° 23' to 37° 54', in long. 156; deaf and dumb, l32 ; colored, blind, 117; deaf and dimib, 82. The free white pop. has within the last 10 years augmented from 260,222 to 291,093, having gained 30,871 or about 12 per cent. The free colored increase is 1?,182 or at the rate of 3;iJ per cent. The slaves have decreased 4,520, or at the rate of 4^ per cent. The totaf increase of colored pop. since 1820, is 8,6.'i2, or at the rate of 5| per cent. There were in 1790, 183 whites to one colored,— 1800,175,— 1810, 162,-1820, 177, and in 1830, 187. by Elk and North rs., and finally by the great discharge of Susquehannah r. We may regard the Chesapeake and Del. canal, as a natural limit, since, though artifi- cial and of recent construction, it must remain permanent, and insulates the natural section under review. The eastern shore of Md. is alluvial. The surface of the country is cither waving or level, and in no place sufliciontly elevated to be correctly designated hilly. The soil varies, but in its general character may be set down as above middling quality. Tiie climate from the nthrn. part of Cecil, to the sthrn. of Somerset and Dorchester cos., dif- fers in teinperature much more than might be expected in 103 minutes of lat., over a re- gion so little diversified in relative elevation. On the lower cos. cotton can be cultivated lo advantage. The very numerous iidets, and the proximity of Baltiinorc, give this section of Md. great commercial advantages, and yet, as we have seen, the distributive pop. is on the decrease. If, however, we abstract the combined pop. of Baltimore and Frederick cities, the mean density of the two shores of MAR 285 MAR Md., stand by the census of 1830, very near- Frederick, from 300 to 500 ft. Harman's ly equal at 38 to the eq. in., hut with the cities gap, over Bhte Ridge or Catoctin mtn., about of Frederick and Baltiniore, the wstrn. side 10 ms. k. Hagcrstown, 1,550 ft. Lower part has a distributive pop. of 52 to the sq. m. The 'of the vallies of Antictam and Conccochoague primitive letlgo, and Susqnehannah r. enter i around Hagcrstown, 4G0 to 800 ft. Arabic Md. together, but extend at almost exactly 'ground along the Potomac near ('umberland, right angles to each other; the r. flowing '550 ft. Arabic grouiul in the valley between sthcstrd.to the head of tide water,and die prim- j Will's and Savage mtns., and between Cum- itive ledge inclining stliwstd.to the head of tide j berland and Frostburg, drained into Potomac waterin Potomac r., in the dist. of Columbia, by Will's and George's crs., from 800 to 1,000 Along the shores of Chesapeake bay, from I ft. Arable vallies, beUveen the numerous the mouth of Potomac, to that of Susquehan-j ridges of mtns. from which flow on one side nah, the components of soil, formation and , the sources of Potomac, and on the other those aspect of the surface, do not materially , of Youghioghany rs., from 1,600 to 2,000 differ from the opposite or estrn. shore, but i feet. advancing to the nthwslrd. from Chesapeake, I From the above elements, given in round the country gradually rises, becomes more ' numbers, it is shewn that wstrn. Md. forms and more broken and rocky, until the primi- 'partof an inclined plane rising from tide wa- tivc ledge is attained. This great physical | ter in a distance of about 150 statute ms. air boundary has a mean elevation of at least measure, to 2,000 ft. If 400 ft. is assumed 400 ft., anil divides tiic slate into two sections, as equivalent to a degree of temp, on Fah- aud also into two very distinct zones of soil, renheit's scale, the relative height will equal The primitive is not very deliuite in its ter-i5 degrees, or give to the extreme wstrn. part mination to the s. e., and is still less distinct- 1 of the state a climate in winter similar to that ly traceable on the opposite side. Its lower 'on the Atlantic coast in lat. 44° 43'. visible boundary is generally determined by There is much good soil existing in every the head of tide water, and all the streams] section of this state, but the most productive which traverse it, pass through gorges with i is grain and fruit in some of the limestone cataracts of more or less descent. tracts in the three wstrn. cos. ; vegetation. The primitive ledge is in fact a part of an ! however, either indigenous or exotic, is great- Appalachian chain. Mere elevation excep- jiy influenced by the extremes, if lat. andrcl- ted, the ridge has every trait of other ridges ative height are combined, of upwards of Gi of the system to w-hich it belongs. Tiie Su- degrees of temp. On the low sandy plains of gar Loaf mtn. which rises in Md., near and : AVorcester, Somerset and Dorchester cos. below the junction of Potomac and Monoca- i between lat. 38° and 38° 40', cotton can be cy rs., is another portion of a nameless chain, ' cultivated, whilst the elevated vales of AUc- which extends nthcstrd. separating Frede- ' ghany co., though of a higlily productive rick from Montgomery, Anne Arundel, and soil, are almost too cold for wheat. Baltimore cos. The immediate valley, about 'i x\s Md. occupies a nearly middle latitude 20 ms. wide, between the lov/er primitive and amongst the states of the U. States, the fol- Sugar Loaf chain, is a real mtn. valley, com- 1 lowing meteorological tables may serve to prising in Md. great pan of Montgomery, elucidate not afone the climate of that, but of the upper part of Anne Arundel, Baltimore, 'the middle Atlantic stales generally. The and Harford cos., and which is followed | observations were made and recorded by the nthwstrd. from the Sugar Loaf chain, by the | author of this article, at his residence near fine valley oiMonocacy. Thatpartoflhc latter Sandy Spring, Montgy. co., about 20 ms. \. valley contained in Md.,is counnensurate with W. C. at lat 39° 00' and at an elevation above Frederick co. Westrd. from Frederick the ! tide water of 400 ft. two COS. of Washington and Alleghany, are ' No. 1. Table of the mean and extreme composed of narrow but generally very lertile ' monthly temp, at the White Cottage near vales, between lateral ridges of the Appala.| Sandy Spring, from observations made diu'- ehian systein. ing two years, 1820 and 1830. Independent of the intn. ridges, the sur-i face of Maryland gradually rises from the ; j„„ Chesapeake bay to the sources of Potomac, Fclj. or from the level of tide water to near 2,000 Ma.rh feet. The relative height from tide water in, j^,',','' the basin at Baltimore to the dividing ground Juric in Alleghany co. Md., between the sources of July Potomac and Youghioghany rs. is as follows; ;^"^j"^* from the forks of Patapsco r. about midway bet.' from tide water at Bait., to the second or Su- Nov. gar lioaf ridge, about mid tide, 385 ft. Sour- "''''• ces of Patnxcnt, Patapsco, flowing sthestrd. ^'^'*" and Liganore and Pipe cr. branches of Mono- ! No. 2. Table of the monthly prevalent cacy, flowing sthwstrd. and near where the winds from observations made on 7^6 conse- grcat road passes from Baltimore to Frcder- 1 cntive days, from January 1st. 1829 to Feb ick, from GOO to 850 ft. Country adjacent to ruary 28th, 1831, inclusive. 1H29 1830 Rfean I lighesll [jowest 3n. :io 30.03 30. 3 49 8 -.>;-). 34. 66 29. 83 46 2 37.23 43.88 4.5. .55 67 20 .■il 37 34. 49 .52. 93 80 30 61. 16 Go. 18 64. 67 78 37 69. 73 68.94 69. 33 90 50 70. 7-2 79.01 74. 91 91 55 73. 72.72 72. 81 90 .52 61.42 63. .58 62. 05 82 36 5i. 85 5.5. 48 54. 16 77 26 39. 68 .51.77 45. 22 70 21 42. .5 35. .53 .39. 01 (57 6 51. 496 .54. 47 53. 435 MAR 286 MAR Montha Jan. Feb. March April May June July August Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Reduced to 43 proportions of 1000. K. W. 40 43 30 24 17 23 14 17 23 17 23 18 289 367 4 3 1 1 5 7 3 1 3 1 5 34 43 s. w. 17 13 12 12 13 13 23 15 13 13 14 17 180 241 4 4 3 2 4 2 3 4 3 1 3 35 44 104 145 The results of table No. 2, correspond in a very striking manner with those of similar observations made in the nthrn. temp, zone on the continent of N. America, from the Pa- cific to the Atlantic ocean, on the Atlantic ocean, and on wstrn. Europe. Statement of mean temperature of the seasons at Sandy Spring. Winter of 1828 — 29, — mean temp, from winter solstice 1828, to vernal equinox 1829, 28. 39. Spring of 1829, — mean temp, from vernal equinox, 1829, to summer solstice, 1829, 58.22. Summer of 1829, — mean temp, from the summer solstice, to the autumnal equinox, 1829, 69. 31. Au- tumn of 1829, — mean temp, from autumnal equinox, to winter solstice, 1829, 46. 96. Winter of 1829-30, — mean temp, from win- ter solstice 1829, to vernal equinox 1830, 35. 63. Spring of 1830, — mean temp, from ver- nal equinox, to summer solstice 1830, 58. 14. Summer of 1830, — mean temp, from summer solstice, to autumnal equinox 1830, 71. 46. Autumn of 1830, — mean temp, from autumnal equinox, to winter solstice 1830, 49. 23. Win ter of 1830-31, — mean temp, from winter sol stice 1830, to vernal equinox 1831, 29. 88 Spring of 1831, — mean temp, from vernal eqi- nox, to summer solstice 1831, 59. 64. Sum- mer of 1831, — mean temp, from summer sol- stice, to autumnal equinox 1831, 69.95. Au- tumn of 1831, — mean temp, from autumnal equinox, to winter solstice 1831, 41.81. Mean of the 12 seasons, 51. 63. The winter of 1831-1832, though remar- kable for occasional low temperature gave a mean of plus 33. 00. At Sandy Spring on the morning of Dec. 16th, 1831, three thermometers at from 2 to 3 miles distance, yielded a mean of 13° below zero. By the same instruments, the mean of January 26th, 1832, was at zero, and on the morning of the 27th, the whole three were again down to minus 13°, and the mean of the whole day was minus 1 16-100°. Internal Improx^ements. — The political sub- divisions and relative extent and pop. of Md. has been already given. The chief city of this state, Baltimore, has assumed a very re- spectable rank among the emporiaof the U. S. Besides the great wstrn. turnpike road, extendmg from Baltimore through Fred, to join the U. S. road at Cumberland, several other leading roads connect Baltimore with W. C. on one side and with several of the most productive cos. of central Pa. K. N. E. j A rail-road on a plan of unusual magnitude 10 1 has been projected to extend from Baltimore to the Ohio river. But though a part of this road has been so far completed as to admit road cars to travel over it, too little compara- tively has been done to admit a general, much less a specific description. It is, however, a work commanding so much of public interest as to justify some desultory extracts from the different Reports made by the board of direc- tors of this road. {See Chesapeake and O- hio Canal.) The charter for the latter work is of prior date to that for the Baltimore and Ohio rail road, but both being compared at the same time, the two companies were in the incipient stage of advance with their respec- tive works involved in a legal controversy, alluded to in the subjoined extract from the 4th annual report of the Baltimore company. " The injunction which was obtained at the suit of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal com- pany, prohibiting this company soon after its organization, from proceeding to construct the rail-road along the Potomac r. still remains in force, and has hitherto limited the opera- tions of the Board, to the country estrd. of the point of rocks." "The Point of Rocks," so called, is the termination of the Cotoctin mtn., on the left bank of Potomac r. 6 ms. above the mouth of the Monocacy. Between Baltimore and the Point of Rocks, the road is to follow a general wstrn. course, with an elliptic curve to the nthrd. pursuing the valley of Pataps. CO to its forks, thence along the wstrn. branch to the summit of the first mtn. ridge. Thence. down Bush creek into Monocacy r., down the latter stream a few ms., and finally in a s. s. w. direction to the Potomac at the Point of Rocks. Entire distance from Baltimore 66 ms. Above the Point of Rocks the right of way along the Potomac, long in litigation, was decided in favor of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal company. Some attempts were made at compromise but hitherto without efi'ect, and has arrested this work at the Point of Rocks. History. — The first permanent settlement of whites made on the territory now compri- sed in the state of Md., was made in 1631, under William Claiborne, on Kent Island, now a part of Queen Ann co. The original charter, however, under which the colony was established was granted to Cefilius Cal- vert (Lord Baltimore} and dated 20tli Juno, 1632. The first emigrants arrived on the n. Bank of Potomac, in 1634. The early set- tlers were much disturbed by contentions with Clayborne, who resisted the projirietary grant, and finally instigated the Indians to war. These troubles were followed by the inhabitants sharing the political feelings and violence of the revolution in England, about the middle of the 17th century. A civil war distracted the infant colony, which was ter- minated by the submission of the i)eople to Cromwell's government. The charter of Md. was obtained by a Roman Catholic no- bleman, and the settlement niadp on princi- MAR 287 MAR pies of civil and religious toleration, far in advance of the age ; but whilst the republican party, as they were with ineffable absurdity called, prevailed, all the rigor of anti-popery statutes enacted in England were enforced in Md. Such was the intolerance of the times that the restoration of the Stewart family on- ly changed the objects of oppression. Under James II. a quo warranto was sued out against the charter of Md., but before judge- ment could be had on the writ, the family ceased to reign. Under Cromwell the Cal- vert family were deprived of the government; were restored by Charles II., and again de- prived by William and Mary, and Maryland continued a royal government until 1716. The Calvert who held the claims of his family, fi- nally renounced the Roman Catholic religion, and at the latter epoch was reinstated in his rights. From 1716 to the revolution, the advance of Md. was slow, affording few incidents for history. In the war of Independence, it is not too much to say that " the Md. Line" was marked with unfading renown. The existing constitution was ratified at Annapolis, 14th Aug. 1776. The federal constitution was adopted by Md. in 1788, and in 1790, that part of the district of Columbia lying to the left of the Potomac was ceded to the general government. : . Government. — The legislature is divided into two distinct branches, a senate and house of delegates, styled " The general assembly of Maryland." Senators must be upwards of 25 years of age, 15 in number, 9 for the wes- tern, and 6 for the eastern shore : before being . elected they must have had three years resi- dence in the state — term of office five years. Delegates or members of the lower house, must, when chosen, be above 21 years of age, and must have resided one year in the co. where chosen, next preceding their election. The governor is chosen by the legislature annually, but eligible only 3 years out of 7 ; when chosen, he must have resided in the state 5 years, and have attained to the age of 25 years. The council, 5 in number, is elected by the legislature, and must, when elected, have attained 25 years of age, and resided in the state 3 years. Their duties are to advise the governor and assent to or dissent from the executive appointments. The judiciary is formed of a chancellor, su- perior and district judges. By the 9th section of the amendments to the constitution of Md., passed Nov. 1812, it was divided into 6 judi- cial districts, 2 e. and 4 w. of Chesapeake bay ; over each of these presides one chief, and 2 associate judges, who, during their term of office, must reside in their judicial district, and hold their office during good be- havior, removeable by conviction in a court of law, or by address of the general assembly, two thirds of the members voting for the re- moval. The court of appeals is formed by the chief judges of the districts, of which three form a 77,177 64. Subject to appropriations uncalled for, «$41,81 42, leaving an unappropriated balance in the treasury on the 1st December, 1831, of $35,367 22, which will enable the committ(ie on ways and means, to discharge the entire amount of the public debt, which is payable at ihc pleasure of the state. Makysvh.le, p-v. in the southern part of Campbell co. Va. 20 ms. a lililc w. of s. Jjyiichburg, and by p-r. 147 s. w. by w. Rich- mond. Marvsvillk, St. jus. Charlotte co. Va. situ- ated on a branch of Little J^oanoke, 30 miles s. E. LynchburfT, and by p-r. 09 ms. s. w. from Richmond, n. lat. 37° 03', long. 1° 52' w. W. C. Marysviij.e, p-v. on Licking r. Harrison CO. Ky. about 45 ms. northcstrd. Frankfort. Marysvili.k, p-v. and st. jus. Union co. O. by p-r. 37 ms. n. w. "Columbus. Lat. 40° 16', long. 6° 22' w. W. C. Maryville, p-v. and st. jus. Blount co. Ten. 18 ms. s. w. Knoxville, and by p-r. 101 ms. a little s. of K. Nashville. Lat. 35° 46', and long. 6° 51' w. W. C. It is the seat of the southern and western theological seminary Mavsvillo. Population 1820, 13,588, 1830, 16,1!J9. Mason, or to preserve the sound more cor- rectly, Masson river of La. is one of the drains of the annually inundated tract between the Miss, and Roeuf branch of Ouachitta, rises near Grand lake and flowing sthrd. about 80 ms. falls into Tensaw 20 or 30 ms. above the junction of the latter with the Ouachitta. Mason Hall, p-v. in the northwestern part of Orange co. N. C. by p-r. 51 ms. n. w. Ra- leigh. Masontown. p-v. Fayette co. Pa. about 20 ms. N.Union Town, and by p-r. 222 ms. n. w. W. C. - Masonville, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y. 24 ms. w. Delhi, furnishes line grazing ; streams run into Del. and Susquehanah rivers. Pop. 183 s 1,145. Masonville, or Mason's Ferry, p-o. York (list. S. C. situated where the road from York- ville to Charlotte in N. C croscs Catawba r. by p-r. 87 ms. a little e. of k. Columbia. Masonville, p-v. Lauderdale co. Ala. by p-r. 119 ms. northward Tuscaloosa. Massauesick pond, in Chester, Rocking- ham CO. N. H. 6 ms. long, by 2 or 300 rods, has an area of 1,500 acres. Massac 'iii'sETTs bay, the waters enclosed by the coast of Mass. from cape Ann to cape Cod. It contains many islands, chiefly in Masard creek and p-o. Crawford co. Ark. Boston harbor, and several ports, the most by p-r. 226 ms. above, and westward Little important of which is Boston. It was visited Rock. by the pilgrims before they landed at Ply- Mascomy pond, Grafton co. N. II. ; con- moutli. tains 2 or 3,000 acres. Massachusetts, one of the United States, Mascomy, r. Grafton co. N. H. enters Mas- the oldest and most important stale in New corny pond at Enfield. England, bounded n. by Vermont and New Mason, p-t. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 43 ms. s. | Hampshire, e. by the Atlantic ocean, s. by Concord, 15 s. w. Amherst ; is crossed by Souhegan r., and has mills and manufactories. Fop. 1830, 1,403. Mason, one of the western counties of Va. bounded by C^abell s. w., Kcnhawa s. e., Wood n. e., Ohio r. separating it from Meigs CO. in O. N., and again by the Ohio r. sepa- the Atlantic, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, and w. by New York. It lies between 10° 23' N. lat., and 3° 38' and 7° 7' e. long, from W. C. It is 60 ms. wide by 13i) long, and contains 7,800 square ms. of which, about 4,644,000 acres are land. The early history of Mass. is that of New rating it from Gallia co. O. w. Length 40, j England. In this state the first permanent mean breadth 22, and area 880 sq. ms. Ex- 'settlements by Englishmen were made. ttmding in lat. 38° 32' to 39° 05', and in long. There were tried the first experiments of 4° 22' to 5° !2'w. W. C. This co. is washed, (founding a community on the principles of if vm follow the bends, nearly 60 ms. by the general virtue and intelligence. A party of O, r. ; and the southern part is traversed in a emigrants who had lied from England to seek northwesterly direction by the Great Ken- 1 a country in which they might enjoy freedom hawn. The surface is very broken, though j of conscience, landed at Plymouth, Dec. 22d, much of the .soil is of good quality. Salt 1620. They had sailed for Hudson's river, water has been procured by digging wells i but were carried by the master of the ship, near Kenhawa r. Chief t. Mount Pleasant. I who had been bribed by the Dutch, to a re- Pop. 1820, 4,868, 1830, 6,5.34. gion far better fitted for the ultimate success Mason, co. Ky. bounded by Bracken w., by of their plans, than that for which they started. Nicholas s. w,, Fleming s. and s. e., Lewis i In founding their political community, the E., Ohio r. separating it from Adams co. O. [equal rights and powers of individuals were N. E., and again by Ohio r. separating it from \ distinctly recognized. Legislative acts were Brown co. O. n. Length 20, mean width i soon passed, for the instruction of every 13, and area 260 sq. ms. Extending in lat. child in the community. Religion was the 38° 28! to 38° 44', and in long. 6° 32' to 7° w. first object of care with the colonists, and as W. C. Though this co. is bounded by Ohio ' early as 1631, the general court decreed that r. on the n., the general slope is wstrd. to- none but church members should enjoy the wards Licking r. Chief ts. Washington and privilege of voting, dec. From a few of tlie MAS 289 MAS first colonies on tho coaat of MasBachusetta bay; other eettleincnts were soon formed, so that tho same principles, habitn, and institu- tions, extended throughout New England, and have exercised un important inniionce on it, and on tho United States. The first general court or legislative assembly of Mass. com- posed of24 representatives from the various settlements, was held in 1634. Before this, all the freemen were accustomed to meet for the transaction of public business, &.c. The trial by jury was now adopted. The Pequod war, which threatened the south and west settlements, took place in 1637, and after some unjustifiable cruelties, terminated in the almost entire destruction of the only In- dian nation, inimical to the colonies. In 164.1 \Jie settlements of New Hampshire were in- corporated with Mass. In ]()43, the first union took place between the New England colonies, when articles of an oflen.sivc and de- fensive confederacy were agreed to, which enabled thnin to combine their powers in the subsequent French and Indian wars. In 1652 the province of Maine, placed itself under the protection of Mass., and was called the co. of Yorkshir. In 1664, four royal judges were sent out from England, to determine all causes of every kind, in the colonies, but were not permitted to perform the office assigned, and returned. In 167.') began Philip's war, during which, about 1000 buildings were de- etroyed, 12 or 13 settlements broken up, and nearly 600 of the colonists were killed. In 1680 New Hampshire was constituted a sep- arate colony by the British cabinet. In 16!t4 the English high court of chancery, declared the charter of Massachusetts for- feited, but Col. Kirk, who was appointed governor of New England, wp.s prevented by the king's death, from entering on his office. In 1685 Joseph Dudley became president of New England. He was succeeded tho next In 175G began the last French war, in which Mass, and the other colonies, took an active part, and suflered much. In 1765 measures were first taken by the British government, to raise revenue in the colonies, and at tho suggestion of Mass., a congress of delegates assembled at Now York, to procure tho removal of duties on stamped paper, &.c. The stani[) act was re- pealed the following year, but renewed in 1767, with duties on various other articlci. Public excitement prevailed against the gov- ernment, and in 1770, the King's troops be- ing insulted by the i>roplo of Boston, killed four of the citizens. In 1773, several ship loads often, sent out by the East India com- pany, subject to a duty, wore forcibly thrown into the harbor, by the inhabitants of Boston. In 1774, commercial privijpges were denied to Boston, and Cicn. Gage, who was made commander of the troops, in North America, adopted severe measures, which at length led to a general insurrection, and finally to the establishment of American independence. In September, 1774, delegates from the colonies, met at Philadelphia ; in 1775, Gen. Gage's troops wcro resisted ; April 19th, oc- curred the battle of licxingtoi), and June 17th, that of Bunker's hill. In all those contests, the people opposed the encroachments of arbi- trary power, and rose in defence of those rights, in strong attachment to which they had been educated. In 1776, Gen. Wash- ington commenced tho siege of I'oston, and compelled the evacuation of it on the 17th of May. After this time, the soil of Mass., ex- cepting some islands, remained free from actual invasion ; but they contributed power- fully to the success of the American arms, by councils, men, and money. The constitution went into operation in 1780. In 1786 commenced Shay's rebellion, which greatly agitated the state. It led to year by Sir Edmund Andross, who was re- no bloodshed except at its close, when 3 of sistcd in Mass. and (Jonn. In 1689 Plymouth was, by royal order, united to Mass., and the old charter of Mass. was confirmed. In 1692 Sir Wm. Phipps, a native of New England, became governor under anew charter, which vested the appointment of governor, lieuten- ant governor, secretary, and admiralty offi- cers, in the crown, and rendered the govern- or's assent necessary to every public act, be- side giving him the appointment of military and judicial officers, and a negative on all the elections of civil officers, by the general court. In 1720, a controversy commenced between the house of representatives and the governor, in relation to privileges, which continued for Bome time. In 1745 the fortress of Louisburg, was cap- tured by New England troops, most of them from Mass. In 1753 was formed the first society for the encouragement of industry, at the celebration of which 300 young women his men were killed, in attempting to take the barracks at Springfield. The federal constitution of the United States, was adopt- ed by the convention of Mass. in 1788. The present constitution of Mass., is that of 17i;0, with some amendments, adopted in lfi20. Tlie government now corisiHts of throe parts. The legislature, called the " gen- eral court," is composed of a senate of 40 members, chosen annually, ojid a house of representatives, of one or more members from each town, consisting in all of 500, or 600 members, when all the towns send tho full number to which they are entitled. Each of these branches ha s a negative on the other. The senate is founded on the representation of property, the house of representativea on the representation of tho population in 'owns ; the number of senators, (with a limi- tation to six) from any diHtrict, being propor- tioned to the amount of its taxes ; the number appeared on Boston common, at their spin- of representatives from any town, depending ning wheels, while one working at a loom. Ion the number of its inhabirants. The aenate was carried on a stage, on men's shoulders.! may constitute a court of impepchment ; the MAS 290 MAS house of representatives may impeach, origi- nate all money bills, &Ci &c. Every bill must be approved and signed by the governor, before it becomes a law, unless after being returned with his objections, it shall have been passed by two thuds of the legislature. The executive is vested in a governor, lieut. governor, and 9 counsellors, who are chosen annually, the two former by the people, the counsellors, by the legislature from the sen- ators. The governor has the power of oppo- eing or rejecting bills passed by the legisla ture ; he is commander-in-chief of the milita- ry forces, appoints all judicial officers, and with the council, exercises the pardoning power. The judiciary department consists of a supreme judicial court, and a court of com- mon pleas, each composed of a chief judge, and 3 associates, who hold their offices during good behavior. i3eside these, are courts held by justices of the peace, and also probate courts in each county. By an amend- ment to the constitution, made in 1831, the political year, hereafter, begins on the 1st Wednesday of January. Massachusetts is entitled to 12 representatives in congress. The state is divided into 14 counties, and 307 towns. In each of the counties, is a registry of deeds, a house of correction, and one or more jails. The soil is various, though generally good, and the face of the state, greatly diversified. Nantucket, Duke's, Barnstable, Plymouth, Suffialk, and Essex counties, on the sea, have much poor soil, but good harbors, valuable fisheries, and much navigation and commerce. Worcester coun- ty, the largest in the state, and extending across its breadth, has an irregular surface, with good land, and excellent farms. Frank- lin, Hampshire, and Hampden counties are divided by Connecticut river, on which are extensive and fertile meadows, and which afibrds navigation for rafts and boats. Steam- boats have recently begun to ply to the upper parts of the river. Berkshire coun- ty, which forms the west extremity of the state, is mountauious, being crossed by the Green mountains, and Taughkannic ranges ; it is of more recent settlement and has much poor land, though a considerable portion of excellent pasturage ; it has good marble quarries, and its mountains abound in iron ore. The soil of the state generally is well adapted to the growth of grass and fruit trees, and produces nearly all the fruits of temperate climates, also indiancorn, rye, oats, &c. There is a lead mine in Southampton, the works in which have been for a long time suspended. The middle and e. parts of the state abound in granite of an excellent quality for building. Marble and limestone are found in exhaustless quantities in West Stockbridge, Hinsdale and Lanesborough. Anthracite coal is found in Worcester, and quarries of) soap stone in Middlefield. ( Near the w. line of the state is the Taugh-' kannic range of mts., which divides the I waters oi the Hudson and Housatonnic rs. | The highest peak is Saddle mtn. in the n. w. angle of the state. Hoosic mts. run nearlj' parallel, being a continuation of the Greeti mtn. range of Vt., and dividing the streams of the Housatonnic and Hoosic rs. extend to N. Haven, Conn. Wachusett mtn. in Worces- ter CO., Mt. Tom and Mt. Holyoke, in Hamp- shire CO., and Mt. Toby, in Franklin co., are isolated, but very considerable elevations. The principal river, is the Conn., the lar- gest and most important in the state, which flows N. and s. through the cos. of Franklin, Hampshire and Hampden. That portion which is included in Mass., affords great ad- vantages for navigation. By its annual floods, though they often injure bridges, crops, &.C., it greatly enriches the extensive meadows on its banks, with a deposit of soil; and its fish, particularly the shad, afford a supply of e\. cellent food to the inhabitants. Large sums of money have been expended on dams, locks, canals, &c., by which the navigation is much improved. Merrimack r. touches the n. e. part of the state. The principal tributaries of the Conn. r. in this state, are Deerfield, Westfield, Mille^^e and Chickopee rs., the two last of which rise in Worcester co. Housatonic and Hoosic rs. rise in Berkshire co., the for- mer running s. into Conn., the latter n. into' Vt. and N. York. In Worcester co. rise also Quinnebaug r. which runs s. into Conn., Pawtucket r. which runs into R. Island, Charles r. whic hempties at Boston, and Con- cord and Nashua rs. which join the Merri- mack. There are also many smaller streams and ponds which are generally supplied with fish, and most of which afford excellent mill seats for manufacturing, &c. Population. Mass. in 1800, contained 422, 845 inhabitants; in 1810, 472,040; and in 1820, 523,287. In 1830 the pop. was as fol- lows : — to which is prefixed the counties, with their population in 1820. Counties. Pop. 1S20. Pop. 18S0. Barnstable, 24,020 28,514 Berk.-hire, 35,720 37,835 Bristol, 40,yu8 49,592 Dukes, 3,202 3,51 T Essei, • 74,655 82,869 Frunklin, 29,268 '29,601 Humpflcn, 2fi,0'2t 31,639 Hfun|ishire, 26,487 30,254 Middlesex, 61,472 77,961 NanUickel, 7,266 7,20S Nwrtnlk, 36,471 41,972 Fly.noulh, 38,136 43,044 ^ Su'flulk, 43,910 62,163 ' Worcester, 73,625 84,835 Total, 523, 287 610,408 Of which were white persons — Males. Females. Under 5 years of age, 40,644 39,533 From r> to 15 70,667 67,863 '• 15 to 30 91,422 94,934 " 30 to 50 59,116 64,847 " 50 to 70 25,327 31,445 ro to UO 7,335 9,701 " 90 and over 174 351 Total, 294,685 .308,674 MAS 391 MAS Of the above, were deaf and dumb, under 14 years, 56; between 14 and 25, 62; over 25, 138. Blind 218. Aliens 8,787. Freo colored. Under 10 years of age, Prom 10 to 2t " -24 to 3G " 36 to 55 " 55 to 100 " 100 and over, Males. 794 889 725 620 316 10 3,300 Females. 801) 90", 810 661 394 40 Total, 3,300 3,685 Slaves, males none, females 4. Colored, deaf and dumb, 9. Blind 5. Recapitulation. Whitcg. Free colored. Slaves. Total. 003,3.09 7,045 4 010,408 Slavery does not exist in this state ; a de- cision made by the supreme court of the state, ill 1783, declared that it was abolished by the following clause in the declaration of rights, " all men are born free and equal. " The commerce of Mass. extends to all parts of the globe. In the amount of its shipiiing it is before any state in the Union, and in the extent of its foreign trade, second only to New York. By the report of the secretary of the treasury, for the year ending September 30, sheep and wool in the county, is about $591,- 250, making an aggregate amount invested by the manufacturers and wool growers of Berk- shire of $2,087,930. The value of the pro- duce of these establishments from Oct. 1830, to Oct. 1831, was estimated at $2,000,905. Salt is extensively manufactured on the coast from sea water. There are in the state 17,- 545,700 sq. feet of salt works, of which 13,- 799,710 sq. feet are in tho co. of Barnstable, and cost ^1,379,971. The expenses of the state in l!j31, were, $.381,481 68 cents, re- ceipts |325,055 25 cents, deficit $26,451 45 cents, to be supplied by taxation. The amount of taxable property. May 1, 1832, $208,353,- 024 45 cents, and tho number of polls 159,- 444. In 1821, property, gl 53,360,407 54 cts. and polls 122,715. The taxable property in tho cos. of Mas;?. March 2, 1«32, was as follows :— Suffolk, $86,244,261 25; Essex, $24,335,935 57; Middlesex-, $21,lft2,009 ; Worcester, $21,- 166,610 68; Hampshire, «.'i,603,255 87 ; Hampden, .$6,.'') 18,342 20; Franklin, $5,- 452,300; Norfolk, $10,229,111 09; Berk- shire, $6,744,048 .34; Bristol, $11,346,916 33; Barnstable, $3,500,000 ; Dukes, $534,- 166 75; Nantucket, $3,895,288 40; Plym- outh, $7,576,932 06. There were in the 1830, the amount of Am. and foreign tonnage .state in Oct. 1831, seventy chartered banking entered, was 74,741; departed, 97,794. corporations ; caintal stock paid in, .$21,439,. Amount of imports, .$572,666 ; exports, do mestic produce, $643,435 ; foreign, $27,087 ; total exports, $670,.522. A large amount of shipping is employed in the mackerel, cod, and whale fisheries. The Vfliale fishery was commenced very early. In 1668, James Soper, in petitioning for an ex- clusive right, stated lliat he had caught whale for 22 years. In the beginning of ihe 18th century, whales were constaiuly taken on the bay shore of Cape Cod. I'or the last 6l) years few have been seen in the buy ; but they have been pursued in ail parts of the world; and the enterprize, skill and hardihood, fostered by this adventurous busine.«s, have contribu- ed to the improvement of American seamen. The ships are cliiefly fitted out at Nantucket, and New Uedfoni. The cod-fishery is carri- ed on on the n. e. coasts of the U. S., and on those of Newfoundland and Labrador. In 1831, in tho custom house district including Barnstable, licences were granted to 188 800; bills in circulation, 7,739,317; neit I profits on liand, 734,312 33 ; balances due to other banks, 2,477,615 43; cash deposited, &c. not bearing interest, 4,401,965 62; cash deposited, bearing interest, 4,550,947 68; due from the banks, 41,393,083 33; gold, silver, &c. in banks, 919,959 73; real es- tate, 683,307 89 ; bills of banks in this state, 1,104,567 29; bills of banks elsewhere, 270,- 606 88 ; balances due from other banks, 2,- 427,079 37 ; due to the banks, excepting bal- ances, 36,040,760 76; total resources of the banks, 41,445,700 09; amount of last divi- dend, 566,715; amount of reserved profits, 109,128 76 ; debts Boeured by pledge of .stock, 752,312 37 ; debts due, and consider- ed doubtful, $20!{,687 81. Rale of dividend on capital of the banks, 3 per cent, less J of 1-lOOth part of 1 per cent. Eight of the seventy being new banks, made no dividend on the 1st October; one no longer in operation. Four new banks have vessels engaged in cod-fishing, each avera- gone into operation since Oct. 1st, making ging 58 tons, and employing in all, 1,500 men and boys. The proceeds for the year, were about $319,000, or about $120 per share, after deducting owners' portions and inciden- tal expences. The mackerel fishery is chief- ly carried on along the coast. The manufactures of Mass. are extensive and various; those of cotton and woollen arc seventy-two now in existence, of which twen- ty-two are located in Boston, eighteen in tho county of Essex, five in Middlesex, one in i'lymouth, seven in Bristol, two in Barnsta. ble, three in Nantucket, two in Norfolk, si.x in Worcester, three in Hampshire, one in Franklin, and two in Berkshire. The interests of learning have ever been carried on chiefly by large and wealthy com- [cherished in Mass. with peculiar care. Many panics, and by machinery. In Berkshire co., lof the learned divines and civilians of Eng- there is invested for manufacturing purposes, (land were among its early settlers, and the in real estate, buildings and fixtures, $653,-1 people have ever been conspicuous for their 625, in machinery and tools, $376,405, and ■ regard to useful knowledge ; to the general in active capital, $526,650. The value of; difineion of which they have greatly contrib- MAS 292 MAS uted. Harvard college, at Cambridge, the] America was that of Quincy, in Norfolk co. most liberally endowed institution in tlic U.vvhich ia used to transport granite to the wa- S., was founded in 1638, chiefly by a dona- ters of Boston harbor. Others have been lion of Jno. Harvard; and the first printing projected, but only 2 are now constructing, press in America, at which all the printing of; the Boston and Lowell rail-road, and the the colony was done for 30 years, was set up at that place the following year. In 1764, the college buildings, with a library of 5,000 vols. &c. were burnt. 'Die constitution pla- ces this institution under a board of over- seers, consisting in part of the gov., lieut. gov., council and senate. It now has a choice library of 36,000 vols. There are two other colleges in the state, Williams college, in Williamstown, founded in 1755, and Am- herst college, near Northampton, founded in 1821. The constitution makes it the duty of the legislature and magistrates, "to cherish the interests of literature and science, and all seminaries of them, especially the university at Cambridge, public schools, and grammar schools in the towns." There is a flourish ing theological institution for Congregational, ists at Andover, founded in 1807 ; and one for Baptists at Newton. There is a medical school at Pittsfield, beside that at Cambridge, and various private literary institutions ol highly respectable standing. The number of incorporated academies in the state is 43, The means of common education arc pro- vided for all at the expense of the state. Every town with 50 families ia required by law to have a free school for children, in which must be taught the rudiments of learn- ing, at least 6 months in the year. In towns of 100 and 150 families, it must be kept 10 and 12 months, those of 500 families, the history of U. S., book-keeping, geometry, algebra, and surveying must be taught, at least 10 months of the year. In towns of 4,000, in addition to the other branches, must be taught Latin, Greek, history, rhetoric and logic. It is made the duty of all teachers to impress the pupils with the principles of re- ligion and virtue, as the basis of human so- ciety and republican institutions. The schools are superintended, and the instructers ap pointed by committees of the districts. The internal improvements of the state are numerous. The roads and bridges are many and excellent. The South Hadley canal, round a fall of the Conn, r., was the first work of the kind used in the U. S. That round Miller's falls, near Greenfield, forms a part of the same line of improvements in ihe vigation of Conn. r. The Middlesex canal connects the Merrimack at Lowell with the|rious minerals and rock formations Boston harbor. The Blackstone canal, which extends to Providence in R. I., lies partly in this state. The Hampshire end Hampden canal is partly completed, and extends from the river at Northampton to the Farmington canal in Conn.; thus opening a '.ine of boat navigation to New Haven, Conn. Several other canals have been planned and some surveyed, but the modern improvements in rail roads will probably prevent their prose- Boston and Worcester rail-road. The state prison at Charlestown ia an insti- tution highly creditable to the state. By li- beral appropriations from the treasury to the means of experiment in penitentiary regulation and discipline, a mere prison house, for the physical restraint of the body, has been con- verted into a school of salutary instruction and reform to the minds of the most vicious and abandoned of our fellow men. The demea- nor of the convicts has been softened and corrected, and from the admonitions afforded here, and the greater terror inspired abroad, commiiments have sensibly diminished. With- in the last year, the number of prisoners was reduced from 290, at its commencement, to 256 at its close. Of 256 convicts, 156 were led by intemperance to the commission of olfences, 182 had lived in the habitual neglect and violation of the Sabbath ; 82 were per- mitted to grow up without regular employ- ment ; 68 had been truants to their parents while m their minority ; 61 could not write, and many were wholly unable to read. In 1828, the excess of expenditure was more than $12,000 ; in 1829, it was between 7 and $8,000, and in 1830, it approached to $7,000, while in 1831, it was only $477 47. A hos- pital for the insane is now erecting. The state government is doing much by the an- nual beetowment of a bounty for the educa- tion of the destitute deaf and dumb ; by libe- ral encouragement to agricultural societies, and by fulfilling the injunctions of the consti- tution upon " legislatures and magistrates, in all periods of the commonwealth, to pro- mote by rewards and immunities, agriculture, arts, sciences, trades, manufactures, and a natural history of the country." To promote the culture of silk, the legislature had a con- cise manuel compiled and circulated, on the growth and culture of the mulberry tree. The design of obtaining an accurate map of the state from actual surveys and admeasure- ments upon trigonometrical piiticiples, is in a course of diligent prosecution. The exami- nations of the country have been mostly made, and the first part of an elaborate scien- tific report, compiiaing the economical geolo- gy of the state, accompanied with a map, de- lineating by numbers and colorings, the va- ihich prevail, is prepared. The second part is to exhibit the topographical geology ; the third, the scientific geology, and the fourth, cata- logues of the native mineralogical, botanical, and zoological productions. Arrangements have been made to procure the immediate publication of the first part of the report. There were in Mass. in 1831, 491 Congrega- tional churches, with 423 ordained ministers, of whom 118 are Unitarians ; 129 Baptist cution. The first rail road constructed in churches, with 110 ministers, and 12,580 MAT 293 MAU communicants; 71 Methodist preachers, and forming a boundary between King William, 11,200 members ; 4G Uriiversalist societies ;j and Kinsj and Queen, unite with the I'anmn- 31 Episcopal ministers; 8 New Jerusalem! ky, to form York river, after a comparative societies ; 1) Presbyterian ministers ; 4 Roman southeastern course of 10 ms. The valley of CathoUc churches, and 4 Shaker societies. jthe Mattapony lies between those of the Rap- Massametteu, p-v. marked on the p-o. listjpahannoc and Pamunky, and is traversed by as in Shenandoah co. Va. but is probably itijN. lat. 38° and the meridian of W. C. the new co. of Page, by p-r. 114 ms. west- ward W. C. Massena, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 43 ms. E. N. E. Ogdensburgh, has a good soil, and Grass and Racket rivers furnish good mill seats. It is opposite Cornwall, Upper Canada. Pop. 1830, 2,o68. I Mattkawan, creek, Monmouth co. N. J. I runs into Raritan bay, 4 ms. s. e. Amboy, is navigable for vessels of GO tons to Middle- town point. Matteawan or Fishkill mts., N. Y., called the Highlands of Hudson r., IG or 18 ms. wide, in cos. of Rockland, Orange, Westchester, Masserne, from Mt. Cernc, one of its! Putnam and Dutchess. Tiiey are probably peaks ; a chain of mtns. in the United States I connected with the Alleghany, being of prim- and Texas, extending from the state of| itive rocks ; the numerous peaks form the ro- Mississippi over Arkansas into Texas in a nearly similar direction with the mtn. range of the App;ilachian system. The Masserne is traversed by Red and Arkansas rs. and gives source to the Merrimac, Gasconnadc, St. Francis, White Ouachitta rs. No scien- tific survey has ever been made of the Mas- serne, a remark which might indeed be extended and applied to the Aiipalachian sys- tem. The provincial vulgarism Ozark, the hunters' name for Arkansas, has been given to the Massernes, by some writers and map makers. Massillon, p-v. on the Ohio canal, near the centre of Stark CO. Ohio, by p-r. 1U8 ms. N.E.Columbus. Pop. 1830, 359. 'I'he water mantic pass of the Highlands in Hudson r. ; the range extends from N. J. n. k. to Mass. Mattox, or Mattax bridge and p-o. in the nrthwst. part of Westmoreland co. Va., by p-r. 97 ms. N. N. E.Richmond, and 90 s. W. C. Mattox's, p-o. Tatnall co. Geo., by p-r. 131 ms. s. E. Milledgcville. Mattsvii.i.e, i)-o. Bucks co. Pa., by p-r. 53 ms. nrthrd. Phil. Maucii Chunk, flourishing p.v. on the right bank of Lehigh r., 31 ms. n. w. Bethlehem, " and 84 n. n. w. Phil. This very remarkable village has risen amid mtns. and rocks, on ground scarce wide enough to admit a street, from being the depot for the immense strata of anthracite coal found in the mtn. from level in the canal at Massillon, is 942 feet j which the name is taken, and at the foot of above the mean height of Atlantic tides Matapoiset Harbor, extends from Buz- zard's bay, into Rochester, and receives Mat- apoiset river from Plymouth co. Mass. Matciiapungo Inlet, on the coast of the Atlantic, between Hog and Prouts islands, Northampton co. Va. It opens into a sheet or small gulf called Broad Water, 28 ms. n. N. E.cape Charles. On Tarmer's U. S. it is laid down at lat. 37° 20'. Mathews, co. of Va. bounded by Glouces- ter CO. s. w. and w., by Piankatanck river sep- arating it from Middlesex n., Chesapeake bay E., and Mobjack bay s. Length from Point Comfort to the n. w. angle on Pianka- tanck bay, 17 miles, mean width 4 ms., aaLJ area 68 square ms. Extending in lat. 37° 22' to 37° 30' and in long. 0° 33' to 0° 48' k. W. C. This CO. is commensuraffe with a small peninsula between Mobjack and Piankatanck bays. Pop. 1830, 7,664. Mathews court house, and p-o. Mathews CO. Va. by p-r. 108 ms. though in direct dis- tance about 70 ms. e. Richmond. Matjiews' Prairie, and p-o. sthrn. part of Scott CO. Mo. by p-r. 256 ms. s. e. Jefferson city, and 150 a little e. of^. St. Louis. Mathewsville, p-o. Pocahontas co. Va. by p-r. 205 ms. wstrd. W. C. Mattapo.w, river of Va. has its extreme source on the eastern border of Orange co. near the Rapid Ann, about 25 ms. westward Fredericksburg, but the most numerous of its which the village is situated. The coal stra- ta, or the most extensive mine yet opened, is about 9 ms. wstrd. from the village, and lies upwards of 1,000 feet above the Lehigh level. Down this descent the coal is brought along a rail-way, and meets a canal, and slack water navigation, at Mauch Chunk. This work, called "Tiio Lehigh navigation," extends along the Lehigh r. 47 ms., with a fall of 364 feet to the Del. at Easton. This navigation every where admits boats of 5 feet draught, through 57 locks of 22 feet wide, (^ee arta. Del. and Lchifr/i rs.) The village was com- menced in 182.0 or '21, and in 1830 the num- ber of inhabitaftts was 1,343. Accfirding to a statement in the Phil. Eve. Post, Jan. 29th, IS'.iO, tlie quantity of coal shipped from the Lehigh mines, and passing through Mauch Chunk was, in 182.5, 2}{ 39S tons; 1826, 31,280; 1827, .30,-305; 1828 30,111; l;i29, 2.5,110; 18.30, 4-2,225; total! 187,424 tons. Mauiianov, p-v. Northumberland co. Pu. {See Mahaiiay.) Maukport, p-v. on O. r. Harrison co. Ind., by p-r. 152 ms. sthrd. Indianopolis. Maumek, r. of O., Ind., and Mich., the greatest wstrn. confluent of lake Erie. This very remarkable r. is composed of two con- stituent branches, the St. Mary's and St. Jo- seph's. St. Mary's rises in Allen, Mercer, and Shelby cos. O., interlocking sources with those of Wabash, Great Miami, and Au Glais creeks are in Spotsylvania. These unitelrs. ; flowing thence 60 ms. to the n. w., info within and traverse Carolina, and thence' Allen co. Ind., it unites with the St. Joseph's MAX 294 MEA The latter rising in Hillsdale co. Mich., j border of Lehigh co., and on the Sacony and assuming a s. w. course, traverses the nrthwstrn. angle of Williams co. O., enters Allen CO. Ind., and unites with the St. Mary's as already noticed. To view those two rivers on a map, iheir natur,al course would appear to be down the Wabash, but curving on themselves, the uni- ted waters now known as Maumee, assume a N. K. course ; flows in that direction 45 ms., to where it receives almost at the same point, Au Glaize r. from the s. and Bean or Tiffen's r. from the n. Continuing n. e. 60 ms. far- ther, Maumee is lost in the extreme wstrn. angle of lake Erie. This stream, like all oth- ers which issue from O. into lake Erie, is ob- structed by rapids a few ms. above its mouth ; otherwise it is navigable at high water into both its main branches. The Au Glaize, which falls into the Maumee at Defiance, is the most considerable branch, not falling much under the St. Mary's and St. Joseph's united. The valley of Maumee, occupying the whole nrthwstrn. angle of the state of O., is in length from s. w. to n. e. 100 ms., with a mean breadth of at least 50, area 5,000 sq. ms., comprising small fractions in Mich, and Ind. This r. and its branches drain in O. the cos. of Mercer, Allen, Vanwat, Putnam, Hancock, Wood, Henry, Williams, and Paul- ding. In lat. the valley stretches from 40° 30' to 42°. Maumee, p-v. on Maumee r., where the road crosses from Columbus to Detroit, by p-r. 136 ms. N. N. w. Columbus. Maurepas, lake of, La., between the parish- es of St. Helena and St. John Baptiste, receiv- ing the Amite r. from the w., and communi- cating on the estrd. with lake Ponchartrain, by the pass of Mauchae, a strait of about 6 ms. Lake Maurepas lies in an elliptic form, 12 by 7 ms. ; depth generally about 12 feet, though in the pass of Mauchae the water shal- lows to about 6 feet. Beside the Amite, Maurepas receives New r. from the s. w., and Tickfoha from the n. The country ad- jacent to this lake is mostly low and marshy. Maurice, r. Cumberland co. N. J., rises in Gloucester co. and runs nearly s. about 30 ms., receiving several branches, and enters Del. bay at Maurice cove, through low and swampy banks. Maurice River, p-t. Cumberland co. N.J., between Maurice r. and Salem, and Glouces- ter cos. Maury, co. of Ten., bounded by Hickman w. ; Dickson n. w. ; Williamson n. ; Bedford E. ; and Giles s. Length 30, menn width 24, and area 720 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 35° 22' to 35° 50' N., and in long. 9° 42' to 10° 18' w. W. C. This CO. lies entirely in the valley of Duck r., which winds over it in a n. w. by w. direction, receiving numerous crs. from both sides; soil of first rate quality; staple, cotton. Chief t. Columbia. Pop. 1820, 22,141 ; lti30, 27,665. Maxatawnv, p-o. and tsp. Berks co. Pa., 20 ms. N. N. E. Reading. The tsp. lies on the branch of Maiden cr. Pop. 1820, 1,847. May (Cape), Cape May co. N. J., the n. point of Del. bay ; long. 74° 56' w. (Green- wich,) lat. 39° N. The Del. breakwater is erecting within this cape. Here is the ter- mination of a range of low, sandy, barren coast from Shrewsbury hither. Pop. 1830, 4,936. Maybinton, p-0. Newberry dist. S. C, byp-r. 14 ms. wstrd. Newberry, and 54 n. w. by w. Columbia. Mayfield, r. small stream of wstrn. Ky., rises in Graves co., and first pursuing a north- ern course, turns abruptly west, separating Graves from MacCracken, and thence Mac- Cracken from Hickman, falling into Miss, a few ms. below the mouth of Ohio. Mayfield, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y., 8 ms. N. E. Johnstown and 40 n. w. Albany ; has good grass and graia soil, and Cranberry, Mayfield, and Fondas crs. with mill scats ; 2 post offices. Mayfield mtn. extends to Mo- hawk r. Pop. 18.30, 2,614. Mayfield, p-v. and st. jus. Graves co. Ky„ situated on a branch of Mayfield r., about 35 miles 8. E. the mouth of Ohio r., and by p-r. 277 miles s. w. by w. Frankfort, and lat. 36° '15', and long. 11° 45' w. W. C. Mayo, p-v. in the eastern part of Rocking- ham counly N. C. by p-r. 97 ms. n. w. Ra- leigh. Mays Lick, and p-o. in the sfhrn. part of Mason co. Ky., about 05 ms. n. e. by e. Frankfort. Maysville, p-v. and st. juF. Buckingham CO. Va., situated near the centre of the co., on Slate cr., about 35 miles nthestrd. Lynch- burg, and bv p-r. 287 ms. very nearly due w of Riciimond. Lat. 37° 32', and long. 1° 32, w. W. C. Maysvillf., p-v. on the O. r., nthrn. part of Mason co. Ky., by p-r. 67 ms. n. e. Frank- fort, This village was formerly called F/ime- stone, and was amongst the original settle- inonls of the state. The site is on a rather elevated bottom of the Ohio r., 3 ms. from Washington, the co. seat ; and by water about 500 ms. below Pittsburg. It is the second t. of Ky. in regard to commercial importance, and contained by the census of 1830, a popu- hitiori of 2, 040. It contains a glass manufiic- tory of considerable magnitude, a number of stores and warehouses, and three or four places of public worship. The importance of Maysville has arisen from being the mart of upper Ky., and lying on the direct nrthn. thoroughfare. Lat. 38° 40', long. «° 40' w. W. C. Maytown, p-v. near the left bank of the Susquchannah r. Lancaster co. Pa., 22 ms. s. E. Harrisburg, and 15 w. Lancaster. IMazeville, p-o. (ireenbriar co. V^a. by p-r. 266 ms. s. w. by. w. W. C. MEAnviLi.E, p-v. Halifax co. Va., by p-r. 1.39nis. s.w. W. C. Meansville, p-o. Union district, S. C, by p-r. 87 ms. n. w. Columbia. MED 295 MEM Mearb Farm, and p-o. HaTiiilton co. Ohio, by p-r. IIG ms.s. w. Columbus. MiiucA, p-v. Trumbull co. O., by p-r. 17G me. N. E. by e. Columbus. Mechanicsburo, p-v. Champaign co. O., by p-r. 39 ms. n. w. by w. Columbus. Mechanic's Hai,l, p-o. Mooro co. N. C, by p-r. 83 ms. s. w. Raleigh. Mechanic Grove, ami p-o. Clark co. Ala., by p-r. 132 m&. sthwd. Tuscaloosa. Meciiamcsville, p-v. Bucks co. Pa., by p-r. 39 ms. nthrd. Philadelphia. Mechanicsville, p-v. Montgomery co. Md., 30 ms. s. w. Baltimore, and 8 n. e. Rockville. Mechanicsville, p-v. Vanderburg co. Ind. by p-r. 164 ms. s. s. w. Indianopolis. Meciianicville, p-v. Stillwater, Saratoga CO. N. Y. Mecklenburg, co. Va., bounded by Halifax w., Charlotte n. w., Lunenburg n., Bruns- wick E., and by Warren and Granville cos. N. C. s. Length 3G, mean width 18, and area 648 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 36° 30' to 36° 53', and in long. 1° 08' to 1° 46' w. W. C. The junction of Stanton and Dan rivers, to form the Roanoke, is made on the wstrn. side l)f this CO., and the thence fine navigable river winds by a rather sinuous channel over the CO. in a sthest. by e. direction, leaving it at the sthcstrn. angle. The nthrn. side is drain- ed by Meherin r., flowing nearly parallel to the Roanoke ; the slope is of course in the di- rection of the streams. Staples, grain, flour, cotton, tobacco, &c. Chief town, Boydton. Pop. 1820, 19,786—1830, 20,477. Mecklenburg, co. N. C, bounded by Ca- tawba r. separating it from Lincoln n. w., Iredell n., Cabarraa n. e., Anson e., Lancas. ter dist. S. C. s., and York dist. S. C. s. vv Length s. to n. 50, mean width 18, and area 900 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 34° 48 to 35° 30', and in long. 3° 32' to 4° 06' w. W, C. The nthestrn. and estrn. boundary of this CO. coincides nearly with the dividing ridge between the sources of streams flowing into the Yadkin estrd. and into the Catawba river wstrd. The elope isof course wstrd. or rath- er a little s. of w. towards the latter r. Chief t. Charlotte. Pop.1820, 16,895—1830,20,078. Mecklenburg, p-v. Knox co. Ten., 12 ms. sthrd. Knoxville, and by p-r. 177 ms. a little s. of e. Nashville. Medfield, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass., 9 ms. s. w. Dedham, 17 s. w. Boston, e. side Charles r., w£ts burnt by Indians in 1675. Pop. 1830, 817. Medford, (formerly Mystic) p-t. Middle- sex CO. Mass., 4 ms. n. of Boston. Mystic river and Middlesex canal pass through it. Burgoyne's army encamped at Winter Hill after his capture. Pop. 1830, 1,755. Medina, co. of Ohio, bounded by Stark s. E., Wayne s., Lorain w. and n. w., Cuya- hoga n., and Portage e. Length 24, mean breadth 24, and area 576 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 10', long. 4° 48' w. Slope to the n. towards lake Erie. Chief t. Medina. Pop. 1830, 7,- 560. Medina, p-v. and st. jus. Medina co. O., by p-r. Ill ms. N. N. K. Columbus. Pop. 1830. 254. Medrosta Lake, Mo. is drained by Spey r. which flows into St. John's r. Mf.uwav, p-t. Norfolk co .Mass., 15 miles 8. w. Dedham, 20 from Boston, n. Charles r., contains a number of manufactories. It was incorporated in 1713, before a part of Mod- field. Pop. 1830, 1,756. Meesville, p-v. Roane co. Ten., by p-r. 153 miles estrd. Nashville. Meeting Street, p-o. nthrn. part of Edge- field district, S. C, by p-r. 65 miles wstrd. Columbia. Meherin, river of Virginia, and N. C, de- riving its most remote sources from Char- lotte, but rising principally in Lunenburg and Mecklenburg cos., and uniting on the wstrn. margin of Brunswick. Continuing its ori- ginal course s. e. by e. over Brunswick and Greensville, and thence separating a part of Greensville from Soutliampton, it enters N. C. between Northampton and Gates cos., and joins the Nottaway to form the Chowan, between Gates and Hertford cos. The entire comparative course of tlie Meherin is about 95 miles, but the valley is narrow, not exceed- ing 20 miles width at any part, (mean width hardly 10) area about 900 sq. ms., ly- ing between the vallics of Roanoke and Not- taway. Meherin Grove, and p-o. Lunenburg co. Va. by p-r. 92 miles s. w. Richmond. Meigs, co. Ohio, bounded s. w. by Gallia, n. w. and n. by Athens, Ohio river separating it fr«m Wood co. Va. n. e., and again by the Ohio river separating it from Mason co. Va. E., s. e. and s. Length from east to west 30, mean breadth 15, and area 450 sq. ms. Lat. 39° and long. 5° w. W. C. in- tersect in this CO. Surface very broken, but some tolerab]y,productive. Chief t. Chester. Pop. 1820, 4,480, and in 1830, 6,158. Meigs Creek, and p-o. Morgan co. O, by p-r. 77 ms. s. e. by e. Columbus. Meigsville, p-v. Randolph co. Va. by p-r. 211 ms. wstrd. W. C. Meigsville, p-v. Jackson co. Ten. by p-r. 84 ms. N. e. by e. Nashville. Melmore, p-v. Seneca co. Ohio by p-r. 80 ms. N. Columbus. Meltonsville, p-v. in the northeastern part of Anson co. N. C. by p-r. 132 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. Memphis, p-v. and st. jus. Shelby co. Ten. situated on an elevated blufi" of the Miss. r. immediately below the mouth of Loosahnt- che or Wolf r., by p-r. 226 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. Lat. 35° 06' and long. 13° 02' w. W. C. Mkmphremagog Lake, partly in Orleans co. Vt. but chiefly in Lower Canada, is 30 or 40 ms. long fron n. to s., and 2 or 3 wide, and communicates by the St. Francis with St. Lawrence river. Only 7 or 8 ms. of the s. end are in Vermont. It lies about half way between Connecticut r. and lake ('hamplain. MER 296 MER A bay from ihe s. end extends into Coventry. In Vt. the lake occupies about 15 sq. nis., re- ceiving Clyde, Black and Barton rivers. The " Magog oilstones" are brought from an isl- and 2 ms. N. of the Canada line, and are sold in the seaports for about 50 cents a pound. Menan, Little, island Washington co.. Me. has a light house, 2 ms. b. s. e. Golds- borough, and s. Steuben. Menassas Gap, and p-o. Frederick co. Va. by p-r. 134 ms. westward W. C. Mendiiam, p-t. Morris co. N. J. 7 miles w. Morristown, '^5 w. N. Y., near the head wa- ters of Passaic r. ; has an academy, and a fine hilly surface, with good farms. Pop. 1830, 1,314. Mexdon, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 32 ms. s. w. Boston. Blackstone river and canal cross the s. w. part of the town, and Mill r. runs through it. There are several manu- factories of cotton, and woollen mills ; the Blackstone factory is very large. Pop. 1830, 3,1.'>2. Mendon, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y. 15 ms. s. of Rochester. Honeoye outlet and other streams supply mills. Pop. 1830, 3,057. Menomonie, r. of Mich, ter., and confluent of Green Bay, rises in the country of the Menomonie Indians, sthrd. lake Superior, and flowing thence sthestrd. about 100 ms., falls into Green Bay at lat. 45° 28', and nearly due w., the strait uniting Green bay to lake Mich., and 50 ms. n. e. fort Howard. Menomome island, in Green Bay, Mich, ter., lying about midway between the mouth of Menomonie r., and the Grand Traverse straits between Green bay and lake Mich. Menomonie, st. of jus. Brown co. Mich. Position uncertain. Mentor, p-v. and tsp. Geauga co. O., by p-r. 162 ms. N. e. Columbus. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 703. Mentz, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y., 8 ms. n. n. w. Auburn. Seneca r. and Owasco outlet furnish mills and navigation. Villages, Montezuma and Bucksville, on Erie canal, and Throopsville. Pop. 1830, 4,143. Mercer, p-t. Somerset co. Me., s. w. Nor- ridgewock, n. Kennebeck co. ; has a large pond in the s. e. Pop. 1830, 1,210. Mercer co. Pa., bounded n. by Crawford ; N. e. by Venango; s. e. by Butler; s. by Beaver ; and w. by Trumbull co. O. Length 6. to N. 34, mean width 25, and area 850 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 41° 02' to 41° 28', and in long. 3° 04' to 3° 37' w. W. C. The val- ley of Shenango r. occupies the far greater part of this co., flowing sthrd. into Big Beav. er; consequently the slope of the co. is sthrd. ; surface moderately hilly, and soil pro- ductive. Chief t. Mercer. Population 1820, 11,681; 1830,19,731. Mercer, p-v. borough and st. jus. Mercer separating it from Garrard k. ; Lincoln s, e. ; Casey s. ; Washington w. ; Anderson n. ; and Ky. r. separating it from Woodford and Jes- samine N. e. Length s. to n. 28, mean breadth 13, and area 364 sq. ms. Extending in lat, 37° 32' to 37° 55', and in long. 7° 36', to 7° 56' w. W. C. The declivity of this co. is nthrd. ; the soil highly productive. Chief t. Har- rodsburg. Pop. 1820, 15,587 ; 1830, 17,694. Mercer, co. O., bounded by Vanwert n. ; Allen N. E. ; Shelby s. e. ; Darke b. ; and the - state of Ind. w. Length 28, mean breadth 20, and area 560 sq. ms. Lat. 40, 35', and long. W. C. 7° 38' w. This co~. occupies the table land from which flows St. Mary's branch of Great Maumee, and on which rise the ex- treme sources of the Wabash. It is remark- able that both rivers assume a parallel n. w. course, which they maintain over Mercer in- to Indiana, and thence converge into directly opposite courses; the Wabash to the s. w. and Maumee n. e. It is obvious from the foregoing circumstances in the course of its streams, that Mercer is amongst the most el- evated tracts between the vallies of O. and St. Lawrence. Chief town, St. Mary's. Pop. 1830, 1,110. Mercer co. II. bounded N. by Rock Island CO. ; n. E.by Henry ; s. e. by Knox ; s. War- ren ; and w. Miss. r. Breadth 20, mean length from e. to w. 30, and area 600 sq. ms. Lat. of its centre, 41° 15', long. 14° 42' w. W. C. This new co. occupies the space estrd. of the Great bend of the Miss, r., below the rapids of Rock r., and opposite the influx of the Low and Iowa rs., and lies about 200 ms. n. w. Vandalia. By the census of 1830, it con- tained but 26 inhabitants, and possessed no p-o. Oct. 1831. Mercer's Bottom, and p-o. on the Ohio r. Mason co. Va., by p-r. 326 ms. wstrd. W. C. Mercersburg, p-v. in the sthwst. part of Franklin co. Pa., 16 ms. s. w. Chambersburg, and by p-r. 89 ms. n. w. W. C. Mercersville, p-v. Edgecombe co. N. C. by p-r. 47 ms. estrd. Raleigh. Meredith, p-t. Strafford co. N. H., w. Winnipiseogee lake, and 29 ms. n. Concord. Contains many ponds, a good soil, rich land- scapes, and advantages of boat navigation on the lake and streams. The village at the bridge is partly in Guilford, and contains an academy, «fec. Pop. 1830, 2,683. Meredith, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y., 8 ms. N.Delhi, and 66 w. Catskill. It sends streams both to Del. and Susquehannah rs., and is half way between both. Hilly, with good soil. Pop. 1830, 1,666. Meriden, p-t. New Haven co. Conn. 17 ms. s. Hartford, 17 n. New Naven, 8 w. Middle- town. Has pretty good, but uneven land ; in some parts mountainous ; and though with few natural advantages, has become an im- co. Pa., situated near the centre of the co., 55 portant manufacturing place, by dint of indus- ms. a little w. of n. Pittsburg, and 30 ms. a try. The v. is pleasant, and contains several little w. of s. Meadville ; lat. 41° 15', long. 'very fine private houses, and 4 churches, 1 3° 20' w. W. C. Pop. 1820, 506. ! Congregational, 1 Baptist, 1 Episcopal, and 1 Merckr, CO. of Ky., bounded by Dicks r. Methodist. The streams are small, with lit- MER 297 MER tie water power ; yet about a million of dol- lars worth of different articles are annually manufactured and sent to other places. One company employs about 230 hands in the man- nfacture of brittania coffee pots, spoons, cof- fee mills, waffle irons, signal lanthorns, &c. ; value about s4200,000 per ann. Other manu- factures are wooden clocks, value per ann. about J^50,000 ; ivory, wood, box wood, and horn combs, value per ann. about $40,000; augur bits and rakes, value per ann. about ;g20,000 ; tin ware, value per ann. ^90,000 ; and another manufactory of brittania ware, which manufactures $25,000 worth annually. There are others of japanned ware, shoes and boots, &c. &c. Some very useful inventions have originated in this place. The first branch of manufacture extensively engaged in here, was that of tin ware. Pop. 1830, 1,708. Meridian Springs, and p-v. in the wstrn. part of Flinds co. Miss, about 65 ms. n. e. Natchez, and 31 s. w. Jackson ; the seat of government for the state. Meridianvillf., p-v. Madison co. Ala., 8 ms. N. Huntsville, and by p-r. 136 ms. n. n. e. Tuscaloosa. Merit, p-v. Wayne co. N. C. 75 ms. s, e. Raleigh. Mermentau, r. of La., rises within and drains the extensive prairies of Opelousas and wstrn. Attacapas. It is formed by the bay- ous, Nezpique, Cane, Plaquemine Brule, and Queue Fortue. General course sthwst. over a country almost a perfect plane, where the smallest fragment of stone is rare, and except narrow lines of woods along the streams, the whole covered with grass. Before reaching its outlet into the gulf of Mexico, timber, with the exception of detached clumps of live oak, entirely ceases. The soil towards the sour- lake is also a shallow sheet of water, not deeper than the outer bar. The greatest length of the Mermentau basin is about 90, mean width 30, and area 2,700 sq. ms. Of this surface, more than four fifths is composed of open grassy plains, water, or sea marsh. Mermentau lake, is an expansion of the r. of the same name, below the union of the dif. ferent confluent branches. It is a shallow sheet, about 30 by 10 ms., differing in no es- sential physical characteristic from similar lakes along the coast of La. The shores are low and marshy. Merom, p-v. and st. jus. Sullivan co. Ind., by p-r. 115 ms. s. w. Indianopolis, and 30 ms. IN. Vincennes. It is situated on the left bank of Wabash r., lat. 39° 04', long. 10° 36' w. W. C. Merrimack, r. N. H., the largest in that state, and one of the principal rivers of New England, is formed of the Pemigewassct, from the White mtns. and Winnipiseogee, which unite near the lower part of the line of Strafford and Grafton cos. It crosses the line of Mass. in Hillsboro' co. near Rocking- ham CO. after a course of 78 ms. nearly s., and soon after runs n. k. 35 ms. to the ocean at Newburyport. The Pemigewasset receives Mad and Baker's rs. and the streams from Squam and Newfound lakes. Winnipiseogee r. comes from Winnipiseogee lake and Great bay. The Merrimack receives Contoocook, Sou- cook, Suncook, Piscataquog, Souhegan and Nashua rs. There are many falls, the principal of which are dammed, and supply water to im- portant manufactories. Canals have been made round them all, with locks, by which the r. has been navigated in boats, for some years, up to Concord. There are several bridges and many ferries, and the capital and other chief towns stand on its banks. Monomake, ces of its branches, is but of second rate qual- lits Indian name, means a sturgeon. The ity, but contrary to the usual operations of! Middlesex canal extends from the bend in nature, still more deteriorates advancing [this river in Mass. to Boston harbor. The downwards towards the Gulf. The prevail- 1 following is a list of the chief canals, &c. ing timber in the woods is oak, hickory, sweet Bow canal, below Concord, made in 18)2, gum, and pine along the bayous Cane and Plaquemine Brule ; on the Nezpique, pine in- creases proceeding nrthwstrd., and approach- ing the waters of Calcasin becomes the com- mon tree. Cypress swamps are frequent near the confluence of Nezpique and Plaquemine Brul6. Below the latter point, live oak ap- pears, and in greater or less quantities is found on this r. thence to the mouth. With the Mer^nentau, however, live oak terminates in that part of the gulf coast ; none is to be seen on either the Calcasin or the Sabine. In autumn, when the streams are low, the tide ascends this basin into each of the con- fluent streams; but on the contrary, in win- ter and spring, when heavy rains have fallen, cost $20,000 ; Hookset, 6 ms. below, .$1,500 ; Amoskeag, 8 ms. below, $50,(100 ; the Union canal embraces 6 falls, and with Cromwell's falls canal cost $50,000. Wicasee, 15 milea below, $14,000. Merrimack, p-t. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 6 ms. from Amherst, 27 s. Concord, on w. side of Merrimack r. Souhegan r. and its branchea supply manufactories. Pop. 1830, 1,193. Merrvmeeting bay. Me. at the junction of Merrimack and Androscoggin rs. 20 ms. from the sea. Merrittstown, p-v. on Dunlap's creek, Fayettte co. Pa. 5 ms. a little w. of s. Browns- ville, and !0 n. w. Uniontown. Merrittsville, p-v. at the foot of Blue the flood from the prairies overpowers the Ridge, and in the northern part of Greenville low tides of the gulf. Below the union of its dist. S. C. about 40 ms. s. w. Rutherfordton, branches, this r. expands into a lake, and N. C. and by p-r. 122 ms. n. w. Columbia, again contracts into a narrow stream, and fi- Merriwether, co. Geo. bounded by Talbot nally is lost in the gulf, ovar a bar affording s. E., Harris s. w., Troup w., Coweta n., and at common tides about 3 feet of water. The Flint r. separaimg it from Fayette s. c, and 38 MEX 298 MIA Pike E. It ifl very nearly a square of 20 me. each wny; area 400 sq. ms. P^xttrulinK in lat. 32° 53' to 33° 15', and in long. 7° 39' to 8° 2' w. W. C. The slope of this co. is CHtwrd. towards Flint r. Chief t. Greenville. Pop. I!l3(>, 4,422. Mkrry IIji,l and p-o. Pertie co. N. C. by p-r. 145 nis. n. k. by e. Raleigh. Merrv Meeting Bay, Alton, Strafford co. N. H., is the a. e. arm of Winiiipiscogee lake, 1,600 rods lonp:. MEsoroTAMiA, p-v. Triimbull co. O. by p-r. 168 me. n. e. Columbus. Metcalf, p-v. Richland co. O. by p-r. 93 ms. N. E. Columbus. Metawamkeao, r. Me. enters Penobscot r. on the E. side. Metetecunk, r. Monmouth co. N. J. enters the head of BarncRat bay. Metiiuen, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 26 ms. n. Boston, 10 from Lowell, 5 n. Andover, n. Merrimack r., and bordering on N. 11., is a large town, with wild scenery. The viliago, with about 800 inhabitants, is on >Spieket r. 2 ms. from its junction with the Merrimack. 150,000 to 200,000 pair shoes are annually manufactured here ; and on ihc Spicket r. are 2 brick cotton factories, owned by the Me- thuen CO., containing 4,400 spindles, ]'M looms, and manufacturing annually 1,137,200 yards tickings, drillings, and sheetings. One of these factories is 124 feet long, and 5 sto- ries high. The Spicket has a fall at this place of 40 feet, whicli turns a wheel 108 feet in circumference, and 14 wide, sup|)Osed to be the largest in the country. Pop. 1830, 2,006. Metuciun, v. Middlesex co. N. J. 4 ms. n. E. New Brunswick. Mexico, great inland sea of North Ameri- ca, having the Mexican states on tlie n. w., w., 8., and s. k., the Cuba channel, island of Cuba and Florida channel E., and the U. S. N. E. and N. Lying between lat. 18° and 30° 31' N., and in long, from 4° to 20" .30' w. W. C. The greatest length from Florida point to Tampico bay, about 1,000 ms., with a mean breadth at least COO ms., and area 660,000 sq. ms. Tiiis Mediterranean is re- markable for its great depth. It is an im- mense reservoir, receiving ihe current of ro- tation through the Cuba, and discharging it again by the Flor. channel. The surface of the gulf must consequently be higher than that of the Atlantic ocean. The tides in the Gulf of Mexico, where examined at several distant points along the northern shore, are found about 2 to 3 feet. A steady current sets wstrd. along the coast of La. a phenome- non demonstrated by the debris of the Miss, being entirely borne in that direction, and found scattered along the coast. Of all the inland seas of the earth, the (iulf of Mexico ia most compact in its form, and least broken by islands or salient capes, and with an i mcnse periphery of 3,200 m ficicnt in good harbors Augusta ; it lies n. of Androscoggin r., and is watered by two of its tributaries. Pop. 1830, 343. Mexico, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y. 20 ms. e. Oswego, has many springs and mill streams. Salmon creek, the principal, with Mexico Point and Juliana p-vs. Population 1830, 2,671. Mexico, p-v. on the left bank of Juniata r. Mifllin CO. Pa. 31 ms. n. w. Harrisburg. Miami, or (iaEAT Miami, r. of O. and Ind., has its extreme sources in Shelby and Darke cos. of the former, and flowing thence s. s. e. 50 ms,, over Miami and Montgomery, re- ceives in the latter Mad r. from n. e. Mad r. rising in Logan, traverses Champaign and ('lark, unites with Great Miami as already noticed. The two streams unite at Dayton, and assuming a course of s s. w. flows in that direction by comparative courses 100 ms. to its junction with (.)hio t. having received, a few ms. above its mouth. White Water r. from Ind. White Water is a stream of 70 miles comparative course, rising in Darke co. Ohio, but having most of its course in, and deriving its principal tributaries from Ind. The boun- dary line between Ind. and Ohio, strikes the Ohio r. at the mouth of Great Miami. The valley of Great Miami is in length 120 miles from s. w. to n. e., with a mean breadth of 50 ms., or comprises an area of 6,000 sq. ms. This river has become of increasing conse- quence since the completion of a navigable canal, extending from Dayton to Cincinnati, opening a water means of transport from the interior tabic land of O. to the O. r. reaching the latter at the most considerable city in the state, or indeed of all the western states ex- cept New Orleans. (See article Ohio.) Miami, co. O. bounded by Montgomery 8., Darke w., Shelby n.. Champaign n. e., and (Jlark s. E. Length and breadth nearly equal, 20 ms., area 400 sq. ms. Lat. 40° and 7° 15' w- long. W. C. intersect in this co. It is traversed in a direction from n. n. w. to s. s. e. by the main stream of Great Miami, and also by its 8. w. branch. The soil is generally fertile. Chief t. Troy. Pop- 1*^20, 8,851, 18:30, 12,807. Miami, co. Ind. bounded n.e. by Wabash CO., s. E. by Cirant, Miami's tcr. s., Cass co. of Ind. w., and to the n. uncertain. Ijcngth from 8. to N. 30, mean breadth 10, and area 300 sq. rns. Lat. 40° 50', and long. 9° w. W. C. intersect in this co. Slope to (he w., and in that direction it is traversed by tliu main Wabash in the centre, by the Mississi- ncwa to the s. and Eel r. to the n. These rivers unite near its western border at Mia- misport, the chief t. Miami, p-v. Mamilton co. O. by p-r. 129 ms. s. w. Columbus. MiAMisBuiKJ, p-v. Montgomery co. O. by p-r. 82 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. MiAMispoRT, placed in the p-o. list as in is greatly dc-;Cass, is really in Miami co., and situated at the junction of Wabash and Miesissinewa Mexico, p-t. <^)xford co. Mc. 47 ms. fromj rs. by p-r. 131 ms. a little e. of .\. Indianopo- MIC 299 MIC lis. As laid down by Tannor itstuiids at hit. 40° 45', long. 9° 4' w. W.C. Miccdi'owN, j)-v. on Alitliupa r. nortlicn part of JFaiiiillon co. l-'lor. about 90 ma. a lil- tlo N. (if K. 'rallahassc. MicMAKLsvn.LK, ji-o. Maitford co, Md. about 31 ins. n. e. Baltimore. Micuir.AN, larf!;nst lake, which Ilea enfiroly in llu; U. S. Taken in connexion with the general jihysieal geography of the two baHinw (if MiHfiissi|)i)i and St. Jiawrencc, it iH evident that lake Michigan fiU.s a [lart of tlio (,neat valley, of" which lIliiioiH r. is the continuation towards the Gull' of Mexico. On our old inapa all the (/anadian lakes were delineated too round. Tliiiy were reprcHcnlod as vast ponds; but more recent observation has in- creased their Icnglh when compared with their brcndlh, and given them a nalural ap- proach to I he form of rivers. As now laid down by Tarmer, this groat sheet of fresh water extends .'JGO ms. from the mouth of W. Calumick (Calum(^t) r. to the straits of Mi- chilimakiiiak. 'I'he breadlh, opposite the mouth of Kaleinazoo r. ().') ms. The breaflth is rtimarkably uniform, and yields an average of at least 4.') miles, and adopting that breadth as a mean, the area will be lfi,2()0 sfiuarc ms., an area by no means overrai(!d, if (Jreen bay is included. The f Inosite Heaver islands 45 ms. ; across verse, and some other streams of lesser note. I tiie intermediate land surface between From the opposite or western slope, advaii- 1 1'dies Michigan and Superior to the latter 50 cing in the same manner, from the mouth ofjms. ; along the souIIkmii shore of lake Supe West ('alumick, to (ho mouth of (0 ms. ; most im|)ortant. Green buy is, howevfir, the I thence along the a. w. shore of lake Huron rccii)ieiit to Fox, Menomonie, and numerous to its outlet, or to tjie head of St. Glair river other small rivers. See Fox rivers, forex- 250 ms. ; thence down St. (JIair r., St. (Mair planation of the peculiar physical geography ' lake, Detroit river, and along the western of the western slope of lake Michigan | end of lake Frio to the northern boundary of basin. ;Uhiol3Gms. ; thence due west along the The eastern Michigan slope is a triangle northern boundary of Ohio, to the eastern of. 3:20 ms. base, perpendicular 1 10 ms. up the boundary of Indiana 85 ms. ; due north along vallies (d'Kalemazoo, and (irand rivers ; area jCast boundary of Indiana, to the northeast about 17,1)00 sfpiare ms. The western slope, angle of that state 10 ms. ; and thence due measuring from the southern source of W. west along north boundary ol Indiana, to Calamick, to the source of Mino Cofiuieii place of beginning 110 ms, ; haviiig an entire rivpr, has a base of. 380 ms. (Jrealest breadth outline of 1,100 ms. ; measured either by the from the mouth of the western Cheboiegon j rhombs or proportional scale, the area of thte MIC 300 MIC which were white persons : — Males. Females. Under 5 years of age, 3,023 2,743 From 5 to 10 3,326 2,066 " 10 to 15 1,905 1,686 " IS to 20 1,543 1,438 " 20 to 30 4,389 2,540 " 30 to 40 2,739 1,399 " 40 to 50 1,232 726 " 50 to 60 658 390 " 60 to 70 264 140 " 70 to 80 64 35 " 80 to 90 20 10 " 90 to 100 4 S " 100 and upwards, 1 Total, 18,168 13,178 Whites who are deaf and dumb, under 14 years, 4 ; 14 to 25, 7 ; 25 and upwards, 4 ; Blind 5. Colored population as follows : — Free colored. Slaves. Males. Fern's. Males. Fein's. peninsular part of Michigan comes out I whole territory contains a pop. of 31,639, of about 34,000 square ms. and of Chippeway CO. 3,000, yielding, for what is supposed to be the surface to be included in the state, 37,000 square ms. ; or in statute acres, 23,680,000. Extending in lat. from 41° 40' to 46° 47', and in long, from 5° 18' to 10° 35' w. W. C. The dividing ridge which separates the eources of Great Miami and Maumee, from those of the Wabash, is continued over Mich- igan, in a northerly direction, dividing the peninsula into two not very unequal inclined plains. The western or lake Michigan plain is drained by St. Joseph's, Kalamazoo, Grand and numerous other streams. (See lake Mich- igan.) The opposing or eastern plain gives source and course to the rivers Raisin, Huron of Erie, Rouge, Huron of lake St. Clair, Belle river. Black, Saginaw, Thunder, Cheboie- gon, and numerous smaller streams. What might well be called the sea shore of Mich, which, if the inflections of the coasts were included, would far exceed 1,000 ms., are with little exception uniform along lake' Mich, only aff'ording harboru in the mouths of the rivers. Lake Superior and Huron coasts are more indented, and Saginaw bay offers a gulf of 60 ms. depth. Taken as a whole, the number of havens are not in a proportion fa- vorable to commerce when compared with the distance of sea line. The phenomena of the rivers, prove the peninsula to be a vast table land, as all the rivers fall over ledges of rock before reaching their recipients. The nthrn. part of the peninsula is sterile when compared with the sthrn. towards Ohio and Ind., and the whole coimtry with very partial exceptions a forest. Political geography. — By Tanner's impro- ved map, up to the present time. Aug. 1832, it appears that Mich, as delineated in the first part of this article, is subdivided into the counties of: — Pop. 1830, 1,191 2,413 877 3,187 4,911 Under 10 years of age 31 20 2 1 From 10 to 24 43 36 7 'i " 24 to 36 48 26 11 3 " 36 to 55 29 16 1 3 " 55 to 100 8 4 1 100 and upwards 102 22 10 Counties Pop. 1830, Counties. P Allegan, Lapeer, Arena, Lenawee, Barry, Macomb, Berrien, 326 Michilimakinuk, Branch, Midland, Calhoun, Monroe, Cass, 919 Montcalm, Chippeway, 626 Oakland, Clinton, Oceana, Eaton, Ottawa, Gladwin, Saginaw, Gratiot, St. Clair, Hillsdale, St. Joseph, Ingham, Sanilac, Ionia, Shiawassee, Isabella, Van Buren, Jackson, Washtennu, Kalamazoo, Wayne, 1,114 1,313 6 4,042 6,781 Total on peninsular Mich, and Chippeway co. 28,004 In the three Trane-Michigan cos. Brown' Crawford and Iowa, (for the pop. of which> aee article Huron Ter.) there were in 1830, 3,6^5 inhabitants, and including these the Total, 159 Of the colored pop. none axe either deaf and dumb, or blind. Recapitulation. Whites. Free colored. Slaves. Total. 31,346 261 32 31,639 General remarks on Mich. — Volney, and some other writers who knew little of the real geography, and of course still less of the climate, have given a very erroneous idea of the aerial temperature of this peninsula and adjacent countries. The writer of this arti- cle, from actual observation, found the winds on lake Erie so excessively prevalent from the wstrd. and n. wstrd., as to bend the whole forest trees in an opposite direction. In ma- king voyages from Detroit to Buffalo, and the reverse, the time demanded differs about as three to one. By reference to the tables un- derthe head of U. S., the excessive severity of winter at Detroit, and Fort Biady, Chippe- way CO. maybe seen. History. — The first civilized settlements in Mich, were made by the French from Canada ; and Detroit (the strait) was founded about I670,but this region, so remote from the Atlan- tic coast, was peopled slowly, and at the end of the revolutionary war, when ceded to the U. S. by the treaty of Paris, contained but few inhabitants. Under various pretences the British colonial agents retained Detroit, with all that is now Michigan, until after the treaty of Greenville, and the U. S. did not obtain the country in actual possession until 1796. The territory of Mich, was formed in 1805. The country had to sustain more than a share of the vicissitudes of the last war between^ MID 301 MID the U.S. and Great Britaiit, and was, in 181'2 i westward Sunbury, and by p-r. 61 ms. n. N. actually overrun by the troops of the latter, j w. Ilarrisburg, and G ms. s. w. New Berlin, but in the ensuing year was retaken by an| Middlebukg p-v. Frederick co. Md. by p-r. army of the U. S. under Gen. Harrison. 20 ms. n. e. of Frederick Relieved from calamities of war, and laid open to Atlantic commerce and emigration by the great wstrn. canal of New York, the ad- vance of Michigan has been rapid, liy the census of 1820, it contained but 8,896 inhabi- tants, but as shown by the tables in this arti- cle, in 1830, the pop. of the peninsula and Chip- peway co. contained a fraction above 28,000, and by information received from Mr. Wing, the inhabitants now, 1832, exceed 50,000. MiDDLEBURG, p-v. Hardiman co. Ten. Pop. ■ 1830, 3,278. MiDDLEBURY, p-t. and St. jus. Addison co. Vt. 33 ms. s. Burlington, and 31 s. w. Mont. pelier. Generally level. Otter creek and Middlebury river afford mill seats. Much marble is quarried and wrought here, and is fine, white, bluish &.c. The village is on Ot- ter creek at the falls. Here is Middlebury college, a jail, academy, court house, state On the 17th July, 1822, Col. Brady founded arsenal, &c. The college was incorporated Fort Brady on the straits of St. Mary, and] in 1800, and owed its support to private con- commenced the settlement of Chippeway co. j tributions. The medical academy at Castle- The settlements on the peninsula are spread- ton is connected with it ; a new college build- ing with great rapidity, as may be seen by the numerous counties formed since the census of 1830 was taken. Those with numbers annex. ed are those which were organized in 1830, and amount to 13, out of 36 named in the ta- ble. MicuiLiMAKiNAK, CO. of Mich. includingth c strait and islands of the same name, and the nrthrn. extremity of the peninsula. The lim- its are undefined on the main land, as the nthm. settlements are separated by a wilder- ness from those of the sihrn. and central parts of the territory. Chief town, Fort Mackinac. Pop. 1832, 877. Through the straits on both sides of Michi- limakiuak island, a constant and very sensible current flows from lake Mich, into lake Hu- ron. The straits are wider and shorter than any of the other water connexions between the great Canadian lakes, but are in every other respect similar to St. Mary's, St. Clair, Detroit, or Niagara. MiDDLEBORouGii, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 34 ms. s. from Boston, has a poor sandy soil. Assawampsit and Long ponds arc chiefly in is to be erected. Pop. 1830, 3,468. Middlebury, p-t. New Haven co. Conn. 22 ms. N. w. New Haven, 36 ms. from Hart- ford, 4 ms. by 5 ; 19 sq. ms ; has Hop river, •fee. It is hilly, with granite rocks. It pro- duces grass and grain. Pop. 1830, 816. Middlebury, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 15 ms. s. of Batavia, produces excellent fruits. The village is on Black creek. Pop. 1830, 2,416. Middlebury, p-v. on Goose creek in the s. s. w. part of Loudon co. Va. 12 ms. s. w. Leesburg, and by p-r. 44 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. Middlebury, p-v. Portage co. O. by p-r. 115 ms. N. E.Columbus. Middle Creek, p-o. southern part of Wake CO. N. C. by p-r. 12 ms. s. Raleigh. Middle- creek is a small branch of Neuse r. MiDDLEriELD,.p-t. Otscgo CO. N. Y. 3 ms. E. of Cooperstown, 35 s. e. Utica, e. lake Otsego and Susquehannah river. The great Western turnpike passes through it. The dairy is esteemed. Pop. 1830, 3,323. MiDDLEi'iELD, p-v. Geauga co. O. by p-r. this town. Bog iron ore is taken irom the; 178 ms.N. e. Columbus. former with long tongs, and manufacturedl Middlisford, p-v. Sussex co. Del. by p-r. here. Cotton is also manufactured. Popu-j 54 ms. sthrd. Dover. lation 1830, 5,008. Middle Grove , and p-o. Ralls co. Mo. MiDDLEBOURNE, p-v. and St. jus. Tyler co.j about 110 ms. r». w. by w. St. Louis. Va, situated on middle island creek, 45 ms.i Middleport, p-v. Schuylkill co. Pa. by p-r. a little w. of s. of Wheeling, and 258 ms. by |74 ms. n. e. Harrisburg. p-r. westward W. C. Lat. 39° 32', long. 3°| Middlesex, p-t. Washington co. Vt. n. of 55' w. W. C. I Onion r., 30 ms. e. Burlington, is rough. A MiDDLEBOURNE, p-v. Gucmsey CO. Ohio, by (bridge over Onion r. crosses a rocky chasm p-r. 97 ms. n. e. Columbus. MiDDLEBROOK, p-v. in the southern part of Augusta CO. Va. 10 ms. s. s. w. Staunton, and by p-r. 185 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. MiDDLEBROOK, p-v. in the western part of Edgefield district S. C. by p-r. 98 ras. wstrd. Columbia. MiDDLEBROOK MILLS, On little Seneca, p-o. Montgomery co. Md. 28 ms. n. w. W. C. MiDDLEBURGH, p-t. Schoharic co. N. Y. 10 30 feet deep. Pop. 1830, 1,156. Middlesex, co. Mass. in the e. part of the state, bounded by New Hampshire n., Essex CO. E., Norfolk s., and Worcester w. Con- tains 46 towns. Cambridge and Concord are the shire towns, but Charlestown is the most populous. Merrimack. Concord and Nashua rivers are the principal streams. The Mid- dlesex canal, 31 ms. long, 24 feet wide, and 4 feet deep, reaching from Boston harbor to ms. s. of Schoharie, and 35 w. of Albany. Merrimack river, is wholly within this coun Schoharie creek affords mill seats. The Hel-'ty. It was begun in 1793, finished in 1804, derburg limestone hills are scattered over [cost above $700,000, has 13 locks, and 107 the town. jfeet descent n., and 3 locks and 21 feet des- MiDDLEBURG, p-v. UnioH CO. Pa. 15 miles 1 cent s. The amount of capital invested in MID 302 MID manufacturing is very great. Lowell and i ous hills of the co. give rise to a multitude of Waltham, the two principal manufacturin towns in Massachusetts, are in this county. In Lowell, in April, 1832, $3,129,000 were stated to be invested in real estate and ma- chinery, for manufacturing purposes, without including the Suffolk, Tremont, and Law- rence manufacturing companies. There are numerous paper mills in this county, and an agricultural society which has annual cattle shows, (fee. In June 1832 a census was taken of I/ow- ell, which shows the population to be 10,2.54; increase in 2 years nearly 2,000. Belvidere village 1,004. It has been recently stated, (July, 1832)that in tips county the cotton man- ufacture employs .$3,129,000 capital, vested in real estate and machinery, consumes 6,- 913,000 lbs. cotton, produces annually 20,- 378,000 yards cloth, employs 3,89G hands, pays in wages $731,750 ; the woollen manu- facture employs $394,000 capital, vested in real estate and machinery, consumes 899,000 lbs. wool, produces annually 849,300 yds.wool- nel cloth, flannel and carpeting, employs 653 hands, pays in wages $152,000; the manu- facture of leather, boots, shoes, hats, paper, glass, sheet lead, lead pipe, iron, starch, gun- powder, soap and candles, drugs, oil of vitriol and other acids, barilla and other chemicals, used in the county by bleachers, dyers, cali- co printers, soap boilers, and other artists, are more extensive than in any other section of our country of equal extent, employing in these branches, in the aggregate $1,050,255 capital, vested in real estate, machinery, tools, &c. and producing manufactured arti- cles of the annual value of $3,565,613. Pop. 1820, 61,472—1830, 77,961. Middlesex Canal. (See art. Rail Roads and Canals.) Middlesex, co. Conn, situated near the middle of the state, is bounded n. by Hart- ford CO , E. by Hartford and New Loudon cos., s. by Long Island sound, and w. by New Ha- ven CO. It is 342 square miles in extent, and contains 7 towns, Chatham, Durham, E. Had- dam, Haddam, Killingworth, Middletown and Saybrook. It was formed into a county in May, 1785, and then consisted of 6 towns, to which a seventh, taken from New Haven co. was annexed in May, 1799. The early settlers of Middlesex were al- most entirely of English origin and extrac- tion, and its present inhabitants arc chiefly their descendants. The first English settle. mcnt was commenced in Saybrook in 1635. The several townships of the county were purchased of the Indians, who were former- ly numerous here, and in no case were ob- tained by conquest. The general surface of Middlesex is une- ven. A wide range of hills crosses the coun- ty obliquely from s. w. to n. e., and on the w. border of Durham and Middletown are the Wallingford hills. The soil adjacent to the sjjrings, brooks and streams, which fertilize the land, and many of them are highly valua- ble for mill seats, &c. The climate ia fine, and the region remarkably healthy. The county is divided by Connecticut river which affords great advantages for naviga- tion, and abounds in valuable fish, particular- ly shad, which are taken in large nmnbers. Much ship building is carried on in the co. The foreign trade was formerly extensive, and the coasting trade is still very great. Manufactures are flourishing, particularly on the streams in and near Middletown, where are manufactories of woollen, cotton, fire arms, &,c. Valuable quarries have long been wrought at Chatham, which furnish the best free stone to the New York market, and em- ploy many sloops, &c. Building stoi^e is al- so abundantly supplied from the granite hills bordering the straits of the Connecticut river. Many of the rocks of this county exhibit pe- trified fish, leaves, &.c. partly carbonized, and other indications of bituminous coal, though no bed of that valuable mineral has been dis- covered. There are also a load and a cobalt mine, the latter about 5 ms. E. from the head of the strait. At Middlefield, where is a fall of about 30 feet over a bed of trapp rocks, are found chlorophoeite, datholite and iolite. There are in the county 41 houses of pub- lic worship, viz : 19 Congregational, 18 B.np- tist, 1 Free Will Baptist, 7 Episcopalian, 5 Methodist, and 1 Universalist. For more than a century after the first settlement of the county, the inhabitants were universally Congregationalists. The courts sit alternately at Middletown and Haddam. Middletown is the principal town. Middlesex comprises 2 senatorial dis- tricts. Population of the county 1820, 22,- 405—1830, 24,845. Middlesex, p-t. Yates co- N. Y. 194 miles w.vAlbany. Pop. 1830, 3,428. Middlesex, co. N. J. near the centre of the state, is bounded by Essex co. n., the N. Y. line and Monmouth co. e. and s., llurlington and Somerset cos. w. It is divided by ilie lower part of Raritan r. It contains the up- per parts of Millstone and Assanpink rivers, and its principal town is New Bnmswick. Pop. 1830, 23,157. Middlesex, co. of Va. bounded by Pian- katank r. which separates it from Gloucester s., and King and Queen w., by Essex n. w., by the bay of Rappahannoc n., separating it from Lancaster, and e. by Chesapeake bay. Length s. e. to n. w. 35 ms., mean width 5, and area 175 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 37° 30' to 37° 48', and in long. 0° 13' to 0° 40' e. W. C This county comprises a long and narrow point between the 2 bounding rivers. Chief t. Urbanna. Pop. 1820,4,057-1830, 4,122. Middleton, p-t. Strafford co. N. H., has Connecticut river is generally good. The I no rivers, ponds nor mountains, except part Chatham meadows are of excellent quality — of Moose mountain, and the soil is rocky; 48 the uplands usually very good. The niuner-'ms. n. e. Concord. Population in 1830, 561. MID 303 MID MiDDLETON, t. Essex CO. Mass. SO ms. n. of Boston, has no village, an luicvon surface, and only tolerable soil. Pop. 1830, 607. MiDDLETOWN, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 70 ms. 8. of Burlington, and 41 n. of Bennington, is crossed by Foultney r., has a soil of gravelly loam, and a pleasant village and several mills, &c. Pop. 1830, 919. MiDDLETOWN, t. Newport co. R. I. 2 miles y. E. Newport, and 28 s. e. Providence. Pop. 1830, 915. MiDDLETOWN, city, port of entry, and chief town of Middlesex county, Connecticut. Lat. 4l°35'N. and long 4° 15' e. The Indian name was Mattabeseek. It is pleasantly sit- uated on the gradually rising ground on the west bank of the Connecticut river, 31 miles above its mouth, 15 miles s. of Hartford, 24 N. E. of New Haven, and 325 from W. C. The principal street, which runs n. and s. is broad, level and well built, find with those parallel to it, is intersected at right angles by others leading to the river. The wharves are commodious, and two of them are ap- propriated for steam-boats, by which daily communication is kept up with the cities of New York and Hartford. Population of the city 1820, 2,618, including the town, 6,681, 1830, city 2,965, including the town, 6,- 892. The city contains a court house, a custom house, 2 banks, a jail, an almshouse, and 7 places of public worship, 2 of which are Con- gregational, 1 Episcopalian, 1 Baptist, 1 Me- thodist, 1 Universalist and 1 African. The Wesleyan university, founded in 1831, is an institution of great promise under the patron- age of the Methodist Episcopal church. Its buildings are eligibly situated on a hill adja- cent to the city, and command a fine view of the river and the surrounding country. Its officers in 1832, were a president and 4 pro- fessors. It possesses a valuable library, cab- inet of minerals, chemical and philosophical apparatus, &c. Many of the houses and stores are built with brick, and much taste is displayed in and about the residences of the citizens. Two weekly newspapers are pub- lished in the city. The manufactories of the city and town are numerous. Among them are three for arms for the United States' service, 1 of broad- cloth, 1 of cotton, 1 of webbing, 1 of combs, 1 of Guntcr's scales, &,c., 1 of machinery, 1 of pewter, 1 of axes, 2 of tin ware, 1 paper mill, 1 powdermill, 4 jewelry establishments, &-C. &.C. One manufactory makes 1,500 ri- fles annually, milling all the parts ; another 2,000 milled muskets; another 1,200 guns which are cast. One company make 45,000 lbs. of cotton yarn, and another 30,000 yards of broad cloth ; 200,000 coflee mills are made here every year, and the annual value of man- ufactures in the place, is about ,^700,000. The coasting trade of Middletown is ex- other towns on the river, are registered here. The river is navigable to Middletown for ves- sels drawing 10 feet of water. There is a horse boat ferry between this place and Chat, ham. Two miles above the city is the village of Middlelotvn Upper Houses, which contains a post office. The whole township from n. to s. is about 9 miles long, and it varies in breadth from 4 to 10 miles, and contains about 58 sq. ms. It was settled in 1636, the same year with Hart- ford and Windsor. The public records of the town commence in 1654. The city was in- corporated in 1784. Middletown rests on secondary red sand stone — the other rocks are pudding stone and bituminous shale, having impressions of leaves, fish, &c. The range of granite hills terminates 2 miles s. of the city, forming the straits of Connecticut river. Vnluable min- erals are found in various parts of it. Dur- ing the revolution, a lead mine was wrought some distance e. of the city, on the bank of the Connecticut river, and several shafts were sunk. The ore was found in quartz veins, with some fluor spar. It is now neglected. Middletown, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y. 20 ms. s. E. Delhi, and 68 s. w. Albany, is wa- tered by Papachton river, the e. branch of Delaware river, and tributaries which sup. ply many mill seats. It is very hilly, with vallies of good land, and has a mixed popula. tion. Pop. 1830, 2,383. Middletown, p-v. Orange co. N. Y. 23 ms. N. of Newburgh. MiDDLETown, p-v. Saratoga co. N. Y. 3 ms. N. w. Waterford. MiDDLETOWN, p-t. Monmouth co. N. J. on Raritan bay, and at the mouth of a creek, 50 ms. E. of Trenton, and 30 s. w. N. Y. It has an academy. Pop. 1830, 5,128. Middletown Point, p-v. Monmouth co. N. J. on Matteawan creek, which falls into Rar- itan bay, 14 ms. n. w. Shrewsbury, 12 n. n. E. Freehold, and 9 s. e. Amboy. Middletown, p-v. on the left bank of Sus. quehannah r., above the mouth of Swatara creek, 9 ms. below Ilarrisburg, and 27 n. w. by w. Lancaster. It is comparatively an an- cient village, extending mostly in a single street along the main road. Pop. 1820, 567. Middletown, p-v. upon Appoquinimink creek, in the southwestern part of New Cas- tle CO. Del. 25 ms. s. s. w. Wilmington, and 27 by p-r. n. n. w. Dover. Middletown, p-v. Washington co. Pa. (See West Middletown.) Middletown, p-v. Frederick co. Md. 8 ni«. N. w. by W.Frederick, and 17 s. s. e. Ha- gerstown. Middletown, p-v. on Cedar creek, near the southwestern border of Frederick co. Va. 16 ms. s. w. Winchester, and by p-r. 83 miles a little N. of w. W. C. Middletown, p-v. in the east part of Hyde . tensive — its foreign trade considerable. In co. N. C. 158 ms. estrd. of Raleigh. 1816 it owned more shipping than any town - Middletown, p-v. in the northeastern part in Connecticut. Vessels for Hartford and ' of Jeflerson county, Ky. 12 ms. £. of Louis- MIL 304 MIL ville, and by p-r. 44 ms. a little n. of w. oi Frankfort. MiDDLETowN, p.v. southem part of Butler CO. Ala. by p-r. 165 ms. s. s. e. Tuscaloosa. MiDULETowN, p-v. Butler co. O.by p-r. 90 ms. s. w. by. w. Columbus. MiDDLETowN, p.v. Henry co. Ind. by p-r. 49 ms. N. E. by e. Indianopolis. MiDDLEWAY, p-v. westem part of Jefferson CO. Va. 85 ms. by p-r. n. w. by w. W. C. Midway, p-v. Culpepper co. Va. by p-r. 81 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Midway, p-v. in the western part of Cald- well CO. Ky. by p-r. 216 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. Midway, p-v. Stark co. O. by p-r. 126 ms. N. E. by. E. Columbus. Midway, p-v. Spencer co. Ind. by p-r. 177 ms. s. s. w. Indianopolis. Mifflin, co. Pa. bounded by Perry s. e. and s., Huntington s. w. and w.. Centre n.. Union n. e., and the Susquehannah river sep- arating it from Dauphin e. Length 45, mean width 20, and area 900 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 40°, 14' to 40° 52', and in long, from the meridian of W. C. to 0° 56' w. The surface of ♦lifflin is very much broken by mountain ridges, stretching from s. w. to n. E. ; yet much of the soil is excellent. The county is traversed in the greatest part of its length by the Juniata r., flowing first north- east, then east, and finally entering the adja- cent county of Perry by a bend to s. s. e. Along this river valley passes the Transverse Division of the Union canal, affording an outlet to the productions of Miffiin co. Chief t. Lewistown. Pop. 1820, 16,818—1830, 21,690. Mifflin, p-v. southwestern part of Hender- son CO. Ten. by p-r. 143 ms. s. w. by w. Nash- ville. Mifflin, p-v. Richland co. Ohio, n. e. Co- lumbus MiFFLiNBURG, p-v. ou Buffalo cr. Union | Columbia. began river, has mills and factories, 31 ms. s. Concord, and yields good apples, &c. Pop. 1830, 1,302. MiLFORD, p-t. Worcester CO. Mass. 18 ms. s. e. Worcester, is supplied with excellent mill seats by Charles and Mill rivers. It is gently swelling in surface, has an academy. Pop. 1830, 1,360. MiLFORD, p-t. New Haven co. Conn, on Long Island sound, 9 ms. s. w. New Haven ; has some good land, but is very rocky. It has a harbor for vessels of 200 tons, and a quarry of marble like verde antique, clouded greenish, &lc. but not very valuable for work- ing. Pop. 1830, 2,256. MiLFORD, p-t. Otsego CO. N. Y. 10 ms. s. Cooperstown, 76 ms. w. Albany, on the north side of Susquehannah river, is hilly, but has excellent soil for grazing. Pop. 1830,3,025. Military Academy of the United States. (See West Point.) MiLFORD, p-v. and st. jus. Pike co. Pa. sit. uated on the right bank of Del. river, 56 ms. above and a little e. ofN. Easton, and 119 ms. northward Philadelphia, lat. 41° 18', long. 2° 16'E. W. C. MiLFORD, tsp. of Mifflin co. Pa. opposite Mifflintown, and on Tuscarora creek. Pop. 1820, 1,554. MiLFORD, village and tsp. in the western part of Somerset co. Pa. The village is situ- ated 8 ms. s. w. by w. the borough of Som- erset. Pop. of the tsp. 1820, 1,394. MiLFORD, p-v. on Mispillion creek, south- eastern part of Kent co. Del. 20 ms. s. s. e. Dover, and by the p-r. 102 ms. a little n. of E. W. C. MiLFORD, P-V. on the left bank of Mononga- hela river, in Plarrison co. Va. 5 ms. s. s. w. Clarksburg. MiLFORD, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Green- I ville dist. S. C. by p-r. 95 ms. n. w. by w. Pa. 6 ms. N. w. New Berlin, and by p-r. 65 ms. a little w. of n. Harrisburg. Mifflintown, p-v. on the left bank of Juni- ata river, by p-r. 43 ms. n. w. Harrisburg. Mifflinsville, inthep-o. list, but Mifflins- burg on Tanner's map, p-v. on the left bank of Susquehannah river, and southeast part of Columbia co. Pa. IB ms. n. E.byE. Danville, and by p-r. 80. ms. n. n. e. Harrisburg. Milan, p-t. Dutchess co. N. Y. 22 ms. n. N. E. Poughkcepsie, a part of Ancrams creek, and streams of Wappingers creek furnish mill sites. Pop. 1830, 1,886. Milan, p-v. Huron co. Ohio, by p-r. 117 ms. northward Columbus. MiLBORo' Spring, and p-o. Bath co. Va. by p-r. 199 ms. s. w. W.C. MiLESBURG, p.v. Centre co. Pa. 2 ms. w. Bellefonte, and by p-r. 87 ms. N. w. Harris- burg. Miles, cross roads and p-o. Knox co. O. by p-r. 54 ms. n. e. Columbus. MiLFORD, p-v. Monroe co. Geo. by p-r. 66 ms. w. Milledgeville. MiLFORD, p-v. in the N. w.part of Clermont CO. Ohio, by p-r. 98 ms. s. w. Columbus. MiLFORD Centre, p-v. sthrn. part of Union CO. O. by p-r. 32 ms. n. w. Columbus. Military Grove, p-v. Burke co. N. C. by p-r. 220 ms. a httle n. of w. Raleigh. MiLLBORo', p-v. in the eastern part of Wash- ington CO. Pa. by p-r. 214 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 207 w. Harrisburg. MiLBORo', p-v. Sussex CO. Va. 4 or 5 ms. 1 s. e. Sussex court house, and by p-r. 55 ms. s. s. E. Richmond. MiLLBORo' Spring, and p-o. Bath co. Va. by p-r. 214 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. MiLLBRooK, p-v. Wayne co. Ohio, north- eastward Columbus. MiLLBURY, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 40 ms. s.w. Boston, is crossed by Blackstone river and canal. The water taken from the falls feeds the canal to Mendon. Here was formed Milestown, p-v. nr.ar Phil, city, Phil. co. Pa. j the first of those lyceums which are now so MiLFiELD, p-v. Athens co. Ohio, by p-r. 82 numerous and useful. The Goodell manu- ms. s. e. Columbus. ;facturing company make woollens, and there MiLFORD, p-t. Hillsboro' CO. N. H. on Sou- are gun and cotton manufactories, &.c. &c. MIL 305 MIL and quarries of granite. Pop. 18J0, 1,011. Mii.i. Creuk, p-o. Berkeley co. Va. by p-r. 03 ins. N. w. W. C. Mii.i, CREKK,.ancl p-o. Coshocton co. Ohio, by p-r. 93 ins. a little n. of e. Columbus. Mill CauEK, p-o. Madison co. Indiana, by p-r. 46 ms. n. e. Indianopolis. MiLLEDGEviLLE, p-t., St. JUS. for Baldwin CO. and of government for the state of Geo. is situated on the right bank of Oconee river, at lat. 33'3 05', long. 6° 17' w. W. C. This geo- graphic position gives by actual calculation, the bearing from W. C. to Milledgeville s. 41° 09' w. and a distance of 536 ms. nearly ; the post oflice disr.;ince along the post road 6G2 statute ms. Milledgeville is 92 ms. s. w. by w. along the road through Warren- town and Sparta from Augusta, and 175 ms. N. w. by w. Savannah. Following the windings of the Oconeee and Alatamaha, this place is 312 ms. above the Atlantic ocean. Boats of 25 or 30 tons are navigated to Milledgeville. The site of this town is broken into hills. It contains a state house, a branch of the state bank, several places of public worship, and 2 or 3 printing offices. The state penitentiary is also located in Milledgeville. The latter establishment appears from recent informa- tion to support itself. The convicts in 1829, were 92. Miller, co. of Ark. bounded n. by Craw- ford, E. by Clark, s. by Sevier, and w. by the unapproi>riated western territory, length 50, width 36, and area 1,800 square ms. Ex- tending in lat. 34° to 34° 43' n., and in long. 16° 50' to 17° 30' w. W. C. It is chiefly drained to the southward by the constituent creeks of the Little river of the north. The northern part is mountainous and drained to the northward by the head branches of Poto- mac river flowing into Arkansas. The co. is therefore in part a table land, between the Red and Arkansas rs. and lies about 100 ms. s. w. by w. Little Rock. Pop. 1830, 356. Miller, C. H. and p-o. in the preceding co. is marked on the p-o. list, as distant 1,326 ms, from W. C, and 2l5 from Little Rock. Miller's river, Worcester and Franklin COS. Mass. enters the Connecticut river at Nonhficld, 35 ms. long, with a fall of 62 feet near its mouth. .lust above it a large body of Indians were destroyed in Philip's war, by a small army of volunteers from Northamp- ton, &c. Mri.LERSBURG, p.v. in the northensinrn part of Bourbon co. Ky. 10 ms. n. e. Paris, and by p-r. 53 ms. a little n. oTe. Frankfort. MiLLEusBi'RG, p-v. and st. jus. Holmes co. Ohio, by p-r. 80 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus, and 46 ms. \. Zanosvillc, lat. 40° 32', long. W. C. 4° .57' w. It is situated on Kilbuck creek, near the centre of the co. MiLLERSBURG, p-v. Ripley co. Indiana, by p-r. 75 ms s. e. Indianopolis. MiLLERSBURG, p-v. in the northern part of Callaway co. Mo. by p-r. 44 ms. n. e. Jefl^er eon city, and about 140 n. w. by w. St. Louis MiLLEKSBURG, p-v. On the left bank of Sua. 30 quehannah river, on the point above the mouth of Wicomisco creek, 23 ms. n. and above Harrisburg. Millers Creek, and p-o. Estill co. Ky. by p-r. 81 ms. s. e. by e. Frankfort. Miller's Inn, sthwstrn. part of Nelson co. Ky. by p-r. 9 ms. from B irdstown, and 64 ms. s. w. Frankfort. Milleh's Tavern, and p-o. Esse.Y co. Va. by p-r. 119 ms. s. W. C. Millerstowv, p.v. on the left bankof Juni. ata r. Perry co. Pa. 29 ms. n. n. w. Harris- burg. MiLLERSTOWN, p-v. Graysou co. Ky. 10 ms. from Litchfield, and by p-r. 113 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. MiLLERsviLLE, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa. 5 ms. s. w. Lancaster. Mill Farm, and p-o. Caroline co. Va. byp-r. 92 ms. sthrd. W. C. Mill Grove, and p-o. Mecklenburg co. Va. by p-r. 258 ms. s. s. w. W. C, and 135 ms. s. w. Richmond. Mill Grove, and p-o. Sumpter dist. 'S. C. by p-r. 60 ms. e. Columbia. Mill Hall, p.v. in the nthwstrn. part of Centre co. Pa. 23 ms. n. w. Bellefonte, and 108 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. Mill Haven, p-v. Scriven co. Geo. by p-r. 142 ms. a little s. of e. Milledgeville. MiLLHEiM, p-v. in the sthestrn. part of Cen- tre CO. Pa. 20 ms. n. e. by e. Bellefonte, and by p-r. 86 ms. n. n. w. Harrisburg. MiLLiNr.Tov, p-v. Kent co. Md. by p-r. 53 ms. N. E. Annapolis. MiLLiNGTON, p-v. Decatur co. Ind. by p-r. 55 ms. s. E. Indianopolis. Millport, p-v. in the wstm. part of Meck- lenburg CO. Ky. by p-r. 190 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. Mill River, p-o. Buncombe co. N. C. by p-r. 250 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. MiLLSBORo', p-v. near the head of Indian r. in the s. e. part of Sussex co. Del. by p-r. 49 ms. s. s. E. Dover. MiLLSFiELD, t. Coos CO. N. H. 150 ms. N. Concord. Pop. 183' >, 33. MiLLSFORD, p-v. Ashtabula co. O. by p.r. 197 ms. N. E. Columbus. Mills Point, p-v. Hickman co. Ky. by p.r. 338 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. Mill Springs, p.v. in the sthrn. part of Wayne co. Ky. 24 ms. from MonticelJo, and by p-r. 1.52 ms. sthrd. Frankfort. Millstone Brook, N. J. a branch of Riri. tan r. rises in Monmouth co., flows N-thruu^h Middlesex, receiving Stony brook, and part of Somerset, where if joins the r. 9 ms. above Brunswick. On its banks, where it is crossed by the Princeton and Trenton roads, Wash, ington defeated the British regiment of grena- diers, on his retreat from Lamberton. The Delaware and Raritan canal is now construe ting along the course of this .=itream a part of its length. Millstone, p.v. Somerset co. N. J. 38 ms. N. E. Trenton. -MiLLTowN, p.v. in nthwstrn. part of Brad . MIL 306 MIN ford CO. Pa. by p-r. 146 ins. n. Harrisburg. MiLLTOwN, p-v. Crawford co. Ind. by p-r. 114 nis. sthrd. Indianopolis. MiLLViLLE, p-t. Cumberland co. N. J. 12 ms. E. Bridgetown. It has iron works, which are supplied with water by a short canal from a pond. It is crossed by Maurice r. Pop. 1830, 1,561. MiLLviLLE, p-v. in the nthrn. part ofColum- bia CO. Pa. by p-r. 9.3 ms. nthrds. Harrisburg. MiLLviLLE, p-v. King George's co. Va. by p-r. 91 ms.s. W. C. MiLLviLLE, P-V. Spartanburg dist. S. C. by p-r. 97 ms. n. n. w. Columbia. MiLLviLLic, p-v. Lincoln co. Ten. about 60 ms. sthrd. Nashville. MiLLViLLE, p-v. Caldwell co. Ky. by p-r. 235 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. MiLLviLLE, p-v. Butler co. O. by p-r. 115 ms. 8. w. by w. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 196. Millwood, p-v. Frederick co. Va. 11 ms. s. E. by E. Winchester, and by p-r. 61 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. MiLNERSviLLE, p-v. Guemscy co. O. by p-r. 102 ms. E. Columbus. MiLo, p-t. Yates co. N. Y. 25 ms. s. e. Ca- nandaigua, w. Seneca lake, e. Crooked lake, whose outlet aflbrds mill seats. The soil is rich, argillaceous loam, with some alluvion and warm gravel. Penn Yan p-v. was na- med from the settlers being Pennsylvanians and N. Engenders. Pop. 1830, 3,610. MiLTON, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. 27 ms. n. Portsmouth, 46 from Concord, is on the w. side of Salmon Falls r., which divides it from Maine. It includes Teneriffe mtn., and is crossed by a stream. Pop. 1830, 1,273. Milton, p-t. Chittenden co. Vt. e. side lake Champlain, on Lamoille r. 12 ms. N. Burling. ton, and 40 n. w. Montpelier, has the advan- margin of a small valley, probably once a lake; and there is the Spa village, which contains 2 churches, a courthouse &c., with several boarding houses, the chief of which is the Sans Souci. Milton v. 3 ms. n. w. of the Spa, has 2 churches, limekilns, and several factories. Pop, 1830, 3,079. Milton, p-v. Orange co. N, Y. 12 ms. n. Newburgh. Milton, v. Middlesex co. N. J. 1 m.. w. Rahway. Milton, p-v. on the left side ofSusque- hannah r. at and above the mouth of Lime- stone run, 12 ms. above Northumberland, and 81 N. Harrisburg. Milton, p-v. on Dan r. in the nthesrn. angle of Caswell co. N. C. by p-r. 98 me. n. w. Ra- leigh. Milton, p-v. Laurens dist. S. C. by p-r. 65 ms. N. w. Columbia. Milton, p-v. in the nthwstrn. part of Ruth- erford CO. Ten. Milton, p-v. Gallatin co. Ky. by p-r. 83 ms. N. e. Frankfort. Milton, p-v. Trumbull co. O. by p-r. 154 ms. N. E. Columbus. Milton, p-v. Wayne co. Ind. by p-r. 75 ms. E. Indianopolis. Mina, p-t. Chatauque co. N. Y. Popula- tion 1830, 1,388. Minden, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y. s. of Mohawk r., 15 ms. w. Johnstown, and 58 w. N. w. Albany. Has gentle hills and rich val- lies for wheat, with argil, loam on clay. Ots- quaga creek affords mill seats. Fort Plain was on Mohawk r. The inhabitants are Ger- man, and speak the German language. Pop. 1830, 2,567. Mine River, confluent of Missouri, and hav- ing its entire course in the state of Mo., rises tage of the Great Falls of Lamoille and its between the northern sources of Osuge river branches, plenty of iron ore and limestone, and and that part of Missouri river between the of a low sand bank, extending to the s. w.i influx of Kansas and Grand rs. The valley corner of S. Hero, by which the lake is forda- of Mine r. comprises the northern sections of ble most of the year. The Great Falls are J Lafayette, Saline and Cooper counties, the curious ; an island stands in the channel, ! stream falling into Missouri 4 or 5 ms. above where the river descends 150 ft. in 50 rods, j Boone viile, the st. jus. of the latter co. The Cobble and Rattlesnake hills, 4 or 500 ft. high, I valley of Mine r. does not amount to 70 ms. in its greatest length, but it is a large stream compared to its length, draining a circular valley of 60 ms. diameter, exceeding an area of 2,800 sq. ms. MiNEHEAD, t. Essex CO. Vt. N. Conn. r. 60 ms. N. E. Montpelier, 100 from W^indsor, and are the principal ; the surface is gently varied. Pop. 1830, 2,097. Milton, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. 7 ms. s. Boston, s. Neponsct r., has various mills, &,c., Good tillage in the middle and n. e., but inj the s. part, is broken and hilly. Part of the j Blue hills are in the t. some of which are j is watered byNulhegan r.&-c. Pop. 1830, 150. 710 ft. above high water. Pop. irv30, 1,576. Milton, t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 30 ms. Mineral Point, and p-o. Iowa co. Mich., or more correctly in Huron. As laid down Albany, is nearly level, and has a stiffor san- 1 on Tanner's improved U. States' map, this dy loam, except a sandy pine tract in the e.| place is situated on the head of the w. Fork Kayderosseras brook crosses it. Slate and limestone lie under the surface, and loose masses of granite, gneiss, limestone, &c. above. It comprehends Ballston springs, and the village of Ballston Spa, celebrated as a fashionable retreat, on account of the value of its waters. There are several cha. of Peeklano r. 74 ms. s. w. of fort Winne- bago, 75 ms. a little s. of e. Prairie du Chien, and 64 n. e. Galena in II. Minersvii.le, p-v. in the northeastern part of Schuylkill co. Pa. by p-r. 71 ms. n. e. Har- risburg, and 179 x. n. e. W. C. Minerva, p-t. Essex co. N. Y. 30 ms. s. w. lybeate sj^rings, and one of ihem is strongly Elizabethtown, is little inhabited, and 14 ms. charged with salts. They all rise near the! by 25. The bourcts of Hudson r. riseinil. MIS 307 MIS and water it well. The surface is irregular, uiid ilie soil pretty good. Pop. 1830, .l.-iS. Minerva, p-v. Mason co. Ky. by p-r. 63 ms. N. E. Frank fort. Minerva, p-v. Stark co. O. by p,r. 135 ms. N. E. Columbus. MiMsiNK, p-t. Orange co. N. Y. 10 ms. w. Goshen, N. Y. on Wallkill creek, n- e. N. J. and Pennsylvania lines. The Shawangunk nitns. from the Alleganies and Navisink r. cross it. Near the Wallkill are some drown- ed lands. Soil and surface various. There are 4 p-os. at Minisink, West town, Carpen- ter's point, and Ridgeburgh. . Dolscntown and Brookfield are also villages. The Hud son and Delaware canal crosses the town, meets Delaware r. nt Carpenter's point, and proceeds up that stream. Pop. 1830, 4,979. MiNOT, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. w. of An droscoggin r., 33 ms. n. Portland, n. Little Androscoggin r., and s. Oxford co. Popula- tion 1830, 2,904. MiNTONSviLLE, P-V. Gatcs CO. N. C. by p-r 149 ms. N. E. by e. Raleigh. Miranda, p-v. Lincoln co. N. C. by p-r. 163 ms. a little s. of w. Raleigh. MissiSQUE, (•S'ee Troy.) MissisauE, bay, an arm of lake Champlain containing 35 sq. ms., reaching 4 or 5 miles into Lower Canada, between Swanton and Highgate,Vt. It is 5 miles wide on the line. MissisQUE, r. of Vt. rises in Orleans co., and passing into Lower Canada, traverses Franklin co., enters lake Champlain at Mis- sisque bay. It is wide, slow and shallow, with several falls. It receives Trout river, Black creek, Taylor's branch, &c., draining about 582 sq. ms. in Veriuont. It is 75 miles long, and navigable to Swanton falls, 6 ms. in ves- sels of 5i) tons. Mississippi, river of the United States. Though the various large constituent streams of the mighty Mississippi will be severally noticed, yet a general view of the great cen- tral basin is indispensable in a treatise of the nature of this Gazetteer. Beside many of in- ferior magnitude, the great constituent riv- ers which drain the basin, and unite their wa- ters to form tlic Miss., are the Red, White, Arkansas, Miss., Miss, proper, and Ohio. A very erroneous opinion of the relative extent of the basin of the Miss, has been fos- tered by too many geographers of our own country. The true characteristic to deter- mine the comparative importance of rivers, is the area drained, and not mere length of course. T«) give more correct views of the true rank of the large rivers of the earth, the following table was constructed. No. 1. Table of the basins of the large rivers of the earth, including the length of course of each great river, exclusive of min- ute sinuosities. Length of Mean width Area in River Rasiiis. course. of Busiii. ijq. ms. Rio de la Plate 1,600 800 l,2S0,00n .AniaKim, inclusive of llie Toouiitiua.s, 3,000 OFO 2,940,000 Oiiiioio, 1,100 yfiO 300,000 LenRtli of Mean widtli Area in River Basins. course. of Basin. nq. ms. Atlantic slope of N. America, from Flor. point, exclUHive of St. Lawrence, 1,800 170 306,000 Mi.ss. iucludinp Red, Arkansas, While, Miss, proper, Ohio, Missouri, (Sec. 2,000 550 1,100,000 St. Lawrence, 1,200 425 510,000 Saskatchawainc, 1,200 200 240,000 Unjiga, or Macken- zies r. 1,400 200 280,000 Euxine Basin, 1,800 550 090,000 Wiiite sea Basin, 1,3H0 700 066,000 Caspian & Arab unl- - ted basins, 2,500 1,000 2,500,000 Oby, 2,150 COO 1,290,000 V'eniseii, 2,100 400 840,000 Lena, 2,070 350 724,000 Amur, l,8-'0 3()0 055,000 Yellow liver. 1,980 200 396,000 Blue r 2,280 200 450,000 Basin of s. e. Asia, 1,800 150 270,000 Ganges & Buramapoo- tre, united. 1,500 380 589,000 [ndus, 1,200 180 216,000 Euphrates & Tigris, united, 1,1.50 140 161,000 Nile, 1,680 250 420,000 Niger, 2,000 200 400,000 By this table it is shewn, that the surface comprised in the Miss, basin, falls short of that of the Plate, and is only to that of the Amazon as 377 to 1000 ; yet the enormous extent of the former, though the third in rank amongst the rivers of America, becomes ve- ry apparent, when it is seen, that it exceeds in extent all the rivers of the Atlantic slope of North America, including the St. Law- rence, or either the Baltic or Euxine basins; that it far exceeds the united basins of the Indus, Ganges, and Buramapootre, or the great central basin of China, A line drawn from the Appalachian sys. teni, where the sources of Ten. and Great Kenhawa separate in Ashe co. N. C. to the sources of Marias river, the northwestern confluent of Miss, is by calculation n. 55° 40' w. 1,985 statute ms. Another line very near- ly at right angles to the preceding, drawn be- tween the sources of Red and Ouisconsin rs., measures 1,100 ms., the mean width of the basin is, however, about 550 ms. The fol- lowing table exhibits the relative extent and geographic position of the constituent vallies of this Kreat basin. mean width, area sq. ms. 261 196,000 277 437 200 180.000 523,000 200,000 Nat. Sections. lengtl Oliio valley, 750 Miss, valley, or Miss. proper, 650 Missouri valley, 1,200 Oliio, including the "1 valleys of White, [ 1,000 Arkans.-is, Ke(l,&c. J Of these vallies, which drain a territoryof 1,099,000 sq. njs., the e.xtent is as follows : Ohio, fm. lat. 34° to 42° 30' long. w. W.C. 1° to 1 1° 40' Miss, proper, 370 " 48O " " 90 " 20O Missouri, 370 " 50O " " 13° " 350 Ohio, iiiclud- "i Ingthe vallies ',000 -MOO .1 n 1 10 >. 3Q0 ofWhite.Ark. f— ' " Red, &c. J The various sections of this great physical region will be found under their respective heads, but we here notice the general feature* MIS 308 MIS in order to explain the phenomena of the an- nual inundations. By reference to table II. it will be seen that the difi'orencc of hit. be- tween the extremes is from lat. 29 to 50, or 21 degrees. Tlic relative elevation has nev- er been accurately determined, but may with- out estimating mountain ridges, be assumed Safely at 5,000 feet, or an equivalent to 10 degrees of lat. Combining these elements would give a winter climate to Miss, sources similar to that of Labrador, on the Atlantic coast, of lat. 61° The basin, if taken as a whole, is composed of two very unequal inclined plains, one, tlie western and much most extensive, falling from the Chippewayan system, is about 800 miles mean width ; the second declines from the Appalachian system westward, and is about 400 miles wide at a mean. The base line, or line of common depression, follows the valley of Illinois and Miss, below the mouth of Miss. The general characters of the Ap- palachian and Chippuwayan systems are com- municated to their respective plains. In a state of nature the Appalachian system was a dense forest. This vast body of woods was protruded on one side to the shores of the Atlantic ocean, and westward encroached on the central plains. The Chippewayan is mostly naked of tim- bers, as are the immense grassy plains which compose its eastern slope. By reference to the art. Md. it will be seen that, independent of comparative height, the prevalent winds of the continent are from the westward, and that winter cold increases in intensity advan- cing westward to the summits of the Chip- pewayaii. Permanent snows cover the earth in winter over the Atlantic slope and Miss, basin as low as lat. 31°, but from the peculiar struc- ture of the vallies, the floods produced by winter snows and spring rains cannot be sim- ultaneously discharged. The gradual dis- charge is produced by three causes ; first, dif- ference of lat. ; second, difference of height ; and thirdly, contrariety of direction. The general course of the flood being to the southward, spring advances in a reverse direction, and releases in succession, the waters of the lower valley, then those of O., then those of Miss. In a mean often years the swell commences on the Delta, in the end of Feb. and beginning of March, and continues to rise bymtequal diurnal accretions to the middle of June, when the waters begin again to depress. But what might excite much surprise to those unacquainted with the cause, the waters of the upper Miss, do not reach the Delta until upwards of a month after the inundation has been abating. Rising between 42° and 5u° and at an ele- vation of from 1,200 to 5,(J00 feet, the higher sources of the Miss, are locked in ice and snow long after summer reigns on the Delta. Again the courses of the Yellow Stone river and Miss, are to the northeastward for 5 or 6(l0ms. from the Chippewayan ridges, giving to their floods a very circuitous route. To these particular causes of separate dis- charge one general cause may be added, that is the slow motion of the waters. Amongst the many vulgar errors introduced into our books concerning the Miss, basin, none stands more opposed to fact than the rapid motion of the waters. If in reality the floods moved with half the commonly assigned velocity, the Delta would be annually and totally sub- merged. The waters of Upper Miss, do not reach the Delta before the beginning of August, about 100 days or 2,400 hours after the breaking up of winter. This supposes a motion of about one mile per hour. Similar to the Russian or northeastern plains of Eu- rope, the Miss, basin is remarkable for the very regular slope of its declivities, and con- sequently the scarcity of direct falls or even cataracts in its rs. If we allow an elevation of 5,000 feet to the sources of Miss, we find the much greater part of the fall in the vicini- ty of the Chippewayan, and to estimate the height of the junction of Miss, and Yellow Stone river at 2,000 feet is full more than would be warranted by known elevation at the source of Miss, proper. But allowing 2,000 feet elevation for the mouth of Yellow Stone river, and 2,400 ms. for distance thence to the Delta, we have a fall of only 10 inches to the mile. This estimate, moderate as it appears, is nevertheless too high. Pittsburg is by actual measurement within a small fraction of 700 feet above the surface of the Gulf of Mexico, and distant by the windings of the streams from that recipient, about 1,800 nis. yielding a mean fall of 4 G-10 inches per mile nearly. If in brief, we allow a mean fall of 6 inches to the mile, it is more than sufiicicnt for the mean fall of the waters of the Miss, basin, from their heads to final discharge into the Gulf of Mexico. The seasons of general immdation are tolerably well known to the inhabitants of the Delta, but so very greatly do the quantity of meteor differ in different years, that no length of experience enables any person to anticipate, with any approach to certainty, the elevation of flood in any given year. Some years, as in 1800-1, the waters do not rise above their channels, of course no inundation takes place. Connected with the general history of the Miss. Delta, is the mistaken opinion that the main channel is changeable. When the an- nual inundations occur, the surface of the river is indeed above that of the adjacent country, but the bed or bottom, similar to all other rivers, is, nevertheless, the deepest valley of the region througii which it flows. The author of this article has sounded the Miss, from the efilux of Atchafalaya to the different outlets, and found the stream at the lowest water, from 75 to 80 feet at the head of the Delta, 130 feet near the outlet of La- fourche at Donaldsonville, upwards of 100 feet opposite New Orleans, and from 7.5 to 80 feet three ms. above the main bars. Lake Pontcharirain is the deepest lake of La. and yet does not average a depth of 18 feet; say MIS 309 MIS its bottom is 25 foct below the general level of the Delta, then would the bottom of the Miss, at New Orleans, be 75 feet below that of the greatest adjaeent depression. The great, and in many cases almost eircu- lar bends of the Miss, in and above the Delta, produce a reverse of the current at once on the opposite sides of a neck of land. This neck being composed of alluvion, yields easi- ly to the abrasion of water, and is finally worn away and a new channel opened. Above and below where the isthmus formerly existed, the ancient bod is filled up with sand and earth, whilst the old bed around the point nssumes the aspect of a lake, but by its prox- imity to the parent river and its form proves the origin. Such lakes are Fause Riviere, one near the mouth of Homochitto river, C'oncordia, St. John's, St. Joseph's, Provi- dence, and Grand lakes, and one (orniing the mouth of Yazoo. Of these, Fause Riviere, that on the left bank near the mouth of Ho- mochitto, and that also on the left bank at the mouth of Yazoo, have been formed within the period of white settlement. With the exception stated, the volume of the Miss, is as efl'octually and permanently confined to its channel, as is any other river of the earth. {See art. Aichafalaya, Lafourche, La. ^-c.) Mississippi, state of the U. S. bounded by the Gulfof Mexico s., La. s. w.. Ark. n. w., Tenn. n., and Ala. e. The outlines of this state are, from the southwestern angle of Ala. along that part of the Gulf of Mexico, called lake Borgno, to the mouth of Pearl r. 60ius. ; u[) Pearl river to lat. 31° G5 ms. ; thence due w. along lat. 31° to the bank of the Miss, nearly opposite the outlet of Atcha- falaya 105 ms. ; thence up the Miss, river to lat. 35° at the southwestern angle of Ten following the windings 530 ms. ; thence due E. along the southern boundary of Ten. to Ten. river, and up that stream to the mouth of IJoar cr. 123 ms ; thence along the western boundary of Ala. to the place of beginning on the Gulfof Mexico 320 ms. having an entire outline of 1,203 ms. Lying between lat. 30° f'8' mid 35°, and between long. 11° 12' and 14° 42' w. W. C. Extreme length from s. to N. 337 ms. and the area being 45,700 square ms., the mean breadth is a small fraction above 135 'J-4 miles ; containing 29,280,400 statute acres. Natural Geography. — The general decliv. ity of this state is sthrd. but the western side declining by an easy descent s. s. w. towards the Miss, whilst the eastern side declines slightly towards the Tombigbee. Ofthers. mer case ; the hills confine the water which is augmented by the river and creeks flowing from the interior of the state. The bottoms of tiie Miss, river which exist in the state of Miss, bear a small fractional proportion to the aggregate surface. From the western side of the state, advancing n. to s. flow into the Miss, river in succession, the Yazoo, Big Black, Bayou, Pierre, and Homochitto. Pearl r. rises near the centre of the state, but flows s. s. w. nearly parallel to the Big Black, about 80 ms. and thence curving s. s. e. 150 ms. falls into the pass of rigolets between lakes Pontchartrain and Boyne, after an en- tire comparative course of 230 ms. draining the central and much of the sthrn. parts of the state. Between Homochitto and Pearl rise in the sthrn. part of the state of Miss, and flow thence into La., the Bogue, Chitto, Tangipoho, Tickfoha, and Amite rivers. Eastward from Pearl, and draining the south- eastern angle, and that protruding point be- tween La. and Ala. comprising the cos. of Hancock and Jackson, the various branches of Pascagoula water the space between the vallies of Mobile and Pearl. The northeastern part of the state gives source to the Tombig- bee or Great western branch of the Mobile r. whilst the extreme n. is drained by the sour- ces of Wolf, and Big Hatch rs. The north- eastern angle is terminated by Ten. r. These rivers are noticed under their proper heads. It is obvious from the preceding brief no- tice of its rs. that as far as river navigation extends, this state possesses great advanta- ges. It is true that neither the Pascagoula or Pearl offer navigable facilities in propor- tion to their comparative magnitude, but the most fertile part and that yet best inhabited and cultivated, have access to the Miss, or streams directly flowing into it as a recipient. The soil of the state is varient in (luality, but the much greater proportion thin if not sterile; the southwestern cos. drained directly into the Miss, river, contain large bodies of excellent land, and tracts of productive soil skirt the streams over the whole state. Cot- ton, indigo and tobacco, have been, in succes- sion, staples of this state. The soil and cli- mate are favorable to the growth of each of these vegetables, as also to Indian corn, pota- toes, and numerous garden vegetables. The peach and fig are the common fruits, though apples are cultivated in some places to advan- tage. For the last 30 years, the great ob- ject of farming operations in this state has been cotton, to the injurious neglect of grain and meadow grasses. Large quantities of of this state the principal is the great stream I Indian corn are indeed annually produced, but from which its name is derived. The state too much dependence is placed on supplies of Miss, rises from the river of the same name from the northward, through the channel of into a buttress of moderate and -undefined' the Miss. In general terms the blufllands are general elevation. I'his inte reaches the stream in a series of crumb- ling banks, called " The Bluflfs." Be- tween the Bliili's and stream, the bottoms are as low and more subject to inundation than are those on the western bank, as in the for- buttress i the best in the state ; those next the river al- luvion ; and the third and least productive, the pine woods. Indigenous trees most common, are the pine, various species and varieties of oak, and hickory, sweet gum, liriodendron, tulipifcra, black wahiut, pcrsimon, beech. MIS 310 MIS Males. Females. Jnder 5 j'eara of age, 7,918 7,-319 ^roin 5 to 10, 5,572 5,165 " 10 to 15 4,591 4,169 " 15 to 20 3,623 3,653 " 20 to 30 7,237 6,231 " 30 to 40 4,632 3,090 " 40 to 50 2,419 1,739 " 50 to 60 1,595 983 " 60 to 70 632 436 " 70 to 80 189 149 " 80 to 90 47 34 " 90 to 100 11 7 " 100 and upwards, 00 2 Total, Of which were deaf and dumb, under 14 years, 12 ; 14 to 25, 10 ; 25 and upwards, 7. Blind 25. Colored population as follows : red maple, honey locust, black locust, and| Total population of the numerous other species of trees. Of dwarfj which are white persons, trees, the most common are dogwood, chin quipin, papan, spice wood, thorn, &c. Buck eye, a forest tree in the valley of Ohio, is a dwarf in the states of Miss, and La. whilst the chinquipin, a mere bush in the middle states, rises in the southwest to a tree often more than 25 feet high. In the rich bottom lands of the state of Miss, the large reed cane, arundo gigantea abounded, but has in great part disappeared. Climate. — Compared with the winters of the nrthrn. states, those of Miss, may be re- garded as mild, but the seasons of the latter, like those of all the adjacent regions, are va- riable from each other, and not unfrequently very severe. The temperature near Natch- ez has afforded a cold of I2° above zero of Fahrenheit. No winter passes without less or more severe frost, and few without snow. The sugar cane and orange tree, can neither be preserved in any part of the state of Miss. above lat. 31°. The summ.ers are, however, very warm, and long droughts frequent, as are, on the contrary, excessive and protract- ed rains. These are the exceptions to a gen- erally pleasant climate. Along the streams, bilious complaints are frequent in autumn, but taken altogether, the settled cos. of the state of Miss, are healthy. The winters along the Miss, and adjacent places, are from two to three degrees colder than those of corres- ponding lats. along the Atlantic coasts. This difference is demonstrated by native and ex- otic vegetation, and by recent thermometical observations. The prevailing winds of the whole sthwstrn. parts of the U. S. are from the wstrn. side of the meridians, and princi- pally from the nrthwst. {See art. Md.) Political Geography. — For political purpo- ses, the state of Miss, is subdivided into the cos. of Pop. 1820, 12,073 state 136,621, of 38,466 31,977 Free colored. Slaves. males. females. males. females. l/ndei 10 years, 81 72 11,037 10,860 10 to 24 82 51 10,793 10,841 24 to 36 59 . 45 6,947 6,983 36 to 55 43 49 3,455 3,173 .55 to 1(10 22 14 845 68-i 101) and over, 1 "22 21 Total, 288 231 33,099 32,560 Adams, Amite, Claiborne, Copiate, Covington, Franklin, Greene, Hancock, Hinds, Jackson, Jefferson, Jones, Lawrence, Lowndes, Madison, Marrion, Monroe, Perrv, Pike, Kankin, Simp.soa, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Wilkinson, Yazoo, 6,853 6,963 2,230 3,821 1,445 1,594 1,682 6,822 4,916 3,116 2,721 2,037 4,438 2,693 3,323 9,718 Pop. 1830. 14,937 7,934 9,787 7,001 2,55] 4,622 1,854 1,962 8,645 1,792 9,755 1,471 5.293 3,173 4,973 Free colored and slaves who are deal and dumb, 12. Blind, none. Recapitulation. Whiles. Free colored. Slaves. Total. 70,443 519 65,659 136,621 Comprising the aggregate area of that part of the state of Miss, yet organized into cos., and comparing it with the superficial extent of the state, as given at the head of this arti. cle, the reader will perceive how large a por- tion remains unsettled and uncultivated. Ex- amining the COS. separately, it will again ap. pear, that density of population is in propor- tion to distance from the original settlements, downwards along the Miss. Blufl's, from Natchez to lat. 31°. History. — The whole country now included in the states of Ala. and Miss, was held by France, or more correctly, that nation claim. ed this region as a part of La. from their first settlement on the northern shores of the Gulf of Mexico. In 1716, the French formed a settlement amongst the Natchez Indians, and built a fort where the city of Natcliez now stands. In the first instance the Indians were unaware of the consequence, but dissa- tisfaction soon arose, and ended, in 1723, in open war. Bienville, the governor general, marched a force from New Orleans to Natchez, which the Indians were unable to oppose, and were compelled to submit to- 3,691 {terms. In 1729 a man of the name of Cho- 3,861 part was commandant at Natchez, but his in- 2,30ii justice and folly so exasperated the natives, and at the same time neglecting the means of defending his colony against their wrath, a massacre was planned, and on the 30th of 5,402. 2,083 2,680 7,86] 1976 ^ov- l'^29, perpetrated ; when, with two or o'78]llhree exceptions, the French of both sexes, ll',686i'o 'he amount of 700, fell victims. The total 6,550 dispersion of the Natchez nation soon fol- lowed, as they were too weak to sustain MIS 311 Mis themselves against the French. The country he shall be chosen, and shall have attained in the vicinity of Natcliez was abandoned by ; to the age of 21 years, and also unless he both whites and Indians, and remained long shall hold in his own right, within this state, uninhabited. The French still, however, 1 150 acres of laud, or an interest in real es- claimed the country imtil 1763, when it was tate of the value of $500 at ihe time of hia ceded as part of Florida to Great Britain, election, and for six months previous to the Settlers slowly entered the country, and term of one year. Every free white male many very respectable British families loca- person, of the agu of 21 years or upwards, ted themselves in and near Natchez. During who sliall be a citizen of the U. S., and shall the revolutionary war in 1781, governor have resided in this state 1 year next prece- Galvez of La. invaded and conquered W. ; ding an election, and the last six months Flor., and by the treaty of Paris, 1783, it fell j within the county, city, or town, in which he once more to Spain, who held it until J798, jofiers lovote, and shall be enrolled in the mi- when it was given up to the U. S. By an i litia thereof, except exempted by law from act of congress passed 7th of April, 1798, ; military service, or having the aforesaid the president of the U. S. was authorized to qualifications of citizenship and residence, appoint commissioners to adjust the limits shall have paid a state or county tax, shall between Flor., La., and the acquired terri- be deemed a qualified voter. The supreme tory N. 31st degree of n. lat., and w. of, executive power of this state shall be vested ('hattahoochee r. By a subsequent act of in a governor, who shall be elected by the the 10th of the same month, provision was , qualified electors, and shall hold his office made for a territorial government, and what ■ for 2 years from the time of his installation, is now comprised in Ala. and Miss, named and until his successor be duly qualified, the Miss. ter. Tiie second grade of govern- 1 The governor shall be at least 30 years of ment went into operation in the spring of 1801. 'age, shall have been a citizen of the IJ. S. 20 The 9th of July, 1808, an act of congress years, shall have resided in this state at least was passed to admit a delegate from Miss. ' 5 years next preceding the day of his elec- ter. into congress. June 17th, the assent of : tion, and shall be seized in his own right of Geo. demanded to the formation of two states I a freehold estate of the value of $2,000 at from the Miss. ter. Geo. acceded to the de- ; the time of his election, and 12 mths. previous mand, but the country remained a territory | thereto. The judicial power of this state until December 1817. Previous to the latter shall be vested in one supreme court, and date, on the 21st of January, 1815, a petition i such superior and inferior courts of law and from the legislature of the Miss. ter. praying I equity, as the legislature may, from time to admission into the union as a state. This j time, direct and establish. There shall be ap- petition was favorably reported on by a com- ; pointed in this state, not less than 4, nor more mittee of congress, December 1816. An act [ than 8 judges of the supreme superior courts, was passed the 1st of March 1817, autho- ■ The judges of the several courts of this state rizing the people of the petitioning territory, I shall hold their offices during good behavior ; to a call a convention, which was called and 'removeable by address to the governor of the met in July 1817. The conveniion accepted the i two thirds of both houses of the legislature, act of congress and proceeded to frame a con- or by impeachment before the senate, brought stitution of government. The constitution | up by the lower house. No person who was adopted on the 15th of August, and in shall have arrived at the age ot 65 years the ensuing December was confirmed by con- shall be appointed to or continue in the office gress, and the new state, with the limits of judge in this state. By the 6th article {riven at the head of this article, took her sta- and 7th section, no minister of the gospel or tion as a member of the U. S. (See Ala. priest of any denomination whatever shall be state of.) I eligible to the offices of governor, lieutenant Government. — A governor, with a general governor, or to a seat in either branch of the assembly, composed of two houses, a senate general assembly. Post musters are the only and house of representatives. To be eligible officers of the general government admitted as a senator, the person must be a citizen of to office in Miss. Revision provided for when the U. S., shall have been an inhabitant of, two thirds of the general assembly shall re- the state 4 years next preceding his election, commend to the quali.led voters to vote for or and the last year thereof a resident of the against a convention. Number of the con- district, for which he shall be chosen, and vention equal to that of the general asseni- shall have attained to the age of 26 years, bly, which convention shall meet within 3 and also, he shall hold, in his own right months after the election of its members, for within this state, 300 acres of land, or the purpose of revising, amending, or an interest in real estate of the value of changing the constitution. $1,000, at the time of his election, and for 6 ' Missouri, large r. of North America, but months previous thereto. Term 3 years. No in great part included in the U. S. great wes- person shall be a representative unless he be tern territory. So much has been already a citizen of the U. S., and shall have been an given of the phenomena of this stream under inhabitant of this state 2 years next preceding the general head of Mississippi, as to very his election, and the last year thereof", a resi-' nuich abridge what is necessary to notice dent of the county, city, or town, lor which under its own head. MIS 312 MIS The course of discovery has led to the adoption of the name Mississippi, as a gene- ric term for the main stream of the basin, though the Missouri is already a very large river when it approaches and passes the sources of its very inferior rival. In regard to area drained, the Mo. is the largest secon- dary river of the earth. A direct line drawn along its valley from its junction with the Miss. r. to the head of Marias r. is within a small fraction of 1,400 ms., a length of course, falling but little short of either the Madeira liranch of Amazon, or the Paraguay branch of Rio de de la Platte ; but by refer- ence to table II. article Miss., it will be seen that the Mo. r. drains 523,000 sq. ms., or a surface more than double that of the whole Atlantic slope of the U. S. between the two St. Johns' rs. inclusive. This fine river de- rives its sources from the Chippewayan chains between lat. 42^° and 50 i°, and about 30° long. w. W. C. From these elevated regions, the general course of the main branches is to the n. e., until they reach nearly the 49th degree of n. lat. Here the Mo. Proper and Yellowstone rs. unite. In cither length of course or surface drained there is but little difference between these confluent rivers above their point of union. Though much less extensive than the sthrn. slope, from which fall the numerous branches of Yellowstone and Mo. Proper, there is another northerner counter slope, from which issue the rivers Marias, Brattons, Milk, Por- cupine, and several smaller streams, which enter the Mo. above the influx of Yellowstone r. The entire Mo. valley above the mouth of Yellowstone r. is 600 ms. across the sources, and a mean of 300 ms. in the general direc- tion of the streams; area 180,000 sq. ms. This higher valley of Mo. presents a surface on the western side, broken by mountains, and descending the rivers, gradually spread- ing into plains. The whole country, . with partial exceptions along the rivers, is open prairie, exhibiting a great resemblance to the steppes of Asia, in very nearly the same latitude. After their junction, it is probable that the united waters of the Mo. and Yellowstone form a river as large in volume and as wide and deep as at the reception of the Miss. The Mo. now a powerful volume, rolls on to the N. E. to the mouth of White Earth r. where it has reached its extreme northern bend at lat. 48° 20'. Inflecting to s. e. about GO ms. by comparative courses it receives Little Mo. from the right. And here it may be remarked that the Moose r. a branch of Assiniboin, rises within 1 m. of the bank of Mo. Continuing s. E. 160 ms. the Mo. reaches the Mandan vs. at lat. 47° 25'. Passing the Mandan towns, this great stream inflects to a southern course, which it maintains upwards of 30O ms. by comparative courses. The structure of the country is such, that in the latter long course through 43° of lat. the Mo. receives no re- inarkable tributary from the left, ^d from the right the comparatively small rivers, Heart, Cannon Ball, Maripa, Wetarhoo, Sarwarcar- na, Chayeime and White rs. Sweeping an immense general curve to the northestwrd. and gradually round to sthrd. 300 ms. the Mo. is augmented from the wstrd. by the large river Platte, a stream deriving its sour, ees from the same system of mountains which produced the recipient. Along the great curve above the Platte, the Mo. receives from the nthrd. Jacques, and the Great and Little Sioux rs. Receiving the Platte, the main volume rolls on s. e. 200 ms. to the in- flux of the Kansas, another very large con- fluent from the wstrd. The Kansas rises also in the Chippewayan, and flowing eastwardly, joins the Mo. after a general comparative course of upwards of 600 ms. The Platte and Kansas till the space between the higher valley of Mo. and that of Ark. The length of course not materially diflerent, and the character of country they drain, is mostly open plains, similar to that drained by the Mo. itself. With the influx of Kansas, the Mo. bends to a general course of a little s. of e.250 ms. to where its immense volume and name is lost in the inferior stream of Miss, proper. With the entrance of the Kansas, Mo. enters the state of the same name, within which it re- ceives from the right, descending. Mine, Mo- reau, Osage, and Gasconade rivers, and from the left or n. Grand r., w. Chariton, e. Cha- riton, and a long series of streams which are merely large creeks. The entire comparative course of Mo. is 1,870 ms., but following the bends or channel, the length no doubt exceeds 3,000 ms. The real length of this great r. as indeed of all the American rivers, has been overrated. Our knowledge of the valley is general, and except along the main stream, in few places have we exact specific material for these im- mense regions. As far, however, as explo- red, the face of the earth is monotonous when compared with extent. From much greater relative elevation, higher lat. and from the peculiar courses of its confluents, the flood of Mo. is the last in order, and occurs after the tide from the Miss, proper, Ohio, Ark., and Red rs. have in great part subsided. {See :rfs. Miss. Ark. tj-c.) Missouri, state of the U. S., bounded n. e. and E. by the Miss. r. separating it from the state of II., s. E. by the Miss. r. separating it from Ky. and Ten., s. by Ark. territory, and w. and N. by the wstrn. unappropriated do- main of the U. S. Having outlines, beginning on the right bank of the Miss., at the mouth of Les Moines r., and thence down the former stream, to where it is intersected by lat. 36°, 550 ms. ; due w. and along lat. 36° to the St. Francis r., 50; thence up St. Francis r. to lat. 36i°, 50 ; thence due w. along the n. boundary of Ark. to a meridian line passing through the junc. tion of Mo. and Kansas rivers intersect lat. 362"^, 200; thence due n. to a point where a MIS 313 MIS line drawn due w. from the Sac village on Lemoiiie r. will intersect the w. boundary, 273; thence due e. to the Lemoine r., 130; down Lemoine r. to place of beginning, 20 ; having an entire outline of 1,273 ms. Lying betwen lat. 36° and 40° 36' and long. w. W. C. 12° 12', and 17° 28'. Without including the small rhomb between Miss, and St. Francis rivers, the length is 287 ms. The greatest breadth from a little distance below the mouth of Ohio to the wstrn. boundary is 300. The breadth exceeding the length may seem ab- surd, but the reader will observe that the half degree of lat. extended between St. Fran, cis and Miss, rivers was excluded, and which, if added, would make the entire length 321 ms. The mean breadth 230 ms., would be very nearly represented by a line drawn due w. from Herculaneum in Jefferson co. to the wstrn. boundary. Measured carefully by the rhomb, the area of Mo. amounts to 64,000 sq. ms. very nearly, or 40,960,000 statute acres. It is the second state of the U. S. in point of superficial extent, only falling short of Va. This state is natu- rally divided into two unequal slopes. Leav- ing the Miss, near St. Genevieve, opposite the mouth of the Kaskaskias r., a dividing ridge extends rather w. of s. w. by w. From this ridge issue and flow sthrdly. the sources of St. Francis, Black, White, and Grand r. of Arkansas r. This sthrn. slope has a breadth of about 60 ms. with the entire breadth of the state, 300 ms., or 18,000 sq. ms. As aphysi- cal section the sthrn. slope of Mo. belongs to the same inclined plane, down which flows the Miss, below the influx of Ohio r., but in extent amounts to only about the 28-lOOth of the whole state. The central and nthrn. sec- tions are comprised in the lower slope of the Mo. valley, and incjine very nearly due e. By a very circuitous channel, but general course of a little s. of e., the main volume of Mo. r winds down the central plain, leaving about one third of the state to the nthrd. The sthestrn. angle of Mo. is a level, and in a great part an annually inundated tract. This submerged section has been too highly estimated in regard to extent ; it is about 100 ms. from s. to n. with a width of 40 ms., or 4,000 sq. ms. It is not all, indeed, subject to submersion, and aflbrds parcels of dry ara- ble land over the whole extent. The bottoms along the rivers are subject to casual flood, but taking the whole state into view, it is a hilly, and in many parts a very broken state. The ridge noticed in the first part of this article as dividing the Mo. slope from that of Ark., rises into rocky elevations, which have recei- ved the title of mtns. The idea of extended plains is given by the appearance of the land- scape from the Miss. r. the usual channel of entrance. It is 28 ms. above the mouth of the O. r. before a rocky eminence shows itself on the Mo. side of the stream. The first rocks are enormous walls of limestone, evi- dently, if we extend our view cstrdly., an ex- tension of the vast limestone formation of Ky., 40 Ind. and II. They are in Mo. the buttress of the dividing ridge already noticed and extend to an undefined distance wstrd. and nthrd. Under their respective heads will be found noticed, the rivers which water Mo. It is sufli- cient to observe in this place that the state is washed in all its length by the Miss. ; the sthrn. part drained by the heads of St. Fran- cis. Black, and White rivers ; central part is deeply cut and channelled by the Mo. and its confluents, the Osage and Gasconade from the right, and the Chariton from the left. Beside the Lemoine and Salt rs., the Miss, above the mouth of the Mo. receives from the state of Mo. a long series of crs. many of which are for a greater or less distance above their mouth navigable streams. From the preceding data it is evident, that in natural commercial facili- ties Mo. abounds. Soil. — Climate. — Vegetables. — Minerals. — The soil of Mo. as indeed the face of the country, is a mean between the same objects in the valley of Ohio. Much of the bottom land along the Mo. r. and it confluents are more sandy than that on the Miss, and its tributaries, and this character of soil prevails wherever the alluvion of Mo. r. is deposited. Distant from the streams, the soil is almost invariably gravelly and poor. There are, however, some partial exceptions, and detach- ed spots of upland are found, with a very pro- ductive soil, but they are oases. Much of the state is prairie, and the prairie soil, as in the contiguous states, and in La. present the same varieties of soil, with woodland. As the expense of clearing timber was avoided where prairies exist, settlements will be first formed on their margins, and such has been the case in La., Ark., Mo., and II. " There are scarcely any lands i;i this state " (Mo.) says Flint, " sufficiently level for cultivation, that have not fertility enough to bring good crops of corn without manure, and in many in- stances the poorer lands are better for wheat than the richer." The very deep and rich allu- vial lands are no where in the central or s. ws- trn. states, suitable for wheat, until cultivated several years. Cotton in small quantities can be cultivated on the s.e. section of the state, In- dian corn, wheat, rye, oats, &c., are however the staple crops of the state. Apples, peach, es, pears, plums, and perhaps some kinds of grape, succeed well. Natural grasses abound, and yet from some cause meadows have not been cultivated to advantage in Mo. The abundance indeed of any natural production is inimical to the artificial culture of anala- gous species. In fine, it would be safe to say that at least 20,000,000 acres of farming land, sufiiciently fertile to produce good crops, ex- ist in Mo. The mineral wealth of the state, particularly lead and iron, is, according to all concurrent testimony, inexhaustible. The tract in an especial manner called "The Mineral Tract," in Madison, Washington, and St. Francis cos., and from which rise the sources of Maramec, and St. Francis rs., is represented as not only abundant in lead, but MIS 314 MIS still more BO in iron ore. Mr. Schoolcraft i whole, instead of the climate becoming more mentions zinc as also amyngst the produc- mild, as we advaiice w. on the same parallel, tions of Mo., and in ereat quantities. Water | it is believed that the reverse is the case/' impregnated with Muriate of soda (common salt) is found in several places. Plaster of Paris is plentiful, and, it is said, produces a more than common effect on the vegetation where used as a manure. Such are, in a rough sketch, the outlines ofthe resources of this new and extensive state. The native vegetables, and particularly fo- rest timber, evince an approach towards the prairie region. The peccan hickory is plen- tiful ; wild grapes and plums are plentiful. The crab apple tree, which in La. grows to the height of 30 or 40 feet, is also of large growth in Mo. The climate is here, as elsewhere in cen- tral N. America, the great stumbling block of travellers and geographers. " This state," says Flint, " occupies a medial position and has a temperature intermediate between that ofN. Y. and La." Whatever may be the re- semblance in the face of Mo. and La., there is but little similarity in their respective sea- sons. La. is in winter a very cold country, when compared with its lat., but it is tropical when contrasted with Mo. At St. Louis, which may be regarded as a central point be tween the northern and southern extremes of Mo., the Miss. r. is frozen and passable on the ice by the first of January, in a great ma- jority of years. In the winter of 1831-2, the Miss, was frozen and passable on the ice at Memphis in Ten., nearly a degree of lat. s. of any part of Mo. In article U. S., it may be seen that at the Council Bluffs, lat. 21° 25', about a degree of lat. n. of Missouri, the mer- cury has fallen to 21° minus zero ; and what is more decisive, by a letter directed to the editor of the Saturday Evening Post, Phila- delphia, on the 26th Jan. 1832, the mercury was 18° minus zero at Florence in Ala., lat. 34° 47', or 1° 43' s. of any part of Mo. It may be safely stated, that of all sections of the actually inhabited parts of the U. States, no other is so exposed to excessive vicissi- tudes of atmospheric temperature as is Mo. Open on the westward and northwestern sides to the great plains of grass, with winds pre- vailing about ^ths of the time in all seasons of the year, the cold ofthe vast central table land of the continent is borne towards the Appalachian system of mountains, and sweeps over Mo., with a severity which, to be known, must be felt. The most accurate observers have acknowledged the dryness of the atmos- phere over all the prairie regions of central North America ; and M.O. shares the exemp- tion from moisture. " The winter," says Flint, "commences aboutChri6tmas,(a month sooner would be nearer the fact,) and is fre- quently so severe, as to bridge the mighty current of the Mo. so firmly tliat it may be The reader will find in the article U. S. that the increasing severity of cold, advancing to- wards the Chippewayan mountains, is not simply believed but demonstrated. It is worse than idle to speak ofthe health of such a widely spread and diversified sur- face as that of Mo. A country containing fens constantly filled with stagnant water, aa low as lat. y6°, and high, dry, and airy tracts above lat. 40°, where the human breast is in- flated by air coming from regions exempt, as far as the face of earth can any where be ex- empt, from every source of miasmata. Polilical Geogra-phy. — For political purpo- ses the following counties have been organis- ed out of the territory of Mo., leaving coTi' siderable tracts not yet laid out. Counties. Pop. 1830. Counties. Pop. 1830. Boon, 8,859 Callaway, 6,159 Cape Girardeau, 7,445 Chariton, Clay, Cole, Cooper, Crawford, Franklin, Gasconade, Howard, •Jackson, Jefferson, La Fayette, Lincoln, Madison, 1,780 5,338 3,023 6,904 1,721 3,484 1,545 10,854 2,823 2,592 2,912 4,059 2,371 Marion, Montgomery, New Madrid, Perry, Pike, Ralls, Randolph, Ray, St. Charles, St. Francois, St. Genevieve, St. Lewis, Saline, Scott, Washington, Wayne, 4,837 3,902 2,350 3,349 6,129 4,375 2,942 2,657 4,320 2,366 2,186 14,125 2,873 2,136 6,784 3,264 Total population 140,455, of which were white persons, Under 5 years of age. From 5 to 10 " 10 to 15 15 to 20 20 to 30 30 to 40 40 to 50 50 to 60 60 to 70 70 to 80 80 to 90 90 to 100 100 & upwards Males. 13,531 9,617 7,469 '5,639 11,147 7,084 3,642 1,939 927 334 60 14 2 Females. 12,561 9,077 6,794 6,766 8,794 5,121 2,718 1,499 766 227 60 9 2 53,390 Total 61,405 Of which 12 persons are deaf and dumb under 14 years of age, 5 between 14 and 25 years, and 10 of 25 years and upwards. Blind 27. Of the colored population were Free. Slaves. Males. Fem's. Males. Fern's. Under 10 years of age 87 77 4,872 4,611 From 10 to 24 76 62 4,364 4,605 " 24 to 36 43 46 2,058 2,199 " 36 to 55 57 63 923 1,014 " 55 to 100 18 34 208 219 100 and over 3 3 14 4 Total, passed many weeks with loaded teams. In the winter of 1818, this was the case for nine! dumb, or blind. weeks." This author again, after some gen- 1 Recapitulation. eral observations, comes at last to the ration- 1 Whites. Free colored. al conclusion and acknowledges that, " on the ' 114,793 569 284 285 12,439 12,652 Of the colored pop. none are either deaf and Slaves. 25,091 Total. 140,465 MIS Constitution. — Government — Judiciary. — ', The coustiiulion of Mo. was adopted in con- 1 veuiioii at St. Louis, the 25th June, 1820 ; the j most important provisions provide, that : i Art. 2. The powers of the government shall be divided into three distinct depart- ments ; each of which shall be confided to a separate magistracy ; and no person charged with the exercise of powers properly belong- ing to one of those departments, shall exer- cise any power properly belonging to either of the others, except in the instances hereinaf- ter expressly directed or permitted. Art. 3. — Sec. 1. The legislative powers shall be vested in a " general assembly," which shall consist of a " senate," and a " house of representatives." Sec. 2. — The house of representatives shall consist of members to be chosen every 2nd year, by the qualified electors of the several counties. Sec. 3. — No person shall be a member of the house of representatives, who shall not have attained to the age of twenty. four years : who shall not be a free white male citizen of the U. States ; who shall not have been an inhab- itant of the state two years, and of the coun- ty which he represents one year next before his election. Sec. 5. — The senators shall be chosen by the qualified electors, for the term of 4 years. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years ; who shall not be a free white male citizen of the U. S. ; who shall not have been an inhabitant of this state 4 years, and of the district which he may be chosen to represent one year next before his election. Sec. 13. — No person, while he continues to exercise the functions of a bishop, priest, clergyman, or teacher of any religious persuasion, de- nomination, society, or sect, whatsoever, shall be eligible to either house of the general as- sembly ; nor shall he be appointed to any of- fice of profit within the state, the office of jus- lice of the peace excepted. Sec. 16. — No senator or representative shall, during the term for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office under this state, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which, shall have been in- creased during his continuance in office, ex- cept to such offices as siiall be filled by elec- tions of the people. Art. A. Seel. — The supreme executive power shall be vested in a chief magistrate, who shall be styled " the governor of the state of Mo." Sec. 2. — The governor shall be at least 35 years of age, and a natural born citizen of the U. S. ; or a citizen at the adop- tion of the constitution of the U. S. ; or an inhabitant of that part of La. now included in the state of Mo., at the time of the cession thereof from France to the U. S. ; and shall have been a resident of the same at least 4 years nextbefore his election. Sec. 3. — The governor shall hold his office 4 years, and until a successor shall be duly appointed and qualified. He shall be elected in the manner following. At the time and place of voting 315 MIS for members of the house of representatives, ihe qualified electors shall vote for a govern- or, and when 2 or more persons shall have an equal number of votes, and a higher number than any (other) person, the election shall be decided between them by a joint vote of both houses of the general assembly, at their next session. Sec. 4. — The governor shall be in. eligible for the next 4 years after the expira- tion of his term of service. Sec. 14. — There shall be a lieutenant governor, who shall be elected at the same time, in the same man- ner, for the same term, and shall possess the same qualifications as the governor. Sec. 15. — The lieutenant governor, shall, by virtue of his office, be president of the senate. Li com- mittee of the whole he may debate on all questions ; and when there is an equal divis. ion, he shall give the casting vote in senate, and also in joint votes of both houses. Art. 5. Sec. 1. — The judicial powers, as to matters of law and equity, shall be vested in a " supreme court," in a " chancellor," in " circuit courts," and in such inferior tribu- nals as the general assembly may, from time to time, ordain and establish. Sec. 3. — The supreme court shall have a general superin- tending power and control over all inferior courts of law. It shall have power to issue writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, quo war- ranto, certiorari and other original remedial writs ; and to hear and determine the same. Except, however, in specified cases provi. ded for in the constitution, the supreme court of Mo. has only appellate jurisdiction. Right of Suffrage. — This primary right, is, by thelOth sec. of the 3rd article, secured to " every free white male citizen of the U. S. who shall have attained to the age of 21 years, and who shall have resided in the state one year before an election, the last 3 months svbereof, shall havt? been in the county or district, in which he offers to vote, shall be deemed a qualified elector, of all elective of- fices ; provided, that no soldier, seaman or marine, in the regular army or navy of the U. S, shall be entitled to vote at any election in this Slate." The principles set forth in the declaration of rights, general provisions for offices, civil and military, and their duties, powers, and term of office, do not materially difler from other constitutions of the states of the U. S. Slavery of the blacks is admitted, but the power of the master is placed under control of the legislature, and on trials for capital offences, trial by jury secured to the slave, and no other punishment permitted ex- cept what would be inflicted on a free white person in like case; and the courts are re- quired to provide counsel to manage the de- I fence of slaves imder a criminal prosecution. History. — This country was amongst the original discoveries of the French from Can- ada, who reached the Miss, about 1674. The first civilized settlements made, however, by the French on that great river, were in II., and St. Louis was not founded until after the treaty of Paris, in 1763. St. Genevieve pre- MOB 316 MOB ceded St. Louis, and was founded by a mi- ning company, styled " Pierre Claude, Maxan and Co." St. Louis was established in 1764, and in 1780 St. Charles, on Mo. The settle- ments and towns remained feeble and scat- tered, until after the cession of La. to the U. S. In 1804, the unwieldy La. was divided, and the territory of Mo. created. Emigra- tion, though not very rapid, carried the pop. in 1819 to the constitutional amount to entitle the people to state government. Application was accordingly made to congress at the session of 1819 — 20, and after a stormy and protract- ed debate, turning principally on the admis- sion or rejection of slavery, permission was given to the people of Mo. to form a constitu- tion, admitting slavery under certain restric- tions. Complying with the conditions, a con- stitution was formed as already noticed, and on the lOth of Aug. 1821, Mo. became a state oftheU. S. Mitchell's Mill, and p-o. Shelby co. Ky., by p-r. 31 ms. wstrd. Frankfort. Mitchell's Store, and p-o. Goochland co. Va. by p-r. 153 ms. s. s. w. W. C, and 50 ms. N. w. by w. Richmond. Mobile Bay, in Ala. The estuary of the same name opens from the gulf of Mexico, between Mobile point and Dauphin isl., atlat. 30° 12', long. 11° 10' w. W. C. The follow- ing directions to enter Mobile bay, will also serve to aid in giving its geographical fea- tures. In running in for the land in the bay of Mobile, should you make it to the west- ward of the bar, the land will appear broken, as it consists of small islands ; if to the east- ward, the land is uniform as far as Pensacola E., and covered with timber ; the beech is gen- erally sandy, and quite perceptible in clear weather 8 or 10 ms. distant. Dauphin isl. on the west point of the bay, appears high and bluff — Mobile point low, sandy, with a single tree on the extremity, in the form of an um- brella, and thinly wooded for five miles from the point. There are houses on the point, and on Dauphin isl. Before shoaling into 7 fathoms water, bring Mobile point to bear n. i w., and the estrd. of Dauphin isl. to bear n. N. w. i w., and steer inN. n. w. This course will run you over the bar, on which you will have from 16 to 20 ft. water in good tides. After passing a small hurili isl. on your lar- board, you are over the bar and out of dan- ger, with a shoal on each side of you. Then haul up for the point of Mobile, giving it a hurth of 3 or 400 yards, and steer up the bay. It is necessary to calculate for the bay cur- rents, as, when the tide is flowing, you will drift to the wstrd., and when at ebb to the estrd., until you get near Dog r. bar, which extends across the bay. When in 11 feet wa- ter, and2i ms. from the wstrn. shore, 7 ms. from Mobile, and 13 from Blakeley, come to for a pilot. The bay is in form of a triangle, of about 32 ms. base from Dauphin isl. to Mobile harbor, the apex formed by the minor bay of Bon Se- cours, stretching n. e. by e. from Mobile point into the high angle ; and between Mo- bile and Blakeley, the bay is terminated by the different mouths of Mobile r. On the outer bar, there is, as We have shown, 16 feet water ; but on Dog r. bar, 7 ms. below Mobile harbor, 11 feet only can be safely calculated on. Beside the princi- pal entrance between Mobile point and Dau- phin isl., there is another inner passage by the pass of Heron. The latter is the strait between Dauphin isl. and the continent, open- ing from the s. w. angle of Mobile bay into Pascagoula sound. In the pass oi Heron there is at mid tide 6 feet water. It is by this passage that steamboats and small sail ves- sels are navigated between Blakeley and Mo- bile, to New Orleans, reaching the latter by the rigolets, lake Pontchartrain, and Bayou St. John's. Anchorage in mud, sand, and shells, can be had in any place in this interior chain of lakes, straits, and sounds. Mobile Basin. Under this head is inclu- ded a very important physical section, com. prising 37,120 sq. ms., and drained by the va- rious constituents of Mobile r. Each of those constituents will be formed, noticed and de- scribed, under their proper heads, but we here insert a general view of the whole basin. This basin occupies the space between that of Ten. N., Chattahooche e., Cunecut s. e., the Gulf of Mexico s., Pascagoula r. basin s. w., and the sources of the Pearl and Yazoo n. w. This fine agricultural and navigable basin, lies between lat. 30° 12' and 35° 05', and be- tween long. 7° and 12° w. W. C. It is in a near approach to a triangle, base 400 ms. from the pass of Heron, to the extreme nrthestrn. sources of the Coosa r. in the nrthwstrn. part of Geo., in a direction very nearly from s. w. to N. E. The greatest breadth 230 ms., from the eastern sources of Tallapoosa, to the north wstrn. of Tombigbee. The area of the basin measured by the rhombs, 37,120 sq. ma. Though the course of Tombigbee and Mo- bile declines a few degrees estrd. of s., the general declivity of the basin is about s. s. w. The difference of relative height from the sources of Mobile r. to Mobile bar, cannot fall much, if any, short of 2,000 feet, or an equivalent to 5 degrees of lat. Uniting the actual difference of lat. between the extremes to the allowance for relative elevation, the winter climate must difl'er about equal to 10° of lat. If the soil suited the growth of that vegetable, sugar might be cultivated near Mobile bay, whilst the nrthrn. part of Geo. has a climate suitable to wheat, rye, &c. Of cultivated vegetables in the U. S., Indian corn, cotton, tobacco, and the peach tree, seem most congenial to this region, though the apple flourishes in the northern, and the fig in the southern extreme. The soil is extremely variable. Along the streams, are tracts of very productive allu. vion, and bordering on the alluvion, exten- sive bodies of second rate soil ; but if taken as a whole, a large proportion of the surface is sterile. MOH 317 MON Mobile, co. Ala., bounded n. by Washing- ton, N. K. by Tombigbee r., separating it from Clarke, e. by Mobile r. separating it I'roin lialdwin, s. e. by Mobile bay, s. by the pass of Heron and Pascagoula sound, s- w. by Jackson co. state of Miss., and n. w. by Greene co. state of Miss. The extreme length of Dauphin isl. is 90 ms., mean breadth 25, and area 9,250 sq. ms. ; extending in lat. from 30° 12' to 31° 30', and in long, from 1 1° 04' to 11° 34'. The dividing line of the sour- ces of crs. flowing wstrd. into the basin of Pascagoula, and those flowing estrd. into that of Mobile, divides Mobile co. into two nearly equal portions. Surface towards the Gulf of Mexico waving, but becomes rather hilly in the nrthrn. part ; with but partial ex- ception, the whole superfices covered with pine forest, and soil sterile. Chief town. Mobile. Pop. 1820, 2672 ; 1830, 3,073. MouiLE, city, port of entry, and st. jus. for Mobile CO. Ala., is situated on the right bank of Mobile r., near the head of the bay of the same name. Lat. 30° 44', long. 11° 12' w. W. C. The harbor admits vessels of 8 ft., but to reach the anchorage, or wharves, with such vessels, it is necessary to pass round a small isl. in front of the town, which compels ships of more than 3 feet draught, to be navi- gated round the head of the isl. 5 ms. above. By this circuitous entrance, however, all ves- sels which can pass Dog r. bar, can reach Mobile. Mobile, r. Locally, this name only applies to the stream, or streams, below tne junction of Alabama and Tombigbee rs., to the head of Mobile bay. The entire water of Alaba- ma does not mingle with the Tombigbee, the former having an outlet above their junction, which outlet, flowing sthrd., joins another and larger, which leaves the united streams about 10 ms. below their confluence. The two out- lets, united, form the Tensaw, or eastern Mo- bile, which flowing sthrd. passes Blakeley, and is lost in the northeastern angle of Mo- bile bay. The wstrn., the proper Mobile, and main stream, flows along the wstrn. bluffs at a distance of from 3 to 4 or 5 ms. from Ten- saw, passes the town of Mobile, and is ter- minated in the bay about 2 ms. below Mobile harbor. Vessels which can pass l^og r. bar, can reach to either Mobile or Blakeley, and those drawing from 5 to 6 feet can be navi. gated into either the Tombigbee or Alabama, and up the former to St. Stephen's, and the latter to Claiborne. The junction of Alaba- ma and Tombigbee is at lat. 31° oC and long. 11° 05' w. W. C. MocKviLLE, p-v. in the northern part of Rowan co. N. C. by p-r. 141 ms. westward Raleigh. Moffitt's Mills, and p-o. Randolph co. N. C. by p.r. 70 ms. w. Raleigh. ■ Mohawk, r. Coos co. N. H. rises in Dix- ville mountains, and enters Conn. r. in Cole- brook. Mohawk, r. N. Y. about 135 ms. long, the principal branch of Hudson r., rises ia Onei- da CO. near the source of Black r., runs 20 ms. s. to Rome, thence e. by s. to Hudson r. at VVaterford, between Albany and Saratoga cos. It has many rapids, and falls a little at German Flats, 42 feet at Little Falls, and nearly 70 at the Cahoos. The banks are ve- ry level and fertile in some places, particu- larly at Herkimer, and poor or rocky in oth- ers. The navigation for boats was formed some years ago by a canal round the falls, and one from Rome to Wood creek and Oswego river. The Erie canal now passes along its course, (chiefly on the s. bank) to Rome. {See Erie Canal.) MoHEGAN,Indian village. Conn. w. Thames r., 4 ms. s. of Norwich in the t. of Montville, on a reservation of land for the Mohegan tribe, now reduced to a small number. A church was built here in 1831, on the site of Unca's fort. The government of the U. S. have appropriated $900 for their benefit, and exertions have been recently made, for their instruction, by benevolent individuals. The ancestors of these Indians were faithful friends of the colonists, and assisted them in their wars. MoiRA, t. Franklin co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 791. MoNADNocK MOUNTAIN, (commonly called Grand Monadnock) Cheshire co. N. H., 22 ms. E. Conn, r., 10 ms. n. Mass., is a high ridge, n. e. and s. w., 5 ms. long and 3 wide. The base is said to be 1,452 feet above tide, the top 3,250. The rocks are talc and mica- slate, stratified, and sometimes contain schorl, garnets, quartz and feldspar. Plumbago, or black lead, is found on the e. side, and made into crucibles and indifferent pencils. Mon- adnock mineral spring is near the base, and the top commands a fine view. MoNAMET Point, cape, Mass., in Cape Cod bay. Long. 6° 35' e. W. C, lat. 41° 45'. MoNGUAGo, p-v. in the southeastern part of Wayne co. Mich. 14 ms. s. s. w. Detroit, and by p-r. 512 ms. nrthwstrd. W. C. MoMTEAU, p-v. Cole CO. Mo. 5 ms. wstrd. Jefferson city, and 139 ms. wstrd. St. Louis. Mo.NKTox, p-t. Addison co. Vt. 18 ms. s. Burlington, and 27 w. Montpelier. Little Ot- ter creek, Pond brook and Lewis creek, tho' small, are the principal streams, and allbrd few mill sites. It contains a considerable pond, Hogback mtn. and others. Iron ore is very abundant in the s., principally hematite, as well as black oxyde of manganese, and a large bed of porcelain clay. There is also a curious cavern. Pop. 18.30, 1,348. Monmouth, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. 17 ma. w. Augusta, contains an academy. It ia N. of Lincoln co. and has small streams flow- inginto Kennebec r. Pop. 1830, 1,879. MoNAiouTH, CO. N. J. bounded by Middle- sex co. and Raritan bay n., Atlantic ocean r., Burlington co. s. and w. Contains much poor pine land, with a scattered population, and only a few villages in the n. The coast is low and sandy, and the scene of frequent shipwrecks. Marl, which is found in differ- MON 318 MON ent places, is an excellent and lasting ma- nure for the poorest soil. Much pine wood is sent to N. Y. It has 7 large townships, but a great deal of poor sandy soil, with in- valuable beds of marl, which makes the rich- est manure. Sandy Hook is the s. cape of Raritan bay, by which is the communication between the ocean and N. York bay, and the N. E. extremity of this county. Shrewsbury and Nave sink rs. (short but broad streams) enter Raritan bay just within the Hook, which they have sometimes isolated by cutting thro' the neck into the sea. At Shrewsbury and Howel, the coast is a sand bank, about 30 ft. with a beautiful white beach, having arable land to the bluff. Below, Barnegat and Lit- tie Egg Harbor bays are formed by Squam Isle and Long Beaches, with 2 inlets to the ocean, in this co. Many small streams flow into them, and others rise in the co. which fall into Raritan and Delaware rs. The prin- cipal town is Freehold. In the Pines are furnaces for iron, &c. Pop. 1830, 29,233. MoNONGAHELA, r. of the U. S. in Va., Md. and Pa., is formed by Monongahela proper, Tygart's valley r., Cheat r., and the Youghio- ghany. The Cheat is in fact the main stream, having its remote source in the sthrn. part of Randolph co. Va., atlat. 38° 27', interlocking ative course, is lost in the Monongahela at MacKeesport. Augmented by the Youghio- ghany, the Monongahela below the junction assumes the course of the former, 18 ms. by the channel, but only 11 direct distance to Pittsburg, where it unites with the Alleghany to form the Ohio. The general course of the Monongahela is almost exactly n., and almost as exactly along long. 3° w. W. C, 150 ms. by comparative distance. The widest part of its valley lies nearly along the line between Pa. and Va. 80 ms, ; the mean width 40, and area 6,000 sq. ms. If we allow only 1,500 feet elevation to the cultivatable country on the head bTanches of Cheat, Pittsburg being elevated 678 feet, will give a descent of 822 feet to the valley of Monongahela. The extremes of lat. are thus almost exactly compensated by declivity, and explain why the seasons near Pittsburg and in Randolph co. Va. differ but slightly. Though the two estrn. branches. Cheat and Youghioghany, rise in mountain vallies, and the whole coimtry drained by all the con- fluents of Monongahela is very broken, and rocky, direct falls are rare and of no great elevation when they occur. Cheat r. is nav- igable through Monongahela and Preston, in- to Randolph co., both branches of Mononga- sources with those of Green r. and Jackson's hela proper above their junction, andYoughi- branch of James r. The remote sources of Tygart's valley r. are nearly as far s. as those of Cheat, and also in Randolph co. The mountain ridge from which both streams rise is known locally as Green Brier mountain, and the valleys from which the higher sour- ces are derived, must be at least 2,500 feet elevated above tide water in Chesapeake bay. Monongahela proper is the western branch, rising in Lewis co. Va. with interlocking sources with those of Tygart's valley and lit- tle Kenhawa. The three branches near their sources pursue a general northern course, but the two western gradually approach each other, and unite at lat. 39° 28', where they form a point of separation between Harrison and Monongahela cos. Thence assuming a northern course over the latter county, finally leave Va., and form a junction with Cheat on the boundary between Fayette and Green cos. Pa. The Cheat in the highest part of its course flows along a mtn. valley in a nrthrn. direc. tion, but gradually inclining to nthwstrd., as already noticed under the head of Cheat r. Below the junction of the main branches, the Monongahela, by a rather circuitous chan- nel, pursues a general nthrn. course over Pa. about 50 ms. comparative length to its junction with Youghioghany, 1 1 ms. s. e. of Pittsburg. TheYoughioghany is a considerable branch, having its remote sources in the wstrn. part of Alleghany co. Md. Flowing thence nrthrd- ly. enters Pa., and separating for some few ms. Somerset, from Fayette co., receives a large tributary from the estrd. Casselman's r. and turning to n. n. w. about 50 ms., conipar- oghany to Ohio pile falls. The whole val- ley has gained recent increase of importance as being part of the route or routes of pro- posed lines of canal improvement. Monongalia, co. Va. bounded e. and s. e. by Preston, s. w. by Tygart's valley river and Buffalo creek, separating it from Harrison, w. by Tyler co., n. w. by Green co. Pa., and N. e. by Fayette co. Pa. Extending in lat. from 39° 17' to 39° 42', and in long, from 2° 39' to 3° 25' w. W. C. This county declines to the nrthrd. and is traversed by both bran- ches of Monongahela, Cheat to the e., and Monongahela proper to the w. Its length from w. to E. is 38 ms., mean width 15, and area 570 sq. ms. Though very broken, the soil is excellent. Pop. 1820, 11,060, 1830, 14,056. Monroe, p-t. Waldo co. Me. s. Penobscot CO., crossed by Marsh r. a brancli of the Pe- nobscot. Pop. 1030, 409. Monroe, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn, on Housa- tonic r. 20 ms. w. New Haven. Monroe, p-t. N. Y. {See Munroe.) Monroe, co. N. Y. 236 ms. w. n. \v. Alba- ny, bounded by lake Ontario and Upper Ca- nada N., Ontario co. e., Livingston s., Gene- see w. ; 20 by 30 ms. ; area 600 sq. ms. Con- tains 16 townships, has a gently varied sur- face, rich soil and mild climate. It is crossed by Genesee r., the Erie canal, and the Moun- tain Ridge, which was probably once the shore of lake Ontario, and extends from near York, Upper Canada, to Jefferson co. Bog iron ore, salt springs, and free stone are found in some parts. Rochester is the co. t. Pop. 1830, 49,682. Monroe, p-o. Bucks co. Pa. MON "519" MON Monroe, co. Va. bounded by Giles s. and w., Greenbrier n., Alleghany n. e., Botetourt K. Length 40, mean width 18, and area 720 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 22' to 37° 45', and in long, from 3° 16' to 3° 54' vv. W. C. The base of this co. maybe regarded as New r. which bounds it on the w., but the ge- neral declivity is wstrd. from the Alleghany mtn. The northwestern part is traversed by Greenbrier r., which falls into New r. at the point where meet the angles of Giles, Logan, 18' to 35° 48', and in long, from 6° 57' to 1" 33' w. W. C. The boundary line between McMinn and Monroe cos. follows very nearly the ridge dividing the sources of the creeks flowing s. w. into the Hiwassee, from those flowing in an opposite direction into Tenn. ; the declivity therefore of Monroe co. is north- estrd. Chief t. Tellico. Pop. 1820, 2,539, 1830, 13,708. Monroe, p-v. and st. jus. Overton co. Ten. situated on a branch of Obies r. 100 ms. a Greenbrier and Monroe. By actual mea- little n. of e. Nashville, and about 35 a little surement, the mouth of Greenbrier river is 1,333 feet above the oceanic level, and of course the surface of Monroe co. must be still higher, say from 1,400 to 1,700, or 1,800 feet. Chief t. Union Town. Pop. 1820, 6,620, 1830, 7,798. MoMROE, p-v. Warren co. N. C. by p-r. 70 ms. N. E. Raleigh. Monroe, co. Geo. bounded by Bibb s, e., Crawford s., Upson w.. Butts n., and Oakmul- gee r. separating it from Jones n. e. Length of s. Burke sville in Ky. Lat. 36° 22', long.8°10'w. W.C. Monroe, co. Ky. bounded w. by Big Bar- ren r. separating it from Allen, n. by Barren, N. E. by Adair, E. by Cumberland, s. by Jack- son CO. Ten., ands.w. by Smith co. Ten. Length from e. to w. 30 ms., mean width 20, and area 600 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 36' to 36° 53', and in long, from 8° 19' to 9° w. W. C. This co. is very nearly commensurate with the higher part of the diagonally from s. w. to n. e. 30 ms., mean valley of Big Barren r., but with the excep- width 12, and area 360 sq. ms. Lat. 33°, and tion of the southeastern angle. Into the long. 7° w. W. C, intersect very near the centre of this co. Declivity to the s. e., and drained by Chupee and other creeks, flowing into Oakmulgee r. Chief t. Forsyth. Pop. 1830, 16,202. Monroe, p-v. and st. jus. Walton co. Geo. by p-r. 66 ms. n. n. w. Milledgeville. Monroe, co. Ala. bounded by Baldwin s. w., Cunecut s. e., Butler n. e., Wilcox n. and the Ala. r. separating it from Clarke w. The greatest length from s. w. to n. 48 ms., mean width 20, and area 960 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 31° 14' to 31° 48', and in long. from 10° 04' to 10° 50' w. W. C. Declivity wstrd. towards the Ala. r. Surface generally sterile. Pine wooded land. The banks of the Ala. afford some excellent soil. Staple, cotton. Chief town, Claiborne. Pop. 1820, 8,8.38, 1830, 8,782. Monroe, p-v. s. e. part of Perry co. Miss. latter part of the co. the main volume of Cumberland r. enters by one of its sweeping bends, and again abruptly winds back into Cumberland co. The dividing ground be- tween the waters of Cumberland and Green rs. passing from Adair over Monroe into Jackson CO. Ten., divides Monroe into two unequal portions. The much larger section, with a n. western declivity, is in the valley of Green r. or sub-valley of Big Barren. The chief t. Tomkinsville, is by p-r. 137 ms. s. s. w. from Frankfort. Pop. 1820, 4,956, 1830, 5,340, Monroe, p-v. in the southeastern part of Hart CO. Ky. by p-r. 96 ms. s.s. w. Frank, fort, and 20 n. n. e. Glasgow. Monroe, co. O. bounded by Washington s., Morgan w., Guernsey n. w., Belmont n., and the O. r. separating it from Ohio co. Va. e. Length from e. to w. 36 ms., mean breadth 16, and area 576 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 40', long. by p-r. 151 ms. s. e. Jackson, and by the di-i4° w. W. C. The central part of this hilly Tect road 158 ms. s. e. by e. Natchez. but fertile co. is a real table land, from which Monroe, co. Miss, bounded by Lowndes Sunfish cr. flows estrd. into Ohio r. Little CO. same state s., by Tombigbee r. separating Muskingum sthrd. also into O. r., but by a it from the Chickasaw ter.w., the Chickasaw !s. w. course over Washington co., and the ter. again on the n., by Marion co. Ala. n. e., j extreme head sources of Will's creek, branch and Lafayette co. Ala. s. e. Length 25 ms., I of Muskingum, n. w. into Guernsey co. Chief mean breadth 15, and area 375 sq. ms. Cen-ltown, Woodslield. Pop. 1820, 4,641, 1830, tral lat. 33° 50', long. 11° 30' w. W.C. 18,768. Slopes 8. w., and traversed by Battahatchee Monroe, p-v. in the eastern part of Butler and Weaver rs., with some smaller streams, ico. O. by p-r. 25 ms. n. n. e. Cincinnati. Pop. Chief t. Hamilton. Pop. 1830, 3,861. 