D 103 .F75 V. 1 pi. 1-2 Copy 1 A SYLLABUS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY REVISED EDITION PART I. 375-1492 PART 11. 1492-1789 \ D 3 ^5 H. D. FOSTER AND S. B. FAY HANOVER, N. H MCMV l,..^';^! Glass. Book PRESENTED BY /^^^^ 6^!L^ C-^><:^>k*A..c-^^ ^^Oc^^^^^^l^ A SYLLABUS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY FROM THE GERMAN INVASIONS TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION REVISED EDITION Part L— 375-1492 Part I L— 1492-1789 HERBERT DARLING FOSTER AND SIDNEY BRADSHAW FAY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, DARTMOUTH COLLEGE FOR SALE BY E. P. STORRS, AND THE COLLEGE BOOK STORE HANOVER, N. H. 1^05 Gift Author^ (Person) PREFACE This syllabus is uot intended in any way as a substitute for a text- book or note-book. It is merely an outline indicating the work to be done in the first Semester (History 1), so divided as to fall into 45 sections. Each section (§) represents an exercise, -n-hich is a lecture unless marked as a recitation. The asterisk (*) indicates required work in every case. The references for reading are not exhaustive; for a bibliography of the more detailed works, especially those in French and German, reference should be made to Gross, Soiirces and Literature of Englinh History front the Earliest Tiiries to about I4S0; to Monod, Bibliographie de VHistoire de France; and toDahlmanu-Waitz, Qnellenkunde der Deutschen Geschichte. In preparing the bibliography in § 27, students will also find it convenient to consult: the brief lists in this Syllabus and in Emerton, Munro, and other text-books; Robinson, Readings in Euroj^ean His- tory; Bourne, Teaching of History and Civics; C. K. Adams, Manual of Historical Literature; Encyclopedia Britannica and references under each article and under the article "Bibliography"; Lavisse et Rambaud, Histoire Generate (there is an excellent bibliography at the end of each chapter); Poole, Judex to Periodical Literature; the Card Catalogue in the Library (both "Authors" and "Subjects"); and the printed catalogues of large libraries, e. g., the British Museum, the Athenaeum, Peabody, etc. In the hope that students will be interested to buy some books iu addition to the text-books, and thus form for themselves the nucleus of an historical library, there is added a short list of those books to which reading references will most frequently be given. Of these the most useful for this course are: Einhard, Charlemagne ; Robin- son, Beadings in European History; Ploetz, Epitome; Emerton, Mediaeval Europe; Seiguobos, Feudal Btgime; and for §§ .35-45, Robinson, History of Western Europe. These six books would cost between ^1 and •'rS. SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Part I.— 375-1492 SOURCES Einhard, Life of Charlemngne. New York, ISSO. [The American Book Co., 30 cents.] Froissart, Chronicles (Selected Passages edited with Introduction by Marzials). London, 1894. [Walter Scott, Is. 6d.] Henderson, Ernest F., Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages. London, 1890. [The Macmillan Co., .$1.50.] Robinson, James Harvey, Beadings in European History, Vol. L Boston, 1004. [Ginn, si. 50.] Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European His- tory. Published by the Department of History of the University of Pennsylvania, 6 volumes, Philadelphia, 1894-99; also by Longmans, Green & Co., New York. [Single numbers sold sep- arately, 15 to 25 cents.] MODERN WORKS Adams, George Burton, Civilization During the Middle Ages. New York, 1894. [Scribner, 8-2..50.] Archer, T. A., and Kingsford, C. L., The Crusades. New York, 1895. (Story of Nations Series.) [Putnam, §1.50.] Bryce, James, The Holy Roman Empire Enlarged and rev. ed., London and New York, 1904. [The Macmillan Co., $1.50.] Cheyney, Edward P., An Introduction to the Industrial and Social History of England. New York, 1901. [The Macmillan Co., $1.40.] Creighton, Mandell, .4 History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome. G vols. New York, 1897. [Long- mans, Green, each vol. $2.00.] Dill, Samuel, Roman Society in the Last Century of the Roman Empire. London and New York, 1S99. [The Macmillan Co., -82.00.] VI *Emerton, Ephraim, Introdurtion to the Sliuhj of the Middle Ages. Boston, lsy2. [Gion, 61.12.] 'Emerton, ^l>h.vaiin, Mediaeval Europe. Boston, 1894. [Ginn, S1..50.] Gibbon, Edward, History of the Decline and Fall of the Bmnnn Empire. 1 vols. (ed. Bury.) New York, 1897. [The Macmillan Co., each vol. s2.00.] Green, John Richard, Short History of the Eni/lish People. Xew York, IS".'). [The American Book Co., 81.20.] Henderson, Ernest F., A Sho7-t History of Germany. 2 vols. Xew York, 1902. [The Macmillan Co., 84.00.] Hodgkin, Thomas, Charles the Great. London and New York, 1899. (Foreign Statesman Series.) [The Macmillan Co., T.o cents.] Hutton, William H., Philip Awjustiis. New York, 1S9G. (Foreign Statesman Series.) [The Macmillan Co., 75 cents.] Jessopp, Augustus, The Coming of the Friars and other Historic Essays. London, 1901. [T. Fisher Uuwin, 3s. 6d.; or Putnam, 81.2.5.] Kingsley, Charles, The Roman and the Teuton. Loudon and New York, 1S91. [The Macmillan Co., 81.25.] Kitchin, G. W., History of France. Vol. I, b. c. .58-a. r>. 1455 (4th ed.) Oxford, 1899. [Clarendon Press, 82.60.] Lowell, F. C, Joan of Arc. Boston, 1890. [Houghton, Mifflin, §2.00.] *Munro, D, C, A History cf the Middle A;.'es. New York, 1902. [Appleton, 90 cents.] Munro, D. C, and Sellery, G. C, Medieval CivUizafion. New York, 1904. [The Century Co., 81.25.] Ploetz, Carl, Epitome of Ancient, Mediaeval, and Modern History. Boston, 1SS3. [Houghton, Mifflin, 83.00.] *Putager, F. W., Historischer Schulatlas. Leipzig, 1902. (26th edition.) [Velhagen and Klasing, 2M. 70pf.] Robinson, James Harvey, Introduction to the History of Western Europe. Boston, 1903. [