1 1830, 119. Monroe, p-v. and st. jus., parish of Washi-j Monroe, co. Ind. bounded by Lawrence s., taw, La., situated on the left bank of Washi-' Greene s. w., Owen n. w., Morgan n., and E. taw r., about 80 ms. in a direct line n. n.w.I uncertain. Length 24 ms., breadth 20, and Natchez, and 100 a little e. of n. Alexandria iarea 480 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 10', and long. 9° at Rapides. Lat. 32° 32', long. 15° 10' w. [38'w. W. C. The nthrn. part slopes wstrd., W. C. I and is drained by Bean Blossom creek, a Monroe, co. Ten. bounded by the Chero- branch of White r., and the southern section kce country s. E. and 8., McMinn CO. w., Roan slopes to the sthrd., and is drained by Salt N., and Ten. r. separating it from Blount n. e. creek, a branch of the South fork of White r. and E. Length 30 ms., mean width 15, and Chief t. Bloomington. Pop. 1830, 6,577. area 450 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° Monroe, co. II. bounded n. e. and e. by St, MON 320 MON Clair, s. e. by Randolph, s. w. and w. by Miss. r. separating it from Jefferson co. Mo., and N. w. by the Miss. r. separating it from St. Louis CO. Mo. Length 30 ms., mean width 12, and area 360 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 15', long. 13° 12' w. W.C. This co. stretching estrd. from the Miss. r. to the Kaskaskias r., slopes towards both, the central part being a table land. Chief town, Waterloo. Pop. 1830, 2,000. Monroe, co. Mo. ; situation uncertain. Monroe, C. H. and p-o. Monroe co. Mo. by p-r. 129 ms. from Jefferson city. Monroe, co. Mich, bounded by Sandusky CO. O. s. E., Wood CO. O. s., Lenawee county, Mich, w., Washtenaw co. Mich. n. w., Wayne N. E., and lake Erie e. Length from s. to n. 32 ms., mean width 22, and area 704 sq. ms. Lat. 42°, and long. 6^° w. W. C. intersect in the northeastern part of this co. Slope estrd. and traversed by the river Raisin and Ottawa creek, with other smaller streams. Much of the soil is excellent. The south- estrn. part receives Maumee r. from Wood CO. O. Chief t. Monroe. Pop. 1820, 1,831, 1830, 3,187. Monroe, p-v. and st. jus. Monroe co. Mich. by p-r. 36 ms. s. s. w. Detroit, and 490 north. wstrd. W. C. It is situated on the right bank of the river Raisin, near its mouth. Ves- sels of 5 or 6 feet draught can ascend thus far. MoNROETON, p-v. Bradford co. Pa. 126 ms. nthrd. Harrisburg. MoNROETON, p-v. on the right bank of Staun- ton r., and in the extreme northwestern angle of Pittsylvania co. Va., by direct road about 130 ms., but by p-r. 150 ms. s. w. by w. Rich mond. MoNROEviLLE, p-v. Huron CO. O. by p-r. 109 ms. nthrd. Columbus. MoNsoN, p-t. Hampden co. Mass. 17 ms. e. Springfield, 50 s. w. Boston, s. Chickapee r. The soil is good, and in some parts the land is irrigated. It is a pleasant t. and has several manufactories, and an academy with about 100 pupils, a valuable apparatus, and a board- ing house connected with the institution. Pop. 1830, 2,263. Montague, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. e. side Conn, r., 87 ms. n. w. Boston, s. and e. Conn, r., which falls 65 feet, among rude scenery. A little below is an old Indian fort, which was attacked with great slaughter, in Philip's war, by captain Holyoke of Northampton. A rocky island divides the fall, which is dam- med 330 yards, and passed by a canal 3 ms. long, 25 feet wide, with 8 locks 75 feet long, 12 deep, and 20 wide. The dam is of tim- ber, and in one place 40 feet high. It was torn down 2 or 3 years ago by a violent flood. 4 ms. above is the dam at Miller's falls, where is a canal cut through a pudding stone of primitive rock. A bridge crosses to Deer- field. Pop. 1830, 1,152. N. w., and is connected with it by a bridge over Del. r. Its small streams flow in se- veral directions. Pop. 1830, 990. Montague, p-v. sthrn. part of Essex co. Va. 72 ms. s. e. by e. Richmond. Montalban, p-v. in the sthrn. part of War- ren CO. Miss, by p-r. 81 ms. wstrd. Jackson, and about 60 ms. n. n. e. Natchez. MoNTAUK Point, Easthampton, Suffolk co. N. Y., the E. end of L. I. The light house is on the extreme point, on an elevation, and is a very important land mark, particularly to vessels bound into L. I. sound. It was erec- ted in 1795. It commands a clear view of Block isl. and the opposite shores of Conn. The road leading to Montauk Point is rough ; but no troublesome insects are found there ; and there is a convenient tavern on the spot. It is 20 miles from East Hampton. There are a few Indians remaining, but many of them of mixed blood. The soil is rich, and affords pasturage to numerous oxen, horses and sheep ; but Napeage beach, 5 ms. in extent, is a sandy tract. The distance from Sandy Hook, in a direct line, is 140 ms. McNTEBELLo, p-v. Hancock CO. II. by p-r. 144 ms. N. w. Vandalia. MoNTEVALLo, p-v. Shelby CO. Ala. about 45 ms. nearly due e. Tuscaloosa. Montezuma, p-v. Mentz, Cayuga co. N. Y., 11 ms. n. w. Auburn, 170 w. Albany; has some salt springs, and is 80 rods from the junction of Erie canal and Seneca r. Mon'tezuma, p-v. and st. jus. Covington co. Ala. situated on the Connecuh r. by p-r. !76 ms. southestrd. Tuscaloosa. Lat. 31° 22', long. 9° 40' w, W. C. Montezuma Salt Works and p-o. in the estrn. part of Casey co. Ky. by p-r. 81 ms, very nearly due s. Frankfort. Montezuma, p-v. Parke co. Ind. by p-r. 77 ms. w. Indianopolis. Montgomery, p-t. Franklin co. Vt. 42 ms. N. Montpelier, 39 n. e. Burlington. Trout r. and its branches afford mill seats. On the principal stream is excellent meadow land ; but there is much mountainous country. Pop. 1830, 460. Montgomery, t. Hampden co. Mass. 10 ms. w. n. w. Springfield, 100 w. Boston, n. e. Westfield r. Pop. 1830, 579. Montgomery co., N. Y. bounded by Ham- ilton CO. N., Saratoga co. e., Schenectady, Schoharie, and Otsego cos. s., Herkimer co. W. The greatest length 36 miles, breadth 32 ; about 1,000 sq. ms. The surface is a lit- tle varied, being crossed by the Klypse ridge from Sacandaga r. to the Nose, on Mohawk river. It has rich meadows on Mohawk r. and various soils. Crossed by Mohawk r. and E. Canal. Pop., 1830, 43,715. Montgomery, p-t.. Orange co., N. Y., 12 nis. w. Newburg ; 12 n. Goshen; 100 from Albany; N. Waalkill r., is irregular Montague, p-t. Sussex co. N. J., the most form, varied surface and good soil, yielding northerly town in the state, with Delaware r. Imuch hemp, &c. In the v. sometimes called w., the Blue mtns. e., N. Y. state n.e., Pa. j Wards bridge, and which is on Waalkill cr. MON 321 MON is an academy, &c. The skeleton of the mammoth in tho Philadelphia museum was found here. Pop., 1830, 3,885. Montgomery t., Somerset co., N. J., e. Millstone r., has much handsome swelling land, with a range called Rocky hill. It pro- duces good grass and excellent cider, chiefly from a species of apples called Harrison, Crab, &c. On the s. border is the borough of Princeton, the seat of Nassau Hall, or Princeton college, and a Presbyterian theo- logical seminary. Pop., 1830, 2,834. Montgomery co., Pa., bounded by Phil. co. s. K. ; Del. CO. s. ; in part an artificial and in part the Schuylkill r. separates it from Chester s. w. ; on the n. w. a range of hills or rather a minor chain of mnts. separates it from Bucks, and on the n. e. it is bounded by Bucks. This co. is very nearly a paral- lelogram of 24 by IG ms. ; area 384 sq.nis. Extending in lat. from 39° 58' to 40° 27', and in long. from,l° IG' to 1° 56' e. W. C. The declivity of this fine co. is almost due s. and in most part drained by the various confluents of Perkiomen and Wissahiccon crs. The surface is beautifully variegated by hill, dale, and even mtn. scenery. The soil, though naturally not of first rate quality, is no where sterile. The staples, nearly every vegetable production of the U. S. in the same lat. The beautiful marble of White Marsh is also amongst the most valuable staples of the co. Ciiief t. Norristown. Pop., 1820, 35,793; 1830, 39,406. Montgomery, p-o. in Montgomery tsp., Montgomery co., Penn. The tsp. lies on the N. boundary of the co,, between the source of Perkiomen, Neshaminy, and Wissahiccon crs. The village called Montgomery square stands 20 ms. N. Phil. Pop. of the township, 1820, 751. Montgomery CO., Md., bounded s. e. by Prince George's co. and the Dis. Col., by Po- tomac r., which separates it from Fairfax s., and Loudon w. ; by Frederick n. w., and by Patuxent r., separating it from Ann Arun- del N. E. The greatest length of this co. is by a westerly line from the easterly angle on Patuxent to the bend of Potomac r., between the mouths of Seneca and Monocacy, 32 ms. ; mean width 18, and area 576 sq. ms. Extend- ing in lat. from 38° 55' to 39° 21', and in long, from 0° 09' e. to 0° 29' w.W. C. Montgom- ery comprises two unequal inclined plains ; one falling s. s. w. towards the Potomac and the second and least sthestrd. towards the Patuxent. The Potomac plain is drained by the estrn. branch of Potomac, Rock, Watts, and Seneca crs., and contains near two thirds of the co. The surface of Montgomery is moderately hilly. The estrn. part drained by the sources of the estrn. branch of Potomac and Rock crs. rests on primitive gneiss. ■ J" rem this part nrthwetrly. extends the divi- ding ridge between the waters of Potomac and Patuxent ; this ridge is elevated from 400 to 800 ft. above tide water. If taken gener- ally, the soil of Mont. co. is rather sterile, 41 yet much very good land skirts the streams- Staples, grain and tobacco. Chief t. Rock- ville. Pop., 1820, 16,400 ; 1830, 19,876. Montgomery co., Va., bounded by the Blue Ridge, which separates it from Franklin e., and Patrick s. e., Grayson bounds it s. w., Wythe on the w.. Walker's mtn. separates it from Giles n. w. ; on the n. e. it has Bote- tourt, diagonally from the Blue Ridge to Walker's mtn. ; the length in a northerly di- rection is 50 ms. ; mean width 20, and area 1,000. Extending in lat. fr. 30° 43' to 37° 24', and in long. fr. 3° 04' to 03° 50' w. W. C. This CO. occupies two mtn. vallies, being botmded on one side by the Blue Ridge and on the op- posite by Walker's mtn., and traversed at near mid-distancc by a minor ridge. The mountains, stretching from s. w. to n. e., pre- sent the curious phenomenon of the dividing line of r. source being nearly at right angles to the mtn. chains. This line of river source divides Montgomery into two unequal sec- tions. The larger portion of about two thirds, comprising the sthrn. and sthwstrn. parts, has a nrthwstrn. declivity, and is traversed by the Great Kenhawa, and drained by Little r. and numerous crs. falling into the main stream. The nrthrn. and smaller section, declines to the N. E. giving source to the extreme head of Roanoke, and to Craigs cr. and other branches of Jam.es r. Thus, Montgomery occiipies a part of the plateau between the At- lantic slope and Miss, basin. The mouth of Sinking cr., which enters the Great Kenhawa in Giles co., at the wstm. foot of Walker's mtn., of course below any part of Montgomery, is found, from actual measurement, elevated 1,585 feet above tide water in James r. The highest spring trib- utary to Sinking cr. was found 2,509 ; we may, therefore, very safely assume as the general elevation of J\lontgomery from 1,800, to 2,500 ; or a mean exceeding 2,100 feet, or an equivalent to more than five degrees of lat. If then we assume 37° as the mean lat. of Mont. CO., Va., the real winter climate will be similar to that on the Atlantic coast in n. lat. 42°. Beside the mountains the whole face of this co. is broken and rocky, yet though so rough and elevated, the streams are bordered with excellent soil. Chief town, Christiansburg. Pop., 1820, 6,733 ; 1830, 12,306. Montgomery co., N. C, bounded w, by Cabarras, n. w. by Davidson, n. e. by Ran- dolph, E. by Moore, s. e. by Richmond, and s. w. by Rocky r. separating it from Anson. The greatest length along the sthrn. border 50 ; mean width 17, and area 850 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 10' to 35° 30', and in long, from 2° 40' to 3° 32' w. W. C. This CO. is subdivided into two not very unequal portions by Yadkin r., which traverses it by a sthrdly. course. The general declivity of the CO. is also sthrdly. The surface hilly, and in part mountainous. Chief t., Law- renceville. Pop., 1820. 8,693 ; 1830, 10,919. Montgomery co., Geo., bounded by the MON d22 MON Ockmulgoe r. Hoparating it from Appling s.,| tionby the ere. of thoso two rivers roBpoctivc Auclionchntchoe r. Ropn.ruting it fr. Telfair B. w., Laurens n. w., Gr Boston. This town is situated on the height of land between the Ilousatonic and Hudson rs., upon the Taghgannuck range, the principal summit of which is in this town, and is about 3,000 feet above the level of the sea. A broken tsp. of scattered habitations. Pop. 1830, 345. Mount Washington, p-v. eastern part of Bullitt CO. Ky. 7 ms. n. e. by e. Shepherds- ville, and 62 s. w. by w, Frankfort. Mount Washington, p-v. Copiah co. Miss, by p-r. about 55 ms. e. Natchez. Mount Washington, p-v. Catahoola parish, La. by p-r. 263 ms. n. w. New Orleans. Mount Welcome, p-v. Lincoln co. N. C. by p-r. 159 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. Mount Willing, p-v. Edgefield dist. S. C. situated on a branch of Little Saluda, 12 ms. N. E. Edgefield, and 40 ms. w. Columbia. Mount Willing, p-v. East Feliciana, 12 ms. E. St. Francisville. Mount Wilson, p-v. Fentress co. Ten. about 130 ms. e. Nashville. Mount Yonah, p-o. Habersham co. Geo. by p-r. 159 ms. n. Milledgeville. Mount Zion, p-o. nrthrn. part of Hancock CO. Geo. 31 ms. n. e. Milledgeville. Mount Zion, p-v. Monroe co. Miss, by p-r. 163 ms. N. E. Jackson. Mount Zion, p-v. sthrn. part of Union co. Ky. by p-r. 236 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. Mount Zion, p-v. Lowndes co. Miss, by p-r. 256 ms. n. e. Natchez, and 10 ms. from Columbus, the county seat of Lowndes. Mouth of Black river, p-o. extreme north, ernpart Lorain co. O. by p-r. 139 ms. n. n. e. Columbus. Mouth of Paint Rock creek, sthrn. part of Roan co. Ten. by p-r. 10 ms. s. Kingiston, the county seat, and 166 ms. e. Nashville. Mouth of Monocacy, p-o. extreme wstrn. MUL 339 MUS part of Montgomery co. Md. by p-r. 43 ms. N. w. W. C. Mouth of Sandy creek, and p-o. nrthestrn. part of Henry co. Ten. 94 ms. N. w. by w. ^ w. Nashville. Mouth of Tei>lico, p-o. Monroe co. Ten. on Ten. r. where the road from Knoxville to Athens crosses that stream, 42 ms. s. w. of Knoxville, and by p-r. 166 ms. s. k. by b. of Nashville. Mud Camp, p-v. Cumberland co. Ky. 152 ms. sthrd. Frankfort. Mud Creek, Ontario co. N. York, rises in Bristol, and after a course of about 43 ms. en- ters the Canandaigua outlet at the village of Lyons. A very valuable stream. Muddy River, Ky. rising in Todd and Lo- gan COS. interlocking sources with Red river, branch of Cumberland, and flowing to the nrthrd. leaves Todd and Logan, and for about 12 ms. forms a boundary between Butler and Muhlcnburg cos., finally falling into Green r. opposite Ohio co. MuHLENBURG, CO. Ky. bounded s. by Todd, 8. w. by Christian, w. by Pond r. separating it from Hopkins, n. by Green r. separating it from Daviess, n. e. by Green r. separating it from Ohio co. and s. e. by Muddy r. separat- ing it from Butler. Length diagonally s. e. to N. w. 38 ms., mean width 13, and area 494 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 04' to 37° 32', and in long, from 9° 47' to 10° 17' w. W. C. It will be seen that this co. is bounded on all sides except to the s. by rivers. The declivity is to the n. n. w. Chief t. Green- ville. Pop. 1820, 4,979, 1830, 5,340. Mulberry, r. of Ala., the nrthwstrn. and main branch of Tuscaloosa or Black War- rior r. having its sources in the table land be- tween the basins of Mobile and Ten. The general course is s., draining the wstrn. half of Blount and all Walker co., and uniting on the wstrn. border of Jefferson, with the Lo- cust fork to form the Black Warrior. The valley of the Mulberry comprises an area of 1,500 sq. ms. lying in form of a triangle, base GO ms. and altitude 50 ms. The valley is traversed and divided into two not very une- qual sections by lat. 34°. Mulberry, p-v. in the nrthrn. part of Lin- coin CO. Ten. about 50 ms. s. Nashville. Mulberry, p-v. in the wstrn. part of Au- tauga CO. Ala. by p-r. 81 ms. s. e. Tuscaloosa. MuLBEiiRv, p-v. Crawford co. Ark. by p-r. 13o ms. wstrd. Little Rock. Mulberry Gap, p-v, Claiborne co. Ten. by p-r. 264 ms. estrd. Nashville. Mulberry Grove, and p-o. Harris co. Geo. by p-r. 135 ms. wstrd. Milledgeville. Mullensford, an^ p-o. Franklin co. Geo. by p-r. 114 ms. n. Milledgeville. Mullicus River, N. J. runs into the At- lantic through New Inlet, 4 ms. e. of Leeds. It is navigable 20 ms. for vessels of 60 tons, and forms the boundary of Burlington and Gloucester cos. Mulloy's, p-o. Robertson co. Ten. by p-r. 29 ms. N. w. Nashville. 42 MuMFORDsviLLB, p-v. and St. jus. Hart co. Ky. situated on the right bank of Green r., 20 ms. N. Glasgow, 32 s. Elizabethtown, and 97 8. w. Frankfort. Lat. 37° 17', long. 8° 50' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 194. MuNCYTOwN, P-V. and st. jus. Delaware co. Ind. by p-r. 59 ms. n. e. Indianopolis, lat. 40° 13', and long. W. C. 8° 36' w. MuNCY, post township, on both sides of Muncy creek, in the sthestrn. part of Lycom- ing CO. Pa. 80 ms. n. Harrisburg. Munroe, p-t. Orange co. N. Y. 19 ms. s. Newburgh, 115 s. Albany, and 50 n. N. Y. Surface broken and hilly, and well watered by numerous streams. The hills or moun- tains abound with iron ore. Here are exten- sive iron works; 11 schools, continued 6 mo. in 12. Pop. 1830, 3,671. MuNSTER, p-v. Cambria co. Pa. eastward Ebensburg, and by p-r. 130 ms. wstrd. Har- risburg. MuRFREESBORo', p-v. Hertford, N. C. MuRFREESBORo', p-v. and St. jus. for Ruth- erford CO. Ten. situated on a branch of Stone r. 30 ms. s. e. Nashville, and 82 ms. a little E. of N. Huntsville in Ala. Lat. 35° 51', and long. 9° 15' w. W.C. Murray's Mills, and p-o. Dearborn co. Ind. by p-r. 117 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. Murraysville, p-v. Lorain co. O. by p-r. 128 ms. N. N. e. Columbus. Murraysville, p-v. on a branch of Turtle creek and in the wstrn. part of Westmoreland CO. Pa., 12 ms. n. w. Greensburg, and 20 ms. a little s. of e. Pittsburg. Murrill's Shop, and p-o. Nelson co. Va. by p-r. 110 ms. w. Richmond. MuRRiNsviLLE, p-v. Butler CO. Pa. by p-r. 251 ms. N. w. W. C. Muscogee, one of the wstrn. cos. of Geo. bounded by Harris n., Talbot n. e., Marion e., Randolph s., and the Chattahoochee r. sepa- rating it from the Creek country in Ala. w. Length E. to w. 25 ms., breadth 20, and area 500 sq. ms. Extending in lat.from 31°17'to 31° 35', and in long, from 7° 52' to 8° 14' w. W. C. The slope of this co. is wstrd. and drained by the different branches of Upotoi cr. Chief t. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 3,508. MusKEGAT, isl. Mass. lying between Nan- tucket and Martha'.=i Vineyard, in the form of a horse shoe, about 3 ms. in extent. Muskingum, important river of Ohio, and one of the great branches of the river Ohio, from the right or n. w. side. It is formed by two branches, Tuscarawas from the north- eastward, and White Woman's r. to the nrth- westward. White Woman's r. rises near the centre of the state of Ohio, interlocking sour- ces with those of Sciota, Huron of Erie, Vermillion, and Black rs. Composed of two branches, Mohiccon and Killbuckcrs., White Woman's r. drains Wayne, Holmes, Richland, Knox, and part of Coshocton counties ; gen- eral course s. e. joining Tuscarawas in Co. shocton CO., between the villages cff Coshoc- ton and Caldersburg, after a general compar- ative course of 60 nin. NAH 330 NAN Tuscarawas has interlocking sources with those of Cuyahoga and Big Beaver. In the higher part of its course for 50 ms. it pursues a sthrn. course, out ef Medina and Portage COS. over Stark into Tuscarawas co. In- flecting abruptly to the w. and entering Co- ehocton, it unites with White Woman's r., as already noticed, after a general compara- tive course of 60 miles. It is at the junction of Tuscarawas and WhiteWoraan's rs. that the united waters take the name of Muskingum, which flowing s. 10 ms. receives a large estrn. branch, Wills cr., and bending to about s. a. w. 15 ms. receives Licking creek, and falls over a ledge of rocks at Zanesville. Below Zanesville, with large partial bends, the general course is s. e. 50 ms. comparative distance to its influx into O. river at Marietta. The Tuscarawas branch drains all Tuscarawas and Stark, with parts of Harrison, Columbiana, Portage, Medina, Wayne, Holmes, and Coshocton cos. Wills creek drains and its valley is nearly commen- surate with Guernsey co. The Muskingum r. properly so called, winds over the southern side of Coshocton, and over Muskingum, Morgan, and Washington cos. The entire Muskingum valley approaches remarkably near a circle, of 100 ms. diame- ter ; but with allowance for the salient parts, the area is about 8,000 sq. ms. The Ohio and Erie canal enters this valley in Licking co. and is carried n. e. to Coshocton, and thence along the main channel of Tuscarawas to the Portage Summit. {See art. Rail Roads and Canals.) The level of the canal on the Portage sum- mit is 973 feet above the ocean tides, whilst that of Ohio at Marietta, but little if any ex- ceeds 600 feet of similar relative height. The arable soil around the sources of the higher fountains of White Woman's and Tuscara- was rs. must exceed 1,000 feet above the ocean, or the diflcrence of level of the valley amounts to at least an equivalent to a degree of lat. The actual extremes of lat. are 39° 20' and 41° 10'. The soil of the Muskingum valley is of unsurpassed fertility. The sur- face presenting the usual features of the rs. of Ohio ; that is, level at the sources and be- coming more and more hilly approaching the main recipient, the Ohio r. The true cause of this inversion of the common character of rs., will be seen by reference to article O. r. Muskingum, co. Ohio, bounded by Morgan s. E. and s.. Perry s. w., Licking w,, Coshoc- ton N., and Guernsey e. Length 27 ms., mean breadth 26, and area 700 sq. ms. Lat. 40° and long. W. C. 5° w. intersect almost exact, ly at the centre of this co. It is traversed- from N. to s. and very nearly equally divided by Muskingum r. Surface moderately hilly, and soil fertile. Chief t. Zanesville. Pop. 1820, 17,824, 1830, 29,334. The northwestern angle is traversed by the Ohio and Erie canal, and in the opposite direction the U. S. road passes over at the greatest breadth. MusKONKTcuNK, lake, or Hopatcong, 9 ms. long, 14 ms. n. n. w. Morristown N. J., has been dammed at the outlet (South) and sup- plies Morris canal, through a feeder. MusKONETCUNK, r. N. J. rises in Muskonet- cunk lake, and flowing s. w. divides Sussex and Warren from Morris and Hunterdon cos., and falls into Delaware r. 5 ms. below Eas- ton. It is a fine mill stream. Myers, or Meyers creek, a small stream of Frankfort, Herkimer co. N. Y., which en- ters the Mohawk near the e. extremity of the long level of the Erie canal. Myers, p-o. Venango co. Pa. by p-r. 256 ms. N. w. W. C. Myerstown, p-v. on a branch of Quitapa- hilla creek, Lebanon co.Pa., 31 ms. a little n. of e. Harrisburg, and 5 ms. v/. from the bo- rough of Lebanon. Mystic, river of Mass., flows into Boston harbor, navigable for sloops to Medford. N. Nacouchy Valley, p-o. (See Coopersloton, Habersham co. Geo.) Naglesville, formerly 'I'obyhanna, p-v. southern part of Pike co. Pa. by p-r. n. n. e. W. C. Nahant, Essex co. Mass. a peninsula ex- tending from the s. shore of Lynn far into the sea. It is considered a great natural curiosi- ty. It appears once to have been two islands, but is now connected to the main land by two ridges of pebbles and sand thrown up by the water. The surface is broken, and the shores are bold and rocky. It is a place of great resort in the summer. Tlic air is fragrant and cooling ; the scenery romantic ; the walks round the margin of the cliffs plea- sant, and the prospect grand. It is 9 ms. s. of Salem, and 14 K. E. Boston. Nahunta, creek and p-o. northern part of Wayne co. N. C. by p-r. 45 ms. s. e. by e. Raleigh. Namasket, r. Mass. joins Bridgewater r. to form the Taunton. Nanceville, p-o. Floyd co. Ind. by p-r. 129 ms. a little e. of s. Indianopolis. Nankin, p-v. western part Wayne co. Mich, by P-r. 17 ms. w. Detroit. Nanjemoy, creek, bay, and p-o. in the southwestern part of Charles co. Md. The ' p-o. is by p-r. 47 ms. nearly due s. W. C. i Nanjemoy hay is a small opening from the lleft bank of Potomac r. at the great bend ' above Port Tobacco. Nansemond, CO. Va. bounded by Black i Water r. w. separating it from Southampton, by the Isle of Wight n. w., Hampton Roads NAN 331 NAS f}. E.,Tforfolk CO. E., Pasquotank co. N. C. s. ] Nantuckkt isl., co. and p-t. situated in the K., and Gates CO. S. C. s. Length diagonally | ocean about 20 nis. s. Chatham, Barnstable s. w. to N. K. 40 ma., mean breadth 16, and area 640 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 30' to 36° 54', and in long, from 0° 6' to 0=" 41' K. W. C. The northern part has a gentle inclhiation to the n. n. E., and is drained by the branches of Nansemond r., which stream, or rather bay, extends about 18 ms. towards the centre of the co. Tiie southwestern sec- tion has a slight declivity to s. s. w., and is drained into Nottaway r. The southeastern angle is low, marshy, and in part occupied by a small lake called Drummond's pond. From this pond, a small lateral canal has been con- structed into the main trunk of the Dismal Swamp canal. Lake Drummond canal an- swers the double purpose of a feeder, and of a navigable channel ; it is 5 ms. in length, 16 feet wide, and 4^ feelTirdepth. The general surface of Nansemond is level, and contains a good share of productive soil. Chief t. Suffolk. Pop. 1820, 10,494, 1830, 11,784. Nansemond, r. Va. rising in Isle of Wight and Nansemond cos. Va., but chiefly in the latter. It opens by a comparative wide bay from Hampton Roads, and is navigable for vessels of 100 tons draught, something above 20 ms. to Suflblk, the co. t. of Nansemond co. Nantasket Road, the entrance into Boston CO. Mass., and about 15 ms. e. Martha's Vineyard, being 100 ms. s. e. Boston on a straight line, and 125 round Cape Cod. It is 15 ms. long, and 11 wide at its greatest breadth. The soil is light and sandy, but in some parts productive. The people are al- most all whalemen and seamen, and are con- sidered as among the most skilful and adven- turous in the world. The ship masters have, with commendable zeal, established a marine reading room, cabinet, &c. Nantucket is the name for the island, county and town. The climate is much milder than that of the neighboring continent. There is not a tree of natural growth on the island, though it was formerly well wooded. The exports are spermaceti and right whale oil, whalebone and sperm candles ; of these and oil there are 50 manufactories. There were in 1829, sixty ships employed in whaling from the port. Other ships have since been built. The value of this fleet, as fitted for sea, amounts to abojit $2,000,000. On the s. e. of the island are Nantucket Shoals, where numerous vessels have been wrecked. They extend 50 ms. in length, and 45 in width. The harbor of Nantucket is safe from all winds, being almost landlock- harbor, Mass. It affords safe anchorage in 5 ed. There are in Nantucket 7 or 8 houses to 7 fathoms water, and was formed in 1831. Nanticoke, r. of Del. and Md. is formed from two branches, Nantikoke Proper, and Marshy Hope, both rising in Del. The Nan- tikoke rises within, and drains the central and western parts of Sussex co. Del., and flowing southwstrd. enters Dorchester co. Md., in which it receives from the N. Marshy Hope. The latter rising in Kent co. Del. traverses the southeastern angle of Caroline CO. Md., from which, entering Dorchester, it falls into the Nantikoke. Below the junc- tion of the two branches, the Nantikoke | gradually widens into a bay from one to two ms. wide, until finally merged into the still wider Fishing bay. The entire comparative course of Nantikoke, by either branch, is about 50 ms., the valley lying between those of Pocomoke and Choptank. Nanticoke, mtn. Luzerne co. Pa. extends along the left bank of Susquehannah r. about 8 ms. downwards from Nanticoke falls. Nanticoke Falls, or rather rapids in the Susquehannah r. 6 ms. below Wilkesbarre. The river after having flowed down the Wy- oming Valley to the s.w. turns abruptly to the w., and piercing the Nanticoke mtn. again resumes a s. w. course. Nanticoke, v. Broome co. N. Y. 155 ms. s.w. Albany. Nanticoke, p-o. near Nanticoke falls, 7 ms. s.w. Wilkesbarre, and by p-r. 107 ms. n. e. Harrisburg. Nantikoke, hundred, of Sussex co. Del., and occupies the southwestern part of Sussex CO. on Nantikoke r. Pop. 1820, 2,335, 1830, S,36G. of religious worship, 2 banks, and 2 insurance offices. There is a bar of sand at its mouth, on which there are 7^ feet of water at low tide. The taxable property of this island in 1832, amounted to $3,895,288 40. Pop. 1830, 7,202. Nantucket Bay, N. J. opposite Bombay Hook. Naples, p-t. Ontario co. N. Y. 20 ms. s. w. Canandaigua. Contains fine groves of pine. 13 school dists. ; schools continued 5 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 1,941. Naples, or Henderson bay, extends from Cliaumont bay to the s. w. into Henderson. {See Henderson.) Naples, p-v. Morgan co. II. by p-r. 125 ms. N. w. Indianopolis. Napoleon', p-v. Ripley co. Ind. by p-r. 67 ms. s. E. Indianopolis. Napoli, p-t. Cataraugus co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 852. Nap's creek, p-o. Pocahontas co. Va. by p-r. 242 ms. a little s. of w, W. C. Naraganset Bay, R. I., sets up from s. to N. between Point Judith on the w., and Point Seaconet on the e. It is about 30 ms. long, and 15 broad. Embracing several very con. siderable islands, and good harbors, and re- ceiving Providence and Taunton rs. It is ac. ccssible from the ocean at all seasons. NariMarcungawack, N. H. a branch of the Ameriscoggin, rises in the tsp. of Success, and unites with the main stream in Pauls- burgh. Nash, co. N. C. bounded a. w. by Content- ny creek, separating it from Johnson, w. iind N. w. by Franklin, N. e. by Fishing creek, NAS 332 NAT separating it iiom Halifax, and by Edge- combe e. and s. e. Length 36 ms., mean width 18, and area 048 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 42' to 36° 13', The declivity of this CO. is to the s. e. by e., and drained by various branches of Tar r. Chief t. Nash- ville. Pop. 1820, 8,185, 1830, 8,490. Nash and Sawyer's Location, a tract of surface 2,184 acres, granted May 20th, 1773, to Nash and Sawyer, for exploring a route through the White mnts. Nashawn, one of the Ehzabeth isls. on the s. E. side of Buzzard's bay, 9 ms. long, and 2 broad. Nashawenna, another of the Elizabeth isls. lying between Cutahunk and Presque Islo. Nash's Stream, N. H. a branch of the Upper Amonoosuck, has its sources in Strat- ford and the lands e., and unites with the r. in the n. w. part of Piercy. Nashua, r. a beautiful stream in the s. part of Hillsborough co., has its source in Wor cester co. Mass., and falls into the Merrl mack at Dunstable, N. H. Nashua, v. on the preceding r. in Dunsta- stable, Hillsborough co. 11 ms. from Am- herst, 36 from Boston, and 32 from Concord. It is a manufacturing village, and a place of considerable business. The r. falls 65 feet in the distance of 2 ms. Nashville, p-v. and st. jus. Nash co. N. C. situated on Peach Tree creek, by p-r. 44 ms. N. E. by E. Raleigh. Lat. 35° 56', long. 1° 2' w. W. C. Nashville, p-t. and st. jus. Davidson co., and seat of the government of Ten. situated on the left bank of Cumberland r. Lat 36° 05', long. 9° 43' w. W. C, and by actual cal- culation, a small fraction above 565 statute ms. s., 70° w. W. C. ; but by p-r. the stated dis- tance between the two places is 709 miles. Nashvilk is 218 ms. s. w. Frankfort, Ky. 430 N. e. Natchez, and 480 n. n. e. New Orleans. The site is a high bank on the concave side of Cumberland r-, the central point of a very fertile and well cultivated country. This flourishing town is accessible to steamboat navigation, and possesses all the features of a commercial depot, having numerous stores, a branch of the bank of the U. S., and two other banks. The university of Ten. is lo- cated in its vicinity, as are several manufac- tories. Pop. 1830, whites. 3,554 ; colored, 2,012 ; total, 5,566. Nassau, r. of Flor. gaining importance only as giving name to a co. This small stream rises in the angle between St. John's and St. Mary's rs. flows estrd. 30 ms. to its outlet by Nassau inlet to the Atlantic ocean, between Cumberland and Talbot's islands. Nassau, p-t. Rensselaer co. N. Y. 18 ms. e. E. Troy, 14 from Albany. Surface uneven. Vallies rich and fertile. 14 schools, continued 9 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 3,255. Nassau, northeastern co. of Flor., bounded by Nassau r. separating it from Duval co. s., by Duval co. s. w., St. Mary's r. separating it from Camden co. of Geo. w. and N., and by the Atlantic ocean e. Length from e. to w. 36 ms., mean width 16, and area 576 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 30° 27', to 30° 46', long, from 4° 40' to 5° 14' w. W. C. Cumber- land isl. constitutes the outer part of this co. towards the Atlantic ocean. The general of the CO. is level, part marshy. Chief t. Fernandina. Pop. 1830, 1,511. Natchauo, r. Conn, joins the Shetucket in Windham. Natchez, city, p-t. and st. jus. Adams co. Miss., is situated on the left bank of Miss. r. at lat. 31° 33', long. 14° 30' w. W. C. 322 ms. above New Orleans, followimg the bends of the Miss., but only 157 over -lake Pontchar- train, and thence by the road direction nearly N. w., and by p-r. 98 ms. s. w. Jackson, the seat of government. At Natchez, the bluff" reaches the r. and is entirely composed of clay unmixed with the smallest pebble ; the whole rising on a sub- stratum of pudding stone rock. The rock, however, lies below the higher level of the r., and is only visible at a very low stage of the water in that stream. It is loose, friable, and much admixed with petrifactions of wood. Above this rock rests the clay superstrata, admixed with sand, and in some places, in digging wells, beds of sand are detected. The surface of the ground on which the city stands, and that of the whole adjacent co. is waving, not unlike a sea in a storm, and cu- riously contrasted with that of La. on the op- posite side of the Miss. The streets of Natchez are extended at right angles ; many of the houses are elegant, though generally the style of building is plain. It contains several places of public worship ; the prevail- ing sects are Presbyterian, Roman Catholic, Methodist and Baptist. The public edifices are a court-house, jail, and bank. The Nat- chez bank, with three branches, is the only one in the state, and by its charter, has a pledge that no other banking institution shall be created by the legislature of the state be- fore 1840. The pleasantly waving site of Natchez, rising from 100 to 200 feet above high water in Miss, affords an airy, and for 9 months in the year, a healthful, agreeable, and advanta- geous residence. The author of this article resided many years in Natchez, and from his observation found the city in most seasons healthful to residents. There are, however, casual seasons, when all classes are subject to bilious and remittent fevers. There is perhaps no other city of the U. S. where the amount of manufacturing and commercial bu- siness bears so large a proportion to its popu- lation. In 1810, (he total population was 1,511, in 1820, 2,184, and in 1830, 2,789. In 1820, the exports of cotton exceeded 35,000 bales. The quantity of goods sold here as early as 1800, was very great ; and within the last 30 years has been constantly increasing. The city is a corporation, governed by a mayor, aldermen, and city council. NAT 333 NEL Natchitoches, northwestern parish of La., bounded by the parish of Claiborne n. e., Ra- pides s. E., Opelousas s., Sabine r. separating it from Texas s. w., and by a meridian Hne from lat. 32" to 33°, also separating it from Texas n. w., and by Lafayette co. in Ark. n. Length s. to n. 150 ms., mean width 40, and area 6,000 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 31° to 33°, and in long, from 13° 32' to 1G° 24' w. W. C. Considerably the largest part of this very extensive parish is barren pine wooded land, or equally sterile oak flats. The alluvion of Red r. is, however, to this character of soil, a complete exception. The lower and southern section of the parish is traversed by Red r. and its numerous outlets, affording some of the finest cotton lands in La. This is the only tolerably well peopled part of the parish, and of the pop. of 7,486, in 1820, the far greater part were resident in the town and vicinity of Natchitoches, the st. jus. Pop. 1830, 7,905. Natchitoches, p-t. and st. jus. for the pa- rish of Natchitoches, La. is situated on the right bank of Red r. at lat. 31° 44', long. 16° 10' w. W. C, 355 ms. by the road through Attacapas and Opelousas, n. w. by w. New Orleans, and as stated on the p-o. list 1,339 s. w. by w. W. C. This v. is built chiefly in one street along the r. at the foot of a bluff. Not quite 1 m. s. of the present town is the spot where the original French settlement was made in 1717. Natchitoches is the extreme southwestern entrepot of the U. S. towards Texas, and has been consequently a place of importance ever since the acquisition of La. by the U. S. In itself it is a very pleasantly situated vil- lage. Natick, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 17 ms. w. Boston, situated on Charles r. ; a pleasant farming town. Here labored the apostolic Elliott among the Natick Indians. By his advice, they adopted the form of govern- ment proposed by Jethro to Moses, choos- ing one ruler of a hundred, two rulers of fifties, and ten rulers of tens. There is an extensive wheel factory at Natick bridge. Pop. 1830, 890. Natural Bridge, a fine deviation from the ordinary course of nature in the phenomena of streams. A small water course called Cedar creek in the southern angle of Rock- bridge co. Va. before it joins James r., passes imder a natural arch of rocks, affording a splendid assemblage of bold and contrasted ft>atures in scenery. A visit to the Natural Bridge can be rendered still more interesting from the proxim.ity to the peaks of Otter. This highest part of the Appalachian system s. w. from the Del. rises 10 ms. s. from the Natural Bridge. On Tanner's maps the Na- tural Bridge is laid down at lat. 37° 35', long. 2° 34' w. W. C, 14 ms. s. w. Lexington, Snd 180 w. Richmond. Naturai, Bridge, p-v. in the southern part of Rockbridge co. Va. IG or 17 ms. s. w. Lex- ington, the CO. St., 30 ms. n. w. Lynchburg, and by p.r. 224 s. wt by w. W. C, and 176 a very little s. of w. Richmond. Nandaway, r., a confluent of Mo. rises about lat. 42°, interlocking sources with the Racoon fork of Des Moines, Grand, and Nishnebatona rs, ; flowing thence by a general course of a little w. of s., falls into Mo. at lat. 39° 55', about 70 ms. in a direct distance above the influx of Kansas r. The valley of the Nandaway lies between those of Nishne- batona and Grand rs. in long, between 17° and 18° lO'w.W.C. Naugatuck, r. Conn, rises in the n. w. part of the state, and joins the Housatonic at Derby. Above Waterbury, it is called Mattaluck. Navlor's Store and p-o. St. Charles co. Mo. by p-r. about 25 ms. wstrd. St. Louis. Nazareth, Lower and Upper, two contigu- ous tsps. of Northampton co. Pa. on Bushkill and Manskissy creeks, about 8 ms. nthwcst- ward Easton. The joint pop. 1820, 1,747, 1830, 2,146. Nazareth, p-v. Northampton eo. Pa. 7 ms. N. w. Easton, and 10 n. Bethlehem. This v. belongs to the Moravian society, and contains a school of that sect. Neddock, Cape, York, Me., York co. Long. 6° 20' e. W. C, lat. 43° 8'. It is a rocky, barren bluff", with a small population of poor fishermen. ■ Needham, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. 12 ms. s. w. Boston, on Charles r. Soil coarse, and surface uneven. Here is a perpendicular fall in the river of 20 feet, at which mills ore erected. Pop. 1830, 1,418. Neffsville, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa. by p-r. 39 ms. estrd. Harrisburg. Nelson, p-v. Tioga co. Pa. by p.r. 162 ms. nthrd. Harrisburg. Nelson, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H. 40 ms. from Concord, on the height of land between the Conn, and Merrimack rs. Surface hilly, but good for grazing. Streams small. Con- tains mill privileges. Pop. 1830, 875. Nelson, p-t. Madison co. N. Y. 6 ms. w. Morrisville, 109 w. iv. w. Albany. Situation elevated. Soil good and fertile. It is better for grass than grain. 15 schools, continued 7 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 2,445. Nelson, co. Va. bounded by the Blue Ridge, separating it from Rockbridge w. and Augusta s. w., by Albemarle n. e. and e. James r. separating it from Buckingham s. e., and Amherst s. and s. w. The longest line is a diagonal from the extreme southern to the extreme northern angle, about 40 ms. ; the CO. is in form of a trapezium ; greatest breadth 28 ms., and area 560 sq. ms. Ex- tending in lat. from 37° 32' to 38° 02', long. from 1° 50' to 2° 7' w. W. C. Declivity s. of s. e., aud is drained by the diflercnt branches of Rock and Tye rs. The surface hilly, and towards James r. traversed by South mtn. Chief t. Lovington. Pop. 1820, 10,137, and in 1830, 11,251. Nelson, p.v. Portage co. O. by p-r. 146 ms. N. E. Columbus. NEU 334 NEW Nelson's p-o. Robeson co. N. C. by p-r. G8 ms. 9.8. w. Raleigh. Nelsonville, p-o. Athens co. O. by p-r. 59 ms. 8. E. Columbus. Nemawhaw, the name of two confluents of Mo. called relatively Great and Little Ne- mawhaw. Great Nemawhaw rises between the vallies of the Republican fork of Kansaw r., and Platte r., and between lat. 40° and 41°, and about 21° long. w. W. C. Flowing thence by a course of a little s. of e. 170 ms. falls into the Mo. at lat. 40° 05', and by direct distance 70 ms. above, and n. w. from the in- flux of Na'ndaway. Little Nemawhaw, a very inferior stream to the preceding, falls into the right side of Mo. a short distance above the influx of the Nishncbatona, after a general course of about 70 ms. from the northwestward. Nkponset, r. Mass. flows into Boston har. bor, and is navigable for vessels of 150 tons 4 ms. to Milton. Neponset, v. on both sides of Ncponset r. 6 ms. s. Boston. Contains a number of mills and manufacturing establishments. Nescopeck mtn. in the southern part of liUzerne co. Pa. between Wapwallopcn and Nescojiock creeks. The local name is con- fined to a ridge of about 12 ms. in length ; but it is merely a ridge of the chain which separates the vallies of the Lehigh and Lackawaxen r. from that of tlie Susquehan- nah, and which rises info bold peaks to the estrd. of Wilkesbarre. Nescopeck, creek, in the southern part of Luzerne co. Pa. interlocking sources with the extreme western creeks of the lichigh, and llowing wstrd. into the Susquchannah opposite Berwick. The valley of the Nes- copeck lies between those of the Catawissa and Wapwallopen creeks. Nescopeck, p-v. and tsp. Luzerne co. Pa. The v. stands on the left bank of Susquelian- nah r., above the mouth of Nescopeck creek, and opposite the borough of Berwick, by p-r. 86 ms. above nnd n. n. e. Ilarrisburg. Neshaminy, small r. or large creek of Bucks CO. Pa., heads partly in Montgomery CO., but mostly in ihe central ])art of Bucks, interlocking sources with the Tohickon, Per- kiomcn, and Wissihickon creeks, flows southestrd. into Del. r., which it joins 4 ms. below Bristol, after a comparative course of about 25 ms. Nesiianock, creek of Mercer co. Pa., the eastern branch of Shenango. {See She7ian- go r.) Nether Providence, p-v. Del. co. Pa. by p-r. 124 ms. n. e. W. C. Nettle creek and p-o. in the northwestern part of Wayne co. Ind. by p-r. 61 ms. estrd. Indianopolis. Nei'se, r. N. C. rises in Person and Orange cos. inlcrlocking sources with those of Haw terly direction, it thence enters Wayne, and assuming an easterly course over the latter, Lenoir and Craven cos. to Newbern. Now gradually opening into a wide bay, curving first 3. E. and thence n. e. into Pamlico sound between Beaufort and Carteret cos. The val- ley of the Neuse lies between those of Cape Fear and Tar rs. The length of the Neuse, by comparative courses, is about 200 ms. The valley, independent of the great bends of the stream, 180, but comparatively narrow, the mean breadth not averaging above 25 ms., and area 4,500 sq. ms., lying between lat. 34° 50' and 36° 22', and between long. 0° 30' e. to 3° 10' w. Neversink, or Navisink, t. Sullivan co. N. Y., 15 ms. n. Monticello, 30 w. Kingston. 9 schools, continueu 7 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 1,257. Neville, p-v. Clermont co. Ohio, by p-r. 123 ms. s. w. Columbus. New Albany, p-v. Bradford co. Penn. by p-r. 116 ms. nrthrd. from Harrisburg. New Albany, p-v. and st. jus. Floyd co. Ind. by p-r. 121 ms. a little e. of s. Indianopo- lis. It is situated on the right bank of O. r. at the foot of the rapids, and nearly ojiposite >Shii>ping port in Ky. Mr. Flint slates that the main street is 3-4 of a mile in length. It has a convenient harbor for boats, and is a fine thriving v. Pop. 1830, 1900. New Albion, t. Cattaraugus co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 380. New Alexander, p-v. Columbiana co. O. by p-r. 138 ms. n. e. Columbus. New Alexandria, p-v. Westmoreland co. Penn. 1 1 ms. n. e. from the borough of Groens- burg, &.8 by p-r., 171 ms. wstrd. Harrisburg. New Antrim, p-v. Washington co. Va. by p-r. 353 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Newark, or Arthur Kull, bay, N. .T. formed by llie conlluence of the Passaic and Ilackineack rs. and separated from Hudson r. on the e. by Bergen neck. It communi- cates tlirough the kills, 4 ms. long, M'itii N. Y. bay, and through Staten isl. bound with Amboy bay. Newark, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y. 8 ms. n. n. e. Owcgo. Pop. 1830, 1027. Newark, p-t. and cap. Essex co. N. .T. the most populous t. in the state, is on the w. side of Passaic r. 3 ms. from its moulh,.in Newark bay ; 9 ms. w. N. Y., 5 n. e. Elizabethtown, and a remarkably beautiful and flourishing place. It is noted for the variety and excel- lence of its manufactures ; particularly car- riages, saddlery, leather, shoes and jewelry, which are sold in different parts of the U. S. to a great amount. About 2,000,000 of pairs of shoes are said to be produced annually by one manufactory. There are quarries of ex- cellent free stone in the vicinity, which are extensively worked for N. Y. and other pla- ces. The Newark cider, -which is made branch of Cape Fear r., and Dan r. branch near this place, is produced fiom two or three of Roanoke. The different higher constitu-j sorts of apples, and is of i)roverbial excel- rnls unite in tlie n. w. angle of Wake, autl crossing that co. and Johnson in a southcae- Icncc. The Morris canal, tenninatmg at this iilace, affords great advantages and has NEW 333 NEW added to its trade, pop. and cnterprize. There insurance offices, each with a capital of 350 are a fine C. H., academy, 3 banks, and several j 000 dollars ; ten places of public worship, 3 churches, for Presbyterians, Episcopalians, 1 Baptists, a Presbyterians, 3 Methodist, 1 Baptists, Methodists and Catholics; some of Unitarian, 1 Quaker, and 1 Roman. There them are very large and beautiful. The v. is are seven considerable manufactories of situated on a beautiful level, and principally sperm caiidloe, and there are employed fifty on a fine street of remarkable breadth and straightness. Pop. 1830, 10,953 ; 1832, sup- posed to bo more than 12,500. Newark, p-v. in the n. western part of New Castle co. Del. 12 ms. s. w. by w. Wilmington, 52 ms. n. n. w. Dover, and 113 nis. N. N. E. W. C, Newark, p-v. in the 8. eastern part of Wor- cester CO. Md. by p-r. 158 me. b. e. by e. W. C. thousand tons of shipping in the foreign and whale fishery — forty thousand, probably, en- gaged in the whale business — about 1,200 tons in the cod and mackerel fishery, and 8,000 tons coastwise. The number of foreign clearances at the port of New Bedford, 1831, was 101, and of foreign entries 83. Of the arrivals 58 were from whaling voyages, im- porting 41,144 bbls. of spermaceti oil, 53,. 145 bbLs. whale oil, and 381, UOO lbs. whale- Newark, p-v. in the 8. eastern part of Lou- bono. There remained at sea, on whaling isa CO. Va. by p-r. 31 ms. n. w. Richmond. voyages, at the end of the year, 100 ships, 9 Newark, p-v. and st. jus. Licking co. O. barques, and 7 brigs, measuring 35,208 tons, by p-r. 34 ms. a little n. of e. Columbus, and navigated by 2,635 men. Of these vessels, 362 ms. a little w. of n. w. by w. W. C. lat. 56 are in the Pacific ocean, and the rest on 40° 04', long. W. C. 5° 27' w. It is situated the Brazil Banks, in the Indian ocean and at the main forks of Licking cr. and on the [elsewhere. The whole tonnage of the dis- O. and Erie canal, and contains the usual co. buildings, several stores, 2 printing offices, 2 ware houses, market house, 5 or 6 taverns, several schools, and 2 or 3 places of public worship. Pop. 1830, 999. The elevation of the water in the canal at Newark is 834 feet above the mean level of the Atlantic tides, and 360 feet above the mean level of O. r. at the mouth of Sciota. New Ashford, t. Berkshire co. Ms. 20 ms. N. Lennox, 121 from Boston. Pop. 1830, 285. New Athens, p-v. in the s. eastern part of Harrison co. O. by p-r. 130 ms. a little n. of E. Columbus, and 6 ms. s. Cadiz, the co. seat. Pop. 1830, 198. New Baltimore, Greene co. N. Y. IG ms. N. Catskill, 20 s. Albany. Watered by Cox- sackie and Ilaanekrai crs. which supply mill seats in abundance. Surface, broken ; soil, diversified. Has a landing on the Hudson. There is a spring in this t. which is said to rise and fall ijt certain periods. 10 schools, continued 9 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 2,370. New Baltimore, p-v. in the eastern part of Fauquier CO. Va. 45 ms. wstrd. W. C. New Barbadoes, t. Bergen co. N. J. w. Hackcnsack r. Pop. 1830, 1,693. Hacken- sack, the st. jus. is a v. in this t. New Bedford, p-t. and port of entry, Bris- tol CO. Mass. 52 ms. s. Boston, lat. 41° 38', long. 6° 10' e. W. C. It is beautifully situa- ated on the w. side of the Acushnct r., which here empties into Buzzard's bay. It is chiefly trict is 55,588. Pop. 1820, 3,947; 1830, 7,. 592. New Bedford, p-v. s. w. part of Mercer CO. Penn. 15 ms. s. w. from the borough of Mercer, and 55 n. w. Pittsburg. New Bedford, p-v. Coshocton co. O. by p-r. 99 ms. a little n. of e. Columbus. Pop. 1830,51. New Berlin, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y. on the w. bank of the Unadilla, 7 ms. n. e. Nor- wich, 93 w. Albany. It is supplied with good mill seats by the Unadilla, and some of its branches. Here are manufactories on a large scale. 14 schools, continued 7 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 2,643. New Berlin, p-t. and st. jus. Union co. Pa. by p-r. 60 ms. n. n. w. Ilarrisburg, 11 ms. w. Sunbury, lat. 40° 52', and very nearly on the meridian of W. C. Newbern, p-v. in the western part of Mont- gomery CO. Va. 16 ms. s. w. by w. Christians, burg, and by p-r. 324 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Newbern, p-t. and st. jus. Craven co. N. C. situated on the point above the union of the Neuse and Trent rs. by p-r. 351 ms. near- ly due s. W. C. and 119 s. e. by e. Raleigh. Newbern was long the seat of government of N. C, and is still the largest t. of the state. It is a port of entry, and though large vessels cannot ascend Neuse bay, the trade is con- siderable in lumber, tar, turpentine, pitch, &^c. Pop. 1820, 2,467; 1830, 3,776. Newberry, p-v. on the point above the built of wood on an inclined plane, and pre- j junction of Lycoming cr. with Susquchannah scnts a lively and picturesque appearance, r. Lycoming co. Pa. 2 mg. w, Williamsport, This is one of the most flourishing towns in i and 89 n. n. w. Ilarrisburg. New England, as is indicated by the rapidity; Newberry, district of S. C. bounded by of its growth, and the wealth and cnterprize Laurens w. and n. w., Union n.. Broad river, of its inhabitants. The citizens arc much on- 'separating it from Fairfield n. e., Lexington gaged in commerce, but the whale fishery s. e., and the Saluda r. separating it from constitutes the chief business of the place. Edgefield, s. and s. w. Length 26 ms., A steamboat runs to Nantucket, and some- mean breadth 20, and area, 540 sq. ms. Ex- tunes is used for towing vessels over the tending in lat. from .34° 03' to 34° 30', and in bar. Here are three banks, whose united .'long. 4°- 20' to 1° 55' w. W. C. The dividing capital is nine hundred thousand dollars; three ridge between the sources of waters flowing NEW 336 NEW s. eastward into Saluda, and n. eastward into Broad and Ennoree rs. traverses this co. and subdivides it into two not very unequal inclined plains. Bush r. and Little r. both rising in Laurens, flow s. eastward over the wstrn. part of Newberry and falling into Sa- luda. Ennoree r. formhig a part of the north- ern boundary, then enters Newberry, and falls into Broad r. in the n. eastern angle of the district. The n.. eastern declivity thus falling towards Ennoree and Broad rs. is drained by Cannon's and Keller's crs. flowing eastward into the latter, and by King's, Indian, and Duncan's crs. flowing n. eastward into the former. There is much excellent soil in Newberry. Staples, cotton, grain &c. Chief town, Newberry. Pop. 1820, 16,104 ; 1830, 17,441. Newberry, p-t. and st. jus. Newberry dis- trict, S. C. situated near the centre of the district, by p-r. 43 ms. n. w. by w. Columbia, lat. 34° 12', long. 4° 23' w. W. C. Newberry, p-v. in the s. western part of Geauga co. O. by p-r. 147 ms. n. e. Colum- bus. Pop. of Newberry t-sp., 1830, 594. Newberry town, p-v. York co. Pa. 2 ms. N. w. by w. from the borough of York, and 14 ms. s. s. w. of Harrisburg. Newberry town, (see Newberry, York co. Fa.) Newbiggen or., p-o. Pasquotank co. N. C. 9 ms. 6. E. Elizabeth city, and by p-r. 190 n. E. by E. Raleigh. New Bloomfield, p-v. and st. jus. Perry CO. Pa. by p-r. 36 ms. s. w. Harrisburg. Newborn, p-v. Jasper co. Geo. by p-r. G3 ms. northwestward Milledgeville. New Boston, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H., 9 ms. from Amherst, 22 s. Concord, 57 from Boston. Watered by the s. branch of the Piscataquog, and several other streams. This is a mountainous t. In the s. part is a considerable elevation, on one side of which it is nearly perpendicular. Its height, taken from the road through the notch of the hill, is 572 ft. Pop, 1830, 1,684. New Braintree, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 18 ms. w. N.W.Worcester, 66 w. Boston. It is excellent grazing land, with fine hills, well watered. Pop. 1830, 825. New Britain, p-v. of Berlin, Hartford co. Conn. 10 ms. s. w. Hartford. Here are vari- ous and extensive manufactures of brass, and plated ware, of diff"erent kinds ; three manu- factories of suspenders, — one of silver spoons, and another of machinery for cotton factories, which is operated by steam power. These and similar causey have rendered this one of the most thriving and pleasant villages in the state. New Britain, p-v. Bucks co. Pa. 24 ms. nrthrd. Phil. New Brunswick, city, Middlesex co. N. J., s. w. Raritan r. which is navigable to this place for vessels of 80 tons, 16 ms. n. e. Princeton, 33 s. w. N. Y., 67 n. e. Phil. The situation is low, but it is not unhealthy. There is a bed of peat of great size 2 or 3 ms. E. of this city, and i a mile from the Raritan, depth about 11 ft. It is estimated that 5 or 6 millions of chaldrons per annum could' be ex- tracted for 25 years. Three chaldrons of this peat are believed to be equal to one of coal. Here is Rutgers college, founded by ministers of the Reformed Dutch church, and likewise a'Dutch Reformed theological sem- inary, partly connected with the college. Pop. 1830, 7,831. New Buffalo, p-v. Perry co. Pa. by p-r. 20 ms. nrthwstrd. Harrisburg. Newburgh, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. Pop. 1830, 626. N.Waldo co. 54 ms. e. Augusta. Newburgh, p-t. and half shire town. Or- ange CO. N. Y. on the w. bank of the Hud- son, 95 ms. s. Albany, and 70 on the stage road N. New York. It is good for farming. Contains mill seats in abundance. The vil- lage of Newburgh commands a very exten- sive trade with the country on the w., and by navigation of the Hudson, with N. Y. It is incorporated and is handsomely laid out in streets and squares. 13 common schools con- tinued 10 months in 12. Here is an acade- my, and there is an extensive cannon foundry, on Chamber's creek. Pop. 1830, 6,424. Newburg, p-v. Bthwstrn. part of Cumber- land CO. Pa. 19 ms. s. w. by w. Carlisle, and 37 ms. a little s. of w. Harrisburg. Newburgh, p-v. Cuyahoga co. O. 6 ms. s. E. Cleaveland, the co. seat, and by p-r. 144 ms. N. E. Columbus. Pop. of Newburgh town- ship 1830, 869. Newburgh, p-v. nrthwst. part of Warrick CO. Ind. by p-r. 181 ms. s. s. w. Indianopolis. New Burlington, p-v. wstrn. part of Ham- ilton CO. Ohio, 12 ms. from Cincinnati, and by p-r. 124 ms. s. w. Columbus. Newbury, p-t. Orange co. Vt. w. Conn, r., 27 ms. E. Montpelier, 47 n. E.Windsor. Well supplied with mill streams. Contains several mineral springs. Two bridges cross the Conn, from diff"erent parts of this town. The legislature has holden two sessions in this place; the one in 1787, the other in 1801. Here is the bend in the Conn, denominated the Great Ox Bow. Pop. 1830, 2,252. Newbury, t. Essex co. Mass. s. Merrimack r., opposite Salisbury, with which it is con- nected by a bridge, 32 ms.N. E.Boston. Land in general of an excellent quality. Parker r. a fine mill stream, falls nearly 50 feet in the course of 1 J ms. in this town. Limestone of a good quality is found here ; also marble, serpentine, amianthos, asbestos, and arseni- cal iron pyrites. Here are two academies. Pop. 1830, 3,603. Newbury, p-v. and tsp. York co. Pa. The village is situated 10 ms. s. s. e. Harrisburg, and 14 n. n. w. from the borough of York. Newbury, district and p-t. S. C. {See New- berry.) Newby's Bridge, and p-t. Perquimans co. N. C. by p-r. 209 ms. n. e. by e. Raleigh. Newburyfort, p-t., port of entry, and one of the shire towns of Essex co. Mass., s. of Merrimack r. 3 ms. from its mouth, 38 n. e- NEW 337 NEW Boston. It is one of the handsomest towns lan eastern course intoDolawarc bay; the slope in tjio U. S., and the smallest t. for land, con- of New Castle co. is consequently to the east- tainlng but G47 acres. A turnpike and bridge ward. The northern part is traversed and connects this t. with Plumb isl. A handsome drained by the diflerent contluents of Brandy.- bridge thrown across the Merrimack and sus- pended by chains, connects it with Salisbury. It is well situated for ship building, having the advantage of receiving lumber by tlic Merrimack. The harbor is deep, safe, and spacious, but difficult to enter. The t. suf- fered severely by the restrictions on com- merce, previous to the late war, and by fire in 1811. Here was the only stocking factory in the U. S. in 1831. A small silk factory lias likewise been established at this place. Pop. 1830, 6,375. Nevvby's Cross Roads, and p-o. Culpepper CO. Va. by p-r. 70 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. New Canaan, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn. 8 ms. N. Long Island sound, 77 ms. s. w. Hartford. Surface mountainous. Soil a hard gravelly loam, tolerably well tiniber.ed. 9 school dis- tricts and 1 academy. Pop. 1630, 1,826 New Canton, p-v. on the right bank of James r., at the mouth of State creek, and in the nrthestrn. part of Buckingham co. Va., 63 ms. w. and by land from Richmond. New Canton, p-v. nrthestrn. part of Haw- kins CO. Ten., by p-r. 244 ms. a little n. of e. Nashville. New Carlisle, p-v. Clarke co. O. by p-r. 66 ms. wstrd. Columbus, and 23 ms. wstrd. Springfield, the co. seat. Pop. 1830, 343. New Carthage, p-v. Concordia parish. La. by p-r. 284 ms. n. w. New Orleans. New Castle, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. w. of Sheepscot r., 7 me. e. Wiscasset. Pop. 1830, 1,544. New Castle, or Great Island, isl. and t. Rockingham co. N. H., lat. 43° 5'. It is a rough and rocky isl. in Portsmouth harbor. It is connected with Portsmouth by a hand- some bridge. Fishing is here pursued with success. Fort Constitution and the light liouse stand on this isl. Pop. 1830, 845. New Castle, t. West Chester co. N. Y. 37 ms. N. N. Y., 128 s. Albany, 6 w. Bedford; 10 schools continued 7 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 1,336. New Castle, p-v. on the peninsula between Shenango and Neshanock creeks, and near the s. border of Mercer co. Pa. 18 ms. s. s. w. from the borough of Mercer, 41 n. n. w. Pittsburg, and 264 ms. n. w. W. C. New Castle, nrthrn. co. of the state of Delaware, bounded l)y Kent co. of the same state s., Kent co. of Md. s. w., Cecil co. of Md. s. w., Chester co. of Pa. n. w., Delaware CO. Pa. N., and by Del. r. separating it from wme creek, wiiich enters the Del. in the vi. cinity of Wilmington. Below the Brandy- wine, flow also into Del. in this co. the Appo- quiniminck and Black Bird creeks. Duck creek on the s. separates New Castle from Kent. {See Chesapeake and Delaware canal.) Some parts of this co. towards Del. r. are low and marshy, but receding wstrd. and north- westward, the surface rises into waving hills, and though no whero much elevated the inte- rior is pleasantly diversified. The soil is mostly productive in grain, grasses and or- chard fruit. The falls in the different bran- ches of Brandywine have made the northern part of New Castle a manufacturing county. Chief towns, Wilmington and New Castle. Pop. 1820, 27,899, 1830, 29,710. New Castle, p-v. and st. jus. New Castle CO. Del. situated on the bank of Del. r. 5 ms. a little w. of s. Wilmington, 32 s. w. I'hil., and by p-r. 103 ms. n. e. W. C. Lat. 39° 40', long. 1° 24' e. W. C. The village of New Castle extends lengthwise along the Del., and is tolerably compact and well built. The site is a rising plain, and the Hundred, in 1810, contained a pop. of 2,438, in 1820, 2,671, in 1830, 2,463. New Castle, p-v. in the forks of Craig's creek, western part of Botetourt co. Va., 15 ms. a little s. of w. Fincastle, and by p-r. 210 ms. s. w. by \v. W. C. New Castle, p-v. Wilkes co. N. C. by p-r. 175 ms. a little n. of w. Raleigh. New Castle, p-v. and st. jus. Henry co. Ky. 24 ms. n. w. Frankfort, 38 ms. n. e. by E. Louisville, and by p-r. 564 ms. a little s. of w. W. C. Lat. 38° 25', long. 8° 08' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 538. New Chester, p-t. Grafton co. N. H., 16 ms. s. Plymouth, 24 ms. from Concord, 44 from Haverhill, 25 from Hanover, and 66 from Boston. Watered by Pemiguwasset and Blackwater rivers, and several small streams. Timbered with white pine, birch, beech, hemlock, maple, &c. Pop. 1830, 1,090. New Columria, p-v. in the northern part of Union co. Pa. 68 ms. n. n. w. Hurrisburg. Newcomb, t. Essex co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 62. Newcomb, p-v. Preble co. Ohio, by p-r. 8 ms. s. Eaton, the county seat, and 100 ms. u little s. of w. Columbus. Newcomerstown, p-v. in the sthwstrn. an- gle of Tuscarawas co. Ohio, 96 ms. n. e. by Colundtus, and 12 ms. e. Coshocton. It is Salem co. N. .1. e. Length from s. to n. 38 situated on Tuscarawas river, and on the O ms., mean breadth 12, and area 456 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 18' to 39° 50', and long, from 1° 17' to 1° 3S' e. W. C. The line following, particularly in the northern part, very nearly the dividing ridge or oummit, sep and Erie canal. Lat. 40° 16'. Pop. 1830, 100. NKwCovi.\<.ro\, p-v. in the noniiorn p.irt of of demarcation between Md. and Del. states Luzerne co. Pa. 19 nis. nrthrd. from Wilkes. barre, and by p-r. 144 niLi. n. e. Hurrisburg. New CuMutRLAND, p-v. on the point above arating the sources of creeks flowing west- the entrance of Yellow Breeches creek intr ward info Chcs-apcako, from those pursuinc Sus;.qarhannah r., uid in the txtremf oaslora i;;>~* NEW 338 NEW angle of Cumberland oo. Pa., 3 ms. s. Har- 1 Union. In Rhode Island, whore no provieion risburg. New Derry, p-v. Westmoreland co. Pa. 6 ms. eetrd. (ireenBburg, the co. t., by pr. 188 ms. N. w. W. C. New DKsiriN, p. v. Trigg co. Ky. by p-r. 217 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. New Durham, p-t. Slraflbrd co. N.H. Sur- face very uneven, a portion so rocky as to be unfit for cultivation. It is well watered. In this town there is a remarkable cave. Pop. 1830,1,162. New England, a name given to the six states of the Union lying east of New York, was made by law for the support of either learning or religion, the experience of many years has induced the people to take meas- ures to secure, as far as possible, the advan- tages in these respects, enjoyed by the other parts of New England. A large part of the distinguished men of the U. S., have been educated at Harvard & Yale colleges ; and though there are many respectable institutions of learning in other parts of the country, still, many students from the 8. and w. are annually taught in the colle- ges of New England. Teachers of schools, viz. Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Mas- of all descriptions and in different states, arc sacliusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. It is bounded n. by Lower Canada, e. by N. Brunswick, s. by the Atlantic ocean, and Lond Island sound, and w. by New York. It lies between 41° and 48° 12' n. lat., and be- tween 2° 45' and 10° long. e. W. C, and contains 65,475 sq. ms. The inhabitants are almost exclusively of unmixed English origin, and though never united as a political whole, they have at dif- ferent periods been connected by their com- mon interests. From the earliest settlement of their country they have enjoyed peculiar advantages for literary and religious instruc- tion, and being trained to habits of industry, economy and enterprize, by the circumstan- cee of their peculiar situation, as well as by the dangers of prolonged wars, they present traits of character which are considered as remarkable abroad, as they aro common and universal at home Some of the first settlements were made in the territory of Maine, which had been visited by Martin Pring, an English naviga- tor, in the years 1603, and 1606; but the most important was that of Massachusetts, which was commenced in 1620, by the Pil- grim forefathers of New England, who had been expelled from England for asserting lib- erty of conscience, and who found Holland not sufficiently remote from their oppressors, to secure to themselves or their ofl'spring, the civil and religious blessings which they desired. While the French missions, and the English colonics in Maine, have scarcely left any traces of their existence, the princi- ples which were regarded as fundamental by the Plymouth Pilgrims, have produced effects which may be more or less plainly traced in the institutions and condition of all the United States, and have diffused an influence which is felt at the present day in every country of Europe. As early as 1638, Harvard college was founded, and in 1647, the legislature of Mass. passed a law making cflectual provis- ion for the instruction of every child in the rudiments of learning. The support of p\ih- lic worship was also legally provided for. In consequence of these and similar enactments, the people are generally well instructed and moral ; and from them has ])een furnished a large portion of the learned and influential men wlio have figured in other parts of the derived from the same quarter of the Union, education being so easily and cheaply obtain- ed, that instructers are to be found in abund- ance. Many defects have hitherto existed in the systems of popular education in N. Eng- land ; but notwithstanding all such impedi- ments, she has maintained the superiority in common instruction and general intelligence, not only in the U. S., but probably also in the world. Improvements, however, have been commenced : Mass. with liberal and enlighted views, taking the lead in measures which promise much for the interests of education. Evidence of the good morals of the New Englanders might be adduced from various facts, did the nature and limits of this work permit. The Pequod war, in 1634, placed in their power the first, and it is believed, the only land ever claimed on the ground of con- quest. The laws of the colonies forbade any and to be obtained from the Indians by indi- viduals, and the government frequently paid for the same tracts, several times over, to avoid the imputation of injustice. Crimea have always been comparatively rare, and duelling is almost unknown in their criminal records. Criminals have generally been among those who were least instructed, and the conviction is deep and general in N. Eng- land, that the general diffusion of learning and. religion is indispensable to the good or- der of society, and to the existence of a free and popular government. The intelligence and enterprizing spirit of the people are seen in the expedients to wliich they resort to obtain a livelihood at home, as well as their judgment and foresight in choosing places to which to emigrate. They have never found the means of accu- mulating wealth, or even of subsisting, with- out persevering labor and economy ; their soil and climate offered no attractions to ad- venturers, and their simple habits and strict rules of society, are unpalatable to persons of that class. The early circumstances of New England obliged its inhabitants to dwell in villages, as the Indians could thus be best resisted ; the first settlers were thus confined to a few sjiols on the coast, long enough to discipline them in tjie political, intellectual, and reli- gious principles of the pilgrims; so thai, tho' the emigrants from England brought over NEW 339 NEW much ignorance, and oven vice, they were | the pop. of the six N. E. states by the census- restrained, it" not entirely reformed by the I es of 1820 and 1H30: pure and intelligent society to which they were iiitro(i\icod. At every Htcp of their pro- JMainc, grcHS in extending tlicir sotllenicnls, tlie col- 1 Ncnv llampsliirr, onists carried with them their schools andj Vermont, churches. Had not the population been pre- M.-issarhii^iotts, vented by circumstances, from spreading too Rhode Island, fast, this probably coidd not have been the Oonnecticut, case, and it would have degenerated both in- tellectually and morally. Many of the pil-i Total, grim settlers, had been men distinguished for their learnin 1620. 298,335 214,101 235,764 C'23,287 83,059 27.5,218 1830. Iiirroase pr. ct. 3'.»9, tr,2 209,533 2Sn,G79 610,014 97,210 297,711 34 10 19 17 17 1,059,854 1,954,009 According to the census of 1830, the in- and piety in England, and jcrcase of the U. S. for the preceding 10 years their influence produced happy and perma- was about 3.''> per cent. The average in- nent impressions on the community, which crease in the states of New England, during they had aided in founding. These influen- the same period, was 17i per cent, ces extended to all the early settlements, To prevent repetition, the reader is refer- and have been still more widely diffused by ed to individual states, and to the art. United the amount of emigration which has taken place in later years, from N. England to va- rious parts of the country, especially the western states. The early colonies first spread slowly along the coast, then along Conn. r. ; and afterwards, as the strength of the people increased, and their enemies di- minished, gradually occupied the remaining territory of Mass., Conn., R. I., and the lower parts of N. II. and Vt. The close of the war of the revolution opened the adjacent states to the colonists of New England, and every States, for farther details, in agriculture, manufactures, arts, &c. New FairI'-ield, Fairfield co. Conn., 04 ms. s. w. Hartford, 7 n. Danbury. Tap. bro- ken, soil hard and gravelly. Pop. 1830, 940. Newkane, p-t. and st. jus. Windham co. Vt. 10 ms. w. Conn, r., 12 n. w. Brattlcbo- rongh, 110 ms. from Boston, 80 from Albany, 110 from Montpelier, and 50 from Windsor. Well watered and supplied with mill seats. Diversified with high hills and deep vallies. Timbered with rock maple, beech, birch, wal- opportunity has been improved for extending! nut, oak, &.c. and contains a variety of miner their settlements. Considerable portions of N. Jersey, N. York, and a part of Pennsyl- vania were settled by New Englanders ; and Ohio, which within 30 years has grown up from a wilderness to an important state, deri- ved a largo part of its inhabitants, and most of its cnterprize and prosperity, from New England emigrants ; the same is true to a less extent, of Illinois, Michigan Territory, &,c. ; and emigrants now proceed every year to those states, to Florida, Texas, and even to the Oregon Territory, with as much readiness and confidence of success, as they once did to N. Y., or in earlier days to the Conn, river. There are in N. England 12 colleges, 3 in Mass. 3 in Conn., 2 in Me., 2 in Vt., 1 in N. Hampshire, and 1 in R. I. : 6 theological seminaries, 4 of which arc in Mass.,1 in Me., I als. The centre village, which contains a C. H., jail, and academy, stands on an eleva- ted situation, and affords a very extensive and picturesque prospect. From the meeting house may be seen some part of at least 50 towns, lying in Vt., N. H. and Mass. Here are a county grammar school, imd 12 school districts. Pop. 1830, 1,441. Newfane, p-t. Niagara co. N. Y., 276 ms. w. Alba,ny, 10 n. Lockport. Pyp. 1830, 1,448. Newi-ield, t. York co. Me., 40 ms. n. w. York, 36 w. n. w. Portland, e, Strafford co. N. H. Pop. 1830, 1,286. Newfieeu, p-t. Tompkins co. N. Y., 9 ms. s. w. Ithaca. Well watered ; limestone plen- tiful, and some marie. 15 schools, 5 months in 12. Pop. 1830,2,664. Newfound lake, Grafton co. N. H., 6 ms. in Conn.: 8 medical schools, 2 in Me., 3 in Vt., Hong from n. to s. and 2 broad. Communi 2 in Mass., and 1 in Conn. : 3 law schools, 1 jcates with the Merrimack at Bridgewatcr. in Mass. and 2 in Conn. Newfound river mii.i.s, p-o. Hanover co. The following table will show the number Va.. 30 ms. northward Richmond, andbyp-r. of newspapers and periodicals of the NoWj98ms. s. s. w. W. C. England slateu, at difTerent periods : j New Gaillard, [see New Gilead, Moore \co. N. C.) New Garden, p-v. between Red and While Clay crs. Chester co. Pa., 45 ms. s. w. by w. Phil., 12 ms. N. w. by w. Wilmington, Del., [and by p-r. 123 ms. n. e. W. C. New Garden, p-v. Guilford co. N. C. by p-r. 82 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. The pop. of this portion of the U. S. has; New Garden, p-v. western part Columbia- been gradually but not rapidly increasing. In na co. O., by p-r. 9 ms. w. New Lisbon, the 1700 it was about 120,000, and in Martin's Ico. st., and 142 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus. London Magazine we find it stated in 1755, New Garden, p-v. Wayne co. Ind., by p-r. at 345,000 ; the troops in the provinces at thai 84 ms. e. Indianopolis. time, not being reckoned. The following is i New Geneva, p-v. on the right bank of Mo. 1775. 1810. 1828 Maine, 29 Mtujsachusetts, 7 32 78 Ni-w Huuipsliin;, 1 12 17 Ver;nont, 14 21 Khoi^e Island, 2 7 14 Coniieclicut, 4 U 33 NEW 340 NEW nongahcha r. in the s. western part of Fayette CO. Pa., 20 ms. by land sthrd. Brownsville, and by p-r. 217 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. New GiiRMANTOWN, p-v. in the n. western part of Perry co. Pa., by p-r. 46 ms. wstrd. Plarrisburg. Nkw Gili;au, formerly New Gaillard, p-v. Moore co. N. C, by p-r. 8 nis. s. westward Carthage, and 6.3 s. w. Raleigh. New Glasoow, p-v. n. western part of Am- herst CO. Va. 20 ms. n. n. e. Lynchburg, and by p-r. 175 ms. s. w. W. C, and 132 ms. nearly due w. Richmond. New Gloucester, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. 23 ms. N. Portland, and is crossed by a small stream flowing to the tide. Pop. 18.30, 1,682. New Grantham, t. Cheshire co. N. H., 35 ms. N. w. Concord. New Hampshire, one of the United States, bounded n. by Lower Canada, e. by Me. and the Atlantic ocean, s. by Mass. and w. by the Conn. r. which separates it from Vt. It lies between 42° 40' and 45° 20' n. lat., and be- tween 4° 30' and G° 15' e. long. W. C. Its extreme length is 1G8 ms., its greatest breadth 90, and its whole area, 9,491 sq. ms. New Hampshire was first discovered in 1614, by Capt. John Smith, the English navi- gator, and was afterwards named by John Mason, to whom it was granted in 1622, by a patent in which it is called Laconia. The first settlements were made in the following year at Dover and Portsmouth. In 1629, the territory between the Merrimack and Piscata- qua rs. and extending 60 ms. from the sea, which had previously been purchased of the Indians by the Rev. John Wheelwright, was granted to Mason alone, by whom it was then first called New Hampshire. In 1641, all the settlements of the state united themselves to Mass. and formed part of the county of Norfolk. In 1679, they were again constitu- ted a separate province by Charles II., and in 1680, the first assembly convened. From 1689, with the exception of a short period, it waa again miited with Massachusetts, until 1741, when it was constituted a separate government under the care of Gov. Went- worth. A few settlements were commenced in Coos CO. before 1775, but were abandoned imtil the conclusion of peace. During the war of the revolution, the government of New Hampshire was conducted by a temporary administration; and in 1784, a new constitu- tion was adopted, which, with the amend- ments of 1792, forms the present constitution of the state. The legislative power of the present government is vested in a senate of 12 members, who are chosen by districts, and a house of 229 representatives from the towns ; each branch having a negative on the other. The executive is composed of a gov- ernor, and a council of 5 members. The governor is annually elected by the people, and has a negative on both branches of the legislature. The regular time for the annual session of the legislature, is the first Wednes- day in June. The judiciary department is composed of a superior court and a court of common pleas, each consisting of three Judges, who are removublc only by impeach- ment, except that they arc disqualified by attaining 70 years of age. The surface of the state is nearly level for 20 or 30 ma. from the sea coast, which ex- tends but 18 ms., and is generally a sand beach with salt marshes within ; back of this it becomes hilly, and in many parts mountain- ous. Detween the Connecticut and Merri- mack rs. lie Monadnock, Sunapee, Kearsarge, Moosehillock, and Carr's mtns. In the low- er part of Coos co. is a cluster of mtns., call- ed the White hills, or White mtns., among which are the most elevated peaks in the U. Slates. This region, which is wild and al- most entirely uninhabited, abounds in sublime scenery, and formerly afforded much wild game. There are now many deer, wild cats, and some bears, &c. New Hampshire has" been called the granite state, from the quan. titles of that rock quarried within it ; and the Switzerland of America, on account of its wild and picturesque mountain scenery, its lakes, cascades, &c. The largest collection of waters in the state, is Lake Winnipiseogee, which is one of the most varied and beautiful in the U. States, and a favorite resort of travellers. Besides this are Connecticut, Ossipee and Squani lakes, &c. which afford fish and fowl. Lake Umbagog is partly in this state and partly in Maine. The state is remarkably well watered, and five of the principal rivers of New England have their sources within its borders. The air is pure and salubrious, and the climate,though severe, very healthy. The soil of New Hampshire is generally fertile, and mostly capable of cultivation. The best lands are those bor- dering the" rivers, which are enriched by the annual floods. The hills afford excellent pasturage. By far the greatest part of the in- habitants is occupied in agricultural pursuits. The principal productions are maize, wheat, rye, oats, barley, flax, «fec. Large quantities of pork, beef, butter, cheese, &c. are annual- ly exported. The state produces excellent timber, much of which is also sent abroad. The white pine attains a very large size. The ginseng, long supposed to grow only in China and Tartary, is found here in abund- ance and of excellent quality. Apples are abundant, and excellent ; pears, plums, cher- ries, &c. are also produced. Beautiful and fine grained granite is found in various parts of the state, of which large quantities arc transported for building stone. Iron and cop- per ore of excellent quality have been found at Franconia ; and very good plumbago or black lead, at Bristol. There are many in. ternal improvements and channels of commu- nication. A large part of the commerce of the lower counties finds its vent by the Merri- mack r. into Mass., while most of that from the upper cos. passes e. to Portland, Me. Indeed so important has the road through the White mtns. been considered to that slate, NEW 341 NEW that the legislature of Mo. have sometimes i high schools in many of the large towns. appropriated money for its improvement Morriniack r. has been dummed, locked and canalled by the state, at the falls between Concord and Mass., so as to be navigable in boats ; and great quantities of lumber, granite, produce, and foreign merchandize, are trans- ported by that channel. Numerous factories arc erected at the falls. The Middlesex ca- nal opens a communication between the bend of the Merrimack r. and Boston harbor. Pis- cataqua r., at the mouth of which is Ports- mouth, the port of the state, and a navy yard of tho U. S., is rather an arm of the sea, which receives 5 small rs. the principal of which is Salmon Falls r. Androscoggin and •Saco rs. which flow into Me., rise in tho up- per parts of N. Hampshire ; the last has its source on Mt. Washington. By the report of the secretary of the treas- ury, tho amount of American and foreign tonnage entered in N. H. for tho year ending Sept. 30th, 1830, was 9,416 ; departed, 4,G32; value of imports, $130,828 ; exports, domes- tic, $93,499 ; foreign, $2,Cl)5; total exports, $96,184. The state is divided into 6 counties and 215 towns ; none of which are large. Portsmouth is the chief in size, and Concord is the seat of government. The pop. of New Hampshire has been steadily on the increase. In 1800 the pop. was 183,858, in 1810, 214,460. By the two last censuses the pop, of the counties and state is as follows : • Counties. Pop. 1820. C)ic3iiiro, 45,370 C.H.R, 6,.';i9 32,9.-39 53,8.-31 Grafton, Hill.sborouprh, Merrimack, Hockiiifjh.ini, SlralEtrd, Sullivan, T..tal, 55,210 51,117 2-11,101 Pop. 1330. 27,016 8,338 .38,082 37,724 31,014 44,325 58,910^, 19,069" 209,328 Of tho iorcgoing there were white persons. Males. Under 5 years of ago 19,428 From 5 to 15 34,25;! " 15 to 30 36,038 " 30 to 50 25,468 " 50 to 70 12,277 " 70 to 90 3,626 90 and above 89 Total, 131,184 Females. 18,538 32,315 39,387 28,586 14,336 4,195 180 137,537 Of these were deaf and dumb, under 14 years of ago, 32; between 14 and 25, 55; above 25, 48. Blind 105. Aliens 410. Of the colored poi)ulation in 1830 there were free, males 279 ; females, 323. Slaves, males none ; females 5. There were 9 colored, deaf and dumb, — blind, none. The counties of Merrimack and Sullivan have been formed since the census of 1820. The common schools of Now Ilampsliiro are ostablislicll supported ; and there are academies andjlo be hoped that thi;.' beautiful village, whirl Dartmouth college at Ilanovcr is the only one in the .'^tatc : it was founded in 1770. In the number of its graduates, it is the third in the United States ; and the libraries connected with it contain 14,000 vols. There is a state prison at Concord. There are various religious denominations in the state. The Congregationalists have 146 churches, 116 ministers, and 12,867 com- municants ; Baptists 75 churches, 61 minis- ters, and 5,279 com. ; Free Will Baptist.*! 67 churches, 51 ministers, and 4,500 com. ; Methodists 30 ministers, and 3,180 com. ; Presbyterians 11 churches, 9 ministers, and 1,499 com. ; Christ-ians have 17 ministers ; Friends 13 societies ; Universalists 20 con- gregations ; Unitarians 10 ministers ; Episco- palians 8 ministers ; Catholics 2 churches ; Shakers 2 societies, and Sandemanians 1. New Hampton, p-t., Strafford co., N. II., 30 ms.N. Concord, watered in the w. part by Pemi- gewasset r. The surface is broken and un- even. The soil remarkably fertile. Here is a flourishing academical institution, with 76 pupils ; connected with which is a female de- partment with 124 pupils, about a milo and a half from the other. Pop. 1830, 1,905. New Hampton, p-v., eastern part Madison CO., O., by p-r. 15 ms, w. Columbus. New Ha.\over, p-v. Montgomery co. Pa. 24 ms. nthrd. Phil. New Harmony, p-v. Posey co. Ind. by p-r, 171 ms. s. s.w. Indianopolis and 732 ms. a lit- tle 3. of w. W. C. lat. 38° 10', long W. C. lio west. This V. has been the scene of some inter- esting revolutions. It was founded in 1814 by a society of Germans, called " the Har- monites," who removed there from their settle- ment of the same name in Butler CO. Pa., on jthe Conequenessing cr. The principles of their civil polity, as far as developed to the public, was a community of goods, landed and personal. Their civil and religious leader was George Rapp. They were remarkable for industry, quietness, decency, and indeed every moral quality which gives force to a people. With such principles they soon made a garden of New Harmony. But MAN continued to be MAN on the Wabash, as he had done since he came with his partner weeping down from the hill of Eden. Robert Owen of Lanark, who had heard of New Har- mony, having discovered, or thought he had discovered, a gold mine in tho human heart, came to America and purchased New Harmony for .$190,000, and began his exper- iment on a plan directly the reverse of the Harmonites. With the German reformer all was order and obedience, and of course suc- cess in his operations ; with the Scotch re- former, all was equality, and the result an- swered to tho means. Robert Owen left New Harmony, covered with the weeds of discord. It is probable all reflecting persona will re It i.s NEW 342 NEW has been the theatre of such singular and op- posing experiments, will again flourish." The actual papulation is not given by cither the census returns, or by Mr. Flint. New IIarrisdurg, p-v. Stark co. 0.,byp-r. 132 ms. N. E. by e. Columbus. New Haven co. Conn. bo\inde(l n. by LitchfieUl and Hartford cos., E. by Middlesex CO., s. by Long Island sound, and w. by Litch- field CO. and tlie Ousatonic r. which separates it from Fairfield co. Its average length from E. to w. is about 2G ms. and its width from n. to s. 21 ms. Containing 540 square ms. or 345, ()00 acres. This county, lying on Long Island sound, has a very extensive maratinie border, but its foreign trade is chiefly con- fined to New Haven harbor. Its fisheries of oysters and clams and other fish are valuable. It is intersected by several streams, none of them of very large size, but of some value for their water power and fish. Of these the princi[)al are the Pompcraug and Naugatuck, on tlie w. ; the Quinnepiack, the Mcnunka- tuck, and West and Mill rs. on the e. The Quinnepiack is the largest, and passes through extensive meadows. A part of its course is pursued by the Farmington canal, which passes througli this county from n. to s. There is a great variety of soil in this county, as well as of native vegetable and mineral productions. The range of seconda- ry country which extends along Conn. r. as far as Middlctown, there leaves that stream, crosses into this county and terminates at New Haven. This intersection of the primi- tive formation by a secondary ridge, affords a great variety of minerals, and materials for diflerent soils. Considerable tracts on the mountains and sandy plains are of little value. This county contains the largest city in the state, one of its capitals, a seaport with pret- ty extensive trade, and one of the most beau tiful towns in the union. The manufactures are not very numerous. There are however large maTjufactories of cotton, and buttons, at Humphreysvillc, in the western part of the CO. ; an extensive gun manufactory at Whit- neyville, near New Haven, and a number of nianufaclories of various articles at Meriden and other towns. Population of tho county in l!;20, 39,01 fi, 1830,43,847. Nr.w Haven, city, seaport, and st. of jus. of New Haven co. Conn., and one of the capi- tals of the state, is 34 ms. s. w. Hartford, 52 w. New London, 7G n. e. New York, and 301 from W. C. in lat. 41° 17', and long. 3° 58' e. W. C'. It is beautifiilly situated about 4 ms. from Long Island sound, at the head of New Haven bay, on a large and level plain, surrounded, exccptinthe direction of the har- bor, by a grand amphitheatre of hills, two of which present bold and perpendicular preci- pices of rude and naked trap rock. These abrupt eminences, which are called East and West rock, are 350 to 370 feet high, and in connection with the surrounding scenery are said very much to resemble the famous " Salisbury craig" in England. New Haven was first settled by the English in 1G38, ond was united with the Connecticut colony in IGG5. The Indian name was Quinnipiack. The city was incorporated in 17C4, is 3 ms. long from e. to w. and 2 wide, and includes the old and new townships, each of which is regularly laid out by right lines which divide it into spacious squares. The central squtire of the old township, which is 182 yards on each side, is, with its ornaments, one of the finest in the U. S. The city is characterised by an appearance of plainness, neatness and order. Its houses and private edifices, aro mostly of wood, not expensive, but neat and convenient. The public square and the prin- cipal streets are finely ornamented with large and spreading elms, and other shade trees ; and a great part of the houses have gardens attached to them, filled with fruit trees and shrubbery, giving to the city a rural and de- lightful api)earance. The central square is intersected by a beautiful street, overspread by elms. The cast section is free from build- ings and occupied only by majestic elms. On the west, are situated the new state house, 2 Congregational, 1 Episcopal, and 1 Metiio- dist church. The new state house is a splen- did edifice, built after the model of the Par- thenon, commanding in its appearance ; and for the beauty of its proportions, and the style of its workmanship, it holds a high rank among the best specimens of architecture in the country. It is situated near the centre of the section, and includes a large hall for city and town meetings, the halls of legislature, with committee rooms, court rooms, &.c. 'I'ho Episcopal church is a large Gothic edifice, i)uilt ot dark stone from East Rock. lu the new township, is also a new Episcopal church, in the G'othic style, an elegant Con- gregational church also lately erected, and a ■■^^aptist church of stuccoed stone. The state 'hospital, erected in 1832, is a fine stuccoed edifice, with a colonnade, standing on an emi- nence about half a mile s. w. iVoni the centre of the city. This institution is one that must prove highly useful, and honorable to the state. Yale college, one of the oldest and most distinguished literary institutions of the country, is located here. It was founded in 1700, and received donations in books and money, the former from clergymen in Con- necticut and others, and the latter chiefly from England. Its name was derived from its principal foreign donor. It was charter- ed in 1701, was originally located at Killing- worth, was removed to Saybrook in 1707, and to New Haven in 1717. The original design of the institution was to afl'ord instruction to young men designed for the ministry. A large proportion of all the youth who have received a classical education in the the U. S. have, however, been instructed here. It has long suH'ered for want of funds. The whole amount of pecuniary donations received from all sources, since it was founded, is less than ^l.'SO.OOO, viz. from the state f 75,00(1, and from individuals about $70,000. It Iras NEW 343 NEW not an endowed professorahip, and its annual i sophical and chemical apparatus, is very ox- income is only about $2,000. Tho receipts J tensive and valuable. The mineralogical of the students' bills constitute, therefore, the I cabinet, contains more than 16,000 Hpcci- only means of defraying the expenses of in-| mens, and is tho most valuable in the coun- struction, and these have hitherto been insuf- 1 try. Commencement is held on the third ficient. A subscription has recently been Wednesday in August. The number of opened, wliich it is presumed will soon fur- j students in 1831, was 409, of whom 331 were nish a fund of )$ 100,000, by which the facili- j in the academical department, and tiie re- tics and means of instruction will bo greatly I mainder in preparation for the various learn, increased, and its embarrassments, at least led professions. Tho number of living gradu- for a time, removed. Tho general manage- [ates is y, 500 ; of alumni 4, GOD ; of degrees mentofthe college is committed to the corpo- 1 conferred .5, 138. There are 10 very respecta. ration, consisting of its president, tho govern- 1 blc schools of tho higher class for young or and lieutenant governor of tho state, the 61 ladies, in' which about 400 pupils are edu- oldest members of tiio state senate, and the cated. same number of distinguished clergymen of Tho Farmington canal, which in connec- tho state, chosen by the corporation. The tion with the Hampshire and Hampden canal, faculty of the university, to whom is entrusted was designed to afford a communication with the government and instruction of the pupils, Connecticut river at Northampton, terminates consists of a president, 14 professors, viz. of law ; of the principles and practice of sur- gery ; of chemistry ; pharmacy ; mineralogy and geology; of the Latin language and lit- here. Tho harbor of New Haven is well protected from winds, but is shallow and gradually filling up ; there being but 7 feet of water on the bar at low tide. To remedy crature ; of the theory and practice of physic ;jthis, a wharf with flood gates has been lately of materia mcdica and therapeutics; of di- erected, at considerable expense, forming a dactic theology ; of anatomy and physiology ; spacious basin, whore the water may be ai- of obstetrics ; of sacred literature ; of divini- ways kept at high tide mark. There is anoth- ty ; of rhetoric and oratory ; of mathematics and natural philosophy; and of the Greek language and literature ; 7 tutors ; besides assistants to the professors of law and chemis- try, and instructers in elocution, drawing, and perspective, botany, and in the Ger- man, French, and Spanish languages. The situation of the college buildings is very fine, hoalthfid, and convenient. They consist of 4 buildings 100 feet by 40, each of 4 stories, •and containing 32 rooms for students ; a chapel, in which is one story appropriated to the theological school, and one to the college library ; with 2 other buildings, called the lyccum and atheneum, appropriated to recita tion and lecture rooms, rooms for the profes or wharf extending 3,943 feet into the har- bor ; longer than any other in the U. S. by 2,000 feet. The harbor bridge is half a mile in length, 27 feet wide, and cost $(10,000. The foreign commerce of the city was form- erly very extensive, but is now principally con- fined to the West Indies. Its coasting trade is more important. Regular lines of packets run to New York, with which city there is a. daily communication, by swift and commodi- ous steamboats. Among other objects of en- terprise in the city, are a large carpet manu- factory, and a carriage manufactory, one of the most extensive in the U. S. It is a coach making village, comprising the habitations of the workmen, aiul a large building with a Dor- Bors, and libraries for the literary societies, ic front in which are the workshops, cha|)f;!. These are all built of brick, and are ranged &c. The ground is laid out for gartlens, and in a line, on a gentle elevation facing tho city the whole occupies a beautiful situation, near green, with a broad yard in front, sliaded the mouth of Qiiinnipiack river, and the n. with elms and maples. In the rear of these side of the harbor. There are in the city, is anoliicr range of buildings, consisting afj beside what have been mentioned, the county the chemical laboratory ; tho commons hall, | jail, an almshouse, custom house, museum, 3 in the 2d story of which, is an elegant audi banks, 2 insurance ofTices, ami 6 printing of- spacious apartment, fitted up for the mtnera- 1 fices, from which are issued five weekly logical cabinet ; and a third, a neat and taste- 1 newspapers, and three other periodicals. The fill building of stuccoed stone, recently erect- Franklin institution has been lately establish- ed, lor the reception ofa part of Col. Trum- ed for the benefit of ilio citizens, and atgreat bull's paintings, (which have lately become the ' expense, by an enterprising mechanic of the ])roperty of the college) and other pictures. I city. It is an institution for popular lectures, A short distance from these, are the build- [ and comprises a spacious lecture room, chcm- ings of the law and medical schools. Thejical ajiparatus, and a mineralogical cabinet, medical institution is furnished with a library i At Whitneyville, a village at the base of and an anatomical museum. The lectures 1 East rock and within tho limits of the town commence the last week in October and ter- 'of New Ilavcn, is a very extensive gun man- minate the last week in February. During ufactory, established a few years since by an the course, from 50 to 100 lectures are given enterprising citizen of New Haven and one by each professor. The library of tho col- of the most ingenious und inventive mechan- legc, consists principally of old and valuable lies of our coimtry ; from whom the village books, and contains 9,500 vols. The libra- [derives its name. The burying ground of ries of tiie literary societies of the students! New Haven is a level spot, regularly laid out amount to ten thousand vols. The philo- m squares and ornamented with rows ot pop- NEW 344 NEW lars. It contains a great number of very i it from N. Y., s. by Del. bay, and w. by the handsome monuments, many of" them made Del. r. which separates it from Pa. It is from ancient models, and is said to be one of situated between 38° 56' and 41° 21' n. lat., the most solemn and impressive spots of the and between 1° 45' and 3° 30' e. long. W. same kind in our country. There are 10 [C. Its greatest length is 1G3 ms., and its churches in the city, viz. 4 Congregational, 2 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist, and 2 Afri- can. Pop. of the city and town, 1820, 8,326. In 1830, city 10,180 ; town exclusive of the city, 4'Jd ; total 10,678. New Haven, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y. s. lake Ontario, 10 ms. e. Oswego, has good land, |)retty well supplied with mill seats by Cat- fish creek, &,c. Fruit grows very well. Pop. 1830, 1,410. New Haven, p-v. Huron co. O. by p-r. 95 ms. nihrd. Columbus. Pop. of the tsp. of New Haven, 1830, 615. | New Holland, p-v. southern part of Pick- away CO. O. by p-r. 44 ms. sthwrd. Colum- bus. New Holland, p-v, Lancaster co. Pa. 13 ms. N. E. Lancaster city, and 55 ms. a little N. of w. Phil. New Hope, p-v. on the right bank of Del. r. Bucks CO. Pa. opi)Osite Lanibcrtsvillc New Jersey, 11 ms. n. e. Doylestown, and 34 N. N. e. Phil. New Hope, p-v. Augusta co. Va. by p-r. 114 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. New Hope, p-v. Spartanburg dist. S. C. by p-r. 112 ms. nrthrd. Columbia. New Hope, p-v. Hancock co. Geo. by p-r. 26 ms. N.E. Milledgeville. New Hope, p-v. Lincoln co. Ten. by p-r. 56 ms. sthrd. Nashville. New Hope, p-v. Brown co. O. by p-r. 97 ms. s. s. w. Columbus. New Hope, Perquimans co. N. C. (See DuranVs Neck.) New Hope Forge and p-o. Iredell co. N. C. by p-r. 372 ms. s. w. W. C, and 166 wstrd. Raleigh. New Iberia, p-v. on the right bank of Te- che r. parish of St. Martin's, La. about 200 nis. following the p-r., and in a direct course almost due w. New Orleans. It is a small village containing about 200 inhabitants, situ- ated on a biink something higher than those of Teche r. generally. It is 11 ms. s. St. Martinsville, the st. jus. for the parish, and 45 ms. s. s. E. St. Landre in Opclousas. Newiciiawannock. {Sec Piscataqua r.) New Inlet, N.J. between Brigantiae and Tucker's beaches, leads from Great bay into the sea s. of Little Egg harbor. Long, about 3° E. W. C, lat. 39° 50'. It is at the mouth of Mullicus r. New Ipswich, p-t. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 50 ms. s. w. Concord, 52 n. Boston, 5 ms. by 6 ; 20,860 acres, crossed by Souhogaii x., over which is a stone bridge, on the turnpike road width 52, and it contains about 8,320 sq. ms. The first settlement within the limits of New Jersey, was made by the Danes in 1624, at Bergen, so called from a city of Norway. In 1626, a company was formed in Sweden for the purpose of colonizing somo part of America, and in the following year the Swedes and Fins made a settlement on the w. bank of the Del. r. In 1640, the English formed a settlement on the eastern bank of the same river, but they were soon driven out by the Swedes in concert with the Dutch. In 1655, Peter Stuyvesant, governor of the New Netherlands, conquered the country, and transported most of the Swedes to Eu- rope. In 1664, it was taken from the Dutch by King Charles II., and granted by charter to the duke of York. In 1676, after having been reconquered by the Dutch, and restored by treaty, it was divided into East and West Jersey, which were reunited by Queen Anne in 1702. In 1738, they were placed under a separate governor. In the controversies preceding the revolution. New Jersey was early and sincerely attached to the interests of the mother country ; but when compelled to seek a separation as the only refuge from arbitrary oppression, she was one of the first to resolve on independence, and the second colony which adopted a constitution for her own government. She was prompt in ac- cepting the present constitution of the U. S., and during the scenes of the revolution was distinguished for her patriotic exertions. The battles of Princeton, Trenton and Monmouth, were fought within her limits. The present constitution was adopted in 1776. The legis- lature is composed of a legislative council, a house of assembly ; the former containing 14 members, one from each county, the latter 50. They arc annually chosen, and meet on the 4th Tuesday of October. The governor is also elected annually, by a joint vote of both houses of the legislature. In case of vacan- cy, the vice president of the legislative council acts as governor. The judiciary consists of a court of chancery, of which the governor is chancellor, a supreme court of three judges, circuit courts, and courts of common pleas in the difi'erent ccunties, beside inferior tri- bunals. Residence for one year in the co. and payment of taxes, are the qualifications for an elector. The soil of New Jersey, and face of the country, present every variety. The n. w. and N. portions of the state arc hilly and mountainous, but interspersed with rich val- Tlie first cotton factory in N. H. was built leys, and extensive tracts, well adajited for here in 1803. It is fertile. Populatiou 1830, grazing, and the production of all kinds of 1,673. grain and vegetables. The middle parts are New Jeksev, one of the United States, agreeably diversified, and generally of good bounded n. by New York, E. by the Atlantic quality. The more southern counties are of ocean and 'he Jlmlsun r., which .^cpiirate.S|alluvial formalion, gcacxally lovrl, wiih loam, NEW 345 NEW or sandy soil, in most parte well improved unil ^ highly productive. The hinds in llio vicinity of Now York and Philadelphia produce ^rcat quantities of fruit and vef^etablcs for those markets. The apples and cider of N.Jersey are proverbially excellent. Wheat, maize, rye, barley, &-C. are staple i)roductions. The great quantities of lime in the northern, and marl in the middle parts of the state, of late years extensively used as manure, have greatly im- proved the quality and productions of the lands. A part of the southern portion of the stale aud the sea coast is sandy, and valuable only for fuel and timber ; but the quantity of land of this description has been greatly over- rated. The principal mineral productions arc, iron, copper, copperas, paints and various co- lors. Iron is abundant, and is extensively ma- nufactured. Ores of gold and silver have been discovered in Warren co. Copper mines were wrought before the revolution. Free stone, limestone, marl, and varieties of fine clay for potters use, largo quantities of which are exported, are also found. The state, ex- cepting the N. boundary, is almost surrounded by navigable water. It is intersected by states. In 1790 the population wna 184,139 ; in 1800, 211,14'.> ; in 1810, a45,5(;a ; m 1820, 277,575 and in 1830, 320,823. The latter in detail, as follows : Cos. pop. Cog. pop. Bergen, 32,412 Middlesex, 23,1.57 Burlington, 31,107 Monmouth, 29,233 Capo May, 4,936 Morris, 23,606 Cumberland, 14,(193 Salem, 14,155 Eaox, 41,911 Somerset, 17,689 Gloucester, 28,431 Sussex, 20,346 Hunterdon, 31,060 Wurrcn, 18,627 Of which there were white persons , IllillcS. fernnlos. Under 6 years )fagc, ■25,071 23,927 Biitvvceii fi and Ifl 4n,0'19 3a, 746 " 1 5 and 30 41,124 4i,t301 " 30 and 50 28,274 27,030 " eO iind 70 11,511 12,012 " 70 antl 90 2,655 2,74G " 90 und over 45 05 Total 152,529 147,737 Of the above were deaf and dumb, 2C7 ; blind, 205 ; and alienP, 3,365. There were also in the state 18,303 free many navigable rivers, and has numerous 'persons of color, and 2,254 slaves. Of these streams for mills, iron works, and every spe- were deaf and dumb, 15 ; blind 22. cies of manufactures requiring .water power. Recapitulation. The principal ofthese streams are the Raritan, whites. free col'd. slaves. total. Hackensack, Passaic, Salem, Tom, Cohan-' 300,266 18,303 2,254 320,823 zey and Maurice rs. Raritan bay is an ex- The manufactures of the state are exten- tensivc arm of the sea on the E. coast, afford- 1 sive and flourishing. They are chiefly of ing a ready communication at all times be- liron, cotton, woollen, paper, leather,carriages, tween the ocean and Perth Amboy, the prin-i shoes, &c., large quantities of which are cipal sea port in the state. The internal 1 sent abroad. There are 13 manufactories communications are generally good. The | where glass is made, of various kinds, chiefly great thoroughfare between the n. and s. from sand foxmd in the state. Iron is one of the states passes through N. J. ; and the advanta- most important articles of manufacture, and the ages which the state enjoys as it regards dis- 1 forges, furnaces and mills are very numerous tance and facilities in transporting goods to {in several of the counties. Chain cables are market, are not exceeded by those of any made at Dover, and cut nails in abundance at equally extended district of the country. In Patterson. In 1829 there were in Patterson addition to the natural advantages of water 487 looms, and 4 machine factories, in one of communication, the state enjoys the benefit | which, in the preceding year, were made 15,- of many internal improvements. The Morris ! 048 spindles. Connected with the last was a canal, uniting the Passaic and Del. rs. has foundry, producing annually 35,000 pounds been completed. The Delaware and Raritan i of brass, and 1,020,000 pounds of iron cast- cana!, a splendid work, is in active pro- lings. The cotton and flax annually used a- gress. It will connect those rivers by a j mount to 2,779,600 pounds, and the quantity channel of 70 feet wide, and 7 deep, adapted I of cloth manufactured is 2,604,450 yards, for sloop navigation, and completing an iiUer-'The foreign trade of New Jersey being carri- nal water eonmiunication between Albermarle | cd on through the ports of N. York and Phil- sound and N. Y. A rail road from Camden, jadcliihia, its amount cannot be accurately as- across the state to Amboy, is nearly com- : certairied. The amount of tonnage in 1829 pleted, and others are in progress in several j was 32,465 tons, besides about 5,000 tons re- parts of the state. gistercd at New York. By the report of the New Jersey is divided into 14 counties, secretary of the treasury, Sept. 30, 1830, the Bergen, Morris, Sussex, Warren, Essex, amount of tonnage entered the previous year Somerset, Hunterdon, Middlesex, Burling-i was 586 ; departed 627. Value of imports. ton, Monmouth, Gloucester, Salem, Cumber- land and Capo May. These are sub-divided into t. ships. Trenton is the capital ; Newark is the largest town in the state. The population of New Jersey, though not $13,444 ; of exports, domestic $8,224 ; for- eign .$100. Total exports $8,324. The system of common school instruction in the state, has hitherto been very defective ; but in consequence of the recent efforts of the rapidly increasing, has been steadily progres-' friends of education, the attention of the pub. "sive; and its increase has been considerably lie has been called up to the subject, and meas- in advance of some others of the Atlantic iures have been commenced which promise 44 NEW 346 NEW important and cheering results. The state possesses a school fund which commenced in 1816. The income from it, which is about ^22,000, is annnally distributed in small sums to such towns as raise an equal amount for the support of schools. Academies and pri- vate schools are numerous and excellent. There are in the state two colleges — Nassau Hall at Princeton, founded in 1746, which en- oys a high reputation; and Rutger's college at New Brunswick, founded in 1770. There is a theological seminary at Princeton, under the superintendence of the general assembly of the Presbyterian church, and a similar in- stitution at New Brunswick under the care of the general synod of the Dutch Reformed church. Twenty-two newspapers are pub- lished in this state. The religious denominations of the state are, Presbyterians, who have 85 churches, 88 ministers and 12,519 communicants ; the Methodists 10,730 members ; Dutch Reform- ed 28 ministers and 28 churches ; Baptists 34 churches, 21 ministers and 2,324 commu- nicants ; Episcopalians 20 ministers, and some Friends and Congregationalists, and Catholics. New Jerusalem, p-v. Bucks co. Pa. 11 ms. from Reading, and 65 e. Harrisburg. New Kent, co. Va. bounded by Chickaho- mina r. separating it from Charles City co. s. and Henrico s. w. ; by Hanover n. w.; Mat- apony r. separating it from King William n. ; and by James City co. s.e. Length diagonally from E. to w. 33 ms.; mean width 7, and area 231 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 19' to 37° 36', and in long, from 0° 11' e. to 0° 24' w. W. C. It is obvious from the position of New Kent, between two rivers, that it is com- posed of two narrow inclined plains. The surface hilly. Pop. in 1820, 6,630. New Kent, C.H. and p-v. near the centre of 'New Kent co. Va. byp-r. 133 ms. a little w. of s. W. C, and 30 e. Richmond, lat. 37° 26', long. 0° 06' w. W. C. New Lebanon, p. t. Columbia CO. N. Y. 30 ms. N. e. Hudson, is of irregular form, with 32 sq. ms., has good land, with Williamstown mtn. on the e., arable hills on the s. and a large rich valley n. e. and n. where flows Lebanon cr. Limestone lies below the soil, with lead and other ores, marl, &c. Pop. in 1830, 2,695. [See following article.) New Lebanon, p-v. Columbia co. N. Y. 24 ms. s. E. Albany and 6 vv. Pittsfield, Mass. This is one of the principal watering places of the U.S. The water flows abundantly from the s. side of a fine bilinear the n.e. cor- ner of the t. and a hotel 150 feet long, and a small village have been erected near it. The water is always at 72° Fahrenheit, and es- teemed for bathing, for which there are ac- commodations. The water is but slightly impregnated, and very pure. The scenery is far more agreeable than that of Saraiogu or distant is a Shaker village, where agricaltM' al and mechanic arts in several branches are conducted with great neatness, economy and success. The property is all held in common by the members of the society. New Lebanon, p-v. and st. just. Camden CO. N. C, situated on one of the head branch- es of Pasquotank r. at the sthrn. extremity of the Dismal Swamp canal, about 30 ms. s. Norfolk in Va. and by p-r. 201 ms. n. e. by e. Raleigh, lat. 36° 25', long. 0° 42' e. W C. New Lexington, p-v. Perry co. O. by p-r. 54 ms. s. E. Columbus. New Liberty, p-v. Owen co. Ky. 26 miles northward Frankfort. New Lisbon, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y. lO ms, s. w. Cooperstown, 76 w. Albany, has arable and grazing hills and rich valleys, crossed by Butternuts cr. and a branch of Otsego cr. which give mill seats. Pop. 1830, 2,5^32. New Lisbon, p-v. and st. jus. Columbiana CO. O. situated on Little Beaver, 33 ms. n. Steubenville, 54 ms. n. w. by w. Pittsburg, and by p-r. 152 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus, and 282 ms. nthwstrd. W. C. lat. 40° 47', long. W. C. 3° 43, w. According to Flint this place con- tained when he wrote (early in 1832,) the or- dinary CO. buildings, bank, two places of pub- lic worship, 6 taverns, 9 stores. In the tsp. of Centre, in which New Lisbon is situated, there were 4 merchant mills, 4 saw mills, a paper mill, 2 woollen factories, 1 fulling mill and 1 carding machine. Pop. 1830, 1,129. New London, co. Conn, bounded by Hart- ford, Tolland and Windham cos. n., by Wind- ham CO. and R. I. e., by L. I. sound s., by Middlesex co. w. Length 30 ms.; mean width 20 ; area about 600 sq. ms. It abounds in harbors, crs. and bays, convenient both for fishing and navigation. The r. Thames for- med by the juncture of the Quinebaug and Shetucket, affords steam and sloop naviga- tion to Norwich. Just below Norwich, the Thames receives the waters of the Yantic, and thus furnishes an admirable entrance for vessels. The diff'erent branches of the Thames afibrd excellent water power ; and a canal is proposed along the Shetucket valley, into Mass. The Niantic, Pequonock, Mistic, Stonington, Wickatequack, and Pacatuck are among the important and beautiful bays which indent that portion of coast included within the territorial limits of this co. The N. w. part of the co. is mountainous, and much of the surface is hilly and rocky; but much arable and grazing land is found in the CO. The soil is generally productive. Fruits, grain, lumber, fish, are the staples. Consid- erable attention is paid to manufactures. By a return made to the secretary of state at Washington in June, 1832, it appears that there are in the co. 14 cotton mills, which employ 22,688 spindles and 580 looms. Amount of capital invested $746,000; quan- tity of wool consumed, 1,647,928 lbs. ; yarn Ballston, and the views from near the hotel sold the previous year 2,500 lbs.; yds. cloth are very fine and extensive over a variegated sold in same time, 5,048,780. Capital in- and Well cultivated country. About 2 ms. (vested in the manufacture of woollens |r206,- NEW 347 NEW 000; quaiitity of wool consumed 271,600 ll>s. ; annual value of woollen manufactures ^187,784. Pop. in 1820, 35,943 ; in 1830, 43,:iOI. New London, city, port of entry, p-t. and iialf-sliire, N. London co. Conn., on the w. hunk of the Thames, and 3 ms. from L. I. •sound. It is 42 ms. s. e. Hartford, 53 e. New Haven, and 14 a. Norwich. Lon. 4° 0' 48*^ K. W. C, lat. 41° 0' 25" n. The town is | of a mile broad, by 4 ms. long, comprising an area of 2,400 acres. The surface is rather hilly, soil good, producing spontaneously the best of oak and walnut timber. Granite is found here in great abundance. The city is situated on the declivity of a hill, and at the head of a harbor bearing its own name. It contains 4 places of public worship; one for Presbyterians, another for Episcopalians, a third for Baptists, and a fourth for Methodists. IJesidc these and the ordinary co. buildings, there are in the city 2 banks, and an insur- ance office. The harbor is one of the best in the U, S., being 3 ms. long, and rarely ob- structed with ice, and having 5 fathoms wa- ter. It is environed by hills, and defended by 2 forts ; the one upon its west side is cal- led fort Trumbull, and is delightfully situa- ted about a mile below the city ; while the other, upon its cast side, is called fort Gris- wold, and rises from the top of a command- ing eminence opposite the city, and in the (own of Groton. These advantages, together with its light house, on a point of land project- ing from the w. shore, and forming the divi- ding point between the harbor and sound, ren- der this in every respect a safe and commo- dious harbor. It has served in a great de- gree as the port of Conn, r., the impediments in which frequently prevent its being naviga- ted by large vessels fully laden. The com- merce is quite considerable, both in the coast- ing and foreign trade. The whale fishery is also an important branch of commerce. About half a million of dollars is devoted to its prosecution, and not less than 25 ships, which give employment to about 700 sea- men, arc engaged in this adventurous busi- ness. Several vessels are also engaged in sealing. Fort Griswold, to which reference has been made, was, together with the cir- cumjacent country, the seat of a revolutiona- ry struggle, which is commemorated by a nol)le granite monument, 150 feet high, bear- ing an embedded marble slab, which contains the names of those who there fell in defending their country, together with the following ap- proi)riate and scriptural inscription, " ZcIhi- lon and Naplhali were a people that jeopard- ed their lives unto the death in the high pla- ces of the field." The jiop. of N. London in 1820, was 3,.330 ; in 1830, 4,356. , Niiw London, p-v. near the wstrn. border of (■ampbell co. Va. 11 ms. s.w. Lynchburg, and 101 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. Nkw London, cross roads, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Chester co. Pa., 40 ms. s. w. by. w. Phil., and by p-r. 93 ms. n. f. W. C. The tsp. of New London in 1820, contained 1,200 inhabitants. Nkw London, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Jef- ferson CO. Ind., situated on Ohio r. 12 miles below Madison, the county seat, and by p-r. 97 ms. s. s. K. Indianopolis. New London, p-v. and st. jus. Ralls co. Mo., by p-r. 167 ms. n. n. e. Jefferson city, and by the common road 105 n. n. w. St. Lou- is. It is situated on Salt r. of Mo. 39° 33', long. W. C. 14° 21' w. New Lyme, p-v. Ashtabula co. Ohio, by P-r. 183 ms. n. e. Columbus. New Madison, p-v. Dark co. Ohio, by p-r. 110 ms. wstrd. Columbus. New Madrid, a. e. co. Mo., bounded a. by Crittenden co. Ark., s. w. by St. Francis r. separating it from Lawrence co. Ark., n, w. Stoddard co. Mo., n. Scott co. Mo., n. e. Mississippi r. separating it from Hickman co. Ky., Mississippi r. e. separating it from Obi- on and Dyer counties. Ten. Length from s. to N. 65 ms., mean breadth 25, and area 1,625 sq. ms. Lat. 36^° and long. W. C. 13° w. intersect near the centre of this co. Slope is almost directly s., as in that course flow the Miss, and St. Francis rs. The surface is with very partial exceptions an annually in- undated plain. In 1812, this part of the U. States was considerably disturbed and in some places disrupted by an earthquake. Where the soil is of sufficient elevation for cultivation, it is generally very productive, and the climate sufficiently warm in summer to admit the cultivation of cotton. Chief t. New Madrid. Pop. 1830, 2,350. New Madrid, p-v. and st. jus. New Mad. rid CO. Mo., by p-r. 278 ms. s. e. of Jefferson city, and by the most direct road 170 a little E. of s. St. Louis. It is situated on a rather more than usual high alluvial bank, upon the right shore of Miss. r. directly opposite to the extreme s. w. angle of Ky. By the bends of the r. it stands at about 50 miles below the mouth of Ohio. It is an unimportant vil- lage, though historically interesting. It was founded by a Mr. Morgan from Pa., with great expectations of future prosperity. But the bank, ajjparently more stable, because more elevated than the other alluvial Missis- sippi banks, was really more subject to dete- rioration by abrasion from superior weight, and most of the surface on which the original village stood has long since been swept away. To this steady cause of destruction. New Madrid seems to have been the centre of mighty convulsions in 1811, and 1812. To examine the place and adjacent country, all seems tranquil, and but little a|)prehcnsion of danger preceded a commotion which shook with more or less violence perhaps 200,000 sq. ms. Near New Madrid the rivers, lakes, -and even the ground heaved like a boiling pot. Water burst iu immense jets into the air, lakes were dried in some places and for. med in others. Boats were sunk, or hurled with an inconceivable force amongst the foaming surges. The thiimcss of the popu- NEW 348 NEW lalion nnil the log or frame buildings protect- ed human lifo, though Borne ]iorsonH wore lost. Tho tronihling of the ground w;is foil Nkwman, p-v. and st. jus. Coweta co. Geo., by p-r. 12'.) ms. n. w. by w. Millodgcville, lat. Xi'^ aCi', lonir. W. C. 8° w. It is eituatod on in the city ofNow Orleans, nnd what is very the summit around, between the vallies of remarkable, continues to be occasionally lelt! Dint and Chattahooche rivers. in sthrn. Missouri to this time, after a purio( oi yO years. Nkw Oiii-KANS, parisli of Louisiana, boun- Idiid H. and r. by tiie parisli of Plaquemines, Nkwmarket, p-t. Rockingham CO. N. II., w. by Jelferson, N. by lake Ponchartrain, and ■ N. K. by lake IJorgnc and the pass of Rigo- lote. Ijength 32 nis., moan breadth about 5 nis., and area IGO sq. rns. Extending in lat. from 29° 4G' to 30° 12', and in long, from 12° :{0' to 13° vv. W. C. The surface in the great- er part a morass, but with highly fertile arn- iblc soil, though narrow borders of land rising two or three feet above the high tide level. 12 1113. w. I'ortsmoutli, 38 s. e. Concord, and 9 from IJover, w. from Great Ray ; 11,082 acres ; is crossed by Piscasset r. and situa- ted on Lamprey r. about one mile from Pis- catnqua, and vessels of from 80 to 100 tons can come up to the factories. The town con- tains one place of ])ublic worship for Metho- dists, and one for ('ongregationalists. The Newmarket manufacturing comi)any have and stretching along the margins of tlic Miss. '.i large stone mills, 2 of which are l.'iO feet long each, and G stories high, including base- ment stories; the other is 100 feet long, and also G stories high ; and a machine shop ; 14,000 spindles, 487 looms, and GGO hands, 500 of whom are females. They consume 2,500 bales of cotton, per annum, which yields three millions live hundred thousand yards. A Wesleyan academy was incorporated hero 1818. Pop. 1H30, 2,008. New Markkt, p-v. southeastern part of Frederick co. Md., situated on the Raltirnore and Frederick turnpike, 36 ms. wstrd. from the latter place, and 11 esfrd. from the for- mer, and by p-r. 51 ms. a little w. of n. W. C, direct distance, however, only 35 ms. New Market, p-v. sthrn. part of Shenan- doah CO. Va. 20 ms. s. s. w. Woodstock, and by p-r. 120 ms. s. w. by w. W. C Rayou, Roouf, and other marsh bayous. In a state of nature it was only the comparatively elevated margins along the streams, which generally produced timber. The morass mostly covered with coarse grass, and flood- ed by every tide. The soil actually capable of cultivation, jiroduces sugar, cotton, rice, Indian corn, &c. The usually cultivated fruit trees arc orange, fig and peach. Of gar- den vegetables the number of species and abundant quantity may be seen at the vegeta- ble market of New Orleans city. Chief t. city of New Orleans. Population of the par- ish 1820, 41,351, 1830, 50,103. New Orleans, city and port of entry, La., situated on the left bank of the Miss, r., 105 ms. by the channel above the mouth, and 322 by the channel below Natchez. The city stands on lat. 30°, and very nearly 13° w. W. New Market, p-v. nrthwstrn. part of Mad-jC;. Ry calculation the two cities bear from ison CO. Ala. 17 ms. n. w. Iluntsville, and by i each other by angle from the reflective meri- p-r. \1^Z ms. N.N. E. Tuscaloosa. New Maukut, p-v. nrthwslrn. part of Jef- (erson co. Ten. 30 ms. n. e. by k. Knoxvillc, and by p-r. 105 e. Nashville dians, 50° 15', di-stant OGG statute ms. within a small fraction, by the p-r. 1,18!) miles. Similar to other parts of the banks of the Miss, in its vicinity, the site of New Orleans New Market, p-v. Washington co. Ky.,lis on an inclined plain, the declivity falling situated in the sthrn. part of tho co., on the Rolling fork of Salt r., 13 ms. s. e. w. from the CO. seat, Springfield, and 02 ms. s. s. w. of Frankfort. Pop. 1830, 43 very gently from the margin of the river. When the Miss, is in full Hood the surface of tho water is from 2 to 4 feel above the streets of the city, but at low water tli(! surface of the New Market, p-v. Abbeville district, S.C, river is rather below the front street, but still by p-r. 88 ms. w. Columbia. at any stage elevated above the swamps in the New Majiliiorough, p-t. Rerkshiro county, rear of tlie back streets. To prevent constant • Mass., 148 ms. s. w. Roston, lOs. e. Lenox, inundation, a ]cv(c or embankment fronts the and bordering on ('onn., is watered by branch- es of Conkejiot and llousatonic rs. It has a pond s. E. Incorporated 1750. Pop. 1830, 1,6.56. ■ New Mii.ronn, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn., 4fJ ms. s. w. Ilarlford, G4 ms. by 13; 84 sq. ms.; is one of the largest towns in ('onn., crossed by the llousatonic and other rivers, with good mill seats. Mica slate and marble are quar- ri(!d. Iron and some silver have been found. Tho land is generally good, and the village is on the llousatonic, in a valley. First settled 1713. Pop. 1830, 3,97!). New Mii.FoRn, p. v. nrthwstrn. part ofSus- c\iy. This levf'e dillers only in breadth and solidity from the otherwise similar embank- ment, extended along the Miss, on both banks above & below N.Orleans. 'I'he city is built on the concave side of the river, and including tho suburbs extends about three miles along the stream, with a breadth backwards of not (piite one third of a mile, lying in form ol a cres- cent, with the city properly so called near the middle of the curve. New Orleans proper is a parallelogram of 4,000 by 2,000 English feet very nearly, streets extending at right angles, and the long side pnraOel as near as possible to that part of the river opposite. quehannali co. Pa., 1!) m^-. n. w. Montrose, The larger streets proceeding from the river and by p-r. 183 ms. a little e. of n. Harris- | are Levee, Chartres, Bourbon, Dauphin, Bur- burg. gundy, &,c. Above tho city are the suburbs (fauhourfrg) of St. Mary, Duplnnticr, and An- i XV. It remnincd as capital of La. under the nunciHtutn; bolow arc tho suburbs, Miirigny, and J)a (Jlouet. In the rear of the city iH iil- so another i)ut detached suburb on Hiiyou St. John. Tiic compactness of tlic buildinH:^, niul in a great degree their iii(Hviduiii mag- nitude, is inveree to distance from the harbor. Tiie hitter and tho bank of tlie river, particu- larly opposite tho city proper, are connnenyu- rate. Any vessels which can pass tho bars at the niouliis of the Miss., can be laid alSt. Francisville ; La. state bank, and bank of Or- leans. The aggregate bank cai)ital, exclu- sive of that of tho bauli of the U. S. branch, ,^8,500,000. In 1829 thcro were imported into N.Orlcans from the wstrn. states of theU. States and from Texas, of bacon, assorted, '2,808 hogsheads ; bagging,] 3,472 pieces; butter 3,9i)5 kegs; beef 5,40.'i brls. ; beeswax. 7'J5brls.; buli'alo robes, 15,210 lbs. ; cotton, 269,571 bales ; corn meal, 6,849 brls. ; corn in ear, 91,882 brls.; (lour, 157,32:n)rls. ; lard, 110,200 kegs; pig lead, 146,203 pigs ; linseed oil, 2,94G brls. ; deer skins, 0,215 jiacks ; bear skins, 159 packs ; tobacco, 29,432 hogsheads. Tlie foregoing can be only a part of the imports into New Orleans, as it does not include sugar, lum- ber, lime, and nunierous othcT articles of great amount aiul value. In 1830, the amoimt of cotton alone exported from New Orleans, was 302,852 bales. The government of the city is under n may- or and city council, elected by the freeholders. If we turn our attcntioti to the vast regions of the Miss, basin, to the accumulating pop- ulation, on its iiuunnerablc streams, and the navigable facilities afi'orded by so many chan- nels, we have the means to estimate the re- sources which must contribute to augment N. Orleans in extent, wealth, and population. Within this century the increase in every res- pect has been great indeed. In 1800, the in- habilanls amounted to between 5,000 and G,000. It contained in 1810 1H20. IH30. Free white males 3,')H() 8,'2f,8 ll,'.u;2 " " females 2,745 .'>,318 8,08-2 Free colored persons 4,^50 f>,-.'37 I],5(V2 Slaves 5,% I 7,35.-) ll,47() Total. 17,212 27,178 4C,0H2 New Orleans was laid out in 1717, and na- med in honor of the then Duke of Orleans, regent of France during the minority of Louis French, until in 17G9 it was taken possession of by the Spanish general Orciily, under a treaty of cession made bclween Sjiain and France 1702. The Spanish government con- tinued New Orleans as the capital of the col- ony until receded to France in 1803. The French colonial prefect, Lausalt, by order of his government, gave it up to the U. Slates, 20th i:>cc. 1803. Though the scat of legisla- tion has been removed tol^onaldsonville, near- ly bO ms. higher up the Miss., still New Or- leans renuiins not only the principal city of La., but also of the great physical section, at the base of which it rises above the great plain of the Delta. New Oxi'ord, p-v. Adams co. Pa«-by p-r. 87 ms. northward W. C. Nkw I'altz, ji-t. Ulster co. N. Y. l5 ms. s. Kingston, 80 s. Albany, 85 n. N. Y., w. Hud- son r. Has good land. The pcof)le are of Dutch extraction ; first settled about 1072. The village is on Wallkill creek, and there are ueveral Huiallcr ones at the landings, &c. Pop. 1830, 4,973. New Paris, i).v. Preble co. O., by p-r. 104 ms. wstrd. Columbus. Nisw Petersuuro, p-v. Highland co. Ohio, by p-r. 74 ms. s. s. w. Columbus. New Piiir,Ani;r,riiiA, p-v. and st. jus. Tus- carawas CO. Ohio, by p-r. 107 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus. Lat. 40° 30', long. VV. C. 4° 3 1' w. It is situated on Tuscarawas r., and on tho Ohio and Erie canal ; contains the ordi- nary county buildings. Pop. 1830,410. Newport, t. Penol)scot co. Mc, 25 ms. w. N. w. Bangor, with Somerset co. n. and w. ; contains a large pond, drained by Sebasto- cookr. Pop. 18.30, 897. NuwpoRT, p-t. Sullivan co. N. IT., 40 ms. N. w. Concord, 90 from Boston ; 25,207 acres. Three branches of Sugar r. unite near the village. There arc line nuiadows, but much dry gravel, and moist & cold land ; it is, how- ever,generally fertile.T wo i)onds furnish irouf, &'.c. There are also some high iiills. Bald, Coil,I';ast&:, Blueberry mins. Pop. 1830,1, 9]3. Newi'ort, CO. U. I., comjiriseH several isl- ands in Narragansct bay, ;is well as Ihe ad- joining land on the continent, in all 130 s(|. ms., with 7 towns. It has great advantages for navigation, and contains Ncwjiort, one ot the best seaports in the northern states, and now fortifying on a largo scale for a naval station. The waters are navigate d by all the vessels i)roc(M;ding to and from Providence, and there is daily steamboat coinnmnicalion with N.York. Rhode Island is the most important, and is a fine agricultural country. In its n. part is a mine of anihracite coal, which has been wrought, but not to good advantage. The rocks arc transition, as are those of J'rudencc, Canouicut and Block islands, whicii also be- long 10 the CO. |''ish are taken in great (pian- tities, and from Block i.«!l. arc sent to distant places. Pop. 1830, |0,.^)35. Newport, t. seaport and co. i. Newport co. NEW 350 NEW R. I., and one of the capitals of the state, 30 ras. s. by e. Providence, 75 s. w. Boston, about 1 m. by 6, with 8 sq. ms., has an une- ven but rich soil, especially in tiie s. and much well cultivated land. The harbor is excel- lent, near the sea, and accessible in winds which will not permit a ship to enter any other port, in all this part of the coast. The prin- cipal population are collected on the west de- clivity, and at the foot of a hill. The place was formerly a very flourishing sea-port, and, before the revolution, was the fourth t. in size in the colonies. It has for some years resign- ed its enterprizc and prosperity to Provi- dence. Its fine situation, healthful air, ex- cellent fish, &c., render it a favorite resort of visitors from the southern states, in summer. Here is a large lace manufactory. The har- bor has Goat isl. in front, nearly closing the entrances, where are fort Wolcott and a mil- itary hospital. Forts Green and Adams also defend the harbor. The latter is a new and extensive work, on the s. point, with power- ful batteries, and includes 40 acres. The foundation for a monument to the memory of Com. Oliver H. Perry, has been laid. It is to be of grey granite, and 2d feet high. The foundation is to be surrounded by a mound of earth, IGO feet in circumference. Newport was occupied by the British for some time during the revolutionary war, who stripped the island of its fine forest trees and orchards. They were beseiged by the American troops. Pop. 1830, 8,010. Newport, Herkimer co. N. Y., 13 ms. n. Herkimer, 95 n. w. Albany, e. Oneida cr., has a deep valley in the middle, where is the v., at a good waterfall in W. Canada cr. Pop. 1830, 1,863. Newport, v. Orleans co. N. Y., on Erie canal, 2^ ms. s. s. e. Gaines. Newport, p-v. nthrn. part Perry co. Pa., 41 ms. N. w. Ilarrisburg. Newport, p-v. on Christiana cr. New-Cas- tle CO. Del. 3 ms. wstrdly. Wilmington, and by p-r. 103 N. e. W.C. Newport, small r. or cr. of Geo., separa. ting Liberty from Mcintosh co., and falling into Sapelo sound. Newport, p-v. and st. jus. Cocke co. Ten., situated on French Broad r., 48 ms. a little s. of e. Knoxville, and by p-r. 210 ms. in a sim- ilar direction Nashville ; lat. 35° 56', long. (JO 4' w. W. C. Newport, p-v. and st. jus. Campbell co. Ky., situated on O. r. on the point above the mouth of Licking r., and directly opposite the city of Cincinnati. This town contains an academy, a U. S. arsenal, and the ordinary co. build- ings. Pop. 1830, 717. Newpprt, p-v. estrn. part Washington co. O. It is situated on O. r. by p.r. 16 ms. above andestrd. Marietta. I'opulationof tsp. 1830, 556. Newport, p-v. and st. jus. Vermillion co. Ind., situated on the point below the jiuiction of Wabash and Little Vermillion rs., liy p-r. f 6 ms. w. Indianopolis. Newport, Franklin co. Mo., p-v. on Mo. r., 43 ms. wstrd. St. Louis. New Portage, p-v. Medina co. O., by p-r. 110 ms. N. e. Columbus. New Portland, p-t. Somerset co. Me,, crossed by Seven-miles brook, a branch of Kennebec r. Pop. 1830, 1,214. New Provide.\ce, p-v. nthrn. part Lancas- ter CO. Pa., 20 ms. n. e. Lancaster city, and by p.r. 129 N.N. e.W. C. New Providence, p-v. Clarke co. Ind., by p-r. 104 ms. s. s. e. Indianopolis. New Richmond, p-v. Clermont co. O., by p-r. 132 ms. s. w. Columbus. New r., the local name of Great Kenhawa r., above the mouth of Gauley r. (Sec Cheat Kenhawa r.) New r., p-v. wstrn. part of Monroe co. Va., 26 ms. wstrd. Union, the co. seat, and by p-r. 296ms.s.w.by w. W.C. New r. inlet, Onslow co. N. C, about 50 ms. a little s.'of w. cape Look-Out, is a strait between two sand islands, and the entrance to the mouth of a small r. called New r., which, rising in Lenoir, and thence traversing Ons- low CO., opens to the Atlantic ocean by this entrance. New r., small stream of Beaufort dist. S. C, draining the swamps between Savannah and CoosawHatchie rs., flows s. s. e., and near the Atlantic ocean breaks into several branch. es, one entering the estuary of Savannah r. , and another Calibogue sound. New r., of La., is the drain of the lowlands between the Miss, and Amite rs., and flowing N. E. by E., falls into the s. w. angle of lake Maurepas. New Rociielle, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y., 20 ms. N. N. Y. city, 5 s. White Plains, 143 from Albany, w. side of East r. and Long Island sound, has level, stony, but pretty good soil, has an academy, and comprises several small islands. It was settled by IIu- geanot emigrants from France, whence its name. Pop. 1830, 1,274. New Rumbev, p-v. Harrison co. O., by p-r. 134 ms. N. E. by e. Columbus. Newrv, t. Oxford co. Me., 24 ms. n. w. Pa- ris, N. Androscoggin r., is mountainous nnil Id. Population 1830, 345. Newrv, p-v. watrn. part of Huntingdon co. Pa., 32 ms. n. w. by w. the borough of Hun- tingdon, and by p-r. 122 ms. a little s. of w. Harrisburg. New Sale.m, p-t. Franklin co. Mass., 80 ms. w. Boston, incorporated 1753, is high in the centre, and has Monadnoc n. There is an academy, which was incorporated 1795. Pop. 1830, 1,889. New Salem, p-v. wstrn. part of Fayette co. Pa., 9 ms. N. w. Union, the st. jus. and by p-r. 207 ms. N.w.by w. W. C. New Salem, p-v. Harrison co. Va., by p-r. - 240 ms. wstrd. W. C. New Salem, p-v. Randolph co. N. C, by [i.r. 77 ms. w. Raleigh. New Salem, p.v. Sangamon co. II., 98 ms. N. N. w. Vaiidulia. NEW 351 NEW New Sharon, p-t. Kennebcck co. Mc, s. Somerset co., crossed by Sandy r. a brunch of the Kennebec. Pop., 1830, 1,599. New Shoreiiam, t. Newport co. R. I., on Block isl., all which it comprehends, has but little communication with other places, but possesses a valuable fishery. Pop. 1830, 1,185. Newstead, t. Eric co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 1,926 New Stockdridge, N. Y., a tract of land 6 ms. square, in Augusta, Oneida co., and Smithfield, Madison co. It was granted to the Indians of Stockbridge, Mass., by the Oneida Indians, who were bound to them by ancient treaties and friendship ; but a large portion ot the tribe have removed to iircen Bay within a few years. The Scotch society for promoting Christian knowledge, have for many years supported a missionary among them. New Store, and p-o. Buckingham co. Va., by p-r. 81 ms. wstrd. W. C. Newton, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 9 ms. w. Boston, incorporated 1691, is large, and has Charles r. on 3 sides, along which are broad and rich tracts of meadow. The up- by Powtatuck r., and has a pond, with several manufactories. A toll bridge crosses to Southbury ; 15 school dists. ; the v. is near the centre. Pop. 1830, 3,100. Newtown, p-t. Queen'^ co. N. Y., on w. part Long Isl., 8 ms. e. N. York, s. East r., opposite Hurl Gate, n. King's co., s. w. Flush- ing bay ; extends near half across the isl., la well cultivated, yields grass, vegetables, &c. for tho city, and abounds in fine apides, par- ticularly n fine sort of yellow winter apples called Newtown pippins, which have been sent to various parts of the world. It has a V. near the centre, and some fine country scats. Peat, found near the v. is much used for fuel. It comprises the isls. Two Broth- ers, and two coves, Ilallet's and Kiker's. Pop. 1830, 2,610. Newtown, v. Elmira, Tioga co. N. Y. {See Elmira.) Newtown, p-t. Gloucester co. N. J., 25 ms. s. w. Trenton, s. w. Cooper's cr., s. e. Del. r., opposite Phil., from which it derives the ad- vantage of a market. Camden v. in this t., is on Del. r., and has a ferry to Phil. It is also at the end of the S. Amboy and Camden rail road, which, when completed, will form a lands are hilly and woody. There are 2 falls, I most important route across N. J., for travel, and at the lower are manufactories. Nonan- 1 lers and merchandize passing between New turn, a hill in this t., was the scene of thel York and Phil. Pop. 1830, 3,298. apostle Elliot's first exertions to teach the In dians Christianity, in 1746, and witnessed his success. He was ordained as pastor of the church here in 1664. A Baptist theological seminary was founded here a few years since. Pop. 1830, 2,376. Newton, p-t. and st. jus. Sussex co. N. J., 50 ms. N, Trenton, 28 n. w. Morristown ; it is mountainous e., and gives some of the head streams to Pequest branch and Pawlin's kill. Much of the soil is excellent, and re- markably well cultivated. I'here is an acad- emy, and the v. is pleasant and flourishing. Pop. 1830,3,464. Newton, p-v. Newton, Sussex co. N. J., 28 ms. N. w. Morris, is near the centre of the town, pleasant, with an academy, bank, C. H., a church for Presbyterians, and ono for Ejjiscopalians. Newton, p-v. and borough of Bucks co. Pa., 26 ms. n. n. e. Phil., and 11 w. Trenton, N. Jersey. Newton Mills, p-o. Licking co. O., by p-r. 42 ms. estrd. Columbus. Newton's, p-o. Greene co. Ky., by p-r. 84 ms. s. w. Frankfort. Newtown, p-v. Worcester co. Md. 8 ms. n. w. Snow Hill, and by p r. 159 ms. e. e. by e. W. C. Newtown, p-v. northern part King and Queen co. Va., by p-r. 99 ms. a little w. of s. W. C. and 38 ms. n. e. Richmond. Newtown, p-v. Scott co. Ky. 25 ms. from P'rankfort. Newtown, p-v. Hamilton co. O. by p-r. 120 ms. s. w. Columbus. Newtown, Hamilton, p-v. Mifflin co. Pa. Newtown SauARE, p-v. northern part Del. CO. Pa. 15 ms. a little n. of w. Phil. Newtown STEpnENSBUR«, p-v. Frederic co. Va. by p-r. 79 ms. n. w. by w. W. C, and 10 ms. N. w. Wincliestcr. Newtown Trat, p-v. in the s. western part Frederic co. Md. about 9 ms. s. w. tho city of Frederick, and by p-r. 51 ms. n. w. W. C. New Trenton, p-v. Franklin co. Ind. by p-r. 81 ms. a little s. of e. Indianopolis. New TRiror.i, p-v. Lehigh co. Pa. by p-r. 187 ms. N. e. W. C. New Troy, p-v. near the right bank of Sus- quehannah r. Luzerne co. Pa. 5 ms. above and N. N. e. Wilkesbarre, and 120 ms. n. n. e. Newtown, t. Rockingham co. N. H., 40 ms. Harrisburg. s. E.Concord, 27 s. w. Portsmouth, n. Mass.,! New Utrecht, t. Kings co. N. Y. w. end 5,250 acres, contains one third of Country 'of Long isl. opposite the narrows, the en- pond, and 2 small ones connected with it ; with trance into N. Y. harbor, 9 ms. s. city, e. and good grass land. First settled 1720. Thel n. Hudson r. It is hilly aTid stony w., level Baptist church is the oldest of that denomina-' interior, with sandy soil, and has suffered tion in N. H. Pop. 1830, 510. j from fever and ague, a few years. One of Newtown, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn., s. w.- the best shad fisheries is in this t. Bath, on Housatonic r., 48 ms. s. w. Hartford, 26 n. w. N. Haven, is almost triangular, with 50 sq. ms., on high ground, hilly surface, gravelly the shore, is resorted to from N. Y. for ba- thing, fishing, and shooting. The v. about a mile from this spot, ki^ a plain, in a retir- soil, yields much rye and fruit. It is crossed ^ed situation. On the n. ie ilie w. end of a NEW 352 NEW long ridge, extending through the isl., n. of the great plains, e. to Southhold. They wore important in the revolution. The British ar- my landed at Bath, 1776. Fort Lafayette, triangular with 3 tiers of guns, on a small isl. w. of this 1., with the works on the shore, de- fends the entrance of N. Y. harbor on the e. Nyak point and fort Lewis are on the same shore. Pop. 1830, 1,217. New Vernon, v. Morris co. N. J. 3 ms. s. Morristown. Newville, p-v. western part ^Cumberland CO. Pa. and near the right bank of Conedog- winet, 16 ms. w. Carlisle. Newville, p-v. Barnwell dist. S. C. by p-r. 14 ms. from Barnwell C. H., and 76 s. s. w. Columbia. right to any portion of it, made a grant to hia brother, the duke of 'York and Albany, of the whole extent of country, from Nova Scotia to Del. bay ; and the same year took possession of it by conquest. In 1673, it was recaptured by the Dutch ; and the year following was re- stored by treaty to the English. Thus it re- mained one of the British colonies till the war of the revolution, and the adoption of a free constitution by the people. In 1790, Vt., previously a part of N. York, became a sep- arate state. In 1821, the amended constitu- tion, was adopted by the state of N. Y. under which it is at present governed. By this constitution the legislative power is vested in a senate and assembly, the former consisting of 32, and the latter of 128 members. The Newville, p-v. Richland co. O. by p-r. 76 'former chosen for- 4 years by districts, and ms. N. e. Cohmibus. jthe latter elected annually by counties. The New Vineyard, t. Somerset co. Me. n. executive power is vested in a governor, Tiennebec co., is rough, and crossed by a who holds his office for 2 years. A lieuten- branch of Seven-miles brook, branch of Ken- ant governor is chosen at the same time and nebec r. Pop. 1830, 869. for the same term, who is qualified to act as New Wasuington, p-v. Clarke co. Ind. by governor whenever that office becomes va- p-r. 94 ms. s. s. E. Indianopolis. cant; and is also president of the senate. New York, one of the most important of I The judiciary consists of a court of chancery, the U. S., bounded N. by Canada, Lake Onta- 1 a supreme court with 3 judges, 8 circuit rio, and the river St. Lawrence, which sepa-j courts in as many different circuits, which cor- rates it from Canada, e. by Vt., Mass. and I respond to the senatorial dists., &- the superior Conn., s. by the Atlantic, N. Jersey and Pa., ! court of the city of N. Y. consisting of 3 and w. by Pa., lake Erie and Niagara river, ! judges. Beside these are the county and which separates it from Canada It is situated between 40° 30' and 45° n. lat. and between 3° 45' e. and 2° 50' w. W. C, (not including Long Isl., which extends e. to long. 5° 50',) and contains 46,085 sq. miles. justice courts, &,c. The senate, with the chancellor and justices of the supreme court, constitute a court of impeachment and for the correction of errors. "The right of suffrage is enjoyed by every male citizen of the age including lakes and islands. Its greatest] of 21 years, who has resided one year in the length from e. to w. (excepting Long Island) is 316 ms., and its greatest breadth from n. to s. 304 ms. The tract now composing N. Y. was originally included in the grant of Virginia, made by Queen Elizabeth ; and in the grants ofN. and s. Virginia, made in 1606 by James I. This part of the continent, how- state, and six months in the town or county where he offers his vote ; having paid a tax within the year, or legally served as a militia man or fireman, or labored upon the public highways, &c. The surface of the state of N. Y. is greatly diversified, but in general maybe considered ever, was not known to the Europeans until; as an elevated tract, with numerous indenta- 1609, when it was first discovered by Henry Itions and depressions, which form the basins Hudson, an enterprizing English navigator, j of lakes and the valleys of fertilizing streams, then in the employ of the Dutch East India I There are several ridges of mtns., which in company. After sailing 150 ms. up the river j general are considered as continuations of the that now bears his name, he returned to Eu-| Alleghany ridges. The Cattskill mtns., the rope and communicated to the Company, the j highest in the state, are about 3,800 ft. above result of his voyage. In 1013, a trade with' the level of the sea. The form of this state the natives was commenced by the Dutch, lis irregular, and it enjoys very great advanta- and trading establishments were formed at; ges for commerce, agriculture, and manufac- New Amsterdam and fort Orange, (jwu) the tures, which have been greatly improved. It cities of New York and Albany In 1621, the Dutch government, desirous of founding a colony in America, granted to the Dutch West India company, an extensive territory on both sides of the Hudson, called New Ne tlievlande. The boundaries were not accu- rately defined, but were considered by the company as extending to the Connecticut r has a large extent of sea coast, with all the southern shore of lake Ontario, most of the w. shore of lake Champlain and the e. end of lake Erie, with the whole course of the Hud- son, navigable in ships of the line to Hudson, and in sloops to the Mohawk r. The Mo- hawk, the branches of the Susquehannah, and other streams afford abundance of water pow- at the north, and the Delaware on the south, jer, and at the same time diversify and fertil. In 1623, they erected a fort on the Del., and I ize the state. In the valley of Genesee a few years after, anotjeron the Connecticut.] r. is some of the best wheat country in the This territory coutin'ied in their possession, world; and many other parts of the state are till 1664, whjc CS'Iiarles II. denying their I remarkable for their fertility. The principal NEW 353 productions are wheat and other grain, flour, provisions, salt, pot and pearl ashes, and lum- ber. Now York also abounds in various natural curiosities and mineral productions : among which, the most remarkable are the Trenton, Cohoes and Glenn's falls on the Mohawk and its branches, and the cataract of, Niagara, the largest in the world, by which the waters of lake Erie and the other great lakes, pass into lake Ontario, over a preci- pice of 160 ft. In the western parts of the state are found large quantities of gypsum, which are used very extensively for agricul- tural purposes. At Sing Sing, on the Hud- son, is an excellent quarry of marble, which is much used in architecture. In the cos. w. of lake Champlain, are vast beds of iron ore, and the iron mines of Columbia co. are also highly valuable and extensively wrought. Traces of other metals, as silver, lead, zinc, and titanium, have also been observed in va- rious parts of the state. And of minerals which may be deemed rather objects of curi- osity than of real value, this state affords abundant varieties. There are 56 counties in this state, which, under the apportionment of 1832, are divided into 32 congressional districts, and are entitled to 40 representa- tives in congress. The number of cities is 7, viz. : Albany (the capital), N. York, the lar- gest and most important city in the U. States, Troy, Hudson, Soheneciady, Utica and Buf- falo. The number of towns is 764, and of in- corporated villages, 102. The progressive population of the state of New York is almost without a parallel. In 1700 it amounted to about 20,000 j and in 17.30 to about 50,000; in 1749 there were 100,000 inhabitants ; in 1770, 160,000 ; in 1790,340,120; in 1800, 586,050 ; in 1810, 959,049 ; and in 1820, 1,372,812. In 1830 there were 1,918,608, as follows : Counties. Now York, Niagara, Ouiida, Oiiatidnga, Ontario, Orange, Orleans, Oswego, Otsego, Putnam, Q,u8ens, RmiSBellaer, Riclimond, Rockland, Saratoga, St. Lawrence, Schenectady, Scliohario, Seneca, Steuben, Suffolk, Sullivan, Tioga, Tompkins, Ulster, Warren, Washington, Wayne, West Chester, Yates, NEW "Pop. 18207 123,706 7,322 71,326 41,461 35,312 41,213 7,625 12,374 44,856 1 1,268 21,519 40,153 6,135 Pop. 1830. 203,007 18,485 71,326 58,974 40,167 45,372 18,873 27,104 51,372 12,701 22,278 49,472 7,084 9,388 38,616 36,351 12,334 27,910 21.031 Counties. Albany, Alleghany, Broome, Cataraucfug, Cayuga, Ohatauque, Chenango, Clinton, Columbia, Cortland, Delaware, Dutchess, Krie, F.sscx, Franklin, Genesee, Greene, Hamilton, Herkinwr, Jofferson, Kings, Ijewis, Ijivingstnn, M.idison, Monroe, Montgomery , Pop. 1800. 3S,U6 9,330 11,100 4,090 38,897 12,568 31,215 12,070 38,330 16, .507 26,587 46,615 1.5,668 12,811 4,159 39,835 22,996 1,251 31,017 32,9.52 11,187 9,227 19,196 32,208 26,529 27,569 Pop. 1S30. 53,500 26,218 17,582 16,726 47,947 36,657 37,401 19,311 30,9, 8,837 36,052 10.037 13,081 23,154 17,773 21,989 33,975 21,272 26,780 8,900 12,372 14,716 27,701 26,178 36,545 30,934 36,559 9,453 11,795 38,831 42,615 20,319 33,515 32,638 30,459 11,025 19,019 Of the above were white males, 951,516; females, 916,670 ; free colored males, 21,- 465 ; females, 23,404 ; slaves, males 12 ; fe- males 64. To these is to be added, aliens in the city of New York, not originally re- turned, 5,477. Included in the foregoing population are deaf and dumb persons, whites 842 ; colored, 41. Blind, whites 642 ; col- ored 82. Aliens 52,488. This state carries on an extensive foreign commerce with all parts of the world ; for the most part through the city and port of N. York. The number of vessels that arrived at New York from foreign ports, during the year ending Dec. 1831, was 1,634 ; of which 1 ,264 were American. {See art. N. Y. city.) The inland trade is also very thriving, and has been greatly increased by canals, rail roads and other works of public enterprize and improvement. The Erie canal, the long- est in the world, being 360 miles in length, connects the navigation of Hudson river with 23,69."} that of lake Erie, the western lakes and the 32,933 Ohio canal. The Champlain canal connects 50,9291 it with that of lake Champlain ; and the Del- aware and Hudson canal, with Delaware and Lackawana rs. The canal debt amounted on the first day of January, 1831, to 7,825,035 dollars. 9,653 dollars of the stock has been cancelled, and 240,263 dollars has been bor- rowed during the past year, for continuing the works upon the Chemung and Crooked Lake canals, so that the debt on the first day of January amounted to 8,055,645 dollars. The receipts into the treasury of revenue on account of the canal fund during the year ending the 30th day of September,1831, are : On account of tolls, 722,896 dollars ; from 35,710 19,387 ir,3l:^ 51,992 29,525 1,325 35,869 48,515 20,537 14,9.58 27,719 39,037 49,862 43,593 45 NEW 354 NEW other BourccB, 307,019 dollars. These ro- ceipta, however, do not Include the ooUoctionB of tolls and salt duties for the month of Sep- tember. Canals are in progress or contemplation to open a communication with the navigable wa- ters of Pennsylvania, and between important streams in this state. A rail road has just been completed between Albany and Sche- nectady, called the Mohawk and Hudson rail road ; and many others are projected. The commerce of lake Erie has rapidly increased; and about 130 vessels of 70 tons each are now employed on the southern shore, besides ]6 steamboats, of from 150 to 400 tons. Within the past year 75,000 tons wore enter- ed at the BufTalo custom house. 23,467 bar- rels of flour, 200,802 bushels of wlioat, 8,426 bbls. of pork, 1,768 do. ashes, 1,044 do. whis- key, 11,040 barrels of salt, passed through the Welland canal previous to the 30th Sep- tember. At least 60,000 barrels of salt from the state of Now York must have have been transported on lake Erie to various markets, beside large quantities that were detained in different ports, by tho early closing of the nav- igation. Not less than 70,000 barrels of flour, 500,000 bushels of wheat, 5,000 barrels of pork, 3,000 barrels of ashes, 10,000 barrels of lake fish and an incalculable amount of other products of the country, have found their way to market by means of this lake during 1831. The steamboats in this state in 1831, were estimated at 86 ; the principal part of which ran from the city of N. York. One of them measured 527 tons. Tho most rapid boats Madison co.; Hartwick, Otsego co.; — 2 med* ical colleges ; one at New York city and one at Fairfield, Herkimer co. — 57 academies ' and seminaries which derive part of their sup. port from the public fund. The regents of the university, 21 in number and appointed by the legislature, may grant degrees in med- icine and the arts, and control the income of the literature fund ; dividing it among the 8 senate districts, among the incorporated seminaries of learning, except colleges, in proportion to their numbers of students. They are also authorized to report on the colleges and academies to the legislature. 9,333 school districts, furnishing instruction to 497,257 pupils. The productive capital of tho school fund amounts to ^1,704,159 40 cents. Tho rev- enue actually received on account of this fund, for tho 10 months ending September 30, 1831, has been 80,043 86. The receipts are estim- ated by the comptroller at $>96,350, for the coming year. The unproductive portion of tho school fund consists of about 850,000 acres of land, lying principally in the fourth senate district. The value of these lands has been estimated at .^400,000 ; which sum, if added to tho present productive capital, would make a total of more than 2,000,000 of dollars. During the last twelve years, and since the scliool system has been in fair operation un- der the act of 1819, tho average annual in- crease of children,between 5 and 16,hasbeen 16,008 ; and the average increase of scholars instructed has been 16,860 each year. There are 2 institutions for'the instruction have run between tho 2 cities ofN. York and of the deaf and dumb ; one at the city of New Albany in less than 10 hours. The mail is carried from N. York to Quebec (almost the whole distance in steamboats) in 96 hours. In this stato there aro 200 woollen manufactories; 112 cotton mills, with a cap- ital of $4,485,500, manufacturing 21,010,920 yds. valued at,f 3,530,250, and using 7,961,670 lbs. of cotton annually, and employing 15,970 persons : — above 200 iron works, making ,^4,000,000 worth : — 50 paper mills, making $700,000 worth : — leather made to about the value of Jf 3,458,000 ; and hats to the value of $3,500,000, &c. , was 2,252 ; in 1815, 2,507 ; in 1820, 3,520 ; in 1825, 5,018 ; and in 1830, 5,537. One sixth of these have commotion, and is covered with white foam, while the rocks overhang it from a great height on three sides, dripping with the moisture which rises in large clouds of mist. Niagara, co. N. Y. is bounded by lake On- tario or Upper Canada n., Orleans and Genesee co. e., Tonawanta creek or Erie co. been from consumption, and, e.xccpt to those s., Niagara river w. IG ms. by 28, 448 square inclined to consumptive disorders, the city generally i» very healthy. Tiie number of churches in the city is upwards of 100, cm- bracing some of almost eveiy denomination of christians. The population of the city of New York in- creased very moderately during the earlier periods of its history. Among the earlier dates, we find that in 1GU6 it amounted to 4,302, and in 1780 it had only increased to 23,614, a period of 80 years. Since that time its growth has been exceedingly rapid ; in 4 years afterwards,, 1790, the population had increased to 33,131, and at subsequent peri- ods it was as follows ; in 1800. 60,489 ; in 1810, 96,373 ; in 1820,123,706; in 1825, 166,- 086, and in 1830, 202,589. New York, p-v. western part of Albe- marle co. Va. 18ms.w. Charlotteville, and by p-r. 143 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. New York, p-v. Switzerland co. Indiana, byp-r. 114 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. Niagara, r. on the n. w. boundary of New York, and a part of the boundary of the U. S. 36 ms. long, from 1-2 m. to 6 or 7 ms. wide, empties the waters of lake Erie into lake Ontario, has several islands, great rapids, and the cataract of the same name, which is the most remarkable in the world. The shores are low and nearly level from lake Erie to the falls, and but little inhabited, and Grand isl. 12 miles in length, and 7 broad in the 1 widest part, divides its channel a part of its course. Tonawanta and Chippewa creeks empty into the r., the latter from the Canada side ; the former supplies Erie canal to Roch- ester, and serves as the first part of the route. The surface of Niagara r. is smooth to the rapids, where it is broken by ledges of rocks, over a descending bed, for about 3-4 m. and then is precipitated from a perpendicular wall of rock, 160 feet high on the American side, and 174 feet on the Canadian side. The precipice near the middle of the cataract is much higher up the r. than near the shores, and forms an irregular arch, or horse shoe, towards the west side. Goat isl. also occu- pies a part of the channel and divides the cataract into two unequqj parts, but is con- ms. has 7 towns, is crossed by the mountain ridge, between 7 and 9 ms. from the lake and nearly parallel to the shore. In its highest part this ridge is 330 ft. above the lake. The part is agreeably varied. The soil is good. The alluvial way is an inferior eleva- tion, 3 or 4 ms. n. of the mountain ridge, partly in this co. remarkably uniform, and serving for the route of a good road, Tus- carora and Eighteen Miles creeks are the principal streams in the co. but small. The rapids in Niagara river, however, aflbrd good mill sites. Eric canal enters from Orleans co. runs at the foot of a mountain ridge to Lock- port, where it surmounts that obstacle by one of the most expensive and splendid works on its whole route. The excavations are great, for the deep cut and the basin ; and the vast water power is of great value. Since the formation of the canal, Lockport has been formed from a wilderness to a considerable village. From this place the canal passes ta Tonawanta creek, on the s. line of the county. The falls of Niagara are in this co. and the portage of 8 miles round them. Welland canal, (on the Canada side) has been con- structed to effect a navigation round the falls. In 1796, there was but one family in the limits of this CO. The settlers were from different parts of the country, some from Canada. Pop- 1830, 14,482. Niagara, p-t. Niagara co. N. Y. 300 ma. w. Albany, 11 s. w. Lockport, 11 n. e. Lewis- ton, at the falls of Niagara, has a varied and agreeable surface, sloping towards the river, with a light soil, in some parts good. Man- chester village is at the rapids, near the falls, 7 ms. from Lewiston. It is small, but has a large hotel for visiters, who annually appear in great numbers, to see this noblest cataract in the world. Several mills arc moved by the water at the rapids. A bridge reaches to Goat island, a little above the precipice, and a covered spiral staircase conducts to the foot of the falls on the main land from both ; the views ofthe falls are va- rious and interesting. Gypsum is found in the rocks. Fort Schlosser, a stockade, built after the old French war, stood at the mouth nectcd with the American shore by a bridge, of Gill creek on Niagara river, 1 1-2 miles The Riddle sttair case conducts the visitor in above the falls. It was surrendered to the safely from Goat isl. to the rocks below ; and United States 1796. Pendleton village is in there are .''tair cases on the sides of the cata-lthe s. e. part of this town. Pop. 18.30, 1,401. ract, as well as spacious hotels. Several persons have at diflerent times been carried over the precipice, and none have ever sur- vived. Ducks have sometimes been picked up alive after the fall, with legs and wings broken. The waters arc precipitated into a gnlf, which is constantly kept in a state of Niagara, village, Porter, Niagara county, N. Y, 7 miles n. Lewiston, at the mouth of Niagara river, on the shore of lake Ontario. Fort Niagara is on this site. Nichols, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y. 10 miles w. Owego, s Susquehannah river. Population 1830, 1,284.' NIS 358 NOR Nicholas, CO. of Va,, bounded by Pocahon- tas E., Green Brier s. e. and s., Now river, separating it from Logan, s. w., Kenhawa w., Lewis N., and Randolph n. e. Length 50 ms., mean width 28, and area, 1,400 sq. ms. Ex- tending in lat. from 38° 4' to 38° 43' and in long, from 3° 18' to 4° 12' w. W. C. The declivity is a little s. ofw., drained by Gauley r. on the sthrn., and Elk r. on the nrthrn side. Pop. 1820, 1,853 ; 1830, 3,349. Nicholas, C. H. and and p-v. Nicholas co. Va. 310 ms. wstrd. W. C, and 268 n. w. by w. Richmond, lat. 38° 18', long. 3° 48' w. W. C. Nicholas, co. of Ky., bounded s. w. by Bourbon, w. and n. w. by Harrison, n. by Bracken, n. e. by Mason, e. by Fleming, and s. E. by Bath. Length 30, mean width 12, and area, 360 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 12' to 38° 33', and in long, from 6° 47' to 7° 10' w. W. C. The main volume of Licking r. crosses this co. in a nthwstly. di- rection, following the general d£clivity. Chief t. Carlisle. Pop. Ib20, 7,973; 1830, 8,832. NicHOLASviLLE, p-v. and St. of jus. Jessa- mine CO. Ky. 30 ms. s. e. Frankfort, and 14 s. s. w. Lexington. Lat. 37° 52', long. 7° 33' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 408. Nicholson, p-v. nrthwstrn. part of Luzerne CO. Pa. 32 ms. above Wilkesbarre, and by p-r. 146 ms. above Harrisburg. Nicholson, p-o. Copiah co. Miss, about 60 ms. a little n. of e. Natchez, and 70 ms. s. s. w. .Tackson. Nicksville, p-v. Lovely co. Ark. NiLEs, p-v. sthestrn.part Berrien co. Mich. by p-r. 179 ms. s. w. by w. i w. Detroit. Lat. 41° 51', long. 9° 18' w. W. C. As laid down by Tanner on his improved U. S. map it is situated on St. Joseph's r. 5 ms. n. of the boundary between Ind. and Mich. NiMisiLA, p-v. Stark co. O. by p-r. 117 ms. N. e. by E. Columbus. Nine mile creek, and p-o. Blount co. Ten. by p-r. 155 ms. a little s. of e, Nashville. Nine mile prairie, p-o. Perry co. III. by p-r. 127 ms. sthrd. Vandalia. Nineveh, p-v. n. part Frederick co. Va.by p-r. 81 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. Nippenose, p-o. sthrn. part Lycoming co. Pa. by p-r. 104 ms. w. Harrisburg. NisHNEBATONA, r. conflueut of Mo. r. ri- ses at about lat. 42°, flowing thence by a general course of a little w. of s., inclining upon that part of Mo. immediately above and below the mouth of Platte r., and inflecting with the former finally falls into it a short dis- tance below the influx of little Nemawhaw. The valley of Nishnebatona lies between those of Mo. and Naudoway. NisKAYUNA, t. Schenectady co. N. Y. 12 ms. N. w. Albany, s. w. Mohawk r., n. Albany CO., E. Schenectady, is small, with much poor sandy land, but some good on the r. The , people are of Dutch origin. Alexander's bridge crosses Mohawk r. in the n. e. corner, I where are mill^, a dam, and the upper acque- ! duct, 748 feet long, and 25 high, on which passes the Erie canal ; near it are 3 locks of 7 ft. lift. Pop. 1830, 452. NisKAYUNA, Shaker v. Schenectady co. N. Y. (-See Watervliet.) NiTTANY, p-v. nrthwstrn. part Centre co. Pa. 16 ms. N. w. Bellcfonto, and by p-r. 101 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. Nixon's p-o. Randolph co. N. C. by p-r, 94 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. Noah's fork and p-o. nthwstrn. part Bed- ford CO. Ten. 60 ms. s. e. Nashville. NoBLEBORouGH, p-t. Liucolu CO. Me. 16 ms. E. N. E. Wiscasset, e. Damariscotta r. Car- ries on a considerable trade. Pop. 1830, 1,876. NoBLESBORO' Or NoBLESTOWN, p-V. OU RobC- son's run, in the sthwstrn. part Alleghany co. Pa. 1 1 ms. s. w. by w. Pittsburg. NoBLESTOWN, p-v. Alleghany co. Pa. by p-r. 212 ms. w. Harrisburg, and 12 ms. s. w. Pittsburg. NoBLESviLLE, p-v. and St. jus. Hamilton co. Ind. by p-r. 22 ms. n. n. e. Indianopolis. Lat. 40° 03', long. 9° w. W. C. NoLACHUCKY, r. of N. C. and Ten., has its remote sources in the western slope of the Blue ridge, and northern part of Buncombe co. opposite the sources of Catawba, and between those of French Broad and Watauga rs.; draining the nrthrn. part of Buncombe, and flowing by a general n. w. course, traverses the mtn. pass between the Bald and Iron mtns., enters Ten., where, passing over Washington and Greene cos. joins French Broad. (See Ten. r.) NoLACiiucKY, P-v. on Nolachucky r. sthrn. part Greene co. Ten. by p-r. 286 ms. e. Nash- ville. NoLAND's ferry and p-o., Loudon co. Va. by p-r. 43 ms. a little above and n. w. W. C. I'he p-o. is nearly opposite, though rather above the mouth of Monocacy r. NoLE.NsviLLE, p-v. nrthrn. part Williamson CO. Ten. 16 ms. a little e. of s. Nashville. No-man's-land, isl. Dukes co. Mass. s. or the s. w. end of Martha's Vineyard. It is small, and lies in long. 6° 15' e. W. C, lat. 41° 1.5'. Norfolk, co. Mass. bounded n. by Middle- sex CO., n. e. and e. by Mass. bay and Plymouth co., s. E. and s. by Plymouth and Bristol COS., s. w. by Rhode Island, and w. by Worcester and Middlesex cos. It is princi- pally watered by Neponset and Charles rs., and their tributaries, and contains 22 towns, of which Dedham is the capital. The two streams mentioned are singularly connected by Mother brook, which thus renders a part of the CO. an island. The waters of Stony brook are almost on a level with it. Blue hills on the n. are of considerable elevation, but the surface is not very uneven. The n. part has many fine country seats, belonging chiefly to citizens of Boston ; and its vicinity to the city, afibrds a valuable market to the farmers of the co., in which some of the most beautiful farms and rural scenes in' the state NOR 359 NOR are found. That part contiguous to Boston was occupied in the rovolutionnry war, and during the siege of that place, by the Ameri- can troops ; and remains of military works are still to be found. It is crossed by the great route from Boston to Providence, and a rail road, which is projected between the two places, will, doubtless, greatly increase the already great amount of travel and transpor- tation through the co. The amount of man- ufactures in this CO. is considerable. Its sur- face is generally diluvial, with rocks of sien- itc granite, or graywacke. The uplands are rounded gravel from the interior, sand and clay mingled, and the valleys marshy with peat. Large masses of rock lie on the sur- face, for 10 ms. s. of Blue hills, s. e. of the ledges from which they have been torn ; but the sicnito and green stone ledges arc most remote. Diluvial gravel lies upon the slope from Blue hills to Neponest r. The Quincy rail road, the first constructed in the U. S. is in the e. part of this co. Pop. 1820, 36,471 ; 1830, 41,972. Norfolk, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn. 35 ms. N. w. Hartford, s. Mass. ; 4i ms, by 9 ; 44 sq. ms. ; is on high ground, crossed by granite ridges from N. e. The soil is cold, but the grazing good ; and the trees chiefly oak and chestnut, with some maple. 20,000 lbs. of maple sugar were once made here annually. Blackberry, Mad, Sandy and other rs., sup- ply water and mill sites. Much iron is man- ufactured here. Pop. 1830, 1,485. Norfolk, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 32 ms. N. E. Ogdensburgh, 224 from Albany. Watered by Racket r. at the falls of which is a v., at the head of boat navigation. Pop. 1830, 1,039. Norfolk, co. Va. bounded by Nansemond w., Hampton Roads and Lynhaven bay n., Princess Anne co. e., and Currituck and Cam- den cos. N. C. s. Length from s. to n. 32, mean width 17 ms., and area 544 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36i° to 36° 59', and in long, from 0° .33' to 1° 2' e. W. C. This co. is composed of two inclined planes of very little declivity. The nrthrn. section is drain- ed by the confluents of Elizabeth river. (See Elizabeth r.) The southern part includes great part of the Dismal Swamp and lake Drummond, and drained sthwrdly. into Pas- quotank r. (See Dismal Swatnp canal.) Chief t. Norfolk. Pop. 1820, 15,465, including that of the borough of Norfolk, 6,987 exclu- sive of the borough. In 1830, 24,814, Norfolk, borough, p-t. and s-p. of Norfolk CO. Va. situated on the right bank of Eliza- beth r., 8 ms. above Hampton Roads. Lat. 36° 52', long. 0° 44' e. W. C. By p-r. 217 ms. s. s. E. W. C, and 114 s. e. by e. Rich- mond The Dismal Swamp opens to Norfolk, the commerce of the great basins of Roanoke and Chowan ; in consequence some of the finest sections of Va. and N. C, drained into Albe- marle sound. Norfolk contains a theatre, marine hospital, academy, orphan asylum, athcneum, a branch of the V. S. bank, and 2 state banks. It contains also numerous private schools, and several places of public worship. The site of Norfolk, similar to the sur- face of the adjacent country, is low, level, and in part marshy : but the streets being well paved, obviates many natural disadvantages. The progressive pop. of this borough pre- sents some curiousfacts. It contained in 1810. Whites, 4,776 Free colored, 592 Slaves, 3,825 1820. 4,618 599 3,261 1830. 5,131 928 3,757 Total, 8,478 9,816 9,193 showing an increase of 1,338, in the latter period. The relative increase of the whites and slaves being very nearly equal, at about 11 per cent. NoRRisTOWN, p-v. borough and st. jus. Montgomery co. Pa. situated on the left bank of Schuylkill r., 1 6 ms. above and n. w. Phil. and by p-r. 143 ms. n. e. W. C. Lat. 40° 08', long. 1° 42' e. W. C. The site of Norristown and the adjacent country are delightful. It contains an academy, some places of public worship, and the county edifices. Pop. 1820, 827. Norman's kill, brook, Bethlehem Albany, CO. N. Y. enters Hudson r, 2i ms. s. Albany, 28 ms. long, supplies large mills. Norridgewock, p-t. St. jus. Somerset co. Me, 35 ms. w, by n. Hallowel, 94 n. n. e. Portland, 28 Augusta, has a C. H., jail, &c. and has considerable trade. Pop. 1830, 1,710. Norrisville, p-o. Wilcox co. Ala. by p-r. 127 ms. s. Tuscaloosa, North Adams, v. Adams, Berkshire co. Mass, 15 ms. n. Pittsfield, 40 e. Albany, 5 e. from Williams college, is a flourishing manu- facturing place. There are, in and about the village, 12 cotton and woollen factories, (about 24 in the town,) 2 calico print works, 3 furnaces, and several extensive establish- ments for making cotton and woollen ma- chinery, &c. Northampton, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 7 ms. s. Portsmouth, 50 from Concord, w. Atlantic ocean, has 8,465 acres, 2 small streams, and Little Boar's Head point. Gar- rison houses were built early, to protect the people against the Indians. Pop. 1830, 766. Northampton, p-t. st. jus. Hampshire co. Mass. 95 ms. w. Boston, 42 n. Hartford, 18 N. Springfield. It is one of the oldest and Norfolk harbor admits vessels of ISlpleasantest towns in that part of the state. It feet draught, and renders the borough the most, lies w. Conn. r. with a varied surface, good commercial depot of Va. It is defended by j soil, and between 3,000 and 4,000 acres of .1 fortress on Craney isl. and some other forts. c,\cellcnt meadows. The Hampshire and It appears, indeed, from examinations made Hampden canal, partly completed, and con- by the U. S. commissioners, that Hampton nected with the Farmington canal in Conn, is Roads.though so extensive, admit of complete I to join the Conn, river here. It contains 4 defence against foreign attack. NOR 360 NOR churches, for Calvinists, Baptists, Episcopali- ans, and Unitarians. A court house, jail, town house, bank, a fine hotel, &c. in the village, which is large, and was in past days, the res- idence of president Edwards, David Brain- ard. Gov. Strong, and other disiini;uished men. First settled 1664, and for many years the village was surrounded with a palisade. It was attacked and threatened at different times by Indians. A great deal of manufac- turing is carried on here, 700 men being en- gaged in cotton and woollen factories ; a woollen factory, 4 1-2 ms. w. of the village, on a fall of 50 feet, works 1,384 spindles, 35 broadcloth and 8 satinet looms, and employs 110 persons, consuming 130,000 lbs. of wool, and making 42,000 yards of broadcloth, and 36,000 of satinet. A button manufactory employs 30 persons. There are in the town, dwelling houses, 417 ; stores and shops, 69 ; barns, 302 ; mills of various kinds, 26 ; of tillage, 2,635 ; bush- els of rye raised, 6,257; oats, 5,050; Indian corn, 31,000 ; acres of mowing, 2,148 ; tons -of hay, 2,394; acres of pasture, 4,060 ; bbls. of cider, 2,150 ; acres of woodland, 4,414 ; horses, -334 ; oxen, 174 ; steers and cows, 866 ; sheep, 4,000 ; woollen factories, 3 ; spindles, 1,152; carriages and chaises, 3,525. Mount Holyoke, a fine eminence on the opposite bank of the river, is a favorite resort and commands one of the most beautiful views in this part of the U.S. The shad fishery is valuable, and steam navigation is to be extended hither by the boats from Hartford. In 1786, during Shay's rebellion, a body of insurgents were dispersed hereby the sheriff. Pop. 1830, 3,613. Northampton, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y. 17 ms. N. E. Johnstown, 42 ms. n. n. w. Al- bany, 22 N. w. Ballstown Spa, w. Saratoga county, 4 ms. by 8, is crossed by Sacandaga river and has 3 small mill streams, and good level land, but 1,000 acres of the great vlie or swamp. At the fish house where Sir Wil- liam Johnson sometimes resided is a small village. Pop. 1830, 1,380. Northampton, t., Burlington co., N. J., 7 ms. s. E. Burlington, s. North branch of Ran- kokus cr., W. Monmouth co. Pop. 1830, 5,516 ; it includes the v. of Mnt. HoUey, the St. jus. of the CO. Northampton, co., Pa., bounded by Bucks CO. s., Lehigh s. w., Schuylkill w., Luzerne N. w., Pike N., and Del. separating it from Warren co. N. J., e. Length diagonally from the extreme sthrn. angle on Bucks, to the extreme nthn. on Luzerne, 46 ms. ; the grea- valley of this branch of Del. are in great part commensurate, and the general elope sth- wardly. The surface is, however, greatly diversified, both as to mtn., hill, and dale, and in relative level, independent of mtns. and hills. The Kittatinny mts. ranging something' E. of s. w., divide this co. into two unequal sections; about one third lying below, or s. of the Kittatinny, and the residue above, or nthrd. from that chain. The Lehigh r. de- riving its numerous sources from the very mountainous region above the Kittatinny, pierces that and numerous other chains at nearly right angles ; reaches the nthwstrn. foot of Blue Ridge at AUentown, and turning these to n. e., traverses the mtn. foot to its influx into Del. at Easton. The lower section of Northampton, though comprising only one third of the whole sur- face of the CO., contained in 1820, 22,030, out of 31,765 inhabitants. The valley between the Blue Ridge and Kittatinny chains, averages in Northampton a width of about 10 ms. ; the sthrn. part toward the Blue Ridge resting on limestone, and the opposite on clay slate. The two extreme southern tsps. below the Blue Ridge, lie also partially on limestone. The whole of this sthrn. and lower section has a mean elevation above tide water, of from 250 to 350 ft. The soil is excellent for grain, pasturage, meadow grasses, and orchard fruits. Without regard to the mtns., the vallies above Kittatinny rise like terraces, from 600 to upwards of 1,200 ft. above tide level. It is observed that in the seasons of spring, har- vest, &c., there are two weeks or more be- tween the extremes of this co., and relative height at once explains the phenomenon. But the greatest diflerence and most important to the farmer in the respective sections of North- ampton, is in quality of soil, which deterio- rates gradually, receding to the nrthwstrd. from the Blue Ridge. [See articles, Lehigh, Mauch Chunk, «fcc.) The Lehigh navigation, and a canal from Easton along Del. r. to Bristol, with the enor- mous masses of anthracite coal near Mauch Chunk, have given great importance to the sthrn. part of Northampton. The produce of its fields and pastures are also abundant and valuable, and rapidly augmenting in annual amount. Chief ts. Easton, Bethlehem, Mauch Chunk, Hellerstown, and Stroudsburg. Pop. 1820, 31,765; 1830, 39,267, an increase of24 per ct. Northampton, or AUentown, p-v., borough and St. just., Lehigh co., Pa., situated on the test width wstrd. from Del. r. to the wstrn. point above the junction of the two main angle on Schuylkill and Luzerne, is very near equal to the length. The area being within a trifle of 1,100 sq. ms. The mean breadth is very nearly 24 ms., extending in lat. from 40° 33' to 41° 10', and in long, from 0° 50'tol° 52'E.W.C. Though the Lehigh r. does not rise entire- ly in Northampton co., having its higher bran branches of Little Lehigh, and about a mile from the main Lehigh r., 6 ms. s. w. by w. Bethlehem, and 18 in nearly a similar direc- tion from Easton, 50 ms. a little w. of n. Phil., and by p-r. 178 ms. n. n. e. W. C, lat. 40° 36', long. 1° 30' e. W. C. It is a very pleasant small town, standing on a swelling hill, surrounded by a fine well cultivated chcs in Pike and Luzerne, yet the co. andicountry, and contains a bank, printing office. NOR "SeT NOR numerous dry good stores, and in the vicinity several mcrclinnt mills. NoRTirAMPTo.v, CO., Va., and the sthrn. of the eastern shore, bounded n. by Accomac CO., Va., E. by tlic Atlantic ocean, ands. & w. by Chesapeake bay. Length from s. to x. .32, mean width, if the Atlantic islands are inclu- ded, 10 ms. ; area, 320 sq. ms., extending in lat. from 37° 05' to 37 33', long, from 1° to 1° 28' E. W. C. The surface of this co. is but little broken by hill and dale, but the margin is excessively indented by small creeks, and covered on the Atlantic side by Paramores, Hog, Front's, Smith's, and Fisherman's isl- ands, proceeding sthM-rdly. to Cape Charles. Chief t., Eastville. Pop. 1820, 7,705; 1830, 8,644. Northampton, co., N. C, bounded n. e. in part by Meherin r., separating it from Gates CO., by Hertford e., Bertie s. e., Roanoke r. separating it from Halifa.v s. w., Brunswick CO., Va., N. w., Gi-eenville co. Va., n., and Southampton co. Va., n. e. ; length from s. E. to N. w. 42 ms. ; mean width 13, and area 546 sq. ms. ; extending in lat. from 36° 09' to 36° 30', long, from 0° 08' to 0° 56' w. W. C. Tho' bounded on one of the longest sides by Roanoke r., the general declivity is estwrd. toward Meherin and Chowan rs. Much good soil ; pop. 1820, 13,242 ; 1830, 13,103. NoRTiiAMrToN, C. H. and p-o., Northampton CO., N. C, 70 ms. s. w. Norfolk, Va., and by p-r. 95 N. E. Raleigh. Lat. 36° 24', long. 0° 27' w. W. C. Northampton, p.v., Portage co., O., by p-r. 126 ms. N. E. Columbia. Pop. of the tsp. of Northampton, 1830, 293. North Bloomfusld, p.v., Trumbull co., O., by p-r. 173 ms, n. e. Columbus. NoRTHr.oRouGH, p-t., Worcester co., Mass., 11 ms. E. Worcester, 36 w. Boston, in a val- ley ; has excellent land. Assabet r. has gopd meadows and mill seats ; cotton, shoes, scythes, leather, &c., are manufactured here. It formerly belonged to Marlboro' and suffer- ed from the Indians. A house in this t. was defended against 24 Indians bv a man and a woman in 1704. Pop. 1830, 992. NoRTHBRiDGE, p-t., Worccster CO., Mass., 12 ms. s. E. Worcester, 45 s. w. Boston, is crossed by Blackstone r. and canal, and has large meadows, with uneven uplands, yield- ing good grass, &c. Here are granite quar- ries, and several cotton and woollen factories. Pop. 1830, 1,0.53. North Bridoewater, p-t., Plymouth co., Mass., s. Norfolk co., 20 ms. s. Boston. Pop. 1830, 1,9.53. North Brookfield, t., Worcester co., Mass., G8 ms. w. Boston, has good soil, excel- lent farms, *^'^| Sec. 4. — That the senate and house of com- 23,908 1 j^.,Qj^g^ assembled for the purpose of Icgisla- |J^'5^~^ tion, shall be denominated "The General j Assembly." Sec. 5, provides that the members of the senate must, to be eligible, possess in the co. I from which he is elected 300 acres of land in fee ; and sec. G, makes a similar provision in reuiard to members of the house of commons, except limiting the latter to a property quali- fication of at least 100 acres of land in fee. Sec. 7, makes it necessary to possess the right of suffrage, that the elector shall be 21 years of age, have resided 1 year in the co. next preceding the election, and possess 1 1,968 therein a freehold of 50 acres of land, to vote 20,398 for a senator ; and by sec. 8, like age and res- idence, as necessary to vote for a senator, and having paid public taxes, qualities to vote for a member of the house of commons. Sec. 13. — That the general assembly shall, I by joint ballot of both houses, appoint judges 28,8421 of the supreme courts of law and equity, judg- 27,398 es of admiralty, and nttornies general, who ^|'^:|^ I shall be commissioned by the governor, and '" ' hold their offices during good behavior. Sec. 15, provides for the election of a gov- ernor by joint ballot, for 1 year, and eligible only 3 years in 6 successive years, and must be 30 years of age, have resided in the state 30 j 5 years, and have in the state a freehold in q,jjjj,l 235 954 236889 ' '^"^i^ ^"^^ tenements, above the value of 1,000 'pounds. Sections 31, and 32, read with curious con- trast. The former renders ineligible to a seat in either house of the general assembly, or the council, all clergymen or preachers I'roe colored. Slaves. ! of the go.spel of any denomination ; whilst the j^g^-i32d section disqualifies from every office in .37!.'>H8; the state of profit or trust, all persons who de- 20,095|ny the being of God, the truth of the Protes- ^g'gojtant religion, or the divine authority of either 'x"l4Jthe Old or New Testament, &.c. /Sec. 39, provides for the release of debt- Total, 9,561 9,982 124,313 121 ,288 L,r8 who give up their estates for the benefit Deaf and dumb colored persons, 93; blind, 101. r ,•. j i i Recapitulation. "' creditors, and against whom there is not Whites. Free colored. Slaves. Total.! strong presumption of fr. iiid. 472,843 19,543 245,601 737,987 j /y/.<,/or//.— The first, but abortive attempt to Constitution. — Jinliciary. Tlie constitu-^ colonize what is now the two Carolinas, was tion of N. C. was adopted in conveiuion atj made by the French in the reign of Charles Halifax, 18ih December, 1776. It commen-jthe IX., fioni whom the name Carolina was ces with a bill of rights containing 25 sections, I derived. The French colonization was op- the last of which relates to the boundaries of I posed and prevented by the Spaniards. A the state. The constitution is itself divided second, and again disastrous enterprrse to simply into sections, and provides as follows.! form a settlement on the Carolina coast, was Seel. — That the legislative authority shall! made in I58G, under a patent [!:raiited by be vested in tsvo distinct branches, both de-! Qiicon Elizabeth of England, to Sir Wither pendent on the people, to wit, a senate, and! Raleigh. Under this patent, a small number house of conunons. of adventurers were landed in 1586, who Sec. 2. — That the senate shall be compos- were probably murdered by the natives, as no ed of representatives, annually chosen by bal- trace of their existence or fate could ever be lot, one for each co. in the state. I procured. The coast, under the name of Car- Sec. 3. — That the house of commons shall i olina, remained again desolate 75 years, when be composed of representatives annually chos- in 1661, a small English colony from Mass. en by ballot, two for each co., and one for fixed themselves on the banks of Cape Fear r. each of the towns of Edenton, Newbern, Wil.| Granted by the Enghsh monarchs to various Of the preceding were deaf and dumb, un- der 14 years of :ige, 70 ; from 14 to 25, 81 ; 25 and over, 7'J. Blind 2-.>3. The colored population was as follows ; Mal.-s. llndei 10 years, 2,!38 Fiom 10 to 24 2,955 24 to 36 1,400 36 to 55 1,002 .55 10 ^'^n 1J85 100 and upwards, 21 Feinalijs. 3,287 3,118 1,649 1,179 720 29 Slaves. Males. Females 5,991 NOR 364 NOR proprietors, and to their conflicting proceed- ings was added Locke's scheme of govern- ment. Under so many causes of embarrass- ment, the colony advanced slowly and pain- fully. In the abandonment of Locke's scheme one impediment was removed, but in 1712 a most sanguinary Indian v.'ar broke out, and ravaged the settlements. The proprietary government of Carolina produced so many and so just complaints, that in 1717 it was abolished and the colony became roy;d, and continued so to the revolution, which separa- ted the Carolinas, with other N. American colonies, from Great Britain. In 1720, the colony of Carolina was found too unwieldy for convenient government, and was separated into two, under the relative names of North Carolina, and South Carolina. The inaccessible coast of North Carolina, if disadvantageous commercially, has been a real and extended line of fortifications, to pro- tect the state from invasion on the side of the ocean, and consequently no other section ol the union has felt the evils of two wars with Great Britain, so little as has N. C. In the revolutionary war, some expeditions made from the side of S.C. reached the interior of N. C, but were of more ultimate injury to the enemy than to the invaded country. But though exposed to little of the danger within, the people of N. C. sought it without, and have borne their full share of the perils, and reaped an ample reward, in sharing with their fellow citizens the glory of independence. They were amongst the first who threw off the British yoke, as may be seen by the date of their constitution, 18th Dec. 1776, Fifty- six years of profound and unambitious tran- quillity, in regard to her domestic concerns, has been only broken at long intervals by for- eign war, which when ended, the ploughshare was formed from the falchion, and N. C. may be named amongst the most happy comnumi- ties of the earth. North Castle, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y., 33 ms. N. N. York, 6 s. Bedford, n. w. Conn., is crossed by Byram r., and has Bronx cr. w. on which are mills. The surfiice is irregular, but cultivated, and the Heights noted in the history of the revolution. Pop. 1830, 1,6.53. North Cove, p-o. Burke co. N. C, by p-r. 179 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. North Dover, p-v. Cuyahoga co. O., by p-r. 150 ms. n. n. e. Columbus. North East, p-t. Dutchess co. N. Y., 25 ms. N. E. Poughkeepsic, 95 s. Albany, s. of Columbia co. and Mass., w. of Conn. The town is shaped like a boot, is 10 ms. long, and from 3 to 5 wide, is uneven and stony, and has W. Town mtn. overgrown with trees, but contains much good land. Several brooks supply mills. Wappingcr's cr. rises in Hit- tin's pond. Pop. 1830,^1,689. North East, p-v. nthrn. part Eric co. Pa., by p-r. 348 ms. n. w. W. C. North East, p-v. on North East r., Cecil CO. Md. 6 ms. a little s, of w. Elkton, and by p-r. 82 ms, N. E, W. C. North End, p-v. wstrn. part Matthews co. Va., by p-r. 91 ms. E. RioJimond. NoRTHFiELD, p-t. Washington co. Vt., lO ms. s. w. Montpelier, 35 s. e. Burlington. It contains 18,515 acres, was first settled 1785, and is crossed by Dog r., which has good mill seats ; it bears hemlock, spruce, maple, beach, (fcc. and has generally a good soil. The sur- face is uneven, and crossed n. and s. by a range of slate. It contains 2 villages, sever- al manufactories, and 9 school dists. Pop. 1830, 1,411. Northfield, p-t. Merrimack co. N. IL, 16 nis. N. Concord, s. of Wiunipiseogee r., and e. of Merrimack r., has 20,000 acres, with some good soil. It contains Chestnut pond e., and Sondogardy s., and is crossed by two ridges of high land. The Winnipiseogee and Pem- igevvasset rs.join in the n. w., and form Mer- rimack r. There are several mills, &c. First settled 1760. Pop. 1830, 1,169. Northfield, p-t. Franklin co. Mass., 94 ms. N. w. Boston, s. of New Hampshire, has much excellent land, and extensive and fer- tile meadows. It was settled in 1687, was purchased from the Indians for 200 fath- oms of wampum, and .£57 in merchandize. The settlement was attacked by Indians in 1678, and finally deserted and destroyed. It was resettled, and deserted again, and per- manently occupied at last in 1713, after which some of the inhabitants were killed. Fort Dummer was built in Vernon, Vt., just beyond this town, but was intended to be within its limits, and served to protect it in the French wars against the savases. Pop. 1830, 1,757. Northfield, t. Richmond co. N. Y., 5 ms. N. Richmond. Pop. 1830, 1,262. Northfield, p-v. Vermillion co. II. , by p-r. 162 ms. N. E. Vandalia. Nortiiford, p-v. New Haven co. Conn., 10 ms. N. E. New Haven, 26 s. Hartford. North Fork, p-o. on a branch so called of Licking r. Mason co. Ky., by p-r. 69 ms. n. e, by E. Frankfort. North Haven, t. New Haven co. Conn., 7 ms. N. New Haven, contains about 17 sq. ms. and is nearly level, with hills e. and w. It is crossed by Quinepiack r., navigable 8 ms. Pop. 1830, 1,282. North Hampstead, p-t. and st.jus. Queens CO. N. Y., 20 ms. e. N. York, on Long Island sound. Pop. 1830,3,091. North Hero, p-t. isl. and st. jus. Grand Isle CO. Vt., in Lake Champlain, 26 ms, n. Burlington, 6 w. St. Alban's, contains 6,272 acres. First settled 1783. In 1789 a block house was built here by the British, and given up in 1796. There are no important streams or mill sites, but the soil is very good. The V. is small, with a stone C. H. and jail, and 4 school dists. Northington, p-v. Cumberland co. N, C, by p-r. 10 ms. nthrd. I'ayetteville, co. St., and 51 ms. s. w. Raleigh. North Kingston, p-t. Washington co. R. I., 20 ms. s. w. Providence, w. Narragansctt NOR 365 NOR bay, about 7 ms. by S.SGsq. ms., is hilly, withl - Northumberland, p-t. Coos co. N. H. 130 level land n., and yields irce stone. Several ms. n. Concord, e. Conn, r., opposite Maid- brooks supply mill sites, and aflbrd fish, stone, Vt. ; has very good soil near the river, There is a good harbor at Wickiurd, rarely without stone or gravel, forniorly covered shut by ice; and also two othcrfe, Cole's and with butternut, with some good upland s. Allen's. A few vessels are employed in fish- j Cape Horn mtn. 1,000 feet high, is near the ing on the banks, the shoals, and other parts jceHtre, with Conn. r. on one side, and Upper of the coast, and others arc employed in coast- jAmonoosuck r. on another. Below the mouth ing. There are several factories. Fop. 1830, of the latter is a fall in Conn. r. with a dam, 3,037. niills, &c., above which the meadows are North MiDDLETON, p-v. Bourbon co. Ky., overflown, in tho spring, to a great extent. 49 ms. E. Frankfort North Mokeland, p-v. of Luzerne co. Pa., 20 ms. N. Wilkes Barre, and 134 ms. n. n. e. Harrisburg. North Norwich, p-v. sthrn. part Huron co. O., by p-r. 95 ms. n. n. e. Columbus. Northport, p-t. Waldo co. Me., 14 ms. n. w. Castinc, 40 e. Augusta, s. of Belfast, w. of There is a bridge over Conn. r. There is a small village at the falls. First settled, 1767. There was a fort in the town in the revolu- tion. Pop. 1830, 342. Northumberland, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y., 11 ms. N. E. Ballston Spa, 36 n. of Albany, w. of Hudson r. and Wasliington co., 6 ms. sq., and has a variety of soils. There is a largf! Belfast Bay, and opposite Isle Borough. Pop. pine plain w. with much good sandy and ar- 1830, 1,083. North Providence, p-t. Providence co. R. I., 4 ms. N. Providence, w. of Seekonk r., which divides it from Mass., has Wanagua- tucket r. w., about 2 ms. by 6, 16 sq. ms. ; is uneven, with primitive and transition rocks. gillaceous loam in other parts. Cold creek supplies a few mill seats. Pop. 1830, 1,006. Northumberland, co. of Pa. bounded by the Mahantango r. separating it from Dau- phin s., by the Susquehannah r. separating it trom Union w., and part of Lycoming n. w.. limestone, &.c., and a gravelly soil, bearing; by another part of Lycoming n., Columbia n. oak, walnut, &c., grass, hay, corn, andvege-|E. and e., and by Schuylkill s. e. Length tables, for Providence. There are many mill I from s. to n. 40 ms. ; and the area being about seats, and some good fisheries. The town is ,440 sq. ms., the mean breadth will be 11 ; but extensively engaged in manufacturing, espe-jthe width is very unequal. In one ])lace below cially cotton. Pawtucket v. is in the n. e., on | the E. branch it is 24 ms. wide, and at another the border of Mass., and is a large manufac- about 3 ms.; above the borough of North- turing v., with a considerable one on the op- posite side of the r. Pop. 1830, 3,503. North Riugeville, p-v. Lorain co. O. by p-r. 134 ms. ntlird. Columbus. North r. N. Y. (See Hudsun r.) North r. Plymouth co. Mass., is navigable 18 ms. to Pembroke, in vessels of 300 tons, and in boats to the falls. North River Meeting House and p-o. Hampshire co. Va. by p-r. 115 ms. N. w. by w. W. C. umberland, it is confined to a width of less than 4 ms., though at a distance of 16 ms. from the northern extremity. It extends from the meridian of W. C. to 0° 32' e. The de- clivity is wstrd. in the direction of the East branch of Susquehannah, where it unites with the western branch between Simbcrry and Northumberland, and very nearly at right an- gles to the course of the main volume along the western margin of the co. Contrary to their general range, the Apjialachian ridges North River Mills and p-o. 16 ms. s.e.| where they traverse Northumberland, extend Roinney, and by p-r. 99 ms. n. w. by w. W. J with a very slight declination from e. to w. C. (Though mountainous and rocky in iimch of North Royalton, p-v. Cuyahoga co. O. by; the surface, this co. comprises so much river p-r. 130 ms. n. e. Columbus. margin as to give it great comparative extent North Salem, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y. of fertile arable land. Following the inflec- 53 ms. N. N. Y., 8 n. Bedford, w. of Conn.! tions of the river, 40 ms. of the eastern line, about 4 ms. by 6, e. Croton r. It has i branch of the main river, and including both mill seats on a branch of it. There is an [sides, 20 ms. of the eastern branch of Sus- academy in the town. Pop. 1830, 1,276. qnehannah, arc included in Northumberland ; North Sewickly, p-v. Beaver co. Pa. by | and beside the large rivers, fine vallies ex- p-r. 12 ms. s. e. borough of Beaver, and 2631 lend along Mahantango, Mahanoy and Sha- ms. N. w. W. C. jmokin creeks below, and Chillisquake, Lime- NoRTH Smithfield, p.v. Bradford co. Pa. stone and Warrior creeks above the mouth of by p-r. 142 ms. n. Harrisburg. jthe eastern branch. Chief ts. Sunbury, Nor- NoRTH Springfield, p-v. Portage co. O. byjthumberland, Milton and.Watsonburg. Pop. p-r. 120 ms. n. e. Columbus. 1 1820, 15,424, 1830, 18,170. North Stonlvotox, p-t. 'New London co. | Northumberland, p-v. and borough of Conn. 50 ms. s. e. Hartford, n. w. Pavvca- ; Northumberland co. Pa. situated on the point tuck r. which separates it from R. I., about labove the confiuence of the two principal 6 ms. by 8 ; 44 sq. ms. ; is hilly with granite rocks, but good for grass ; and yielding oak, chestnut, •. ofw. 70 ms. N. w. by w. W. C. ms. to its influx into Cumberland river on the Oakland, p-v. Orange co. N. C. by p-r. 49|borderbetwcen Overton and Jackson counties. ms. northwestward Raleigh. 'The valley of Obies r. is nearly commensu- Oakland, p-v. parish of St. Tammany I^a.lrate with Morgan and Overton cos. Oakland, p-o. Christian co. Ky. by p-r. 222, Occouuan, r. Va. rises in Loudon, Fairfax, ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. *| and Fauquier cos. traverses and drains the Oakland, co. Mich, bounded by Macomb 1 western part of Prince William co. and thence CO. E., Wayne s., Washtenaw s. w., Shiawas-i forming the boundary between Prince Wil- se w. and n. w., and Lapeer co. n. It is a liam and Fairfax cos. falls into the Potomac, square of 30 ms. each side, area 900 square about 25 ms. below W. C. and nearly opposite ms. ; lat.42° 35', long. W.C. 6° 18' w. Oak- [Indian Point. land is a true table land, in the centre flat and, Occoqian, p-v. n. e. part Prince William full of small lakes, from Mdiich issue and flow I co. Va. 23 ms. a little w. of s. W. C. wstrdly. the sources of Huron of Erie, n. w. Oceana, co. Mich, bounded by n., Flint river, branch of Saginaw, s. e. the Montcalm co. E., Kent s., Ottawa s. w., and sources of the river Rouge, and e. those of lake Michigan n. w., lat. 43° 20', long. 8° 40' Clinton river, or the sources of Huron of lake w. W. C. slope s. w. and drained in that di- St. Clair. Chief town Ponliac. Population rection by White r. and'Maskcgon r. flowing 1830, 4,91 1. ' separate into lake Michigan, and by Roure r. falling intoChickapec r. Pop. 1830, 1,010 Oak Hill, p-o. Granville co. N. C. by p-r. 59 ms. nthrd. Raleigh. Oak Hill, p-o. Fauquier co. Va. by p-r. 58 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Oak Hill, p-v. Newton co. Geo. 10 ms. n. w. (Covington, the co. st. and 70 ms. in a simi- lar direction from Milledeevillc. OGD 369 OHI a small northern branch of Grand r. This co. has been recently formed and is situated about 150 ms. n. \v. by w. Detroit. OcMULOEE, river, Geo. the wstrn. and main constituent branch of Alatamaha, vises in Gwinnett and De Kalb cos. and flowing thence s. s. E. between the Oconee and Flint rs. and nearly parallel to both, by comparative courses 170 ms. curves to n. e. by e. 30 ms. to its junction with Oconee, as will be noticed un- der the head of the latter, having an entire comparative course of 200 ms. Though the actual length of the streams of the Ocmulgee exceeds that of the Oconee, the vallies of the two streams arc remarkably similar in length, width, and direction, and of course in area, eacii comprising about 4,900 square ms. Ta- keniogether, the Oconee and Ocmulgee drain the great central plain of Geo. and water one of the finest suctions of the state, and nearly one sixth of the entire surface. OcoH.v, Bridge, and p-o. Covington co. Miss, about 120 ms. e. Natchez. Oconee, river, Geo. the estrn. branch of the Alatamaha, having the most remote of its sources jn Hall co. within 5 ms. of the main volume of the Chattahoochee, and flowing thence by comparative courses, 175 ms. in a s. s. E. direction, joins the Ocmulgee to form the Alatamaha. The junction is made very nearly on lat. 32° and between Mont- gomery and Appling cos. The confluents of Oconee arc numerous, but relatively small, the valley where widest in Putnam, Jasper, and Greene cos. is only about 40 ms. and the mean width about 28, the area 4,900 square ms. The higher or northern part of Oconee valley, lies between those of Ocmulgee and Savannah, the middle part between those of Ocmulgee and Great Ogechee, and the south- ern between Ocmulgee and Great Ohoopec. OcRACoKE Inlet, is the pass from the Atlan- tic ocean into Pamlico sound, between Cove and llattcras islands. It admits vessels of 14 feet draught. On Tanner's United States map, lat. 35° and long. 1° e. W. C. intersect about 2 nautical ms. s. w. from the entrance of this inlet. Odamsville, p-o. Northampton co. N. C by p-r. 106 ms. n. e. Raleigh. Office, Tavern, and p-o. wstrn. part of Amelia co. Va. by p-r. 43 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. Ogden, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y. 12 ms. w. Rochester, and containing 32 square ms., is crossed by the mountain ridge, and in the e. by Erie canal. Salmon, Rush, and Little Rush creek, water the town, flowing in sever- al directions. The land is pretty good and uneven. Pop. 1830, 2,401. Ogden, p-v. northwestern part of New Madrid co. Mo. by p-r. about 150 ms. s. St. Iiouis. OGnKNsiiuRGH, incorporated p-v. port of entry, and st. jus. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 116 ms. N.Uiica, 120 w. Pittsburgh, 209 ms. n. w. Albany, on St. Lawrence r. at the mouth of ■47 the Oswegatchie. It is situated on a fine plain, with a good harbor, is regularly laid out. It lies opposite to Prescott, Upper Canada. Ooechee, or as commonly called. Great Ogechee, river of Geo. having the remote sources in Greene and Taliaferro cos. about 40 miles n. n. e. Milledgeville ; flowing thence s. s. e. by comparative course 190 ms. falls into Ossabow sound, 20 ms. due s. the city of Savannah. The valley of Great Ogechee lies between those of AU atamaha and Savannah rivers, (see Cannou- chee river.) The valley of Ogechee, inclu- ding that of Cannouchce, is about 160 ms. in length, with a mean breadth of 30 ms. and an area of 1,800 square ms. Ogee's Ferry, and p-o. Joe Daviess co. Illinois, about 320 miles a little west of north Vandalia. Oglethorpe, co. Goo. bounded bj' Talia- ferro CO. s. s. e.. Green s., Clarke w., Madi- son N., Broad r. separating it from Elbert, n. e., and Wilkes e. and s. e. licngth diagonal- ly from southwest to northeast 38 ms., mean width 13, and area four himdred ninety-four square ms. Extending in lat. from 33° 41' to 34° 02', and in long, from 5° 44' to 6° 23' vv. W. C. Though Oglethorpe co. reaches to the Oconee river on the western border, the far greater part of the surface is in the valley of Broad r. and declines estrd. toward the Sa- vannah r. Chief town, Lexington. Popula- tion 1820, 14,046, 1830, 13,558. O'IIarra, p-o. Randolph co. II. 101 ms. s. s. w. Vandalia. Ohio river, the great northeastern confluent of the Miss, and in proportion to the extent of land it drains, perhaps the most remarkable river of the earth. The physical section of' the earth drained by this fine river lies geo- graphically betwen lat. 34° 12' and 42° 27', and long. 1° and 12° w. W. C. The course of the Ohio proper, from the sources of Allegha- ny to its junction with Miss, is by calculation s. 59° 30', w. G80 statute ms. This is not, however, the longest, nor in regard to relative space drained, the most central line that can be drawn over the Ohio valley. Another line extended from the sources of Oleans creek, Cataraugus co. New York, to those of Bear Grass creek, Marion co. Al. that is, from the most northern to the most southern sources, amounts by calculation to 750 statute miles, deelinjng from ilie meridians 40° 37'. The form of the valley approaches in a very remarkable manner that of a regular ellipse, of which the latter calculated line would be tlie transverse diameter, and the conjugate diameter, another line extending from the Blue Ridge where the sources ofGreat Kenhawa and those of Watauga branch of Ten. rise, to Ihe northwestern sources of Wabash, 450 statute ms. Measured by the rhombs follow- ing the elements in the following fable, the area comes out so very nearly 200,000 square ms. as to admit the adoption of that round number. OHI 370 OHI Table of the extent in square miles of the valley of Ohio river. s(|. ms. Between lat. 34° and 35° 2 1-4 Rhombs 8,98G 35 36 6 1-2 do 25,655 36 37 7 1-2 do 2<.1,205 37 38 8 1-2 do 32,700 38 39 8 1-2 do 32,250 39 40 8 3-4 do 32,742 40 41 8 do 29,488 41 43 2 1-2 do 9,085 Aggregate extent in square miles 200, 111 Allowing the greatest length to be 750 ms. the mean width will be 267 very nearly, or the mean breadth amounts to within a trifling fraction of 1-3 of the greatest length, a com- pactness seldom equalled in rivers. If the Alleghany is regarded as the prima- ry and remote constituent of Ohio, this great stream rises by numerous creeks in McKean and Potter cos. Pa., and Alleghany and Cata- raugus cos. New York. Becoming navigable near the line of demarcation between the two states, the stream, with partial windings, pur- sues the general course already stated, to its junction with the Miss, aflbrding a natural navigable channel of between 1,200 and 1,300 ms. The opposing inclined plains of Ohio valley are of unequal extent, nearly in the proportion of 2 to 3, the larger falling from the Appalachian system of mtns. and contain- ing 120,000 square ms. In their features also the two Ohio plains differ essentially. The southeastern, declin- ing from a mountainous outline, has a compar- atively rapid slope. The most elevated table land from which the eastern confluents flow, is that where rise the sources of Clinch, Hol- ston, and Great Kenhawa, about 2,500 feet. The Appalachian table land declines in rela- tive elevation both to n. and s. of this nucleus, but there is no ono part from the sources of Alleghany and Genesee to those of Ten. and Coosa through 7° of lat. but which exceeds 1,000 feet. I The elevation of the Ohio at Pittsburg,! where the Alleghany and Monongahela unite, is 678 feet, and that of the low water at the confluents of Ohio and Miss. 283 ft. ; of course! the Ohio below Pittsburg, has a fall of 395 1 feet in 948 ma., the length of the intermediate I channel. The left confluents must have] from the preceding data, a descent of from I 1,000 to 2,200 feet. Down this rapid declivity,! advancing from n. tos. are found the streams of Clarion, Kiskiminitas, Monongahela, Great j Kenhawa, Sandy, Ky. Cumberland and Ten. j and several of lesser length of course, whose sources do not reach the Appalachian vallies.l It may well excite surprise, that along this Bteep plain, direct falls are not frequent, and where they do occur, of moderate direct pitch. The western, or more correctly northwest- ern plain is directly the reverse of its oppo- site in respect to apex ; the inflected line of river source which separates the valley of Ohio from that of the Great Canadian lakes, is in great part level and marshy. Proceed- ing from the southern extremity of lake Mich* igan, and tracing the line from which the Ohio water flows, the face of the country very slowly changes from level to hill and dale, and it is not until reaching the fountains of Alleghany that any protube'rance would ap- pear deserving the name of mtn. From this flat, and in winter partially inundated plain,the Big Beaver, Muskingum, Sciota, Miami, and Wabash first slowly descend, gaining more and more rapidity of declivity approaching their recipient, the Ohio. Ascending the southeastern confluents the scenery becomes rugged and diversified in character, in proportion to proximity to the Appalachian ridges ; on the contrary the northwstrn. streams afford the boldest scene- ry along the immediate margin of Ohio, and tho banks become more tame and monoto. nous until they end in unbroken plains. To an eye sufiTciently elevated, and powers ofvision sufliciently enlarged, the whole val- ley of Ohio would indeed appear one im- mense declivity, falling very nearly at right angles to the general range of the Appalachi- an system, and the rivers would appear to have cut deep channels seldom in a direction corresponding to the plain of general des- cent. Of these channels that of Ohio would ap- pear as the principal. The author of this ar- tide carefully measured the height of the hills, in the vicinity of Pittsburg, and found them about 460 feet above the low water level of the rivers, or 1,138 feet above the level of tho Atlantic tides. Above Pittsburg to the hills, which rise like mtns. from lake Erie, the ascent is at least 400 feet, and below Pitts- burg the fall to the Miss, has been shown to be 395 feet. Without therefore estimating mtn. ridges, the great inclined plain of Ohio has a descent of upwards of a foot to the statute m. but what is something remarkable, the rivers, and particularly the Ohio itself, do not fall gradually with the plains of their courses. The actu.il channel from Pittsburg to the. mouth is 948 statute miles, and the fall 4,716 inches, or not quite 5 inches per mile. The waters in effect have abraded their channels, deeper toward their sources than in proportion to length of course. It is this cir- cumstance which has contributed to give to the Ohio proper, the appearance of ffowing in a deep and immense ravine. The difference of climate arising from difference of level, fre- quently exceeding a degree of lat. in less than a mile, and radiated heat, with an exuberant alluvial soil, giving in spring a precocious vegtation along the river bank, have superin- duced great misunderstanding respecting the temperature and seasons of this region. Descending the Ohio, say from Pittsburg, the scenery along the banks and hills, is in an eminent degree picturesque and varied, but these fine features imperceptibly fade away, and long before reaching the Miss, totally disappear, and leave a narrow horizontal ring OHI 371 OHI sweeping round tlic heavens, formed by the trees along the banks. As a navigablo chimnel few, if any other rivers of the globe, equal the Ohio. In the higher part of its course the navigation is an- nually more or less impeded in winter by ice, and in autumn by n want of water. Impedi- Micnt from ice prevails in all its course, but below the influx of Konhawa, drought is of less injury, and below the rapids at Louisville, very seldom impedes navigation. The only direct cataract in Oiiio was that at Louisville, now in a commercial point of view, removed by a navigable canal. (See Louisville and Portland canal, or the latter part of article Louisville, Ky.) The 4 most important of all mineral pro- ductions abound in the Ohio valley, limestone, mineral coal, salt, and iron ore. Of all con- tinuous bodies of productive soil on earth, if climate and fertility are combined, the valley of Ohio will, it is probable, sustain the most dense population. I was in it when there did aotexistupon its immense surface 20,000 civilized human beings. It now, 1831, sus- tains about 3,000,000. Can the history of the world afford any parallel to such increase ? Erie plain, not above 25 ms. wide at its n. e extremity, widens to 80 ms. along the k. boun- dary of Irid. and contains about the 1-4 part of the state. The Ohio plain, much more extensive in breadth and of course in area, has a much more gentle declivity. By reference to the table below, we find tho slope of the nrthn. plain 31 ms. is 405 feet ; whilst down the Ohio plain, in a distance of 247 ms. the mean fall is 509 feet. The fall of the nrthn. plain exceeds 13 feet per mile ; that of tho sthrn. but a small fraction above 2 feet per mile. Tho mean elevation of .the common apex of those 2 opposing plains may be assumed at 1,000 teet, the positive mean height is, how- ever, perhaps something more. Without a knowledge of tho real features of Ohio, it would be natural to place a range of hills along the sources of the stream which flow down the plains of Ohio ; but the very reverse is the fact. The central table land is compar- atively level, in part marshy, and what is pe- culiarly remarkable, the hill along tho Ohior. is very nearly of similar elevation with that of the central table land. It is almost demon- strable, that originally the whole sthrn. or {See the different confluents of Ohio under] Ohio inclined plain, was a vast level with a their respective heads.) very slight declination towards what is now Ohio, state of the United States, bounded the particular valley of Ohio r., and that what by Pa. N. E., E. and s. e. by Ohio r. separating appears hills along that great recipient, are it from Va., s. and s. w. by Ohio r. separating '^e remains of what earth and rock was left it from Ky., w. by Ind., n. w. by Mich., and as ^^^ rivers cut away their beds. A similar N. by lake Erie This state bounds on the Ohio r. from the mouth of Little Beaver to that of Great Mi- ami, 440 miles ; due n. in common with Ind 170 ; due e. along Mich, to lake Erie, fiO ; thence along the sthrn. shore of Erie, 150; thence due s. in common with Pa. to place of beginning at the mouth of Little Beaver, 93 ; having an entire ijutlino of 933 miles. The superficial contents of O. have been gen- erally under-rated ; measured carefully by the rhombs on Tanner's and Mitchel's maps, the area comes out within a small fraction of44,- 000 sq. ms. or28,lGu,000 statute acres. In lat. this state extends from 37° 25' at the mouth of Great Sandy r. to 41° 58', at its extreme north eastern angle, long W. C. 3° 30' to 7° 48'. A general idea prevailsr, that the state of Ohio presents a great uniformity of surface and aerial temperature ; but neither its sur- face or meteorological phenomena sustains such an opinion. The subjoined table will serve to give the reader an idea of its relative and mean height. [Sec table, next column.) A not very inflected line extended over Oliio s. w. by w. from the w. boundary of Pa., be- tween the sources of Ashtabula r. and those of Shenango l)ranch of Big Beaver, and cross- ing the summit level of the canal between Massillon and Akron, and thence between the sources of the rivers flowing into Ohio r. and those flowing into lake Erie, would di- vide the state into two inclined plains of very unequal area, and relative rapidity of descent from their common npe.v. The northern or Ascents and descents from the Ohio r. at the mouth of the great Kenhawa ; thence down that stream to the mouth of Sciotar. and thence following the Ohio and Erie canal to the latter at Cleveland. Stations on the route. dist. in'ascent miles. or de- scent. Height of the water level at a mean in the Ohio r. at llio mouth of the Great Kenhawa, Mouth of Sciota r. 85 falls Thence leaving Ohio r. and up tho Sciota to Chillicothe, 52 137 rises Circleville, 20 157 do Hebron on Licking sum- | mit, 152 209 do Newark st. just. Licking county, 10,219 falls Muskingum valley on the border between Musk- ingum and Coshocton COS. I ! Conhocton village, 42 2C1( rises New Philadelphia, 43 304 do Massillon in Stark co .and commencement of Por- tage summit, 28 332 do Akron in Portage co. and nrthni. extremity ol Portage .summit, l28 360 do Cuyahoga aqueduct, j 13 373 falls Cloaveland and level o: lake Erie, Il8i391 do elevation in ft. abr. mn. tide. 61: cs 136 535 474 614 674 893 834 744 768 874 942 973 704 568 OHI 372 OHI remark is applicable to the lake Erie shore of Ohio. Protruding from the extreme wstrn. part of N. Y., the ridge dividing the sources of the confluents of the O. valley from those of lake Erie, rises sloping but abrupt i'rom the who understood the meteorology and winds of N. A. about as well, and no better than do European travellers in general, the moral and political character of the U. S., propagated the opinion that the central basin was warm- latter ; and so abrupt that some of the feeders 1 er on a given latitude than the Atlantic of Chataque lake have their fountains within coast. Consulting neither relative elevation 5 ms. from the lake shore. Here, at an ele- or exposure to prevalent winds ; nor await- vation of l,300or 1,400 feet above the ocean ing recorded observations with the thermom- tides, flows water on one side which finds a re- eter, and the inflorescence, foliage, and de- cipientin the Gulf of Mexico; whilst on the op- .cay of vegetables, or the freezing of rs. andcrr. posite side the water in 5 ms. has a fall of near this foreigner, in a nine month's transit, most- 800 ft., a fall which the O. waters have not'ly in summer, thought himself competent to reached at the mouth of Muskingum. Sail- j decide a problem which no human sagacity ing on lake Erie from Buffalo, the ridge we could determine, except by the aid of actual have been noticing is seen stretching over the experiment ; and experiment long continued north western angle of Pa. into the state of and carefully registered. Ohio, and slowly receding into the interior of| Due attention being given to the internal the latter state, until from Sandusky bay it! structure of the country, especially that of ceases to be visible from the lake. This re- 1 0., will enable the reader to detect the leading mark is founded on personal observation by cause of an error which sets at nought all the author of this article. The rs. which fall the induction drawn from the known laws of into lake Erie from O. arc from their pre- nature. The individual channel of Ohio r. cipitate descent difficult of navigation, and all! at Pittsburg is, by actual measurement, made roll over direct falls or cataracts. Falls cataracts are on the other side rare, though some of the latter do occur, one in the Mus- kingum at Zanesville, for instance. We at once see from the preceding data, that the state of Ohio occupies an immense. by myself, 460 feet below the apex of the ad- jacent hills. This relative height does not materially change on the right side, especial- ly until 50 or 60 miles below the mouth of Wabash. The hills, or more correctly the buttress of the interior table land, reaches the and not slightly elevated plateau or table land. \ bank, or recedes one or two miles with inter- Along the sources of its rivers much of the vening bottoms, through the entire valley of original plain remains unchannelled by riv- O. r. from hill to hill; and is above Louisville ers, presenting wide spread levels ; but re- ceding either to nrth. or sth. the river chan- nels become more and more deep ; hills seem to rise as the waters really fall. The dull mo- notony gradually ceases, and a country is pre- sented which abounds with rich and varied, and in some places even grand scenery. De- scending from the central table land, the courses of the rs.with partial inflections, are nrthrd. towards Erie, or sthrd. towards O. The course of that part of O. itself which sep- arates the state of O. from Va. is s. s. w,, whilst that part of the same stream separating in few places two ms. wide. Thus that stream flows in a deep chasm, which receives the sun's rays as in a focus, and has besides an actual depression equivalent to a degree of lat. below the surface, one or two miles from its banks. The rapid transition of tempera- ture is seen on vegetation, and is felt and seen in a very striking manner on health. Between the valley of O. r. at Wheeling, which is very nearly opposite the middle lat. of the state of Ohio, and the farms on the hills I) or 10 ms. distance e. or w. there is a difl'erence of at least 10 days in seed time. O. from Ky. is n. w. by w., abend not far harvest, or the inflorescence of fruit trees or from a right angle taking place at the mouth I ripening of their fruit. Here again I may be of Big Sandy r. The whole Ohio r. border permitted to state, that I was broil from a of the state of O. approaches astonishingly to! child to a man on the table land ofO. r. near a circular curve. Setting one leg of a pair of [Washington in Pa., and resided some years compasses in Worthington, 9 ms. N.Columbus, i at Wheeling, and give the data from actual and extending the other to the mouth of (Jreat'observation. But the accuracy of tlio opin- Sandy, 125 ms., the distance will reach tl mouth of Great Miami, approach very near the mouth of Little Beaver, and carried from extreme to extreme will sweep along or very near the O r. It is this salient curve of Ohio r. and the little diflercnce between its mean length and breadth, which render this state the most compact, not even excepting ion, that so far from being warmer, the valley of <). is in winter, greatly colcicr, does not ile- peiid alone on my observation or assertioii. The following is an extract from the National Intelligencer, Dec. 29th, 1831.—" Wheeling, Dec. 24lh, 1831. The mercury in the ther- mometer (Fah.) on Sunday morning last, (Dec. 18lh, ) stood at 1G° below zero, which Conn., of any slate of the U. S. in proportion was 10 degrees colder than the coldest day to outline. last winter." From this extract, the extreme Climatti and seasons. — On no other subject cold of the winter of 1830—31, was 6 minus connected with the geography of the U. S. has zero. In the art. U. S. the reader will find there been so much of palpable mistake as in this subject more ainply discussed, regard to the climate of, not only O., but of! - Soil and Agriculture. — As a general cliar- the entire central basin of N. A. Volney, jacter, the soil of Ohio is eminently product- OHI 373 OHI ive, and the productive part, perhaps 9-lOths of the whole, very eqitally distributed over the stiite. But with extremes of lat. 3i de- grees, and with relative height taken into the account of 5 degrees of Fahrenheit in mean temperature, the effects on vegetation are se- verely felt. Small grain, Indian corn, salted meat and live-stock, are the staples of the state. Of grains, Indian corn is cultivated in an abundance which might be styled excess- ive, and is the grain which is indeed most suitable to all parts of the state, as the sum- mers on the highest part of the table laud are sufficiently long for its ripening. An intelli- gent man who removed iiom the vicinity of Sandy Spring, and who settled in Portage co., informed the author of this article, that the climate was there too cold for the successful culture of winter grain. The apple succeeds well over Ohio, as does the peach in shelter- ed situations. Flint says, " Fruits oTall kinds are raised in the greatest profusion; and ap- ples are as plenty in the cultivated parts of the state, as in any part of the Atlantic coun- try. The markets are amply supplied with peaches, plums, cherries, gooseberries, straw- berries, and cultivated grapes. From the fulness and richness of the clusters of culti- vated grapes, it is clear, that this ought to be a country of vineyards. The Germans have already made a few establishments of the kind, with entire success. Apricots, necta- rines, and quinces, succeed ; and the state is the appropriate empire of pomona."* To the preceding we may add, tobacco, hemp & flax, as these vegetables are in u high degree suitable to the soil and climate of O. Hemp and llax must, from the very nature and analogy of things, become standing staples of Ohio. But we may extend the observa- tions on these two latter vegetables, to the contiguous political sections, Ky.,Ind., Mich., Pa. and wstrn. Va. ; and perhaps still more suitably lo II. and Mo. lihiers. Canals, Commerce, Penitent iary. — The principal river of Ohio, is that queen of rivers from which the state derives its name, and which senncircles the state with its chan- nel, unequalled for tranquillity of current, and soft splendid scenery along its banks. Flow- ing in fact along the base of the enormous platform of Ohio, the r. O. has a very moder- ate descent, falling only 204 feet from Pitts- burg to the mouth of Sciota. In proper sea- sons when amply supplied with water, the O. IS one of the most safely and easily navigated rs. of the earth ; but it is impeded in winter by ice, and in summer by drought, and is not, on an average of one year in ten, navigable above the mouth of great Kenhawa, more than half the year. Winter frost impedes the navigation m all its length to a longer or shor- er time, a great majority of seasons. It is also liable to excessive anddestructivefloods. (See art. Ohio r.) Of tlie rivers flowing from the state into (he Ohio, the principal are descending, Mus. kingum, Hockhocking, Sciota, and Great and ♦Flint's Geog. Miss, valley, vol. J, p. 393-4. Little Miami. These, with numerous creeks, drain the great sthrn. plain of O., and have interlocking sources with the streams flowing in an opposite direction into lake Erie. Ad- vuncing from e. to w. the most important of the latter are, Ashtabula, Grand r., Cuyaho- ga, Huron, Sandusky, and Maumee, with in- numerable intermediate creeks. If the recent settlement (Marietta, the in- cipient step, was founded 1787,) and its popu- lation were to be compared in Europe, the fol- lowing statistics would demand no ordinary evidence to render them credible ; and yet they are true in principle and fact, and are an- nually fading from memory by other statistics of similar nature, but enlarged magnitude, both as to object and expenditure. The subjoined extracts are taken from «' the Civil Engineer," a weekly paper published at Columbus, O., and dedicated to canals, roads, «Slc. ; and from other authentic documents, and show the financial condition and internal improvements of Ohio, 1831. Ohio Canals. — " To people out of O., who are not conversant with the localities of this state, the following remarks will not, proba- bly, be unacceptable. The main Erie and Ohio canal, commences at Cleaveland, on the lake shore, follows up the valley of the Cuya- hoga r. sthwrdly. above 30 ms., then crosses the Portage Summit, to the Tuscarawas or Muskingum river, whose valley it follows to Dresden, about 14 ms. n. Zanesville ; from thence it takes a sthwstrn. direction across the height of land dividing the Muskingum from the Sciota r., into the valley of the lat- ter, about 12 ms. s. from Columbus ; thence a sthrn. direction along the valley of the Sci- ota r., passing Circleville, Chillicothe, and Piketon, to Portsmouth, on the n. bank of the O. r., at the mouth of the Sciota. Total length 30G ms. Nearly two thirds of the whole is under contract ; and about 40 miles of the nrthrn. part, from Cleaveland to Akron, is completed and in successful operation. The Miami canal commences at Cincinna- ti, and extends nrthwrdly. along the valley of the Great Miami r. ; a total distance of 67 ms. It passes the towns of Hamilton, Mid- dletown, Franklin and Miamiesburg to Day- ton. This canal is now tinished, and in con- stant use from Cincimiati to Middletown, about 43 ms. The remaining 24 ms. to Day. ton, are to be completed in about 3 months. A route was surveyed, some three years ago, for the future extension of this canal, nrthwrdly. from Dayton, to the Maumee river at fort Defiance ; thence nrthcstrdly. along the Maumee, to its mouth in the western ex- tremity of lake Erie. But this continuation of the canal from Dayton, (for a lunnber of years hence,) has not entered into the canal polity of the state. But the late grant by Congress, of some 300,000 acres of land, ad- jacent to this canal line, on condition of its being immediately constructed thro' the Con- gress Lands, will probably induce the state of Ohio to prosecute its continuance, the ensu- ing yeav." OHI 374 OHI The following extracts from a late message { Granville feeder of 6 miles, already in a very ofthc governor, which cannot well be abridg ed, exhibit the condition of the finances and public works of this prosperous member of the confederacy : The aggregate amount paid into the treas- ury, for state and canal purposes, for the year ending the 15th of November, 1831, is $235,- 985 75, which, added to the balance remain- ing in the treasury on the l5thof Nov. 1830, viz, {$G,280 44, amounts to ^242,266 19. The aggregate amount disbursed at the treasury, for state and canal purposes, for the year ending 15th Nov. 1831, including in- terest on school funds, is $230,190 81 ; leav- ing a balance in the treasury at the last date, of »f 6,075 38 — to which may be added the <"|!2,000, drawn from the treasury, for the re- pairs of the United States' road advanced state, (but the operations upon which have been considerably retarded by the great- quantity of rain during the last summer) will be completed in July next ; when Ohio will have of navigable canals, 400 miles. The influence of these great works is al- ready visible in the increase of commerce and travel. Substantial improvements have been wrought in the country which they traverse, and there has been a regular arrival and de- parture of packet and freight boats at a season of the year when navigation has been hither- to unknown. Merchants of the South-west- ern and Western states have in many instan- ces had their merchandise transported by this channel. There is a visibly increased de- mand for the staples of the state itself. The governor expresses a reasonable hope that The tax levied for 1831, for state and canal such a work will tend somewhat to cement purposes, is the same as for 1830; and it is the union of the states. The tolls received estimated that there will be paid into the treasury, from the 15lh of Nov. last, to the 1st of March, ensuing, the additional sum of about |I220,000, which will be amply suffi- cient to defray all the expenses of the gov- ernment for the ensuing year. The amount of the foreign debt contracted on account of the canals, is $4,400,000. The interest payable annually on that sum, to for- eign stockholders, is ^260,000. The amount borrowed from the diifcrent school funds, and transferred to the canal fund, up to the 15th Nov. 1831, is .$257,128,- 08. The annual interest on the last named amount, is $15,427 C8, payable to our own citizens for the support of schools. Making the whole canal debt of the state, $4,657,- 128 08 ; and the annual interest payable thereon, $275,427 68. The amount received into the treasury from the sale of lands granted by Congress to the state of Ohio, for canal purposes, during on the United States' road between Wheel- ing and Zanesville, (it having been transfer- red to the state of Ohio,) amount'to $2,777. The Ohio State Journal, in reply to queries addressed to it through the Circleville Her- ald, has published a long statement embra- cing various matters of general interest, from which we abstract the following. Canal Debt of Ohio. Amount borrowed. Loan of 1825 1826 1827 1828 1830 Foreign debt School fund Total $,400,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 600,000 $4,400,000 169,460 Interest. $20,000 60,000 72,000 72,000 36,000 260,000 10,167 270,167 $4,569,460 The school funds borrowed for the use of the canals, amounted on the l5th Nov. last, tiie year ending the 15th Nov. last, was ^55,. j to $169,460 6;i, as follows : common school 090 79. The amount of tolls collected upon fund, $82,626 31. Virginia military do., the Miami canal, from the first day of Nov. $47,014 32. U. S. military do., .J27,895 50. 1630, to the first day of Nov. 1831, is $36,. (Sales of salt reserves, $11,004 20. Ohio uni- 177 78. The amount of tolls collected uponjversity fund, .$920 35. the Ohio Canal, from the first day of Nov. To meet the interest due for 1831, on the 1830, to the first day of Nov. 1831, is $63,. I canal loans, the following are the sources re- 934 271; making together the sum of .$100,- j lied on. Direct fax of 2 mills on a dollar, 112 05 1 ; which, after deducting the expense [$121,516. Canal tolls, |80,000. Sales of of collection, leaves $94,619 15 1. This net land granted by congress, $.50,000. Dona- amount of tolls, added to the proceeds of the sales of lands granted for canal purposes, as above stated, is applied towards the payment of the interest of the canal debt. The navigation of the Erie and Ohio canal has been opened during the past season as far south ar. Chillicothe, a distance of 259 ms. tions, interest on deposites, &-c., ,$20,000 ; amounting to $271,156. It is believed that the canals will be com- pleted without resort to further foreign loans. Taxes for 1830. — The gross amount of tax collected in Ohio during the last year is sta- ted as follows : For canal purposes, ,$129,- 'I'his, with the Miami canal, and the number i 551 93. For state purposes, $97,163 95. of navigable feeders connected with the main For county school, and township and road line, make an amount of finished canal, now j purposes, $3SA,860 33. Sundry items, $7,- navigable, of about 344 miles. 500 00. Total $585,076 21. Averaging It is believed by the acting canal com. about 62 cents to every iniiabitant of the missioners, that that portion of the Ohio ca- [state. nal between Chillicothe and Portsmouth, a ' Expenses of Government. — The ordinary distance of about 50 miles, together with the | expenses of the state government are repor- OHI 375 OHI ted by tho auditor of tho state, to be about ^90,000. Extra printing, &o. 1831, $7,500. Penitentiary, $3,000. Balance in tiio treas- ury, Nov. 1831, $7,062. Amount of revenue 1831, $107,562. The message, leaving objects of more con- soling import, goes on to observe that, " The penitentiary is, in its present condition, ill calculated to promote its proper objects. It is on the contrary rather a school of crime. More rigid discipline is required, and corres- ponding alteration of tho buildings. In addi- tion to tho cost of erection, its average annu- al fcxpcno is $10,000, and this year it is $13,000." It would seem that the emigration of free colored persons to Ohio, had been found an evil demanding legislative interference. •' I think it my duty to make some sugges- tions to you, in relation to the colored popu- lation within our limits. Much evil has been experienced in various parts of the state from the great influx of this kind of population amongst ud^ Tho recent excitement in Va. and other slave holding states, will have a tendency to drive many free people of color from them, and they very naturally seek an asylum in the free states. The feeling of hostility towards them which has been mani- festing itself recently, will drive many of them from the slave holding states ; and we arc in danger, from our proximity to them, of being much annoyed by that kind of population. Our laws relative to these people have not been strictly enforced ; nnd I suggest the propriety of adopting such measures as may guard us against the evils which must inevitably result, unless something be done to secure us against imposition." Progressive pop. up to 1830 inclusive. — It has already been noticed that the settlement of Marietta, 1787, or 45 years ago, commen- ced Ohio, which had in 1800, 45,365 inhab- itants; in 1810, 230,760 ; and in 1820, 581,434. The subjoined table exhibits the aggregate by counties, 1830. Morgan, 1 1 ,800 Scioto, Muskingum, 29,331 Seneca, Perry, 13,970 Stark, Pickaway, 16,001 Tuscarawas, Pike, 6,024 Trumbull, Portage, 18,826 Union, Preble, 16,291 Van Wert, Putnam, ^30 Washington, Paulding, 161 Wayne, Richland, 24,006 William.«i, Ross, 21,068 Warren, Sandusky, 2,8r>l Wood, Shell)y, 3,671 Of which were white persons : Under 5 years of ago. From 5 to 10 10 to 15 " 15 to 20 " 20 to 30 30 to 40 " 40 to 50 " 50 to GO " 60 to 70 » 70 to 80 " 80 to 90 " 90 to 100 8,740 6,159 26,588 14,298 26,153 3,192 49 11,731 23,333 387 21,468 1,102 100 and upwards Males. FemaloK. 96,411 89,873 74,690 71,851 62,151 59,300 51,1.38 52,635 81,290 75,574 49,316 43,894 31,112 27,546 18,058 15,898 10,783 8,293 3,632 2,915 935 736 138 89 s 29 6 Total, 447,631 478,680 Among the preceding who arc deaf and dumb, there arc tmdcr 14 years of age, 148 ; from 14 to 25, 100 ; 25 aiid upwards, 118 ; blind, 232. Of free colored ijcrsons, there were Counties. Adams, Ashtabula, Athens, Allen, Butler, Belrnopt, Brown, Champaign, Clarke, Clermont, Columbiuna, Coshocton, Cuyahoga, Crawford, Clinton, Dark, Delaware, Fairfield, Fayette, Franklin, Gallia, Geauga, Green, Guernsey, Counties. Hamilton, Hocking, Highland, Harrison, Hancock, Hardin, Henry, Uolm&s, Huron, •Jf^fferson, .lackson, Knox, Lawrence, Licking, Lorain, Logan, Madison, Marion, Medina, 14,7411 Meigs, 9,733llMercpr, 15,813Miami, 14,801 Monroe, 18,036 1 Montgomery, Pop. 1830. 12,281 14,584 9,787 578 27,142 28,627 17,867 12,131 l.%114 20,166 .35,592 11,161 10,373 4,791 11,436 6,204 11.504 24,786 8,182 Pop. 1830. 52,317 4,008 16,345 20,916 813 210 262 9,135 13,341 22,489 5,941 17,085 5,307 20,809 5,696 6,440 6,190 6,551 7,560 6,158 1,110 12,807 8,768 24,362 Under 10 years 10 to 24 24 to 36 36 to 55 55 to 100 100 and upwards Males. 1,562 1,440 808 646 325 Females. 1,573 1,551 799 611 241 4 Total, 4,788 4,779 Slaves. — Males 1, females 5. Deaf and dumb colored, 9. Recapitulation. Whites. Free colored. Slaves. Total. 926,311 9,567 6 935,884 Constitution, Government, Judiciary.— The constitution of [Ohio was adopted in conven- tion at Chillicothe, 29th Nov. 1802 ; the most important provisions of which are : Art. l.-Sec. 1. — The legislative authority of this state .shall bo vested in a general as- sembly, which shall consist of a senate and house of representatives, both to be elected by the people. Sec. 3. — Representatives to be chosen an- nually. Sec. 4. — No person shall be a representa- tive, who shall not have attained the age of 25 years, and be a citizen of the U. S., and an inhabitant of this state ; shall also have resided within the limits of the co. in which he shall be chosen, one year next preceding his election, unless absent on public business. Sec. 5. — The senators shall be chosen bi- ennially, &,c. Sec. 7. — No person shall be a senator who has not arrived at the age of 30 years, and OHI 376 OHI who is not a citizen of the U. S.; shall have resided 2 years in the co. or district, immedi- ately preceding his election, unless absent on public business, &c. Sec. 20. — No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office under this state, which shall have been crea- ted, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased, during such time. Sec. 21. — No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropri- ations made by law. Art. 2d, Sec. 1. — The supreme executive power of this state shall be vested in a gov- ernor. Sec. 9. — The governor elected by the qual- ified electors for the members of the general assembly, and at the same time and place. Holds his office for two years, or until ano- ther governor shall be elected and qualified. Eligible only 6 years, in any term of 8 years. He shall be at least 3i) years of age, and have been a citizen of the U. S, 12 years, and an inhabitant of this state 4 years next preced. ing his election. Sec. 13. — No member of congress, or per son holding any office under the U. S. or this state, shall execute the office of governor. The powers of the governor of Ohio are near- district in which he shall actually reside, at the time of the election. Art. 8, contains 28 sections of general principles ; amongst which we may notice the following : Sec. 2. — There shall be neither slavery or involuntary servitude in this state, otherwise than for the punishment of crimes, &c. Sec. 3. — No preference shall ever be given by law to any religious society, or mode of worship ; and no religious test shall be re- quired, as a qualification to any office of trust or profit. Sec. 6, secures the freedom of the press, and concludes thus : " In prosecutions for any publication respecting the official con- duct of men in a public capacity, or where the matter published is proper for public in- formation, the truth thereof may always be given in evidence ; and in all indictments for libels, the jury shall have a right to deter- mine the law and the facts, under tlie direc- tion of the courts, as in other ca^." Sec. 15. — The person of a dwtor, where there is not strong presumption of fraud, shall not be continued in prison after delivering up his estate for the benefit of his creditor, or creditors, in such manner as is prescribed by law. Sec. 17. — That no person shall be liable to ly the same as generally vested in governors be transported out of this state, for any of- ■of states. He can grant pardons and re prieves after conviction, except in cases of impeachment. Art. 3, Sec. 1. — The judicial power of this state, both as to matters of law and equity, shall be vested in a supreme court; in courts of common pleas for each co. ; in justices of the peace, and in such other courts as the le- gislature may, from time to time establish. Sec. 7. — The judges of the supreme court shall, by virtue of their offices, be conserva- tors of the peace throughout the state. The presidents of the court of common pleas, shall, by virtue of their offices, be conserva- tors of the peace within their respective cir- cuits, and the judges of the court of common pleas shall, by virtue of their offices, be con- servators of the peace in their respective cos. -Sec. n. — The judges of the supreme court, the presidents, and the associate judges of the courts of common pleas, shall be appoint- ed by a joint ballot of both houses of the gen- eral assembly, and shall hold their offices for the term of 7 years, if so long they behave well. This mode of choosing judges of law and fence committed within the state. History. — In 1787, what is now the state of Ohio, was included in a territory then cre- ated by act of congress, called " The Tcrri. tory northwest of the r. Ohio." and in the same year preparations were made for the first civilized settlement made within its lim- its. G'^n. Rufus Putnam and tiic Rev. Me- nasseh Cutler, led a small colony from Mid- dlesex and Essex counties, Mass., who fixed themselves at Marietta, at the mouth of Muskingum r. Similar to every settlement made on a frontier, exposed to savage war, the first years of Ohio were spent in blood and tears. The treaty of Grenville, in 1795, and the surrender of Mich, in 1796, gave peace to the Avest, and emigration poured over the mountains, into the Oliio valley. In 1800, O. and Mich, were formed into a sepa- rate territory, but having acquired sufficient numbers in O., Mich, was detached April, 1802, and the former authorised to frame a constitution. .January, 1802, after every ne- cessary formality was complied with, Ohio was admitted into the Union as a state. Though as a member of the confederacy her equity septennially, is a rather novel, or at i history is blended with that of the nation, we least wide deviation from the usual manner! cannot omit an expression of admiration at a of election or term of sen-ice. { progress in power, resource and energy that Art. 4, Sec. 1. — In all elections, all white has no parallel in all human history. Forty- male inhabitants, above the age of 21 years, 'six years past all was a wild; now, 1832, having resided in the state one year next pre- with at least a million of inhabitants, her ceding the election, and who have paid, or towns, cities, canals, roads, schools, colleges are charged with, a state or co. tax, shall en- and other improvements mock the pen of the joy the right of an elector ; but no person shall | geographer, be entitled to vote, except in the county or j Ojiio, co. Va. bounded by Washington co. OLD 377 ONE Pa. N. E., Greene CO. Pa. S.E., Tyler co. Va.json, and w. by Ohio r. separating it from s., Ohio r. separating it from Monroe co. Clark co. Ind. Length 28 ms., moan width state of Ohio, s. w., and Bolmont co. Ohio, 15, and area 420 sq. ms. Extending in lat. N. w., and by Brooke co. of Va. n. Length! from 38" 15' to 38° 40', and in long, from 8° from s. to N. 36 ms., mean width 12, and j 12' to 8° 37' w. W. C. The surface hilly area 432 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° and rocky. Chief t. Westport. Pop. 1830, 42' to 40° 14', and in long, from 3° 3G' to 3° 55' w. W. C. The declivity is a little n. of w., down which flow into O. r. advancing from N. to s.. Short, Wheeling, Grave, Fish, and Fishing creeks, having their sources in Pa. The surface is excessively broken by hills, but with alluvial bottoms of first rate soil. In fact the soil of the highest hills is fertile, and the whole co. a body of excellent land. Chief t. Wheeling. Pop. 1820, 9,182, iy.3(), 15,590. Ohio, co. Ivy. bounded N. w. by Daviess, N. E. by Hancock, e. by Grayson, s. e. by a part of Butler co., and by Green r. which separates it from a part of Butler s., and from Muhlonburg s. w. This co. lies nearly in form of a square, 24 ms. each side ; area 57fi sq- majN Extending in Int. from 37° 12' to 37° 34', and in long, from 9° 37' to 10° 14' w. W. C. The declivity of this co. is wstrd. in the direction of the two main branches of Green r. between which are comprised full | of nil the area. Chief t. Hartford. Pop. 1820, 3,879, 1830, 4,913. Outorvr.E Falls, in Youghiogany r. is a de- scent of 7 or 8 feet direct iiitch in that stream, where it passes Laurel Hill, 11 or 12 ms. n. e. Uniontown, Fayette co. P.i. OiiioviLLE, p-v. western part of Beaver co. Pa. by p-r. 11 ms. below, and wstrd. of the borough of Beaver, and 262 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. Oil Creek, small, but remarkable stream of Pa. rising in the southern part of Craw- ford, and western part of Warren cos., flows southwardly, enters Venango co. and falls info Alleghany r. about 8 ms. estrd. Franklin. On this creek, and near the border between Venango and Crawford cos. arises a spring of water, on which floats a mineral oil, from which the name of the creek is derived. The oil spring, as laid down on Tanner's Pennsylvania, is 25 ms. a little s. of E.Mead- villc. OilCueek, p-o. and fsp. southeastern angle of Crawford co. Pa. 25 ms. e. Meadvillo, and 80 a little e. of n. Pittsburg. Olamon Plantation, Hancock co. Mo. Pop. 1830, 222. Or.DBRiDGK, v. Middlesex co. N. J. at the head of navigation on Smith r. 7 ms. s. E. New Drunswick, 2 n. e. Spotswood. 9,563. Old Mines and p-o. Washington co. Mo. by p-r. GO ms. s. s. w. St. Louis. Old Point Comfort, cape and p-o. Eliza- beth City CO. Va. 12 ms. in a direct line a little w. of N. Norfolk, 3 ma. s. e. Hampton, the CO. seat, and by p-r. 202 ms. s. s. e. W. C. The promontory, particularly called Old Point Comfort, is almost exactly on lat. 37°, according to Tanner's U. S., and with the op- posing point, Willoughby, on the right shore, forms the real mouth of James r., the inter- vening strait separating Lynhaven bay from Hampton Roads. Old Town, p-v. on Potomac r. Alleghany CO. Md. 14 ms. below and s. e. Cumberland, and by p-r. 135 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. Old "Town, p-v. nthwstrn. part of Ross co. O. 12 ms.N. w. Chillicothe. Old Town, p-v. Lowndes co. Ala. by p-r. 131 ms. s. E. Tuscaloosa. Olean, p-t. Cattaraugus co. N. Y. 20 ms. s. E. Ellicottvilie, 33 s. w. Angelica, 115 s. w. Geneva, n. of Pa., 8 ms. by 9 ; is crossed by Olean creek, which runs into Alleghany r., and supplies several mill seats. The timber is chiefly valuable pine, which has occui)ied the inhabitants in the preparation and trans- portation of lumber. Olean Point, oriramil- ton village, stands just below the confluence of oil creek and Alleghany r., and at the head of navigation. Several ancient mounds were found near this place. Population 1830, 561. Olean, cr. Cattaraugus co. N. Y. 25 ms. in length. Oley, tsp. Berks co. Pa. 10 ms. estrd. Reading. Pop. 1820, 1,400, 1830, 1,469. Oley Furnace and p-o. in Oley tsp. Berks CO. Pa. 10 ms. estrd. Reading. Olive, t. Ulster co. N. Y. 12 ms. w. King, ston, about 10 ms. long, has a rough surface. Pop. 1830, 1,636. OLrv'E, p-v. Morgan co. O. by p-r. 100 ms. a little s. of E. Columbus. Olive Green. [See Ludlow, Morgan co. Ohio.) Oliver's p-o. Anderson co. Ten. by p-r. 188 ms. E. Nashville. Olympian Springs and p-o. Bath co. Ky. 11 ms. s. E. Ovvingsville, and 49 e. Lexington. Ompomponoosuc, r. Orange co. Vt., joins Old CnuRcii and p-o. Hanover co. Va. by 1 Conn. r. at Norwich. It is a good mill stream, p-r. 15 ms. N. Richmond. 1 about 20 ms. long. Oldfikld, p-o. Ashe co. N. C. by p-r. 218 1 Onancock, creek and p-o. on the Chesa- ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. ipeake shore of Accomac co. Va. 8 ms. a. w. Old Fort, p-v. Centre co. Pa. by p-r. 75 by w. Drummondstown, and by p-r. 310 nis. ms. N. w. Harrisburg. !s. e. W. C. Old Fort and p-o. Burke co. N. C. by p-r.! Oneida Lake, N. Y. in several cos. about 2.^5 ms. w. Raleigh. ' the middle of the state, near the shore of lak? Oldham, co. Ky., bounded n. by Gallatin,! Ontario, into which it flows. It is about 20 E. by Henry, s. e. by Shelby, s. w. by JefTer- ms. long e. and w., and 4 broad, and receives 48 ONI 378 ONO Ghitteningo creek, «&c. w., Fieh and Wood 1 are Dog r. and Steven's branch, w. branch at creeks f., and Oneida creek b. This lake, being the important channel of intercourse between the Canadians and the five nations of Indians, up to the time of the French wars, was fortified by two block houses, fort Brew- erton w., and fort Royal at the month of Wood creek. The banks are low, with good soil. Oneida, co. N. Y. bounded by Lewis co. and a part of Oswego co. n., Herkimer co. E., Herkimer and Madison cos. s., Madison and Oswego cos. w. ; contains 1,136 sq. ms. The head of navigation of Mohawk r. is in this CO., a part of Oneida lake. It is 110 w. of Albany, and contains 32 ts. ; Sadaguada, Oriskany, and other crs. or streams, tributary to Mohawk r. lie in the middle of this co. Fish and Wood creeks n.. Black r. and its branches n. k., W. Canada creek e., with its branches, Steuben and Cincinnati creeks, Oneida creek s. w., and streams of Susque- hannah r. s. Mill seats are abundant, and equal to those of any co. in the state. The surface is uneven, and abounds in fine springs. In the N. E. the country is more hilly. Iron ore is found in the s. and n. e., and iron works exist in several places. The Erie ca- nal lies along the s. bank of Mohawk r. to Rome, on the Long Level, which reaches ()94 ms. The old canal from Wood creek to the Mohawk, which connected the navigation of lake Ontario and the Hudson, is in this co. Pop. 1820, 50,997, 1830, 71,326. Oneida, creek, Madison co. N. Y. divides this CO. from Oneida co. for 17 ms. and runs N. into the s. e. end of Oneida lake. It for- merly supplied the Indians with fine fish, but is now a valuable mill stream, and is crossed by the Erie canal 3i ms. from its mouth. Its principal tributary, Stanando creek, is also a good mill stream. Oneida, p-v. Vernon, Oneida co. N. Y. 22 ms. w. Utica, 9 s. Oneida lake, is on the bor- ders of the Oneida reservation. Oneida Castle, Oneida co. N. Y. was the chief residence of the Oneida Indians, one of the five native nations of the state of N. Y., who have a reservation of about 20,000 acres of valuable land, on which were sup- ported christian missionaries for many years, with some success. The nation gave a por- tion of their land to the Stockbridge Indians, and another to such of other tribes as chose to settle upon them ; and they also enjoyed the benefits of instruction. Within a few years many of these different tribes have emi- grated to Green Bay, where they received lands from the Menominee or Kice Indians. One Leg, p-v. Tuscarawas co. O. by p-r. 127 ms. N. E. by e. Columbus. Oneonta, t. Oswego CO. N.*Y. Pop. J830, Montpelier, Mad, Waterbury and Hunting- top rs., and Muddy brook. It passes through a "wild and romantic country a considerable part of its course, and has a great descent. On its highest branch is a fall of 500 feet within a distance of 30 feet. In Bolton, Chittenden co., where it crosses the ridge of the Green mtns. the current in the course of ages has worn away the rocks in a remarka- ble manner. In one place it has cut to a depth of 30 feet, a channel 60 feet wide, and about 270 yards long, through a solid rock. At another, 4 ms. below Waterbury v. it has cut 100 feet down, having one side a per- pendicular wall ; and there rocks have fallen down so as to form a natural bridge. An ar- tificial bridge has been built over a third place of the kind, three quarters of a mile above the falls, where the channel is 65 feet deep and 70 wide. The water power af- forded by this stream is very great. The turnpike road from Royalton to Burlington lies along the course of Onion r., and is one of the best, as well as one of the most romantic roads in this part of the U. S. The great route by which the Indians formerly travelled between Conn. r. and lake Champlain, lay along the courses of White and Onion rs. When the English first settled at Plymouth, an extensive war was carried on in boats of skins by this route ; and during the subse- quent wars with the French in Canada, many incursions upon the frontiers were made in this way. There is much excellent alluvial land along the banks, especially after its pas- sage of the mountains. Boatg go up to the falls about 40 ms., but lake vessels can go only 5 ms. Ono, p-v. Edgar co. II. 6 ms. nrthrd. Paris, the CO. St. and by p-r. 112 ms. n. e. by e. Van- dalia. Onondaga, lake, Salina, Onondaga co. N. Y. 7 ms. from Onondaga, drained by Seneca r. It is about 14 ms. by 6, with turbid water, and receives many springs of salt water from its banks, besides several streams ; Otisco, Onandaga creeks, &c. Its banks have been peculiarly subject to the fever and ague. The surrounding land is low, and often marshy. The great salt manufactories of N. Y. arc supplied with water from the shores. It ia raised by machinery to an elevation sufTiciont to convey it in pipes to Syracuse and other places where the manufactories are situated. The branch canal or side cut from the Erie canal, communicates with the lake by locks at Salina, the descent being 38 ft. Onondaga, co. N. Y. 130 ms. w. n. w. Al- bany, 40 e. s. E. Oswego, 50 w. Utica ; bound- ed by Oswego co. k., Madison and Cortlandt s., Cayugia co. w., Oswego r. on the n. 1,759. Onion, r. Vt. rises in Cabot, Caledonia co. boiuid., Oneida lake and river e., and Skeno- first runs s. and s. w., then turns n. w. and latclcs lake s. w. Greatest length .32 m.^!. flows through Washington and Chittenden 'greatest breadth 28, area, about 3.34,000 cos. into lake Chnmplain 5 ms. below Bur-'acrcs. It contains ihc salt springs of the lington. It is about 70 ms. long, and one of | state, which are of immense value, and quan- the largest rivers i^j Vt. Its principal branches jiities of gypsum, limestone and water cement. ONS 379 ONT with a good eoil, and strcame highly useful for manufactures and navigation. Besides the waters above mentioned, there are Oswe- go and Seneca re., Cross, Onondaga and Oiisco lakes, &,c. In the s. are several brooks, tributary to Susquehannah r. The manufacture of salt ia very extensive and valuable. The Onondaga Indians, though much reduced in numbers, occufjy their reser- vation in this CO. The salt springs are own- ed by the state, and are in the town of Salina. The water is raised by water and steam, con- ducted into Syracuse, Geddes and Liverpool, and there the salt is made from it, as well as in Salina. It is obtained by solar evaporation, and by artificial heat, in different ways. A branch of the Erie canal extending to Salina, supplies water power. A bushel of salt is obtained from 45 gallons. A tax of 12 i cents a bushel is paid by the manufacturers to the state, for the canal fiind. Between 1817 and 1831, including those 2 years, about $1,400, 000 was paid to the treasury from this source. Quantities inspected in different years: 1826, 827,508 bushels ; 1827, 983,410; 1828, 1,160,H80 ; 1829,1,291,280; 1830,1,- 435,41G; 1831, 1,514,037 bushels. Of the last, 163,000 bushels were made by solar evaporation, and the residue by solar and ar- tificial heat combined. 189,000 bushels were coarse. Pop. 1820, 41,467 ; 1830, 58,984. Onondaga, p-t. and st. jus. Onondaga co. N. Y. 134 ms. w. Albany, 41 s. Oswego, 9 ms. by 10 ; has an agreeable surface, with ve- ry good soil. In the e. is a fine valley, be- tween high liills, through which lies the course of Onondaga creek towards Ononda- ga lake, and here are many mill seats. Wa- ter cement, 'limestone, marie and gypsum here abound. Onondaga Castle is in this t. 3 ms. 3. of the Hollow. Pop. 1830, 5,668. Onondaga.'*, Indians, Onondaga co. N. Y. These are the remains of the first of the Five Nations of Indians, formerly powerful, but now reduced to a small number. They have a reservation in Onondaga t., 2J ms. by 5 ; 3 ma. 8. of the Hollow, on which a portion of them reside. They receive an annual pay- ment from the state in money — the interest of the money for which they formerly sold their lands in this and several adjacent cos. Onslow, an extensive bay of the IJ. S. on the Atlantic coast, sweeping in a great ellip- tic curve from cape Fear to cape Look Out. The chord line from cape to cape is, by cal- culation, 111 statute ms., and deflects from the meridian by an angle of 65° 50' very nearly. A chain of long, narrow and low sand isls., inflecting, and within from 1 to 2 ms. from the coast, stretch along the curve of Onslow bay. The main shore is also low, and but little broken by either bays or water courses. The inlets between the isls. are nu- merous, but none admit large vessels. In hit. tliis bay extends from 33° 54' to 34° 34', and in long, from 1° w. to 0° 25' r.. W. C. Onslow, co. N.C. bounded by New Hano- ver «. w., Duplin n. w., Jonci n. and n. k., Cartaret e., and Onslow bay s. E. and a. Length 40 ms., mean width 18, and area 720 3(1. ms. Extending in lat. from 34° 30' to 35°, long, from 0° 13' to 0° 40' w. W. C. The very slight declivity of Onslow is a little e. of s. and drained by New river and Whittock r. Pop. 1820,7,018; 1830,7,814. Ontario, lake, one of the groat chain of N. American lakes, lying between N. Y. and Upper Canada. Extends from lat. 43° to 44° and from 0° 40' e. to 2° 50' w. long, from W. C. U has the general form of a flat ellipse, with its ends e. and w., and is about 190 ma. long, with an average breadth of 40 ms. The chief supply of its waters is received by Niagara r. which forms part of the w. boun- dary of N. Y., and after having brought all surplus of the lakes above, down the greatest cataract in the world, poura it into lake Onta- rio on its s. shore, a little e. of its w. extremi- ty. Its other principal tributaries are the Genesee, Oswego, and Clack rs. which flow from N. Y., and there are numerous small streams from both sides. The principal bays on the N. Y. shore are Chaumont e., and Ge- rondiquot and liraddock's ; and the isls.. Sto- ny and Grenadier's isls., with Wolfe or Grand i.sl. atthe mouth of the St. Lawrence. This lake is very deep, by some supposed to be 500 ft. It is never closed over with ice. It yields excellent fish. The shores are gene- rally rather low, and in some places marshy, though in others quite elevated, and the land is commonly good. Tho surface is 334 ft. lower than that of lake Erie. There is a remarkable ridge of land, called the alluvial way, extending in a course generally paral- lel with the 8. shore, from 7 to 10 ms. distant from it in the state of N. Y., which has the appearance of having been thrown up in some manner by the waves, or some current of the lake, when it may have overspread a much greater surface of country. An excel- lent road is laid out upon the summit of this narrow ridge. The surface of the lake ia 231 ft. higher than the tide level of the Hud- son at Albany. All this body of water dis- charges its surplus at its E. extremity into the St. Lawrence r. which is broad and rendered tmnavigable, except in boats, by isls. and rap- ids, for some distance. It ia owing to this that most of the commerce of the lake finds ita way to N. York. Canals, large enough for Bchooners of the largest size used on the lakes, have just been completed by the British government, round the falls of Niagara, and those of the St. Lawrence below lake Ontario. The Oswego canal has also been recently constructed in the state of N. Y . from the Erie canal to the mouth of Oswego r. Ontario, co. N. Y., bounded by Wayne co. N., Seneca co. e., Yates and Steuben cos. s., Livingston co. w., and Monroe co. n. w. The s. part is hilly, and the other parts generally agreeably varied, with a variety of soil, and much good, rich argillaceous loam. Canan- daigua lake lies near the middle, and partly on the s. e. boundary ; Honeoye and Skenea- OPE 380 OPE teles lakes are w. of it, and Hemlock 1. is on the w. boundary. The principal streams are Honeoye, Mud, and Flint crs., and Canandai- gua outlet, besides West r., flowing into tlic head of Canandaigua lake, and several other streams — all flowing nrthrdly. There arc 13 towns, and manufactories of iron, cotton, woollen, glass, »fec. in this co. Fop. 18:20, 35,312; 1830,40,167. Ontario, p-t. Wayne co. N. Y., 208 ms. n. N. w. Albany, 17 n. w. Lyons, s. lake Onta- rio, is crossed by several small streams run- ning N., and contains a bed of iron ore, and several forges. Pop. 1830, 1,585. OosTENALAu r.. Ten. and Geo., rises in the ■former at lat. 35° 05', and is the most nrthrn. fountain, the water of which is conveyed into the gulf of Mexico e. from the Miss. Yet a creek under the name of Connesauga, this stream enters the Cherokee country of Geo., and flowing s. s. w. by comparative courses 60 ms. to New Echota, where it unites with a large confluent, the Rocking Stone or Sale quohe, from the nrthestrd. Below New Echo ta, the Oostenalah continues s. s. w. 25 ms., to its union with the Etowah, to form the Coo- sa. This stream has interlocking sources with those of Ten., Hiwassee, and Etowah. Opelousas, parish of La., and the most sthwstrn. section of the U. S., bounded .^.'. w. by the parish of Natchitoches, n. by Rapides, N. E. by Avoyelles, e. by Atchafalaya, a river separating it from point Coupee and West Ba- ton Rouge, s. E. by St. Martin's, the upper parish of Attakapas, e. w. by the gulf of Mex- ico, and w. by Sabine lake and r., separating it from Texas. The longest line that can be drawn in Opelousas, is a diagonal from the mouth of Sabine, to the nrthestrn. angle of the parish on Atchafalaya r. 16 ms., and meas- ured in that manor, the mean width would be about 50 ms. area 8,000 square ms. Extend- ing in lat. from 29° 26' to 30° 55'. The Ope- lousas is a part of the great northern plain of the Gulf of Mexico, and the central and western part declines s. s. w. It is drained, advancing from e. to w. in succession by the numerous branches of Mermentou, Calcasin, and Sabine rs. The eastern but much less extensive section has a southeaste/n declivi- ty, and is drained by the confluents of Atcha- falaya, Teche, and Vermillion rs. Though the northern part rises into comparative hills, the whole surface so nearly approaches a level as to admit being designated literally an inclined plain. The declivity is, however, so very slight, as to admit the moderate tides of the Gulf of Mexico above the lakes of Sa- bine, Calcasin, and Mermentou, and when the Miss, afld Atchafalaya are in full flood, the water of Courtableau is rendered stagnant to its head, at the junction of Boouf and Croco- dile creeks. But though so nearly a curve section of the sphere, Opelousas is far from being uniform in its features. It is divisible into three very distinct physical regions. The sea marsh of the south, the immense prairies or natural meadows in the middle, and the dense forests on the N. and n. e. . The marshy gulf border riises but very little above the ocean level, is clothed with rank and coarse grass with a few ckimps of trees, and extends inland from 30 to 40 miles. It is a trembling bog, and irreclaimable for any agricultural purpose, and except along the water channels impassable, perhaps by any human effort. The prairie and marsh sections along their hne of connection blend, the former imper- ceptibly rising above inundation. Except their monotonous surface, the prairies of Ope- lousas are seductive to the eye and fancy. There is an oceanic softness impressed on the mind while the vision is swept over those im- mense plains. The dull uniformity is broken by the lines of woods stretching along the Plaquemines, Brule, Teche, Queue Fortue, Cane, Nezpique, Calcasin and Sabine. The innumerable herds of cattle and droves of horses ; the farm houses scattered upon the forest borders, and the bounding horseman give life to this extensive picture. It is here that ideas of relative space are lost in the im- mensity. From a slight eminence or from the roof of a high house, the surface of many counties of the eastern border of the United States comes on the foreground of the land- scape. Passing the prairies either to the nthrd. or eastward the traveller is plunged into a dense forest ; but the northern and eastern forests difler greatly in their features and specific component timber. Towards Rapides and Natchitoches, pine trees so greatly prevail, and grow with so little underwood as truly to deserve their common name " Pine Woods." This vast pine forest, interrupted only by Red r. spreads beyond the bounds of La. On the eastern border of Opelousas, to- wards the inundated lands of Courtableau and Atchafalaya pine entirely ceases, but the forest is in an especial manner dense, with an under- wood of cane, numerous species of bushes and vines. The prevailing timber, oaks of different species, liickory, dilTerent species, linden, and sassafras, sweet gum, and many others. Where actual marsh occurs, cypress and tupeloo prevail. On the woods along the water courses which traverse the prairies, black oak, white oak, sweet gum and hickory, with an under- wood of dogwood and whortleberry prevail. The arable soil of Opelousas varies in quality to great extremes. In the eastern part of the parish on the waters of Vermillion, Teche, and Courtableau, the land is highly productive, but receding in any direction from this region the soil deteriorates. Eastward the fine arable tract is succeeded by the armu- ally inundated soil in the waters of Mermen- tou and Calcasin, is thin and followed by sea marsh. To the northwestward the pine for- est land is also unproductive when farming is attempted. Cotton is greatly the prevailing staple of ORA 381 ORA Opelousas, and is followed in value aggregate- ly by live stock. Peaches, figs, and apples, are the common orchard fruits ; the latter do not, however, thrive to much advantage. In- dian corn, rice, indigo, tobacco, and many other vegetables are cultivated successfully. Chief town, Opelousas or Saint Landrc. Pop- ulation 18:20, 10,085, 1830,12,591. Opelousas, p-v. and st. jus. parish of Ojjc- lousas. La. {See Saint Landrc.) Oi-PENHEiM, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y.5G ms. w. Albany, 15 w. Johnstown, n. Mohawk r., E. of E. Canada creek, is crossed by Ziin- mermans, Cruin and Little Crum creeks, and other small streams. Pop. 1830, 3,GG0. OauAGo village, Windsor, Uroonie co. N. Y. 16 miles e. Binghampton, on Delaware river. Orange, town, Grafton co. N. H. 16 ms. e. Dartmouth college, 40 ms. n. n. w. Concord, with 22,000 acres, contains lead and iron mines, with a pond in the s. e. on the banks of which are found a kind of yellow paint. Val- uable clay is also found, and groat quantities of ochre are prepared and sold annually. The surface is uneven, with Cardigan mtn. e. and the soil good. First settled 1773. Pop. 1830, 410. OuANGE CO. Vt. boimded by Caledonia co. N., Conn, river separating it from N. H. e., Windsor county s., Washington and Addison cos. w., is about half way between the s. and s. lines ot the state, and contains G50 square ms. Incorporated 1781, and contains 17 towns. It has Wells r. i\. e. Ompompaiioosuc and Wait's rs. and streams of White and Onion rs. In the n. w. is part of the E. range of the Green mountains. _ Granite rocks abound in the m. and middle parts, which are valuable for building and mill stones ; slate is found west, and in the co. are great quantities of iron and load ores. Pop. 1820, 24,169, 1830, 27,285. Orange, p-t. Orange co. Vt. 13 ms. e. Montpelier, 50 n. Windsor, with 23,040 acres. P'irst settled 1793 ■; has an uneven surface, sometimes rocky, with Knox's mtn. which yields abundance of excellent granite for building. The soil is better for grain than grass. Sail branch is the principal stream, and there are several smaller. Pop. lo3j, 1,01G. Orange, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 75 ms. w. Boston,N. Miller's r. which furnishes good mill seats. The surface is rough, and lias some manufactories. Pop. 1830, 880. Orange, town. New Haven co. Conn. 5 ms. s. w. New Haven, with Housatonic r. n. w. and Long Island sound s. e. It is crossed by Wopowaiig r. and is rough and rocky, with some good land. Pop. 1830, 1,341. Orange co. N. Y. bounded by Sullivan and Ulster counties north, Hudson river east, which separates it from Putnam aiKl Duchess counties, Rockingham southeast. New Jer- sey s. w., Delaware r. w., which separates it from Pa. It contains G09 square ms. and 14 lownslrips. The cast part is very moun- tainous, embracing the principal part of the w. highlands of the Hudson, called the Mat- tcawan nitns. There is also much drowned land, which has a good soil for hemp, &c. vyhen drained. Iron ore, and timber are ob- tained from the mtns. There is also some marble. WaalkiU r. runs n. w. thro' the middle; Shawangunlc r. one of its branches, bounds it on the n. w. The Delaware and Navisink, its tributaries, are w. and Murder- er's creek flows e. to the Hudson. Ramapo and Sterling rs. flow into the Passaic in N. J. The Shawangunk range of mtns. crosses the N. w. corner. The mtns. in the e. part of this CO. were a most important bulwark of the country in the revolutionary war. There were the forts Clinton, Montgomery, and Putnam, (the latter at W. Pointj guarding the passage of the river. They were taken by the Brit- ish, in 1777, who hoped to open a commimi- cation with Gen. Burgoyne, but were disap- pointed. These forts Gen. Arnold covenanted to betray to the enemy. The military acade- my of the United States, is at West Point, (which see.) The Delaware and Hudson canal enters this co. along the valley of Na- visink r. and up the bank of the Del. In the village of Waldcn are manufactories of cot- ton, flour, flamiel, and broadcloth. Pop. 1820, 41,213, 1830, 45,33G. Or.u\ge, p-t. Essex co. N. J. n. w. New- ark, s. w. Bloomfield, has an academy and a mineral spring. The west part lies on the oast acclivity ol the Short hills. It is crossed by one or two small streams. Pop. 1830, 3,887. Ora.nge village. Orange, Essex co. N. J. is a flourishing manufacturing and populous village 4 ms. n. w. Newark, and has a bank. The inhabitants manufacture a large amount of hats, shoes, &-c. Orange, co. Va. bounded by Spottsylvania,- and s. E., Louisa s., Albemarle s. w,. Blue Ridge separating it from Rockingham n. w., by Conway r. separating it from Madison n., and by Rapidan r. separating it from Culpep- per N. Length diagonally from e. to w. 50 ms. metm width 10, and area 560 square ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 07' to 38° 25', and in long, from 0° 42' to 1° 45' w. W. C. 'I'he northern part in its entire length is bounded by and drained into Rapidan, on the south- western branch of Rappahannoc ; declivity eastward. The southeastern angle gives source to N. Anne, and the southwestern to the extreme northern sources of Rivanna r. The surface is hilly and the co. is nearly equally divided by the southwest mtn. Much of the soil is good. Qiief towns, Orange court house, Barboursville, and Stamiardsvilie. Pop. 1820, 12,913, 1030, 14,G37. Orange, co. N. C. bounded s. e. by Wake, s. by Chatham, w. by Guilford, n. by Caswell and Person, and n. e. by Granville. Length 40 ms. mean width 25, and area 1,000 s(juarc ms. Extending in lat. from 3.')0 53' to 36° 14', and in long, from 1° 48, to 2° 34'. Some ot the higher sources of Neuse r. rise in the northeastern part of Orange, but the central sthrn. and western sections are drained by IluNV r. and its confluents. The general de ORE 382 ORE clivity southeastward. Chief town, Hillsboro'. Pop. 1820, 23,492, 1830, 23,908. Orange, co. Indiana, bounded s. by Craw- ford, s. w. by Dubois, n. w. by Martin, n. by Lawrence, and e. by Washington. It is a square of 21 ms. each way, area 440 square ms. lat. 38° 35', long. W. C. 9° 30' w., slope w. giving source to Patoka r. and to Salt or. a branch of White river. Chief town, Paoli. Pop. 1830, 7,901. Orange, p-o., Trumbulf co., O., by p-r. 165 ms. N. E. Columbus. Orangeuurgh, dist. of S. C, bounded s. e. by Charleston and Colleton districts, s. w. by South Edisio r., separating it from Barnwell, w. by Edgefield, n. w. by Lexington, n. by Congaree r., separating it from Richland, and N. E. by Santee r., separating it from Sumpter. Length 76 ms., mean width 24, and area 1824 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 30° 10' to 30° 53', and in long, from 3° 23' to 4° 41' w. W. C. Declivity to the s. s. k. by e., and mostly drained by the two Edistos ; chief t., Orangeburg. Pop. 1820, 15,653; 1830, 18, 453. Oranoeburgu, p-v. and st. jus., Orange- burgh dist., S. C, by p-r. 43 ms. a little e. of s. Columbia. Lat. 33° 28', long. 3° 51' w. W.C. Orange, C. H. and p. o.. Orange co., Va., at the foot of the S. W. mtn., 92 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. ' Orange Springs and p-o., s. e. part Orange CO., Va., by p-r. 94 ms. s. w. W. C. Orangetown, t., Rockland co., N. Y., the 3. e. corner of the co., 28 ms. n. N. Y., 142 was not derived from any connexion with the great discoverer of America ; but from the Columbia Redivina, an American vessel from Boston in Mass., commanded by Capt. Rob- ert Gray, who entered the Columbia r. on the 11th of May, 1792, and was the real re- discoverer of that important stream. The Oregon is composed of two great con- stituent branches, the Clark to the n. and Lewis s. The real remote source of the nrthrn. branch of Clarks r. has not been ac- curately determined, but it is supposed to riso about lat. 53°, opposite to the sources of SaF- katchev/aine and Unjiga. Flowing sthrd. 300 ms., it joins a much superior stream from the estrd., Clarks r. proper. The latter heads in the Chippewayan range or system, interlocking sources with the various branch- es of Mo. lat. 45°. Flowing thence by a gen- eral N. w. by w. course, but with a very ex- tended nrthrn. curve, joins the N. Branch as already noticed. Below the junction, the united stream assumes a s. s. w. course 120 ms., to its union with Lewis r., after an en- tire comparative length of 800 ms. The en- tire valley of Clark's r., as laid down on Tan- ner's N. A., embraces an area of 75,000 sq. ms. If Lewis r. is correctly delineated on either Tanner's N. A., or on the upper margin of his U. S., it is a still superior stream to that of Clarks r. ; the former rising amongst the chains of the Chippewayan system at lat. 40°, long. 30 w. W. C. Interlocking sources with those of Rio Grande del Norte of the Gulf of Mexico ; the Colorado of the Gulf of Cale- s. Albany ; has Tappan bay of Hudson r. e., fornia, Rio Buenaventura of the Pacific, and and N. Jersey s. and w. It contains an acad emy. Hackensack r. flows s. into N. J., sup- plying useful water power. It contams the vs. of Tappan, Nyack and Middletown. Dobb's Ferry and Slotc Landing are on Hud- son r. Pop. 1830, 1,947. Orangeville, p-t., Genesee co., N. Y., 22 ms. s. Batavia, gives rise to one of the head streams of Tonewanta cr., and is nearly level, with light loam, bearing beech, maple, hnden, &,c. Pop. 1830, 1,525. Orangeville, p-v., estrn. part of Columbia CO., Pa., 16 ms. nrthestrd. Danville the co., t., and by p-r. 81 ms. n. n. e. Harrisburg. Oregon, p-v., Franklin co., O. Oregon, or Columbia, large r. of North America, included in the discoveries of Lewis and Clarke, and usually regarded as part of the domain of the U. S. We introduce the article here in order to give a general view of the country between the Chippewayan or Rocky mtns. and the Pacific ocean, and first notice the great r. from which the name has been derived, and which is slowly but proba- bly securely regaining the Spanish name of Oregon Orcgano, in Spanish, is the name of wild marjoram, and from that herb, or some other bearing to it a strong rcsembhinrc, it is sup- posed the name arose. The origin of the name Columbia is generally mistaken, as it with those of Arkansas, Platte, and Missouri rivers ; Lewis r., tlae main constituent of Or- egon, assumes a n. w. by w. course, receiving large tributary branches from both sides, but particularly from the right. This larg*. stream, after a comparative course of 800 ms., joins the N. branch or Clarks r. Tlio valley of Lewis r. exceeds an area of 100,000 sq. ms. It is a remarkable circumstance Uiat the ele- vated vallies from which the upper sources of Lewis r. are derived, is, following the gene- ral courses of the Rio del Norte and Colum- bia, almost exactly equidistant from the Gulf of Mexico, and Pacific Ocean ; exceeding 1,000 ms. distance in either direction. Combining the two vallies of Lewis r. and Clark's r., and measuring from the most nrthn. source of the latter to the extreme srthn. source of the former, the breadth of their sources is about 1,000 ms. Below their union the vast volume pursues a general wstrn. course, but with a considerable sthrn. curve 300 ms. to its final efflux into the Pa- cific ocean, having received the Multnomah below the last chain of mtns. which it traver- ses, and near the head of tide water. In a pamphlet published in Boston in 1830, written by Hall J. Kelley, A. M., and entitled a geographical sketch of Oregon Territory, the following notices are given of the main r. : " It is six miles wide at its mouth ; at the ORE 383 ORE distance of 175 ms. from the eea, and near the foot of tho grand rapids, it meets the tide water, and assumes a new character. The mouth of the r. is spacious and easy of in- gress, affording good anchorage, and a num- ber of safe and commodious harbors. There are flats and bars, which extend from Point Adams on the s., nearly across the entrance ; but over these flats, there are no less than 20 ft. of water at low tide. Tho ship chan- nel which lies snug to Cape Disappointment on the N., gives no less than 24 ft. at low wa- ter. It has been observed that the tide sets up 175 ms. It rises at Cape Disappointment, about 9 ft., and its reflux at this place, is gen- erally in the spring 5 or 6 knots per hour. The mouth of the river has been particularly surveyed, by Capt. Nash, from whom the fol- lowing directions were obtained for enter- ing its mouth. " Bring Chenoke point to bear N. e. by e., at any distance not less than 4 leagues, and steer for it, until Cape Disappointment bears N., then run for the estn. part of Cape D. and pass it at a quarter of a mile distance, and when the sthn. part of it bears w. half s. you may steer nearly e., keeping Chenoke Point a little open on the larboard bow ; this will clear the Spit banli, and bring the ship into « fine channel of 6, 9, 12 and 13 fiUhoms, (should the wind be ahead, you may work up for Cape Disappointment, standing to the wstrd. until the cape bears n. n. e. half e. and to the estrd., until it bears n. half w. in a good channel,) when abreast of Chenoke Point, haul in for Point Ellice, and pass it at half cable's length, when you may bring it to bear s. half s., and steer e. by n. half n., until the Red Cliff" bears n. w. half w. ; then steer for the low land to the sthwrd. of Tongue Point, until two trees, which stand above the rest of the high woods to the s., are directly over the middle of three trees, that stand near the water, between two red patches ; then run for them until you shut a bluff point of sand upon the river, into Tongue Point ; then steer for port George, till an old white stump, or withered tree, bears s. e. by s. half s. ; then haul in shore, till two trees on the high land, to the n. e. shut just on to Tongue Point, and keep them so, and you may anchor at Fort George, in 7 fathoms mud." In the Boston pamphlet quoted above, the Multnomah is derived from lake Timpanogos, and from the Rocky mts. ; but from maps drawn from actual observation, and commu- nicated by Gen. Ashley to Mr. H. S. Tanner, that r. has a far more brief origin. It appears that sthrd. of the Columbia, extensive open I)!ainR spread to a great extent, and in which the Multnomah rises at least 300 ms. wstrd. of the Rocky mts., and pursuing a course of N. N. w. about 350 ms., falls into Columbia or Oregon, near the head of tide water attempt at specific information would be pre- mature. Under the art. U. S., it will be shown that the climate of that part of N. A. w. of the Chippewayan system, is much mil- der on a given lat., than on or near the At- lantic coast ; and the true cause of the diftcr. ence will be also shown. The soil of Ore- gon has been boasted of as in a high degree fertile, which, if assumed as a general char- acter, is not supported by the facts developed by actual discovery. Oregon. This territory, taken as a physi- cal section, is in great part confined to the basin of Columbia or Oregon r., and is boun- ded s. by the lat. 42°, or the nrthrn. boundary of Hispano, N. A. ; n. it has the Russian ter- ritories, e. it is limited by the Chippewayan mtns., and on the w. by the Pacific ocean. Before proceeding to describe the country geographically, it may be well to glance on the international stipulations which have fix- ed, as far as they are fixed, the n. and a. boundaries. By the treaty of Washington, ratified by the king of Spain, on the 24th Oct., 1820, and the ratifications exchanged at Washington, the 22nd Feb., 1821, the 42°nd of lat. is made tho limit between the Mexican provinces and the Oregon territory of the U. S. This closed a tedious and vex- atious controversy with Spain, but two far more powerful competitors presented them- selves. Great Britain and Russia severally urged their claims. It was certainly stretching a right too far to claim Oregon as a part of La., nor was such plea at all requisite. The people of the U. S. were the original discoverers after Spain, of the Columbia or Oregon, in both directions, from the sources to the mouth. As early as 1788, some merchants of "Boston fit- ted out two vessels, for the avowed purpose of trading along the N. W. coast of N. A. One of these, the Columbia Redivina, com- manded by Capt. Robert Gray, discovered, entered, and gave the prenomen of his ship to the r. Capt. Vancouver was then at Noot. ka, and the discovery very frankly and fortu- nately communicated to that great navigator, who sent one of his principal officers to exa- mine the channel, and in his narrative ac- knowledges the facts ; thus placing the right of prior discovery in the U. S. beyond dispute, on British evidence. In addition to the dis- covery by sea, the expedition of Lewis and Clark from the Mo. was one of those trans- actions too notorious to admit additional evi- dence, and tho result was a discovery and partial survey of the Oregon regions. Some attempts have been made by individ- uals to induce the U. S. government to for- mally take possession of the Oregon, and in 1810 a private expedition, at the expense and under the direction of .lohn .Facob Astor of N. Y., actually formed an estahlishment, and named the principal depot Astoria. This col- So little more than the rough general out-iony of 120 men, went out well provided for lines, are known of these immense regions, trade and agriculture. Two years after the whicli arc merely merging into view, that an (first founding of Astoria, they had established ORE 384 ORE themselves at 5 other places bceide Astoria, (mean breadth perhaps under 50 ms. The One settlement was on the Multnomah, one ocean side is represented as abounding in at the mouth of Lewis r., and the 3 others i bays. in the interior of the country. Had the U. S. government sustained the colony sent out in 1810, it is probable all conflicting claims would long eince have been quieted, or per- haps never urged. In the convention of 1818, between the U. S. and Great Britain, the right of both parties to the country of Oregon, eeems to be mutual- ly conceded, and to embarrass the conflicting claims still more, those of Russia were brought forward, though not strenuously as- serted, and were, as far as that power and the U. S. were concerned, fixed by the convention of the 5th of April, 1824. By the third article of the above noticed convention, we may con- sider lat. 54^ 40' as the provisional boundary of the U. S. and Russia on the Pacific ocean ; and to the south, since the definitive ratifica- tion of the treaty of Washington, lat. 42° has become the determined limit. If we consider the title of the U. S. paramount, then this nation will possess on the Pacific coast 12 degrees and 40 minutes of lat., or 880 statute ms., with a mean breadth inland of 460 ms. ; area exceeding 400,000 sq. ms. The surface of this immense country as far as known, appears to be broken and moun. tain,ous. It is bounded on the k. l)y the vast system of the Chippewayan, and traversed in From lat. 42° to the straits of St. Juan de Fuca, the coast deviates only by a small an- gle from due n. and s. ; but the isl. of Quadra and Van Couver, and the opposing coast, bears nearly N. w. With tho nrthm. termination of the isl. & entrance of Queen Charlotte's sound, the coast again bends to n. n. w., and pre- serves that direction to lat. 54° 40', exces- sively broken by bays and isls. ; the latter not very distinctly grouped, but called gene- rically. Princess Royal, and Pitt's isls. Out- side of these groups, with an intervening strait from 20 to 100 ms. wide, extends Queen Charlotte's isl., a body of land 180 ms. in length, with a mean breadth of perhaps 90 ms., and extending nearly n. and s. With the N. cape of Queen Charlotte's isl., opens Dix- on's entrance or Vancouver's sound, and also terminates the U. S. territory, as fixed by treaty with Russia, 1824, as already noticed. Imperfect as is our knowledge of this coast, what we possess of the interior country, par- ticularly N. of the Oregon r., is still greatly more defective. On Tanner's and other maps two large rs. are represented as discharging into the gulf of Georgia ; the sthrn. called tho Caledonia, and the nrthm. the Tacoutche Tesse. The latter name is undoubtedly mis- applied. It is derived from the narrative of a similar direction from s. to n., at no great I an Indian to Du Pradt, who, about 1735, pub. distance from the Pacific ocean by another! lished an account of La. The Indian related system, which has hitherto remained without to the author, that he made the traverse of generic name. The great body of the the continent of N. A. to the great water to- country spreads between those two systems. As laid down on Tanner's N. A. and U. S., the coast between lat. 42 and the Columbia r. seems rook bound, and very devoid of open- ings, bays or harbors. On the map of N. A. between lat. 42° nnd 43°, is placed the mouth of the r. Los Mongos, the outlet of lake Timpenogos, nnd to the n. of its efflux is placed cape Dilligencias of Spanish, the Ox- ford of English geography. The wide and open bay of Cannaveral lies between lat 44° and 45°, and is terminated at lat 44° 55' by Cape Fairwcather ; and that again at 45° 30' by Cape Xelimak, and r. of the same name. The mouth of Oregon follows at lat 4G° 12'. Beyond this important opening the coast is again in groat part rock bound to cape Flat- tery, lat. 48° .30', or to tho mouth of (he strait St. Juan de Fuca. The character of the coast now entirely changes ; a deep entrance of near 100 ms. separates the sthrn. extreme of the isl. of Quadra and Van Couver, from the continent. The straits of Fuca extend, a long irregular bay of 80 ms., to the sthrd., reaching to within 50 ms. of the Oregon. On the nrthrn. wards the setting sun. He describes a river down which ho accompanied other Indians to the ocean, and named it Tacoutche Tesse. From what we know of the rs. and mtns. be- tween the Miss, and Pacific, two things must be evident to whoever reads Du Pradt; one, that the Indian did really make the journey he related ; second, that tho r. called Oregon, or Columbia, was his Tacoutche Tesse. The stream now so called, answers in neither course or discharge to the account given by the Indian ; whilst on the contrary, in hoth. respects, the Oregon corresponds with his description to convincing exactness. To name the minor capes and isls. along the Oregon coast, would be to give a confu- sed list, which the several navigators have made utterly unintelligible by imposing dif- ferent names to the same place, and at the same time leaving the position uncertain. General remtirks on Oregon. — It cannot be deemed presumption to assert that the gov- ernment of tho U. S. has shown a danger- ous neglect of this extensive couiUry against European claims, and which of right belongs to her, upon every principle which has guid- side the strait again under, first, the name of'ed European nations in regard to discovery, the Gulf of Georgia, and thence by that olj preoccupancy, and of course prior right of Queen C'harlotte's sound, merges into the'soil. The fertility of the land has no doubt Pacific ocean at lat. 51°. The isl. of Quadra, been overrated, but the undeniable mildness and Van Couver is near 300 ms. long, in form! of the climate perhaps fully compensates for of un ellipte, broadest part about 80 ; but | the sterility of soil. In a country comprising ORL 385 ORR a surface more than double that of the whole Atlantic slope of the U. S. ; and also more than double that of the valley of Ohio; and a country aboiuiding in rivers, fin immense population may be certainly supported, and if estimated at 20 to the sq. m., would amount to 8,000,000. It is probable, however, that 20,- 000,000 would fall far short of the capabili- ties of the country. The commercial advan- tages of its position give again incalculable Interest lo Oregon ; and we may without danger of successful contradiction, say that, taken in every respect, it is the most impor- tant section of the earth on which no civilized settlements have been permanently establish- ed. If we turn our eye to that human tide which is flowing wstrd., and augmenting in volume as it flows, M'here are we to fix its bounds ? On the Pacific, will every well in- formed man answer. Oriskanv, cr. N. Y. a branch of Mohawk r., 23 ms. long, empties between Utiea and Rome. Its principal branch is Deane's cr. Oriskany, p-v. Whitestown, Oneida co. N. Y. 7 ms N. Utica, 3 from Whitesboro', on Oriskany cr. and the Erie canal, has a large woollen factory. Orland, p-t. Hancock co. Me. 64 ms. e. by N. Augusta, E. Penobscot r. opposite Orphan isl., has a large pond. Pop. 1830, 975. Orlean, p-v. Fauquier co. Va. Orleans, co. Vt. bounded by Canada n., Essex CO. E., Caledonia and Washington cos. s., Franklin co. w. ; lies about half way be- tween the E. and w. bounds of the state. In- corporated 1792. Irasburgh is the st. jus. First settled 1787. The soil is good for grain and grass. It contains much marshy ground, and more ponds than any other co. in Vt. Memphremagog lake lies partly within it. Lamoille r. is in the s., Black, Barton and Clyde rs. in the n. and middle. It is enclos- ed between the two ranges of the Green mtns. The rocks in the central part are ar- gillite ; in the w. mica and chlorite ; slate and serpentine are found on Misisque r., with as- bestos, magnetic iron, &.c. Pop. 1820, 6,976, 1830, 13,980. Orleans, p-t. Barnstable co. Mass. 85 ms. s. E. Boston, 20 e. Barnstable ; is very irreg- ular in form, lying on the ocean, which bounds it on the e. It forms the elbow of the long and crooked point called Cape Cod ; and like it is low and sandy with a miserable soil, ex- cept on some parts of the neck and isl. There arc many creeks and coves along the shore, and Chatham beach shuts in an extent of salt marsh, e. from Chatham harbor, which is large, and lies between this t. and Chatham. The inhabitants are scattered. The fuel, which is partly peat, is bro't from elsewhere. Pleasant Bay, contains several isls.,and Stage Harbor is an opening in Chatham beach. The people arc almost exclusively devoted' lo catching fish and clams. Pop. 1830, 1,789. Orleans, co. N. Y. bounded by lake Onta- rio n. ,23ms. from Monroe CO. e., Genesee CO. s., Niagara CO. w., is crossed by Oak Or- 49 chard cr. which flows through the w. and it. w. part, and enters the lake. Johnson's cr. and several smaller streams flow in the same 'direction w. of it ; and Sandy cr. runs e. into Monroe co. The Ridge road on the alluvia! way passes through the middle of the co. from E. to w. nearly parallel to which, at a short distance s., are the Erie canal, and the Mountain Ridge, which is near the s. bounda- ry. The surface of the country is gently un- dulated, and the variations are remarkably regular, owing to the two singular ridges above mentioned. It is supposed that all the n. part was at some long past age overflown by lake Ontario ; and that the alluvial way waa formed by a current. The soil is various, generally favorable to grass. It contains 8 towns. Pop. 1820, 7,625 ; 1830, 17,732. Orleans, t. Jefferson co. N. Y. 10 ms. s. Watertown, s. St. Lawrence r. opposite Grind. stone isl., is crossed s. w. by Chaumont r. which rises near its centre, and runs 12 or 14 ms. into Chaumont bay ; with good mill sites. Perch cr. s. runs 13 ms. into Black River bay. The shore of the St Lawrence is indented with many coves. The surface is varied, and the soil is clay and sand. White pine, white oak, beach, hard maple, &-c. are abun- dant. The form is square, with a triangular tract N. on the shore. Pop. 1830, 3,001. Orleans, parish. La. (See New Orleans.) Orleans, island of. I have introduced this article in order to explain away a miscon- ception. The name of Island of Orleans was given to that part of La. on which the city of New Orleans is situated. It is that part of the state, bounded by the Miss, r., Iber- ville and Amite rs., lakes Maurepas, and Pont- chartrain, the Pass of the Rigolets, lakes Borgne, Chandeleur, and Bayard, and Gulf of Mexico, and stretches from the efflux of Iber- ville to the mouth of the Miss. 180 ms., differ- ing in width from 3 to 25 ms. Except the narrow arable border along the Miss, and a few other places, the surface is level with the surface of high tide. Though called an island, this part of the Delta no more deserves the term than do the spaces in other parts, which are enclosed by the numerous bayous, lakes and lagoons, which chequer the whole surface from the mouth of the Pearl to that of Sabine r. Orleans, p-v. nrthestrn. part of Orange co. Ind. by p-r. 8 ms. n. Paoli, the co. St., and 86 ms. a little w. of s. Vandalia. Orono, or Indian Old Town, p-f. and isl. Penobscot co. Me. 73 ms. n. e. Augusta, is an isl. in Penobscot r. 12 ms. n. n. e. Bangor, above the Great Falls. It is inhabited by the remains of the Penobscot Indians, who have a Catholic church. Pop. 1830, 1,472. Orrington, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 74 ms, N. N.E. Augusta, 5 s. Bangor, 32 n. Castine, e. Penobscot r., indents the n. line of Hancock CO. and is separated from the N. E. corner of Waldo CO. by Penobscot r. It is crossed by a pond and stream flowing n.w. into that stream. Pop. 1830, 1,234. OSA 386 osw Oeton, tnille and p-o. Brunswick co. N. C. byp-r. 167 ma. s. Raleigh. Orvillk, p-v. Manlius, Onondaga co. N. Y. 5 ras. N. w. Manlius, is on a branch of the Erie canal and on Butternut cr. Orwell, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 20 ms. n. w. Rutland, 47 s. w. Montpelier, 47 s. Burlington and opposite Ticonderoga, N. Y. It contains 42 sq. ms. including Mt. Independence, where was a picket fort, a battery, &c. in tho revo- lutionary war, as one of the outworks of fort Ticonderoga. The first permanent settlement was made in 1783. There are hills s., but the land is generally almost level. It is fertile and watered by East cr., and Lemonfair r. which afford mill seats. Epsom salts have been made from a spring on the lake shore n. w.,and other springs are impregnated with them. Compact lime rocks contain impres- sions of shells, fish, «fec. Zinc has also been found. The lake is here from 1 to 2 ms. wide. Pop. 1830, 1,598. Orwell, t. Oswego co. N. Y. 139 ms. from Albany, and 12 e. Pulasky, is crossed by Salmon r. in the e., and many branches in all parts, and has pretty good land, with an irreg- ular surface, bearing beach, maple, hemlock, &c. The rocks, which are limestone and slate, abound in petrifactions on hills and in valleys. In Richland there is a fall in Salmon r. 2C ms. from its mouth. The current is first smooth, then it runs over rapids 2 ms., and then falls almost perpendicularly 107 ft. At high water the fall is about 250 feet wide. Pop. 1830, 501. Orwell, p-v. Bradford co. Pa. by p-r. 1 6 ms. N. of Towanda, and 141 n. Harrisburg. Orwell, p-v. Ashtabula co. O. by p-r. 179 ms. N. E. Columbus. OawiGSBURQ, p-v. boro' and st. jus. Schuyl- kill CO. Pa. situated on a small branch of Schuylkill r. 7 ms. s. e. Pottsville, 29 ms. n. w. Reading and by p-r. 59 n. e. Harrisburg, lat. 40° 41', long. 0° 48' e. W. C. The site of Orwigsburg is broken, but very pleasant, and though even mountainous in appearance, very nearly from e. to w. In its broadest part it is 130 ms., but the mean width not above 60 ms., area 15,000 sq. ms. Tlie lower part of the channel below the junction of the two main branches is excessively crooked, a feature which has contributed to magnify the real size of the stream. Lat. 38 divides this r. valley into two not very unequal sections. The valley lies between Lower Kansas and Mo. r. N., Gasconade s.e., the nrthn. sources of White r. s., and those of Grand r. of Arkansas s. w. It is a fine navigable stream as high as the main fork, and along its shores, and on many of its tributaries spread some of the finest lands of Mo. Osage, ferry and p-o. nrthwstrn. part of Gasconade co. Mo. The ferry is over Os- age r. at its mouth, 12 ms. below Jefferson, and the post office is at the ferry. OsxABURGH, P-v. Stark co. O. 4 ms. e. Can- ton, the CO. St. and 107 N.E.Columbus. OssABAu, sound and isl. Bryan co. Geo. Tho sound is in fact the mouth or estuary of Great Ogeechee r.,and opens into the Atlan- tic ocean 18 ms. s. w. the mouth of Savannah r., lat. 31° 50'. long. W. C. 40° 8' w. Ossa- bau isl. is one of those level small isls. which extend in a chain along the Atlantic coast of Florida, Geo. and S. C. The Ossabau fills the space between Ossabau and St. Catha- rine's sounds, and is about 10 ms. in length. OssiAN, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 20 ms. N. E. Angelica, is crossed by Canaseraga cr. which affords mill sites. It is in the n. e. cor- ner of the co. Pop. 1830, 812. OssiPEE Lake, Strafford co. N. H., is near- ly of an oval form, and covers about 7,000 acres. The water is clear, and it contains no islands. It discharges its surplus water by Ossipee r. through several ponds into Saco r. in Me. OssipEE MTNs., Strafford co. N.H. lie along the E. side of Winnipiseogee lake about 8 ms. The ridge is broken in some parts, but nearly uniform in height, and of considerable elevation. The slope towards the lake is the adjacent country is well cultivated. The gradual near it, where the land is pretty well village contains the ordinary co,buildings,with j cultivated. These mtns. form one of the most about 120 dwelling houses. It stands on tho conspicuous features in the fine scenery of that main road through Reading from Phil, to region. In easterly storms the wind some- Sunbury and Northumberland. Pop. about times comes over the mtns. with destructive 600. violence. Osage, r. of the U. S. in the great western Ossipee, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. 60 ms. n. territory of Mo., and in the state of Mo. This e. Concord, has part of the range of Ossipee stream has its remote sources on the great mtns. n. w. and part of Ossipee lake and r. plains between those of Grand r. of Arkan- Its form is irregular, and the e. angle almost sas, and the main channel of Kansas r. com- touches the boundary of Me. Pine r. cross- posed of two branches. Grand r. on the nrthn. es the e. part, and Bearcamp r. is in the n. w. and Osage proper on the sthrn. Both j a tributary of the lake. There are several branches assume an estrn. course, and enter- ponds. A mound of earth 10 feet high, w. of ingthe wstrn. side of the state of Mo. unite the lake, was found to contain skeletons, torn- after a respective comparative course of 150 ahawks, &c. Incorporated 1785. ms. Below the junction, the united waters Oswegatchie r. N. Y., lies chiefly in St. continue estrd. about 50 ms., first s.e. thence Lawrence co. and has 2 branches which, after N. e., fall into Mo. r. 12 ms. below the city of rising near the s. boundary of the co. and'flow- Jefferson and 108 ms. w. by the land road ing n. unite about 4 ms. from their mouth in St. from St. Louis. The entire valley of the Os- Lawrence r. The E.branch pursues a remarka- age, is about 250 ms. in length, extending ^bly crooked course; running w. over the line of osw 387 OSW Jefferson co., then turning back almost into the ithc s. It containa 900 sq. ms. and 18 towns* same channel,flows n. e., and then more n. till it meets the w. branch or Indian r. It has many falls and rapids favorable to manufacturing, and passes through a fertile country. It is about 120 ms. long. At one of its angles is a natur- al canal communicating with Grassy r. The w. branch flows from Jefferson co. into Black lake, or Oswegatchie lake, on leaving which it joins the k. branch. Oswegatchie lake, St. Lawrence co. N.Y. receives Indian r. or the w. branch of Oswe- gatchie r., and a great part of the course of that stream lies through it. It contains sev- eral isls., and is chiefly in Morristown. It lies N. E. and s. w., and parallel with St. Law- rence r. OswEOATCniE, p-t. and st. jus. St. Law- rence CO. N. Y. 204 ms. n. n. w. Albany, 476 from Washington, lies on the St. Lawrence r. is crossed by Oswegatchie r., and watered by its two branches for a few ms. before their junction. It is opposite Prescott, Upper Can- ada, and at the end of sloop and steamboat navigation; being a little above the rapids. It is 10 ms. sq. with a varied surface and pret- ty good soil. Oswegatchie r. is navigable and supplies many valuable factories. An old fort stood at its mouth, built by the French. Og- densburg, a port of entry, and a large and flourishing village, the St. jus. of the CO. is in this t. Port Van Rensselaer was built here in the last war. Pop. 1830, 3,993. Oswego, r. N. Y., the outlet of the lakes in the middle of the state, flows into lake On- tario near the middle of the s. shore, at Os- wego village. The lakes with which it is connected are Fish, Cross, Otisco, Onondaga, Owasco, Skcncnieles, Canandaigua, Crook- ed, Oneida, Cayuga, and Seneca. The com- munication is by outlets, which unite and form Seneca r., and this coon falls into Os- wego r., as do many other small streams. These waters abound in mill sites. It is 24 ms. long, runs n., and serves a very impor- tant purpose for the greater part of its coursr, as the Oswego canal, which connects Erie canal at Syracuse with lake Ontario. 12 ms It is watered by numerous streams, flowing in all directions, the principal of which, after that mentioned, is Oswego r. Salmon r. cross- es from the e. line to lake Ontario. Scribaa and Bay creeks run 8. into Oneida lake, Scott's cr. into Oneida r., Black cr. w. into Oswego r. and Catfish, Little Salmon, Grind- stone and Deer crs. n. and w. into lake Onta- rio. N. E. are some hills, but the co. is nearly level, with good grazing land, some soils favorable to grain, and remarkably, adapted to fruit trees. Oswego and Pulaski are the CO. towns. The CO. contains salt springs and freestone quarries. There are old forts at the mouth of Oswego r. by which was the commu- nication between the Canadians and the Five Nations of Indians before the French wars. Fort Oswego is in this co. as is part of the village of Oswego, the et. of jus. of the co. and a port of entry. The canal from the falls lies along the e. shore, and many manufacto- ries have been erected there. The construc- tion of the Oswego canal affords a navigable connection between lake Ontario and the Erie canal. Population in 1820, 12,374 ; 1830, 27,119, OswEGO, p-t. Oswego CO. N. Y. 168 ms. n. w. Albany, 72 N. n. w. Utica, s. lake Ontario, w. Oswego r., is level in some parts, gently varied in others, with soil favorable for grain, grass and fruit, and contains part of the v. of Oswego, the other part being inScriba. It is at the mouth of Oswego r. and enjoys great advantages as a manufacturing place, from an excellent lake harbor, (being defended from the waves by two long piers built by the gov- ernment of* the U. S.) and from the Oswego canal, which connects the navigation of lake Ontario and the Erie canal. A trading house was built here, 1772, at the mouth of Oswego r., and fort Oswego in 1727, 50 ft. above the level of the water. In 1755 it was enlarged, and fort Oswego was built on the opposite side, in Scriba, on much higher ground. They were captured by Gen. Montcalm, from the English, in 1756, with stores, arms, boats, and ammunition, butabandoned. In 1814, fort from the mouth of the r. is a fall of about 100 Ontario was taken by the British, but evacu- feet, round which was formerly a portage of 1 , ated the next day. Pop. 1830,2,703. m. for boats.The canal is conducted along the i OswEGO,incorporated v. and port, in the tsps. E. bank below the falls, to the village near the ! of Oswego and Scriba, st. jus. Oswego co. N.Y. mouth of the r. where it descends to the lev- {167 ms. n. w. by w. Albany, is a flourishing el of the harbor by locks, and affords abun- 1 place at the mouth of Oswego r.on high ground dance of water power to many factories. It! near the sites of the old forts Oswego and On- is crossed by a bridge 700 feet long. It serv-' tario. It has a good harbor, with 10 feet water ed in early times as the great channel of in- on the bar, and is protected from the waves of tercourse between the English and French in i lake Ontario by two long piers, built by the U. Canada, and the Six Nations of Indians, and S. A bridge 700 ft. long connects the two was a route of invasion in the revolutionary banks of the r. Oswego canal here termin- war. The harbor at the river's mouth, has; ates, and communicates with the river, on a been greatly improved by the government of, level with the lake, by locks on the e. side, the U. S., and has much njivigalion. It is ! affording water for many manufactories. It one of the places regularly visited by the is carried along the e. bank to the falls, 12 lake steamboats. I ms. above which it enters the r. Boats pass by OswEGo, CO. N.Y. bounded by lake Ontario j this channel to Syracuse, on the Erie canal ; and Jefferson, Lewis and Oneida cos. e., Mad- j and it is the only navigable communication be- ison,Onondaga and Cayuga cos. s. and Cayuga tween that canal and the lake. This work CO. w., Oneida lake and r. forming the line on has given great importance to the v., which OTS 388 OTT has increased very rapidly within three or four years. Oteoo, p-t. Otsego CO. N. Y., 86 ms. \v. by s. Albany, '20 s. \v. Cooperstown, and n. \v. Susquehannah r. or Delaware co. ; has large and rich meadows on that r., with hills else- where, and pretty good soil. It is crossed by Otego creek, which aflbrds fine mill seats, Otsaawa creek and other streams. The timber is valuable, and rafts are sent down the Susquehannah r. Pop. 1830, 1,148. Otego, r. Otsego co. N. Y., rises near the centre of the co. in 2 branches, near Oak cr., runs s. parallel to it about 28 ms., supplies good mill sites, and falls into Susquehannah r. a little above Huntaville. Otis, p-t, Berkshire co. Mass., 116 ms. w. Boston, 20 s. e. Lenox ; is on high ground, be- tween Farmington and Westfield rs., and has several streams and ponds flowing into them. The surface is uneven. Pop. 1830, 1,012. Otisco, lake, or pond, Onondaga co. N. Y. near the s. w. corner of the co., 1 mile by 4, and parallel to Skeneateles lake ; receives several brooks, and discharges through Otis- co creek into Onondaga lake. Its Indian name means " waters much dried away." Otisco, creek, or Nine-Mile creek, Onon- daga CO. N. Y., flows from OtisOo lake north- eastrdly. in a curving course, into the middle of Onondaga lake. It is 15 ms. long, and supplies mill seats. Otisco, p-t. Onondaga co. N. Y., 134 ms. w. Albany, 8 s. s. w. Onondaga, and 50 from Utica. It is 5^ ms. long n. and s., contains 30 sq. ms. ; has high land, sloping w. to Otis- co lake, and its inlet and outlet, which bound it s. w. and e., towards Onondaga creek, to which it sends a tributary. The soil is moist and warm, the mill sites are good, and there is some limestone in the n. e. The timber is oak, nutwood, tulip, &c. Pop. 1830, 1,- 938. Otisfield, p-t. Cumberland co. Me., 82 ms. 8. w. Augusta, 40 n. Portland, s. w. of Oxford CO. ; has crooked r. e., and part of a large ponds. Pop. 1830, 1,274. Otsego, lake, Otsego co. N. Y., is a small but pure and picturesque sheet of water, 66 ms. w. Albany, lying n. and s. near the n. line of the CO., abounding in salmon trout at all seasons, and giving rise to one of the north streams of Susquehannah r. It is from 7 m. to 3 ms. by 9 ; and its outlet, on which stands the pleasant village of Cooperstown, affords water power to several large manu- factories. Otsego, co. N. Y., is bounded by Herki- mer, Oneida, and Montgomery cos. n., Scho- harie CO. E., Delaware co. s., Unadilla river, dividing it from Chenango and Madison cos. w. It is of irregular form, with 935 sq. ms. It is 66 ms. w. Albany, with 22 towns, and supplies the principal sources of the n. branch of Susquehannah r. Otsego and Schuyler's Jakes, near theN. line, flow sthwstly., as does Charlotte r. in the s. e., and Scheneoas, Cher- ry Valley, Otego, Otsaawa, Butternut, and Wharton creeks. Branches of Unadilla cr. are on the w. line, which is a large tributary of the Susquehannah. A few brooks in the N. flow into Mohawk r. The co. is elevated and hilly, being crossed by the Susquehannah hills and Kaatsberg range, which passes to the Hudson at Little Falls. The soil is vari- ous, and most favorable for grass. Coopers- town, a pleasant village, and the st. jus. of the CO., is at the outlet of Otsego lake. Iron ore is found in some places, limestone near Schuyler's lake, marble in Cherry Valley, and sand stone n. There are many cotton factories on the outlet of Otsego lake and Oak cr., the outlet of Schuyler's cr., altogether containing about 8,000 spindles. On Butter- nut creek are 2 cotton factories with 5,200 spindles, and a woollen factory, besides oth- ers of difl^erent kinds at Hartwick, &c. &g. Pop. 1820, 44,856, 1830, 51,372. Otsego, t. Otsego co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 4,- 363. Otselic, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y., 106 ms. w. Albany, 17 n. w. Norwich, and s. of Mad- ison CO. It is square, has good soil, pleasant- ly varied, and is crossed from n. e. to s. w. by Otselic creek. Pop. 1830, 1,236. Otselic, creek, N. Y., rises in the s. w. part of Madison co., crosses part of Chenango, and enters Tioughnioga creek in Broome co., after a course of 43 ms. OTsauAQO, creek, (Osquaga or Olnquaga,) rises in Hamilton co., flows e. into Montgome- ry CO., and enters Mohawk r. at Fort Plain. It has a course of about 23 ms. and affords good mill sites. Ottawa, co. Michigan, bounded by Alle- gan CO. s., Kent s. e. and e., Oceana n. e. and N., and lake Michigan w. Length from s. to N. 38 ms., mean breadth 18, and area 6'l!4 sq. ms. Lat. 43° and long. W. C. 9° w. intersect in this CO., about 170 ms. n. w. by w. Detroit. Otter Bridge, and p-o. Bedford co. Va., 17 ms. 8. w. by w. Lynchburg, and 215 ms. s. w. W. C. Otter Creek, Vt., the largest stream in the state, whose entire course is within its bounds, rises near Bennington co. and flows s. into it, then n. through Rutland co. and empties into lake Champlain near the line of Chittenden CO., just above Vergennes. It is about 90 ms. long, and, with its branches, wa ters 900 sq. ms. The first part of its course, to Middlebury, is smooth ; thence to Pitts- ford 25 ms., it is navigable in boats ; and has valuable falls at Middlebury, Weybridge, and Vergennes, where are manufactories. It i.<4 navigable for the largest lake vessels for 8 ms. from Vergennes to the lake. In some parts this r. flows thro' fine meadows of great fertility. Its tributaries are numerous ; prin- cipally Lemonfair, Little West, Mill, New Haven, Leicester, Furnace, Cold rs. &c. Otter Peaks, the highest part of the Appalachian system, sthwst. of the Delaware. The Peaks of Otter are parts of the Blue Ridge, rising to a height above the Atlantic ocean of 4,260 feet. They are situated .'JO OWE 389 OXF rns. by the road from Lynchburg, and be- tween Bedford and Botetourt cos. Va. l)i- reetiou I'ronj l>yncliburg a very lilllc n. of due west. Otto, t. Cattaraugus co. N. Y., 10 ms. n. w. Ellicottville, and s. of Cattaraugus creek. Pop. 1830, 1,224. Ottsville, p-v. northern part of Bucks co. Pa. by p-r. 38 ms. n. Phil., and 14 in a similar direction from Doylestown. Ouachita. (See Waskitaw.) Oi/hy's p-o. Hamilton co. O. by p-r. 127 ms. s. w. Columbus. Overall's p-o. Shenandoah co. Va. by p-r. 91 ms. wstrd. W. C. Overslaugh, a shoi.1 and crooked channel in Hudson r. in Bethlehem, 3 ms. s. Albany ; has caused much difficulty to the navigation in sloops and steamboats in times past. Overton, co. of Ten. bounded by Morgan E., Cumberland mtn. which separates it from Fentress s., Jackson w. azid Cumberland co. Ky. N. Length 32, mean width 28, rmd area 896 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 10' to 36° 36'. Cumberland r. in a southwestern direction traverses the northwestern .ingle of Overton, receiving in that part of its course Obies r., the different branches of which lat- ter stream drain the far greater part of the CO. ; declivity a little n. of w. Chief town, Monroe. Pop. 1820, 7,128, 1830, 8,242. Ovid, p-t. and one of the sts. juS. Seneca CO. N. Y. 205 ms. w. Albany, 18 s. Water- loo, between Cayuga and Seneca lakes, about 9 ms. E. and w., and nearly 5 n. and s. ; has a varied surface, well cultivated, with good soil,jnd many small mill streams. Ovid v. near the middle of the n. line, is on an emi- nence descending e. and w. and overlooking both lakes. There is much good wheat land on the shores. Pop. 1830, 2^756. OwAsco lake, Cayuga co. N. Y., near the middle of the co., from 1 to 2 ms. wide, by 11 long, receives Owasco inlet from the s., and discharges Owasco outlet s. It lies nearly equidistant between Cayuga and Ske- neateles lakes, and lies nearly n. and s. like almost all the interior lakes of N. Y. It is said to owe its name (which in the native lan- guage signifies a bridge,) from a raft formed of timber near the outlet. Owasco Inlet, N. Y., enters Owasco lake, Cayuga co. in Semproniiis. Owasco Outlet, Cayuga co. N. Y., flows n. from the n. &nd of Owasco lake, 15 ms. to Seneca r. Owasco, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y. 164 ms. w. Albany, 5 s. e. Auburn v., and w. Onondaga CO. ; lies s. w. on the e. side of Owasco lake, and a short distance on the outlet, has very rich land, and a few mill sites on a small stream. Pop. 1830, 1,350. OwEGO, p-t. and half shire, Tioga co. N. Y. 170 ms. w. s. w. Albany, n. Pa. line, e. Owego creek and Susquehannah r., and w. Broome co. ; is crossed by Susquehaimnh r.. 7 ms. by 15, has a varied surface and soil. beech, &.c. on the hills. It is favorable to fruit. First settled about 1G90. Owego v. is on Susquehannah r. 1^ mst. from Owego creek, 29 s. s.^. Ithaca. Lumber, salt and gypsum are sent to Baltimore by the Susque- hannah. Pop. 1830, 3,026. Owen, co. Ky. bounded by Gallatin n., Grant n. e., Harrison e., Scott s. e., Franklin s., and Ky. r. separating it from Henry w. Length 20 ms., mean breadth 16, and area 320 sq. rns. Extending in lat. from 38° 22' to 38° 42', and in long, from 7° 33' to 8° w. W. C. Though bounding on Ky. r. the body of the CO. is drained by Eagle creek, which, rising into Scott and Harrison, Hows n. n. w. between Grant and Owen, and thence bend- ing abruptly to wstrd. forms the boundary be- tween Gallatin and Owen, finally falls into Ky. r. Chief t. Owenton. Pop. 1820, 2,031, 1830, 5,786, Owenboro, p-o., t. and st, jus. Daviess co. Ky. on the left bank of Ohio r., 76 ms. w. Elizabethtown in Hardin co., and 151 ms. a little s. of w. Frankfort. Lat. 37° 48', long. 10° 09' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 229. Owensville, p-v. Gibson co. Ind. by p-r. 151 ms. s. w. Indianopolis. Owenton, p-v. and st. jus. Owen co. Ky. about 25 ms. n. n. e. Frankfort. Lat. 38° 30', long. 7° 42' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 143. Owingsville, p-v. and st. jus. Bath co. Ky. by p-r. 70 ms. e. Frankfort. Lat. 38° 10', long. 6" 44' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 241. Owl's Head, Thomaston, Lincoln co. Me. the W. cape of the inner part of Penobscot bay, rims s. e. and forms Clam cove. Op- posite are Fox isls., and outside of it several others. Oxbow, a bend in Conn. r. at Newbury, Vt. enclosing 450 acres of fine meadow. Oxford, co. Me. bounded by the dist. of Three Rivers in Lower Canada n. e., Somer- set and Kennebec cos. e., Cumberland and York COS. s., New Hampshire w. It is of an irregular form, elonged n. and s. The sur- face is rough, and in many places mountai- nous. Moose and Dead rs. rise here, and flow E. into the Kennebec. Androscoggin and Magolloway, a branch, rise in the k. part. The main stream flows through a chain of large lakes, the last of which is Umbagog, on the line of New Hampshire. The river returns into the co. in the s. part, crosses it, and enters KcnnebeC'co. The small streams are numerous. Saco r. crosses the s. w. cor- ner. The St. jus. is Paris. Pop. 1820, 17,630, 1830, 35,211. Oxford, t. Oxford co. Me. Pop. 1830, 1,116. Oxford, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 17 ms. n. Hanover, 10 s. Haverhill, GO from Concord, 120 from Boston, with 27,000 acre.", e. Conn, r., over which is a bridge. The soil is gene- rally fertile, especially the meadows on Conn, r. Mounts Cuba and Sunday are near the centre. There are 4 or 5 ponds, some of which flow into Conn, r., and others into the with white pine timber near the river, maple, Merrimack. C'oarse primitive limestone PAC 390 PAC abounds at the foot of a mountain. Building- granite, soap stone, and lead ore are also found. The village is on a street, in a beau- tiful valley 1 m.by 5or 6 ms. long, enclosed by hills, which approach each other very nearly in the middle. A social library was incorpo- rated 1797. First settled 1765. Pop. 1830, 1,829. Oxford, p-t., Worcester co., Mass., 55 ms. 8. w. Boston, 12 E. Worcester ; is divided by Stony or French r.the upper part of Quinebaug r. which flows s. into Connecticut. It affords good mill sites, which are occupied by 7 fac- tories. Here is a large thread factory, and several mills are soon to be erected. In 1686, a French colony settled this t. It consisted of Protestants, who left France on the repeal of the edict of Nantes. Gov. Dudley obtain- ed a grant of land here 8 ms. sq., for this purpose. In the e. part of the t. on a hill, are the remains of their principal fort, which had bastions and a well ; and their grapes, currants and asparagus, still grow there. In 1696 an Indian incursion broke up the settle- ment, and the colonists retired to Boston, where they had a church for some years. A few of them afterwards returned, the place being reoccupied in 1713. Pop. 1830, 2,034. Oxford, p-t.. New Haven co.. Conn., 40 ms. s. w. Hartford, 14 n. w. New Haven, e Housatonic r., 5 ms. by 8, with 38 sq. ms. ; h uneven, with gravelly loam, calcareous w., and generally productive. The trees are chiefly nut. Naugatuck r. and other streams water the tsp., and there are several mills and factories. Pop. 1830, 1,763. Oxford, p-t., Chenango co., N. Y., 10 ms. s. w. Norwich, 108 from Albany, 56 from Utica, has good land, crossed by Chenango r., (200 feet wide,) and other streams, which supply mill seats. The soil is good. The remains of an old fort are seen on a high bank of Chenango r., with a ditch 3 feet deep, enclosing about an acre. In 1788 large trees stood on the ground. Pop. 18.30. 2,943. Oxford, an incorporated v., Oxford, Che- nango CO., N. Y., 108 ms. s. s. w. Albany, 236 N. w. N. Y., 110 w. Catskill, 56 s. by w. handsome swells at a little distance. There is an academy, &c. Oxford, p-v.. Blooming Grove, Orange co., N. Y., 12 ms. s. w. Hudson, w. West Point, has an academy. Oxford, t., Warren co., N. J., e. Delaware r., opposite Northampton co.. Pa., is crossed by Pequest cr., and Beaver or. its branch. It contains Belvidere v., the st. jus. of the co. Pop. 1830, 3,665. Oxford Furnace, v. Warren co., N. J., 5 ms. E. Belvidere. Oxford, p-v., sthwstrn. part of Chester co., Pa., 50 ms. s. w. by w. Phil., and by p-r. 92 ms. N. E. W. C. Oxford, v. Talbot co., Md., on the estrn. or left side of Tread Haven bay. It ,is a port of entry and one of the most trading pla- ces on the eastern shore of Maryland. Oxford, p-v. and st. jus., Granville co., N. C, by p-r. 47 ms. n. Raleigh, lat 36° 20', long. 1° 40' w. W. C. Oxford, p-v., n. w. part Butler co., O., by p-r. 110 ms s. w. by w. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 737. OysTER, r., N. H., flows into Great Bay, through Durham, Oyster Bay, p-t., Queen's co., N. Y., Long Isl., 28 ms. E. N. Y., 172 s. Albany, s. Long Isl. sound, N. Atlantic O., has a variety of soil, pretty level surface, and West, Fort & Unkway necks on its s. coast, which extends only 3 ms., and has Jones's inlet opposite, which is a channel through the beaches which here line the coast. At the n. w. corner of the t. is Hempstead harbor, and n. Oys- ter Bay harbor, a large square sheet of water communicating e. with Cold Spring harbor, which extends along the n. e. boundary. There are several vs. in different parts of this extensive t. ; Musqueto, Oyster Bay, Nor- wich and Wolver Hollow n., Wheatly, and Jerico, and Cold Spring in the middle. Oak and Cove necks extend along Oyster Bay harbor. On Fort Neck were 2, Indian forts at the 1st settlement of the t. The remains of 1 are 30 yards square. Pop. 1830, 5,ri48. Oyster Bay, p-v., Oyster Bay, Suffolk co.. Utica; is pleasantly situated on the meadows N. Y., on the s. w. corner of Oyster Bay, of Chenango r., (about 1,200 yds. wide,) with lis resorted to in summer for fish, &-c. P. Pacific Ocean. If wc regard the Oregon Territory as appertaining to the U. S., the Pa- cific ocean ought to be named as one of the great boundaries, and demands a notice with the same propriety as does the Atlantic. Un- der the art. Oregon, we have already stated that the respective treaties with Spain and Russia, give the U. S. the sovereignty along the Pacific ocean from lat. 42° to 54° 40', or equal to 880 statute ms. in round numbers. A general view of this coast has already been given under the head of Oregon, and under that of the U. S. The phenomena of the pre- vailing winds as far as known, will be discus, sed. We may in this place observe, that in regard to prevailing winds, those of the two bounding oceans of the U. S. present a di- rectly contrary excess. Along the Atlantic from 6 to 7 in 10 of the winds are from the wstrd., of course towards the ocean ; on the Pacific coast the prevailing winds are also from tlie wstrd. ; therefore, from the ocean towards the land. This wstrn. current of the winds, which, as will be shown, is an estab- lished efiect of the laws of nature, must have u most powerful cfl^ect on the navigation of PAD 391 PAL the two coasts. The average time of voya- ges from the U. S. to and from Europe, is about as 21 is to 40, and vice versa. In a numerous series of voyages from the U. S. to Europe, if it demands 21 days, it will de- mand 40 days to return. From these ascer- tained comparative elements, it must be evi- dent, that the departure of vessels from the Atlantic coast of the U. S. is as 40 to 21, to the facility of approach ; and it must be equal- ly evident, that the very reverse will be the case on the Pacific coast. If indeed we compare the relative width of the two oceans, in the direction of the winds, wo might risk the theory, that the proportions will be great- er on the Pacific than on the Atlantic coast. The breadth of the Atlantic ocean along N. lat. 40° between the wstrn. coast of Spain and the estrn. of the U. S., is about equal to 60 degrees of long., whilst the Pacific ocean along the same line of lat. from the wstrn. coast of N. A. to the estrn. coast of Asia, is equal to 105 degrees ; or tho breadth of the two oceans are, along the line assumed, as 3 to 5 very nearly. In bearing, however, the two oceanic coasts of N. A. are almost at right angles to each other ; the Atlantic coast bearing n. e. and s. w., whilst the Pacific coast bears s. e. and n. w. From this struc- ture of the respective coasts, it is clear, that the prevailing winds must leave the estrn. at a very different angle to their impulse on the opposite side of the continent. In art. U. S. it will be seen, that tho prevailing winds, being from the land in N. A. and from the ocean on Europe, is the true cause of the diflerence of climate between the opposing sides of the Atlantic, and that cause once discovered and acknowledged, its application demonstrates also the cause why Oregon, be- tween lat 42° and 54° 40', has a climate ap- proaching in temperature to that along the Atlantic coast, lat. 35° and 45°. It is remar- ked in the narative of the passage of Lewis and Clark over the continent of N. A. to the Pacific, that the name was far from appropri- ate at the mouth of Columbia, and we may at once perceive that from the prevailing wstrn. winds, and the immense body of ocean water, that the wstrn. coast of N. A. between n. lat. 42° and 55°, must be a truly sea-beat shore. iSee Art. U. S.) Pacolet, r., N. and S. C, rises from the spurs of Blue ridge and in the sth wstrn. part of Rutherford co., of the former state. Flow- ing thence estrd. 15 ms., the stream bends to s. E. by E. over Spartanburg and Union dists., falls into Broad r. nearly opposite the s. w. angle of York dist., after a comparative course of 60 ms. This stream heads opposite the sources of French Broad cr., and its val- ley lies between those of Ennoree and Broad rivers. Pactolus, p-v. on tlie South Fork of Hols- ton r., and in the wstrn. part of Sullivan co., Tenn., about 80 ms. n. e. by e. Knoxvillc, and by p-r. 268 ms. a little n. of e. Nashville. Paddytown, p-v., Hampshire cp., Va., on Potomac r., 20 ms. by land road above Cum- berland in Md., and by p-r. 135 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. Paducak, p-v., estrn. part of McCracken, Ky-i by p-r. 19 ms. estrd. Wilmington, the co. > St., and 245 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. Page, co., Va., bounded s. by Rockingham, w. Shenandoah, and n. Frederick ; Blue Ridge separating it from Culpepper e., and Madison s. e. ; length 34 ms., breadth 11 ms., and area 374 ; lat. 38° 45', long. W. C. 1° 25' w. The main and estrn. branch of She- nandoah r. winds to the s. e., traversing this CO. in its greatest length ; slope of course in the direction of its principal r. The surface is generally hilly, and the co. being bounded on two sides by mtns. gives it the appearance and reality of a rugged valley, though much of the r. soil is fertile and well adapted to farming. The co. of Page corresponds nearly to what is called E. Shenandoah in the cen- sus returns, and contained in 1830, a pop. of 8,327; chief t. Luray. Page's Mill and p-o., Gibson co., Tenn., by p-r. 150 ms. w. Nashville. Pagesville, p-v., wstrn. part Newberry dist., S. C, by p-r. 75 ms. n. w, by w. Colum- bia, and 30 ms. sthwstrd. Newberry, the st. just, for the dist. Painsville. p-v., wstrn. part Amelia co., Va., 46 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond, and about a similar distance a little n. of w. Petersburg. Painesville, p-v., Rockingham co., N. C, by p-r. 106 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. Painesville, p-v. on Grand r., nrthestrn. part Geauga co., O., 4 ms. s. Fairport on Lake Erie, and by p-r. 161 ms. n. e. Colum- bus. Pop. of the tsp., 1830, 1,499. Paint cr., p-o., Floyd co., Ky., 10 ms. n. Petersburg, the co. st., and by p-r. 161 ms. s. e. by E. Frankfort. Painted Post, p-t., Steuben co., N. Y., 27 ms. s. E. Bath, 234 w. by s. Albany, w. Tioga CO., is crossed by Tioga r. from n. w. to s. e., just below the mouth of Conhocton r. and the canal. It is 12 ms. by 20, and had its name from an oaken post, erected, and occa- sionally painted red by the Indians, in memo. ry, it is believed, of a great warrior. The land good, and there is much rich alluvian. Locust timber is sent to market. Pop. 1830, 974. Painter's Cross Roads, and p-o., Del. co.. Pa., by p-r. 116 ms. n. e. W. C. Painted Rock, p-v., Jackson co., Ala., by p-r. 152 ms. n. e. Tuscaloosa. Palatine, p-t., Montgomery co., N. Y., 10 ms. w. Johnstown, 51 n. n. w. Albany, and n. Mohawk r., is well watered and supplied with mill sites by Garoga cr., &.C., and has excel- lent land. It was settled by Germans, 1724. Stone Arabia is a part 4 ms. from the r., de- clining s., and remarkably fertile. There was a small palisaded fort here in the revolution. In 1780 it was garrisoned with 200 men, and here Col. Brown fell. The Indians used to grind their corn in a hole in a rock in the s. e. corner of the t., with a large stone. Hence PAL 392 PAM Bread cr. derived ita name. "Palatine bridge is a V. in this t. Pop. 1830, 2,742. Palatine Hill and p-o., Monongalia co., Va., 4 ms. sthcstrd. Morgantown, and by p-r. 211 ms. N, w. by w. W. C. Palatka, v., John's co., Flor., on the lelt bank of St. John's r., about 85 ma. a. w. St. Augustine. Palermo, p-t., Waldo co.. Me., 16 ms. e. Augusta, 30 N. E. Wiscasset ; has Kennebec CO. w. and n. w., and Lincoln co. s., and con- tains several large ponds, which flow s. w. into Sheepscut r. Pop. 1830, 1,257. Palestine, p-v., Picken's co., Ala., by p-r., C2 ms. wstrd. Tuscaloosa. Palestine, p-v., and st. jus. Crawford co., I!., situated near the right bank of Wabash r., by p-r. e. Vandalia, lat. 39° 02', long. W. C. 10° 40' w. Pamsado Rocks, the precipitous w. bank of Hudson r., beginning in Bergen, N. J., and extending into Rockland co., N. Y. The rock is of the trap formation, in some places lying upon red sand stone, which shows itself in horizontal layers at the water level. The height varies, but in some parts is very regu- lar, high and smooth like a wall. The frost gradually splits oil' fragments, which have accumulated below, and offer an extensive quarry for an inferior kind of stone. As the shore forms many projections, the peculiar form of those precipices gives a very pictur- esque aspect to this part of the shore of the Hudson, and the steamboats generally pass near the base. Small streams of water some- times pour down from the neighboring fields, and timber is sometimes slid down to the wa- ter, where are numerous little landing places. A few patches of sloping soil, and level arable land, are cultivated and inhabited. Palmer, p-t., Hampden co., Mass., 14 ms. E. Springfield, 82 s. w. Boston, incorporated 1752, N. and w. Chickapee r., e. Swift r., crossed by Ware r. These 3 streams unite on the w. line of the t., and afford many fa- cilities for manufacturing. The surface is irregular, and the soil good for farms. This t. was first settled from the North of Ireland The Three Rivers cotton & woolen manufac- turing company was incorporated 1826, with a capital of a million. Population 1830, 1,237. Palmer's Springs and p-o., wstrn. part Mecklenburg co., Va., 103 ms. s. w. Rich- mond. Palmer's Tavern, and p-o.. Prince George's CO., Md., 30 ms. from W. C. Palmerstown, mtn., N. Y., rises between lakes Champlain and George, in Washington CO., bounds lake George for some distance on the E., crosses Warren co. in the s. e., and enters Saratoga co. It consists of granite and gneiss, is steep, and from 200 to about 1,000 ft. high. Palmyra, p-t., Somerset co.. Me., 51 ms. ^". E Augusta, 28 e. by n. Norridgcwock,215 N. E. Boston, w. Penobscot co., and adjoining Newport, is crossed n. and s. by Sebaaticook r., and several of its small streams. Pop. 1830, 902. Palmyra, p-v., wstrn. part Lebanon co., Pa., 14 ms. N. E. by e. Harrisburg, and 10 a little a. of w. from the borough of Lebanon. Palmyra, p-t.. Wayne co., N-. Y., 1 5 ms. N. Canandaigua, 220 n. n. w. Albany, is crossed by Mud cr. which runs e., and fur- nishes some mill sites, and admits of a little boat navigation. It is 6 ms. by 12, with a good soil, and has also Red cr. Erie canal passes through the tsp., and the v. or borough of Palmyra is on Mud cr., and the canal. Pop. 1830, 3,427. Palmyra, incorporated v. Palmyra, Wayne CO., N. Y. On Mud cr. and Eric canal, 196 ms. N. N. w. Albany, 13 n. Canandaigua, 15 w. Lyons, and 16 s. Pultneyville, has an acad- emy, several churches, factories, &c., and has considerable trade. Palmyra, p-v. and st. just., Fluvanna co., Va., by p-r. 45 ms. N. w. by w. Richmond, and 136 a. w. W. C. ; lat. 37° 47', long. 1° 29' w. W. C. Palmyra, p-v., sthrn. part Halifax co., N. C, by p-r. 101 ms. n. E.by e. Raleigh. Palmyra, p.v., on the left bank of Cumber- land r., Montgomery co.. Ten., 4 or 5 ms. bulow, but on the opposite side from Clarks- ville, and by p-r. 48 ms. s. w. by w. Nash- ville. Palmyra, p-v., Portage co., O., by p-r. 139 ms. N. E. Columbus. Pop. tsp. 1830, 839. Palmyra, p-v., and st. jus., Marion co.. Mo., 125 ms. N. N. w. St. Louis. ; lat. 39° 46', long. W. C. 14° 30' w. Pamela, p-t., Jefferson CO., N. Y., 166 ms. N. w. Albany, n. Black r., and opposite Wa- tertown, 4 ms. by 8., has an uneven surface, light loamy soil, yielding wheat, corn, &c., re- markably well. It has few springs or brooks. Williamsville, or Williamstown is on Black r. Limestone, which abounds, contains ve- getable impressions. Kanady's Grotto is a remarkable cavern, in a rock near the shore of Black r. Pop. 1830, 2,273. Pamlico, river, N. C. This name is appli- ed only to the bay of Tar r. below Washing- ton, Beaufort county. It is a sheet of water varying in width from 1 to 8 ms., and about 40 ms. in length, with depth of water admit- ting any vessel which can be navigated over Pamlico sound. [Sec Tar river.) Pamlico Point, and p-o. Beaufort co. N. C by p-r. 29 ma. s. e. by e. Washington, and 151 in a similar direction from Raleigh. The point is the cape on the s. side at the entrance of Pamlico r. The name is spelled Pantego in the P. O. list. Pamlico Sound, is an extensive shallow gulf, or more correctly, cape of N. C, the recipient from the w. of Tar, or Pamlico r., and on the s. w. of Ncuse r. It is in form of a half moon, stretching 70 ms. from the mouth of Neiise in a n. e. direction, to the strait which unites it with Albemarle sound. The breadth varies from 8 at the northeastern ex- tremity to 30 towards Core sound, and the PAR 393 PAR tnoulhs of Neuso and Pamlico rs. This sound is flcparatod from tho Atlantic ocoan by Coro and Hattoraa islands. These islands are, however, mere narrow, low, but very danger- ous reefs. Core isl. from Cedar to Occacoke inlet is 22 ms. long. Hatteras isl. is about 60 ms. in length from Occacoke to New Inlet. The land around Pamlico sound is every where low, and in many places marshy. Pamunkey, r. Va., and tho principal con- stituent of York r., is formed by Pamunkey proper and North Anna. The latter rises in Orange, the nrthrn. part of Louisa, and in Spottsylvania cos., and flowing thence south- eastward unites with the Pamunkey between Caroline and Hanover cos. The Pamunkey rises in the south west mtn., on the border between Albemarle and Loui- sa ; drains the sthrn. and central part of Lou- isa, and traversing Hanover joins the North Anna. Below their junction tho united wa- ters, known by the name of Pamunkey, pre- serves the original course sthestrd. about 45 ms. comparative course, (but perhaps double that distance by the bends,) to its junction with Mattapony to form York r. The entire comparative length of Pamunkey, by either branch, is about 90 ms. The broadest part of tho valley but little exceeds 30, and is on ]y about 15 ms. mean width, area 1,300 sq. ms., lying between those of Jas. and Chicka- hominy on the right,and Mattapony on the left. Panther, cr. and p-o. ethestrn. part of Sur- ry CO. N. C, by p-r. 130 ms. e. w. by w. Ra leigh. Panther, cr. and p-o. Daviess co. Ky., 10 ms. sthrd. Owensborough, and by p-r. 1G9 ms. w. of s. s. w. Frankfort. Panther's Gap, and p-o. Rockbridge co. Va., by p-r. 195 ms. s. w. W. C. Panton, p-t. Addison co. Vt., 13 ms. n. w Middlobury, 25 s. Burlington, w. Otter cr., e. lake Champlain, opposite Elizabethtown, N. Y. ; chartered 17G4 ; with 10,530 acres ; is very level, and crossed by a sluggish stream of Otter creek running through it n. Pop. 1830, 907. Paoli, p-v. Chester co. Pa. 25 ms. wstrd. Philadelphia. Paoli, p-v. and st. jus. Orange co. Ind., sit- uated near the centre of the co., by p-r. 94 ms. a little w. of s. Indianopolis ; lat. 38° .34'. Papachton, r. Delaware co. N. Y. The e. branch of the Delaware, rises in many small streams in Stamford and Roxbury, the east towns of the co., flows 3. w. through its south tqwns 48 ms. to the Del. in Hancock co., and receives many tributaries, of which Beaver- kill, from N. Jersey, is the principal. It af- fords mill sites. Papertown, p-v. Cumberland co. Pa. Paterville, p-v. in the northeastern angle of Sullivan co. Ten., situated on Holstein r. by the road 118 ms. above, and n. e. by e. Knoxville, and by p-r. 274 ms. a little n. of e. Nashville. Pabaclifta, p-v. Sevier co. II., by p-r. 1G8 ms. a. w. by w. Little Rock. 50 Pahadisb, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa., by p-r. 44 me. estrd. Ilarrisburg. Paradise, p-v. Cole co. II., by p-r. 70 ms. N. E. Vandulia. Paradox, lake, Scaroon, Essex co. N. Y., 5 ms. long, and empties into Scaroon r. It is surrounded by high hills, in a wild region, from which the water frequently descends in great quantities. Sometimes tho outlet is raised by a shower above the level of the lake, and flows back into it, from which re- markable peculiarity the lake is said to have derived its name. Parciphanv, p-v. Morris co. N. J., 21 ms. N. w. Newark, and G3 from Trenton, on a small branch of Passaic r. A school for the instruction of Africans, was formed here in 181G, under tho Presbyterian synods of this state and N. Y., to supply the colony at Libe- ria and in Hayti, with school teachers and clergymen, but it is not continued. Parham's Store, and p-o. Sussex co. Va., by p-r. 50 ms. s. s. e. Richmond. Paris, p-t. st. jus. Oxford co. Mo., 42 ma. w. Augusta, 46 n. w. Portland, and 160 n. n. E. Boston, is nearly of an oblong form, lying N. w. and s. e. and crossed by Little Andros- coggin r., in the upper part of its course, which rises in the adjoining counties. It has a high mtn. s. Pop. 1830, 2,306. Paris, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y. 8 ms. w. Uti- ca, 106 ms. n. n. w. Albany, is of regular form, and contains about 100 sq. ms. with a varied surface, and good soil, especially in the vallies, favorable to grain, grass, &c., and bearing maple, beech, birch, elm, &c,, with some hemlock and cedar. It is well watered and supplied with mill sites and trout by Oriskany and Sadaguada crs. There is a mill seat on the latter stream, to every 22 yards of its course. Hamilton college is in this t., in the village of Clinton, where is also a seminary, several boarding schools &-c . There are 37 school districts in the t. Iron is obtained from ore furnished by the t., and silicious and lime stones are quarried. The Brothertown Indians settled in this t. some years ago, on land given them by the Onei- das. They were from the remnants of the New England tribes, and some from the Del- awares. The town is 8 ms. s. of Erie canal, but is crossed by the route of a new canal to be constructed. There are several villages ; Clinton, Paris Hill, Paris Furnace, Manches- ter village, Sanquait village, and Hanover. Moses Foote commenced the settlement, with 10 families, in 1787. Pop. 1830, 1,477. Paris, p-v. nrthrn. part Fauquier co. Va., .58 ms. w. W. C. Paris, p-v. and st. jus. Henry co. Ten., situated on a small branch of Sandy creek, by p-r. 118 ms. a little n. of w. Nashville, lat. 36° 19', long. 11° 25' w. W. C. Paris, p-v. and st. jus. Bourbon co. Ky., sit- uated on the s. fork of Licking r., 40 ms. e. Frankfort, and "20 ms. n. v.-. Lexington. Lat. 38° 12', long. 7° 13' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 1,219. PAS 394 PAS Paris, p-v. Stark co. O., by p-r. 127 me. n. E. b7 s. Columbus. Paris, p-v. Jefferson co. Ind. by p-r. 76 me. s. s. E. Indianopolis. Paris, p-v. and st. jus. Edgar co. II., by p-r. 106 ms. N. E. by e. Vaadalia. n. lat. 39° 36', long. W. C. 10°44' w. Parisburg, p-0. and st. jus. Giles co. Va., situated on the left bank of New r., where that stream passes through Peter's mtn., and immediately above the gap, by p-r. 298 ms. 8. w. by w. W. C, and 240 ms. a little s. of w. Richmond. Lat. 37° 21', long. 3° 43' w. W. C. Parisville, p-v. nrthrn. part Baltimore co. Md., by p-r. 26 ms. from Baltimore. Parisville, p-v. Portage co. O. by p-r. 144 ms. N. E. Columbus. Parkersburgh, p-v. and st. jus. Wood co. Va., situated on the point above the conflu- ence of Ohio and Little Kenhawa rs., 12 ms. below Marietta, Ohio, and by p-r. 299 ms. a little N. of w, W. C. Lat. 39° 15', long. 4° 34' w. W. C. Parkersville, p-v. Chester co. Pa. Parkhead, p-v. Washington co. Md., by p-r. 87 ms. n. w. W. C. Parkinson's Ferrt, and p-v. on the left bank of Monongahela, directly below the mouth of Pigeon creek, Washington co. Pa., 20 ms. E. from the borough of Washington, and very nearly a similar distance s. Pitts, burg. Parkman, p-v. sthestrn. part of Geauga co. Ohio, by p-r. 159 ms. n. e. Columbus. Pop. tsp. 1830, 732. Parks, p-o. Edgefield district, S. C. by p-r. Ill ms. wstrd. Columbia. Parma, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y., 230 ms. n. by w. Albany. Pop. 1830, 2,G39. Parma, p-v. Cuyahoga co. O., by p-r. 131 ms. N. E. Columbus. Parsonsfield, p-t. York co. Me. 93 ms. s. w. Augusta, 38 n. w. Portland, and 118 n. n. E. Boston ; borders w. on Effingham, Straf- ford CO. N. H., and n. on Oxford co. Me., Ossipee r. forming the line. Two ponds cmp. ty s. e. into little Ossipee r. Pop. 1830, 2,492. Partlow's, p-o. Spottsylvania co. Va., by p-r. 79 nis. s. s. w. W. C., and 59 n. Rich- mond. Pascagoula, river of Miss, and Ala., the much greater share of its valley being in Miss., is formed by 2 branches of the Chick- asawhay and Leaf rivers. The Chickasaw. hay rises in the Choctaw country, lat. 32° 50', and flowing thence by a course of very near s., receives the Leaf r. about 2 ms. be- low lat. 31°. The valley of Chickasawhay lies between those of Leaf and Ala. Leaf r. rises about n. lat. 32° 20', and pur- suing a southeastern course unites with the Chickasawhay as already noticed. The uni- ted water, thence known as the Pascagoula, continues the course of the latter, to the Pas- cagoula sound, N. hit. 30° 20'. The entire comparative length of the Pascagoula by the main branch, Chickasawhay, is 170 ms. ; the mean breadth of the valley ie at least 50 ms. and area 8,500 sq. ms. The Pascagoula val- ley lies between those of Pearl and Ala. and comprises the western part of Mobile and Washington counties, Ala., and all of Jack- son, Perry, Greene, Wayne, Jones and Cov- ington, and part of Lawrence, Sampson and Rankin cos. in the state of Miss., with a con- siderable space in the Choctaw country. Pascagoula Soi'nd, is a sheet of water spreading along the southwestern border of Alabama, -and the southeastern of Mississip- pi, extending in length 55 ms. from the Pass of Heron w. to the Pass of Christian, with a mean width of about 8 ms. It is separated from the gulf of Mexico, by a chain of low, narrow sand islands, named, advancing from E. to w., Dauphin's, Massacre, Petite Bois, Horn, Dog, Ship and Cat island. The depth of water in the sound is generally about from 10 to 18 feet, but no vessels drawing more than 6 feet can be navigated through the Pas- ses. The depth increases rapidly on the Gulf side of the islands. When the British fleet came on the coast of La., iheir heaviest ships of the line were anchored close on Catisl., outside of the Pass of Mariam. This an- chorage is in fact the most sheltered on the U. S. coasts of the Gulf of Mexico, where ships of war of the largest class can be safe- ly moored. Pascagoula, p-o. southern part of Jackson CO. Miss., about 200 ms. a little e. of s. e. Natchez. Pascataqua, river N. H., empties into the ocean at Portsmouth, on the boundary be- tween that state and Me., and is formed by several small streams, which rise in Rock- ingham and Strafford cos., and meet a few ms. from the coast. Of these Salmon Fall r., the principal, runs on the boundary of Me. The others are Cocheco, Bellamybank, Oys- ter, Lamprey, Squamscot and Winnicut rs. The five last fall into a kind of lake, which takes the name of Pascataqua river, and con- tracting in size below, at the distance of 3 ms. joins the ocean, forming Portsmouth har- bor, which is a very good and safe one, and has a navy yard of the U. S. with several isl- ands. Pasquotank, r. N. C. is the drain of the sthrn. part of Dismal Swamp, and after flow- ing s. s. e. between Camden and Pasquotank cos. opens by a comparative wide bay into Al- bemarle sound, after a course of 40 ms. inclu. ding bay and river. The Pasquotank bay ad. mils ordinary coasting vessels to its head at Elizabeth City. Pasquotank, co. N. C. bounded by Pasquo- tank r. separating it from Camden co. n. e. and E., Albemarle sound s. e., Perquimans CO. s. vv., Gates n. w., and Nansemond, and Norfolk cos. Va. n. Length from Albemarle sound to the Va. line 40 ms., mean width about 8, and area 320 square ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 03' to 36° 30', and in long, from 0° 23' to 1° e. W. C. The surface is a plain, partly marshy, but with considerable PAT 395 PAT tracts of good soil. The Blight declivity is 8. s. E. Chief town, Elizabetli City. Pop. IB^'O, 8,008, 1830, 8,C41. Pasmadi'nkeag, town, Penobscot co. Mc. Pop. 1830, 2G9. Passaic river, N. J. a valuable stream, nav- igable 10 nis. for sloops, rises in Morris and Somerset cos. and forms the boundary of Essex CO. almost on three entire sides, w., n. and e. It receives Pompton r. n. which is formed of Pequannoc and Ramapo rs. which last rises in Rockland co. N. Y. Rockaway r. falls into it on the w. and there are several small- er branches. The Passaic supplies water to the most important manufacturing village in (he state, Patterson. It there makes a fall of 72 feet from a precipice, into a deep pool be- tween two rocks, but the current has now been diverted into numerous channels for the supply of (he various manufactories, so that the cascade, which was formerly celebrated by its picturesque beauty, is now to be seen only during the wet season. The Passaic is cros.sed by an aqueduct of Morris canal, 3 nis. above Patterson. Passamaquoddy bay, partly in Penobscot co. Me. lies principally in New Brunswick. It receives St. Croix r. which forms the e. boun- dary of the United States for some miles, and the communication with the Atlantic is nearly closed by Campbello island. It is formed by Quoddy Head, inLubec, Me. and the s. w. corner of New Brunswick, being about 6 ms. by 12, and containing Deer isl. The tide rises from 25 to 33 feet. Tlie water is deep, well stocked with fme fish, and never frozen over. The fish arc cod, herring, mackerel, &c. PAssAMAauoDDY Indians, Me. of whom only a small tribe remain, reside in Perry, on a rcsorvntion of 27,000 acres, and have a Ro- man Catholic church. Passumpsic river, Vt. rises in a pond in Es- sex CO. and flows s. through a part oTCaledo- nia CO. into Connecticut river, at the bend in Barnet. It is rapid till it reaches Lyndon, and then winds slowly through several rich tracts of meadow, with a few falls. It is deep, and has several branches, running a course of 34 ms. Passvunk, tsp. Phil. co. Pa. adjoining the sthrn. side of cho city of Phila. and extend- ing from the Del. to the Schuylkill r. Patapsco, r. Md. This comparatively small stream has gained great importance from hav- ing had the eastern part of Baltimore and Ohio rail road, formed along its valley. The Patapsco rises by numerous creeks from the southeastern foot of the Parr spring or Sugar Loaf ridge of mtns. between Frederick and Baltimore cos. and opposite to Little Pike creek, Linganore, and Bush creek, branches of Monocacy. The main or northern branch rises near Westminster in Baltimore co. and flowing first s. e. about 8 ms. turns to the southward 15 ms. to the forks of Patapsco, where it receives the western branch or Parr's Spring branch. The latter rises ncarRidge- ville and almost on the Baltimore and Freder- ick road, and near where that road is crossed l)y the Baltimore and Ohio rail road. From tlioncc pursuing an eastern course between Baltimore and Ann Arundel cos. 15 ms. to its junction with the northern branch. The forks of Patapsco on the junction of the two main constituents of that r. is IG ms. air measure n. w. by w. city of Baltimore. From the forks, with many partial bends and a gen. eral southern curve, and a comparative dis- tance of20 ms. the Patapsco opens to a bay, receiving Gwyns Falls creek on the southwest- ern side and Jones' Falls creek in the city of Baltimore. Jones' Falls creek bay is in fact the harbor of Baltimore, and the compactly built part of the city does not yet reach the Patapsco bay. The junction of the two latter is made below fort McHenry ; from the basin of Baltimore the Patapsco bay stretch- es fourteen miles southeast, with a width from one to three miles to the Chesa- peake between Bodkin and North Points. The basin of Patapsco is in length 40 ms. and mean width 15, area GOO square ma. be- tween lat. 39° 08' and 39° 38'. Measuring the plains of descent from Parr's Spring ridge to tide water in Patapsco, we find it within an inconsiderable fraction of 27 ms. The ridge near Westminster is G75, and near Parr's Spring 850 feet elevated above tide water. The water level at the forks is 385 feet, of similar comparative height. The mean height of the ridge 780 feet nearly, consequently the mean fall from the summit to tide water is 28 7-8 feet per mile, or yields a plain of descent or ascent of 3° and 8 minutes. This great and rapid fall renders the Patapsco and its branches highly valuable as mill streams. (See Daltinwie and Ohio railroad.) Patoka river, Indiana, rises in Orange and Crawford cos. and entering Dubois, approach- es to within 3 ms. of the E. fork of White r. at Portersville, but inflecting thence first e. E. and thence west, crosses Pike, and enter- ing Gibson, falls into Wabash, one or two ms. below the mouth of White r. after an entire comparative course ofSOms. in a di- rection from E. to w. It may be remarked, that the corresponding courses of Ohio, Pa- toka, and White rs. being all I'rom east to west, demonstrate a corresponding uniformi- ty of structure in the country where r. chan- nels have such striking resemblance in their direction. The Patoka valley lies between that of Ohio and White rivers. Patrick, co. Va. bounded by the Blue Ridge which separates it from Grayson w., and Montgomery n. w., by Franklin x. e., Henry E., Rockingham co. N. C. s. e., Stokes co. North Carolina south, and Surry county, N. C. s. w. Length diagonally from s. w. to N. E. 42, mean width 12, and area 504 square ms. Extending in lat. from 3G° 30' to 30° 47', and in long, from 2° 5G' to 33° 40' w. W. C. The northern part of Patric. declines north, eastward, and is druinedby Irvine or Smith's r. The sthe.'strn. angle gives sonrce to Maj'O river, the central part gives source to the ex- treme fountains of Dan r. whilst the wstrn. PAT 396 PAT angle, towards Grayson, is drained by the extreme northern Bources of the Yadkin. The whole county has a general declivity to the southeastward. Chief town, Taylors- ville. Pop. 1820, 5,089, 1830, 7,395. Patrick, C. H. [See Taylorsville, Patrick CO- Va.) Patrick's, p-o. King and Queen co. Va. Patrick's Salt works and p-o. Perry county Ky. byp-r. 125 ins. s. e. Frankfort. Patriot, p-v. Switzerland co. Ind. by p.r. 121 ms. s. E. Indianopolis. Patterson, p-t. Putnam co. N. Y. 6 ms. n. E. Carmel, 22 s. e. Poughkeepsie, 93 e. Alba- ny, 8. Duchess CO., w. Connecticut, is hilly e. and w. with a broad and fertile valley be- tween, in which is a large swamp, contain, ing an isl. of 12 acres, and extending into Pawlings. This is the source of Croton r. The village is n. Patterson, p-t. Essex co. N. J. 61 ms. n. w. by N. Trenton, 18 n. n. w. New York, at the great falls of Passaic r. is one of the principal manufacturing villages in the U. S. In 1791 the society for establishing useful manufacturers was incorporated, with a capi- tal of $1,000,000, and the right to dig canals, clear rivers, &c. within 6 ms. and authority to form a city and co. with the consent of the inhabitants ; the last has never been done. The population 30 years since was only about 300. At this time (1832,) there are about 8,000 inhabitants. There are about 800 dwel- lings in the place, including 57 stores ; nine churches, viz : — Presbyterian, one ; Ro- man Catholic one ; Reformed Dutch, three ; Episcopal, one ; Baptist, one ; Reformed Presbyterian, 1 ; Methodist, 1. A large new Catholic church, of stone, is also build- ing. There is also a bank, with a capital of ^125,000 paid in. There are about 20 day schools, 8 for females, instructing together more than 700 children ; a free school, sup- ported by the town, in which about 80 poor children are instructed, and an infant school where 150 poor children are gratuitously in- structed. The literary societies are, the mechanics institute, and a philosophical society, which has a respectable library. There are fifteen blacksmiths' shops, besides those immediately connected with the machine shops, twenty. five shoe shops, employing fifty seven hands, ten taverns, two millwright and machine shops, including a blacksmith shop, which employ twenty hands, and four other machine factories, employing two hundred and eighty hands. In one of these, were manufactured last year 15,048 spindles, together with all the necessary frames and fixtures, which, at $12 the spindle, amount to $180,576. Con. nected with this is an iron and brass foundry, producing annually 1,020,000 pounds of iron and brass castings. Another manufactory for machinery is also erecting. There is one rolling and slitting mill, and nail factorj', employing 23 hands, and produ- cing annually 672,000 poimds of nails, a wool- len or satinet factory, 17 cotton factories, witii 22,029 spindles. The raw cotton consumed in these factories in 1829, was 2,179,600^, pro- ducing 1,914,450 pounds of yarn ; the raw cotton costing ^223,501. There is now man- ufactured annually in Patterson, upwards of 400,000 yards of cotton duck, and about 200,000 yards of other description of cotton cloth. In 1829 the cotton duck made amount- ed to 150,000 yards, and of other cotton cloths 1,861,450 yards. The cotton yarn not made into cloth, amounting in eighteen hundred tweny nine to 1,192,400, now to 1,500,000, is sent from Patterson, principally to New York and Philadelphia. There are in ope- ration in the factories 266 power looms, and 26 hand looms. In the town there are em- ployed upwards of 500 hand looms, making at least 800 power and hand looms in operation in the place. The Phenix duck manufacturing co. em- ploy 1,616 spindles, consume annually 600,000 lbs. of flax, manufacture 450,000 yards of duck & 143,000 yds. of bagging, and employ 395 hands. The total of cotton and flax spin- dles employed in Patterson are now rising of 40,000 ; the amount of cotton and flax con- sumed annually is estimated at 3,200,000; the total of cloth and duck of all kind made annually, in 1829 was 2,604,450 yards, now nearly 3,000,000. The annual amount of manufactured goods in Patterson is about 2,590,000 dollars. The Morris canal passes within sight of the town, and a rail road t© Hoboken is in a course of completion. The beautiful falls of the Passaic r. at this place, attract many visiters. The water pow- er which operates all the machinery we have noticed, is procured from above the falls, by a sluice way cut through the precipice, and is conducted by canal to the several manufacto- ries. The supply is yet more than abundant for the purposes to which it is applied. Patterson's Mills, and p-o. Washington CO. Pa. 249 ms. n. w. W. C. Pattonsburg, P-v. on James r. Botetourt CO. Va. 12 ms. n. e. by e. Fincastle, the co. seat, and40 ms. N. w. by w. Lynchburg, by p-r. 223 ms. n. w. W. C. The water level in James r. at low flood, is 806 feet above tide water at Rokett's, below Richmond. Pattonsville, p-v. Granville co. N. C. by p-r. 38 ms. n. Raleigh. Patoxent Forge and p-o. Ann Arundel co. Md. 25 ms. n. e. VV. C. and nearly a similar distance a little w. of s. Baltimore. Patuxent, r. Md. having its remote source on the southern side of the Sugar Loaf ridge, between Montgomery and Ann Arundel COS. The main stream from its source pur- sues a s. E. course 40 ms. separating first Montgomery from Ann Arundel, and thence Ann Arundel from Prince George's. Having reached within 6 ms. of Chesapeake bay, the Patuxent inflects to a southern course 30 ms. with Prince George's and Charles' cos. on the right, and Ann Arundel and Cafvert on the left, it gradually expands to a wide estuary, and bending again to the s. e. 20 ms. between Calvert and St. Mary's it terminates in Ches- PAW 397 PEA apeake bay, after an entire comparative course of 90 ms. It may be noticed as a cu- rious lact, tiiat the Patuxent in the 50 lower miles of its course is in no one place 12 nis. from Chesapeake bay, the mean width of ihe intervening country being about 8 ms. The entire valley of the Patuxent is remark- ably narrow. Tlio direct distance between the opposing sources is in no part fifteen ms. asunder, and the mean width of the valley is perhaps overrated at 10 ms., area about i)00 square ms. The higher pnrt of this conllned basin lies between those of Potomac and Pa- tapsco, the lower between Potomac and Chesapeake bay. Paulinskill, r. N. J. rises in Sussex and flows through Warren co. into Delaware r. at Columbiaville, in Knowlton. It has its its principal source in Long pond, in Frank- ford. Its course is about 25 ms. Paulus Hook, a small peninsula, Bergen, Bergen co. N. J. opposite the city of New York, containing the village of Jersey city. Towards the main land it has a low neck, over which the road is carried on a cause- way, being in danger from high tides. There is a steamboat ferry to the city, and several lines of stage coaches proceed hence to Phila. Easton, »fcc. Pawcatuck river, R. I. rises in Washington CO. with one of its branches heading just over the boundary of Conn. Its streams are prin- cipally supplied from ponds, which still bear the Indian names. The latter part of its course marks the boundary between the two states, near the sea. Pawlet, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 21 ms. s. w. Rutland, 33 n. Bennington, 23,040 acres, chartered 1761, first settled 1762, is crossed by Pawlet r. southwesterly, and has Indian r. in the s. w, which has its source in an abun- dant spring, and abounds in trout ; a moun- tainous range divides it n. and s., in the mid- dle of which is Haystack mtn. The soil is warm, dry, bearing grain and grass, maple, beech, birch, elm, &c. Indian river was once a favorite fishing place of the Indians. There is an academy in the town. Pop. 1830, 1,965. Pawi.et river, rises in Vt. near the line of Bennington and Rutland cos., flows \. w. in Washington co. N. Y. passes through Gran- ville, and falls into Wood creek in Whitehall. It is a valuable mill stream, well supplied with water, and stocked with trout, and above 20 ms. in length. Pawling, p-t. Dutchess co. N. Y. 22 ms. s. E. Poughkecpsic, 105 ms. s. Albany, w. Con- necticut, N. Putnam co. 8 ms. by about 9. The hills of Dover and Patterson extend thiough its E. and w. parts, and between them lies a continuation of the same valley, with apart of the large swamp which was mentioned in Pat. tcrson. The waters flow partly s. forming the sourc? of Croton r. and partly n. into Ten Mile r. in Dover, a branch of Ilousatonic river of Conn.; Quaker hill, and West mountain, arc considerable eminences. Iron ore is found here, mien, &c. Population, lc<30. 1,705. Pawtucket, r. R. I. the principal branch of Seaconk r., rises in Worcester co. Mass. and bears the name of BlatMistone r. in that state. It enters R. I. near the n. e. corner, divides Cumberland and Sniithfield in Providence co., and supplies water power to many of the prin- cipal manufactories in the state, particularly in the village of Pawtucket. The Blackstone canal extends up its valley for most of ita length, to Worcester, Mass. and aUbrds great advantages to numerous manufactories in that state as well as in R. I. Pawtucket, p-v. 4 ms. n. Providence, at the falls of Pawtucket r., partly in Providence R. I. and partly in Seekonk, Mass. 4 ms. n. e. Providence, is a large manufacturing village. There are three falls. At the central falls are 3 large cotton factories, with 6,600 spindles, 162 looms, and using 900 bales of cotton annu- ally; there is also a thread factory. At theUpper or Valley falls 4 factories, with about 17,500 spindles, and 140 looms ; and at the Lower falls where the greater part of the inhabitants live, are 11 factories, with 18,687 spindles and 430 looms. The population in 1831 was suppos- to be about 4,000. The Blackstone canal passes near the village. Pawtucket falls, in Merrimack r. Mass., between Lowell and Dracut. Within the dis- tance of about 300 yards the descent is 30 ft. The water first falls perpendicularly over a ledge of rocks, and then pours foaming down a rough channel. A bridge crosses just at the fall. A canal, 90 ft. broad, is dug on the s. side, and drawsofl'a large volume of water to the great manufactories of Lowell, which is situated at the confluence of Concord and Merrimack rs., about 1 mile below. The country in this vicinity was the seat of the Pawtuckets, in the early history of New Eng- land a powerful tribe of Indians, who were governed by Wonnalonset, an old and friendly sachem. After residing here till 1686, they sold their remaining land and retired into the interior. Paxton, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 55 ms. w. Boston, 9 N. w. Worcester ; is watered by Nashua r. flowing into the Merrimack, and Chickapee r. flowing into the Comiecticut, has good land, with a varied surface, also sev- eral fish ponds. Pop. 1830, 597. Peacham, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt. 20 ms. n. e. Montpelier, 18 n. w. Newbury ; was charter- ed 1763, but was nmch impeded in its growth by the revolutionary war. A grammar-school was established in 1795. Pop. 1830, 1,.351. Peach Bottom, p-v. lower part of the south- eastern angle of York co. Pa. by p-r. 36 ms. e. e. by E. from the borough of York, and 80 n. N. E. W. C. Peaks of Otter. {See Otter, Peaks of.) Pearl, r. Miss, and La. having its remote sources in the Choctaw country and in the former state, about lat. J3° interlocking sour- ces with those of Big Black, Pearl and those of Oaknoxabee branch ofTombigbee. Flowing thence by comparative courses 80 ms., curves gradually to s. s. e. 160 ms. to its mouth into ihe Rigolets, after an entire compariive course PED 398 PEL of 24 miles. The valley of the Pearl is nar- row, and in all its length the only coHflucnt above the length and volume of an ordinary creek, is the Bouge Chitto.(«See Bougc Chitlo.) The basin of the Pearl on the strict principles of geographical classification contains the val- leys of the Tchefoute, Tanchepaha, Tickfah and Amite, as the Rigolets are the common estuary of all those streams, and the Pearl, be- ing lowest in order of discharge and in length of course very greatly the superior volume, is entitled to give name to the basin. The actual valley of the Pearl, including on- ly with the main stream that of Bogue Chitto, is about 240 miles in length, with a mean width of 30 ms. or 7,200 sq. ms. The Pearl drains a small section in the Choctaw territory, and part of the counties of Madison, Hinds, Rankin, Copiah, Simpson, Lawrence, Pike, Marion and Hancock in the state of Miss., and in La. part of the parishes of Wash- ington and St. Tammany. As a navigable stream the facilities afford- ed by the Pearl, bear a very small proportion to the comparative length of its course. The estuary is also impeded by rafts of timber, shallows, and sand bars. Pearlington, p-v. and st. jus. Hancock co. Miss. situated on the left or estrn. bank of Pearl r. about 150 ms. s. e. Natchez, and 50 ms. n. E. New Orleans, lat. 30° 30', long. W. C. 12° 38' w. Pearman's, ferry and p-o. Dale co., Ala. by p-r. 220 ms. s. e. Tuscaloosa. Pecan, grove and p-o. Washitau parish. La. by p-r. 346 ms. n. w. New Orleans. Peconhrv, p-o. Conway co. Ark. 33 ms. nthwstd. Little Rock. Pedee, r. N. and S. C, having its extreme nrthrn. source, however, in the wstrn. part of Patrick co. Va. This river has received the name of Yadkin in N. C. and it is only after entering S. C. that it is known as Pedee. The Yadkin rises from the sthestrn. valleys of the Blue Ridge, opposite the sources of French Broad, Nolachucky and Great Ken- hawa, and on the Atlantic slope, having inter, locking Rourc(^s with those of Uan r. n., and Great Catawba s. Flowing thence nrthestrd. over Wilkes and Surry cos. N.C. and receiving its extreme nrthrn. water from Va., it bends to a course a little e. of s., after having flown about 80 ms. nearly parallel to the Blue Ridge. The last noteil inflection is made on the bor- der between Surry and Stokes cos., at lat. 3f)° 17', long 3° 30 w. W. C. From this point the Yadkin gains only 30' of long, in the res- idue of its course to lat. 34° 48', whore it en- ters S. C. and looses its name in that of Pe- dee. In the latter comparative course of about llO ms. no tributary above the size of a large creek enters from the left ; but from the right, Little Yadkin from Iredell and Rowan COS., and Rocky r. from Cabarras, Mecklenburg, Anson and the western part of Montgomery, are considerable streams, which will be described under their proper heads. The valley of the Yadkin is about 135 ms. in length, with a mean width of 55 or a small fraction above 7,400 sq.ms., draining in Va. a small part of Patrick co., and in N.C. all Wilkes, Surry, Rowan, Davidson, Mont gomery and Cabarras ; with great part of Stokes, Iredell, Randolph, Richmond and Anson cos. If we regard the Yadkin as one of tho con. stitucnt streams of the Great Pedee, the lat- ter is formed by the Yadkin, Lynches, Wac camaw, and Little Pedee rs. See the secon- dary streams under their respective heads. The main stream enters S. C, between Marlborough and Chesterfield dists., and con- tinuing tho general course of Yadkin, over Marion, and thence between Horry and Georgetown dists. opens into Winyaw bay after a comparative s. s. e. course in S. C. of 110 ms. This lower part of the basin is very nearly a square of 100 ms. each side, equal to 10,000 sq. ms., making the whole basin, in. eluding the Yadkin valley, equ:d to 17,4(J0 sq. ms. If the basin is extended from Winyaw Point at Georgetown entrance to the source of Toms cr. in Patrick co. it stretches from lat. 33° 11', to 36° 35', and from tho estrn. bend of Waccamaw to tho extreme wstrn. fountains of Yadkin, from 1° 40' to 4° 30' of long. w. W. C. Without estimating the mtn. ridges, the rcl ative oceanic level of the arable soil along the sthestrn. slope of Blue Ridge in Wilkes, Surry,and Patrick cos. is at least 1,500 feet or an equivalent to 3^° of Fahrenheit, which add- ed to 3° 24', the difference of lat. yields al- most 7° difference in temperature between the higher and lower part of the Pttdee basin. Thisbasin lies between ihosc of Santeo and Cape Fear rs., and if duly improved would be of immense importance as a navigable and commercial channel. Pedlar's iiili-, and p-o. wstrn. part of Chatham co. N. C. 10 ms. wstrd. I'itlsboro', and 43 ms. in a similar direction from Raleigh. Pedlar's mills, and p-o. sthwstrn. part of Amherst co. Va. by p-r. 198 ms. s. w. W. C. and 135 wstrd. Richmond. Pkebles, tavern and p-o. Northampton co. N. C. by p-r. 208 ms. a vei7 little w. of s. W. C, and 94 ms. n. e. by v.. Raleigh. Peekskii.i., incori>orated v. Cortlandl, West Chester CO. N. Y. on the east side oCIIudson river, near the mouth of Peekskill cr. at the a. entrance of the Highlands, 40 ms. n. New York ; has considerable trade, and daily com- munication with that city, in tho warm sea- son, by a steamboat. Peeling, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 20 ms. n. Plymouth, 60 N. by w. Concord, with 33,359 acres, is crossed by Pemigewasset r., its three branches uniting here, and has mill seals on several other streams, particularly the sources of Wild Amonoosuc, Baker's rs. &.O. It has two ponds and several mtns. of which ('ush- man's and Blue mtns. are the chief. Settled 1773. Pop. 1830, 292. Pn.iTAM, p-t. Hillsborongh co. N. 11. 37 me. s. by e. Concord, 45 s. w. Portsmouth, 32 n.w. PEN 399 PEN Tioaton, with 16,338 acres, contains Gumpas & lel. ponds, andpart of North pond.anJ is cross- ed by Beaver r. on which and its branches fire fine meadows, bordered by pine lands, good for grain. There is good grazing, orchard and wood land e. and w. Wood, chiefly oak, has been taken down the r. There aro sev- eral factories, &c. First settled 1772. Pop. 1830, 1,070. Peliiam, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. 85 ms. w. Boston, 10 N. E. Northampton, and 5 ms. E. Amherst; is elevated and has a hilly sur- face, with good grnzing land, and is watered in the e. by Swift r. and w. by Fort r. Pop. 1830,904. Pei.ham, t. Westchester co. N.Y. 18 ms. n.e. N. Y., 9 s. White Plains, n. Long Isl. sound, N. of East r. and e. of Chester cr., is small and terminates in an angle n. The surface is nearly level, with a stony but good soil. Pell's or Rodman's Point is s. It compre- hends City, Hart's and High isl. in the sound. Pop. 1830, 334 Pembroke, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H. 60 ms. N. w. Boston, 6 e. Concord ; e. Merri- mack r., s. E. Soucook r., n. w. Suncook r., with 10,240 acres, has several factories and mills, and a considerable village, with a fine street of 3 ms. parallel to Merrimack r. The roads generally run at right angles. The land near the v. slopes pleasantly to the narrow meadows on the rs. and it contains a town house, and an academy founded by Mr. Blan- chard. The Indian name was Suncook, and it was granted, 1727, to Capt. Lovewell and 60 associates, for services against the savages. It was first settled 1728, and much interrupt- ed by their attack. The settlers were of English and Scotch descent. Pop. 1830, 1,312. Pemdroke, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 23 ms. s. E. Boston. It originally belonged to Dux- bury, and had the only saw mill in the Old colony for 40 years. North r. runs between thist. and Hanover, and 2 branches flow from ponds. Tiiere are some manufactories. Pop. 1830, 1,325. Pembroke, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y., 10 ms. w. Batavia, 257 w. Albany, e. Erie co. ; 8 miles by 14i ; is watered by Murder and Tonawanta creeks, with streams of Oak Or- chard creek. It contains the Tonawanta In- dian village on Tonawanta creek. The land bears maple, elm, beech, hemlock, &c., and is pretty good. Pop. 1830, 3,828. Pembrokf,, p-v. sthrn. part Todd co. Ky., by p-r. 196 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. Pembroke Springs, and p-o. Frederick co. Va. 18 ms. wstrd. Winchester, the co. seat, and by p-r. 89 ms. wstrd. W. C. PEMtGEWAssET, r. N. H., chicfly in Grafton CO., is the w. branch of the Merrimac. Its N. branch rises in Franconia, a few ms. s. w. of the white mtns., and meets two others in Peeling. Pkndleton, CO. Va., bounded by a ridge called there locally " The Great North Moun- tain," separating it from Rockingham e., Au- gusta s. E., and Bath s. w., by the main spine of the Alleghany separating it from Randolph w., and by Hardy n. e. Length 40 ms., mean width 25, and area 1,000 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 15' to 38° 53', and in long, from 2° to 2° 42' w. W. C. Pendleton occu- pies the most elevated part of the table land between its two bounding ridges of moun- tains, discharging to the e. w. the extreme sources of James r., and in an opposite direc- tion the higher sources of South Branch of Potomac. More than four-fifths of the surface is, however, in the valley of the latter. Com- paring the general elevation of Pendleton, with determined height in James r. in Alio- ghany co., with the whole slope of Bath co. intervening, the level of the aralde land from whence flow the sources of .Tames and Poto- mac rs., must exceed 2,000 feet. Covington in Alleghany, at the junction of Pott's creek with Jackson's river, is 1,222 feet above the mean tide in Chesapeake bay, and at this point the water of Jackson's r. has fallen down a plain of upwards of 50 ms. descent. The surface is generally mountainous, rocky and sterile. Chief t. Franklin. Pop. 1820, 4,83G, 1830, 6,271. Pendleton, formerly the northwestern dis- trict of S. C, has been sub-divided and the name discontinued. The territory formerly comprised in Pendleton, contains the present existing districts of Anderson and Pickens. ( Which see.) Pendleton, p-v. northwestern part of An. derson district, S. C, situated on a branch of Savannah r., by p-r, 143 ms. northwestward Columbia. Lat. 34° 38', long. 5° 42' w. W. C. Pendleton, co. Ky., bounded by Bracken e., Harrison s. e. and s.. Grant w., Campbell N., and Ohio river separating it from Cler- mont CO. in the state of O. n. e. Length 32 ms. by a diagonal from s. w. to n. e., mean width 14, and area 448 sq. ms. Extending in la(. from 38° 30' to 38° 52', and in long, from 7° 10' to 7° 35' w. W. C. Licking river traverses this co. in a northwestern direction, and very nearly parallel to that of the O. r., where it joins the boundary between this and Clr'mont co. The declivity is of course in the same direction with the rivers. Chief t. Falmouth. Pop. 1820, 3,086, 18.30, 3,863. Pendleton, p-v. wstrn. part Madison co. Ind., by p-r. 40 ma. n. e. Indianopolis. Penfield, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y., 10 ms. e. Rochester, 211 w. by n. Albany, s. lake On- tario, w. Ontario in Ontario co. ; 67 sq. ms. It has Teoronto bay n. w., into which flows a mill stream, and several other streams run n. into the lake. The surface has an inclination nrthrd., and the soil is poor. The village is s. w. The bay, which is often written Ge- rundegut, and Irondequot, is 1 mile by 5, and opens by a narrow strait into lake Ontario. Pop. 1830, 4,474. Penfield, p-o. Lorain co. O., by p-r. 116 ms. n. n. e. Columbus. Penn Branch, p-o. Orangeburg district, S. C, by p-r. 65 ma. sthwrd. Columbia. PEN 400 PEN Penn Line, p-v. wstm. part of Crawford co. ' Pa., 21 ma. northweatward Meadville, and about 100 ma.N. n. w. Pittsburg. Pennsboro', p-v. Wood co. Va., by p-r. 2G8 ms. w. W. C. Penn's Neck, Upper, t. Salem co. N. J., 50 ms. s. w. Trenton, and 25 s. w. Philadelphia. It has Old Man's creek n. which separates it from Gloucester co., and Delaware r. w., op- posite the mouth of the Brandy wine, and Wil- mington, Del. It has settlements at Pedricks- town and Sculltown, and the Cove. Popula- tion 1830, 1,G38. Penn's Neck, Lower, t. Salem co. N. J., 58 ms. s. w. Trenton, 30 s. w, Philadelphia, Del. river w., and Salem r. e., which flows into it on the s. line, where there are tracts of marshy land. It lies opposite New Castle and Delaware city, Del., and near the middle of the river is the small island on which was fort Delaware, belonging to the D. S., which was accidentally burnt in the winter of 1831 and 1832. Pop. 1830, 994. Penn's Store, and p-o. estrn. part Patrick CO. Va.,17 ms. nrtheatrd. Taylorsville, the co. seat, and by p-r. 316 ms. s. w. W. C. Pennsville, p-v. Bucks co. Pa., 18 ms. n. w. Trenton, N. J., and 26 a little e- of n. Phil- adelphia. Pennsville, p-v. Morgan co. O., by p-r. 76 ms. s. E.by e. Columbus. Pennsylvania, state of the U. S., bounded by N. Y. N. and n. e., N. J. e., Del. s. e., Md. s., Va. s. w., and the state of Ohio n. w. The name of this state is derived from the surname of William Pcnn, and sylva, woods ; and means, literally, Penn's woods. Though at the epoch when the name was imposed, the real features of the country it was in fu- ture to designate, were in great part unknown ; to those who were its authors, no term could be more appropriate. Few, if any, regions of equal extent, and in one continuous body, ever bore, in a state of nature, a more dense forest. Pennsylvania was an expanse of woods, in the strictest acceptation of the word. As now limited, Pennsylvania extends from lat. 39° 43' to 42° 16', and from 2° 20' e. to 3° 36' w. W. C. It is bounded in common with Delaware, from the Del. r. by a circular line, around New Castle co., tothe n. e. lim its of Cecil co. Md., 24 ms. ; due north to the N. E. angle of Md., 2 ms.; along the nor- thern limit of Md., 203 ms. ; in common with Va., from the n. w. angle of Md. to the s. w. angle of Greene co., 59 ms. ; due north, in Its greatest length is due w. from Bristol on Del. r., to the eastern border of Ohio co. Va., through 356 minutes of longitude, along lat. 40° 09'. This distance, on that line of latitude, is equal to 315 American statute ms. The greatest breadth, 176 ms., from the Vir- ginia line to the extreme northern angle on lake Erie ; and general breadth, 188 ms. The area of the state has been variously stated, but propably never very accurately determined. In both Morse's and Worcester's Gazetteers, the superficies is given at 46,000 square miles. Other authorities vary, but comparing the best maps, and from calcula- ting the rhombs, and parts occupied by the state, Pennsylvania includes above 47,000 sq. ms. Rejecting the fractional excess, and us- ing that curve superficies, the state will con- tain thirty million and eighty thousand statute acres. Its mountains obtrude themselves at the first glance on a map, as the most prominent of its natural features. No even tolerably good survey having ever been made of the mountains of this region, and many important chains having been entirely omitted, a lucid classification is attended with great difficulty. Some of the collateral chains hitherto over- looked, have been supplied from personal ob- servation ; but no doubt much remains to be added or rectified, by future research. The structure and position of its mountains, haa given to Pennsylvania an aspect peculiar to itself. The Appalachian system in the Uni- ted States, generally extends in a direction, deviating not very essentially from s. w. to n. E. ; but in Pennsylvania, the whole system is inflected from that course, and passes the state in a serpentine direction. Towards the s. boundary, the mountains lie about N. N. E., gradually inclining more eastwardly as they penetrate northwards ; and in the central cos. many of the chains lie nearly east and west ; but as they extend towards the northern bor- der of the state, they again imperceptibly in- cline to the north cast, and enter New York and New Jersey, innearly that direction. The influence of the mountains in modify- ing the general features, is very obvious, far beyond where any chains or ridges are sufli. cicntly elevated to be classed as parts of the Appalachian system. It will be, however, shown in the progress of this review, that the mountain system is very much too greatly restricted, not alone in Pennsylvania, but also in Md., Va., N. Y. and N. J. Without attend. to minor claims, the mountains of Pa. ad- common with Ohio and Brooke cos. of Va.rvancing from the southeast to n. w. are as fol- to the Ohio river, 64 ms.; continuing the last lows : — thougli omitted in most maps, a chain noted limit, in common with O. to lake Erie, enters the south boundary of York co. and cut 91 ms. ; along the s. e. shore of lake Erie to by the Susquehannah river, rises in and trav. the western limit of New York, 39 ms. ; due ersc:? Lancaster county between Pequea and south along Chatauque co. of New York to Octorara creeks ; and between the sources of lat. 42°, 19 ms. ; thence duo east in common I the Conestoga and Brandy wine, separates for with New York, to the right bank of Del. r., !a short distance, Lancaster and Chester cos. 230 ms. ; down the Del. to the n. e. angle of jContinui»g between Berks and Chester, it is the state of Delaware, 230 ms. ; having an i interrupted by the Schuylkill above Pottstown entire outline of 961 miles. | Rising again, and stretching N. E. forms, first, PEN 401 PEN the bonndary botwoon Montgomery and Berks ; thenco botwoon Jjohigh and Bucks, and separating Northampton from Bucks, reaches the Del. Pursuing a north east course through N. J. separating Sussex from Hun- tingdon, Morris, and Bergen cos. enters N. Y. between tho sources of the Walkill and Passaic rs., and extending in broken ridges, through the s. e. part of Orange co. forms the Highlands near West Point. The almost uniform neglect of professed geographers respecting this strongly marked feature, attests tho infancy of tho science in the United States. After having formed the celebrated masses on both sides of the F^ud- son between Newburg and West Point, the ridgo continues n. e. separating Putnam from Duchess co. Inflecting to tho n. and forming tho separating ridgo between the waters of the Hudson and Housatonic rivers, stretches through the eastern part of Dutch- ess, Columbia, and Rensselaer cos. Along the two latter, however, tho ridge forms, in reality, the separaling boundary between N. Y. and Mass. and entering the s. w. angle of Vt. continues through that state, by tho name of Green mountains, into Lower Canada. Thus prominent and continuous, from the Susquehannah to tho n. e., this part of the Ap- palachian system is equally so through Md., Va. and N. C. Passing over Harford, Balti- more, Ann Arundel, and Montgomery cos. in Md. it forms falls in tho Potomac, twelve ms. above Georgetown, and extends into Va. in Fairfax co. Varying in distance from 20 to 30 ms. the Groat Kittatinny or Blue Ridge, and the ridge we have been tracing, traverses Va. into N. C. Leaving Va. in Henry, and entering N. C. in Stokes co., there is no doubt but that it is distinctly continued over the Carolinas and Goo. into Ala. Though the structure of the Atlantic slope, decidedly evin- ces a conformity to the Appalachian system, far below the S. E. mountain, it is the termi- nating continuous ridge towards the Atlantic. N. vv. from, and nearly parallel to, tho South mountain, another very remarkable ridge traverses N. J. and Pa. and similar to the for- mer, the latter is unknown in either of these states, by any general name. Its continua- tion in New York is designated by the Sha- wangunk. Between tho Susquehannah and Potomac, it is termed relatively, the South moimtain, and in Virginia and the Carolinas, it forms the Blue ridge, and entering the n. w. part of Geo. is gradually lost amongst the sources of Chattaliooche river. To preserve perspicuity, we have adopted, or rather extended the name. Blue Ridge into Pa. and N. J. This very remarkable chain of the Appalachian system enters Pa. on its southern line, and stretching n. between Adams and Franklin cos. reaches the sthrn. angle of C'umberland, where it turns to north- east, and extending towards the Susquehan- nah, separates Cumberland from Adams and York cos. About six miles below Hnrria- burg, the Blue Ridge is pierced or broken by the Susquehannah, and again rising below tho mouth of Swatara, crosses tho southern angle of Dauphin; thonoo known as the Conc- wago hills, it separates Lebanon from liancaster co. enters Berks, and reaches the Schuylkill at Reading. Continuing through Berks, Lehigh, and Northampton cos., the Blue Ridge passes Allentown, Bethlehem', and Easton, is again interrupted by the Del. below tho latter town. Extending through Sussex CO. the Blue Ridge enters N. Y. and and is ftnally terminated in the Shawangunk, on tho west side of Hudson r. and amongst the branches of tho Walkill. In one respect, the Southeast mtn. and Blue Ridge, in Pa. and N.J. differ from other sections of the Appalachian system. The two chains we have noticed, are formed of links more de- tached, than are those more remote from the Atlantic; but, otherwise, in respect to compo- nent matter, range, and vegetation, are in every place well marked sections of the gen- eral system. The very unequal elevation of their various parts, may, perhaps, be also ad- duced, as a characteristic of the Southeast mountain and Blue Ridge. The former does not, it is probable, in any part of Pa. or N. J. rise to 1,000 feet above the level of the At- hmtic, whilst in N. Y. at tho Highlands, some of the peaks, particularly Butterhill, exceed 1,500 feet elevation above tide water ; and in Mass. and Vermont tower to near 3,000 feet. If taken generally, the Blue Ridgo in Pa. and N. .1. is more elevated than the Southeast moimtain, yet no particu- lar part of the former rises to an equal eleva- tion with the Highlands, on either bank of the Hudson. In Md. the Blue Ridge as- sumes a very distinctive aspect, and separa- ting Frederick and Washington cos. is brc ken by the Potomac at Harper's Ferry, below the mouth of Shenandoah. This fine chain crosses, and adorns Va. and N. and S. Caroli- na. In one remarkable circumstance, the Blue Ridge stands alone amongst the mountain chains of the United States. From the Sus- quehannah to N. w. angle of S. C, in a dis- tance of upwards of .'jOO miles, it every where forms a county demarcation. The third, and in some respects the most remarkable chain of Pa. is the Kittatinny. Known by divers local names, the Kittatinny, in a survey advancing from s. w. to n. e. first rises distinctively in Franklin co., and like other chains in the sthrn. margin of Pa. ranges a little cast of north ; but inflecting more to the northeast, extends to the Susquehannah, separating Cumberland and Perry cos. Five miles above Hrirrisl)urg, the Kittatinny is interrupted by the Susquehannah. Broken also by the Swatara, the Schuylkill, the Tichigh, and Delaware, the Kittatinny enters N. J. through which it passes into N. Y. and forms, by its continuation, thr Catsbcrgs. The general aspect of the Kittaninny is much more continuous than any other moun. tain chain of Pa. It is, however, very far from being uniform in elevation, varying from PEN 409 PEN 800, to perhaps 1,500 feet nbovo tido water. Northwest from the Kittatinny, though moro elevated, the chains are much less distinctly defined. Between the Kittatinisy mountain, and the north branch of Susquehannah r. the intermediate country is in a great part com- posed of high rugged mountains, and narrow, deep, and precipitous valleys. This is the most sterile and least improvable part of Pa. but it is the region producing the most ex- tensive masses of anthracite coal, known on the globe. The confusion in the natural ar- rangement of the anthracite section of Pa. is more apparent than real. The Kittatinny mountain and Susquehannah r. lie nearly par- allel upwards of seventy ms. ; distance from each other about 35 ms. The intervening space is filled by lateral chains, rising in many places, far above any part of the Kitta- tinny. Amongst these chains, two are wor- thy of particular notice, and serve, preemi- nently, to elucidate the very peculiar topo- graphy of interior Pa. Bedford and Franklin cos. are separated by a chain, there known as Cove mountain. With a change of name, toTuscarora moun- tain, the latter chain separates Franklin from Huntingdon, and Perry from Mifflin, and reaches the Susquehannah nearly opposite the southern extremity of Northumberland CO. Rising again below the Mahantango r. and broken into vast links, the chain divides into nearly equal parts, the space between the Kitttatinny mountains and the main branch of Susquehannah r. Broad mountain, passed on the road from Easton and Bethlehem to Berwick, is one of the great links of this cen- tral chain. More accurate surveys would, it is more than probable, identify Sideling hill, of Bed- ford CO., Jack's mountain, of Huntingdon and Mifflin, and the central chains of Union, Co- lumbia, and Luzerne cos. The chain which rises on both banks of the Susquehannah, in Luzerne, is amongst the most interesting fea- tures, not only in the U. S. but the world. The very peculiar structure of this valley will be noticed more appropriately, when treating of the rivers of that part of Pa. In the pres- ent instance, it is the mountains we have be- fore us, and to which our attention is directed. Below Sunbury, a chain commences, or if my supposition is correct, is continued up the Susquehannah, along its left shore ; this chain is crossed by the river above Danville, and again above Catawissa. From the latter place, the chain stretches to the northeast, through Columbia, enters Luzerne by the name of Nescopeck, and mingles ultimately with other chains, and is terminated towards the southern angle of Wayne co. Nearly parallel to the Nescopeck, and with a com- paratively narrow intervening valley, another chain leaves the Susquehannah, above the borough of Northumberland, and traversing Northumberland and Columbia cos. enters Luzerne, and is broken by the Susquehanah .sixteen ms. below Wilkes-Barre. Skirting the loft bank about eight ms. it ie again crossed by the r. and continuing its course n. e. pas- ses about two and a half miles from and op- posite Wilkes-Barre. Preserving its course N. E. it is for the third and last time, crossed by the Susquehannah, above the mouth of Lackawannock creek ten miles above Wilkes- Barre, and stretching towards the Del. is lost in Wayne co. Beyond the main branch of Susquehannah, to the northwest, the chains lie nearly parallel to those s. e. from that r. The structure of the country on both sides of the Susqueharmah nearly the same. The yet discovered mines of anthracite coal, ad- vancing from southeast to northwest, cease, in the chain immediately opposite Wikes- Barre. To the eye, the region included between the west branch of Susquehannah and the Potomac, bears a strong analogy to that be- tween the west and north branches of Sus- quehannah, but a minute scrutiny exposes a great change advancing southwest towards the borders of Maryland. Soil and vegeta- tion both ditler materially. The beech, hem- lock, and sugar-maple forests, are succeeded in the valleys, by oak, hickory, and elm. Thus far the entire drain of Pa. is into the At, lantic ocean. The chain called the Allegha- ny forms in the southern parts of Pa. the di- viding ridge between the Atlantic slope and the valley of Ohio. Alleghany mountain has, no doubt, from this circumstance, received its preeminence amongst the mountain chains of Pa., Md. and Va. Only about sixty miles of its range in the former state, however, does separate the sources of the streams of the two great natural sections, the Atlantic slope and Ohio valley. The Alleghany chain leaving Alle- ghany CO. inMd., separates Bedford and Som- erset COS. and extending in a northerly direc- tion, also separates the n. w. part of Bedford from the s. e. part of Cambria co. At the extreme northern angle of Bedford, the Al- leghany turns to northeast, and is thence drained on both sides by the tributary streams of the Susquehannah. Discharging the wa- ters of the west branch to the n. w. and those of the Juniata and Bald Eagle rivers to the s. E., the Alleghany reaches the west branch of Susquehamiah at the mouth of Bald Eagle river. Here, once more, the defect of our maps is strikingly apparent. Lycoming co. is de- lineated as if no mountain chains traversed' its surface. This is not the fact, though too little is known of that part of Pa. to admit a classification of its mountains. If I was to hazard a conjecture, I should make the chain v/hich crosses the Susquehannah in Bradford CO. near to, and below Towanda, the contin- uation of the- Alleghany. It may be re- marked, that it is only in a few places e. of and those immediately in its spurs, that bi- tuminous coal has been hitherto discovered in Pa. on the Atlantic slope, whilst this min- eral abounds .v. w. from the Alleghany chain. PEN 4i)3 PEN This locality of biluininous coal prevails jKisIciminitas, though in reality extend. iiiij to near the south boundary of New York. In addition to the ^rcat chains we have been surveying, many of minor importance might be noted ; but v/e have deemed a view of the most striking parts sufficient. If engrouped into one view, tJic mountains of Pa. exhibit many very interesting points of observation. The Appalachian system is here upwards of one hundred and fifiy miles wide. The particular chains do not average more than three miles, if so much, in breadth. Before proceeding farther in our review, I may be permitted to observe, that mountains are considered as the superlative of hills. In not only Pa. but in the Appalachian system generally, hills and mountains arc not only specifically, but gcnerically, distinct features of nature. If this was not the case, the slope would, in most cases, gradually rise from the mouths to the sources of rivers, and no regular ranges of elevated ground could be found crossing the streams obliquely. Ac. cording to common opinion, the mountains of the U. S. form the dividing ridge between the waters of the Atlantic slope, and those of the Miss, and St. Lawrence basins. So far, however, are the mountains from constituting the separating line of the waters, that the real dividing ridgo, if it can be so called, crosses the mountains diagonally. The Appalachian system is formed, as we have seen, by a number of collateral chains, lying nearly parallel ; each chain is again formed by ridges, which interlocking, or in- tcrrupted by rivers, extend generally in a similar direction with the chain to which they particularly appertain. The chains differ materially from each other in elevation and in continuity. In some of the chains, at each side of the system, the parts are of very un- equal height above their bases, and of tide water. The Southeast mountain and Blue Ridge are proniinent examples. In the correct solution of any question arising out of the advance or distribution of population, the determination of the real sur. face covered with mountains, would afford extremely satisfactory element. As far as my own personal observation, and the present state of our geographical knowledge afford data, I have estimated tiie extent of mountain i)ase in Pa. ; and on the best maps, carefully measuring every chain, the entire length pro- duced, amounts to a small excess above 2,250 miles. If the latter sum is, however, taken, and three miles allowed lor the mean breadth of the chains, tlie mountain area will be 6,750 square miles, or very nearly one seventh part oftlie superficies of the state. The respective r. basins, or rather the pec tions included in Pa., are of very unequal extent. Delaware, Susquchannah, and Ohio, across llu; whole state, and is found from near Towanda, in Pennsylvania, into Mary- land. Mow far, and to what extent, the iiitumi. nous coal formation spreads into Virginia, we are unable to determine. The Alleghany chain may, in the existing state of our miner- alogical knowledge, be viewed as the limit between the two species of coal in Pa. Whatever may be the elevation of its sum- mit, the base of the Alleghany chain, between Bedford and Somerset, and Cambria cos. constitutes the height of land between the Ohio r. and Atlantic tides, and forms also a similar demarcation in Md. This circum- stance is entitled to our serious notice, from this region being the intended route of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal. The sum- mit level, or Cumberland road, as given by Mr. Schriver, is 2,825 feet. Asa mountain chain, the Alleghany yields in grandeur of scenery, and in elevation above its base, to not only the Broad mountain, but to many other chains of the Appalachian system. Chesnnt ridge is the next chain west of the Alleghany, the two chains extending near- ly parallel, and about twenty miles asunder. Though comparatively humble in respect to elevation, Chesnut ridge is one of the most extended chains of the system to which it appertains, reaching by various local names over Va., into Ten., and most probably into Ala. As placed on our maps, Chesnut ridge enters Pa. at the n. w. angle of Md., and ranging a little east of north, forms the boundary between Union and Somerset, thence between Westmoreland and Somerset, and finally between the n, e. angle of West- moreland and the s. w. of Camliria co. At the extreme n. e. angle of Westmoreland, the Chesnut ridge reaches tjie Kiskiminitas r,, and as delineated, its termination. So fir from being so in nature, this chain preserves its identity through the state farther n. than any other chain of the Appalachian sys- tem. Laurel hill is the last chain of the system in Pennsylvania. What has been already observed respecting the comparatively de- pressed chains nearest the Atlantic, may be repeated respecting the Chesnut ridge, and the Laurel hill : that, though not very eleva- ted, they nevertheless exist as well defined mountain chains. The latter is a very ex- tended branch of the system, reaching from the northern part of Pa. into Ala. This chain traverses Va. by various names ; separtUcs Va. from Ivy. as Cumberland mountain ; tra- versed Ten., and penetrates Ala. under the latter term, and interrupted by Ten. r. it forms the Muscle Shoals, ' and is imperceptibly merged into the central hills of Ala. Like many others, this very lengthened chain is 1 include an immense proportion of the whole delineated defectively in every map of Pa. I| state, and subdivide it naturally into the have seen. Similar to Chesnut ridge, Lau-j eastern, middle, and western river sec. rcl hill is terminated on our maps, near the) tions. , PEN . 4 The following tables give the respective area of each, and also the smaller sections of Potomac, Genesee, and Erie. Delaware river drains the counties of S(juare Miles. Acres Berks, Bucks, Chester 3-4, Delaware, Lebanon IB, Leliigh, Luzerue, Montgomery, Nortliaunpton, Philadelpliia, Pike, Schuylkill 5-8, Wayne, 950 608,000 640 409,600 550 352,000 180 115,200 40 25,600 360 230,400 180 115,200 450 288,000 1,100 704,000 120 76,800 850 544,000 500 320,000 790 505,600 6,7J0 4^^294,400 Susquehanuah drains the counties of Adams 3-5, Bedford 3-5, Bradford, Cambria 2-5, Centre, Chester 1-4, Clearfield 9-10, Columbia, Cumberland, Dauphin, Franklin 1-3, Huntingdon, Indiana 1-10, Lebanon 7-8, Luzerne 9-10, Lycoming, M'Kean 1-4, Mifflin, Northumberland, Perry, Potter 5-8, Schuylkill 3-8, Susquehannah, Tioga, Union, York, 350 1,000 1,260 330 1,460 180 1,450 630 630 550 280 1,28a 80 280 1,920 2510 380 910 500 550 750 300 910 1,180 600 1,120 221,000 640,000 806,100, 211,200; 934,400 111,200 928,000 403,200 403,200 352,000 179,200 819,200 51,200 179,200 1,228,800 1,606,100 243,200 582,400 320,000 352,000 480,000 192,000 582,400 755,200 384,000 716,800 4 PEN Square Miles. Acres. Erie 1-3, 380 243,200 Payette, 900 676,000 Greene, 640 409,600 Indiana 9-10, 680 435,200 JefTerson, 1,280 819,200 M'Kcan 3-4, l,l40 729,600 Mercer, 880 563,200 Potter 1-4, 520 204,800 Somerset 5-6, 800 512,000 Venango, 1,200 768,000 Warren, 900 576,000 Washington, 900 576,000 Westmoreland, 1,180 16,760 755,200 10,598,400 SUMMARY. Delaware drains, 6,710 4,294,400 Susquehoniiah, 21,390 13,685,600 Genesee, 150 96,000 Potomac, 1,590 1,017,600 Ohio, 16,760 10,598,400 Lake Erie, 380 46,930 243,200 29,935,200 21,390 13,665,000 Genesee drains 1-8 of Potter Potomac drains Adams 2-5, Bedford 2 5, Franklin 2-3, SomersPt 1-6, 150 220 630 560 180 1,590 county, 380 96,000 140,800 403,200 , 3.58,400 11.5,200 Lake Erie drains 1-2 of Erie 1,017,600 243,200 Ohio river drains the counties of Alleghany, 810 518,400 Armstrong, 1,010 646,400 Beaver, 690 441,600 Butler, 850 544,000 Cambria 3-5, 800 512,000 Clearfield 1-10, 160 102,400 Crawford, 1,0-10 665,600 (See articles Delaware, Susquehannah, Po- tomac, Genesee, Alleghany, Monongahela, Ohio, ^c.) Over a surface of 47,000 sq. ms. traversed by a wide nitn. system, and on which relative level of arable land differs from a surface, barely above tide water, to upwards of 2,000 feet, the varieties of soil must necessarily be very great, and such is the fact. Though as a state. Pa. may be designated fertile, yet, between the river alluvion, on both sides of the system and in the Appalachian vaUies, and the rocky slopes of the mountains, the respective quality of soil embraces nearly the extremes of sterility and productiveness. The whole state where at all arable is favora- ble to grasses, including bread grain. Of fruits, the apple seems best adapted to the climate and soil, though similar to the stone fruits, liable to destruction from untimely frosts. Climate and seasons. As an element in the philosophy of climate, it is only recently that relative height has been duly introduced, and yet without regard to difierence of level, no rational deduction respecting climate can be formed on any part of the earth. Under the head of Maryland, to which article the read- er is referred, are introduced general tables of mean and extreme temperature, and of prevalent winds. The tables were placed in that article from the central position of Md., amongst the Atlantic states of the U. S. The following tables, founded on observa- tions made in the city of Phila., and at Ger- mantown in the vicinity of that city, may be prefaced by the remark that large cities have a local atmospheric temperature, higher than that of the surroimding country, and that the subjoined tables exhibit the difference in two contiguous places. 1. The monthly mean temperature at Phila. is from a series of 20 years observa- tions, made by James Young, from 1807 in- PEN 405 PEN elusive: that of Gormantown is from a eorics drained by the Del. and Susquohnnnah, and of 10 years observations, by llciibcn Haines, I their confluents, falls from an elevation of from 1819 to 1828 inclusive, Fahrenheit. Philaduliiliiu. Gcfiri-uitinvn. Excess in Pliil. Jan. 32° 7 30° 2° 7 Fob. U6 32 33 10 8 22 March 45 64 41 22 4 42 April 57 18 49 40 7 78 May C8 01 61 80 6 80 Juno 78 27 71 20 7 7 July 82 25 75 7 28 Aug. 80 06 73 7 6 Sep. 7a 39 65 8 39 Oct. 60 81 53 40 7 41 Nov. 47 34 42 CO . 4 74 Doo. 37 01 32 GO 4 41 moan ann . temp 58 41 52 37 2. Table of moan monthly temp, at Phil, and Gcrmantown, for 7 consecutive years, from 1820, 1826 inclusive, being years com- mon to both observers : Philadelphia. Germantown. Differ Januarv, 32.95<5 29.660 3.27= February, 39.93 31.72 8.21 Murcli, 47.03 40 61 6.42 April, 55.53 50-32 5.21 May, 70.44 61.76 8.08 June, 60.05 70.03 10.02 July, 84.07 75.04 9.03 August, 80.46 72.92 7.51 Septeuiber, 76.68 64.83 11.85 October, 61.89 53.33 8.51 November, 47.23 41.75 5.48 Deceiubor, 36.93 31.75 5.18 Mean Annual, 57.08 From the above elements we involuntarily deduce- the important fact, that the summer climate of Phil, is from 6° to 10°, and iu some instances still higher, above that of the adja- 1 cent country ; and that in winter the city at- mosphere is warmest by fromSJ to 5 degrees.! For the prevailing winds of Pa., we mayl again refer to the article Md., with at the same time observing, that from Mr. Young's obser- vations in Phil., the winds from the true ' wstrn. points n. w., w. and s. w., amount to 1 603 thousandths of the whole winds of the | year ; and in Germantown observations of | Mr. Haine's, a similar proportion gives 663 ! thousandths. Combining therefore, the vari-1 ous observations quoted in this treatise, we I are shown that the greatly prevailing winds ; of the middle states of the U. S., are from the ! wstrn. sides of the meridians. Again, if we 1 add the intensity of the atrial currents to I about 2,000 ft. to the level of tide water ; but the wstrn. declivity also to the wstrd., and drained by the numerous eonllucnls of Ohio, is upwards of 600 ft. elevated above the oeean tides at the very lowest part. This greater height is one of the most influential causes of the comparative low temperature w. of the mtns., particularly in winter. Observations made at U. S. military posts and by several othoL observers, have dissipa- ted the long cherished vulgar error of a su- perior warmth on like latitudes w. of the mtns., and have established directly the re- verse, giving rationality to the theory of our climate, and distributing comparative temper- ature according to the relative latitude and height. On both plains of Pa. it is a rare occur- rence when the rivers are not frozen and ren- dered unnavigable in winter, for a longer or shorter period ; 40 days would probably ap- proach near a mean of this winter period. The actual summer or period between frosts, does not exceed, if it amounts to, a mean of 120 days, except in the sthestrn. and lowest part. Receding wstrd., occasional frosts entrench on summer, and on the high mountain vallies, even where farming is con- ducted to considerable advantage, untimely frosts happen occasionally in every month of the year. I The quantity of rain, or rather more expli- [citly expressed, of water in rain, hail, snow, j &c., which falls at any given place, aflbrds very requisite elements in a theory of the cli- mate. The following table was extracted literally from the Philadelphia Gazette, Jan. 5th, 1831. No. 494. Statement of the rain fallen from 1810 to 1830, inclusive, the first 14 years by the guage of P. Lcgarux, of Spring Mill, the following 7 years by that kept at the Pa. hospital. Inches. Indies. 1810, 32.656 ir,2i. 32.182 1811, 34.968 1823, 29.864 1812, 39. 3 1823, 41.815 1813, 35.625 1824, 38.74 1814, 43.135 1825, 29.57 1815, 34.666 1826, 35.14 1816, 27.947 1827, 38.50 1817, 36.005 1828, 37.97 1818, 30. n7 1829, 41.85 1819, ■ 23.354 1830, 45.07 1820, 39.609 " The whole quantity fallen for 21 years is their respective courses, it would be safe to ^748.143 inches, which, divided by 21 years, say, that four fifths of all the atmospheric i gives 35.626 inches as the annual average for pressure is estwrd., and in Penn. the almost^ that time." — 1' a. Hospital, Ist mo., \st, 1831. uniform leaning of forest, and more of orch- ard trees, demonstrates this physical fact. From the whole of these tables we find the discrepancy between the mean and cx- The climate of Pa. is relatively influenced, iremc temperature ol difterent years at the by change of level. The surface of the state, same place, to be great, but we also find that with two partial exceptions, is composed of rnoisture falls as unequally. Comparing the two great plains, declining from the dividing j tables in my possession, I cannot trace any ridge of its waters. The estrn. declivity strong obvious connexion between the pre va- PEN 406 PEN lence or scarcity of rain and mean tempera- ture. In 181G, a year of unusual low mean temperature, it appears that the quantity of rain fell short of 28 inches ; but in 1819, a warm year, the rain amounted only to 23.354 inches ; and in 1814, when the rain fallen was so high as 43.135 inches, the mean tempera- ture was high. Natural productions. Under this head a volume might be written, but a few brief noti- ces can only be admitted into an article ne- cessarily brief. The two great mineral pro- ductions of Pa., are iron and fossil coal. Iron ore is very extensively disseminated, and as greatly diversified in quality and rich- ness. The iron mines in the estrn. part of the state were explored and worked at an early period of colonial settlement in Pa., and had become an interest of great value before the revolution. Since the peace of 1783, with much fluctuation iron has at all times employed much capital and labor. Next to iron ore, mineral coal is most wide- ly disseminated and is also next in importance. The fossil coal of Pa. is of 2 species : anthra- cite in the valleys e. of the main spine of the Appalachian system, and bituminous w. of that ridge. This distribution may admit of some exceptions, but if taken generally it is cor- rect. Independent of specific distinction the coal of Pa. has very deeply influenced the improvement of the state at both extremes. The immense canals and locks which have been created on the Lackawannock, Lehigh, Delaware and the Schuylkill, and others in progress or designed in every part of the state, have been more or less the effect ofadesii'e to render accessible these vast mineral de- posits. The author of this article has visited the coal regions of Pa. both E. and w. The eastern anthracite is mostly found imbedded in inclining strata ; the coal beds themselves of every variety of thickness from less than 6 inches to immmense mountain masses of unknown extent. The largest body yet laid open is that explored and worked on Mauch Chunk mtn. by the Lehigh coal and naviga- tion company. It is probable, however, from numerous indications, that the most extensive deposits of coal E. of the mtns. remain unex- plored, perhaps undiscovered. The strata actually known are vast, and be- yond the power of man to e.xhaust in many succeeding ages. The position of the bitu- minous coal of the western part of Pa. is level or very nearly so. It is imbedded in horizon- tal strata, and unlike the anthracite is often so very near a dead level as to admit drainage with difficulty. In using the relative terms east and lerst in stating the great deposits of Pa. coal, some modification is necessary. I have myself found bituminous coal on Tow- anda cr. Bradford co. Pa., and in Alleghany CO. Md. near Cumberland. Aline from one of these points to the other, runs nearly with the great spine of Alleghany, and divides Pa. into two not very unequal sections. The bi- tuminous deposits prevail from the Alleghany and increase in extent falling down the r. to Pittsburg. In the vicinity of this city the the coal strata are in extent immense ; from 3 to G feet in thickness, and often from 250 to 350 feet above the high water level oftheTS. The number of mines already open, and the ease of reaching the coal from the deep river valleys has contributed to fasten the opinion that coal is in unusual abundance near Pitts- burg. That opinion is rendered doubtful by the fact, that in every part of the adjacent country where sufficient pains have been tak- en, coal has been found, and from analogy we may suspect its existence as underlaying stra- ta far into the state of Ohio. It abounds along the Ohio r. as low down as Cincinnati. Tho' an indefinite number of other minerals have been named as having been discovered in Pa. except iron and coal, limestone is the only one of extensive use and value. Limestone is the prevailing rock in a band spreading n. w. from Blue Ridge, and crossing the whole of Pa. from the Del. into Md. It exists in detached de- posits e. of Blue Ridge, and in western Pa. is found in interminable beds, alternating with other rocks. Water impregnated with 7HMria 614,08i PEN 408 PEN Persons in the foregoing who arc deaf and dumb, under 14 years of ago, 224 ; of 14 to 25, 279, and of 25 and upwards 255. Blind, 475. Colored population as follows : — Free. Slaves. Male. Female. Male. Female. Under 10 yrs. 5,095 5,054 23 32 From 10 to 24 6,250 6,142 102 106 " 24 to 36 4,069 4,476 25 22 " 36to.55 2,796 2,742 11 25 " 55 to 100 1,132 1,105 10 42 " 100 and over 35 34 1 4 Total, 18,377 19,553 172 231 Colored deaf and dumb, vmder 14 years of age, 12 ; from 14 to 26, 12 ; 26 and over, 15. Blind, 28. Recapitulation. Whites. Free colored. Slaves. Total. 1,309,900 .37,930 403 1,348,233 Education. — Literary Institutions. — Penn- sylvania has two universities, one in Phila- delphia, and another, " the Western universi- ty," in Pittsburg ; Mount Airy college, Ger- mantown; Dicldnson college, Carlisle ; Wash- ton, in Washington ; Jefferson, in Cannons burg ; Alleghany, in Meadville ; Madison, in Union ; and numerous academies in the dif- ferent boroughs. The Phrl. library may be, with great propriety, ranked amongst the first literary institutions of the state. The inter- ests of education have received so much le- gislative attention, as to induce a false opin ion of the distributive benefits derived from these enactments. Elementary instruction is in many largo sections lamentably neglected. One cause of this evil, may be found, by ex- amining the tables of pop., where the very unequal density of the objects of education is most strikingly apparent. But the inequality of inhabitants on a given space is, however, only one cause why mental culture is neglect- ed. The Moravian, or United Brethren, have schools at Bethlehem, Nazareth, Litiz, &c. There are theological seminaries at York, at Gettysburg, and in Alleghany town, oppo- site the city of Pittsburg. Under a constitutional injunction, legislative provision has been made for gratuitous in- struction to the children of indigent parents. The first school dist. of the state, comprising the city and co. of Phil, has received an or- ganization, which, according to the I2th an- nual report of the comptrollers of public schools in this dist. dated 5th Feb. 18.30, has extended instruction to 34,703 children with- in the 12 preceding years. Constitution. — Judiciary. The existing constitution of Pa. was adopted the 23d Sept. 1790. The legislative power is vested in a general assembly, which shall consist of a senate and house of representatives. No person shall be a representative, who shall not have attained the age of 21 years, and have been a citizen and inhabitant of the statu three years next preceding his election, and the last year thereof an inhabitant of the city or CO. in which he shall be chosen ; unless he shall have been absent on the public business oftho U. S. or of this state. Representatives are chosen annually. The senators shall be chosen for four years by the citizens of Philadelphia, and of the several cos., at the same time, in the same manner, and at the same place where they shall vote for representatives. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained the age of 25 years, and have been a citizen and inhabitant of the state four years next be- fore his election, and the last year thereof an inhabitant of the district for which he shall have been chosen; unless he shall have been absent on the public business of the U. S. or of this state. Tlie senators shall be chosen in dists. to be formed by the legislature ; each dist. contain, ing such a number of taxable inhabitants as shall be entitled to elect not more than 4 sen- ators. When a dist. is composed of 2 or more COS., they shall bo adjoining. Neither the city of Phil, nor any CO. shall be divided, in forming a dist. In elections by the citizens, every free man of the age of 21 years, having resided in the state two years next before the election, and within that time paid a state or co. tax, which shall have been assessed at least 6 months before the election, shall enjoy the right of an elector. An enumeration of the taxable inhabitants shall be made separately, in such manner as shall be directed by law. Such enumerations have been made in 1793, 1800, 1807, &c. up to 1828. The supreme executive power shall be vest- ed in a ETovernor, who shall be chosen on the second Tuesday of October, by the citizens of the commonwealth, at the place where they shall respectively vote for representatives. The person having the highest number of votes shall be governor. But, if two or more shall be equal and highest in votes, one of tliem shall be chosen governor by the joint vote of the members of both houses. The governor shall hold his office during three years from the third Tuesday of December, next ensuing his election ; and shall not be capable of holding it longer than 9 years in any term of twelve years. He shall be at least 30 years of age, and have been a citizen and ii:habitant of this state 7 years next before his election ; unless he shall have been absent on the public businessof the U. S.,or of this state. No member of congress, or person holding any office under the U. S. or this state, shall exercise the office of governor. The governor shall be commander in chief of the army and navy of the commonwealth, and the militia ; except when they shall be called into the actual service of the U. S. He shall appoint all officers whoso offices are es- tablishcd by this constitution, or shall be es- tablished by law, and whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for. He shall have power to remit fines and forfeitures PEN 409 PEN and grant reprieves and pardons, except in eases of impeachment. Every bill, which shall have passed both houses of the general assembly, shall be pre- sented to the governor. If he approve, he shall sign it; but if he shall not approve, he shall return it, with his exceptions, to the house in which it shall have originated, and must be first e.-tamined in that house, and sent to the other, with the governor's objections, and if approv- ed by two thirds of each house it becomes a law. Any bill sent to the governor and not returned in ten days, Sundays excepted, •be- comes also a law. The judicial power is vested in a supreme court ; in courts ot oyer and terminer and gen- eral jail delivery ; in a court of common pleas, orphans court, registers court, and a court of quarter sessions of the peace, for each co., in justices of the peace, &c. The state is divided into sixteen judicial circuits, over which is appointed a president judge. For the supreme court five dists. have been formed. The jurisdiction of the supreme court shall extend over the state, and the judges thereof shall, by virtue of their offices, be justices of oyer and terminer and general jail delivery,inthe several cos. Ponn by a grant from the Duke of York, Aug 1682, and on the 24th of Oct. of that year he landed in person at New Castle, and found on his arrival, in both his colonies, about 3,000 people, Swedes, English, Dutch and Finns. The first deliberative assembly was convened at New Castle, Dec. 4th, and commenced a regular government. Coaquanock, now Philadelphia, was chos- en as the capital and laid out in 1682. Tho* involved in a controversy respecting their common boundaries, Md. and Pa. slowly but solidly advanced. The line between ^he two colonies was finally fixed in 1762 by actual survey, executed by two eminent English mathematicians. Mason and Dixon. The second assembly of Pa. was held at Phil. 1683. In 1718 the founder died, and from that period to the revolution in 1775, ex- cept fixing the boundary as already noticed, and treaties with the Indians, Pa., happily for its inhabitants, afforded few events for history. In the events of the revolution and in the subsequent history of the U.S., this great col- ony has acted a conspicuous part and risen to be, in wealth, pop. and improvement, the sec- •ond state in the confederacy. Penn TowNsiiir, p-o. Pa., township adjoin. The trial by jury in issues of fact to remain ing Phil, to the northward, Phil. co. Pa inviolate. No person who acknowledges the being of a God and a future state of rewards and pun- ishments, shall on account of his religious sentiments, be disqualified to hold any office or place of trust or profit under this common- wealth. History. — The first settlement made in Pa. by a civilized people, was formed in 1627 or 1628, by a Swedish colony ; but remote from a nation, and not qualified by population or wealth to sustain distant settlements, the Swe- dish colony remained weak, and in 1655, was conquered by the Dutch from N. Y. What is now Del., Pa., and N. J., shared the fate of all New Netherlands, or the Dutch settle- ments on the Del. and Hudson rs. In Aug. 1764, the whole country was seized by the English in virtue of a previous cession made by the States General. March, 1664, Charles II. granted the New Netherlands, by the name of N. Y. to his brother James, Duke of York. The latter on the 24th June, 1664, granted N.J. to Lord Berkeley, and Sir Geo. Carteret. In June, 1680, Wm. Penn, son and heir of ad- miral Sir Wm. Penn, presented a petition to Charles II., stating not only his relationship to the late admiral, but that he was deprived of a debt due from the crown, and praying for a grant of lands lying northward of Md. and wstrd. of Del. His petition was recommended by the Duke of York, and acceded to by Lord Baltimore's agents. It was confirmed Jan. 1681, and in the ensuing May, Markham, an agent and relation of William Penn, was sent Penn Yan, p-v. Milo, st. jus. Yates co. N. Y., 185 ms. w. Albany, 30 n. Bath, 16 s. Ge- neva ; is in the n. w. corner of the town, on the outlet, J mile from Crooked lake, and partly in Benton. The stream affords good mill sites, which are used. The village con- tains the CO. buildings. It derives its name from a combination of parts of the words Pennsylvanians and Yankees, having been settled by New Englanders and Pennsylvani- ans. Penobscot, river, Me., the largest which is M'holly in that state, rises in the w. part of Somerset co., in numerous small branches, which flow from springs in the height of land on the frontier of the district of Quebec, L. Canada, very near the head waters of Chau- diere river. Some of the streams flow from Bald mountain ridge, which gives rise to some of the head waters of Kennebec r. Others interlock with head streams of St. John's r., so that a portage of 2 miles connects their boat navigation. All the waters of the Pe- nobscot in Somerset co. unite in Chesum- scook lake, and leave its s. end on the boun- dary of Penobscot co. The stream then flows s. E. near the foot of Katahdin mountain, thro* the crooked and irregular lake of Bamedump. kok, and receives the waters of several oth- er lakes and ponds, the principal of which is Millinoket, and afterwards the east branch, which affords a boat navigation to Aroostook river, with only a short portage from the head of the Seboois lakes. Beyond this it bends s. w. receiving several tributaries, the princi- pal of which is the Mattawamkeag, and on crossing the s. line of the co., flows between over to take possession. What is now Del. or then called the three jLincoln and Waldo cos., forming, with Pe lower €0untie.s, was conveyed to William nobscot bay, their boundary to the ocean. Be. 52 ' PEN 410 PEP ■ides tho above mentioned branches it re- ceives in Penobscot co., there are many oth- ers, the chief of which is Piscataquis river, on the w. It contains many islands, most of which are small, except Old Town in Penob- scot CO., and Orphan isl. in Hancock co., and Isleborough in Waldo co. Tho Fox islands and Little Deer isls. in Hancock co. are in Penobscot bay ; and off its mouth are sever- al more. Isle au Haut, Manticus, &c. There are several very good harbors in the bay ; and Belfast, nearly at its head, in Lincoln co. is a flourishing place. Vessels of some size go up to Bangor, in Penobscot co., 50 miles from the mouth of the bay. This great stream, with such a multitude of branches spread over a great extent of country, is capable of becoming a most important channel of trade ; and, although the districts it waters, are still to a great degree wild and uninhabited, Ban- gor and Belfast have already become impor- tant places. A large part of the business continues to be the timber trade ; but the for- ests annually recede before the axe, and give place to the plough. Penobscot, co. Maine, bounded by Lower Canada n., Washington co. e., Hancock and Waldo cos. R., and Somerset co. w. ; is the largest co. in the state, and contains a large part of the uninhabited land within its boun daries. It was incorporated in 181 C, The territory which it •mbraces, contained, in 1790, only 1,154 inhabitants. In 1820 only 1,143 acres, were improved in the towns, and the inhabitants were 13,870. In 1830 there were 3,582 acres of tillage, 9,476 pasturage, 11,000 mowing, &c. 23,940 acres cultivated, in all ; and there were raised 12,957 bushels corn, 25,591 wheat, 1,333 rye,& 2,719 of oats. The streams, lakes, & ponds are too numerous to be all mentioned. St. John's r. crosses the CO. K. and w. in the n. part, while its 3 n. branches rise and join it in the co. viz : St Francis, Madawaska &- Green rs. The Alia- gash is partly in this co., as are the sources of the Aroostic, and most of its course. Tc- miscouata. Long and Eagle lakes are the lar- gest which are tributary to St. John's r. The s. part of the co. presents a labyrinth of lakes and streams, the sources and principal tribu- taries of Penobscot r. which, crossing the s. line, divides the cos. of Waldo and Hancock on its way to Penobscot bay and the sea. The largest of these lakes are Millinoket, Banedumpkok, &c. There are numerous mountains in different parts of the county, the principal of which is Katahdin, the high- est eminence in the state. The e. and w. lines of the co, run n. and s. about 63 miles apart for nearly 200 ms. The n. and s. boun- daries are irregular. The s. part of the co. contains nearly its entire population, and Ban- gor, which is a large and flourishing village, is on the Penobscot near the s. line. In 1830 there were only 46 towns with names, but many more laid out in ranges, besides planta- tions. Pop. 1820, 13,870, 1830, 31,530. | Me., 75 ms. e. Augusta, h. Penobscot bay, and opposite Belfast ; is penetrated by an arm of the bay in the s. part, and possesses a con- siderable number of coasting vessels. Pop. 1830, 1,271. Penobscot, Indians. The remains of this tribe reside at Oldtown, or Orono, Penobscot CO. Me., where, though reduced in numbers, they have a Catholic church, having been formerly collected under French missionaries from Canada. Pensacola, fine bay of the U. S. on tho nrthrn. shore of the Gulf of Mexico, Escambia CO. Florida. The Pensacola bay is united to the Gulf by a narrow entrance, between Ba- rancas Point and the wstrn. end of St. Rose'a island. Stretching from the bar n. e. by e. 28 ms., with a mean width of about 3 ms., it receives into the northern part Escambia r. and Yellow Water r. from n. e. The entrance admitting vessels of 21 feet draught, is about 8 ms. s. s. w. from the city of Pensacola. Tho bar is on lat. 30° 19', long. 10° 24' w. W. C. The country around Pensacola bay is in general low, sandy, and barren. Pensacola, city, port of entry, naval eta- tion of the U. S., p-o., t. and st. jus. Escam- bia CO. Florida, is situated on the n. w. shore of the bay of the same name, by p-r. 242 ms. a little s. of w. Tuscaloosa ; as laid down on Tanner's IJ. States, at lat. 30° 23', long. 10° 19' w. W. C. This city was founded 1699, by Don Andre de la Riola, a Spanish officer. Pop. 1830, about 2,000. The harbor is safe and commodious, being the deepest haven belonging to the U. S. on the northern shore of the Gulf of Mexico, admitting vessels of 21 feet draught. The anchorage is good, on mud and sand, but to- wards the shores the water is generally shal- low. Peoria, lake, between Tazewell and Peo- ria counties, II., is an elliptical expansion, of the usual breadth of Illinois r. of about 20 ms. ill length, and from half a mile to a mile wide. The lower part of this sheet of water is about 130 ms. a little w. of n. Vandalia. Peoria, co. Illinois, bounded by Fulton s. w., Knox N. w., Putnam n., and Illinois river separating it from Tazewell e. and s. e. It is in form of a triangle base, along the west- ern border 40 ms., and perpendicular along the northern border 30 ms. ; mean breadth 15 ms., and area 600 sq. ms. The northwestern angle is traversed in a southwestern direction by Spoon r., but the body of the co. slopes s. E. towards Illinois r. This co. was connect- ed with Putnam in taking the census of 1830, and contained an aggregate population of 1,- 310. For lat. and long, see next art. Peoria, p-v. and st. jus. Peoria co. II., situ- ated on Illinois river, at the lower extremity of Peoria lake, bv p-r. 143 ms. a little w. of N. Vandalia, lat. 40° 40', long. W. C. 12° 35' w. Pepperell, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 40 ms. s. w. Boston, w. Nasliua r. ; has a soil fa- Penobscot, p-t. and sea port, Ilangdck co.( vuurable to grain, grass and fruit. The Nash- PER 411 ua anarone of its branches offer abundant wa-I ter power. Maj. Gen. Prcscott, who com- tiianded the American troops at Bunker's Hill, was born here. Pop. 1830, 1,440 PER Pequannock, t. Morris co. N. J. 18 ms. n. N. w. Newark, has Pcquannock r. n., Rocka- way r. s., and Pompton r. E. The Morris ca- nal lies along its a. border, and Copperas brook, and Green meadow mountain, near its w line. Pequannock r. separates it from 13er- genco. Pop. 1830, 4,4.51. - Pequawkett, r. Strafford co. N.H., a small stream flowing n. into Saco r. Pequawkett, N. H., the Indian name for the proper residence of the Pequawkett In- dians, a tract on Saco r. partly in Me. Co- noray, N. H., and Fryeburgh, Me., with sev- eral other towns, are within its limits. The region is romantic, and was peculiarly adapt, ed to the habits of Indians. Their principal residence was at Fryeburgh, where the Saco pursues a most serpentine course, flowing 36 ms. through rich meadows, in a township six ms. square, and affording a circuitous line of boat navigation of about 100 ms. in connection with the ponda emptying into it. Fish and fowl abounded here, and near where the vil- lage now is, was an Indian fort, which over- looked the extensive and fertile plain. This tribe was troublesome to the settlers in Mass. in the early part of the 18th century, and the general court having offered a reward for In- dian scalps, a party proceeded through the wilderness, by Winnipiseogee and Ossipee lakes, against the Pequawketts, under the command of capt. Lovell, with Mr. Frye for their chaplain, from uhom Fryeburgh had its name. After a desperate fight this party was defeated, and only a [ew of them found their way back. Pequawkett, mtn. N. H., a prominent em- [ Pkrrin's mills and p-o., Clermont co. O., about 90 ms. s. w. Columbus. I PiiRRJNGTON, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y., 12 ma. s. E. Rochester, has a good soil, and several streams, the chief of which is Irondequot, or Teorondo cr. Th6 Erie canal crosses it near the middle, and is carried over Irondequot cr. with an embankment, at which is Hartwell'a basin. Thomas' creek is a small mill stream. Pop. 1830,2,183. Perry, p-t. Washington co. Me., 184 ma. E. Augusta, 5 N. w. Eastport, opposite Passa- maquoddy bayand Deer island, in N. Bruns- wick, has Cobscook bay s., and is crossed from N. w. to 8. E. by the outlet of a pond which empties into the bay. It enjoys facili- ties for fishing. Pop. 1830, 735. Perry, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y., 22 ms. s. b. Batavia, 2.39 w. Albany, w. Livingston co., about 6 ms. square, has a soil of ordinary qual. ity, and several small streams flowing in dif- ferent directions, with a part of the outlet of Silver lake in the s. e. Bog iron ore has been found here. Pop. 1830, 2,792. Perry, co. Pa., bounded by the Kittatinny mtns., separating it from Cumberland s., by Franklin s. w., Tuscarora mtn. separating it from Mifilin n. w. and n., and by the Susque- hannnh, separating it from Dauphin e. Length 36 ms., mean width 15, and area 540 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 40° 12' to 40° 40', and in long, from the meridian of W. C. to 0° 42' w. This CO. ])artly is composed of what was formerly called Sherman's valley, and the sthrn. part is chiefly drained by Sherman's creek. The nrthcstrn. section is traversed by Juniata r. The declivity of the whole is estrd. towards the Susquehannah. Though ' the surface is rocky, and much of it moun- tainous, the arable soil is excellent for grain, Vuit, and pasturage. Chief towns, New inence of the second peaks of theWliite mtns., Bloomficid, Landisburg, and iMillerstown. between Bartlett, Coos co., and Chatham, Straflbrd co. It was formerly called Kear- searge mtn. Pequest cr., N. J., a good mill stream, ris- es in Newton, Sussex co., crosses Warren CO., and enters Del. r. at Belvidere v., Oxford t., after a course of about 35 ms., watering a narrow valley. PEftcrvAL'fl, p-o. nthrn. part Brunswick co. Va., 67 ms. s. w. Richmond. Perdido, r. and bay, forming the boundary between Baldwin co. of Ala., arid Esfjambia of Flor. It rises in Baldwin co., flows sthrdly. about 40 ms., and expands into a narrow and shallow bay. Perdido bay is crooked, and from the intricacy of its entrance, derives its name " Perdido" or Lost Buy. The coun- try adjacent to the bay, and drained by the Perdido, is mostly barren, and timbered with [fine. Perkiomev, r. of Pa., rises in Berks, Le- high, and Bucks cos., and the constituent crs., uniting in the nrthwstrn. angle of Mont- gomery, assumes a sthrn. course into the Schuylkill 6 ms. above Norristowu. Perkiomen, p-o. on Perkiomen r., Mont.| gomery co. Pa., 25 ms. n. w. Phil. Pop. 1820, 11,342; 1830, 14,361. Perry, p-v. n. w. part Venango co. Pa., 22 ms. from Franklin, the co. St., and about 75 ms. N. Pittsburg. Perry, p-v. and st. jus., Houston co. Geo., by p-r. 60 ms. s. w. Millcdgeville, lat. 32" 25', long. W. C. 6° 54' w. Perry, co. Ala., bounded by Dallas s. b. and s., Mareniro s. w., Greene n. w., Tusca- loosa and Bibb .n., and Autauga e. Length 42 ms., mean width 23, and area 966 sq. ma. Extending in lat. from 32° 17' to 32° 54', and in long, from 10° 02' to 10° 38' w. W. C. The wstrn. side falls towards the wstrd., and is drained by creeks flowing into Tombigbee and lilack Warrior rs., but the central, cstrn., and much larger sections of the co., arc trav- ersed and drained by ihe Catawba and its branches. General declivity stlird. Chief t. Marion, or Perry C. H. Pop. 1830, 11,490. Perry, C. H. and p-v., Perry co. Ala., by p-r. 61 ms. s. s. e. Tuscaloosa. Lat. 32° 37', long. 10°27'w. W. C. Perry, CO. Miss, bounded by Jackson s., Hancock s. w., Marion w., Jones n., Wayne N. e,, and Greene k. Length 36, width 30, PER 412 PER and area 1,080 sq. ms. Extending in lat.land drained in that direction by different from 30° 55' to 31° 33', and in long, from 11° 58' to 12° 30' w. W. C. Declivity sthestrd., and drained by Leaf r. and Black or., branch- es of Pascagoula r. It is moderately bro- ken, with a soil generally thin, and covered with pine timber. Chief t. Augusta. Pop. 1820, 2,037 ; 1830, 2,300, Perry, co. Ten., bounded by Wayne s. e., Hardin a. w., Henderson w., Carroll n. w., Humphreys n., and Hickman e. Length 36 ms., width 30, and area 1,080 sq. ms. E.\- tending in lat. from 35° 27' to .35° 55', and the 11th degree w. W. C. passes very nearly over the middle of the co. The main volume of Ten. r. traverses it also in a nthrn. di- rection, as does the Buffalo branch of Duck r. Ten. flows over the wstrn. and Buffalo over the estrn. side, the latter entering, its recipi- ent, Duck r., in the nrthestm. angle. Gener- al declivity nrthrd. Chief t. Barrysville. Pop. 1820, 2,384 ; 1830, 7,094. Perry, co. Ky., bounded by Laurel mtn., separating it from Harlan s. e. and s., by Clay w., Estill n. w., Morgan n., Floyd n. e., and Pike e. Length 53 ms., mean width 20, and area 1,060 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 55' to 37° 36', and in long, from 5° 51' to 6° 30' w. W. C. Except a few creeks from Pike co., Perry gives source to the high- er branches of Ky. These branches leave their mountain vallies in a n. n. w. direction, ovet Perry, uniting and turning wstrd. in Es- till. Chief t. Perry C.H. Population 1830, 3,330. Perry, C. H. and p-v.. Perry co. Ky., by p-r. 114 ms. s. e. by e. Frankfort. Perry, co. O., bounded by Athens Hocking s. w., P'airfield w., Licking n., Mus- kingum n. E.,and Morgan e. and s. e. Lengtl N. to s. 28 ms., mean breadth 18, and area 500 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 45', long. W. C. 5° 15' w. It is a table land, between the vallies of Hockhocking and Muskingum rs., and from which creeks of the former flow w. and s. w., and of the latter n. and n. e. The surface is in most parts hilly, and in several places min- eral coal has been found. Chief t. Somerset. Pop. 1820, 8,429 ; 1830, 13,970. Perry, p-v. Geauga co. O., by p-r. 165 ms. N. E. Columbus. Perry, co. of Ind., bounded w. by Spencer, N. w. Dubois, N. Crawford, and by the O. r., separating it from Meade co. Ky. e., Breck- enridge co. Ky. s., and Hancock co. Ky. s. w. Length from s. to n. 30 ms., mean breadth 15, and area450 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 08', long. W. C. 9° 40' w. Slope sthrd. towards O. r. The surface is very broken, as it comprises a part of the great buttress of O. r., and reach- es w. to the dividing ridge between that stream and White r. Chief t. Rome. Pop. 1830, 3,369. Perry, co. II., bounded by Jackson s.. Ran- dolph w., Washington n., Jefferson n. e., and Franklin s. e. Length from e. to w. 24 ms., mean breadth 18, and area 432 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 05', long. 12° 24' w. W. C, Slope sthrd.. branches of Muddy creek. Chief t. Pinck. neyviUe. Pop. 1830, 1,215. Perry, co. Mo., bounded s. by Cape Gi- roudcau co., s. w. Madison, n. w. St. Gene- vieve, and by the Miss, r., separating it from Randolph co. II. Lat. 37° 44', long. W. C. 13° 00' w. Slope nrthestrd. towards the Miss. r. Chief town, Perryville. Pop. 1830, 3,349. Perryopolis, p-v. nrthwstrn. part Fayette CO. Pa. 16 ms. a little w. of n. Uniontown, 8 N. E. Brownsville, and by p-r. 209 n. w. W. C. Perry's, Bridge and p-o. on Vermillion r., Lafayette parish, La., by p-r. 217 ms. w.New Orleans. Perrysburgh, p-t. Cattaraugus co. N. Y., 12ms. N.w. Ellicottsville, 306 w. Albany; is nearly in the form of a triangle, with its long and irregular side n. e. boinuled by Cat- taraugus creek and Erie co., and partly by the south and its western branch, on the line of Chatauque co. It has several brooks flowing N. into Cattaraugus creek, and others s., the head streams of Conewango cr. The .V. w. corner lies only 5 or 6 ms. Irom the e. corner of lake Erie, at the mouth of Cattarau- gus creek, and is about 500 feet above its lev- el. The soil bears maple, beech, elm, &lc., with some evergreens, and is most favora- ble to grass, though some of it produces grain well. Pop. 1830, 2,440. Perrysburg, p-v. and st. jus,. Wood co. O., situated on the right bank of Maumee r., 15 or 16 ms. above its mouth, and by p-r. 135 ms. a little w. of n. Columbus. Lat. 41° 35', long. 6° 36'w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 182. Perry's Mills, p-o. and st. jus., Tatnall co, Geo., by p-r. 115 ms. s. e. Milledgeville. Perrysville, p-v. Alleghany co. Pa., 7 ma, a little w. of n. Pittsburg. Perrysville, p-v. Perry co. Ten. Perrysville, p-v. Mercer co. Ky. by p-r. 40 ms. sthrd. Frankfort. Pop. 1830, 283. Perry's, store and p-o. Giles co. Ten., by p-r. 67 ms. sthrd. Nashville. Perryville. p-v. Sullivan, Madison co. N. Perryville, p-v. Richland co. O., by p-r, 72 ms. nrthestrd. Columbus. Perryville, p-v. Vermillion co, Ind., by P-r. 88 ms. n. w. by w. Indianopolis. Perryville, p-v. and st. jus.. Perry co. Mo., by p-r. about 88 ms. s. s. e. St. Louis, and 20 ms. s. s. e. St. Genevieve. Lat. 37° 33'. Perth Amboy, Middlesex co. N. J. (See Ainhoy.) Peru, t. Oxford co. Me., s. Androscoggin r., with several small streams. Pop. 1830, 666. Peru, p-t. Bennington co. Vt., 30 ms. n. e, Bennington, 30 s. w. Windsor, with 23,040 acres ; first settled 1773 ; lies on the range of the Green mtns., in the n. e. corner of the CO., and is high, with much broken land. There are 2 ponds of 60 and 40 acres, and some of the streams of W. r. water the e. part ; 3 school dists. Pop, 1830, 445. PET 413 PET Peru, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass., 118 nis. w. Boston ; is on elevated ground, giving rise to the principal and middle hranches of West- field r. The surface is hilly, being on the declivity of the range of the Green mis. The climate is as cold as that of any part of the state ; the soil is hard, but yields grass well. The inhabitants arc scattered. Pop. 1830, 7^9. Perit, p-t. Clinton co. N. Y. 9 me. s. vv. Plattsburgh, 153 n. Albany, w. lake Cham- plain, n. Essex CO., E. Franklin co. Great Sable r. forms the boundary s. e., and partly s. Little Sable r., whose whole course is in this t. is a good mill stream. From the lake, 10 ms.w., the land is nearly level, and good ; the remainder is hilly, woody, and sui)plied with inexhaustible mines of the best iron ore. There arc several iron works, particularly the Etna furnace, 9 ms. from the lake, at Port Kent, which is a landing place. The Russia iron works are on Sable r. Pop. 1830, 4,949. Peru, p-v. Huron co. O., by p-r. 104 ms. n. N. E. Colnmbus. Peterborough, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H., 75 ms. w. s. w. Portsmouth, 60 n. n. w. Bos- ton, 40 a. w. Concord, 20 from Amherst, 20 from Keene, with 23,780 acres ; has the range of Pack Monadnock hills on the e. line, and is crossed n. by Contoocook r. and con- tains part of the n. branch, which affords good mill seats. At the falls on the latter are broad meadows, and the soil is generally ve- ry good. Pine grows on the s. branch, hard wood in other parts, and large oaks on the hills. A church stands on a hill in the cen- tre of the t. 200 feet above ther. 200 feet higher than this, on the e. hills, is a pond of 9 acres ; and lower, one of 33 acres. The Notch in the mtn. is a remarkable puss. Iron ore is found, also ginseng and huck bean. The surface is varied, the t. healtliy ; and there is a library, several cotton factories, &c. First settled 1739, deserted 1744, reoccupied 1745. Pop. 1830, 1,983. Peterborough, p-v. Smithfield, Madison CO. N. Y., 29 ms. s. vv. Utica, 6 n. Morris- ville, 108 w. N. w. Albany, on Oneida creek, 7 ms. s. Erie canal. Petersburgh, P-t. Rensselaer co. N. Y.j 25 ms. N. e. Albany, 18 k. Troy, w. Pownal, Vt., and VVilliamstown Mass. ; about 6 ms. by 8 ; has the range ofBaldmtns. e. and the Green woods w. Little Hoosac river, a mill stream, flows n. through the middle, along the course of which is a broad valley. It is in- cluded in the great estate of Rensselaerwyck, and the land is leased for about 10 bushels of wheat for 100 acres. The village of Rens- selaer's mills, 18 ms. from Troy, is near the centre. Good limestone abounds : pop. 183Q, 2,011. Petersburg, p-v. Adams co. Pa., '23 ms. a little N. of w. from the borough of York, and 20 9. s. w. Harrisburg. Petersburg, port of entry and p-o. Diir- widdie co. Va., situated in the extreme north- eastern angle of the CO., on the right or slhrn. bank of Appomattox river, about 12 ms. above the mouth ; by p-r. 22 ms. a little e. of s. Rich- mond, and 144 s. s. w. W. C. Lat. 37^ 13' long. 0° 24' w. W. C. If the contiguous villages arc regarded as part of the t., and connnercially they ought, Petersburg contains a part of 3 cos. Down the Appomattox aiul adjoining to the estrd., is the village of Blandford in Prince George's, and over the Appomallox & to the nlhrd. con- nected by a bridge, is Powhattan in Chester- field CO. This depot is well situated to sustain a high commercial rank amongst the ports of Va. The harbor admits vessels of consider- able draught, and the adjacent country is well peopled and cultivated. The falls of Appo- mattox, near which the city stands, ailords an illimitable water power, whilst a canal obvi- ates the navigable impediment. The Bank of Va. and the Farmer's Bank of Va., have each a branch at this place. It possesses also an insurance office, and custom house : pop. 1830, 8,322. Petersburg!!, p-v. on the point above the junction of Broad and Savannah rs., and in the extreme sthestrn. angle of Elbert ct). Geo. 50 ms. by the land road above Augusta, and by p-r. 8G ms. n. e. Milledgeville. Petersburgh, p-v. Boone co. Ky., by p-r. 102 ms. N. Frankfort. Petersburgh, p-v. Lincoln co. Ten., by p-r. 61 ms. stlird. Nashville. Petersburgh, p-v. Columbiana co. O., by p-r. 173 ms. n. e. byE. Columbus. Petersburgh, p-v. and st. jus. Pike co. In- diana, situated on the left bank of White r., below the main fork, 25 ms. s. e. Vincennes, and by p-r. 119 ms. s. w. Indianopolis. Lat, 38° 32', long. W. C. 10° 20' w. Peter's Creek, p-o. Barren co. Ky., by p-r. 104 ms. s. w. Frankfort. Petersham, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 66 ms. w. Boston ; hag a productive soil, and was an early settlement. The Indians had a village here called Nashawang. It was gran- ted 1732, as a reward for services in wars, and suffered hardships in the war of 1755, when they had forts erected for their defence. The village is pleasantly situated on rising ground, and commands a fine view. Popula- tion 1830, 1,696. Peter's Mountain, and p-o. Dauphin co. Pa., 20 ms. n. Harrisburg. Peterstown, p-v. Monroe co. Va., bv p-r. 294 ms. s. w. by w. W. C, and 249 w. Rich- mond. Petersville, p-v. northeastern part Fred- erick CO. Md., 25 ms. n. e. Frederick, and 35 N. w. by w. Baltimore, and by p-r. 56 ms. a very little w. of n. W. C. Petit Gulf, Little gulf, a remarkable bend in the Miss. r. opposite the nrthwstrn. angle of Jefferson co. state of Miss. (See Rodney, Jefferson co. Miss.) ■ Petit Menan, isl. Washington co. Me. It lies off a point of Steuben t. with a reef be- twcen, and has a light house. Pop. 1830, 11. PHI 414 PHI Pevtonshurgh, p-v. Pittsylvania co. Va. by Ices adjoining, the co. contains the boroughs p-r. 148 ms. s. w. W. C. or towns of Frankfort, Germantown, Holmes- Pharsama, p-t. Chenango CO. N. Y., 114 burg, Bustlctown, Smithfield, and some oth- ms. w. Albany, 11 w. Norwich, 45 s. s. w. J ers. Utica, 122 w. by n. Cattskill ; 6 ms. square, ia high, a little uneven, and has several good mill streams and others, the head waters of Canasawacta creek, a branch of Chenango creek, and of tributaries of Tioughnioga cr. First settled 1798. There is a spring char- ged with sulphuretted hydrogen gas. Pop. 1830, 1,011. Phelps, p-t. Ontario co. N. Y., 197 ms. w. Albany, 12 e. Canandaigua, 5 N.Geneva, and w. Genesee co. It is about 8 ms. by 10, has a gently varied surface, and excellent soil. A part of Canandaigua creek is in the e. part, which has valuable meadows, and supplies mill seats. It was named after Oliver Phelps, the first purchaser of a large tract of land in this part of the state. Flint creek, a branch of Canandaigua creek, is in the w. The v. of Vierma is at their junction. Orleans is another village in this t. Gypsum is found on the creek. Pop. 1830, 4,870. PiiiLADHJ.PiiiA, p-t. Jetl'erson co. N. Y. 170 ms. N. w. Albany ; 5 ms. by 8, is nearly level, with a good arable clay and sandy soil, and pretty well watered by Indian river and its branches, which supply mill seats. The tim- ber is oak, bcccli, bass, &.C., with some hem- lock and pine. First settled, 1813, Popula- tion 1830, 1,167. PiiiLADEr.riiiA, CO. Pa., bounded by Del. co. s. w., Montgomery n. w., Bucks n. e., Del.r. separating it from Burlington co. N.J. e., and Gloucester co. N. J. s. Length from s. w. to N. E. 22 ms., mean width 7, and area 154 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° .')2' to 40° 08', and in long, from 1° 47' to 2° 08' e. W. C. Bounded on one side by the Delaware, and traversed by the .Schuylkill, the conflu- ence of these two streams is made in the southern part of the co. The general decliv- ity is to the sthcstrd. in the direction of the mean course of the Schuylkill, and at right angles to that of Delaware. Though com- paratively confined in extent, the features of this CO. are very strongly contrasted. The upper and northern part is beautifully broken by hill and dale, whilst the lower and the sthrn. section is composed of recent alluvion, and is an almost dead level. The primitive ledge on the margin of which the city of Phil- adelphia is built, traverses the co. from s. w. to N. e., arresting the tide in Schuylkill with- in the precincts of the city. On the Dela- ware, the scenery is ralher'tame, but along the Schuylkill and Wissahiccon cr. becomes picturesque, and in many places even wild and bold. The variety of site for country resi- dences in the northern part of the co., adds no little advantage to Philadelphia ; and the inexhaustible masses of gneiss, aflbrds more Independent of Philadelphia and places connected with it, the co. in 1820 contained a pop. of 28,288, 1830, 33,373, or at the latter enumeration, upwards of 210 souls to the sq. mile, and including the city, upwards of 1,221 to the square mile. PiJiLADELPHiA, city, thc sccond largest in the United States, Philadelphia co. Pa., is situated on the neck between Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, the centre about 5 miles above the junction of these two streams. By reference to the table inserted at page 37 of the Memoir attending Tanner's IJ. S. map, the state house on Chesnut, between 5th and 6th streets, is on lat. 39° 56' 51", long. 75" 10' 05' w. of the royal observatory at Green, wich, and 1° 46' 30" e. of W. C. From these elements, by a calculation on Mercator's prin- ciples, the line between thc 2 cities deflects from the meridian 52° 17' very nearly ; dis- tant from each other in statute ms. 120, with- in a small fraction ; and from Harrisburg by thc turnpike through Lancaster, 96 ms. In its natural state, the ground on which Pliiladelphia stands was an undulating plain, composed of relatively ancient alluvion. The Indian name Coaquanock, was changed to that of Philadelphia, and the city laid out in- to streets at right angles to each other, ex- tending by a small angle from the true meri. dians. This regularity does not, however, extend to either of the suburbs or Liberties. In the latter the streets in part correspond to those of the city ; in part they are at right an- gles to each otlier, but oblique to those of the city; and in part they arc irregular, crossing at acute and oblique angles. Dock is thc on- ly street of either the city or Liberties which extends in curve lines. Happily the waving surface on which the body of thc city is built, has been left untouched by the rage for lev- elling, and contributes to clear thc streets of filth whenever rain falls on them, an advan- tage madly thrown away in some other places. Philadelphia, like N. York, stands on a su. pcrstratum of porous alluvion, based on prim- itive rock, another cause of cleanliness, or rather dryness. The environs of Philadelphia, on the Pa. side of Delaware r. have been justly admired for the richness, and along the banks of the Schuylkill for the variety of scenery. With- out due attention to the cause it may excite some surprise that the Delaware scenery should present features so much more mono- tonous than those of Schuylkill, but the geo- logical structure of the country explains the difference. The primitive rock ledge, on the margin of which Philadelphia is situated, is at that city only touched by the Del., whilst than an ample supply of material for the on the contrary, it is there that the Schuyl- rougher, more solid, and more durable kinds kill emerges from the region of hills based of architecture. on the primitive, and meets the tide. If the Besides the city of Philadelphia and pla-ltwo rs. arc compared as to their relative con- PHI 415 PIC nexion vrith tho primitive ledge, the Dela- ware forms tho traverse at Trenton, similar to that of Schuylkill at Philadelphia. As a commercial port, that of Philadelphia from its great distance from tho ocean, and not having counter tides, is more liable to ob- struction in winter from ice than is that of N. York. The latter, at some states of water, and with adequate nautical skill and knowl- edge of the channel, will admit ships of 74 guns, which the former under no circumstan- ces possesses sufficient depth of water. Tho deep channel of Delaware is, however, at Philadelphia close on the Pa. shore, and ves PiiiLiPSBURGn, p.v. Wallkili, Orange co. N. Y., on Wallkili creek, 20 ms. w. Ncwburgh, and 4 from Goshen ; has several manufacto- ries. Philipsburgh, village, Warren co. N. J., e. side Del. r., opposite Easton, Pa. Philipshurg, p-v. Centre co. Pa., by p-r. 1 14 ms. wstrd. Harrisburg. Philipsburo, p.v. Jefferson co. O., by p.r. 149 ms. N. E. by e. Columbus. Philips Store, and p-o. Nash co. N. C, by p-r. 61 ms. estrd. Raleigh. PniLiPSTON, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., 65 ms. N. w. Boston, 26 n. w. Worcester ; has scls of 600 tons can be laid close on the very good grass land, and many mill sites. docks, and there laden In hopes of receiving a more minute and recent account of this important city in time for insertion in the appendix to this Gazet- teer, we refer the reader to that part of our treatise, for the conclusion of the article. Philadelphia, p.v. northern part Monroe CO. Ten., by p-r. 173 ms. s. e. by e. Nashville. Philadelphus, p-v. Robeson co. N. C, by p-r. 107 ms. s. w. Raleigh. Philanthropy, p-v. Butler co. O., by p.r. 126 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. Philips,, r. Coos co. N. H., a branch of Up. per Amonoosuc r. ; joins it in Piercy. Philips, p.t. Somerset co. Me., 53 ms. n. ] N. w. Augusta, 40 n. Norridgewock, and e. Burnshint r. rises here in a fine pond : dod. 1830, 932. ^ Philipsville, p-v. Erie co. Pa., 345 ms. k. w. W. C. PiiiLOMONT, p-v. Loudon CO. Va., 41 miles wstrd. W. C. Phi psBURGH, p-t. Lincoln co. Me., 44 ms. s. Augusta, 20 s. w. Wiscasset ; forms the a. part of a long and irregular peninsula on the w. side of Kennebec r. at its mouth. It ter- minates in two points, called Bald Head and Cape Small Point, and has Cape Small Point harbor: pop. 1830, 1,311. Phoenixvillic, p-v. wstrn. part Cheater co. Pa., about 30 ms. from Phil. Piivfer's Cross Roads, and p-o. Knox co. of Berlin. Oxford co. is crossed n. and s. by O., 60 ms. n. e. Columbus Sandy r., a branch of Kennebec r. Popula- tion 1830, 954. Philips, p-t. Putnam co. N. Y., 96 ms. s. Albany, opposite West Point, Cornwall, Or- ange CO., about 8 ms. by 12, is very moun- tainous, and has the principal part of Break Neck hill in the n. one of the chief eminen- CCS of the Highlands. It contains also Blue hill, &c. In the south along the branches of Peekskill cr. are handsome meadows. There are other streams, and several ponds. The scenery is bold and varied, but much of the soil is broken, and iron ore abounds, which is mined. The village of Pleasant Valley is Physic Spring, and p-o. Buckingham co. Va., 67 ms. w. Richmond. Pickaway, co. O., bounded s. by Ross, Fay. ette s. w., Madison n. w., Franklin n., Fair- field E., and Hocking s. e. Greatest length 28 ms., mean length 24, mean breadth 21, and area 500 sq. ms. Central lat. 39° 37', long. W. C. 6° w. Slope sthrd., the Sciota river traversing it in that direction, and within its limits receiving Walnut creek from the n. e., and Darby's creek from the n. w. The soil is remarkably diversified, some part being ex- uberantly fertile, whilst the opposite extreme reaches barrenness. The fertile part has nearly opposite to West Point. Above it is been found so productive as to aflbrd crops of Cold Spring, and the principal cannon foun- 40 or 45 bushels of wheat per acre, and other dry in the U. States. The Robinson mansion grains and fruits in equal proportion. The stands on an elevation not far from the shore, pop. being in 1820, 13,149, 1830 16 001 would seem to show that in general' fertility', Pickaway must fall short of several other cos! of Ohio. Chief town, Circleville. Pickens, extreme wstrn. dist. of S. C, bounded by Greenville dist. n. e., Anderson e.,' Tugalvo r. separating it from Franklin co! Geo. s. w., and Habersham co. Geo. w., Cha. tuga r. separating it from Rabun co. Geo. n. w., and by Haywood and Buncombe cos. in N. C, N. Length from s. w. to n. e. 40 ms., mean breadth 30, and area 1,200 so. ms • lat 34° 50', long. W. C. 6° w. slope sthrd., and drained chiefly by the various branches of Seneca r. Surface hilly, and The property of the owner was confiscated in the Revolution, and the house was occupi- ed by Arnold when he treacherously desert- ed the American cause. Pop. 1830, 4,761. Philips, co. Arkansas, as laid down by Tanner, is bounded by White r. w.. Miss. r. E., and St. Francis co. n. It is in form of a triangle, 54 ms. from s. to n. ; mean breadth 40 ms., and area 2,160 sq. ms. Lat. 34° 30', long. W. C. 14° w. Slopes southward. The greatest part of the surface liable to annual submersion by the floods of the two bounding rs., and of the Saint Francis r. which enters the Miss, in the northeastern angle ; where part the soil admits cultivation, it is exuberantly I mountainous ; chief t. Pickenville. Pop. 1830 fertile, and the climate admits the profitable j 14,473. ' cultivation of cotton. Chief t. Helena. Pop. j Pickens co. Ala., bounded by Lowndes 1830, 1,152. -co. Miss. n. w., Layfayette co. Ala. n., Tus. PIK 416 PIK caloosa co. e., Greeno s., and Tombigbee r. separating it from the Choctaw territory, Ala. w. Length from s. to n. 36 ma., mean brdih. 30, and area 720 sq. ms. ; lat. 33° 13', long. W. C. 11° 15' \v. Slope .g. w., and in that di- rection drained by Sipsey r. and several creeks flowing into Tombigbee r. ; chief t. PickensviUe. Pop. 1830, 6,622. Pickens, C. II. andp-o. Pickens diet. S. C, by p-r. 157 ms. n. w. Columbia. PicKENsviLLK, p-v. estm. part Pickena dist. S. C, 43 ms. N. w. by w. Spartanburg, and by p-r. 130 ms. n. w. by w. Columbia. PicKENSviLLE, p-v. and st, jus. Pickens co. B. by both branches of Wiscoy or. Genesee r. flows through the adjoining t. of Portage on the E. The soil is good, bearing much maple, beech, bass, elm, &c. Bog iron ore is found here. Pop. 1830, 2,016. Pike co. Pa., bounded by Northampton s. ; the nrthrn. branch of Lehigh separating it from Luzerne w., by Wallenpaupack cr. sep- arating it from Wayne n. w., Lackawaxen r. separating it from Wayne n., Del. r. separa- ting it from. Sullivan co. N. Y., n. e., and by Del. r. separating it from Sussex co. N. J., e., and Warren co. N. J., s. e. Length crossing diagonally from e. to w. 48 ms., mean breadth Ala., by p-r. n. w. by w. Tuscaloosa ; lat. 32° 15, and area 720 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 17', long. 20', long. W. C. 11° 16' w. W. C. 1° 48' e. A mtn. chain traverses this Pickering Isl. Hancock CO. Me. Pop. 10. co. from s. w. to n. e., dividing it into two PiCKERiNGTON, p-v. Franklin co., O Pickett's valley and p-o., Greenville dist. S. C, by p-r. 123 ms. n. w. Columbia. PiERCY, t. Coos CO. N. H., 5 ms. n. e. Lan- caster, 20,000 acres, of irregular form, is crossed by Upper Amonoosuc r., whose n. and s. branches here unite. Piercy's pond is E. The surface is uneven, soil not very good. It contains Mill and Pilot mtns., and Devil's Sliding Place, which has a smooth declivity N., and a precipice of 300 ft. s. First settled 1788. Pop. 1830, 236. PiERMONT, p-t. Grafton co. N. H., 70 ms. N. N. w. Concord, 132 n. n. w. Boston. It contains 23,000 acres, lies e. Conn, r., has good soil, excellent on the r. with broad mea- dows. Grain and grass grow well on the adjoining plains ; e. of these are hills favor- able to grass. White pine grows near the r. ; hard maple, birch, elm, &c. e. Eastman's ponds are n. e., flowing into Conn. thro'East- man's brook, on which are mill seats. Indian brook, also a mill stream, is s. ; Barron'.s Isl. is in Conn. r. ; valuable quarries are in the n. First settled 1770. Pop. 1830, 1,042. PiERPONT, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. X-) 213 ms. N. N. w. Albany, 28 e. s. e. Ogdensburgh, is crossed in the n. e. corner by Racket r., & in other parts has several small streams of Grassy r. Pop. 1830, 749. PiERPON'T, P-V. Ashtabula co. O., by p-r. 199 ms. N. E. Columbus. ' Pig r. Va., rising in the sthestrn. slope of the Blue Ridge, and flowing thence estrd., between Blackwater and Irvine rs., traverses and drains the central part of Franklin co., and entering Pittsylvania, turns to n. v.. and falls into Roanoke, after a comparative course of 35 ms. Pigeon Hill, p-v. York co.. Pa., by p-r. 90 ms. N. W. C. Pigeon Roost, p-v.' Henry co. Ten., by p-r. 106 ms. a little n. of w. Nashville. Pig Point, p-v. on the left bank of Patux- ent r., opposite the mouth of the W. Branch slopes, one estrd. towards that part of Del. below the mouth of Nevesink r., and the oth- er nrthrds. towards that part of Del. between the mouths of Lackawaxen and Nevesink rs. ; surface of the co. very broken. Chief t. Mil- ford. Pop. 1830, 4,843. Pike, p-v. Bradford co. Pa., by p-r. 149 ms. nrthrd. Harrisburg. Pike co. Geo., bounded by Fayette N. w., Henry n.. Butts n. e., Monroe s. e., Upson s., and Flint r. separating it from Merriwether w. Length from e. to w. 28 ms., mean width 17, and area 476 sq. ms.; lat. 32° 07', long W. C. 7° 30' w. ; slope sthrd. and drained in that direction by Auhau cr. a branch of Flint, and Chupee cr., a branch of Ocmulgee r. ; chief t. Zebulon. Pop. 1830, 6,149. Pike co. Ala., bounded by Henry s. e., Dale s., Covington s. w., Butler w., Mont- gomery n. w., and the Cherokee territory n. and N. e. ; greatest length along the sthrn. border 68 ms. ; mean breadth 25, area 1,700 sq. ms. The extreme nrthrn. angle is drain- ed by Ockfuskee creek, a branch of Tallapoo- sa r. and slopes to the n. The much greater part of the whole surface, however, slopes s. w., and is drained in that direction by the sources of Conecuh and Choctaw rs. Chief t. Pike court house. Pop. 1830, 7,108. Pike co. Miss., bounded s. w. by Amite, n. w. by Franklin, Lawrence n., Marion e., Washington parish, La. s. e. and s., and St. Helena parish. La. s. w. ; length 30 ms., mean breadth 28, and area 840. Extending in lat. from 31° to 31° 27', and in long, from 13° 10' to 13° 40' w. This co. is traversed in a s. s. E. direction by the Bogue Chito r., and the sthwstrn. angle gives source to the Tangipao r. The general slope nearly sthrd. ; surface in great part open pine woods ; chief town HolmesviUe. Pop. 1830, 5,402. Pike co. Ky., bounded s. by Harlan, s. w. and w. by Perry, n. by Floyd, and by Cum- jberland intn., which separates it from Tazc- I well CO. Va. e., and from Russell co. Va. s. e. and in the sthrn. part of Ann Arun3el co. Md., | It approaches the form of a triangle, base 55 by p-r. 59 ms., but by the common intermedi- [ms. along Cumberland mtn. ; mean breadth ate road, only about 30, ms. s. e. by e. W. C. 20 ms., 1,100 sq. ms. ; lat. 37° 15', long W. Pike, p-t. Alleghany co., N. Y., 255 ms. C.5°40'w. The nrthestrn. angle is traversed w. by s. Albany, 18 n. w. Angelica, and s. | nrthwstrly. by the West Fork of Big Sandy Genesee co., 6 ms. by 12. It is crossed n. &j r., whilst from the central and sthrn. .sections PIL 417 PIN rise tho oxtromo sourcoe of Kentucky r. flowing also to tho n. w. ; surface very bro- ken; chief t. Piketon. Pop. 1830, 2,677. Pike go. O., bounded s. by Sciota, Adams s. w., Highland w., Ross n., and Jackson e. ; length from k. to w. 32 ms., mean width 18, and area 576 sq. ms. ; lat. 39° and long. W. C. 6° w. intersect in this co. It is traversed in a s. s. w. course by Sciota r. ; soil productive in grain, fruits and meadow grasses; ciiiof t. Piketon. Pop. 1820, 4,253 ; 1830, G,024. Pike co. Ind., bounded by Warrick e., Gib- son w., White r. separating it from Knox n. w., the estrn. branch of White r. separating it from Daviess n. e., and by Dubois co. e. ; mean length from s. to n. 22 miles, mean breadth 18, and area 396 sq. ms. The slope of this CO. is very nearly due w., and in that direction is traversed by Patoka r. The course also of both branches of White r. where they bound the co. is also to tho w. ; chief t. Petersbiirgh. Pop. 1830, 2,475. Pike co. IL, bounded by Calhoun s.. Miss. r. separating it from Pike co. Mo. s. w.. Rails, Mo. w., and Marion Mo. n. w., again by Ad- ams, II. N., Schuyler N. e., and II r. separating it from Morgan e. and Greene s. e. ; length from s. to N. 33 ms., mean breadth 30, and area 990 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 35', long. W. C. 14° w. extending from the Miss, to II. r. ; the principal slope is wstrd. towards the former ; chief t. Atlas. Pop. 1830, 2,396. Pike co. Mo., bounded by Lincoln s. e., Montgomery s., Ralls s. w., w. and n. w., and the Miss. r. separating it from Pike co. II. n. E., and from Calhoun co. II. e. ; length from s. to N. 36 ms. mean breadth 20, and area 720 sq. ms. ; lat. 39° 20', long. W. C. hi w. Salt r. of Mo., enters the Miss, in the nrthrn. angle of this CO., which it traverses to the s. k. The nrthrn. branches of Cuivre (Copper) r. rise in the sthrn. section, and also fiow s. e. ; chief t. Bowling Green. Pop. 1830, 6,129. Pike C. H. and p-o. Pike co. Ala., by p-r. 179 ms. s. E. Tuscaloosa. PiKEsviLLE, p-v. Baltimore co. Md. by p-r. 46 ms. N. E. W. C, and 8 ms. from Balti- more. 'Piketon, p-v. and st. jus. Pike co. Ky. situ- ated on the W. Fork of Sandy r., by p-r. 16 ms. s. E. by e. Frankfort. Piketon, p-v. and st. jus. Pike co. O. situ- ated on the left bank of Sciota r. 26 ms. above Portsmouth, and by p.r. 65 ms. s. Columbia ; lat. 39° 02', long. W. C. 6° w. Pop. 1830, 271. PiKEviLLE, p-v. and st. jus. Marion co. Ala. situated on Battahatche r., by p-r. 118 ms. n. N. w. Tuscaloosa ; lat. 34° 07', long. W. C. 11 w. PiKEVii^LE, p-v. and st. jus. Bledsoe co. Ten., situated on Sequatchie r., by p-r. 109 ms. s. E. by e. Nashville ; lat. 35° 39', long. W. C. 8° 12' w. PiKEviLLE, p-v. Monroe co. Ky. by p-r. 145 ms. s. s. w. Frankfort. PiLESGRovE, t, Salem co. N. J. 50 ms. s. w. Trenton, 25 s. Phila., has Oldman'e or. n.| 53 which separates it from Woolwich, Gloucee- tor CO., and is crossed by Salem r., on which are the villages of Sharptown and Woods, town: pop. 1830, 2,150. PiNCKNEY, p-t. Lewis CO. N. Y. 153 ms. n. w. Albany, 13 s. e. Watertown, and e. of Rod man in Jefferson CO., 6 ms. by 6^, first settled 1805, has nearly a level surface, with much moist, sandy loam, favorable to grain and grass, and i)earing a variety of forest trees : pop. 1830, 763. PiNCKNEY, p-v. on the left bank of the Mo. r., Montgomery co. Mo., by p-r. 66 ms. w. St. Louis. PiNCKNEYViLLE, p.v. UuioH dist. S. C. 93 ms. N. N. w. Columbia. PiNCK.VEYViLLE, p-v. Gwinnet co. Geo. by p-r. 106 ms. n. w. Milledgeville. PiNCKNEYViLLE, p-v. Wilkinson CO. Miss. 44 ms. s. Natchez. PiNCKNEYViLLE, p-v. and St. jus. Perry co. II., situated on l?oucoup cr. a branch of Mud- dy cr., by p-r. 129 ms. a little w. of s. Van- dalia, lat. 38° 02', long. W. C. 12° 25' w. PiNDERTowN, p-v. and St. jus., Lee co. Geo. situated on Flint r., bv p-r. 130 ms. s. s. w. Milledgeville, lat. 31° 40', long. W. C. 7° 10' w. Pine Bluff, p-o. sthestrn. part Pulaski co. Ark., by p-r. 50 ms. s. e. Little Rock. Pine cr. or more correctly r. of Pa., rising in Potter and Tioga cos., interlocking sources with those of Tioga, Genesee, and Allegha- ny rs. The various branches unite in Tioga, from which the united water flows into Lyco- ming, and fails into the W. Branch of Sus- quehannah r., after a sthrn. course by com- parative distance 60 ms. Pine cr. p-o. Tioga co. Pa., by p-r. 159 ms. N. Harrisburg. Pine Grove, p-v. Schuylkill co. Pa. by p-r. 41 ms. N. E. Harrisburg. Pine Grove, p-v. Tyler co. Va. by p-r. 249 ms. wstrd. W. C. Pine Grove, mills and p-o.. Centre co. Pa. by p-r. 88 ms. nrthwstrd. Harrisburg. Pine Orchard, Catskill, Greene co. N. Y. 8 ms. w. Hudson r., and Catskill v. a small level on the Catskill mtns., a favorite resort of travellers of taste during the hot season. It was originally covered with a grove of pine trees, growing at nearly equal distances, on a surface scattered with broken rocks, and ter- minating at a projection which overhangs a precipice of^ome hundreds of ft. At that spot has been erected a splendid hotel, called the Catskill Mountain house, from which the view ranges without interruption over the wide valley of the Hudson, including some of the highlands of Conn., Mass. and Vt. The most distant eminences in sight n. and s. are about 70 ms. apart. Pine Park, p-v. Bibb co. Ala. by p-r. 59 ms. estrd. Tuscaloosa. Pine Plains, p-t. Dutchess co. N. Y. 79 ms. s. Albany, 28 n. e. Poughkeepsie, 4 ms. by 10, has a small village ; a high hill e. and Stissing mtn. w., on the e. side of which is Stig- PIS 418 PIT C eing pond, with an outlet a. the head etrcani of Wappinger'B creok. Chicomo cr. co. crosses the town from b. e. to n. w. flowing into RoclefT Janscn's crecii, which crosses the n. w. corner. Pop. 1830, 1,503. Pine .Strket, p.v. Clearfield co. Pa p-r. 162 nis. n. w. Harrisburg. ^ Pine Village, p-v. Edgefield dist. S. 66 ms. WBtrd. Columbia. PiNioviLi.E, p-v. nthrn. part of Charleston diat. S. C. .^).3 ms. n. Charleston, and by p-r. 92 ms. fr-. K. Columbia. PiNEvii.LK, p-v. northern part Clarke co. Ala. by p-r. 107 ms. southward Tuscaloosa. PiNEv river, p-v. on ii small stream of the same name, sthrn. pari Dickson co. Ten. By p-r. the p-o. is 54 ms. wstrd. Nashville. PiNTiALAii, or Pintclalah, small river of Montgomery co. Ala. rises on the sthrn. bor- der of the CO. and flowing northward falls into the left side of Ala. r. PiNTi.Ai.Aii, p-o. Montgomery co. Ala. 13 ms. from Montgomery, the co. et. and by p-r. 132 ms. 8. E. Tuscaloosa. Pirmo Tree, p-v. King William co. Va. by p-r. 20 ms. n. e. Richmond. PiauA, p-v. Washington tsp. northern part of Miami co. Ohio, by p-r. 79 ms. u little n. of w. Columbus, and 8 ms. n. n. w. Troy, the CO. St. : pop. 1830, 488. PiauEA, p-v. sthrn. part of Lancaster co. Pa. 27 ms. sthrd. Lancaster, and by p-r. 126 ms. northeastward W. C. PiscATACiUAV river, N. II. the boundary be- tween N. II. and Me. from the ocean 40 ms. N.N. w. which is the length of its course. Its source is in Wakefield. Its mouth is near Portsmouth, which capital stands on its s. shore. It is a large, deep and important stream the last few miles of its course, spreading out into several bays. Only this part of it is commonly called Piscataq\ia ; the middle part, from the mouth of Cocheco river to the lower falls in Berwick, bearing the name of Newichawaimoc, and the upper part Salmon Falls river. The western branch is formed by several branches, which fall into Great Bay, Swamscot r. from Exeter, Winni- cot r. which passes through Greenland, and Ijamprcy river flowing between Durham and Newmarket. At a smaller bay below, Oyster river comes in from the n. The tide, which flows up to the lower falls in all these streams, aflbrds navigation from them to Portsmouth- The channel, being narrow, though very deep, 7 ms. from the ocean, causes a very rapi(l rush of water both at the rising and the fall- ing of the tide, Bo that ice is never formed across. The harbor formed near the mouth of the Piscataquay is very safe and capacious. There is an outer and an inner bay, islands with forts, a light house, &c., and in the in- ner is a navy yard of the U. S. PiscATAQuoG river, Hillsborough co. N. H. with a bridge over th& former, 60 feet long. The Union canal hero passes the falls, and facilitates the business of the place. PiscATAWAY, village, Piscataway, Middle- sex CO. N. J. 3 ms. N. E, New Brunswick, and by N. Raritan river. 1 Piscataway cr. sthrn. part Prince Geor- ge's county, Md. rises a few ma. w. of Upper Marlborough, and flowing e. w. falls into Potomac at Fort Washington. Piscataway, p-v. on Piscataway creek, sthrn. part Prince George's co. Md. by p-r. 16 ms. s. W. C. PisGAii, p-v. Cooper co. Mo. 34 ms. wstrd. Jcflcrson. Pitch Landing, and p-o. sthrn. part Hert- ford CO. N. C. 12 ms. s. Winton, the co. st. and 129 nis. n. e. by e. Raleigh. Pitt, co. N. C. bounded e. by Beaufort, Johnson s., Lenoir s. w., Greene w., Edge- combe N. w., and Martin n. and n. e. Length from E. to w. 44 ms. ; greatest breadth 36 ms. but mean breadth 18 ms., and area about 800 square ms. Central laf. 35° 3.5'. The meri- dian of W. C. traverses the eastern angle, ('ontentney or the nitn. branch of Neuso r. trnvorses the sthrn. angle in a s. e. course, whilst Tar r. in a similar direction winds over the central part. The general slope is to the 8. E. Chief town, Greenville : pop. 1830, 12,093. Pitts ;iORo', p-v. and st. jus. Chatham co. N. C. situated on the road from Raleigh to Ash- boro', 33 ms. wstrd. of the former, and 39 cstrd. of the latter, lat. 35° 43', and long. 2° 14' w. W. C. PiTTSiujRG, city and p-t. Pa. situated on the point above the junction and between the Al- leghany and Monongahela rivers, and where these two streams form the Ohio r. by p-r. 323 ms. southwestward W. C, 201 w. Har- risburg, and 297 ms. a little N. of w. Phila., lat. 40° 28', long. W. C. 2° 56' w. That part incorporated and particularly called Pittsburg, lies entirely on the point above noticed, and occupies an alluvial plain and part of the ad- jacent hill protruded between the two rs. In its form the city of Pittsburg is laid out with a very strong resemblance to N. Y. The streets along the Monongahela are laid out at right angles to each other, and perpendic- ular or parallel to that stream ; and the same relative arrangement prevails along the Alle- ghany, and renders the strcctsof the two sec- tions of the city oblique to each other. In 1820, if the adjacent villages were in- cluded, there were within 1 mile of its cen- tre, about 10,000 persons, of whom 7,248 resided in the corporation. In 1826, the city contained a population of 10,515. By the the census of 1830, the city alone contained 12,568 inhabitants, but in a commercial and social point of view, Alleghany town, Bir- mingham, Lawrence ville, liayardstown, and is formed of2 branches, and enters Merriinac 'the street along the Monongahela opposite, river on the line ofGofl'stown and Bedford. 'all belong to Pittsburg as suburbs, and all PiscATAauoG, p-v. Bedford, Hillsborough included in one aggregate, amounted to eo. N. H. a pleasant little village on Piscuta- [18,000, in 1830, and now 18.32, no doubt ex- cfuog r. near its junction with the Merriinac, cceds 20,000. Pittsburg is emphatically the PIT 419 PIT Birmingham of the Oliio valley, and is in no i so great advantages of position as does small proportion made up of manufacturing! Pittsburg. The great line of canal and rail edifices, and inhiibited bj- manufacturers J road from Philadcii)hia t)y ilic Schuylkill over * ■ ' ' ' ' the Susquehannah valley, and the intervening mountains, terminates for the present in the valley of Ohio at Pittsburg, but its extension down the latter stream is amongst the inevi- table effects of its execution to the head of such a navigation. The Ohio is impeded by autunm drought indirect excess with ascent, and is nearly annually rendered unnavigablo as low down as Marietta, for one, two or three months before the frosts of winter. It is, however, navigable as high as Wheeling, long after it ceases to be so at the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela. Taken with all its existing business, few if any other places, m cither the United States or Europe with an equal population, have transactions to so great amount. The value of its manufactures falls annually but little under $3,000,000, and the objects of manu- facture being those of primary necessity, renders the prosperity of the place perma- nent. Tiie character of the people is stamped by their occupations. Persevering industry and perhaps a rather too overstrained, though natural bent to private interest, may be said of the far greatest part of the population. None are idle, and few are dissipated. I have known this town for the fifty last years, and Amongst the machinery erected here, may be named as first in utility and efficiency, a high pressure engine of 81 horse power, which raises water from the Alleghany river 116 feet, and can afford a diurnal supply of 1,500,000 gallons. There were according to Flint early in this year, 1832, 11 extensive iron foundries, from which, in 1830, were manufactured from pigs, 5,3^9 tons. There were 6 rolling mills and nail factories united, which manufactured 7,950 tons of pigs into blooms, and 2,805 tons into nails. There were 4 extensive cotton factories, one of which worked 10,000 spindles. Two glass works, several breweries, and taking alto- gether upwards of 270 manufacturing estab- lishments. There are 13 churches, for Ro- man Catholics, liaptists. Covenantors, Se- ceders, Methodists, German Lutherans, Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Unitarians, &c. In this city is located the Western University of Pa. Pittsburg High school, numerous private schools, Lamdin's museum, a branch of the United States bank, and Pittsburg bank, and also a state prison. The city is united to tho adjacent country beyond the two rivers by a bridge over each. That across the Monongahela is, however. in some measure useless, from being located (have perceived its growth less fluctuating, too high up the stream, and a ferry is still and more solidly based than most of the kept up from the point to the great western towns of western United States, road, through Washington, Wheeling, Stcu- Pittsdurgh, p-v. western part of Baldwin benville, and other places. The site is a real co. Geo. 8 ms. from Milledgeville. amphitheatre formed by the hand of nature. Pittsfiejlu, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H., 15 The rivers flow in channels from 450 to 4G5|m3.*N. w. Concord, with 14,921 acroe, is un- feet below the highest peaks of the neigh- boring hills. The writer of this article measured tho height of several hills in the vicinity of Pittsburg, and found them varying between the relative elevations stated. Anoth- er geological phenomenon deserves particu- lar notice ; the main ccjal strata lie something above 300 feet above the level of the streets of that part of the city on the alluvial point, and these strata lie almost exactly on one level. A levelling instrument jilaccd at the mouth of any of the coal beds, if carried round the horizon the circle of vision passes along the openings of all the other mines even and rocky, with good soil, and is cross- ed by Suncook r. from n. to s., supplying mill seats, s. E. is Catamount mtn. from which is seen the ocean, and on which is Berry's pond, 300 yards by i mile, supplying mill seats with its outlet. There are several oth- er ponds : pop. 1830, 1,276. PiTT3FiELD, p-t. Rutland CO. Vt., 35 ms. 8. w. Montpelier, 17 n. k. Rutland, is in tlic n. K. corner of the co. ; first settled 178G, and organized 1793. Tweed r. a branch of White r., is formed near the centre, by the union of three streams, which afford mill sites. White r. also crosses the e. part. The surface is The hills though steep arc not, except in a I mountainous, and Wilcox's )jcak is the high- few instances, precipitous, and afford from I est. 4 school dists. : pop. 1830, 505. their slopes and peaks a series of rich and! Pittsfield, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass., 125 varied landscape. The scenery is in a mo8t[ms. w. Boston, 38 e. s. e. Albany ; lies be- intcresting maimer strengthened in color by tween the tv\'o mountainous ranges of Taugh- the fertility of soil which continues to the! kannic and the Green mtns., has a varied and very summits. There is nothing of barren- 1 beautiful surface, good soil, and, along the 2 ness visible ; vegetation in the forests, I main branches of Houaatonic r., extensive meadows, fields, orchards, and gardens, ex- nicadows. The village enjoys an airy situa- hibits one theatre of abundance. tion, on the siuiimlt of a hill, with a large The formation is here, as in every other public square, in the centre of which is a re- port of the valley of Ohio, floetz, or level, so niarkably fine elm, which wjiS h.tt when the much so, indeey p-r. 118 me. N. w. Raleigh. Pleasantvillk, p-v. Fairfield co. O. by p-r. 29 nis. 8. E. Cohmibus : pop. 1830, 34. Pleasureville, p-v. lienry co. Ky. by p-r. 34 ms. N. w. Franlifort. Pluckamin, p-v. Bodminster, Somerset co. N. J., 6 ms. N. Somersville. The range of Plucliamin mtne. begins here, which extends N. E. to the Passaic falls at Patterson. Plumb, isl., Mass., between Ipswich and Newburyport, is near the main land, and about 9 ms. in length. Plumb isl., Southold, Suffolk co. N. Y., 1 m. by 3, has a few families ; it is separated from Oyster Pond point, by a narrow strait A line drawn nearly n. e. from that point passes through this isl., the Gull isls., the Race and Fishers' isl., where Long Isl. sound appears to have been formerly more nearly closed at its e. extremity than now. The surface is very stony. Some pine wood is found in a swamp. Plumb Grove, p-o. St. Charles' co. Mo., about 40 ms. wstrd. St. Louis. Plum Orchard, p-o. Fayette co. Ind., by p-r. 60 ms. estrd. Indianopolis. Plymouth, t. Penobscot co. Me., 44 ms. from Augusta: pop. 1830, .504. ■ Plymouth, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 75 ms. n. w. Portsmouth, 40 n. by w. Concord, 31 s. e. Haverhill, w. Pcmigewasset r., 16,256 acres, has also Baker's r., 30 ms. long, and several smaller streams, pretty good soil, bearing beech, maple, birch, hemlock and white pine The uplands, which arc mountainous, are seven eighths of the t. The church in the N. E. corner, is on a commanding hill. There is a library. First settled 1764. Baker's r. has its name from a successful attack on the Indians, who dwelt on its meadows, bycapt. Baker, from Haverhill, Mass. : pop. 1830, 1,175. Plymouth, p-t. Windsor co. Vt., 15 ms. w. Windsor, 52 s. Montpelier, 16 s. w. Rutland ; settled 1776 ; gives rise to Black r. which runs s. E., and furnishes mill seats, and has several fish ponds connected with it. Here rise also 2 branches of Queechy r. The sur- face is broken. Mount Tom, and another mtn. cross the t. parallel to the r. ; primitive limestone is quarried and cut here for market ; soap stone also abounds. There are several caverns 500 yds. s. w. of the r., one of which> discovered in 1818, is quite extensive. The soil is good for grazing : pop. 1830, 1,667. Plymouth co, Mass., bounded by Norfolk CO. N. w., Massachusetts and Cape Cod bays E., Barnstable and Buzzard's bays s., and Bristol CO. w. The surface is uneven, and the soil various ; the form is irregular, extcnd- ecttlcd by tho pilgrim fathers of N. England' who landed hero on tho 22d December, 1620, O. S. The principal stream in the co. is Taunton r., which rises in the n. w. part, and crosses tho w, boundary into Bristol co. ; there are many i)()nda and brooks. Plymoutli colo- ny remained under a separate colonial gov- ernment until 16[!5. It has several harbors, Plymouth, Diixbury, &c., with considerable coasting and some foreign trade ; fisheries of value, and some manufactures. It contains 21 tsps. : pop. 1820, 38,136; 1830, 43,044, Plymoutii, seaport, p-t. and st. jus., Plym- outh CO. Mass., 3G ms. s. e. Boston, 5 ms. by 16, contains the oldest permanent settlement in New England. It stands on Plymouth bay, which is large, but affords but little depth of water. Ii is almost shut in by two long reaches, formed of sand thrown up by the waves, and is gradually increasing. The government of the U. S. appropriated $2,500 to repair it in 1832. The land is high on the N. & s. sides of the bay, and there are rocky isls. off the harbor. Manumet point, a bold, rocky promontory, lies s. The soil is gene- rally thin and poor, and some portions of it are very good. The v. is near the n. e. part ; the principal street runs n. and s. between the head of the harbor, and several sandy hills, which rise at a little distance from the shore. Some foreign trade has been carried on here. One of the principal buildings is Pilgrim's Hall, which was erected by the pilgrim so- ciety, for the annual celebration of the land- ing of the forefathers of New England. This important event occurred here on the 22d of December, 1620, O. S., when the crew of the Mayflower del)arked. A large granite, on which they first stepped from the boat, is still preserved. One half of it retains its origin- al position, near the water, which has since been somewhat encroached on by the land, while the other has been removed to the cen- tre of the V. The Indians on this part of the coast had been greatly reduced in numbers before the arrival of the colonists, by the small pox ; and Massasoit and his men first presented themselves on Watson's hill. A fort was erected on Burying hill, which also became a grave yard ; and several of the stones of the early colonists are still preserv- ed there. The first well dug in N. England is still in existence. The first child born in the colony was Peregrine White. The first mill erected in New England was built here, in 1632. From this spot at.difierent periods, proceeded some of the first settlers of many of the old towns in Massachusetts and Conn. It contains 407 acres of tillage land, 828 mowing, 3,486 of pasturage : pop. 1830,4,758. Plymouth, p-t. Litchfield co. Coim., 24 ms. ing N. to Point Alderton, the s. point of Bos-iw. Hartford, 30 from New Haven, w. Bristol, ton bay, from which to the s. w. extremity! Hartford co., and n. of New Haven co., about is a line of irregular coast, with a short in- 5 ms. by 5i, is hilly, »with primitive rocks, terval of land, where the s. e. boundary [bearing oak, chestnut, swamp maple, »&c. also crosses the isthmus of Cape Cod. Plymouth irye, corn, oats and grass. It has Naugatuck bay indents the e. Ime near the middle, and 'r. w. with mill seats, and other streams : pop. receives a few brooks. It is the spot first 1830, 2,064. POC 424 POI Plymouth, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y., 107 ms. w. Albany, 7 n. w. Norwich, has an une- ven surface, with good land, well watered by Canasawacta or., whose two branches meet near the centre, at Frankville v. The stream then runs s. e. towards Chenango r., which it between the eastern shores of Va. and Md. The bay of Pocomoko is a triangular sheet of water, bounded n. w. by Tangier isl., n. by the sthern. shore of Somerset co. Md., and E. by the western shore of Accomac co. Va. To the s. w. it opens into, and is confounded meets in the next tsp., Norwich. There are with, Chesapeake bay. Small coasting ves- several mill sites. The timber is maple, beech, elm, bass, &c. : pop. 1830, 1,609. Plymouth, p-o. and tsp. Luzerne co. Pa., opposite Wilke&barre. The p-o. ia 6 ms. from Kingston, and 7 s. w. Wilkes-Barre. Plymouth, p-v. and st. jus. Washington co., N. C, situated on a small cr. extejiding sthrd. from the mouth of Roanoke r., by p-r. 128 ms. E. Raleigh, and 35 ms. n. n. e. Wash- ington, in Beaufort co. ; lat. 35° 51', long. W. C. 0° 19' e. Plymouth, p-v. Richland co. O., 20 ms. nrthrd. Mansfield, the co. St., and by p-r. 91 ms. N. N. e. Columbus. Plymouth, p-o. n. w. part Wayne co., Mich., by p-r. about 25 ms. n. w. Detroit. Plympton, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass., 32 ms. s. E. Boston, has a branch of Taunton r. s., has extensive iron manufactories. The In dian name was Patuxet, or Wanatuxet. It contains 349 acres under tillage, 613 of mow- ing, and 1,366 of pasturage: pop. 1830, 950. PocAGON, p-v. in the southwestern angle of Cass CO. Mich. It is situated on St. Joseph's r. of lake Michigan, by p-r. 180 ms. a little s. of w. Detroit. Though placed in Cass co. by the p-o. list, it is laid down by Tanner in his improved U. S. map, in the southeastern part of Berrien co. Mich. Pocahontas, co. Va. bounded by Green- brier s. and s. w., Nicholas w., Randolph n. w. and N., and Alleghany mtn. separating it from Pendleton n. e. and e. Length from s. w. to N. E. 50 ms., mean breadth 20 ms., and area 1,000 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 20', long. 3° w. W. C. This CO. is amongst the most ele- vated in the U. S. giving source to Cheat r. branch of Monongahela, flowing northwardly, and to Greenbrier r. flowing southwardly. The mean height of the arable land of Green- brier CO. is about 1,700 feet, and of course, being lower down Greenbrier r. than Poca- hontas, the lowest part of the latter must ex- ceed that relative oceanic elevation, or rise to a mean exceeding 1,800 feet, oran equiva- lent to four degrees of lat. or mean winter temperature. Greenbrier mtn. enters and traverses Pocahontas from s. w. to n.e. from the western slopes of which issue the extreme fountains of Gauly and Elk rs. The surface is excessively broken and rocky, and most of the soil sterile. Chief t. Huntersville : pop. 1830, 2,542. I Pocket (The). (See " The Pocket," p-v.i Moore co. N. C.) sels ascend to Snowhill on Pocomoke r. Pocotaligo, r. Va., in Kenhawa co., rises in the N. w. part of the co. interlocking sources with those of the west fork of Little Kenhawa, and flowing thence southwestward 60 ms. by comparative courses, falling into Great Kenhawa r. at the point of separation on that stream, between Kenhawa and Ma- son cos. PocoTAUGo, p-o. on Pocotaligo r. Kenha- wa CO. Va. by p-r. 353 ms. a little s. of w. W. C. Pocotaligo, p-v. near the right side of Combahee r. and in the n. e. part of Beaufort dist. S.C. 67 ms. a little s. of w. Charleston, and by p-r. 141 ms. s. Columbia. PoESTEN Kill, Rensselaer co. N. Y. a very good mill stream, which falls into Hudson r. at Troy, after turning much machinery for various manufactures in the vicinity. It rises in Grafton, and has a course of about 20 ms. At the falls, on the side of mount Ida, 1 m. east of Troy, is a small manufacturing vil- lage. PoGE, cape, the w. e. end of Chippaquid- dick isl., E. of Martha's Vineyard. Poindexter's Store and p-o. Louisa co. Va. by p-r. 68 ms. n. w. Richmond. Point Coupee, parish of La. bounded s. by West Baton Rouge, w. by Atchafalaya r. se- parating it from Opelousas or Saint Landry, and from the parish of Avoyelles, n. e. and E. by Miss. r. separating it from West Feliciana, and East Baton Rouge. The outline is tr-i- angular, base along the general course of the Atchafalaya 34 ms., perpendicular 30 ms. along the southern border ; area 510 sq. ms. Lat. 30° 45', long. 14° 36' w. W. C. The very slight inclination sthrd. The whole being a plain, elevated about 4 or 5 feet along i-he margins of the streams, but depressed from the water courses so as to be annually submerged. It extends from the efflux of Atchafalaya, widening as the two rivers di- verge from each other. In its natural state the surface was covered with a very dense forest, and the greatest part remains in that state. The soil, where sufficiently elevated for the plough, is exuberantly fertile. Cotton is the common staple, and in this parish is the highest point in La. where the sugar cane has been cultivated to any advantage. Chief t. Ponat Coupee: pop. 1820, 4,912, 1830, 5,936. Point Coupee, or Cut Point, p-v. and st. Pocomoke, r. and bay, Md. The river I jus. parish of Point Coupee, situated on the rises on the border between Sussex co. Del., left shore of the Miss. r. opposite St. JVan- and Worcester co. Md., from whence by a s.I cisville, .-md by p-r. 154 ms. above and N. w. g. w. direi'tion 60 ms. by coui])urativc courses, Now Orleans. Lat. 30° 42'. traversing Worcester co., it opens into a bay. Point IIakmer, p-v. Washington co. O. by of the same name at lat. 38°, and on the line p-r. 106 ms. s. e. by e. Columbus. POM 435 PON Point Labadib, p-v. Franklin oo. Mo. by p-r. 43 ms. w. St. Loula. Point Plbasant, p-v. ajidet.jus. Mason co. Va. situated on the point above the junction of Ohio and Great Kenhawa rs. by p-r. 358 ms. a little a. of w. W, C, and 358 ma. n. w. by w. i w, Riohmond. Lat. 38° 50', long. 5° 7' w. W. C. Point Pleasant, p-v. southern part of Cler- mont CO. O. by p-r. 19 me. e. Balavia, the co. St. and 128 a. w. Cohimbus. Point Rjsmovb, p-v. on Arkansas r. sthrn. part of Conway co. Ark. by p-r. 51 ms. above and N. w. by w. Little Rock. This name is another instance of that propensity so com- mon of accommodating proper names to our own language ; it comes from the French Point Remu, and that from a counter current in the adjacent r. Poland, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. 44 ms. s. s. w. Augusta, 30 n. Portland, s. Little An- droscoggin r., borders on Oxford co. on the N. w., and part of a small lake, which, with several ponds and small streams, empties into Little Androscoggin r. : pop. 1830, 1,916. Poland, p-v. in the southeastern angle of Trumbull co. O. 20 ms. s. e. Warren, the co. St., and by p-r. 283 ms. n. w. W. C, and 164 .\. E. by E. Columbus : pop. of the tsp. of Po- land, 1830, 1,186. Polsley's Mills and p-o. Monongalia co.. Vu. by p-r. 235 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. Pomfret, t. Windsor co. Vt. 18 ms. n. Windsor, 40 s. Montpelier, 5 J ms. by 7; first settled, 1770; is uneven, with good soil, and has White r. n. e. and Queechy s.e. ; 13 school dists. There is a range of young tim- ber in the forests, 7 or 8 ms. long, and about 500 yards wide, which appears to have grown up after a hurricane, which is supposed to have swept through that region about 120 years ago : pop. 1830, 1,866. PoMPRET, p-t. Windham co. Conn. 40 ms. N..E. Hartford, 30 e. Providence, and w. Qui- nebaug r., about 6 ms. by 7, with about 42 sq. ms. It is hilly, with primitive rocks, and has a good soil, favorable to grazing. Cotton, woollen, &c. arc manufactured to some ex- tent. It is watered by Little r. and several other branches of the Quinebaug. Shad are caught in Quinebaug r. In a wild and soli- tary part of the town is the famous cavern, in which major general Israel Putnam, who afterwards commanded the American militia at the battle of Bunker's Hill, performed the bold and celebrated feat of killing a wolf. He was an inhabitant of Pomfret from 1739, for many years. He distinguished himself, in the French war of 1755 as well as through the revolution : pop. 1830,1,981. 1 Pomfret, p-t. Chatauque co. N. Y. 20 ms.l N. N. E. Maysville, and s. of lake Erie, has 90 i sq. ms., and is crossed N. E. and s. w. by Chatauque ridge, which runs parallel to thej lake, 3 or 4 ms. distance, with a smooth alhi-! vial tract of land lying«between them, with aj good sandy loam ; s. is a slaty loam, bearing; Milip, maple, beach, hemlock and other tree?. 54 Canadawa cr. crosses the t. in a h. w. direc- tion, and there are several smaller streams. Dunkirk v. is on the lake, with a good har- bor, 3 ms. N. E. Frcdonia, and 45 s. w. Bulfa- lo. There arc 7 ft. of water on a reef of rocks at the bar. From this place to Erie the shore is rocTiy. Frcdonia v. stands on Canadawa cr. 22 ms. from Maysvillc and 45 from Buffa- lo, is on the Buflalo and Erie road, and is a thriving v. Bear and Cassadaga ponds are on the e. line of the t. : pop, 1830, 3,386. Pomona, p-v. Wake co. N. C. 14 me. n. e. Raleigh. PoMPEY, p-t. Onondaga co. N.Y. 11 ms. s. e. Onondaga, 146 w. n. w. Albany, has several excellent mill streams ; Butternut cr. w. and 2 branches of Limestone cr. e., all which flow N. to Chitteningo cr. The surface is varied by hills and valleys. Traces of consid- erable excavations and mounds are percep- tible here, of unknown antiquity ; and me- tallic weapons and instruments, and even a church bell, have been dug up from the ground. The first settlement was made in 1788, and no tradition exists which refers to the ancient inhabitants. The mounds are ev- idently of remote construction. Three of them are traceable near Delphi, the largest of which is a triangle of about 6 acres, with a gateway and picquets. From numerous graves have been dug bones, weapons, uten- sils, Spanish coins, &c. There are several villages in this t. Pompey v., Pompey w., Hill, and Delphi, s. e. In the town is an academy. On Limestone cr. are two falls, about 100 yards apart, which turn machinery for several manufactories, &c.': pop. 1830, 4,812. PoMPTON, r. N. J. between Morris and Ber- gen cos. is a branch of Passaic r. formed by the union of Pequannoc, Longpond and Ram- apo rs. and bears the name of Pompton for only 7 or 8 ms., when it enters the Passaic at the corners of 3 cos. Morris, Bergen and Es- sex. Pompton, t. Bergen co. N. J. 60 ms. n. n. e. Trenton, has N. Y. on the N. e., Sussex co. N. w., and Pequannoc r. s., dividing it from Morris co. It is crossed n. and s. by King- wood r., and is hilly and mountainous in many parts, being rendered rough by the mountain- ous range which extends s. w. nearly across the state, and forms a natural line of defence, which was occupied by the American troops during different periods of the revolutionary war. In advance of it, s., is the inferior range of elevated ground called the Short Hills : pop. 1830, 3,085. Pompton, p-v. Pequannoc, Morris co. N. J. 5 ms. N. \v. Patterson, stands on the s. side of Pompton r. a little n. of Pompton mtns., and N. w. of the plain. PoNTCnARTRAiN, lake of lia. between the al- luvial Delta, and the comparatively high and hilly intcrigr. Inspection on a map, and still more actual examination of the country adja- cent, must convince any person that lakes IJorgne, Pontchartrain and Maurepas, are the POP 436 POR rcBiains of a deep bay, which in remote ages penetrated upwards of 120 ms. from opposite the mouth of Pascngoular. towards the Miss. and separating the high grounds to the n. from the Delta. This chain of lakes has been formed by alluvial protrusions into the an- cient gulf. Pefil r. and the outlotB of the Miaa. have formed a neck only ti'aversed by the Jligolete and Chef Menteur straits separ- ating lakes Borgne and Pontchartrain ; and at the opposite extremity of the latter, similar natural operations have formed a similar neck with the Bayou Manchnc, connecting it with lake Maurepas. From the high lands, lake Maurepas receives Amite, and Tickfolah rs. Into Pontchartrain is poured Tangipaha,Tche- functc, and some smaller creeks ; whilst lake Borgne, or rather the Rigolets, receive the dif- ferent outlets of the large stream of the Pearl. The greatest length of Pontchartrain from the outlet of the Rigolets to the Pass of Manchnc is about 45 ms. j greatest breadth 25, but mean breadth 12 ms. The common depth from 16 to 18 feet, butevery where shallow along shores, and in no harbor or creek af- fording a harbor of 9 feet draught. Along the nrthrn. side the banks are low, but in part solid ; towards the Delta it is bordered by an uninterrupted marsh. Timber covers the nrthrn. and open grassy plains the sthrn side. Compared with the depth of the Miss. r. at New Orleans, the bottom of lake Pontchar- train is about 50 feet elevated, and the surface about 6 feet depressedT)elow that of the Mis.'?. at mean flood. The tides of the Gulf of Mex- ico, slight as they are, not exceeding a mean of 2 J feet, flow into Pontchartrain and are di- urnally perceptible in the rear of New Or- leans. PoNDiciiiSRRY, mtn. between Jefferson and Bretton Woods, Coos co. N. H. PoNTiAC, p-v. and st. jus. Oakland co. Mich, situated on Clinton r. by p-r. 26 ms. n. n. w. Detroit, lat. 42° 37' long. W. C, G^ 15' w. PooLEsvtLLE, p-v. wstrn. part Montgomery co.Md. 33 ms. n. w. W. C. PooLEsviLLE, p-v. Spartanburg dist. S.C. by p-r. 112 ms. N. w. Columbia. Poor's, p-v. Jackson co. O. by p-r. 82 ms. s. s. E. Columbus. Pope, co. II. bounded by Johnson w., Gal- latin N. and N. E. ; Ohio r. separating it from Livingston co. Ky. e., and the Ohio r. again separating it from MacCracken co. Ky. s. Greatest length due n. from the O. r. opposite the mouth of Tennessee r. 40 ms.; mean breadth 20 ms. and area 800 sq. ms., lat. 37° 20', long. W. C. 11° 36' w. General slope sthestrd. towards Ohio r. Soil of middling quality ; and surface hilly. Chief town, Golconda : pop. 1830, 3,316. Pope, co. Ark. on Arkansas r. above Pu- laskie, and below Crawford, but the outlines of which we have not documents to delineate. Chief t. Scotia : pop. in 1830, 1,483 pr. 10 me. wetrd. Jackson, the co. Bt. nnd 157 me. s. w. by vv. Nashville. Poplar orovb, p-o. Dinwiddle co. Va. by p-r. 39 ms. s. Richmond. Poplar grove, and p-o. Iredell co. N. C.by p-r. 155 ms. w. Raleigh. Poplar grove, p-o. Newberry diat. S. C, by p-r. 45 ms. n. vv. Columbia. Poplar hill, p-o. Giles co. Va. by p-r. 310 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Poplar mount, p-o. Greenville co. Va. by p-r. 56 ms. s. Richmond. Poplar plains, p-v. Fleming co. Ky. by p-r. 84 ms. E. Frankfort. Poplar ridge, p-y. Scipio, Cayuga co. N.Y. 4 ms. E. Cayuga lake, 14 s. w. Auburn. Poplar ridge, p-o. Obion co. Ten. 10 ms. from Troy, the CO. St. and by p-r. 168 ms. a little N. of w. Nashville. Poplar run, p-o. Orange co. Va. by p-r. 95 ms. s. w. W. C. Poplar springs, p-v. near the extreme nrth- western angle of Ann Arundel co. Md. It is situated on the wstrn. turnpike from Balti- more to Frederick, by p-r. 61 ms. n. W. C. Poplar spring, p-o. Fairfield dist. S. C. 36 ms. nrthrd. Columbia. PopLARTowN, P-v. Worcester co. Md. 12 ms. wstrd. Snowhill,the co. st. and by p-r. 152 ms. s. e. by e. W. C. Poplin, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 24 ms. w. s. w. Portsmouth, e. s. e. Concord, 50 N. N. e. Boston, with 10,320 acres, is watered by Squamscot or Exeter r. and other streams, and has Loon pond n., and Spruce swamp e., has good soil, and no high hills. Incorpora- ted 1764 : pop. 1830, 429. Porpoise, cape, Kennebunk port, York co. Me., long. 70° 23' w.,lat. 43° 22', forms Ken- nebunk harbor, which lies at the mouth of a small stream. Portage, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 247 ms. w. Albany, and s. of Livingston co., is cross- ed by Genesee r. which pursues a serpen- tine course from the s. to the n. line, and pass- es three falls, of 8, 66, and 110 feet, near which, on the w. side, is situated the village. The shape of the t. is regular, except at the s. w. corner : pop. 1830, 1,839. Portage, co. O. bounded s.e. by Columbiana; Stark s.; Medina w.; Cuyahoga n. w. ; Geauga N.; and Trumbull n. e. The greatest length 30 ms. is from e. to w. ; breadth 24, and area 720 sq. ms.; lat. 41° 12', long. W. C. 4° 20' w. This CO. is a true table land between the val- leys of Big Beaver and Cuyahoga rs. The southwestern angle also giving source to Tus- carawas r. orthenrthestrn. constituent of Mus, kingum r. The peculiar structure of the sur- face may be more particularly seen by refer- ence to the article Cuyahoga r. The arable surface of Portage co. exceeds a mean of 1,000 feet above tidewater in the Atlantic, or rather more than an equivalent to two degrees i of lat. The surface is rather level, and in Poplar branch, p-v. Currituck co. N. C, by i part deficient in good fountain water. The P-r. 228 ms. n. e. by e. Raleigh. Poplar corner, ]i-o. Madison CO. Ten. by [soil moderately fertile. Chief town, Raven na : pop. 1820, 10,095 ; 18.30, 16,963. FOR 427 POR Tlie Ohio and Erio canal traverses this co. in itfi greatest breadlii and near the western border; and wilhin it is the summit level of tliat work, 973 ft. above the Atlantic tides. PoRTAOK r. O. rising in Hancock co. inter- locking sources with those of Blanchard'a fork ofMaumeo r. Formed by numerous creeks whicli unite in Wood co., and curving to N. K. enters Sandusky co. in which latter it again curves more estrd., finally falling into lake Erie after an entire comparative course of 50 ms. The valley of Portage lies be- tween those of Sandusky and Maumeo. PoRTxVOE, p-v. sthestrn. part of Wood co. O. by p-r. 136 ms. n. n. w. Columbus. PoiiT BAV, p-t. Wayne co. N. Y. 193 ms. from Albany : pop. 1830, 1,082. Port bvron, p-v. Cayuga co. N. Y. Port Carbon, flourishing p-v. Schuylkill co. Pa. 10 ms. wstrd. Orwigsburg, the co. St., and by p-r. 177 ms. N. n. e. W. C. and 6'J ms. n. e. Harrisburg. Port Clinton, p-v. Schuylkill co. Pa. by p-r. 60 ms. n. e. Ilarrisburg. Port Clinton, p.v. at the mouth of Portage r., into lake Erio in the nrthrn. part of San- dusky CO. O. by p-r. 117 ms. due n. Colum- bus : pop. 1830, 116. Port Conway, p-v. and s-p. on Rappahan- noc r. sthwstrn.part King George's co. Va. by l)-r. 79 ms. sthrd. W. C. Port Deposit, p-v. on the left bank of Sus- quchannah r. at its lowest falls, Cecil co. Md. 37 ms. n. e. Baltimore, and 5 ms. above Ha- vre de Grace, at the mouth of Susquehan- nah r. Porter, t. Oxford co. Me. 91 ms. s. w. Au- gusta, 34 s. w. Paris, lies k. of N. H., k.' Os- sijiee r. which separates it from York co. : pop. 1830, 841. Porter, t. Niagara co. N. Y. 15 nis. n. w. Lockport, s. lake Ontario, rnd k. Niagara r., contains Youngstown village and fort Niaga- ra. There is a ferry across N. r. at Youngs- town. Niagara v. stands on the E. Bide Nia- gara r. at its mouth in hike Ontario, opposite Newark, U. Canada. It stands 15 ms. be- low Niagara falls, and 7 from Lewiston. A palisaded fort was made here in 1679, by the French, which, in 1725, was enlarged into a considerable work. It was surprized by the British, Dec. 19, 1813, and delivered up in March, 1815 : pop. 1830, 1,490. Genesee river on the shore of lake Ontario. Port Glasuow, village, Wolcott, Wayne CO. N. Y. 22 ms. n. Waterloo, stands on So- dus bay, at the head of navigation ; it has a good harbor for lake vessels, and ia agreeably situated. A good road leads to Clyde, on the Erie canal, 10 3-4 ms. s. Port Kent, village, Chesterfield, Essex CO. N. Y.3 1-2 ms. e. Keeseville, 2 8. Sable river, 13 s. Plattsburgh, and w. Lake Cham- plaisi, has a good harbor, with stores and docks, and serves as u landing place for ves- sels engaged in the transportation of iron from the extensive mines in the neighborhood. Portland, p-t. and port of entry, Cumber- land CO. Me. until lately the capital of the state, is beautifully situated on an elevated peninsula in Casco bay. It is 54 ms. n. n. E. Portsmouth, 118 n. n. e. Boston, 542 from Washington, and 258 s. Quebec ; lying in lat. 430 9', and long. 6° 45' e. W. C. Port- land is the principal commercial and most populous town in the state, and has an excel- lent and capacious harbor, and seldom frozen, bounded by cape Elizabeth s. on which is a light house of stone, 70 feet high ; the land about the harbor is generally elevated. Numerous islands are in the bay to the e. on two of, which ore forts which defend the entrance of the harbor. Fort Preble, on Bang's isl. and Fort Scammel, a block-house on House island. Fort Burrows stands under the observatory bluff, on the v/aters edge. About 45,000 tons of shipping belong to this port, consisting of a large number of ships, brigs, schooneis, sloops, and steamboats, and other craft, ^ho town, (formerly Falmouth, called Portland, and incorporated 178G,) is handsomely laid out, and the style of the buildings, generally, is neat and convenient. A fine street, on which are several churches and other buildings of granite, runs along the ridge and extends to the observatory, where formerly was fort Sunnier on a commanding eminence. From this point the view is ex- tensive and various, embracing tho beautiful island scenery in the vicinity, and in clear weather, 'the jioaks of the White mountains of New Hampshire. The town lies princi- pally on a declivity, and has the appearance of a considerable and flourishing commercial place. Among the public buildings is that formerly the state house, a court house, town Porter, p-v. Sciota co. Ohio, by p-r. 100 hall, theatre, almshouse, 5 banks, beside a ms. s. Columbus. branch of the United States bank, a cus- Portersville, p-v. northern part of Butler torn hoirse, atiademy, and an atheneum, to CO. Pa. 16 ms. N. of the borough of Butler, | which a larg^ library (of about 3,000 vols.) and by p-r. '252 ms. n. w. W. C. Portersville, p.v. Franklin county, Miss, about 20 miles s. e. by e. Natchez. Portersville, p-v. and st. jus. Dubois co. Ind. situated on the left bank of the East Fork of White river, by p-r. 124 ms. s. s. w. belongs. Bc.'side thofle, there are 15 church- es, one of wliich is for mariners. Education is well attended to, and there are numerous schools, including some of a high character. Portland, (then called Fuhnouth) was burnt by Capt. Mowalf, of the British s^ioop of war Indianopolis, lat. 38° 30', long. W. C. 9°(C;mccau, Oct. Hi, 1775, on the inhabitants 52' w. 'refusing to deliver up their arms. The place Port Genesee, or Charlotte p-v. Greece, I was first bombarded for about 9 hours, after Monroe co. N. Y. stands at the mouth of j which torches were applied and about 130 I houses, (two thirds the whole number) were POR 428 POR consumed. The old church was one of tiie buildings which remained : pop. 1820, 8,581, 1830, 12,601. Portland, p-t. Cliatauque co. N. Y. 8 ms. n. Maysville, a. lake Erie, 36 sq. ms., is crossed N. E. ands. w. by the Chatauque ridge, a few ms. from the lake shore and parallel to it, with a regular descent towards the water, and unbroken except by the courses of a few streams. On this ridge grovv chestnut, beech, maple, hemlock and other forest trees, and on the lower country, with these are found walnut, tulip, cucumber tree, &c. The soil is pretty good, and the mill seats are numerous and valuable. The rocks are often of mica slate. The town is crossed by the portage road from lake Erie to the head of Chatauque lake, 8 ms. passing through Westfield,a p-v. 1 mile from the harbor, and 7 from Maysville. The harbor of Portland is good, and the p-v. stands upon it 8 miles from Maysville. The earth was once bored near this place 600 feet for salt water, with- out success : pop. 1830, 1,771. Portland, p-v. Dallas co. Al. by p-r. 112 ms. s. E. Tuscaloosa. Portland, p-v. in the northern part of Fountain co. Ind. 88 ms. n. w. Indianopolis. Port Lawrence, p-v. and port, on the left bank of Maurnee r. and in the s. e. part of Monroe co. Mich, by p-r. 55 ms. s. s. w. De- troit, and about 3 ms. above the mouth of Maumee into lake Erie. . Port Penn, p-v. New Castle co. Del. and on the right bank of Delaware r. opposite Ready Island, 15 ms. sthrd. Wilmington, and 121 ms. N. E. W. C. - Port Republic, p-v. Rockingham co. Va. by p-r. 143 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. Port Royal, Caroline co. Va. p-v. on Rap- pahannoc r. opposite Port Conway, in King George co. about 25 ms. below Frederics- burg, and by p-r. 78 ms. sthrd. W. C. Port Roval, p-v. in the eastern part of Montgomery co. Ten. situated at the mouth of Sulphur creek into Red r. 20 ms. estrd. Clarksville, the co. st. and by p-r. 42 ms. n. w. Nashville. Port Royal, p-v. in the northeastern part of Morgan co. Ind. by p-r. 16 ms. s. Indian- opolis. Portsmouth, p-t. and port of entry Rock- ingham CO. N. H. ; the most populous town in the state, and the only seaport. It lies on on Piscataqua r. which divides it from Maine, on a fine peninsula about 3 ms. from the ocean, in lat. 43° 5', and long. 6° 23' e. W. C. It is 45 ms. e. Concord, 55 n. by e. Bos- ton, 58 s. w. Portland, and 491 from W. C. The population is chiefly collected near the harbor, on a hill descending towards it n. and E., and from commanding points the view is very fine. It was settled in 1C23 under the authority of Sir George and Capt. J. Mason, and incorporated 1033, and never suffered from Indian attacks, the neck on the s. being stockaded. The town originally in- cluded all the peninsula formed by the river and the ocean. The harbor of Portsmouth is one of the finest in the world, rarely, or never freezing, owing to the excessive tides, and has 40 feet of water in its channel at low tide. It is well protected from storms, being completely land-locked, admits vessels of tlio largest class, and is defended by fort Constitution on Great island, fort McClary opposite, fort Sullivan on Trefethon island and fort Washington on Pierce's island. The two latter were garrisoned during the late war. The amount of shipping owned in Portsmouth, which includes nearly all belong- ing to the state, is quite large, and though not extensive, it has considerable coasting and other trade. (.See article New Hamp- shire.) Portsmouth contains several houses of public worship ; a branch of the U. S. bank and 4 others ; several markets, insurance of- fices, and a custom house. Two bridges were built to Kittery, Maine, in 1822, across the Piscataqua, the channel of which is broad, and the current rapid at particular times of tide. The long bridge 1,730 feet in length, extended across water varying from 43 to 45 feet in depth at low tide, a distance of 900 feet, and croosed an island in the river. A water company was formed and commenced operations in 1799, which supplies nil the streets with good water, brought a distance of 3 ms. On Great isl. is a light house. On Continental island, which is owned by the U. S. is a navy yard belonging to government, and on Badger's island was constructed the first ship-of-the-line in America. It was built during the revolution, and named the North America. Portsmouth has suffered severely at different periods from fires. Stocking weav- ing has recently been commenced here : pop. 1820,7,327, 1830,8,082. Portsmouth, p-t. Newport co. R. I. 7 ms. N. w. Newport, about 2 ms. by 8, occupies the N. part of the island of R. I. with water on 3 sides, viz. E. bay e., Mount Hope bay n., and Narraganset bay w., has a moderate eleva- tion, with slopes, a variety of soil, generally good, with slats rocks. Wheat, barley and fruit flourish, and sheep are raised in consid- erable numbers. Fish abound along the shores. Prudence island, and several others still smaller, belong to Portsmouth. A bed of anthracite coal, at the n. w. corner of the town, has been worked to some extent, on the shore, but has been abandoned ; the quality being inferior to that of the Pa. mines : pop. 1830, 1,727. Portsmouth, p-v. and st. jus. Norfolk co. Va. opposite the borough of Norfolk, 2 1-2 ms. distant, on the left bank of Elizabeth r., and at the mouth of the sthrn. branch, by p-r. 219 ms. s. s. e. W. C. Portsmouth affords one of the finest har- bors in America ; ships of the largest class may lay with safety at the wharves. The navy yard is directly on the sthrn. extremity of Portsmouth, and within the boundaries of the town. This part is called Gosport, and POT 439 POT resembloa the Northern Liberties of Phila. (Jliarlestown, or Newtown, another euburb rapidly improving, stands at the opposite side from Gosport. Fop. '1830, 2,000. Portsmouth, p-v. and st. juo. Sciota co. O. situated on the point above the junction ofO. and Sciota rs. by p-r. 421 nis. a little a. of w. W. C. and 91 ms. s. Columbus, lat. 38° 42', long. W. C. 5° 54' w. Though rather exposed to river floods, from the lownoss of its site, this is a flourishing town. Hero the Ohio and Erie canal leaves the former, at an eleva- tion of 474 feet above the Atlantic tides. Ac- cording to Flint it contains a printing office, bookstore, a bank, two churches, 18 stores, 4 commission stores, 1 druggist, 20 mechani- cal establishments, steam mill, market house, and the ordinary county buildings. In posi- tion it has great and enduring advantages, as a commercial depot : pop. 1830. 1,0G3. Port Tobacco, p-v. and st. jus. Charles co. Md. by p-r. 32 ms. a very little i:. of s. W. C. and G9 s. w. Annapolis. It i.s situated on a small creek or bay, making northward from the Potamac r. at the Great bend op|)OHitc King George's co. Va. lat. 38° 30' : pop. 1830, 500. Port Watson, v. Cortlandtville, Cortlandt CO. N. Y. 3 ms. s. Homer v., w. Tioughnioga r. at the head of boat navigation, just below Cortlandt v., which is on Factory Branch. Port William, p-v. and st. jus. Gallatin co. Ky., on the point above the junction of Ken- tucky r. with the Ohio, by the land p-r. 57 ms. below and n.n. w. Frankfort, lat. 38° 40', long W. C. 8° 09' w. : pop. 1830, 323. Port William, p-v. sthrn. part Lawrence CO. Ind. by p-r. 87 ms. s. s. w. Indianopolis. PosEV, sthwstrn. CO. of Ind. bounded n. by Gibson, e. by Vanderburg, Ohio r. s. separa- ting it from Henderson and Union cos. Ky.,by Wabash r. separating it from Gallatin co. II. s. w., and White co. II. w. Greatest length from s. to N. 32 ms. ; mean breadth 16, and area 5l2 sq. ms. ; lat. 38 and long. W. C. 11° w., intersect near Springfield. Though bor- dered on the sthrd. by Ohio r. the slope of Po- sey CO. is wstrd. towards the Wabash r. The surface is hilly, but soil productive. Chief ts. Springfield, Harmony, and Mount Vernon, the St. jus. : pop. 1820, 4,061 ; 1830, 6,.549. Potomac r. of Va., Md. and Pa. This r. above Blue Ridge, is formed by the north branch, distinctively called Potomac, Patter- son's r., South Branch, Cacapon, IJack.cr., Opequhan, and Shenandoah, from the south- westward, and by a series ot' bold, tho' com- paratively small streams from the nrthrd. The stream to which the name oj Potomac is first applied, rises in the Alleghany chain op- posite to the sources of Cheat and Yough- ioghany branches of Mononjrahela, at lat. 39° 10', long W. C. 2° 30' w. Flowing thence n. E.30 ms. receives from the n. Savage r., and bending to s. e. 10 ms. traverses one or two minor chains of mtns., and returning to n. e. 18 ms.tothc influx of Will's creek from the N. at Cumberland. Now a considerable stream, by a very tortuous channel, but direct distancfe 15 ms. to s. e. the Potomac below Cumberland, breaks through several chains of mtns. to the influx of South Branch. The latter is in length of course, and area drained, the main branch. The various sources of this Hiountain r. originate in Pendleton co. Va. lat. 38° 25', between the Alleghany and Kit- tatinny chains. Assuming a general course of N. K. the branches miitc in llardy co. near Moorfields, below which, in u distance com- parative of 40 miles to its union with tho North Branch, the South Branch receives no considerable tributary. . The volume formed by both branches, breaks through a mtn. chain immediately below their junction and bending to n. e. by comparative distance 25 miles, but by a very winding channel reaches its extreme nrthrn. point at Ilancock'stown, lat. 39° 41', and within less than 2 ms. s. of the sthrn. boundary of Pa. Passing Ilan- cock'stown the Potomac again inflects to s. e. and as above winds by a very crooked chan- nel, but by comparative courses 35 ms, to the influx of Shenandoah from the sthrd. Shenandoah is the longest branch of Poto- mac, having a comparative length of 130 ms. and brings down a volume of water but little inferior to that of the main stream. Having its most remote sources in Augusta co. Va. interlocking sources with those of Great Calf Pasture branch of James r. and by Blue Ridge separated from those of Rivanna, as far s. as lat. 37° 55', almost exactly due w. of the mouth of Potomac into Chesapeake bay. The elongated valley of Shenandoah is part of the great mtn. valley of Kittatinny, and comprises nearly all the cos. of Augusta, Rock- ingham, Page, and Shenandoah, with the e.'itrn. sections of Frederick and Jcflersou. The upper valley of Potomac including that of Shenandoah is in length from s. w. to n. e. 160 miles, where broadest 75 ms. but having a mean breadth of 50 ms., area 8,000 sq. ins. The water level of Potomac at Harper's Fer- ry is 288 feet above tide water ; therefore we may assume at 350 feet the lowest arable land in the valley above tho Blue Ridge. This is equivalent to a degree of lat. on the aerial temperature at the lowest point of depression. So rapid is the rise, however, in crossing the valley to the foot of Alleghany mtn. that an allowance of 1,200 feet is rather loo moder- ate an estimate for the extremes of cultivated soil. Passing the Blue Ridge, with partial wind- ings, the Potomac continues s. e. by compara- tive courses 50 ms. to the lower falls and head of ocean tides at Georgetown. Having in the j intermediate distance received the Monocacy r. from the N. and some minor creeks from the s. similar to the Delaware, below Trcn- jton, and the higher part of Chtsapeake bay below the mouth of Susquehann^h, the Poto- mac meeting the tide bends along the outer margin of the primitive rock. It is indeed very remarkable" that the three bends, in the three consecutive rs. follow almost exactly the sain© POT 430 POU geographical line, or flow from head of tide s. w., the Delaware 60, Chesapeake 40, and Potomac 45 ms. The latter, a few miles be- low where it retires from the primitive, has reached within 6 ms. of Rappahannoc r.below Fredericksburg. Leaving the primitive, the two latter, not far from parallel to each other, assume a comparative course of 75 ms. to the N, E., the intermediate peninsula in no part above 22 me. wide, and the distance 20 ma. from Smith's Point, on the s. side of the mouth of Potomac to Windmill Point, the n. side of that of the Rappahannoc. Combining the two sections above and be- low the Blue Ridge, the whole basin of Poto- mac embraces an area of 12,950 sq. ms., or in roimd numbers 13,000, extending from lat. 37° 50' to 40°, and in long, from W. C. from 0° 45' K. to 2° 45' w. The winding of its tide water channel renders the navigation of the Potomac bay (for such it is below George- town) tedious though not dangerous. The channel is of adequate depth for ships of the lino of 74 guns, to the navy yard at W. C. With its defects and advantages, as a commer- cial and agricultural section, the basin of the Potomac is a very interesting object in phys- ical and also in political geography. Deriving its sources from the main Appalachian spine the Potomac channel has been .worn thro' the intervening chains to their bases, and perform- ed an immense disproportion of the necessary task to effect a water route into the valley of Ohio. Such a route has been commenced un- der the name of " Chesapeake and Ohio ca- nal." — (2,000,000, owned in Providence, is mvested in various manufac- tures in other parts of the state. Brown University, transferred from Warren to Prov- idence in 1770, was founded in 1764. Its two buildings are spacious ; four stories high each, and one 150, the other 120 ft. long, and contain rooms for the officers and students, library and philosoi)liical rooms, and a chapel. The philosophical apparatus is now very complete ; recent efforts have enlarged its means, and the present condition of this in- stitution is comparatively prosperous. Its officers are, a president, and five professors] and tutors. Number of students 1831-2, about 100 ; the several libraries contain about 12,000 vols., of which 6,000 belong to the library of the college. The total number of alumni, 1631-2, was 1,182 ; commencement is on the 1st. Wednesday in September. This is the principal literary institution in the state ; beside it, and the Friends' boarding school (which belongs to the Friends of N. Eng- land), there are several grammar, primary, and other schools. There are two daily, and eight other newsjjapers published here. Providence was originally founded in 1636, by Roger Williams, who was banished from the Plymouth colony for avowing the doctrine that all denominations of christians are equally entitled to the protection of the civil magistrate. In 1644, this settlement was permitted to establish a government for itself, independent of Mass. ; and in 1663, a charter was granted by the kmg to the Providence plantations, which extended the righ't of vo- ting to all except Roman Catholics. In 1831, PROVinijNCE, p-v. Luzerne co. Pa., lO ms. N. E. Wilkes-Barrc, and by p-r. 130 ms. n. e. Harrisburg. Providence, p-v. Mecklenburg co. N. C, 5 ms. s. E. Charlotte, the co. st., and 135 ms. by p-r. s. w. by w. Raleigh. Providence, p-v. in the wstrn. part of Hop. kins CO. Ky., by p-r. 17 me. wstrd. Madison- villo, the CO. et., and 217 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. Provincetown, p-t. Barnstable co. Mass., 50 ms. s. E. Boston, (116 by land,) is on the n. point of Cape Cod, with the ocean n. and b., and Cape Cod bay w. It is in the form of a hook, being inwards w. and s., and enclosing Provincetown bay, which is almost shut in by land, with an opening s., with water enough for ships of the largest size. The soil is a loose, sterile and shifting sand ; and the hon. ses of the v. which stands on the n. w. side of the bay, are very small, and built on piles so that the winds blow under them. The inhab- itants are devoted to fishing, and take and cure great quantities of cod annually. There are no wharves in the harbor ; the land is not cultivated. This was the place first visited by the N. England pilgrims, who spent a little time here in Dec. 1620, before they proceed- ed to Plymouth. Lat. 42° 3' n., long. 70° 9' w. : pop. 1830, 1,710. Pruntytown, p-v. cstrn. part of Harrison CO. Va., and near the ferry over Tygart's Val- ley r., 20 ms. n. e. by e. Clarksburg, the co. St., and by p-r. 209 ms. n. w. by w. J w. W. C. Pryor's Vale, p-o. Amherat co. Va., by p-r. 191 ms. s. w. Richmond. PuGHTQWN, p-v. in the nrthrn. part of Ches- ter CO. Pa., situated on French cr. 35 ma. «. w. by w. Phila. Pulaski, p-v. and half shire, Richland, Oswego CO. N. Y., 153 ms. from Albany, 27 N. E. Oswego, 30 s. Sacket's Harbor, 36 n. Salina, GO n. w. Utica, on Salmon creek, 3i ms. from its mouth in lake Ontario. The harbor at its mouth receives vessels of 60 or 70 tons. Pulaski, co. Geo. bounded n. by Twiggs, N. E. Lawrens, s. e. Telfair, and by Ockraul- gee r. separating it from Dooley s. w. and Houston N. w. Length from s. e. to n. w. 34 Providence was incorporated as a city, andims., breadth 20, and area 680 sq. ms. n. lat. its municipal government organized: pop. 32° 20', long. 6*^ 22' w. W. C. Slope e. e., 1810, 10,071 ; 1820," 11,767 ; and in 1830, j and in that direction it is traversed by differ- 16,833, of which 8,701 were on the e., and 8,132 on the w. side of the river. Providence, or Narraganset r. Providence CO. R. I., is formed by the union of Seekonk r., and another branch which meet at Provi- dence. It is deep enough for large ships, forms the harbor of that town, and a short distance below, falls into Providence bay. Providence, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y., 42 ms. ent branches of Auchenhatchee r. a small confluent of Ockmulgee ; and the latter flows in a similar course along the southwestern border. Chief town, Hartford : pop. 1830, 4,906. Pulaski, p-v. and st. jus. Giles co. Ten. by p-r. 77 ms. a little w. of s. Nashville, n. lat. 35° 08', long. 10° w. W. C. Pulaski, co. Ky. bounded w. by Wolf cr., w. Albany, 15 n. w. Ballston Spa, 2'J n. i separating it from Russell, Casey n. w.^Lin. Schenectady, e. Montgomery co., 6 ms. by 7, is hilly n. e., crossed by Kayderosseras mtn. and elsewhere uneven, with Sacandaga r. N. w., and several small streams. The soil is favorable for grass : pop. 1830, 1,579. colli n., Rockcastle n. e., Rockcastle creek, separating it from Whitley e., and Cumber- land r. separating it from Wayne s. Length from E. to w. 40 ms., mean breadth 16, and area 640 sq. ms. n. lat. 37°, and long. 7° 30' PUT 436 PUT intersect in the southern part -of this co. Slope southward towards Cumberland r. Chief t. Somerset : pop. 1830, 9,500. Pulaski, a p-v. named in tlio p-o. list as being situated in Allen co. liid., l)iit from the distance given from Indianopolis 214 m.s. a very extravagant allowance would be requi- site to bring it into any part of Ind. There is no point in Allen co. 150 ms. by the road from Indianopolis. Pulaski, co. of Ark. on both sides of Ar- kansas r. and around Littlo Rock, the st. jua. for the CO. and caiiilal of the state. So many new cos. have been made in Ark., the limits of which we have had no means to determine, and which have cfi'ccted the boundaries ot Pulaski, that we arc compelled to merely state, that for geographical position we must refer the reader lo the article Little Rock. By the census of 1830, Pulaski contained a pop- ulation of 2,395. PuLTENF.v, Vt. (See Poultncy.) Pui.Ti'.NEv, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y. 230 ms. w. Albany, IG n. Bath, n. Ontario co,, w. Crooked lake, has uneven land e., with beach, maple, tStc. for timljor, and several small streams, of which Five Mile creek rises n. v.. and flows through it s. e. towards Conhocton creek : pop. 1830, 1,724. PuLTENEVviLLE, p-v. Wayuo CO. N. Y. 16 ms. N. Palmyra, s. lake Ontario. PuMPKiNTOWN, p-v. Pickcus dist. S. C. by p-r. 145 ms. n. w. Columbia. PuMPKiNTOWN, i)-v. CampbcU co. Geo. by p-r. 130 ms. n. w. Milledgeville. PuNGOTEAOUE, p-v. Accomac CO. Va. 10 ms. 3. w. Drummondstown, and by p-r. 218 miles S. E. W. C. PUNXUTAWNV, PUNOATAWNEY, Or PtJNXETAU- NY, (for all these spellings are used,) p-v. on Mahoning creek, southern part of .Teilerson CO. Pcnn., by p-r. 21ti ms. n. w. W. C Purcell's Store and p-o. Loudon co. Va. by p-r. 41 ms. northwstrd. W. C. PuRDY, p-v. and st. jus. McNairy co. Ten. by p-r. 128 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. N. hit. 35° 13', long. 11° 36' w. W. C. Putnam, co. N. Y. bounded by Duchess co. N., Conn. E., West Chester co. s., Hudson r. or Orange co. w., 12 ms. n. and s. by 21, with 252 sq. ms. ; is very rougti, with mtns. 8. w., and but a small proportion of level land. Iron ore is taken from mines here in considerable quantities, and partly smelted in the co. At Cold Spring, in Philipstown, opposite West Point, is the largest cannon foundry in the U. S. Here are 1 blast fur- nace, making 850 tons of iron annually, ; 3 air furnaces, and 3 cupola furnaces, which melt 2,500 tons, making $280,000 worth per annum. Black lead and pyrites are formed in some i)laccs. In the co. are 2 paper mills, and 1 woollen manufactory. The 2 branches of Croton r. or creek flow through the co. and unite on the s. line, after receiving the waters of many ponds. Carmel v. the st. jus. of the CO. is in n. e. corner of Carmel t. on a email lake : pop. 1820, 11,268, 1830, 12,628. Putnam, p-t. Washington co. N. Y. 30 ma. N. Sandy hill, w. lake C!hamplain or Vt., e. lake Ceorge, about 3i ms. by 10 ; is on a narros\. tongue of land between these lakes ; mountainous, with poor soil. The n. end is 4 ms. from Ticondcroga : pop. 1830, 718. Putnam, co. Geo. bounded s. by Baldwin, •Jasper w., Morgan n., and Oconee r. sepa- rating it from Greene n. e., and Hancock s. e. Length 24 ms., mean breadth 18, and area 432 sq. ms. N. hit. 33° 20', long. 6° 27' w. W.C. Slope sthrd., and drained by Ocunec or confluents. Chief t. Eatonton : pop. 1830, 13,261. Putnam, p-v. Muskingum co. O. situated on Muskingum r. opposite Zancsville, and by p-r. .59 ms. e. Columbus: pop. 1830, 758. Putnam, co. O. bounded s. by Allen, Van- wert 8. w., Paulding n. w., Henry n., and Hancock e. Length 24, width 24, and area 576 sq. ms. N. lal. 41°, and long. 7° w. in- tersect in this co. The general slope n. w., the whole surface, with a very small excep- tion, being in the valley of Au Glaize river. Chief t. Sugar Grove. It is a new settlement ; the whole pop. in 1830, 230. Putnam, co. Ind. bounded by Owen s.. Clay s. w., Parke w. and n. w., Montgomery n., Hendricks n. e. and e., and Morgan s. e. Length 30 ms., breadth 20, and area 600 sq. ms. N. lat. 39° 40', and long. 10° w. W. C. intersect in this co. Raccoon creek, a branch flowing s. w. over the northwestern angle, flows thence over Parke into Wabash ; but the much larger section inclines to s. s. w., and is in that direction drained by the higher constituents of Eel r., branch of the North fork of White r. Chief t. Green Castle : pop. 18.30, 8,262. Putnam, co. II. bounded s. by Peoria, Knox s. w., Henry w., unappropriated territory n., La Salle e., and McLean s. e. As laid down by Tanner on his recently improved map of the U. S., it is about 40 ms. sq. ; area 1,600 sq. ms. Central lat. 41° 18', long. 12° 35' w. W. C. The northwestern angle is drained into Rock r. Illinois r. enters on the eastern border, and flows s. s. w. over the soiilhestrn. angle, and tlic much greater part of the sur- face is drained to the sthrd. direct into II. or into that stream by Spoon r. Chief ts. Hen- nipin and Alexandria. Including Putnam and Peoria, the joint population in 1830, was 1,310. Putney, p-t. Windham co. Vt. 10 ms. n. Brattleboro', .34 n. e. Bennington, 33 s. Wind- sor, w. Conn. r. ; 18,115 acres; settled 1754, from Mass. Great Meadow fort was burnt by Indians in the last French war. Conn. r. bends so as to form part of the s. boundary. Great Meadow n. e., contains about 400 acres of excellent laud. A ridge of hills runs n. and 8. through the e. part of the town, w. of which is Sachet's brook, with a fall of 75 ft. in 500 yards near the village, whore arc se- veral dams, and many mills and factories ; w. of this the surface is very hilly, and near the w. line is Brooklyne valley. The rocks are QUE 437 QUE mica slutc, black limestone, &c., and green, hills, and on Conn. r. nut trees and oak : pop. Iluutc of liitie has been discovered. Ltirch, 1 1830, 1,510. beech, maple, and some hemlock, grow on the I Q. QuAKERTOwN, p-v. in the northwestern part of liucka CO. Pa. 38 ms. n. n. w. I'hil. It is a neat small village, in a einglo street along the main road : jiop. about 200. QuANTico, creek and p-o. in the northwetm. angle of Somerset eo. Md. QiTKECiiv, or Watcrqnecchy r. Windsor eo. Vt. rises in Sherburne, llulhmd co., crosses Windsor co. and enters Conn. r. 2 ms. above Queechy falls. Two good mill streams en- ter the Queechy in liridgewater, and two others in Woodstock. Its course is about 35 ms. over a stony or gravelly bed, and its wa- ter is pure. It waters about 212 sq. ms. QuF.EN Ann, co. Md. having on the K. Chop- tank r. separating it from Caroline, Talbot CO. s., Chesapeake bay w., Chester r. separa- ting it from Kent n. w. and n., and Kent co. Del. E. From the southern part of Kent isl. to the northeastern angle of the co. 40 ms. ; mean breadth 10 ms., and area 400 8([. miles. N. lat. 39° and 0° 45' intersect in Queen Ann. Slope s. w. The co. is comiiosed of Kent isl. and a long narrow space between Chop- tank and (Chester rs. Chief t. Centerville : pop. 1820, 14,952, in 1830, 14,397. Qi'een's CO. N. Y. on Long Island, bound- ed by East r. and the sound n., Sull'olk co. E., the Atlantic s. and King's co. w. ; has 6 townships, and about 355i sq. miles. The greatest breadth of the island in this co. is 22 tns., but the water ai)i)roachcs froui o|)posite sides in one place with 5^. The surlaco is slightly varied, the greatest elevation, viz. Harbor Hill, in North Hempstead, being 319 loot above high water. A sandy ridge crosses tiie CO. E. and w. The w. has much excel- lent .soil, well cultivated for vegetables, fruit, &-C. for N. Y. market. There are many coves, inlets and bays, on which tide mills are erected, principally for flour. On the n. arc ('old Spring bay and harbor, Oyster do. d«., Hempstead do. do.. Cow and Little Neck bays, and Flushing bay and harbor ; on the E. r. is Hurl Gate, and several coves and points on N. Y. harbor and bay, and s. part of 8. bay, •lamaica bay, liockaway boacii. Hog isl. &-c. &-C. There is a light house at Sands' point in Long Isl. sound. The co. court house is in N. Hempstead, 21 ms. from N. Y. A large l)art of the co. was settled by Holland far- niers, among whom were many families of French extraction, whose ancestors fled into Holland after the massacre of St. Bartholo- mews. This CO. suffered severely during the war of the revolution. A landing was made Iiere by .the British army after it evacu- ated Boston, on the s. e. shore ; and a battle w;is fought, in consequence of which general Washington was compelled to draw off his army and evacuate the city of N. Y. In this he was favored by a thick mist, and the dihu toriness of the enemy. Queen's eo. long re. maiiied in the possession of the British : pop. 1820, 21,519, 1830, 22,4G0. QuEENSiiouo', i)-v. estrn. part of Anderson dist. S. C. by p-r. 108 ms. n. w. Columbia. QiaiKN'smmv, t. Warren co. N. Y. 58 ms. N. Hudson, 5 N. w. Sandy Hill, 8 s. Caldwell,* w. Washington co., n. Hudson r. and Sarato- ga CO., about f> ms. by 13, has loose, sandy soil w., and loam e. both bearing pino. There are some plains e., and the w. is hilly, with French mtn. and French pond at its foot,14 by 2 ms. in length and width. There are also several cranberry marshes. Halfway brook rises hero and flows into Wood cr. Iron ore and lime are found in the t., and an extensive and beautiful quarry of black marble h;is recently been wrought in considerable quantities. Glens Falls village is pleasantly 8ituated,on a plain near the falls of the same name in the Hudson. This is a favorite spot in the northern tour of travellers, lying on the road from Saratoga springs and lake George, o;nd presenting interesting scene- ry at the falls. The descent of the Hudson here is 37 feet. A ledge of blackish limestone crosses the channel, over which the water is precipitated jierpendicularly into a deep basin. Uelow, the channel is divided by an isL of solid rock, in which the floods have worn holes and two singular caverns, in a direction parallel to the strata and across the course of the stream. The neighboring banks are high, rocky and perpendicular ; and the whole is seen at great advantage from a bridge which rests upon the isl. A dam crosses the r. nt the falls, which supplies several sawmills, and turns part of the water into a branch ca- nal and feeder. This passes along the liank in this t. and through Sandy Hill v. to Kings- bury, where it enters the Champlain canal above fort Edward. A convoy of wagons was attacked on the banks of (he r. in this t. during the French war, and a skirmish ensu- ed. At the foot of French mtn. is a defile, in which occurred (17.55) the fight between a detachment of the English and colonial troops under Gen. Sir Charhus Johnson, on a scout from fort George ; the French troojis and Indi- ans under Gen. Dieskau. The latter lay in ambush, and the former suffered severely. The famous Mohawk chief, Hendrick, fell among his allies, the English : pop. 18.30, 3,080. QuEKSSDALE, p-v. Robcson CO. N. C. by p-r. 117 ms. s. vv. Raleigh. QuEENSTOwN, p-v. Quccn Ann co. Md. on then. E. sid*; of Chester bay, 7 ms. s. w. Cen- RAC 438 RAG tervillc, the co. St., and by p-r. G2 ms. estrd. W. C. QuERCus Grove, and p-o. Switzerland co. Ind. by p-r. 117 ms. 8. e. Indianopolie. Quigle's Mills, and p-o. Centre co. Pa. by p-r. 100 ms. wstrd. Harrisburg. QuiNcy, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. 8 ms. s. e. Boston, B. w. Boston harbor, settled 1625, be- fore Boston or Salem, under the name of Mount Wollaston, as a trading post. On Ne- ponset r. is a salt marsh. Squantum is a peninsula running into Boston harbor. Two ridges of the Blue hills run parallel through the w. part. There are extensive quarries of fine granite wrought here, 3 ms. from tide water, in Neponset r., to which it is convey- ed on a rail road, constructed in 1826 — the first work of the kind in America. Pine rails, 12 inches deep and G wide, were laid, under oaken rails 2 inches by 3, covered by iron plates 3-8 inches thick. These rails are G feet apart, on granite blocks 7i feet long. In this t. are the mansions of John Adams and Josiah Quincy : pop. 1830,2,201. QuiNCY, p-v. Franklin co. Pa. by p-r. 83 ms. N. N. W. W. C. Quincy, p-v. and st. jus. Gadsden co. Flor. situated in the nrthrn. part of the co. 23 ms. N. w. by w. Tallahassee, n. lat. 30° 34', long. W. C, 7° 47' w. QuiNCY', p-v. Munroe co. Miss, by p-r. 1G8 ms. N. E. Jackson. Quincy, p-v. wstrn. part Gibson co. Ten. by p-r. 153 ms. wstrd. Nashville. Quincy, p-v. and &t. jus. Adams co. II., sit- uated near the left bank of Mississippi r., by p-r.l93 N. w. Vandalia, n. lat. 39<^ 52' long. W. 14° 18' w. QuiNEBAUG, r. aconsiderablf stream in the E. part of Conn, and a very valuable river for water power. It takes its rise from a pond (Mashapang) in the town of Union, and after making a circuitous course into Massachu- setts, unites with French river between Wood- stock and Thompson, Conn. After a course of 30 ms. through a rich agricultural district, it forms a junction with the Shetucket, three ms. north of Norwich city ; from thence to its junction with the Y antic it bears the latter name. These united streams form the Thames. On the Quinebaug and its tributa- ries are now (1832j from 85 to 100 cotton and woollen manufactories, containing from one to four thousand spindles each, exclusive of those in the Yantic, Willimantic and She- tucket rivers and their tributaries. The. course of the Quinebaug has been proposed as the route for a canal, from tide water in the Thames into Mass. QuiNipiACK, the ancient Indian name of New Haven, Conn. QuiNiriACK, or E. r. Con. rises in a pond in the g. part of Farmington, Hartford co. and flows through Southington, between the two ranges of mtns. in that t., then breaks thro' the E. range, and flows at its e. base at the foot of mt. Carmel and of E. Rock, entering New Haven harbor under a long bridge. The Farmington canal lies along the upper part of the course of this stream. X€* Radun, nrthestrn. CO. Ga. bounded s. w. by Turorce r. separating it from Habersham co., w. by the nrthrn. part of Habersham, n. by Macon co. N. C, n. e. Haywood co. N. C, and e. and s. e. by Chatuga r., separating it from Pickens dist. S. C, length from e. to w. 30 ms., mean breadth 11, and area 330 sq. ms., lat. 34° 53', long. W. C. G° 24' w. The Blue Ridge passes along the nrthrn. border, and from the northern side of the chain and in Rahim co. rise the extreme sources of Ten- nessee proper and Hiwassee r. From the sthrn. slope again issue the fountains of Turorec and Chatuga, or the extreme sources of Sa- vannah r. We may add also, that the higher fountains of Chattahooche r. rise in Haber- sham, within 4 or 5 ms. from the sthwsrn. part of Rabun. From these elements it is evident that Rabun co. occupies a very ele- vated table land. The farms must be from 1,- 500 to 2,000 feet above the Atlantic tides, pro- ducing an effect on aerial temperature to at least 4 degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer. Chief town, Claytonsville : pop. 1830, 2,176. Raccoon, p-o. nrthrn. part of Washington CO. Pa., 12 ms. nthrd. the borough of Wash- ington. Raccoon Ford, and p-o. Culpepper co. Va. Race, the e. end of Long Island sound, be- tween Connectticut and Long Island, where a sunken reef renders the surface agitated when the tide is rapidly passing. The reef lies about n. e. and s. w. in a line with Fish- er's, Gull and Plumb islands. Race Point, the n, w. extremity of Cape Cod, Provincetown, Barnstable co. Mass., 3 ms. N. w. Provincetown v. Racket, r. N. Y. rises in Hamilton co. in n mountainous region, near the head streams of Hudson and Black rs. It is at first deep, slow and crooked, flows through several ponds ; but for about 30 ms. during a i)art of its course, it has a rapid descent and allbrds many mill sites. At Louisville it again be- conies slow and deep, and is navigable in boats of 5 tons to its mouth in the St. Law- rence. The boat navigation continues thence to Montreal. Its whole length is about 120 ms., its descent 200 feet, and its general course n. Radnor, p-v. Delaware co. O. by p-r. 30 ms. N. Columbus. Ragged Mountains, N.H. a range about 10 ms. long, running nearly e. and w. on the line between Merrimac and Grafton cos. be- tween Kcarsearge nitn. and Pcniigewasset r. They are broken and precipitous, and some peaks are nearly 2,000 feet high. Ragged Isl., t. Lincoln co. Me. : popula. tion 1830, 14. RAIL-ROADS 439 AND CANALS. Raiiway, p-t. Essex co. N, J. 4 ms. s. w. Elizabethtown, n. Middlesex CO., is crossed by Railway r. n. and e., with a pleasant v., and 10 school houses. The r. enters Statcn Island sound 4 ms. below : pop. 1830, 1,983. RAIL-ROADS AND CANALS. Bfcfore proceeding to arrange the material of this compound article, wo must introduce some prefatory remarks. From the nature of our treatise, no regular essay on the sub- ject of either mode of conveyance is in view ; nor is it our intention to enter into the con- tested merits of canals and rail-roads.* Wc shall, as far as our document will admit, state what has been effected in regard to canals and rail-roads. In the arrangement, wo havo generally adopted the basins with the canals, and fol- low these with the rail-roads, alphabetically. With the map of the United States before us, wc advance with the former from south to north. Louisiana, or Mississippi Delta navigation. — Besides the main volume of Mississippi, this country is traversed by numerous outlets from that stream, and by counter, or inter- locking water courses. The whole plain so nearly approaches the curve superficies of the sphere, that the utmost height of any part of the land above the lowest, (beds of rivers and lakes excepted) is very slight. Under the head of Mississippi we have already shown that that river flows in a comparatively deep valley, and cannot by either natural or artifi- cial means be diverted from its bed. Canal works must, therefore, as every where else, be constructed to obviate the defects of river navigation, or to supply aa artificial r. where a natural one did not exist. A view of the country itself, or its representation on a map, suggests the idea of prodigious facility of ca- nal construction. This facility is not decep- tive, but has been only very partially taken advantage of, for many reasons. A short cut to admit schooners, sloops, and other small craft into a basin in the rear of N. Orleans, from Bayou St. John, is yet the most important canal in La., or indeed in the Uni- ted States thus far south. This canal is cal- led Carondelet, from governor Carondelet, under whose administration, during the exist- ence of the Spanish government, it was pro- jected. Lafourche, a short canal, supplied with water only when the Mississippi is in flood, unites the outlet of Lafourche (the fork) with the chain of lakes and creeks which lead into the lower Techc, and opens the commerce of Attacapas to N. Orleans. This canal leaves the Lafourche, 16 ms.. below its own elllux from the Mississippi. Where the *As one of the rompilersof the U. S. Oazctteer, it would b(; the lieigln of inronsistency in me to prcfor rail-roads or canals, having been long convinced that noiilier is either th« cheapest, or bust, or indeed will be the ultimate general system. Humble com- mon roads, like common sense, will eustaui their val- ue. W. D. Plaquemine issues from the Mississippi, a cut has long been mado to admit vessels into the former. This is also supplied with water only at high flood. Bayou Iberville, the first outlet of Mississippi river from the left, des- cending that stream, is exactly of similar na- turo to the Lafourche, Plaquemine, and At- chafalaya, from the opposite side. Iberville issues from the main stream below the last highlands, which extend a. of Baton Rouge, and 8 ms. above the efflux of Plaquemine. Following the windings, Iberville receives the Amito r. from the n., 20 ms. from the Missis- sippi. Now a navigable stream admitting vessels of 5 feet draught, the Amite turns to the eastward, and following its very winding channel flows 35 ms. before it opens into lake Maurepas. This lake is again contracted in- to a creek (bayou) which connects it with the much larger lake Pontchartrain, which is it- self joined to lake Borgne, a bay of the Gulf of Mexico, by two channels ; the Rigolets and Chef Menteur. Through this chain of lakes, creeks and bays, an immense line of internal navigation has been projected ; which is, however, only in project, and mentioned on- ly in this place, as being connected with the design of cutting a canal over the peninsula of Florida. In furtherance of the plan of the Florida canal, an act of congress was passed March 3rd, 182G, authorizing surveys. The surveys were made in virtue of the act of con- gress, and reported to the board of internal improvement, 8th Feb. 1828. From the surveyor's report the canal is practicable, but at an expense beyond the reach of accurate estimate. " The elevation of the highest intermediate ridge above the level of the seas, has been found 152 feet at the head of St. Mary's r. near the Geo. line, 158 feet between Kinsley's pond and Little Sta Fe pond, head of Sta Fe river ; and 87 feet between the head branches of the Amax- wra and Ocklawaha." The sea shore was found shallow from Tampa bay to Appalachie bay, on a width outwards from the land, vary- ing from 5 to 15 ms. From the latter to cape San Bias, this width diminishes, except at the intervening capes, where extensive shoals project out, but from cape San Bias to lake Pontchartrain, the shore is generally bold, and the coast affords several good harbors. The Atlantic coast " is all along shallow," say the engineers, " and offers no harbors except at the mouth of St. John's r. and St. Augustine." The shortest distance across the peninsula is about from St. Augustine to a point on the Gulf between the mouths of the Suwannee and Amaxura rivers, 103 ms. The distance in a straight line from the mouth of St. John to that of the Suwannee is 130 ms., and from the mouth of St. John's to that of St. Mark's, 170. The wide and shoaly bank, which ob- slructs the coast from Espiritu Santo (Tam- pce) continues uninterrupted to the bay of Appalachie, where its breadth is reduced to about 3 ms., and a channel formed of 10 feet. RAILr-ROADS 440 AND CANALS. to enter St. Mark's r., and vessels drawing I 8 feet can ascend to the town of St. Mark. Along tho shore 4 or 5 feet is the general depth, and 10 or 12 ms. out at sea only twelve feet is found. The difference of level be- tween the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic ocean, resulting from these surveys, give to the former an elevation of 3 or 4 feet above the latter. Tides in the Gulf about 2 feet at a mean. The engineers enter into much detail on the various routes, a detail we have not room to insert. It appears from the investigations as far as prosecuted, that 8 feet is the deep- «st water that can be calculated on as a de- bouchment to the intended canal on the side of the Gulf, and of course that the canal it- self may not necessarily be constructed with a greater draught than can be navigated from sea to sea. This navigation must be so obvi- ously beneficial, and practicable, and the cli- mate offering no winter obstruction to water navigation on its route, that we may regard its actual construction as amongst the im- provements which the coming age will carry into effect. Leaving the Delta of the Mississippi, and passing along the northern coast of the Mex- ican Gulf, and over the intervening land and rivers, we reach the small basin of Ashley and Cooper, before we behold the natural naviga- tion meliorated by any exertions of man, that deserve particular notice. Setting out from the mouth of St. .Tohn's r. of Florida in a dis- tance of 200 ms., and a coast indented by the •outlets of St. John's, St. Mary's, Santilla, Alatamaha, Great Ogeechee, Savannah, Coo- sahatchie, Edisto, and numerous smaller streams, nature has been left to direct, orim- pcde the channels according to her own cap- rice. The importance and wealth of Charleston, with the peculiar range of the channel of San- tee r. suggested a canal, which was under- taken about the beginning of this century, and in 1802, the harbor of this southern empori- um was united to Santee r. by a canal called " The Santee canal." It extends from the head of Cooper r. n. n. w. 22 ms., and is join- ed to Santee opposite Black Oak island. The Santee canal is 34 feet wide at surface, with 4 feet water, and cost 650,067 dollars. The Santee, Columbia, and Saluda navigation, has been improved above the Santee canal, up- wards of 150 ms., combining side cuts and locks, with the r. channels, and about thirty Jocks overcome 217 feet fall. The foregoing embraced the western branch. Along the Catawba or Waterec, extensive side cuts and locks in Kershaw district, near Camden, at Rocky Mount in Fairfield, and in other pla- ces, opened the fine channel of Catawba to the ocean by the Santee canal. But all that has been done in this extensive region, has hardly done more than to demonstrate the utility and necessity of very extended opera- tions. This will be more obvious when we see the extent of coimtry embraced in this navigable physical section, exclusive of that of Flor. and La. It may be repeated, that along tho Atlan- tic coast at least, the climate opposes no great obstacle to the formation, and permanent use of canals as far as Albemarle sound, in lat. 36°. The almost united mouths of Santee and Pedee, are but little above lat. 33°, therefore all the Atlantic part of the naviga- tion embraced by the foregoing table, is ex- empt from impediment by ice in winter. It has been projected to connect Charleston with Savannah, by an inshore chain of natu- ral channels and short cuts. This line of im- provement is no doubt practicable, and may be effected at an expense of money bearing a small proportion to its immense advantages. The same natural facilities extend in both di- rections from Savannah r. To the a. w. the inshore navigation may be extended to con- nect with that of Flor., and advancing west- ward, reach and join the already vast com- mercial operations, of the Delta of the Missis- sippi. On the opposite side, it is true we dis- cover a new character of coast, but the nat- ural channels still seem to invite to canal im- provement. Passing the Pedee, the insular coast, so remarkable along Florida,Georgia, and the Carolinas, changes its nature and as- pect. Three great elliptic curves sweep from the mouth of Pedee to cape Hatteras, of very nearly equal length, 100 miles each. Defec- tive in deep harbors, as is the coast s. w. of the Pedee, it is still more so to the n. e. of Winyaw bay, or outlet of Pedee. This lat- ter coast of 300 ms. is broken but by one riv- er, that of cape Fear, and in no place admits vessels of 15 feet draught. Beyond cape Hatteras to Chesapeake bay, this latter char- acter of coast continues, but with increased asperity. Between cape Lookout and cape Henry, extend Pamlico, Albemarle, Curri- tuck, and other shallow sounds, not admitting the navigation of vessels drawing 6 feet wa- ter. Into this region of shallow sounds, are poured the volumes of Neuse, Pamlico, and Roanoke rivers. There is not in America, if there is on earth, another range of ocean coast where one canal improvement would more obviously suggest another,until one chain of such works would unite the extremes, than that stretch- ing from the mouth of the Mississippi, to that of Chesapeake bay. We may here remark, that there is no other obstacle opposed to the construction of canals, so formidable, as an extensive shallow sheet of water. Without a correct knowledge of their real character, the North Carolina sounds would be taken as fine expansive bays, and like the Chesapeake, peculiarly fitted for inland navigation ; but when actually and carefully examined, the unwelcome fact is disclosed, that the Cape Fear and Chesapeake basins cannot be uni- ted by a chain of canals at any expense with- in human means, unless that chain is carried along the mouths of the rivers, and heads of the sounds. The basins of Albemarle and RAIL-ROADS 441 AND CANALS. Chesapeake aro separated by a marshy, and 1 co. N. C. This route has received Legisla- generally dead level peninsula, 60 ms. wide, tive sanction, and the name of Cape Fear and The name given to its central part, Dismal Swamp, serves as a brief description of this tract. From this dreary region of lakes, mar- shes, and almost impervious woods, Bennet's creek flows into Chowan river, and tlic rivers or rather bays of Perquimans, Pasquotank and North river are connected sthrdly. with Aii)emarle sound. To the nrthrd. the sur- plus water is carried into James r. by Nanse- mond and Elizabeth rivers. The Dismal Swamp canal, is yet the only work of any importance which has improved the navigation of this region of shallows and fens. It commences on the Va. side on Elizabeth r., near the mouth of Deep creek, and stretches over the Dismal Swamp to the mo -th of Joyce's cr., a branch of Pasquo- . den's Adventure, Goochland co., 30i me. above Richmond. Width of canal 40 feet, depth of water 3J feet, and expense $623,. 295 ; fall overcome, 140i feet. If the re- spective dates in Armroyd's treatise are cor- rect, this, in proportion to magnitude, was the most promptly executed work of its kind ever performed in the U. S. Additional expendi- ture to January, 1828, swelled the amount of expense to $637,607. A section canal to carry a navigation along James r. through the Blue Ridge gap, was commenced in 1824 ; mtg. Under this comprehensive head are fall 96 feet ; stone locks lOJ feet wide, and included the lower part of tho deep bay of 76 feet long; expenditure $365,013. Chesapeake, and its confluents, James, York, Rappahannoc, and the far greater part of the valley of Potomac. The earth affords no other instance where so great a physical change is effected in so short a distance, as that between the shallow sounds of N. C, and the deep water of the Chesapeake. In the latter, the largest ships of war have ade- quate depth almost to the very verge of the primitive rock. Ships of the line ascend the main bay to near its head, up the Potomac to Alexandria, some distance into York r., and up James r. to the mouth of Nansemond r. and Hampton Roads. Sloops drawing 6 or 7 feet water penetrate into innumerable creeks on both sides of the Chesapeake. Here, and over the intervening mtns. to tho Ohio, Va. possesses the inappreciable advantage of full sovereignty, an advantage, in the prosecuting public works, that nothing beside can equal. In the peculiar direction of their channels, it would appear as if nature intended to lavish her favors on this state, by making her estrn. border a common centre of confluent streams. The rivers of Geo. and the Carolinas from Alatamaha to Cape Fear inclusive, and with- out much violence we might say to Roanoke inclusive, flow to s. e., or s. s. e. In sthrn. Va., their general course is estrd. to the Sus- quehannah, which is again almost due a. Much has been done to improve the navi tion of the rs. of Va., but what is executed is indeed small, when compared with the ex- tent of the physical section under review. James r. admits vessels of 125 tons to Rockett's, the port of Richmond. At that city commences the falls or rapids, to pass which by a navigable canal, the old James river company was chartered in 1784, and the works were so far advanced, that tolls were regularly collected in 1794. [See art. Richmond city.) The Richmond canal enters a basin in the wstrn. side of the city ; is 25 ft. wide, and 3 deep, extends 2J ms. to where it enters the r. ; there are 12 locks, and the fall is 80 feet. Three ms above the first is a second short canal, with 3 locks, overcoming 34 feet fall. These canals and locks, with other slight improvements, opened a naviga With these and some other improvements, . the navigation of James' r. has been effected into the valley above Blue Ridge. Extensive , farther improvements have been proposed, to d the amount of ^5,750,000, according to the^ engineer's report, July 1826. These esti- mates are again swelled by plans of canal construction in the Ohio section of Va. ; but in actual peformance the efforts of the state seem to have rather relaxed than augmented. Below Richmond and the head of tide wa- ter, some canal works have been executed. From City Point at its mouth into James r., the Appomatox has been improved 10 ms., to Fisher's bar, and thence by canal round the falls, to 5 or 6 ms. above Petersburg. Thence the chaimel of the r. has been cleared to Farmville, Prince Edward co. On upper Appomattox, about $100,000 have been ex- pended ; below tide water, about $30,000. Vessels of 7 feet draught can ascend to Pe- tersburg. It would be idle to enumerate the various projects of canals, locks, sluices and other proposed works, involving a certain expense of ten millions of dollars, whilst so much re- mains to be done to complete what has been commenced; we therefore proceed to an analysis of the fourth annual report of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal company, 4th June, 1832. From this, it appears that the Chesapeake and Ohio canal company has received from various resources, funds to the amount of $2,065,769 and 80 cts. ; and have expended $2,007,875 and 15 cts., leaving a balance on hand of $57,894 and 65 cts. The charter of this company requires, on penalty of for- feiture in case of failure, the completion of 100 ms. of the canal in 5 years from its com- mencement, which took place 4th July, 1828 ; of course unless provided for, the 100 ms. of canal must be in operation by the 4th July, 1833, or the company must cease operations. On the subject of this contingency, the report before us tacitly acknowleges the inability of the company to save the charter by a full compliance with its provisions, but observes, that " although the apprehension should not tion at all seasons of 12 inches water to j be for a moment indulged, that the charter of Lynchburg. The James r. company in 1825, the company would be endangered by their Dec. 10th, under an act of assembly, 17thifailure to construct 100 ms. of canal in 5 February, 1825, declared a canal navigation 'years from its commencement, considering RAIL-ROADS 443 AND CANALS. the legal obstructions which have impeded its progress for more than three years of that period, yet this provision of the charter, and the interests of the stockholders, impose on the company the obligation of diligently pros- ecuting their work, to the extent here con- templated. Accordingly, the board have first endeavored to ascertain the competency of the present resources of the company, to complete 100 ms. of canal, by the autumn of 1833, being within 5 years from the time when the first contracts were made, and the work actually begun, in the vicinity of Georgetown. "From the treasurer's report, 1st May, 1832, it appears that, on the 3uth April, 1832, the subscribed stock, payable in money, as contradistinguished from the part payable in the shares of the former Potomac company, amounted to $3,609,200 ; of this stock there had been then collected $1,959,087, leav- ing to be collected the farther sum of ^1,650,- 113. Deduct allowance for bad debts $70,U3, affords a balance of $1,580,000. To which add cash on hand, at the date of the treasu- rer's report, after deducting a sum paid by the corporation of Alexandria, in anticipation of its future instalments, $30,814, and there results a fund of $1,610,814, applirable to the following objects : — 1st. Retained for the payment of work done below the Point of Roeks, ^40,841. 2nd. Indemnity for lands taken for the construction of the canal, be- tween the Point of Rocks and the mouth of Tiber creek, ^30,000. 3rd. Completion of unfinished work, between the Point of Rocks and the mouth of Tiber creek, $1 70,000. 4th. To the completion of the 12 ms. of canal and their appurtenances, between the Point of Rocks and the Harper's Ferry feeder, includ- ing the dam and guard lock at the latter; but exclusive of the sum of $14,629 already ex- pended on this work, according to the esti- mates of the engineers, modified in some in- considerable particulars, $310,000. 5th. To the completion of the '24^ ms. of canal, be- tween the Harper's Ferry feeder, and that in the vicinity of Opeccon, according to actual contracts, so far as they extend, and to the estimate of the engineers, modified in some inconsiderable particulars, $788,197. Tiie to- tal amount for these objects being $1,339,038. These being deducted from the available stock, and cash on hand, $1,610,814, leaves the sum of $271,776, which balance is to be applied to the portion of canal between the feeder at Licking creek, and that next to Opeccon. The portion of canal extending from the former, which will be required to make up 100 ms., when added to the part below, need not exceed 14 ms. ; for which the above sum afiords near 19,500 dollars a mile." By reference to the subjoined tables, it will be seen in No. 4. that 100 ms. of canal from Georgetown will reach 32 ms. above Harper's Ferry, and 4 ms. above Williamsport. In re- gard to work actually completed, the report states, that, " the various works on the canal between the Point of Rocks and the basin in Georgetown, which had been permitted to proceed very tardily, for many months, in consequence of their utter inutility without a supply of water, and the remoteness of that supply, in point of time, have, notwithstand- ing, reached very near their final comple- tion." The account rendered of the tolls of the canal, for the 11 months which expired on the 30th of April, (1832; is $25,108 93, to which may now be added, those for the the month of May, $6,400 32, making the tolls for the year amount to $31,509 25, being an excess beyond those of the previous year of $2,367 90. After some estimates, which we have not room to insert, the report adds, " the preceding resources, exclusive of the canal tolls, may, therefore, be safely computed at a sum exceeding $150,000, and if not profitably converted into money, might be pledged, as the basis of a loan, to that amount, in aid of the uncollected stock of the company, if required to construct 1 00 ms. of canal by the Autumn of 1833 ; by which pe- riod, the contracts last made, require the part of the canal, below Opeccon, to be complet- ed. Those, for the works below the head of Harper's Ferry falls, limit the period of their completion, as has been stated, to the 1st of December next, (1832,) by which time, or at any rate, by the opening of the ensuing spring (1833), it is confidently expected to bring the entire canal into use, from the still water, at the head of the falls, produced by the dam of the U. S. armory, down to the mouth of the Tiber." The preceding i,s a general view, and a brief one it is true, of the present state of the ■fcanal system in the U. S. along the Atlantic coast, and that of the Gulf of Mexico from the Potomac to the Mississippi, inclusive. It was our intention to have given a summary table of expenditure, but so desultory have been the operations, and so loose have been the registers of expense, that any summary must be extremely defective ; but vve present the following, which may give some aid in formings comparative estimates of relative expenditure made in the large physical sec. tions of the U. S. Expenditures on the Santee canal, i4650,- 667 ; Roanoke navigation, $365,991 ; Dismal Swamp canal and feeder, $800,000 ; James r. navigation, including the Appomattox, &.c. say i(l,200,000 ; Chesapeake and Ohio canul, $2,007,875. To which add for liU other im- provements on the various rs. and inlets, from the Delta of the Mississippi to the Potomac inclusive, $1,000,000. Agjrregnte amount, $6,024,533. To which aniouiu we may add as already expended on rail-roads in the same natural section, viz. Chesterfield rail-road, $140,000; Petersburg and Roanoke rail, road, say glOO.OOO, and the South Carolina rail-road, which it is supposed will be com. pleted in January, 1833, the whole estimated sum necessary for its complete construction, RAIL-ROADS 444 AND CANALS. $610,000, and machinery, $61,000 ; in all $911,000, making a total of expenditures in canals and rail-roads of $6,935,533. I. — Table of the sub-basins and aggregate extent of Clie8a|)cake basiu. 5 g"^ Ijetween Between Basins. c "ij o Latitudos Longiludcs i-S <5£ N. froiiiW.C. Jauics r. f.'M 40 3f>oiO' 38O20' lOOO' K. 3040' W. Vorlt, i:«t 2037 15 38 i« 11 E. 1 12 VV. Rappalia'c MO 20 37 31 38 44 41 E. 1 25 W. I'otoniac, 1 1 Ridge, ICO 50 37 58 40 05 25 W. 2 45 W. Potomac, 1 b'w Hlue 1 Ridge, 105 30 37 50 39 55 45 E. 1 00 W. Paluxcnt, 1 I'atapsco, &c. 110 25 38 10 39 42 45 E. 05 W. Eastern th j of Chesa- j puake, Susqiieli'li 9m 25 37 07 40 00 40 E. 1 40 E. 230 125 39 33 42 53 2 10 E. 1 41 W. Ciicsapu'e bay. 180 20|37 00 39 33 20 E. I 24 E. Aggregate, 500 138)36 40 42 53 I2 10 E. 3 40 W. n.— Table of the ascents and descents from tide water at Wcldon, on Roanoke, by Salem, and thence over the Alleghany chain into the channel of New river, and down that atreain and the Great Keuhawa to the Ohio river at Point Pleaeant. Route. Tide water to Sa- lem, Salem to forks of Roanoke, Mouth of Elliott creek. Beginning of sum- mit level. Over summit lev'l From wstrn. end of summit level down Meailow cr. and Little r. to New r. Thence to mouth of Greenbriar r Bowyer's ferry, Foot of Great falls of Kenhawa, Mouth of Great Kenhawa at Point Pleasant, 224 11 3-4 11 1-4 12 3-4 5 3-1 83 1-2 45 3-4 222 235 3-4 247 ir>9 3-4 205 1-2 270 3-4 300 1-4 400 428 522 Ascent or descent. Eleva- tion in ft. above mid-tide. 1002 170 221 650 1002 1178 1390 2049 1382 982 III. — Ascents and descents from head of tide water in James river at Richmond, along the channel of James, Greenbriar and Kenhavva rivers to the Ohio river at the month of Great Kenhawa ; and cross jng the Anpalachian system by way of Covington and Greenbriar rs. From tide wa-I tertoMaidcn'sj Adventure, j rolnmbia, j30 Big Bromo, 111 Hardware r. | 3 29 .59 70 1-2 73 1- Ascent descent in feet. Elevation in feet above mid'tidc. 140.5 I 140.5 39.28 179.78 29.22 209 33.27 5M2.27 Scottsville, Warminster, Lynchburg, Illuu Ridge, Through do. I'attonsburg, t'ovinglon, Month of Fork Run, Beginning of summit level, Along summit level, From western end ofsnmmit level down Howard cr. to Greenbriar r. Down Green- briar to its en- trance into New river, Bowyer's ferry Foot of falls in Great Ken- hawa, Mouth of Great Kenhawa, Distances 81 1-2 100 1-2 150 1-' 170 1-2 177 198 1-2 257 273 1-2 27G 280 1-2 288 1-2 337 1-2 383 405 499 descent Jn feet. falls. Elevation in feet above mid-tide. 1.5.11 58.37 185.88 103.47 94.75 106.23 410. 432. 2C4. 249. 287. 400. 341. 108. 257.38 315.75 501.63 005.1 699.85 800.08 1222.0ff 1054.08 1918.03 1G69.08 1382.08 982. 041. 533. IV. — Table of the ascents and descents from tide wa- ter in James river at Richmond, along the channel of James river to the mouth of CJatawba creek, thence up the latter and over the intermediate sum- mit into the valley of Roanoke at the forks of the latter above Salem, and thence, as in table 11. Route. Distances Pattonsburg, Mouth of Cataw- ba, Forks of Roanoke, Summit level, ta-j ble, j Thence to tlie mouth of Green- briar, Thence to the mouth of Great Kenhawa, I 14 1-4 51 94 3-4 ICl 1-2 212 3-4 203 3-4 287 3-4 383 1-2 544 1-4 Ascent or Descent. falls. Eleva- tion in ft. above mid-tide. 806 886 1178 2049 1383 533 V. — Table of the ascents and descents along the chatt- nel of^ Potomac, from tide water at Georgetown to Cumberland, and thence, following the contemplat- ed route of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal, over the Appalachian system by the channels of Yough- ioghany and Monongahela to thu Ohio at Pitts- burg. Mouth of Mo nocacy. Harper's ferry, at passage of Potomac thro' the Blue Ri'e, and influx of Shenandoah, Williamsport, Hancockstown Old Town, Cumberland, Mouth of Little Wills creek, 13 3-4 199 3-4 02 286 69 355 52 407 82 489 84 573 RAIL-ROADS 445 AND CANALS. Route. Eastern end of Hiiinniit level, Western end of summit level, Mouth of Middle Fork creek, Mouth of Cassel man river, ComnelJKville, Mouth of Vough ioghany, Pittsburg, Dislancca in miled. 15 1-4 S3 3-4 IC 20 27 1-2 43 3-4 14 215 268 3-4 284 3-4 304 3-4 132 1-4 376 390 Elevation in ft. above mid-tide. 420 432 152 35 1898 1262 830 Pennsylvania navigation. Under this head is included the Chesapeake and Delaware canal, since, though not actually in the state, it was with means principally aflordcd by Pennsylvania, that this work was constructed. Though only about 14 ms. in length, this canal was built at great expense, owing to its size, the depth of its excavations, and the ex. tent of its embankments. It is of suflicient dimensions for the passage of coasting ves- sels, and extends across the state of Dela- ware, from the Delaware r. to the Elk, which falls into Chesapeake bay. In this canal is a deep cut of 3| ms., 76i feet in depth, where the greatest excavation M'as made. Within the state of Pa. the following are the most important works of this nature which have been executed. The Conestoga canal pass- es from Lancaster, about 62 ms. directly w. from Philadelphia, down the Conestoga cr., 18 ms., in nearly a south west direction, to the Susquehannah r. The Delaware canal commences at its northern extremity at Eas- ton, 55 ms. nearly n. from Phil, on the n. w. bank Delaware r., which, for about 50 ins. s. of this place, is s. e., when it turns nearly s. w. about 30 ms. to Phil. This canal follows the general course of the r., keeping its w. bank to Morrisville, where it bears off from the river to avoid a bend, and proceeds in a nearly direct course to Bristol, on the w. bank of the Delaware, 19i ms. n. e. from Phil. The Delaware and Hudson canal is described among the canals of N. Y. The Lackaicaxeu canal is a continuation of the Delaware and Hudson, up the Lackawaxen r. to the Lack- awana coal-mines. The Lehigh canal com- mences at the Mauch Chunk coal-mine on the river Lehigh, and runs to Easton on the Delaware. The whole distance of this navi- gation is 46J ms., but n part of it is on the r., the length of the canal being 37 ms. Its eastern termination, at Easton, meets the western termination of the Morris canal in New .Jersey. The Pennsylvania canal com. mences at Middletown, at the termination of the Union canal, whence it is proposed to| proceed up along the Susquehannah, in a westerly direction to the Alleghanies, which are passed by a rail-road, -about 50 ms. in length, into the valley of the Ohio, where the canal again commences, and is continued to Pittsburg, a distance, in the whole, of 320 ms. of canal and rail-road. The Schuylkill canal is constructed on the banks of Schuyl- kill r., from Phil, about 110 ms. to Mount Carbon, the region of the anthracite coal in Schuylkill co., the general direction being nearly n. w. The Schuylkill {Little) canal is 27 ms. in length, from the mouth of the Little Schuylkill r. to the coal-mines. The Union Canal branches off from the Schuyl- kill canal, a little to the westward of the town of Reading, in Berks co., about CO ms. from Philadelphia, in a direction generally s. w. ; first passing up a brancli of the Schuylkill, and then down the valley of the Swatara, somewhat circuitously, about 80 ms., to Mid- dletown, a little above the junction of the Swatara with the Susquehannah. It has been a question, idly but somewhat warmly mooted, with whom originated the canal system in the United States. Were it practicable to arrive at a satisfactory adjust- ment of rival claims, the result would be wholly unimportant, since the idea, by whom- ever conceived, was entirely without origin- ality, having been borrowed from older coun- tries. In Pennsylvania, the first enterprises of any moment in this country, in the way of internal improvement, were undertaken and accomplished. But it was not till, by the completion of the great Erie canal, the im- mense benefits resulting from such works were fully demonstrated ; it was then that the system acquired vigor, and won upon the confidence of the people. New York suc- ceeded, and roused her powerful sister state into action ; and that action has produced ef- fects in direct ratio with positive power ; giv. ing a lesson to man that all future ages will read, from a book traced on the surface of the earth. Pennsylvania has already expen- ded not much if any less than $40,000,000 on her stupendous internal improvements. Her system of inland navigation has become complex, however, from having adopted rail- roads and canals on the same line ; we there- fore refer to the head of rail. roads, our fur. ther notice of the inland navigation of Penn- sylvania. New Jersey, from the limited extent of its territory, the dry and sandy nature of its soil in the southern part, its mountains on the.N., and the general want of commodious harbors on the eastern coast, has not been the scene of very extensive canal operations. The Mor. ris, and the Delaware and Raritan canals, however, are important works, and will prove of very great utility. The Delaicare and Rar- itan canal, authorized by the legislature of New Jersey, by an act passed in Feb., 1830, will connect the navigable waters of the Del. aware with those of the Raritan. The canal is 75 feet in width on the water line, and has 7 feet depth of water throughout. The bridg. OS are moveable like those of the Delaware and Chesapeake canal. The locks are 110 feet in length, by 24 in width. Vessels of large burthen may consequently pass through the canali and its advantages to the coasting RAIL-ROADS 446 AND CANALS. trade will be great, as it will complete an in- ternal water communication for masted ves- sels between N. York and Albemarle sound. The terminating points of the canal, are, on the Raritan, at New Brunswick, and on the Delaware, at Bordentown. It follows the valley of the Raritan, Millstone, and Stony brook ; and, crossing the Lawrence Mead- ows to the valley of the Assanpink, along the valley of that stream to Trenton, and thence down the river, (crossing the Assanpink by an aqueduct,) to the point where Crosswick's or. comes into the Delaware at Bordentown. The length of the canal is 42^ ms. ; the ele- vation above tide water but 56 feet. It passes the towns of New Brunswick, Boundbrook, Millstone, Griggstown, Kingston, Princeton, Trenton and Lambarton, discharging at Bor- dentown. The route is through a beautiful and highly cultivated valley, affording great advantages to numerous mills and other wa- ter "works, on the various streams adjacent. It is supplied by a feeder from the Delaware r., commencing at Bull's island, 26 ms. above Trenton, and passing along the bank of the river to the main canal at Trenton. The feeder is also a canal, 60 feet in width and 5 deep. The works now progressing are un- der the direction of an able engineer and as- sistantfi, and there is no doubt of the comple- tion of the whole work in 1833. The Morris canal extends from Philipsburgh, on the Del- aware river, to the Passaic at Newark, across the state of New Jersey, through the counties of Warren, Sussex, Morris and Essex, and was constructed chiefly to open a more direct channel of communication by boats, for the transportion of coal from the mines on Lehigh river. Pa., to the city of New York. It is 34 feet wide, 4 deep, and 84 ms. long, inclu- ding a feeder from Musconetcunk (or -cong) or Hopatcuiik(or -cong) lake. The elevation of the summit is nearly 900 feet above tide water, and 700 feet above the Delaware at Easton, Pa., opposite which it joins that river. On account of the scarcity of water, the com- pany were induced to constr,uciir<'".lined planes at some of the principal elevations on the route. There the boats are received in large cars, wliich are raised or lowered by ma- chinery ; the weight of the descending boat being often applied to assist in raising an as- cending one. The canal is navigable in boats of 25 tons, many of which are actively enga- ged in transporting coal, iron ore, produce, lumber and merchandise of difierent sorts. The country through which it passes has ma- ny iron mines, forges and furnaces, numbers of which have been abandoned on account of the scarcity of fuel in their vicinity, or for other causes ; but some of them will again be rendered profitable. Large quantities of anthracite coal will find the way to the New York market by this route, and ore from the difierent mines is transported by this channel to forges in the different places, particularly in the lower parts of New Jersey, to be smel- ted. The route, after leaving the Delaware, lies near Musconetcong and Pohatcong rs.. through Hacketstown and Stanhope, to the summit near Brooklyn, then down to Sucka- sunny Plains, Dover, Rockaway, along the valley of Rockaway r. across the Raritan on a fine aqueduct 3 ms. above Patterson, thro' Bloomfield, to Newark. The inclined plane at Newark is 1,040 feet long, rising more than 70 feet, and has a double line of tracks, on each of which is a car with eight wheels, large enough to receive a canal boat. This car is connected to a machine turned by a water wheel, 24 feet in diameter, and by a chain strong enough to support 15 tons. A boat may be raised, and another lowered at the same time, in about 8 minutes. Five such operations may be performed in an hour, and 6,000 tons may be passed in a day. It has been estimated, that if locks had been substituted for inclined planes on this canal, the time spent in passing them all would have been 24 hours, while the inclined planes are passed in 2 1-2 hours. The great basins of jhe St. Lawrence and the Mississppi are very intimately connected, and no difficulty exists in the way of uniting their navigable waters, by artificial channels. This object is effected, by the two great Ohio canals ; to which will soon be added the Wa- bash and Erie canal, of which a brief notice is given below. What has been actually completed on the Atlantic slope, and in the cases of N. York and Pennsylvania, the extensions made into the great Canadian basin by the former, and into the Ohio valley by the latter, may well excite astonishment, but if all things are con- sidered and liberally compared, the two great canals of the state of Ohio are the most stu- pendous undertakings ever achieved on the face of nature by man. Forty years ago the ground now comprising that state was a wil- derness, and it is only a few days past forty years since the United States' army was de- feated by savages on the very section of this youthful state, where now a canal is naviga- ted. The Ohio state canals were projected about 1823, and may now be regarded as completed, or so nearly so, as to admit a no- tice admitting their completion. The Miami canal commences at Cincinnati, and extends north-north-eastwardly along the valley of the Great Miami, a total distance of 67 ms. It passes the towns of Hamilton, Middletown, Franklin and Miamisburg, to Daylon, the co. scat of Montgomery CO. This canal is in full operation, and it is in contemplation to extend it to lake Erie, by the valleys of Miami, Au- glaize and Maumee rivers. To secure this latter extension, the congress of the United States made a grant or grants of land to a large amount, conditioned that the Ohio ca- nals be completed within seven years from 1828, or in 1835, and said canals to be and forever remain public high-ways, for the use of the government of the U. S. The route of the eastern or Great canal of Ohio, with its ascents and descents, will b« RAIL-ROADS 447 AND CANALS. seen by reference to a table in article Ohio, page 371. This canal commences on the O. at Portsmouth, and at the mouth of Sciota r., and thence ascends the Sciota upwards of 70 miles, passing the towns of Piketon, Chillico- the and Circleville. It then, leaving the Sci- ota, pursues a course a little e. of n. e. to Coshocton, passing the towns of Hebron and Newark, and the summit level between the valleys, of Sciota and Muskingum rs. From Coshocton, the canal follows the valley of Tuscarawas about 100 miles to the summit level between the Ohio valley and basin of Erie. It thence finally falls rapidly 31 miles to the level of lake Erie at Cleaveland. This great canal traverses the counties of Sciota, Pike, Ross, Pickaway, Franklin, Fairfield, Licking, Muskingum, Coshocton, Tuscara- was, Stark, Portage and Cuyahoga, and may, in more than one important circumstance, be regarded as a continuation of the Erie canal. Both the Ohio canals are owned by the state. This great canal line may be regarded as a continuation of that of the Hudson and Erie canal of N. York. The Miami canal, extending 67 ms. following the canal line from Cincinnati to Dayton, is in full operation. The two canals, according to Flint, will cost from 3 to 4 millions of dolls. (See art. Ohio for further details of its canals.) The Louisville and Portland canal, for the passage of large vessels round a cataract in the Ohio r. at Louisville in Ky., is the last work of that kind of any considerable impor- tance yet completed in the valley of Ohio, and which remains to be noticed. For its length, the Ohio and Portland canal is per- haps the most important artificial hydraulic work ever executed. It has been in use since the 21st Dec, 1829. The charter was granted Jan. 1825, to " the Louisville and Portland canal company ;" stock ^600,000, of which, by act of congress, the U. S. took ^100,000. The length of this canal is be- tween 2 and 3 ms., overcoming 22^ feet fall, by 5 locks. By a report of the engineer, 3d Jan. 1831, it appeared that the Ohio and Port- land canal was then in full operation, and that steamboats had passed since the previous report. To the foregoing notice of western canals may be added the Wabash and Erie canal, of Indiana, a part of which is already under contract. It is to extend over the intermedi- ate table land between the Maumee and Wa- bash rivers ; is undertaken under the author- ity of the state, and its route will be in Allen CO. [For this co. see Appendix.) To the basin of the St. Lawrence belongs all the northern portion of the state of New York, and it has been for the purpose of form- ing a connection between the waters of this basin and the Atlantic, that the Champlain and Erie canals have been constructed. But beside these splendid works, which were the first to open the eyes of the people of the U. S. to the vast utility of artificial navigation, BO many others, of more or less consequence and extent, exist within the limits of the state, either completed or in progress, that we have thought proper to present a succinct and sep- arate account of each, in the following ar- rangement. Black river canal ; a canal has been proposed by the canal commissioners, from the High Fails of Black river, to Rome, 36 ms. with the improvement of the naviga- tion of the river from those falls to Carthage, and a navigable feeder of 9 ms. from Boon- ville, the whole amounting to 76 ms. at an estimated expense of $602,544. The water it is proposed to take from Black river. Buf. falo canals, at Buffalo in Erie co. are two short canals. One of these is for the passage of lake vessels from Buffalo harbor to the line ofthe Erie canal. It is about 700 yards in length, 80 feet wide, and 13 feet deep. It commences near the outlet of Buffalo creek. The other is a boat canal, from Big Buffalo creek to Little Buffalo creek 1,606 feet long. Cayuga and Seneca canal, extends from Geneva, at the foot of Seneca lake, to Montezuma, on the Erie canal, 20 ms. 44 chains. About half the distance is by slack water navigation, the other by an artificial canal. The descent to the canal is 73 1-2 feet, which is surmounted by 11 wooden locks. The tolls collected on this canal in 1831, amounted to $12,920 39 cents. The tolls reported in July, 1832, amounted to $725 44. Champlain canal, extends from the junction with the Erie canal, 8 ms. n. of Alba- ny, to White hall, Washington co. at the s. extremity, or head of lake Champlain, and af- fords a boat navigation between that lake and Hudson river. It is 72 ms. long, and has 21 locks, with a total rise and fall of 188 feet ; 7 of these descend 54 ft. from the summit level N. to the lake, and 14 s. to the level of Hudson river 134 feet. From Albany to West Troy, the Champlain and Erie canals are united ; West Troy is 7 ms. and the route lies along the level on the west bank of Hudson river. At the junction it leaves the Erie canal, and crosses the Mohawk riverat a ferry ; passing through Waterford, Stillwater, Saratoga, Schuj;lersville, Fort Miller, Fort Edward, and'Fort Ann, it terminates at Whitehall. The tolls collected on this canal in 1831, amounted to $102,896 23. This is the route of an ex- tensive and valuable trade, between the shores of lake Champlain, the Hudson and New York. The work was commenced in 1818, and finished in 1823; 46 ms. ofthe route is dug, 6 1-2 Hes in Wood creek from Fort Ann n., the water being raised by a dam. Near Fort Edward a feeder enters from the Hudson, in which is a dam 900 feet long and 27 feet average height. J'rom Fort Edward to Fort Miller, 8 ms. the canal lies in the Hud- son, and again 3 ms. above Saratoga Falls. Chemung canal. The legislature appropria. ted $300,000, in 1829, for the construction of this canal, which is now partly completed. It is to extend from Elmira, Tioga coun- ty on Tioga or Chemung river, (a tribu- tary of Susquehannah river,) to tlie head RAIL-ROADS 448 AND CANALS. waters of Seneca lake, 18 milea. To IMohawk to Cohoes bridge, and after uniting this work is to be added a navigable feeder of 13 ms. for the summit level, from the Che- mung at Painted Post. The canal is to have 53 locks, all of wood, 70 bridges, I dam, 6 culverts and 3 aqueducts. The distance from Elmira to Philadelphia by this route, is 374 ms. and to Baltimore, 394. Chenango canal. A canal has been proposed, from a point on the Erie canal in Oneida co. to the Susquehannah at Binghampton, Broome co. through Oriskany and Saquit creeks and Chenango river. The cost is estimated at 5944,775. The lockage would be 1,009 feet, the rise from Eric canal to the summit being 706 ft. and from Susquehannah r. 303 feet. It would cross the following towns. New Hart- ford, Clinton, Madison, Hamilton, Sherburne, Norwich, O.fford, Greene and Chenango forks. Ckitteningo canal, extends from Chitteningo village, Madison co. 1 1-2 ms. to the Erie canal, and has 4 locks. Crooked Lake canal, is to extend from near Penn- Yan, along the outlet of Crocked lake 7 ms. to Seneca lake. There must be 270 feet de- scent overcome by locks, and the legislature with the Champlain canal, terminates at the great basin at Albany. It crosses Genesee r. en a noble aqueduct, the Mohawk three times, and has many aqueducts, dams, feed- ers, culverts &c. connected with it. The Albany and Schenectady rail-road will carry many of the commodities, and other rail- roads are projected from Schenectady west even as far as Buffalo. Several canals of much importance are branches of the Erie canal-; the Oswego canal, which extends from Syracuse to Oswego, on lake Ontario, and the Cayuga and Seneca canals, connect- ing it with several of the small lakes in the middle of the state. There are others planned, with rail roads in different directions, which will still further increase the vast amount of transportation now carried on through the state. The following is an account of the amounts received in tolls at different places on the canal in 1831. - have appropriated $120,000 for the work. Uiica, Albany, West Troy, .Schenectady, Little Palls, Delaware and Hudson canal. This canal was commenced in 1825 and completed in 1828, and its entire length is 108 ms. It ex- tends from the Hudson river at a point 90 ms. N. New York, to Port Jervis, on Dela- ware r. 59 ms. up the e. bank of the latter 24 ms,. and^up Lackawaxen r., Pa., to Honesdale, Wayne co. 25 ms. It is here connected with a rail road, 16 ms. long, running to Carbon- dale, Luzerne co. Pa. where are extensive mines of Lackawana coal. This company has a capital of 51,500,000, one third part of which is in banking capital in New York. The canal is from 32 to 36 feet in breadth at the surface, 4 feet deep, with locks 9 feet by 76, for boats of 25 or 30 tons ; 43,200 tons of coal were transported on it in 1830, and 52,000 in 1831. It is re-shippcd into vessels at Bolton, on the Hudson, where there is 11 feet water to market. In 1831, 641 vessels were loaded there with coal and other arti- cles, and ^19,500 was received in tolls that year at Rondout, exclusive of that paid on coal ; 138 boats were devoted to the trans- portation of coal only. Erie canal, or Grand canal of N. Y. extends from Albany to Buffalo, 363 ms. It is 40 feet wide at top, 28 at bottom, depth 4 feet. The tow path is 10 feet wide, and it is fenced, lined and bridged, by the state. It leaves lake Eric at Buffalo, which it has rendered a rich & flourishing place ; runs to Black Rock near the lake along Niagara r. 7 ms. in the channel of Tonnowanta creek, 12 ms. through a deep cut in mountain ridge 7i ms. to Lockport, descends 60 feet by 5 double locks ; passes near the ridge road 63 ms. to Rochester, crosses (ienesee river, thence to Mohawk river at Rome, passing a little N. of the small lakes, near the course of Seneca r. through the Cayuga marshes &. the Rome, Syracusp, Montezumci Lyons, Palmyra, Kocliestcr, Albion, Brockport, Fjock|iort, Hullilo, Geneva, Salina, Total amount, $260,443 73 156,458 19 35,700 56 9,685 78 41,012 61 28,680 79 66, 144 82 65,570 15 20,.539, 46 65,776 33 174,.350 90 10,993 94 10,7.50 82 31,023 19 66,009 19 27,742 98 39,360 30 $1,122,243 74 Besides this, large quantities of flour, ashes, provisions, &c. have been sent to the Cana- das, of which no account is here made. The N. Y. canals were constructed at the expense of the state, and a large debt has been thus contracted, to defray which their income is pledged with the net revenue from the auction and salt duties. In 1837 about 2-5 of the debt is payable. The debt for the Erie and Champlain canals amounted, on the 1st Jan. 1832, to ^7,001,035 86 ; the Oswego, Chemung and Crooked Lake canal debt to $1,054,610 00 ; so that the whole canal debt of the state then was 58,055,645 86. In 1831 were inspected at Albany, 48,653 bbls. of wheat flour, a large part of which was raised in the fertile counties of the state, and ground at the extensive mills of Rochester. The tolls collected on the Erie and Champlain canals, in July, 1832, amounted to ^102,904 98; .«|3,953 52 less than in 1831. Haerlem canal, N. Y. CO. extends from East r. to Hudson r. 3 ms. through Manhattanville. The company was incorporated in 1826, and enjoy a per- petual charter, with a capital of ^550,000. It is 60 feet wide, and in the middle part of the long level. It then follows the course of the; route 100 ; 6 or 7 feet deep, and about 3 ms RAIL-ROADS 449 AND CANALS. long; a street of 50 feet breadth is to be\Farmi7)gton canal. This extends 58 mi, formed on cacli side ; it has guard locks at from New Haven to Southwick ponds, on the the end«, and the sides are to ha walled with boundary of Mass. Itpasscs through Hamp- stonc. Hr.ll Gate canal. A company has; den, ('hcshire, Southington, Norlhinglon par- bccn incorporated to construct a sloop canal ish, Sinisbury, Farmington, Granhy, to South- 800 yards long, round the dangerous passage wick, where it enters several ponds. From in East r. called Hell Gate, on the w. end of the level ofFarmington it rises n. 38 feet by Long Island. Delays are frequently caused i G locks ; it crosses Fannington r. on an aque- to the numerous vessels, principally coasters, duct of 280 feet, 31 high. It is 36 feet wide which navigate that channel, as the passage at top, 20 at bottom, 4 decji, with 218 feet is unsafe except at particular states of wind and tide. Hallet's Cove, at a short distance, is often crowded with vessels, waiting for an opportunity to pass. It has been estimated that 520 packets pass 22,520 limes in a year ; 500 trading vessels which i)ass 11,000 times; and 13 steamboats, most of them large, and employed in transporting numerous passen- gers and valuable freights, which pass 5,000 times, making 50,000 in all. It is proposed to make the canal 82 feet wide, 18 feet deep, with gates, and to face it all with stone ; and the cost is estimated at .'{$70,000, and the pur- chase of all the lands, about 50 acres, including houses, buildings of all kinds. lockage, all ascending from N. Haven. Farm- ington r. feeder, 3 ms. long, gives the princi- pal supi)ly, and is a branch. The work be- gan in 1825. The Hampshire and Hampden canal has been constructed in Mass. in con- tinuation of the Farmington canal to West- iield, and was intended to go to Northampton, and even proi)Oscd to be extended to Barnet, Vl. It will probably be completed to North, ampton soon, where it will communicate with Connecticut r. Beside this in the same state is the Enfield canal, extending round En- field falls, on the w. side of tlie Connecticut. It is G miles long, and is an important improve- ment in the navigation of that r. The fall is ferries, rail-ways, quarries, &c. will-amount 30 feet, which is overcome by three locks of to about fifty thousand dollars more. It 1 10 feet lift each, of hammered stone. Great is computed that it will pay about twenty- j advantages arc afforded by this canal for hy- two per cent on the original cost. AfoAawA-} drnulic purposes, which yet have been but par- cannls. The Mohawk river was rendered! tiuliy improved. navigable in boats from Schenectady toi In Rhode Island, the Blackstone canal Rome, some years ago, by the construction commences at Providence, and extends about of canals round Little Falls, and Wolf Rift, 40 ms. to Worcester in Mass. It follows on the German Flats. A canal of 1 1-2 ms. was also made from the head of the Mohawk to Wood creek, which leads into Oneida lake. Oswego canal, in Onondaga and Oswego cos principally the course of Blackstone, or I'avv. tucket river, and passes through North Provi- dence and Bristol in R. I., and Mendon, Uxbridge, Northbridge, Sutton, Grafton and extends from Syracuse, on the Erie canal, to;Milbury to Worcester where it terminates, Oswego, on lake Ontario, 38 ms. For half i It is supplied with water from the Blackstone the distance Oswego r. is used, having beenir. Numerous manufactories lie on and near dammed, and supplied with a towing path on ' this route, to which the canal aflbrds great ad- the bank. The descent to the lake is 1231 vantages. This canal was built by a compa- feet, which is overcome by 13 locks, all of my chartered by the states of R. I. and Mass. which are of stone except one. Cost, !$525,-!atan expense of about ^700,000, and was 000. .$1G,271 10 was collected on this canal j completed in 1828. It is 45 ms. long and in tolls in 1831. The tolls reported in July,!has a fall of 450 feet, to surmount which there 1832, amounted to .'$192,62. Scottsvillf ' are 48 \ocks on the route. The canal has a canal. A company was incorporated in depth of 4 feet, is 34 feet wide at the surface 1829, with $15,000 to construct a canal from and 18 at the bottom. Genesee r. to Scottsvilie, Munroe co. iiodns] In Massachusetts no other canals of mag. canaZ, is to be 24 ms. long, 6 ms. of its routelnitude have been constructed, besides the is on Seneca r. and the outlet of Crusoe lake, : above. The prmcipal are the Middlesex and and I3ms.to be excavated at the summit lev- [the Hampshire and Hampden canals ; the el only 10 feet. The descent is 130 feet, ofj latter is not yet completed, and has been al- which 1 14 is near the end of the canal. Thej ready noticed under the head of Farmington locks will afford abundance of water power, canal. Middlesex canal extends from Big Sodus harbor, with which this canal is to Chariestown, on the navigable waters of Boe- communicate, is large, and one of the best on' ton harbor, to l/owell, on the Merrimack, lake Ontario. This v/ork is on a route said I where it communicates with the works on that to be the most direct communication between jr. and extends the line of boat navigation the waters of lake Champlain and the St. i from Concord, N. H. It is 27 ms. long, 30 Lawrence. 1 ft. wide and 4 deep, with 20 locks and 7 aque- N.England, possessing in general, the usual rugged character of primitive formations, of- fers fewer facilities for extensive artificial nav- igation, than many other portions of the U. S. In Connecticut, the work of greatest mag ducts over valleys and streams. There are four levels, each 5 ms. long. At Charles, town the canal terminates in a large mill pond. On the summit level it crosses Concord r. which supplies it with water. 13 locks de- nitude which has yet been undertaken, is the' scend hence toChnrlcstowri, 107 feet, and 3 RAIL-ROADS 450 AND CANALS. locks to Merrimack r. above the falls, 21 ft. This work cost $530,000. The Pawtuck et, South Hadley and Wickaeee canals are comparatively of inferior importanco. Paic tucket canflZ was constructed in 1797. It pass- es round the Pawtucket falls (in the town of Lowell) in the Merrimack, a distance of 1^ ms. Since its first construction it has been both deepened and widened and affords water pow- er to several manufactories. The falls in the whole distance are about 30 ft. and the canal is now 90 ft. broad, and 4 deep. South Had- ley canal, is 2 ms. long, and overcomes a de- scent of 40 ft. in Connecticut r. It was the first canal in the U. S. being commenced in 1792. Near its lower junction with the Conn, is a cut through solid rock, 300 ft. long and 40 deep, through which k passes. Wickasee canal, leads boats round the falls at that place in Merrimack r. 3 ms. above Lowell, where the Middlesex canal commences. $14,000. The remaining canals of New England will occupy but a very brief space. The White r. canal, in Vt. is a small work around a fall in Conn, r., for flat bottomed boats and rafts. The Bellows Falls canal, in the same state, is a short but expensive work along the w. shore of Conn. r. round these falls. It itie cut through a bed of hard gran- ite ; but a patt of the excavation was made in ages past.by the current of the stream. Flat bottomed boats, small steamboats and rafts, thus pass a natural obstruction in the naviga- tion. In N. H. a company was incorporated in 1811, the charter of which has since been re- newed, for the purpose of forming a canal with locks from Winnipisseogee lake to Do- ver, along Cochego r. 27 ms. As the descent is 452 ft., no less than 53 locks would be ne- cessary; and the expense is estimated at $300,000. This work would be of benefit to above 400 sq. ms. ; and it has been even pro- posed to extend a canal to Pemigewasset r. The following works, completed in the same state, constitute with the Pawtucket and Wickasee canals, in Mass. already mention- ed, links in a chain of navigation, extending from Boston harbor by the Middlesex canal and the Merrimack r., to the central part of N. H. Amoskeag canal, affording a boat navigation round a fall of 45 ft., in the Mer- rimack, is one mile in length. The fall is 45 feet, and is overcome by 9 locks, which with the canal cost $50,000. Bow canal, aflbrds boat navigation of ^ m. round the falls in Merri- mack r. at Bow,of 25 feet descent. The works cost $21,000. The canal commences at the upper landing in Concord, and is the first link in the chain of improved internal trans. portatioD, which extends down the Merrimack to Lowell, and thence to Boston. Hookseft canal, 50 rods only in length, passes round Ilooksett falls, 7 ms. below Amoskeag. These falls are 16 ft., and the canal and locks cost $17,000. They afford a navigation for boats. The Union canals pass 7 falls in tlie Mcrri- the navigation of boats is 9 ras. There are 7 locks on the route, which furnish water pow- er for several manufactories. This and the 3 canals preceding, all in New Hampshire, are a part of a line of navigation long since pro- jected between Boston and the central parts of N, H. The Middlesex canal unites with this improved navigation 27 ms. n. n, e. Boston, at Chelmsford. In Maine the Cumberland and Oxford ca- nal extends 50 ms., from Portland to Sebago pond. The latter, with Brandy pond and outlets, include 27 ms. of the canal, the bal- ance, 23 ms., being artificial, and having 24 locks. Bridgeton is at the head of the ca- nal. This completes what we have to say de- scriptive of canals in the U. S. With regard to the system in general, the expense attend- ant on the construction of such works, and It cost| the amount of profit accruing from them to the proprietors, a few words here may not be out of place. The following observations and statistical detail are extracted from Wood's treatise on rail roads and interior communication in general, edited by Geo. W. Smith. " The spirit of enterprise has been diplay- ed," says Mr. Smith, " on a scale commen- surate with the extensive territory of the U. S. With the exception of Great Britain and Holland, no country on the face of the globe contains so many or as extensive canals as this republic ; and the whole of combined Eu- rope has not effected as much during the last 16 years, as the three states of Pennsylvania, New York and Ohio only. The total num- ber of miles of canals in the union is 2,526, including about 264 which are nearly finish- ed, and which will be navigable during the ensuing spring, (1833.) Several extensive canals are in progress, and an immense num- ber of projected or authorized works are not included in the summary just given. Nearly four-fifths of the aggregate amount have been executed in the three states above men- tioned." " The cost of the canals in the U. S., has been about 21,400 on an average, per mile. Although many expensive alterations have been made, a large additional sum will be re- quisite, for the purpose of completing these works in a permanent and suitable manner. The amount necessary for this purpose can- not be accurately estimated ; but, if a judg- ment may be formed from the brief and lim- ited experience of N. Y. and Pa., (where much expenditure will still be necessary,) the ultimate cost will probably be at least $28,500 per mile. The navigable canals of Pa. have already cost |-25,185 per mile." " The cheapest canal (probably in the Un- ion) cost about .^'5,200 on an average per mile. The Chesapeake and Delaware canal cost nearly <|j5 169,000 per mile. The dimen- sions of this work permit the passage of coasters. It presents one of the cases where canals are decidedly superior to rail-roads- niack, and the distance improved by them for namely, for connecting by a short line an im- RAIL-ROADS 451 AND CANALS. mense extent of navigable waters ; although 1 July, the tolls chargeable on every ton render the August, cost of transportation ten times greater than on a rail-road of similar extent, and construc- ted for perhaps one-tenth of the cost of the canal — nevertheless, the expense, delay, and inconvenience of transhipment give a prefer- ence to a work which permits of a continu- ous voyage. A rival rail-road, to connect the same points, has, however, even in this in- stance, been made, and with great advantage, for the rapid conveyance of light goods, pas- sengers, &.C., for which pureoses canals are not adapted." From the above stated cost of ^169,000 per mile, the 14 ms. contained in the Chesa- peake and Delaware canal, must have cost 1,238 10 1,101 00 1,790 38 1,82(5 GI eS2 98 724 95 86,664 15 S10,054 83 $3,450 68 Cayuga niid Seneca canul. April, May, June, July, August, 1830. S956 GO 1,005 79 1,556 43 1,095 10 788 06 1831. 51,214 19 2,063 42 1,707 37 1,164 59 2,219 36 Gain. 8257 60 757 63 161 91 69 49 431 30 S6,301 98 $7,963 93 $1,667 95 8187,814 63 Totiil gniii, "Justice, however," continues Mr. Smith, ^2,366,000; the original estimate of the sum I" requires the remSrk, that many of the tiiis canal would cost, was made in 1824, and I ^'"C'ca/i canals have only recently been stated at $1,129,030 73, or, too low by more constructed, and, consequently, that the trade than one half. The estimate is followed by on them is not yet established to the extent the following sentence : " The adopted canal whicii time will create : on a few the naviga- will be 60 feet wide at the water line, 36 at tio" has not yet commenced." bottom, 8 feet deep, less than 14 ms. long, and lined with stone, gl, 129,036 73, divided by 14, gives ^80,645 48 cents per mile." The mistake in the estimates most probably saved the enterprise. "In the U. S., the proprietors of the two thousand five hundred and twenty-five miles of canals, which are in operation or in pro- gress, have not, in any one solitary instance, received from the tolls derived from these ■works the current interest of the country on the capital expended in their construction (in- cluding therein, as part of the real cost, the arrears of unpaid interest on those portions of the capital which vjerc temporarily dormant.) The Erie and Chaniplain canals of N. York (now the most productive in the Union,) have not in any otic year, with one exception, paid the expenses of their repairs and management, and the current rate of interest on their actual cost, although in other respects they have greatly increased the wealth and welfare of that populous state." The total cost of the N. Y. canals, inclu- ding the expense attending the repairs and alterations, has been nearly ^12,000,000. RAIL-ROADS. The authorities consulted in the following notices of rail-roads, are chiefly " Smith's Wood," and the " Rail road Journal" of N. York. Those who would see more full ac- counts of ditierent rail-roads, are referred to these and other and more extended works. Rail-Roads, completed, commenced, or incorporated. Albion and Tonnawanda, r-r. N. Y. A company has been incorporated to construct this road. Albanv and Schenectady, r-r. (See Hud- son and Mohawk r-r.) Alleghanv and Portage r-r. Thie is one of the links of the Pennsylvania chain of r-rs. and canals ; it extends over the main Alle- ghany ridge of mtns., from Hollidaysburg on the Juniata r. to Johnstown on the Conne- maugh, 36^ ms. It passes over the Allegha- ny nits, by means of 10 inclined plains, 5 on each side of the mt. ; the estrn. slope from Hollidaysburg to the sunnnit being 10 ms., and the wstrn. declivity 26i. It passes a part The following table is an interesting docu-lof the mt. by a tunnel 900 ft. long, 26 high, ment : | and 22 wide. There are 4 viaducts, (road ways) of masonry, containing 15,465 perches, estimated cost about )$80,000, also a bridge ! for the passage of a t-pike, cost $1,284 ; 72 G;>in. 1 culverts, 11,775 ft., cost $37,000; cost of $ 10.8-20 'sr'»^in&' exclusive of masonry, $499,300; !7ri71 1 estimate of .$89,000 for engines and machine- 38^878 py- This road is not completed, but is in ra- 22,057 Pitl progress, and will be in operation in l;i33. 33,611 Ambov r-r. {See Camden and Amboy r-r.) 1 Au Sable a.n'd Lake Cha.\iplal\ r-r. A S182,09b company has been incorporated to construct this road from the forks of the great Au Sa- ble r., along the valley of that streum to lake Gain. Champlain about 15 ms., with power to make $430 19 branches to the iron mines of Pa. The ob, 770 1 1 ject of this plan is to facilitate transportation 973 18 1 between navigable water and the mines. Tolls on the New York canals. Erie and Champlain canal. 1S30. 1831. April, S 75,470 8116,300 May, 166,140 213,311 June, 103,437 142,315 July, 84.402 106,858 August, 80,605 114.21!; $510,404 8693,100 Oswego canal. 1830. 1831. April, S 750 13 81,180 20 May, 2,058 95 2,829 06 June. 1,455 88 2,429 06 RAIL-ROADS 452 AND CANALS. Baltimore AND Ohio r-r. The charter for I on York t-pikc between the 12th and 13th this work waH granted by the legislature of mile atones from Baltimore, is nearly coni- Maryland, Fob. 9th, 1827, and the work was commenced the 4th July, 1828. 'I'hc origin- al design was to unite the city ot Baltimore with Ohio r. by a line of double track r-r ; and to that effect, permission was obtained from the legislature of l*a. and Va. ; but a.s the extension of the road beyond the point ol rocks wliere it iiitcrsccUni I'olomac r., lias been prevenled by a legal disjiute with tiiu Chesapeake and Oliio canal company, we confine our notice to that part either fniishod or in progress.- It conmionccs in the city of Baltimore, and c.xicnds to ihe I'oint of Rocks 69j ms. ; with a brancli road to Frederick, of 3 406-1000 ms., or 72i ins. very nearly. The road-bed is 2tj ft. wide. Tlio lino of liie road is inflected very considerably along the Tallies of the streams ; and the road presents several rather abrupt curves. Of the whole distance, about 33 ms. are for the most part straight. Curves varying in radii from 955 ft. to infinity, occupy 3,903 feet ; whilst 21 ms. have radii from 395, to 955. A single curve of 1,4'JO feet long lias so small a radius as 318 feet; and another 1,100 feet, extends on a radius of iJo7 feet. The bridges and via- ducts arc numerous, and solid, but very ex- pensive structures. The materials on which the rails are laid, are stone blocks and wood- en sleepers. Forty ms. of single track, are composed of granite sills 8 inches thick, 15 wide, and of various lengths. These are laid in trenches, filled with broken stone. The estrn. section of 13 ms. was by far most difficult and expensive ; costing for only grad- uation and masonry, above )i^4G,354. The cost of graduation of these 13 ms., amounted to $8,994 more than did the residue of 545 ms. ; and on the fust 8| ms. was expended in masonry, a sum equal to the cost of the re- maining 58^ ms. ; proportion SJ to 1. The average cost of the road when completed, was estimated at $30,000 per mile. This road is in operation, and during the last very severe winter, kept the co.'^t of fuel in Balti- more down to its ordinary price, about 100 per cent below what it was in Phila., New York, &.C. Baltimore and .Susqueiiannah r-r. This line of road, designed to connect the city of Baltimore with York Haven on the Susque- hannah, will be about 70 ins. in length, but as the whole line has not yet been fixed, the exact length cannot be accurately stated. It has to pas.< a summit of 1,000 feet. The first division of 6'8-lOth ms., commencing at the depot in the city of Baltimore, and ter- minating on .Jones' Falls cr., was completed and opened with one trac :, on the 4tli July, la31. The road-bed of 22 ft., will admit two tracks. The second division, G 3.10tl) ms., continu- ing from the first, up the valley of Jones' Falls to the niouth ol liowland's run ; thence up the latter, and over the summit between the vallies of Jone.s' Falls cr. and Gunpowder r., to a point pleted. From the termination of the first division, on the right branch of Jones' Falls cr., the Westminster branch road leaves the main line, and follows the valley of Jones' Falls to its head, 8 ms., and terminates on Reisters- town road, near the llth mile stone. This wurk wa.s conunenced in tln! autumn of 1830. U will extend to N. line of the state of Mary, land, and thence to York Haven in Pa. A company clwirtercd by the latter state will then continue it to the end; the estimated average expense per mile, is about .$11,400 ; lor the wh.)lc 21 1-1 Olh ms., *240,000. An- other section of the Wesiininster branch of this road is com[ilcted to " Owing's mill," and the cars have already commenced riuming to that place. The same is true of another division of this road, which extends to the York t-pikc road. Baltlmohh and Washington r-r. This r-r. is another, and an important branch of the Baltimore and Ohio r-r., and has been com- menced by the same company. The surveys are nearly or quite completed, and thus far arc quite favorable. The r. will be 33 ms. long from Washington to Elkridge landing; its stock has been chiefly taken by the state of Maryland, and the IJaltimore and Ohio r-r. company. Black River r-r. A company was incor- porated by the legislature of N. Y. in 1832, to construct this r-r. from the Erie canal at Rome or Herkimer, to the r. St. Lawrence. Its capital $900,000. BosroN r-rs. There are now three r-rs, constructing from Boston in as many different directions; all of which will prvbably be greatly extended beyond the points at which for the present they will terminate. The road to Providence will undoubtedly be continued to Norwich or New London ; that of Wor. cester to Albany, and that of Lowell to Vt., perhaps to Burlington, or from the opposite shore of the lake to Ogdensburg, N. Y. The Worcester road may possibly be connected with one from Norwich, Ct. ; one to I lariford and New Haven, Ct. ; and one to the n. w. parts of Mass. Boston a.vd lake Ontario r-r. This pro- posed line embraces the Boston and Lowell r-r. That part of the road to the N. Hamji. shire line, via Lowell, is now in a vigorous train of execution ; and in New Hampshire it is continued 15 ms. by the Port Kent and An .Sable r r. A company, under the title of " the Boston and lake Ontario r-r. company," has been incorporated by the legislatures of Massachusetts, Vermont and New Hamp- shire, and it is expected will be by that of N. Y. at the ensuing session. Boston and Lowell r-r. This work has already been commenced ; it is to be con- structed of the most durable materials, stone and iron, with a single track at pre- sent, and provision for the addition of an- RAIL-ROADS 453 AND CANALS. other if expedient. It ia to commence near Warren bridge, to cross Charles river by a viaduct, thenco through Woburn, and termi- nate at the Merrimack canal at Lowell. Boston and Providence r-r. Regarding this intended line, which is now in progress of location, the only authentic information we possess, is contained in a letter from the en- gineer engaged in its survey, by wliich it ap- pears that the route of " the Boston and Pro- vidence r-r." developcs greater facililies, to execution, than was anticipated. The ro;id will be virtually (for the niO'st part actually) straight ; no curve being of necessity grea- ter tiiau of 6,000 feet radius ; and under these circumstances, dispensing with the inclined plane which had been projected, the dividing ridge will be passed on an inclination well adapted to the use of locomotive engines. These im[)rovemcnts on the route will prob- ably be ettected at a cost considerably within that which was anticipated in the estimate. " The direction of the route is such, that while it will aftbrd the shortest communica- tion between Boston and Providence, it af- fords great facilities for a connexion also with Taunton, by a branch rail-way (diverging from the main line, say 23 uis. from Boston,) of but Hi to 12 ms. in length; making the distance, therefore, from Boston to Taunton, but 35 ms. ; or exceeding that by the t-pike, only 3 rns. From the public spirit of gentle- men in Stonington, New London and Nor- wich, the requisite funds have been raised, and surveys arc now being prosecuted by officers of the army, who have been detailed to the service, with a view to ascertain the best route for continuing the r-r. (either thro' Providence or Worcester; from Botiton to Long Island sound. Whether it should ter- minate at Stonington, or New London, as the navigation thence would be uninterrupted by the severity of winter, the completion of a r-r. to either place, would render travelling by means of steamboats and locomotives, at all seasons comfortable, cheap, and expe- ditious. Boston and Worcester r-r. The exca- vation for this road was commenced, August 1832, at Brighton and at Needham. The whole line from Brighton to Needham, a dis- tance of 8 ms., is divided into 14 sections, including the passing of Charles r., and the high ground in Western, which constitutes the most difficult portion of the road between Boston and Worcester, is under contract on terms below the estimates, and is to be com- pleted by May, 1833. The grcatexi supposed curve that will be necessary on any part of the road, will have a radius of 1,150 feet, and the greatest degree of inclination from a level will be at the rate of 30 (ect m a mile. Few places will occur, where so short a turn, or so great an inclination will be necessary; while a large part of the route will be perfectly straight. The main street in Wor- cester is found to be 456 feet higher than Charles street in Boston. This elevation must of course be gained by the inclination of the road, making an average of lO-i feet per mile of the whole distance. On the line of road, as it has boon located, the whole amount of ascent in proceeding from Boston to Worcester is 554 I'eet, being only 98 feet greater than the actual elevation of Worcea- ter above Boston. The whole descent, there- fore, in passing from Boston to Worcester, is only 98 feet, or an average of 2 3-lOths feet per mile. The length of the road as it is lo- cated, is 43^ ms. This is about 2 ms. longer than a straight lino between the points of ter- mination, and about equal in distance to the road which is now most travelled between Boston and Worcester. The iron for the con- struction of the road will be admitted into the country free of duty ; and it is stated that the work will probably bo executed at a less expense than the sum estimated, and consid- erably below the cai)ital of the company. It is thought also that nearly within the time in whicli a third part of the capital is expended, more than a quarter part, including the most productive part of the r-r., will be opened for use. Brooklyn and Jamaica r-r. This road is to be constructed on Long Island, to form a r-r. communication between JJrooklyu and Jamaica ; a company was incorporated for this purpose in 1832, with acai-, south branch, river, N. J., rises in Budd's pond, Scliooley's mountain, Mor- ris CO., N. Suckasunny plains, and runs by German valley, Clinton, Flemington, &.C., to its junction with the north branch, 4 miles w. Somerville. Raritan, north branch, r. N. J., rises 6 ms. N. w. Morristown village, Morris county, and partly in Suckasunny plains, and runs through Somerset co. to its junction with s. branch. Rattling Gap, p-o. Lycoming co. Pa., by p.r. 109 ms. nrthrds. Harrisburg. Raudsville, p-o. Northampton co. Pa., by p-r. 196 ms. n. n. e. W. C. Ravenna, p-v. and st. jus. Portage co. O., by p-r. 127 ms. n. e. Columbus, and 320 ms. northwestward W. C. n. lat. 41° 10', long. W. C. 4° 12' w. It is situated on a branch of Cuyahoga river, on a country, the moan height of which is about 1,000 feet above the Atlantic tides. Pop. of Ravenna township, including the village, 1830, 80G. Rawlingsburgii, p-v. Rockingham co. N. C., by p-r. 105 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. Rawlinsville, p-o. Lancaster co. Pa., by p-r. 95 ms. N. e. W. C. Rawsonsville, p-v. Broadalbin, Montgom- ery CO. N. Y., 10 ms. from Johnstown, on Fon- das creek. Ray, p-v. in the nrthrn. part of Macomb co Mich., by p-r. 58 ms. n. e. Detroit. Ray, CO. Mo., bounded by Missouri r. s., separating it from Lafayette and Jackson ; Clay vv., and on the other sides boundaries imcertain. Length 24 ms., mean breadth 20, and area 480 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 15' n., and long. W. C. 17° w. intersect in this county. Slope s. E. towards Missouri r. Chief town, Richmond. Pop. 1830, 2,657. Raymond, p-t. C-umberland co. Me., 75 ms. s. w. Augusta, 24 n. Portland, lies on the n. side of Sebago pond, is crossed by the lower part of Crooked r. s. w., and has several other small ponds and streams. Pop. 1830, 1,756. Raymond, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H., 25 ms. s. s. E. Concord, 25 s. s. w. Portsmouth, 13 w. Exeter, with 16,317 acres ; is crossed by Lamprey river, whose two branches here unite. There are also 2 ponds, and part of Patuckaway river. There are fertile mead- ows on the r. Oak, &c. grow on the uplands. A small cavern in the w. part called the oven. Rattlesnakes formerly abounded. This town furnished 21 soldiers to the continental army in the revolution, besides militiamen. Pop. lf!30, 999. Raymond, p-v., and as marked in p-o. list, chief town or st. jus. Hinds co. Miss., 19 ms. from ,Iackson, but rclalive position uncertain. Ravnham, p-t. Bristol co. Mass., 32 ms. s. Boston ; has Taunton r. s., which forms an arch round that part. First settled 1650, and the first forge erected in North America was built here in 16.52, by James and Henry Leon- ard. King Philip, or Metacom, had a fishing station here. Iron is here manufactured in various forms, nails, bars, hollow ware, &c. Pop. 1830, 1,200. Ravsville, p-v. Henry co. Ind., by p-r. 36 ms. n. e. by e. Indianopolis, Raytown, p-v. Wilkes co. Geo., by p-r. 51 ms. N. E. Milledgeville. Readfield, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., 7 ms. w. Augusta, is a small town of irregular form, crossed by a long pond, whose outlet forms the principal upper stream of Cobbesseecon- te r. Pop. 1830, 1,884. Reading, p-t. Windsor co. Vt., 53 ms. south Montpelier, 9 w. Windsor ; was chartered in 1781, and contains 23,040 acres. First set- tied 1772. It is uneven, with a ridge of moun- tainous land w., from which descend several streams, (lowing partly n. e. to Queechy r., partly e. to Connecticut r. at Windsor, and partly s. into Black r., furnishing pretty good mill sites. There are 12 school dists., sev- eral mills, &c. The timber is hard wood and spruce. Pop. 1830, 1,409. Reading, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 12 ms. N. Boston. Settled 1644 ; has much good soil, but some uneven and hard. The village is large. Pop. 1830, 1,806. Reading, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn., 60 ms. s. w. Hartford ; about 5 ms. by 6^, with 32 sq. ms. ; has rocks of granite and primitive lime- stone, with an irregular surface, and a good soil. Saugatuck river crosses it through the middle n. and s., and Norwalk r. is in the w. part. The forest trees are oak, nut trees, &c. Joel Barlow was born here. Pop. 1830, 1,- 686. Reading, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y., 223 ms. w. Albany, 25 N. e. Bath, 15 s. e. Penn-Yan, w. Seneca lake, which separates it from Sen- eca and Tompkins cos. It is a gore of land from 3 ms. to 4^ by 14, with very good, level land, without stones, and watered by Big. stream and Rockstream, which afford valua- ble mill sites. They flow into the lake, which they enter near each other. Rockstream has a very romantic fall of 140 feet, at the foot of a long rapid. The water is precipitated into a basin, between high banks of clay slate. Stone quarries are situated at different places along the shore of the lake. Pop. 1830, 1,- 568. Reading, borough, p-t. and st. jus. Berks CO. Pa., by p-r. 52 miles a very little n. of e, I Harrisburg ; 50 ms. n. w. Philadelphia, and 143 ms. a little n. of n. e. W. C. n. lat. 40° 1 42', long. W. C. 1° 03' e. Reading, similar to many of the other borough towns of Pa., I was originally laid out after the model of Philadelphia ; streets extending at right an- gles to each other, .with two main streets, at the intersection of which the court-house was ' erected. It is more than commonly compact, ' and well built, and contains several places of public worship, the ordinary co. buildings, numerous private schools, and one bookstore. ; Situated on the canal formed along the J Schuylkill, and in the midst of a fertile and RED 467 RED well culiivated country, Reading is a flour- |aro severailandings, atoneof whichlhe New ishinc commercial depot, as well as place of | York and Albany steamboats touch ; and sev domestic trade. The original inhabitants leral villages ni the mtenor. Near the river were mostly Germans, and eminent for their the banks are hne, and ornamented with the industrious and economical habits and quiet | residences of several of the Livingston fami- manners; and such is still the character of jly. and other gentlemen. There are several the place. Pop. 18-20, 4,332, and in 1830, 5,- factories, an academy in the Upper v., &c. 836 ] having gained upwards of 35 per cent, in h) years. Reading, p-v. Sycamore township, Harri. jlron CO. O., by p-r. 1 1 ins. n. n. e. Cincinnati. Fop. 1830, 200. Reauyvii.i.e, p-v. in the estrn. part of Ruth- erford co. Ten., 12 ms. e. Murfreesboro', the CO. seat, and by p-r. 45 ms. s. e. by e. Nash- ville. Reamstown, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa., 15 ms. N. E. Lancaster, and 15 ma. s. w. Reading. Pop. 1830, 300. Rekecca Fuknace, and p-o. Botetourt co. Va., 22U ms. n. w. W. C. Reiieiisburg, p-v. Centre co. Pa., 12 ms. e. Bellefonte, the co. seat, and 93 ms. n. w. Har- risburg. Rectortown, p-v. Fauquier co. Va., by p-r. 53 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Red Bank, p-v. in the nrthrn. part of Arm- strong CO. Pa., 20 ms. N. Kittanning, the co. Bt,, and by p-r. 235 ms. n. w. W. C. Red Bird, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Clay CO. Ky., 10 ms. sthrd. Manchester, the co. st., and 125 ms. s. e. Frankfort. Red Bridge, p 0. Hawkins co. Ten., 10 ms. s. w. Rogersville, the co. seat, and by p-r. 254 ms. a little e. of n. Nashville. Reddies, or Reddy's river, and p-o. Wilkes CO. N. C, by p-r. 188 m.s. a little n. of w. Ra- leigh. Redfield, p-t. OswtL'o CO. N. Y., 30 ms. N. Rome, 142 n. w. Albany, s. Jeflrer.son co., w. Lewis CO. ; Cms by i4 ; is crossed in the s. by Salmon r. wliich (lows into lake Ontario, and a branch flows soulli through the middle, which furnish mill scats. The soil is good, bearing a variety of timber, and the surface nearly level, ^^op. 1830, 341 Pop. 1830,2,983. Red Mountain, p-o. Orange co. N.C. by p-r. 38 ms. N. w. Raleigh. Red River. There are several streams in the U. S. which bear this name, and follow- ing the geographical relative positions we have pursued in this treatise they stand in the following order. Red r. of Ky. and Ten. has its sources in Christian, Todd, Logan and Simpson coun- tics of the former state, and vyhich flowing soutli'rd. enters a stream which originates in Summer co. Ten., and which, flowing wstrd. under the name of Red r. traverses Robertson and Montgomery cos. Ten. falls into Cumberland r. at the bend near Clarks- ville. Red r. has interlocking sources with Big Barren and Muddy r. branches of Green river. Red r. of Ky. rises in Morgan co. and flow- ing thence wstrd. over Montgomery, falls into the right bank of Kentucky r. between Clark and Estill counties. Rrd r. great sthrn. constituent of As- siniboin r. {See Red river, article Assiniboin, p. 32.) . . . Red r. great sthwstrn. branch of Mississippi r., has its remote sources in the mountainous prairies of N. Mexico,betwoen the sources of Canadian Fork of Arkansas and those of Rio Colorado of the Gulf of Mexico, and between 25° and 33° long. w. W. C. From its source through 1 1 degrees of long, the general course is very nearly E. From the 23d degree to 17° 30' w. W.C. the channel forms the boiin- dary between the U'. S. and Te.xas, and with long. 17° 30' it inflects to s. e. and becomes entirely a stream of the U. S., traverses a small angle of Ark. and thence entering La. arlv level, fov- loou, j-*i. pj. ...... ^"^'-^ ~- „„ , ' • Red HiLi., Moultonborough, Grafton co. over which it winds 30 J ms. by comparative N. H., at ihe n. end of Winnipiseogee lake, | course to its final discharge into Missussippt commands the fmcst view of that beautiful j at n. lat. 31° 01', long W.c. 14° 40' w Ihe sheetof water, and the surrounding coumry, higher volume ol Red r. is formed by two for a great distance. It has a small stream! main branches. Red river proper, and l-aUe N., Great Squam lake w.. Long Pond and | Ouachitta, both rising m New Mexico, and Winnipiseogee lake s. Iron ore is found in the N. Bluff', and bog iron ore in a brook be- low it. Red Hii.r., p-v. sthrn. part of Kershaw dist. S. C. 16 ms. sthrd. Camden, and by p-r. 49 ms. N. E. by e. Columbia. Red House, p-o. Charlotte co. Va. by p-r. 112 ms. s. w. Richmond. Red House, p-o. Caswell co. N. C. by p-r. 75 ms. N. w. Raleigh. Red Hook, p-t. Dutchess co. N. Y. 23 ms. N. Poucfhkeepsie, 20 s. Hudson, s. Columbia CO., e. Hudson r.,ha8 a rich loam, more mix- ed svitli clay near the river, well cultivated, and varying in surface. It is crossed by SawkiU, which aflords good mill scats. There flowing about 35:J ms. before their junction. It is remarkable that in all its course of upwards of 1,100 ms. Red r. receives no tributary of any consequence worthy of notice, but from the north, beside False Ouachitta, and be- low that stream comes in in succession Blue r., Kirnitchie, Vasseux and Little r. of the n. above La., and in the latter state, Dacheet, Black r.. Saline, and Ouachitta. (See Qua. chilta.) Rcd'r. partakes in some measure with Arkansas, the character of a stream of the desert. Along the immense inclined plain between Missouri proper, and the Gulf of Mexico, in the summer and autumn seasons, the moisture and herbage are alike dried up. The beds of the streams, a few months be- RED 468 RED fore replenished to overflowing, become in 1 bayou Rapide issues to the right, and so call' great part dry sandy lines. At no season, ed from again meeting the main river at however, does Red r. where passing the rap- 1 the rapids near Alexandria. With the out- ids at the town of Alexandria in La. and where let of bayou Rapide, properly speaking, the the whole of its volume is confined to one [unity of Red river is destroyed to be restored bed, answer to the great comparative length 'no more, as in the natural state of the coun- ofits course, but this phenomenon is explain-] try at high water outlets flowed from bayou ed by a feature, as far as I know the natural! Rapide itself,the waters of which flowed down history of rivers,peculiar to Red r. Some dis-jthe bayou Boeuf and were conveyed into At- tance below where it bends to s. e. and enters chafalaya by several channels. These issues La. it divides into numerous channels, spread- [from bayou Rapide have been embanked, and ing their mazes over an elliptical region ofi by the aid of art the whole of Red river is low land between the retiring hill tract is about 70 ms. in length with i varying from one to 8 or 10 ms. It is one immense intricacy of interlocking water cour. ses, but without any direct continuous chan- nel. From personal observation . tlie writer of this article is inclined to the theory that this very recent alluvial tract was once a lake. This I made to pass Alexandria. The solid pine width! wood land indeed reaches the bank on the left directly opposite Alexandria, but on the right a few ms. below, outlets commence which have their recipient in Atchafalaya. A recent revolution at the mouth of Red r. ought not to be passed over in silence. Where it entered the Mississippi, the latter which the abrasion of the river against itslby a long curve, first to the west, thence banks has at length filled with earth. But'sthrd. and abruptly back to the east formed a what is at the same time in an extraordinary peninsula which about 5 ms. a little s. of b. degree remarkable, is the fact that the same j from the mouth of Red r. had not quite a mile cause which filled the river lake with deposit I in breadth in 1800, and was continually less- created numerous others. The various crs.iening. The actual breach of this isthmus or small rivers flowing in between tlie hills [was long foreseen, and actually took place in on each side have now become lakes. Their [1831. With slight cutting the river was made channels and bottoms from hill to hill, for a dis- to act upon the yielding soil, and now Red r. tanceof from 10 to 30 ms. backwards have 'has its mouth 5 ms. above where it formerly been supplied with water, which cannot now; existed. This may seem contrary to the all escape as their outlets towards the Red I laws of nature, as water would naturally fall river have become so many embankments. It like other bodies when left free, but exactly is true, the water in these new lakes rises similar phenomena took place at the mouths of and falls with the floods of the main stream, the Yazoo and Homochitta riveis, which, when In latter summer and autumn much of their the bends were cut and the outlets oi' the riv- valleys become green meadows, supplied withiers changed, the mouths were formed at the succulent herbage ; but as the immense vol- j upper and not as might have been expected ume of Red river pours down in winter and at the lower end of the cut. Red river it is spring, a reflux takes place and the river^wa-j generally supposed would flow down the Al- ter pours rapidly into these great natural re- chafalaya, if the commurncatioa between it servoirs, and contributes by this flux and re-! and Mississippi was interrupted, but an irre- flux to most effectually equalize the dischar of Red river. The Ouachitla aird its conflu- ents present similar features. [See lakes Bis. tineau, Bodcau, Catakoola, ^c.) What is called " The Raft," in Red river, has been thus formed, and "to call it a raft in the true intent of the term is a very deccp sistible barrier to a permanent stream pass- ing down the Atchafalaya, may be seen sta- ted at the head of that article, and stated from personal observation on the spot. Here is also the place to notice another error which has been sanctioned by official document. It has been stated that changing the bed of Red tive misnomer. I have personally surveyed river has drained ^00,000 acres of pine land, both the lakes of Red r. and the Atchafalaya] Any person acquainted at all with the respec- raft, and found that of the latter to be a raft j tive features of La. knows perfectly well that in the literal sense of the word ; but between 'pine land is never overflowed, and they know it, and the thicket islands and lake like | also, th:it before they could be overflowed the channels of Red river above Grand Ecor, j whole delta would be many feet under water. there is nothing in common. [See Ate ha fa- [The pine lands and delta touch, but no two laya.) At Grand Ecor 4 ms. above the town of Natchitoches, the whole volume of Red river is united ; but in less than half a mile below, again separates, the Rigolet de Bon Dieu issuing from the left, and does not again enter the main stream for upwards of 30 ms., in which distance it receives Black and Sa- line rivers from the north. The main stream also which passes the town of Natchitoches is subdivided into numerous channels.. Below species of soil however distant can differ more specifically, and besides, the pine tracts are every where elevated above any influence from aimual floods from the Mississippi or any of its confluents. Red River, iron works and p-o. Estill co. Ky. by p-r. 75 ms. s e. by e. Frankfort. Red Shoals, p-o. Stokes co. N. C. by p^r. T43»ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. Red Sulphur Springs, and p-o. on Indian cr. in the wstrn. part of Monroe co. Va. by tiie rejimction of the Rigolet de Bon Dieu, the river is once more for three or four miles uni- 1 p-r. 240 ms. w. Richmond. ted in one channel, but again dividing, the REN 469 RHE Rkkd'sborougu, t. Bennington co. Vt., 12 ms. 8. E. Bennington, 18 s.w. Brattleboro', n. Kowe,IVIass., is quite mountainous, with large tracts of useless land. Decrfield r. forms the E. boundary, and a branch crosses the t. Both afford mill seats. Pop. 1C30, CG2. Reed's Mills, sthrn. part of Jackson co. O. by p-r. 8G ms. s. e. e. Columbus. Reed'sville, p-o. Rutherford co. N. C. by p-r. 213 ms. s. w. by vv. Raleigh. Reedtovvn', p-v. Seneca co. O. by p-r. 90 ms. nrthrd. Columbus. Reedy Fork, p-o. on Reedy Fork r. nrtlirn. part of Guilford co. N. C. by p r. 92 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigli. Reedy Fork, r. and p-o. sthrn. part of Greenville district, S. C. by p-r. 119 ms. n.w Columbia. Rekdy Spring, p-o. Campbell co. Va. by p-r. 196 ms. s. \v. W. C Rees' Cross Roaus, p-v. Woodford co. Ky. 12 ms. s. E. Frankfort. Regmer's Mills, and p-o. Washington co. O. Ill ms. s. e. Columbus. Rehnersburg, p-v. in the nrthwstrn. part of Berks ro. Pa. 25 ms. n. w. Reading and by p-r. 38 N. E. by e. Harrisburg. Rehoboth, Bristol co. Mass. 37 ms. s. w. Boston, E. Sekonk r. or R. Island, is nearly level, with a few gentle hills; settled U)43 by that r. affords a communication between Troy and the Erie canal. Fine steamboats owned here, regularly ply to New York ; and there is a large amount of business carried on by sloops, as well as by canal boats. Iloosac r. enters the co. from Mass., and receiving Lit. tie Hoosac cr., Wallomsac and Toinhanoc crs., after a crooked course, falls into Hudson r. in the n. Poesten kill joins the Hudson at Troy, after supplying valuable mill seats. There are several other streams of less im- portance. The ancient estate of Rensse- laerwyck included all this co. except the 3 N. towns, together with the co. of Albany, and was early settled. It was 24 ms. wide on the Hudson, 42 long, and jiurchased and granted between 1630 and 1649. The county is tran- sition, except a little secondary. Roofing slate, some iron ores, 30 13,779 14,737 30 to 50 8,891 9,780 50 to 70 3,601 4,765 70 10 90 1,115 1,431 90 and ii| wai ds 28 4 5 Tot^ii l.-.,333 48,288 Free colored persons, Under lOyenrs of ago 331 358 From lO to 24 500 593 24 to 36 3 '7 445 36 to 55 239 350 55 to 100 151 266 100 and iver 3 3 Toi.d 1,544 Slaves, males 3 ; females 11. cants ; 10 Methodist preachers, and 1,100 members ; 10 Congregational churches, 10 ministers, and 1,000 communicants ; 2 Unita. rian societies and 2 ministers ; about 1,000 Sabbatarian communicants ; 8 churches of Six-principle Baptists, and about 800 commu- nicants ; the Friends are numerous, and there is 1 Roman Catholic church, and some Uni- versalists, &c. &,c. Rhode Island, isl. Newport co. R. I. about 3 1-2 ms. by 15, has a good soil, excellent in some parts, an agreeably varied surface, well cultivated and presenting a fine agricultural aspect. The fields are generally divided by excellent stone walls. The isl. contains the townships of Newport, Middletownand Ports- mouth ; and with several adjoining islands, forms the co. of Newport. It has Narragan- sett bay w., the e. Passage e. and Mount Hope bay n. which abound with fish. A mine of anthracite coal has been wrought to some extent in the n. part of the isl., but is not now used. The s. w. extremity of the isl. projects 350 1 in such a manner as to protect the harbor of Newport on the e. and s. with its high ground. Towards the ocean it presents a lofty and pre- cipitous bluff, where the waves often dash 2,020 tumultuously ; yet a considerable tract of land there possesses a deep and fertile soil of White persons, deaf and dumb 48 ; blind 57; : great value. Easton's bay,with a fine beach, ens 1,103. aliens RIC 472 RIC indents the s. ehore and nearly isolates the 8. w. corner of the iel. While Newport was occupied by British troops, the American lines were for a time drawn across the neck of the peninsula, from Tamony hill to the beach. RiCEBORo', p-v. and st. jus. Liberty co. Geo. 34 nis. s. w. Savannah, and by p-r. 202 ms. s. E. Milledgeville. N. lat. 31° 43', long. W. C. 4° 30' w. Ricii Creek SpRiNo.and p-o. nrthestrn. part of Richland dist. S. C. by p-r. 13 ms. n. e. Co- lumbia ms. N. lat. 34°, and long. 4° w. W. C. in- tersect at Columbia, the co. st. and st. of go- vcrnment of the state. The general slope to the s. s. E. in the direction of its bounding rivers. Much of the soil of this district is amongst the best in S. C. Pop. 1820, 12,321, and in 1830, 14,772. Richland, co. of O. bounded s. by Knox, Marion s. w., Ciaw/ord w., Huron n., Lorain N. E., Wayne e., and Holmes s. k. It is a sq. of 30 ms. ; area 900 sq. ms. Lat. 40° 46', long. 5° 33' w. W. C. The northern bor- RicHARnsOKviLLE, p-o. Edgefield dist. S.'der extending along n. lat. 40°, and also C. by p-r. 77 ms. wstrd. Columbia. RicHARDSviLLE, formerly Smith's tavern, p-o. Culpepperco. Va. by p-r. 71 ms. south- wstrd. W. C. RicHBORo', p-v. Bucks CO. Pa. by p-r. 158 ms. N. E. W. C. RicHFiKLD, p-t. Otsego CO. N. Y. 72 ms. w. by N. Albany, 13 n. w. Cooperstown, 18 s. w. Utica,4 ms. by 8,has ricrkimcrco. N. and w and Schuyler's, or Caniaderaga lake s. This affords one of the highest sources of Susque- hannah r. The t. is rather uneven, with ma- ny small streams, of which some in the n. w, flow into Unadilla r. ;has pretty good soil. It was first settled in 1791. Pop. 1830, 1,752. RicjiFiEi.D, P-V. Juniata co. Pa. by p-r. Gl niB. north wstrd. Harrisburg. Richfield, p-v. northeastern part of Medi- na CO. O. by p-r. 130 ms. n. e. Columbus. Pop. of Richland tsp. 1830, 444. RiciiFORD, p-t. Franklin co. Vt. 50 ms. n. Montpelier, 24 n. e. St. Albans, with 23,040 acres; lies s. of the Canada line, and was chartered 1780. It is hilly e., and is crossed by Missisque r. which enters from Lower Canada, and flows from it into Ijerkshire, with rich meadows on its banks. It was first settled about 1790. Pop. 1830, 704. Richland, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y. CO miles N. w. Utica, 27 n. w. Oswego v., s. Jefferson CO., E. lake Ontario ; has very good soil, more favorable to grass, bearing oak and chestnut, beech, &.c. near the lake, and a large tract of white pine e. with other trees. The surface is uneven. It is crossed by Sal- mon r., and has also Litie Sandy, Deer and Grindstone creeks, all which empty into the along the summit ridge between the valley of Ohio and that of Erie, merely gives source to creeks flowing towards the latter. The northwestern angle gives source to the high- er fountains of Sandusky, and along the wes- tern border rise the extreme sources of Scio- ta r. Though two sides are thus drained, the body of the co. including at least seven-eights of its surface, is drained by, and gives sourcS to, Mohicon branch of White woman's r., and slopes to the s. e. It is a comparatively ele- vated and level table land, which when com- pared with the known height, 7G8 feet of the water level at Coidiocton, at the mouth of White woman's r., the table land of Richland CO. must be l,Oi)0 feet above the Atlantic tides. The soil is generally good. Chief t. Mansfield. Pop. 1820, 9,169, and in 1830, 24,006. Richland Hill, p-v. East Feliciana, parish of La. by p-r. i41 ms. n. w. New Orleans. Richland's P-O. Onslow co. N. C. by p-r. 202 rns. s.e. by e. Raleigh. Richmond, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. 15 ms. s. by w. Augusta, s. Kennebec co., w. Kennebec r. Pop. 1830, 1,308. Richmond, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H. 70 ms. s. w. Concord, 72 n. n. w. Boston, 12 s. Keene, with 23,725 acres ; is watered by streams of Millers and Ashuelot rs. and has a pretty level surface, with a good soil. Settled from Mass. and R. I. about 1758. Pop. 1830, 1,302. Richmond, p-t. Chittenden co. Vt. 13 ms. s. e. Burlington, 24 n. w. Montpelier; first set- tled, 1775; deserted during the revolution ; is crossed by Onion r. which has meadows lake, and furnish mill seats. The village, 1 on its banks ; is joined by Huntington river, sometimes called Pulaski, is 27 ms. n. e. Os-1 flowing in from the s. Several other streams wego, 30 s. Sacket's Harbor, 36 n. Salina, [afford mill seats. Pop. 1830, 1,109. and 153 from Albany, is on Salmon creek 3ii Richmond, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 1.30 ms. from the harbor at its mouth. The falls [ins. w. Boston, G w. Lenox, e. New York are just below. Great quantities of salmon state ; is in a pleasant and well cultivated and pickerel are caught here. There is a salt! valley, enclosed by the Taughkannuc mtns. spring near the borders of Salina. Pop. 1830, The principal street runs through the town n. 2,733 Richland, dist. S.C. bounded s. by Con- garee r. separating it from Orangeburg ;Con- gavee below, and Broad r. above Columbia, separating it from Lexington dist., n. Fair and s., and a w. branch of Housatonic river crosses the valley. Iron is taken from mines in this town, and wrought in Salisbury. Pop. 1830, 844. Richmond, p-t. Washington co. R. I. 30 ms. field, and n. e. Kershaw, and e. Wateree, or s. 6. w. Providence, N.Charles r., e. Woodr., the lower Catawba. Length diagonally from about 6 ms. by 7, with 40 sq.ms. ; i6 gener- the junction of the Wateree and Congarec, lally uneven, with some level ground, and is to the extreme northwestern angle on Broad ^ watered by the above-mentioned streams, r. 50 ms., mean breadth 12, and area 600 sq. l with several of their branches. They join RIC 473 RIC below, and form Pawcatuck r. The town is well Bupplied with mill seats, some of which are occupied by manufactories. Pop. 1830, 1,363. Richmond, go. N. Y. which embraces Sta- ten Island, is bounded by Newark bay and beautiful proportions and commanding po- sition. It has also an advantage in standing alone. Near the capitol are also the other public buildings for legal and political pur- poses. The public square is 8 acres in ex- tent, and enclosed with a substantial iron the Kills N., Hudson r. or the Narrows, be- railing. In Richmond, the Presbyterians, tween the outer and inner bays of New York E., Raritan bay s., and Staten Island sound w. The centre of it is about 11 ms. s. w. N Y. city. It is 14 ms. long, n. e. and s. w.. Episcopalians, Baptists, Methodists, Friends, Roman Catholics and Jews, have their places of public worship. Of the churches, one called theMonumental church, belonging to the Epis- and the greatest breadth 8 ms. It contains i copalians, will long attract the spectator, and 77 sq. ms. The s. end is in n. laf. 40° 29', and the w. 16' w. from N. Y. It contains 4 towns, with an agreeably varied surface, and some good land, which enjoys the advantage of being near a market. The N. Y. quaran- tine station, with 3 hospitals, and the Sailors' Snug Harbor and the Sailors' Retreat are near the x. e. corner of the island, in a yjlea- sant situation. A little below, at the Nar- rows, there are fortifications on both sides for the defence of the entrance of N. York harbor. Forts Tomkins, Richmond and Hudson on this side. It is here 1,760 feet from land to land. A steamboat runs from N. Y. to the quarantine ; and the steamboats which ply between the city and New Jersey, touch at other points on the n. shore. There is a large dyeing establishment. The st. jus. is the village of Richmond. There are se- veral country housesof citizens on the island ; but fevers and agues have prevailed here within a few years. Pop. 1820, 6,135, 1830, 7,082. Richmond, p. v. and st. jus. Southfield, Richmond co. N. Y. 156 ms. s. Albany, 12 s. N. Y. on Staten island, is three quarters of a mile from sloop navigation in the Fresh Kills. Richmond, p-t. Ontario co. N. Y. 232 ms. w. Albany, 16 s.w. Canandaigua, e. Hemlock lake and Livingston co. First settled, 1789, from Mass. It has Honeoye and Canadea lakes, with hilly and broken land. Allen's Hill village is in the n. e. corner. Pop. 1830, 1,876. Richmond, p-v. in the estrn. part of North- ampton CO. Pa. by p-r. 13 ms. n. n. e. Easton, the CO. St., and 203 ms. n. e. W. C. Richmond, port, p-t. and st. jus. ITenrico co. and St. of government of Va. situated on the left bank of .Tames r., at the foot of its lowest falls, and head of tide water, by p.r. 122 ms. a lit- tle E. of s. s. w. W. C. N. lat. 37° 32', long. 0° 27' w. VV. C. Whoever has seen the rounded hilly site of Baltimore, or indeed the northern part of Philadelphia, may have an idea of the rolling ground on which Rich- mond stands, except that the hills must be supposed higher and bolder in the latter case, than in either of the two others. A deep hollow ground divides Richmond into two unequal sections, the body of the city lying above this depression. The houses are neat rather than splendid. Amongst the command a melancholy interest. It is stand- ing on the site of a theatre which was, on the 26ih Dec. 1811, consumed by tire, in which pcrfshed G. W. Smith, the governor of Va. and 71 other persons. A new theatre has been erected in another part of the city. This city contains also a state penitentiary, Lan- casterian school, orphan asylum, poor house, public library, and a musetnn. As a com- mercial depot, Richmond is a city of great and increasing importance. It was estab- lished in 1742 by an act of assembly, and in 171iO, became the seat of state government, and has gradually gained in wealth and popu- lation. The seat of goverinnent always gains something from being so ; but it is only com- merce and manufactures that can create to any great extent a city. As early as 1794, a canal was completed along that part of James r. impeded by falls. This opened to tide water the fertile valley above, and 220 miles of navigable channel had its shores improved. In 1794, the canal tolls amounted to ^1,764; 1800, to 12,324; 1805, 16,749 ; 1810,23,937 ; 1815, 24,645, and in 1820, 29,245. Vessels drawing 15 feet water can ascend to within 3 ms. below the city, and those of 7 or 8 to Rockets, or the port of the city. The almost uninterrupted health of Richmond has been a subject of true boast. " Richmond is one of the healthiest cities in the U. S., or perhaps in the world," says a writer of that place ; the annual amount of deaths on an average, is 1 in 85 : it has never been visited by yellow fever,or any violent or desolating disease. The progressive population of this place is, how- ever, the most conclusive proof of its ad- vance in physical and moral consequence. In 1810, it contained 9,735 inhabitants ; in 1820, 12,067, and in 18.30, 16.060. Richmond, co. Va. hounded n. w. and N. by Westmoreland, Northumberland e., Lancas- ter s. E., and Rappahannoc r. separating it from Essex s. w. and w. Length 25 miles, mean width 8, and area 200 sq. ms. Lat. 37" 50', long. 0° 18' e. Chief t. Richmond C. House. Pop. 1820, 5,706, and in 1830, 6,055. Richmond, C. H., p-o. and et. jus. Rich- mond CO. Va. by p-r. a little e. of s. W. C. and 56 ms. n. e. by e. Richmond city. N. lat. 37" 55', long. 0° 18'E. W.C. Richmond, co. of N. C. bounded by Marl- boro' dist. S.C. s., Yadkin r. separating it public edifices, the capitol has excited the from Anson co. N. C. w., Montgomery co.N. admiration of travellers for its chaste, yet | C. n., and Lumber river, separating it from 60 RID 474 RIP Moore n. e., Cumberland e., and Robeson s. e. Length 30 me., mean breadth 18, and area 540 sq. ms. Lat. 35° n., and long. 2° 42' w. W. C. intersect in this co. Slope southward in the direction of its rivers. Little Pedee rises in its southern section, as do several creeks, which flow into S. C. Chief town Rockingham. Pop. 1820, 7,5-37, and in 1830, 9,396. Richmond, co. of Geo. bounded s. b)' Mount Beans creek, separating it from Burke CO., Brier creek w. separating it from Jeffer- son, Columbia n. w., and Savannah r., sepa- rating it from Edgefield dist. S. C. e. Length of Saugatuck and Norwalk rs. There are several manufactories in the town, and some lime kilns. The land was purchased from the Indians in 1708. It is elevated, and Long Island sound is visible from different points ; 14 ms. distant. The village is pleasantly sit- uated in the 1st society. Pop. 1830, 2,323. RiDOKviLLE, p-v. nrthrn. part of Warrea CO. Ohio, by p-r. 78 ms. s. w. by w. Colum- bus. RiDGEWAY, p-t. Orleans co. N. Y., 26 miles w. Bavaria, e. Niagara co. ; is crossed nearly through the centre by the ridge, and well watered by Onk Orchard and Johnson's from w. to e. 32 ms., mean breadth 12, and creeks with branches, and by Erie canal. area 384 sq. ms. Lat. 33° 25', and long. 5° w. W. C. intersect in this co. Though Brier creek, which forms its wstrn. boundary, flows 8. E., the body of the co. has a slope almost exactly k. towards Savannah r. Chief town, Augusta. Pop. 1820, 8,608, and in 1830, 11,644. Richmond, p-v. Fayette co. Ten. by p-r. 194 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. Richmond, p-v. and st. jus. Madison co. Ky. by p-r. 50 ms. s. e. Frankfort, and 27 s. 8. E. Lexington, N. lat. 37° 43', long. 7° 13' w, W.C. Pop. 1830, 947. Richmond, p-v. Jefferson co. O. by p-r. 143 ms. N. E. by E. Columbus. Richmond, p-v. Wayne co. Ind. by p-r. 69 ms. E. Indianopolis. Richmond, p-v. and st. jus. Ray co. Mo. by p-r. 149 ms. above and n. w. by w. Jefferson, and 284 ms. in a similar course from St. Louis. Richmond Dale, p-v. in the southeastern angle of Ross co. O. by p-r. 58 ms. s. s. e. Columbus. Ridge, or Alluvial Way, a singular eleva- tion about 30 feet high, in the cos. of Gene- see, Monroe, and Niagara, N. Y. It extends about 78 ms. from Niagara r. almost to Ge- nesee r. nearly parallel to the s. shore of lake Ontario, about 139 feet above the level of its waters, which are from 8 to 10 miles distant, and is supposed to have been formed at some long past period, by its waves or cur- rents, when large tracts of country, now dry, were overflown. The ridge varies in breadth, and serves for the route of a good, level road, called the Ridge road, on which are several small villages. Ridge (The), p-v. near the extreme sthrn. point of St. Mary's co. Md. by p-r. 32 ms. s. E. Leonardstown, the co. st., and 95 ms. s. e. W.C. Ridge (The), p-y. in the eastern part of Edgefield district, S. C, by p-r. 40 ms. w. Columbia. Ridgebdhy, p-v. Bradford co. Pa., by p-r. 150 ms. N. Harrisburg. Riugefield, p-t. Fairfield co.Conn., 70 ms. 8. W.Hartford, 10 s. w. Danbury, 55 n. e. N. York city, touches N. York state w., is vari- ed by several ridges, with rocks of granite and limestone, and a good soil for grain and grass. Mill seats are supplied by branches which lies s. It has a varied surface, and variety of good soils. Oak Orchard cr. falls 30 feet just below the intersection with the canal. Pop. 1830, 1,972. Ridge WAY, p-v. in the nrthestm. part of Jefferson co. Pa., by p-r. 165 ms. n. w* by v»'. Harrisburg. Riga, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y., 239 ms. w. by N. Albany, 11 w. s. w. Rochester, e. Genesee CO. ; with very good land ; is crossed by Black creek from w. to e., and 2 small branches. Black creek is navigable in boats to West Pulteney village. Riley, t. Oxford co. Me., e. Coos co. N. H,, 71 ms. w. by n. Augusta, is very rough and mountainous, s. Speckled mtn. Pop. 1830, 57. RiNDGE, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H., 56 ms. s. w. Concord, 20 s. e. Keene, 50 n. n. w. Bos- ton ; 5 ms. by 7 ; with 23,838 acres ; has a swelling surface, very good soil, formerly cov- ered with beech, maple, birch, hemlock, &c., and contains 13 ponds. Of these Manomon- ack, Emerson's and Perley's ponds flow into Miller's river of Mass., and Long, Grassy and Bullet, into Contocook r. a branch of the Merrimack ; the waters of those two great rivers being separated in one place only by a narrow ridge. Fish are abundant, and ren- dered these streams favorite resorts by In- dians. Iron ore is found in Rindge. First settled 1752. Pop. 1830, 1,269. RiNGOEs, p-v. Amwell, Hunterdon co. New Jersey, 17 ms. n. Trenton. Ring's Mills, and p-o. Belmont co. O., by p-r. 129 ms. e. Columbus. Ripley, p-t. Somerset co. Me., 60 miles n. E. Augusta, w. Penobscot co. ; is crossed by the upper part of Sebasticook r. Pop. 1830, 644. Ripley, p-t. Chatauque co. N. Y„ 336 ms. w. Albany, 12 w. Maysville, s. lake Erie, E. Pennsylvania ; has a varied surface and soil, bearing oak, nut trees, maple, &c. It is cros- sed by Chatauque ridge, from 6 to 10 miles distant from the lake, with a gentle declivity of arable land towards the n., with a founda- tion of mica slate. The lands near the lake are very good, being alluvial, from 1 to 3 ms. wide. It is crossed by Chatauque creek of lake Erie, about 10 miles long. Pop. 1830, 1,647. Ripley, p-v. on the right bank of Ohio riv- ROA 475 er, sthrn. part of Brown co. Ohio, by p-r. 1 13 ms. 3. 3. w. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 572. Ripley, co. Ind., bounded by Jefferson s., Jennings w., Decatur n. w., Franklin n., Dcai^ born E., and Switzerland s. e. Length 27 ms., mean breadth 16, and area 432 sq. ins. N. lat. 39°, and long. 8° 15' w. W. C, inter- sect in this CO. The wstrn. part of this co. gives source to the extreme estrn. branches of the South fork of White r., and which flow wstrd. ; the residue is drained by cr*. flow- ing sthestrd. into Ohio r. Chief t. Versailles. Pop. 1820, 1,822, and in 1830, 3,989. KiPLEYViLLE, p-v. Huron CO. O., by p-r. 101 ms. N. N. E. Columbus. Rip Point, Nantucket isl., Mass. The n. E. Point of the island at the end of Sandy Point. RiproN, p-t. Addison co. Vt., 26 ms. s. w. Montpelier ; has Middlebury river s., and is mountainous, rough, and with few inhabitants. Pop. 1830, 605. RiPTON, village, Huntington, Fairfield co.i Conn ROA 'Pop7"l820,~7,¥95, and in 1830, t. Kingston. 11,341. Roanoke, river of Va. and N. C. Taken in the utmost extent, Roanoke basin is the same as Albemarle, and includes the sub-ba- sins or vallies of Roanoke proper and Chowan r. The latter has been noticed under its ap. propriate head, and to which the reader is re- (erred. Advancing from s. to n. all the rivers beyond Roanoke, have their most remote fountains on the Atlantic side of Blue Ridge ; but with the Roanoke a new feature appears. The Blue Ridge is pierced by that stream, which derives its higher fountains from the main Alleghany chain in Montgomery county, Va., and within 8 miles of the main channel of New river, and at an elevation without es- timating the mtn. ridges, of at least 2,000 ft. Issuing by numerous creeks from this eleva- ted tract, and uniting into one stream near the border between Montgomery and Botetourt cos. it is here literally " The rapid Roan- oke," having at Salem in the latter co. fallen 1,000 feet in little more than 20 ms. At Sa- Ris'iNG Sun, p-o. Philadelphia co. Pa., by lem the vvater level is 1,002 feet by actual admeasurement, above mean Atlantic tide. Below Salem the river inflects 20 ms. in an eastern course, to its passage through Blue p-r. 139 ms. n. e. W. C. Rising Sun, p-o. Cecil co. Md., by p-r. 89 ms. n. e. W. C. Rising Sun, p-v. on the right bank of Ohio r., and in the sihrn. part of Dearborn county, Ind., by p-r. 112 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. RiTcniEviLLE, p-v. Dinwiddle co. Va., by p-r. 42 ms. s. Richmond. RiTTERsviLLE, p-v. Lehigh co. Pa., by p-r. 181 ms. nrthestrd. W. C. RivEU Bank, p-v. Orange co. Va., by p-r. 104 ms. s. w. W. C. RivERHEAD, t., St. jus. Suffolk CO. N. Y., 90 ms. E. New York, 234 s. by k. Albany, on the N. side of Long Island, s. Long Island sound. It has Pequanic river and bay s., and Wading creek on a part of the n. w. boundary, where is a small harbor. One mile from the soun^ is a broken ridge ; in other parts the surface is a little varied, bearing pine, with some oak, &.c. Coasting vessels take wood and otber articles toJ>few York market ; and those of 70 tons can go to the mouth of Pe- quanic creek 2^ ms. from the C. H. There are 6 small villages. Pop. 1830, 2,016. River Styx, p-v. northern part of Medina CO. Ohio, by p-r. 117 ms. n. e. Columbus. Rives', p-o. in the nrthrn. part of Hall co. Geo., by p-r. 135 ms. nrthrds. MilledgevUle. RixEYViLLE, p-o. Culpepper co. Va., 67 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Roane, co. Ten., bounded s. by Monroe and MacMinn, s. w. Rhea, w. Bledsoe, n. w. Mor- gan, N. Anderson, e. Knox, and s. e. Holston r., separating it from Blount. Length 50 ms., mean breadth 15, and area 750 sq. ms. Lat. 36'» N., and long. 7° 30' intersect in this coun- ty. Holston and Clinch rivers unite to form Tennessee river, very near the centre of this Ridge, and thence a. e. 25 ms. to its passage through South East mountain. Passing South East mountain between Bedford andPittsylva- nia COS., the now navigable volume sweeps by an elliptical curve to nrthrd. and round to s. E. 50 ms. comparative course to the influx of Dan river, entering its right side from the w. part. (See Dan river.) Below the junc- tion of these two rivers, the united waters in a course of a little s. of e. 60 ms. by compar- ative distance, reach tide water at Weldon, having fallen by a lengthened cataract over the primitive ledge. About midway between the influx of Dan river and Weldon, Roanoke leaves Va. and enters N. C Mingling with the tide, the Roanoke by a very tortuous chan- nel, but by comparative course flows s. e. 50 ms., and thence estrd. 25 ms. to its junction with Chowan river at the head of Albemarle sound. (6'ee Albemarle sound.) The entire valley of Roanoke, if measured along the main stream or Dan r. is 250 ms., but the rs. wind over this space by channels of much greater length. By comparative courses it is 155 miles from Salem to Weldon, whilst from a report made by the Roanoke compa- ny, the intermediate channel is 244 ms. Tak- hese proportions, the length of this river by^ils meanders is about 400 ms. Including the whole Albemarle baeiu, it is 290 ms. from its outlet into the Atlantic ocean, to the foun- tains of Roanoke in Alleghany mtn., but with the Chowan and Dan vallies united to that of the principal river, the basin is comparatively narrow, being only 80 ms. where broadest, and not having a mean breadth above 50 ms., lessee river, very near me ceuuc ui i...o e, - ------ - county, and both the branches and the mam or an area exeeedmg 14,500 l^^^''- \\^ stream below their junction flow s. w. by w. not, however, us ^^'^^'''^^^''^'I'J'']'^^^^^ The nrthrn. section slopes sthrd. and is drain- terest to the Roanoke or Albemarle basm, ed by EmerJ's r. a braiich of Clinch r. Chief it is at once a fine physical section a.ul phys. ROB 476 ROC ical limit. The iliftlrence of arable level, amounts to at least 2,000 feet, and no two re- gions of the earth can differ in every feature more than do the truly beaiititid hills and vales, on each side of the Appalachian chaiiis, from the stagnant marshes and level plains towards the Atlantic ocean. Along the low- er Roanoke commences, advancing from the N. tlie profitable cultivation of cotton, the fig tree begins to appear, rice can be produced, and in summer tlie advance towards the tro- pics is felt, and very distinctly seen on vege- tation. Ascending the basin, the aspect of the northern states gradually appears, both on the features of nature and on cultivated veg- etables. Wheat, rye, and other small grain, with meadow grasses, and the apple, flourish. The summers are cooler, and the winters have the severity suitable to relative eleva- tion. Though the higher part of Roanoke is annually frozen, and for a shorter or longer period rendered unnavigable in winter, with lower Roanoke commences the region on the Atlantic coast where navigation remains open at all seasons. It is true that even Albemarle sound has been occasionally impeded with ice, but this phenomenon is rare. As a navi- gable channel following either branch, the importance of this basin is lessened by the shallowness o! Albemarle sound — an irremo- vable impediment. In the progress of im- provement, however, there is no doubt, but that by rail-road or canal, a water communi- cation will be opened direct from tide water below Weldon to Chesapeake bay. In its actual state the rivers are navigable for boats to Salem on the Roanoke, and to Danbury in N. C. by Dan r. This was effected by side canals, sluices and other artificial improve- ments. {See rail-roads. and canals.) Roanoke Bridge, and p-o. Charlotte co., Va., by p-r. 89 ms. s. w. Richmond. Roaring Cheek, p-o. Columbia co. Pa., by p-r. 77 ms. n. Harrisburg. RoBBiNSTON, p-t. Washington co. Me., 192 ms. N. N. E. Augusta, is bounded e. by St. Croix r., and lies opposite St. Andrew's in New Brunswick. It has a few small ponds and streams. Pop. 1830, 6l6. RoBBSTOwN, p-v. Westmoreland co. Pa., on the right bank of Youghioghany river, 206 ms. N. w. W. C. It is a small village of a single street along the r. bank. Robins, island, Southold, Suffolk county, N. York. Robertson, co. Ten., bounded e. by Sum- ner, Davidson s., Dickson s, w., Montgome- ry w., and N. by Logan and Simpson counties, Ky. Length 32 ms., mean breadth ilO, and area 640 sq. ms. Lat. 36° 25' n., long. W. C. 9° 32' w. Slope s. w. and drained by Red r. and other smaller branches of Cumberland r. Chief tovra, Springfield. Pop. 1820, 9,- 938, and in 1830, 13.272. Robertson, p-v. Giles co. Ten., by p.r. 67 ms. s. s. w. Nashville. Robertson's Store, and p-o. Pittsylvania CO. Va., by p-r. 252 ms. s. w. W. C. Robert's Store, and p-o. Shelby co. Ky., by p-r. 20 ms. w. Frankfort. Robf.rtsvii.le, p-v. Beaufort district, S .C, by p-r. 90 ms. wstrd. Charleston, and 160 ms. s. Ciolumbia. Robeson, co. N. C, bounded by Richmond N. w., Cumberland n. and n. e., East Fork of Lumber river separating it from Bladen e.. Lumber river separating it from Columbia s. E., Marion district S. C. s. w., and Marlboro' district, S. C, w. Length from s. to n. 50 ins., mean breadth 22, and area 1,100 sq. ms. Lat. 34° 40', and long. W. C. 2° w. intersect in this CO. Slope sthrd. and drained in that di- rection by Lumber river, or the higher part of Little Pedee. Chief t. Lumberton. Pop. 1820, 8,204, and in 1830, 9,433. Rochester, p-t. Windsor co. Vt., 30 ms. s. w. Montpelier, 20 s. e. Middlebury ; first set- tled soon after the revolutionary war ; is cros- sed by White r. from n. to s. which receives a branch near the centre, and both supply mill seats. The surface is mountainous, with much good soil. The village is on the enst branch of White r. ; 13 school districts. Rochester, p-t. Strafford co.N. II., 40 ms. E. Concord, 22 n. w. Portsmouth, 10 n. n. w. Dover, w. Salmon Falls river ; is divided by Cocheco river, and has a part of Isinglass r. s. near its junction with Cocheco r. Norway Plains, near the centre, is a considerable vil- lage, and a great thoroughfare on Cocheco r. Both the principal streams afford valuable wa- ter power. At the falls of Cocheco river is Squamanagoiinic village. The surface of the town is irregular, the soil generally good, with pine plains, some of which are favora- ble to corn, &c., and a tract of oak land w. A tract calUed Whitehall was burnt in 1761 and '62, when the seasons were very dry, and the soil was ruined. Squamanagonnic hill is the principul elevation. Incorporated 1722; now contains 60,000 acres ; first settled 172!{ ; was a frontier town till 1760, and suffered much. 29 soldiers from this town died in the revolution. Pop. 1830, 2,115. Rochester, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 48 ms. s. Boston, n.. Buzzard's bay, is crossed by Mattapoiset r. whose branches rise in ponds here and in Middleboio'. This stream empties into Mattapoiset harbor, which puts up from Buzzard's bay. Sipican r. also flows into a small bay, after passing through several ponds. The soil is poor, and the inhabitants scattered. Pop. 1830, 3,556. Rochester, p-t. and st. jus. Ulster co. N. Y. 16 ms. s. w. Kingston ; has Shawangunk mtns. s. E., and Rondout creek w., with se- veral of its branches, which afford mill seats. It has pretty good land. Population, 1830, 2,420. Rochester, p-v. in Gates and Brighton tsps. Monroe co. N. Y. 236 ms. w.n. w. AU bany, 63 e. Lockport, 77 e. Lewiston, 7 s. Charlotte, is the most populous and impor- tant village in the state. It stands on the w. side of Genesee r. at the falls of that stream, and at the end of the great aqueduct of the ROC 477 ROC Erie canal. The rail-road which was con- structed in 1832, to the toot of the falls, and head of navigation of Genesee r., to wiiicli vessels come up from lukeOntario, terminates here. The growth of tiiis place was remark- ably rapid, and caused by the opening of the canal, which aflbrded a channel of transporta- tion, and encouraged the maiuifaclure of flour. The river is now lined on both sides with flour mills, many of them of immense size, and constructed in the most substantial manner, being abundantly supplied with water power from the river. The village is ornamented with many fine buildings, public and private. In 1812 there were but 2 or 3 dwelling houses, of an inferior description, on the place now the seat of a large population, and of an active and lucrative business. The aqueduct of the Erie canal is built of hewn stone, and has 9 arches, each of ."SO ft. chord, with an arch of 40 feet chord over the mill canal on each side. A navigable feeder here joins the canal from above the falls. The fall in Genesee r. at Rochester, is 92 feet. The flour mills, and the amount of flour made, increase from 15 to 20 per cent annu- ally. About 1,000 or 1,200 bis. of flour are now made daily ; and the mills could make 1,500 or 1,800. The millers employ large capitals, and frequent advaiices are made by them on the crops before they are gathered. In 12 months, ending in 1832, there were 240,000 barrels of flour manufactured in the village, and during the same period the amount paid for wheat by the millers amount, ed to ^1,160,000. The principal manufac- tures of the village are Amount Capital manutiictiired invested. auuurilly. Flouring mills, S28 1,000 $1,331,000 Cotton ^ooiis, 50,000 30,000 Woollen do. 70,000 112,1.00 Leallier, &c. 25,000 100,000 Iron work, 21,000 46,000 Rifles, &c. 3,000 5,000 Soap and candles, 6,000 45,000 Groceries, &c. 21,000 32,800 Tobacco, 4,500 1£,000 Pail, sash, &c. 2,500 12,000 Boat building, 11,000 40,200 Linseed oil, 3,000 4,000 Globe building fnctoi les, 10,000 15,000 $511,000 SI, 857,000 The trade of the village in lumber, beef and pork, pot and pearl ashes, butter, cheese, lard, wool, &.c. &lc. is very considerable. There are in the place 3 Presbyterian, 2 Episcopal, 2 Methodist, 2 Friends, 1 Baptist, and 1 Roman Catholic churches ; 1 daily and 5 weekly newspapers, and about 100 whole- sale and retail stores. Population 1830, 9,2o7. Rochester, p-v. Warren co. O. by p-r. 81 ms. s.w. by w. Columbus. Rochester, p-v. northern part of Oakland CO. Mich, by p-r. 43 ms. N. w. Detroit. Rock, r. imiiortant stream of Huron and II. having Its remote sources in the former at lat. 44°, long. 10° 40' w. W. C, and between lakes Huron and Winnebago. Flowing thence s. s. w. by comparative courses 100 ms. between, and very nearly parallel to the two Fox rs. to the influx of Goosekehawn from the n. w. Goosekehawn {the river on which we live), has its source a few miles sthrd. of the Portage between Ouisconsin and Fox r. of lake Michigan. Rising on a flat, and in winter and spring, a generally very wet region, the Goosekehawn in most of its course is in reality a congeries of lakes, and is marked on the maps as the Four Lakes; general course s.e., length 50 miles. Below the mouth of Goosekehawn, Rock r. maintains its original course 50 miles to the influx of Sugar creek, or rather Peektano r., also from the n. w. The Peektano is the' most considerable branch of Rock r. and rises by munerous branches in Iowa co., Hu- ron, between the Miss, and Ouisconsin. Comparative length, about 100 ms., and ge- neral course to the s. e. Sugar creek and Peektano are separate streams in Huron, and do not unite until the latter has flown 5o' and the former 25 ms. in the northern part of II. The main stream also enters Illinois about 24 ms. above the mouth of Peektano. It may be remarked, that Rock r. in all its length receives no tributary from the left above the size of a large creek, and that be- low the Peektano in a comparative course of s.w. by w. 100 ms. it is augmented by no confluent of consequence. It falls into the Miss. r. in Rock Island co. at lat. 47° 27' after a comparative course of 250 ms. The utmost breadth of its valley, 110 ms., from the extreme sources of Peektano to those of Kishwaukee creek ; but being very narrow at both extremes, the mean width is about 30 ms. and area 7,"i00 sq. ms. This valley has that of Fox r. of lake Michigan n., Fox r. of Illinois E., Illinois proper s. e., Miss. r. s. w. and w., and Ouisconsin n. w. it is yet but thinly peopled by whites in any place, and far the greatest part is wilderness. Rock creek, a small stream of Maryland, and of D. C. gains importance only as it se- parates the city of Washington from George- town. This creek has its extreme source about 4 ms. wstrd. Mechanicsville, Montgo- mery CO. Md. heading with the East branch of Potomac r. at an clevatiou above tide wa- ter at Georgetown of 50.) feet. The entire length of the creek, following its valley, is about 28 ms. The fall being upwards of 17 feet to the mile, and that fall being in many places far above the mean, renders it an ex- cellent mill-stream. Rock and Cave, p-v. on Ohio r. extreme southeastern part of Gallathi co. II. by p-r. 147 ms. s. s. *:. Vandalia, and2C ms. s. Shaw- neetown. This place takes its name trom enormous precipices of limestone rock, which rise from the western bank of Ohio r., and into which extend caves of unknown extent; ROC 478 ROC one of which yawns an immense and really awful opening, and when seen, as it was by the author of this article, exhibited a most imposing spectacle at the close of day. The walls were then, 1799, sculptured with innu- merable names. The adjacent country was then an uncultivated wild on both sides of the river. RocKAWAY, Hempstead, N. Y., on Long Island, 20 ms. from New York, a place re- sorted to for sea bathing. The beach which bears this name is extensive, partly in this town, and partly in Jamaica, and abounds in sea fowl, as the water does in fish. The sea beats up from the s. upon this beach, there being no protection against the waves ; and bathing is sometimes attended with conside- rable risk. Rockbridge, go. Va. bounded s. w. by Bo- tetourt, Alleghany co. w.. Mill, or more cor- rectly, Kittatinny mtn. separating it from Bath N. w., Augusta N. E., and Blue Ridge, sepa- rating it from Nelson n. e., Amherst e., and Bedford s. e. Lat. 37° 45', and long. 2° 30' w. W. C. intersect in this co. Slope sthwrd. Rock Hall, p-v. Kent co. Md. by p-r. 68 ms. estrd. W. C. Rock Hill, p-o. Bucks co. Pa. by p-r. 56 ms. nthrd. Phil. Rockhold's Store and p-o. Sullivan co. Ten. 327 ms. a little n. of e. Nashville. Rockingham, co. N. H. bounded by Straf- ford CO. N. and n. e., the Atlantic ocean e., Massachusetts s., Hillsboro' co. w., is the only maritime co. in the state. It is of an irregular triangular shape, about 30 ms. by 50, and contains about 1,034 sq. ms. The surface is irregular, but without any more considerable eminences than Saddleback mtn.. Fort hill. Bean's hill and Catamount hill. Merrimack r. runs near the bounds of this CO. on the w. and s., and several streams flow hence into it, as well as in other direc- tions. In the E. and s. e. are Lamprey, Exe- ter, Beaver and Spiggot rs. Great bay, in the N. E. is connected with Piscataquay river. There are other sheets of water, as Massabe- sick pond. Island, Great, Country, Pleasant, Turkey, Long, and Turtle ponds. Agricul- ture is of an older date, and in a more flou- and drained entirely by North r. branch of rishing condition than in any other part of the James r. and its confluent creeks. The co. occupies a part of the fine valley which flanks Blue Ridge on the n. w., and derives its name from the celebrated natural bridge, which extends over a creek near the sthrn. border. Chief town, Lexington. Pop. 1820, 11,945, 1830,14,244. Rockbridge, p-v. western part of Gwinnett CO. Geo. 14 ms. wstrd. Lawrenceville, the CO. St., and 107 n. w. Milledgeville. Rockcastle, co. Ky. bounded by Pulaski s. w., Lincoln w., Garrard .\. w., Madison n. and N. E., and Rockcastle creek, separating it from Laurel s. e. It is a square of about 18 state. There is but one sea port, which is also the only one in N. H. ; this is Ports- mouth. The tonnage owned here in 1831, was 18,243 30. Concord is the capital of the state. The manufactures are numerous and various. Pop. 1820, 55,246, (53.4 to a sq. m.), 1830,44,325. RocKiNGHAiM, p-t. Windham co. Vt. 85 ms. from Montpelier, 22 Windsor, 25 Brattleboro', w. of Conn. r. and opposite Charlestown, N. H.; contains 24,955 acres; first settled, 1753. The inhabitants for some years ne- glected agriculture, and attended chiefly to fishing for Salmon at Bellow's falls. The t. ms. each way, area 324 sq. ms. Lat. 37° 20', lis crossed by Williams r., a branch of the and long. 7° 14' w. W. C. intersect in this co. It is a table land between the vallies of Ky. and Cumberland rs., and gives source on the N. w. side to Dick's r. of the former, and on the opposite section to Bucks and Rockcastle branches of the latter stream. Rockcastle creek; from which the co. takes its name, is the extreme northern fountain of Cumber],aiid r. rising in Laurel and Madison cos., and flowing s. s. w. falls into Cumberland r. be- tween Pulaski and Whitley cos. Chief town of Rockcastle, Mount Vernon. Pop. of the CO. 1820, 2,249, 1830, 2,865. RocK Creek, p-o. Orange co. N. C. by p-r. 64 ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. Rock Creek, p-o. Muscogee co. Geo. by p-r. 130 ms. s. w. by w. Milledgeville. Rock Creek Ford and p-o. Jennings co. Ind. by p-r. 51 ms. s. s. e. Indianopolis. Rockdale, p-v. northwestern part of Craw- for4 CO. Pa. 8 ms. n. w. Meadville, the co. st., and by p-r. 305 ms. n. w. W. C. Rock Fish, p-v. Duplin co. N. C. by p-r. 136 ms. s. E. Raleigh. Rockford, p-v. and st. jus. Surry co. N. C. on the Yadkin r. 151 ms. by p-r. n.w. by w Conn., and affords mill seats as well as Sax- ton's r. The surface is irregular, but the soil good. Bellow's falls are near the s. e. cor- ner of the town. The river flows for some distance with a smooth current through fine meadows, and is about 120 yards wide, till at the falls it is suddenly narrowed into 2 chan- nels, each about 90 feet across. When the water is low, all the stream rushes through a chasm between the granite rocks only l6 ft. wide. There are several sudden descents in the river within a short distance, altogether being about 50 I'eet ; but a canal has been constructed round them on the w. bank, through which pass flat bottomed boats, rafts, and small steamboats. Salmon formerly swam up the river beyond these falls, but shad have never been caught north of this spot. The first bridge ever built over Conn, r. was constructed here in 1785, by col. Enoch Hale ; and the second was not erected till about 1792. Some interesting minerals are found near this spot. There are 3 villa- ges, Saxton's r. village, Rockingham, and Bellow's falls. The last is in a picturesque situation, and contains several handsome Raleigh. Lat. 36° 18', long. 3° 40' w. W. C dwellings. Pop. 1830, 2,272. ROC 479 ROC Rockingham co., Va. bounded s. w. by Au- gusta, w. and N. w. by the Great N. mountain, Pendleton w., and Hardy n. w., Shenandoah CO. N., PageN. E., and Blue Ridge separating it from Orange e. Breadth 25 ms., mean length 35, and area 875 square ms. Lat. 37° 30', long. W. C. 1° 45' w. Slope to the n. e., and entirely drained by the main stream and branches of Shenandoah r. The surface is generally hilly and in part mountainous, but much of the bottom soil excellent. It is a considerable manufacturing village on Rama' po r. at the w. corner of the co. 30 ms. from N. York, and 14 w. Hudson r. This estab- lishment comprehends 4,000 acres, and about 100 buildings, including dwelling houses, mills, &c. This com. was incorporated in 1824, with a capital of 400,000 dollars. There are a large rolling and slitting mill, a manu- factory of cut nails, employing 100 men, a brick cotton mill of 5,000 spindles and 80 power looms, a grist mill, nnd a saw mill. grain district. Chief town, Harrisonburg. The v. contains 700 inhabitants. There is a Pop. 1820, 14,784, 1C30, 20,683. woollen manufactory, and at Haverstraw Rockingham, co. N. C. bounded by Gas- Messrs. Phelps & Peck's rolling and slitting well E., Guilford s., Stokes w., Patrick, Va., mill and iron wire mill. Pop. 1825, 8,016, N, w., Henry, Va., n., and Pittsylvania n. e. 3830, 9,388. Length from e. to w. 30, width 22, and area 660 square ms. Lat. 36° 24', long. W. C. 2° 48' w. This co. is a table land, from which issue to the s. m. the extreme sources of Haw r. and of course Cape Fear r. The nthrn. part is traversed in a n. e. by E. direc- tion by Dan r. Chief town, Wentworth. Pop. 1820, 11,474, 1830, 12,935. Rockingham, p-v. and st. jus. Richmond CO. N. C. by p-r. 113 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. Lat. 35° 03°, long. W. C. 2° 49' w. Rock Island, p-v. Warren co. Ten. by p-r. 87 ms. 8. E. by e. Nashville. Rock Island, co. II. as laid down by Tan- ner in his improved map of the U. S. extends along the left bank of Miss. r. above and be- low the mouth of Rock r., bounded n. and n. E. by S. Ann creek, separating it from Joe Daviess co., s. e. by Rock r. separating it from Henry, s. w. by Mercer, and w. by the Miss. r. Length from s. w. to n. e. 64 ms., mean breadth 10 ms., and area 640 square miles. Extending in lat. from 41° 20' to 41° 53' and in long, from W. C. from 13° to 14° w. Slope fi. w. in the general direction of both the Miss. and Rock r. Chief town, Fort Armstrong. This CO. is not named in either the p-o. list or census table. Rock Island, p-v. Adams, co. II. by p-r. about 150 ms. n. w. Vandalia. Rockland, p-t. Sullivan co. N. Y. s. w. Ulster CO., s. e. Delaware co., has not a very good soil, and is generally leased. It is watered by Willimemock, Big and Little Beaver creeks. Pop. 1830, 547. Rockland co., N. Y. bounded by Hudson r. or Westchester co. e.. New Jersey s. w.. Orange co. n. w., is in the form of a triangle, and contains 161 square ms. There are 4 towns. The chief is Clarkstown. The sur- face is mountainous and broken by the High- lands, with large and fertile vallies, and much arable land and pasture on the Uplands. It is crossed by Ramapo r. and has several streams which flow into Hackensack and Passaic rs. ; all these furnish valuable mill seats. There are also several fish ponds on the high lands. The Nyak hills furnish good sand stone, of which the state capitol at Albany was chiefly built. This co. comprises a tract which was of considerable importance in the revolutionary war. Ramapo mills form a I Rock Mills, p-o. Culpepper co. Va. by p-r. 75 ms. s. w. W. C. Rock Mills, p-o. Anderson dist. S. C. by p-r. 144 ms.N. w. Columbia. Rock Mills, p-o. Hancock co. Geo. by p-r. 41 ms. N. e. Milledgeville. Rock Port, on the sthrn. shore of lake Erie, p-v. in the northwestern angle of Cuya- hoga CO. O. by p-r. 146 ms. n. n. e. Columbus. Pop.ofthetsp. 1830, 361. RocKPORT, P-V. and st. jus. Spencer co. Ind. on the right bank of Ohio r. by p-r. 167 ms. s. s. w. Indianopolis. Lat. 37° 57', long. W. C. 10° 06' w. Rock Rest, p-v. Chatham co. N. C. by p-r. 40 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. Rock Run, p-o. n. e. part Harford co. Md. by p-r. 12 ms. n. e. by e. Belair, the co. st. and 38 n. e. Baltimore. Rock Shoal, p-o. Estill co. Ky. by p-r. 95 ms. s. E. Frankfort. Rock Springs, p-v. Cecil co. Md. by p-r. 79ms.N. E. W. C. Rock Spring, p-v. Pickens dist. S. C. by p-r. 149 ms. n. w. by w. Columbia. Rock Spring, p-v. St. Clair co. II. by p-r. 63 ms. s. w. Vandalia. RocKTOWN, p-v. Harrison co. O. by p-r. 143 ms. a little N. of e. Columbus. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 708. RocKviLLE, p-v. and st. jus. Montgomery CO. Md. 15 ms. n. w. W. C. 37 ms. s. w. by w. Baltimore, and by p-r. 52 ms. a little n. of w. Annapolis. Lat. 39° 05', long. W. C. 0° 7' w. It is a neat and rather close built village, but consists chiefly of one street along the main turnpike or what ought to be a turn- pike from W. C. to Frederick. Contains the co. buildings, an academy for young men, two printing offices, several stores and taverns, and in 1830, a pop. of 355. RocKviLLE, p-v. Putnam co. Geo. by p-r. 33 ms. N. w. Milledgeville. Rockville, p-v. Monroe co. Ten. by p-r. 151 ms. s. E. by e. Nashville. Rockville, p-v. and st. jus. Parke co. Ind. by p-r. 68 ms. w. Indianopolis. Lat. 39° 40', long. W. C. 10° 16' w. Pop. 1830, about 500. Rocky Comfort, p-v. Gadsden co. Flor. 22 ms. s. w. Tallahassee. ' Rockt Hill, p-v. Barren county Ky. by ROM 480 ROS post-road 138 miles southwest of Frankfort, r structed, and on the route passed a considera Rocky Mount, p-v. and St. jus. Franklin CO. Va. on a branch of Pig r. a confluent of Roan- oke, by p.r. 263 ms. s. w. W. C. Lat. 36° 57', long. W. C. 2° 50' w. Rocky Mount, p-v. sthrn. part Nash co. N. C. by p-r. 54 nis. e. Raleigh. Rocky Mount, p-v. Fairfield dist. S. C. by p-r. 55 ms. a little e. of n. Columbia. Rocky Spring, p-v. Claiborne co. Miss. about 60 ms. n. e. Natchez. Rocky Spring, p-v. Granger co. Ten. by p-r. 245 ms. e. Nashville. Rodman, p-t. Jefferson co. N. Y. 12 ms. e. lake Ontario, 7 s. Black r. is watered by the N. branch of Sandy creek, and small streams flowing into the other branch ; adjoins Pinck- ney, Lewis co. on the e. It was first settled 1801, has a good soil, yielding various crops, and favorable to fruit. There are remains of small ancient mounds, and fragments of uten sils, &c. are found, which mark it as once a favorite resort of the Indians. Pop. 1830, 1,901. Rodney, p-o. Jefferson co. Miss, about 15 ms. nrthd. Natchez. Roger's, p-o. Sangamon co. II. by p-r. 94 ms. N. N. w. Vundalia. Roger's Store, and p-o. Wake co. N. C. 14 ms. from Raleigh. Rogersville, p-v. Anderson dist. S. C. by p-r. 147 ms. n. w. Columbia. Rogersville, p-v. Lauderdale co. Ala. by p-r. 150 ms. N.Tuscaloosa. Rogersville, p-v. and st. jus. Hawkins co. Ten. by p-r. 264 ms. a little n. of e. Nashville. Lat. 36° 24', long. 5° 48' w. W. C. Rohrsburg, p-o. Columbia co. Pa. Role's Store, and p-o. Wake co. N. C. by p-r. 15 ms. nthrd. Raleigh. Rome, town, Kennebec co. Me. 22 ms. n. Augusta, S.Mercer, Somerset co., has sever- al large ponds on its s. and e. borders, which empty by diflerent channels into Kennebec r. Its form is irregular. Pop. 1830, 883. Rome, p-t. and half capital, Oneida co. N. Y. 110 ms. w. Albany, 16 n. w. Utica, has the head of boat navigation of Mohawk r. and that of Wood creek, connected by a canal, 1 1-2 ms. long, which forms a link between the waters of the Hudson and of lake Ontario. Several brooks flowing into the two streams water different parts of the town, which is of irregular form. The soil is generally uneven andof very good quality; but the borders of Wood creek are low, level and moist. The land is generally held on lease. Fort Stan- wix, built here by Great Britain in 1758, and which cost 266,400 dollars, was rebuilt by the Americans in the revolutionary war, and called fort Schuyler. This frontier post was reduced to great straits by an expedition of Canadians and Indians, under Col. Johnson, but defended with great bravery. The ruins of it are now hardly distinguishable. The battle of Onscany was fought here, in which Gen. Herkimer fell. Here was formerly a carrying place, before the canal was con- ble amount of Indian merchandize in early times. The village is on the n. side of the canal, and 1-2 m. n. Erie canal. An arse- nal of the United States stands three hun- dred yards north Erie canal, on the height of land between the streams, and was built in 1816, for a subordinate depot, under the ordnance department. There is a building 40 by 96 feet, 3 1-2 stories high, a magazine 19 by 65 feet, with a stone wall, 15 feet high around it, oflicers' quarters, &c, «Slc. Pop. IfiSO, 4,360. Rome, p-o. Smith co. Ten. about 50 ms. northeastward Nashville. Rome, p-v. Trumbull co. O. by p-r. 183 ms. N. E. Columbus. Rome, p-v. and st. jus. Perry co. Ind. on the right bank of the Ohio r. opposite Stephens- port, Breckenridge co. Ky. by p-r. 143 ms. a little w. of R. IndianopoUs. Lat. 37° 58', long. W. C. 9° 36' w. Romeo, formerly called Indian village, p-v. Macomb county, Mich., by p-r. 56 ms. n. n. e. Detroit. RoMNEY, p-v. and st. jus. Hampshire co. Va. on the right bank of the south branch of Potomac, by p-r. 116 ms. a little n. of w. W. C. 39 ms. in a similar direction from Winches- ter, and 28 s. Cumberland, in Md. Lat. 39° 20', long. W. C. 1° 42' w. Pop. 1830, 346, of whom 100 were colored persons. Romulus, p-t. Seneca co. N. Y. 6 ms. n. Ovid, 12 s. Waterloo, has Cayuga lake and CO. e., Seneca lake and Ontario co. w., has very good land, which is all cultivated, with few mill streams. The surface has a gentle ascent from the lakes, and the rocks beneath are slate and secondary limestone. Apple- tov.n, a small village in the n. w. comer, on the lake shore, has its name from the remains of some ancient Indian orchards which still exist. This town includes part of the Cayu- ga Indian reservation. Population 1830, 2,089. Root, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y. 12 ms. s. v/. Johnstown, s. Mohawk r., n. Schoharie CO., was formed from the e. part of Canajo- harie, and w. part of Charlestown, in 1823. The rocky eminence, called the nose, and Mitchell's cave, are in this town. In the n. passes the Erie canal, where it strikes a nar- row tract of primitive rocks. There is but one other disclosure of a primitive forma- tion along the whole canal route. Pop. 1830, 2,750. Rootstown, p-v. Portage co. O. by p-r. 131 ms. N. e. Columbus. RoscoE, p-v. Jackson tsp. Coshocton co. O. by p-r. 83 ms. n. E.by e. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 81. This place was formerly Cal- dersburgh. Rose, p-t. Wayne co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 1,641. Rosedale, p-v. Madison co. O. by p-r. 26 ms. w. Columbus. Rosehill, p-v. Lee co. Va. by p-r. 20 ms. westrd. Jonesville, the co. st., and 412 miles ROT 481 ROX s. w. by w. W. C. It is the extreme south- 1 ms. s. w. Schenectady, on the a. side of Mo- western p.o. in Va. hawk river, N. Albany co., e. Montgomery RosEitiLL, p-v. Wilkinson co. Miss, byp-r. co. The land is almost all of excellent qual- about 20 ms. ethrd. Natchez. ) ity particularly the large meadows on the r's. RosELAND, p-v. Cambria CO. Pa. by p-r. 182 bank. Nine small islands in the Mohawk ms. N. w. W. C Rose Mills, and p-o. Amherst co. Va. by p-r. 170 ms. s. w. VV. C. RosEviLLE, p.v. Loudon co. Va. by p-r., 38 ms. wstrd. W. C> RosEviLLE, p-v. Muskingum co. Va. by p-r. 69 ms. estrd. Columbus. RosEviLLE, p-v. Parke co. Ind. by p-r. 78 ms. VV. Indianopolis are also well cultivated. The inhabitants are of Dutch extraction. The Erie canal passes through the meadows not far from the river, descending from higher ground by 3 locks. There are several manufactories of different kinds. Pop. 1830, 1,481. Rough Creek Church, and p-o. Charlotte CO. Va., by p-r. 105 ms. s. w. Richmond. Roulette, p.v. Potter co. Pa., by p-r. 292 Ross, CO. O. bounded on the s. by Pike, s. ims. n. W. C w. Highland, n. w. Fayette, n. Pickaway, n. Round Prairie, p-o. Callaway co. Mo., 39 E. Hocking, and s. e. .lackson. Length fromims. n. n. e. Jefferson. Round Top, the highest eminence of Cats- kill mtns., Greene co. N. Y. Rouse's Point, formerly supposed to belong to Chaniplain, Clinton co. N. Y., was found to lie N. of lat. 45°, and of course it was de- cided that it lay in Canada. Rowan, co. N. C, bounded by Montgome- ry s. E., Cabarras s., Iredell w., Surry n., and Yadkin river separating it from Davidson k. Length from s. to n. 40 miles, mean breadth 20, and area 800 sq. ms. Lat. 35° 45', long. W. C. 3° 36' w. The slope almost due east towards the deep valley of the Yadkin. Chief town, Salisbury. Pop. 1830, 20,786. In 1820, Rowan contained the space e. of Yadkin, now Davidson co., and contained then 26,009 in- habitants ; the two counties now contain a pop. of 34,175. RowANTv, p-v. Sussex co. Va., on Rowanty creek, 43 ms. s. Richmond. RowE, p-t. Franklin co. Mass., 130 ms. n, w. Boston, 3. Vt. ; is elevated, and near the head waters of Deerfield river, at the base of Hoosac mountain. Fort Pelham was built here about the year 1744, being one of the line of forts for the protection of the frontier against savage incursions. Pop. 1830, 716. RowLANDSviLLE, p-0. Cecil CO. Md., by p-r. E. to w. 34 ms., mean breadth 22, and area 748 square ms. Lat. 39° 20', and long. W. C. 6° w., intersect near Chilicothe and near the centre of this co., and near the same point the Sciota r. receives from the w. Paint creek. Tlie former traversing the co. in a s. s. e. direction. It is also traversed in all its breadth by the Ohio and Erie canal, which follows the right or wstrn. bank of Sciota. The face of the co. is peculiarly and finely diversified. Soil productive. Chief town, Chilicothe. Population 1820, 20,619, 1830, 24.068. Ross' p-o, Anderson co. Ten. by p-r. 201 ms. e. Nashville. RossiE, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 29 ms. s. s. w. Ogdensburgh, has Jefferson co. s. w. It is a large triangle, and is crossed through the middle by Indian r. the w. branch of the Oswegatchie, which affords water power to the iron works at the head of Black lake. Ossvegatchie r. also runs for some distance in this town. In the w. is Chippeway bay, in St. Lawrence r., which contains numerous little islands belonging to the group called the Thousand islands. Limestone and iron ore abound, with granite, quartz, &.c. The surface is various, partly almost mountainous and partly level. The Oswegatchie is a pub- 1 80 ms. n. e. W. C. lie highway from Streetor's mills in this town Rowley, p-t. Essex co. Mass., 28 ms. n. to its mouth at Ogdensburgh. At the vil- e. Boston, 16 n. e. Salem, 6 s. Newburyport, large, and I and w. Massachusetts bay ; has much sand Population and salt marsh e., with very good land in oth- er parts, on hills and invallies ; well watered Rosstraver, tsp. and p-o. wstrn. part of by Rowley and Parker rs., and other streams. Westmoreland co. Pa. by p-r. 212 ms. n. w. The town was settled in 1639, from York- W. C. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 1,721. It is I shire, Eng. under Rev. E. Rogers. It includes lage the iron works are quite owned by Mr. David Parish. 18J0, 641. the wstrn. tsp. of the co. and lies between the Youghioghany and Monongahela rs. RossviLLE, p-v. wstrn. part York co. Pa. 15 ms. N. w. by w. of the borough of York, 17 ms. s. Harrisburg, and 100 n. W. C. RossviLLE, p-v. Cherokee Nation, Geo., by p-r. 250 ms. n. w. Milledgeville. In the p-o. list it is marked as 56 ms. farther from Mil- ledgeville than is new Echota. Plumb island, and extends about 4 ms. by 13, including Plumb island sound. The hills w, are the highest land in the co. Population 1830, 2,044. RoxBORo', or Levering's p-o. in Roxboro* township, Philadelphia co. Pa., 8 ms. nrthrd. Phil. Pop. township 1830, 3,334. RoxBORo', p-v. and st. jus. Person co. N. C, by p-r. 60 ms. n. w. Raleigh, and 271 s. s. RossviLLE, p-v. Butler co. O. on Miami r. w. W. C. Lat. 36° 24', long. W. C. 2° w. 25 ms. N. Cincinnati. Pop. 1830, 639. Roxburv, p-t. Cheshire co. N. II., 5 miles Rotuerwood, p-v. estrn. part of Carroll co. e. Keene, 60 w. s. w. Concord, 7G n. w. Bos- Geo. 143 ms. N. w. by w. Milledgeville. ton; is very small, with only 6,000 acres, Rotterdam, p-t. Schenectady co. N. Y., 4! and separated from Keene by theN, branch c' 61 ROY 482 RUP Ashuelot r. This is joined s. vv. by Roaring 1 Montpelier, 25 n. w. Windsor ; first eetUed brook, which is in the s., and has good mead- ows. Roaring brook pond is E. The surface is uneven, with good grazing. Population 1830, 32-2. RoxBURY, t. Washington co. Vt., 15 ms. n. w. Montpelier, 45 n. w. Windsor ; first set- tled 1789 ; is on the height of hind between Onion and White rs., into both which streams several brooks flow. The soil is uneven, but good for grass and grain, bearing hard wood, with some evergreens. Slate, v.'ith crystals of pyrites are found e Pop. 1830, 737. RoxBURY, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass., 2i ms. s. w. Boston, lies s. Charles river or bay, on which are 1,000 acres of marsh, and commu- nicates witb Boston by a well built street ex- tending along the Neck. In the middle part of the town the soil is fertile and well cultiva ted ; and s. w. is Jamaica Pl-ain, 1 mile by 2 covered with gardens and country seats About i part s. e. is rough and rocky land Settled 1630, by John Pyncheon and others. Rev. John Eliot, called the apostle to the In dians, became pastor of the church here in 1632. He had great success in christianizing and civilizing the savages, and translated and published the scriptures in their language. Gen. Warren, who fell at Bunker's hill, was born here. Jamaica pond, a beautiful sheet of water, supplies the Boston aqueduct. Pop. 1830, 5,247. RoxBURY, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn., 46 ms. s. s. w. Hartford, 32 n. w. New Haven, n. N. Haven co. ; about 4 ms. by 6^ ; with about 26 square ms. ; has a varied surface, bearing nut trees, &.c. The rocks are granite, with some variation ; and iron ore exists here. Shepaug river, a small branch of the Housatonic, runs nearly s. through the t. Pop. 1830, 1,122. RoxBURY, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y., 56 ms. s. w. Albany, 22 e. Delhi, 49 w. Cattskill ; lies s. of Schoharie co., and w. of Greene CO. A pond gives rise to Papachton r., the E. branch of the Delaware, and on it are mill seats. The surface is mountainous, and some of the vallies have good land. It was settled from the eastern states about 1790. Popula- tion 1830, 3,234. RoxBURY, t. Morris co. N. J., 45 miles n. Trenton ; is divided on the n. w. and w. from Sussex and Warren cos. by Musconetcong r., which rises n. in Hopatung pond. The sur- face is elevated and mountainous ; Schooley's mountain extending into the w. part. On it is Budd's pond, which, with a smaller one near Hopatung pond, gives rise to the south branch of Raritan r. A very narrow ridge. 1771, and the buildings were burnt by Indians from Canada in Oct. 1780. Several persons were killed, and 28 of the inhabitants were carried captive to Canada, all of whom ex- cept one were ransomed and returned. The soil is good, though the surface is mountain- ous. The town is crossed by White r. which is here joined by two branches', and along the banks are rich meadows. The v. is in a pleasant situation, on White r. near the cen- tre of the town, and contains an academy, &c., incorporated in 1807. Pop. 1830, 1,893. RoYALTON, p-t. Niagara co. N. Y., 26 ms. E. Lewiston, 6 e. Lockport, w. Genesee CO. ; has Tonawanta creek s., which divides it from Erie co. It is crossed by the moiin- tain ridge and Erie canal. Lockport village is situated at the spot where they cross each other. The canal descends by 5 double com- bined locks, after passing through a deep rock cutting for a great distance, and affords most valuable mill sites, which are supplied by the waste water, and some of them occupied. The land in this town, though until recently but little- occupied, is generall}' good. Pop. 1830, 3,138. RoYALTON, p-v. Fairfield co. Ohio, by p-r. 36 ms. s. E. Columbus. RoYALSTo.v, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., 70 ms. w. Boston ; has a good soil, but an une. ven surface, tSc- is watered by several streams, the principal of which is Miller's r. in the s. E., which, as well as Tully's r., affords good mill sites. There are several mills and fac- tories. The Royalston cotton and woollen factory on Miller's river, was incorporated 1813, with a capital of $50,000. Settled 1702. Pop. 1830, 1,493. RoYSE, mountain, Coos co. N. H., in the ungranted lands n. Chatham, near Me., and the Androscoggin. RucKERsviLLE, p.v. Elbert co. Geo., by p-r. 108 ms. N. N. E. Milledgeville. RucKMANviLLE, p.v. Bath CO. Va., by p-r. 180 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Rudkle's Mills, and p-o. Bourbon co. Ky., by p-r. 45 ms. e. Frankfort. RuGGLES, p.v. sthestrn. part Huron co. O., by p-r. lOU ms. n. n. e. Columbus. RuMFORD, p-t. Oxford co. Me., 20 ms. n. Paris ; has Androscoggin river on its s. boun- dary, 2 branches e. and w., and several mtns. Pop. 1830, 1,126. RuMFORU Academy, and p-o. King William CO. Va., by p-r. 115 ms. a very little s. of w. W. C, and 32 n. e. Richmond. Ru.mxey, p-t. Grafton co. N. H., 8 ms. in this land, therefore, divides the waters ofi w. Plymouth, 47 n. by w. Concord, 110 n. n. the Hudson and Delaware. Flanders, Drake-, w. Boston ; with 22,475 acres; crossed by town, Drakesville and Stanhope, are villages i Baker's river, and a branch from Stinson'a partly in this town. Pop. 1830, 2,262. : pond N., Stinson's and Webber's mtns. lie e.-, RoxBURY, p-v. northern part of Franklin co.' and part of Rattlesnake or Carr's mtn. n. w. Pa., by p-r. 13 ms. n. Chambersburg, the co.iThc soil is pretty good, bearing white pine, seat, and 103 ms. n. n. w. W. C. Royal Oak, p-v. Oakland co. Mich., 14 ms. northward Detroit. beech, sugar maple, oak and birch. Settled 1765. Pop. 1830, 993. Rupert, p-t. Bennington co. Vt. 26 ms. Royalton, p-t. Windsor co. Vt., 31 ms. s. Bennington, 78 ms. s. w. Montpelier, lies e RUS 483 RUT N. Y., has Pawlot r. n. e., and gives rise to mountainous. White cr. The e. part is mountainous, but 1830, 6,714. there are many good farms. Pop. 1830, 1,318. Chief towrt, Lebanon. Pop- RijssELi-.co. Ky. bounded s. by Wayne, s.w. -jjg (Cumberland co., vv. and n. w. Adair, n. e. Rupp's p-o. Marion CO. O. by p-r. 38 ms. ; Casey, and e. Wolf cr. separating it from nrthrd. Columbus Pulaski. Length from s. w. to n. k. 26 ms. tnra. ooiumous. ^ ......... ^-^..^.- -. Rural Valley, p-o. Armstrong co. Pa. by mean breadth 10, and area 2fa0 sq. ms „-. tiT /-. Q-70 r,„A RO ,,, W C. infpi-spnf in tl p-r. 224 ms. n. w. W. C Rasii, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y. 1830,2,101. , _-.. Lat. 37° and 8° w. W. C. intersect in this co. Population I Cumberland r. by a very circuitous channel ,.J^^ ii It) I I traverses the sthrn. section in a nearly wstrly. Rush co Ind. bounded by Decatur s., I direction, the general slope is, however, to Shelby s w Hancock n. w., Henry n.. Fay- {the s. towards that stream, though the nrthrn. ettcN.E., and Franklin s. e. Length from s. to | extreme reaches into the valley of Green r. N. 24 ms., breadth 20, and area 480 sq. ms. t^^"-!- * T,^,o=.^,vn. Pon. m.iO. .^.H7y. Lat. 39° 35', long. W. C. 8° 30' w. Slope 8. w. and drained by numerous branches of ♦he Driftwood fork of White r. Chief town, RushviUe. Pop. 1830,9,707. Rusuford, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 12 ms. w. Angelica, e. Cattaraugus co. There are few mill streams. Pop. 1830, 1,115. RusHviLLE, p-v. sthrn. part Susquehannah CO. Pa. by p-r. 265 ms. n. n. e. W. C. ^w , .....g. ■■• -• — -- ■■ - - - ^r RusHviLLE, p-v. near the eastern border of a branch of Bear cr. a confluent of Tennea Chief t., Jamestown. Pop. 1830, 3,879. Russell, p-v. Geauga co. O. by p-r. 141 ms. N. E. Columbus. Russell Place, p-o. Kershaw dist. S. 0. by p-r. 61 ms. n. e. by e. Columbia. Russellville, p-v. Chester co. Pa. by p-r. 99 ms. N. E. W. C. Russellville, p-v. and st. jus. Franklm co. Ala. by p-r. 127 ms. n. Tuscaloosa. Lat. 34«> 28', long. W. C. 10° 46' w. It is situated on Fairfield co. O. by p-r. 38 ms.s. e. by e. Co Iambus. Pop. 1830, 234. RusnviLLE, p-v. and st. jus. Rush co. Ind. by p-r. 46 ms. s. e. by e. Indianopolis. Lat. 39° 36', long. 8° 27' w. W. C. RusHviLLE, p-v. and st. jus. Schuyler co. II. by p-r. 172 ms. n. w. Vandalia. Lat. 40° 06', long. W. C. 13° 33' w. Russell, p-t. Hampden co. Mass. 108 ms. s. w. Boston, is crossed by Westfield r. n. w. and s. E., and Little Westfield r. from w. to E. Incorporated 1792. Pop. 1830, 507. Russell, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 28 ms. s.E. Ogdensburgh, x. Herkimer co. The soil is favorable to pasturage ; the streams are numerous and small, except Oswegatchie r. s. Mill sites are abundant. First settled 1805. There are quarries of free stone ; iron ore, pyrites, &c. are iound. Population 1830, 54 1'. Russell co. Va. bounded s. by Scott, Lee 8. w., Cumberland mtn. separating it from Pike CO. Ky. s. w., Tazewell co. Va.N. E.,and Clinch mtn. separating it from Washington CO. Va. s. E. Mean length between Clinch and Cumberland mtns. 40 ms., mean breadth 35,and area 1,400 sq. ms. Lat. 37°, and long W. C. 5° 30' w., intersect in this co. Though bounded by 2 mtn. chains, Russell co. of Va Russellville, p-v. Claiborne parish, La. by p-r. 441 ms. n. w. by w. New Orleans. Rusellville, p-v. and st. jus. Logan co. Ky. situated on the summit ground between the sources of Muddy r. branch of Green r. and those of Red r. a confluent of Cumberland r., by p-r. 171 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort, and 58 ms. a little w. of n. Nashville in Ten. Lat. 36° 50', long. W. C. 9° 50' w. It is a flour- ishing v., containing besides the co. buddings an academy, some places of public worship, schools, stores, &c. Pop. 1830, 1,358. It is the largest town in sthrn. Ky. Russellville, p-v. Brown co.O.by p-r. 106 ms. s. s. w. Columbus. Russia, p-t. Herkimer co. N. Y. 20 ms. N. Herkimer, has streams running in different directions, the principal of which is West Canada cr. Pop. 1830, 2,458. Russia, iron works, Peru, Clinton co. N. Y. 6 ms. from Kceseville, 23 from Plattsburgh. Rutherford, co. N. C. bounded by Blue Ridge separating it from Buncombe w. ; a spur of the same chain separates it from Burk^e n.; it has Lincoln e., and Spartanburg dist. S, C. s. Length from E. to w. 42 ms. ; mean breadth 28, and area 1,176 sq. ms. Lat. 35° 20' N., and long. W. C. 5° w. intersect near rra';ry;ema;kal>i;ubfri,"„"jTgi.ins.ource!.hc ce„,re„f.fii. co The main stream of EFra:.r^e?ie?c\fie,,ir'mr4,dr;::?,;:r«i's^ Tazewell assumes asouthwestrn course | Rutherford, co. Fen. boundeaoy iJeaoru Lwnle stJestrn. valley of Russell, giving to, s., Williamson s. w-, DavH^son n. -, W. son that section a slope at right angles to that of; n., and Warren e Length ^ «^^ ^ ° ^^^-^ the section bordered by the Cumberland chain . ms ; mean b ead.h 24, and '^«- '^.^.^ect The whole co. occupies a region which must Lat 36° and i^"f ^ .t" ^'^.e very nearly be elevated, independent of the mtn. ridges,;m this co. ^he outl.nes a e very y at least from 1,200 to 1,500 feet above the|commensurate vvi h and ^1^^^^^^^^^^^ ocean tides. Surface rocky and in great part nearly the whole valley ol, bto.ie RUT 484 RYN ry o( Cumberland r. The slope n. w. Thef N.w. angle is about 6 ms. n. e. by e. Nashville. The soil excellent. Chief town, Murfrees- boro'. Pop. 1820, 19,552 ; 1830, 26,134. RuTHERFORDTON, p.v. and St. jus. Ruther- ford CO. N. C, by p-r. 223 ms. a little s. of w. Raleigh. It is situated on a branch of Broad r., and near the centre of the co. Rutland, co. Vt. bounded by Addison co. N., Windsor co. e., Bennington co. s., Wash- ington CO. w., 34 ms. by 42, with 958 sq. ms RuTLEDGE,p-v. and St. jua. Grainger co. Ten. 33 ms. n. e. by t. Knoxville, and by p-r. 232 ms. e. Nashville. Lat. 36° 15', long. W.C. 6° 16' w. Ryal's, p-o. Montgomery co. Geo. by p-r. 101 ms. s. e. E. Milledgeville. Rye, t. Rockingham co. N. H. 6 ms. e. Portsmouth, which it separates from the ocean, 51 e. s. e. Concord, has Little Har- ibor N. E., the Atlantic e., and contains 7,780 1 acres. It was first settled in 1635, when it Rutland, near the centre, is the chief t. Cas- belonged to Portsmouth ; incorporated 1719. tleton is another considerable v. Otter cr. Its name was probably derived from a town crosses the CO. from s. to n. Black, White, in England. The soil is poor and hard, but and Queechy rs. rise e. and run into Connec- ticut r. Pawlet r. is s. and Castleton and Hubbardton rs. w. The principal part of the county is hilly and mountainous, but excellent level land is found on Otter cr., and in the s. w. marble is quarried abundantly in a range of granular limestone along Otter cr., and iron ore is found at the base of the Green mtns., whose heights are included in the e. part of the co. Pop. 1820, 29,983 ; 1830, 31,294. Rutland, p-t. st. jus. Rutland co.Vt. 50 ms. 8. w. Montpelier, 60 s. Burlington, 52 n. e. Bennington, is of irregular form, containing above 26,000 acres. It was -first settled sea weed is used with great benefit as ma- nure. The sea coast extends 6 ms., nearly one-third of that possessed by the whole state, and embraces Sandy, Jenniss' and Wallis' beaches, which afford bathing places, much resorted to. There is a small harbor for vessels of 70 or 80 tons ; and many fish are caught in boats along the coast. A tract of 300 acres has been drained of a fresh pond, which yields salt hay. At Breakfast hill, a party of Indians were surprized,! 696. That t. suffered considerably in the Indian wars. Pop. 1830,1,172. Rye, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y. 29 ms. N. E. N. ¥., 5 s. E. Whiteplains, 142 s. Alba- about 1770. In the revolution 2 picket forts ny, w. Conn., n. Long Isl. sound, is small and wefe built here, one of which was near the site of the present court house in the e. v. It is crossed by Otter cr. from s. to n. West r. and East cr. fall into it in this t. and these streams afford mill sites, where several fac- tories are erected. The soil is very various, the rocks being primitive and secondary. Iron, limestone and clay are found. Marble quar of irregular form. It has Byram r. for a short distance on the e. boundary. Parsonage Point extends into the sound. There are 2 small villages, Rye and Saw Pits, the latter on the sound, 28 ms. from N. Y. and a place of some trade. Several small isls. in the sound belong to this t. Pop. 1830, 1,602. Ryegate, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt. 33 ms. e. lies are wrought, both white and blue, in a Montpelier, 58 n. w. Windsor, 150 n. w. Bos- range extending from Berkshire co. Mass. ton, lies w. Conn, r., N.Orange co. opposite through a considerable part of Vt. The prin-i Path, Grafton co. N. H. and has 32 sq. ms. cipalv. is in the e. parish, and contains a court The original settlers, (except one family,) house, and other public buildings. In the w parish are 2 small villages. Population 1830, 2,753. Rutland, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 56 ms. w. Boston, is a pleasant agricultural t. with good soil and varied surface, crossed by an E. branch of Wate r. It was purchased of the Indians in 1686. A tract 12 ms. sq. which included this and several adjacent towns, was purchased for £30. Several of the inhabitants were killed by Indians in 1723 and '24. Pop. 1830,1,276. Rutland, p-t. Jefferson co. N. Y. 170 ms. N. w. Albany, 6 e. Watertown, s. Black r., n. Lewis CO., has light soil and favorable to grain and grass. Limestone rocks lie beneath at a considerable depth. The trees are maple, beach, elm, with some white pine, &c. near Black r. The remains of an ancient work like an encampment are seen on a hill, sur- rounded by a ditch. The place was over- grown with old trees, and human bones are found in the soil. Pop. 1830, 2,339. Rutland, p-v. Tioga co. Pa. by p-r. 148 ms. N. N. w.Harrisburg. Rutland, p-v. Meiga co.O. by p-r. 95 ms. a. E. Columbus. were from Scotland, a company with .£1,000 sterling, being raised in 1772, by farmers of Renfrew and Lanark, and after a selection made by agents, the settlement was commenc- ed in 1774. New colonists were interrupted by the war, but afterwards arrived ; and about two-thirds of the population are of Scotch de- scent. The habits of their ancestors are still in some degree retained : oat meal and bar- ley form important articles of diet ; and fru- gality and industry prevail. The land is un- even, and in the north rough; but there is much pasturage, and very little waste. The western part has rich soil, and on the Conn, are three small meadows. Ticklenaked pond s., contains 64 acres, and its outlet enters Wells r. North pond discharges into Conn. r. over which is a dam, at Canoe falls, and a fer- ry. A part of Wells r. s. w. affords mill seats. Mill stones are obtained from Blue mtn. the only considerable eminence. Pop. 1830 1,119. Ryerson's station, p.v. nrthrn. part of Greene CO. Pa. by p-r. 16 ms. s. s. w. of the borough of Washington in Washington co. Pa. and 249 ms. N. w by w. W. C. Rvnd's, p-o. Venango co.. Pa. by p-r. 288 ms. N. w. W. C. SAC 465 SAC s. Sabillisvii.le, p-v. Frederick co. Md. by p-r. 59 ms. n. n. w. W. C. Sabina, p-v. Clinton co. O. by p-r. 55 ms. 8. w. Columbus. Sabine, r. La. and the Mexican province of Texas, rising in the latter about lat. 33°, and to the sthrd. ot" the great bend ef Red r. and to the n. w. of La. The country round its sources is generally prairies ; but before reaching lat. 32°, where it becomes a boun- dary between La. and Texas, this stream has entered a dense forest. From this point to the mouth it was navigated and surveyed by the author of this article in 1812 and 1813. At lat. 32° it is already a navigable stream for boats of considerable size at high water ; the breadth of tlie stream 60 or 70 yards. l:)elow 32° the Sabine receives no tributary stream above the size of a large creek ; of these, however, there are several from both sides. The main stream, with a curve to the estrd., pursues a general southern course over two degrees of lat. to lat. 30°, where it is joined from the n. w. by the Nctchez, a branch from the vicinity of Nacogdoches. Before their junction both rivers have merged into prairie, which continues to the Gulf of Mexico. Im- mediately below the union of the Sabine and son, 8 ms. long ; has its sources in numerous ponds and small streams in Warren and Ha- milton COS., and after a crooked course, and receiving a number of good mill streams, joins the Hudson 8 ms. s. w. of lake George. Sacarappa, p-v. Cumberland co. Me. 59 ms. from Augusta. Sachkm, Grand, mtn. N. Y., the highest of the Highlands on Hudson r. called also the Beacon. Sacket's Harbor, incorporated p-v. Houns- field, Jetfersoii co. N. Y. Itil ms. n. w. Alba- ny, 12 below Watertown, 8 from lake Ontario, is on a large and important bay and harbor, which was made a naval station during the late war, and is very convenient for ship building as well as for anchorage. Forts Tompkins and Pike were built here in the war. Saco, r. rises in N. H. and enters the At- lantic in Me. Its highest source is near the summit of one of the loftiest peaks of the White mtns. ; and during its course to the Notch, it flows in one place within about 200 yards of the Lower -\monoosuc. After wind- ing slowly through a little narrow alluvial le- vel at the foot of the principal peaks, it passes through the Notch, which it appears to have Netchez, the united waters expand into a 'had much agency in reducing to its present shallow elliptical lake of about 30 ms. long, and from 1 to 7 or 8 ms. wide. At the lower end of the lake the water again coatracts into the size of a river of but little more width than above the lake. The whole length of this river, from the source to final outlat, into the Gulf of Mexico, is 70 ms. above and 250 ms. below the point where it is crossed by lat. 32°. Though when swelled by rains the Sabine is navigable above lat. 32°, it is not of suffi- cient depth at the mouth or over its lake for vessels of 3 feet draught. Along the wstrn. side a range of high hills stretches with the Sa- bine, some parts of which are rocky and even precipitous ; but along the opposite shore I saw not one high bank, and with the prairies all eminences cease, and one immense plain extends on all sides. Tufts of trees gradu- ally cease, and from the mouth not a shrub is to be seen. The soil, as far as I couldjudge from the appearance along the banks, is ge- nerally sterile. At any considerable distance from the stream pine is the prevailing timber. Taken as a whole it is a river worthy of no- tice only as having become a political boun- dary between two great nations. Sable r. or River au-Sable, N. Y., empties into lake Champlain, after a course of 35 ms. from Essex co. where it has its source. It runs for some distance on the line c^f Essex and Clinton cos. with mill seats. Little Sa- ble r. empties into the lake 2 ms. n. of it. Sacandaga, r. N. Y. a branch of the Hud- form, and instantly changes its character to a furious and foaming little torrent, rushing im- petuously down a descent in a continued cas- cade, with few interruptions for several miles. On the upper part of the Notch it is about 4 feet wide, and yet leaves barely room enough for the road to pass beside it. It pursues a s. course for about 12 nis. through many ro- mantic scenes, and then turning e. in Bart- lett receives Ellis's r., and in its s. course of 10 ms. further is swelled by several other small tributaries. At Conway it flows across a level tract, receives Swift r., and then running e. passes into Fryeburgh, Maine, through which it pursues a remarkably tortu- ous course, running 36 ms. in a town 6 miles square, the ancient favorite habitation of the Pequawket Indians. It then pursues its way to the sea in Me., on the borders of which it makes a sudden descent, at a spot where its channel is divided by an island, on which, and the adjacent banks, large manu- factories were erected a few years since, with the prospect of operating with great advan- tage on account of its convenient communi- cation with navigable tide water, as well as the abundance of water power. The princi. pal buildings were unfortunately destroyed by fire. The r. is subject to sudden floods, especially in its upper parts. Saco, p-t. and port of entry, York co. Me. 71 ms. s. s. w. Augusta, 15 s. w. Portland, 29 N. E. York, 103 n. n. e. Boston ; has Saco r. on the s. w., Cumberland co. n. k., and a SAG 486 SAI bay on the s. e. where the mouth of the river forms a harbor. The falls here afford water power for manufacturing. The village stands on Saco r. at the head of tide water, about 3 ms. from its mouth, and at the falls, the descent of which is nearly 50 feet, and to water are navigated into, and some distance up Saginaw r. The distance is about 75 ms. N. jv. w. from the outlet of lake Huron into St. Clair r. to Transit point, or southern en. trance of the bay of Saginaw. Saginaw, r. of Mich, is formed by the rs. which vessels of 100 tons come up from sea. I Cass, Flint, Saginaw Proper, and Tittiba- The water power is always very abundant, wassee. Cass r. rises in Sanilac co., andflow- and numerous factories might be erected on ing wstrJ. by comparative courses 50 miles, the shore. About 20 saw mills are now falls into Saginaw nearly opposite to the moved by the water. The York manufac- mouth of Tittibawassee. Flint r. rises in furing com. own a site 34 feet in length, where Lapeer and Oakland cos., and flowing thence they have a new factory with 8,000 spindles, to the n. w. enters Saginaw co. and joins Sa- and other sites at Call's island. They have ginaw r. 3 or 4 ms. above the mouths of Cass also a rolling mill and nail factory, producing an4 Tittibawassee rs. Saginaw Proper rises 400 tons of nails annually. There is one in Oakland, Washtenaw, and Shiawassee Episcopal, one Calvinist, and one Unitarian cos., and flowing nthrd. into Saginaw, joina church, besides congregations of Baptists Flint r. ; as already noticed the comparative and Methodists. The number of inhabitants length of the two streams above their junc- in the village by the last census was 3,219 ; the number the preceding year was over 3,800. Only a few months before the census was taken, the large cotton mill which had employed 600 persons was burnt. Pop. 1830, 3,219. Saddle, r. N. J. rises near the boundary in N. Y., and flows s. through Bergen co. into Pompton r. and forms the Passaic tion is nearly equal, and each about 55 miles. The Saginaw Proper has interlocking sources with those of Huron of Erie, and Grand r. of Michigan. The course of the Tittiba- wassee is almost directly opposite to that of Flint r. Rising between the sources of Thun- der r. of lake Huron, and Manistic of lake Michigan, it flows s. s. e. by comparative courses about 70 ms., and is the longest of Saddleback mtn. O.xford co. Me. n. ofl the constituent branches of Saginaw. This Androscoggin r. about 4,000 feet above the stream rises on the unappropriated territory 'between Saginaw bay and lake Michigan, and in its course to its recipient traverses Gladwin and Midland cos., and is lost in Sa- ginaw r. in Saginaw co. Below the union of its constituent streams, the Saginaw flows n. N. E. by comparative courses to its final dis- charge into Saginaw bay. The valley of Saginaw occupied much of the central parts of the Mich, peninsula ; the greatest length, 120 ms. from the source of Flintr. to thatof Tittibawassee ; mean breadth 35 ms., and area 42 sq. ms. Lying between lat. 42° 35', and 43° 20'. Contrary to ordi- nary cases the greatest length of this river valley is almost alright angles to the general course from the middle source to point of ul- timate discharge. Sacln'aw, CO. Mich, boimded n. e. and b. by Sanilac co., s. e. Lapeer, s. Shiawassee, w. Gratiot, n. w. Midland, and n. Saginaw bay. Length from s. to n. 38 ms., mean breadth 32, and area 1,216 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 43° 07' to 43° 39', and in long, from 6° 3C' to 7° 21' w. W. C. Slope a little e. of n. The far greater part of the whole co. is in the valley of Saginaw r., and near its centre the constituent streams of that river converge and unite within 3 or 4 ms. of the same point. Chief t. Saginaw. Saginaw, st. of jus. Saginaw co. Mich., as laid down by Tanner, is on the left bank of Saginaw r. 20 ms. above its mouth, and 100 ms. N. w. Detroit. Lat. 43° 25', long. 6° 55' w. W. C. Saint Alba.n's, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 30 Saddle River, t. Bergen co. N. J. 4 miles N. w. Paterson ; has Pompton r. on the s. boundary, and much hilly or mountainous land. Paterson v. is at the falls, opposite this town. An aqueduct of the Morris canal crosses the river. Pop. 1830, 3,397. Sadsburyville, p-v. western part of Chester CO. Pa. by p-r. 43 ms. w. Phil. Saegersville, p-o. Lehigh co. Pa. by p-r. 85 ms. E. Harrisburg. Sagadahoc, r. Oxford co. Me. falls into the Androscoggin in Rumford, from the n. Sag Harbor, p.v. and port of entry, South- ampton, Suffolk CO. N. Y. in the n. e. corner of that town, 100 ms. e. N. Y., 244 from Al- bany, has a good harbor, and the seat of some trade, as well as of whale fishing, and the manufacture of salt from sea water. Saginaw, bay of lake Huron, in Mich. As laid down by Tanner in his recently improved map of the U. S. Saginaw bay opens from the lake between Transit point on the s., and Rock point on the n., by a mouth 32 ms. wide, and extending thence s. w. 50 ms., maintain, ing a general width of about 20 ms., and ter- minating in a wide base or shore exceeding in fact in width the mean breadth of the bay. This bay receives from the n. w. the rivers Thunder, Sable, Grindstone, and some of lesser note ; the inlets are small, and the main confluent of the bay, the Saginaw river, enters the extreme southwestern ehore. The bay of Saginaw is chequered with some is- lands, the principal groups are the Thunder islands off Rock point, and the Shaungum ms. e. Norridgewock, 46 n. n. e. Augusta, islands between the mouths of Grindstone touches Penobscot co. at the n. e. and s. e. and Saginaw rs. V^cssels drawing 5 or 6 ft.' angles, lying w. Corinna, which breaks the SAI 487 SAI line of that co. It is crossed n. e. and s. w. by a stream flowing into Sebasticook r. tlie main stream forming the w. boundary of this town. Pop. 1830, 920. Saint Alban's, p-t. and st.jus. Franklin co. Vt. 27 ms. N. Hurlington,46 n. w. Montpelier 70 s. Montreal ; is situated on St. Alban's bay of lake Champlain on a handsome slope, com- mencing about 3 ms. from the shore. The streets of the village are regularly laid out, and the public edifices are built about a cen- tral square, the co. buildings, academy, ohurches, &c. The settlement of the town began in the revolutionary war. The streams are insignificant ; the soil is good, bearing ma- ple, beech and birch, and near the lake, oak. The trade of the town has been much in- creased by the opening of Champlain canal. Saint Alban's academy was incorporated in 1799. Pop. 1830, 2,395. Saint AuGiisTiNE, p-v. Cecil co. Md.byp-r. 99 ms. N. E. W. C. Saint Augustine, East Flor. (See Augus- tine, Saint.) Saint IJEiiNARn, parish of La., as laid down by Tanner, extends s.e. from the lower suburbs of New Orleans, and is bounded w. by the parish of Jefferson, n. by the parish of Orleans, N. E. by lake Borgne, and e. and s. e. by the parish of Plaquemines. Length 30 ms. from the vicinity of New Orleans to the junction of the bayous Levy and Terre aux Boeufs ; mean breadth 5 ms., area 150 sq. ms. Central lat. 29° 54', long. 12° 46' W. C. This parish contains both banks of the Miss, from the vi- cinity of New Orleans to the Great Bend above Woodville, and the whole course of Terre aux Boeufs. The margin of these streams comprise the only arable part, the residue being impassable morass. The whole surface is a plain, being a part of the delta. Staples, sugar, rice, and cotton. There is neither co. st. nor p-o. named in this parish on the p-o. list. Pop. 1830, 3,356. Saint Charles, parish of La. bounded by Jefferson parish e., Lafourche parish s.. Saint John Baptist w., and lake Pontchartrain n. Length 34 ms., mean breadth 15, and area 512 sq. ms. Lat. 30°, and long. 13° 18' w. W. C. intersect in this parish. What slight descent exists in the surface is to the s. e. by e. in the direction of the Miss, r., by which it is traversed. The alluvial banks of the Mis^.. afford most of the arable soil of the parish, which, like other parts of the delta, is a plain liable to annual, and in the present case, even diurnal submersion, except the margin of streams. Pop. 1820, 3,862, 1830, 5,147. Staples of this parish, sugar, rice, and cot- ton. Saint Charles, co. Mo. bounded by Mo. r. which separates it from Saint Louis co. _s. e. and 8., and from Franklin s. w. ; it has Mont- gomery CO. Mo. w., and Lincoln n. ; above the mouth of Illinois r. it is separated from Madison co. II. e. It occupies the point be- tween the Mo. and Miss, rs., and approaches the form of a triangle ; the hypothenuse or greatest length 52 ms. along the general course of the latter stream; perpendicular along Montgomery 21 ms. ; area about 500 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 47', long. 13° 35' w. W. C. General slope to the e. Chief town. Saint Charles. Pop. 1820, 3,970, 1830 4,320. Saint Charles, p-v. and st. jus. St. Charles CO. Mo. situated on the left bank of Mo. r. 20 ms. N. w. St. Louis. It is principally com- posed of one long street, on a superstratum underlaid by solid limestone. After rising the slope on which the town stands, an im- meiise plain extends, partly covered with woods, but more an open prairie. Accord- ing to Flint, about one-third of the population is French, and the whole about 1,200. Lat. 38° 4.3', long. 13° 30' W. C. Saint Clair, r. of Mich, and Upper Cana- da, is the discharge of the inmiensc reservoir of lake Huron, or rather it is the drain of the basin of which lake Huron is itself the re- servoir. Towards its southern extremity this large sheet of water gradually contracts, and finally terminates in a river almost ex- actly at lat. 43°. This r. or strait, with age- neral width of about a half mile, flows by comparative courses 40 ms. a little w. of s. to its entrance into lake Saint Clair. The lower part of St. Clair r. is a real delta, the water separating into numerous channels, with low marshy or sandy intervening islands. The main channel of St. Clair r. admits in all it^ length the navigation of vessels drawing 7 or 8 feet water. Saint Clair, lake, is a nearly circular sheet of water; greatest length or breadth 30 ms., and receiving from the n. the r. or strait of the same name. This lake is shallow, and the shores generally low, level, and in part marshy. It receives from Upper Canada the rs. Bear and Thames, and from Mich. Clin, ton r. It is discharged at the southwestern angle into Detroit r., and is navigable for vessels of 7 or 8 feet draught. Saint Clair, co. Ala. bounded by Shelby s. w., Jefferson w., Blount n. w., Wills creek or river n. e., and the main Coosa e. and s. e. Length from s. w. to n. e. 42 ms., mean breadth 20, and area 840 sq. ms. Lat. 33° 45', long. 9° 24' w. W. C. Slope eastward towards Coosa r. Chief t. Ashville. Pop. 1830, 5,975. Saint Clair, co. Mich, bounded by Ma- comb CO. s. w., Lapeer w., Sanilac n., lake Huron n. e.. Saint Clair r. e. and s. e., and lake Saint Clair s. Length from s. to n. 55 ms., mean breadth 20, and area 1,100 sq. ms. Lat. 43°, long. 5° 30' w. W. C. Slope s. e., and in that direction drained by the river Du- lude and Belle r. Pop. 1830, L.114. Saint Clair, p-v. and st. jus. St. Clair co. Mich, by p-r. 59 ms. n. e. Detroit. It is Calhoun co. II. by the Miss., and below the situated on Saint Clair river at the mouth mouth of II. to that of Mo. r. it is separated! of Pine river. Lat. 42° 47', long. 5° 25' w. by the Miss. r. from Greene co. II. n., and W. C. SAI 488 SAI SaiMT Clair, co. II., bounded n. by Madi- 1 southern direction, by comparative courses 80 eon, N. E. Clinton, Washington s. e., Randolph miles, but with a very sinuous channel, to its 8., Monroe s. w., and the Mississippi r. sep- entrance into, Mississippi at lat. 34° 35'. In arating it from St. Louis co. Missouri, n. w Length from s. to n. 30 ms., mean breadth 22, and area GGO sq. ms. Lat. 38° 30', and long. 13° w. W. C. intersect near the centre ol this CO. The southeastern angle is traversed in a southwestern direction by Kasknskias river. Silver creek rising in Macaupin, traverses by a southern course Madison and St. Clair, fal- ling into Kaskaskias river in the latter. The general slope of the co. is to the s., though a small section of the northwestern part de- clines to the westward towards the Missis- sippi. Chief town, Belleville. Pop. 1820, 5,- 253, 1830, 7,078. Saint Clairsville, p-v. and st. jus. Belmont CO. O., by p-r. 11 ms. a little n. of w. Wheel- ing in Va., 275 ms. n. w. by w. W. C, and 124 ms. E. Columbus. It is situated on a email branch of Indian or West Wheeling creek, in a very hilly but fertile country. This village stands on tlieU. S. road, contains the its entire course of 240 miles, the Saint Fran- cis flows so nearly parallel to the general course of Black river, and its continuation, White river, that the two streams vary in rel- ative distance from 10 to 40 ms. The mean breadth of Saint Francis valley is about 35 miles ; area 8,400 sq. ms., filling the space between the valley of White river, and the opposing part of that of the Miss. The much greater part of Saint Francis valley is a plain, liable to annual submersion. In the lower part of its course it is in appearance, the Mis- sissippi on a smaller scale. Saint Francis, co. Missouri, bounded s. by Madison, Washington w., Jefierson n., and Saint Genevieve e. The outline is very ir- regular, but the greatest length is from s. to N. 30 miles ; mean breadth 20 ms., and area 600 sq. ms. Lat. 37° 50', long. W. C. 13° 30' w. The irregular eastern and northeast- ern borders of this co. follow the dividing common CO. buildings, with a printing office, j ridge or table land between the sources of market house, 3 places o( public worship, 1 Saint Francis and Maramec rivers, and those and several private schools. Pop. 1830, 789. J of small creeks falling into the Mississippi, Lat. 40° 0.5', long. W. C. 3° 51' w. after a brief course of 10 or 15 ms. The Saint Clement's Bay, and p-o. s. w. part [range of hills or mountains which reach the of Saint Mary's co. Md., by p-r. 57 ms. b. s E. W. C. Saint Croix, river Me., rises in a consid- erable lake on the borders of Washington CO. and New Brunswick, and after a devi- ous course of about 80 or 90 miles in a s. e. direction, on the e. boundary of the U. S., falls into Passamatiuoddy bay. It also bears the names of Passarnaquoddy, Cheputncte- coock, &c. It receives numerous small streams from Washington county, particularly the outlet of the Shordic lakes. It is nav- igable 12 ms. to the falls at Calais. Saint Francis, river, of Mo. and Ark., is composed of two branches, the eastern or While Water, and the western or Saint Fran- cis proper. White Water has its remote sour- ces in Cape Girardeau co. Mo., and derives some of its fountains within 10 ms. from the channel of the Mississippi. Flowing thence by a course a little w. of s. over Cape Girar- deau, Stoddard, Scott, and New Madrid cos.. Mo., enters Crittenden co. Ark., within which it joins the Saint Francis after a comparative course of 140 ms. Saint Francis rises in the Iron mountains. Saint Francis co. Mo., inter- locking sources with those of Black river, branch of White river, on the w. ; with those of Big river, branch of Maramec, and with those of Cold Water, Vase, and other small creeks flowing to e. into Miss. From this comparatively elevated and broken region. Saint Francis, in a general southern course of 160 miles, unites with White Water, having traversed the southern part of Saint Francis, Mississippi near the village of Saint Gene- vieve, crosses Saint Francis co. in a western direction, and discharges the sources of Big river, branch of Maramec, n., and those of Saint Francis river s. The surface of the whole CO. is hilly, broken, and in part even mountainous. Chief town, Farmington. Pop. 1830, 2,366. Saint Francis, co. Arkansas, is situated be- tween Saint Francis and White rivers, to the N. E. by E. of Little Rock, but the boundary is uncertain. Chief town, Franklin, the posi- tion of which is also uncertain. Saint P^RANCis, p-v. Saint Francis co. Ark., by p-r. 1 11 ms. n. e. by e. Little Rock. Saint Francisville, p-v. and st. jus. West Feliciana parish, Louisiana. It is on a hJl rising from the Miss, river about 1-4 m. from the mouth of bayou Sara, 64 ms. s. Natchez, and bv i)-r. 149 ms. n. w.by w.New Orleans. Lat. 30° 42', long. W. C. 14° 19' w. It is a neat village, in one street along the road from the mouth of bayou Sara to Fort Adams, Nat- chez, &.C. Saint Genevieve, co. of Mo., bounded by Perry s. e.. Saint Francis co. s. \f. and w., Jefferson n. w., and Mississippi river separa- ting it from Randolph co. Illinois n. e. It ap- proaches to the form of a square of 20 miles each side ; area 400 sq. ms. Lat. 37° 50', long. W. C. 13° 14' w. The slope is to the N. e. towards the Mississippi river ; the wes- tern border following the dividing ridge of the sources of Saint Francis and Maramec, and those of creeks flowing over Saint Gen- the entire breadth of Madison and Wayne, evieve into the Miss. Chief t.. Saint Gene- Mo., and part of Lawrence, Monroe and Crit- vieve. Pop. 1830, 2,186. tenden counties. Ark. Below the union of its I Saint Genevieve, p-v. and st. jns. Saint main branches. Saint Francis maintains its 1 Genevieve co. Mo., situated, says Mr. Flint, SAI 489 SAi about one mile from the Mississippi river on Gabourie creek, and at the head of a fine al- luvial prairie. According to this author, the population is about 1,500, and yet not more than it was 30 years ago. The French in- habitants are most numerous. The village contains an academy and Catholic church. It is distant Gl ms. below Saint Louis, and 8 westward of Kaskaskias in II. Lat. 38°, long. W. C. 13° 05 w. Saint George, p-t. Lincoln co. Me., 38 ms. from Wiscasset, and 57 s. e. Augusta ; forms an irregular cape, running s. w. into the sea, with Saint George's river on the n. w. and w. Pop. 1830, 1,643. Saint George, town, Chittenden co. Vt., 28 ms. E. Montpelier, 8 s. e. Burlington ; is of small size; first settled 1784; has an un- even surface, with some high hills ; maple, beech, and birch timber, but no considerable streams. Pop. 1830, 135. Saint Helena, parish of La., bounded by lake Pontchartraiu s. e., the Pass of Manchac, lake Maurcpas, and the lower part of Amite river separating it from the parishes of Saint .Tohn Baptist, Saint James, and Ascension ; the Amite river separating it from East Ba- ton Rouge s. w. and w., and New Feliciana N. w. ; on the n. it has the county of Amite n Mississippi, and on the e. the Tangipola river separating it from Washington n. e., and Saint Tammany e. Length from s. to N. 50 ms., mean breadth 34, and area 1,700 sq. ms. {For lat. and long., see Saint Helena, the St. jus.) The slope is a little e. of s. There is some good soil along the streams, but the much greater part is sterile, and cov- ered with pine timber. Pop. 1820, 3,026, 1830, 4,028. Saixt Helena, p-v. and st. jus. parish of Saint Helena, La., on Tickfah river, by p-r. 98 ms. N. w. New Orleans ; and about 45 ms. a little N. of E. Baton Rouge. Lat. 30° 35', long. W. C. 13° 40' w. Saint Inigoes, p-v. on a small river of the same name, southern part of Saint Mary's co. Md., 27 ms. s. e. by e. Leonardstown, the co. seat, and by p-r. 90 ms. s. s. e. W. C. Saint James, parish of La., bounded e. by Saint John Baptist, s. by the Miss, river sep- arating it from the parish of Assomption, w. by Ascension, and n. by Amite river separa- ting it from Saint Helena. Length 28 ms., mean width 20, and area 560 sq. ms. Lat. 30° 10', long. W. C. 13° 45' w. The south- ern border of this parish rises only from 1 to 4 minutes above lat. 30, «Sc is about the nrthrn. extreme in La. whei^ the orange tree will grow to any advantagd|^ and even here, its existence is precariousTN Sugar and cotton are the staples. In surface and soil it resem- bles other Louisiana parishes along the Mis- sissippi in the delta. Pop. 1820, 5,660, 1830, 7,646. Saint James, p-o. St. James parish. La. Saint James' Church, and p-o. Bedford co. Va., by p-r. 217 ms. s. w. W. C. Sai.nt John Bai-tist, parish of Louisiana, 62 bounded by St. Charles e., bayou Cabanoso separating it from the parish of Lafourche s., Saint James and Assomption w., lake Maure- pas N. w.. Pass of Manchac n., and lake Pont. cliartrain n. e. Length from s. to n. 50 ms., mean breadth 12 ms., and area 600 sq. ms. Lat. 40° and long. 13° w. W. C. intersect near the centre of this parish. A remark may be made here which applies to theprea. ent article, and all the other parishes of La., in the delta of the Miss., that is, that the area is in great part nominal as regards arable land. The only part sufficiently elevated for the plough is the margin of the streams, but where arable the soil is highly fertile. The Miss, winds over Saint John Baptist from w. to E. Staples, cotton and sugar. Pop. 1820, 3,854, 1830, 5,677. Saint John's, river. Me., rises in Somer- set CO. in that state, near the middle of the w. boundary, where its head waters almost interlock with those of the Chaudiere, which flows into the Saint Lawrence, and with those of the Penobscot, and approach near to some of the sources of the Kennebec. The ca- noe navigation of the Penobscot is connected with that of the Saint John's, by a portage of only 2 ms. The first course of this great r. is n., then n. e. and e. to near the upper part of the boundary of Penobscot and Washing, ton counties, where it bends southerly, and crossing the latter county, it passes into New Brunswick. The Saint John's presents a bold and noble curve on the map ; and is nay. igable in sloops of 50 tons in N. Brunswick 80 ms. from the Bay of Fundy. Its princi- pal branch, the Aroostic, rises in the w. part of Penobscot county, runs n, e., and enters N, Brunswick. Saint John's, river of Florida. This very remarkable river has evidently been formed from one of those sounds which exist along the Atlantic coast of the United States. In strictness it cannot be said to have any defi- nite source, as bolh branches, the Ocklawa- ha, and Saint John's proper, originate in one immense marsh, rising but very slightly above the level of the Atlantic ocean. As laid down by Tanner, both branches flow northwardly about CO miles, unite, and the combined wa- ter, continuing the original course 70 miles, inflects abruptly e. 20 ms. to its outlet into the Atlantic ocean at lat. 30° 20'. For such vessels as can enter the mouth, 6 or 7 feet draught, it is navigable more than two thirda of its entire course. The region it drains is generally sterile. " The bar at the mouth of this river is shifting ; the greatest depth on it is 15 feet at high tide ; but, on account of winds, it varies from 13 to 15 feet. At low tide the least depth is 6 feet, the greatest 7^ feet. As there is constantly more or less swell, a vessel drawing more than 11 feet, could not cross the bar with safety, but might ascend easily the river, as far up as the mouth of Black creek. On this distance of 47 ms, the channel is wide, and affords a depth nev. er less than 15 feet." By the same authority, SAI 490 SAI (report of U. S. engineer; before quoted, it appears that the Saint John's river of Florida can be safely navigated by vessels drawing 8 feet water to lake George, 107 ras., following tlje stream, above the bar at its mouth. The engineers state that freshets (floods; do not exceed a rise of 2 feet, and that " the banks are principally marsh, hammock land, pine barren, and cypress swamp." Soil generally sterile. Saint John's, go. Flor. As laid down by Tanner, this county is very nearly commen- surate with the valley of Saint John's r., hav. ing extensive marshes s., Seminole Indians s w., Alachua co. vv., Duval co. n. w. and n., and the Atlantic e. Within these limits it is in length from s. to N. 130 ms., with a mean breadth of at least 40 ms., area 5,200 sq. ms Extending in lat. from 28° 40' to 3iJP 20', and in long, from 4° to 5° 30' w. W. C. The outlines it must, however, be premised, are arbitrary except to the n., and along the ocean This wide region is generally open prairie or marsh, with a very sterile soil. It may be remarked, that the alluvion of Florida is as sterile as that of La. is productive. Where sufficiently elevated and fertile, the soil of Saint John's produces sugar cane, cotton, rice, indigo, and an immense number of other val. uable vegetables. The climate is sufficient ly mild for the orange, olive, and perhaps the date palm. Chief t. Saint Augustine. The pop. 2,538, in 1830, marks the nature of the country ; not 1 person to 2 sq. ms. Saint John's Bluff, and p-o. Duval co., Florida, by p-r. 274 ms., though by direct distance only about 200 miles east Talla- hassee. Saint Joseph's, river, of Mich., Ohio and Ind., rises in Branch and Hillsdale counties of the former, and flowing s. s. w. traverses Williams co. Ohio, and entering Ind., unites in Allen county with the Saint Mary's river, to form Maumee, after a comparative course of 70 miles. The Saint Joseph's branch of Maumee has interlocking sources with those of the Saint Joseph's of lake Michigan, and Tiffin's river, branch of Maumee. Saint Joseph's, river of lake Michigan, has interlocking sources with those of Eel river, branch of Wabash ; those of Saint Joseph's of Maumee, Tiffin's of Maumee, the r. Rai- sin of lake Erie, and with those of Kallama- zoo river of lake Michigan. The most re- mote source is in Hillsdale co. Mich., but the numerous confluents drain nearly all Branch, Saint Joseph, Cass, and Berrien, with part of Calhoun, Kalamazoo, and Van Buren cos. Mich. ; and all La Grange and Elkhart, with part of Saint Joseph's and La Porte cos. Ind. The various streams which contribute to form Saint Joseph's river, unite in Mich., and the main stream inclining s. w., enters Indiana in the n. e. part of Elkhart co., and thence sweeping an elliptic curve over the northern sections of Elkhart and Saint Joseph's COS., re-enters Mich, by a northwest. em course, which it maintains over Berrien CO. 'to its final entrance into lake Mich. The Saint Joseph's river of lake Michigan is a large stream in proportion to length. The utmost length of the valley it drains is 110 ms., whilst the mean breadth is fully 40 ms. ; area 4,400 sq. ms. This valley is also amongst the finest regions of the Saint Lawrence ba- sin. In lat. it extends from 41° 15' to 42° 20' ; and from about 80 to 180 ms. a little s. of w. from Detroit. The vallies of Saint Jo- seph's, Kalamazoo, and Grand rs. follow each other from s. to n. Saint Joseph's, an isl. in the straits of St. Mary, lies between Drummond's and Geor- ge's island. It is 20 ms. long, with a mean breadth of 8 ms. and in all its length sepa- rates the two channels of the straits of St. Mary. Saint Joseph, co. Mich, bounded w. by Cass, N. by Kalamazoo, e. by Branch, s. by La Grange co. Ind., and s. w. by Elkhart co. Ind. Length from e. to w. 24 ms., breadth 21, and area 504 square ms. Lat. 42°, and long. W. C. 8° 35' w. intersect in this co. The main volume of St. Joseph's r. enters the estrn. border and winds southwestwardly over the CO. leaving it at the southwestern angle. The whole surface is in the valley of St. Jo- seph's r. Saint Joseph, co. of Indiana, bounded by Elkhart co. Indiana e., by the Putavvatomie country s. e., s. and s. w.. La Porte co. Ind., \y., Berrien co. Mich. n. w., and Cass county, Mich., N. E. Length from s. to n. 32 ms. width 21, and area 672 square ms. Lat. 41° 35', long. W. C. 9° 20' w. Though a level country this co. comprises a table land. The northeastern angle is traversed by and drained into St. Joseph's r. From the northwestern part issue some creeks, which flow into lake Mich, by a wstrn. course. The central and wstrn. sections give source to the Kankakee branch of II. r. which leaves the co. by a s. w. by w. course, whilst the sthrn. border gives source to the Tippecanoe branch of the Wa- bash. Saint Landre', parish of La. bounded by Sabine r. on the w. separating it from the Mexican province of Texas, Natchitoches, La. N. w., Rapides parish La. n., Avoyelles parish n. e., Atchafalaya r. separating it from the parishes of Point Coupee, and West Baton Rouge east, St. Martin's parish south- east, the Queue Fortue bayou south, sep- arating it from the parish of Lafayette, and by the gulf of Mexico s. w. Length along the western border 100 miles, mean breadth 60 ms. and area 6,000 square miles. Extending in lat. from from 29° 25' to 31°, and in long, from W. C. 14° 48' to 17° w. This very extensive parish embraces most part of the region known from the name of an Indian tribe called Opelousas. It is the extreme southwestern angle of the U. S. Few, if any other continuous surfaces of equal extent, diff"er more in soil, features, and indige- nous vegetation. The nthrn. part towards Natchitoches rises into an undulating coun- try, covered generally with pine timber. The central and wstrn. sections assume the as- SAI 491 SAI pect of an immense plain, with lines of woods | between long. W. C. 15° and 16° w. interlock- winding with the streams, but the far greater part between the water courses, prairie. The southwestern part between the Mermentau and Sabine is a level sea marsh, with scat- tered clumps of trees, but mostly flooded prairie. All these three sections have ster- ile soil. But advancing eastward to the banks of the Teche, Courtableau, and Ver- million, the timber becomes more plentiful, and the soil exuberantly productive. This fine section is again followed by the inundated margin of Atchafalaya, and lower Courta- bleau. The ecclesiastical name which heads this article was imposed by the first civilized settlers, the French, which nation in numbers still predominate. Staples, cotton, live stock, hides, &.C. Chief town, St. Landre'. Pop. of the parish, in 1820, 10,085, 1830, 12,591. Saint Landre', post village and st. jus. parish of St. Landre', Opelousas, is situated on bayou Bourbee, the extreme head branch of Vermillion r; a branch of the Teche, how. ever, rises immediately in the rear of the v. Though, the adjacent country is level, it is in an uncommon degree pleasant. The lines of woods, the farm houses along their mar- gins, with the innumerable flocks of cattle and horses, and the rich products of the soil, yield a very animated picture. This place gains interest from being the most sthwestrn. post village in the U. S. In the p-o. list it is called Opelousas, and in the direction of let- ters that name ought to be used. {See Ope- lousas. ) St. Lawrence, co. N. Y. bounded by St. Lawrence r. n. w. which separates it from Upper Canada, Franklin co. e., Hamilton and Herkimer cos. s., and Herkimer, Lewis and Jefferson cos. s. w. The line on the St. Law- rence is G5 1-2 ms. without the sinuosities. It contains about 2,000 square ms. and 24 towns ; the capital is Oswegatchie. Black lake is long and narrow, and a convenient channel of navigation from Rossie ironworks, running nearly n. to the St. Lawrence. O wegatchie. Grass, St. Regis, and Racket rs. are the principal streams, whose courses are long. The surface is broken and hilly, ex- cept s. and s. e. where it is nearly level. The soil belovv Ogdensburgh is light and produc- tive. Iron ore abounds, and the streams furnish mill sites. Oak, maple, birch, bass, beech, and white and Norway pine form the forests. There are extensive swamps in the s. E. A canal from the St. Lawrence to lake Champlain has been proposed, to cross this CO. and Franklin and Clinton cos. There is a state arsenal at Russell. Pop. 1820, 16,037, 1825, 28,000, 1830, 36,354. Saint Lawrence, p-v. southwestern part Chatham co. N. C. Saint Leonard's, p-v. on Chesapeake bay, eatsern side of the peninsula between that sheet of water and Patuxent r. and in Calvert CO. Md. 12 ms. s. e. Prince Fredericktown, the CO. St., and by p-r. 75 ms. s. e. W. C. Saint Louis, r. of the U. S. in Huron, as ing sources with water courses flowmg into Rainy Lake r. and between the confluents of Miss, r., and those of the northwestern part of lake Superior. Flowing thence by compara- tive courses s. w. 100 ms. inflects to a s. e. by E. course about an equal distance to its efflux into the extreme western angle of lake Superior. Along the lower course of St. Louis r. and the Savannah r. branch of Miss, is one of the channels of intercommunication between the basin of St. Lawrence and Miss. According to Mr. Schoolcraft, it is, following the stream, 148 ms. from its mouth up St. Louis r. to the Portage into Savannah r., and the Portage plain has an elevation of 652 1-2 feet above the level of lake Superior, or about 1,270 feet above the level of the Atlantic. Such an elevation is fully equivalent to 3 1-2 degrees of lat., therefore the region from which St. Louis r. flows, has a winter climate suitable to lat. 51 to 52° on the Atlantic coast. Saint Louis, co. Mo. bounded by Jefferson s., Franklin s. w., Missouri r. separating it from St. Charles co. w., northwest and north, Mississippi river separating it from Madi- son county, Illinois, n. e., St. Clair co. II. e. and Monroe co. II. s. e. Greatest length from s. w. to n. e. 40 ms., greatest width 24 ms. but mean width about 12 ms., area 480 square ms. Lat. 38° 36', long. 13° 30', w. W. C. The sthrn. side is in part bounded and in part traversed by Maramec r. in an estrn. direction. The Mo. r. where it bounds St. Louis, flows to the n. e. by e. to its junction with Miss, at the northeastern angle of the CO. Below the mouth of Mo. the Miss, flows s. s. w. to the influx of the Maramec. Thus the three rivers render St. Louis co. literal- ly a peninsula, the neck from the Maramec to Mo. being only about 8 ms. wide. Short creeks flow from the centre into the respec- tive rs. The whole resting on a substratum of limestone. Soil productive. Chief town, St. Louis. Population 1820, 10,049, 1830, 14,125. Saint Louis, p-t. city and st. jus. Saint Lou . is CO. Mo., on the right bank of Miss, river, 20 ms. below the junction of that stream with Mo. river, 68 ms. s. w. by w. from Vandalia, in II., 116 ms. e. Jefferson, and by p-r. 856 ms. a little s. of w. W. C. ; lat. 38° 36', long. W. C. 13° 14' w. This city was founded in 1764, but during the existence of the French and Spanish colonial governments remained a mere village. The site is adx'antageous, similar to Cincinnati, and rises by two bot- toms or plains. The lower on the Miss, is alluvial, from which a limestone bank rises to the level of the adjacent country, which sweeps backwards as far as the eye can reach. The principal street exceeds a mile in length, and is tolerably compact. This place has now gained all the attributes of a commercial depot ; and contains a branch of the bank of the U. S., a Catholic cathedral, several other places of public worship, an academy, numerous schools, and a spacious laid down by Tanner rises at lat. 48°, and town house. Three or four gazettes are pub SAI 492 SAI lished weekly. In the harbor appears the activity of commerce ; the depth of water in the Miss, being always sufficient for the nav- igation of the largest steamboats, at all sea- sons, except when the r. is covered with ice, an obstruction which, however, occurs to a longer or shorter period annually. PopuFa- tion 1830, 6,694. Saint Marks, small river of Flor., which has gained importance from its position, ris- ing between the Ocklockonne and Oscilla rs., and to the s. of Tallahassee. P'rom this lime- stone region it flows 10 or 12 ms. to the s. e., receives the Walkully from the n. e., and takes the name of Appalache at the village of Saint Marks. (-SVp Appalache.) If we compare the navigable facilities of Saint Mark's r. by either branch, with the length of the streams, we are struck with the disparity. Neither branch has 35 nis. comparative course from head to entrance into the gulf of Mexico, and yet large boats ascend both branches to near their sources. " In the winter of l'ci26," says Williams in his Florida, "The Franklin schooner came up to the fort (Saint Marks) drawing 9 feet water ; but 7 is as much as can be depended on." Saint Marks, p-v. at the head of Appalache river, and junction of Saint Mark and Walkul- ly rivers, by p-r. 22 ms. s. s. e. Tallahassee. This is the port of Tallahassee for sail ves- sels, though boats are navigated 10 ms. still higher. {See art. Saint Mark^s r.) Saint Martin's, river, a small stream of the northeastern angle of Worcester co. Md. The extreme source is in Sussex co. Del., but flowing s. e. it enters Worcester co. Md., and falls into the northern arm of Sinepux- ent bay, and opposite Fenwick's isl. Saint Martins, p-v., nrthestrn. part Wor- cester CO. Md., on Saint Martin's r., 20 miles N. N. E. Snowhill, the co. seat, and by p-r. 144 ms. s. E. by e. W. C. Saint Martins, upper parish of Attacapas, La., bounded by Lafayette parish s. w., Saint Landre or Opelousas w. n. w. and n., At- chafalaya r., separating it from West Baton Rouge N. E., parish of Iberville e.. Ascension s. E., and Saint Mary's or lower Attacapas s. Length from e. to w. 60 ms., mean breadth 30, and area 1,800 sq. ms: Lat. 30° and long. W. C. 15° w., intersect near i\ew Iberia, the port of the parish. The eastern part of this parish between Atchafalaya r. and the prairies e. of Teche r., is liable vo annual sub- mersion, and covered with a dense forest of Buch trees as are natural to inundated land, such as water white oak, willow, bitter nut hickory, sweet gum, tupeeloo gum, cypress, &c. This section is uninhabitable, but with the prairie land a diflfercnt soil and aspect is presented. The central section is traversed by the Teche, and the western by Vermillion r., both streams flowing sthrdiy., and upon both, extend along fheir banks narrow lines of wood land ; the intermediate surface prairie. Near the r. banks the soil is exuberantly fer- tile, and sufficiently elevated for cultivation. Sugar cane has been cultivated on the Teche in this parish, but is evidently too far n., and too much exposed to the sweeping nrthwst. winds to be made a profitable staple. Cotton succeeds well, as also Indian corn, rice, indi- go, &c. The peach and fig are the principal fruits. Live stock is, however, the most val- uable staple. Chief t. Saint Martinsville. Pop. 1830, iJ,442, of whom 4,301 were slaves. Saint Martinsville, p-v. and st. jus. Saint Martin's parish. La., is on the right bank of Teche r. 35 ms. a little e. of s. Saint Landre, 11 ms. s. New Iberia, and by p-r. 176 ms. a very little n. of w. New Orleans. This vil- lage rose, after the establishment of the U. S. governn»ent, around Saint Martin's church. It extends chieflly in one street along the hieh bank of Teche. Pop. about 300. Lat. 30° 09', long. 14° 56' w. W. C. Sajnt Mary's, an important river of the Atlantic slope of the U. S. in Geo. and^'^lor. As delineated on our maps, this river has its extreme northwestern source in Ware county, Geo., at lat. 31°, between the Santilla r., and the Alapapaha, a branch of Suwannee. Flow ing thence by a course a little e. of s., and receiving large accessions of water from the westward, the Saint Mary's reaches its great bend at lat. 30° 21', having become a bounda- ry at lat. 30° 36' (nearly) between Geo. and Flor. Inflecting abruptly to the e. about 5 ms., turns again equally abruptly to the north- ward, and flows about 35 miles comparative course almost reverse to its original direc- tion, to the influx of Spanisli,r. from the nrthrd. and from Geo. Once more this singular r. bends at very nearly right angles, and by a comparative course of a little s. of e., reaches the Atlantic between Amelia and Cumber- land isl. Thebasinof Saint Mary's river, ex- tending from lat. 30° to 31°, is aboift 80 me. in length from e. to w., with a mean breadth of 30 ms. ; area 2,400 his. ; having the basin of Saint John's s. e., Suwannee w., and San- tilla N. The following description is given by the U. S. engineers. " Saint Mary's riv- er takes its rise out of the extensive swamps which are on the Geo. line, and stretch be- tween the head branches of Saint Mary's and Suwannee rs. These swamps, called emphat- ically dismal swamps, are generally covered with a thick growth of bay trees, vines and undergrowth. At some places, short- bay bushes, at others sedge grass, are the only growth. No lake or natural reservoir of im- portance is to be found ; but on account of the great extent of the swamps, draining both ways, into the Suwannee and Saint Mary's rs., these streams are subject to high freshets during the rainy season, or after a sudden heavy rain. At the upper fork of Saint Ma- ry's r., the rise of freshets is about six feet. In following the windings of the r., the dis- tance from the Atlantic to the very head of the stream, 13 ms. above the upper fork, is about 105 ms. The summit point of the ridge between the Atlantic ocean and the gulf ol Mexico, has been found 152 feet. Saint Ma- SAI 493 SAI ry'sr. itself flows generally through narrow jPotomac s. which separates it from North- strips of wet hammocks. The banks inimedi- lumberland and Westmoreland counties, Va., ately adjoining are high, theirsoil sandy, their [Charles co. Md. w. and n. w., Patuxent river growth pine. The greatest depth of water separating it from Calvert co. Md. s. e., and on the bar, at the entrance of Saint Mary's IChesapeake bay e. Length from Point Look- harbor, is as much as 22 feet during spring out at the mouth of Potomac to the north- tides, when easterly winds have blown for a western angle 38 ms., mean breadth 10, and considerable time, and 13i feet only at low area 380 sq. ms. Lat. 3!>° 03' to 38° 30', tide. The tide is felt as far up as Barbour's' long. W. C. 0° 12' to 0° 41' e. Tho' bound- plantations, 50 ms. from the mouth of the r The commodious harbor at the mouth of Saint Mary's r., presenting on the bar a depth of I3i feet at low water, and 19^ feet at com- mon high tide, is susceptible of defence, and derives a great importance from the circum- stance of being the only good harbor from the boundaries of Geo. to Flor. Pomt." Saint Mary's, river of Ohio and Ind., has its remote source in Shelby co. Ohio, and as- suming a northwestern course traverses Mer- cer and Vanwert counties of Ohio, enters In- diana, and mingles at Fort Wayne, in Allen CO., with the Saint Joseph's river to form the Maumee, after a comparative course of 60 ms. The valley of Saint Mary's lies between those of upper Wabash, and au Glaize, branch of Maumee. Saint Mary's strait, between Cliippeway ed by the Patuxent on the n. e., the slope is southward towards the Potomac, and in that direction flow the Saint Mary's, Hritton's and Wicomico rivers. These brief but important water courses are navigable b^ys for some distance from the Potomac, and the Wicomi CO by its relative course with the Patuxent, nearly insulates the co. ^ This pointer penin- sula, now Saint Mary's co., was the cradle ol Md. ; it was there, that in 1G32, Calvert's col ony was founded, and where the seat of the government of Md. continued 67 years, until in 1699 it was permanently fixed at Annapo- lis. Chief town, Leonardtown. Pop. 1820, 12,974, 1830, 13,459. Saint Mary's, sea-port and p-v. at the mouth of Saint Mary's river, and in the sth- estrn. angle of Camden co. Geo. It is situa- ted dir(x;tly w. of the entrance between Cum- co. Mich., and Upper Canada, unites lakes! berland and Amelia isls., 80 ms. by land, a Huron and Superior. Taken in its utmost little w. of s. Darien, and 235 ms. s. s. e. extent, the straits of Saint Mary extend n. Milledgeville. Lat. 30° 42', long. W. C. 4° w. and s. e. 75 ms. from the passage between > 48' w. This place from its position must be- Drummond's and Saint Joseph's isls., to Ma- come one of great importance, but hitherto pie isls. in lake Superior. From Maple isls to the cataract of Saint Mary, is about 30 ms. In this higher section the strait gradually narrows, &, is but little interspersed with isls. At the Sanlt or Chute, between fort Brady, and the British Hudson's Bay company's fac- tory, the water is contracted to about ^ mile, and rushes over a ledge of rocks. This part of the strait is navigable, with some more difficulty than real danger, by vessels of 6 feet water. Below the cataract the strait becomes and continues to be divided into two channels by George and Saint Joseph's isls. These chaimels are similar to the Belts in Denmark which imite the Baltic and Scaggerac seas. The southwestern chaimel on the side of Michigan, is again subdivided by Sugar isl. 20 ms. long, and some other smaller islands, but after winding 50 ms. opens into lake Hu- ron, between Drunnnond'sisl. & the promon- tory of The True Detour. The eastern chan- nel or strait along the Canada shore, stretch- es from the cataract of Saint Mary 40 miles, and terminates in Manitou bay of lake Hu- ron. The entire fall from the level of lake Superior to that of Huron is about 23 feet. From recent and accurate observation, it has been clearly established that the rocks in Saint Mary's strait are slowly yielding to the impression of floods and ice, and that the sur- face of lake Superior is lowering. (-See art. Sault de Saint Mary.) Saixt Mary's, p-o. Chester co. Pa., by p-r. 139 ms. ^•.E. W. C the want of pop. on the basin of Saint Ma- ry's >r. has retarded its increase. Saint Mary's, or Lower Attacapas, parish of La., bounded n. w. and n. by Saint Mar- tin's parish, Atchafalaya r. n. e. separating it ' from Ascension n. e., and Assomption e. ; parish of Terre Bonne s. e., the Gulf of Mex- ico s., and Vermillion bay separating it from the parish of Lafayette w. Length parallel to the Teche river 50 ms., and independent of the deep indentings of Vermillion, Cote Blanch, & Atchafalaya bays, and the surface of lake Chetimaches, the mean breadth of the land surface is about 20 ms. ; and area 1,000 sq. ms. Central lat. 29° 45', long. W. C. 30° 40' w. Lying entirely below lat. 30°, Saint Mary's parish is in all its extent within the climate suitable to the growth of sugar cane, and the soil being without exception highly fertile, where of sufficient elevation to admit culture ; sugar is a standing staple of the parish. The Atchafalaya river and Teche r. afford a navigable chaimel of 8 feet to the centre of Saint Mary's parish, and of 5 or 6 feet to New Iberia in Saint Martin's. The general course of the Teche from New Ibe- ria to its mouth into Atchafalaya is s. e. by E., with a channel sweeping very large bends. The lines of woodland along this stream nar- row until near the mouth ; soil on both banks first rate. As in Saint Martin's, the annually inundated part of Saint Mary's towards At- chafalaya, is covered with a dense forest. On the contrary side of Teche towards the Saint Mary's, co. Md., bounded by the I Gulf of Mexico, the general surface is prai- SAI 494 SAL rie ; near the Teche, and some other streams comparatively high and arable, but sinking into immense grassy morasses near the Gulf bays ; timber, where found, mostly stands in detached clumps. Along the Gulf shore of this parish, occur those remarkable hills, cal- led Petite Anse, Grand Cote, Cote Blanche, and Belle Isle. These hills rise on the shores of the bays, and though surrounded by marsh, rise far above any other land s. of Upper Ope- lousas. They are composed of a very pro- ductive soil, and in their natural state were covered with dense forests. Neither of these hills exceed IJ ms. in length ; their timber distinct (except live oak which abounds on both), from that along the Teche, and other Streams of Saint Mary's. Sugar, cotton, rice, indigo, tobacco and live stock, are the staples ; fruits, fig, peach, and some apples. Chief t. Franklin. Pop. 1830, 6,442. Saint Mary's, p-v. on Saint Mary's r., and in the eastern part of Mercer co. Ohio, by p-r. Ill ms. N. w. by w. Columbus. Popula- tion 1830, 92. Saint Michael's, small river, or creek, of Talbot CO. Md., extends first southward 10 ms. past the town of Saint Michael's, until within little more than 1 mile from Tread Ha- ven bay, when it bends 5 or 6 miles towards the N. E. To the w. of Saint Michael's river extends a peninsula, to which that name is ohen applied. Saint Michael's, sea-port, and p-v. on the western side of Saint Michael's bay, and in Talbot CO. Md., by p-r 12 ms. n. w. by w.j commenced Easton, the co. seat, and 72 a very little s. of E. W. C. Saint Regis, village, Saint Lawrence co. N. Y., 45 ms. e. n. e. Ogdensburgh, on Saint Regis r. at the mouth in the Saint Lawrence. Lat. 45°. Saint Stephens, p-v. and st. jus. Washing- ton CO. Ala., on the right bank of Tombigbee river, 70 ms. n. Mobile, and by p-r. 162 a lit- tle w. of s. Tuscaloosa. Lat. 31° 33', long. W. C. 11° 10' w. It stands at the head of schooner navigation in Tombigbee, is the seat of an academy, contains a printing office, and a pop. of 1,000, or 1,200. Saint TaMiManv, parish of La., bounded n. w. by Tangipola r. separating it from Saint Helena, n. by the parish of Washington, e. Pearl river, separating it from Hancock co. Miss., and s. by lake PoQtchartrain. Length 70 miles, from the mouth of Pearl river to Salem, p t. Rockingham co. N. H., 30 ms. s. w. Portsmouth, 30 s. e. Concord ; with 15,- 600 acres ; has an uneven surface, a soil gen- erally good, and is crossed by Spiggot river, which, with its numerous tributaries, affords many mill seats. Policy, World's End, and Captain's ponds are the principal sheets of water. Pop. 1830, 1,302. Salem, town, Orleans co. Vt., 49 miles N. Montpelier ; first settled 1798; contains 17,- 330 acres, and is crossed by Clyde r., which falls into Salem or Derby pond, on the boun- dary line. South bay of lake Memphremagog enters the town on the w. There are no mill sites. The soil is generally good, and the surface level. The trees are various. Pop. 1830,230. Salem, p-t. seaport, and capital of Essex CO. Mass. 14 ms. n. n. e. Boston, 24 s. New- buryport, 4 ms. n. w. Marblehead, and 450 n. E. W. C. is the second town in the state for population, wealth, and commercial impor- tance, being inferior only to Boston. Its lat. is 42° 30' N., and its long. 6° e. W. C. Salem is the oldest settlement in New Eng- land except Plymouth, having been settled in 1C28. Its Indian name was Naumkeag, or Naumkeek, by which title it was long desig- nated. Its settlement was commenced by John Endicott, for a company in England, which had purchased the place of the Ply- mouth company. He erected dwellings, &c. and in 1629, ships to the number of 11 came out, bringing 1,500 persons, by whom were the settlements at Boston, Charlestown, Dorchester, &lc. John Win- throp was appointed governor, and Thomas Dudley, deputy governor, by charter, and as they resided at Boston, that place became the seat of government for the colony. Two hundred of the settlers died at Salem in the first winter. The territory then included the present townships of Danvers, Beverly and Marblehead. The first cases of witchcraft, which excited public attention so much in the early periods of New England, occured here. The persons first tried on this singular accu- sation lived in what now is Danvers. Many , trials took place in Salem, and many execu- tions on the neighboring eminence called Witch-hill. Roger Williams, who colonized Rhode Island, was once a pastor here, and Bowditch, the mathematician, and Timothy Pickering, secretary of state of the U. S. were both natives of Salem. The British the extreme northwestern angle on Tangipo- authority was resisted in Salem before the la river ; mean breadth 15 ms.; and area 1, 050 sq. ms. Lat. 30° and long. 13° w. W. C. intersect very near the centre of this parish. Slope s. e., and traversed by Chifuncte river. The surface rises from lake Pontchartrain in- to hills covered with pine and other timber. Soil generally sterile. Chief t. Covington. Pop. 1820, 1,723, 1830, 2,864. Saint Thomas, township, and p-v. Franklin CO. Pa., 9 ms. w. of Chambersburg, and by p-r. 97 ms. n. w. W. C. Pop. township 1830, 1,771. battle of Lexington, for Col. Leslie, who had come from Boston to remove some cannon thither, was prevented from entering the town by the removal of a draw bridge, &c. so that he was unable to accomplish his ob- ject. The town, though low, is pleasantly situated at the head of the bay formed by two inlets from the sea, and including a peninsula run- ning E. The soil is generally poor. About the neck of the peninsula are collected the SAL 495 SAL principal part of the inhabitants, on a surface of about 1-2 a mile by 1 1-2 ms. The streets are generally beautiful and well built, mostly with wood, though with many brick, and some elegant buildings. They cross each other at right angles, with large open squares, border- ing on which are the public buildings, some of which make a fine appearance. The com- mon is beautiful, and planted with fine shade trees. The commercial prosperity of the place during the successful prosecution of an active trade with the East Indies and China, some years ago, adorned Salem with many splendid edifices. This trade is still exten- sive though not so much so as formerly. N. and S. rivers are two arms of the bay be- tween which the peninsula extends. They are crossed by bridges which unite Salem to two considerable villages, or suburbs. The bridge over North r. connecting Salem with Beverly is 1,500 feet long. The harbor has too little water at ebb tide to allow all desira- ble facilities for commerce ; vessels of large burden not being able to lie at the wharves, and those drawing more than 12 feet water being commonly lightened before coming up to the t. An important work has been com- menced, by which the town will be supplied with considerable water power. By a dain across the N. river, and a canal across the neck, the tide may be made to be put in mo- tion a large amount of machinery. By this enterprising improvement, the manufactures of Salem will doubtless be much increased. Among the public buildings, are a court- house, the market-house, the atheneum, the orphan asylum, churches, «fec. 'I'iie athene- um, alms-house, hospital, and 2 forts are on the neck. The atheneum has a library of 5,000 volumes. The marine museum is a valuable collection ofrare curiosities from all parts of the vvorld, contributed by the mem- bers of the East India marine society, who are all nautical, or commercial men, and who established the society with a view to pro- mote a knowledge of East Indian navigation and trade, and to aid indigent members and their faiuiiies. There are in Salem 9 banks, which in 1831, made half yearly dividends of from 2 1-2 to 3 1-2 per cent. There are also 6 insurance offices, 15 churches, school- houses, &-C. The schools, of which there are between 20 and 30, are flourishing and well supported, and common education is placed on a footing highly creditable to the people, and proportioned to its real impor- tance. The town also contains 16 taimeries, 11 twine and cordage factories, and 2 white lead manufactories, to be moved by water power; one of thein makes 600 tons annual- ly, beside a large quantity of the sugar of lead, and the other 1,00),0:>U lbs., half of which is called German white lead, manufactured on a secret plan, for the knowledge of which $10,000 were paid. Ten thousand gallons of oil are consumed in the preparation of the German white lead alone. The iron compa- ny makes 500 tons into hoops annually.' There are 15 or 20 vessels employed in the coasting trade, and many others in lumber, wood, &c. In 1781, 52 vessels, mounting 746 guns, which were engaged in privateer- ing, were owned in this place. The churches of Salem are 4 Unitarian, 3 Congregational, 2 Baptists, 1 Episcopal, 1 'Roman Catholic, 1 Methodist, I Quaker, 1 Christ-ians, and 1 Universalist. Population 1810, 12,013, 1820, 12,731, and in 1830, 13,895. Salem, p-t. New London co. Conn. 29 ms. S.E.Hartford, lies e. of East Haddam, Mid- dlesex CO., has Gadner's lake on the n. e. border, and a few small streams flowing s. w. into Conn. r. The surface is uneven. Pop. 1830, 958. Salem, p-t. and half capital, Washington co. N. Y. 46 ms. n. e. Albany, 21 s. e. Sandy hill, w. Vermont, and has Battenkill creek s. Several streams flow into this, and the town is well supplied with mill sites. The land near the streams in some places presents fine meadows. Pop. 1830, 2,972. Salem, p-v. and incorporated village, Sa- lem, Washington co. N. Y. 46 ms. from Al- bany. Salem, co. N. J. bounded by Gloucester co. N. and N. E., Cumberland co. s. e. and s., Del- aware bay w., which separates it from Pa. contains 9 tsps. ; the capital is Salem. Old- man's creek forms the north boundary, Mau- rice r. part of the e. and Stow creek the s. e. Salem r. rises in the e. part, flows w. by n. then s. and empties into Salem cove, on the Delaware, a little below fort Delaware. South of this, and opposite Reedy island, is the mouth of Alloway's creek which, as well as Salem r. has a tract of marshy land along the lower part of its course. This co. enjoys the advantage of navigation on the w. where it is washed by the Delaware. The streams supply mill sites, which are used. A small canal extends from the bend of Salem river to the Delaware. Pop. Iu20, 12,791, 1830, 14,155. Sale.m, p-t. and st. jus. Salem co. N. J. 65 ms. s. w. Trenton, 20 ms. n. w. Bridgetown, and 37 s. w. Phila., is a small town at the head of navigation for vessels of 51) tons, on Salem river, 3 1-2 ms. from its mouth in Dela- ware bay. It has Fenwick's cr. n. and Salem r. on a part of its w. boundary. Pop. 1830, 1,570. Salem, p-v. sthrn. part of Botetourt co.Va., 60 ms. a little s. of w. Lynchburg, and by p-r. 256 ms. s. w. W. C. It is situated in the great valley between the Blue Ridge and Kittatinny or North mountain, at an eievat on of about 1,020 feet above the level of the At- lantic. The Roanoke is thus far navigable for boats. (See article roads and canals, head of Roanoke.) Salem, p-v. sthrn. part Stokes co. N. C. by p-r. 113 ms. a little n. of w. Raleigh. Salem, p-v. sthrn. part of Sumpter district, S. C. by p-r. 72 ms. s. e. Columbia. Salem, p-v. sthrn. part of Clarke co. Geo. by p-r. 58 ms. n. Milledgeville. SAL 496 SAL Sai.em, p-v. sthrn. part of Franklin co. Ten. by p-r. 10 ms. s. w. Winchester, the CO. St. and 92 ms. s. e. by e. Nashville. , Salem, p-v. and st. jus. Livingston co. Ky. by p-r. 245 miles s. w. by w. 1-2 w. Frankfort, and 35 ms. s. Shawneetown in II. lat. 37° 15', long Pop. 1830, 281 the bank of the canal there is a large building, containing the immense reservoir which supplies the manufacturers for seve- ral miles around. Two immense iron pipes, on an inclined plane, throw up the water by two forcing pumps, which are worked by a W. C. 11° 20' west, jlarge water-wheel, driven by water taken from the canal. The spring supplies three Salem, p-v. Columbiana county Ohio, by I pumps with water. The reservoir, the house, p-r. 10 ms. N. w. New Lisbon, the co. st. land the buildings attached, have a singular and 157 miles n. e. by e. Columbus. Pop.! bronzed appearance, interspersed with salt 1830, 56. incrustations. Close to this building there is Salem, p-v. and st. jus. Washington co. I another reservoir and set of forcing pumps Indiana, by p-r. 91 miles s. Indianopolis, 'making, which will be ready for use when- and 33 miles n. w. Louisville, in Ky. Lat. ever they are required by the manufactures. 38° 37', long. W. C. 9° 06' w. Salem, p.v. and st. jus. Marion co. II. by p-r. 26 ms. s. e. Vandalia, and 74 miles e. St. Louis in Mo. Lat. 38° 40', long. W. C. 12° w. Salem Cross Roads, and p-o. western The old spring in use a few years ago, is now superseded by a new one, recently discovered, which is much stronger and better than the old one. There is at Syr- acuse, a court house, several churches, large hotels, and handsome private edifices. part of Westmoreland co. Pa. 8 miles west- 1 with an active country trade. Pop. Salina, ward Greensburg, the co. st. and by p-r. j 1830, 6,929. 200 ms. N. w. W. C. Saline, r. of La. rises in Claiborne par- Salem Fauquier, p-v. northern part Fau-'ish, between Dugdomen and Black rs., and quier co. Va. by p-r. 03 miles w. VV. C. flowing southward 50 miles, falls into the Salina, p-t. and st. jus. Onondaga county Rigolet de Bordien, 8 or 9 miles e. of the N. Y. 130 ms. w. Albany, and 5 miles n. village of Natchitoches. Onondaga, is of irregular form, though bound-! Saline, river of Arkansas, draws its most ed by right lines, and includes the lower remote sources from the Masserne moun- part of Onondaga river, and all Onondaga i tains, about 20 miles w. little Rock and about or Salina lake, with many of the salt springs! lat. 34° 45'. Flowing thence by a course of on its shore, and extends to Oswego river. |a little e. of s. 120 miles falls into the left The manufacture of salt by artificial heat | bank of Ouachitta, lat. 33° 10'. The valley is carried on to a great extent in this town, of the Saline lies between those of the and creates an active business on the branch canal which extends from Syracuse to the village. The navigation has been opened in the opposite direction, by the Oswego canal, to the mouth of Oswego river and lake Ontario. The pumps by which water is si^plied to the salt works here, are at Syracuse and Geddes, which, as well as Liverpool, are salt making villages, in this town. Syracuse is large and very flourish- ing ; indeed the general increase of inhabi- tants and wealth in this town since this branch began to be extensively carried on, has been remarkably great. Th<3 number of manufactories of salt by artificial heat in Salina, is 135, containing 3,076 kettles. The main Ouachitta, main Arkansas, and Bar- thelemy. Saline, river of Illinois, rising by numer- ous branches in Johnson, Franklin, and Ham- ilton counties, which unite in Gallatin and fall into Ohio river about 5 miles below Shawneetown, after a general estrn. course of 55 miles. The country drained by it is very broken. The U.S. possess extensive salt works on it and from which the nanie is derived. Saline, county. Mo. bounded s. e. by Coop- er, s. uncertain, Lafayette w., and the Mo. river on all other sides ; independent of an un- certain southern extension that part on Mo. is about equal to a square of 30 miles each manufactories making salt by solar heat or side, 900 square miles. Latitude 39°, and evaporation, are, the Onondaga salt compa-j long. W. C. 16° w. intersect in this co. The ny, the Syracuse salt company and Henry Mo. river semicircling the co. gives it a bor Gifibrd's works ; in all, consisting of 1,303,. 024 superficial feet of lots. In the 4 villa- ges above mentioned there are (1832,) 125 manufactories of salt, besides two compa- nies whose vats for solar evaporation would extend in a continuous line about 15 miles each. In 1831, there were nearly a million and a half of bushels of salt manufactured. The great salt spring is situated on the edge of the Oswego canal, at a short distance from the shore of the lake, in the village of Salina. It is in a soft alluvial soil, and was formerly a marsh, till the surface of the der of near 70 miles on that stream, the low- er part of which Hows to the west of south. It is towards this bend of Mo. that the slope of the CO. falls ; it is consequently to the east- ward, and in that direction drained by Mine river and its branches. Chief town, as given in the p-o. list. Walnut Farm. Pop. 1830, 2,873. Saline, p-v. sthrn. part Washtenau county, Mich., on the head of a creek of the same name, by p-r. 52 miles a little south of west Detroit. Salisbury, p-t. Merrimack county, N. H. 15 lake was lowered a few years ago. On the miles n. Concord, 78 n. n. w. Boston, w SAL 497 SAL Pemigewasset and Merrimack rivers. The I while it is also favorable to other crops- latter is formed here by the junction of the There are 4 fish ponds, and Salmon river Pemigewasset and Winnipiseogee rivers, near whicli point is the head of boat naviga- tion. Black river is in the west. Black and yellow oak, white, pitch, and Norway pine abound, and formerly the hills, which are now chiefly devoted to pasturage, were cov- ered with maple, beech, birch, &c. There which crosses the town s. e., affords valua- ble mill seats. First settled 1720, by three Dutch families, from the state of New York. Pop. 1830, 2,580. Salisbury, p-t. Herkimer county, N. Y., 21 miles northeast Utica, nortrieast Hamilton CO. The West branch of East Canada creek. are valuable meadows on lilackwatcr river, and the East branch of West Canada creek and 300 acres in a bend of the Merrimack, j rise here, and East Canada creek forms part Kearsearge mountain in the n. w. corner, has; of the southeast boundary. Spruce creek is its summit a little beyond the line. It is a mass of granite, which rock prevails through the town. First settled, 1750. Several of the inhabitants were carried captive to Canada in the last French war. Pop. 1830, 1,379. Salisbury, p-t. Addison co. Vt. 34 miles s. w. Montpelier, 40 s. Burlington, is small and in the centre of the CO. First settled, 1775, by a single family. Otter creek bounds it w., Middlebury river is n., and Leicester river s. Iiake Dunmore, about 2 ms. by 4, lies partly in this town. Its outlet, I^eicester river, sup- plies water power lo a nltmufacturing village. The ?oil is good, the surface uneven except w. where are meadows. The Green moun- tains are e. There are several swamps, and 1,613. a valuable mill stream. Fop. 1830, 1,999. Salisbury Mills, p-v. Blooming Grove, Orange co. N. Y. on Murderer's creek 6 ms. west New Windsor. Salisbury, p-v. I^nncaster coimty, in a tsp. of the same name, 12 miles east Lancaster, and by p-r. 123 miles northeast W. C. Salisbury, p-v. on the extreme northeast- ern margin of Somerset co. Md. 17 ms. n. n. E. Princess Ann, the co. st. and by p-r. 128 miles s. e. by e. W. C. Salisbury, p-v. and st. jus. Rowan county. North Carolina, by p-r. 118 miles west Ra- leigh, and 51 ms. a little n. of e. Lincolnton ; lat. 36° 40', long. W. C. 3° 24' w. Pop. 1830, a large cavern. Pop. 1830, 907 Salisbury, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 35 miles N. E. Boston, s. New Hampshire, w. Atlantic, N. of Merrimack river, and k. of Powow river, enjoys great advantages for trade, agricul- ture and manufactures. It has 2 long and expensive inidges, one leading to Newbury and the other to Newburyport. One of the villages at the Point, has been a place of much ship building. The village of Amesbu- ry mills stands on both sides of the river and part of it is in this town. These mainifacto- ries here make excellent flannels, and a large amount of cotton goods, &c. The descent of the river at the falls is nearly 40 feot in about 220 yards, and the sites for machinery are very valuable. The soil of the town is generally good ; in the e. is an extensive salt iriarsh, and a beach on the shore, which is Salisbury, p-v. Meigs co. Ohio, by p-r. !06 miles southeast Columbus. Salmon, r. Conn, rises in Tolland co. and with many small tributaries from that co., N. London, Hartford and Middlesex cos., flows southerly through a rough and romantic coun- try to Connecticut r. which it enters in East Haddam. It has a fall of 70 feet in that town, where it moves the machinery of several fac- tories. The banks of one of its branches were in ancient times the residence of a tribe called the Moodus Indians, who were famed as magicians. Salmon r. Oswego co. N. Y. crosses this CO. and falls into lake Ontario, where it forms a good harbor. Its cours^ is about 45 ms. It is naviiiable 1 mile from the mouth, and in boats, at high water, 14 ms. to the falls in Orwell, at which place it is about 180 yards frequented for bathing, &lc. First settled, i wide. 1638, the first spot on Merrimack river in- Salmo.v, cr., N. Y. There are several habited by whites. The general court sat I streams bearing this name in the state, one ia here in 1737, in relation to the boundary. I Cayuga co. 19 ins. long ; one in Oswego co. Pop. 1830,2,519. . |28 ms. ; one in Franklin co. entering the St. Salisbury, p-t. Litchfield CO. Conn. 47 ms.i Lawrence ; another in Monroo co. entering N. vr, Hartford, 60 n. n. w. New Haven, is i Braddock's bay. Sec. &/C. rough and mountainous, and contains valuable I Salmon Falls r. N. H. a part of the Pia- iron mines and many forges, furnaces, cataquay, from its source to Berwick falls, and iron manufactories. Ilousatonic river i Salmon, p-v. Franklin co. Ind. by p-r. 82 which bounds it east, affords abundant water ms. s. e. by e. Indianopolis. power, descending in one place .30, and anoth- Salt, r. of Ky. This stream is composed cr 60 feet perpendicularly, and flows over | of two main and numerouo minor branches, rapids below about .550 yards. Scythes, an- |The main branches are Salt r. proper, and the chors, screws, gun barrels, &c. are made | Rolling Fork. Both branches have their ex- here, while, a largo amoimt of ore is smelt, treme sources in Casey co., but thence di- ted nnnnaily, and considerable quantities j verge. Salt r. flows a little n. of w. parallel transported. It is about 6 miles by 9, withj to and within 5 or 6 ms. of Kentucky r. about 58 square miles. The vallies are generally! 3fi ms. over Mercer into Nelson co., and limestone, and the hills granite. Much of the! thence assuming a wstrn. direction by corn- soil is good, and bears a great deal of wheat, j parative courses 60 ms. rrcpivin;^ from the f.3 SAN 498 SAN nrthrd. Broshear's and Floyd's forks, finally receives or rather unites with the Rolling fork between Meade and Bullitt cos. Roll- ing fork is composed of two nearly equal branches, Rolling fork proper and Chaplin's fork ; both having a s. w. by w. course of about 60 ms. above their junction, and 20 ms. below to the union of their waters with that of Salt r. Below the union of its 2 constituent branches Salt r. flows about 15 ms. compar- ative course to the n. w., and to its influx into Ohio r. at Shepherdsville, and almost on lat. 38° and long. W. C. 9° w. Salt r. is a large etream in proportion to its length, and drains a triangle of 80 ms. base, with a perpendicular of 50 ms., area 2,000 sq. ms. : comprising all the cos. of Washington, Nelson, Bullitt, Spencer, and Shelby ; with part of Meade, Hardin, Casey, Mercer, Oldham, and Jefl^er- son ; of course one of the finest regions of Salt, r. of Mo., has indeed its most remote source in the n. w. territory to the n. of Mo. between the valleys of the Des Moines and Chariton rs. as high as lat. 40° 50'. Flowing sthrd. about 20 or 30 ms. it enters Mo., and in- clining to a direction a little e. of s. by compar- ative courses 100 ms. into Ralls co., where it receives numerous large creeks from the w. and s. and bends to an estrn. course, which it maintains about 50 ms. to its entrance into the Miss, in the northern part of Pike co. af- ter an entire comparative course of 180 ms. The valley of the Mo. Salt r. has that of Des Moines N. e. ; Miss. e. ; Missouri s. ; and Chariton w. Salt Creek, p-v. Muskingum co.O. by p-r. 10 ms. 6. E Zanesville the co. st, and 69 ms E. Columbus. Salt Sulphur, springs and p-o. Munroe co. Va. by p-r. 270 ms. s. w. W. C. Saltzburg, p-v. wstrn. part Indiana co. Pa. situated on Kiskiminitas r. and on the Penn- sylvania canal, by p-r. 197 ms. n. w. W. C. Salubrity, p-v. Gadsden co. Flor. by p-r. 14 ms. s. w. Tallahassee. Salvages, a reef of rocks off Sandy Bay,on the north shore of Cape Ann, Mass. Salvisa, p-v. Mercer co. Ky. by p-r. 21 ms. fi, Frankfort. Fop. 1830, 39. Sampson, co. of N. C. bounded by New Hanover s., the estrn. branch of Cape Fear r. separating it from Bladen s. w., and Cumber- land w. and N. w., by Johnson and Wayne N., and Duplin e. Length 40 ms., mean breadth 22, and area 880 sq. ms. Lat. 35° and long. W. C. 1° 20' w. intersect in this co. Slope nearly due s. and drained by Black r. branch of Little Cape Fear r. Chief t., Clin- ton. Pop. 1820, 8,903 ; 1830, 11,634. Samptown, v. Piscataway, Middlesex co. N. J. on a small branch of the Raritan, near the N. w. corner of the co. Sam's Creek, p-v. estrn. part Frederick CO. Md. about 20 ms. n. k. Frederick, and by p-r. 63 ms. a little w. of n. W. C. Sanbornton, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. 20 ms. from Concord, 9 from Guilford, and 60 from Portsmouth, occupies a peninsula, formed by Great and Little bays, and Winnipiseogee r. E. and s., and Pemigewasset r. w. The un- ion of these 2 streams in the s. w. angle of the t. forms the Merrimack, Salmon brook n.w. is the principal stream in the t. and affords a few mill seats, as does Winnipiseogee r. The land is rough, but goad, and almost all fit for cultivation. Sanbornton mtns. lie in the n. There is a remarkable chasm 38 feet deep, and a mile long, in a rocky ridge ; and on the banks of the Winnipiseogee are remains of an Indian fort. This work was formed of six stone walls, enclosing a piece of ground, with- in which implements of war, &c. have been found. The tsp. was first settled 1765. There is an academy, one or two social libra- ries, and a fund for the support of the preach- ing of the gospel. Pop. 1830, 2,866. Sancoty Head, the east point of Nantucket isl. Mass. in lat 41° 16', long. 7° 5' e. W.C. Sanders, p-v. Limestone co. Ala. by p-r» 149 ms. N. Tuscaloosa. Sanders, p-v. Grant co» Ky. by p-r. 54 ms* 8,s. w. Frankfort. Sanderson's, p-o. Goochland co» Va. by p-r. 161 ms. s. s. w. W.C Sandersville, p-v. Chester dist, S^ C. by p-r. 67 ms. n. Columbia. Sandeksville, p-v. and st. jus. Washington - CO. Geo. by p-r. 27 ms. s. e. by e. Milledge- ville. Lat. 32° 52', long. W. C. 5° 55' w. Sandersville, p-v. Vanderburgh co. Ind- by P-r. 158 ms. s, w. Indianopolis. Sandford, p-t. Broome co. N. Y. 24 ms. k.. Chenango point, or Binghampton, ands. Che- nango CO., has a hilly and stony surface, fa- vorable to pasturage, with some good vales.. A small stream in this t. flows info Cookqua- go cr., a branch of Del. r. on the s. e. line. Pop. 1830, 931. •Sandgate, p-t. Bennington co. Vt. 20 ms. N. Bennington, 31 s. w. Rutland, e. N.Y. state, has a broken surface, with Shcltarack and Bald mtns. N. w., Swearing hill s. w., Red mtn. E. E., and part of Equinox mtn. n. e. It is watered by tributaries of White cr. and Battenkill, but ill supplied with mill seats. Pop. 1830, 933. Sandige's, p-o. Amherst CO. Va. by p-r. 142 ms. s. w. W. C. Sandisfield, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 112 ms. s. w. Boston, 22 s. e. Lenox, N. Conn., is crossed by Farmington r- s. e., on both sides of which rise steep and romantic banks. The soil is favorable to agriculture, and scattered with farm houses. Maple sugar is manufac- tured here in considerable quantities. Pop. 1830, 1,655. Sandiston, p-t. Sussex co. N. J. 63 ms. n, Trenton, has Del. r. on the n. w. line, and the Blue mtn. ridge along the e. boundary. Big and Little Flat crs. cross the t. Pop. 1830, 1,097. Sand Lake, p-t. Rensselaer co. N. Y., 11 ms. e. Troy, has a rough surface, with many hills and much waste land. Crooked and Glass lakes are the principal of 6 SAN 499 SAN ponds. There are few mill seats. Marie is found in considerable quantities. There are 3 vs. Sand Lake, Rensselaer and Poeslenkill. Pop. 1830, 3,6J0. Sandover, p-v. Abbeville dist. S. C. by p.r. 90 ms. wstrd. Columbus. Sandown, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 31 ms. s. E. Concord, is small, with only 8,532 private schools, numerous mechanics' shopsi hotels, taverns, and in brief all the substance of a great entrepot. The amount of merchan- dize which was landed there was, $1,319,- 823. In J 830, upwards of 500 arrivals, in the port, and the arrival and departure of 2,000 wagons.evinced the importance of its mercan- tile transactions. The site is high, dry and acres. It is uneven, favorable to grain and | pleasant. A turnpike ia constructing to con- grass, with several ponds, one of which, Phil lip's, gives rise to Squamscot r. This stream sometimes flows backwards towards its source. First settled 1736, then a part of Kingston. Pop. 1830, 557. Sands' Point, North Hempstead, Queen's CO. N. Y. , the extremity of Cow Neck, a cape running into Long Isl. sound, has a light house, a little e. from Cow Bay. Sandtox, p-v. Kershaw dist. S. C. by p-r. 55 ms. N. E. Columbus. Sandijsky, r. O. having its remote sources in Marion, Crawford, and Richland cos nectit with Columbus. Pop. 1830, 593. Sandusky Cross Roads and p-o. Knox co. O. by p-r. 48 ms. n. n. e. Columbus. Sandwich, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. 70 miles from Portsmouth, and 50 from Concord ; has part of the Sandwich mtn., a high ridge which terminates at Chocorua Peak in Bur- ton. There are several other mountains, particularly Squam mtn. Bearcamp pond, part of Squam lake and r., and Red Hill r. are the chief waters in the town, and there are several mills. Pop. 1830, 2,744. Sandwich, p-t. Darnstable co. Mass. 54 terlocking sources on the w. with those of ms. s. e. Boston, occupies the isthmus of the Blariehard's fork of au Glaize r., on the s. (long and crooked peninsula of Cape Cod, and with those of Sciota; and on the e. with those lies between Barnstable and Buzzard's bays, of White Woman's r. or the nrthwstrn. sources The soil is generally light and sandy, with of Muskingum. Issuing from this table land extensive meadows, and the town is the most the Sandusky assumes a nrthrn. course, and devoted to agriculture of any in the co. It after traversing Crawford and Seneca cos., has been heretofore proposed to open a canal enters Sandusky co. where inflecting to the e. navigable for ships through this town, to save it opens into an oblong sheet of water from 1 the long and dangerous circuit of the Cape to 3 miles wide, and about 20 in length. This smallgulf is called Sandusky bay, but closed by two projecting points ; on the estrn. ex- treme the water is confined to a narrow ■channel, admitting vessels of 6 or 7 feet draught. {See Sandusky vil.) Sandusky, co. O. bounded by Huron co. e., Seneca s., Wood w., Monroe co. of Mich. n. w., and lake Erie n. It is very nearly a square of 28 miles each side, area 784 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 25', and long. 6° 06* w. intersect in this CO, The sthrn. section slopes to the n., but towards the centre all the streams which tra- verse its surface curve in common to s. e. This is the case with Sandusky, Muddy, Por- tage and Toussaint rs. Between Sandusky "bay and lake Erie extends a peninsula which is nearly equally divided between Sandusky and Huron cos. There are tracts of good land in Sandusky, but the general features of its sur- face are low, and it is consequently wet. The asperity of soil is shown by the progressive population, which was in 1820, 852 ; 1830, 2,851. Chief t., Lower Sandusky. Sandusky, seaport and p-v. on tho s, side of Sandusky bay, Huron co. O. by p-r. 115 ms. a little e. of n. Columbus, and 415 ms. n. w. byw.W. C. Lat. 41° 28', long. W. C. 5=- 40' w. The rise and progress of this flour to the coasting trade. Between Manumet and Scusset rs. the distance is short and the land low, so that the work might be accom- plished at a moderate expense. There is a' large pond near the centre, and mills are sup- plied by a fall. Here is a large manufactory of glass, owned by the Boston and Sandwich glass CO., by which more than one quarter of the population are supported ; 9G of the workmen are heads of families, and nearly 200 men and boys are constantly employed. The first settlement was made from Lynn in 1637, under a grant from Plymouth colony, Much salt is made here from sea water. The town is much resorted to for trout fishing, There are 4 churches, Methodist, Calvinist, Unitarian, and Roman Catholic. Pop. 1830, 3,361. Sandy, r. Me. rises near the bounds of So- merset and Penobscot cos. flows s. into Ken- nebec CO., turns n. e. and enters Kennebec r. at Starks, Somerset co. 6 ms. n. Norridge- wock. Sandy, river, stream of Virginia and Ken- tucky, composed of two branches, called re- latively East fork and West fork. East fork, the main constituent of Sandy, rises in the Appalachian valleys, interlocking sources with those of Great Kenhawa to the e., and ishing place is one of those fine creations with those of Holslon and Clinch branches of made by the extension of commerce and ag riculture in the interior of "the great west." The writer of this article was on the spot 1818, a few months after the first establishment, and according to Mr. Flint, early in 1832, it contained 9 wharves, 10 stores, a ship yard and rope walk, also a printing ofHcc, several Ten. r. to the s. e. Issuing from this ele- vated region, and draining part of Tazewell and Logan cos , Va., the Sandy r. pursues a N. w. direction by comparative courses 50 ms. to its passage through Cumberland mtn. Becoming a boundary between Va. and Ky. below the Cumberland chain, Sandy assumes SAN 500 SAN a direction of N. N. w. 70 ms. separating Lo-i near the main road from Baltimore to Rock- gan and Cabell cos. of Va. from Floyd, Law- rence, and Greenup cos. of Ky. to ita final influx into Ohio r. opi)osite Burlington, O ville, 28 ms. s. w. of the former, 9 rns. n. e. of the latter place, and 19 ms. nearly due n. W. C. . The adjacent country is peculiarly West Sandy rises in Russell and Tazewell healthful and pleasant, and is elevated above cos. Va., and assuming a n. w. direction tide w.iter about from 451) to 500 feet. It de- pierces the Cumberland chain, enters Ky., ] rives its name from a spring, and after traversing Pike and Floyd counties! Sa\dy SraiNo, p.v. s. e. part of Adams co. bends to the nthrd. and joins East Sandy in^O. by p-r. Ill ms. sthrd. Columbus. Lawrence co. The valley of Sandy r. has Sanuvvillk, i)-v. nortlu^astern part ot Tus- that of Ten. r. s., Ky. s. vv., lacking w., that jcarawas co. O. by p-r. 119 ms. n. e. by e. Co- of Ohio N., Guyandot e., and (ireat Konhawa jlumbus. It is about 100 ms. long, mean width 35, and area 3,500 sq. ms. Sandy, p-o. Columbiana co. O. about 140 ms. N. E. Columbus. Sandy Bay, v. Gloucester, Essex co. Mass. is near the e. extremity of Cape Ann, and has a convenient harbor, exposed on the n. e., but improved by a breakwater constructed by the U. S. The inhabitants are devoted to fishing, in which about 100 vessels are empiength from s. to N. 30 ms., mean breadth 22, and area 6G0 square ms. Lat. 40° and long. W. C. 13° 40' w. intersect in this county. It is traversed and drained by Crooked creek, a confluent of Illinois river. Slope to the s. e. It is represented by recent travellers, as amongst (he finest counties of Illinois. Chief town, Rushville. In the census returns for 1830, Schuyler and Macdonough counties are comprised under one head, and contained together a pop. of 2,959. Schuylersville, p-v. Saratoga county, N. Y. 6 ms. w. Union village, n. Fish creek, on the w. bank of Hudson river, and upon the SCI 505 SCO Champlain canal. On the meadows adjoining tlie village, the army of Gen. Burgoyne sur- rendered to the Americans in 1777, after their defeat on the heights of Saratoga, 7 miles below. SciiijTLKii.L, river. Pa. great southwestern branch of Delaware river. The valley of Schuylkill has that of Susquehannah s., s. vv., w., and N. w., that of Lehigh n., and that of Delaware above tide n. e. The range of the vrdley is from n. w. to s. e. 90 ms. in length. The breadth above Blue Ridge about 35 ms., but below that chain the utmost breadth is 25 ms. and mean width about 12 ms. The mean breadth of the entire valley about 22, and area 1,980 square ms. The tide ascends this river about 5 ms. to the primitive ledge tween the towns of Columbus and Franklin* after each branch having flowed by compara- tive courses 70 miles. Below Columbus the general course is almost exactly a., and com- parativc length 100 ms. to its influx into Ohio river between the villages of Alexandria and Portsmouth. The Sciota valley, lying be- tween hit. 33° 42' and 40° 50', and cut" into two very nearly equal sections by long. W. C. 6° w., is about 150 ms. long, and 60 milea wide, area 9,000 square ms. Below Colum- bus the main stream traverses the counties of Franklin, Pickaway, Ross, Pike and Sciota. Though without direct falls, the Sciota is a very rapid stream. (See article rail-roads and canals.) The Sciota valley lies between those of Great Miami and Muskingum, and in the city of Phila., from whence a chain of has that of Sandusky n., and Maumee n. w. canals, locks and rail-roads have been con structed along this stream to near the utmost sources, opening the fine country along and near its banks to the Atlantic tide water, and providing a means to bring to market the im- mense masses of mineral coal drawn from the bowels of the earth along its higher tributa- ries. (See articles Pa., Delaware river, and roads and canals.) Schuylkill, county, Pa., bounded s. w. by Dauphin, w. by Northumberland, Columbia N. vv., Luzerne n., Northampton n. e., and the Kittatinny mtn. separating it from Lehigh co. E. and Berks s. e. Length from s. w. to n. e. 37 ms., mean breadth 18, and area 660 square ms. Lat. 40° 40', and long. VV. C. 0° 47' e. Though along the border of this county con- tiguous to Dauphin, Northumberland, Co- lumbia, and Luzerne counties, creeks rise which have the Susquehannah as their recip- ient, the body of the county is drained into Schuylkill river, and slopes southeastward. The face of the county is perhaps more di- versified by valley, hill, and mountain, than any other in Pa. The mean elevation of the arable soil is about 800 feet above tide water, and with all its mountainous appearance much of the soil is excellent. But what ren ders this co. an object of peculiar interest, is the vast deposits of mineral coal it contains Since 1806, upwards of a million of dollars have been expended to facilitate the trans- portation of this fuel to the Atlantic markets. [See article roads and canals.) Chief town, Orwigsburg. Population 1820, 11,339, 1830, 20,744. Schuylkill, p-o. northern part of Chester county, Pa., by p-r. 134 ms. n. e. W. C. Schuylkill Haven, p-v. Schuylkill county. Pa. 55 ms. n. e. Harrisburg, and 171 n. n. e. W. C. Scio, p.t. Alleghany county, N. Y. 14 ms. s. Angelica, n. Pa. Pop. 1830, 602. Sciota, r., O., having its remote sources in Richland, Marion, Crawford, and Hardin cos. It is composed of two branches. Whetstone on the E., and Sciota proper w. Both branch, es issuing from Marion county, assume a nearly parallel course to s. s. e., traversing Delaware and uniting in Frankhn county, be- 64 Sciota, co. Ohio, bounded by Adams w.. Pike N., Jackson n. e., Lawrence e., and O. river separating it from Greenup county, Ky., s., and Lewis county, Ky., s. w. Length from E. to w. 34 ms., mean breadth 15, and area 512 square ms. Lat 38° 50', and long. W. C. 6° w. intersect near its centre. It is di- vided into two not very unequal sections by Sciota river which traverses it from n. to 3. The general slope is southward ; surface hilly, and soil tolerably fertile. Chieftown, Portsmouth. Pop. 1820, 5,749, 1830, 8,740. Sciota, p-v. Sciota co. Ohio, by p-r. 92 ma. s. Columbus. Scipio, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y. IfiO miles w. Albany, and 11 s. of Auburn, is bounded w. by Cayuga Lake which separates it from Seneca co., has Owaco lake e., and includes a part of the Cayuga Indian reserved lands. The inhabitants are generally farmers. Sal- mon creek and other brooks supply many mill seats, but the springs are affected by drought. Slate rock lies under the soil. It has Aurora and other small villages. Pop. 1830, 2,691. SciPio, p-v. Seneca co. Ohio, by p-r. 88 ms. N. Columbus. SciTUATE, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 17 ms. s. Boston on the Atlantic coast. Its harbor is protected against the storms by small is- lands, and it has some coasting trade. It is crossed by Satuit brook, whence it derives its name. It was an early settlement, and in 1676, during Philip's war, had 19 houses and barns burnt by the savages. Thomas Clapp, President of Yule College, C'onn. was born here, 1703. Pop. l!i3(), 3,468. SciTUATE, p-t. Providence co. R. I. 12 ms. vv. Providence, about 6 ms. by 8, has a rocky and varied surface, with good building stone in the w. ; soil generally favorable to grass. It has 2 small streams of Pawtuxet r. The mackerel fishery here is important ; 21 ves- sels were engaged in 1832. It also contains several cotton factories, a bank, a foundry of bells and cannon, and an academy. Pop. 1830, 3,394. ScoNONDOA, p-v. Oneida co. N. Y. 23 ms. w. Utica, 11 .s. Rome, and 1 s. Erie canal, stands on Sconondou creek. SCO 506 SEA Scotch Plains, p-v. Westfield, Essex co. \ Scott's Ferry, p-o. Albermarle co. Va. by N. J. on Green Brook, 14 ms. s. w. Newark, p-r. 150 ms. s. w. W. C. and near the borders of Somerset CO. Scottsville, p-v. Wheatland, Monroe co, ScoTCHTOwN, p-v. Wallkill, Orange county, JN.Y. 12 ms. s. Rochester,and 1 from Genesee N. Y. 6 ms. N. w. Goshen. ' r., stands on Allan's cr. Scotia, p-v., and as named in the p-o. list i Scottsville, p-v. nrthwstrn. part of Lu- of 1831, St. jus. Pope county, Arkansas, by -zerne co. Pa. 40 ms. n. n. w. Wilkes-Barre. p-r. 81 ms. northwestward Little Rock. Ex-| Scottsvile, p-v. and st. jus. Powhatan co. act position uncertain. Va. 32 ms. w. Richmond, and by p-r. 138 ms. Scott, p.t. Cortlandt co. N. Y. 18 ms. s. s. s. w. W. C. Lat. 37° 32', long. W. C. 0° Skeneateles, 9 from Cortlandt, s. Onondaga ,56' w. CO., and E.Cayuga co., has small streams of Scottsville, p-o. Orange co. N. C. by p-r. Tioughnioga creek, and an inlet of Ske- 56 ms. n. n. w. Raleigh. neateles lake, with ridges of land extending N. and 8. and a productive soil, bearing grass best on the hills. The soil is held in fee simple. Pop. 1830, 1,452. Scott, p-v. Wayne co. Pa. by p-r. 283 me. N. N. E. W. C. Scottsville, p-v. and st. jus. Allen co. Ky. situated on a branch of Green r. by p-r. l.'il ms. s. s. w. Frankfort, and 67 ms. n. e. Nash- ville, Ten. Lat. 36° 45', long. W. C. 9° 06' w. Pop. 1830, 180. ScRiBA, p-t. Oswego CO. N. Y. 173 ms. n. Scott, co. Va., bounded by Russell county, i w. Albany, 60 w. n. w. Rome, s. of lake Va., N. and n. n. e., Washington co. Va. e., j Ontario, and n. e. Oswego r., has a nearly Sullivan and Hawkins cos. Tenn. s., and Lee CO. Va. w. and n. w. Length along Ten. 40 ms., mean width 15, and area 600 square ms. Lat. 36° 47', long. W. C. 5° 40' w. Slope s. w. and traversed in that direction by the main volume of Clynch, and N. fork ofHol- Bton rivers, and between those streams by Clinch mountain. The surface is broken and soil of middling quality. Chief town, Estill- ville. Population 1820, 4,263, and in 1830, 5,724. Scott, co. Ky. bounded by Lafayette s. e., Woodford s. w.. Franklin w., Owen n. w., and Harrison n. and n. e. Length 18 ms., mean breadth 14, and area 252 square ms. Lat. 38° 15', long. W. C. 7° 40' w. Slope N. w. and drained by Elkhorn and Eagle rs. confluents of Kentucky river ; soil excellent. Chief town, Georgetown. Pop. 1820, 12,219, 1830, 14,677. Scott, co. of Indiana, bounded by Clark s., Washington w., Jaclison n. w.', Jennings n., and Jefferson n. e., and e. Length 20 ms., level surface and good soil, with few mill sites. Oswego fort is in this town. It has a triangular form, enclosing 3 or 4 acres, 50 feet above the lake, and was the first military work erected at the mouth of Oswego r. in the old French wars, in 1727. Fort Oswego was afterward erected near it : and both were captured by the French in 1756. It was sur- rendered to the Americans by the British un- der Jay's treaty, in 1790. The British, dur- ing the late war, once landed here, and occu- pied the V. at the mouth of the r. for a few hours. Pop. 1830, 2,073, Scriven, CO. of Geo. bounded by Effingham s. E., Great Ogeechee r. separating it from Bullock S.W., and Emanuel w., Burke n. w., and Savannah r. separating it from Barnwell dist. S. C. N. E., and Beaufort dist. S. C. e. Lat. 32° 40', long. W. C. 4° 30' w. The nrthrn. section of this co. is traversed in a sthestrn. direction by Brier cr. branch of Sa- vannah r. ; but the sthrn. and central sec- tions slope sthrd. and are drained into Great mean width 10, and area 200 square miles.! Ogeechee r. Length in the direction of its Lat. 40° 40', long. VV. C. 8° 45' vv. Slope n. I bounding rivers, that is, from s. E. to n. w. 34 w. by w., and in that direction drained by ! ms., mean breadth 22, and area 748 sq. ma. creeks falling into Graham's Fork of White | Pop. 1820, 3,941; 1830, 4,776. river. Chief town. New Lexington. Pop.' Scroggsfield, p-v. Columbiana co. O. by 1820, 2,334, 1830, 3,092. I p-r. 146 ms. n. e. Columbus. Scott, co. Mo. bounded by New Madrid I Scuffletown, p-v. nrthrn. part of Laurens B. w., Stoddard w., Cape Girardenu x. w., | dist. S. C. about 10 ms. n. n. e. Laurensville, Mississippi r. above the mouth of Ohio, sep-l and by p-r. 85 ms. n. w. Columbia, arating it from Alexander co. II. n., and the| Scull Camp, p-v. nrthwstrn. part Surry co. Miss. r. below the mouth of Ohio separating : N. C. by p-r. 182 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. it from MacCracken and Hickman cos. Ky.l Scull Shoals, and p-o. Greene co. Geo. E. Length from the Miss. r. on the s. e. toi by p-r. 58 ms. n. Milledgeville. the border of Cape Girardeau co. 50 ms. ; Seabrook, t. Rockingham co. N. H. 17 ms. mean breath 18, and area 900 sq. ms. Lat.' s. s. w. Portsmouth, 7 n. Newburyport, forms 37° and long. 12° 30' w. intersect in this co. | the s. e. corner of the state, having the Atlan- Slope sthrd. The nrthwstrn. angle traversed ' tic ocean e. and Mass. s. First settled 1638. by White water branch of St. Francis, and the I It is watered by Black, Brown's, and Wal- residue by crs. flowing into Miss. r. Chief ton's rs., and on many of the brooks is found t., Benton. Pop. 1830, 2,136. , bog iron ore. The building of whale boats Scott, p-v. Adams co. O. by p-r. 94 me. a | has been extensively carried on here, and the little w. of s. Columbus. ScoTT3BURGii p-v. Halifax co. Va. by p-r. 835 ms. 8. s. w. W. C. inhabitants are chiefly sailors and mechanics. Pop. 1830, 1,093. Seaconnet, point and rocks, Newport, SEE 507 SEN ewport CO. R. I. the B. end of the E. shore} important maufacturing town. Pop. 1830, N of Nnrragansett bay, 6 ms. E. b. e. Newport. Seaford, p-v. on Nanticoke r. nrthwstrn. part Sussex co. Del. by p-r. 107 ma. a little s. E. W. C. Searcv's, p-o. Montgomery co.Ten. by p-r. 58 ms. N.w.by w. Nashville. SisARiGHT, p-o. Fayette co. Fa. by p-r. 199 ms. N. w. W. C. Searsburoh, t. Bennington co. Vt. 12 ms. B. Bennington, has a rough surface and much poor soil, so that it sustains but few families. Pop. 1830, 40. Searsmont, p-t. Waldo co. Me. 25 ms. w. Castine, 30 e. Augusta, has a large pond in the centre, which discharges s. by an out- let into St. George r. The form of the town is irregular. Pop. 1830, 1,151. Seay's, p-o. Merriwether co. Geo. by p-r. 119 ms. w. Milledgeville. Sebago, lake, Cumberland co. Me. is 13 ms. long, and about 20 wide in the broadest parts, but nearly divided by a long and narrow cape, extending 3, w. from the e. shore in Raymond. It forms a part of the boundary of 5 tsps. clustered around it, Standish, Bald- win, Sebago, Raymond and Windham. Crooked r. falls into the lake on the N.,into the lower part of whose course, (which bears the name of Sungo,) empties Long lake, in thcN. part of the co. Presumpscut r. flows from the 2,133 Selby's, store and p-o. Wake co. N. C. by p-r. 20 ms. sthwstrd. Raleigh. Selin's Grove, and p-o. Union co. Pa. sit- uated on the right bank of the Susquehannah r., between Penn's and Middle creek, by p-r. 50 ms. above and nthrd. Harrisburg and 4 ms. below Sunbury. Seller's, tavern and p-o. Bucks co. Pa. about 30 ms. n. Phil. Selma, p-v. on the right bank of Alabama r. nrthrn. part Dallas co. Ala. by p-r. 86 ms. s. 8. E. Tuscaloosa. Selma, p-v. Jefferson co.3Io. by p-r. 30 ms. sthrd. St. Louis. Seminole, Agency and p-o. on Ocklawaha r. Alachua CO. Flor. about 80 ms. s. w. by w. St. Augustine, and by p-r. 238 ms. s. k. by e. Tallahassee. Sempronius, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y. 15 ms. s. E. Auburn, 160 w. Albany, has Onondaga CO. N., Skeneateles lake e., Onondaga and Cortlandt cos. e., with many hills, some ex. tensive valleys, and a soil generally rich and arable. Owasco lake in the w. has an inlet in the s. part, whose streams afford mill seats, as do other brooks running in different direc- tions. There are several marshes, the larg. est of which is along the lower part of Owas- co inlet. Owasco flats s.w. are fertile, and con- s. e., part of the lake s. e. into Casco bay. | tain Moravia v. One mile distant is Montville Boat navigation extends by this route to Port- where are mills. Pop. 1830, 5,705. land. Seneca lake, N. Y. lies between 4 coun- Seb.4go, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. 65 ms. s.jties, w. of Cayuga lake, and in one part only w. Augusta, lies on the n. w. side of Sebago j 6 ms. distant. It is about 35 ms. long. n. and lake, with Oxford co. w., has an irregular form, and is watered by small streams flow- ing into the lake. Pop. 1830, 586. s., from 2 to 4 wide and of great depth. Its outlet, Seneca r., runs from tlie n. end e. to Cayuga lake. There is a great marsh s. Sebasticook r. Me. rises in Penobscot and chiefly in Tioga co. through which run sev- Somerset cos. flosvs across the s. e. corner of: eral small streams. On the w. side, the out- the latter, and passing into the N. E. corner of i let of Crooked lake falls into Seneca lake. Kennebec co. falls into Kennebec Winslow opposite Waterville. Sebec, P-t. Penobscot co. Me. 87 ms. n. e. Augusta, embraces the end of Sebec pond and the head of Sebec r. which rises in it, and is well watered by these and Piscataquis r. on the s. line. Pop. 1830, 906. Second Fork, p-o. Clearfield co. Pa. by p-r. 154 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. The surface of this sheet of water is 431 feet above the level of tide water at Albany. Ge- neva, one of the prettiest vs. in the state, is situated at the n. w. corner of the lake, partly on the low ground, and partly on the elevated bank. The water has a gradual periodical rise and fall, once in several years, the cause of which has never been ascertained. The water never freezes, which is probably owing Section Creek, and p-o. Clay co. Ky. by, to its depth. The land gradually rises for sev. p-r. 106 ms. s. e. Frankford. On Tanner's map of the U. S. this cr. is named Seztoii's, which is probably the real name, but in di- recting letters the p-o. list perhaps ought to be followed. eral miles, by those broad, natural terraces or successive parallel ridges, running n. and s. over a considerable tract of country. The view from the height of land between Seneca and the adjacent lakes is extensive and agree- Sedgwick, p-t. Hancock co. Me. 6 ms. e. able. The region has the appearance ofhav. Castine, 87 e. by s. Augusta, has Blue Hill; ing been swept by a powerful current of wa- bay e. and a strait s. which separates it from, ter from the n. Deer isl., being situated principally on a pen- 1 Seneca r. N. Y. rises at the n. end of Sen- insula, with a coast made irregular by points, i eca la!\e. and crosses Seneca, Cayuga and coves, &c. Pop. 1830, 1,604. I Onondaga cos. GO ms. to Oswego r. in Cicero. Seecatchke, V. Mass. on the e. shore of| Its branches are Cayugn, Canandagua, Owas. Nantucket, and on the verge of the ocean. j co, Skeneateles and Onondaga outlets. It is Seekonk, p-t. Bristol co. Mass. 38 ms. s. e. rendered navigable by a canal and locks by Boston, N. Barrington,R. I., andE. Providence j Waterloo to the Erie canal. At Montezuma it r., there the line of the same state. It is an is 371 ft. higher than the Hudson is at Albany. SEN 508 SEW Seneca r. of N. C. and Geo., has its re- mote sources in Blue Ridge, Haywood co. N. C. but it is a mere creek where it leaves that state and enters Pickens dist. S. C. Thence augmented by numerous crs. from both sides, the Seneca flows by comparative courses 45 ms. in a direction a little e. of s. to its junc- tion with Tugaloo to form Savannah r. This r. and its confluents drain the greater part oi Pickens dist. It is a mtn. stream, and com- pared with length of course contains a large volume of water. Seneca, co. N. Y. bounded by Wayne co. N., Cayuga co. e., Tompkins co. s., Ontario and part of Stuben cos. w. It lies chiefly be- tween Cayuga and Seneca lakes, and is cross- ed in the n. by a part of Seneca r., which here runs from the foot of Seneca lake to the foot of Cayuga lake, and then n. The other streams are small. It contains 10 towns, of which Ovid and Waterloo are the chief. It is about 187 ms. w. Albany, has an agreeably varied surface, with a calcareous loam and vegetable mould. There are some salt springs, iron ore and limestone. The village of Sen- eca falls has rapidly increased in business and population. In 1825 there were 265 inhabit- ants, and in 1830, 1,610. The fall is 46 feet, and affords abundant power, part of which is employed in 4 flour mills, 1 gristmill, 1 cotton factory with 4,000 spindles, 1 paper mill, 1 tannery, 1 sash factory, 2 furnaces and 1 oil mill. At Waterloo are 5 flour mills, 2 saw mills, 1 clover seed mill, 1 hemp factory, 1 patent pail factory, 1 tub factory, 1 paper mill, 1 oil mill, 3 carding mills, a lath factory and 1 forge. At Ovid, 1 steam flour mill and 1 carding mill. Population 1820, 23,619 ; 1830, 21,041. Seneca, p-t. Ontario co. N. Y. 176 ms. w. Albany, 12 r. Canandiiigua, w. Seneca lake and CO., and is crossed by the road from Al- bany to Buffalo. The land is arable and fa- vorable to grass, and the surface s. hilly. The v. of Geneva, one of the pleasantest in the state, is at the N. E. corner of the lake. Pop. 1830, 6,161. Seneca, co. O. bounded by Crawford s., Hancock s. w.. Wood n. w., Sandusky n., and Huron e. Length from e. to w. 32 ms., breadth 20, and area 640 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 10', long. W. C 6° 00' w. Sandusky r. traverses this CO. flowing to the nrthrd. The general slope is of course in that direction, but from the s. w. angle issues the extreme fountains of Blanch- ard's branch ofau Glaize r. Chief town. Tif- fin. Pop. 1830, 5,159. Seneca Falls, p-t. Seneca co. N. Y. 167 ms. w. Albany ; contains a flourishing ma- nufacturing village, which has increased in population from 265 to 1,610 between 1825 and 1830. The water falls here 42 feet, and aflTords abundance of power for several mills and factories. [See Seneca co.) A canal here passes round the falls. Here are 18 dry goods stores in the village , besides 2 hard- ware do., 2 druggist's do., 5 flouring mills, 1 large cotton factory, 1 woollen do., 1 paper mill, 1 distillery, 1 large tannery, 1 sash fac- tory, 1 carriage factory, besides numerous other smaller manufacturing establishments. The prosperity of the village is owing to its valuable hydraulic privileges. Pop. 1830, 2,603. Senecas, Indians, N. Y. hold several re- servations in the state, but their principal set- tlement is near Buffalo, on a tract 7 ms. by 18, on Buffalo creek. Seneca IVfills and p-o. Montgomery co. Md. by p-r. 23 ms. n. w. W. C. Senecaville, p-v. Guernsey co. O. by p-r. 99 ms. e. Columbus. Sennet, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 2,297. Setauket, p-v. Brookhaven, Suffolk co. N. Y. 58 ms. E. N.Y. Setzler's Store and p-o. Chester co. Pa. by p-r. 138 ms. n. e. W. C. Seven Mile Ford and p-o. eastern part of Washington co. Va. 362 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Seventy Six, p-v. Beaver co. Pa. by p-r. 256 ms. N. w. W. C. Severn, creek and p-o. Owen co. Ky. by p-r. 21 ms. nrthrd. Frankfort. Sevier, co. Ten. bounded s. w. and w. by Blount, Knox n. w., Jefferson n. e., Cocke e., and the Iron mtn. separating it from Hay- wood CO. N. C. s. e. Length from s. e. to n. w. 28 ms., mean breadth 18, and area 500 sq. ms. Lat. 35° 45', long. 6° 25' w. W. C. The northern part of this co. is traversed in a westerly direction by the Nolechucky r. ; but the southern and much the most extensive section of the co. is drained to the n. w. by Little Pigeon r. and its confluents, flowing from the Iron mtns. into Nolechucky r. Chief t. Sevierville, or Sevier C'. H. Pop. 1820, 4,772, 1830, 5,717. Sevierville or Sevier C". H., p-v. and st. jus. Sevier CO. Ten. situated on Little Pigeon r. 25 ms. s. e. by e. Knoxvitle, and by p-r. 225 ms. a little s. of e. Nashville. Lat. 35° 50', long. 6° 21' w. AV. C. Sewell creek and mtn. western part of Greenbrier co. Va. Sewell cr. is one of the extreme sthrn. sources of Gauly r. Sevvell mtns., p o. western part of Green- brier CO. Va. by p-r. 294 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Sewell Valley, p-o. western part of Green. brier co. Va. by p-r. 288 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Sewicklev, the name of three creeks of western Pa. The most considerable is a stream of Westmoreland co. rising opposite to the Loyalhanna r., and flowing wstrd. into Youghioghany r. The second a small creek, though relatively called Big Scwickley, and for a fewms. constituting part of the bounda- ry between Alleghany and Beaver cos. The third or Little Sewickley, is a mere brook of Alleghany co. The two latter Sewickleys fall into the right side of Ohio r. Sewicklev Bottom, p-o. wstrn. part of Al- leghany CO. Pa. 14 me. n. v/. Pittsburg. SHA 509 SHA Sexton's p-v. western part of Boone co Mo. by p-r. 64 ms. n. w. Jefierson. Shade creek, one of llio higher branches of Uoiioniaugli r. Hovving from the Alleghany mtn. in the northwestern pa'rt of Somerset CO. Pa. Shade mtn., a ridge extending from the great bend ol Juniata r., below Lcwiston, and separating Juniata from Mifilin eo. Pa. SnADE, p-o. on Siiade creek, n. e. part o Somerset co. Pa., about 20 ms. n. e. the bo rough of Somerset, and by p-r. IGO ms. n. w W. C. Shade Gap and p-o. eastern part of Hun- tingdon CO. Pa. 117 ms. n. w. W. C. Shady Dale, p-o. Jasper co. Geo. by p-r. 43 ms. N. w. Milledgeville. Shady Grove, p-o. Franklin co. Va. by p-r 305 ms. s. w. W. C. Shadv Grove, p-o. Buncombe co. N. C. by p-r. 277 ms. w. Raleigh. Sn\DY Grove, p-o. Union dist. S. C. by p-r 86 ms. N. w. Columbia. Shafer's p-o. Northampton eo. Pa. by p-r 210 ms. N. e. W. C. Shaferstown, p-v. eastern part of Lebanon CO. Pa. 9 ms. e. Lebanon, and by p-r. 129 ms. N. N. E. W. C. Shaftsbury, p-t. Bennington co. Vt. 97 ms. s. w. iVIontpelier, 46 fiom Rutland, 31 from Brattleboro' ; first settled about 1763; lies e. N. Y. between Walloomsac and Bat- tenkill creeks, and has no large streams. VV mtn. extends into this town about 3 ms. The soil is generally good, and excellent in the s w. Iron ore and marble are found in the town. There is a fund of $10,000 for the support of schools. Pop. 1830, 2,142. Shakleford's, p-o. King and Queen co. Va. by p-r. 160 ms. s. W. C. Shalersville, p-v. northern part of For tage CO. O. 5 ms, n. Raveima, the co. st., and by p-r. 132 ms. n. e. Columbus. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 757. Shallow Ford and p-o. Anderson district, S. C. by p-r. 145 ms. n. w. Columbia. SitAMOKiN, creek and p-o. central part of Northumberland co. Pa. by p-r. 04 ms. n. Harrisburg. The Shamokin creek falls into the left side of Susquehannali r. immediately below the borough of Sunbury. Shandakan, p-t. Ulster co. N. Y. 20 ms. w. Kingston, 83 s. by w. Albany, lies s. (^reene CO., N. Sullivan co., and e. Delaware co. It is mountainous, and several streams flow hence to Del. r. and Esopus creek. Pine hill mtn. lies on the borders of Del. co. Pop. 1830, 966. Shane's Crossings, over St. Mary's r., or as marked on Tanner's map, Shanesville, p-v. on St. Mary's r. northern part of Mercer co. O. 18 ms. N. w. St. Mary's, the co. St., and by p-r. 129 ms. n. w. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 46. SuANEsviLLE, P-V. Tuscarawas co. O. by p-r. 96 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 160. Shannon, p-v. Mason co. Ky. by p-r. 55 ms. N. E. by E. Frankfort. Shannon Hill, p-o. Goochland co. Va. by p-r. 147 ms. s. s. w. W. C. Shannon's Store and p-o. Randolph co. XL by p-r. 74 ms. s. w. Vandalia. Shannonville, p-v., and named in p-o. list as St. jus. Perry co. Ten., by p-r. 114 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. Shapleigh, p-t. York co. Me. 163 ms. s. w. Augusta, 35 n. w. York, k. N. M. ; contains several ponds, one of which, partly in the adjoining state, gives rise to Salmon Falls r. Pop. 1830, 1,479. SiL\RON, t. Hillsborough co. N. H. 18 ms. from Amherst, 48 from Concord, and e. of Cheshire co., gives rise in the s. e. to branches of Contoocook r., but is almost des- titute of mill seats. Boundary mtn. 200 feet high, is on the E. boundary. Pop. 1830, 371. Sharon, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. 22 ms. n. Windsor, lies n. White r. Population 1830, 1,4.59. Sharon, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. 18 ms. s. Boston, is at the head of Neponset r. which furnishes good mill seats, occupied by several manufactories. The Sharon cotton manufac- turing company was incorporated 1811, with .$100,000 ; and the Mass. file manufacturing company have a factory here. Mashapoag pond gives rise to one of the chief branches of Neponset r. and gave the Indian name to the town. Pop. 1830, 1,023. Sharon, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn. 47 ms. w. Hartford, lies w. Housatonic r., and e. N. Y. It is hilly E. with granite rocks. The soil is various, generally stony, with fine calcareous levels w. Grain succeeds better than in most other parts of the state. Pop. 1830, 2,615. Sharon, p-t. Schoharie co. N. Y. 45 miles from Albany, 16 n. w. Schoharie, s. Montgo- mery CO., and e. Otsego co. ; has some low ridges of the Helderbergs. The soil is fa- vorable to wheat. Cobuskill creek rises here and supplies mill seats. The inhabitants are of German descent. Pop. 1830,4,247. Sharon, tsp. and p-v. wstrn. part of Mercer CO. Pa. The p-v. is very near the border be- tween Mercer co. Pa. and Trumbull of O., and stands on Shenango cr. about 16 ms. \r. of the borough of Mercer. Sharon, p-v. Morgan co. O. by p-r. 99 ms. s. E. by E. Columbus. Sharonville, p-v. Hamilton co. O. by p-r. 14 ms. N. E. Cincinnati. Sharpe's Store and p-o. Lowndes co. Geo. by p-r. 203 ms. s. Milledgeville. Sharpshurg, p-v. sthrn. part Washington CO. Md. on the left bank of Potomac r., 18 ms. s. nagerstown,the co. St., and by p-r. 66 ms. N. w. W. C. Sharpsburg, p-v. wstrn. part Bath co. Ky. U ms. wstrd. Owingsville, the co. st., and 62 ms. e. Frankfort. Sharp's Mills, and p-o. Indiana co. Pa. by p-r. 197 ms. n. w. W. C. Shartlesville, p-v. Berks co. Pa. by p-r. 156 ms. N. N. K. W. C. SHE 510 SHE Shauck's, p-o. Richland co. O. by p-r. 57 ms. N. N. E. Columbus. I Shaver's cr. and p-o. nrthrn. part Hunting- don CO. Pa. 10 ms. n. the borough of Hunt- ingdon, and by p-r, 152 ms. a little n. of n. w. W.C. Shawangunk, p-t. Ulster co. N. Y. 91. ms. from Albany, 26 s. w. Kingston, 17 w. n, w. Newburgh, has Montgomery co. s., and reaches the base of Shawangunk mtn. w. Shaw cr. w. and Wallkill cr. e. meet near the N. boundary. The soil is strong loam, with some clay, and the surface nearly level. Oak prevails in the woods. Mill stones are ob- tained here. The skeleton of the mammoth in Peal's museum, Philadelphia, was taken from a swamp here, and 9 others have been found in this and an adjoining t. The inhabit- ants are of Dutch origin. Population 1830, 3,681. Shawangunk mtns. N. Y. cross Ulster and Orange cos. being a spur of the small range of the Catsbergs. ment was soon commenced from West- field. Pop. 1830, 2,382. Sheffield, p-v. on lake Erie, nrthrn. part Lorain co. O. by p-r. 14 ms. n. Elyria, the co. St., and 144 ms. n. n.e. Columbus. Pop. tsp. 1830, 215. Shegag's, store and p-o. about 60 ms. wstrd. Nashville. Shelburne, p-t. Coos CO. N. H. Ill ms. from Concord, w. of Maine, is crossed by An- droscoggin r. which receives Rattle r. &c. and has good soil on its banks ; but the land is generally rough, and often useless for cul- tivation. Mt. Moriah, of the White mtn. range, is in the s. Moses' rock is a singular block of stone, 90 feet long and 60 high. First settled 1775. Pop. 1830, 3l2. Shelburn, p-t. Chittenden co. Vt. 33 ms. w. Montpelier, and 26 n. w. Middlebury, was first settled before the revolution by Logan and Pottier, on points in the lake which still bear their names. They and ten other fam- ilies soon after abandoned the place, but after Shawneetown, p-v. on Ohio r. estrn. partjthe war it was occupied by settlers from Con- Gallatin CO. II. 9 ms. below the mouth of Wa- 1 necticut. There is a bay of the lake, nam- bash r. and by p-r. 127 ms. s. e. Vandalia. ed after the t. into the head of which falls Lat. 37°42', long. W. C. 11° 14' w. It is a Laplatte r. Shelburn pond in the n. e. covers flourishing V. containing a bank, printing of- 1 about 600 acres. The soil is very good, tim- fice, land office, and a number of taverns, I ber hard wood. Pop. 1830, 1,122. stores, &c. It is the depot for the U. S. Sa- line near the v. of Equality, 12 ms. wstrd. Shaw's Meadows, and p-o. nrthrn. part Northampton co. Pa. about 36 ms. n. of Eas- ton, the CO. St., and 226 ms. n. n. e. W. C. Sheboygon r. of Huron Ter. rises to the estrd. and near the sthrn. end of Winnebago lake, interlocking sources with Rock r. and flowing thence estrdly. into lake Michigan. Sheepscot, r. Lincoln CO. Me. runs a short distance in Kennebec co. and empties into the Atlantic, at Wiscasset, meeting some of those arms of the sea which form so many isls. on that part of the coast. Sheetz's Mill and p-o. Hampshire co.Va. by p-r. 126 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. Sheffield, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt. 35 ms. n. Montpelier, 40 n. Newbury, with 22,607 acres. First settled 1792. It is on the height of lands dividing the waters of Conn. r. and lake Champlain, containing head streams of Barton and Passumpsic rs. on which are mill seats. Pop. 1830, 720. Sheffield, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 125ms. Shelbyville. Shelburne, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 100 ms. N. w. Boston, n. e. Deerfield r., compriz- ing a valuable fall of 20 ft., has a pleasant sit, nation, and was formerly a part of Deerfield. The schools, library, &.c. have proved par- ticularly useful. Mr. Fisk, missionary to Pal- estine, was born here, 1792. Pop. 1830, 995. Shelby, p-t. Orlean-s co. N. Y. 263 ms. from Albany, 14 n. n. w. Batavia, e. Niagara co., and N. Tonawanta reservation, is watered by Oak Orchard cr. and its branches, crossed by the Mtn. Ridge n. and touched n. w. by Erie canal. There are several mills, &c. Pop. 1830, 2,043. Shelby, co. Ky. bounded s. e. by Ander- son, Spencer s., Jefferson w., Oldham n. w., Henry n., and Franklin e. Length from e. to w. 26 ms., breadth 17, area 442 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 15', long. W. C. 8° 10' w. Though the estrn. border approaches very near Ken- tucky r. the slope of this co. is s. w., and in that direction is drained by diff'erent conflu- ents of Salt r. Pop. 1830, 19,030. Chief t., w. Boston, N. Conn., was incorporated 1733, 6 years before any other t. in this co. • The surface is agreeably varied, and there is much good land, watered by Housatonic r. and several of its branches. The v. is situa- ted in a valley surrounded by several eminen- ces, of which Taughkannic mtn. w. is the lof- tiest, being about 3,000 feet high. Along the course of the Housatonic, here slow and crooked, are extensive and valuable mead- ows, on the w. side of which runs the princi. pal street 4i ms. A grant was made by the general court of Mass. in 1720, which includ- ed part of two neighboring towns, and left a Shelby, the extreme sthwstrn. co. of Ten. bounded by Tipton co. Ten. n., and Lafayette CO. Ten. e., on the s. it has the Chickasaw territory in the state of Miss., and on the w. the Miss. r. separating it from Crittenden co. Ark. Lat. 35° 15' and long. W. C. 13° w. intersect in the wstrn. part of this co. The slope is wstrd. and in that direction is travers- ed and drained by the various confluents of Wolf r. and Nanconnah cr. The high land of the interior reaches the Miss. r. at the n.w. angle and at the mouth of Wolf r. in this co. These hills arc called Chickasaw Blufis from the Indian nation who formerly owned and reserved tract for the Indians. The settle- 1 inhabited the country. The soil is good. Sta- SHE 511 SHE Pop. 1820, ole, cotton. Chief t., Memphis 354 ; 1830, 5,648. Shelby, co. Ohio, bounded by Miami co. s.. Dark co. s. w., Mercer n. w., Allen n., Logan N. E., and Champaign s. e. It is about 20 ms. each side ; area 400 eq. ms. Lat. 40° fort. Lat. 38° 11', long. W. C. 8° 12' w. It is a flourishing village. Pop. 1830, 1,201. Shelbvvili.e, p-v. and st. jus. Shelby co. Ind., by p-r. 30 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. Lat. 39° 32', long. W. C. 8° 4G' w. Shelbyville, p-v. and st. jus. Shelby co. 20', long. W. C. 7° 12' w. The extreme sour- II., on Kaskaskias r., 40 ms. above and n. n. ces of Saint Mary's and au Glaize rivers rise e. Vandalia. Lat. 39° 22', long. W. C. 11° on the northwestern and northern borders, 52' w. but the much greater part slopes southward, and gives source to great Miami r. The ex- treme higher sources of Wabash rise also in Mercer co., very near the northwestern angle of Shelby. The latter comprises, therefore, a part of the high and flat table land of Ohio. Chief town, Sidney. Pop. 1820, 2,106, 18.30, 3,671. Shelby, co. Ind., bounded s. e. by Deca- tur, Bartholomew s., Johnson w., Marion n. w., Hancock n., and Rush e. Length from s. to N. 24 ms., breadth 18, and area 432 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 30', long. W. C. 8° 45' w. Slope s. s. w., and in that direction drained by different branches of Driftwood fork of White r. Chief t. Shelbyville. Pop. 1830, 6,295. Shelby, co. II., bounded s. e. by Effingham, Fayette s., Montgomery w., Sangamo .n. w., Macon n., and Coles e. Length from e. to w. 40 ms., width 32, and area 1,280 sq. ms SHELDo^f, p-t. Franklin co. Vt., 46 ms. n. w. Montpelier, 32 n. e. Burlington ; was set- tled 1790, and is watered by Missisque r., and Black r. its branch, on the latter of which are mill seats. Tlie surface is varied, and the soil generally good. Pop. 1830, 1,427. SiiELuoN, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y., 270 ms. w. Albany. 24 s. w. Hatavia, and e. of Erie CO. ; is watered by Tonawanta cr. and two branches of Butfalo cr. The land is high, but moist, and more favorable to grass than grain. Pop. 1U30, 1,731. Shelter Island, t. Suffolk co. N. Y., lies off' the E. end of Lon;? Island, 100 miles e. New York, and 250 from Albany, by the com- mon route. This town is formed of two isls., which lie in the bay between Southold and Southampton. Shelter island contains 8,000 acres, of varied surface, with a soil generally light and sandy, but in some parts rich, level and well cultivated. Hog Neck isl. ^ a mile Lat. 39° 22', long. W. C. 11° 45' w. The! distant, and connected by a ferry, has a ship northwestern angle gives source to the Mow- 1 channel all round it. In the revolutionary awequa branch of Sangamon river, and slopes war, the British deprived this isl. of its tim- to the N. w. ; and the opposite or southeast-' ber. Pop. 1830, 330. em angle gives source to Little Wabash, and Shenandoah, river of Va., and one of the slopes to the sthrd. Full 9-lOths of the co. I great southern branches of Potomac river, is is, however, drained by the Kaskaskias, and j composed of two branches, called with no branches ; the main stream traversing it diag-j great relative correctness, North Branch and onally from N. N. E. to s. s. w. Chief t. Shel-j South Branch. The southern and main byville. Pop. 1830, 2,972. branch rises in Augusta co., as far south as Shelby, CO. Ala., bounded by Autauga co.j lat. 38°, and long. 2° w. W. C. Flowing s., Bibb s. w., Jefferson N. w. and n., St. Clair thence northeastward along the northwestern N. E., and Coosa river separating it from the Creek country e. Length from s. to n. 50 ms., mean breadth 22, and area 1,100 sq. ms. Lat. 33° and long. W. C. 10° w. intersect in the southwestern angle of this co. The East slope of Blue Ridge, over Augusta, Rocking- ham, and Page counties, receives the North Branch in the southern angle of Frederick CO., after a comparative course of 90 ms. The North Branch of Shenandoah river has fork of Cahaba r., rising in JeflTerson andl its source in Rockingham co., from which it Saint Clair counties, enters and traverses the 1 flows by comparative courses n. n. e. 50 ms. northwestern side of Shelby, flowing in a s. lover Rockingham and Shenandoah counties, s. w. direction into Bibb co. Between the enters Frederick, bends to the eastward, and Cahaba and Coosa vallies extends a ridge, | joins the South Branch as already noticed, from which creeks flow eastward towards the Below the junction of its two branches, the Coosa. The Coosa slope comprises full two Shenandoah flows n. e. along the northwest thirds of the whole surface of the co. Chief town, Shelbyville. Pop. 1830, 5,704. Shelby, p-v. northeastern part Macomb co. Mich., 11 ms. northward Mount Clemens, the CO. seat, and 37 ms. n. n. e. Detroit. Shelbyville, p-v. and st. jus. Shelby co slope of Blue Ridge 40 ms. to its junction with the Potomac at Harper's Ferry. (See art. Potomac.) Shenandoah, county, Va., bounded s. w. by Rockingham, Hardy w. and n. w., Frederick N. and N. e., and Page e. and s. e. Length Ala., by p-r. 73 ms. a little n. of e. Tuscaloo- i from s. w. to n. e. 32 ms., mean breadth 12, sa. Lat. 33° 16', long. W. C. 9° 52' w. land area 384 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 50', long. W. Shelbyville, p-v. and st. jus. Bedford co.!c.l°30' w. The whole co. is a part of the Ten., situated on Duck r., by p-r. 52 ms. s. s E. Nashville. Lat. 35° 28', long. W. C. 9° 24' w. Shelbyville, p-v. and st. jus. Shelby co. Ky., on a branch of Salt r., 21 ms. w. Frank. valley of the North fork uf Shenandoah r. Since the census of 1830, Page co. was de. tachcd from Shenandoah, which latter former- ly comprised upwards of 1,000 sq. ms. In the census tables of 1830, w hit ia now Shen- srii 512 SHR andoah co., is called West Shenandoah, and contained a pop. of 11,423. Both cos., or the original Shenandoah, contained in 1820, an aggregate pop. of 18,926. Shepiierdstown, p-v. eastern part Cum- berland co. Pa., byp-r. 8 miles from Harris- burg, and l02ms.N^W. C. Shepherdstown, p-v. on the Potomac r., northeastern part Jetlerson co. Va., 10 miles above Harper's Ferry, and by p-r. 62 ms. n. w. W. C. Shepuerdsville, p-v. and st. jus. Bullitt CO. Ky., on the North fork of Salt r., 23 ms. s Louisville, and by p-r. a httle s. of w. Frank- fort. Lat. 37° 58', long. W. C. 8° 42' w. Pop. 1830, 278. Sherburne, town, Rutland co. Vt., 22 miles N. w. Windsor, and 9 N. e. Rutland. First settled 1785. It gives rise to Queechy river N. w., and has several small mill streams, particularly Thundering brook, which rises in one of the ponds. There is some meadow land on Queechy r., but the surface is gener- ally mountainous. Killington peak, of the Green mtns., is south and 3,924 feet high. Pop. 1830, 432. Sherburne, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., ^i ms. s. w. Boston, w. Charles river, e. and n. E. Nashua river. The town is agricultural, and possesses a good soil. Pop. 1830, 899. Sherburne, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y., 98 ms. w. Albany, 11 n. Norwich, lies s. Madi- son CO., and is crossed by Chenango river, on which are rich meadows. The soil general- ly is good for both grain and grass. The v. is on the e. bank of the r. Pop. 1830, 2,601. Sherburne, p-v. Beaufort district, S. C, by p-r. 165 ms. s. Columbia. Sherburne Mills, and p-o, Fleming co. Ky., by p-r. 84 ms. estrd. Frankfort. Sheridan, p-t. Chatauque co. N. Y., 319 miles from Albany. Pop. 1830, 1,666. Sherman, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn., 60 ms. s. w. Hartford, is in the s. w. corner of the CO., with Litchfield co. n. and N. Y. w. The surface is hilly, the soil various, and some iron ore is found. Several streams flow into Housatonic r. Pop. 1830, 947. Sherman, p v. sthrn. part Huron co. O., by p.r. 96 ms. a little e. of n. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 153. Sherman, p-v. Saint Joseph's co. Mich., by p-r. 145 ms. s. w. by w. Detroit. Sheruaru's Store, and p-o. Hampshire co. Va., byp-r. 95 ms. n. w. W. C. Suerrill's Foru, and p-o. Lincoln co. N. C, by p-r. 148 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. Sheshequin, p-o. Bradford co. Pa., by p-r. 136 ms. nrthrd. Harrisburg. Shetucket, river, Conn., is formed by the junction of Willimantic and Mount Hope rs., and after flowing s. e. joins the Quinebaug, and at Norwich takes the name of the Thames. Shickshinny, mountain, rises above and stretches along the right bank of Susquehan- nah r., sthrn. part Luzerne co. Pa. Shickshinny, p-o. near ihe right bank of Susquehannah r., southern part Luzerne co- Pa., by p-r. 101 ms. n. e. Harrisburg. Shiloah, p-v. Camden co. N. C, by p-r. 200 ms. N. E. by e. Raleigh. Shiloh, p-v. sthrn. part Marengo co. Ala., by p-r. 97 ins. s. Tuscaloosa. Shinersville, p-v. Lycoming co. Pa., by p-r. 224 ms. nrthrd. W. C. Shinnston, p-v. Harrison co. Va., by p-r. 236 ms. wstrd. W. C. Shippen, p-v. MacKean co. Pa., by p-r. i9d ms. N. w. W. C. Shippensburg, borough and p-v. Cumber- land CO. Pa., by p-r. 39 ms. s. w. by w. Har- risburg, and 100 ms. n. n. w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 1,621. It is a close built v., principally of one street along the main road. Shippensville, p-v. Venango co. Pa., by p-r. 256 ms. n. w. W. C. Shippingport, p-v. on the Ohio r., 2 miles below the centre of Louisville, and at the lower end of the Rapids, Jeflerson co. Ky. Though a separate p-v. and under a different corporate establishment, it is commercially a suburb of Louisville. Pop. 1830, 606. Shippingport, p-v. Tazewell co. II., about 150 ms. N. N. w. Vandalia. Shiremantown, p-v. Cumberland co. Pa. by p-r. 4 ms. from Harrisburg. Shirly, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 38 ms. n. w. Boston, s. w. Nashua river, with Squani- cook, a branch of it, on the n. on both of which streams are rich meadows. Chairs have been made here to a great amount. Pop. 1830, 991. SiiiRLEVSBURG, p-v. Huntingdon co. Pa. M ms. s. s. E. the borough ol Huntingdon. Shiver's Mills, and p-o. Warren co. Geo., by p-r. 45 ms. n. e. by e. Milledgeville. Shoals ofOgeechee, p-v. Hancock county, Geo., by p-r. 47 ms. n. e. Milledgeville. Shober's Mills, and p-o. Jefferson county, Ohio, byp-r. 142 ms. n. E.by e. Columbus. Shoreham, p-t. Addison co. Vt. 12 ms. s. w. Middlebury, 49 ms. s. Burlington, &-onthe E. side of lake Champhiin, has a surface nearly level, with good soil, and is one of the best farming towns in the state. It lies opposite fort Ticonderoga, and commands a view of the ruins of that fortress, and the interesting scenery in its vicinity. The lake is general- ly about a 1-2 mile wide here, and there is a ferry across it. The shore is generally a little ele vated,and the rocks of dark calcareous stone, containing impressions of shells, &c. A variety of fish are taken from the lake. Pop. 1830, 2,137. Short Mountain, p-o. Ill ms. westward Little Rock, Arkansas, given in the p-o. list as in Crawford co. Short Pump, p-v. Henrico county, Va. by p.r. !2 ms. from Richmond. Shrewsbury, river, Monmouth co. N. J. divided into the North or Navesink and South rivers, is navigable for vessels of 50 tons, and navigated by a steamboat from N. Y. twice a day. This river formerly discharged into the sea 9 ms. s. Sandy Hook, but the out- SID 513 SIN let was closed by a storm in 1810, arid the river discharged into Rarilan or Sandy Hook bav. The outlet is again open and the waters discharged by both channels, (1832.) SiiRi-.wsnuRv, p-t. Rutland co. Vt.22ms.w. Windsor, 9 ms. s. e. Rutland, lies chiefly on the Green mnts. and is very high e. Shrews, bury peak N. 4,100 feet high, is one of the most lofty summits of the range. Mill river s. w. and Cold river n., are mill streams. Pearl's and Ashley's ponds lie s. The soil is good for grass. Pop. 1830, 1,289. SiiREwsnimv, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 30 ms. w. Boston, 5 e. Worcester, is varied by hills and vallies, and divided near the middle, N. and s. by a high ridge. The soil is fertile, and the inhabitants farmers. Quinsigamond or Long pond, nearly 4 ms. long, and from 50 to 70 feet deep, lies between this town and Worcester, and is crossed by a floating bridge, principally of hewn timber, 525 feet long. Artemas Ward, the first major general of the United States, died here, in 1800. Pop. 1830, 1,386. SniiEwsnuRY, p-t. Monmouth co. N. J. 25 ms. from N. Y. city and 14 s. e. Middleiown Point. Here are several large Peach or- chards, two of which are said to be the largest in the United States, covering together 150 acres, and containing 22,000 trees, the first of which were planted about 1822. The fruit is principally carried to New York market. The soil is even inferior to that of the adja- cent pine plains, yet the fruit is remarkably fine. Beds of marie are found in some parts of this town, containing bones, shark's teeth, &c. Pop. 1830,4,700. Shrewsbury, tsp. and p-v. southern side of York county. Pa. The p-o. is about 14 miles southwardly from the borough of York, and by p-r. 72 miles n. W. C. Pop. of the town- ship 1820, 1,983, 1830,2,571. Shutesbury, p-t. Franklin co., Mass., 82 ms. w. Boston, is very rocky, siony, and hilly, and unfavorable to agriculture. It is crossed by the w. branch of Swift r. n. and s. which furnishes valuable mill seats. Settled 1754, from Sudbury. Pop. 1830, 986. post-road 138 miles northwest Vandalia. Silver Creek, p-v. on Silver creek, wstm. side Madison county, Ky., by p-r. 8 miles westward Richmond, the co. st. and 58 miles s. E. Frankfort. I Silver Gladr, p.v. Anderson district, S. C., by p-r. 148 miles n. w. Columbia. Silver Lake, p-o. Susquehannah county, i Pa. by p-r. 280 miles n. n. e. W. C. 6 miles N. w. Montrose, the co. st. Pop. of the tsp. 1820, 456, 1830, 516, Silver Sprino, p-v. western part of Wilson county, Ten., 22 miles eastward Nashville. SiMi'SON, county. Miss., bounded by Cov- ington s. E., Lawrence s. w., Copiah w., Hinds N. w., and Rankin n. ; length from e. to w. 36 miles, breadth 28, and area 1,008 square miles. Lat. 32° and long. W. C. 13" w. intersect in this county near Westville, the CO. St. The slope is to the southward, and in that direction it is traversed by Pearl river and drained by several of its branches. Fop. 1030, 2,680. Simpson, cotmty, Ky., bounded w. and n. w. by Logan, Warren n., Allen k., Sumner co. Tennessee, southeast, and Robertson county, Ten., . 1830, 871. Somerset, county, N. J. bounded by Mor- ris county N., Essex and Middlesex cos. e., Middlesex and Hunterdon counties s. and w. Raritan river runs through it from w. to e., part of it and one of its branches also forming much of the e. bound. The n. and s. bran- ches and Millstone river, another branch, are partly in this county. There is a handsome variety of surface, with much good land, par- ticularly on the level borders of Raritan river. Agriculture is more flourishing than in many other pans of N. J. Among the eminences in different parts are Rock mountain, Rocky hill. Stone mountain. Basking ridge, tStc. In the revolutionary war the battle of Prince. ton was fought near the s. w. boundary of this county, and Gen. Charles Leo was captured by a small party of British dragoons at Bask- ing Ridge. Chief town, Somerville. Pop. 1820,10,506, 1830, !7,689. Somerset, county. Pa., bounded w. by Fay- ette, Westmoreland n. w., .\. by Cambria, e. by Bedford, and s. by Alleghany county, Md. Length 38 miles, mean breadth 28, and area 1,064 square miles. N. lat. 40° and long. W. C. 2° w., intersect near its centre. Somer- set is a real mountain valley between Alle- ghany mountain and Laurel hill. The south- ern part slopes westward, and is traversed by Cassellman's river, a branch of Youghiogha- ny river. The northern section slopes to the northward, and in that direction is drained by the higher sources of the Kiskiminitas river. The surface ofSomerset is much less hilly and the soil better than could be generally expected amid mountain chains. The mean elevation above the Atlantic tides must ex- ceed 1,500 feet, as Smithfield on Youghiogha- ny river near its southwestern angle exceeds 1,400 feet above the ocean tides. It is a grain and pasture region. CJhieftown, Somerset. Pop. 1820, 13,374, and in 1830, 17,762. Somerset, borough, p-v. and st. jus. Som- erset county. Pa., is situated on a small branch of Cassellman's river, by p-r. 58 miles 8. E. by e. Pittsburg, 143 miles a little s. of w. Harrieburg, and 165 miles northwestward W. C. Pop. 1820, 442, and in 1830, 049. Somerset, county, Md., bounded s. by Po- comoke bay, s. w. Chesapeake bay, n. w. Fishing bay and Nanticoke river, the latter separating it from Dorchester county, n. Sus- sex county, Del., Worcester county, Md. e., and the mouth of Pocomoke river separating it from Acdomac county, Va., s. e. Greatest length 40 miles, mean breadth 13 miles, and area 540 square miles. Lat. 38° 16', long. W. C. 1° 20' E. Slope southwestward. Be- side the mouth of Pocomoke and Nanticoke rivers which form part of its boundaries, this county is comparatively deeply penetrated by Manokin, and Wicomico rivers. Chief town'. Princess Ann. Pop. 1820, 19,579, and in 1830, 20,168. Somerset, p-v. and st. jus. Pulaski county, Ky., by p-r. 85 miles s. s. e. Frankfort. It is situated about 5 miles n. Cumberland river, between Fighting and Pitman's creeks, n. laC. 37° 03', long. W. C. 7° 30' w. Pop. 1830, 231. Somerset, p-v. and st. jus. Perry county, Ky., by p-r. 46 ms. e. C/olumbus, and 18 s. w. Zanesville, n. lat. 39° 52', long. W. C. 5° 20' w. Pop. 1830, 576. Somerset, p-v. in the southwestern part of Franklin county, Indiana, by p-r. 15 miles n. vv. by w. Brookville, the co. st., and 55 s. K. by E. Indianopolis. Somersworth, p-t. Strafford county, N. H., 11 miles from Portsmouth, 45 Concord, has Salmon Falls river n. e. which separates it from Berwick, Me., Fresh creek and Coche- co river s. Otis' hill commands a view of the White mountains, and Portsmouth. The soil bears oak, pine, walnut, &c. and is favor- able to grain and grass. The river has water for vessels of 250 tons to within 1 mile of Quamphegan falls, where are several largo factories. Iron ore and ochre are found. First settled 1750, and suffered in the French war. The village of Great Falls has been formed out of a wilderness within 8 years. It had then one house and a saw mil!. It now contains five large factory mills, two large hotels, ten blocks [three stories high) of brick, and about one hundred frame dwelling houses, three churches, and eight or ten stores, and about two thousand inhabitants. There are four cotton and one woollen mills. The cotton mills contain thirty-one thousand spindles, with preparations surticient to sup- ply nine hundred looms, which produce six millions of yards of cotton cloth per annum. These mills consume annually, above 3,000 bales of cotton, weighing 1,250,000 lbs. The largest mill is 400 feet long and 6 stories high, and contains 22,000 spindles and 650 looms. The cotton mills alone give employ- ment to 90 men, over 100 boys, and 600 fe- males. They use from 7 to 8,000 gallons of oil, 200 tons of anthracite coal, 5u0 bbls. of flour for sizing, and 300 sides of leather. The nulls, which are of brick, are arranged along a fine canal, 30 feet wide and from 6 to 7 feet deep, extending from the dam at the north of the village to the southern extremity of it. sou 518 SOU The woollen mill is a fine 6 story brick, build- ing, 220 feet in length, containing machinery for the manufacture of from 120 to 130,000 yards of fine broadcloth yearly. This is said to be the largest woollen manufactory in America. The consumption of the raw ma- terial, and various articles of commerce, is immense. Upwards of 200,000 pounds of wool, 5,000 gallons of oil, 150 tons of anthra- cite coal, annually giving employment within the establishment to 300 individuals. Con- nected with the woollen, is a carpet manufac- tory, where the best description of ingrain carpeting is made. This factory is capable of producing 150,000 yards annually. This company, " The Great Falls Manufactory," have a capital one million of dollars, and own most of the property in and around the vil- lage. The churches are on rising ground south of the village, one each for Congrega- tionalists, Methodists, and Baptists. The cotton mills give employ to 90 men, 100 boys, and GOO females. The capital of the compa- ny owning these establishments is one million of dollars. Pop. 1830, 3,090. SoMERTON, p-v. northern part of Philadel- phia county. Pa., 15 miles northward Phila- delphia. SoMKRTON, or Somertown, p-v. near the southern side of Nansemond county, Va., fol- lowing the road about 40 miles s. w. Norfolk, and by p-r. 120 miles s. e. Richmond. SoMERTON, p-v. Belmont county, Ohio, by p-r. 139 miles e. Columbus. SoMERViLLE, p-v. and St jus. Somerset co., N. J. in the town of Bridgewater, 38 miles n. Trenton, 1 n. Raritan river, 11 n. n. w. New Brunswick, contains a church, court house, and academy, and is a thriving and populous village. SoMERViLLE, p-v. Fauquier county, Va., by p-r. 73 miles westward W. C. SoMERViLLE, p-o. Orange county, N. C. by p-r. 66 miles n. w. Raleigh. SoMERViLLE, p-v. and St. jus. Lafayette co., Ten., by p-r. 184 miles s. w. by w. Nashville. N. lat. 35° 12', long. W. C. 12^ 25' w. It is situated on one of the head branches of Loosa- hatchie river. SounEUAN, river, HiUsboro' county, N H., which, after receiving numerous tributaries, falls into the Merrimack river in Merrimack. South Amboy, p-t. Middlesex county, N. J., is of an irregular oblong shape, with the low- er part of Raritan river and Raritan bay n. and N. E., South river n. w., and Monmouth co., s. w. It has the advantage of navigation, and is crossed by several streams of Raritan river. Tiie New York and New Brunswick steam- boats touch at the landing daily. The Am- boy and Camden rail-road commences there, at the landing, and will render the town a great thoroughfare. Pop. 1830, 3,782. Southampton, p-t. Rockingham county, N. H., 50 miles from Concord, 18 miles from Portsmouth, 45 from Boston, has Amesbury Mass. s., with a surface nearly level, good •soil, and excellent mill seats on Powow river. which crosses it. Population 1830, 487 Southampton, p-t. Hampshire co., Mass., 110 miles w. Boston, 9 s. w. Northampton, is twice crossed by Manhan river, which affords ood mill sites. There is a lead mine n. where a variety of interesting minerals are found. The e. part of this town is crossed by the Hampshire and Hampden canal. There are living 21 ministers of the gospel who are natives ofthis town. Pop. 1830, 1,244. Southampton, p-t. Suffolk county, N. Y., on Long Island, 98 miles e. New York, lies N. of the Atlantic, with Peconct river and bay N. Sag Harbor is in the n. e. corner, the capital of Suffolk county. It is about 4 1-2 miles by 23. The soil is light, but improved by manure, for which fish are used. First settled about 1639, chiefly from Lynn, Mass., as a separate colony. In 1644 it came under the jurisdiction of Connecticut. Deer are found in the unsettled tracts of this extensive township. There are 4 principal settlements. Pop. 1830, 4,850. Southampton, p-v. Somerset co. Pa. Southampton, co. Va. bounded s. w. by Sussex, Surry n., Blackwater r. separating it from Isle of Wight co. e., and Nanse- mond CO. s. E., Hertford and Northampton cos. N. C. s., and Meherin r. separating it from Greenville s. w. Length 40, mean breadth 15, and area 600 sq. ms. N. lat. 36° 40', and the meridian of W. C. intersect in this CO. Slope sthestrd. and in that direction it is traversed by the Nottaway r. Chief t., Jerusalem. Pop. 1820, 14,170 ; and in 1830, 16,074. South Bay, Brookhaven, Suffolk co. N. Y., on Long Island. South Bay, Dresden, Washington ccv N. Y., sets up from lake Champlain, between the s. part of the latter and lake George. South Bend, p-v. Allen co. Ind_., by p-r. about 200 ms. n. e. Indianopolis. South Berwick, p-t. York co. Me., 91 ms. s. w. Augusta, is of an irregular triangular form, bordered s. w. by Salmon Falls r., and is crossed by a small stream flowing into it. Pop. 1830, 1,577. South Blomfield, p-v. Pickaway co. O., by p-r. 17 ms. s. Columbus. Southborough, P-t. Worcester co. Mass. 30 ms. w. Boston, 15 e. Worcester, formerly a part of Marlboro', contains 8,350 acres of good soil, with a small stream of Concord r. Pop. 1830, 1,080. Southbridge, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 65 ms. s. w. Boston, n. Woodstock, Conn., has several manufactories on Quinebaug r., as the Southbr. woollen manufac, the Wool- cott do. Pop. 1830, 1,444. Southbridge, p-v. Southbridge, Worces- ter CO. Mass., 61 ms. s. w. Boston, is a flour. ishing manufacturing place, deriving water power from Quinebaug r. There are 5 cot- ton and 3 woUen factories, and 2 more are nearly completed. South Brunswick, t. Middlesex co. N. J., has Somerset co. n. w.. Sandhills js., with sou 519 SOU small streams of the Raritan, and is crossed i tuary of Pedec ai^dW ^ccamaw ra TK • " rail-road. Pop. 1830, 2,557. SouTHBURY, p.t. New Havcii CO. Ct., 40 ms. s. w. Hanfoid, on the n. side Housatonic r. and s. of Litchfield co. II. r. separates it trom Fairfield co. The surface is gently va- ried, and the soil pretty good. Shad are caught in the Housatonic, and Shepaug and Pomperaugrs. its branches, afford mill sites. Pop. 1830, 1,557. South Canaan, p.v. Wayne co. Pa., by n-r 248 ms. N. N. E. W. C. > / »- • South Carolina, state of the U. S., bound, ed by the Savannah r. separating it from Geo 8. w.. It has N. C. on the n. w. n. and n. e., and the Atlantic ocean s. e. The ocean bor- der reaches 185 ms. from Little Inlet on the N.E. to the mouth of Savannah r. s. w. Mono- the Savannah, Tugaloo, and Chatuga rs. in coninion with Geo. 270 ms. ; and in common withN. e. 300 m.?. Entire outline 755 ms. The longest line that can be drawn over S.C. is from Littler, inlet, to the wstrn. angle of Pickens dist. 275 ms. The area of S.C, even by the author of this article, has been hitherto underrated. Measured carefully on the re- cent state map of that state, it comes out from the rhombs to so near 33,000 sq. ms. as to justify the adoption of that superficies. The mean width is 120 ms. The state ex- tends in lat. from 32° 01' to 35° 10' n., and in long, from W. C. 1° 44' to G° 20' w. To , the s. w. of the Susquehannah r. and Chesa- peake bay, the Atlantic slope of the U.S. is divided into three zones, which at their mar- gins mingle their respective features, but at or near their individual central lines are very distinct in soil and natural vegetable produc tion. These zones merely nerceptible in Va. are bold and prominent in the Carolinas and Geo. The first next to the Atlantic, is that of sea sand alluvion, below the lower falls of the rs. about 60 ms. wide in S. C, and in most part penetrated by the tide. The sec- ond commences along or near the lower falls and primitive ledge. The sea-sand zone is very nearly a dead plain, but at its inner mar- gin hills begin to appear, springs of water be- come plentiful, the soil meliorates, and the whole face of nature assumes an agreeable ing of the streams cease before reaching the middle zone. In a state of nature the sea- sand alluvial coast of South Carolina was covered with a dense forest, amongst which rose the gigantic palm or cabbage tree. Great part of the middle zone is composed of what 13 called"the sand hills." Here the arable land or at least the best and most extensive part of it skirts the streams ; pine timber abounds. It contains the dists. of Barnwell Orangeburg, Lexington, Sumner, Darlington' Marlborough, with part of Richland, Ker' Shaw, and Chesterfield. The great primitive ledge, so remarkable in the states to the nrthestrd. crosses the middle zone of S. passing the Wateree near Camden, the Con' garee at Columbia, and the Savannah near Hamburg,and Augusta. Above this ledo-e and the river falls, the face of the country chang esto that hill and dale character, which so very finely distinguishes the whole zone of the U. S. to the sthestrd. of the Appalachian chains. The eye now every where meets the lulls bold, swelling, and varied in form. The rivers wind their way amid smiling valleys and by their rapid and rippling currents show the descent of the plain down which they flow. Here we discover in rapid succession the meadow, orchard, and field of email grain. There is no straining to suit a theory in stat. ingthat S.C. has its temperate and torrid zone. The extremes of lat. exceed 3°, and 2 more may be added for difference of level,giv- ing to the whole state extremes of 5° of Fah- renheit in temperature. Objects of agricul. ture, are controlled in quantity and position ; cotton and rice are staples near the ocean • cotton admixed with small grain in the mid-' die zone ; and the latter and the apple in the mtns. region. Indian corn succeds well over all sections of the state. In Beaufort, or the extreme s., sugar cane has been cultiva- ted with success. Taken under one sweep of view S. C.is a fine physical and political section, and a pros, perous state. The indigenous vegetation combines the oaks and palms ; the pines and hickorys; and in exotic plants, nearly every Hn^P Lf ii "'°",f ''"°"' '°""' *''"g^^ l^^rff^^ "° ^^^P harbor, of course excludes Krl::t;n.^!^f^s:r;^-arEl^--^^- on the Blue Ridge chain. The Atlantic zone comprising the districts of Beaufort, Colle- ton, Charleston, Georgetown, Marlborough, Horry, and Marion, is near the ocean, cut 'by ous pours to an active coasting commerce. Similar to every section of the Atlantic slope s. w. of the Susquehannah and Chesapeake, the rs. of S.C. are more navigable at the cen' tre of the state than near the sea or ocean =s: ^^^M-%^-f'ii"i -? i=?=.:^s: ::^zj:z considerable part it is marshy. The entrances are numerous and in no one, however, admit large vessels. Beside many of lesser .note, this coast is accessible, advancing from s. w. tON. E. into the Savannah, by Port Royal en. trance, St. Helena sound, Soutli and North Edistos, Stono, Charleston, Santee r. by two mouths, and the Georgetown entrance, or es- reader will bo able to see what has been ef. fectcd in water and rail-road improvement in S. C. H/stori/ and progressive pop. — The name of both Carolinas is derived from that of Charles IX. king of France, and imposed by a colony of Frenchmen who made an ab. ortive attempt (o form a settlement on the coast. As early as 1670, a century, however, sou after the reign of Charles IX, settlements of English began to be formed, and about lb«u, a few settlers fixed themselves between Ash- ley and Cooper rs. and founded Charleston. In 1662, Charles II. granted the whole ot what is now both Carolinas to Lord Claren- don and others, which with Locke's impertect plan of government, retarded the settlement and distracted the country, until 1719, when the two Carolinas were definitively separated. Amid political contests a most salutary revo- lution was efi-ected by the introduction of nee in 1695. Indigo, and cotton, were mtroduc- ed subsequemly, and laid the foundation oi wealth and independence. Though her fron- tier felt the frequent and and severe wounds inflicted by savage war, her advance was steady to the revolutionary war. In that con- test S. C. was an illustrious actor and suf- ferer. Perhaps no other section of the U. fe. felt the evils of that struggle so long and bit- terly Many of her most distinguished sons fell martyrs to the cause, and to its consum. mation their survivors met the storm with un bending courage. A halo of glory was in deed thrown round the state by the actions ot such men as Hayne, Marion, Lee and Sump- ter It is only this year (1832) that Sumpter went to rest with 97 years of honor pressing on his head. The character of Marion is that of history and romance commingled ; he was a hero worthy of the richest pages of either. In 1790, S.C. contained 240,073 inhabit- ants; in 1800 they amounted to 345,591 ; in 1810, 415,1 15 ; in 1820, 501,154, and m 1830, they had augmented to 581,185, or at the ra- tio of 242 per cent, in 40 years. The state is subdivided into the following districts,the pop ulation of which for 1820 and 1830 is annexed Of the population of 1830, were white per sons — Males. 25,132 20,259 16,497 . 13,961 22,164 13,969 8,334 5,644 3,042 1,210 298 66 14 Under 5 years of age 5 to 10 10 to 15 15 to 20 20 to 30 30 to 40 40 to 50 60 to 60 60 to 70 70 to 80 80 to 90 90 to 100 100 and upwards Feinales. 2.3,691 19,043 15,632 15.122 21,866 13,438 8,468 5,455 2,929 1,181 361 80 17 Tota\ 130,590 1,175 740 545 399 6 Slaves. Males. Fern. 51,820 51,524 44,600 29,710 21,674 7,567 45,517 32,689 22,006 8,112 84 Anderson, Abbeville, Barrnrell, Beaufort, Cbarlestoii, Chester, Chestprfield, Colleton, Darlington, Edgefield, Fairfield, Georgetown, Greenville, Horry, Kershaw, Lancaster, Laurens, Lexington, Marion, Marlborough, Newbury, Orangeburg, Pickens, Richland, SparUtnburg, Sumpter, Union, Williamsburg, York, Toial, Pop. 1820. 18,000 23,189 14,750 32,199 80,212 14,379 6,645 26,373 10,949 24,309 17,174 17,603 14,530 5,025 12,442 8,746 17,682 8,083 10,201 6,425 16,104 15,655 9,022 12,321 16,989 25,369 14,126 8,716 14,936 501,154 Pop. 1830. 17,169 28,140 19,236 37,032 86,33R 17,182 8,472 27,250 1.3,728 30,509 21,5-16 19,913 16,476 5,245 13,545 10,361 20,203 9,005 11,0U8 8, .582 17,4.11 18,453 14,473 14,772 21,160 2fi,277 17,906 9,018 17,790 561, IPS 127,273 Of which were deaf and dumb under 14 years of age, 60 ; 14 to 25, 52; 25 and up- wards 62. Blind 102. Of the colored popu- lation were — Free. Males. Females. Under 10 venrs of age 1,314 1,378 From 10 to 24 95« 24 to 36 622 30 to 55 424 55 to 100 335 100 and upwards 19 Total 3^ 4I49" 155,469 159,932 Free colored persons deaf and dumb under 14 years of age, 9 ; 14 to 25, 27 ; 25 and up- wards 23. Blind, 136. Recapitulation. Whites. Free col'd. Slaves. Totnl 257,863 7,921 315,401 591,185 It may be noticed, that S. C. is the only state in the Union, in which the slave popula- tion exceeds in number the free. Comtitution.— Government.— Education.— The constitution of S. C. was adopter! the 3d of June, 1790, and under the provisions of the Uth art., was amended the 1/th Dec. 180S, and on the 19th Dec. 1816. The legislative body, under the name ot general assembly, is composed of two hous es The senators are chosen for four years , and to be eligible to a seat in the senate, de- mands the candidate to be a white man of 30_ Tars of age. resident in the state 5 years previous tf election; he maybe e ected 'whTer resident in or out of the district for which he is elected ; but if a resident he must be possessed in the district of a settled free- hold estate of X300 sterling, clear of debt, and if non-resident, he must with sim.^ oth er requisites, possess an estate of ±l,Wi) sterlinfif. Members of the house of representatives, must be a white man of 21 years of age, resi- dent in the state 3 years immediately before the election; must, if resident m the district from which elected, possess a freehold ot 500 acres ofland, or 10 negroes or a real es- tate of i:i50 sterling, clear of debt, or, it non-resident, all other requisites, and a clear freehold estate of JE500 sterlmg, clear of /^^The governor is chosen for 2 years, by sou 521 SON joint ballot of both houses of the legislature ; and is ineligible for the next 4 years suc- ceeding his term. He must be a citizen white man of 30 years of age, and a resident in the state 10 years next preceding his elec- tion. When elected, he must possess a set- tled estate within the state, in his own ri^ht, of £1,500 sterling, clear of debt. The lieu- tenant governor is chosen at the same time, for a like term of office, and must be render- ed eligible by similar qualifications as the governor. To exercise the right of suffrage, demands the person to be a white man of 21 years of age ; paupers, and non-commissioned ofHcers, and privates of the U. S. army excepted; must have resided in the state 2 years, imme- diately before the day of election, have a freehold of 50 acres of land, or a town lot, of which property he must be seised and pos- sessed 6 months before the day of election; or, not having such freehold property, he must have been a resident of the election dis- trict at least 6 months immediately before the day of election, at which he gives his vote. The constitution provides that no conven- tion of the people shall be called, unless by the concurrence of two thirds of both branch- es of the whole representation ; that no part of this constitution shall be altered, unless a bill to alter the same shall have been read three times in the house of representatives, and three times in the senate, and agreed to by two thirds of both branches of the whole representation ; neither shall any alteration take place until the bill so agreed to, be pub- lished three months previous to a new elec- tion for members to the house of representa- tives ; and if the alteration proposed by the legislature shall be agreed to in their first session, by two thirds of the whole represen- tation in both branches of the legislature, af- ter the same shall have been read three times, on three several days in each house ; then, and not otherwise, the same shall become a part of the constitution. The interests of ed- ucation have not been neglected in S. C. "The college of South Carolina," located at Columbia, was established in IBOl, by the legislature of the state, and has been support- ed in great part by legislative bounty. The edifices, libraries, philosophical apparatus, with some other contingencies, have subject- ed the state to an expenditure of $200,000 at least, and an annua! -ippropriation of . '$15, 000. The Charleston college, in Charleston, was established in 1785, and of consequence is more ancient than the state seminary. This institution (1832,) has 111 students, and a li- brary of 3,000 vols. ; and the Charleston sem- inary 61 students, and a library of 3,000 vols. Free schools have been established, and are supported at the expense of the state, or more correctly by the people. In 1828, by a re- port of the commissioners of free schools, there were then established 1540 schools, in which 9,036 pupils were taught, at an annual expense of $39,716. In 1829, the appropria- 66 tion for free schools was $37,200. By refer- ence to the tables in this article, the reader may see that in 1830, there were in S. C. 100,- 614 white persons, from 5 to 20 yrs. of age in- cfusive ; in the previous year, about 37 2-10 cents had been appropriated for their instruc- tion, admit all to have claimed a share. In this unequal and inadequate provision for the greatest of all human interests, S. C. is far from being alone, and very far frcjm deserv- ing censure not applicable to a great majority of the states of the U. S. South Charleston, p-v. in the sthestrn. part of Clarke co. O., by p-r. 40 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. South East, p-t. Putnam co. N. Y., 18 ms. E. West Point, has Connecticut e., Westches- ter CO. s,, with a hilly surface and pretty good soil for grain, &-c., well watered, abounding in iron ore, and crossed by Croton r., which furnishes mill sites. Joe's hill, a mountain- ous ridge, extends from the centre into Con- necticut. There are 5 ponds in this t. Pop. 1830, 2,036. South Farms, p-v. and parish, Litchfield, Litchfield co. Conn., 36 ms. w. Hartford. Part of Great lake, or Litchfield pond, lies in the parish, which gives rise to Uantam r., a branch of the Housatonic. SouTUFiELD, parish of Sandisfield, Berk- shire CO. Mass., has the boundary of Conn. s. SouTHFiELD, t. Richmond co. N. Y., 9 ms. s. New York, on Staten island, has the nar- rows E., Raritan bay s., with a coast on those sides of about 10 ms. It is level s., with good soil. Clams are caught at the Great Kills, and shad and other fish at the narrows. At Old Town was formerly a defensive work, erected for protection against Indians ; Rich- mond V. w. contains the co. buildings, and sloops conic up the Fresh Kills to within J m. of the V. On the e. side, opposite Long isl. are erected forts Richmo;id, Tompkins, and Hudson. On the heights, near the latter forts, are also the telegraphs erected to com- municate with New York and vessels in the offing. Pop. 183 ), 971. South Florence, p-v. on the left bank of Tennessee r. Franklin co. Ala., nearly oppo- site Florence in Lauderdale co., and by p-r. 145 ms. N. Tuscaloosa. South Hadley, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass., 90 ms. vv. Boston, on the e. bank of Conn, r., where is a fall of 40 ft. in about 80 yards. There are several manufactories at the falls, and it is a 'place of considerable business. Here also great quantities of shad are caught, the falls generally causing those fish to stop here in great numbers in (he spring. There is a canal round the falls here, two miles long, 300 feet distance of which is cut to the depth of 40 feet through solid rock. It was the first constructed on this river. Pop. 1830, 1,185. South Hanover, p-v. Jefferson co. Ind. by p-r. 90 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. South Hero, p-t. Grand Isle co. Vt., 12 ms. N. w. Burlington, 16 s. w. St. Albans, has sou 522 SOU lake Charoplain on all eidcs except the n., and contains 9,065 acres. First settled 1784. A sand bar extending to Chittenden, renders the lake in that place fordable a part of the year. The rocks are limestone, as well as those of the neighboring isls. The soil is very good, and the surface nearly level. Marl, with shells, is found even on the higher parts ; and the lime stone is sometimes burnt, and sometimes used for building. These islands were formerly a favorite resort of Indians ; and they made implements of quartz, &c. on the shore, bringing the stone from a distance. Pop. 1830, 717. SouTHiNGTON, p-t. Hartford co. Conn. 18 ms. s. w. Hartford, 21 n. New Haven, lies in the s. w. corner of the co., with N. Haven co. s. and w., about 6 ms. sq., with an uneven sur- face, agreeably varied, except the Green, stone range in the e. and some considerable eminences w. The soil is various, but gen- erally good for rye, maize, &c. It is crossed by 2 branches of Qiiinipiack r., which supply mill seats. The Farmington canal crosses the t. N. and s., and affords a convenient chan- nel of transportation. Pop. 1830, 1,844. SouTniNGTON, p-v. TrumbuU co. O. by p-r. 166 ms. N. E. Columbus. South Killingly, v. Killingly, Windham CO. Conn., 44 ms. e. by n. Hartford, and 9 n. Plainfreld ; is a flourishing manufacturing place, at the confluence of Five Mile and Quinaboug rs. Here, at the falls at the mouth of Five Mile r., the Danielson manufacturing company have a mill of 1,840 spindles, 44 looms, employ 65 hands, consume 90,000 lbs. of cotton, and make 350,000 yards of 4-4 sheetings. Cundalland Woodruff have a small factory of broadcloths, connected with their dressing and fulling mill, and make 4,500 yards of broadcloths. On the Quineboug, about 100 yards below. Comfort Tiffany has a cotton mill ofl,000spindles,and24 looms, and makes 150,000 yards of 7-8 shirtings. At Chesnut Hill, five ms. n. e. of South Kil- lingly, on Whitcstone brook, Ebenezer Young owns a stone mill, in which he runs 2,100 spindles, and 36 looms, and consumes 100,000 lbs. of cotton. South Kingston, p-t. and st. jus. Washing- ton county, R. I., 30 miles s. w. Providence, has the Atlantic and Narragansetbay e., and the Atlantic s. It has an uneven surface, with primitive rocks, and a soil generally rich and strong, favorable to grass and grain. There are several small streams, many fresh water ponds, (one of 3,000 or 4,000 acres,) and one salt water pond, called Point Judith pond. Northeast on Narraganset bay is a good harbor ; and considerable coasting trade is carried on, as well as much fresh and salt water fishing. The first settlement was made about 1670, when the town was connected with N. Kingston. Pop. 1830, 3,663. SouTHOLD, p-t. Suffolk county, N. Y., 103 miles E. New York, embraces the N. e. cor- oer of Long Island, which extends in a long nock bounding the sound on the s. e. On the 8. w. side of the point are eereral bays, channels, and islands, and Plumb island lie§ off the extremity of the cape, in a line with the Gull islands, the Race and Fisher's isl. These islands belong to the town with Ram and Robin's island. The soil is various, with few stones and much sand. The coast is generally a sand bank. Fish are taken in great numbers. There are several villages, Mattatu:^, Cutchogue. Southold town. Sec. The two Gull islands are small, 3 miles E. by N. of Plumb island. Great Gull con- tains 14 acres, and Little Gull 1, chiefly rocks, on which are erected a light house of the United States, with a house for the keep- er. These, with walls for protection against the sea, were built at the expense of $24,000, of stone brought from the Connecticut shore. The dashing of the waves in an e. storm shakes the very foundation of this fabric. The light being in the entrance of Long Is- land sound, is a very important one. Pop. 1830, 2,900. South Landing, p-v. Cabell county, Va., and by p-r. 349 miles westward W. C. South Plymouth, p-v. northwestern part of Wayne county, Mich., by p-r. 22 miles n. w. Detroit. SouTHPORT, town, Tioga county, N. Y., 5 miles s. w. Elmira, is in the s. w. corner of the county, with Pennsylvania s. and Steuben co. Chemung river which flows through it, has a large quantity of excellent meadow land on its banks. Pop. 1830, 1,454. South Quay, p-v. Nansemond county, Va., 95 miles s. s. e. Richmond. South Reading, p-t. Middlesex county, Mass., 10 miles n. e. Boston, contains a plea- sant village and a pond near it. Pop. 1830, 1,311. South River, river, Middlesex county, N. J., formed by the Manalapan and Matchepo- nix which rise in Monmouth county, and unite at Spotswood. It enters the Raritan 5 miles below New Brunswick, and is navigable for sloops 6 miles. South Salem, p-t. Westchester county, N. Y., 50 miles n. New York, 6. n. Bed- ford, and has Conn, river on the e. It is of irregular form, with several ponds, and is bor- dered w. by Croton river. Population 1830, 1,537. South Union, p-v. Jasper county, Georgia, by p-r. 24 miles n. w. Milledgeville. South Union, p-v. Logan county, Ky., by p-r. 157 miles s. w. by w. Frankfort. South Warren, p-v. Bradford county, Pa., by p-r. 270 miles northward W. C. South White Hall, p-v. Lehigh county. Pa., by p-r. 179 miles n. ^. e. W. C. Southwick, P-t. Hampden county, Mass., 1 10 miles s. by w. Boston, and n. of Connec- ticut line, and contains several large ponds, that serve as a part of the route of the Hampshire and Hampden canal, which passes through the town. It is crossed by a consid- eral stream. Pop. 1830, 1,355. SHE 523 SPO Spafford, p.t. Onondaga county, N. Y., iBifield, and 950 above Boston harbor. On a miles a. s. w. Onondaga, 14 n. Ilomer, lies route surveyed for a. canal between those two N. of Cortlandt county, and e. Cayuga county points, this was the eununit level. Pop. 1830i or Skaneateles lake. The surface is varied, 1,018. with a rich soil, bearing niajile, beech, bass, Spencer, p-t. and st. jus. Tioga county, N. &c. Slopes rapidly e. to Otisco r. the val- ley of which lies partly in this town. The inlet of Otisco lake forms part of the E. line, and there are several smaller streams. First settled about 1806 from the e. states. Pop. 1830, 2,647. Spanish Grove, p-v. Mecklenburg county, Va., by p-r. 116 miles s. w. Richmond. Sparta, p-t. Livingston county, N. Y., 25 miles s. w. Canandaigua, 13 s. Gcncseo, has Steuben county e., Steuben and Alleghany counties s., and Alleghany county w., is wa- tered by a branch of Hemlock lake and Can- aseraga creek; has generally a poor soil. Pop. 1830, 3,777. Sparta, p-v. Washington county, Pa., by p-r. 10 miles westward the borough of Wash- ington, and 229 miles n. w. by w. W. C. Sparta, p-v. Caroline county, Va., by p-r. 89 miles a little w. of s. W. C. Sparta, p-v. Edgecombe county, N. C, by p-r. 81 miles n. e. by e. Raleigh. Sparta, p-v. and st. jus. Conecuh county, Alabama, on Murder creek, another branch of Conecuh river, about 85 miles n. e. Mobile, and by p-r. 205 miles a little e. of s. Tusca loosa. Lat. 31° 20', long. W. C. 10° 10' w. Sparta, p-v. and st. jus. White county, Ten., by p-r. 92 miles s. e. by e. Nashville Spartanburg, district, S. C, bounded n. f,. by Broad river, separating it from York dis- trict. Union e. and s. e., Ennoree river sepa- rating it from Laurens s., Greenville s. w. and w., and Rutherford county, N. C, n. Length from s. to N. 40 miles, mean breadth 28, and area 1,120 square miles. Lat. 35° and long. 5° w. intersect near the centre of this district. Slope s. e. and in that direction advancing from s. to N. it is drained by the rivers En- noree, Tyger, Hair Forest, and Pacolet. Chief town, Spartanburg. Pop. 1820. 16,989, 1830, 21,150. Spartanruro, p-v. and st. jus. Spartanburg district, S. C, by p-r. 104 miles n. w. Colum- bia. Lat. 34° 56', long. W. C. 5° w. Speckled Mountain, Oxford county, Me., K. of Androscoggin river, on the n. line of Ri- ley, is one of the highest eminences in the state, and supposed to be about 4,000 feet above the sea. SpEEDWEr.L, p-v. Barnwell district, S. C, by p-r. HI miles southwestward Columbia. Speedwell, p-v. western part of Claiborne county, Ten., by p-r. 238 miles a little n. of e. Nashville. Speight's Bridge, and p-o. Greene county, N. C, by p-r. 74 ms. s. e. by e. Raleigh. Spencer, p-t. Worcester county, Mass., 51 miles w. Boston, lis. w. Worcester, has a pleasant variety of surface, and a good soil. It is watered by branches of Chicopee river which furnish mill sites. The land is eleva- ted 880 feet above Connecticut r. at Spring- Y., 190 ms. w. by s. Albany, and 18 n. w. Owego, has Cayuta on the w. line, and a pond N. which gives rise to Catetant creek, with Cayuga inlet. The surface and soil arc va- rious. Pop. 1830. 1,278. Spencer, p. v. Davidson county, N. C, by p-r. 92 ms. westward Raleigh. Spencer, co., Ky., bounded s. by Nelson, Bullitt w., Jefferson n. w., Shelby n., and An- derson e. Length 22 ms., mean breadth 12, and area 264 square ms. Lat. 38°, and long. W. C. 8° 14' vv., intersect in this co. Slope westward, and in that direction drained by Salt river. Chief town, Taylorsville. Pop. 1830, 6,812. Spencer, county, Indiana, bounded w. by Little Pigeon river separating it from War- rick, Dubois N., Anderson's creek E., separa- ting it from Perry, and the Ohio river separa- ting it from Hancock county, Ky., s. e., Da- viess county, Ky., s., and Henderson co., Ky., s. w. Length from s. to n. 32 miles, mean width 14, and area 448 square ms. Lat. 38° and long. 10° w. intersect in the southeastern part of this county, general slope is south- ward towards Ohio river. Chief town. Rock- port, no unapt name, as the whole county is hilly, and in part rocky. Pop. 1820, 1,882, 1830, 3,196. Spencer, p-v. and st. jus. Owen county, Indiana, by p-r. 52 ms. s. w. Indianopolis. It is situated on Kaskaskias river. Lat. 39° 17', long. W. C. y°48'w. Spencertown, p-v. Austerlitz,' Columbia county. New York, 30 miles s. w. Albany. Spermaceti Cove, Monmouth county. New Jersey, a safe and convenient harbor, for ves- sels of light draught of water, at the s. w. part of Sandy Hook, e. of the Highlands. Spesutia, p-v, Harford county, Md., by p-r. 65 ms. N. e. W. C. Spinxerstown, p-v. Bucks county. Pa., by p-r. 171 ms.N. E. W. C. Split Rock, p-v. Essex, Essex county, N. Y., 2 ms. s. Essex village, on the w. side of lake Champlain. Spoon Island, Hancock county, Maine. Spotswood, p-v. Middlesex county. New. Jersey, 9 ms. s. e. New Brunswick, 10 w. by 8. Middletown Point, on the n. side of South r. a branch of the Raritan. Snuff and powder are manufactured here. Spottedville, p-v. Stafford county, Va., by p-r. 80 ms. s. s. w. W . C. Spottsylvania, county, Va., bounded by Caroline s. e.. North Anna river separating it from Hanover s. and Louisa s. w.. Orange N. w., Rapid Ann river separating it from Culpepper N., and Rappahannoc river separa- ting it from Stafford .v. e. Length from s. w. to N. E. 24 miles, mean breadth 17 miles, and area 408 square ms. Lat. 38° 12', long. W. C.0°40'w. The extreme sources of Mata- SPR 524 SPR pony river rise mostly in this county, and flow to the southeastward as do the two bounding streams North Anna and Rappahannoc rivers ; the slope of the county is of course in the di- rection of its waters. Surface though hilly, is pleasantly and in many places finely diver- sified. Chief town, Fredericksburg. Pop. 1820,14,254, 1830,15,134. Spread Eagle, p-v. northwestern part of Del. CO. Pa. byp-r. 136 ms. n. e. W. C. Spring Bank, p-v. Wayne co. N. C. by p-r 51 ms. s. E. Raleigh. Springboro', p-v. Warren co. O. by p-r. 8t ms. N. w. by w. Columbus. Spring Cottage, p-v. near the southwstrn angle of Hancock co. Miss, about 120 ms. s E. by E. Natchez. Spring Creek, p-v. Warren co. Pa. by p-r. 335 ms. N.w.W.C. Spring Creek, p-o. Greenbrier co. Va. by p-r. 254 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Spring Creek, p-o. Madison co. Ten. by p-r. 132 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. Spring Dale, p-v. Alleghany co. Pa. byp-r. 235 ms. N. w. W. C. Spring Dale, p-v. Hamilton co. O. by p-r. Ill ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. Spring Farm and p-o. Augusta co. Va. by p-r. 151 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Springfield, p-t. Sullivan co. N. H. 35 ms. from Concord, 90 from Boston, lies in the n. E. corner of the co. with Grafton co. n., and Merrimack co. e., and contains 28,330 acres. It gives rise to a branch of Sugar r., and one of the streams of Blackwater r., thus divid- ing the waters of Connecticut and Merrimack rs. It contains several small ponds, and has a rough surface, but a pretty good soil. There is a quarry of valuable stone e. First settled, 1772. Pop. 1830, 1,192. Springfield, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. 13 ms. s. Windsor, 68 from Montpelier, 30 n. Brat- tleboro', w. Conn, r., and is crossed s. e. by Black r. There are fine meadows on Conn. r. ; a village at the falls of Black r., and another in the n. w. part. Pop. 1830, 1,498. Springfield, p-t. and st. jus. Hampden co. Mass., lies on the e. side of Conn. r. 87 ms. w. Boston, 26 n. Hartford, 47 w. s. w. Wor- cester, and 20 s. Northampton. It is one of the most thriving towns in the state, contain- ing a court-house, jail, bank, 2 insurance of- fices, besides other public buildings ; among these are 4 churches, 1 each for Congregation- alists, Unitarians, Baptists and Methodists. It also contains the largest armory of the U. S., and many elegant private edifices, highly creditable to the taste of its inhabitants. In this town is Chickapee, an important manu- facturing village, which contains about 1,300 inhabitants, a Congregational and Methodist church, post office, and about 100 houses of brick, belonging to the manufacturers. In the town in 1830, there were 6,784 inhabit, ants, and in 1831 there were 1,453 polls, 722 dwelling houses, 118 stores, warehouses and mechanic shops, 580 barns and other build- ings, 3 cotton factories, 370 looms, and 13,824 spindles, 1 bleachery, 3 paper mills, 5 print- ing oft'ices, 5 grist mills, 7 saw mills, 2 card factories, 1 carding machine, 1 fulling mill, 3 breweries, 2 distilleries, 3 Ian-houses, 5,301 acres of tillage land, 1,807 acres of mowing land. 389 horses, 321 oxen, 474 cows, 237 steers and heifers, and 954 sheep. Abridge, 1 ,234 ft. long, crosses the Conn, to W. Spring- field. Stage coaches run daily to Boston, Albany, Northampton and Hartford ; and small stea^iboats also to Hartford, carrying passengers, &c. ifcc. The armory of the U. S. was established in 1795, at an expense, with additions from time to time since, of f 251,857. From that time up to 1821, there were expended in work and materials ,$2,553,352. The annual expense is f 180,- 000. The present production is 16,500 mus- kets a year, and there are on hand, prepared for distribution, more than one hundred thou- sand stand. The number of workmen is nearly 300. According to the statement of the superintendent, about two-thirds of the amount appropriated to this establishment is paid for labor, and one-third for stock and materials. Of the latter the following com- prise the most important items, viz : — 165 tons of iron, $23,100; 49,500 lbs. of steel, $7,820 ; 16,500 files, $3,300; 140,000 bush- els charcoal, $9,100; 10,000 bushels pit coal, $3,500 ; 100 tons Lehigh coal, $1,000. Total, $47,820. There are employed in the estimate 275 men, whose pay amounts for the year to $120,000, leaving for stock and materials $60,000. Total $180,000. The number of arms manufactured per year, with all appendages, is 16,500. Amount of per- manent improvements, miscellaneous ex- penses, &c. say $12,000; leaving for fhe manufacture of arms, gun boxes, screwdri- vers, wipers, ball screws, spring vices, and all the appendages, say $168,000. The greater part of the buildings belonging to the armory are situated on the hill half a mile E. of the river; the water-shops con- nected with the arsenal lying one mile s. on Mill r. Chickapee v., which has been men- tioned, is situated on, a river, from which it derives its name, and which affords abundant water power for its manufactures. It is about 4 ms. n. of the village of Springfield, and contains 4 large cotton factories and a bleach- ing establishment. Three of the manufacto- ries employ 600 persons, using 900,000 lbs. of cotton annually, and making 3,300,(iOO yds. of printing cottons, fine sheetings and shirtings. The other factory is 254 ft. long, and 4 stories high. There are also iron works in the village. Springfield, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y. 58 ms. w. Albany, 12 n. Cooperstown, in the n. w. corner of the co., has Otsego lake and co. w., and is of a varied surface, with a soil gener- ally rich. There are several small mill streams. The town was settled and deserted before the revolution, and has since beea settled by English, Scotch and Irish. Pop. 1C30, 2,816. SPR 525 SQU Springfield, t. Burlington co. N. J. 18 nis. s. Trenton and 18 from Burlington ; has As- siscunk creek n., and is crossed by a small branch. The soil is good and very well cul- tivated. Pop. 1830, 1,534. Springfield, p-t. Essex co. N. J. 7 ms. w. Newark, 15 w. N. Y., 6 n. w. Elizabethtown ; has a pleasant village on Rahway r. which flows through it and aflbrds several mill sites. The Short hills cross the n. part s. e. and n. w. The surface is varied, the soil good, and the inhabitants farmers. A large British fo- raging party was resisted and stopped at the river during the w^ar ; but on another occa- sion the village was occupied by the enemy one night, and burnt after the battle of Spring- field, which was severely contested, and was continued, as the Americans retreated, e. of the village to the Short hills, where the Bri- tish received a check. This place the enemy were unable to retain possession of, and they retreated the next day. Population 1830, 1,656. Springfield, p-v. Bradford co. Pa. by p-r. 255 ms. N. VV. C. Springfield, p-v. Hampshire co. Va. by p-r. 1 18 ms. N. w. by w. VV. C. Springfield, p-v. Greene co. Ala. by p-r. 61 ms. sthrd. Tuscaloosa. .Springfield, p-v. southeastern part of St. Helena parish, La., by p-r. 11 ms. s. e. St. Helena, the st. jus. of the parish, and via Madisonville about 80 ms. n. w. New Or- leans. Springfield, p-v. and st. jus. Robertson co. Ten. by p-r. 25 ms. a little w. of n. Nashville. Lat. 36° 30', long. 9° 54' w. W. C. Springfield, p-v. and st. jus. Washington CO. Ky. bv p-r. 50 ms. s. w. Frankfort. Lat. 37° 42', long. 8° 16' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 618. Springfield, p-v. and st. jus. Clarke co. O. 43 ms. almost due w. Columbus, and 25 n. E. by e. Dayton. Lat. 39° 54', long. 6° 48' w. W. C. It is situated on a small branch of Mad r., contains the ordinary co. buildings, with several manufactures. Pop. 1830, 1,080. Springfield, p-v. Franklin co. Ind. by p-r. 77 ms. s. E. by e. Indianopolis. Springfield, p-v. and st. jus. Sangamon co. II. by p-r. 79 ms. n. w. Vandalia, and as laid down by Tanner, about 5 ms. wstrd. of the junction of Sangamon proper with the Mo- wawequa. Lat. 39° 48', long. 12° 40' w. VV. C. It is one of the new towns rising as if by miracle from the wilds of the west. Springfield Cross Roads and p-o. Erie co. Pa. by p-r. 330 ms. n. w. VV. C. Springfield Furnace, and p-o. Huntingdon CO. Pa., by p-r. 150 ms. n. n. w. W. C. Spring Four Corners, p-v. southern part Susquehannah co. Pa., about 6 miles sthrd. Montrose, the co. seat. In directing letters it ought to be observed that though in the same township, Springville and Springville Four Corners are different offices. Spring Garden, p-v. Pittsylvania co. Va., by p-r. 250 ma. s. w. W. C. Spring Garden, p-v. Rockingham co. N. C, by p-r. 124 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. Spring Grove, p-o. Lancaster co. Pa., by p-r. nrthestrd. W. C. Spring Grove, p-o. Iredell co. N. C, by p-r. 137 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. Spring Grove, p-o. Laurena district, S. C, by p-r. 69 nis. n. w. Columbia. Spring Grove, p-o. Alachua co. Florida, by p-r. l93 ms. s. e. Tallahassee. Spring Hill, p-o. Fayette co. Pa., by p-r. 221 ms. N. w. W. C. Spring Hill, p-o. Lewis co. N. C„ by p-r. 67 ms. s. E. by e. Raleigh. Spring Hill, p-o. York district, S. C, by p-r. 97 ms. n. Columbia. Spring Hill, p-v. Monroe co. Geo., by p-r. 7 ms. w. Milledgeville. Spring Hill, p-v. Maury co. Ten., 30 ms. s. s. w. Nashville. Spring Hill, p-o. Decatur co. Ten., 53 ms. s. E. Indianopolis. Spring Hoi se, p-o. Montgomery co. Pa., 19 ms. N. Philadelphia. Spring Mill, p-v. Lawrence co. Ind., by p-r. 82 ms. s. s. w. Indianopolis. This is the same place formerly called Arcole. (See the latter art. first column, page 88.) Spring Mills, p-v. Centre co. Pa., by p-r. 187 ms. N. N. w. W. C. Spring Mount, p-o. eastern part Dyer co. Ten. by p-r. I6i) ms. w. Nashville, and 8 ma. E. Dyersburg, the co. seat. SprIxNG Place, p-o. Cherokee Nation, by p-r. 212 ms. n. w. Milledgeville, and 623 ma. s. w. by w. W. C. Springport, town, Cayuga co. N. Y., 10 ms. a. w. Auburn ; has Cayuga lake and Sen- eca CO. w. ; contains the v. of Union Springa. Pop. 1830, 1,528. Spring Rock, p-o. York district, S. C, by p-r. 80 ms. n. Columbia. Spring's Mills, p-o. Lincoln co. N, C, by p-r. 172 ms. westward Raleigh. Springtown, village, Morris co. N. J., 18 ms. w. Morristown, on the acclivity of Schoo- ley's mountain. Springtown, p-v. near the northwestern border of Bucks co. Pa., 7 ms. s. e. Bethle- hem, and 43 ms. n. Philadelphia. Springville, p-v. Susquenannah co. Pa., by p-r. 261 ms. n. n. e. W. C. Springville, p-v. Darlington dist. S. C, by p-r. 91 ms. eastward Columbia. Springville, p-v. Lawrence co. Ind., by p-r. 62 ms. s. s. w. Indianopolis. Springwater, p-t. Livingston co. N. Y., 18 ms. s. E. Geneseo ; has Ontario co. n. and e., and Steuben co. w. ; a pretty good soil, tho' a rough surface, and is watered by several small streams. Pop. 1830, 2,253. Spring Wells, p-v. Wayne co. Mich., by p-r. 10 ms. northward Detroit. Squam, lake, Grafton and Coos counties, N. H., 3 ms. by 6; is a beautiful sheet of water, almost surrounded by high hills, and diversi- fied with coves, capes and islands, and affor- ding fine trout. It extends over about 6,000 STA 526 STA acres. A canal from this to Winnipiseogee ' 12, and area 240 sq. ms., surface hilly. Chief lake 2 ms. distant, has been proposed. | town, Falmouth. Pop. 1820, 9,517 ; 1830, SauAM, r. Grafton co. N. H., the outlet of j 9,362. Squam lake, crosses part of Holderncss, and j ~ Stafford, C. H. p-o. and st. jus. Stafford falls into Pemigewasset r. |co. Va., by p-r. 76 ms. a little E. of n. Rich- SauAM, village, Gloucester, Essex county, i mond, and 46 s. w. W. C. Mass., on the n. shore of Cape Ann ; has an Stafford, springs and p-o. wstm. partStaf- excellent and convenient harbor, and a popu lation devoted to fishing and commerce. Squamanagonick, v. Rochester, Strafford CO. N. H., at the falls of Cocheco r. SdUAM, bay, Essex co. Mass., on the north ahore of Cape Ann, opposite Gloucester har- bor, with which it is connected by a short canal, which crosses the isthmus of that cape or peninsula. This bay is also called Squam harbor. Squam Beach, Morris co. N. J., on the sea coast, s. of Manasquam r. Squamscot, or Exeter r., N. H. Stafford, p-t. Tolland co. Conn., 26 ms. n. E. Hartford, and 74 w. s. w. Boston ; is an elevated tract, with Mass. line n. The sur- ford CO. Va. Stagville, p-v. Orange CO. N. C. Stahler's, p-o. Lehigh co. Pa., 10 ms. nrthrd. Allentown,- the co. st. Stallixg's, store and p-o. Monroe co.Geo., 49 ms. w. Milledgeville. Stamford, t. Bennington co. Vt., 9 ms. s. e. Bennington, 21 s. Bratlleborough, n. Mass., is uneven, and has much waste land. Some of the head streams of Hoosac r. rise in the s., and in the n. part are Moose, Fish, and other ponds, from which waters run into Wal- loomsac r. Pop. 1830, 563. Stamford, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn., 76 ms. s.w. Hartford, 49 s. s. w. New Haven, 43 n.jb. New York, has N. Y. n. w. and Long Island face is rough, with some. pleasant vallies, and [sound s. w., is crossed by two or three mill much wild scenery. The rocks are primitive, 1 streams, and is penetrated by a bay from the and the soil generally favorable to grass. Iron sound. The surface is agreeably varied, the ore, (chiefly bog ore,) is found in many pla- ces, and there are several mines and forges. Willimantic r. and Roaring brook afford mill Beats ; and there are several manufactories. soil is fertile and favorable to cultivation. At the mouth of Mill r. is a harbor, with 8i feet of water at comn-.on tides, and a place of some coasting trade. There are two small- Straw braiding is carried on to some extent er harbors in the town, and here are two by females. The v. is on a pleasant elevated plain, with a large open square in the centre, affording an extensive view over a varied country. The springs are situated in a nar- large flour mills. Pop. 183i), 3,7 12. Stamford, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y., 12 ms. E. Delhi, 50 w. Catskill, 60 w. s. w. Albany, has the head stream of Delaware r. n., and row valley, 1 mile w. of the v., on the bank 'Schoharie co. e. The surface is broken, the of the Willimantic, and in the midst of pic- 1 mill sites good, and it contains two or three turesque scenery, about 100 yards s. of the small villages. Pop. 1830, 1,597. turnpike road from Boston to Hartford. Near Standing Peach Tree, and p-o. Dekalb co. at hand is a large house for the accommoda- Geo.; by p-r. 127 ms. .n. w. Milledgeville. tion of visitors. One of the springs is a fee- Standing stone, p-o. Bradford co. Pa., on ble chalybeate, and the other is impregnated the Susqnehannah r., 6 ms. n. Towanda, the with sulphuretted hydrogen. First settled co. st. and by p-r. 245 ms. n. W. C. about 1718. The Indians were acquainted with the valuable properties of the springs, which they made known to the settlers. Pop. 1830, 2,515. Stafford, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y., 6 ms. e. Batavia, has a slightly varied surface, with pretty good soil, watered by Black cr. Pop. 1830, 2,368. Stafford, t. Monmouth co. N. J., forms the 8. angle of the co., and is nearly in the form of a triangle. The w. part comprehends a great part of Little Egg Harbor, with several isls. and much of Long Beach, which shuts it in from the ocean. There is also a consid- erable extent of swamps on the borders of the harbor, through which Manahocking r. and other small streams discharge. Pop. 1830, 2,059. Standish, p-t. Cumberland co. Me., 6 ms. s. w. Augusta, 21 N. w. Portland, has Saco r. an4 York co. s. w., and Sebago pond n. e., and contains several ponds, connected by a stream flowing into it. Pop. 1830, 2,023. Stanford, p-t. Dutchess co. N. Y., 18 ms. N. E. Poughkeepsie, has a surface a little varied, with pretty good soil, and is well wa- tered by a branch of Wappinger's cr. Pop. 1830, 2,521. Stanford, p-v. and st. jus. Lincoln co. Ky. situated on a small branch of Dick's r. by p-r. 51 ms. a little e. of s. Franklort. Lat. 37° 32', long. W. C. 7° 32' w. Pop. 1830, 363. Stanford's Cross Roads, and p-o. Putnam CO. Geo. 21 ms. n. Milledgeville. Stanhope, p-v. Sussex co, N. J., on the Muskonetcong cr. and Morris canal, 16 ms. Stafford, CO. Va. bounded by King George N. w. Morristown and 12 s. Newton, is the 8. E., Rappahannoc r. separating it from Car- seat of extensive iron works. oline s., Spottsylvania co. s. w., and Culpep-I Stanhope, p-v. nrthrn. part Northampton co. per w., on the ^. w. it has Fauquier, King! Pa., by p-r. 32 ms. nthrd. Easton, the co. St., William n., and the Potomac r. separating it! and 222 ms. n. n. e. W. C. from Charles CO. Md. e. Lat. 38° 25', long., Stannardsville, p-v. in the extreme wes- W.C. Qo 22' w. Length 20 ma., mean breadth 'tern part Orange co. Va., by p-r. 114 ms, s. w- STA 527 STE by w. W. C, and 92 ms. N. w. by w. Rich- mond. Stantonburgh, p-v. sthrn. part Edgccomb CO. N. C, by p-r. 66 ma. a Utile s. of e. Ra- leigh. 8TANT0Nvir,r,E, p-v. in the nrthrn. part of Anderson dist. S. C, by p-r. 113 ma. n. w. Columbia. Star, p-v. Hocking co. O., by p-r. 57 ms. B. E. Columbus. Stark, co. O., bounded by Jefferson s. E., Tuscarawas s., Holmes s. w., Wayne w., Me- dina N. w., Portage n., and Columbiana e. Length along eastern border 33 ms., mean breadth 25, and area 825 sq. ms. Lat. 40° 30', long. W. C. 4° 26' w. The extreme source of Big Beaver rises in the nrthest. an- gle of this CO., but the far greater part of the surface is drained by the Tuscarawas and its branches ; general slope sthrd. The main volume of Tuscarawas crosses the co. from n. to s. nearly, along the valley of which the Ohio and Erie canal has been constructed. The level of the canal at Massillon, near the middle of the co. is 9 12 feet above tide water ; the whole arable surface no doubt exceeding a mean of 1,000 feet of similar comparative height. The soil is fertile in grain, pasturage and fruit. Chief town, Canton. I'op. 1820, 14,506 ; 1830, 26,588. Starkey, p-t. Yates co. N. Y., 10 ms. s. e. Penn Yan. Pop. 1830, 2,285. . Starks, p-t. Somerset co. Me., 7 ms. w. Norridgewock, and 37 n. n. w. Augusta, forms nearly a complete square, the s. w. corner of which almost touches the co. of Kennebec, and the n. e. boundary is formed by Kenne. bee r. Pop. 1830, 1,471. STARKSBOR0UGH,p-t. Addison co.Vt., 22 ms. s. w. Montpelier, and 20 s. e. Burlington, first settled 1788, from Conn, and N. Y. Lewis cr. and Huntington r. are the principal streams, and mill seats are abundant, espe- cially on the former where are several facto- ries. Hogback mtn. lies on the west boun- dary, and East mtn. crosses the middle. The soil is loam, and the timber chiefly hard wood. Pop. 1830, 1,342. Staritcca, p-v. Wayne co. Pa., by p-r. 19 ras. nrthrd. Bethany, the co. st., and 284 ms. N. N. E. W. C. State-line, p-v. sthrn. part Franklin co. Pa., by p-r. 64 ms. n. w. W. C. Staten Island, N. Y., forms the county of Richmond, 9 ms. a. w. N. Y., is 14 ms. long, and 8 wide, bounded by New York bay n., the Narrows e., which separate it from Long Island south, by Raritan bay w., and by the Kills lying opposite New .Jersey on the 2 last mentioned sides. (5ee Richmond co., and Richmond.) Statesburoii, p-v. nrthwstm. part of Sump- ter dist. S. C, 10 ms. n. w. by w. Sumpter- vilie, the st. jus., and by p-r. 32 ms. a little s. of E. Columbia. Statesville, p-v. and st. jus. Iredell co. N. C, by p-r. 40 ms. s. s. e. Wilkesville, and 146 ms. W.Raleigh. Lat. 35° 13', long. W. C.30 54'w. Statesville, p-v. estrn. part Wilson co. Ten., by p-r. 48 ms. estrd. Nashville. Station Camp, p-v. Estill co. Ky., by p-r. 6 ms. sthrd. Irvine, the st. jus., and by p-r. 75 ms. B. e. by e. Frankfort. Staunton, p-v. Newcastle CO. Del., situ- ated at the junction of Red Clay and White Clay crs., 6 ms. s. w. by w. Wilmington, and by p-r. 51 ms. n. e. W. C. Staunton, p-v. and st. jus. Augusta co. Va., on one of the extreme head branches of the R. fork of Shenandoah r. 36 ms. a little n. of w. of Charlotte ville, and by p-r. 163 ms. s. w. by w. W. C, and 121 ms. n. w. by w. Rich- mond. Lat. 38= 09', long W. C. 2° 03' w. It stands on the fine valley between the Blue Ridge and Kittalinny, or as there expressed between Blue Ridge and North mtn. chains, a little north Madison's Cave. It contains 3 or 4 places of public worship, numerous stores, taverns and mechanics' shops. It is a cor- porate town, and contains houses for the chan- cery, circuit and corporation courts. The population is not given in the census tables, but is probably about 1,000. It is on the whole one of the most flourishing interior towns ofVa. Steele Creek, p-o. Mecklenburg co. N. C, 8 ms. sthrd. Charlotte, the co. St., and by p-r. 158 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. Steel's Mills and p-o. sthrn. part Rich- mond CO. N. C, 12 ms. sthrd. Rockingham, the CO. St., and by p-r. 125 s. w. Raleigh. Steele's Mills and p-o. sthrn. part Ran- dolph CO. II., by p.r. Ill ms. s. w. Vandalia. Steele's Tavern and p-o. Augusta co. Va., by P-r., 180 ms. s. w. by^w. W C. Steen's cr. and p-o. Rankin co. Miss., by p-r. 126 ms. n. e. Natchez. Stei'iiensport, p-v. on Ohio r., just below the mouth of Sinking cr. and in the extreme nrthrn. angle of Breckenridge co. Ky., 16 ms. N. N. w. Hardinsburg, the co. St., and by p-r. 1 18 ms. a little s. of w. Frankfort. Pop. 1830, 64. Stephentown, p-t. Rensselaer co. N. Y., 20 ms. s. E. Albany, has the boundary of Mass. on the E. line, and Columbia co. s., with a very hilly surface E., and various soils. There is a broad valley in the middle, in which rises a branch of Lebanon cr. w.; the soil is poor, and occupied by the green woods. Lime- stone abounds and is wrought. Pop. 1830, 2,716. Sterling, t. Franklin co. Vt., 24 ms. n. k. Burlington, and 24 n. w. Montpelier, first settled 1799, has no large streams. Sterling peak, s. E., is one of the highest eminences of the Green mtns., and the surface is gener- erally very rough. Pop. 1830, 183. Sterling, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., 46 ms. w. Boston and 12 n. Worcester, was chiefly purchased ofthe Indians in 1701, and is crossed by Still r. a branch of Nashua r. It has a surface generally hilly, with a pine plain s. w. Chairs and hats have been made here in great numbers for some years. A battle was fought here in 1707, between some STE 523 STE troops from Lancaster and Marlborough, and a party of Indians, in which the latter were defeated. A variety of minerals are found in the rocks. First settled, 1720. Pop. 1830, 1,794. Sterling, p-t. Windham co. Conn., 44 ms E. Hartford, has the boundary of R. I. E., an uneven surface, with some pine plains, and a light soil, best appropriate to grain. Quan duck r. is a small stream, but there are several manufactories in the town. Near the centre is the Devil's Den, a remarkable cavern in a ledge of rocks. Pop. 1830, 1,240. Sterling, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y., 28 ms. n Auburn, has lake Ontario n., and Oswego co E., with Little Sodus bay n. w., into which flows Nine-mile creek. Pop. 1830, 1,436. Sterling, p-v. sthrn. part Wayne co. Pa., by p-r. 237 ms. n. n. e. W. C. Sterrett's Gap, and p-o. nrthrn. part Cum- berland CO. Pa., by p-r. 25 ms., but by direct distance 18 ms. almost due w. Harrisburg, and 8 ms. a little e. of n. Carlisle. This is one of those remarkable depressions in the Appalachian chains called " Gaps." The particular gap here described is highly worthy a visit from the traveller. From it the whole of Cumberland co. seems to spread an im- mense map, and in a clear day the cupola of the state house in Harrisburg is distinctly to be seen. On the contrary side, or to the n. and w. the congeries of mtn. chains seem to extend in endless variety. It is amongst the finest positions in the U. S. in regard to per- spective, having 2 immense landscapes con- nected in the eye of the spectator. Steuben, p-t. Washington co. Me., 35 ms. w. Machias, has Narragaugus r. on thcN.E. line, and Hancock w., with the Atlantic s.. from which 3 long bays extend farN. into this t. Dyer's bay in the middle, and Goldsboro' harbor w. Pop. 1830, 695. Steuben, co. N. Y., bounded by Livingston and Ontario cos. n., Seneca lake e. which sep- arates it from Seneca and Tompkins cos., Tioga CO. Pa. s., and Alleghany CO. w. Several streams of the Tioga or Chemung cr. (which is a branch of the Susquehannah) spread over this CO. and afford a navigation for boats. Conhocton, Canisteo and Tioga are the prin- cipal of tliese, and atl'ord boat navigation to Bath, Hornellsville and Tyrone. The route of the Chemung canal extends 18 miles from Elmira, on the Chemung r. to the head waters of Seneca lake, and a navigable feed- er is brought from the Chemung at Painted Post, l3ms. tothe summit level. The land in this CO. is very uneven, and often mountain- ous, with some large and fertile meadows. The banks of the streams are generally steep and covered with evergreen forests. It is a remarkable fact that at some of the fords the ice forms in winter on the bottom of swift streams, in such a degree as to render the the passage difficult and even dangerous. This CO. contains 24 towns. Fop. in 1820, 21,989 ; 1830, 33,851. ! Steuben, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y., 20 ms. n. Utica, and 110 w. Albany, was nearly all granted to Frederick William, Baron de Steu- ben, an officer of the revolutionary army, and named after him, and was for some years his residence. The surface is varied, the land high, and the soil moist and favorable for grass. Steuben and Cincinnati crs. are the principal streams, but there are few mill seats. Baron Steuben died here in X796. Pop. 1830, 2,094. Steihsen, p-v. estrn. part Huron co. O., by p-r. 100 ms. N. N. e. Columbus. Steubenville, p-v. corporate town, and st. jus. Jefferson co. O., by p-r. 149 ms. a little s. of N. E. by e. Columbus, 39 ms. by land and 70 by water from Pittsburg, 260 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Lat. 40° 21', long. W. C. 3° 45' w. The site of this fine town has something peculiar amongst those along the Ohio river. Generally, the first rise from that stream has a depression backwards towards the hills of considerable depth ; at Steubenville the acclivity from the river ascends with very little depression. Along this slope the town was laid out in 1798, in streets running at right angles. The opposite side of the river rises into abrupt and even precipitous banks, of from 400 to 460 feet elevation. Though laboring under the disadvantage of not lying in the grrat western thoroughfare, Steuben- ville has become a flourishing place with an enlightened society. According to Flint, it contained early in 1832, two printing offices, an academy, market house, woollen factory, cotton factory, steam paper and flour mill ; 27 mercantile stores, air foundry and other me- chanical establishments. It contains three churches and several private schools. Pop. 1820, 2,539 ; 1830, 2,937. Steven's, r. Caledonia co. Vt., a mill stream which falls into Conn. r. atBarnet. Stevensburg, p-v. sthrn. part Culpepper CO. Va., 30 ms. nrthwstrd. Fredericksburg, and by p-r. 83 ms. s. w. W. C. Stevensburg, p-v. Hardin co. Ky. by p-r. 90 ms. wstrd. Frankfort. Stevensburg, p-v. Hamilton co. Ind., by p-r. 31 ms. nrthrd. Indianopolis. Stevensville, p-v. King and Queen co. Va., by p-r. 30 ms. a little n. of e. Richmond, and 130 ms. s. W. C. Stewart, co. Ten., bounded by Montgom. ery n. e., Dickson s. e., Humphries s.. Ten. r. separating it from Henry s. w. and w., and from Calloway co. Ky. n. w., on the n. it has Trigg CO. Ky. Length from s. to n. 28 ms., mean breadth 20, and area 560 sq. ms. Lat. 36° 25', and long. W. C. 11° w. intersect near its centre. Cumberland r. enters the ex- treme estrn. angle, and flowing to the n. w. traverses the co. innearly its greatest length. Tennessee r., where forming part of its boun- dary, also flows to the n. w. ; the general slope is of course in the direction of its two large rs. Chief town, Dover. Pop. 1830, 6,968. Stewart's Mills, and p-o. Guilford co. N. C, by p-r. 99 ms. n. w.by w. Raleigh. STO 529 STO Stewartstown, p-t. Coos CO. N. H., 150 ms. from Concord, 170 from Portsmouth, and 150 from Portland, with 27,000 acres ; has whom a mission was established in 1734. They afterwards removed to New Stock- bridge, Oneida co. N. Y., where land was Conn. r. w., here about 80 yards wide. Lit- 1 given them by the Oneida Indians ; and some tie and Great Diamond ponds discharge into of the few survivors have since emigrated to a branch of Androscoggin r., while several Green Bay and other places. In the last brooks flow into Conn. r. There are some French war, the settlement here was twice hills, the soil 13 rich on the meadows, and attacked by Indians. Pop. 1830, 1,580. pretty good on the uplands. Pop. 1830, 529 Stewartsville, p-v. near the western bor der of Westmoreland co. Pa., 13 ms. n. w. by w. Greensburg, 19 s. e. Pittsburg, and by p-r. 204 ms. N. w. by w. W. C. Stewartsville, p-v. Richmond co. N. C, by p-r. 112 ms. s. w. Raleigh. Stillwater, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 22 ms. N. Albany, and 10 s. e. Ballston Spa, on the w. side of Hudson r., has Round lake and its outlet on the s. line, is generally almost level, and traversed by Champlain canal par- allel to the r., Uemis' Heights, where the battle of Saratoga was fought in 1777. An- thony's kill, the outlet of Round lake, is led off to the Hudson by a short canal, which af- fords mill seats. At Mechanicville, in the s. E. corner, are a manufactory and several mills. The scenery in the n. is very pleas- ant, beautifully swelling in line ridges, the highest of which, and those nearest the Hud- son, are Bemis' Heights. Pop. 1830, 2,601 . Stillwater, p-t. Sussex co. N. J., 78 ms. N. Trenton, has Warren co. s. w., the Blue Hills w., and is crossed in the e. by Paw- ling's kill, into which flows Swartwout's pond, which lies in this t. Pop. 1830, 1,381. Stillwater, p-v. Stillwater, Sussex co. N. J., 76 ms. N. Trenton, and 6 s. w. Newton, on Pawling's kill. Still Water, r. or creek of O., is the s. w. branch of Great Miami, rising in Randolph CO. Ind., and Dark co. O., and flowing cstrd. over the latter, enters Miami co. O. ; inflects to s. s. E. over Miami and Montgomery, and Stockbridge Indians, originally a tribe of the Moheekanuk, or Indians of the race gen- erally spread over New England, and resi- ding at Stockbridge, Mass., afterwards lemo- ved to New Stockbridge, Oneida co., and since have nearly all emigrated to Green Bay. They have had missionaries among them many years, and have been in a con- siderable degree civilized. Stockertown, p.v. Northampton co. Pa., 7 ms. above Easton. Stockholm, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y., 30 ms. E. Ogdensburg, is watered by several branches of St. Regis r., has a rich soil, and was settled in 1803, from Mass. Pop. 1830, 1,944. STOCKHOLM; p-v. Jcflersou, Morris co. N. J., 83 ms. N. by e. Trenton, on Pequannock r., at the foot of the Wallkill mtns., and on the borders of Bergen co. Stockport, p-v. situated on the right bank of Del. r., about 3 ms. below the junction of the Coquago and Popachton branches, 20 ms. N, Bethany, the co. St., and by p-r. 291 ms. n. N. E. W. C. Stockton, p-t. Chatauque co. N. Y., 6 ms. E. Mayville, has Cosdaga lake e., and part of the outlet, and an undulated surface, with rich vallies. Pop. 1830, 1,605. Stock Township, p-v. Harrison co. O., by p-r. 134 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus. In the dU rection of letters, care must be taken to write this name as at the head of this article ; such is the title in the p-o. list. Stoddard, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H., 14 ms. falls into Great Miami a short distance above from Keene, 42 s. s. w. Concord, 20 from Dayton, after a comparative course of 50 ms. Still Water, p-v. on the preceding cr., nnd in the nrthwstrn. angle of Miami co. O., about 15 ms. n. w. Troy, the co. St., and by p-r. 86 ms. a little n. of w. Columbus. Stillwell, p-v. Perry CO. Ten., by p-r. 1J2 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. Stockbridge, p-t. Windsor co. Vt., 26 ms. N. w. Windsor, and 36 s. vv. Montpelier ; first settled 1784, has White r. n. w., which here flows in a very narrow channel, and there are but few mill seats. Pop. 1830, 1,333. Charlestown, and w. Hillsboro' co., with 35,. 925 acres, is elevated, rocky, and mountain- ous, with a deep and cold clayey soil, unfa- vorable to Indian corn, but good for grazing. Streams rise here, flowing into Conn, and Merrimack rs. Here are 14 ponds, some of them large. First settled 1769, Pop. 1830, 1,159. Stoddartsville, p-v. on a branch of Lehigh r., on the extreme sfhestrn. border of Luzerne CO. Pa., on the direct road from Easton on Del. r., to Wilkes-Barre on Susquehannah vStockbridge, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 130 32 ms. n. w. the former, and 20 s. e. by e. the ~ " ' '" latter borough. This v. is situated in a re- gion comparatively alpine, being elevated 1,384 feet above the mean level of the Atlan- tic tides, at lat. 41° 8', long. 1° 14' e. W. C. In regard to relative climate, the elevation of Stoddartsville is equivalent to at least 3^ de- grees of lat., placing it above 44° 30' when compared with places on the sea coast. Stoeelev, p-v. sthwetrn. part Rutherford ms. w. Boston, 5 s. Lenox, is divided by Hou satonic r., on the banks of which are fine meadows; and the scenery is various and beautiful, while the soil is generally very pro- ductive. Marble and limestone for burning, are quarried here; and there are several manufactories on the Housatonic, which af- fords much water power. The v. is beautiful- ly situated, on the n. side of the r. A tract of land 6 ms. square was formerly reserved ico. Ten. by p-r. 45 ms. s. e. Nashville. by the state for a tribe of Indians, amongst! 67 Stokes, co. N. C. bounded by Rockingham STO 530 STO N. E., Guilford s. e., Davidson b., Yadkin r., separating it from Rowan s. w., and from the southern part of Surry vv., b)' the northern part of Surry N. w., and by Patrick co. Va. n. Length from s. to n. 38 ms., mean width 22, and area 836 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 02' to ?6o 33', and in Iouk- from 3° 2' to 3° 32' w. VV.C. Stokes co. comprises part of a table land, from which the streams are discharged like radii from the centre of a cir- cle. Bounded on the s. w. by Yadkin, that river receives in that direction a number of creeks from the southeastern angle ; the ex- treme western sources of Haw r. flow to the southestrd. Dan r. rising in Patrick co. Va. sweeps an elliptic curve over the northern part of Stokes and Rockingham, and again into Va. in Pii'sylvania co. Surface rather hilly, but soil fertile in grain, pasturage and fruit. Chief town, Germanlown. Pop. 1820, 14,033, 1830, 16,196. Stone Church and p-o. Northampton co. Pa. by p-r. 205 ms. n. e. W. C. Stone Fort, p-v. on one of the extreme higher branches of Duck r. in the northern part of Franklin co. Ten. 10 ms. N.Winches- ter, the CO. scat, and by p-r. 65 ms. s. e. Nash- ville. Stoneham, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 10 ms. N. Boston, is uneven, rocky, with some good soil. Pop. 1830, 732. Stonerstown, p-v. on Raystown branch of Juniata r. northeastern part of Bedford co. Pa. by p-r. 124 ms. n. w. W. C. Stonesville, p-v. Greenville dist. S. C. by p-r. 128 ms. n. w. Columbia. Stones River of Ten. falls into the left side of Cumberland r. a short distance above Nashville. Rutherford co. is nearly com- mensurate with the valley of this stream. Stonev Creek or Shryock, p-v. on Stoney creek, the North fork of Shenandoah r., and in Shenandoah co. Va. about 8 ms. s. s. w. Woodstock, the co. St., 35 ms. in a similar di- rection from Winchester, and 105 a little s. of w. w. (.;. Stoney Creek, p-o. on a creek of that name, a branch of Shenandoah r., s. w. angle of Shenandoah co. Va. by p-r. 105 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Stoney Creek, a considerable northern branch of Nottaway r. rising in Dinwiddle co. and falling into the Nottaway Sussex. Stoney Creek, p-o. on a creek of the same name in the northwestern part of Orange co. N. C. by p-r. 81 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. Stoney Creek, p-o. northwestern part of Oakland CO. Mich, by p-r. 44 ms. n. w. De- troit. Stone Wall Mills and p-o. southwestern part Buckingham co. Va. by p-r. 108 ms. a little s. of w. Richmond. Stoney Battery, p-v. sthestrn. part New. berry disl. S. C. 10 ms. s. e. Newberry ('. H., and by p-r. 36 ms. n. w. by w. Columbia. Stoney Fork, p-o. sthni. part Montgomery CO. Va. 25 ms. sthrd. Chrisliansburg, by p-r. 307 ms. s. w. by w. W. C, and 229 a little s. of w. Richmond. Stoney Point, Haverstraw, Orange co. N. Y., is a high and rocky peninsula, stretching into Hudson r., the channel of which it com- mands, near the head of Haverstraw bay, on which a fort was erected in the revolutionary war, which was taken by storm from the Bri- tish in 1779, in the night, by Gen. Wayne, at the head of American troops. There is now a light-house on its summit, on the site of the old fort. Stoney Point, p-v. northestrn. part Albe- marie co. Va. 71 ms. n. w. by w. Richmond. Stoney Point, p-v. wstrn. part Iredell co. N. C. 14 ms. westerly Statesville, the co. St., and by p-r. 160 ms. in a similar direction from Raleigh. Stoney Point, p-v. Abbeville dist. S. C. by p-r. 100 ms. westerly Columbia. Stoney Point, Mills and p-o. sthwstrn. part Cumberland co. Va. by p-r. 61 ms. s. v/. by w. Richmond. Stonington, p-t. and borough, New London CO. Conn. 12 ms. e. New London, 55 s. e. Hartford, and 62 e. New Haven, has Paw. tucket r. e., the boundary of Rhode Island, Fisher's island sound, and Pawtuckct bay s. and Mystic r. w. The surface is uneven, the soil, though rough and stony, favorable to grazing, &c. It has a harbor, whence a con- siderable amount of business is carried on, particularly sealing in the Pacific ocean, and fishing on the coast. Ten sealing vessels, wholly or partly owned here, brought in, in 1831, skins worth ^100,000. First settled, 1658, from Rehoboth, Mass. On the 9th Aug. 1814, the borough was bravely defended by the inhabitants against an attack from a British squadron of one 74, a frigate, an 18 gun ship, and a bomb vessel. Pop. 1830, 3,397. Storey's Mills and p-o. wstrn. part Jackson CO. Geo. by p-r. 114 ms. n. n. w. Milledge- ville. Stoughstown, p-v. Cumberland co. Pa. 13 ms. s. w. by w. Carlisle, and 31 in a similar direction from Harrisburg. Stoughton, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. 17 ms» s. Boston, gives rise to the head waters of Neponset r., and was formerly the residence of some Christian Indians, who removed from Dorchester. There is some manufac- turing carried on here. Pop. 1830, 1,591. Stow, p-t. Washington co. Vt. 15 ms. n. w. Montpeher. Pop. 1830, 1,570. Stow, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 30 ms. N. w. Boston, has a surface but little elevated, with sandy plains, and very ordinary soil on the uplands. Pop. 1830, 1,220. Stow, p-v. Portage co. O. by p-r. 120 ms. N. e. Columbus. Stow Creek, t. Cumberland co. N. J. 55 ms. s. s. w. Trenton, is a small town with Stow creek >. w., which divides it from Sa- lem CO. and Newport creek, its tributary, s. There is a swampy tract along the streams. Pop. 1830, 791. Stowesville, p-v. Lincoln CO. N.C. by p-r. 165 ms. a little s. of w. Raleigh. STR 531 STU Stoystown, p-v. on the great wstrn. road i few stones, and a very rich alluvial tract ol from Phil, to Pittsburg, 28 ms. westerly Hed- meadows on tlie river and harbor. Shad and ford, 11 N. E. the borough of Somerset, and by p-r. 155 ms. n. w. by w. W. C, and 133 w. Harrisburg. Strabana, p-v. estrn. part Lenoir co. N.C. by p-r. 92 ms. s. e. by e. Raleigh. Strafford co. N. H. bounded by Coos co. N., the state of Maine e., Rockingham co. s. and 8. w., and Pemigewasset r. w. which sc. parates it from Grafton and Hillsboro' cos., and Grafton co. n. w., 33 ms. by 63 greatest dimensions, with 1,345^ sq. ms. The mtns. are Chocorna, Sandwich, Osipee, Effingham, Gunstock, Moose, &c. Red hill, between Winnipiseogee and Squam lakes, commands one of the finest views in the country. There are several smaller lakes, and Merrymeeting, Long and Great bays connected with Winni- piseogee lake. The principal rs. are Pisca- taqua, Salmon Falls, Saco, Cocheco and Swift rs. The soil, as well as the surface, is very various, but generally good, and productive when well cultivate^l. There are many ma- nufactories of cotton and woollen. Dover is a considerable manufacturing town. There are several incorporated academies in differ- ent towns. The first settlement was made in the CO. in 1623 at Dover, and the second at Portsmouth, in the same year. The co. was formed in 1771. Pop. 1820, 51,117, 1830, 58,910. Strafford, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. 25 ms. from Concord, 15 from Dover, and 56 from Boston, has Bow pond s. which flows into Isinglass r. and several other small ponds. The Blue hills cross the n. w. part. The soil is generally good. Pop. 1830, 2,201. Strafford, p-t. Orange co. Vt. 30 ms. s. e. Montpelier, 30 n. Windsor, stands on a branch of Ompompanoosuc r., affords abun- dance of disintegrated pyrites, from which large quantities of copperas are manufac- tured. Pop. 1830, 1,935. Strasburg, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa. on a branch of Pecquea creek, 8 ins. s. e. by e. the city of Lancaster, and 55 ms. w. Phil. Strasburg, p-v. nthrn. part Shenandoah co. Va. on the road from VVoodstock to Winches- ter, 15 ms. N. E. the former, 22 s. w. the latter place, and by p-r. 89 w. W. C Strasburg, p-v. sthrn. part Fairfield co. O. by p-r. 37 ms. s. s. e. Columbus. Stratford, r. or Housatonic r. rises in Berkshire co. Mass., crosses Conn, and emp- ties into Long Island sound between Millord and Stratford. Stratford, p-t. Coos co. N. II. 133 ms. n. Concord, has a broad and valuable tract of meadows on the e. bank of Coiui. r. The e. and N. parts are mountainous, with cold and rocky or gravelly soil. The peaks in this town are conspicuous from a distance. Nash's stream. Bog brook, &,c. water the town. Pop. 1830, 443. Stratford, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn. 13 ms. 8. w. New Haven, has Housatonic r. e., and Long Island sound s., with a level surface. shell fish are taken in abundance, and there is coasting trade. The borough of Bridge- port is on the w. side of a small arm of the sound, forming a harbor. A draw bridge crosses it, through which sloops can pass. A natural canal connects this harbor with Hou- satonic r. which might be made more useful to navigation. Pop. 1830, l,8l4. Stratford, t. Montgomery co. N. Y. 15 ms. N. w. Johnstown, occupies the n. w. cor- ner of the CO. having Hamilton co. n., and Herkimer co. w. It has much marshy ground and many hills, with a poor soil, bear- ing evergreens. Pop. 1830, 552. Stratham, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 39 ms. from Concord, 3 from Exeter, 51 from Boston, on the e. side of the W. branch of Piscataqua r., n. of Piscataqua bay, and is about 8 ms. from the oce^n. The soil is good. There is a large peat swamp e. Pop. 1830, 939. Stratiier's Mills and p-o. nthrn. part Fay- ette CO. Geo. by p-r. 119 ms. n. w. by w. Mil- ledgeville. Stratton, t. Windham co. Vt. 18 ms. n. e. Bennington, 22 n. w. Brattleboro' ; was settled irom Mass. It gives rise to Bald mtn., a branch of West r. e., which furnishes mill sites, and to Deerfield r. w. Holman's and Jones's ponds, each of about 100 acres, dis- charge in different directions. Pop. 1830, 312. Strattonsville, p-v. Armstrong co. Pa. by p-r. '249 ms. n. w. W. C. Straw iNTowN, p-v. on Tohiccon creek, nthwstrn. part Bucks co. Pa. 40 ms. a little w. of N. Phil, and 20 s. Easton. Streetsboro', p-v. Portage co. O. by p-r. 134 ms. N. E. Columbus. Strickersville, p.v. Chester co. Pa. by p-r. 99 ms. n. e. W. C. Strong, t. Somerset co. Me. 24 ms. n. w. Norridgewock, has Kennebec co. on the s. line, is crossed by Sandy r., and has a pond on the e. boundary, which flows into Seven. Mile brook. This t. is quite hilly on the s. Pop. 1830, 985. Strong svij.LE, p-v. Cuyahoga co. O. by p-r. 123 ms. N. E. Columbus. Stroudsburg, p-v. in the forks of Broad. head's creek, and in the northestrn. part Northampton co. Pa. 3 ms. w. Del. Water gap, and 23 ms. n. Easton. It is built on one long street, and is the third village in size in the CO. Strykersville. (^See Strickersville, Ches- ter CO. Pa.) Stumpstown, p-v. nthrn. part Lebanon co. Pa. 8 ms. N. Lebanon borough, and by p-r. 29 ms. N. e. by e. Harrisburg. Sturbridge, p-t. \\'orcester CO. Mass. 70 ms. s. w. Boston, 22 a. w. Worcester, in the s. vv. corner of the co., having Hampden co. w., and Conn, s., is crossed by Quinebaug r. and other streams, and his several manufac, tories, with a large supply of water power. SUF 532 SUG The surface is rough, the soil rocky and hard 1 1643. (.See Boston and Chelsea, Mass.) Pop. to cultivate. Pop. 1830, 1,G85. Sturgeonville, p-v. nlhestrn. part Bruns- 1820,43,940, 1830, 62,163. Suffolk, CO. N. Y., comprises about 2-3d3 wick CO. Va. by p-r. 60 nis. s. s. w. Rich- of Long Island, and is bounded by Long Isl- mond. j and sound n., the Atlantic e. and s., and w. by Stuyvesant, t. Columbia co. N. Y. 12 ms.| Queens co. ; is 83 ms. by 2O2, greatest di- N. Hudson, has Hudson r. w. ; contains Kin- mensions, contains about 798 sq. ms., and in- derhook landing, and is crossed s. e. by Kin derhook creek, which forms the boundary in the s. w. Pop. 1830, 2,331. Sublett's Tavern and p-o. eastern part Powhatan co. Va. 23 ms. s. w. Richmond. Success, t. Coos co. N. H. 143 ms. from Concord, w. Maine ; contains 2 or 3 ponds, and several mountains, and gives rise to Nar- marcungawack and Live rs. Pop. 1830, 14. SucKAsuNNY, p-v. Morris co. N. J. 63 ms. N. by E. Trenton, 10 n. w. Morristown, on Suckasunny plain, has some large iron mines in the vicinity, particularly Dickerson's, which yields excellent ore in great quan- tities. The opening of the Morris canal of- fers great advantages for transportation. Sudbury, p-t. Rutland co. Vt., 47 miles s. Burlington, 65 n. Bennington, and 43 s. w. Montpelier; was settled from Connecticut. Otter creek touches it e. There are several ponds and small streams ; the surface is une- ven, with a rich soil. It is crossed by a ridge of high land. In the w. is a small v. Pop. 1830, 812. Sudbury, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 20 ms. w. Boston, has Concord r. on the e. bounda- ry, and is crossed by one of its branches. First settled 1635. In 1676 a party of 70 men un- der captain Wadsworth, were ambushed here by 500 Indians, who killed 26 of them, and took most of the others. A monument of this event is 1 mile s. of the church. Pop. 1830, 1,423. Sudler's Cross Roads, and p-o. northern part Queen Ann co. Md., on the road from Centreville to Elkton, 45 ms. a little s. of e. Baltimore, and by p-r. 47 n. e. by e. Annap- olis. Suffield, p-t. Hartford co. Conn., 17 ms. N. Hartford, and 10 s. Springfield ; has the boundary of Mass. on the n. line, and Conn, river e. ; about 5 ms. by 8 ; has a variety of soil and surface, and a beautiful village, the principal street of which is lonu;, broad and strait, running n. and s. on the ridge of a fine hill, which slopes gradually e. towards the r.,' 2 ins. distant, and w. commands a view over a diversified country. In the n. w. are part of the Greenstone mountainous range, and part of two Southwick ponds. There is a spring, called Suffield pool, near the s. line, impregnated with sulphuretted hydrogen gas, where a house of entertainment has been erected. There are several manufactories in this t. Pop. 1830, 2,690. Suffolk, co. Mass., bounded by Middlesex CO. N. and w., Massachusetts and Boston bays E., and Boston bay and a small part of Nor- folk CO. s. It is the smallest county in the state, but the most important, embracing Bos- ton and Chelsea. It was incorporated in eludes several islands, the most remote of which is Fisher's isl. on the Conn, coast. It contains 9 townships, and Great, South, and and Drowned Meadow bays, and several smaller ones on the south side. The points, coves, &c., are numerous. The principal islands are Long, Gardiner's, Shelter, Plumb, Great-Hog-Neck, Robins', &c. The surface is broken n., and more level in the middle and s., where are extensive, and almost barren plains, and much salt marsh, with abundance of pine, which is sent in great quantities to New York. Salt is made by evaporation on the Atlantic shore, and there is a considera- ble number of coasting vessels employed. At Sag Harbor is a port of entry, a considera. ble village, and foreign trade and whaling. A light house was erected on Montauk point, the E. extremity of Long Island, in 1796. There are light houses also on Eaton's neck, Old Field point, and Little Gull isl. The first settlement was made is 1640 at Southold. Most of the first inhabitants came from New England. Pop. 1820, 24,756, 1830, 26,780. Suffolk, p-v. and st. jus. Nansemond co. Va., on the right bank of Nansemond r., 28 ms. N. w. by w. Norfolk, and by p-r. 102 miles s. e. by E. Richmond, and 224 a little e. of s. W. C. Lat. 36° 43', long. 0° 27' e. W. C. Sugar Creek, p-v. Crawford co. Pa., 12 ms. s. E. by e. MeadviUe, and by p-r. 291 ms. N. w. W. C. Sugar Creek, stream of the state of Illi- nois and of Huron territory, the main nrthrn. confluent of Peektano, branch of Rock river. Sugar creek, or more correctly river, rises in Huron near the southern side of Ouisconsin river, flows in 2 branches by a general sthrn. course about 45 ms. to their junction, 2 or 3 ms. above the northern boundary of II., bend- ing thence s. e. enters II., and unites with the Peektano, after an entire comparative course of 60 ms. It drains the space between Gooskehawn and Peektano rs. Sugar Creek, p-v. on a creek of the same name, Hancock co. Ind., 15 ms. s. Indianop. olis. Sugar Creek, p-v. northern part Sangamon CO. II., 23 ms. N. of Springfield, the co. seat, and by p-r. 65 ms. n. n. w. Vandalia. Sugar Grove, p-v. northern part Warren CO. Pa., 14 ms. n. w. Warren, the co. seat, and by p-r. 327 ms. n. w. W. C. Sugar Grove, p-v. Putnam co. Ohio, by p-r. 148 ms. N. w. Columbus. Sugar Lake, and p-o. Crawford co. Pa., by p-r. 307 ms. n. w. W. C. Sugar Loaf, p-v. northern part Columbia CO. Pa., 91 ms. a. Harrisburg. Sugar Tree, p-v. Pittsylvania co. Va., 20 rus. southwestward Competition or Pittsylva- SUM 533 SUN niaC. H., and by p-r. 280 ms. s. s. w. W. C, and 187 s. w. by w. Richmond. Sugar Valley, p-v. Centre co. Pa., by p-r. 210 ms. N. w. W. C. SuGGsviLLE, p-v. Clark co. Ala., by p-r. 159 ms. S.Tuscaloosa. Sullivan, p-t. Hancock co. Me., 30 ms. e. SUMMERSVILLE, p-V. &, St. jUS. Nicliolas CO. Va., on a branch of Gauley r., by p-r. 310 ms. s. w. by w. W. C, and 268 ms. s. w. by w. Riclimond. Lat. 38° 19', long. 3° 47' w. W. C. Summit, p-t. Scoharie co. N. Y., 16 ms. w. Scoharie, has Otsego and Delaware cos. w., and is elevated, with a few streams which Castine, 93 e. Augusta; has Hog and Taun-|flow into the Susquehannah. Pop. 1830, 1, ton bays, and an arm of Frenchman's bay s. w. and %v. A bridge, 1,400 feet long, sjftfosses Hog bay to Hancock. Pop. 1830, 538. Sullivan, co. N. H., bounded by Grafton CO. N., Merrimack co. e., Cheshire co. s., and Conn. r. w. which separates it from Vermont. Sugar r. which rises partly in Sunapee lake, on the borders of Merrimack co., flows w. into Conn, r., and tiiere are several other streams. It has been newly formed. Pop. 1830, 19,- 669. Sullivan, t. Cheshire co. N. H., 42 miles from Concord, and 6 from Keene ; has Ash- uelot r. s., but no very striking natural fea- tures. Pop. 1830,557. SuLLrvAN, CO. N. Y., bounded by Delaware CO. N., Ulster co. e.. Orange co. s., and Dela- ware river w., which separates it from Penn 733. Summit Bridge, and p-o., 17 ms. s. w. Wil- mington, 33 a little w. of n. Dover, and by p-r. 112 ms. n. e. W. C. The bridge which heads this article extends over the Chesa- peake and Delaware canal, at the Deep Cut through the summit level, between the wa- ters of Chesapeake and Delaware bays. Sumner, p-t. Oxford co. Me., 6 ms. n. e. Paris, 44 w. Augusta ; has several ponds, and is crossed by a small tributary of Androscog- gin r. Pop. 1830, 1,098. SiTMNER, CO. Ten., bounded by Smith e., Cumberland r. separating it from Wilson s., Manscoes creek, separating it from David- son s. w., by Robertson w., Simpson co. of Ky. N. w., and by Allen co. of Ky. n. e. Length diagonally from s. w. to n. e. 40 ms., sylvania ; has a broken surface, with fertile mean width 16, and area 640 sq. ms. Exten- vallies, several ponds or small lakes, and Nav- ding in lat. from 36° 12' to 36° 37', and in isink, Mongaup, Collakoon, Beaver, Willive- long, from 9° 08' to 9° 42' w. W. C. Sum. mock, and Ten Mile creeks. In the town of ner occupies a part of the table land between Thompson are 3 large tanneries. 8,900, 1830, 12,364. Pop. 1820, i Cumberland and Big Barren, branch of Green river, the two declivities falling from each Sullivan, p-t. Madison co. N. Y., 129 ms. other in a northern and southern direction. N. w. Albany, has Oneida lake n., and Onon-i Surface waving rather than hilly. Soil ex- daga CO. w. ; first settled about 1798. It is cellent. Chief town. Gallatin. Pop. 1820, hilly s. and level n. ; watered by Canasaraga and Chilteningo crs., which furnish good mill seats. Much gypsum is found here, as well as iron ore, limestone and water lime. Pop. 1830, 4,077. SuLLrvAN, p-v. Tioga co. Pa., by p-r. 142 ms. a little w. of n. Harrisburg. Sullivan, one of the nrtheslrn. cos. of Ten., bounded by Carter e. and s. e., Washington 8., Hawkins w., Scott co. of Va. n. w., and Washington CO. of Va. n. e. Length 43 ms., mean width 12, and area 516 sq. ms. Ex- 19,211, 1830, 20,569. Sumnersville, p-v. Gates co. N. C, by p-r. 152 ms. N. E. by e. Raleigh. Sumpter, district, S. C, bounded e. and s. E. by Williamsburg, s. by Santee river, sepa- rating it from Charleston, Santee river s. w., separating it from Orangeburg, Wateree riv- er w. separating it from Richland, Kershaw district n. w., and Lynches creek separating it from Darlington n. e. Length northwardly from Santee river to the northern angle 62 ms., mean width 20, and area 1,240 sq. ms. tending in lat. from 36° 22' to 36° 35', and in Extending in lat. from 33° 2:i' to 34° 17', and long, from 4° 48' to 5° 30' w. W. C. The de- in long, from 2° 51' to 3° 38' w. W. C. The clivity is westward, and traversed by the mainj central part is drained by Black river, flowing or middle branch of Holston. This stream | similar to Santee and Lynches rs., in a south, enters the northeastern angle of the co., flows ! eastwardly direction. Chief t. Sumpterville. s. w. 25 ms., receives the Watauga from the E., and inflecting to the n. w., unites with the North fork of Holston on the border between Sullivan and Hawkins cos. It is a mountain, ous tract. Chief town, Blountville. Popula- tion 1820, 7,015. Sullivan, p-v. Iredell co. N. C, by p-r. 160 ms. a little s. of w. Raleigh. Sullivan, p.v. Lorain co. O., by p-r. 101 ms. N. N. E. Columbus. Sulphur Springs, p-o. Union co. Ky., by p-r. 210 ms. a little s. of w. Frankfort. Summerfield, p-v. Monroe co. O., by p-r. 112 ms. eastward Columbus. SuMMERFiELD, p-v. Guilford CO. N. C. ■ SuMMERviLLE. (See Somerville, seat jus. Fayette co. Ten.) Pop. 1820, 25,369, and in 1830, 28,277. Sumpterville, p-v. and st. jus. Sumpter district, S. C, situated between the branches of Black river, 44 ms. a little s. of E.Colum- bia, and by p-r. 481 ms. s. s. w. W. C. n. lat. 33° 53°, long. 3° 22' w. W. C. SuMNEYTowN, p-V. Montgomery co. Pa., by p-r. 30 ms. northwestward Phil. Sumrall's Church, and p-o. Perry co. Mis- sissippi, about 140 nis. s. e. by. e. Natchez. Sunapee, lake, Hillsborough and Sullivan cos. N. H. ; li ms. by 9 ; discharges w. by Sugar r. The centre is in lat. 43° 22'. The level is more than 820 feet above Connecticut and Merrimack rs. SuNBURY, p-v., borough, and st.jus. North- SUR 534 sus umberland co. Pa., on the left bank of Sus-j northeastern part declines in that direction quehannah river, on the point above the mouth i towards James r. Chief town, Surry C. H. of Shamokincreek, 2 ms. below the borough j Pop. 1820, 6,591, 1830, 7,109. of Northumberland, and the junction of the Surry, co. N. C, bounded by Stokes n. e., two main branches of Susquehannah river. , Yadkin separating it from the southern part Lat. 40° 53', long. 0° 10' E. W. C. It is dis- of Stokes s. e., Rowan s., Iredell s. w.. tant 52 ms. n. Harrisburg, and by p-r. 162 ms. a very little e. of n. W. C. SuNBURY, p-v. and seaport, on Medway riv- er, Liberty co. Geo., 10 ms. e. Riceboro', the CO. seat, and by p-r. 212 ms. s. e. by e. Mil- ledgeville. Lat. 31° 45', long. 4° 22' w. W. Wilkes w., the Blue Ridge separating it from Ashe N. w., and Grayson and Patrick cos. of Va. >'. Length from s. to n. 33 ms., mean width 22, and area 726 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 04' to 36° 33', and in long, from 3° 26' to 3° 58' w. W. C. This county C. It stands about 8 miles above the open is divided into two very nearly equal sections ocean. The harbor is wide, but is defended by Yadkin river, which traverses it in a di- on the sea side by the northern point of Saint 'rection a little n. of e. both sections are Catharine's isl. It is the seat of an academy, [drained by creeks falling into Yadkin. The SuNBURY, p-v. Gates co. ms. N. E. byE. Raleigh. N. C, by p-r. 160 [general declivity eastward ; surface broken, and in part mountainous, with much excellent SuNBURY, p-v. southeastern part Delaware soil. Chief towns, Rockford and Huntsville. CO. Ohio, by p-r. 22 ms. n. n. e. Columbus SuNcooK, river, N. H., rises in a pond near (Pop. 1820, 12,320, 1830, 14,501. Surry, C. H., p-v. and st. jus. Surry coun. the top of one of the Suncook mountains, .ty, Va., by p-r. 60 ms. s. e. by E.Richmond, 900 feet high. After receiving several branch es, it enters the Merrimack between Aliens- town and Pembroke. Sunderland, p-t. Bennington co. Vt., 15 [ and 183 a very little e. of s. W. C. Surveyorsville, p-v. Mecklenburg co. N. C, by p-r. 136 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. SusuuEHAX.vii, river of N. Y., Pa., and MJ. ms. N. E. Bennington, 87 s. w. Montpelier ; Obeying the correct principles of physical ge- first settled 1765 ; has Battenkill river n. w., jography, Chesapeake bay ought to be regard- on which are fine meadows, and Roaring led as the continuation of Susquehannah river, brook E. Lead ore is found here. Popula- ibut custom has restricted the name to that tion 1830, 463. part of the river above tide water. Under Sunderland, p-t. Franklin co. Mass., 90 the articles Chesapeake, James river, Poto- ms. w. Boston, has Connecticut river on the mac, &c. the lower part of the basin will be w. boundary, parallel to which lies the prin- found noticed in this treatise ; the present ar- cipal street of the v. A large tract of mead- iticle will be restricted to a survey of Susque- ows borders that stream. Mount Toby is i hannah proper. Measured by the rhombs on near the line of this town, and Leverett. The Tanner's United States, the valley of Sus- mitierals are various. Pop. 1830, 666. quehannah above the head of Chesapeake SuNFisH, p-o. on a creek of the same name, bay comes out 28,600 square ms. Extend, falling into Ohio river, northeastern part Mon- ing in lat. from 39° 33' to 42° 55', and in long.' roe CO. Ohio. SuRGOINSVILLE, p.V, jfrom 2° 25' e. to 1° 50' w. W. C. A small on Holston r., Haw- fraction of about 350 square ms. comprising kins CO. Ten., 76 ms. above and n. e. by e. the lower part of this valley is in Md. Above Knoxville, 11 ms. n. e. Rogersville, the co. lat. 42° and in the state ofN. Y. spreads St., and by p-r. 274 a little n. of e. Nasliville. i 7,6l;0 square ms. drained by the two northern Surry, p-t. Hancock co. Me., 18 ms. n. e. branches and their numerous confluents. But Castine, 87 w. by N.Augusta; has Union r. the main part of the valley, comprising 20,650 E., Newbury neck s. e. stretching into it, and square ms., lies within and forms the central 2 or 3 large ponds which are connected, and and upwards of (our tenths of the whole state divide the town near the middle. Pop. 1830, ' of Pa. The Susquehannah is formed by two 561. Surry, town, Chesliire co. N. H., 54 miles ! main branches called, with soine inconsisten- 'cy, the northern and western branches. The from Concord ; is crossed by Ashuelot river, northern and principal branch rises in Otse- which has valuable meadows on its banks. 'go county, N. Y., in two confluents, the Una- East of this stream is a pond of three acres, dilla and Chenango. The extreme northern 25 feet deep, on the summit of a mountain, sources of the Unadilla rise within less than First settled 1764. Pop. 1830, 539. '5 ms. of the Mohawk river at the Little Falls, Surry, CO. Va., bounded by Isle of Wight [but other sources rise from the Catsberg CO. E. and s. e., Southanqjton s., Blackwater mountains opposite those of the Schoharie, river, separating it from Sussex s. w.. Prince : flow generally to the southwestward, unite George w. and n. w., and James river separa- between Delaware and Chenango counties, ting it from Charles City n. w., and James and turning southward approach to within 12 City N. and N. e. Length and breadth nearly nis. of the Coquago branch of Del., enters equal, or 18 ms., area 324 sq. ms. Extend- i Pa., and curving to the w. and thence n. w. ing in lat. from 36° 50' to 37° ll', and in long, lover Susquehannah county, enters N. Y., re- fromO° 19'e. to 0°08' w.W.C. The sthrn. and ceiving the Chenango at Binghamton in western part of Surry slopes to the southeast- Brooine county, and winding over Broome ward, and is drained into Blackwater r. ; the and Tioga by an elliptic curve,- gradually as- sus 535 SUS sumes a southwestern course and again re- turns into Pu., about 3 ms. within which it re- ceives the Tioga branch from the n. w. The Tioga or Chemung is composed ot 3 branches, the Tioga proper, Canisteo, and Conhocton. The Tioga river rises in and drains the north. em part of Tioga county, Pa., and flowing northward enters Steuben co., N. Y., within which it first receives the Canisteo from the basin, to the northern streams of that of Sua- quehannah. After its entrance into the mtns. the Susquehannah flows about 50 ms. to the s. E. by a direct comparative course, but with a very sinuous and obstructed channel, to its entrance into Wyoming valley, at the mouth of Lackawannock river. Here this stream bends nearly at right angles, and again by a channel of about 70 ms. comparative course westward, and next the Conhocton from the i s. w., winds its way down the mountain N. w. The two latter drain the larger part j vallies to the entrance of the West br.inch at of Steuben county, on the eastern side of i the borough of Northumberland. The W. which, as has been stated, they unite with branch is entirely a river of Pa., iiaving its the Tioga. The river thus formed, assuming niost remote western fountain in Indiana, but the name of Tioga, flows a little e. of s. e., ' deriving sources in a line of 80 miles from enters Pa., and joining the Susquehannah at | Cambria, Clearfield, and McKean counties. Athens, or Tioga Point, the now large stream ; The general course of the confluents is east- turns to nearly due s. In the latter direction, ward by comparative courses 150 ms. on the it flows about 5 ms., gradually inclining east- ! western secondary formation, to where it ward to the mouth ofTowanda creek 10 ms.| passes the main Appalachian chain between farther to the northwestern limit of the Ap- j Williamsport and Pennsboro', thence bends to palachian system. This higher section of .nearly due s. 25 ms. to its junction with the Susquehannah valley presents some very re- northern branch, as already stated. Canals markable features. The sources interlock on [ have been designed along bolli branches, and the w. with those of Alleghany branch of O., i their routes partially designated. The main on the northwest with those of Genesee, I trunk is to leave the traverse division of the on the N. with those of Seneca, n. e. with i Pa. canal at Duncan's island near the mouth those of Mohawk and Schoharie, and e. with l of the Juniata, and follow the Susquehannah those of the Delaware. Spreading like the valley to the N. Y. line, distance 204 ms. with head of a tree along a line of 170 ms. on the ! a rise of 423 feet. The West branch trunk secondary formation, the declivity of the ; commences at Northumberland, and follows plain not from, but directly towards, an exten- 1 the valley of the latter stream 70 miles to sive system of mountains, aflbrding a decisive j Dunnstown, at the mouth of Eagle creek, proof that the Appalachian system does not : rise 109 feet. Entire elevation of water form the dividing ridge of the water courses of level at Dunnstown 540 feet. The two prin- the United States. When the Susquehannah ! cipal branches having united between the bor- has reached the mountain base, it has drained oughs of Northumberland and Sunbury, as- upwards of 8,000 square miles and is a large : sumes a course of a little w. of s.40 ms. to the navigable river. The country above the j influx of Juniata, from the wstrd.^^peJunmta. ) mountains is in general composed of high but Augmented by the last of its large tributa- rounded hills, and deep fertile vallies. The | ries, the Susquehannah inflects to s. e. 80 rivers are rapid in their courses, but without miles, receiving from the right Sherman's, direct falls. There is another circumstance iConedogwinet, Yellow Breeches, Conewago, in the natural features and relative connection ! Codorus, and Deer creeks, and from the left of the upper Susquehannah valley, which de- j Swatara, Conestoga, Pequea, and Uctoraro, serves particular notice. The mean water with numerous smaller streams, finally is lost level at Tioga Point is 723 feet above the At- in Chesapeake bay, after falling over the low. lantic ocean, and from the latter point to er primitive lodge of the Appalachian system. Newton, or Elmira on Tioga river, the rise j Viewing the entire valley of Susquehannah, is 103, giving to the water level at Newton a i we have before us some very remarkable comparative elevation of 826 feet. Though (features of the physical geography of the U. the hills are very high in the vicinity of New- |S. This great stream, deriving its most re- town, there is a natural valley stretching from ! mote sources from the western secondary, the Tioga northwards to the head of Seneca both in N. Y. and Pa., and in the course of lake. The middle ground, or summit level its great confluents and main volume travers. of this valley is only 59 feet above the Tioga |ing obliquely the whole Appalachian system river, but falls so rapidly toward Seneca as to 'at the widest part, presents no one direct fall have a descent into that lake of 445 feet in 10 jof sufficient pitch to prevent navigation. In or 11 ms. The summit level is 885 feet, reality the mountain chains stretch along the above the ocean, but is the lowest gap in the declivity of the Susquehannah valley. With Appalachian system, admitting a canal to be .innumerable partial windings, the large and formed southward from the valley of the Mo- 1 even matiy of the smaller streams, flow in chan- hawk to lower Georgia. A single glance at'nels which pursue the mountain vallies in the a map of this physical region will serve to ex- general direction of the chains, or traverse hibit the singular natural navigable facilities the latter at right angles. This gives a aflbrded by the depression of the summit lev-' striking physiognomy to the courses of the el of the vallies between them, and the ap- rivers which can only be understood by a viesv proximation of the lakes of the St. Lawrence of a good map. In its course the Susquehan. sus 536 SWA nah traverses also all the great formations of the earth. Rising on the horizontal, or as technically denominated, the secondary or floetz, and breaking immense gaps through the mnts. of transition and primitive rocks, makes its final exit on the inner margin of sea sand alluvion. The relative height of the ex- tremes of this valley deserve particular no- tice, as element in a theory of its climate. Re- jecting the mtn. ridges, the arable soil beyond the principal spine of the Appalachian system, is from 600 to perhaps 1,200 feet, the mean height rather less than a mean term of the extremes of elevation, affording as has been however shown, a valley from the Atlantic to the St. Lawrence lakes, in its highest part falling below 900 feel. The mineral produc tions of the Susquehannah valley yet explored, have amongst numerous other specimens, presented immense masses of iron ore and fossil coal. The former even more widely disseminated than the latter. [See articles Juniata and Pennsylvania.) Susquehannah, co. Pa., bounded by Wayne CO. E., Luzerne s., Bradford w., and Broome CO. of N. Y. N. Length 35 ms. from e. to w., width 25, and area 875 square ms. Extend, ing in lat. from 41° 40' to 42°, and in long, from 0° 50'to 1° 32' e. W. C. The northern branch of Susquehannah r. enters and again retires from the northern border of this co., and hence by a curve of 80 ms. again ap- proaches the s. w. angle to within one mile. Thus encircling the co. on three sides and receiving its numerous creeks like radii from a common centre. The surface is hilly and broken, but soil excellent. Chief town, Montrose. Pop. 1820, 996, 1830, 16,677. Sussex, co. N. J., the n. co. of the state, bounded by N. Y. state n. e., Bergen and Morris cos. s. e., Warren co. s. w., and Dela- ware r. N. w., is hilly and mountainous, with many good dairy farms, and well tilled land near Del. r., abounds in valuable iron mines. It is the highest land in the state, and gives rise to Wallkill creek of Hudson r., Pequan- nock r., Pequest creek, and Paulins kill of the Del. and has the whole course of Flat kill. Hopatung pond, which supplies the summit level of Morris canal, is on the s. e. bound. The Hlue mtns. cross the n. w. part parallel to Del. r., between it and which flows Flat kill. Chief town, Newton. Pop. 1820, 32,752, 1830, 20,346. Sussex, southernmost co. of the state of Del., bounded n. by Kent co. Del., n. e. by Del. bay, e. by the Atlantic, s. by Worcester CO. Md., s. w. by Somerset, Md., w. by Dor- chester, Md., and n. w. by Caroline, Md. Length from w. to e. 35 ms., mean width 25, and area 875 square ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 27' to 38° 58', and in long, from 1° 14' to 1° 58' E. W. C. Though the surface of this CO. is level and in part marshy, it is nevertheless a table land, from which flow southwestwardly the sources of Nantikoke r., sthrdly. those of Pocomoke, estrdly. the vari- ous confluents of Rehobolh bay, and north- eastward creeks falHng into Del. bay. Chief towns, Georgetown and Lewis. Pop. 1820, 24,057, and in 1830, 27,115. Sussex, co. of Va. bounded by Southamp- ton s. E. and s., by Greensville s. w., Dinwid- dle w.. Prince George n. w., Blackwater r. separating it from a part of Surry n., and by the southern angle of Surry n. e. Length from s. w. to n. e. 37 ms., mean width 16, and area 592 square ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 42' to 37° 07', and in long, from 0° 02' E. to 0° 46' w. W. C. The southern and central parts are drained by the Nottaway, and the northern by Blackwater river. Chief town, Sussex C. H. Pop. 1820, 11,884, 1830, 12,720. Sussex, C. H. p-v. and st. jus. Sussex co. Va., by p-r. 50 ms. s. s. e. Richmond, and 172 a little w. of s. W. C. Sutherland, p-v. Trumbull co. Ohio, by p-r. 157 ms. n. e. Columbus. Sutherland's, p-o. Edgar co. II., by p-r. 97 ms. N. E. Vandalia. Sutton, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H. 25 ms. from Concord, 17 from Hopkinton, 65 from Portsmouth, and 85 from Boston, has the S. branch of Warner r. s., and is crossed by the N. branch nearly in the centre. On these streams are good inill sites, and valuable meadows ; there are several other streams, and a few ponds. Kearsearge is a lofty mtn. in the e. part, which gives rise to several streams. King's hill w., also affords an ex- tensive view. Valuable stone quarries and clay beds exist in this town. The surface is rough, and the soil various. The forest trees were of many different kinds. First - settled 1769. Pop. 1830, 1,424. Sutton, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt., 54 ms. from Montpelier. Pop. 1830, 1,005. Sutton, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 46 ms. s. w. Boston, was purchased of the Indians 1704, and included Millburg. There are many good mill sites, and many manufactories. TThe town is crossed by Blackstone river and ^ canal. Wilkinsonville, n. w., contains manu- factories which derive water power from the r. Granite is quarried in the town in great quantities ; s. e. is a large and curious chasm ■ in the rocks, sometimes called purgatory. Pop. 1830, 2,186. Suttonsville, p-v. southern part Nicholas CO. Va. by p-r. 312 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 300 ms. N. w. by w. Richmond. Swainsboro', p-v. and st. jus. Emanuel co. Geo., by p-r. 79 ms. s. e. by e. Milledgeville. Lat. 32° 40', long. 5° 28' w. W. C. Swanano, p-v. estrn. part Buncombe co. N. C. 22 ms. N. E. Asheville, the co. St., and 247 w. Raleigh. Swankesville, p-v. Putnam co. II., by p-r. 57 ms. w. Indianopolis. Swansboro', p-v. and sea port of Onslow CO. N. C, situated at the mouth of Whittock r. opposite Boync inlet, by p-r. 160 ms. s. e. Raleigh, and 377 a little w. of s. W. C. Swansey, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H., 60 m.«. s. w. Concord, 6 from Keene, and 68 from TAF 537 TAL Boston, is crossed by Ashuelot r. and its s. branch. Nearly one third of the town is level, and free from ^tonps. There is some iron ore, and a mineral spring, several manu- factories and mills. Between 1741 and 1747, this town sufTcred much from Indian attacks. The settlement was. on this account abandon- ed for 3 years, and the dwellings burnt by the savages. Pop. 1830, 1,816. SwANSEY, p-t. Bristol co. Mass. 47 ms. s. Boston, has Rhode Island s. and w., and en- joys a pleasant situation on Cole's r. which flows into Taunton r. and is navigable for small vessels. It was early settled by a num- ber of Baptists from Rehoboth, under a grant from Plymouth colony, and was the first town attacked by the Indians in Philip's war, 1675. Here are several manufactories. Fop. 1830, 1,678. S WANTON, p-t. Franklin co. Vt., 28 m.s. n. Burlington, 50 ms. n. w. Montpelier, e. lake Chaniplain, opposite North Hero, was first settled 1787, when it was occupied by St. Francis Indians. Missisque creek crosses this town and has meadows on its banks, while a fall of 20 feet supplies mill sites. From this fall to the lake the r. is navigable for vessels of 50 tons. Mc Quam creek and several smaller streams also water this town. There are marshes n. w. much resorted to by wild fowl. Iron and marble are found here. The marble is cut at the falls, and transported to N. Y. &c. The v. of Missisque stands on both sides of the r. 6 ms. from its mouth, and 1 mile in a strait line from the lake. Boats which navigate the lake, Champ- lain canal and Hudson r., come up to the v. Pop. 1830, 2,158. SwANviLLE, t. Waldo CO. Me. 15 ms. n. w. Cabtinc, and n. Belfast, is of irregular form, Paris, has the boundary of Cumberland cO' on the 3. w. line, and contains several ponds which discharge by an outlet into Loud pond. A tributary of Sunapee lake crosses the w. part. Pop. 1830, 487. SwEDiiN, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y. 16 ms. w. Rochester, lies n. and w. of Genesee co., and is on elevated land, crossed by the Mountain ridge and Erie canal. It gives rise to Salmon creek. Brockport v. on the canal, is in the n. Pop. 1830, 2,938. Sweden-, p-v. n. w. part Potter co. Pa. by p-r. 290 ms. n.n.w. W. C. SwEEDSBURGii, p-v. Woolwich, Gloucester CO. N. J. 20 ms. s. Phil, on Raccoon creek. Sweetzer's Bridge and p-o. Ann Arundel CO. Md. by p-r. 42 ms. from VV. C. and 26 from Annapolis. Sweet Springs, p-v. and watering place, northestrn. part Monroe co. Va. These springs are situated in one of the mountain vallies, from which flow the western sources of James r. at an elevation of about 2,400 feet above the Atlantic tides, 84 ms. n. w. by w. Lynchburg, 263 s. w. by w. VV. C. and 204 w. Richmond. Swirr, r. N. H. a branch of Saco r. falls into that stream in Conway, after a rapid course. Swift Creek Bridge and p-o. nthrn. part Craven co. N. C. 17 ms. n. Newbern, and by p-r. 137 ms. n. e. by e. Raleigh. Swindell, p-o. Hyde co. N. C. by p-r. 195 ms. E. Raleigh. fcycAMORE Alley and p-o. sthrn. part Hali- fax CO. N. C. 22 ms. s. Halifax, the co. st., and 84 N. E. by E. Raleigh. Sycamore, creek and p-o. nthrn. part Craw- ford co.O. by p-r. 74 ms. n. Columbus. Sylvan Hill and p-o. sthrn. part Hancock bounded by straight lines, and crossed by a co. Geo. by p-r. 16 ms. e. Milledgeville. small stream flowing into Belfast bay. Pop. 1830, 633. Svv'atara, r. Pa. rises by numerous branches from the mtn. vallies in the sthrn. part of Schuylkill co. It thence traverses the wstm. part of Lebanon and tlie sthestrn. of Dauphin, falling into Susquehannah 8 ms. below [lar- risburg, after a sthwstm. comparative course of 40 ms. For nearly one-half of the course of this stream the Union canal follows the channel.. This artificial navigation is in full operation. Sweden, t. Oxford co. Mc. 20 ms. s. w. Sylvania, p-v. nthrn. part Bradford co. Pa. by p-r. 147 ms. n. Harrisburg. SyiIvanos, p-v. Hillsdale co. Mich, by p-r. 108 ms. s. w. by w. Detroit. Syracuse, p-v. Salina, st. jus. Onondaga CO. N. Y. 4 ms. n. Onondaga, 133 w. Albany, is situated on the Erie canal, adjoining a vast collection of saltpans, and at the junction of the canal with the branch to Salina v. and the Oswego canal. It is a large, handsome, and flourishing village, and has attained a most rapid growth, having been of insignificant size before the opening of Erie canal. T. Taberg, p-v. Annsvillc, Oneida co. N. Y. 112 ms. w. Albany, 7 n. Erie canal, 11 w. Rome, 27 n. w. Utica, is the seat of extensive iron works. Taboji (^ hurch and p-o. in the watrn. part Iredell co. N. C. by p-r. 159 ms. wstrd. Ra- leigh. Tafton, p-v. in the nthrn. part Pike co. Fa. by p-r. 271 ms. n. n. e. W. C. 68 Taghkanic, p-t. Columbia co. N. Y. w. Mass., is watered by Claverack, Ancram, Rocleff and Jansen's crs., whicH supply many mill seats. The Taghkanic mtns. rise here, but their greatest elevations are in Mass. Th« land is held on lease. Iron ore is found in plenty. Pop. 1830, 1,654. Talbot, one of the Eastern ^hore cos. of Md., bounded s. and s. e. by Choplank r. so- TAL 538 TAN parating it from Dorchester, e. by Choptank and Tuckiihoe rs. separating it from Caroline, N. by St. Michael'a bay, separating it from Queen Anne, and w. and s. w. by Chesapeake bay. Length from s. to n. 2.5 ms., mean width 10, and area 250 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 34' to 38° 56' n., and in long, from 0° 42' to 1° 10' e. W. C. This co. is a real peninsula between Choptank r. and Che- sapeake bay; and is again cut into three mi- nor peninsulas by Treadhaven and St. Mi- chael's bays. What little declivity exists is to the sihrd. Chief t. Easton. Pop. 1820, 14,389, and in 1830, 12,947. Talbot, co. of Geo. bounded s. by Marion, s. w. by Muscogee, w. by Harris, n. w. by Merriwethcr, and by Flint r. separating it from Upson n. e., and Crawford e. Length along the sthrn. boundary 40 ms., mean width 16, and area GOO sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 32° 35' to 32° 54' n., and in long, from 7° 10' to 7° 54' w. W. C. The wstrn. part gives source to some creeks which flow southwstrd. towards the Chattahoochee; but the greatest part of the co. slopes eastwardly toward Flint r. Chief t. Talbotton. Pop. 1830, 5,940. Talbotton, p-v. and st. jus. Talbot co. Geo. situated on a small creek of Flint r. by p-r. lis ms. s. w. by w. Milledgeville. N. lat. 32° 43', long. 7° 36' w. W. C- Talcot, mtn. Hartford co. Conn., a part of the ridge which extends many miles on the w. of Conn, r., dividing its waters from those of Farmington r. Taliaferro, co. of Geo. bounded n. by Oglethorpe co., n. e. and e. by Wilkes, s. e. and s. by Hancock and w. by Greene. Length from s. to N. 17 ms., mean width 8, and area 136 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 33° 28' to 33° 43' N. In long, it is traversed by 6° w. W. C. Declivity southcstrd., and tra- versed in that direction by the higher branches of Little r. and those of Great Ogechee. Chief town, Crawfordsville. Pop. 1830, 4,934. Tallahassee, p-t. and st. jus. Leon co.. ms. inland and northwards from Ocklockonne bay, about 200 ms. n. w. 8t. Augustine, a si- milar distance a little n. of e. Pensacola, and by a calculation on Mercalor's principles, s. 36° 10', w. 725 statute miles, but by the post list 896 from W. C. N. lat. 30° 27', long. 7° 30 w. W. C. The city is recent ; the build- ings were commenced in the summer of 1824. The site is comparatively elevated, affording a good view of the vicinity. The adjacent country is rolling rather than hilly ; the soil excellent. A pleasant mill stream formed by fine springs winds along the eastern border of the town, from whence it is precipitated over a fall of 15 feet, and disappears in the calcareous strata. Springs of good water rated as a city in 1825. When Mr. John Lee Williams published his View of West Flori- da, in 1827, he estimated the population at 800. He observes, " few towns iii America have increased more rapidly; and population and improvement continue without any abate- ment. It must in a few years become a charming place of residence, though it will probably never be a place of great commer- cial importance." Tallapoosa, r. of Geo. and Ala. rises in the Cherokee territory, and in the northwest, em part of the former, lat. 34°, between the Etowah and Chattahoochee rs. Flowing s. s. w. it enters Ala., and continuing that course 130 ms., turns abruptly to the w. 25 ms., and falls into the Coosa, or rather, from the great difference of volume, joins the Coosa to form Ala. The junction is made between Mont- gomery and Autauga cos. The valley of the Tallapoosa lies entirely between those of Coosa and Chattahoochee. It is about 150 miles in length, with a mean width of 25, area 3,750 sq. ms. Lying be- tween latitudes 32° and 34°, and long. 8° and 9° 20' w. W. C. Tallmansville, p-o. Wayne co. Pa., by p-r. 278 ms. n. e. W. C. Tallyho, p-v. northern part of Granville co. N. C, by p-r. 57 ms. n. n. e. Raleigh. Talmadge, p-v. Portage co. O., by p-r. 115 ms. N. E. Columbus. Tamaqua, p-o. northern part of Schuylkill CO. Pa., by p-r. 191 ms. n. n. e. W. C, and 83 ms. N. E. Harrisburg. Tamaqua, the Indian name of Little Schuyl- kill, and on which the p-o. of the same name is situated. Tamworth, p-t. Strafford co. N. H., 58 ms. from Concord, 58 from Portland, 30 from Gilford, 120 from Boston ; has part of the Burton mtns., and south part of the Ossipee. Bearcamp r. runs through it e. into Ossipee lake, after receiving 2 branches which rise here, and afford many mill sites. First set- tled 1771. Pop. 1830, 1,554. Taneytown, p-v. in the northeastern part and of government Flor., situated about 30 of Frederick co. Md., 22 ms. n. n. e. the city of Frederick, and 68 ms. a little w. of n. W. C. Tangepao, river of La. and Miss., has its most remote sources in Amite and Pike cos. of the latter, and flowing s. s. e. enters La., separating the parish of Saint Helena from Washington and Saint Tammany, and falls into the northwestern part of lake Pontchar- train, after a comparative course of between 70 and 80 ms. The valley of Tangipao lies between those of Amite and I^ogue Chito, in the higher part of its course, but in La. be- tween the Tchefonte and Tickfah. Tangier, islands and sound. The Tangier islands is a group of small islands in Chesa- peake bay, evidently an extension of the pen- abound, and well water is obtained by digging insula between Choptank and Nantikoke rs. from 6 or 10 to 30 feet. The first legislature ; They follow each other from n. to s., and are sat in this new-born city the first winter after! partly in Somerset co. Md., and Accomac co. its ercition, or in Jl 824-5. It was incorpo-l Va. The sound spreads between the isls. TAR 539 TAY and main shore. This group lies opposite the nioutli of Potomac r. Tanner's Storf,, and p-o. Mecklenburg co. Va., by p-r. 215 ms. s. s. w. W. C. Tan Yard, and p-o. Northumberland co. Va., by p-r. s. s. e. W. C. T:\pr /OFANNOc, p-v. and st. of jus. Essex CO. Va., situated on the right bank of Rappa- hannock river, by p-r. 109 ms. a little e. of 8. W. C, and 50 n. e. Richmond, n. lat. 37° 58', long. 0° 10' E. W. C. The site is low and flat, and in summer the inhabitants are liable to fevers and agues ; it is, however, a place of considerable trade, as even large merchant vessels can ascend far above, and here find a safe harbor, which is about 50 ms. from the open Chesapeake bay. Tappan, p-v. Orangetown, Rockland co. N v., 28 ms. N. New York, is on the w. side of Hudson r., which is there 4 ms. across. Tak, or in the lower part of its course, Pamlico, river of N. C, having the extreme higher fountain in Person co., interlocking sources with Neuse and the lower creeks of Dan r. Flowing thence by a general course of s. E. by E. over Granville, Franklin, Nash, Edgecombe, and Pitt cos., and receiving large accessions from Warren and Halifax, opens into a wide bay, below the harbor of Wash- ington, in Beaufort co. {See Pamlico buy.) The valley of Tar river, including Pamlico bay, is 160 miles in length, with a mean width of 30 ms., area 4,800 sq. ms. ; and lying be- twoen those of Neuse and Roanoke. Extend- ing in lat. from 35° 15' to 36° 25' N., and in long, from 0° 25' e. to 2° 15' w. W. C. It is navigable for vessels of nine feet draught to Washington, and for river boats to Tarboro', at the confluence of the two main branches. Tarboro', p-v. and st. of jus. Edgecombe CO. N. C, situated on the right bank of Tar r., below the influx of Fishing creek, by p-r. 72 ms. a Httle n. of e. Raleigh, and 252 a lit- tle w. of s. W. C. N. Lat. 35° 53', long. 0° 36' w. W. C. Tarentum, p-v. Alleghany co. Pa., by p-r. 231 ms. N. w. W. C. Tariff, p-v. Huiler co. Ohio, by p-r. 122 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. Tariffvij.le, p-v. Simsbury, Hartford co. Conn., is a manufacturing village, pleasantly situated at the falls of Farmington r., at the w. base of the hilly range which crosses that part of the state, at the spot where the river bursts through it, between two precipitous banks. The carpet manufactory here em- ploys 95 male weavers, and 3G7 were imme- diately dependant on it in 1831. The capi- tal invested is f 123,000 ; 237,000 pounds of wool, and 24,000 pounds of yarn are manu- factured, producing about 114,000 yards of Ingrain or Kidderminster carpeting. Above $30,000 is paid for labor annually. Tarlton, p-v. sthestrn. part of Pickaway CO. O., by p-r. 36 ms. s. s. e. Columbus. Tarpaui-in Cove, Martha's Vineyard, Ms., is a convenient Uttle harbor for vessels bound- ed w. in contrary winds. It is 9 ms. n. n. w. Holmes' Hole. Tarrvtown, p-v. Greensburgh, Westches- ter CO. N. Y., 30 ms. n. New York, on the e. side Hudson r., has a landing in a cove between two points, where a steamboat touches daily from and for New York. Tarver's Store and p-o., in the sthrn. part of Twiggs CO. Geo., 10 ms. from Marion, the CO. St., and 47 ms. s. w. Milledgville. Tatnall, CO. of Geo., bounded by Mont- gomery w., Emanuel n., Cannouchce r. sep- arating it from Bullock, n. e. and e., Liberty s. E., and Altamaha river, separating it from Appling s. and s. w. Length 52 ms., mean width 24, and area 1,248 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 31° 48' to 32° 26' n., and in long, from 4° 44' to 5° 38' w. W. C. The western part is drained into the Altamaha by the Great Ohoopee and other streams, whilst the estrn. section is in the valley of Cannouchee. The Altamaha is formed by the union of the Oconee and Ocmulgee rs., at the extrerne western angle of Tatnall. General declivity s. K. C. H. at Percy's mills. Pop. 1820, 2,644 ; and in 1830, 2,039. Taunton r. Mass., navigable 21 ms. from Narragansett bay to Taunton, in sloops. It has its rise in Plymouth co., and its course is about s. w. Taunton-, p-t. and one of the sts. jus. Bristol CO. Mass., is pleasantly situated on Taunton r., which is navigable to this place for sloops. It was first settled in 1637, and was called Cohannet by the Indians : within the present limits of the town was the Indian v. Teticut. Taunton is 32 ms. s. Boston, and 20 n. of E. Providence. It contains a bank, several churches, an academy, and one or two coun- ty buildings. Canoe, Rumford, and Taunton rs. unite here, and furnish excellent water privileges. The first extensive iron works in America were erected in this town, in 1652, and at present it is famous for its manufac- tures. The nail factories make from 8 to 10 tons daily. It has 7 cotton factories — 1 rol- ling and slitting mill — 1 forge — 1 shovel fac tory — 1 copper and lead rolling mill — 1 paper mill — 1 carding and fulling mill — 1 calico printing establishment, which furnishes from 4 to 6,000 pieces a week — 2 breweries— 1 large factory of britannia ware, and many other establishments of different kinds ; be- sides 8 or 9,000,000 of brick are manufactur- ed annually. Pop. 18,50, 6,042. Taxahaw, p-o. Lancaster dist. S. C, 19 ms. N. w. Lancaster, and by p-r. 91 ms. N. n. E. Columbia. Taylor's store and p-o. Franklin co. Va., 12 ms. estrd. Rocky Mount, the co. st., and by p-r. 173 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. "Tavlor's store and p-o., Anson co. N. C, by p-r. 160 ms. s. w.by w. Raleigh. Tayi.orsville, p-o. Bucks co. Pa., by p-r. 36 ms. nrthrd. Philadelphia. Tavlorsville, p-o. Hanover co. Va., 28 ms. nrthrd. Richmond. Tavlorsville, or Patrick C. IL, p-o. and St. jus. Patrick co. Va., situated on Mays r., 90 ms. s. w. Lynchburg, 35 a little e. of s. TEC 540 TEM Christiansburg, and byp.r. 241 ms. s. w. by 1 8 ms., divide into 2 channels ; one flows north- w. Richmond, and 333 s. w. W. C, n. lat. 36° 38', long. 3° 14'w. W.C. Taylorsville, p-v. and st. jus. Spencer co. Ky., situated on Salt r., 35 ms. s. e. Louis- ville, by p-r. 35 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort, and 586 a little s. of w. W. C. ; n. lat. 38°, long. 8° 20' w. W. C. Tazewell, co. of Va., bounded n. by Tug Fork of Sandy r., separating it from Logan, N. E. by Giles, e. and s. e. by Walker's moun- tains, separating it from Wythe, s. by Clinch mtn., separating it from Washington, s. w. by Russel, and w. by Floyd co. Ky. Length from w. to E. 80 ms., mean width 20, and area 1,600 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 54' to 37° 32' N., and in long, from 4° to 5° 12' w. W. C. The central part of this co. is a very elevated mtn. table land. The estrn. part declining nrthestrd., and drained by the confluents of Great Kenhawa ; the southern gives source to Clinch and Ilolston rs., the extreme nrthrn. constituents of Tennessee r.; whilst the western and most extensive sec- tion has a nrthwstrn. declivity, and gives source to the highest branches of Sandy r. Compared with the ascertained elevation of the water in Great Kenhawa at the influx of Greenbrier, 1,333 feet, the lowest elevation that can be given to the central mountain val- lies of Tazewell, must be 1,500 feet ; and the mean relative height of the arable soil of the CO., must be, at the lowest estimate, 1,200 ft. Chief town, JefFersonville. Pop. 1820, inclu- ding a part of what now constitutes Logan, 3,916 ; that of Tazewell proper in 1830, 5,749. Tazewell, p-v. and st. jus. Claiborne co. Ten., situated between the rs. Clinch and ^Powell's Valley r., by p-r. 248 ms. a little n. of E. Nashville, and 63 ms. n. e. Knoxville. Lat. 36° 31', long. W. C. 6° 20' w. Tazewell, co. II., bounded by MacLean e.. Sangamo s., the Illinois r., separating it from Fulton w., and Peoria n. w. ; on the n. it has wardly into Courtableau, and the other pur- sues a sthestrn. course. This separation of currents is the head of the stream called Te- che, or the sthestrn. branch. Flowing be- tween the waters of the Courtableau and Ver- million 10 ms., it receives an inlet from the latter, and enters Attakapas. The residue of the course of Teche, presents a stream with great specific resemblance to the Miss, in the delta. Though on a very reduced scale, the Teche, similar to its immense prototype, flows in long sweeping bends, with banks above any other part of the adjacent country. From this feature the streams flow from the very mar- gin, and in a channel of upwards of 180 ms., no water course is discharged into the Teche. With slight selvedges ol wood, prairies ex- tend along the entire right, and, for more than half the higher part of its course, along the left bank of this interesting river. The chan- nel is comparatively very deep, and the tide rises to New Iberia, n. lat. 30° 02', upwards of 100 ms. above the mouth, affording one ve- ry remarkable contrast to the Mississippi. New Iberia, at the head of tide water in Te- che, is a port of entry, and vessels of 7 feet draught can ascend there in safety. The Teche falls into Atchafalaya, after a compar- ative course of 120, but falling little, if any, short of 200 ms. by the bends. The banks present two continuous zones of the very fust rate soil, between latitudes 29° 44' and 30° 40' N. Tek.\toko, p-o. Crawford co. Ark., situated near the Dardanelles mountains, by p-r. 76 ms. N. w. by w. Little Rock. Telfair, co. of Geo., bounded n. e. by Montgomery, e. s. e. and s. by Appling, s. w. by Ocmulgee r., separating it from Irwin, w. by Dooley, and n. w. by Puluski. Length from s. to N. 28 ms, mean width 22, and area 830 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 31° 39' to 32° 12' N., and in long, from 5° 4G' to G° 20' the sthestrn. angle of Putnam. As laid down I w. V/. C. The southern part of this co. slopes by Tanner, in his improved map of the U. S., (to the sthestrd. giving source to many of the it lies nearly in form of a right angled trian- gle, hypothenuse parallel to the general course of II. r., 66 ms., base along Sangamo, and perpendicular along MacLean equal, or 50 ms. each ; area 1,250 sq. ms. : n. lat. 40° 40', long. W. C. 12° 30' w. The general course of II. r. along this co. is about a. w. di- lating into Peoria and Mackinaw lakes. The slope of the co. is nearly to the w. [See Mackinaw r.) The general surface is level, and part liable to annual submersion, though it contains much eood soil. Chief t. Macki- naw. Pop. 1830r 4,716. Tazewell, C. H. (See Jeffersonville, Tazewell co. Va.) Tlaze's Valley, p-o. in the western part of Kenhawa co. Va., 20 ms. westward Charles- ton, the CO. St., and by p-r. 376 ms. a little s. of w. W.C. Teche, r. of La., rises from the northern prairies of Opelousas, n. lat. 30° 40'. The drains of those savannahs, after flowing 7 or higher branches of Santilla, which rise al- most on the margin of Ocmulgee. The lat- ter stream, forming the sthwstrn. border, thence traverses the co. in a nrlhestrn. direc- tion, serving as a common recipient for the confluents which drain the nrthrn. section to- wards Pulnski. Chief town, Jacksonville. Pop. 1820, 2,104, and in 1830, 2,146. Tellico, p-v. Monroe co. Ten. [See Mad- isonville, Monroe co. Ten.) Tellico Plains, p-o.' Monroe co. Ten., 15 ms. southward Madisooville, the st. of just, of the CO., and by p-r. 183 ms. s. e. by e. Nashville. Tellico, (Mouth of,) p-o. at the mouth of Tellico cr., 12 ms. n. e. Madisonville, the co. seat, and by p-r. 180 ms. s. e. by e. Nashville. Temperance, p-v. Greene co. Geo. by p-r. 53 ms. nrthrd. Millcdgeville. Temperance Riuge, p-o. Yazoo co. Miss., by p-r. about 120 ms. n. n. e. Natchez. Templr, p.t. Kennebec co. Me., 40 ms. n. TEN 541 TEN w. Augusta, in the n. \v. corner of the co., has Oxford CO. w., and Somerset co. n., and is mountainous, having i)art of Blue mtn. w. Pop. 1830, 79.7. Temple, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H., 40 ms. Concord, 12 Amherst, gives rise to sever- al branches of Souhegan r. The situation is high, with a line and extensive view e. and s., a rocky surface, and pretty good soil. Here is a social library. Pop. Ib30, 648. Temi'leton, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., GO ms. w. Boston, has an uneven surface, with rich vallies, and a soil generally good, water- ed by several streams, wliich flow partly into the Chickapee, and partly into Miller's r., and afford mill seats The v. is neat and pleasant. It was granted to soldiers who h«d served in Phili])'s war, under the name of Narragansett, No. 6. Pop. 1830, 1,552. Temple of Health, p-o. in the wstrn. part of Abbeville dist. S. C, by p-r. 114 ms. w. Columbia. Templetox, p-v. Prince George's co. Va., 36 ms. southeastward Richmond. Ten Mile Stand, and p-o. Rhea co. Tenn., by p-r. 17! ms. s. e. by e. NasliviUe. Tennessee, r. of the states of Tenn., N. C, and Geo., though a very minor branch, is the stream from which the general name has been, by custom, arising from the route of original discovery, communicated to the great recipient. Tenn. proper rises in Raban co. Geo., by its extreme sthestrn. source, quick- ly entering Macon, and receiving numerous creeks from Haywood co. N. C, and flowing N. w. passes the Unika mtn. into Tenn. Within the latter state it continues n. w. 40 ms., between Blount and Monroe, joins the Holston on the southeastern border of Roan CO., after a comparative course of about 85 ms., of which 5 are in Geo.,- and 40 in each of the other two states. Though so much infe rior in volume and length of course to the Holston, the name of Tennessee is perpetua- ted below their union. Tennrssise, r. of the state of ihe same name, and of the states of Ky., Miss., Ala., Geo., N. C, and Va., is the great sthestrn. constituent of the Ohio. Under the respec- tive heads of Clinch, llolstun, Frenuh Broad, Tenn. proper, and Duck rivers, the constitu- ents of Tenn. will be found described. The very peculiar features of the valley of Tenn., demand a general and particular notice. This valley is naturally divided into two physical sections ; the higher or mountainous, and the lower or hilly. The most remote sources of Tenn. are found in those of Clinch in Taze- well, and of Holston in Wythe, cos. of Va., in- terlocking sources with those of Sandy and Great Kenhawa. From this elevated origin, the main confluents pursue a sthwstrn. course between the two parallel chains of the Appa- lachian system, Cumberland, and the main spine, both stretching in a similar direction with the rivers, at a mean distance of about 70 ms. asunder. Besides this principal val ley, another of less width between the main chain and Blue Ridge, is also drained by the constituents of Tenn. ; but this more eastern and more elevated valley slopes to the n. w., at rigiit angles to the mtn. chains. The lat- ter mtn. valley comprises the N. C. and Geo. part of the valley of Tenn., and will be found noticed under the heads of Macon, Haywood, and Buncombe counties, of the former state, and under the heads of Tenn. proper, and French Broad rivers. Including both minor vallies, upper Tenn. drains an elongated el-, lipse of 350 ms. longer axis ; shorter axis 120 ms. from the Clue Ridge at the sources of French Broad, to Cumberland mtn., where it separates the sources of Powell's river from those of Cumberland : mean breadth 80 ms., and area 24,000 sq. ms. Descending from the extreme fountains in Va., the valley wi- dens as the mountain chains recede from each other, and again contracts as the same chains gradually re-approach each other at the north- western angle of Geo., and nrthestrn. of Ala. At the latter point, well known by the name ofNickajack, all the large confluents have united, and the Blue Ridge and Cumberland chains have inclined to within less than 40 ms. of each other. Below Nickajack, the now large volume of Tenn. continues s. w. 60 ms., without receiving a single creek of 20 ms. course, the two bounding mountain chains still inclining upon each other, till their ap- proaching bases force the river through the Cumberland chain. To one whose eye first glanced on the volume of Tenn., below its passage through Cumberland mtn., without previous knowledge of the valley above, no adequate idea would occur, that before it, flowed the accumulated waters of a moun- tainous region of 24,000 sq. ms. extent. In fact, to an observer, thus placed, the main vol- ume of Term, would appear as one of the con- stituents of a river valley below the Cumber- land chain. About 20 ms. below the pas- sage of Tenn r. through it, the Cumberland mountain receives the Blue Ridge, if such a term can be correctly applied to the merging of two mtn. chains. Here, along the nrthrn. sources of Mobile basin, the Appalachian system changes its distinctive character, and the confused masses of hills follow each other wstrdly. toward the Miss. The Tenn. river deflects rather more than does the mtn. sys- tem, and flows n. w. by w. by comparative courses 120 ms., to -the nrthvvstrn. angle of Ala., and the nrthestrn. of Miss., where this l.-irge stream again bends at nearly right an- gles, and pursues a course of a very little w. of N. 150 ms., to Its entrance into the Ohio, after an entire comparative course of 680 ms. The second great section of Tenn., and the lower part of the first, below Nickajack, are comprised in tlie fine northern valley of Ala. The main volume flowing along the base of a physical, extending from the Ohio valley in the vicinity of Pittsburg, to the nrthrn. part of the basin of Mobile. The very striking coin- cidence of tiic river inflections between the extremes of this region, must appear to the TEN 542 TEN most inattentive observer of a good map ofi Tennessee, state of the U.S., bounded by that part of the U. S. This regularity oflN. C. e., Geo. s. e., Ala. s., state of Miss, structure is evinced by the great inflections of| s. w., river Miss, separating it from Ark. w., Ohio, Kenhawa, Kentucky, Green, Cumber- and state of Mo. n. \v., state of Kentucky n., land, and Tennessee rivers. The Tenn. it-i and Va. n. e. If we commence the outline of self literally occupies the base of the physical, this state on the southern boundary of Va. it region indicated, as in all its comparative ( will thence have a boundary, in common with course below Nickajack, or its entrance into; N. C, along the mainspine of the Appalachian Ala., of 330 ms., it does not receive a singlej mtns. to the northwestrn angle of Macon co. confluent above the size of a large creek, nori 168 ms. ; due s. along the western boundary does the outer selvedge of its valley on the left, in Ala., Miss., Tenn., and Ky., exceed a mean breadth of 20 ms. On the right, embo- somed between Tenn. and Cumberland rivers, and comprising central Tenn., and northern Ala., spreads a physical region, extending from Cumberland mtn. to the lower reach of Tenn. r., 130 ms., with a mean breadth of 80 ms., and an area of 10,400 sq. ms. This beautiful tract is semicircled by the main vol- ume of Tenn., and drained by Elk r.. Duck r., and innumerable creeks. Below Duck r., however, Tenn. receives no confluent from either side of any magnitude worthy notice in a general view. Including all its sections, the lower valley of Tenn. comprises an area of 17,600 sq. ms. ; and the whole valley em- braces a superficies of 41,600 sq. ms. This extent of Tenn. valley, if compared with the whole valley of Ohio, spreads over very nearly 1-5 part, and gives to Tenn. the first rank among the confluents of Ohio. Amongst the peculiar features of the course of Tenn., the most remarkable is, that rising as far A', as lat. 37° 10', and curving thence southward to lat. 34° 23', it again recurves back to its ori- ginal lat., and falls into the Ohio r. almost ex- actly due w. from its primitive springs in Tazewell co. ; thus embosoming nearly the whole large valley of Cumberland, and part of that of Green river. Geographically, Ten. valley lies between n. lat. 34° 10' and 37° 10', and in long, between 4° 15' and 1 1° 40' vv. W. C. It is the first and largest, advancing from the s., of those streams gushing from the ele- vated slopes of the Appalachian ridges, and which flow vvstrd. into the great basin of the Miss. In relative height, there is above 1,700 feet difTcrence between the highest and low- est extremes of Tenn. valley. The arable surface of Tazewell and Wythe cos., from where the fountains of Kenhawa and Holston have their origin, must be at least 2,000 feet above the Atlantic tides ; whilst that of Ohio r., at the influx of Tenn., but little exceeds 300 feet. The dilference is fully an equiva- lent for 4° of lat., and accounts for the rapid changes of climate experienced on lines of lat. in Tenn. The current of every branch of Tenn. is very rapid, though direct falls are rare, and even dangerous shoals are not com- mon. Of the latter, those particularly called Muscle Shoals, between Lauderdale and Law. rence cos. Al., are most renuirkable and dif- ficult to navigate. The whole river, howev. er, having a mean fall exceeding 2 feet to the mile, is only favorable to down stream navi- of Macon co. to the northern boundary of Georgia, 20 ms. ; due w. along the northern boundary of Geo. and n, lat. 35°, to the north- western angle of Alabama, 90 ms. ; continu- ing the last noted line along the northern boundary of Ala. to Ten. river, and to the north eastern angle of the state of Miss. 145 ms. ; still continuing due w. along the north- ern boundary of the state of Miss, to the Miss, river, 110 ms. ; thence up the latter stream by comparative courses, opposite the Terri- tory Ark. and sthestrn. angle of the state of Mo. 100 ms. ; continuing up the Miss, river to the northwestern angle of Ten. and to the southwestern of Kentucky, 70 ms. ; thence due E. along the southern boundary of Ken- tucky to Tennessee river, 80 ms. ; thence up Tennessee r., 12 ms. ; thence by a line a lit- tle s. of E. along the sthrn. boundary of Ky. to Cumberland mtns. and to the s. w. angle of Virginia, 268 miles ; thence along the southern boundary of Va. and to place of be- ginning, 108 ms. ; having an entire outline of 1,171 ms. Lying between lat. 35° and 36°37'N., and long. 4° 39' and 13° 14' w. VV. C. The longest line that can be drawn on any state of the U. S. is a diagonal over Ten., from the nrthestrn. to the stlnvstrn. an- gle, by calculation, s. 77°, w. or n. 77°, e. within a fraction of 500 ms. The mean length is about 400 ms., and the mean width being 114, the area of the state comes out 45,- 600 sq. ms. , equal to 29, 184,000 statute acres. This area exceeds what is commonly assign- ed to Ten., but following the most recent and accurate delineations on Tanner's map, is very near the real superficies of that state. By reference to our notice of Ten. river and valley, it will be seen how much the physiog- nomy of the state of the same name is influ- enced by the peculiar course of its rivers. Dividing this state into physical sections, and taking the mtns. as lines of demarcation, it presents two unequal sections ; one the small, er above, and the second and larger below, the Cumberland chain. The higlier and in- ferior section is entirely in the valley of Ten., and in length diagonally from s. w. to n. e. 280 ins., with a mean width of 57, and area 15,960, or very nearly one third of the state. This comparatively elevated and diversified region, is, in air, water, and surface, amongst the most delightful portions of the U. S. The soil is also much of it excellent, but the relative elevation gives to vegetable life a more northern effect than that found on sim- ilar lat. s., either on the Atlantic coast, or on gallon, which it admits in most of its branches 'the wstrn. section of Ten. near the I\liss. to near their sources. 'On lower Ten., cotton is a staple production, TEN 543 whilst the climate of the upper section is Uonnties more congenial to grasses, including the bread grain, or cerealia. The declivity of upper Ten. is to the s. w., and as already shown, by a rather rapid descent. Lower or western Ten. is subdivided by ifs rivers into two sections. That part comprised in the valley of Ten. river, has been noticed un- der the head of that stream, but to the nrthrd. of Ten. valley, the state embraces a large and very important section of that of Cumber- land river. The latter tract is 250 ms. in length, along the line of demarcation between the states of Ky. and Ten., with a mean width of 40 ms., or 10,000 sq. ms. The area comprised in the valley of Ten. is about 170 ms. long., with a mean breadth of 70, or em- bracing an area of 11, 900 sq. ms. Including the part of Ten. comprised in both the val- leys of Ten. and Cumberland, below Cum- berland mtn., we have an area of 21,900 sq. ms., which added to 15,960 comprised in up- per Ten. yield 37,860 sq. ms. in the eastern and middle sections of the state. The gen- ,eral declivity of central or middle Ten. is wstrd., though the course of Ten. r. is here almost to the due n. Advancing still wstrd. of the valley of Ten. we arrive on a slope drain. ed by numerous small streams direct into the Miss. This wstrn. inclined plane, comprising 7,740 sq. ms. may be both politically and natur- ally denominated wstrn. Ten. It is drained by Obion, Forked Deer, Big Hatchee, and Wolf rivers. These streams have corresponding curves, first flowing northwestardly, thence w. and s. w., giving a general western decliv. ity to the plain of descent, which commenc- ing about 25 ms. from the main channel of Ten. falls gently toward the Mississippi. In its natural state Ten. was covered with a dense forest. The great features along its very elongated declivity of 500 ms., are vari- ed and strongly contrasted. E. Ten. mountain- ous or very hilly, with excellent river soil, pre- sents a most seductive region to the eye : middle, or central Ten. less bold in its phys- iognomy, but with a much larger proportion of productive soil, is followed by the western section ; the features of nature from the Cum- berland chain, imperceptibly softening, until finally sunk into the annually inundated banks of the Miss. The whole state has sufficient soil to admit a dense population. Agreeable to the returns of the recent congress of 1830, Middle and Western Ten., containing, as stated in this article, 29,640 sq. ms., has a pop. of 488,448, having had in 1820 only 287,- 501, exhibiting a gain in the 10 years, from 1820 to 1830, of almost 70 per cent. The pro- digious capacity for future increase may be estimated by the fact, that the existing pop. of the two lower sections of Ten. is distributive- ly only 16 to the sq. mile ; and this on a re- gion, over which 10 fold more on an equal sur- 1 sons face, would be far from too great density for the soil. Political subdivisions. — Tennessee is di- vided into the counties of : TEN Pop. 1820. Pop. 1830. Anioi, Anderson, 4,668 5,312 Bedford, 16,012 30,444 Bledsoe, 4,005 6,448 Blount, 1 l,2.i8 11,027 Ctimphell, 4,244 5,110 Carroll, 9,378 Carter, 4,835 6,418 Clierokee NiUion, Claiborne, 5,508 8,470 L-'oclce, 4,s;)2 6,048 Dai'idson, 20, 1 5 1 28,122 Dickson, 6,190 7,261 Dyer, 1,904 Fayette, 8,654 Fentress, 2,760 Fr.-inkliii, 16,5?1 15,644 Gibson, 5,801 Giles, 12,5.58 18,920 Grainger, 7,651 1(1,066 Greene, 11,221 14,110 Hardiman, 11,628 Hamilton, S2I 2,274 Hardin, 1,462 4,867 Hawkins, 10,949 13,683 Haywood, 5,366 Henderson, 8,741 Henry, 12,230 Hickman 6,080 8,132 Hninphries, 4,067 6,189 Jackson, 7,593 9,902 .JelFerson, S,9,^3 11,799 Knox, 13,034 14,498 Lawrence, 3,271 5,412 Lincoln, 14,701 22,086 McMinn, 6,623 14,497 McNairy, 5,097 Madison, 11,750 Marion, 3,888 5,516 Maury, 22,141 28,1.53 Monroe, 2,529 13,709 Montgomery, 12,219 14,365 Morgan, 1,676 2,5S2 Obion, 2,099 Overton, 7,IR8 8,246 Perry, 2,.SS4' 7,038 Rhea, 4,215 8,182 Rhoan, 7,895 11,340 Robertson, 7,270 13,802 Kntherford, 19,552 26,133 ■Sevier, 4,772 5,117 Shrby, 354 5,652 Smith, 17,580 21,492 Stewart, 8,397 6,988 Sullivan, 7,015 10,073 Sumner, 19,211 20,606 Tipton, .5,317 Warren, 10,348 1.5,351 Wa.shington, 9,557 10,995 Wayne, 2,459 6,013 Weakly, 4,796 White, 8,701 9,967 WiIliami3on, 20,640 26,608 Wilson, 18,730 25,477 Of whom in 1830 , there were white per- sons — Males. Fenialps. ^Tnder 5 years of age 59,576 65,399 Prom 5 to lU 45,355 42,9/5 10 to lo 36,044 33,556 TEN 544 TEN From 15 10 20 29,247 20 to 30 44,982 30 to 40 25,111 40 to 50 !.-,,! 10 50 to GO 11,188 60 to 70 5,543 70 to 80 2,102 80 to OO 657 no to ion lOu 100 r\n<[ ipwaids 32 T.-,' 275,068 42,970 23,545 15,264 9,279 4; 541 1,855 542 114 28 260,680 ! Of which were deaf and dumb under 14 years of age, 129 ; 14 to 25, 59 ; 25 and up- wards 54. Blind 176. Of the colored popu- lation were — Free. Male. Female, Under 10 years of age 842 From 10 to 24 583 24 to 36 361 36 to 55 321 55 to 100 216 100 and upwards 7 27-2 27,713 626 23,431 359 11,260 285 6,020 187 1,729 6 63 Total 2,330 2,225 70,216 30,616] continued nevertheless between the parties through the revolutionary war. As early as 1776, vA^en the first repulican constitution of N. C. was framed and went inlo operation, deputies from Ten. appeared in the first state assembly. Though many previous, but abortive attempts had been made to settle w. Ten., the country around where Nashville now stands, was found a wilderness in 1779. The militia of Ten. gave themselves conse- quence in the eyes of their countrymen by the share they had on Oct. 7th, 1780, in defeat- ing the British and tories at King's Moun- tain. In 1783, a land office was opened ; courts of justice had been established and opened the previous year. In 1784, by a law of N. C. a provisional cession of what now constitutes Ten. was made to the U. S. This 24,145 j act was repealed, but had permanent effect, 6519 i ^^ under its influence the people formed an in- l^SOi j cipienl independent state government, under 41 , the name of Frankland. These steps led to ^"~~: anarchy. N. C. claimed jurisdiction, as did ' '■ 'also the constituted authorities of the state-of Frankland. In the contest power prevailed, and the state of Frankland disappeared. The struggle led to many acts of civil commotion, which were not terminated until after 1790, when Ten. was finally ceded to the U. S. la May 1790, by a law of congress, the country was made a territory by the nam^ of " the Territory s. of the river Ohio." In Nov. 1791, the first printing press was established at Slaves. Male. Fem. 26,568 i Of the colored pop. were deaf and dumb un- der 14 years of age, 13 ; from 14 to 25, 9 ; 25 and upwards 6. Blind, 37. Recapitulation. Whites. Free col'd. Slaves. Total. 535,748 4,555 141,603 681,906 History. — The territory now comprised in Ten. was included in the 2d charter of N.C., granted by Charles II. in 1664, but no settle- ment of whites was made so far westward JRogersville, and on the 5th of the same month tintil 1754, when a few families fixed them- kvas issued the first newspaper.the Knoxville selves on Cumberland river, but were driven | Gazette. On June 1st, 1796, Ten. was for- away by the savages. The first permanenti mally admitted into the Union as a state of the ■settlement in Ten., was made by the found- confederacy. Since her introduction into the ingof fort London in 1757. According to family of republics, the advance of Ten. in Flint, fort London stood on Little Ten., a j population and wealth has been constant and mile above the mouth of Tellico. This! peaceable. In the late war her troops acted place is now included in Blount co. Before , a most honorable part, as they have in reality me lies Pownall's map, founded on Evan's ;| since the original settlement in the middle of the latter published in 1755. On this sheet j the last century. Governmant. — Vested in it is noted that the farthest settlements of Va. a biennally chosen general assembly, corn- westward in 1755, were on the heads of Blue Stone branch of Great Kenhawa, and those of Clinch and Holston. Ten. was then one wide wilderness. As noticed in the article Ten. Proper, the course of original settle- ment was from N. C. into the valley of that stream, and fort London was the cradle. This fort was attacked, however, and taken by the Indians in 1760, when upwards of 200 men. posed of senators and members of assembly ; who to be eligible must have resided in the state three years, and in the co. whence se- lected one year next before their election ; and must have in possession, in full right, 200 acres of land. The number of representa- tives never to exceed 40, and the senators never to be more than one half, or less than one third of the representatives. The exec- women, and children were massacred. In utive power is vested in a governor biennial 1761, the important campaign under Col Grant broke the power of the savages. A treaty was made which encouraged emi- grants. About 1765, settlements began on Holston and gradually increased. Though harrassed by Indian warfare, the hardy fron- tier men penetrated deeper and deeper into the forest, and at the opening of the revolu- tionary war, were sufficiently strong to meet ly elected, and eligible 6 years in 8 ; and to be eligible must possess, in full right, a free hold of 500 acres of land, have arrived at the age of 35 years, and have beenn resident in the state 4 years next preceding his election. The judiciary is vested in such superior and inferior courts as the legislature may, from time to time appoint. Judges appointed by joint ballot of both houses of the general as- their savage enemies. Col. John Sevier was sembly, hold their offices during good be- the Tennessean hero of that period. In June, I havior, and removable by impeachment. The 1776, the inhabitants, aided by a few Virginia i right of suffrage secured to every free white soldiers, defeated the Indians. Hostilities! male citizen of 21 years of age and upwards, TER 545 THE who either possesses a free hold in the coun- ty where he oflere to vote, or who has resid- ed in the county six months previous to the election day. Staple productions. — To enu- merate the staples of this state would be to give a list of nearly every vegetable and me- tallic substance produced in the U. S, The higher part of the state is most favorable to grain ; the lower to cotton. Iron is made in several places. The Cumberland river is navigated by steamboats to Nashville, and all the large rivers of the state, for down boats to near their sources. Ediicaiioji. — For the advancement of the higher branches of edu- cation, the principal seminaries in Ten. are the Nashville university, at Nashville ; East Ten. college at Knoxville ; Greenville col- lege, at Greenville, Greene co.; and at Mary- ville, thest. jus. Blount co., the sthrn. and wstrn. Theological seminary. Teni*;0;ssee riveh, p-o. Haywood co. N. C, situated in the nrthrn. part of the co., by p-r. 343 ms. w. Raleigh. Tennessee iron works, and p-o. Dickson CO. Ten., 50 ms. wstrd. Nashville. Tensaw, r. of Ala. The Tensaw is an outlet from Mobile river, about 8 ms. below the junction of Ala. and Tombigbec riv- ers. It is about 35 ms. comparative length, winds along, or near the eastern margin of the innundated tract above Mobile bay ; is navi- gable, passes Blakely, and is lost in Mobile bay 4 or 5 ms. e. the town of Mobile. Tensaw, r. of La., has its extreme Bource from Grand lake, and in the southeastern an- glc of Chicot CO. and of the territory of Ark., but immediately enters Ouachita parish. La., and flowing a little s. of s. w. and nearly parallel to the general course of the Miss., by comparative courses about 110 ms. to its junction with Ouachita to form Black r. The Tensaw is the drain of the inundated tract w. the Miss, in the parishes of Ouachita and Concordia. Tensaw, p-o. on the last noted river, Bald- win CO. Ala., by p-r. 32 ms. n. Blakely, and 196 a little w. of s. Tuscaloosa. Teoronto Bay, Penfield, Monroe co. N.Y.. makes up from lake Ontario, 1 m. by 5. Terre Bonne (good or fertile land,] parish of La., bounded by Atchafalaya bay, and par- ish of St. Mary's w., LaFourche Interior (In- terior La Fourche) n. n.e. and e., and by the Gulf of Mexico s. e. s. and s. w. Greatest length from the mouth of La Fourche r. to Point au Fer, at the sthrn. entrance of Atcha- falnya bay 90 ms., mean breadth 20, and area 1,800 sq.ms. Extending in lat. from n. lat. 29° to 29° 42', and in long. W. C. \3° 08' to 14° 35'. The surface very near that of a dead, plain, the slight elevation of the alluvial banks of some of the streams excepted ; and with the same partial exception devoid of timber. What very slight slope exists is sthrd., and in that direction it is traversed by Terre Bonne, Grande and Petite Cailloux, and Bayou Bopuf. Where the soil ia arable, it is of exuberant fertility, and the climate completely within 69 the range of sugar cane. Except the small islets at the s. w. Pass of the Mississippi, the capo of Terre Bonne is the most sthrn. part of La. Chief t., Williamsburgh. Pop. 1830, 2,121. Terre Com'EE, p-v. St. Joseph's co. Ind. In the p-o. list it is stated at 245 ms. from In- dianopolis by the p-r., though the actual dis- tance between the two places falls short of 150 ms., direction very nearly n. and s. Terre Haute, p-v. and st. jus. Vigo co. Ind., by p-r. 83 ms. s. w. by w. Indianopolis, and 60 ms. by the land road above and n. Vin- cennes. N. lat. 39° 30', long. W. C. 10° 27' w. Terrvsville, p-v. Abbeville dist. S. C, by p-r. 116 ms. wstrd. Columbin. Terrytown, p. v. Bradford co. Pa., by p-r. 142 ms. nrthrd. Harrisbuig. Tewkseury, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 20 ms. N.w. Boston, has Merrimack r. n., and Concord r. w., which flows into it, and sepa- rates the town from Chelmsford and Lowell. N. it is hilly, and stony, with pretty good soil ; in othef parts nearly level and poor. The Merrimack, at Hunt's falls, descends 40 feet in one-fourth mile, and this is the head ofnav- igation on that stream. When the water is high, rafts easily descend. Above this fall the r. is joined by the Middlesex canal. Bel- videre v. is in the n. w. corner of the t. at the junction of Concord and Merrimack rs. It is connected with the great and flourishing man- ufacturing V. of Lowell by a bridge across the former stream. Pop. 18.30, 1,527. Tewkseury, p-t. Hunterdon co. N. J., 45 ms.N. Trenton, has Morris co. n., Somerset CO. e., with a range of hills crossing it, and its eastern boundary line formed by Allama- tong river, a branch of the Raritan. It con- tains the village of New Germantown. Pop. 1830, 1,659. Thames, river. Conn., is formed by the con- fluence of the Quinebaug and Shetucket, «fc at Norwich takers the name of the Thames. It flows thence to New London harbor 14 ms., and affords sloop navigation from Nor- wich Landing to Long Isl. sound. A steam, boat plies between New York and Norwich. The banks of this stream are pleasant and va- riegated. It flows through the old Mohegan country, and the reserved lands of that tribe lie on its w. banks, a little below Norwich. At the w. point of Now London harbor is a light house, and within it are 2 forts, one of which, in Groton, was the scene of British cruelty in the revolutionary war, and is now marked by an obehsk, erected to the memory of the defenders. The Pocket, p-v. Moore co. N. C, by p-r. 82 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. Uncouth as this name may sound, it is that givon in the p-o. list, thus " (The) Pocket." Thetford, p-t. Orange co.Vt., 34 ms. s. e. Montpelier, 28 n. e. Windsor ; first settled about 1764 ; is crossed by Ompompanoosuc river, which here receives a branch, and both these streams aiTord mill sites. North is one half of Fairlee laike. There are other ponds, THO 546 THO one of which, containing nine acres, is only about 25 feet from the bank of Conn, river, which is 100 feet below. It has neither inlet nor outlet, falls two or three feet in summer, and abounds in fish. Between the pond and the river passes a road. Galena is found here, which yields 75 per cent of lead. The surface is uneven, and somewhat rocky. An academy was established here 1819. There are several villages. Pop. 1830, 2,113. Thibadeauxville, p-v. and st. of jus. parish of La Fourche, interior La. ; situated on the left bank of La Fourche r., about 35 ms. s. e. and below Donaldsonville ; n. lat. 29° 46', long. 13° 48' w. W. C. Thickety Fork, and p-o. northeast part of Spartanburg district, S. C, by p-r. 115 ms. n. N. w. Columbia. Thomas, co. of Geo., bounded w. by Deca- tur, N. w. by Baker, n. by Irwin, e. by Lown- des, s. by Jefferson co. Flor., and s. w. by Le- on CO. Flor. Length from s. to n. 50 miles, mean breadth 30, and area 1,500 sq. ms. n. lat. 31° and long. 7° w. W. C, intersect very near the centre of this co. The declivity southward ; the western part drained by Ock- lockonnee, and the eastern by Suwanee river. Chief town, Thomasville. Pop. 1830, 3,299. Thomaston, p-t. Lincoln co. Me., 49 ms. s. E. Augusta, 85 e. n. e. Portland, 36 e. Wis- casset ; is of irregular form, with Waldo co. N., Penobscot bay e., and Saint George's river on part of the w. line; is of irregular form. It contains abundant quarries of lime stone, which is burnt in great quantities, and known in the ports of the United States for its good quality. About 150,000 casks have been sent out of Thomaston for 20 years past. The Saint George is navigable to this t. m large ships, 12 ms. from the ocean. The state pris- on is situated on the bank of this stream, in a tract of 10 acres, including a marble quarry. Excellent bluish granite is brought up from quarries below, on the river, which the con- victs are employed in cutting. The plan of the building, and the system of discipline, are conformed to those of Auburn, Sing Sing, &c. The keeper's house is 30 feet by 40, the hos. pital 23 by 48, and there are 50 cells in the prison, all of stone, surrounded by a stone wall. A considerable number of vessels are owned here, and there is an active coasting trade to different parts of the country, chiefly for the transportation of lime ; a bank, &c. The seat of the late Gen. Knox, is one of the finest in this part of the country. Pop. 1830, 4,214. Thomaston, late Upson C. H., p-v. and st. jus. Upson CO. Geo., by p-r. 87 ms. a little s. of w. Milledgeville ; n. lat. 32° 52', long. W. C. 7° 27' w. Thomasville, p-v. and st. of jus. Thomas CO. Geo., situated in the forks ofOcklockon- nee river, about 160 miles in a direct line, but by p-r. 235 miles s. s. w. Milledgeville ; n. lat. 30° 58', long. 7° 04' w. W. C. Thompson, p-t. Windham co. Conn., 46 ms. E. N. E. Hartford, 26 n. w. Providence ; has Massachusetts n., and Rhode Island e., tmd is crossed by Quinebaug river, and French and Five Mile rivers, its branches ; on which streams are excellent mill seats, and which afford fish. The surface is hilly. On French river is, first, Mr. Wilson's sattinet factory, with 14 looms, making 65,000 yards annually ; then, 3 miles belo'v, Messrs. Andrews and Fisher's, a stone factory, 100 feet long, with 2,200 spindles, and 52 looms, making 350,- 000 yards of printing cloths for calico. Ma- conville, 1 mile below, contains Masons and Thatcher's factory, with 2,436 spindles, and 60 looms, making 250,000 yards of shir- tings. Near the junction of French river and the Quinebaug is Randall & Co's. factory, with 900 spindles, and 18 looms. Pop. 1830, 3,383. Thompson, p-t. and st. jus. Sullivan co. N. Y., 113 ms. s. s. w. Albany, 34 from New. burgh; has Oransfe co. s. ; watered by Navi- sink, Mongaup, Sheldrake and other creeks, with a variety of surface, soil, and tim- ber. Monticello village contains the county buildings, and is 110 ms. from Albany. Pop. 1830, 2,457. Thompson, p-v. Geauga co. Ohio, by p-r. 184 ms. n. e. Columbus. Thompson's, p-o. western part of Fairfield district, S. C, by p-r. 24 ms. n. n. w. Colum- bia. Thompson's Cross Roads, and p-o. Louisa CO. Va., by p-r. 45 ms. n. w. Richmond. Thompson's Store, and p-o. in the northern part of Hanover CO. Va., by p-r. 46 ms. north- ward Richmond. Thompson's Store, and p-o. southern part of Anderson district, S. C, by p-r. 121 ms. N. w. by w. Columbia. Thompsontown, and p-o. Mifflin co. Pa., by p-r. 34 ms. n. n. w. Harrisburg. Thompsonsville, p-o. Culpepper co. Va., by p-r. 75 miles s. w. by w. W. C. Thornburgh, p-v. Spotsylvania co. Va., by p-r. 70 ms. s. w. W. C. Thorndike, p-t. Waldo co. Me., 40 ms. n. E. Augusta ; is bounded by right lines, cross. ed by the branches of a stream flowing n. w. into Sebasticook river, and approaches near- ly to Penobscot co. n. e. Pop. 1830, 652. Thornbury, p-v. eastern part of Chester co. Pa., by p-r. 119 miles n. e. W. C, and 18 ms. southwestward Phil. Thorn Hill, p-v. Orange co. N. C, by p-r. 92 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. Thornton, p-t. Grafton co. N. H., 58 ms. from Concord, 12 from Plymouth, 120 from Boston ; is crossed by Pemigewasset river N. and s., and has Mad river and several oth- er small streams. There are valuable mead- ows, and no high hills ; first settled 1770. Pop. 1830, 1,049. Thornton, p-v. Delaware co. Pa., by p-r. 119 ms. N. E. W. C. Thornton's Gap, & p-o. in the Blue Ridge, western part of Culpepper co. Va., by p-r. 102 miles N. w. by w. W. C, and 120 n. w. Rich- mond. TIS 547 TIO TnoRNTOWN, p-v. Boone co. Ind., by p-r. 62 1 Pop. 1830, 1 thousand 9 hundred nhiety-six. ms. N. w. Indiaaopolis TuoRNvir.i.K, p-v. in the northwest angle of'| 8.5 ms. n. Columbus. Perry co. Ohio, by p-r. 37 ms. e. Columbus. Thoroughfare, p-o. Prince William coun- ty, Va., by p-r. 47 miles s. w. VV. C. Three Forges, and p-o. Bedford co. Pa., by p-r. 140 ms. n. w. W. C. Three Forks, p-o. Barren county, Ky., by p-r. 123 ms. s. s. w. Frankfort. Three Springs, and p-o. southeastern part of Huntingdon county. Pa., by p-r. 73 miles westward Harrisburg. Throg's Neck, or Point,Westchester, West- chester CO. N. Y., the N. point of East river, and marks the w. termination of Long Island sound. It presents a low, broken, sandy bank E., on which the U. S. government have erect- ed a light house. It forms a small peninsula. Throopsville, p-v. Mentz, Cayuga co. N. Y., 3 ms. N. Auburn, on Owasco inlet. Thousand Isles, in the r. St. Lawrence, extend from the e. end of lake Ontario 30 ms. down that stream, and are of various size and form. The principal are Carleton and Welles isls. in N. York and Grand isl. U. Canada. Tick Creek, and p-o. southern part Chat- ham CO. N. C, 44 ms. southwestwaru Ra- leiffh. TicoNDEROGA, p-t. Essex CO. N. Y., 96 ms. N. Albany, 3 s. Elizabethtown, has lake Champlain and Vt. e., Warren co. s., and in- cludes the lower part of lake George. Fine levels extend near the lake, with fine swells rising behind, and several high mtns. rise in different parts of the town, some of which, as well as several spots on the lower ground, have been rendered interesting by historical events of importance. The ruins of fort Ti- conderoga occupy the s. point of a promonto- ry, below which bends lake Chainplain, just before it spreads n'. to a greater breadth than before, and opposite are mounts Defiance and Independence, with the narrow part of the lake between them, the former an abrupt ele- vation, 720 feet high, covered with forests, in this town, and the latter of inferior height and in Vt. The outlet of lake Geo. 3 ms long, flows in the s. part of Ticondcroga, and en- ters the lake between mount Defiance, and fort Ticonderoga at Swords point, between a tract of beautiful meadows. It has 3 falls, in all 157 feet, and turns some mills. The pro- montory is now overgrown by young timber, which has grown since the desertion of the fortress. About 500 acres were inclosed by a breastwork across the isthmus, by the French, who defended it against Gen. Aber- crombie in 1748. Gen. Amherst took the fortress, the following year. It was taken by surprise in 1775, by a small party of men from Vt., commanded by Ethan Allen, but evacuated in 1777, by the American troops. on the ajiproach of Gen. Burgoyne, who took » his cannon to the top of mount Defiance, and Tiffin, p-v. and st. Seneca co. O., by p-r. It is situated on the right bank of Sandusky r. Lat. 41° 08', long. W. C. 4° 10' w. Pop. 1830, 248. Tiffins, r. of Mich, and O. rising in the" former, interlocking sources with those of the r. Raisin of lake Erie, and St. Joseph of Mau- niee. Formed by crs. issuing from Lenawee and Hillsdale COS. Mich., Tiffins r. flows s., enters O. traversing Henry and Williams cos., and falling into Maumee r. at fort Defiance just above, but on the contrary side from the influx of au Glaize r. Comparative length 50 ms. TiMBALLiER, bay of La. extends westward from the mouth of La Fourche r. about 30 ms. with a width of from 3 to G ms. It has the same mouth with La Fourche, and is separated from the gulf of Mexico by a long low pen- insula or island. It is shallow, with a san- dy or muddy bottom. Timderlake's p-o. Campbell co. Ky., by p-r. 71 ms. N. N. E. Frankfort. Timpson's Creek, and p-o. sthrn. part Ra- bun CO. Geo. by p-r. 9 ms. s. Clayton, the co. St., and 165 ms. n. Milledgeville. TiNicuM, island and creek, and also tsp. Bucks CO. Pa. The creek falls into Del. r. opposite the island, and the tsp. lies along both sides of the creek and on the Del. river between the tsps. of Noxamixon and Plump, stead, about 38 ms. northward Phila. TiNicuM, island and tsp. Del. co. Pa. The island lies in Del. r. below the mouth of Dar- ley creek. Both the island and the adjacent shores are flat, and employed principally as grazing farms. Tinmouth, p-t. Rutland co. Vt., 41 ms, n. Bennington, 8 s. Rutland, 81 from Montpelier, first settled 1770, is crossed by Furnace brook ; n. Little West r., a branch of Otter creek, which flows between two ranges of mountains. There are several quarries of marble, and plenty of iron ore, which supplies several furnaces and forges in this town. Pop. 1830, 1,049. Tioga, r. or Chemung, a w. branch of Sus- quehannahr. rises in Pa., runs n. into Steuben CO. N. Y., which it crosses to Painted Post, where it meets Conhocton r., and then turn- ing back into Pa., meets the e. branch at Tioga point. It flows about 50 ms. in N. Y., and with its branches, is navigable in boats. The Chemung canal connects this stream with Seneca lake. (See Susquehannah r.) Tioga, co. N. Y., bounded by Tompkins co. and parts of Steuben and Cortlandt cos. n., Broome co. e.. Pa. s., the boundary being the 42d degree of lat., and Steuben co. w., about 180 miles w. Albany, contains 18 townships, is crossed in the s. e. by Susquehannah river, and Chemung or Tioga river, s. w., which meet 3 ms. s. of the Penn. line. Owego cr. on the E. line, and Catetant and Cayuta crs. which cross this co. aflbrd boat and raft nav- thus secured the command of the place, from igation. There are few manufactories, 2 a position before considered inaccessible. A I woollen, and 1 furnace. The surface is hilly, ferry crosses the lake to Shoreham, Vermont.' Pop. Ib20, 14,716, 1830, 27,690. TIV 548 TOM TroGA, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y. 10 ms. w. Owego, 180 from Albany, has Pa. s., is crossed by the e. branch of Susquehannah, and has Cayuta creek w. The surface is generally broken, and the soil poor, with some rich but narrow vallics. Pop. 1830, 1,411. Tioga, co. Pa., bounded e. by Bradford, s. E. and s. by Lycoming, w. by Potter, ■ and N. by Steuben co. N. Y. Length 36 miles, mean width 32, and area 1,152 square miles. Extending in lat. from 41° 32' to 42° and in long, from 0° 04' e., to 0° 40' w. W. C. Sur- face composed of two declivities ; that com- prising the central and northern sections, and drained by the Tioga r., falls to tiie n. e. The opposite declivity slopes to the s. w., and is drained by the sources of Pine creek. The mean arable surface of Tioga, exceeds 1,000 feet above the Atlantic level. Chief town, Wellsboro. Pop. 1820, 4,021, 1830, 9,071. TioNESTA, p-v. Armstrong co. Pa. New name, without relative distances on the gene- ral post office list. TiouGiiNioGA, creek, N. Y., rises in Onon- daga CO., and flows through parts of Cortlandt and Broome cos. to Chenango river after a course of about 55 ms. TiPTo\, CO. Ten. bounded by Dyer n., Haywood e., Lafayette s. e., Shelby a. and s. w., and- the Mississippi river, separa- ting it from Crittenden co. Ark. w. Length 30 ms., mean width 23, and area 600 scjuare ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 23' to 3.5° 48', and in long, from 12° 32' to 13° w. W. C. The declivity is westward toward the the Miss. r. the northern part traversed by Forked Deer, and the southern by Big Ilat- chee rs. Chief town, Covington. Pop. 1830, 5,317. TiPTONSPouT, p-v. and st. jus. Carroll co. Indiana, on Wabash r. by p-r. 94 ms. a little w. of N. Indianopolis. Lat. 40° 31,' long. 9° 40' w. W. C. TicO; p-v. Richland co. O., by p-r. 20 ms. N. N. w. Mansfield, the co. St., and 83 ms. n. Columbus. TisBL'RY, p-t. Duke's CO. Mass. 85 ms. s. e. Tody, p.v, northwestern angle of Armstrong CO. Pa., about 55 ms. a little e. of n. Pittsburg, and by p-r. 236 ms. n. w. W. C. Tony's Creek. {See Clarion river.) Todd, co. Ky., bounded w. by Christiana, N. by Muhlenburg, e. by Logan, and s. by Montgomery CO. Ten. Length from s. to n. 36 ms., mean width 17, and area 612 square ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 37' to 37° 06', antl in long, from 10° 04' to 10° 22' w. W, C. ^Todd occupies a part of the summit ground from which the waters flow north- wardly into Green river and southwardly in- to Cumberland. Chief town, Elkton. Pop. 1820, 5,089, 1830, 8,683. ToLi.AND, p-t. Hampden co. Mass. 125 ms, s. w. Boston, has the line of Connecticut s. The surface is varied by largo swells, and is crossed by Farmington river. Pop. 1830, 723. Tolland, co. Conn., bounded by Mass. n., Windham co. e., New London co. s., Hartford CO. w., about 15 ms. by 22, with 337 square ms. and 12 townships. The w. part is nearly level, with a light but good soil, and few stones ; in the e. is the granite range, which is mountainous, and but partially cultivated. Scantic, Salmon, and Hockanura rivers, and their branches water the w. and s., and Willi, mantic and Hop rivers the e. Pop. 1820, 14,330, 1830, 18,702. Tolland, p-t. and st. jus. Tolland co. Coim., 17 ms. n. e. Hartford, 52 n. e. New Haven, 42 n. w. New London, has Williman- tic river on the e. line, and is generally rough and stony, with good grazing land. Oak and chestnut prevail in the forests. The earth affords granite, and iron ore. Snipsic pond is 2 ms. but narrow. The village is in ihe c6ntro, on a plain, with the county buildings, bank, &c. Pop. 1830, 1,698. To.MBiGBEE, river of Miss, and Ala., is the great western constituent of Mobile, and is formed by 2 branches, Tombigbee proper, and Black Warrior. (See article Black Warrior.) Tombigbee has its most remote source in the territory of the Chickasaw Indians, northern part of the state of Miss., interlocking sources Boston, on Martha's Vineyard, has the Vine- 1 with those of Bear creek, branch of Ten., Big yard sound on the n. w. with the harbor of Holme's Hole n., where vessels often enter which are prevented from proceeding round Cape Cod shoal by contrary winds. This har- bor is safe, and frequently affords protection to foreign ships as well as coasters. Near the harbor is a small village. Pop. 1830, 1,317. TiTL's' Store, and p-o. Harrison co. O., by p-r. 116 ms. a little n. of e. Columbus. Tiverton, p-t. Newport co. R. I., 24 ms. s. E, Providence, 13 n. e. Newport, has the e. passage and Mount Hope bay w., and Mass Hatchee, and Yazoo. Augmented by numer- ous creeks from both sides, this river pursues a course ofs. s.>'E. 110 ms., leaves the state of Miss., and enters that of Alabama. Pre- serving the original course 60 ms. farther, it receives the Black Warrior from the north- eastward. This higher and particular valley of Tombigbee is in length 160 ms., with a mean width of 60, and comprising an area of 9,600 square ms., or ifadded to tliat of Black Warrior, will give 14,850 as the entire sur- face drained by the two confluents above their junction. Below the union of the two great N. and E. It is generally pleasantly varied,: branches, the now considerable stream, re- with some rocky parts, enjoys considerable i taining the name of Tombigbee, assumes a advantages in fisheries and navigation, and- southern and very tortuous course, but corn- was connected with Rhode Island, somej paratively only about 100 ms. to its junction years since, by a stone bridge about 1,000 with Alabama, to form the Mobile. The en- feet long. Pop. 1830, 2,905. [tire length of Tombigbee, by the mainstream TOM 549 TOW ia 270, and by the Black. Warrior 240 miles. Below the mouth of Black Warrior the vol- ume is but slightly augmented, as it receives only creeks of moderate size, and the valley does not exceed 40 ms. width, or 4,000 square ms., giving an entire area to the whole valley of 18,850 square ms. Geographically, the Tombigbee valley extends from hit. 31° Oli' to island in the town of Richmond, and not far from this village, is a charitable institution long established in New York. Steamboats ply between Tonipkinsville and New York city almost every hour. The shore is lined with good wharves, and the ground rises in bold and handsome swells from the water. ToMPKiNsviLLE, p.v. and st. jus. Monroe co. 34° 45', and in long, from 9° 24' to 12° 24' w.Ky., situated on the extreme head of Big W. C. It has the vallies of Yazoo, and Big Hatchee n. w.. Ten. n., Goosa, Cahawba, and Alabama, n, k. e. and s. e., and those of Pearl river and Pascagoula s. w. Tomlinson's, p-o. on the U. S. road, Alle- ghany CO. Md., 20 ms. wstrd. Cumberland, and by p-r. 1.52 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. ToMOKA, St. of jus. Mosquito co. Florida. Situation uncertain. Tompkins, co. N. Y., bounded by Seneca and Cayuga cos. n., Cortlandt co. e., Tioga CO. s., Steuben co. w., on the line of which lies Seneca lake, 170 ms. w. Albany. It con- tains 10 townships, 2 ms. of the head of Cayu- ga lake, which also forms the w. line for 6 miles. Fall creek, Cayuga inlet, Six Miles creek, and Cascadilla, Halsey's and Salmon creeks, &c. afford water power to a great amount. The land rises gradually near Cay. uga lake 400 or 500 feet, and the soil is gene- rally favorable to cultivation. There are 2 woollen factories at Ithaca, and 1 cotton fac- tory, besides large flour mills, &c. Besides these there are in other parts of the co. 1 cot- ton and 1 woollen factory, 2 oil mills, 1 pow- der mill, 2 rifle manufactories, 3 furnaces, &c. Pop. 1820, 32,747, 1830, 30,545. Tompkins, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y., 100 ms. from Albany, 30's.w., Delhi, lias Broome CO. and a corner of Pa. w., and is crossed by Delaware t. which afterwards fornis part of the w. line, and receives several branches The surface is hilly and broken. The vil lage of Deposit, at the bend in the r. and on the w. borders of the co. is a spot of impor tance in the lumber trade of the r. Pop. 1830, 1,774. ToMPKiNsviLLE, Incorporated v., Rich mond, Richmond co. N. Y., near the n. e. ex tremity of .Staten island, opposite the quaran tine ground of New York harbor, at the n. part of the narrows, occupies the shore and the acclivity of a hill, and has rapidly in creased within a few years. It contains the quarantine buildings of the state, and hospi- tals belonging to the United States. The hospitals are 3 in number, eacii about 100 feet in length, and all surrounded by a wall, en closing 30 acres. A Presbyterian church has recently been erected. The pavilion, on an eminence half a mile in tlie rear of the v. com- mands an extensive, varied and beautiful pan- oramic view over the New York bays, the city, the narrows, forts and part of Long and Staten islands, and out upon the Atlantic. The Seamen's Retreat has been recently erected about 1 mile below this village in Southamp- ton near the shore, and affords accommoda- tions for 100 or 150 invalid seamen. The sailor's snug harbor, on tho n. shore of Staten Barren river, 87 miles northeastward Nash- ville, and by p-r. 144 ms. a little w. ofs. Frankfort. Lat. 3(5° 43', long. 8° 36' w. W. C. ToNAWANTA, crcck, N. Y., rises in Genesee county, and flowing between Niagara and Erie cos., falls into Niagara river opposite the middle of Grand island, 12 ms. n. Buft'aio. It is about 90 ms. long, and has a sluggish current in the lower part of its course, so that it is made to serve as part of the Eric ca- nal, which enters it 11 miles from the lake, and leaves it at Green Haven, near the shore, passing thence along the bank to Buffalo. ToNAWANTA, island N. Y., in Niagara river lies between the mouth of the river of that name, and Grand island. It is 3-4 m. long. ToNAWANTA, reservation, N. Y., is chiefly in Genesee co. and partly in Erie co. on Ton- awanta creek, and is a rich tract of low land belonging to the Seneca Indians, who have a village on the creek. TopsFiELD, p-t. Essex CO. Mass., 21 ms. n. E. Boston, has a varied surface, and is crossed by Ipswich river, on whose banks are fine meadows. First settled 1638. Pop. 1830, 1,010. TopsHAM, p-t. and st. jus. Lincoln co. Me., 31 ms. from Augusta, 27 w. .Wiscasset, lies in the bend of Androscoggin river, which bounds it e. s. and w., separating it from Bath E., and Brunswick s. It is the seat of sever- al mills and factories, contains the court house, &c. Fop. 1830, 1,567. ToPSHAM, p-t. Orange co. Vt., 19 ms. s. E. Montpelier, 47 n. Windsor, first settled about 1781, is supplied with mill streams by head waters of Wait's river. The surface is une- ven, with granite rocks. Pop. 1830, 1,384. ToRBERTViLLE, p-0. wcstcm part Upson co. Geo., by p-r. 92 ms. westward Milledgeville, and 5 ms. westward Thomaston, the co. st. ToRRiNGTON, p-t. Litchfield county. Conn., 23 ms. N. w. Hartlbrd, 7 n. e. Litchfield ; is uneven, generally with good soil, favorable to grazing ; crossed by the e. and w. branch- es of Waterbury river. Woolcotville is a manuf^icturing v. Pop. 1830, 1,654. Totten's Wells, and p-o. eastern part Obi- on CO. Ten., by p-r. 11 ms. e. Troy, the coun- ty seat, and IGl ms. westward Nashville. TowAMENsiNG, p-v. westem part North- ampton county, Pa., by p-r. 194 ms. n. n. e. W. C. TowANDA, p-v. and st. jus. Bradford co. Pa., situated on the right bank of Susquehan- nah river, above the entrance of Towanda creek, 65 ms. above and n. w. Wilkes-Barre, and 15 below Tioga-point, and by p-r. 239 ms. a little e. of n. W. C; n. lat. 41° 47, long. 0° 30' E. W. C. The village is small, TRE 550 TRE and composed of one street along the niaini Trenton, p-t. Hancock, co. Me., 87 ms. e. road. In 1820, the township contained a Augusta, 30 n. e. Castine ; has SkiUing's r. population of 1,024. Theadjacent country is iE., Union r. w., with the strait s., which sep- in a high degree varied and romantic Town Creek Mills, Lawrence co. Ala. {See Brickville, same co. and state.) TowNSEND, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 45 ms. N. w. Boston ; has the line of New Hamp- shire n., has much of its surface varied by gentle hills, with some pine plains. The soil is of secondary quality; fruit flourishes. — Townsend Harbor is a pleasant village. Pop. 1830, 1,506. Townsend, p-v. Sandusky county, Ohio, by p.r. 119 ms. northwards Columbus. Townshend, p-t. Windham co. Vt., 28 ms. N. E. Bennington, 12 n. w. Brattleboro' ; first settled 1761 ; is uneven, with many steep hills, and is crossed by West river, which has good meadows on its course. Other streams afford mill sites. Pop. 1830, 1,386. Tracy's Landing, and p-o. Ann Arundel county, Md. Transylvania, University, Lexington, Ky., was founded in 1798, and according to the sub-article. Education, in the general article U. S. American edition Brewster's Encyclo- poedia, contained in the present year, 1832, 143 students, with 2,350 vols, in the college library, and 1,500 in that of the student's. Mr. Flint in his western geography, says of this institution, " It has 12 professors and tu- tors, and in the academical, medical, and law classes, 376 students. Its library contains arates Mount Desert island from the main land. Pop. 1830, 794. Trento.v, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y., 13 ms. n. Utica ; has West Canada creek e., which di- vides it from Herkimer co. ; has pretty good soil, and many small streams. West Canada creek presents many romantic scenes along its course, having its bed deep into the rocks of dark colored lime-rock, which underlays the soil. In one place the banks are about 140 feet perpendicular, and for a distance of 2 or 3 ms. there is a succession of gulfs, rap- ids, and cascades, frequently narrowed by rocky precipices, & overhung by forest trees, which render this part of the course of the stream one of the most picturesque regions in the country, and one of the favorite ob- jects among travellers in this state. The rocks abound in curious vegetable and ani- mal remains, and the stream with fine trout. Steuben and Cincinnati creeks unite at the v. Pop. 1830, 3,221. Trenton, city and p-t. Hunterdon co. New Jersey, the capital of the state, is situated on the e. bank of the Delaware river, at the head of steamboat and sloop navigation. It is in lat. 40° 14' N., and in long. 2° 16' e. W. C, 11 ms. s. w. of Princeton, 27 s. w. of New Bruns- wick, 60 s. w. of New York, 30 n. of Phila- delphia, and 166 n. e. of W. C. The navi- gation of the r. beyond this place by sloops, 4,500 volumes of standard works on nicdi- j &c., is limited by the rapids, and by a fine cine. All the libraries connected with the wooden bridge of 5 arches, and more than University, number 14,100 vols. The law 1,0U0 feet in length, which is the first above school has 25 pupils, and the medical class I its mouth. The town is of considerable size 211." I and importance ; it is in the s. w. corner of This institution stands at the head of the tlie county, near the Assanpink creek. The various seminaries of education in the west- principal streets are regularly laid out, and em states of the U. S. I contain many good dwelling houses anil nu- Transvlvania, village, on the Ohio, in the jmerous stores. Among the public buildings extreme northern angle of Jeff'erson county, are the state house, 2 banks, and 6 churches Ky. in the city and town. The ground on which Transylvania, p-v. western part Greene ; the city is situated, as well as the surface of CO. Ohio, by p-r. 7 ms. westward Xenia, the | the town in general, is considerably' varied. CO. seat, and 64 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. Trap, p-v. southern part Talbot co. Md., 9 ms. s. Easton, the co. seat, and 93 ms. a lit- tle s. of E. W. C. Trap, p-v. Montgomery co. Pa., 9 ms. n. w. by w. Norristown, the st. jus., and by p-r. 152 ms. N. E. W. C. Traveller's Repose, p-o. eastern part Po- cahontas CO. Va., by p-r. 221 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Traveller's Rest, and p-o. Shelby co. Ky., 20 ms. westward Frankfort. Traylorsville, p-o. Henry co. Va., 6 ms. from Martmsville, the co. seat, and by p-r. 305 ms. s. w. W. C. Trent, small r. of N. C, rises in Lenoir, The Delaware and Raritan canal, extending from Trenton to New Brunswick, crosses the city, and is here joined by the feeder which enters the river above the falls. These falls aflbrd water power for extensive manufactur- ing privileges ; and in the city and its neigh- borliood arc 10 manufactories and mills, sev- eral of which are of cotton goods. These are all supplied with water, either from the Delaware river, or the Assanpink creek. In 1831, a company was incorporated with a capital of $60,000 to construct a dam on the Delaware river near Wells' falls, and a race way on the e. side to any point not more than 1^ ms. below Trenton falls, with authority to sell the water, &c., for manufacturing purpo- and traversing Jones into Craven co., falls jses. The expense is estimated at ,«> 100,000, into Neuse r., at and below Ncwbern. [the water power to be obtained equal to that Trent Bridge, and p-o. on Trent r., Jones lof 529 horses, and another dam, costing but county, N. C, 7 ms. westward Trenton, the 1^5,000, would increase the power to that of CO. seat, and 133 s. e. by e. Raleigh. 1 1.170 horses. The Delaware river is naviga- TRI ble by boats far up into the state of N. Y., and affords communication with an extensive and fertile country, yielding grain, lumber, anthracite coal, &-c. Large steamboats come up from Philadelpiiia as far as this place, ex- cept when the water is very low. The bed of the river here is covered with round stones, which are taken in great quantities to Phila- delphia for paving, and supplied by the spring floods yearly. The feeder of the Delaware and Raritan canal enters the city from 20 ms. above, and is 40 feet wide, and 6 feet deep. The canal itself, which will be completed in 1833, will afford sloop navigation across the state from New York to Philadelphia. This place is memorable from its being captured from the British and Hessians by surprise, on the evening of the 25th Dec, 1776, by Gen. Washington. It was occupied by the British in Jan., 1777, when the American army under Washington, effected their celebrated retreat from Lamberton, on the opposite side of the Assanpink creek, and gained the n. part of the state. Pop. in 1820, 3,925. Trenton, p-v. and st. jus. Jones co. N. C, situated on the small river Trent, 21 miles a little s. of w. Newbern, and by p-r. 140 ms. s. E. by E. Raleigh ; lat. 35° 2', long. 0° 26' w. Trenton, p-v. and st. of jus. Gibson coun- ty. Ten., situated on the North fork of For- ked Deer river, by p-r. 139 ms. w. Nashville. Lat. 35° 57', long. 12° w. W. C. Trenton, p-v. extreme southern part Todd CO. Ky., by p-r. 200 ms. s. w. by w. Frank- fort. Trenton, p-v. northeastern part Butler co. Ohio, by p-r. 39 ms. n. n, e. Cincinnati, and 93 s. w. by w, Columbus. Trescot, t. Washington co. Me., e. by n. Augusta ; is the last town on the coast, in the state, except Lubec, which is on the e. boun- dary of the U. S. It has the Atlantic, or rather the strait between Grand Menan isl. and the main, s. ; contains Haycock's harbor, and Moose cove, and has a cove called Bai- ley's Mistake, on the e. line. There are no considerable streams. Pop. 1830, 480. Trexlertown, p-v. Lehigh co. Pa., on Lit- tle Lehigh, 8 ms. s. w. Allentown or North- ampton, the CO. seat, and by p-r. 170 ms. n. e. W. C. Triadelphia, p-v. and Cotton Factory, on Patuxent r., northeastern part Montgomery CO. Md., 26 ms. n. W. C, and about an equal distance s. w. by w. Baltimore. This place is worthy of a visit for the richness and vari- ety of its scenery. Triana, p-v. situated on the right bank of Ten. river, and in the southern part of Ala., 15 ms. s. w. Huntsville, and by p-r. 145 ms. N. N. E. Tuscaloosa. Triangle, p.t. Broome co. N. Y., 132 ms. from Albany, 7 from Lisle village, between Onondaga and Chenango rivers ; was formed in 1831. Trigg, co. of Ky., bounded by Ten. river separating it from Calloway s. w., Caldwell N. w. and N., Christian e., and Montgomery 551 TRO and Stewart cos. Ten. e. It is very nearly a right angled triangle, perpendicular n. from the Ten. line, 32 ms., mean width 16, and area 512 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 37' to 36° 04', and in long, from 10° 42' to 11° 13' w. W. C. The western part is traversed in a northerly direction by Cumberland r., and the eastern part drained into the latter stream by Little river. Chief t. Cadiz. Pop. 820, 3,874, 1830, .5,916. Trimble's Iron Works, and p-o. Greenwp CO. Ky., by p-r. 142 jns. a little n. of e. Frank- fort. Triplett, p-v. Fleming co. Ky., by p-r. 97 ms. eastward Frankfort. Troublesome Iron Works, and p-o., on Troublesome creek, southern part of Rock- ingham co. N. C, by p-r. 100 ms. sthwstrd. Raleigh. Trough Creek, and p-o. near the centre of Huntingdon co. Pa., about 9 ms. s. s. e. the borough of Huntingdon, and by p-r. 133 ms. N. N. w. W. C. Troup, co. of Geo., bounded n. by Carroll, E. by Merriwether, s. by Harris, and w. by the Creek territory in Ala. Length 24 ms., mean width 18, and area 432 sq. ms. Exten- ding in lat. from 32° 55' to 33° 15', and in long, from 8° 02' to 8° 24' w. W. C. The declivity is to the s. s. w., traversed in that direction by the main volume of Chattahoo- chee river, which, entering on the northern border, leaves the co. near the s. w. angle. Chief t. La Grange. Pop. 1830, 5,799. Troup, C. H. [See La Grange.) Troupsburgh, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y., 20 ms. s. w. Bath, has Pennsylvania on the south line, and Alleghany co. west. First settled, 1805 ; is supplied with mill sites by Tuscaro- ra and Troup's cr. The soil is favorable to grazing, and iron ore is found. Pop. 1830, 666. Trousdale, p-v. northwestern part Stew- art CO. Ten., by p-r. 97 ms. n. w. by w. Nash- ville. Trout Run, p-o. near the northern border of Lycoming CO. Pa., 14 ms n. w. Williams- port, and by p-r. 10! ms. n. jv, w. Harrisburg. Trout run is a branch of Lycoming cr. Trout Run, p-o. eastern part Hardy coun- ty, Va. by p-r. 101 ms. w. W. C. Trov, p-t. Waldo CO. Me., 39 ms. n. e. Au- gusta ; borders on Penobscot co. e. and n. e., and its streams, which are small, flow from the town in different directions, but empty into the Sebasticook. Pop. 1830, 803. Troy, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H., 60 ms. from Concord ; has but few mill sites. Population, 1830, 676. Troy, p-t. Orleans co. Vt., 47 miles n. e. Montpelier, 51 from Burlington; first settled 1800, from Conn. ; was almost deserted in the late war with Great Britain. Missisque crosses w. and falls 70 feet in a rocky and romantic pass. The soil is good for both grain and grgss, the surface generally level, particularly on the river meadows. Popula- tion, 1830, 608. TRO 552 TRU Troy, p-t. Bristol co. Mass., lies on the w. i fine situation for trade and manufactures. Its side Taunton r., and is divided by Wahupper pond. Fall River village in this town, and near Taunton r., at the head of Mount Hope bay, is a place of extensive manufactures. The river falls here about 800 feet in a dis- tance of about 27 rods, and 9 dams, with each a fall of about 14 feet, supply 13 cotton fac- tories. These manufacture about 9,160,000 yards annually. The largest (Massasoit) runs 10,000 spindles, 350 looms, employs 400 hands, and consumes annually 810,000 lbs. communications with the interior are numer- ous and good. The river is navigable to thia place by steamboats and large sloops ; and a water communication is opened with the Erie and Champlain canals by a dam across the Hudson, a branch canal, locks, a basin, &,c. Daily lines of steamboats rim to New York ; and trade with Boston, and other eastern towns is kept up by sloops, and regular pack- ets, as well as across the country. There is a macadamized road commencing opposite to cotton. The whole run upwards of 31,500 j the city and esrtending to Albany, upon which spindles, and 1,050 looms, employ 1,276! hourly stages run to that city. The water hands, and manufacture 2,290,000 lbs. of cot ton annually. Here is also a satinet factory, employing 150 persons, and a print factory employing 260 ; iron works manufacturing 1,000 tons annually, and also two machine shops employing about 60 hands. Nearly all the investments have been made within sev- power afforded by the Poestenkill, and Wy- nautskill rs., — small streams which take their rise on the eminences near the city — is profi- tably employed, and numerous manufactories of iron, cotton &c. are carried on in the vicin- ity. The scenery in the neighborhood ofTroy is interesting ; and the eminence in the rear en years : the village now (1832) contains i of the city, called mount Ida, is a beautiful about 5,000 inhabitants, and 7 places of pub- and romantic spot. The view of the neigh- lic worship. Pop. of the town, exclusive of boring cities, of the Hudson r. stretching to the village of Fall River, in 1830, was 4,159, the south, and generally of the country for that of the latter 3,431. miles around, is very fine. Pop. in 1830, 11,- Troy, city and st. jus. Rensselaer co. N. Y., 1 405. on the E. bank of the Hudson r., 6 ms. n. of 1 Troy, p-v. Bradford co. Pa., 20 ms. north- Albany, 156 N. of N. York, and 383 n. e. of wardly from Towanda, and by p-r. 148 ras. W. C, is in N. lat. 42° 43', and in 3° 15' e. [above and northward Harrisburg. long. W. C. It is built on a handsome and Troy, p-v. and st. jus. Obion co. Ten., sit- somewhat elevated plain, extending from uated near the centre ofthe co., by p-r. 161 the shore of the r. to the foot of a range oflms. a little n. of vv. Nashville. Lat. 36° 16', hills, about 1 m. w., down which flow several mill streams. The city is regularly laid out, the principal streets being parallel with the river ; and these as well as many ofthe cross streets are compactly and handsomely built. Troy in Obion is the jus. in the state of long. 12° 17' w. W. C. most northwesterly st Ten. Troy, p-v. and st. jus. Miami co. O., on Stillwater branch of Great Miami, 21 ms. n chiefly with brick. Most of the business is i Dayton, and by p-r. 78 ms. w. Columbus. Lat. transacted near the river, where the stores 40° 03', long. W. C, 7° 14' w. Pop. 1830, are mostly located, — some of the private j 504. dwelling houses are commodious and elegant. Many of the streets are adorned with fine shade trees ; and strangers generally are struck with the neatness and elegance of the citv. Among the public buildings are, the court house, which is of stone and in the Gre Tro^, p-v. Oakland co. Mich., by p-r. 36 ms. nrthwstrd. Detroit. Troy, p-v. on Ohio r., at the mouth of An- derson's cr., sthwstrn. angle of Perry co. Ind., by P-r. 148 ms. a little w. of s. Indianopolis. Troy, p-v. and st.jus. Lincoln co. Mo., sit- cian style of architecture ; the jail, the house | uated towards the sthrn. side of the co., 53 of industry, the Episcopal church, which is anjms. n. w. St. Louis. Lat. 38° 53', long. W. elef^ant Gothic edifice, and 6 other handsome C. 13° 56' w. churches, the market house, 3 banks, the ly- ceum of natural history, connected with which is a mineralogical cabinet, &c. The Rensselaer school, a literary institution for Troy's Store, and p-o. wstrn. part Randolph CO. N. C, 65 ms. w. Raleigh. Trucksville, p-v. Luzerne co. Pa., by p-r. 6 ms. Wilkes-Barre and 120 n. e. Harris- thc practical instruction of yoimg men, estab-|burg. lished by the Hon. S. Van Rensselaer, has ! Trumansburg, p-v. Tompkins co. N. Y., II been for some years in this city, but is to be ims. n. w. Utica. removed to soma other part of the county. I Trumbaursvii.le,p-v. wstrn. part Bucks co. The library apparatus &c. of this institution I Pa., 24 ms. nrthwrdly. Phil, cost tftS.OOO or ,$6,000. A classical depart- Trumbull, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn., 17 ms. mentis to be added to it, and the " manual w. New Haven, 4^ from Bridgeport, 55 from labor system" to be introduced. Another in- 1 Hartford, about 4 ms. by 5^, is uneven, with stitution is the Troy female seminary, which 'good soil, and primitive rocks, watered by Pe- has acquired a high reputation. The build- quannock r. Pop. 1830, 1,242. ing is large and well situated in an eligible Trumbull, co. of O., bounded s. by Colum- part of the city. The number erf its pupils is ; biana, s. w. and w. Portage, n. w. Geauga, usually about 200, There are also other good In. Ashtabula, n. e. Crawford, Pa., andE. and schools and academies. Troy enjoys a very is. e. Mercer co. Pa. Length 36 ms., breadth TUN 553 TUR 25, and arsa 930 pq. tns. I,at. 41° 15', long. Ipor, '20 s. e. Montpclier, flrFt settled about W. C.3345' V. Slope stliestrd. nn-l drained 1776, is cToss>ed by a brnnch of White r. n. and by the Mahoning or western constituent of s., on which arc mill siti-s, nnd has a good soil Big Heaver, and its branches. The soil is gen- 1 especially on the r., but the surface is uneven. crally good. Chief t., Warren. Pop. 1820, 15,546 ; 1830, 26,ir)3. TnuMnuLL, p-v. nrthrn. part Ashtabula co. O., I(i2 ms. N. F.. Columbus. Tiiuxvii.r.F, p-v. nrthrn. part Richland co. O., by p-r. 83 ms. n. Columbus. TucKASAGA, p-v. sthrn. part Mecklenburg CO. N. C, by p-r. IGO ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. Tiiuao. p-t. Barnstable co. Mass., 65 ms. s. R. Bos'on by water, 107 by land. It is surrounded by water except on the n. w., be Tliere is a mineral spring west. Pop. 1830, 1,920. TtrNKHANN'ocK,mtn.of Pa. and N.Y. The mtn. chainsof Pa. are delineated on our maps in masses of confusion. On many maps, the very distinctive chain of Tunkhannock is omitted. It is traversed by the cstrn. branch of >S usque - hannah, below the mouths of B()\vman'3 and Tunkhannock creeks ; and is known in Lu- zerne CO. as Bowman's mtn. to the right, and Tunkhannock to the left of the river. It ing on a peninsula connected on that side | leaves the w. border of Luzerne, and in a s.w. with Truro, by a narrow isthmus. Cape Cod - by w. direeiion separates livcoming from Co. bay and Provlncetown harbor are w. of this lumbia and Northumberland counties, and is town, and the Atlantic e. The surface is un- ! traversed by the west branr-Ii of Susquehan- even and the soil sandy. Pamet r. is an inlet I nah below Pennsboro'. It thence inflects to 3 ms. long and from 1-4 to 3-4 m. wide. This : the w. s. w. and s. s. w. with the other Appa- iniet or bay almost insulates tiie t. There are j hchian chains and is known locaTy in Pa. as 2 small vs. The inhabirants depend princi- ' the Wiiite Deer mtn., Niit my mtn., Tussey's pally on fishing. The Indian name was Pee- mtn. and Evil'smtn., and again traverses Md. shawn ; and it was visited by some of the 'Va. and Ten. as a distictinctive chain. To- Plymouth pilgrims before they went up Cape j wards the state of New York, though bear- Cod bay. They had landed at Provincctown : ing no distinctive name, the continuation of harbor, and here o'nained some corn, which 1 Tunkhannock, passes between the two up. they planted the next season. Settled in 1700. per branches of Delaware r., turns to the Pop. 1830, 1,.547. j nrthard. is traversed by the Mohawk at Little Truxtom, p-t. Cortlandt CO. N. Y., 142 ms.' Falls, and bears there the local name of Sa- W.Albany, 14 n. k. Homer, has good soil, icandaga mtn. well watered and supplied with mill seats, Avith a pleasant village. Pop. 1830, 3,88 TaNKHANNooK, r. of Pa., rising in Susque. hannah co., and flowing s. w. along the north- TucrvKR's Hole, or Robinson's hole. Barn- ' western base of Tunkhannock mtn., enters stable CO. Mass., the passage between Na. I Luzerne co. and falls into Susquehannah r. shawn and Presquc isls. into Buzzard's bay. ; at the village of Tunkhannock, after an entire TucKEasviLLE, V.Wayne co. Geo.;on Tan- ! comparative course of 30 ms. rer's map this place is marked as the st. jus. ! Tunkhannock, p-v. situated on a beautiful of Wayne co. G«o., but in the post list of . 831 ' site above the mouth of Tunkhannock cr. and there is only one p-o. named in that co., and 1 on the bank of Susquehannah r., 28 ms. by that Waynesville, marked as the C. H. also. : the p-r. above Wilkes-Barre, and 142 n. n. e. (See Waynesville, Wai/ne co. Geo.) TucKERsvir.i.E, P-V. Crawford co. Ind., by P-r. 108 ms. s. Indianopolis. TuFTovDoaouGH, P-t. Strafford co. N. IL, 50 ms. Concord, n. e. Winnipiseogee lake, has several ponds and brooks, with a varying sur- face and soil, and scenery enriched by several Harrisburg. I Tupper's Plains, p-o. Meigs co. O., by p-r. 102 ms. s. E. C;jlumbus. TaRBOTViLt.E, p-v. Northumberland co. Pa. Turman's cr , p-o. Sullivan CO. Lid., by p-r. 103 ms. s. w. by w. Indianopolis. TuRi.v, p-t. Lewis co. N. Y., 145 ms. n. w. bays and coves of the lake. First settled i .Albany, 15 n. Rome, 46 n. w. Ulica, has Black about 1780. Pop. 18.30,1,375. i r. E., Oaeida co. s. and O.ssvcgo co. w. Boat Tull's cr. and p-o. Currituck co. N. C, by | navigation from the high falls, near the S'juth p-r. 221 ms. n. e. by e. Raleigh. I line to Wilna, 45 ms. Fish cr. has its s jurce TiJLi.Y, p-t. Onondaga CO. N. Y., 14 ms. s. in this town. At High falls, Black r. descends Onondaga, 50 Utica, n. Cortlandt co., con- 63 ft. The inhabitants came principally from tains some of the head streams of Onondaga, ' the n. states. Pop. 1830, 1,561. Tioughnioga and Cheiiango crs. and Susque hannah r. It is diversified with hilly ridges and broad and fertile valleys. Tioughnioga creek has its source in two ponds of 100 and 40) acres. Pop. laSO, 1,640. TuM.YTON, p-v. Greenville dist. S. C, by p-r. 1 13 ins. N. w. Columbia. Tui.LYTowN, p-v. Buck CO. Pa., by p.r. about 25 ms. nrthrd. Phila. Tt7MBLiNG Shoals, and p-o. Laurens dist. S. C, by p-r. 92 ms. n. w. Columbia. TtJNBRiDGE,t. Orange co.Vt.,30 ms. N.Wind-; 70 Turkey, cr. and p-o. wstrn. part of Bun- combe CO. N. C, 14 ms. wstrd. Ashville, the CO. St., and by p-r. 273 ms. a little s. of w. Ra- leigh. Turkey Foot, p-v. between Laurel Killer, and Castleman's r. in the sthwstrn. angle of Somerset CO. Pa., 22 ms. s. w. from the bo- rough of Somerset, and by p-r. 185 ms., but by the common travelled direct road 160 mr.. N. w. by w. W. C. Turkey Foot, p-v. Scott co. Ky., 16 ms. from Georgetown, the st. jus., and 27 ms. n. e. Frankfort. TUS 554 TWt TuRMEL View, p-o. Ind. co. Pa., 10 ma. ) similar relative height. Chief t.. New Phil, wstrd. Hlairsville and by p-r. 199 ms. n. w. by adelphia. Pop. 1820, 8,328 ; 1830, 14,298. w. W. C. TuscARORA, cr. Niagara co. N. Y., rises in Turner, p.t. Oxford co. Me., 28 ms. w. the Tuscarora reservation, flows n. and N^ b* Augusta, 18 E. Paris, 155 n. n. e. Boston, has 15 ms. to Lake Ontario. Androscoggin r. on the e. border, which I Tuscarora, Indian v. Lewiston, Niagara; separates it from Kennebec co. and Cumber- jco. N. Y., is the residence of the Tuscarora land CO. s. It is crossed by a small tributa-jti-ibe, which formed the 6th of the Six Nations ry of Androscoggin. Population 1830, j of Indians in N. York. They came from the 2,220. i 3., and speak a language very unlike those of Turner's Cross Roads, and p-o. Bertie co. the other nations. There is a church in the N. C, 1 6 ms. s. e. Windsor, the co. st,, and by p-r. 114 ms. estrd. Raleigh. Turner's Store and p-o. Caroline co. Va., 37 ms. nrtlird. Richmond. TuRNi-RsviLLR, p-v. nrthwstm. part Rob- ertson CO. Ten., 35 ms. n. w, Nashville. Tuscaloosa, r. of Ala. (^See articles Black Warrior and Tomhigbee.) Tuscaloosa, co. Ala., bounded w. by Pick- ens, N. by Lafayette, n. e. by Jefierson, e. by Bibb, s. E. by Perry and s. w. by Greene. Greatest length diagonally from s. w. to n v., and a successful mission among them. The lands reserved for them by the state are 1 in. by 3. Tuscarora, mtns.ofPa. Similar remarks made on Tunkhannock mtn., might be re- peated on the Tuscarora chain. It is known distinctively as the Tuscarora mtn., between Huntingdon and Franklin, and between Per- ry and MifHin, on both sides of Juniata. East of the Susquehannahr.it is the Mahantango, be- tween the counties of Dauphin and Northum. berland ; and towards the Potomac, it is the 58 ms., mean width 24, area 1,392 sq. ms.jCone mtn., between Franklin and Bedford Extending in lat. from 32° 53' to 33° 28', and [counties. In the latter region it touches al- in long, from 10° 10' to 11° 03' w.W.C. This! most, but does not merge in the Kittatinny, very large co. is divided into two not very un- equal sections by the Black Warrior r. which entering on the northern border, winds over and after being traversed by the Potomac, is evidently perpetuated in the Sideling hill of Morgan, Hampshire, and Hardy cos., Va. ; itbyavery circuitous channel in a general land if carefully and scientifically examined, s. s. w. direction. The wstrn. part is drained by the Sipsey, which traverses the co. in a direction nearly parallel to the Black War- rior. The estrn. border is the dividing ridge between the valleys of Cahawba and Black would, in all rational probability, fully sustain in both directions, that identity which consti- tutes the most remarkable characteristic of the Appalachian chains. Tuscarora, cr. and valley. This valley, Warrior ; two thirds of the whole surface be- watered by a cr. of the same name, lies be- ing in the latter valley and general slope s.]tween Tuscarora and Shade mtns., and con- s. w. This CO. contains larae tracts of ex-|stitutes the southwestern part of Mifflin co., cellent river soil. Chief t., Tuscaloosa. Pop. Pa. The Tuscarora cr. however, rises in 1820, 8,229 ; 1830, 13,646. |thc sthestrn. part of Huntingdon, but quickly Tuscaloosa, p-t. st. jus. Tuscaloosa co. Ala. j entering Mifflin, flows dov.-n the beautiful vale and seat of government for that state, is situ- to which it gives name, and falls into Juniata ated on the left bank of Black Warrior r. near r. below Mifflintown. the centre of Tuscaloosa co. Lat. 33° 12', Tuscarora Valley, p-o. is situated in the s. long. 10° 43' w. W. C, by p-r. 155 ms. s. s. w. w. part of Mifflin co. 53 ms. wstrd. Harris- Huntsvilte, 226 a little n. of e. Mobile ; and j burg. by the p-o. list 858 ms. s., 77° w. W. C. By I Tuscambia, p-v. nrthrn. part Franklin co. calculation the course deflects 56° 46' from i Ala., 3 ms. a little e. of s. Florence, on Ten. the meridians, and the distance comes out r., and 122 ms. n. Tuscaloosa. 720 3-4 statute m?. Tuscawilla, p-v. Leon co. Florida, 10 ms. Tuscarawas, r. of O. {See MusJ(ingurnr.)\slhrA. Tallahasse. Tuscarawas, co. O., bounded by Harrison Tuscumdia, p-v. near the left bank of Ten. e. and s. E., Guernsey s., Coshocton s. w.,'r., nrthrn. part Franklin co. Ala., by p-r. ^ ms. Holmes n. w., and Stark n. Length from s.js. Florence, in Lauderdale co., and 141 ms. to N. 30 ms., mean breadth 23 and area 690 in. Tuscaloosa. sq. ms. N. lat. 40° 30', and long. W. C. 4° 30' w. intersect in this co. The slope of the nrthrn. partis to the s., but inflects with the course of Tuscarawas r., wh'ch in the sthrn. part of the co. bends to the s. w. by w. Tus- carawas r. enters at the extreme nrthrn. an- gle, and flowing s. and thence inflecting grad TuTHiLLTOwN, p-v. Ulster co. N. Y., 22 ms. s. Kingston, on Sawangunk cr. Twenty Mile Stand, p-v. Warren co. O., by p-r. 91 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. Twiggs, co. of Geo. bounded by Jones n., Wilkinson n. e. and e., Pulaski s. e. and s., and Ockmultree r. separating it from Houston ualiy to s. s. w. divides it into two nearly Is. w., and Bibb w. Length 26, mean width equal sections, and has along its entire course 1 16, and area 416 sq. ms. Extending in lat. the Ohio and Erie canal. The level of the .from 32° 30' to 32° 56', and in long, from 6° canal near the centre of this co. is 874 feet ] 18' to 6°4r w. VV. C. Narrow as is this co., it above ihe ocean level ; the arable soil avar-|is a table land, as from the estrn. border the ages from about 850 to above 1,000 feet of water courses flow sthestrd., towards the ULY 555 UNA Oconee, while the body of the co. has a s. w. ] near its nrthrn. border, where it falls into the declivity, towards Ockmulgee r. Chief t. Ma- rion. Pop. 1820, 10,447 ; 1830, 8,031 . Twin b'LUFKs, p-v. on the left bank of the Miss, r., Warren co. Miss., about (JO ms. n. n. E. Natchez. TwiNSBURO, p-v. Portage co. O., by p-r. 142 ms. N. E. Columbus. TwiNTOwN, p-v. Ross CO. O., by p-r. 56 ms. sthrd. Columbus. Twitchkll's, Mills and p-o. Pope co. II., by p-r. 149 ms. s, s. e. Vandalia. Twyman's, Store and p-o. Spottsylvania co. Va., by p-r. 89 ms. s. w. W. C. Tye r., small r. of Va., rising in the Blue Ridge, and flowing southeastward into James r., after draining part of Nelson and Amherst counties, and by one of its constituents, Piney r., forming for some few miles the boundary between those cos. Tye r. mills and p-o., nrthwstrn. part of Nelson co. Va., by p-r. 131 ms. a little n. of w. Richmond. TvE r. warehouse and p-o, sthrn. part Nelson co. Va., by p-r. 108 ms. w. Richmond. Tyler, co. of Va., bounded by Ohio co. Va. N., Greene co. Pa., and Monongalia co. Va. N. E., Harrison e. and s. e., Wood s. w., and Ohio r. separating it from Washington co. O. w., and Munroe co. O. n. w. Length 45 ms. diagonally from s. w. to n. e., mean width 18, and area 810 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 13' to 39° 42', and in long, from 3° 25' to 4° 12' w. W. C This co. has a wstrn. de- clivity, drained into O. r. by Middle Island and Fishing creeks- The surface is excessively hilly, but soil excellent. Chief town, Mid- dlebourne. Pop, 1820, 2,314 ; 1830, 4,104. Tymochtee, cr. and p-o. Crawford co. O. The Tymochtee cr. isthe sthwstrn. branch of Sandusky r., rises in Marion co., and flowing main Sandusky at the village of Tymochtee, which latter is by p-r. 73 ms. a little w. of n. Columbus, Tyngsboroijgii, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 30 ms. N. w. Boston, has the New Hampshire line N., is divided by Merrimack r. n. and s., on the w. side of which is a v. The r. is navigated with boats and rafts, and is here a broad stream. Pop. 1830, 822. Tyke, p-t. Seneca co. N. Y., 171 ms. w, Al- bany. Pop. 1830, 1,482. Tyree, Springs and p-o., wstrn, part Sum- ner CO. Ten., 19 ms. n. Nashville. Tyringham, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass., 116 ms. w. Boston, contains 2 ponds, which give rise toConkepot r., a branch of the Housaton- ic. Pop. 1830, 1,350. Tyrone, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y., 16 ms. n. E. Bath, 194 Albany, is hilly, but favorable both to grass and grain. Little lake, i m. by 3, has beautiful shores, cultivated to the wa- ter's edge. Its outlet runs i m. to Mud lake, from which flows Mud cr., navigable in boats from the fails to Conhocton cr., and the Sus. quehannah. The cr. alTords mill siteS, and the lakes are stocked with fish. Pop. 1830, 1,880. Tyrrel, CO. of N. C, bounded by Hyde s., Washington w., Albemarle sound n., and the Atlantic ocean e. Length from e. to w. in- cluding the islands along the Atlantic coast, 52 ms., mean width 20, and area of land sur- face about 750 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 34' to 35° 57' n., and in long, from 0° 36' to 1° 30'. Surface a dead, and in part inundated, plain, deeply indented from Albe- marle sound by Alligator r., and by the strait between Pamlico and Albemarle sounds. Chief t. Columbia. Pop. 1830, 4,732. Tyson's, Stor^ and p-o. Moore co. N. C, Borlhwards, enters and traverses Crawford to by p-r. 55 ms. s. w. Raleigh u. Ulster, co. N. Y., bounded by Delaware and Greene cos. n.. Duchess co. e., from which it is separated by Hudson r., Orange CO. 8,, and Sullivan co. w., contains about 96b" sq. ms., and 14 tsps. It is broken by the Kaatsbergs, called also the Blue and Sha- wangunk mtns. The rocks are transition, and the soil various. Wallkill cr. crosses the CO., receiving the Shawangunk, Rondout, Esopus, Plattekili, Sawkill, &c. There are extensive tracts of meadows, and other rich levels, and the uplands are often good. Mar- ble, of remarkable hardness, is found in the CO. ; mill stones, limestone, &^c. are also ob- tained in considerable quantities. Mammoth bones have been found in this co. First set- tled 1616. The earlv inhabitants were Dutch and Germans. Pop. 1820, 30,934 ; 1830, 36,550. Ulster, p-v. Bradford co. Pa., 7 ms. above Towanda, and by p-r. 246 ms. nrthrd. W. C. Ulysses, t. Tompkins co. N. Y., 174 ms. w. Albany, 6 n. w. Ithaca, has Cayuga lake E., and Seneca co. n., has a fertile soil, and plenty of mill seats on Ilalsey's cr., which has a fall in one place of 2 10 feet. This t. con- tains a woollen factory, numerous mills, &c. Trumansburgh is a v. on the Ithaca and Ge- neva turnpike road. Jacksonville, a v. on the Newberg and Geneva turnpike. Pop. 18.30,3,130. Umbagog, lake in Maine and N. H., about 10 ms. by 18, flows w. into Androscoggin r., through Errol. It lies partly in Oxford co. Me., and Coos co. N. H. U.\ADiLLA, p-t. Otsego CO. N. Y., 100 ms. w. Albany, 36 s. w. Cooperstown, has Sus- quehannah r. s. e., which separates it from Delaware co. The surface is hilly, but the soil of the uplands good, as well as along some of the streams, (irindstones are quar- ried in the t. The v. is on the Susquehan- nah, in a pleasant situation. Pop. 1830, 2,313. UNI 556 UNI Underbill, t. Chittenden co. Vt., 15 ms. N. E. Burlington, 26 x. w. Montpelier, first settled about 1786, has several small streams, and generally an uneven surface. Pop. 1830, 1,051. Underwood, Store and p-o., Chatham co. N. C, 54 ms. svstrd. Raleigh. Unika mtn., local name given to that sec- tion of the central App.ilachian chain, which separates N. C. from Ten., which lies s. vv. N. C, and Monroe co. of Ten Union, p-t. Lincoln co. Me,, 40 ms. e. s. e. Augusta, has Waldo co. n. e., Muscongus r. N. w., crossed by St. George r., which con- nects several ponds in this t., and has its sur- face varied by hills. Pop. 1830, 1,612. Union, p-t. Tolland co. Conn. 33 ms. n. e uated to the nrthestrd. from Peter's mtn., in Green Brier valley, about 40 ms. a little w. of N. from Christianburg, and by p-r. 208 ms. w. Richmond, and 267 ms. s. w. by w. VV, C, Lat. 37° 34', and long. 3° 32' vv. W. C. U.MON, dist. S. C., bounded by Spartanburg dist. w. and n, w., Broad r. separating it from York, on the n. e., Chester e., and Fairfield s. E., by Newberry s., and by Ennoree r. sep- arating it from Laurens s. w. The greatest from Ten. r., and between Haywood co. of length, parallel to the general course ol Broad r., 42 ms., mean width 15, and area 630 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 34° 28' to 35° 03', and in long, from 4° 27' to 4° 52' w. W. C. Declivity to the sthestrd. and traversed by Pacolet, and Tyger rs. The outline in- deed approaches a triangle, longest side on Broad r., and base on Ennoree r. Chief t. Hartford, 67 from N. Haven, occupies elevated Unionville. Pop. 1820, 14,126 ; 1830^17,906 ground, with Mass. n., has an uneven sur- face, with granite rocks, and affords iron ore. Break.neck and Mashapaug ponds, are the chief sources of Qninebaug r., and abound in fish. Pop. 1830, 711. Union, p-t. Broome co. N. Y., 140 ms. w. j Cattskill, 6 w. Binghampton, 150 from Alba Union, co. Ark., not laid down on Tanner's U. States ; situation and boundaries uncer- tain. Chief t. Ecora Fabra, Union, p-v. Humphries co. Ten., by p-r. 91 ms. w. Nashville. Union, p-v, Boone co. Ky. L^MON, CO. Ky., bounded by Hopkins s. e., ny, is crossed by Susquehannah r., which j Trade-water r., separating it from Livingston here receives Nanticoke cr. Other streams '^' ' afford mill seats. The soil is favorable to grain, bearing white pine, some oak, &c. Maple and beech grow at some distance from the r. Pop. 1830, 2,121. Union, p-t. Esse.x co. N. J., 47 ms. n. e. Trenton, has Rahway r. w., and a small stream on the e. boundary. It reaches n. to s., Ohio r , separating it from Gallatin co. II. vv., the Ohio r., separating it from Posey co. Ind. N., and on the n. e. and £, it has Hender- son CO. Ky. Length from s. to N. 30 ms., mean breadth 18, and area 540 sq. ms. Lat, 37° 35', and long. W. C. 11° w. intersect near the centre of this co. Slope wstrd. to- wards Ohio r. The body of the co. lies op- the Short hills, and lies n. vv. and n. of Eliza- posite to, and sthrd. from the mouth of the bethtown, and s. w. Newark. Pop. 1830, 1,405. Union, (College,) Schenectady, Schenec- tady CO. N. Y., was founded in 1795. The faculty consist of a president, professors of Greek and Latin, moral philosophy and rhet- ^ oric, natural philosophy and mathematics, oriental literature, several assistant proles. Wabash r. Chief town, IMorganfield. Pop. 1820, 3,470 ; 1830, 4,764. Union, p-v. northern part Montgomery co. O. by p.r. 78 ms. vv. Columbus. Union co. O. bounded by Franklin s. e., Madison s.. Champaign s. w., Logan w., Har- din N. w., Marion s. e., and Delaware e. Length 27 ms., breadth 17, and area 46U sq. and a tutor. Annual expense, j^l 12,50. ! ms. Lat. 40° 20', lung. 6° 30' w. W. C. Number of graduates up to 1631, 1,370, Union, isp. and p-o. Luzerne co. Pa. The j tsp. extends from Susquehannah r., to the 1 estrn. boundary of Lycoming. The p-o. is 14 ms, s. w, Wilkes-Uarre, and 88 n. n. e. Harrisburg. Union, co. Pa., bounded s. and s. vv. by MitBin, n. vv. by Centre, n. by Lycoming, n. E. by the vv. branch of Susquehannah r., sep- arating it from the nrthrn. part of Northuin- berland, and e. and s. e. by the main volume of Susquehannah, separating it from Dauphin, The greatest length is from s. to n. 30 ms. parallel to the general course of Susquehan- nah r., and nearly on the meridian of W. C, mean width 20 ms. and area 520 sq. ms. Ex- tending in lat. from 40° 40' to 41° 06', and in long, from 0° 10' e. to 0° 22' w. W. C. De- clivity estrd., and drained by Bufl"alo, Penn's, Middle, and western Mahantango crs. Sur- face hilly, or rather mountainous, but soil ex- cellent. Chief town. New Berlin. Pop. 1820, 18,619, 1830,20,749. U.NioN, p-v. and st. jus. Monroe co, Va., sit- ms. n. e. Vandalia. ! Slope southestrd., and drained by numerous coniluent creeks of the Sciota r. Chief t. MarvsviUe. Population 1820, 1,996, 1830, 3,1 92. Unio.n, one of the estrn. cos. of Indiana, bounded by Franklin s., Fayette w., Wayne N., Prebble co. O. n. e. and e., and Butler co. O. s. Length 14 ms., bteadth 11, and area 154 sq. ms. Slope southward, and traversed and drained by White Water r. Chief town. Liberty. Pop. 1830, 7,944. Union, p-v. Hendricks co. Ind. wstrd. from Indianopolis. Union, co. II. bounded' by Jackson N., Franklin >. e., Johnson e., Alexander s., and Miss. r. separating it from Cape Girardeau CO. Mo. w. Length 22 ms., breadth 20, and area 440 sq. ms. Lat. 37° 3o', long. 12° 20' W.C, General slope southwstrd. towards the Miss, r., but the creeks flow from its nthrn. aide like radii from a common centre. Chief t. Jonesboro'. Pop. 1820, 2,362, 1830,3,239. Union, p-v. Vermillion co. II. by p-r. 170 UNI 557 UNI Union, p.v. and st.jus. Franklin co. Mo. by p-r. 54 ms. w. St. Louis. Umo.v Bridge and i).o. northeastern part Frederick co. Md., by p-r. 70 ms. a little w. of N. W. C. Union Furnace and p-o. Huntingdon co. Fa. by p-r. 160 ms. n. w. W. C. Union Hall, p-v. Franklin co. Va. by p-r. 376 ms. s. w. W. C. Union Hill, p.o. Upson co. Geo. by p-r. 79 nis. wstrd. Milledgcville. Union Iron Works and p-o. Berks co. Pa. by p-r. 60 ms. estrd. Plarrisburg. Union Meeting House and p-o. northwstrn. part Baltimore co. Md. 30 ms. n. w. Baltimore. the Mexican territory and the Pacific ocean. The country extends from 25° to 54° n. lat., and from 66° 50' to ld.5° long. w. from Green- wich, and from 9° 35' e. to 48° 20' w. W. C, containing wiihiu its territory an area of more than 2,000,000 sq. ms. This extensive coun- try has outlines in common with Cabotia, or British North America, from the mouth of the Saint Croix r., to the Rocky, or Chippe- wayan mtns., 3,0u0 miles ; with Russian N. America from the Rocky mtns. to the Pacific ocean, 1,100 miles; along the Pacific ocean, from Dixon's entrance, or Vuncouvre's sound, about 880 miles ; in common with the repub. lie of Mexico, from lat. 42° n. on the Pacific Union Mills and p-o. southestni. part Erie ocean, along that curve of bt. to the Rocky " ■ ■ mtns., and thence to the mouth of the Sabine r. into the Gulf of Mexico, 2,300 ms. ; along the Gulf of Mexico to Florida point, 1,000 ms. ; along the Atlantic ocean to the mouth of the Saint Croix r., 1,850 ms. ; so that the entire outline is not far from 10,130 ms. This territory extends in one immense zone from ocean to ocean. The longest line which can be drawn, entirely over land, without traver- sing the sea, in this region, stretches from Cape Canaveral, in Florida, to the northern end uf Queen Charlotte's island, a distance of 3,214 statute miles. This line being as- sumed as a base, the mean breadth will be about 700 ms. ; so that the whole area would equal a square, each side of which should exceed 1,490 ms. This is nearly one twen- tieth part of the land surface of the earth, and is capable of subsisting at least one fif- teenth of its population. If the whole earth therefore sustain 1,000 millions, the United States would sustain 66,666,666 ; a number which at the present rate of increase of pop., it will contain within the current century. The original number of states was 13 ; the present number is 24, with 3 organized terri- tories, each of which are represented in con- gress by a delegate. The extensive tract be- tween the Mississippi r. and lake Michigan, will probably soon be organized, and called Ouisconsin, or Huron territory. The sub- joined table exhibits the sectional and aggre- gate extent, of the portion already distribu- ted into states and territories, and their aggre- gate pop., according to the census of 1830. Slate, &.C. Area in Free Aggregate Federal or sq. riis. pop. pop. polit. pop. New England, or Eastern States. CO. Pa. ij ms. s. e. by e. Waterford, and by p-r. 319 ms. n. w. W. C. Union Mills and p-o. on Little Pipe creek, northestrn. part Frederick co. Md. 18 miles N. E. from the city of Frederick, and by p-r. 73 ms. a little w. of n. VV. C. Union Mills and p-o. Fluvanna co. Va. by p-r. 68 ms. n. w. by w. Richmond. Union Square and p-o. Montgomery co. Pa. by p-r. 25 ms. n. Phil. Unio.ntown, p-v., borough, and st. jus. Fay- ette CO. Pa. situated on Red Stone creek 4 ras. wstrd. Laurel Hill chain of mountains, 186 tns. a little s. of w. Harrisburg, and 1 93 ms. N.' w. by w. W. C. Lat. 39-' 54', long. 2° 45' w. W. C. This borough was founded in 1775, by Jacob and Henry Beesoii. It is chiefly composed of one street extending along the U. S. road. There are, iiowever, houses on other streets, particularly on that towards Morgantown in Va. ■Uniontown, p-v. nrthestrn. part Frederick CO. Md., 35 rns. n. w. Baltimore, and by p-r. 73 ms. N. W. C. Unio.ntown, p-t. Belmont co. O. by p-r. 136 ms. E. Columbus. Union VI Li,K, t. Dutchess co. N.Y. 105 ms. 8. Albany, has the n. end of the Matteawan mtns. on the e. boundary, and gives rise to Fishkill creek. Pop. 1830, 1,833. Unionville, p.v. Chester co. Pa. K or 9 ms. s. w. from West Chester, and by p-r. 107 ms. N. E. VV. C. Unionville, p.v. Frederick co. Md. by p-r. 58 ms. N. N. w. VV. C. Unionville, p-v. and st. jus. Union district, S. C, on a small branch of Tyger r., by p-r. 27 ins. s. E. S[)artanburgh, and 77 n. w. Co- lumbia. Lat. 34° 42', long. 4° 39' w. VV. C. Unionvh.le, p-v. Geauga co. O.by p-r. 176 ms. N. E. Columbus. Unison, p-v. sthrn. part Luzerne co. Pa. by p-r. 98 ms. n. e. Harrisburg. Unison, p-v. nthrn. angle Loudon co. Va. by p-r. 51 ms. above and n. w. W . C. Unison, p-v. nthrn. part Delaware co. O. by p-r. 33 ms. nthrd. Colunibis. Unitja, p-o. Blount co. Ten. by p-r. 194 ms. s. E. by E. Nashville. U.MTED States, of North America. The United States are bounded n. by the- British and Russian dominions, e. by the Atlantic ocean, s. by the Gulf of Mexico, and w. by Maine, 33,i2rj 399,431 399,437 399,434 .V. 11. l>,4i)l 2r)>»,333 209,3-28 209,326 Vt. 8,000 280,0,57 280,057 280,6.57 Mass. 7,800 010,404 010,408 610,406 R.I. 1,200 97,18.5 97,199 97,193 Coun. 4,764 207,050 2J7,075 297,665 Middle Sta tes. N. V. 40,085 l,ni8,i>32 1,918,608 1,918,577 N.J. 8,3-JO 318,.-.(J9 320,823 319,922 Peim. 47,000 1,:J47,830 1,348,230 1,348,072 Del. 'J, 100 73,4.56 70,148 75,431 Md. 9,.356 344,046 447,040 405,842 Southern States. Va. 68,r.00 741,648 1,211,405 l,O23,.502 N. C. 51,000 492,:J86 737,987 6.39,747 S.C. 33,000 265,784 581,185 4.55,0J5 Goo. Ci,i)!Q UUii,2'J2 516,803 429,810 UNI 558 UNI State, &c. Ky. Ohio. Ind. II. Mo. Ten. Ala. Miss. La. Mich. Ark. Flor. D. C. Huron Free Aggregate Federal or pop. polit. pop. Area in sq. ms. pop Western States 40,500 .')22,704 44,000 935,878 36,670 343,0e8 53,480 156,698 64,000 115,364 South Western States. 45,600 540,300 681,903 51,770 191,978 45,760 70,962 48,320 106,151 Territories, ^c 687,917 935,884 343,031 157,445 140,455 309,.')27 136,621 215,739 34,000 50,000 55,000 100 100,000 31,607 25,812 19,229 33.715 31,639 30,388 34,730 39,834 621,832 935,882 343,030 157,147 130,419 625,203 28,529 37,389 1790, 1800, 1810, 1820, 1830, Increase per cent. 35 36 33 33 Progressive population from 1790, to 1830. inclusive. 3,929,827 5,305,941 7,239,814 9,638,191 s^^i 12,866,020 From the best data, we may regard the regular increase as nearly one third, decen- «;4u,««u juially. The greater increment per cent, which 262',508 ! appears in the two first periods, is satisfacto- ^i?'qna I "'y accounted for, from each succeeding enu- ^ ' meration, being more correctly made, and of 1 course the real pop. being more fully repre- 31.625 1 sented in the returns. We find from the "'--- above table, that white males under 5 years of age, exceeded females of like age in 1830, 51,046, an excess of about 5 per cent. Of white persons above the age of 70, we find Total, 1,061,222 10,849,620 12,858,670 12,055,050 1 —^^q^^^^^ ^^ ^q^^^i females, or of per From this table we find that the people oiiggj^g ^,^q j^ave passed the ordinary limits of the United States, have, with more or less ot k^j^^^j^ ^-f^^ ^^^^^ are 2,611 more females than compactness, extended their settlements over ^^^^^_ j^ ^j^g ^.j^ss of free colored persons more than 1,000,000 square miles, or over a I ^ ^ .^ discover very nearly similar results ; uiuiK mail uLiuk/i".- »" "" J , . 1 of the U. S. double in 30 years, their number will exceed 100,000,000, during the current century. The various classes of the popu- lation, by the census of 1»30, are as follows: Whites. Under 5 years of age. From 5 to 10 " 10 to 15 " 15 to 20 " 20 to 30 » 30 to 40 «' 40 to 50 " 50 to 60 " 60 to 70 " 70 to 80 " 80 to 90 " 90 to 100 Males. 972,980 728,075 669,734 673,196 956,487 592,535 367,840 229,284 135,032 57,772 15,806 2,041 tracted life being decidedly in favor ot te- Moiintains. The face of the country is of course very much varied. For details in this particular, we refer to articles on the different Females, states. Beside the minor chains of mnts., ^21.934 i^o^ever, the country is traversed by two K^ss^fi great chains which are nearly parallel with 596 254 the coasts of the oceans which they respect- 918',41l i ively approach. The Appalachian or Atlantic 555*531 i chain extends from s. w. to N. e., whilst the 356,046 Chippewayan or Pacific range runs from s. s. 223,504 1 E. to N. N. w. By these mountains, the United 131,307 1 States territory is divided into two great ocean ^2'!?5 slopes, and an immense interior valley. By 'o'too another physical division it may be regarded 100 and upwards 301 i"" " t 1 r jj u eastern lamiits II o'" i"<= ^•■t'F"'"' ', Of the foregoing, were deaf and dumD, un- ^^^ Atlantic ocean; the western from the der 14 years ot age, 1,652 ; of 14 and under Chippewayan, to the Pacific ocean, and the 25, 1,905 ; of 25 and upwards, 1,80b. Blind, [^^^ central planes having a common line ot 3,974. Aliens, or foreigners not naturalized, ; ^j^gpggt depression along the lower part of 107,832. ! the channel of the Mississippi river, the Illi- ot .he colored pop. of .he Uni.ed ^-^'•.]±'!:r ^tf-jSlf SZs'-J":>^; there were : — Of Free persons. Males. Females. Under 10 yrs. of age 48,675 47,329 Fm.l0to24 43,079 48,133 " 24 to 36 27,650 32,541 •' 36 to 55 22,271 24,327 " 55 to 100 11,509 13,425 100 and over 269 386 Slaves. Males. Females 353,498 312,567 185,585 118,880 41,545 748 347,665 308,770 185,786 western Appalachian chains rise abruptly from the Hudson valley, near lat. 41° 30' n. where the Hudson passes between enormous walls of primitive rock. These preciiuces rise almost perpendicularly from 1,200 to ,„^^„., 1,500 feet, their bases being washed by the lii'HR7itides. From hence, with a breadth from 80 4 '4Qf Jto 100 ms., the range passes southwestward 676 through the United States until gradually lost among the hills between the southern sources of Tennessee river and Appalachicola and Recapitulation. , ui iciiiiCLJo>.v. ' ' „■ ■ e Whites. Free colored. Slaves. Total jyiobile. The intervening vallies rise trom Milpfl 5 357 102 153,443 1,012,8^^ D,J)Z.5,Jb/ ^^^ cj ,^^,0 foot Hisrharmnff on one side the Females 5,172,542 166,133 996,228 6,335,303, IViODUe. ine iiiiei veiling .>-".^ — ■•-- 500 to 2,000 feet, discharging on one side the numerous streams which traverse and adorn Total. loTi^:^ 11^:^ l7^^ 12,858,670: the Atlantic slope, and from the other supply UNI 559 UNI innumerable fountains to the great central tiver; a remarkable feature of the Appalachi- an chain ia the fact, that very few falls are found in its rs. In a state of nature, the At- lantic system rose as the central and most el- evated section, of perhaps the most extended continuous forest that ever existed on the earth. From the Atlantic border far beyond the Ohio, (with few exceptions) spread count- less millions of trees, amongst which the oak, pine and hickory, predominated ; but inter- mixed with numerous other varieties, winding amongst these primeval woods, rose and flowed those streams now decked with farms, studded with cities, or rivalled by ca- nals fed from their own bosoms. The St. Lawrence basin, a part of the same physical section, also sustained its share of this vast forest, stretching almost uninterruptedly from the sources of Ottawa and Saguenai, to the gulf of Mexico. Passing westward from the Appalachian towards the Chippewayan range, timber gradually ceases, and many hundred miles before reaching the sources of the mighty Missouri, its banks are entirely desti- tute of trees. Here are extensive level prai- ries, where, far as the eye beholds, nothing like forest trees are visible, and as on the ocean, earth and heaven seem to meet in the distance. In southwestern Louisiana, the extremes meet, and in a few hours the travel- ler may pass from the deep gloom of forests untouched by the axe, into plains unbroken by the plough. Contrasts like these, though on a larger scale, strongly mark the two great mountain systems of the United States. Towards the Atlantic, spots of grassy glades are interspersed amongst the mtn. chains. Amid the Chippewayan ridges, forest trees are seen in strips or clumps. Bays, Gulfs, Capes, and Rivers. — All these subjects arc mentioned particularly in the ar- tides on the states where they are found, or under their respective heads. It will be suf- ficient here to say, that no country in the world is intersected by as many navigable rivers as the United States ; that the longest river is the Missouri, which, including the Mississippi, is the longest in the world, being 4,490 miles in length ; that the gulf of Mexi- co, on the s. boundary, is the largest in the United States territory, and that the bays of the coast are numerous, and several of them navigable by vessels of the largest size. In the northern part, the Atlantic coast, which is bold and rocky, is indented by numerous inlets, and broken into headlands. Towards the s. the shore is more level, and generally alluvial. Lakes. — North America, beyond every oth- er country, is distinguished for the immense extent and number of its fresh water lakes. Several of these are on the n. boundary of the United States. Lake Superior is the largest body of fresh water on the globe, its surface of these have been the scenes of important naval engagements. Soil. — The soil of a district so extensive as the United States, is of course marked by al- most every variety. Under the great Ap- palachian forest on both sides of the main chain, and also in its most elevated vallies, or table lands, the soil offers a full reward for its cultivation, and allows the choice of objects of culture. The western slope of the Appa- lachian chain exceeds the eastern in fertility, though this disparity is compensated by the numerous rivers on the e. slope opening chan- nels of direct intercommunication with the Atlantic, and by the more diligent cultivation of the soil. In point of extent, the two mtn. systems of the United States are as two to one, very nearly ; the Appalachian having about 700,000 and the Chippewayan upwards of 1,400,000 square miles. With but partial exceptions the inhabited parts are as yet on the Appalachian section. Climate. — The climate of the United States is remarkable for its variety and its sudden changes from extreme heat to cold, and the contrary. In the n. partis the cold and drea- ry winter of Canada, and in the extreme s. parts, the summer is almost uninterrupted from one end of the year to the other. The climate differs from that of Europe, in the same latitudes. The level portions of the southern states have more moisture, and a less salubrious atmosphere ; their noxious ef- fluvia are more constantly formed, and their marshes more numerous. Those parts how- ever which are elevated, more commonly en- joy a temperate and delightful climate. The mean annual temperature of the middle states is the same as in the corresponding European region, though it is differently distributed. In the Atlantic states the climate is marked by extremes, the summers being usually very hot, and the winters though often short, much colder than European winters in the same lat- itude. Deep and abiding snows are usual in winter on the Atlantic coast, and on the Mis- sissippi, and if we advance to lat. 38° x., or attain an elevation where the temperature is the same as there, there are very few win- ters,in the course of which, from December to February inclusive, the earth is not cover- ed with ice or snow, and the mean temperature of the nights being below the freezing point. With the N. w. winds the snows are most abundant, and often much drifted. In the winter of 1831, and 1832, the Mississippi r. was frozen and passable on the ice as low as lat. 35° N., and the spring floods of 1832, were very great. The summers of the United States, though often excessively warm, are as agreeable, if not more so, than those of southern Europe, and in autumn no part of the globe possesses a season more congenial to human life, or more charming to the sen- ses. In general the weather is variable, and containing 35,000 square miles. Lake Huron subject to sudden changes. The climate contains 20,000 square ms., lake Erie 10,350, throughout the country is greatly modified by and lake Ontario, 7,200 square miles. Some the mountains, lakes, &c. Facts which our UNI 560 UNI limits forbid us to insert, sustain us in the fol- lowing general conclusions respecting the climate. For the iiiore minute local peculi- arities of climate, the reader is referred to the articles on the respective states. These general conclusions are, that all places of sim- ilar latitude and elevation, have like climates, that the United States territory, comprising a zone of N. A., generally has along its oppo- sing coasts similar climates to those prevail- ing on the opposing zone of the eastern conti Minerals. — Most kinds of minerals have been discovered more or less extensively, in the United States. Gold has been found in North Carolina, Georgia, and other states. Silver in small quantities in several places ; iron in numerous and inexhaustible beds, es- pecially along the Appalachian range of mtns., from New Hampshire to Georgia ; copper on lake Superior, in pure metallic masses, and in the ore in several places ; lead in several places, and the mines of Missouri, the annu- nent. Along the Pacific coast, even beyond j al produce of which is estimated at more Bhering's strait, a mild and moist climate pre-! than 3,000,000 lbs. are among the richest in vails, whilst along the Atlantic coast, the win ters are intensely cold & summers as intense- ly warm ; that advancing from the Atlantic coast inland, the thermometer indicates a de- pression of temperature, according to relative heisht and exposure ; falling occasionally, even in N. lat. 35° and e. of the Mississippi river to 18° below zero of Fahrenheit, — that about 400 ft. elevation is fully equivalent to a degree of lat. on Fahrenheit's thermometer, — that as low as n. lat. 35'', and with no al- lowance for any difference of elevation, the winters present a season of from 60 to 120 the world ; mercury or quicksilver, which though a rare metal, had been found in small quantities on the borders of 4 of the great lakes, and other metals, as cobalt, bismuth, and antimony. Limestone in all its varieties, slate, sandstone, and building stone of va- rious kinds, are abundant. Coal has been discovered, the anthracite in inexhaustless quantities, and bituminous in abundance. Salt springs are found in several of the states, some of which are profitably worked, and salt is also manufactured from sea water. Within a few years, gypsum, or plaster of days, say 90 days in which the rivers are fro- j Paris, has been extensively quarried in the zen. This excess of course increasing with) state of New York. Mineral springs are elevation, and progressing northward, — that! found in most of the states ; some of them the prevailing winds which have been men- highly valuable, tioned are in frequency about as 7 in 10, andj Productions and Iniermd Improvements.- in intensity, at least as 8 in 10, of all aerial currents, over the United States and western Europe, and consequently that this great cur- rent, which carries the moist and uniform air ofthe Atlantic on Europe, at the same time bears the frozen air of an inmiense continent over the eastern part ofthe United States, — that observation of prevailing rains shows, that the mean annual amount of rain in the United States is about 37 1-2 inches, whilst the mean annual rains of n. w. Europe amount to only 31 1-3 inches. In the United States rain falls from 140 to 150 days, including snow, sleet, &c. leaving about 220 fair days, annually, while in n. w. Europe, the days of rain, or rather of heavy mist, are on an average 220 days annually ; and lastly, that the climate of the United States appears to be nearly stationary, or if subject to any changes, they are small. Clearing of land, if it produces any efl'ect, will probably, as in Scotland, lower the temperature. Winds. — The winds which prevail about 7-10 of the time throughout the whole n. On these subjects, see articles on the res- pective states, and on rail-roads and canals. Agriculture. — Nearly one fifth of all the inhabitants ofthe United States are engaged in agricultural pursuits. The annual cotton crop is estimated from 300 to 350 millions of pounds. The flour and meal actually inspect- ed at 11 different places in 1830, amounted to2,85l,S7G barrels of wheat flour, 41,351 of rye flour, 18,372 hhds. and 35.070 barrels of corn meal. Tlie eastern states are mostly devoted to grazing and the dairy ; the middle and western, to the production of various kinds of grain ; the southern to raising rice, sugar, tobacco, cotton, &c. Manufactures. — The manufactures of the United States are considerable, and gradually increasing, to a great extent ; they have been noticed in the articles on the different states, though some statements still remain to be made. The eastern and middle states, which are most abundantly supplied with water pow- er, are most extensively engaged in manu- factures, especially of cotton, woollen, iron, temperate zone are from the n. w., w. and p. 'glass, paper, wood, &.c. In 1810, the value w. This prevalence is said to be so great as i of annual manufactures in the United States, to bend the forests on both sides ofthe Atlan-lwas estimated at $172,762,676 ; the present tic toward the e. or s. e. Not only are these ; annual value is computed at ,"5500,000,000 ; winds most frequent, but also most violent ; and the capital invested in all the manufacto- and the effects of their constancy and violence ries of the Union is estimated at more than may be generally traced by this inclination of $1,000,000,000. Most ofthe American man. the trees ofthe country, from N. England to 'ufactures are designed for home consumption, the mouth ofthe Oregon, and even into thelyet in !83l, domestic manufactures were ex- Arctic ocean, to Melville island. These ported to the amount of .$7,861,740. More winds are however very much modified, than two thirds of the clothing used by those by the elevated lands in the mountainous engaged in agricultural pursuits, are of do- parts, and by the sea breezes, &c. on the jmestic production, coast. UNI 561 UNI Cmnmcrce.-The United States are among, the title lo these land^'the United'sI^I^Th^; the most commercial countries in the world, paid on the Louisiana purchase pHncinal and In the year ending September 1831, the im- interest, -$23,5 14,225 f onX ForSa ports amounted to S$103,191,124, of which $93,962,110, were imported in American, and $9,229,014 in foreign vessels. The e.\. ports of the same year, amounted to $81,310 - 583, of which $61,277,057 were domestic, and $20,033,526 foreign articles. Of the domestic e.vports, $1,889,472 were the pro duct of the sea; $4,263,477 of the forest; $48,261,233 of agriculture ; and $7,862,675 of manufactures. Of domestic articles, $49,671,239 were expo rted in American, and $11,605,818, in foreign vessels. Of the for eign articles $15,874,942 were exported in American, and $4,158,584 in foreign vessels In the same year 922,9.52 tons of Amer., and 281,948 tons of foreign shipping were enter- ed ; and 972,504 tons of American, and 271,. 994 tons of foreign shipping cleared from the ports ot the United States. The whole amount of the registered, enrolled, and li- censed tonnage, including fishing vessels, in the United States in 1830, was 1,191,776 tons ; of which 38,911 were engaged in the whale fishery. .The amount of tonnage built in 1830 was more than 58,000 tons. The most im- portant article of e.xport, was cotton, which amounted to $25,289,492 ; the exports of to bacco, were $5,269,960 ; of rice, $2,620,696 • ol flour, biscuit, &c. $4,464,774 ; of swine' and their products, $1,495,830 ; of corn and rye meal, .$881,894; of cattle and their pro ducts,including butter and cheese, $896,316- of thQ imports, $13,456,625 were free of dutV ; $61,534,965 were subject to duties " ad va lorem" ; and $28,199,533 were subject to to specific duties. The number of seamen in the United States is about 50,000, exclusive of the navy, and of those engaged in internal navigation. The greatest export trade is from New Orleans ; the greatest import to New York. A great proportion of the ship- ping of the United States is owned in New England and New York. For additional de tails, see tables in the apendix. F/6f/«;-ie.s.— Mostofthe fisheries are carried on from the New England states and by N. E. ships. The-cod fishery is the moat impor" tant, that of the whale next. The annuyil v due .of hsh exported is $1,889,472. The whole amount ot tonnage engaged in the fisheries in 1831, was 98,322 tons. Public Lands.— These lands consist of the territory belonging to the United States at the time of their independence, of tracts ceded to the general government by individual states^, aiid of tracts acquired by treaty or purchase. 1 hey are mostly within the limits of the West- ern states, and are to a great extent occupied by Indians, who are regarded as the owners until their title shall have been extinguished by purchase. The aggregate amount of all these lands, is 1,090,871,753 acres, the value of which, at the fixed minimum price of sale a dollar and a quarter per acre, amounts to' the enormous sum of $1,363,589,691. For 71 chase $6,251,016 ; on the Georgia, Yazoo and other contracts, $18,312,2T9 :— total] $48,077,551. The amount of all their sales up to September 1831, has been $37,272,713. The amount of sales is gradually on the in- crease ; in 1831, it was $3,000,000. All sales are for cash. Salt springs and lead mines are reserved by government; and one thirty-sixth part of all public lands, are reserved and ap. plied for the perpetual support of common schools. Three fifths of the value of all sales IS applied by congress, for internal improve, mentsinthestates where the lands are loca- ted, and the remaining two fifths is applied by the states for the promotion of learning. Up to the present time, rather more than 150,000,. 000 of acres have been surveyed, about 2o',- 000,000 of acres have been sold, and the sam'o quantity granted by congress for the purposes of education, internal improvement, &.c. and there are now about 110,000,000 of acres surveyed and unsold, of which 80,000,000 are now in market. Of the unsold lands, 340,. 871,753 acres are within the limits of the new states and territories, and 750,000,000 acres beyond these limits. Revenue, expendiiure, and national debt As there is at present no direct taxation by the general government, the revenue is chiefly derived, 1, from duties on imports ■ 2 from the public lands ; 3, from its bank sto'ck '; 4, from post offices, lead mines, &c. Of these the duties on imports are by far the lar. gest. The estimated revenue for 1832 ia lio')^..''"'*"""^' 826,.500,ii00; public lands.' §3,000,000 ; bank dividends, $490,000 ; other sources, .$110,000; total, $30,100,000. The expendiiures fqr the same year, exclusive of payments on the public debt, are estimated at $13,365,202, which, being deducted from r^c^^i'"^"^^^*^ receipts, will leave a balance of $16,734,797. Between March, 1829, and the 2nd of January, 1832 more than ^40 'oOO - 000 have been applied to the extinguishment of the public debt, which at the last date amounted tc. $24,322,235. It is intended to re, duce It to ^2,302,686 by January, 1833 ; to pay It off entirely by March of the same year Ihe whole amount of the disbursements of government made in all the states between 1789 and 1831, for fortifications, light houses, public debt, internal imiirovements, and revo, lutioiiary pensions, is ^222,!!76,821. Banks.~ThQ present bank of the U. S was chartered by congress in 18 1 6, for 20 years, with a capital stock of $35,000,000 of which government owns one fifth. The' debts of the bank may in no case exceed its deposits by more than $35,000,000. The actual circulation is about $42,000,000 ; and the average dividends 6 or 7 per cent. 'The bank is located at Philadelphia, and ithas 25 branches in the principal cities of the Unio^n Besides the U. S. bank, tliere are in the dif ferent states, nearly 400 banks, with capitals UNI 562 UNI of from $3,000,000 downwards, amounting in all to about $200,000,000, including the U. S.bank. Mint. — The mint was established at Phila- delphia in 1792, and the amount of its coinage has been constantly on the increase. Durin the first 10 years of its establishment, endin Boston News Letter. In 1720, there were but 7 newspapers in all the North American colonies ; in 1810 there were 359 in the U. S. ; in 1826, 640 ; in 1828, 802 ; and at the present time there are more than 1,0( 0, of which between 50 and 60 are issued daily. Of the 802 newspapers issued in 1828, 192 in 1801, the amount of silver coinai^e alone [were in New England, 409 in the middle, was $1,574,000; from 1801 to 1811, it was j in the southern, 115 in the western, and 33 $4,858,000; from 1811 to 1821, $6,180,000 ;! in the southwstrn. states ; 5 were in the terri- and from 1821 to 1831, $18,325,000. The|tories, 9 in the district of Columbia, and 1 in whole coinage of 1831, amounted to $3,- ' the Cherokee nation and language. The whole number of periodical sheets annually issued is estimated at 64,000,000. Slavery. — Slavery exists in 12 states, Dela- ware, Maryland, Virginia, N. and S. Caroli- na, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Tennessee, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Missouri ; also in th-e territories of Arkansas, Florida and Michigan. Maine, New Hampshire, Ver- mont, Massachusetts, Ohio, and Indiana, have no slaves. In Rhode Island, Connecti. cut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Illinois, there are a few ; but as slavery is abolished in all of them, it will cease with the death or exportation of the slaves now in them. Whole number of slaves in the U. S. 2,010,436. Indians. — The whole number of Indians in 92.3,473, of which $714,270 were of gold, $3,175,600 of silver, and $.'''),603 of cop- per. The expense of the mint for the same year was $28,000. Of the gold coined, $518,000 were from the gold regions of the U. S. Gold and silver are coined without ex- pense to the owners. The probable supply of bullion for the next period of 10 years, is es- timated at $6,000,000 annually. The metal- lic currency of the U. S. is estimated at $30,000,000. Post.nffice. — The first-post in America was established in New York in 1710, under the old colonial government. In 1789, the ex- clusive direction of posts, &.c. was conferred by the constitution on congress. At that time there were but 75 post-offices in the country. In 1831, the number of post-offices was 8,686;' the U. S. and their territories, is 129,266. the extent of post-roads 115,176 miles; and the yearly transportation of mails equal to 15,468,692 miles. The expenses of the post-office department, for the year 1830, were $1,959,109; the receipts, $1,919,300; balance against the department, $39,809. Army and navy. — The standing army of the U. S. is limited by law to 6,442 men ; it consists of 7 regiments of mfantry, and 4 of cavalry, commanded by one major general and two brigadier generals, beside inferior officers. The estimated expense of the ar- my for 1832, including fortifications, armo- ries, arsenals, &lc. is $6,648,099. Beside the standing army, the militia of the country in 1830, amounted to 1,262,315. The navy consists of 12 ships of the line, 17 frigates, 16 sloops, and 7 schooners ; total 52, includ- ing those which are building, of which 20 are in commission. The total number of officers and men is 6,345. The estimated expenses of the navy for 1832, including the sum for gradual improvement, are $3,907,618. Salaries, pensiuvs, ^ and Queen King Georgo King VViUium Lancaster Loudon Louisa Luni'uburg Madison Mattliews Po|mlHlion •24,U'.27 1I,09U 21,901 .'5,05:3 10, r, 9, -201 8,2-il 1-1,911 in.GOo 10,369 7,117 28,o:m 16,253 28,797 7, low 10,517 3,838 11,G-11 6,397 9,812 4,8U1 21,939 16,151 Counties Population. Micidenburg 20,477 Middlesex 1. Below head of tide water. 165,237 2. Between that, & the Blue Ridge 201,219 3. Between the Blue Ridge & the Alle- ghany ]«6,994 4. Westward of the Alleghany to Ohio river 153,523 175,847 2-25,991 341,074 427,210 11,805 15,386 37,857 203,871 13,072 12,831 166,353 28,337 Total, 085,962 452,526 1,138,508 68,600 The population of Virginia after several periods has been as follows :-1790, 747, 6l0 ; 1800, 880,200; 1810, 974,622; in 1820, 1,- 065,366; and in 1830, 1,211,375 ; at the lat- ter period the pop. by cos. was as follows. Eastern District. Counties. Accomac AlbouiurU Amelia Amherst Bedford Brunswick Population 16,656 22,618 11,036 12,071 20,246 15,767 Counties. Population. Buckingham 18,351 Campbell 20,350 Caroline 17,760 Charles City 5,500 Charlotte 15,262 Chesterfield 18,637 Counties. Alle£;hany Ausjuita Bath Berkeley Butli'tcjurt Brooke Cabell Frederick Giles Grayson Greenbrier Harrison Hampsliire Hardy Jetferson Kenliawa Lee Lewis Logan Monoiigalia Mhsiiu Nanseniond Nelson New Kent Norfolk Nortliamiton Nortliunilierland Nottaway Orange Patrick Pittsylvania Powhatan Prince Edward Prince Georgo Prince William Princess Anne Uichinoiid ■^oulliainpton ipottsylvania Slaliord ;^urry Sussex .,,. - Warwick 1 1 ,957/ Westmoreland 9,231;] Yoik 7,664 Western District. Pojiulation . | < jou n ties. 2,8]tiiMonroe 19, 920 j Montgomery 4,002|Morgan 10,5 18 'Nicholas 16,354 jOhio 7,041 [Page (formerly E. 5,88l|siienandoali) 25,046 Pendleton 5,274'Pocahontas 7,675 Preston 9,006 Randolph 14,722 Rockbridge 11,279 Rockingham 6,798 Russell 12,927 Scott 9,326 Shenandoah 6,461 Tazewell 6,241 3,680 14, 05(1 0,534 Tyler Washington \\'ood Wy'tlie 4,122 11,784 11,254 6,458 24,506 8,641 7,953 10,130 14,637 7,395 26,034 8,517 14,107 8,367 9,330 9,102 6,055 16,074 15,1,34 9,362 7,109 12,720 1,570 8,396 5,354 Population- 7,798 12,306 2,694 3,346 15,584 8,327 6,271 2,54-2 5,144 5,000 14,244 20,683 6,714 5,724 11,423 5,749 4,104 15,614 6,429 12,163 Total population of Eastern Va. 832,980 ; Western, 378,425. Of the preceding were white persons, Males. Females. Under 5 years of age 6-5,793 02,411 From 5 to 10 51,805 49,961 " 10 to: 5 43,287 41,936 " 15 to 20 36,947 40,479 " 20 to 30 60,911 62,044 " 30 to 40 3G,.539 36,450 " 40 to 50 23,381 23,750 " 50to60 15,201 15,447 " 00 to 70 8,971 8,765 " 70 to 80 3,074 3,857 " 80 to 90 1,103 1,098 " 90 to 100 1R4 158 " 100 and upwards 26 93 Total, 347, R87 346.383 VIR Of the colored population, were Free. Male. Ft-malo 572 VIR Under 10 years of age 8,236 8,002 84,000 From 10 to 24 6,12(> 7,031 (i8,917 24 to :ir> 3,.'546 4,.501 43,189 30 to o5 2,7-Jl 3,379 30,083 55 to 100 1,731 2,024 12,155 100 and upwards 27 24 133 144 Total, 22,387 24,961 239,077 230,680 Recapitulation. Whites. Free col'd. Slaves. Total. 691,270 47,318 469,757 1,211,375 Features. — Comparatively there is little of Virginia actually level. Such character is only found in the two counties of Accomac and Northampton, e. of Chesapeake bay, and to Princess Anne, Norfolk and Nansemond, with an aggregate area of 2,200 square ms. or less than the thirty first part of the state. West of the Chesapeake bay the country grad- ually rises into hill and dale, though much marshy and flat land skirts the wide mouths of the rivers. Virginia and Maryland occupy the central part of that physical section of the At- lantic coast so remarkable for deep and wide rivers. Except in extent and position Chesa ley, and river scenery. In the higher part. Slaves. j beside the elegant back ground of the Blue Male. Fern. Ridge, other detached mountain chains rise rr'qo'i a"*^ giv6 intimation that the solid structure of 40,U27 the country is Appalachian, and that the outer 27,2110 j ridges of that system influence the great 12,2i5 bends of the rivers. This mountain influence is seen in the courses of Roanoke, James, Rappahannoc, and Potomac rivers. Section 2d, contains the 29 counties em- braced by what might be with propriety called the Blue Ridge section of Virginia. The 3d and Great Valley section, is in some respects the most remarkable of the natural sections of Virginia. Extending from the Iron mountain at the northeastern angle of Ten. to the northern bend of the Potomac at Han- cock's town, the mean length is within a tri- fle of 300 ms., the mean distance between the Blue Ridge and Alleghany mountain is about 43 ms. This valley is the continuation of the Kittatinny of Pa., and is a true table land, or mountain plateau. The rise is ab- rupt, as there is a difference of from 200 to 300 feet in the mean level, on the two sides of ihe Blue Ridge. The elevation of Lynch- peake bay differs in nothing essential, besides! burg is about 500 feet, whilst that of Staun- its greater depth, from Pamlico and Albe marie sounds, on the s. and Del. to the n. In Virginia and Maryland the confluents of the Chesapeake seem to imitate that great re- servoir, and Pocomoke, Nantikoke,Choptank, and Chester rivers on the e., and James, York, Rappahannoc, Potomac, Patuxent, and Patapsco on the w., widen into expansive bays before their final discharge. These minor ton at the sources of Shenandoah is 1,152 feet ; Lexington in Rockbridge county 902 feet ; Salem on the Roanoke in Botetourt co. 1,002, the Warm Springs in Bath county 1,782 feet, and the mean elevation of the farms on the whole extent no doubt exceed 1,000 feet. The Blue Ridge is in Virginia as in New Jersey, Pa., and Maryland, bounded on the northwestern side by a calcareous bays become gradually more shallow and j band, of more or less breadth. The surface more confined in width approaching the head of the Great Virginia valley is in an especial of tide water, but they all retain the distinct- manner broken and diversified, but every ive character of bays as far as the ocean tides where containing zones of highly productive penetrate inland. The 1st section in the fore- 1 soil, abounding, with some exceptions, in good going summary exhibits the counties which I water, and so rich in scenery, it affords an may be strictly designated alluvial. Though | endless variety of delightful landscape. In re- where approaching the primitive ledge which I gard to declivity, the Great valley presents terminates the tides, the face of the country is diversified by waving hills, still in their structure they are alluvial, of that species called ancient. The far greater part of the substrata are composed of sand and pebbles. Large masses of rock in its original position is rare except at great depths. The Blue Ridge traverses Va. 260 ms. in a direction from s. w. to N. E. and except where traversed by Roanoke and James rs. is a continuous ridge, and a county limit in all its range in that stale. Falling from this finely delineated chain, is an inclined plain containing 15,386 square miles, terminated by the head of the Atlantic tides. This truly beautiful section, if we merely regard the fall of water, has a declivity of from about 300 to 500 feet, but the descent of the water gives but a defective idea of the some curious phenomena. The northern and nearly onehalf of the whole surface declines to the N. E. towards the Potomac, and is drained by the Shenandoah, Cacapon, and South branch of Potomac. Southward from the sources of Potomac and Shenandoah is a middle valley, drained eastwardly through the Blue Ridge by James and Roanoke rivers. The extreme southern part falls to the n. w. and gives descent to New river or Great Kenhawa. We thus perceive that this ttible land is partly on the Atlantic slope and part- ly in the Ohio valley, and that the inflected line that separates the sources of James and Roanoke of the former from those of Great Kenhawa of the latter river system passes the mountain valley obliquely. Passing the table land between Blue Ridge and Allegha- slope in the arable soil, which latter towards ny mountains on the third natural section, the Blue Ridge rises in many places, to at 'brings us on the fourth or Ohio section ol least 1,000 feet in the intermediate spaces | Virginia. The extreme length of this west- between the rivers. The face of nature,: em slope is within a small fraction of 300 ms. though exhibiting little of grandeur, is rich from the northern boundary of Ten. to the and pleasing in the endless outline of hill, val-j the extreme northern angle of Brooke co. VIR 573 VIR The greatest breadth le nearly along the gen- eral course of Great Kenhawa, 135 ms., but both extremea are narrow, and the mean width is about 94, and the area 28,337 sq. ms. This great space is politically subdivi- ded into 23 counties. The surface is in the far greater part mountainous, and in all parts very broken. The ridges or chains of the Ap- palachian system stretch over it very nearly parallel to the Ohio, in that part of the course of that stream which bounds .Virginia. The soil is as various as the surface, or even more so, as every grade of fertility and of sterility may be found. The elevation of the water at the junction of Ohio and Great Kenhawa, being 533 feet, and that point being only about 40 direct ms. from the extreme lowest point of Western Virginia at the mouth of Great Sandy river, we may regard all land surface of the Ohio section as rising above 500 feet. The oceanic elevation of Wheeling is 634 feet, and the Ohio as abase to the great in- clined plain and a recipient for the waters of the Western section of Virginia, rises up- wards of five hundred and sixty feet, or very nearly on a level with lake Erie. The divi- ding ridge of the waters of Ohio and the At- lantic, is the apex of the plain before us, and has its highest elevation in the mountain val- lies, from which rise on one side the sources of Roanoke and James rivers, and on the oth- er those of Great Kenhawa. Under the heads of Giles, Pocahontas, and Monroe counties of Virginia, which occupy the highest pp.rt of the plain we are surveying, it may be seen that the mean elevation of the arable soil exceeds one thousand six hundred feet. A similar if not ahigher mean height might in fact be as- signed to the sources of Great Kenhawa, from those of Greenbrier to those of New river. From these elevated vallies the Ohio sources flow like radii from a common centre. The difl^erent branches of the Monongahela rise in Lewis and Randolph counties, and flowing northwardly over Harrison, Monon- galia and Preston counties, enter Pa. and uni- ting the mingled waters continue northward to meet those of the Alleghany, to form the Ohio at Pittsburg. The Ohio from Pittsburg first sweeps a curve to tlie northwestward, thence westward and finally southward up- wards of one hundred miles, in a remarkable manner parallel to the general course of the Monongahela, the two streams flowing in op- posite directions. From the large curve of Ohio below Pittsburg to the influx of Little Kenhawa, there is only a narrow inclined plain of about 30 ms. width between the Ohio river and the sources of creeks flowing estrd. into Monongahela, Down this confined slope flow, Harman's Cross, Buff"alo, Wheeling, Fish, Fishing, Middle Lsland, and some other creeks of lesser note. With Little Kenhawa the plain widens ; and the declivity inclines from w. to N. w. This declination is maintain, ed beside in Little Kenhawa, in the vallies of Great Kenhawa, Great and Sandy rivers. The extreme southern part of the Ohio section of Virginia, though also drained into that re- cipient, the tributary waters are borne from the elevated plateau between the sources of the Great Kenhawa and Ten., and before (heir discharge make the immense semicircu. lar curve ot the kitter. From this rapid out. line of the Ohio section of Virginia it must be evident that the climate of the whole must vary materially from that of similar latitudes on the Atlantic coast, and from difference of relative level the climate along the high val- lies of the Appalachian chains must be very different from that on the greatly lower and locally deep ravine of the Ohio. This is so obviously the case that early veg- etation is often far advanced at Wheeling, at the same time when little or no appearance of spring is perceptible along the dividing ridge of the waters of Ohio and Monongahela. The diflerence of level between the high water mark in Ohio river and the ridge we have noticed is about a mean of 850 feet ; but this ridge is only the first in a series of plains which rise one above another until a mean height of between 1,800 and 2,000 feet is attained in central Virginia. If we assume lat. 38° 10' as the central lat. it will, on long. 3° w. W. C, correspond nearly with the greatest elevation, and allowing 400 feet as an equivalent to a degree of lat. will give to the counties along the mountainous section of Virginia a winter climate similar in temperature to that of n. lat. 43° on the Atlantic coast. If from the foregoing elements we embrace the whole of Virginia, we have before us a large section of the United States, extending over a small fraction more than 4° of lat., and 8° 3-4 of long, differing in relative level upward of 2,000 feet, without estimating mountain peaks or ridges. If we suppose the actually settled parts of the United States to be 630,000 sq. miles, Virginia will embrace the one ninth part. It is as we have seen traversed from s. vv. to N. E. by the Appalachian system of mountains, in lateral chains. Of these the Blue Ridge is only the most distinctively de- fined, as it is one of six or seven chains which can be traced and identified over the state. One of these chains, though omitted on some maps and broken into fragments on others, is really in nature very little less obvious than the Blue Ridge, and is distinct over Virgin- ia. This neglected Appalachian chain stretches at a distance of from 15 to 30 miles southeastward from the Blue Ridge. It is known in New Jersey as Schooley's mtn., and though perfectly prominent over that state has received no distinctive name in Pa. In Md. it is called the Parr Spring Ridge and render- ed very conspicuous where it is traversed by the Potomac from the fine conical peak, the Sugar Loaf. In Virginia it traverses Lou- don, Fauquier, Culpepper, Orange, Albe- marle, Nelson, Amherst, Bedford, Franklin and Henry counties. West of the Blue Ridge the mountain chains are also very confusedly delineated on our maps, though they are far from being so in reality. Even on Tanner's VIR 574 VIR United States, the continuous chains are ter- minated by the Alleghany, whilst Western Virginia is traversed by three distinctive chains w. from its main spine. In point of fact, the whole state from the head of tide water to Ohio river, is formed of a series of mountain chains and intervening vallies. This structure is obvious to any person who exam- ines its map with a due previous study of the influence of the mountain system on the in- flections of the streams. Amongst the moun- tain chains, however, the Blue Ridge must always remain the most important, physically and politically. This chain stands in a re- markable manner detached ; in the peaks of Otter, Botetourt county, it presents the high- est land in the Appalachian system s. w. Del- aware river, and it is in all parts of its length a county line. When discovered and coloni zed by Europeans, the region now comprised in Virginia, was one continued dense and very partially broken forest. A few savage tribes were found along the tide waters, but the interior was scarcely inhabited even by savages. It may be remarked, that though the soil increases in fertility advancing from the sea board, still density of population is in a near ratio to proximity to the place of origi- nal settlement on James river. If we make every just allowance for the space actually occupied by mountains, and other unproduc- tive tracts, still there would remain 50,000 square miles at least, capable of sustaining a mean distributive population, equal to any one of the best inhabited of its existing coun- ties, say Henrico, including the city of Rich- mond. Such a ratio would give Virginia up- wards of Jive millions of inhabitants, a number far below the number which it could sup- port. History. — The first charter of Virginia was granted by Queen Elizabeth, in 1583, to Sir Humphrey Gilbert, who perished at sea in an attempt to avail himself of his patent. By this original grant the name of Virginia was imposed on the whole Atlantic coast of North North Virginia to the Plymouth company- The London company effected a settlement April, 1607, at Jamestown, on Powhatan, or as since called, James river, and commenced not only Virginia but the U. S. So vague were the views of the company, or the adventurers under the patent, that discord and wretchedness compelled the colonists to breakup their establishment in 1610, and an entire abandonment was only prevented by the timely arrival of Lord Delaware. In 1612, the 2d charter was granted, and in 1619, the 1st legislative assembly met. The following year negroes were introduced as slaves. They were brought in by a Dutch ship. A state of natural distrust had existed, from their first arrival against the colonists on the part of the natives, which in 1722, eventuated in a mas- sacre, in which 347 whites perished. To the horrors of Indian warfare was added the arbitrary and vexatious regulations of the London company. Royal power interposed, and in 1624 the government of the colony waa seized by the king, and administered by com- mission. The royal governors were as un- steady in their measures as those of the for- mer company, but to the number of these ig- norant tyrants Sir William Berkeley was an exception. This nobleman ruled with mod- eration, and in 1729 restored the legislature by assembling the Burgesses. As an Eng- lish colony, Virginia was royal in its political features and feelings. In the long revolution- ary struggle in England, from 1642, to 1660, the Virginians sided with the royal party. Compelled by force to submit to the parlia- ment, they seized the first moment to exhibit their real sentiments, and Charles II waa ackowledged in Virginia before he was in England. The restoration was alike a failure in both countries, but weak and distant, the colony of Virginia suffered most, and the mo- nopolising spirit of the government of the mother country was felt for upwards of a century, to the revolution in 1775. The church of England was established bylaw in America, claimed by the English. In future 1 1662, which added to exactions in trade, time the general name became restricted to large grants of land to royal favorites, and what is now Virginia. Sir Walter Raleigh, maternal brother of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, obtained a renewal of the first charter. May 25th, 1584. Under Raleigh's patent a colony was planted on Roanoke, but after repeated attempts and disasters, the enterprise entire- ly failed. In August, 1587, the governor sailed to England, in quest of supplies ; the few persons left, were never again heard of, and the patent of Raleigh was vacated by his attainder. In the early part of the reign of James I, Mr. Hackluyt revived the intention of settlement on the coast of North America, and himself and others obtained by petition a patent dated April lOth, 1606, for that part of the coast extending from n. lat. 34° to 45°. the caprice of royal governors, kept up a spirit of resistance and state of irritation which prepared the public mind to throw off the yoke, and meet the minions of power in arms. As early as 1732, the future hero of the U. S. was bom in Va., and had become mature in years when his services were de- manded to teach the kings and people of the earth the most salutary lesson either ever received. In the colonial war, commenced in 1755, George Washington and the Virgin- ians were truly distinguished. In the war of the revolution it was, in many respects, the leading state, and the illustrious Washington was only one of many of her sons who shone in that day of events. Since the revolution no great event particular to Virginia occur- convention This great zone of 14° of lat. was granted to 2 companies, under the relative name of' red, until October, 1829, when North Virginia and South Virginia. South met to revise the constitution. Virginia was given to the London company, Government. — The first constitution of Vir- VIR 575 VIR ginia wae adopted July 5th, 1776, but as set- tlements extended westward, the provisions were regarded as partial and opppreasive, and after many abortive attempts eventuated ill a convention, which, on the 14th of Janu- ary, 1830, reported the existing constitution, which was ratified by a majority of 10,492. The right of suflVage under this constitution is secured under very complex provisions. The right of voting is extended to every white male citizen of the commonwealth, and resi- dent therein, who has attained the age of 21 years and upwards, and who would h.ive been entitled to vote under the former constitution ; or if owner of a freehold of $25 value; or if the holder of a joint interest in a freehold to the amount of $25, or who has a life estate in, or title in reversion to, land of $50 value, and had been in full possession of such an estate or reversionary title six months before the election at which he offers to vote ; or who shall own, and be iirthe actual occupation of a leasehold estate, have put such title on record two months before he shall offer to vote — original term at least 5 years, and rent value $200 ; or who has been a housekeeper and head of a family, 12 months before offer- ing to vote, and shall have paid a tax within the preceding year. The legislative power is vested in a senate and house of delegates, which together are styled the general assem bly of Virginia. The house of delegates con- sists of 134 members, chosen annually, and apportioned in the 4 districts as follows : — 36 from the Tide water district, 42 from that above Tide water and below Hlue Ridge, 25 from the Third, or mountain district, and 31 from that of Ohio, or the Western district. Senate 32 members — 19 from the east, and 13 west from Blue Ridge. Senators elected for 4 years, one fourth going out of office an- nually. Reappointment of the relative mem. bers from the districts of the members of both houses to take place in 1841, and decennially afterward, but the entire number of senators never to exceed 36, nor delegates 150. The executive power is vested in a governor, elected for 4 years, by a joint vote of both houses of the general assembly, and ineligi- ble for the next three years, after the expira- tion of his term of office. A council of state elected by joint ballot of the 2 houses, con- sisting of 3 members, term 3 years, 1 mem- ber vacating his seat annually. The senior counsellor is lieutenant governor. Judiciary vested in supreme court of appeals, and supe- rior and inferior courts, judges of the court of appeals and superior courts, elected by joint ballot of both houses, term during good be- havior, or until removed by a concurrent vote of both houses, two thirds of the members present voting for removal. Staple Productions. — From what has been stated under the section of natural features and extent, the great variety of soil and cli- mate over Va., will at once suggest a corres- ponding variety in the staple productions. This is so far correct, that every vegetable I from cotton to wheat, and from the fig to the apple, can bo produced in abundance. The lower tide water counties, from depression of surface, and from proximity to large masses of water, enjoy comparatively a tropieal tern- perature. This high temperature abates, ris- ing towards and on the central table lands. On the latter the grasses, including bread grains, flourish. Falling from the mountain vallies to that of Ohio river, the temperature again rises, but I have already shown, that on the two extremes of Va., though on simi- lar latitudes, a greater degree of cold prevails on the western side. Of minerals, the state produces limestone, gypsum, iron ore, and muriate of soda, or common salt. The lime- stone exists in immense masses or zones, in different parts of the state. Iron ore is also found widely disseminated. Water, holding in solution common salt, is found by digging, in the lower part of the valley of Great Ken- hawa, and in lesser quantity in some other places. Internal Improvement. — In works of inter- nal improvement, Va. has fallen behind either Pa. or N. Y., even when relative population is made the basis of calculation. A Board of public works, consisting of 13 members, has the management of funds devoted to in- ternal improvement, to an amount exceeding 2,000,000 of dollars. As stated in the Amer- ican Almanac for 1831, this fund contributes 3-5ths of the stock, and the board meets an- nually on the first Monday of January. The following incorporated companies have re- ceived aid from the fund. Capital. Upper Appomatox company, $61,100 Lower Appomattox com. 40,000 Ashby's Gap com 130,050 Fairfax com 13,750 Lynchburg and Salem com . . . 103,900 Leesburg com • 84,000 Little River com Manchester and Petersburg com. Rappahannoc Navigation com. . 50,000 Richmond Dock com. . . . 250,000 Roanoke Navigation com. . . . 412,000 Staunton and James river com. . . 50,000 Sheppardstown and Smithfield com. 46,000 Snicker's Gap com 85,000 Swift Run com. .... 119,800 Tye River com. .... 6,000 Wellsburg and Washington com. . 16,650 The most important chain of internal im- provement yet attempted in Va., is that un- dertaken by the James River navigation company, on the line of James and Kenhawa rivers, and the intervening space. On this route has been expended 1,274,583 dollars ; of which were laid out on lower James river canal, $638,883 86; mountain section of the canal, $365,207 02 ; Kenhawa river, $87,- 389 81 ; on turnpike roads and bridges, from Covington to the Kenhawa, $171,982 49. By a recent act of the legislature, extend- ing the Kenhawa road, loans were authorized for $50,000. Balancing the interest on the WAB 576 WAB sums borrowed and expended, it appears that the disbursements exceed the receipts by $37,727 26 ; and that the general income of the fund for internal improvement, is taxed with the deficiency. The whole capital in- vested by Va., exclusive of that belonging to the Manchester & Petersburg turnpike com., and Little River Turnpike com., amounts to $3,263,811. In aid of improvements in Va., the Dismal Swamp canal company received from the United States f 200,000 ; and the Roanoke navigation company received from N. C. $50,000. Education. — In order of date, the venera- ble college of William and Mary was found- ed at Williamsburg, 1693, and next to Har- vard, is the most ancient literary institution in the United States ; Hampden Sidney col- lege, in Prince Edward co., 1774; Washing- ton, at Lexington, Rockbridge co., 1812 ; and the University of Virginia, at Charlotteville, Albemarle co., 1819. By the statutes of Va., all property arising from escheats, confisca- tions, lands forfeited for non-payment of tax- es, and sums refunded by the national gov- ernment for services rendered by Va. in the war of 1812, revert to the literary fund. This fund was created in 1809, and possesses an available capital exceeding one million, two hundred and thirty thousand dollars. Of the interest on this fund, the University of Va. receives an annual appropriation of $15,000. To the education of the poor of each county* an appropriation of $45,000 is annually applied, and divided amongst the counties in a ratio of white population, under the man- agement of commissioners appointed by the court of each county. VisALiA, p-v. Campbell CO. Ky., by p-r. 97 ms. northward Frankfort. VoLNEY, p-t. Oswego CO. N. Y., 159 ms. N. N. w. Albany, 15 s. e. Oswego, 50 w. Rome ; has Oneida and Oswego rivers s., which sep- arate it from Onondaga co., and Oswego co. w.; has a surface nearly level; good soil. Scotts, Catfish and Black creeks, as well as the streams aforesaid, afford mill sites. The falls of the Oswego, particularly, offer abun- dant water power. At the p-v. of Oswego Falls are several mills and factories, as well as a quarry of freestone. Pop. 1830, 3,629. VoLUNTOwN, p-t. Windham co. Conn., 54 ms. s. s. E. Hartford, has Rhode Island on the E. line ; about 4 ms. by 9 ; has some pine plains, but is generally hilly, with a light and poor soil. Paucamack pond, partly in R. I., gives rise to Pochaug river, which crosses this town, generally with a slow current, yet affording some mill sites, and empties into Quinebaug r. First settled 1696. It has its name from having been granted to volunteers in the Narraganset war. Pop. 1830, 1,304. Vulcan, p-v. Randolph co. Il.f by p-r. 81 ms. s. w. Vandalia. w. Wabash, r. of the U.S. in O., Ind. and II., and the great northwestern constituent of the O. r. Beside many minor streams, the Wa- bash is composed of three main branches. Lit- tle Wabash on the s. w., Wabash proper in the centre, and White r. on the eastern side of the valley. Little Wabash rises in Shelby CO. II., interlocking sources with those of Kaskaskia r., and flowing thence in a s. s. e. direction over Fayette, Clay, Wayne, and White cos. II., falls into the main channel of the Wabash, between White and Gallatin COS., about 10 ms. direct course above the in- flux of Wabash into Ohio r. The entire com- parative course of Little Wabash is about 110 ms., mean breadth of its valley 25, and area 2,750 sq. ms. ; between lat. 37° 50', and 40° 30'. Entire valley in the state of Illinois. Embarras r. is another branch of Wabash, the whole valley of which lies in the state of II. The Embarras has its extreme source in Vermillion co. II., interlocking sources with those of Vermillion, Kaskaskia, and Little Wabash. Flowing nearly parallel to the lat- ter, over Edgar, Clark, and Crawford cos., falls into the Wabash 10 ms. below Vincennes, after a comparative course of about 100 ms. Mean width of the valley 20 ms., and area 2,000 sq. ms. The valley of the Embarras occupies the space between the higher sour ec8 of Kaskaskia, and the main Wabash. In the distance of 100 ms., air measure, from the influx of Embarras to that of Vermillion, the Wabash does not receive a stream from the right, or from the state of II., above the size of a large cr. Vermillion r. rises in the state of II., to the nrthrds. of Vermillion co., inter- locking sources with the Embarras and Kas- kaskia, and with those of the Sangamon and Pickmink branches of II. r. Flowing by com- parative courses 60 ms. to the sthestrd., it falls into the main channel of the Wabash, af- ter having traversed Vermillion co. of I!., and Vermillion co. of Ind. Tippecanoe, as laid down by Tanner, is the extreme northern source of Wabash, rising at lat. 41° 30', and long. 9° w. W. C, interlocking sources with those of Kankakee branch of II. r., and with the Elkhart, or southern branch of the St. Jo. seph's r., of lake Michigan. Flowing by comparative courses 70 ms., first to the s. w., and thence curving s., it traverses Carroll co., and falls into the Wabash in the nrthrn. mar- gin of La Fayette co. The whole left incli- ned plane of the Wabash valley, is in length about 330 ms , the breadth in no place extends to 60, and is about a mean of 35 ms. from the main channel ; area 1 1,550 sq. ms. Wabash proper rises on the great plateau, or table land between the Ohio r., and lakes Erie and Michigan, and within 5 ms. of the junction of St. Joseph's and St. Mary^e rs. The country WAB 577 WAB from which tho Wabash rises, is amongst the most remarkablo on tho earth. The two main constituents of the Maumco, tho St. Jo- seph rising in Michigan, and St. Mary's ris- ing in the state of Oliio, flow eaci\ for a com- parative distance of 70 ms., in comjjlete ac- cordance with the confluents of W' abash ; but uniting at Fort Wayne, Allen co. Ind., the united waters, in place of continuing what would be apparently the naturtil course, down the channel of the Wabash, turn in a directly opposite direction, and form the Maumee, which flowing nrthestrdly. 110 ms., is lost in the sthwstrn. bay of lake Erie. The central plain is indeed so nearly a dead level, as to admit but little current in the streams. That which is laid down by Tanner as the main source of Wabash, rises in Mercer and Darke COS. O., flowing thence n. w. by w., enters Ind., and after a comparative course of 60 ms., receives Little r., from the central table land in Allen co. It is the sources of the lat- ter stream, which so nearly aiiproach the junc- tion of St. Mary's and St. Joseph's rs., and it is along its channel, that a canal has been proposed to unite the Wabash and Maumee rs. The Wabash, already a navigable r., at the influx of Little r., inflects to a course of a little s. of w. 50 ms., receiving the Salaman- ic and Missisinewa from the s. e., and Eel r. from the n. w. Below the influx of Eel r., the main channel inflects to s. w. 70 ms., receiv- ing in that distance, 30 ms. below the mouth of Eel r., Tippecanoe, as already noticed. At the lower end of the last mentioned course, according to Tanner's U. S., the channel of Wabash is only about 10 ms. from the estrn boundary of II., but deflecting to a course of a very little w. of s., continues 60 ms. entire- ly in Ind., to a point between Vigo co. of the ktter, and Clarke co. of II. From hence the main channel continues a general compara- tive course 120 ms., forming a boundarj' be- tween the two states, and receiving the Little Wabash from the n. w., and the White r. from the nrthestrd. W^hite r. is the most con- siderable branch of Wabash, draining the large space between the main stream above their confluence, and that part of Ohio r. be- tween the mouths of Miami and Wabash. The valley of Whiie r., comprising an area mcr rises in Henry and Hancock cos., and flowing by a general sthwstrn. course, drains the cos. of Henry, Hancock, Rush, Shelby, Decatur, Bartholomew, Jennings, Scott, Jack- son, :\Ionroe, Lawrence, Martin, Orange, and part of Jerterson, Dubois, and Daviess. It may be noticed as a remarkable peculiarity of the valley of White r., that the extreme sthestrn. source in Jeflerson co., rises within less than 1 m. of the bank of O. r., and flows di- rectly from that great stream, into which the waters, thus singularly turned by the features of the country, are poured, 160 ms. air meas- ure, lower down both rs. A ridge of hills ex- tends entirely over Ind., from the mouth of Great Miami, to that of Wabash, across the cos. of Dearborn, Switzerland, Jefl'erson, Scott, Washington, Orange, Crawford, Du- bois, Spencer, VVarriok, Gibson. V^anderburg, and Posey. From this ridge creeks are dis- ciiarged on each side, into the Ohio and White rs. respectively, the two streams flow- ing very nearly parallel in a direction s. w. by w. The entire valley of Wabash approach- es the form of an ellipsis the longer axis .3u0 ms. from the extreme sthwstrn. sources of Little Wabash, to the nrthrn. fountains of Eel river. The greatest breadth 200 ms., from the sources of Graham's Fork near Madison in Jefl'erson co. Ind., to the nrthwstrn. foun- tains of Vermillion r., in the state of II. The whole area of the valley about 40,000 sq. ms., exceeding by a small fraction, the one fifth part of the superficies of the whole Ohio val- ley. In fixing the relative extent of the con- fluents of Ohio, Wabash is the third in length of course, and second in regard to area drain- ed ; being in the former case exceeded by Ten. and Cumberland, but in the latter by Ten. only. As a navigable channel, Wabash is a very important stream. It is but slightly impeded by falls and rapids, and its course seems to be almost artificially drawn to form a part of the line of commercial connexion between the Miss. r. and lake Erie, by the most direct route. As an agricultural sec- tion, it maybe doubted whether any other of equal continuous extent on earth exceeds the Wabash valley. The surface is in part hilly, in no part mountainous, nor in any part, to a considerable extent, a dead level. The north- of 11,000 sq. ms., is drained by innumerable ern extreme approaches, and mingles with smaller streams, which first unite in two | the prairie physical section of N. America, branches, which again by their union form White r. White r. proper, or the nrthrn. branch, has its extreme source in Randolph CO. lud., but almost on the wstrn. border of Darke co.O. Flowing thence wstrd. by com- parative courses 70 ms., over Randolph, Del- aware, and Madison, into Hamilton co., in- flecting to s. w., and traversing Hamilton, Marion, Morgan, Owen, and Greene cos., and thence separating Daviess from Knox co., receives the East Fork, after an entire com- parative course of upwards of 200 ms. The East Fork, though not having an equal length of course, drains, however, very little, if any, leas surface than the main branch. The for- 73 but the prairies of Ind. are of moderate ex- tent, when compared with those more wstrd., even those of the contiguous state, II. If peopled only equal to some of the eastern cos. of the U. S., of far inferior soil, and without any town of note, the valley of Wabash would sustain a population of 4,000,000. Geograph- ically, this fine portion of the U. S. extends from lat. 37° 47' to 41° 30', and in long, from 7° 35' to 11° 55' w. The diflerence of level between the arable extremes, is not far above or below 1,000 feet, or an equivalent to about 2i degrees of lat., or adding the result of the difference of height to that of the lat., the re- al difference of temperature will be about 6 degrees of Fahrenheit. WAI 578 WAL Wabash, co. of Ind., bounded by Carroll n. j fords many good mill seats, and enters the w., Miami nation n. e., Hamilton k., Hen- Connecticut in Bradford, dricks s., Montgomery s. w., and Tippecanoe Waitsfield, p-t. Washington co. Vt., 11 w. Length 3B ms., mean width 25, and area ms. s. w. Montpelier, 30 s. e. Burlington, first 950 sq. nis. Extending in laf. from 39° 57' settled 1789, has generally an excellent soil, to 40° 28' N., and in long, from 9° to 9° 40' w. yielding a variety of crops, particularly grass. W. C. The eastern border of this co. is on Mad r. pursues a serpentine course through the table land between the main or western ; the s. part, between extensive and fertile branch of White r. and the Wabash, but! meadows. Iron ore and clay are found in slopes WBtrd., and is drained by crecke flow ing m that direction, towards the latter r. On the p-o. list of 1831, the chief town is cal- led Elk Heart Plain ; on Tanner's U. S. is a village named Thorntown, 40 ms. n. w. In- dianopolis. Pop. uncertain. Wabash, one of the southeastern cos. of II., bounded w. by Edwards, n. by Ijawxence, N. E. by Wabash r , separating it from Knox CO. in Ind., and by the Wabash r. s. e. separ- ating it from Gibson co. of Ind. Extending in lat. from 38° 17' to 38° 36', and in long, from 10° 44' to 11° 04' w. W. C. Length 24 ms., mean width 12, and area 988 sq. ms. This CO. lies along the Wabash, opposite the mouth of White r., general slope to the slhrd. Mount Carmel, the co. st., is situated on the Wa- bash, directly opposite the mmith of White r., 30 ms. below Vincennes in Ind., and by p-r. 109 s. E. Vandalia. Lat. 38° 28', long. 10° 48' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 2,710. WACH.OVIA, name formerly given to a tract of country in N. C, now included in Surry and Stokes cos. It was purchased in 1751, by the Moravians, settled by that society, and named from an estate of Count Zinzendorf in Austria. In 1755, by an act of the assembly of N. C, it was named Dobb's parish. The names are now obsolete, and the tract only known from the villages of Salem, Bethabara, &c. Wachusett, mtn. Princeton, Worcester CO. Mass., more than 2,000 feet higher than the ocean, affords a fine and extensive view, and is a favorite resort, not being difficult of ascent. Waddington, p-v. Madrid, St. Lawrence CO. N. Y., 222 ms. n. w. Albany, 18 from Og- densburgh, on the shore of the St. Lawrence, opposite Ogden's isL, is situated just abov^ the Long Falls in tliat stream. A dam ex- tends to the isL, which supplies several mills with water. Waddle's Ferry, and p-o. IMoore co. N. C, by p-r. 75 ms. sthvvstrd. Raleigh. Wadesborough, p-v. and st. jus., Anson co. N. C, near the centre of the co., by p-r. 134 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh, and by the common road 80 ms. w. Fayctteville, n. lat. 35° 03', long. 3° 12' w. W.C this t. Pop. 1830, 957. Wake, co. N. C, bounded n. by Granville CO., N. e. by Franklin, s. e. by Johnson, s. by Cumberland, s. w. and w. by Chatham, and n. w. by Orange. Length 38 ms., mean width 30, and area 1,140 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 30' to 3C° 07', and in long, from 1° 14' to 2°n2'w. W. C. A small angle along the wetrn. part, is drained sthrdly. into cape Fear r., but the body of the co. is contained in the valley of the Neuse, with a declivity to the B. e. The Neuse, deriving its sources from Person, Granville, and Orange cos., is formed into a r. on the nrthwstrn. angle of Wake, and winding thence sthesfrdly., cros- ses the CO. into Johnson. Chief t. Raleigh, the capital of the state. Pop. 1820, 20,102; 1830, 20,398. Wakefield, p-t. Strafford co. N. H., .50 ms. from Concord, 30 from Dover, and 100 from Boston, lies w. Maine, and contains sev- eral ponds. Lovewell's pond s., is famous for a bloody engagement which took place on its banks in 1724, between an expedition from Mass. of nearly 100 men, under the com- mand of capt. Lovewell, and the Pickvvakct Indians, whose residence was at a short dis- tance, in which the latter suffered greatly, and the former were almost entirely cut off. This sheet of water is about 2 ms. long; Wakefield pond about 1 m. : East pond is the source of Piscataqua r. The soil of this t. is generally good, but most favorable to grass. There are a few mills and factories. Pop. 1830, 1,470. Wake Forest, p-v. Wake co. N. C, 14 ms. from Raleigh. Walden, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt., 22 ms. N. E. Montpelier. First settled, 1789, lies be- tween the head waters of Onion and Lamoille rs. The surface is agreeably varied n. and good soil, other parts are little cultivated. Cole's pond is n. e. and Liffords's s. e. Pop. 18.30, 827. Wai.den, p-v. Orange co. N. Y. 90 ms. s. by w. Albany, 11 ms. w. Newburgh, is a flour- ishing manui'acturing villagti, commenced in 1823. It stands on the Wallkill, where the stream makes a descent of 32 feet. The Franklin company have here the largest man- Wadesboro', p-v. and St. jus., Calloway CO. iufactory of flannel in New York, consuming Ky., situated on Clark's r., about 120 ms. N.j 65,000 or 70,000 lbs. of wool in a year, and w. by w. Nashville in Ten., and by p-r. 2G2 producing about 240,000 yards of flannel, ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort, about 35 ms. s. e. 'white and colored. Capital, J$100,000. The the junction of Ten. and Ohio rs. Lat. 36° Wallkill cotton company, consume about 43', long. 11° 28' w. W. C. 120,000 lbs., and make 360,000 yards of Wadswokth, p-v. Medina co. O., by p-r. 'sheeting. The Orange company make 30,- 108 ms. N. E. Columbus. 1 000 yards of low priced broadcloth. There Wait's r., Vt., rises in several heads, af- 1 are also 1 flour and 1 saw mill. There is a WAL £ wire bridge of 150 feet across tho creek, just below the fall. Tho village contains an Episcopal church, a library, and schools. Tlic surrounding scenery is varied and pictur- esque. Pop. 1830, about 800. Waldo, co. Me., bounded by Somerset and Penobscot cos. n., Hancock e., separated from it by Penobscot river and bay, Lincoln CO. s. and 8, w., and Kennebec co. w., con- tains 2G towns, and enjoys great commercial advantages. Bel last, is the chief town. It has a number oi" ponds, one considerable island in the Penobscot, and a number of small- streams, some falling into that river, and others into Sebasticook river. It has been recently formed. Population 1830, 29,788. Waldo, p-t. Waldo co. Me., 44 ms. e. Au- gusta, adjoins Belfast on the n. w. side, and is crossed by a small stream flowing into Bel- fast bay. It is of small size. Pop. 1830, 534. WALDonoROUGH, p.t. and port of entry, Lin- coln CO. Me., 37 ms. e. e. Augusta, 22 k. e. Wiscasset, 180 n. c. Boston, at the head of Muscongus bay, is crossed n. and s. by Mus- congus river, has a considerable amount of shipping, and enjoys an active coasting trade. Pop. 1(J30, 3,113. Wales, p-t. Lincoln, co. Me., 20 ms. s. w. Augusta, 2t) N. w. Wiscasset, has Kennebec CO. N. and w., and part of a large pond s. w., which discharges s. through an outlet extend- ing to the bend of Penobscot river. Pop. 1830, 612. Wales, p-t. Eric co. N. Y., 268 ms. w. Albany, 22 e. s. e. J5uflalo, has Genesee co. E. ; it contains a part of the Seneca reserva- tion ; has a gently varied surface, and is crossed N. E. by Buffalo creek. Pop. iy30, ],470. Walker, p-o. Nittany valley. Centre co. Pa., 5 ms. N. e. Bellefonte, and by p-r. 93 ms. N. w. Harrisburg, and 20U n. W. C. Walk-er, CO. Ala., bounded by Blount e., .lefTerson s. e., Lafayette s. w., Marion w., Franklin n. w., and Lawrence n. Length from s. to N. 50 ms., mean width 30, and area 1,500 square ms. Extending in lat. from 33° 35' to 34° 17', and in long, from 9° 56' to 10° 43' w. W. C. Declivity southeastward and drained by the numerous western branches of Mulberry r. The latter stream, formed in this CO. by two main branches, Sipsey and Blackwater, flows a little w. of s. along the southeastern border, receiving the drain of the western part of Mnlberrry river valley. Chief town. Walker C.H. Walker, court house, p-o. and st. jus. Wal- ker CO. Ala., by p-r. 47 ms. northward Tus- caloosa. ' Walker's, p-o. Colleton district, S.C., by p-r. 92 ms. a little e. of s. Columbia, and 4 milea from Walterboro', the st. jus. for the district. Walker Church, and p-o. southern part of Prince Edward co. Va., by p-r. 88 mg. s. w by w. Richmond. 79 V/AL Walkersville, p-v. Frederick co. Md., by p-r. 4^ ms. N. N. w. W. C. Walkersville, p-o. Mecklenburg co. N. C, by p-r. 109 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. Walkertov, p-v. on the left bank of Matta- pony river. King and Queen co. Va., 19 ms. below and s. e. Dunkirk, the co. seat, and by p-r. 30 ms. n. e. Richmond, 123 s. W. C. Wallingford, p-t. Rutland CO. Vt., 42 ms. N. I'. Bennington, 10 s. Rutland. First set- tled 1773, from (^onn., is crossed from e. to N. by Otter creek and has several small streams, and many mill sites. Lake Hiram or Spectacle pond, 350 acres, is on a moun- tain in the s. e., and there are 2 others of 50 and 100 acres. The Green mountains are e., and the highest summit is called the White Rocks. There is a limestone range w, with marble quarries, and Green hill, in the centre, consists chiefly of quartz. There are several natural and perennial ice houses in caves, at the foot of the White Rocks. Near the n. line is a handsome village near Otter creek. Pop. 18.30, 1,741. Wallinoford, p-t. New Haven co. Conn., 13 ms. N. e. New Haven, 23 s. w. Hartford, has Middlesex co. e., 6 ms. by 7, is crossed by a branchof Quinipiack river, on which are extensive meadows, and has the main stream on the N. w. boundary. The e. part is moun- tainous, but the soil is generally rich, except tho plain, which is about 4 ms. long, and so sandy as often to fill the air with clouds of dust in dry seasons. There are several mills and manufactories on the Quinipiack, and shad are taken in this stream. Ths village is a pleasant situation on a hill, and is of consid- erable size ; contains an academy, &c. Pop, 1830,2,418. Wallkill, river or creek, N. Y., rises in Sussex CO. N. J., flows n. e. through Orange into Ulster co. N. Y., to Rondont creek, which it enters near Esopus. It is about 80 miles long, 65 of which it runs in N. Y. It affords very good oiiH seal.':. Wallkill, p-t. Orange co. N. Y., 101 ms. s. Albany, 20 w. Newburgh, 6 n. Goshen, ia of a triangular form, with Sullivan co. w., and is crossed in the e. part by the Wallkill, whose streams supply mill seats. The soil is various, and favorable to agriculture. It contains 2 woollen factories, and several vil- lages; Scotchtown, Middietown, Mount Hope, and Mechanictown. Pop. 1830, 4,056. ■ Wallsville, p-o. in the northern part of Luzerne co. Pa., by p-r. 114 ms. n. e. Harris- burg, Walnut, large creek of Ohio, rises in and drains the northern part of Fairfield co. from which, flowing westward, traverses the s. e. angle of Franklin, and inflecting to s. e. falls into Sciota in Pickaway co. Walnut, p-v. Fairfield co. Ohio, by p-r. 38 ms. s. E. by e. Columbus Walnut Branch, and p-o. Fauquier co. Va., by p-r. 55 ins. a little s. of w. W. C. Walnut Farm, an stores, a large and well kept hotel and stage house. Pop. 1830, 2,045. Ware, CO. of Geo., as laid down on Tan- ner's U. S., is bounded by Lowndes vv., Ap- pling n., W^ayne n. e., Camden e. and s. e., and Hamilton co. in Flor. s. Greatest length froms. to N. 80 ms., mem breadth 43, and warn and Wankinquog rs., which flow into Buzzard's bay, and afford some mill sites. The soil is generally thin on sand, but is bet- ter near the streams and the coast. Pop. lySO, 1,885. Waresboro', p-v. and st. jus. Ware co- Geo., is situated on the left bank of Santilla river, very nearly mid-dietance ' between Sa- vannah and Tallahassee, and about 140 ms. from each, 75 nis. n.' w. St. Mary's, and by p-r. 161 ms. s. s. e. Milledgeville. N. lat. 31° 18'^long. 5° 41' w. W. C. ^ Warminster, p-v. on the left bank of James r. estrn. part of Nelson co. Va., by p-r. 160 ms. s. w. W. C, and 100 w. Richmond. Warm Springs and p-o. near the French Broad river, nrthestrn. part of Runcombe co. N. C, 34 ms. N. N. w. Asheville, the co. St., and by p-r. 220 ms. vv. Raleigh. Warm Springs, new co. of Ark., embrac- ing the country round the Warm Springs on the higher part of the W^•lsllitau valley, and lies about 60 ms. a little s. ofw. Little Rock. Boundaries uncertain. Chief town. Warm Springs. Pop. unknown. Warm Springs, p-v. and st. jus. Warm Springs co. Ark. ,60 ms. s.w. bv w.LittleRock. Lat. 34° 32', long. 16° w. W. C. This village has risen from the celebrity of its springs, and is now a place of much resort. Warner, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H., 15 ms. from Concord, 4 from ilopkinton, ami 72 from Boston, is supplied with mill sites by W'arner r. which runs through the middle of it, and a branch of Coutoocook r. The surface is broken, the soil good for grass and grain. Mink hills are w. and abound in orchards and pasturage. There are 4 ponds, one of which, Pleasant pond, has no known inlet or outlet, yet overflows in the driest seasons. First settled 1763. Pop. 1830, 2,22J^. WAR 582 WAR Warnersville, p-v. Hardiman CO. Ten., iSjPohatcong creek, and pursues it to the Del- ms. nthrdly. Bolivar, the co. st. Warren, p-t. Lincoln co. Me., 44 ms. s. e. Augusta, 30 E. Wiscasset, has Waldo co. n. e. and is crossed by St. George r. with several ponds flowing into it. Sloops navigate the r. to this t. There is an academy in the v. Pop. 1830,2,030. Warren, p-t. Grafton co. N. H., 63 ms. from Concord, and 10 from Haverhill ; a cor- ner is crossed by Baker's r. which furnishes mill scats s., where are Clement's mills. It is mountainous s. e., a great part of Carr's mtn. being on that boundary. Pop. 1830, 702. Warren, p-t. Washington co. Vt., 31 ms. s. E. Burlington, and IG s. w. Montpelier, set- tled 1797, lies between the 2 ranges of the Green mtns., and is crossed by Mad r. Pop. 1830,765. Warren, p-t. Bristol co. R. I., 11 ms. s. e. aware, at Philipsburgh. There are 7 towns. Pop. 1830, 18,627. Warren, p-t. Somerset co. N. J., 41 miles from Trenton ; has Dead or Passaic river n. separating it from Morris co., &c., Green brook s. on the line of Middlesex county, and Essex CO. E. It is rendered hilly by Rocky Hill ridge ; has copper mines, and the village of Bound Brook s. Pop. 1830, 1,561. Warren, co. Pa., bounded e. by MacKean, s. E. by Jefferson, s. by Venango, w. by Craw- ford, Ni w. by Erie, n. by Chatauque co. N. Y., and n. e. by Cattaraugus co. N, Y. It lies in form of a parallelogram, 32 ms. from E. to \v., and 28 from s. to n. ; area 896 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 41° 37' to 42°, and in long, from 2° 03' to 2° 43' w. W. C. De- clivity to the sthwrd. Alleghany r. forms for a few miles the northeastern boundary, and thence entering, winds over this county into Providence, 19 from Newport, has Palmer's j Venango, in a southwestern direction, receiv- r. N. and w., Mass. e., is a small t. containing only about 4 sq. ms., but has a rich soil, a handsomely varied surface, and an active j wards, and at the Great Bend 5 miles below commerce, coasting and foreign. The v. is' Warren, Brokenstraw, a large cr., comes in ing at the borough of Warren, the Conewan. go, a considerable tributary from the north. pleasantly situated on the s. e. side of War- ren r. with a harbor for vessels of 300 tons ; contains a bank, academy, insurance office, &c. Pop. 1830, 1,800. Warren, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn., 38 ms. w. Hartford, and 45 from N. Haveii, is moun- tainous and hilly, with granite rocks, and quarries of micaceous schistus. It is crossed in the e. by Shepaug r., a branch of Housato- nic, and has other small streams. Pop. 1830, 986. Warren, co. N. Y., bounded by Essex co.' N., Washington co. e, Saratoga co. s., and Hamilton co.w., occupies elevated land, near the head springs of Hudson r., and has a sur-i face generally very irregular, and much cov. j ered with forests. It contains about half of lake George, and part of Scaroon lake. Sev- ! from the westward. Surface broken, and though yet thinly populated, much of its soil is excellent. CHiief town, Warren. Popula- tion 1820, 1,976,1830, 4,766. • Warren, p-v. and st. jus. Warren co. Pa., is situated on the right bank of Alleghany r., on the point below the mouth of Conewango creek, about 120 ms. n. n. e. Pittsburg, and by p-r. 240 ms. northwestward Harrisburg, and 213 n. w. W. C. Lat. 41° 50', long. 2° 17' w. Warren, p-v. on the left bank of James r., at the mouth of Battinger's cr., and in the southern angle of Albemarle co. Va., 25 ms. s. s. w. Charlotte ville, and 89 n. w. by w. Richmond. Warren, co. N. C, bounded n. e. by Ro- anoke r. separating it from Northampton, e. eral.other lakes and ponds are wholly withinjby Halifax, s. and s. w. b^ Franklin, w. fey this CO. On the shores of lake George the j Granville, and n. by Mecklenburg co. Virgin- eminences are from 500 to 1,200 ft. high ; and ia. Length '23 ms., mean width 17, and area the CO. crossed N. and s. by the Kayderosse- ras range. The co. contains 9 towns. Pop. 1820, 9,453 ; 1830, 11,796. Warren, p-t. Herkimer co. N. Y., 68 ms. 391 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 07'- to 36° 32', and in long, from 0° 56' to 1° 21' w. W. C. This CO. is a table land. A little more than one third declines to the nrthrd., w. Albany, 15 n. Otsego, and 10 s. Herkimer, land is drained into the Roanoke ; the sthrn. has Otsego co. s., and is an elevated tract of' slope of the valley of which, is here only about ground, at the head of the lakes which form j 8 ms. wide. Beyond this narrow inclined the sources of Susquehannah. The surface plane rise the extreme sources of Fishing cr., is agreeably varied, with fertile vallies, small I and a branch of Tar r. draining the central cedar swamps, and lime rocks. Pop. 1830 2,084. Warren, co. N. J., bounded by Sussex CO. N. E., Morris co. e., Hunterdon co. s. e., and Delaware r. w. which separates it from Pa. The Blue mountains jise N.w. near the and souihern part of Warren, flowing south- eastward, and uniting between Halifax and- Nash COS. The soil is generally good. Chief t. Warrenton. Pop. 1820, 11,158, 1830, 11,- 877. Warren, co. of Geo., bounded n. e. and e. Delaware, and parallel to its course ; while! by Columbia, s. e. & s. by Jefferson, by Great several ridges, following the same direction, Ogechee r. separating it from Washington s. cross the s. e. part from Pa. to Sussex co.jW., Hancock w., and by Wilkes n. Extend- Musconctcong creek forms the whole w. and ing in lat. from 33° 07' to 33° 34', and iu long, s. w. boundary, just w. of which is the line from 5° 26' to 5° 52' w. W. C. Length 28 of Morris canal, which enters the valley of ms., mean width 20, and area 56J sq. miles. WAR 583 WAR Declivity of the southern and western parts' to the sthestrd., and drained by Great Oge-l chee and Brier cr. ; iho northern part slopes toward the n. e., and is drained by some branches of Little r. into Savannah r. Chief t. Warrenton. Pop. 1820, 10,C30, 1830, 10,- 946. Warkkx, CO. Miss., bounded n. by Wash- ington, N. E. by Yazoo co., e. by Big Black river separating it from Hinds, s. e. and s. by Big Black river scjiarating it from Claiborne, and w. by the Miss, river separating it from Concordia parish in La. Length 40 miles, mean width 15, and area GOO sq. ms. E.xtend- ing in lat. from 32° 03' to 32° 35', and in long, from 13° 42' to 14° 13' w. W. C. The Miss, river bounding this co. on the westward, re- ceives the Yazoo and Big Black rivers from the N. E. ; the general declivity is therefore to the s. w. The eastern part is broken into hills, which in one or two places reach the Miss., forming clay bluffs. Along that great river, however, the bottoms are liable to sub- mersion ; but over the whole co. where the soil is sufficiently elevated to admit cultiva- tion, it is highly fertile. Principal staple, cot- ton. Chief towns, Vicksburg and Warren- ton. Pop. 1820,2,093, 1830, 7,861. Warren, co. Ten., bounded by Franklin s., Bedford s. w., Rutherford w., Wilson n. w., ymith N., White n. e. and e., and Cumber, land mountain separating it from Bledsoe s. E. Greatest length from the southern to the northern angle 48 ms., mean breadth 20, and area 9C0 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 28' to 36° (i6', and in long, from 8° 19' to 9°1 04' w. W. C. Declivity n. e. and commensu-' rate with the western and larger section of the valley of Caney Fork river. Chief town, McMinnville. Pop. 1820, 10,348, 1830, 15,- 210. Warren, co. Ky., bounded by Edmondson N., Barren e., Allen s. e., Simpson s., Logan w., and Butler n. w. Length from e. to w. 3G ms., mean width 17, and area 612 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 50' to 37° 11', and in long, from 9° 02' to 9° 38' w. W. C. De- clivity N. N. w., and traversed in that direction by Big Barren river, which unites with Green river at the extreme n. w. angle of the coun- ty. Chief t. Bowling Green. Pop. 1820, 11,776, 1830, 10,949. Wauren, CO. Ohio, bounded s.by Clermont, s. w. by Hamilton, Butler w., Montgomery n. w., Greene n. e., and Clinton e. Length 24 ms. mean width 20, and area 480 sq. ms. Ex. tending in lat. from 39° 14' to 39° 37', and in long, from 6° 55' to 7° 22' w. W. C. The Miami river and canal cross the n. w. angle of this CO. ; whilst the central parts are travers- ed by Little Miami. The course of both rs., and the slope of the co. to the s. e. Surface rolling and soil excellent. Besides at Leba- non, the CO. seat, there were in 1830, post officTes at Deerficldville,Edwardsville, Fraidi- lin, Hopkinsville,Kirkwood, Red Lion, Ridge- ville, Rochester, Springboro', Twenty Mile Stand, and WaynesviUe. Lebanon p-v. and St. jus. for this CO., is situated near the centre of the CO. 31 ms. n. e. Cincinnati, and by p-r. 83 ms. s. w. by w. Coluwibue. Lat. 39o 25', long, 7° 12' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 21,- 468. Warren, p-v. and st. jus. Trumbull co. O., situated on the Mahoning branch of Big Bea- ver river, 70 miles north west Pittsburg, 70 miles north Steubcnville, and by post road 157 ms. N. E. by e. Columbus, and 297 n. w. by w. W. C. It is a thriving village, with a population of about 500. Lat. 41° 17', long. 3° 50' w. W. C. Warren, co. Indiana, bounded by the In- dian country n.w., Tippecanoe co. n. e., Wa- bash river separating it from I*\>untain s. e., Vermillion co. s. w., and VermilUon co. of II. w. Greatest length as laid down by Tanner, 26 ms., mean breadth 18, and area 468 sq. ms. Extepding in lat. from 40° 10' to 40° 30', and in long, from 10° 06' to 10° 40' w. VV. C. The slope of this co. is to the s. e. toward the Waoash. Williamsport, the co. seat, lies about 80 ms. n. w. by w. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 2,861. Warren, co. II., bounded by Mercer n., Knox E., Fulton s. e., Macdonough s., Han- cock s. w., and Miss. r. w. This county was formed out of a part of the Bounty liands be- tween the II. and Miss, rivers, and similar to the adjacent cos., is laid out agreeably to the cardinal points. Breadth from s. to n. 32 ms., mean breadth from e. to w. 30, and area 960 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 40° 37' to 41° 04', and in long, from 13° 20' to 14° 06' w. This county comprises a part of the ta- ble land between the vallies of II. and Miss, rs. From the southeastern angle issues Swan creek, branch of Spoon river, a confliiciU of II. river. The central, and much the larger part of the surface, is drained by the conflu- ents of IJenderson's river, and other streams flowing westward into the Miss. By a note inserted after the name of Warren, II., in the post office list, it contained no office on Oct. 1st, 1830. The centre of this new county is about 1 60 ms. northwestward Vandalia. Pop. 1830, 308. Warren, C. H., p-v. and st. jus. Warren CO. II., about 160 miles n. w. Vandalia. Warren Ferry, and p-o. wstrn. part Buck- ingham CO. Va., 10 ms. westward Bucking- ham C. H., and by p-r. 87 ms. wstrd. Rich- mond. Warrensburg, town, Warren co. N. Y., 7 ms. N. w. Caldwell ; is watered by the north branch of Hudson river and Scaroon creek ; has some good soil, andiron ore. Pop. 1830, 1,191. Warrensburg, p-v. western part Greene CO. Ten., 12 ms. s. w. Greensville, the county seat, and by p-r. 25Gms. e. Nashville. Warren's Store, and p-o. northwestern part Halifax co. Va., by p-r. 115 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. Warren Tavern, and p-o. nrthestrn. part Chester co. Pa., 20 ms.N. w. by w. Phil., and by p-r. 131 me. n. e. W. C. WAR 584 WAS Warrenton, p-v. and st. jus. Fauquier co. Va., by p-r. 51 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Lat. 38° 41', long. 0°46'w. W. C. Warrenton, p.v. and st, jus. Warren co. N. C, situated near the centre of the co., 57 ms. N. E. Raleigh, and about 115 ms. s. w. Richmond, Va. Lat. 36° 21', long. 1° 10' w. W.C. Warrenton, p.v. Abbeville district, S. C, 6 ms. from Abbeville, the co. seat, and by p-r. 106 ms. westward Columbia. Warrenton, p-v. and st. jus. Warren coun- ty, Geo., 50 ms. n. e. by e. Milledgeville, & 42 ms. w. Augusta. Lat. 33° 23', long. 3° 40' w. W. C. Warrenton, p-v. and formerly st. justice Warren co. Miss., situated on the left bank of the Miss, r., 60 miles by land above Nat- chez, and by p-r. 54 ms. w. Jackson. Iiat. 32° 17', long. 14° 2' w. W. C. Warrick, co. Ind., bounded by Vanderburg w., Gibson n. w.. Pike n., Dubois n. e., Spen cer E. and s. e., and Ohio r. separating it from Henderson co. Ky. s. Length 25 ms., mean width 13, and area 325 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 54' to 38° 15', and in long, from 10° 04' to 10° 33' w. The northern boundary of this co. is on the table land be- tween the vallies of O. r. and the Pntoka, a branch of the Wabash ; but nearly the whole of its surface slopes sthrdly. toward the for- mer river. Surface hilly, but soil productive. Chief t. Boonsville, by p-r. 187 ms. s. s. w. Indianopolis. Pop. 1830, 2,877. Warrior's Mark, p-o. western part Hun- tingdon CO. Pa., by p-r. 20 ms. from Hunting- don borough, and 168 ms. n. n. w. W. C. Warsaw, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y., 20 miles N. Batavia ; is supplied with mill seats by Al- len's cr., on which is the v. The surface is varied, and the soil generally free from stone. Pop. 1830, 2,474. Warson's, p-v. Morgan co. II., by p-r. 123 ms. N. w. Vandalia. Wartiien's Store, and p-o. northern part Washington co. Geo., by p-r. -27 ms. e. Mil- ledgeville. Warwasing, p-t. Ulster co. N. Y., 25 ms. s. w. Kingston, in the s. w. corner of the co. ; lies w. Shawangunk mountain, at the base of which flows Rondout creek, receiving several branches. Pop. 1830, '2,738. Warwick, p-t. Franklin co. Mass., 80 ms. w. by N. Boston ; has the line of N. H. n. It has an uneven surface, good soil, and no large streams. Pop. 1830, ],K50. Warwick, p-t. and st. jus. Kent co. R. I., 10 ms. s. s. w. Providence ; lias Narragan- sett bay e. ; is hilly s., and level e. The branches ol Pawtuckct river unite in this t., which enters the bay at Pawtucket village. Apponang harbor, 1 mile distant, is the prin- cipal one in this town, and vessels of 50 tons come up to the v. This is one of the princi- pal manufacturing towns in the country ; the fisheries are also important. Pop. 1830, 5,. 529. Warwick, pA. Orange co. N. Y., 116 ms. from Albany, 10 s. Goshen, 54 n. New York ; has N. J. s. w., and is of triangular form. On the 8. boundary are many mtns., fiom M'hich several large ponds pour their waters b. into the Passaic. The Wallkill flows n. f. The soil is favorable to fruit, and generally good. The Sterling iron works, and others, manu- facture a large amount of iron annually. Pop. 1830, 5,009. Warwick, p-v. near the southeastern angle of Cecil CO. Md., 15 ms. s. Elkton, the county seat, and by p-r. 82 miles n. e. Washington City. Warwick, co. Va., bounded by James City CO. n. w., York n. and n. e., Elizabeth City CO. E., and James r. separating it from Isle of Wight CO. s. Length diagonally from s. e. to N. w. 18 ms., mean width 5, and area 90 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 03' to 37«> 13', and in long, from 0° 22' to 0° 38' e. W. C. It occupies a part of the narrow peninsula between James and York rivers, and slopes southward toward the former. Chief town, Warwick C. H. Pop. 1820, 1,608, 1830, 1,570. Warwick C. H., and p-o. Warwick coun- ty, Va., by p-r. 184 ms. a little e. of s. W. C, and 81 miles south east by east Rich- niond. Washington, co. Me., bounded by Lower Canada n.. New Brunswick e., the Atlantic ocean s., and Hancock and Penobscot coun- ties w. It presents a most singular figure on the map, as drawn according to the e. boun- dary as claimed by the United States, bear- ing & resemblance to a rudely hewn gun stock. It is crossed in its upper part, by the Saint John's and Aroostic rivers ; has the St. Croix on the E. boundary, with the lakes and bays connected with it ; and has several streams running into bays which make up from the ocean. There are 32 named townships, ma- ny others numbered, besides plantations, isl- ands, &c. Pop. 1830, 21,294. Washington, p-t. Lincoln co. Me., 35 ms. from Augusta ; has Waldo co. e. Pop. 1830, 1,135. Washington, p-t. Sullivan co. N. H., 35 ms. from Concord, 22 from Keene, 20 from Charlestown, and 80 from Boston ; is hilly, abounding in springs, brooks and ponds, and contains Lovewell's mountain, which is small, and of a conical form. Island pond, 1^ ms. by 2, is filled with islands. Ashuelot pond, 1 mile by Ih, gives rise to one of the chief branches of Ashuelot r. Long pond is five ms. in length, and like the others, contains fish. Several ponds e. give rise to Contoo- cook r. The soil is deep and moist, favora- ble to grass, and bearing white maple, black' ash, birch, beech, elm, &,c., &/C. Clay and peat abound, and here is some iron ore. The v. is in a pleasant situation, and there are good mill sites in the town. First settled 1768. Pop. 1830, 1,135. Washington, co. Vt., bounded by Orleans CO. n., Caledonia co. e., Orange co. s. e., Ad- dison CO. s. w., and Chittenden co. w. ; lies WAS 585 WAS chiefly between the 2 ranges of Green mtns., and nearly in the centre of the state. The surface is very uneven ; there is much good gi^anite e., but vv. the rocks are argillaceous, mica and chlorite slaie. Onion river and its branches spread over the irregular surface. There are 18 towns. Pop. 1820, M,725, 1830, 21,378. Washington, p-t. Orange co. Vf., 15 miles s. E. Montpelier, 43 n. W indsor ; is watered by a small branch of Onion, one of Wait's, and one of White river, and the trees are principally maple. Pop. 1830, 1,374 Washington, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass., 120 ms. w. Boston ; has Housatonic river on the w. line, and 2 small branches rise in the town. Pop. 1830, 701. Washington, co. R. I., bounded by Kent CO. N., Narragansett bay e., the Atlantic s., Conn. w. ; about 18 by 20 ms. ; has a slight- ly varied surlace, with primitive rocks. Sotiic hills N. and plains s., with much good grazing land, as well as soil in many parts favorable to different branches of agriculture. Wick, ford and Pawtucket are the principal harbors. The coast on the ocean and the bay extends about 50 ms. There are valuable fisheries. The county contains several ponds, fresh and salt, with many small streams, forming Charles and Wood rivers, branches of the Pawcatuck, which forms a part of the west boundary of the state. The Narragansett coun- try, formerly the seat of a powerful Indian na- tion, & since celebrated for a small race of pa- cing horses, said to have been derived froin France, is included within the bounds of this different periods from the early French wars to the revolution ; and important militarjr events have occurred here, on the land car- riage between the n;ivigablc waters of the n. and the s. which npproach so nearly. There fire several cotton, woollen, and iron facto- ries ; and at Sandy Hill, a cotton bagging factory. The co. contains 17 towns. Pop. 1820, 38,831 ; 1830, 42,635. Washington, p-t. Duchess co. N. Y., 80 ms. s. Albany, 15 e. n. e. Poughkeepsie, has Wappinger's cr. &c. n. w., with mill seats, has an irregular surface, with Tower hill e. and Chcsnut ridge s. i:., and good soil. Me- clianic village is near the centre, with a Friends' boarding school, &c. Pop. 1830, 3,03G. Washington, v. Watervliet, Albany co. N. Y., 5 ms. N. Albany, on the w. side of Hud- son r. AV'ashington, p-t. Morris co. N. Y., has the s. branch of Raritan r. on the e. line, Mus- conetcong r. w., and Schooley's mfn. between them. It borders s. on lluiuerdon co., and w. on Warrcm co. It has the villages of Pleasant Grove and Spring t. with Schooley's mtn. springs. Pop. 1830, 2,188. Washington, t. Burlington co. N. J., 30 ms. s. by e. Trenton, is of an irregular form, with Gloucester co. s. w., from which it is di- vided by the main branch of Little Egg Har- bor cr., and is watered in different parts by several of its branches, the principal of which is Wading r. Pop. 1830, 1,315. Washington, co. of Pa., bounded n. w. by Beaver CO., N. and n. e. by Alleghany, e. by CO., as also the Shannock country, which had Monongahela r. separating it from Westmore- a superior kind of horned cattle. Pop. 1820, 15,G87, 1831, 15,411. Washington, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn., 40 ms. s. w. Hartford ; is crossed by several ranges of primitive mountains, or lofty hills, and limestone is found in the vallies, from which marble is obtained. Aspetuck and Bantam rs. water different parts of the town. There are several iron forges, &c. Popula- tion 1830, 986. Washington, co. N. Y., bounded by Es- sex CO. N., Vermont e. from which it is sepa-l rate.l n. k. by lake Champ'a'n, Rensselaer co. s., Hudson r. and lake George w. which sep- arate it from Saratoga and Warren counties. Wood cr. rises and terminates in this co., and in the e. Hoosac and Battenkill rs. which rise in Vt. flow into this co. and into lake Champlain. Poultiiey r. from Vt. for/ns a part of the n. boundary. Numerous mill sites are supplied by these streams. The sur- face and soil are very various. The lower parts of the co. are pretty well cultivated, but land and Fayette, s. by Greene co., s. %v. by Ohio CO. Va., and w. by Brooke co. Va. The longest line that can be drawn in this co. is diagonal in a n. w. direction from the mouth of Ten Mile cr. to the n. w. angle on Va. 45 ms., mean breadth in a similar direction 22 ms., and area 1,000 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 58' to 40° 3G' n., and in long, from 2° 52' to 3° 35' w. W. C. The central part of this co. 3 or 4 ms. sthrdly. from the borough of Washington, is an elevated, and might be called a mountainous region, from which the waters flow like radii from a com-f nion centre. From hence issue the sources of Pen Mile, Pigeon, Chartier's, Buffalo and Wheeling creeks. The borough of Wash- ington situated in a valley, is by actual meas- urement 1,406 feet above tide water ; and the mean elevation of the farms might be safely assumed at 1,400 feet, though no doubt many are more elevated by a dilference of 300 or 400 feet. Hillsborough on the U. S. road, stands on a height of 1,750 feet. la- the n. pans arc \ery monntahiOMsSindnhoundl deed the lowest point in the co. on the Mo- wiih limber, which affords much lumber, nongahela between Willianisport and Eliza- Iron, marble and slate are found in difl'erent bethtown, is elevated at least 9U0 feet above places. The Champlain canal extends from tide water. The fac:; of the co. is very broken, Hudson r. to Wood cr., and along its bed to [but soil almost uniformly productive. Lime- lake Champlain. This line was formerly an I stone and sandstone are the prevailing rocks important military route, and here are found in situ. Mineral coal of the bituminous spe. remains of forts erected and garrisoned atjcies abounds, and of very fine quality. It is 74 WAS 586 WAS found near Washington and Cannonsburg, at an elevation of at least 1,200 feet. The difference of climate between the centrnl parts of this CO. and tliat on either the Mononeahe- Louis, 1,203 from New Orleans, 6G2 from Savannah, Geo., and 544 from Charleston, S. C. The capitol stands in lat. 38° 52' 45", lonsr. w. from the observatory at Greenwich la orOhio r. isvery perceptible, particularlyj 76° 55'30". The site of Washington is abasin, in spnag at openmg leaf, and in the season of j environed by gently swelling hills ; the soil reaping small grain. The exceljence ofi is generally sterile, mixed with pebles and its sod IS seen on inspection of the pro res- gand. Length of the city from s. e. to n. w. sive pop. The firet civilized settlement waeUi ms., mean width 2i, containing a fraction- made about 1770, and in 1800, with the exist-} less than 8i eq. ms. The city was laid out ing limits, it contained 28,298; in 1810, 3b,-|under the supervision of Washington (then 289 ; in 1820, 40,038; and in 1830, 42,909 inhabitants. Wasiiinoton borough, p-t. and st. jus.Wash ington CO. Pa., situated near the centre of the CO., on 1 of the head branches of Cliartier's cr., president of the U. S.) in 1791. The princi- pal streets are 10 in number, called avenues, and are named after different states of the Union. These diverge, 5 of them from the capitol, and 5 from the President's house, and and on the U. S. road, 26 ms. s. w. the city of , a direct line of communication between these Pittsburg,22N. w. by w. Brownsville, and by two edifices is formed by Pennsylvania ave p-r. 212 ms. a little s. of w. Harrishurg, and 229 N. w. by w. W. C, n. lat. 40° 11', long. 3° 19'w. W.C. Though elevated as stated in the previous article, 1,406 feet above the At nue, the principal and finest street of the city. The avenues are crossed by streets running N. and s. and others running e. and w. Many of these are shaded and all of them are very lantic ocean, the site of this line village is m| broad, the former being from 120 to 160 feet a comparative valley ; but the ground beauti-j in width, and the latter from 70 to 110. The fully rolling. The town extends up a gentle | buildings are much scattered, and but a small acchvity, the main street rathjjr closely built J pan of the city is yet compactly built. The greater part of these are on. or contiguous to, Pennsylvania avenue, including Capitol hill. The number of buildings erected in the city in 1830, was 178, 86 of which were of brick and 92 of wood. The total number of build- ings in 1831was 3,560; of these there were, public, 65 ; dwelling, 3,233, and 262 shops and warehouses. The value of the real and personal estate in the city Dec. 31, 1830, was, buildings, f 3,125,038 ; lots,.ineral spring. Pop. 18.30,1,045. West Bridge water, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 24 ms. s. Boston, has a soil of inferior quality, and is watered by a few small streams. Pop. 1830, 1,042. Westbrook, t. Cumberland co. Me. 3 ms. w. Portland, is crossed n. w. by Presumscot r. Pop. 1830, 2,238. West Brook, p-v. sthrn. part Bladen co. N. C. 18 ms. from Elizabethtown, the co. St., and by p-r. 117 ms. s. Raleigh. West Brunswick, p-t. Herkimer co. N. Y. 22 me. n. Herkimer, has much rough and inferior land. Pop. 1830, 713. West Buckingham, p-o. Washington co. Pa. West Cambridge, t. Middlesex co. Mass., 5 ms. N. w. Boston, w, Charles r. bay, was for- merly a part of Cambridge. It has rocky and broken land N., low and smne swampy laud s., with good pasturage and tillage in the middle part. Craigie's bridtie connects this t. with Boston. Pop. 1830, 1,230. West Canaan, p-v. Madison co. O., by p.r. E. affords valuable granite. Limestone is ob- 26 ms. wetrd. Columbus. tained from mount Cuba w., and iron ore is West Carlisl'-, p-v. Coshocton co. O., by found in the town. The soil near the streams j p-r. 68 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus. is e.xcellent, and elsewhere generally good, j West (Jharleston, p-v. Miami co. O. by p.r. This town was named after general Banning 'about 80 me. w. Columbus. WES West Casti-e, p-o. Caswell co. N. p-r. 9G ms. n. w. Raleigh. 596 WES C, byi West Farms, p-v. Westchester, Westclies- jter CO. N. Y., 12 ms. N.by e. New York, 140 Westchester, co. N. Y., bounded by Put- from Albany, on Bronx cr., at the head of nav- nam CO. n., Conn, e., Long Island sound and igation, 3 ms. from Long Island sound, has East r. s,, Harlaem and Hudson rs w., is of) several small manufactories. irregular form, something triangular, contains about 480 eq. ms., and is crossed sthwstrly. by ' roton and Peekskill crs.; Saw mill, Bronx, and Byram crs., are smaller streams. The rocks are generally primitive ; there are mountains in the n. w., and a high ridge ex- tends through the co. n. and s. Marble is quarried at Mount Pleasant, by the convicts West Fairler, t. Orange co. Vt., 28 ms. s. E. Montpelier, 35 n. e. Windsor, is crossed in the s. w. by Ompompanoosuc r., and part of West Fairlee lake. The surface is uneven. Pop. 1830,841. Westfield. t. Orleans co. Vt., 42 ms. N. Montpelier, 44 n. e. Burlington, has a small part of Missisque r. s. e., into which flow 3 mill in the state prison, where is also an old silver streams from this t. The land is good r-., but mine and a copper mine. There arc 3 cot- 1 ton factories in this co., 4 paper mills, 5 vi-ool- len factories, and 2 iron foundries. There are 21 ts. Pop. 1820, 32,638 ; 1830, 43,594. Westchester, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y., 12 ms. N. by E. New York, 140 s. Albany, has Long Isl. s. E., with clay soil, generally stony, watered by Bronx and W. Chester crs. The manufactures are various, but not very exten- sive. The villages are Westchester, and West Farms. Pop. 1830, 2,3G2. West Chester, borough, p-v. and st. jus., Chester co. Pa., situated 28 ms. almost ex- actly due w. from the city of Philadelphia, 75 s. E. by E. Harrisburg, and by p-r. 115 ms. n. E. W. C. Lat. 39° 58', long. 1° 28' e. W. C. This is a very flourishing borough, in a well cultivated country. Pop. 1830," 1,258. Be- sides the usual co. buildings. West Chester contains several places of public worship, a bank, printing office, well filled schools, and numerous stores and public house.s. "West Chester, p-v. Butler co. O., by p-r. 87 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. Westerlo, p-t. Albany co. N. Y., 21 ms. s. w. Albany, has Greene co. s., is crossed by low ridges, with pretty good soil in the val- lies. The w. part belongs to the manor of Rensselaerwyck. First settled 1759. It is watered by small streams. Pop. 1830, 3,321. W^esterly, p-t. Washington co. R. I., 36 ms. s. w. Providence, 35 w. by s. Newport, has Pavvcatuck r. n. and w., the Atlantic s., and adjoins Conn. The surface is broken, the soil various, generally favorable to gra- zing. Vessels of 80 tons go 4 ms. up Pawca- tuck r., and the v. of Pawcatuck is 6 ms. from the ocean. Pop. 1830, 1,904.. Western, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., 22 ms. s. w. Worcester. Pop. 1830, 1 , 1! 9. Wester.v, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y., 20 ms. n. Utica, 8 N. E. Rome, is well supplied with mill seats by head streams of Mohawk r. Pop. lf)30, 2,419. Western Star, p-o. Medina co. O., by p-r. 112 ms. N. E. Columbus. West Fairfield, p-o. Westmoreland co. Pa . by p-r. 184 ms. n. w. W. C. Western Ford, and p-o. wstrn. part Ran- dolph CO. Va., by p-r. 240 ms. w. W. C W'estern Port, p-v. on Potomac r. Alle- ghany CO. Md.. 24 ms. above, and s. w. Cum- berland, and by p-r. 141 ms. n. w. by w. \V. C West F'armington, p-v. Oakland co. Mich., by p-r. 42 ms. n. w. Detroit. mountainous w., having the Green mtns that part, through which Hazen's Notch af- fords a passage. Few settlers came here be- fore 1800. Pop. 1830, 353. Westfield, p-t. Hampden co. Mass., 105 ms. w. bys. Boston, 6 ms. w. Springfield, is crossed by Westfield r. which affords mill sites ; it is a furious stream when raised by floods. The Hampshire and Hampden canal crosses the t., and is carried across this r. on an aqueduct, being brought down to the" lev- el of the meadows by locks, and up again to Hungry plain. In the hollow is the v., which is a pleasant and busy place, with a large and flourishing academy, incorporated in 1793. In 1832 it contained 375 pupils. Tuition .*^3 00 per quarter in summer, and $3 25 in autumn. Lectures are given weekly upon natural philosophy every term — upon chemis- try during the fall term — and upon natural history and to school teachers vvhen required. All lectures gratis, e.xcept chemistry. The town was first settled 1667, being called War- ranoake by the Indians, and was attacked by savages in Philip's war. It was long a fron- tier settlement. Pop. 1830, 2,940. Westfield, t. Richmond co. N. Y., 85 ms. s. w. Richmond v., has Raritan bay s., and Statcn isl. sound w., which separates it from N. Jersey. It occupies the s. w. part of the island, and has Prince's bay s., whence great quantities of oysters are derived for the New York market. They are brought from Vir- ginia, and placed here to grow. Many of the inhabitants are employed in this business. The land is good, and there are many good farms. There are extensive meadows at the hend of the Fresh Kills. Pop. 1830, 1,733. Westfield, p-t. Chatauqiic co. N. Y., 7 m.?. N. Mayville, 1 from Portland harbor, 28 from Erie, Pa. Pop. 1830, 2,477. Westfield, p-t. Essex co. N. .T., 7 ms. w. Elizabethtown, has Rah way r. e., Morris co. N. w., Somerset co. w., and Middlesex co. s. It is crossed in the n. part by the Short hills. Pop. 1830, 2,492. Westfield, p-v. western part Tioga co. Pa., by p-r. 180 ms. n. n. w. Harrisburg. Westfield, p-v. Delaware co. Ohio, by p-r. 32 ms. northward Columbus. West FiNLEY, or Findla}', p-v. northwest- ern part of Washington CO. Pa., by p-r. 248 ms. N. w. W. C. Westford, post town, Chittenden county. WES 597 WES Vermont, 13 miles northeast Burlington, 321 Nashua river and a western branch, and is n N. w. Montpelicr, first settled soon after the pleasant agricultural town, yielding grass and revolution, is crossed by Brown's r. from s. to fruit. The land divides some of the waters The surface is irregular. Pop. 1830,1,291 Westford, p-t. JVliddicscx county, Mass., 28 ms. N. w. Boston, and 8 from Concord, is on high ground, with a fertile soil, favorable to grass, grain, and fruit. The v. occupies a fine elevation, near the centre of ihe town, commanding a view of Monadnock, Kear- scarge and Watchusett mountains, and con- tain? an academy, incorporated in 1793. Pop. 1830, 1,.329. AV^ESTFORD, p-t. Otsego CO. N. Y., 9 ms. e. s. E. Cooperstown, 11 s. Cherry Valley, and 56 w. Albany, is hilly, with rich vallies, and good grazing on the ujilands, and watered by Elk r. and other streams. Pop. 1830, 1,(J4.''). West Friendship, p-v. on the Frederick turnpike, and in the northwestern part of Ann Arundel co. Md., by p-r. 57 ms. n. W. C, and 49 N. w. Annapolis. West Greenville, p-v. northwestern part Mercer CO. Pa., 14 ms. n. w. from the bor- ough of Mercer. West Greenwich, town, Kent co. R. I., 18 ms. s. w. Providence, has Washington co. s. and Conn, w., gives rise to the s branch of Pawtuxetr. and has Wood r. w. Hopkins' hill, is a conspicuous eminence. Pop. 183?), 1,818. West Grove, p-v. Chester co. Pa., by p-r. 71 ms. estrd. Harrisburg. West Hampton, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass., 100 ms. w. Boston ; formerly a part of North- ampton ; gives rise to several streams of Manhan r., a branch of the Conn., and is de voted to asiriculture. Pop. 1830,918. West Hanover, p-o. Dauphin co. Pa., 16 ms. N. E. by E. Harrisburg West Haven, p-t. Rutland co. Vt., 8G ms of the Connecticut and Merrimack rs. It waa granted to soldiers of Philip's war as "Nara- gansett No. 2." Pop. 1830, l,(i9G. Westminster, p-v. on the very eastern border of Frederick co. Md., 29 ms. n. w. Baltimore, .'iGG ms. n. W. C. Westmore, town, Orleans co. Vt., 43 ms. N. E. Montpelicr, is uneven, with mtns. Hor, Pisgah and Pico for the principal summits, and Willoughby's lake, about 1 1-2 ins. by 6, within its boundaries. Willoughby's r. is the outlet of this lake, and the head streams of Clyde and Passumpsic river rise in this town. Pop. 1830,353. Westjmoreland, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H., 65 ms. from Concord, and 100 from Boston, lies on the e. side of Connecticut r. which sep- arates it from Vermont, and has several small streams running into that river. One flows from Spaflbrd's lake, in Chesterfield, and affords mill sites. Pop. 1830, 1,647. WESTMORELAxn, p-t. Oucida CO. N.Y., 9 ms. w. Utica, 105 from Albany, and 8 s. Rome, hasOriskany creek a few ms. e., and a few small mill streams. The surface is nearly level, the soil very good. Erie canal is about 6 ms. N. of the centre. Pop. 1830, 3,303. Westmoreland, co. Pa., bounded by Lau- rel Hill separating it from Somerset s. e., by Lafayette s., by Monongnhela r. separating it from Washington co. s. w., by Youghioghany r. separating it from the extreme sthrn. part of Alleghany co. w., by the central part of Al- leghany X. w., by the Alleghany separating it from the northern part of Alleghany co. n., and by Conemaugh r. separating it from Arm. strong and Indiana n. e. The longest line is from Montpelicr, has Poultney r. and N. Y. a diagonal, 50 ms. from the sthrn. angle on state s., and lake Champlain w. Hubbard- ton r. and Cogman's creek afford mill seats. Pop. 1830, 722. West Liberty, p-v. O. co. Va., by p-r. 276 ms. N. w. by w W C. West Liberty, p-v. and st. jus. Morgan co. Ky., by p-r. 107 ms. a little s. of e. Frankfort. West Middletown, p-v. western part Washington co. Pa., 13 ms. N. w. the borough of \\'ashington. West Milto.n, p-v. Miami co. O., by p-r. 84 ms. w. Columbiis. Westminster, post-town Windham county, Vermont, 37 miles n. e. Bennington, 82 ms. s. Montpelicr, 27 ms. from V>'indsor, has Conn, river e. on the borders of which is a tract of fine meadows. The first permanent set- tlements here, were made from North.'icld, Mass., and from Conn, about 1741. The v. is on a large level considerably above the ad- jacent meadows, shut in at some distance, by hills which touch the r. both above and be- low. There are no mill streams. The leg- islature of Vt. was held here several times soon after the formation of the state. Pop. 1830,1,737. \^'KSTMINRTER, p-1. WorcestPT CO. Mass.. Laurel Hill to the northern at the mouth of Conemaugh, mean breadth 21 ms., and area 1.050 square ms. Extending in lat. from 40° 03' to 40° 43', and in long, from 2° to 2° 56' w. W. C. This CO. is composed of two in- clined plains e. of Monongahela. The north- eastern declines to the northward, and is drained by Loyalhannah and other creeks into Conemaugh r. The second or central plain has a western declivity towards the Monon- gahela and Alleghany rivers. Beside these two sections, ^^ estmoreland contains two turnpikes on the peninsula between the You- ghiogany and Monongahela rivers. The sur- face is every where broken by hills or moun- tains, yet few counties in the U. S. even in proportion to surface, have more good land. Fruits, grasses, and indeed vegetables of ev- ery kind suitable to the climate, grow abun- dantly. Chieftown, Greensbura. Pop. 182(', 30..540, 1830, 38,4!I0, having gained upwards of 25 per cent in 10 years. Westmoreland, co. Va., bounded s. e. by Northumberland, s. by Richmond, s. w. by Rappahanroc r. separating it from Essex, n. w. by King George, and by Potomac r. sepa- rating it from Charles co. in Md. n.. and St. 54 ms. w. by N. Boston, lies in tho fork of Mary's of Md. n. e. Length along Potomac WES 598 WES r.30 ms., mean breadth 5, and area 150 square rments, with many assistants, some of whom ms. Extending in lat. from 38° to 38° 16' n., are taken from among the pupils, and in long, from the meridian of W. C. to 0° West Point, p-v. Hardin co. Ky., by p-r. 30' E. Chief town, V^'estmoreland court house. 72 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. Pop. 1820, 6,900, 1830, 8,411. Westmoreland, court house, and p-o. M'estport, p-t, Lincoln co. Me., 29 ms. s. 'Augusta, occupies an isl. on Sheepscot river. Westmoreland co. Va., by p-r. 116 ms. s. s. e. separated from the ocean by one or two other \A . C. and 70 n. e. Richmond West Newbury, p-t. Essex co. Mass., 34 ms. N. E. Boston, 6 w. Neburyport, has Mer- rimac r. on the n. line, with many hills and vallies, and excellent soil. Although the in- habitants are generally farmers, carriages, shoes, combs, &.c. are manufactured in great numbers. A bridge crosses the Merrimack, to Rock's V. in Haverhill. Pop. 1830, 1,586. WestoNj town, Windsor co. Vt., 66 ms. s. Montpelier, 22 s. w. Windsor, is crossed by West r. which affords mill sites, and passes 2 villages. Pop. 1830, 972. Weston, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 15 ms. w. Boston. Pop. 1830, 1,091. Weston, p-t. Fairfield co.. Conn., 61 ms. s. w. Hartford, 8 ms. from Long Island sound, 6 ms. by 9, is hilly, with primitive rocks, and is supplied with mill sites by Saugatuck river, Mill r. &.C. There is an academy well en- dowed. Pop. 1830, 2,997. Weston, p-v. and st. jus. Lewis co. Va., situated on the West fork of Monongahela r. about 70 ms. a little s. of e. Marietta, in the state of Ohio, and by p-r. 249 ms. w. W . C. West Penn, p-v. Schuylkill co. Pa., by p-r. 76 ms. N. E. Harrisburg. West Philadelphia, p-o. west side Schuyl- kill, Phila. CO. Pa. 2 ms. from the centre of the city. West Point, Cornwall, Orange co. N. Y., the site of the military academy of the U. States, is a high and rocky projection which turns the course of Hudson r. estrd. a little below the north entrance of the Highlands, and occupies a commanding point on that stream, on which account it became an im- portant position in the revolutionary war. A fort was built on the brow of the hill, and another on the opposite shore, and Mount In- dependence, afterwards called fort Putnam, now in ruins, was erected on the top of a steep eminence in the rear, its guns bearing upon the river above and below, and upon the mouth of a defile here opening through the mountains on the w. A chain was stretched across the r. to prevent the passage of ships, but was taken up by the British in 1777, when they forced the pass of the highlands. The military academy of the U. S. was founded here in 1802, and buildings have been con- structed under an appropriation of $12,000 made in 1812, on 250 acres of land ceded by the stale for the use of the institution. The course of instruction occupies 4 years ; the 1st and 2d years are devoted to mathematics, French and drawing ; the 3d to philosophy, natural and experimental, chemistry, draw isls. Pop. 1830, 554. Westport, p-t. Bristol co. Mass. 60 ms. s. Boston, 8 3. w. New Bedford, borders s. upon the Atlantic, and w. on R. I., and is crossed by 2 branches of Acoacset r. which are navigable for some distance. There are 3 villages. The soil is good for grazing, and yields many articles for the New Bedford market. Pop. 1830, 2,779. Westport, p-t. Essex co. N. Y. 123 ms. n. Albany, 5 e. Elizabethtown, has lake Cham- plain e., contains n. w. Bay, with good land, and abounds in iron ore, of which much is ob- tained for manufacture. Pop. 1830, 1,513. West Port, p-v. and st. jus. Oldham co. Ky., situated on the left bank of O. r. about 25 ms. by the land road above Louisville, and by p-r. 44 ms. n. w. by w. Frankfort. Lat. 38'^ 27', long. 39° 30' w. W. C. West Quoddv Head, Lubec, Me., is the s. w. point of Passamaquoddy Bay, and has a light house. West River, Windham county Vt., rises in the N. w. corner and flowing s. e. empties into Connecticut river in Brattleborough, receiv- ing the waters of about 440 square miles, through Bald mountain. Meadow, South and Smith's branches. It affords few mill sites, but its branches are many. WestRr'er, Worcester CO. Mass., is a mill stream of the Blackstone, and has 2 cotton factories, each with 500 spindles. West River, a small bay of the main Ches- apeake bay, making into the southeastern shore of Ann Arundel co. Md. West River, p-v. on the western bank of West Bay, Ann Arundel co. Md., 12 ms. e. b.' w. Annapolis, and 49 ms. e. W. C. West Spi.ngfield, p-t. Hampden co. Mass., 100 ms. w. by s. Boston, is on the w. bank of Connecticut r. and crossed by Westfield river. The surface is irregular, but there is a fine and extensive meadow e., with a beautiful level, on which the village is situated. The streets are bordered by noble elms, and some of the houses are very fine. There are high hills or mountains n., and sandy plains s. This town formerly belonged to Springfield, which was one of the earliest settlements on the r. Some lead ore has been found here. Pop. 1830, 3,'270. West Stockbridge, town, Berkshire co. Mass., 130 ms. w. Boston.lias the New York line for its w. boundary, and is crossed by Williams river (a branch of Housafonic,) on whose banks are fine meadows. The soil is good for grazing, but the Taughkannuck mtns. encroach upon the w. part of the town. ing and artillery ; and the 4th to engineering, ; Iron mines are wrought here, as well as quar- eihics, civil and military, belles lettres, and ! ries of while and clouded marble. A rail- national law, artillery and tactics. There are I road is authorized to be extended to the Hud- professors and teachers in different depart, son. Pop. 1830, 1,209. WET 599 WHE West Tamiaqua, p-v. on a branch of Little Schuylkill r. Schuylkill co. Pa., by p-r. 81 ms. N. K. Harrisburg. West Turin, town, Lewis co. N. Y., 120 ms. from Albany. Pop. 1830, 1,534. West Union, p-v. and st. jus. Adams co. O., by p-r. 101 ins. s. s. w. Columbus, and 39 ms. a little-N. of w. Portsmouth, at the mouth of the Sciota. Lat. 36° 48', long. W. C. 6° 27' w. Pop. 1830, 429. West Unio.v, p-v. on Wheeling creek, Ohio CO. Va., 5 ms. s. e. by e. Wheeling,and by p-r. 266 ms. 8. w. by w. W. C. WEST\an.E, p-t. Franklin co. N. Y., 8 ms. n. N. E. Owego. Pop. 1830, 619. Westville, p-v. and st. jus., Simpson co. Miss., situated on Strong river, about 100 ms. N. E. by E. Natchez, and by p-r. 56 miles s. e. Jackson. Lat. 31° 58', long. 13° 02' w. W. C. West Whiteland, township and p-o. Ches- ter CO. Pa., 25 ms. w. Phila., and 5 e. Down- ingstown. Wethered's, p-o. southwestern part Shelby CO. Ten., by p-r. 223 ms. s. w. by w. Nash- ville. Wethersfield, p-t. Hartford co. Conn., 4 ms. s. Hartford, 34 n. New Haven ; has Con- necticut r. K. which makes a beautiful cove in this town, affords navigation, and valuable shad fisheries. Extensive and fertile mead- ows border the stream, and abroad and high- er level tract, with light but rich soil, lies w., on which the principal village is built, about 1 mile from the r. On this level great quan- tities of onions are raised, which are sent to different parts of the United States, and to some foreign countries. The v. is remarka- bly pleasant, having broad streets planted with elms. The township has an agreeably varied surface. Rocky Hill, or Stepney, the B. parish, has a pleasant village, on an eleva- ted situation, with a landing at some distance, where considerable commerce and ship build- ing were formerly carried on. The river at that place, leaves the fine meadows through which it has flowed for many miles, and en- ters a narrower channel between hills &. high sandy banks. The first attempt to form a settlement on Conn, river, was made here by white men, in 1634, when a few persons spent the winter. The next year this town, Hart- ford, and Windsor, were occupied by colo- nists, but their sufferings during the cold weather were so great, that numbers of them travelled by land to Saybrook fort, then the nearest place of refuge. The capture of 2 white women here bylndians soon afterwards, was one of the arguments for the Pequod war. The first settlements were made at the Point. Pop. 1830, 3,853. The state prison of Connecticut has been erected in Wethersfield within a few years. It stands on the margin of the cove, and is surrounded by a stone wall. The building is on the plan of the Auburn prison, and the discipline of the same general description. The number of convicts being comparatively email, the discipline is more perfect and ef- fectual ; the inmates are instructed, and evi- dent improvement is produced in their man- ners and character. Wethersfield, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y., 258 ms. w. Albany, and 28 s. Batavia ; has Alleghany co. on the s. line. Pop. 1830, 1,- 179. Wethersfield, p-v. Trumbull co. Ohio, by p-r. 169 ms. n. e. Columbus. Wexford, p-v. Alleghany co. Pa., 14 miles westward Pittsburg. Wevbridge, t. Addison CO. Vt., 80 miles n. Bennington, 30 s. Burlington; has Otter cr. N. and E., with several mill seats ; was first settled about the beginning of the revolution, deserted, and afterwards settled again, from Mass. Lemonfair river w. is a slow stream. Snake mtn. is also in the w. Pop. 1830, 850. Weymouth, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass., 10 ms. E. by s. Boston ; has Boston harbor on the n, ; has a good soil, favorable to grass, a mill stream, and a point extending into the harbor. The Indian name of the place was Wessa- guscus, and it was one of the oldest settle- ments in New England, but was at first oc- cupied by a set of dissolute Englishmen, who were saved from massacre by the In- dians, only through timely aid sent from Ply- mouth. Pop. 1830, 2,837. WEVMOuTir, t. Gloucester co. N. J. ; has Little Egg Harbor river on the n. e. line, and Tuckahoe creek w. and s., which divides it from Cumberland county. The s. e. corner, which is formed by the confluence of the two streams, is a large swamp, connected with those in the neighboring townships, round the head of Little Egg Harbor. Pop. 1830, 1,- 270. Weymouth, p-v. Medina co. Ohio, by p-r. 117 ms. N. e. Columbus. Wharton's, p-o. Morgan co. Ohio, by p-r. 83 ms. s. e. by e. Columbus. Wharton's Mills, and p-o. Bedford coun- ty, Va., by p-r. 154 ms. s w. W. C. Whateley, p-t. Franklin co. Mass., 100 ms. w. Boston, lies w. of Connecticut r., n. Hampshire co., and has some meadow land, but more mountainous, and fine soil, though some of that in the interior of the t. is good. It is crossed by two small streams, and con- tains Sugar Loaf hill, at the foot of which a bloody battle was fought in Phillip's war, be- tween Capt. Lothrop's company and several hundred Indians. This town first belonged to Hadley, and afterwards to Hatfield. Pop. 1830, 1,111. Wheatland, t. Monroe co. N. Y., 15 ms. s. s. w. Rochester ; has Genesee r. e., Liv- ingston CO. s., and Genesee co. w. ; has good land, an undulated surface, and is crossed by Allan's creek, a stream of the Genesee. On it stands the village, 1 mile from the mouth. Pop. 1830, 2,239. Wheatly, p-v. Fauquier co. Va., by p-r. 64 ms. s. w. by ^v. W. C. Wheeler, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y., 10 miles N.Bath; crossed by Five Mile creek, and other streams of Conhocton creek ; has an WHI 600 ^WHI uneven surface. Population, 1830, 1,389. Wheeler's Springs, and p-o. 79 ms. s. w. Richmond. S. White river proper, rises in Washington CO. Ark., about 30 miles northeastward from the junction of Arkansas and Canadian rs. Wheeling, large creek of Pa. and Va., ri- ', Flowing thence about 60 ms. to the northeast, ses in Washington and Green cos. of the for- ward, it enters the country of the Delaware mer state, and flowing northwestward, enters ! Indians in the southwestern angle of Missou- Ohio CO. of the latter state, falls into Ohio r. immediately below the city of Wheeling. Wheeling, p-o. city, and st. jus. for Ohio CO. Va., situated on the left bank of Ohio r., 56 ms. s. w. Pittsburg, 31 s. w. by w. Wash- ington in Pa., and by p-r. 264 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. Lat. 40° 07', long. 4° 36' w. W. C. The narrowness of the bottoms between the river Curving to E. and s. e. 40 ms., it enters the territory of Arkansas, within which it pursues a course of s. e. by e., by compara- tive distance 120 miles, and joins Black river in Independence county. In its entire com. parative course of220 ms., White r. receives few tributary streams of any considerable length of volume. The northeastern conflu- and a high and steep hill, confines the town ent, Black river, rises in Wayne county. Mo., to a single street. This street ranges along interlocking sources with those of Maramec on high land in the upper part, and a second, and Saint Francis. Flowing thence by a gen- 15 or 20 feet lower, towards the mouth ofieral southern course, but an elliptical curve Wheeling creek. The origin of the place j to the e. about 100 ms., unites with an equal, was Wheeling fort, built early in the revolu- if not superior confluent. Current r. The lat- tionary war, which stood on the breast of a ter rises also in Wayne co. Mo., to the west- high bank, and where the U. S. road reaches ward of the sources of Black river, and inter- the Ohio r. Wheeling advanced at first but; locking sources with the Maramec and Gas. slowly. It was laid out as a village early af. ter the peace of 1783, and in 1820 contained only 1,567 inhabitants ; in the last ten years the advance has been rapid, and in 1830, the pop. was, white males, 2,667 ; females do., 2,349; free blacks, 94; slaves, 101; total 5,211. Wheelock, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt., 30 miles N. E. Montpelier ; first settled 1780 ; was gran- ted to Dartmouth college, and named after its president. Several small streams afibrd mill seats. Wheelock mtn. w. is a part of the E. range of the Green mountains. The land is generally stony. Pop. 1830, 834. Wheelwright's Pond, Strafford co. N. H., in Lee, gives rise to Oyster r. A battle was fought on its banks, 1690, between some In. dians and Americans. * conade rivers. The general course, curves, and length of Current river, is remarkably similar to similar phenomena in Black river. The now navigable Black river, assuming a southwestern course, 15 ms., receives at Davidsonville, st. jus. for Lawrence co., from the N. w. a large accumulation, by the imited streams of Eleven Points and Spring rs. Be- low Davidsonville, Black river flows by com- parative courses, 45 ms., entering in that dis- tance Independence co., and joining White river, as already noted. The general course of White river, below the influx of Black r., is a little e. of s., by comparative courses 126 miles, to its influx into the Mississippi, receiv- ing in the latter distance Red river from the w., and Cache river from the e. Taken as a whole, the valley of the White river lies be- Whetstone, river, Ohio, rising in Richlandjtween those of Ark. to the s. w., St. Francis and Crawford cos., and flowing thence s. w. to the e., the southern sources of Osage r. about 20 ms., inflects to the southward, and to the n. w., and those of Maramec to the n. maintains the latter course over Marion andjThe form of this fine valley approaches that Delaware counties, and to near the centre of^of a triangle, 270 ms. base, from the mouth Franklin county, where it unites with the Sci- 1 of White r. to the sources of Black r., 170 Ota r., after a comparative course of 70 ms. jms. perpendicular ; area 22,950 sq. ms. Ex. It has interlocking sources with those of Mo- 1 tending in lat. from 33° 56' to 37° 40', and in hiccon, branch of Muskingum, those of San. I long, from 13° 20' to 17° 20' w. W. C. Ris- dusky, and the Sciota. ling in a mountainous region, the valley of Whetstone, p-v. eastern part Marion co. White river exhibits every variety of soil, Ohio, by p-r. 50 ms. n. Columbus. from the barren rock, and almost equally ster. White, r. Vt., rises in Rutland co. near the ! ile prairie, to the rich, but annually submer- division in the 2 branches of the Green mtns., 1 ged alluvion towards the Arkansas; have their flows s. E., crosses Windsor CO., and joins the ; respective points of discharge within 10 or Connecticut, 5 ms. above the mouth of Quec- 12 miles of each other, and are also connect, chy river. From the n. it receives 1st, 2nd | ed by an interlocking, and in seasons of high and 3rd branches, each about 20 miles long, [ water, navigable stream, many miles above and supply mill sites. White river is about] their mouths. White river is navigable by 55 miles long, waters about 680 sq. ms. In | both its great branches far above their junc- one place it just crosses a corner of Addison tion. It is, however, an example of a stream county. I greatly overrated, by estimating its length White, river, a large stream of the state i from the partial windings, in place of by the of Mo., and territory of Arkansas, formed by I general comparative distances along the val- ihe confluence of two streams. White r. prop, j lies. By that of White r. proper, the valley er, and Black r. The following description lis 340, and by Black r. 28 miles long, pureu- is founded on the delineations on Tanner's U. | ing the great curves of the rs. WHI 601 Will VViiiTK, r. of lud., the great estrn. branch of Wabash r. (Which nee.) White Mountains, of N. H., Coos co. N. H., form a group of the loftiest summits in North America, n. and e. of the Rocky nitns. and Mexico, and arc famous for the wildness and sublimity of their scenery. They are about 70 ms. n. Concord, 25 s. e. Lancaster, and extend 8 or 10 ms. in breadth, and 20 or 25 ms. from s. w. to n. e. The highest sum- mits are covered with snow during the whole year, except about 2 months, and are visible from a great distance when the air is clear. They are often seen from sea, and sometimes before any intermediate land, although they are about 60 miles from the coast. The In- dians, who called them Agiocochook, regard- ed them with superstitious reverence, and be- lieved that no person could ever ascend them and return in safety. It is supposed that Neal, Jocelin and Field, who visited them in 1632, were the first white men who entered those wild and romantic regions. They cal- led them the Crystal hills. It was long be- fore any sculcment was attempted, though Indians and white himters often ranged thro' the forests in pursuit of the moose, fallow deer, bears, &.c., which abounded. Until within about 40 years, moose were killed there, in great numbers, for their hides and tallow only. Bears, wild cats, fallow deer, &,c. are still common ; and within a few years, the cariboo, or rein deer, has made its ap- pearance here, from the north. The soil is almost all incapable of improvement. There are a few small meadows, which have been cleared and subjected to culture ; but the shortness of the summer, and the variations of the climate, render most crops very un- certain. Vegetation, as in the boreal zones, is very rapid and luxuriant in the spring ; and the little patches here and there cultivated generally, present a cheering contrast to the scenery, by passing in succession over the summits, or along tlie sides of the 3 first em- inences, and thence ascending Motmt Wash- ington. The following is the order in which the peaks rise, generally 1 mile apart ; the first s. is Mount Pleasant, then Franklin, Monroe, Washington, Jefl;erson and Adams ; Mount Madison being more e. Mt. Wash, ington is the highest in the group ; being 5,- 850 feet above Conn, river at Ijaneaster, and 6,428 feet above the level of the sea. The summit of Mount Washington being the highest land in the United States, and commanding an extensive and most sublime view, is annually sought by travellers, though the ascent is attended with much fatigue. It has been surmounted in a few instances, by ladies. The sides of the mountains, except where they are too precipitous, are overgrown with a thick forest of different trees, to which succeeds a belt of firs, which forms a well defined line round these eminrnces, at the same elevation. The size of these trees di- minishes as the visitor advances, until they are very much stunted, and finally disappear. The surface is then covered with short shrubs, which gradually give place to mosses and li- chens ; and finally the loose rocks are quite bare. Numerous nitns., hills and vallies, are seen on all sides, with many lakes, and the vales, through which wind numerous streams of water. The works and the habitations of man are generally so far removed, as to form but an insignificant feature in this scene, which abounds with the magnificent features of na- ture. North are Mounts Adams and Jeffer- son, E. Mount Madison, s. and s. e. a plain of more than 40 acres extends on the side of the mountain, from which a ridge of eminences reaches along the course of Saco r., whose head spring is on the e. side of Mt. Washing- ton. The highest source of Amonoosuc r. is at no great distance, but the streams ap. surrounding wildness, during the months of | proach each other much nearer, 3 or 4 miles July and August. Apple trees flourish well below. Among the White mountains, rise as high up as the elder Crawford's, 12 miles s. of the Notch, and grain sometimes ripens well. At the Notch House, however, 8 ms. also the Androscoggin and the Femigowas- set ; so that within a small circuit, rise four considerable streams, 1 of which flows into N. of that place, the soil, though good, is not ■ Connecticut river, 2 into the Atlantic ocean. worth cultivating. The timber n. of the Notch is generally very difierenl from that s. of it, in species ; the former being such as is usu- ally found in nnich colder climates. There are seven principal eminences in the White mtns., collected in one majestic group, generally of a steep but uniform ascent, but most of thciTi presenting, towards the n. e., a frightful precipice. They are formed of gran- itc, and scattered with loose fragments of that stone to their peaks, as if they had onco been of gro-r. about 75 ms. e. Natchez. White Post, p-v. in Frederick co. Va.^ H ms. s. E. Winchester, and by p-r. 71 ms. a lit- lie N. of w. W. C. White River, p-v. estrn. part Arkansas CO. Ark., by p-r. 136 ms. below and s. e. by e. Little Rock. White's, p-o. Elbert co. Geo., by p-r. 108 ms. a little k. of n. MiUedgeville. White Sand, p-v. Lawrence co. Miss., by p-r. 100 ms. s. Jackson. Whitesborough, p-v. half cap. Whitestown, Oneida CO. N. Y., 4 ms. n. w. Utica, 100 w. N. w. Albany, is pleasant and well built, on Erie canal. It has an academy. Whitusburg, P-v. wstrn. part Madison co. Ala., 10 ms. wstrd. Huntsville, and by p-r. 115 in3.N. N. E.Tuscaloosa. White's Mills, and p-o. nrthwstrn. part Chester dist. S. C, by p-r. 70 ms. n.n. w. Co. lumbia. White's Store, and p-o. nrthrn. part York disf. S. C, by p-r. 85 ms. n. n. w. Columbia. Whitestown, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y., 98 ms. w. N. w. -"Albany, 5 w. Utica, 16 s. e. Rome, has Mohawk r. n. e., and Herkimer CO. e., with very good soil, swelling surface, d fertile me^idows along Mokawk r., Oris- kany and Sadaquada crs. The Erie canal passes along the Mohawk n. e. The town contains the vs. of ^V'hitcstown and Oriskany, and its settlement was commenced in 1784, by Canvass White, the first settler in the w. part of the state of N. Y. Pop. 1;J30. 4,410. On Lanaquoit, a small stream uniting with the Mohawk in this town, are found the prin- cipal manufactories of Oneida co. The Oris- kany woollen factory is on a cr. of the same name, 4 ms. from Whitestown — spindles, 1,510 — looms, 40 — hands, 136 — using annu- ally 12J,000 lbs. wool, and manufacturing goods to the amount of §155,000. On the Lanaquoit, the Oneida cotton factory,running 2,500 spindles and 84 looms, work 300 bales cotton and make 780,000 yds. annually; — at the York mills, two stone edifices, 150 and 130 ft. long, are run 8,328 S))indles and 260 looms, employing 350 hands, and making 900,000 yards sheeting annually ; — at the ter CO. N. Y., 30 ms. from N. York, 140 s.j Whitestown cotton factory are run 2,900 spin- Albany, 6 e. Hudson r., and 14 s. Bedford, : dies, 70 looms, 85 hands are employed and with 8i sq. ms., has Bronx cr. on the w. line, |300 bales cotton ]jer annum used ; — at the Mamaroneck cr. e., and mill sites on both, j Utica cotton factory 2,600 spindles and 60 The soil is good, and the surface varied by a loonis are run, (thirty of the latter on range of hills, running N. and s. some of which ticking,) 11:^ hands are employed and 450 were rendered interesting in the revolution bales cotton consumed; a woollen factory by the battle fought here, Oct. 28th, 1776.1 makes 3,500 yards broadcloth, and there is a Pop. 1830, 759. callico printing establishment ; — the New White Plai.ns, v. White Plains, Westches-' Hartford manuf. co. run 2,500 spindle.?, 64 WIC 604 WIL looms, employ 80 hands, and work ann. 300 j western angle of Sussex co. Del., flows bales cotton ; — the Eagle cotton factory nni 1,600 spindles, 40 looms, employ 75 hands, and use 200 bales ; — the Franklin com. run 3,000 spindles, 76 looms, employ 120 hands, and use 300 bales cotton ; — and the Paris cot- ton man. com. run 1,.500 spindles, 60 looms and employ 70 hands. Tlic .e with several ma- chine shops are all on the Lanaquoit, and within B ms. of each other. Whitestown, p-v. Butler co. Pa., 10 ms. thence sthwstrdly. between Manakin and Nantikoke rs., and in Somerset co. Md., fall- ing into Fishing bay, 10 ms. w. Princess Anne. Wico.vico, or Great Wicomico, small r. of Northumberland co.Va., falling into Chesa- peake bay 12 ms. s. e. Bridgetown, the coun- ty seat. Wicomico, church and p-o. Northumbcr- land CO. Va., about 6 ms. wstrd. Smith's point from the borough of Butler, and about 60 ms. and 9 ms. estrd. Bridgetown, by p-r. 166 ms. Pittsburg. Whitesville, p-v. and st. jus. Columbus] s. E. W. C. WiESESBUP.G, p-v. Baltimore co. Md., 24 ms. CO. N. C, situated near the extreme head ofJN. W.Baltimore, and 8 ms. a little w. of n. Waccamaw r., about 40 ms. n. e. Conways- borough, and by p-r. 138 ms. s. Raleigh. Lat. 34° 13', long. 1° 48' w. W. C. White Sulphur Springs, watering place and p-o. estrn. part Greenbrier co. Va., 9 ms. s. E. by E. Lewisburg, the co. St., and by p-r. 254 ms. s. w. W. C, and 212 w. Richmond. Whiting, p-t. Washington co. Me., con- tains several ponds, some of which flow w. into Machias bay, and others e. into Cobs- cook bay. The town is separated from the sea coast by the town of Cutler. Pop. 1830, 309. Whiting, p-t. Addison co. Vt., 40 ms. s. w. Montpelier, 42 s. Burlington, 70 n. Benning Reisterstown. WiLBRAHAM, p-t. Hampden co. Mass.,89 ms. w. Boston, has the Conn, line for its s. boun- dary, and Chickapee r. for its n. The suiface is agreeably varied, and the soil is generally very good. It contains a Wesleyan academy, on the manual labor system, for the education of indigent children of the Methodists. The Chickapee is a very rapid stream, and makes considerable descent at the rapids in this place. Chickapee was a word used by Indi- an mothers to crying children, meaning " be still." The V. has a pleasant situation near the E. borders of the elevated plain which ex- tends w. to the armory at Springfield. It has ton, has Otter cr. e., and was first settled ! a hilly and picturesque country E. and n. of 1772, but deserted in the revolutionary war. In 1819, pickerel were placed in Otter cr. above Middlebury falls, which rapidly in- creased, so that 500 lbs. of this kind of fish. It. Pop. 1830, 2,034. Wilcox, co. Ala., bounded s. by Monroe, s. w. by Clarke, n. w. by Marengo, n. and n. E. by Dallas, e. by Montgomery and s. e. by (before unknown in this stream,) were caught j Butler. Length from e. to w. 60 ms., mean in this town in 1823. The soil is good both j breadth 20, and area 1.200 sq.ms. Extending for grass and grain. Pop. 1830, 653. ; in lat. from 31° 49' to 32° 15', and in long. Whitingham, p-t. Windhamco. Vt., 18 ms.j9° 56' to 10° 56' w. W. C. Declivity s. w., s. E. Bennington, 20 N. w. Greenfield, has the and traversed in that direction by Alabama r. Mass. line on the s. boundary, and was first set- i Chief t.. Canton. Pop. 1820, 2,917 ; 1830, tied 1770. Deerfield r. flows through the w. part, with rich meadows on its course. Saw- 9,548. Wilderness, p-o. on the nrthwstrn. bor- dawda pond has land gradually forming onjder of Spottsylvaniaco. Va. 15 ms. w. Fred- the surface, and 70 or 80 acres now rise andiericksburg, and 71 s. s. w. W.C. fall with the water. The soil is good. Good limestone abounds w. which is burnt. Pop. 1830, 1,477. Whitley, co. Ky., bounded w. by Wayne CO. of the same state, n. w. by Rock Castle cr. separating it from Pulaski, n. by Laurel, e. by Knox, and s. by Campbell co. in Ten Wilsong's, mill and p-o. Lincoln co. N. C, by p-r. 182 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. Wilkes-Barre, boro', p-t. and st. jus. Lu- zerne CO. Pa., stands on a high bank right side of Susquehannah r., about 120 ms. n. n. w. Phila., and by p-r. 222 n. n. e. W. C. and 1 14 N. E. Harrisburg. Lat. 41° 13', long 1° Length from n. to s. 30 ms., mean breadth ' 07' e. W. C. Wilkes-Barre was laid out 20, area 600 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from j about the year 1775, by Col. John Durkec, 36° 35' to 37° or, and in long, from 6° 48' to 7° 14' w. W.C. The main volume of Cum- berland r. winds, by a very circuitous chan- nel over Wiiitley from h. e. to n. w. Chief t., Whitley C. H. Pop. 1830, 3,806. who imposed the compound name as a grate- ful tribute to two eminent members of ihe British parliament, for their exertions in fa- vor of the North American colonies. The plan is perhaps entirely singular. 'I'he streets Whittles', Mills and p-o. Mecklenburg CO. I form a parallelogram, extending along or Va., by p-r. 105 ms. s. w. Richmond. at right angle to the r. In the centre is a WicKFORD, P-v. North Kingston, Washing- public S(iuare containing the oo. buildings, ton CO. R. I., i;2 ms. s. w. Providence, 15 .n.! but this square stands at an angle of 45° to w. Newport, is on a peninsula on w. side ofi the streets, form ofthe latter extending from Nnrragansett bay. Here is Washingtonleachcorner of the former. The wstrn. angle academy, 30 ft. by 60, with a library; and of the square is opposite abridge over the tliere is considerable commerce. ■ Susquehannah, with a portion of the main AVicoMico, ;itiiiill r. which rises in the south- 1 street intervening. The bridge connects WIL 605 WIL Wilkes-Barre with the village of Kingston. I trcmc higher valley ofYadkinr. by the conflu- Pop. oi" Wilkes-Barre in 1830, 2,233. ents of which it is entirely drained. Declivi- VV'ilkes-Barre, valley of, usually called I ty iir'.hestrd. Chieftown, Wilkesville. Pop. the valley of Wyoming, is amongst the nat.|1820, 9,007 ; 1830, 11,968. ural scenes in the U. S. that richly deserve a WiLKEsnoRo', in the p-o. list, but Wilkes- visit. The Susquehannah r. maybe said to villc on Tainier's U. S. map, p-v. and st. jus. rush into, and break through the Appalachian Wilkes co. N. C, situated on the right bank system of mountains. Passing the lirst great of Yadkin r. .'Jl ms. n. e. Morguntown in chain at Towanda, the large volume of water -in its rocky bed rolls through several other chains in quick succession, at length reaches Wyoming valley at the mouth ofLiickawan- noc r. by a very striking mtn. gorge. Inflec- ting at right angles, and turning from s. e. to s.w. the stream with very gentle partial wind- ings flows down the Wyoming valley 9 ms., passes Wilkcs-Harrc and Kingston, and ms. farther leaves the valley by another mountain pass. The bed of Susquehannah merely touches the wstrn. verge of this line vale, which is indeed extended up the Lackawan- noc, and to the sthwstrd. some miles below where it is abandoned by the r. The valley liurke CO., and by p-r. 17.') ms. a little n. of w. Raleigh. Lat. 36° 10', long. 4° 08' w. W. C. Wilkinson, co. Geo., bounded s. e. by Laurens, s. w. by Twiggs, N. w. by Jones, n. by Baldwin, and e. by Oconee r. separating it from Washington. Length from n. w. to s. E. 21 ms., mean breadth 18, and area 432 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 32° 37' to 33° 02', and in long, from 6° 02' to 6° 30' w. W. C Declivity sthestrd. towards the Oconee. Ciiief t., Irwington. Pop. 1820, 6,992 ; 1830, 14,237. Wilkinson, co. Miss., bounded by the Ho- mochitto r. separating it from Adams co. on the N., and Franklin n. e., by Amite co. e., by is distinct therefore 25 ms. above and 7 or 8 'the parish of Kast F'eliciana in Lp. s. e., by below the borough of Wilkes-Barre, exceed ing 30 ms. in length, but with a width that does not at the utmost exceed a mean of 2^ ms. Enclosed between mtns. every where steep and rugged, in many places precipitous and in some rising into naked summits, spread alluvial flats of exuberant fertility. Here as along the Susquehannah generally, there are two stages of bottoms. The lower. West Feliciana in Louisiana s., and by the Miss. r. separating it from the parish of Avoyelles in La. w., and the parish of Con- cordia La. N. w. Greatest length from e. to w. 30 ms., mean breadth 20, and area 600 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 31° to 31° 14', and in long, from 14° 12' to 14° 46' w. W. C. The general declivity of this co. is wstr(l.,but the extreme sthrn. border declines in a sthrn. and of course most recent, are much the most direction giving source to Thompson's cr. and productive, and least admixed with rounded pebbles, but are still subject to casual submer- sion. The higher stages, on one of which Bayou Sarah. Buflaloe cr. rises on the estrn. side and flowing wstrd. divides the co. into two nearly equal sections. The surface ia stands Wilkes-Barre, are in the existing or-, very much broken by hills, however, of no der of things above all floods, but botii have j great elevation. Soil excellent. Principal been evidently once actually under water This conclusion is almost irresistible to any observer in the vicinity of Wilkes-Barre. In brief, it may be asserted, that many of our citizens who admire natural scenery, know the wealth of the Alps in objects of taste in- finitely better than they do regions at their door. The Wyoming is only one of innumer- able pictures, along ilie Appalachian system, where are combined every feature from the most stern to the most soft and seducing. Again in the vicinity of AVilkes-Barrc and Kingston the mineral curiosities arc not the least attractive. The formation is transi- tion or leaning ; the inclination s. e. Enibed- cd in strata from one to twenty or more feet in thickness lie masses of anthracite coal. staple, cotton. Chief t., Woodville. Pop. 1820, 9,718 ; 1830, 11,686. WiLLET, p-t. Cortlandt co. N. Y., 139 ms. from Albany, 19 s. E. Cortlandt v., has Che- nango CO. E., Broome co. s., is crossed by Ot- selic cr. with few mill seats. Pop. 1830, 840. Williams' r. Windham CO. Vt., flows s. e. 15 ms. into Connecticut in Rockingham. At its moutlithe Rev. Mr. Williams, in 1704, on his way from Deerfield, Mass., to Canada, wiiile a captive in the power of the Indians, preached to his fellow prisoners. WiLi.iAMsnoRouGii, p-v. northeasteiTi part Granville co. N. C, 12 ms. n. e. by e. Oxford, the CO. St., and 59 n. e. Raleigh. WiLLiAMsiiUKG, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 94 ms. from Augusta, 40 n. w. Bangor, has sc- which appear more and more vast as they are veral small streams flowing into Pleasant and better explored. Lubec rs., branches of liie Penobscot, and Wilkes, co. N. C, bounded n. e. and e. by | has a quarry of marble. Pop. 1830, 227. Surry, s. e. by Iredell, s. w. by Burke, and w. N. w. and n. by Blue Ridge separating it from Ashe. Length froms. w. to n. e. 48 ms., mean breadth 18, and area 864 sq. ms. E.xtending in lat. from 35° 56' to 36° 24', and in long, from 3° 51' to 4° 35' w. W. C. This 00. is a real mtn. valley, environed on every side but the n. e. by the Blue Ridge and adja WiLLiA.MSBiiRG, V. Bushwick, King's co. N. Y. on tiie e. end of Long Island, opposite N. Y., has a steam ferry to that city. Williamsburg, p-v. situated on Franktown branch of Juniata r. 9 ins. w. from the bo- rough of Huntingdon co. Pa. Willia.msburg, p-t. and st. jus. James City CO. Va. situated on the summit level between cent chains. It is commensurate with tho ex- (York and James rs., by p-r. 60 ms. s. e. by e. WIL 606 WIL Richmond. Lat. 37° 16', and long. 0° 20' e. W. C. The p-r. distance from W. C. 163 ms. This little city, though it has not ad- vanced much in wealth or population, has many very interesting claims on the student of U. S. geography. It was the cradle of; our political existence, and for a long period, the seat of government of " Infant Virginia." The college of William and Mary, in Wil-! liamsburg, was founded in 1693, and with, various fortunes of advance and recession, 1 has continued to exist as a respectable lite-| rary institution. By the original charter this college was endowed witlr a clear and cer- tain revenue of £3000 per annum. Recent attempts have been made to revive the former prosperous condition of this semi- nary. Williamsburg, dist. S. C, bounded n. w. by Sumpter, n. e. by Lynches cr. separa- ting it from Marion, e. and s. e. by George- town dist., and s. w. by Santee r., separating it from Charleston dist. Length between Santee r. and Lynches creek 40 ms., mean breadth 30, and area 1,200 sq. ms. Extend- ing in lat. from 33° 15' to 34° 02', and in long. from 2° 24' to 3° 12'. The declivity is south- eastward, in the direction of Lynches creek, Santee r. and Black r. The latter stream rising in Sumpter, traverses Williamsburg at a mean distance of 16 or 17 ms. from Santee r. Chief t. Kingtree, Pop. 1820, 8,716, 1830, 9,018. Williamsburg, p-v. and st. jus. Covington CO. Miss, situated on a branch of Leaf river, about 120 ms. e. Natches, and by p-r. 83 ms. s. E. Jackson. Lat. 31° 40', long. 12° 38' w. W.C. Williamsburg, p-v. Mason co. Ky. by p-r. 75 ms. N. E. Frankfort. Williamsburgii, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. 100 nis. vv. Boston, 9 n. w. Northampton, is crossed n. w. and s. e. by a tributary of the Connecticut, which affords mill sites. Pop. 1830, 1,230. WiLLiAMSBURGH, p-v. Grovcland, Living- ston CO. N. Y. 3i ms. from Geneseo v. on Genesee r. Williamson, p-t. Wayne co. N. Y. 206 ms. from Albany, 20 n. by e. Canandaigua, cross- ed by the Ridge road, has a descent n., whi- ther flow some small streams to lake Onta- rio. Pop. 1830, 1,806. WiLLiAMSTON, p-v. and st. jus. Martin co. N. C. situated on the right bank of Roanoke r. 23 ms. n. Washington on Pamlico r., and by p-r. 106 ms. e. Raleigh. Lat. 35° 49', and long. 0°06' w.W. C. WiLLiAMSTowN, p-t. Orange co. Vt. 11 ms. 8. w. Montpelier, 45 n. w. Windsor; first settled, 1784, occupies the high ground be- tween Onion and White rs., to each of which it sends a brook. Along the courses of these small branches passes the Gulf road from Royahon to Montpelier, through remark- ably wild scenes, and often a very narrow passage. In some places the road is sup- ported by artificial walla of stone, where [there is barely room enough for it and the 'stream. Pop. 1830, 1,487. j WiLLiAMSTowN, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 130 ms. N. by w. Boston, is in the n. w. cor- ner of the state, with V^ermont n, and N. Y. w., and occupies a fine valley, through which flows Hoosic r. into Vt. The land bordering on the valley is mountainous, and some of the peaks are very high. The town was named after colonel Ephraim Williams, who was commander of the line of forts w. of Conn, r. during the old French war, from 1740 till 1748, and resided for some time at Hoosic fort. He was killed at the battle of fort George, 1755, and left by will, his property for the foundation of a grammar school in Williamstown. Williams college, in this town, was commenced in 1791, and became a college in 1793. Two townships of land in Maine were afterwards granted it by Mass. one of which was sold for $10,000. There are two buildings of brick, 100 feet long, 40 wide, and 4 stories high, containing a chapel, library, philosophical chamber, and 60 stu- dents' rooms. The necessary expenses are from 56O to $105 per annum ; 18 young men received the degree of A.B. in 1832. An academy was incoroorated here in 1828. Pop. 18.30, 2,134. Williamstown, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y. 137 ms. from Albany, 31 E.Oswego, has Oneida co. E., has a soil good for grass, and pretty good for grain, watered by streams of Fish creek, which furnish mill sites. The surface is nearly level, with much moist land. Pop. 1830. 606. Williamstown, p-v. northestrn. part Lan- caster CO. Pa. 13 ms. n. e. from the city of Lancaster. Williamstown, on the p-o. list, but Wil- liamsville on Tanner's U. S., p-v. and st. jus. Grant co. Ky., situated on the right bank of Eagle creek, about 40 ms. s. w. Cincinnati, and 44 a little e. of n. Frankfort. Lat. 38° 41', long. 7° 42' w. W. C. WiLLiAMsviLLR, p-v. Erie CO. N. Y. !1 ms. N. E. Buffalo, is on EUicott's creek at the falls. WiLLiAMsviLLE, p-v. Kuut CO. Del. 25 ma. s. Dover. WiLLiAMSviLLE, p-v. ntluu. part Person co. N. C, by p-r. 68 ms. n. w. by n. Raleigh. Willlmantic, r. Tolland co. Connecticut, a stream of small size, flows through Staf. ford, and falls into Natchaug r. and forms the Shetucket. Willimantic, p-v. Windham co. Conn. 3 ms. from Windham v., 24 e. Hartford, on Willimantic r. ; contains 5 large manufacto- ries, 3 churches, several schools, &.c. Willinborough, t. Burlington co. N. J. 14 ms. N. E. Phil., has the Del. r. n. w., Ranco- cus creek s. w., and Burlington n. A small branch of Rancocus cr. crosses the t. Pop. 1830, 782. Willington, p-t. Tolland co. Conn. 26 ms. N. E. Hartford, 26 N. Norwich; about 4ms. by 8, is hilly, with primitive rocks, and contains some iron ore. It has Willimantic r. r... WIL 007 WIL and some manufactories. Population 1830, 1,305. WiLLiNGTON, p-v. sthm. part Abbeville dist. S. C. 17 ms. s. s. w. Abbeville, and by p-r. 97 ms. .t little n. of w. CoIuml)ia. WiLLisTo.v, p-t. Chittenden co. Vt. 27 ms. N. w. Monipelier, has Onion r. n. and Muddy brook w., and was first settled 1774, but soon deserted until the close of the war. The sur- face is uneven, but generally favorable to agriculture, with a good soil. Pop. 1830, 1,606. WiLLouGBY, p-v. and st. jus. Effingham co. Geo., by p-r. 181 ms. s. e. by e. Millcdge- ville. Willow Grove, p-v. Montgomery co. Pa. 14 ms. N. Phil. Willow Grove, p-o. Lincoln co. N. C. by p-r. 164 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. Willow Grove, p-o. nihestrn. part Sump- ter dist. S. C, about 20 ms. n. e. Sumpter- ville, and by p-r. 64 ms. a little n. of e. Co- lumbia. WiLLSBOROUcn, p-t. Essex co. N.Y.I 57 ms. N. Albany, 13 n. e. Elizabethtown, has lake Champlain or Vi. e., towards which the land is level. Peru bay extends s. into this town from the lake 5 or 6 ms. ; and there are in it Bouquet's and Gilliland's creeks, on whose fails are very good mill sites. Pop. 1830, 1,316. WiLLSTowN, Indian village, on a creek of the same name, a branch of Coosa r. This place, as located by Tanner, is situated in the Cherokee territory 50 ms. s. e. by e. Hunts- ville, and about 150 ms. n. e. Tuscaloosa. Lat. 34° 26', long. 8° 5/ w. W. C. Wilmington, p-t. Windham co. Vt. 17 ms. E. Bennington, 46 s. w. Windsor, 138 from Montpelier ; was first settled just before the revolution. The e. and w. branches of Green, field r. unite here. Pop. laSO, 1,034. Wilmington, t. Middlesex co. Mass. 16 ms. N. Boston, has a light soil, but has produced great quantities of hops. The Middlesex canal crosses tlie town through the middle ; and Ipswich r. rises here. Pop. 1830, 731. Wilmington, p-t. Essex co. N. Y. 17 miles N. w. Elizabethtown, has Franklin and Clin- ton COS. E., and Franklin co. w., and contains Sable and White Face mtns., and parts of Palmer and Hamlin mtns. ; W^hiie Face mtn. ie about 2,600 feet high, and commands a view of Montreal, 80 ms. distant. Tlie town which has been rendered available to a great extent by the erection of machinery applied to grist mills, saw mills, powder and paper mills, cloth factories, both of cotton and woollen, and other manufactories of difierent kinds. The town is incorporated and governed by two burgesses and six assistants, annually elected. The trade of the place is extensive ; the buildings generally good, and many ele- gant. It contains an hospital and poor house. The hospital is a large edifice built on a heal- thy eminence. Wilmington is much the iar- gcst town of the state in which it is situated, and after the city of Phil, the most extensive mart in the basin of Del. r. In 1820, the pop. amounted to 5,268, and in 1830, 6,628. Wilmington, p-v. situated on J'luvanna r. Fluvanna co. Va. 14 ms. above the mouth of the stream on which it stands, 55 ms. n. w. by w. Richmond. Wilmington, p-t. seaport and st. jus. New Hanover co. N. C, situated on the left bank of CJape Fear r. 88 ms. below and along the land route below Fayettevillc, and by p-r. 149 ms. s. s. E. Raleigh. Lat. 34° 20', and long, almost on the meridian of W . C. Pop. 1830, 3,000. Wilmington, p.v. and st. jus. MacCracken CO. Ky. situated 25 ms. a little n. of e. from the mouth of Ohio r., and by p-r. 289 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. Lat. 37° 02', and long. 11°52' w.W^C. WiLMOT, t. Merrimack co. N. H. 30 miles from Concord, 87 from Boston. Some of the streams of Blackwater r. afl'ord mill seats. The surface is rough, with Kearsearge mtn. on the s. boundary. Pop. 1830, 835. Wilna, p-t. Jefferson co. N. Y. 151 ms. n. w. Albany, 57 s. s. w. Ogdensburgh, has a light soil, well watered by Indian r. a few miles in the n. e., and by Black r. for a short distance s. w. including the rapids or Long falls. Above this spot the river is navigable 45 ms. Here is the village of Carthage, where are several iron works, ore being found in the town. Pop. 1830, 1,602. Wilson, p-t. Niagara co. N. Y. 294 miles w. Albany, is nearly square, with lake On- tario n. and watered by Howel's and Tuscaro- ra creek, the former joining the latter in this town, and flowing into the lake. Pop. 18b0, 913. Wilson, co. Ten. bounded by Smith e., Warren s. e., Rutherford s., Davidson w., and is crossed by the w. branch of Sable r., &c. Cumberland r. n., separating it from Sumner. which furnish mill seals. Pop. 1830, 695 Wilmington, city, p-o. and port of entry. New Castle co. Del. situated on the point above the junction of Brandy wine and Chris- tiana creeks, 28 ms. s. w. Phil., 47 n. Dover, and by p-r. 108 ms. n. e. W. C. The site is similar to those of Phil., Baltimore, George. Length 38 ms., mean breadth 14, and area 432 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° .58' to 36° 20', and in long, from 9° to 9° 44' w. W. C. Declivity a little w. of n. towards Cuml)cr- land r. Chief t. Lebanon. Population 1820, 18,730, 1830, 25,472. Wilson's, p.v. Anderson co. Ten., by p-r. town and Richmond, on the outer edge of 1 201 ms. e. Nashville. the primitive rock, and on the inner of the I Wilson's creek and p-o. Graves co. Ky. 14 sea sand alluvion. The site of Wilmington I ms. southweslwardly from Mayfield. is less variegated than either of the above I Wilso.nville, p.v. southwstrn. part Bath named cities. In the vicinity of Wilmington I co. Va., by p-r. 178 ms. n. w. by w. Rich. the falls of Brondywine afford a water power Imond, and 220 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. WIN 608 WIN WiLsoNViLLE, p-v. Liticoln CO. N. C. by p.r. 182 ms. 8. w. by w. Raleigh. Wilton, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H. 37 ms. from Concord, 9 from Amherst, and 58 from Boston, is crossed by Souhegan river, whose branches afford mill sites. The soil is rocky, but fertile, bearing oak, pine, beech, birch, hemlock and chestnut. Clay and building stone are found in different places. First settled, 1738. Pop. 1830, 1,039. Wilton, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn., 34 ms. s. w. New Haven, 6 n. Norvvalk, has the boun- dary of N. York on the w. line, it is 4 ms. by 6, is crossed by 2 ridges n. and s., with soil favorable to grain, and has 2 small streams from Norwalk r. near the centre. Pop. 1830, 2,095. Wilton, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y., 42 nis.N. Albany, lies n. of Saratoga, and near the v. of Saratoga Springs. There is an extensive sandy plain in the t., and the streams of a small tributary of the Hudson. Pop. 1830, 1,373. Wilton, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Granville CO. N. C, i4 ms. sthrd. Oxford. WiNciiENDON, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., GO ms. w. N. w. Boston, 30 n. by w. Worcester, has an uneven surface, a rough and stony, but strong soil, and affprds some building granite. There is a chalybeate spring in the n. part. Miller's r. affords valuable mill seats. There are 2 villages. Pop. 1830, 1,463. Winchester, p-t. Cheshire co. N. II., 70 ms. from Concord, 15 fromKeene, is crossed by Ashuelot r., which receives Muddy, Broad, and several other brooks. The s. e. part is very level, elsewhere uneven, with a good soil, bearing pine, chestnut, oak, hard maple, &c. Great quantities of shingles, staves, &c. have been made here. There are 2 vil- lages on Ashuelot r., that in the w. contains several manufactories. First settled 1732 ; it was burnt in the French war, by the In- dians. Pop. 1830, 2,052. Winchester, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn., 27 ms. N. w. Hartford, about 5 ms. by 6h, moun- tainous in some parts, with primitive rocks ; it has a soil favorable to grazing, bearing ma- ple, beech, oak and birch ; it is supplied with mill sites by Mnd and Still rs., which unite in the E. part. A lake f m. by 3^, is situated on the top of one of the mtns., and sends an outlet about -J m. down a steep descent into Mad r. The scenery in this t. is in many pla- ces quite wild and romantic. There are ma- ny factories, forges, mills, &c. Iron from Salisbury is smelted and wrought here. Pop. 18.30, 1,766. Winchester, a flourishing p-t. and st. jus., Frederick co. Va., situated on a branch of Opequan cr., 34 ms. s. w. Harper's Ferry, 71 ms. N. w. by w. W. C, and 150 ms. n. n. w. Richmond. Lat. 39° 10', and long. 1° 10' w. W. C. It is a very flourishing inland town, and contains many public buildings, some of them very fine. In 182G, Winchester contain- ed a white popidation of 2,575, free colored 270, slaves 644, total 3,489 ; 23 attorneys, 8 physicians, 35 mercantile stores, 3 iron stores, 2 book stores, 2 printing offices, 12 taverns, 4 tanneries, 1 distillery, 1 pottery, 1 book- bindery, 3 silver smiths, watch repairer's, «nd jeweller's shops, 1 clock and mathematical instrument maker, 1 rope maker, ! tinner, 1 confectioner, 1 tobacconist, 3 brick makers, 1 saddle tree maker, 1 upholsterer, 3 shoe stores, 1 wheel maker, 2 gun smiths, 1 white smith, 2 cabinet makers' shops, with numer- ous weavers, saddlers, shoemakers, &c. ; 7 houses of public worship completed, and one more in progress of erection, for Episcopa- lians, Presbyterians, Lutherans, Methodists, Baptists, Roman Catholics, and Quakers. A law school of eminence, under chancellor Tucker ; an incorporated medical school, and an incorporated academy ; the latter flour- ishing, and averaging 50 pupils. Two fe- male seminaries, with an average of 30 or 40 pupils each, with numerous private schools, and tv/o banks. Pop. 1830, not in the cen- sus. Winchester, p-v. and st. jus., Wayne co. Miss., situated on the Chickasawhay r., about 90 ms. n. n. w. Mobile, 180 e. Natchez, and by p-r. s. E. by e. Jackson. Lat. 31° 40', long. 11° 48' w. W. C. Winchester, p-v. and st. jus., Franklin co. Ten., situated on or near the left bank of Elk r., 50 ms. n. e. Huntsville in Ala., and by p-r. 82 ms. s. E. Nashville. Lat. 35° 14', long. 9° 02' w. W. C. Winchester, p-v. and st. jus., Clark co. Ky., 45 ms. n. e. by e. Frankfort, and 20 in a similar direction from Lexington. Lat. 37° 58', and long. 7° 07' w. W. C. Wind Gap, p-o. Northampton co. Pa., by p-r. 19 ms. a httle e. of n. Bethlehem. This place is designated Williamsburg on Tan- ner's map. The Gap is one of the passes in the Kiitatinny mtns. Windham, p-t. Cumberland co. Me., 67 ms. s. w. Augusta, 16 n. w. Portland, borders on the s. E. side of Sebago pond, and has its out- let. Presumscot r. on its w. line. It has 2 or 3 ponds on its boundaries, and is crossed by a branch of the stream above mentioned. Pop. 1830, 2,182. Windham, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H., 34 ms. from Concord, and 45 from Portsmouth, contains part of Policy pond, with Golden pond s., and Mitchell's n. e. On Beaver cr., the w. boundary, is excellent land ; and the t. is generally well watered. Pop. 18.30, 998. Windham, co. Vt., bounded by Windsor co. N., Conn. r. e., which separates it from N. II., Mass. s., Bennington co. w., is 28 ms. by 36, with 780 sq. ms. It has ^n irregular surface. Williams's and Saxton's rs. are in the n. e. part. West r. in the middle, and Deerfield r. s. w. There are mountains w. The rocks are all primitive. Manicnung is the highest eminence. Limestone is found and quarried in several towns. On the Conn, are some rich meadows. Pop. 1820, 28,457 ; 1830, 28,748. Windham, p-t. Windham co. Vt., 31 ms. n. WIN 609 WIN E. Bennington, 25 s. w. Windsor, has smal streams, a large pond, and various minerals VoiK 1830,847. Wi\uiiAM, CO. Coim., bounded by Worces- ter CO. Mass. N., Rhode Island e., New Lon- don CO. s. and s. \v., and Tolland co. w. It is about 21 nis. by 29, with about 620 sq. ms., and contains 13 towns. The surface is va- ried, hilly w. and s. with much stony land, .good for grazing, generally a gravelly soil formed from primitive rocks. It is crossed by Quiiiebaug r. i:., and Shetucket r. w., with several of their branches, which run souther- ly, and unite in N. London co. to form the Thames. These streams all'ord many good mill scats, and supply shad and other fish. On the alluvial meadows on their shores, is much excellent land, favorable to grain, &,c. Surveys have been made for a canal, to ex- lend from tide water at Norwich, N. London CO., into Mass., across this co. Extensive manufactories have been erected, and Wind- ham CO. is now far more extensively engaged in manufactures, than any other co in the state. By a recent estimate, it was compu- ted that there were in the co. 47 cotton facto- ries, running {i2,550 .sjjindles, and 1,462 looms, manufacturing per ann. 37,500 lbs. of yarn, (sold in that state,) and 11,000,000 yards of cotion goods, consuming 1,537,500 Ilis. of cotton, and employing a capital of .^1,537,500. At the same time other factories were erect- ing, which were to run more than 12,500 spindles. The woollen factories, by the same estimate, nuinufactured goods valued at .f>133,600 ; the sum invested in them stated at .$127,550. A carpet factory, at Moosup, was also manutacluring that article at the rate of 25,000 yards per ann. Other very considerable manufactures are carried on in the CO. Pop. 1820, 25,331 ; 1830, 27,082. WiNDH.iM, p-t. Windham co. Conn., 14 ms. N. Norwich, 30 k. Hartford, 44 w. Provi. dence, n. Shetucket r., has an irregular form, with about 46 sq. ms., and contains much good land, generally hilly, particularly e., with primitive rocks ; a sandy soil prevails in the w. part. The timber is oak, walnut, I siderable descent for about a mile. Hero are 1 7 cotton factories, 5 of stono, and some of them cpiito extensive. In them all, 13,150 spindles arc run, and 288 loom.s. There is also a satinet factory, with 200 spindles and 8 looms, and an extensive paper mill. Pop. of town 1830, 2,812. Windham, p-t. Greene co. N. Y., 44 ms. s. w. Albany, 26 w. Catskill, has the Catskill mtns. N., the s. ridge of which is on the line, and Del. co. w. The surface is generally mountainous, with beech, maple, hemlock, bass, and other timber, and is watered by Schoharie cr. Pop. 1830, 3,471. Windham, p-v. in the nrthrn. part of Brad- ford CO. Pa., by p-r. 153 ms. nrthrd. Ilarris- burg. Windsor, t. Kennebec co. Me., 6 ms. e. Augusta, which adjoins it on the w., and has Lincoln co. e. and a. It is crossed by a branch of Sheep.scot r., which touches it on the s. e. Pop. 1830, 1,485. Windsor, t. Hillsborough co. N. U., is of a triangular form, and has a good soil, favor- able to pasturage and grain, with an agreea- bly varied surface. Pop. 1830, 226. Windsor, co. Vt., bounded by Orange co, N., Conn. r. e., which separates it from N. Hampshire, Windham co. s., Rutland co. w. It is crossed in the n. by White r., and has Quccchy r. in the middle, and Black r. s., with some of the sources of West and Wil. liams's rs. s. w. It lies on the k. declivity of the Green mtns., and has a rough surface, but a soil very favorable to grass. In the vv. part are several quarries of soap stone, in Ply. mouth, Bridgcwater, and Bethel ; good gran- ite is found in the s. e. part, and much lime is made from primitive limestone in the s. w. It contains 24 townships. Pop. 1820, 38,233 ; 18.30,40,695. Windsor, p-t. and st. jus., Windsor co. Vt., 55 ms. s. Montpelier, 55 \. e. Bennington, 95 N. w. Boston, 420 n. Washington, first settled 1764. It is hilly, fertile, and well watered, having Conn. r. on the e. line, and Mill r. e., which supplies mill sites. Ascutney mtn., partly in this t., is one of the most conspicu. chestnut, &c. WiUimantic and Nachaug rs., 'ous eminences in this part of the state. It is after ilowing some distance in the t., unite and form the Shetucket. Each of these streams affords mill sites, and several kinds of fish, particularly shad. The v. composing the 1st society, is large, and contains some pub. lie buildings, besides a number of stores, &:.c. The land was given by a son of the Mohegan sachem, Uncas, to John Mason and 13 others, in 1G76, when it was surveyed, but it was not settled till 1686. Incorporated 1692. The town contains several considerable villages, beside the above ; WiUimantic, Scotland, &c. There arc 6 churches, 3 of which are Con- gregational, 1 Methodist, and 1 Baptist. The surface is undulated ; stone walls are gener- ally used for the division of fields. WiUiman- tic is a very flourishing village, 3 ms. w. of the 1st society, in which are several valua- j ble mill sites on the river, which has a con- ( 77 about 3,320 feet above tide water, and its sum. mit, (which divides this t. from Weathers, field,) has two peaks, from which it is said to have derived its name : a word of this sound, in the Indian language, meaning the Two Brothers. This mtn. is almost clothed in ev- eryrecns, except on its s. side, which is bare. It is comi)Osed of granite. The v. is hand- some, and isTery pleasantly situated on the w. bank of Conn, r., surrounded by rich and picturesque scenery, in which nit. Ascutney forms a striking feature. Pulk Hole brook empties into Conn r. n., and Mill brook s. of the village. There are several handsome streets, the principal of which runs n. and s„ in an irregular line, with many good dwel- lings, stores, churches, bank, court house, &,c. The opposite shore of the Conn, is high and almost mountainous ; there is a beautiful WIN 610 WIN inca^li'v irnr the v. At the mouth of Millw. side, 3 k., and 1 n. Merry-meeting bay brook is a luil, -..iii::]! ;'< dnmined, and made to ' which forms the 6. e. extremity, may be a!- supply water to severul f:i_ iin'?a ; and near 1 most regarded as a separate lake. The fine the same spot is a bridge which croj::i s ib" ' chores of the Winnipiseogee present a charm- Conn. The state prison is in the s. w.part ofimg vaiieiyot surtace, rendered slill liiori n*- the village. Pop. 1830, 3,134. ! tractive by a ride over the undulating coun- Windsor, p-t. Berkshire CO. Mass., 120 ms.' try through which the roads pass on both w. Boston, is on high ground, separating the sides, and the innumerable islands scattered waters of tlio Westfield, Deertield, Moo- over the surface. A company has been in- sic and Housatonic rs. A swamp of 500 ' corporated, who design to place a steamboat acres gives rise to a stream flowing into on the lake, to ply between Alton, at the s. f.. Westfield r., and another near by sends a i extremity, and Centre harbor, in the n. w. in stream to Deerfield r. Pop. 1830, 1,042. 'connection with lines of stage coaches, to form Windsor, p-t. Hartford CO. Ct., 6 ms. n. a regular channel of travelling between Boston Hartford, 41 N. N. e. New Haven, about GJ < and Lancaster. The summit of Mt. Wash- nis. by 8, with 50 sq. ms., was one of tJie first: ington is visible on that route until intercept- settlements made by white men in Ct. (lfi'36.) j ed by the land when within 5 ms. of Centrn For many years it embraced East Windsor. 1 harbor. Some of the isls. are large, and con- It lies on the w. bank of the Connecticut, and tain several farms. One of them has about is crossed by Farmington or Tunxis r. There ' 500 acres. They are, however, of almost is a very extensive tract of fertile and beauti ful meadows in tiiia town, which afford a wide and delightful view from the numerous hills which rise in other parts. There is a higher plain, of light sand, much of which is waste. Farmington r. is navigable in sloops to the v. every size and form, down to mere rocke The water of this lake is remarkably pure, and abounds in fish, which are often caught through the ice in the winter, and sometimes sent to Boston market. Red mtn. near Cen- tre harbor, commands a delightful view upon bridge, during the spring floods, and for flat i the lake;Squaml. and many of the mtns. n. bottomed boats at all seasons. Fish are! The lake is navigated by a few sail boats. It caught in considerable quantities. Agricul-' receives a few small streams, and discharges ture is here very flourishing. The principal js. w. by Winnipiseogee r. V. extends for 2 or 3 miles along a broad and | Winnipiseogee r. Coos co. N. H., the oul- level street, much shaded by elms, and con- let of Winnipiseogee lake, after a short course tains the mansion of the late chief justice OH- j enters Great bay, and afterwards flows thro' ver Ellsworth. Pop. 1830, 3,220. 12 smaller lakes, making a part of the bounda- WiNDSOR, p-t. Broome co. N. Y., 128 ms.|ry between Merrimack and Coos cos. and s. s. w. Albany, 15 e. Chenango point, has falls into Pemigewasset r. below Webster's Pennsylvania s., and is watered by Susqehan-l falls. Its whole descent is 232 feel, and there are many good mill sites on its banks. WIN^s, p-o. Hall CO. Geo., by p-r. 10 ms. sthrd. Gainesville, the st. jus., and 133 a lit. tie w. of .\. Milledgeville. WiNNSBORouGH, p.v. and St. jus. Fairfield dist. y. C, situated 29 m.s. almost due -\. Co- lumbia, and 25 ms. a little e. of s. Chester- field. I.at. 34° 24', and long. 4° 07' w. W. C. Winn's Tavern, and p-o. in the wstrn. part of Fluvanna co. Va., 68 ms. n. w. by w. Rich- nah r. and other streams, flowing through meadows. The uplands afford very good sheep pasture. Valuable locust timber is cut near Oquago, and sent down the r. to Phil- adelphia and Baltimore, for ship building. Pop. 1830,2,180. Windsor, p-v. York co. Pa., by p-r. 10 ms. E. York, and 36 s. e. Harrisburg. NV'iNFiELD, p-t. Herkimer CO. N.Y., 75 ms. w. N. w. Albany, 15 s. w. Herkimer, 10 s. Utica, has Otsego CO. e. and s., and Oneida jmond. CO. w., and is supplied with mill seats by the | Winslow, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., 16 ms. n. Unadilla &-C. Pop. 1830, 1,778. ] e. Augusta, has Sebasticook and Kennebec WiMiAi.L, P-t. Bennington r^o. Vt., 25 ms.] rs. on the w. boundary, with 2 or 3 ponds and IS. E. Bennington, 33 s. w. Windsor, 102! streams flowing into them. Pop. 1830, 1,263. Montpelier, was first settled during the revo- Wintersville, p-o. Lincoln co. N. C. lution, and is supplied with mill sites by Win- 1 Winthrop, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., 12 ms. hallr. Pop. 1830, 57 I. I s.w. Augusta. It is crossed n. and s. by 2 large WiNNicuT, or Winniconett r. Merrimack ponds, connected and disciiarging into a third CO. N. H., is a small stream running n. into on the s. e. boundary, which terms the Cob- Great Bay of the Piscataqua r. Ibosseconte, a tributary of Kennebec r. Pop. Winnipiseogee, lake, Coog co. N. H., is one J 1830, 1,888. of the most picturesque sheets of water in | Winton, p-v. and st. jus. Hertford co. N.C., the eastern Slates, and forms an interesting is situated on the right bank of Chowan r., feature in the fine natural scenery usually : about 2 ms. below the junction of Meherrin embraced in a tour to the White mtns. It island Nottaway rs., about 60 ms. s. w. by w. about 22 ms. long from .\. w. to s. e., and va-i Norfolk inVa., and by p-r. 129 ms n. e. by e. ries in breadth from I to 10 ms. Several long! Raleigh. Lat. 36° 24', and almost on llie capes stretch far into its bosom from different! nieridian of W. C. sides almost dividing it into several parts, j Winyaw, bay, estuary of Black r.. Great Three bo uitilul bays are thus formed on the i Pedee, and Waccamaw rs., Georgetown dist. WON 611 WOO S. C. This sheet of water opens into the At- lanlic ocean from Georgetown entrance. Lat. 33° 10', long. 20 14' w.W. C. If wc consid- er the head to be the junction of Black r. and Great Fedee at or near Georgetown, the len).;tli of Winyaw hay thence to Georgetown entrance, will be 14 ms., the mean breadth about 2 nis., and depth of water sufficient to admit large merchant vessels to George- town. WiscASSET, p-t. port of entry, and st. jus. Lincoln co. Me., 24 ms. s. Augusta, 14 n. e. Bath, 49 N. E. Portland, 167 n. n. e. Boston, on the w. side of Sheepscot r., has a large and safe harbor, always open at some distance from the sea, with a considerable amount ot shipping. Pop. IbSO, 2,255. Wisenburg, p-v. Lehigh co. Pa., by p-r. 180 ms.N.E. W. C. WoBi'RN, p-t. Middlesex CO. Mass., 10 me N. w. Boston, has generally a good soil, with some hills, and is crossed by Middlesex canal Horn pond affords a natural route for the ca nal for some distance, and is a favorite resort on account of the beauty of its scenery. First settled 1(541. Pop. 1830, 1,977. WoLcoTT, p-t. Orleans co. Vt., 22 ms Alontpelier, 37 n. e. Burlington, ll is cross- ed by Lamoille r., which receives Green r. «nd Wildbranch. Fish pond is in the n. e. Pop. 1830, 492. WoLcoTT, p-t. Wayne co. N. Y., 184 ms. w. Albany, 22 n. W^iterloo, 9 n. Erie canal, has lake Ontario n., Cayuga co. e., and con- tains the greater part of Great Sodus bay and its isls. with East and Port bays. The sur- face is varied, the streams supplying mill seats. Fish and water foul abound in Sodus bay, which forms a good harbor at Port Glas- gow. Pop. liiSO, 1,085. WoLcoTTViLLE, p-v. Torrlugton, Litchfield CO. Conn., 24 ms. w. by n. Hartford, hns a cotton factory, &c. Wolf r. and p-o. Hardin co. Ten., about 120 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. AVoLFnoROUGH, p-t. Strafibrd co. N. H., 45 ms. from Concord, 45 from Portsmouth, and 105 from Boston, and n. e. Winnipiseogee kinds and dimensions, which employ about 1 ,300 persons. Thclst power looms ever used in R. L were place'd on the banks of this stream. There are 2 reservoirs of water own- ed by the mill companies, 8 feet deep, and to- gether extending over 200 acres, which sup. ply manufactories at all seasons. Eight cot- ton factories it is estimated run 17,9!)0 spin- dles, 590 looms, emjjloy ()50 hands, and manu- facture of sheetings, shirtings, (some of very fine quality) and of goods for priming, more lhan3,U0U,000 of yds. annually. A vvollcn fae. tory, with buildings for dyeing &c., runs 600 pindles and 21 broadcloth looms, and manu- factures 2,225 yds. per ann. There is also an oil, and a brown paper manufactory, and a manufactory of hat bodies, where 200 lbs. of wool are used per day, and 300,000 hat bodies are made annually. Woou cr., Washington co. N. Y., runs n. 23 ms. by the v. of Fort Ann, to the s. end of lake Champlain, terminating at the village of Whitehall. It receives Pawlet r. from Vt., and now serves as the channel of the Cham- plain canal for some miles, the water being set back by damming, ft was formerly used for balteaux and canoe navigation on tha route between the lake and Hudson r. It is locked at its mouth by three large locks, by which boats are raised from the lake. Wood cr. Oneida co. N. Y , receives Fish creek, and flows into Oneida Jake. It has long served as part of the route for boat navi. gation between Mohawk r. and lake Ontario, there being a carrying place from its banks to that stream. A canal has since been dug across. Wood, co. Va., bounded n. e. by Tyler and Harrison cos., E.by Lewis, s. e. by Kenhawa, s. w. by Mason, and by the O. r. which sepa- rates it from Meigs and Athens cos. O. on the w., and from Washington co. O. n. Length from s. w. to n. k. 36 ms., mean breadth 30, and area 1,080 sq. ms. Extend- ing lat. from 38° 5ii'to39° 22', and in long, from 3° .52' to 4° 10' w. W. C. The far greater part of Wood is included in the val- ley of Little Kenhawa, with a nrthwstrn. de. lake, has a level surface, a rocky but valuable I elivity. Surface excessively broken, with soil, bearing oak, &c. Smith's r. a small! nmch good soil. Chief t., Parkersburgh. stream, rises in a pond, and empties into the 'Pop. 1820, 5,860, in 1830, 6,129. lake near the v., which contains an academy, j WooDBiiinGE, t. New Haven co. Conn., 7 M'ith a fund of )jt)5,000. First settled 1770.! ms.N. w. New Haven, 40 s. w. Hartford, Gov. Wentvvorth had once a spleiu'id sum-, about 4 ms. by 10, is hilly and rough, with mer residence 5 ms. E. of the v. There is a' much good timber, and watered by West mineral spring in the t. Pop. 1830, 1,928. ' ■ --• - Woi.FsviLLE, p-v. nrthrn. part Frederick CO. Md., by p-r. .')4ms. n. n. w. W. C. Womack's, p-v. estrn. part Wilcox co. Ala., I sex co. n., Rahway r. and the Kills id AVapawaug rs. Pop. 1830, 844. VVooDBRiDGE, p-t. Middlesex co. N. J., 42 ms. N. E. Trenton, 3 w. n. w. Amboy, has Sus- and Rariton r. s. Pop. 1830, 3,969. WoonuuRY, p-t. Caledonia CO. Vt., 15 ms. N. E. Montpelier, first settled about 1800, con- tains more ponds than any other t. in the state, and is watered bv streams of Lamoille and Onion rs. Pop. ]:;30, 824. WooDBL'RY, p-t. Litchfield CO. Conn., 36 by p-r. s. s. e. Tuscaloosa. WoMELSDORF, P-V. and flourishing borough, Berks co. Pa., on the Union canal, 38 ms. a little N. of E. Harrisburg, 15 ms. n. w. by w. Reading. Wo.NASdOATOCKET, T. Providencc co. R. I., a small stream' which supplies a remarkable number of manufactories with water power.' ms. s. w. Hartford, 25 >. w. New Haven, 15 There are 25 factorips and mills of diffrrf n'! from Liichfield. I' has nhout about 41 sq. woo C12 WOO ms., an irregular surface, with a rich suit, fa-! Woodstock, p.t. Oxford co. Me., 40 ms. w- vorahle to grain, fruit &c., with a variety of j Augusta, 6 n. Paris, contains mountainous timber. The branches of Pomparaug r. af- ford mill seats and unite in this t. Pop. 1830, 2,049. WooDBTTRV, St. jus. and p-v. Deptforl, Glou- cester CO. N. J., 39 ms. s. by w. Trenton, 9 s. Philadelphia, is on Wondury r., near the Del- aware. WooDBUiiy, p-v. in the nrthrn. part of Bedford CO. Pa., 17 ms. n. n. e. Bedford, and by p-r. 136 ms. N. w. W. C W ooL'CocK, p-v. in the sthestrn. part of Crawford co. Pa., by p-r.' 305 ms. n. w. W.C. Woodcock valley and p-o. Huntingdon co. Pa. Woodford, t. Bennington co. Vt., 6 ms. e. Bennington, 24 w. Brattleborough, 50 s. Rut- land, first settled after the revolution, has a pond of 100 acres near the centre, which gives rise to a branch of Walloomscoic r. Other streams water different parts. The surface is mountainoup, and much of it is useless. Pop. 1830,395. Woodford, co. Ky., bounded by Franklin N.W., Scott N. E., Lafayette c.,.Tcssamine s.e., Ky. r. separating it from Mercers, w., and Anderson w. Length from s. to n. 22, nsean breadth 7, and area 154 sq. ms. Extending in iat. from38° 53' to 39° ir, and in long. from 7° 36' to 7° 50' w. W. C. The declivity of this narrow CO. is wstrd. towards Ky. r. The soil is generally excellent. Chief town, Versailles. Pop. 1820, 12,207 ; and in 1830, 12,294. Wood Crove, and p-o. in the nrihrn. part of Loudon CO. Va., by p-r. 41 ms. n. w. W. City. Wood Orovf, and p-o. N. C, 13 ms. Salis- bury, and by p-r. 131 ms. a little s. of w. Ra- leigh. WooDiiijLi,, t, Steuben co. N. Y., 23G ms s. s. w. Albany. Pop. 1830, 501. Woodlands, p-o. in the nrthrn. part of O CO. Va., 27] ms. n. w. by vv. \\^ C WooDLAWN, ]i-o. iu the nrthrn. part of Han- over CO. Va., 30 ms. nrthrd. Richmond, and by p-r. 105 ms. w. of n. W. C. WooDLAWN, p-o. in the wstrn. part of Edge- field dist. S. C, by p-r. 123 ms. wstrd, Colum- bia, and 45 ms. wstrd. Edgefield court house. WooDi'ECKKit's Levri., and p-o, in the wes- tern part of Franklin co. Va., 23 nis. wstrdly. from Rocky Mount, the co. st., and by p-r. 286 ms. s. w. w . C. Woodruff's, p-o. near Bethel meeting house in the sthrn. part of Spartanburg dist. S. C, 18 ms. a little w. of s. Spartanburg C. H.,and by p-r. 92 ms. n. w. Columbia. Wood's, p-o. Knox co. Ten., by p-r. 213 ms. E. Nashville. WooDSBOROuGH, p-v. Frederick co. Md., 10 ms. N. N. E. Frederick, and by p-r. 54 ms. n. N. w. W.C. Wood's Ferry and p-o. in the sthrn. part of Green co. Ten., 10 ms. from Greenville, and by p-r. 262 ms. e. Nashville. Wood's Hill, jj-o. Roane co. Ten. hills, with several ponds emptying s. into lit- tic Androscoggin r. Pop. 1830,573. Woodstock, p-t. and st. jus., Windsor co, Vt., 11 ms. N. w. "Windsor, 46 s. Montpelier, first settled 1768, was exposed to Indian in- cursions in the revolutionary war, and often to wild beasts. 'I'he surface is varied, the soil good, and agriculture flourishing. Here is a bank. Apples thrive remarkably well. Quee- chy r. and two of its branches aflbrd mill sites. There are 2 villages. Pop. 1830, 3,044. Woodstock, p-t. Windham co. Conn., 45 ms. a little n'. of e. Hartford, 33 n. w. Provi- dence, 66 s. w. Boston, and has the Mass. line on the n. boundary. It is about 7 by 8 ms., has an irregular surface, a soil good for grazing, &c., is watered by Muddy brook and other streams, and has several factories. Pop. 1830, 2,915. Woodstock, p-t. Ulster co. N. Y., 57 ms. s. Albany, 14 n. w. Kingston, has Greene co. N , is mountainous. There is a good fish pond. The N. Y. crown and cylinder glass co. here manufacture 1,500 boxes of window-glass moniliiy, employing 50 persons. Pop. 1830, 1,375. Woodstock, p-v. and st. jus. Shenandoah CO. Va., situated wstrd. of the north fork of Shenandoah r., 32 ms. s. s. w. Winchester, and by i)-r. 100 ms. a little s. of w. W. C. Lat. 38° 51', and long. 1° 34' w. W. C. Wood's Store and p-o. Coweta co. Geo., by p-r. 145 ms. n. w. by w. Milledgevillc. Wood's Store and p-o. Carroll co. Ten., by p-r. 136 ms. w. Nashville. WooDSTOWN, P-v. Pilesgrove, Salem co. N. .7., 55 nts. s. w. Trenton, 12 n. e. Salem, 26 s. s. w. Phiiadelphin. WooDviLLE, P-V. in the wstrn. angle of Cul- pefiper co. Va., by p-r. 97 ms. s.w. by w. W. C, and 1 15 N. w. Richmond. ^V'ooDviLLE, P-V. in the nrthrn. part of Per- quimans co. N.C., by p-r. 271 ms. a little e. of s. W. C, and 177 n. e. by e. Raleigh. WooDViLLE. A place of this name is giv. en in the p-o. list as a p-v. and st. jus., .lack- son CO. Ten., whilst in the same table, Belle- fonte is marked also as a st. just, in the same CO. ; the former 185 ms. n. e. Tuscaloosa. WooDviLLE, p-v. and st. jus., Wilkinson co. Miss., 38 ms. a little e. of s. Natchez, and 180 ins. N. w. New Orleans. Lut 3l° 07', long. 14° 27' w. W. C. This village is situated in a fine rolling country, which is one of the most produclive cotton districts in the U. S. Pop. about 500. Woodward's, Store and ii-o. in the esfrn. part of the parish of East Feliciana, lia., by P-r. 118 ms. N. w. by w. New Orleans. AVooLwiCH, p-t. Lincoln co. Me., .32 ms. s. Augusta, 7 w. Wiscasset village, has Kenne- bec r. w., and a strait connected with it on the s., with one or two small streams. Pop. 1830, 1,495. Woolwich, t. Gloucester co. N. .T., 55 ms. WOR 613 WOR s. w. Trenton, has Oldnian's cr. s., Raccoon l about a mile in kngih, broad, lined with trees, or. N. and Del. r. w. in which are several and nearly on a level. Other streets divcryo, isls. It is opijosite Marcus Hook, Pa. Pop. {some of tliorn at right angles, from it. The 1830,3,033. ; village contains several public i)\iildings, a WooNsocKET FAi.r,P, village in the towns pfj court house, which cost f20,00l», a jiiil, 32 Smithlicld and Cumberland, Providence co. [feet by 64, and 3 stories higli, 3 handsome R. I., 17 ms. N. Providence, is a flourishing [cliurclies, a baiik, the lil)rary and cabinet of manufacturing village, on Blacksfone r., near the American historical society, &.c. Many the line of iMass. There are 2 cotton facto- |ofthe dwellings are elegant, and disjilay much ries, one of ihcm of sliinc, with 4, O.JO spin- |taste in their exterior, and there are some dies; another of 2,500 spindles; another of ifine hotels. There are also several fine conn- stone with 4,000; another with 2,500 spin- (try seats in the immediate vicinity of the viU dies, &.C. &-C. The whole number of spin- — . -- dies in this place, is about 20,000. 2,617,000 yards of coiton goods arc annually manufac- tured, besides 30,000 yards of satinet in a single establishment. There is also n fur- nace, where castings are annually made amounting to ,$35,000; a whetstone manu- factory and 4 machine shops There is also jfensivcly carried on here after the revolution, a Bank in the village. Pop. 1830, about 2,000. by Isaiah Thomas, who published in 1791, ^VoIlCKSTER, town, Washington co. Vt., 10 (the first folio Bible printed in the U. 8. The ms. N. Montpelicr, 31 E. Burlington ; first set- Blackstone canal, extending to Providence, tied 1797, watered by the n. branch of Onion terminates here, and affords boat navigation lage. The Mass. lunatic hospital is located a little out, on a commanding eminence, and is a spacious structure of brick, 256 feet in length, consisting of a centre and wings. Its interior arrangement is admirable, and it is calculated for the accommodation of 110 to 120 patients. The printing of books was ex- river which afibrds mill sites, aiu! along its course is a road through the nitns. It is moimtainous w. and rough in other parts. Pop. 1830, 432. WoitcijsTER, count}'', Mass., bounded by N. Hampshire n., Middlesex and Norfolk cos. e., Connecticut s., Hampden, Hampshire and Franklin cos. w. It is the largest in the state, with a varied surface, a soil generally good, and many flourishing agricultural townships and manufjicturing villages. Its limits com- prehend some of the ])laces first settled after the early colonists of N. England began to leave the sea coast, and several oftlicse were scenes of blood in Philip's war. It is watered by numerous streams, some of which form Nashua river N. e., others Pawtuckot r. s. e., Quinebaug s., Chickopee r. s. w., and Mil- ler's r. N. w. The mill sites are numerous, many of which are occupied by large manu to that place ; this canal with a rail-road to Boston, already commenced, must prove of great advantage to Worcester. It is also de- signed to connect with the Boston rail-road, one to New London, Conn., and another to Springfield, on the Conn. In the village and town are many and various manufactories. Pop. 1830, 4,172. Worcester, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y., 59 ms, s. w. Albany, 16 s. e. Cooperstown. It has Schoharie co. s. e., Delaware co. s., and i» crossed by Shenevas creek, which flows through rich meadows. It has good soil and mill sites. Pop. 1830, 2,093. Worcester, p-o. Montgomery co. Pa., about 21 miles n. w. Philadelphia. The tsp. of Worcester lies on the e. side of Skippack creek, between Gwynned and Norriston. Worcester, co. Md., the extreme soutlu eastern co. of that state, bounded by Accomac factories, particularly at Ware, along the county, Va., s., Somerset co. Md., w., Sussex Blackstone, &.c. Blackstone canal affords co. Del. n., and by the Atlantic e. Length boat navigation from Worcester, to Provi- 1 from s. to n. 30 ms., mean width including its dence, R. I. A rail. road has been com- 'islands 25, excluding these 20, the area with menced from Worcester to Boston, and other 'that of the islands about 700 square ms. Most rail-roads are ]jroposed from the same point, i maps extend this co., and of course the state The trade of this co. is chiefly carried on with \o( Md. to lat. 58° ; this is a mistake; the sthrn. Boston, some with Providence, and is some- j boundary is not along a ctirve of lat. but is what diverted in other directions. It containsjon tbe Atlantic oceanabout 3 minutes, and on 55 towns. Pop. 1820, 7;>,G25, 18.30, 84,365. | Pocornpke bay upwards of 1 minute n. of lat. Worcester, p-t. and St. jus., AVorccster CO. 38. The northern boundary is on lat. 38° Mass., is situated 40 ms. w. by s. Boston, 40 2S', and the co. lies between long. 1° 24' and N. N. w. Providence, and GO e. n. f.. Hartford. 1° 55' e. W. C. The declivity is to the s. w.. The soil of the town is generally fertile, isjand it is drained in that direction by Poco- well cultivated, and its surface is pleasant j moke r. which is discharged into Chesapeake and finely varied. It was first settled in [bay. The surfiice is level, and soil sandy. 1685, and suffered much in its earlier history Chief town. Snow Hill. Pop. 1820, 17,421, from the attacks of the natives. Tatmuckand land in 1830, 18,271. Bogachoak hills were once the sites of Indian I Wortiiington, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass., villages. 'I'he head waters of Blackstone r. 1 10 ms. w. Boston. It is situated on the k. tinite in this t. The village of Worcester is declivity of the Green mtn. range, lias West- one of the most flourishing and beautiful in jfield river on the s. w. line, into which smaller New England, and is a great thoroughfare for Istreains flow. The surface is agreeably di- travellers, some important roads passing {ver.sified, and the soil good, through it. It lies principally on one street, Sevpral kinds VTAN 614 YAR of minerals are found in this town, titanium, &c. Pop. 1830, 1,179. WoRTuiNGTON, p-0. Muhlcnburg co. Ky., by post-road 177 miles soutliwest by w. Frank- fort. Wrentham, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass., 24 ms. w. s. w. Ooston, has the R. I. line s. with several ponds and streams, some of which flow into CharleSj and others into Taunton and Neponset rivers. There are several man- ufactories in this town, an academy, &.c. Pop. 1830, 2,G98. Wrightsboro', p-v. in the western part of Columbia co. Geo., by p-r. 78 ms. n. e. by e. Milledgeville. Wrights Mills, and p-o.by p-r. 315 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 315 ms. n. w. by w. Rich- mond. Wrightsville, p-v. on Susquehannah river, York CO. Pa., 11 ms. n. e. by e. from York, and 11 a little s. of w. from the city of Lan- caster. It stands directly opposite Columbia, in Lancaster co. Wyalusing, large cr. of Pa., rising in the western part of Susquehannah co., from which flowing southwestward falls into Sus- quehannah r. in Bradford. Wyalusing, township, lies along and con- tiguous to the Susquehannah r. above and be- low the mouth of Wyalusing cr. In this town- ship, there are two post offices, Wyalusing, and Wyalusing centre, the former near the mouth of the creek, and the latter 6 ms. above, on the cr. Wyalusing is marked on the p-o. list as distant from VV . C. 254 ms. and from Harrisburg 143 ms. Wvatt's Ferry, and p-o. Randolph co. Va., by p-r. 229 ms. w. W. C. Wye River, or rather creek, separating Talbot from Queen Anne county, Mary- land. Wye River, mills and p-o. in the north. western part of Talbot co. Md., 12 miles n. Easton, the co. st., and 30 ms. a little s. of e. Annapolis. Wynant's Kill, creek, Rensselaer co. N. Y., enters Hudson r. at Troy, after supplying valuable mill seats, 2 ms. b. Poesten kill. It is about 15 ms. long. Wyoming. {See Wilhes-Barre.) Wyoming, p-v. in the sthrn. part ofDinwid- die CO. Va., by p-r. 54 ms. sthrd. Richmond. Wysox, small creek of Bradford co. Pa. AVysox, p-o. is on the W'ysox creek e. of the Susquehannah r., 5 ms. n. e. Towanda, and by p-r. 130 ms. n. Harrisburg. Wythe, co. of Va., bounded s. w. by Wash- ington, N. w. by Tazewell, n. by Giles, n. e. by Montgomery, and by the Iron mountains separating it from Grayson s. e. and s. It contains a part ofamtn. valley. Greatest length along the valley from s. w. to n. e. 48 ms., breadth about 22, and area 1,056 square ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 40' to 37° 08', and in long, from 3° 36' to 4° 32' w. W. C. Wythe valley is an elevated table land. From the southwestern part issue tlie ex- treme fountains of the Middle Fork of Hoi. ston r., interlocking sources with those of various creeks flowing into New r. Com. paring the elevation of Wythe, with that of Giles CO., gives to the former an elevation ex- ceeding a mean of 1,600 feet. The cultiva. ted land of Wythe must indeed rise between 1,600 and 2,000 feet above the ocean level. WvTUE, C. H. (See Evansham.) Y. Yadkin, river. (/Sec Great Pedee river.) Yauleyville, p-v. Bucks co. Pa., by p-r. 29 ms. northwardly Phila. Yancey's Mills, and p-o. Albemarle co. Va., by p-r. 97 ms. s. w. by w. VV. C. Yantic, river. New London co. is a small branch of the Thames, falling into the head of the cove, in Norv/ich, which communicates with the main stream at the landing. At its mouth it descends an abrupt ledge of soUd granite, into which it has worn deep holes. The water is received into a deep and still pool at the foot of the falls, which is over- shadowed by a rocky bank 60 or 80 feet high, from which a body of Mohegan Indians once precipitated themselves, when pursued by their enemies, the Narragansetts. This fall has been dammed, and a canal on the N.bank leads the water to several large manufacto- ries, around which has recently been built a large and flourishing village, chiefly situated under the steep bank at the head of the cove. The Thames manufacturing co. on Yantic r. have a brick cotton factory 47 feet by 120, 5 stories, with 3,200 spindles, 120 looms, and 150 hands, using 750 bales of cotton annually, and making a milliun of yards of shirting and sheeting. They have an iron foundry, a rol- ling and slitting mill, and a nail factory, and use 7S0 tons of iron annually. Near them the Williams manufacturing company run 1,800 spindles, and a paper mill makes 60 reams a day, on 4 Foudiencir machines. Another factory makes 50,000 yards of flannel per an- num. At an upper tall tlie Norwich inanu. faciuring company make 18,000 yards of car. pet per annum. Another cotton factory is to be built at the falls of Shetucket r. for 2,000 spindles. There is also a comb, button, and oil mill. Yarmouth, p-t. Barnstable co. Mas>i., 70 ms. s. e. Boston, occupies the brcadtli of Cape Cod, at a narrow part, with Cape Cod bay n., and the Atlantic s. It has a very poor soil, consisting of loose sand, and the town is very poor ; a considerable quantity of salt, and glauber salts are made here annually from sea water. At the s. w. corner is Lewis' YEL 615 YOR bay, on which is Hyannis harbor, a place of some coasting trade. Pop. 1830,2,251. Yates, co. N. Y., bounded by Ontario co. Yocom'3, p-o. in the northern part of Wash- ington CO. Ky., .38 ms. s. w. P'rankfort. YoNouEsvii.T.K, p-o. northern part ofFair- N, and vv., Seneca lake or Seneca co. e., and field dist., S.C.. 12 ms. northward Winnsbo- Steuben co. s. The n. ends of Crooked lake ro', the st. jus., and by p-r. 41 nri3. in a similar penetrate the co. from the s., and Canandai- direction from Columbia. gua lies on the and soil arc various. corner. The surface | Blutf point is a tont YoNKF.Ks, p-t. Westchester co. N.Y., 18 .N.N.York, 10s. w. Whiteplains, 131 s. of land extending s. between the n. arms ofl Albany, has Hudson r. w., Bronx cr. e., and Crooked lake. The outlet of that lake, plint creek, &,c. water difl'crent parts of this co. It contains 7 towns, and Penn-Yan, 191 ms. w. Albany, is the st. jus. It was formed in 1823, out of Ontario co. Pop. 1830, 19,009. Yates, p-t. Orleans co. N. Y., 30 ms. n. w. Batavia, has lake Ontario n., and Niagara co. w. The surface is slightly varied, is crossed by the Ridge road, and is watered by John- son's creek, &c. Pop. 1830, 1,538. Yazoo, river of tiie state of Miss., having its remote sources in the nortliern part of the state, lat. 34° 45', interlocking sources with those of Tombigbee branch of Ala., Silver cr N. York CO. s. It extends about 8 ms. on the Hudson, and 3 ms. is its average width ; it is crossed by Saw mill creek with a branch of the Bronx N. k., on which are mill seats. The ground is uneven, and there are several emi- nences in the town celebrated for events in the revolution ; part of Valentine's hill. Boar hill, Tetard's hill, and the heights of Ford- ham, with the site of fort Independence. Philipsburgh, now called Yonker's, is a small village, with a landing at the mouth of Hronx cr. where a steamboat touches daily. Pop. 1830, 1,761. YoRii r., York co. Me., is a small stream flowing into Ten. r., and Wolf r. flowing into emptying into the Atlantic, with a broad " ' mouth, and depth of water for vessels of 200 tons, forming a good harbor. York, co. Me., bounded by Oxford co, w., Cumberland co. n. e., the Atlantic e., and N. Hampshire w. and s. w. It has Ossipee r. on the n. line, Saco r. on part of the n. e. line, and Salmon falls r. and Piscataqua r. w. and s. w. Saco r. crosses the x. e. part and enters the sea at Saco. Below this are Kennebunk and York rs. besides several smaller streams flowing into the ocean. The coast is generally rocky and waste, with cape Porpoise, Fletcher's Neck, Bald Head, cape Neddock, and Kittery Point, and several har- bors at Saco, Kennebunk, Wells and York. Portsmoutii harbor is near the south boundary of this CO. Some of the early settlenienia in New FiUgland were made at York, Wells, &c., and suffered greatly from the fear and violence of savages. Considerable foreign trade has long been carried on, chiefly with the West Indies ; and the coasting trade and fisheries are valuable. There is a great di- versity ofsoil, and a considerable variety of surface ; but there is no very elevated land in this CO. It contains 24 townships, and its cap- itals are York and Alfred. Pop. 1820, 46,283 ; 1830, 51,722. York, p-t. port of entry and one of the sts. ius. York CO. Me., 99 ms. s. w. Augusta, 42 s. w. Portland, 9 n. n. e. Portsmouth, 67 x. e. Boston, is a place of considerable trade. York r. crosses it and empties into the ocean ali'ording a good harbor for vessels of 200 tons. The Agamenticus hills arc in the n. w. part, and much of the sea coast is rocky, bar- rises in Covington co. of the former, between ] run, and incapable of cultivation. Cape Ned- Choclaw, and Cunecuh rivers, and flowing 1 dock, about on the e. line, is an iron bound thence to t'le s. w., enters Walton co. of Flor., promontory. Near the v. the soil is very good Miss. r. in the state of Ten. Winding from this elevated tract the Yazoo r. winds to the s. w. entering the Miss, at lat. 32° 22', after a course of about 200 ms. As laid down on Tanner's U. S., there is an outlet represented as leaving the left bank of the Miss. 25 or 30 ms. above the mouth of St. Francis r. This outlet, after flowing to s. e. 10 or 12 ms., sep- arates into two channels. The left or estrn. is continued to s. s. e. 70 ms. to its union with the Yazoo, about 125 ms. above the mouth of the latter. The right or western channel after a comparative course of 150 ms. is also united to the Yazoo, at the north- eastern angle of Warren co. 25 ms. above the mouth. If these delineations are correct, there is included in the state of Miss., an elliptical annually inundated tract of 170 ms. long, between the Yazoo and Miss. rs., with a breadth where widest, of 70 miles, and a mean breadth of at least 40, with an area of 6,800 sfiuare ms. Yellow Branch, p-o. in the western part of Campbell co. Va., by p-r. 135 ms. a little s. of w. Richmond. Yellow Creek, Furnace, and p-o., Mont- gomery CO. Ten., 16 ms. wstrd. Clarksville, the CO. St., and by p-r. 64 miles n. w. by w. Nashville. Yellow Stone, r. {See Missouri.) Yellow Si-rlngs, and p-o. in the northern part of Huntingdon co. Pa. 15 ms.N. w. Hun- tingdon, and by p-r. 163 ms. n. n. w. W. C. Yellow Springs, p-o. Claiborne co. Ten., by p-r. 2S5 ms. a little n. of e. Nashville. Yellow Water, river of Ala. and J'lor., which it traverses, and inclining more to the wetitrd. enters Escambia CO., there receiving Shoal river from the e. it is finally lost in the estrn. arm of Pensacola bay, after a course of 80 ma. (6'ec Escambia, Cunecuh, cj-c.) and the land level. This place was laid out for a large city by its early inhabitants, and the lines run at right angles. Pop. 1830, 3,. 485. York, p-t. Livingston co. N. Y., 237 rn.% YOU 616 YOU Albany, 7 n. n. w. Geneseo, has Geneseo co. j York bay 34 ms., mean width 6 and area 204 N. and w., Geneseo r. e. on which is the Con- ; sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 08' to 37° ewago Reservation. The streams are smnll j 23', and in long, from 0° 12' to 0° 46' e. W. C. and mill sites few, but the soil is generally i Narrow as is this comparatively lengthened good, especially on the Genesee. 2,636. Pop. 1830, CO., it occupies nearly one half of the width of the peninsula between James and York. rs. York, one of the southern counties of Pa., Declivity nrthrd. towards the latter. The bounded by Adams CO. w., Cumberland N. w., I soil is generally good. Chief town, York- Sustiuehannah r. separating it from Dauphin N. and Lancaster .v. e. and e., by Hartford co. in Md. s. e., Baltimore co. in Md. s., and Frederick co. Md. s. w. York co. bounds on Md. 42 ms., but the longest part is a line par- allel to the general course of Susquehannah r. 48 ms., mean width 18, and area 864 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 42' to 40° 43', and in long, from 0° 04' w. to 0° 46' e. W. C. The nrthrn. and central sections com- prising the much larger part of this co., de- cline to the nrthestrd. and are drained into the Susquehannah, in that direction by Cado- rus,Conewago,and Yellow llreeches crs. The extreme sthestrn. angle has an estrii. declivi- ty. The face of the co. though broken by hills and decorated by some minor mtn. ridg- es, has much sameness of character. The soil is generally good, and much of it excel- lent. Staples, grain, livestock, &c. Chief t.,, the borough of York. Pop. 1820, 38,759, and in 1830, 42,858. j York, p-t. borough and st. jus. York co. i Pa., situated on Cadorus cr., 22 ms. a little s. of w. Lancaster, and by p-r. 87 ms. a little! E. of N. W. C. and 24 s. s. v.. Harrisburg. Lat. 39° 57', and long. 0° 17' e. from the meridian of W.C. The site of Yorlyis a plain, in part liable to occasional submersion. The streets are extended at right angles to each other, and beside the ordinary co. buildings the bo- rough contains an alhit-house, academy, sev- eral schools, and places of public worship. Pop. 1830,4,216. York, r. ofVa., formed by 2 main branches, Pamnnkoy and Mattapuny. {See Pnmunky and Mattnpniiy.) Below the union of its con- stituent streams, York r. is r;uher a bay, vary- ing from 2 to 3 ms. in width, extending to the s. E. 27 ms., and thence e. 12 ms. into Chesa- peake, between York and Gloucester cos. Below the jimction of Pamunkey and Matta- pony rivers, York bay does not receive a trib- utary above tlie size of a small cr. It admits ships of any size to or near the Great Bend at Yorktown,but above admits only coasting ves- sels. Induing all its confluents the valley of York r. lies between those of James and Rap- pahannoc. The greatest length 120 ms. from the mouth of York r. to the extreme source of Nortli Anna r. in South West Min. ; but, if taken with this extent the mean width would not exceed 20 ms., and at the utmost breadth, only about 45 ms. The area 2,600 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 15' to 38° 16', and in Ion'', from 0° 41' e. to 1°22' w.W. C. Pop. 1820, 14,384; and 1630, town. 5,334. York, dist. S.C., bounded by Lancaster dist. E., Chester dist. s., on the w.by Broad r. separa- ting it from Union and Spartanburg dist., on the N. by I/incoln co. N.C.,and n. e. by Catawba r. separating it from Mecklenburg co. N. C. Length from e. to w. 35, breadth 23, and area about 800 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 34° 48' to 35° 07', and in long, from 3° 55' to 4° 40' w. VV. C. This district occupying the whole space between Catawba and Broad rs. contains part of two inclined plains. The Broad r. plain, or that on the wstrd., declines a little w. of s., anrl is drained by Turkey, Bullock's, Kings, and Bufl'aloe creeks. The opposing or estrn. plain declines sthestrd. and discharges in that direction Fishing, Alisons, and Crowder's creeks. Surface hilly. Chief town, YorkviUe. Pop. 182U, 14,936 ; 1830, 117,790. YorkC. H. (See Yorkville, York dist. S. C.) York Haven, p-v. on the Susquehannah r. 'opposite EastConewago, and in ihenrthestrn. l)art of York co. Pa., by p-r. lO ms. n. from the borough of York, and 14 ms. below and s. E. Harrisburg. Yorkshire, t. Cataraugus co. N. Y., 274 ms. from Albany, 14 -v. n. e. Ellicottville, it has Cataraugus cr. n. which separates it from Erie co., with a slightly uneven surface. Limestone lake, 1 m. by 2, in the e. gives rise to a tributary of Cataraugus cr. Pop. 1830, 823. York, Sulphur springs and p-o. in the nrthrn. part of Adams co. Pa., by p-r. 20 ms. s. s. w. Harrisburg, and 14 n. n. e. Gettys- burg. YoRKTowN, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y., 116 ms. s. Albany, 45 n. New York, 8 .v. w. Bed- ford, it has Putnam CO. N. and is generally hilly, with a pretty good soil, often stony, and much improved by the use of gypsum. Pop. 1830, 2,141. YoRKTowN, p-v. port of entry and st. jus. for York CO. Va., situated on the right bank of York r., 1 1 ms. above the mouth, 33 n. w. Nor- folk, by p-r. 175 ms. s. s. e. W. C, and 72 3. K. bv F.. Richmond. Lat. 37° 14', long. 0° 30' E.VV. C. YoRKViLLE, p-v. and St. jus. York dist. S. C, 2'2 ms. N. Chesterville, and by p-r. 78 ms. a little w. of N. Columbia. Lat. .34° 58', long. 4° 18' w. W.C. YouGii Glades, p-o. in the wstrn. part of Alleghany co. Md., 33 ms. wstrd. Cumberland York, co. Va., bounded by Elizabeth City and by p-r. ]65 ms. n. w. by w. W.C. CO. s. F.., Warwick s., James City w. and n. Yoitghioghany, r. of Pa., Md. and Va., hav- w., York r. separating it from Gloucester n. [ ing its most remote source in Preston co. of and Chesapeake bay e. Greatest length along ; the latter state, but deriving its most numer- ALL APPENDIX. ALL 617 OU8 ethrn. tributaries from the valley between the Back Bone and Laurel mtns. Alleghany CO. Md. From this elevated tract the main stream flows nearly due n. 35 ms., enters Pa. between Fayette and Somerset cos., with- in which it thence flows about 8 ms. direct course to where it is joined by Castleman's r., an equal or probably a superior stream, en- tering from tlie n. e. Some of the southern fountains of Castleman's r. rise in Alleghany CO. Md., but the greater part of its tributaries flow from Somerset co. Pa., and rise in the same valley with the confluents of Youghio- ghany. Below the union of the 2 main branch- es the Youghioghany assuming a nrthwstrn. course, continues in that direction 60 ms. to its junction with the Monongahela at MacKees port, in Alleghany co. Where Youghioghany is traversed by tlie U. S. road at Smithfield, the water level is 1,405 feet above that of the Atlantic. The extreme heads of this stream have an elevation e.vceeding 2,500 feet ; the mouth being elevated about 700 feet, the en- tire fall must be 1,800 feet. The whole valley of Youghioghany is either mountainous or very ailly and broken. YouNo's Store and p-o. in the wsfrn. part of Laurens dist S. C, by p-r. 88 ms. north, westwardly Columbia. Young's, cross roads and p-o. in the wstm. part of Lauderdale co. Ala., 14 ms. wstrdly. Florence, the co. seat, and 160 a little w. of n. Tuscaloosa. YouNGSTowN, p-v. Niagara co. N. Y., 304 ms. w. Albany, 6 n. Lewistown, is situated on Niagara r. YouNGSTowN, p-v- (on the great western road from Philadelphia to Pittsburg) West- moreland CO. Pa., 10 ms. e. Greensburg, the CO. St., and by p-r. 182 ms. n. w. W. C. It is a small v., of a single street along the road. YouNGSviLLE, p-v. in the nrthwstrn. part of Warren co. Pa., 17 ms. n. w. Warren, and by p-r. 330 ms. n. w. W. C. Young Womanstown, p-v. on Young Wo- mans cr., and in the nrthwstrn. part of Lycom. ing CO. Pa., by p-r. 50 ms. n.w. Williamsport, the CO. St., and 138 n. n. w. Harrisburg. z. Zanesville, p-t. and st. jus. Musking- um CO. O., on tlie E. side Muskingum r., 58 ms. E. Columbus and 84 w. Wheeling. It is a flourishing t., containing a court house and oth- er CO. buildings, several churches, stores, and fine dwellings. Two wire bridges connect the town with Putnam and W. Zanesville, and the Cumberland road passes through it. At the falls, where is a superior water power, are several mills — saw, oil and rolling mills, i a woollen and nail factory, &c. The river | connects with Ohio canal. Pop. 1830, 3,094. ' Zebulon, p-v. and et. jus. Pike co. Geo., by p-r. 86 ms. almost due w. Milledgeville. N. lat. 33° 04', long. 7° 26' w. W. C. ZiDON, p-v. Spartanburg dist. S. C, by p-r. 116 ms. N.w. Columbia. ZioN, p-v. Iredell co. N. C, by p-r. 16 ms. w. Raleigh. ZoAR, t. Berkshire co. Mass., is one of the smallest tows in the state, and was incorpo- rated in 1822. It is crossed by Deerfield r. Pop. 1830, 129. A P P K N D I X, CONTAINING SEVERAL NEW COUNTIES, OMISSIONS EITHER OF TOWNS OR THEIR POPULATION, StC. &C. Allegan, a new co. of Mich, b miniod l)y Olta- \v\y i-o. N.. Kent N. E., Barry E., K.ilauiazoo co. s. E., Van Bnreii s. and s. w., and lake Huron w. Breadth 24 ms., mean length from w. to e. 3S ins., and area about 900 sq. ms. Lat. 42" 35', and long. 0° W. W. C. intersect near the centre of this co., which lies about 150 ms. in a direct Une a liule N. of w. Detroit. Slope wstrd., and in that direction traver- sed by Kalumazoo r., wliich stream enters lake Mich, on the wistrn. border of the co. Pop. uncertain. Allen, co. of O. bounded s. e. by Logan, s. by Shelby, s. w. and w. by Mercer, N. W. by Vanwerl, N. by Putnam, and e. by Hardin. Length from E. to w. 26 ms., breadth 24, and area 6-24 »q. ms. Lat. 7S 10° 3.5', and long:- 7° 10' w. W. C. Slope to the X. W It is drained into the sthrn. branch nf Au Glaize r., and contains the large Wapahkonetta Re- serve. Chief t. Wapahkonetta. Pop: 1830, 578. Allen, co. Ind. bounded e. by Paulding co. O. ; it lies to the N. E. from Huntingdon co. Ind To the w., N. and s. the bounding cos. imcertaiti. It is a square of 26 ms. each side ; area 670 eq. ms. For central lat. see Fr.rt Wayne. Under the respective articles Mauiacc and Wabash rs. the peculiar struc- ture of the country now inrluded in Allen co. may be seen. A canal to cross this co., and to unite the navigable waters of Mauuiee and Waba.^h is in ac- tual progress. (See article rail-roads and canals, col. first of page 447.) Chief t. Fort Wayne. Pop. 1830, 996. 618 BAL APPENDIX. BAR Aheka, now CO. Mich, bounded s. w. by Midland, \ by Gladwin w., on tlio N. by the unappropriated part of tlie territory, and on the E. and s. E. b}' Saginaw bay. Breadth from s. to N. 2-1 ins., mean length 30, and area 720 sq. ms. Lat. 44°, and long. 7° w. W. C. The centre of the co lying a little E. of n. n. W. iSO ms. from Detroit. Slope estrd. Population un- certain. Arkansas. When the article Arkansas was printed, the returns of the population liad not been published. We insert here that of 1830, by sexes, ages, and classes. Vrhitc Persons. Males. Females. Under 5 years of age, 3,020 2,782 From 5 to 10, 2,021 1,897 10 to 1.^5, 1,626 1,494 15 to 20, 1,272 1,22.5 20 to 30, 2,835 2,012 30 to 40, 1,820 1,087 40 to .50, 876 528 50 to 60, 434 301 60 to 70, 209 107 70 to 80, 69 31 80 to 90, 12 9 90 to 100 1 3 100 and upwards, Total, 14,195 Of these 10 were deaf and dumb, and 8 blind. Colored Population. Free. Slaves. Males. Ferns. Mal'^s. Fems. Under 10 years of age, 27 17 846 803 From 10 to 24, 17 13 814 836 24 to 36, 23 10 395 399 36 to 55, 17 7 192 193 55 to 100, 3 6 47 51 100 and u pwards, 1 1 Total, 53 2,293 2,283 Of colored persons, 4 were deaf and dumb, and 2 bhnd. Recapitulation, Whites. Free col. Slaves. Total. 25,671 141 4,576 30,388 AssANPiNK, r. or cr. N. J., the boundary of Burlington and Hunterdon co. rises in MonmouUi, and falls mto the Del. at Trenton. This stream se- parated the British and American armies in 1777, the day previous to the battle of Princeton. ACCORD, p-v. Ulster co., for N. J. read N. Y.— ACRA, p-v. Greene co., for N. J. read N. Y. — ACTON, p-t. York co. Me. Pop. 1,398.— " AC- WORTH," stated a.s in Cheshire co. is in Sullivan CO. N. H.— ALBION, p-t Kennebec co. Me. Pop. 1^393._ATHENS, Greene co. N. Y. Pop. 2,425.— AUGUSTA, Geo., for 'seat of government,' .so prin- ted in a few copies, read 'formerly' seat of govern- ment. — AVON, stated as in Erie, is in Livingston co. N. Y. Baptist Town, p-v. Hunterdon co. N. J. 10 ms. ■W. Fleuiington. Bahnegat, v. Monmouth co. N. J., onBarnegat bay opposite the inlet. Barrv, new co. Mich, bounded by Calhoun s. E., Kalamazoo co. s. w., Allegan W., Kent N. w., Ionia N. E., and Eaton E. Length froni s. to n. 24, breadth 21, and area 504 sq. ms. Lat 42° 35', long. 8° 20' W. W. C. The sthrn. part slopes to the s., and is drained by creeks flowing into Kalamazoo r., but the bodv of t!ie co. slopes to s. w. by W., and in that direction is drained by Apple r. branch of Grand r. The central part is about 120 ms. a little N. of w. Irom Detroit. Pop. uncertain. Beattystown, v. Wdrren co. N. J. on the Mus- konetcunk, 2 and a half ms. below Hackctstown. Berrien, co. of Mich, bounded N. E. by Van Buren co., by Cass co. E., St. Joseph's co. Ind. s. E., La Porte co. Indiana s. w., and lake Michigan w. Length from s. to N. 33 ms., mean breadth 18, and area 594 sq. ms. Lat. 42° and long. 9° 25' w. W. C. Slope to the northwstrd., and in that direction is traversed by St. Joseph's r. which enters at the south eastern angle, and winding to the n. w., receiving tributaries from the northestrd., and falling into lake Michigan at the st. jus., Saranac. Pop. 1830, 325. Black Riveb, v. Morris co. N. J. on a stream of that name, which runs into the N. branch of Raritan r. 14 ms. w. Morristown. Blazing Star, a noted ferry on the sound be- tween N. J. and Staten Island, 5 ms s. of Elizabeth, 7 ms. N. of Aniboy. Previous to the revolution on the main route between Phil, and N. Y. Bloomfield, v. Essex co. N. J. in the town of that name, distinguished by E. and W. Bloomfield, two flourishing villages on a small stream which af- fords power for many manufactories of woollen, pa- per, &c. &c. There is a large and well conducted academy, 4 ms. n. of Newark. The Morris canal passes through the village. Bloomsbury, v. Burlington co. N. J., lies adjoin- ing the city of Trenton, and includes all the build- ings s. of the Assanpink creek. The bridge over the Delaware is in this town. BljOOMsnuRT, V. Hunterdon co N. J. on the Mua- konetcunk 6 ms. E. Easton, 40 w. N. W. New Bruns- wick. BOONETON, V. Morris co. N. J., on the Rockaway r., where there are a succession of falls affording great water power, and on which several extensive mnnufactoiies of iron are erected, 10 nis n. n. e. of Morristown. The Morris canal passes by this place. Branch, one of the southern cos. of Michigan, bounded w. by St. Joseph co., N. by Calhoun, Hills- dale E., and La Grange co. of Ind. s. w. It is a sq. of 21 ms. each way, 441 sq. ms. Lat. 42°, and long. 8° w. W. C. intersect in this CO. Slope wstrd,. and in that direction drained by v.irious branches of St. Joseph's r. of lake Mich. The central part is 110 ms. a little s. of w. Detroit. Pop. uncertain. Brooklyn or Brookland iron works, Morris CO. N. J. at the outlet of the Muskonetcunk lake, 14 ms. N. N. w. of Morris Town. A dam is erected here to raise the lake for the supply of the Morris canal. BARNARDSTOWN, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. jPop. 945. — BARRE, p t. Worcester co. Mass. Pop. BARRE, Orleans co. N. Y. Pop. stated Baltimor'j, p-v. Pahlield co. Ohio, by p-r. ms. S. E. from Columbus. It is in the nthrn. part i>l i -.2.503.- the CO., and on the Ohio and Erie canal, has risen 2,503, is 4,801. — BARRINGTON, stated in Ptenben rapidly from the .id vantages of position, and contains upwardb ui' 200 houses, and 500 inhabitants. CO. is in Yates co. CO. Vt. Pop. 729.- N. Y. — BiVRTON, p t. Orleans -BARTON, Tioga co. N. Y. Pep. CAS APPENDIX. DAV G19 9-2.— BEBKMAN, Ducliossco. N Y. Pop. I,fi84. —BELFAST, Waldo CO. Mc. Pop. staled, 1,~!3, is 3,0?7.— BETHEL, p-t. Oxford co. Me. Po|<. 1,6-30. —BOLIVAR, t. Alleghany co. N. Y. Pop. 449.— BOllDl^NTOWN, N. J., for p-t. read pv.— " BOWV stiti'il as in Ruc/, in gham co. is in Merri- mack CO. N. H. — BREWCER, p t. Lincoln co. Me. Pop. 770.— BREWSTER, Barnstable co. Mass. Pop. stated 418, is 1,418.— BROOKS, t. Waldo co. Me. Pop. GOl. c. Calhoun, co. of II. comprising the point between the Mississippi proper and Illinois rs. bounded by U. r., separating it from Greene co. E., and the Miss, r., separating it from St. Charles co. Mo. s., Lincoln co. Mo. w., and Pike co. Mo. N. Length nearly parallel to both the bounding rivers 40 ms., mean breadth 6 ms., and area 240 sq. ms. E.vtending in lat. from 38° 52' to 39° 38', long, from 13° 26' to 13° 52' w. W. C. Chiefl. Gilead. Pop. 1830, 1,090. Calhoun, CO. Mich, bounded by Jackson e., Hillsdale s. E., Branch s. and s. w., Kalamazoo w., Barry n. W-, and Eaton N. e. Length from E. to W. 30 ms., breadth 24, and area "20 sq. ms. N. lat. 42° l.j', and long. 8° w. W. C. intersect in this co. Slope w.strd., sthrn. part drained by branches of St. Joseph's r. of lake Mich., and the nthrn. by the Ka- lamazoo r. The central part is about 110 uis. w. De- troit. Pop. uncertain. Callaway, co. Mo. bounded by Boone co. w., Ralls N., Montgomery E., and the Mo. r., separating it from Gasconade co. s. E., and from Cole co. s. w- Length from s. to N. 50 ms., mean breadth 23, and area 1,150 sq. ms. Lat. 39°, and long. 15° w. W. C. intersect in this co. Though bordering on the Mo. r. it contains a table land, from which flew northwards the southern sources of Salt r , eastwardly the ex- treme wstrn. sources of Cuivre (Copper) r., and nu- merous crs. to the s. e., s., and s.w. into Mo. r. Chief town, Fulton. Pop. 1830, 6,159. Carmi, p-v. and st. jus. White co. II. {See White CO. II.) Cass CO. Ind. bounded e. by Miami co., s.w. by Carroll co., on other sides boundaries uncertain. As laid down in Tanner's improved map of the U. S. it is in length 24 ms. from e. to w., mean breadth 18 ms., and area 432 sq. ms. Lat. 40° 45', long. 9° 12' w. W. C. Slope very nearly due w. Tlic main stream of Wabash receives Eel r. from the right at Loganport, the st. jus. of this co., the village standing on the point between the two river,'?. Pop 1830, 1,162. Cass, co. Mieh. bounded by Berrien w.. Van Bu- ren N., St. Joseph e., Elkhart co. Ind. s. E., and St. Joseph, Ind. s. w. It Ls very nearly a sq of 24 ms. each way, and area 576 sq. ms. N. lat. 42°, and long. 9° w. W. C. intersect very near the centre of this CO. It is entirely drained by tributary streams of St. Joseph's r. of lake Mich , but from the great general sthrn. curve of that stream, the creeks of Cass CO. flowlike radii from the central part of the co. Chief t. Edwardsburg. Pop. 1S30, 919. Cassville, p v. on the left bank of Miss. r. oppo- site the mouth of Upper loway r. and the western part of loway co., Huron, or western Mich. It is situated 27 nis. s. of Prairie du Chien, by p-r. 1,028 ms. N. w. by w. W. C, and 56 ms. above and N. w. G.ilena in II. Cedaii Creek, v. Monmouth co. N. J. near the sea, on a stream of the same name which runs into Barnegat bay 6 ms. s. Toms r- Cheuoiooi^g r. (See SUeboigon r. tn this Ad- dendii.) Clinton, new co. Mich, bounded E. by Shiawas- see, Ingham s. E., Eaton 8. w., Ionia w., and Gratiot N. It is a S()uare of 24 ms. each way, area 576 sq. ms. Lat. 43°, and long. 7° 42' w. W. C. intersect in this CO. 100 ms. a little vr- of N.w. Detroit. Slope westward, and traversed by different branches of Grand r. Pop. uncerlain. Cook, co. II, bounded n. e. by lake Mich. s. e. by the northwestern angle of the state of Ind., s. by Ver- million CO. II., and w. by Lasalle co. On the N- boundary uncertain. The outlines of this co. are too vague to admit any statement of its area. Though I'ounded by lake Michigan, nearly the entire slope is to the southwstrd., in which direction flows Plain r. branch of Illinois. A canal has been designed to unite the navigable water of the Illinois to lake Michigan at Chicago, mouth of Chicago r. Cook co. Chicago is the St. jus. This co. formed since the census of 1830. CoRDELERA. In article Chippewayan, p. 102, first col., line 7 from the top, for Corelebra read Cor- delera. CALHOUN, p-t. Orange co. N. Y. Pop. 1,535. —CAMDEN, Waldo co. Me. Pop. stated 674, is 2,200.— CANAAN, p-t. Columbia co. N. Y. Pop. 2,064— CANANDAIGUA, Ontario co. N. Y. Pop. stated 1830, is 5, 162. — CARLISLE, p-t. Schoharie CO. N. Y. Pop. 1,748.— CARLTON, p-t. Orleans co. N. Y. Pop. 1,168.— CARMEL, p-t. Putnam co. N. Y. Pop. 2,379 — CARVER, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. Pop. 970.— CECILIUS, t. Calarangus co. N. Y. Pop. 378.— CHENANGO, p-t. Broome co. N. Y. Pop. 3,716.— CHERRY CREEK, t. Chatauque co. N. Y. Pop. 574.— CHESTERVILLE, Kennebec CO. Me. Pop. 923.— CHICHESTER, stated as in Rocking)iam co. N. H., is in Merrimack co. Pop. 1^084.— CHILMACK, Dukes co. Mass. Pop. stated 2,010, is 691. — CLINTON, Duclies.s co. N. Y. Pop. stated 19,344, is 2,130.— COCHECTON, t. SulHvan co. N. Y. Pop. 43S.-COHOCTON, p-t. Steuben CO. N. Y. Pop. 2,711.— COLUMBUS, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y. Pop. 1,714.—" CORNISH," stated as in Cheshire co., is in SulUvftn co. N.H. — CORINN.\, Somerset co. Me., erroneously spelt " Cornina," and thus arranged in the alphabet. — CO- VERT, Seneca co. . Y. Pop. 1,791.—" CROY- DON," slated as in Cheshire co., is in Sullivan co. N.H. Dansville, pt. Steuben CO. N. Y. 46 ms. s. Ro- chester, 11 N. Arkport; the village is on the highest navigable point of the Chemunsj, a branch of Sus- quehannah r. A rail-road from this place to Roches- ter. (See rail-ruads and canals, article Dansvill* and Rochester.) Pop. 1830, 1,728. Daviess, co. Ind. bounded N. by Greene co., E. by Martin, Ea.st fork of Whiter., separating it from Dubois s. E., and Pike s. w., and by the w. or Main White r. separating it from Knox co. w. Length from S. to N. 30 ms., mean breadth IS, and area 540 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 4,-/, long. 10° 12' W. C. This co. occupies the peninsula between the two branches of Whitf r., but the slope is .«. w. by w. towardt the APPENDIX. 620 ESO western or main fork. Chief t. Washington. Fop 1830, 4,543. Des Moines, r. of the northwstrn. territory, anc stite of Mo. rises in the former near lat. 43° 40', lont. Coos co. N. H. Pop. 515. Jasfeb, p-1. Steuben co. N. Y. Pop. 557. K. Kennebunk port, p-t, York CO. Me. Pop. 2,763. Kent, newco. of Mich., bounded e. by Ionia, s. e. by Barry, s. w. Allegan, w. Ottawa, and n. Oceana. It is a square of 24 ms. each side, area 576 sq. ms. Lat. 43° and long. 8° 36' w. The main volume of Grand r. enters on the estrn. border, and winds wstrd. over the co., but by a very circuitous channel, receiv- ing within it Rouge and Plat rs. from the N. E., and Apple r. from the s. The body of the co. is about 150 ms, N. w- by w. of Detroit. Pop. uncertain. Kentucky, state of. In the body of the Gazet- teer, the tables of population of this state for 1830, by sexes, ages, and classes, were omitted, and are as fol- lows : — White persons. Males. Females. Under 5 years of age, 54,116 50,835 From 5 to 10, 41,073 39,439 " 10 to 15 34,222 32,197 " 15 to 20 29.017 29,623 " 20 to 30 4.5,913 41,936 " 30 to 40 26,289 23,463 " 40 to 50 1,5,966 15,476 " 50 to 60 10,8)3 9,499 " 60 to 70 6,253 5,315 " 70 to 80 2,585 2,195 " 80 to 90 699 575 " 90 to 100 119 97 " 100 and upwards, 28 14 Total, 267,123 Of these were deaf and flumh under 14 age, 100; of 14 and under 25, 113; and of upwards, 90 ; total deaf and dumb, 303. Bl Of colored persons there were, Free colored. Slav Males. Females. Males. Under 10 years of age, 717 639 From 10 to 24 570 497 " 24 to ,36 391 357 " 36 to 55 478 389 " 55 10 100 386 358 " 100 and upwards, 17 17 31,513 27,488 13,386 7,513 2,286 . 45 250,664 years of 25 and ind 169. Fena. 30,990 27,224 14,177 8,119 2,560 49 Total, 2,569 2,267 82,231 83.119 622 MID APPENDIX. NEW tVom E. to w. 40 ms., mean bi cRdth 20, and area 800 sq. ins. Lat. 43° 40', long. W. C. 7° 18' w. Slojje s. E., and traversed from Gladwin co. by the'l'ittabewassee r. or nrllirn. branch olSaginaw r. Tlie central part is about 120 nis. n. w. De- troit. Saginaw r. enters Saginaw bay at the jioint where the boundary- between ]Midland and Saginaw cos. reaches that bay. Pop. uncertain. iVloNUOE, CO. of Ark., situated between St. Francis and RIack rs., about 100 ms. n. >;. by e. La GiiANGE, new CO. oflnd., boundedbyElk-jfioin Little Rock, exact boundaries uncertain. hart CO. w., St. Joseph co. Mich. n. av. and Jf-, I PoP; 1830,461. Branch CO Mich. U.K., oilier boundaries ui.cer-1 Montcalm, new co. of Mich., bounded by Deaf and dumb, colored, 42 ; blind, 78. Recapitulation. Whites. Free col'd. Slaves. Total. 517,787 4,816 165,350 087,953 KiBKLAND, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y. Population 2,505. tain. Length from w. to e. 30 ms., breadth 18, and area 540 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 40' v., long W. C. 8° 30' w. Slope if. w. by w. and^ in that direction drained by Pigeon r. and other conflu- ents of St. Joseph's r.olMake Mich. The central part is about 140 ms. a little E. ofN. Indiaiiopolis. Pop. uncertain. La Pohte, new co. of Ind., bounded by St. Joseph's CO. Ind. E., Berrien co. Mich, n., lake Michigan N. w., and the Indii.n country to the s. of lake Mich, on the (itht-r sides. It is, with the exception of the n. w. angle, a square of 2i ms. each side, area about 560 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 35', long. VV. C. 9° 42' w. The extreme source of Kankakee r. branch of Illinois r. rises in St. Joseph's co.lnd., and traversing the slhrn.p:ut ol (iratiot K., Ionia s., Oceana w., and Isabella It is a square of 24 ms. each side, area 570 sq. ms. Lat. 43° 20', and long. 8° w. W. C. Slope s. w. and drained by numerous confluents of Grand r. The central part about 120 ms. n, w. by w. Detroit. MACHL\S, t. Calarangus co. N. Y. Pop. 737._MADAWASCA,p-t. Penobscot co. Me. Pop. 2,187.— MADISON, i.-t. New Haven co. Conn. Pop. 1,809.— MAItlON, p t. Wayne co. N Y. Pop. 1,981.— MlDDLEBURGil, p-t. Schoharie co. N. Y. Pop. 3,266.— MIDDLE- FIELD, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. I'op 721. —MILAN, t. Coos CO. N. H. Pop. 243 —MIL- lUJIiX, p-t. Somerset CO. Me. Pop. 1,006. — .MILO, t. Penobscot co. Me. Pop. 381.— MEN". La Porte co "ives it a wsti n. slope. The'north- | DON, p-t. Rutlaml co. \ t. Pop 4.52.— .MON- tesfenl section declines .. w\owards bke UOF pop. state.l 409, is 1,081 -MOM Michigan. Surface generally a plain. The ptrank n, coAlass. Pop 26..-MO SHOE, porton lake Michigan, from which this co. ,s ; I" jnr bdcl ca Conn. Pop. 1 522.-MON I PL- Lmed, is by direct line about 140 ms. N., K. w. ,L1ER. ^^^ Wasli.ngton^co^ ^Mc^-I'l^;;!" Somerset CO. Me. s CO. N. Y. K^m i:i;iia.^polls. Over tins space a rail-road MONl^LEU^diloco. Me. , , „; ,.i,„i Pr,n ir,,i-f.i.tjin UuO, IS l,74i) — M UN oON, t. oomc has been pro L'cteil. t^op. uneeit-Hin. , > > -,n,,,, .,r .' ^ , Les Moines r. (See art. Des Moines r. in , P<>p. *n.— MURRAY, p-t. Oilcan this ^HON, pt Giafioiico. N. H. jiihi;'., the co st. Pop. 1830, 102. Pop! r,485. -LI 1 1 LE FALLS, Herkimer co. I New Hautiotui, p t Litchfii Id co. Conn. ,20 N Y. ' Pop. stated l,.TnO, is 2,5^9 — LO( K- ins. N. w. Hartl'ord. Watered by tlie Farming. POUT p-t. Nia;>-:ira CO. N.Y. Pop. stated 1,801, ton or Tiuixisr. which affords nuii^erous sites is 3,823'. LODL pt. Seneca co. N. Y. Pop. j for mills, &c. Il is likewise watered by numer- 1,786.— LYNDON, Pop. 271. t. Cataraugus co. N. Y. IW. Machonough, CO. of II., bounded by Fulton E., Schnyler s , Hancock w., and Warren n. It is a square of 24 ms. each way, area 576 sq. ms. N. lat. 40° 35', long. W. C. 13° 38' w. Slope s. w., and drained by numerous bi-anches of Crook ous small streams, is hilly and mountainous, and timbered v ith deciilnous trees, except in the W. part of the town, where the perennial or ever- green region of Connecticut commences. Pop. 1830, 1,760. New HAiiTroiiD, p-t. Oneida CO. N. Y., 100 ms. >-. N. "W. Albany. Pop. 3,549. New Haven, p-t. Addison CO. Vt., 26 ms. s. l?iirrmglon, 31 w. Montpelier. It is watered by Otter cr., Little Otter cr. and New Haven r.,an(i contains good mill privileges. Quarries of ex- eii'cr Chief town, Macomb, at which, says thel':^"'"t "'"''''^ a-'i '0""^' '" «\most every part ; no list, there was no oftke Oct. lst,18.30. It is'""'''P>-' '"''1''''' beech, birch, elm, basswood, &c. situated about 150 ms. N. w. Vandalia. Pop. ; I'op. 1 830, 1,834. ^ i, - uncertain ' ^^'-^ Lonhon, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H., E. •Mu.lani), new co. of Mich., bounded s. e. and .Sunapee lake, containing 17,000 acres it is 33 s.'by Saginaw, Gratiot s. w.,lsabella w., Gladwin ,>"«• N. w. Concord 75 trom Portsmouth, and 9 jr. w., A:renair. e., and Saginaw bav n.e. Length ''"oni Boston, and has 3 ponds, good deep soil, PHI APPENDIX. PHI 623 niiiple, birch, &o. Incorporated 1779. I'op. 183(1, 91.3. Nkw WiLnriNOTON, p-v. in the soulliwestern p:irl of Mercer co. Pa., b\' n-r. 274 ras. n. w. W.C. Nkw \Vi\nson, p-t. Or.inge co. N. Y., 100 ms. S Albany, 65 >f. N. York, iuul 5 s. w. Nevvburi;!! On the w. side liiidsoii r. it is 4 ins. by 8, cou- taininsi; iiboiit 30 sq. nis , has some small slrcams, ami gooil soil. In tiie w. |)art arc some of llie hislilaiuis. Tiie v. is on Hudson r. 2 1-2 ms. s. NuwbnrL'h. A jiart of the t. is called Little Britain.' Pop. 1830,2,310. New Wimisor, p-v. Frederick co. Md., by p-r. 67 ms. a little w. of n. W. G. NyWBUUY, p.t. Oran2,e co. Vt. Pop. 2,252. — XKW HKVISTRM), p.t. Queens CO. N. Y. Pop. 3.002.— NiiWIXG TON, p-t. Kockin-bam CO. N. H. Pop. 549.— NKW POli I'L.VNl), p-t. Somerset CO. Me. Pop. 1,215. — NK\V SA- LR.M, stated in Onf.irio CO., is in Y;ites co. N. Y. Pop. 2,783.— xVEW SHOIIEHAM, p-t. Newport CO, It. I. Fop. staled 1,185, is 1,885. — Nl Ali\R.\, CO. N. Y. Pop. stated 14,482, is 18,482.— NORTH SALE.VI,t. Somerset co. Me. Pop. 389. Oxronn, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. Pop. 1,829, OssiPKK, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. Pop. 1,935, Otis, t. iJancock co. Me. Pop. 350. P, Pf.kktaxo, brancb of llock r. (See Rock r.) In arlicle Iowa co. 2d line from llie bottom, ibis river is erroneously spelled Peektans. Peiikiv^villk, a niannfactuiing v. Weatb- ersfield, Windsor CO. Vl. on Bhtck r. at the f.dls It contains a woollen factory, a macbine sbni), saw mill, a manufactory of ivory black, and a cassimere factory. The v. has grown up wilbin 6 years, and contains a chuicb anil a number of neat dwellings. PiiiLAnELi'HiA, a brief notice of its geographi- cal location. Sec. wasins.;rted in the body of this ■work. The city was founded in 1682, by Win. Peim ; its original form was a paralli'logram, ex- tending 2 ms. w. from IJelaware r., crossing the Schuylkill, and over a mile, ?f. and s. lis pre- sent limits embrace several suburbs, which will be named hercafler. It is accessible by the l)elawai-e foi- the largest merchant vessels, and the Schuylkill is alsu navigable for snialler ones from itsjniclinn with the former, to Fermanenl bridge. - That part of the city in the vicinity of the Delaware, was formerly the principal seat ot business; but since the coal mines in tlic interi- or have been o[)ened, and become H source of sucli immense importance, these, with the facil- ities offered in its vicinity for internal communi- cation, (see (I'ticles rail-voaih unil citiiuh,) have attracted much attention towards the Schuylkill, and numerous stores and other build- ings have been erected near it, and the banks lined wilh wharves. Pliiladel|)bia is situ, tied 120 ms. fmm the Atlantic, by the course of the Delaware, and is distant from Harrisburg 98 ms. ; from New York 89 ; from Baltimore 98 ; and 130 trom Washington. The city is laid out wiib remarkable regularity, the streets crossing each other at riglit angles. There are nearly GOO ot these, generally paved, wiih good walks of i)rick. Some ot tliem are broad, and are fine promenades. There also several public scpiares, one of lh(;ni ciinlaining 10 acres. Among Ihe most prominent of the public buildings are, ihe U. S. bank, a magnilicient white marble edifiee, cop- ied after the Fartiienon, at Athens ; it is 161 by 87 feet, including porticos ; the bank of Pennsyl- vania, also of wliile marble, rnoddled afier the teniiile of .Minerva, is 125 feet by 51 ; Girard's, and the Philadelphia bank, are also handsome edifices. Ol banks, lliere are 13 in the ciiy and suburbs. The Pliiiadelpbia library, and hall of the iiiiilnsophical society, are plain but spacious siructures. Besides these, are ihe university of Pennsylvania, the arcade, (in which is Peal's musenni,) the stale house, (from -wbence the declaration of independence was promulgated,) the academy of fine arts, tlie U. S. mint, (a splendid edifice,) masonic hall, hospital, alms- bouse, arsenal, exchange, ori)bans' asylum, widows' do, carpenter's liall, custom liousc, old and new penitentiary, 3 prisons, 4 theatres, and several markets, one of which is very extensive ; in 1830, there were 90 churches in the city and suburbs, of which Ghiist's church is the oldest and most venerable, having been commenced in 1727. Of these, were Presbyterians, 20 ; Episco- pal, 9 ; Friends, 7 ; Methodists, 10; Baptists 6 ; Lutherans, 5 ; Roman Catholic, 4 ; and African 10; other denominaiions, I'J. There are many elegant jjiivate edifices in the city, and the gen- eral nnitormity and neatness of those on many of the principal streets, is often remarked. Phil- adelphia is noled fijr the benevolent disposition of ils citizens, and fir the number, variety and extent of its charitable and lileiary institutions. Among these may be mentioned, ihe Pennsylva- nia hospital, founded in 1750, the alms-house, the dispensaries, Friend's asylum for the insane, humane society, orpbans', and indigent widows and single women's asylum, institution for the deaf and dumb, and the abolition, savings fund, and fuel saving societies, besides many other similar moral and religious establishments. Among tiie literary, learned, and other institu- tions, are the university of Pa., tlie American phdosopbical society, the academy of natural sciences, the medical society, niarino asylum, the college of iih\ sicians, college of pharmacy, association ofdruggisls and apothecaries, law academy, academy of fine arts, atbeneum, sev- eral line libraries, Franklin institute, &c. The city is well supplied wTlh public schools, and academies, ami has lately received a most mu- nificent betpies! by the will of the late Stephen Girard, for the establishment of a college Jjjjit orphans. The magnificent water \\n^^' ofi*liil- adel;diia, by means of which the city is supplied from the Schuylkill witli jinre aiul wholesome water, are wiibout a |):!rallel on this side the At- lantic. The total amount expended on this ob- ject is §1,443,583, and the aminal receipts are 5^60,000. 'I'he water is raised from the river and conveyed into reservoirs, elevated .'v6 feet above the highest ground in the city ; 60 miles ofpiue conveys it through the city and districts. 3,000,000 of gallons is about the average daily supply. From this fountain the fire companies are plenteously supplied in times of fire; of 624 RUM APPENDIX. SAU these, there are about 30, and 16 or 18 hose companies. There are 2 bridges across the Schuylkill. Permanent bridge, thrown across from the W. end of Market-street, 1,300 feet long,and the Fairmoi-.iit bridge, of a single sirch, and 340 feet span. These are bcituliful and sub- staiitiMl structures. Pliiladelpliia and tlie vicini- ty, abounds in manufactures ot dift'erent knids, and vast quantities of useful and tancy wrlicles are annually sent abroa-., and LcuHwee co. IVlicli. Pop 1 839. — SARANAC, town, Clinton county, rf. E. Lengih from s. to n. '27 ms., breadth 24, N. Y. 'Pop. 1830, 316.— SAUGUS, p-t. Ksscx.and area 648. Lat. 41° C8', long. W. C. 7° 36' county .Mass Pop. 1830, 960. — S(^I PUATE, w. Slope stiird., and in that direction traversed Providence CO. R.I. Pop. stated .3,394, is 6,853. '■- c. t.,„......>„ -r-.m..'. ..„ „f — SMITHFIELD, Provitlence co. R. I. Pop. stated, 6,857, is 3,994.-SOUTHAMPTON, pi. Rockingham co. N. H. Pop. 487.— SOUTH- A M PTON, p-t. Suffolk CO. N. Y. Pop. 4,850. — SOUTHOLD, p-t. Suftolk co. N. Y. Pop 2,900.— SOUTHWICK, Hampden co. Mass. Pop. 1,855.— SPRINGFIELD, Hfinipden co. Mass. Pop. staled 2,816, is 6,784.— STARRS, p-t. Herkimer co. N. Y. Pop. 1,781. T. Tampa. This name is treqiiently applied to the whole bay of Espiritu Santo, and it proba- bly was the original name of all that sheet of water ; it is now confined to the northern cove or minor bay of Espiritu Santo, w. of the mouth of Hillsboro r. Taughkannuc, a branch of the Green mts. which commences near Middlebury, Vt., and extends across the lower part of that state, and the ■w. parts of Mass , and Conn., to the shore of L. I. sound, gradually diminishing in elevation towards the south. The highest eminences are Taughkannuc and Saddle mountains in Mass., the i'ormer of whicii is about 3,000 feet. u. Uncastille, p-v. Montville, New London CO. Conn., 40 ms. s. w. Hartford, 7 s. Norwicli, 6 X. New London, is a manufacturing village on a small tributary of the Thames ; it has a cotton factory of stone, 4 stories high, with 2,200 spin- dles and 56 loon)s ; it employs 60 persons, mak- ing 4')0,000 yards of sheetings antmall}'. 7 ms. above another is erecting, to contain 1,000 spin- dles. w. Washikcton, V. Middlesex co. N. J., on South r., 5 ms.s. u. New Brunswick. Waterford, v. Uxbridge, VVorcester co. Mass., contains a cotton and a wollen factory ; the latter with 1,600 spindles, and 68 looms, the former 2,000 spindles and 3'2 looms. Above, the same company have a stone factory, 312 ft. long, with 10,000 spindles and 300 looms, mak- ing 2,500,000 yards of printing goods annually ; these besides other factories. Water Gap, Warren co. N. J., the passage of Delaware r. through the Blue mtns. 20 ms. above Easton. The scenery is quite romantic. Waterloo, pt. and half shire, Seneca co. N. Y., 173 ms. w. Albany. Pop. 1830, 1,847. WuippANT, v. Morris co. N. J.,4 ms. e. Mor- ristown, on a stream of the same name, which falls into Passaic r. Wilkes, co. Geo , bounded by Warren s., Taliaferro s. w., Oglethorpe w. and s. w., Bioad r. separating it from Elbert n,, Lincoln co. e., and Little r. separating it from Columbia .s. e. Length 32, mean breadth 19, and area about 600 sq. ms. Lat. 34° 40', long. W. C. 5° 46' w. General slope estrd. towards Savannah r., from which it is separated only by the narrow co. of Lincoln. Chief t., Washington. Pop. 1820, 16,- 912 ; 18.30, 14,237 ; at the former epoch Wilkes by St. Joseph's and Tiffin's rs., brandies of Maumee. (Jhicf t, Defiance. Pop. 1830, 387. W'lLLiAMsox, CO. Ten., boun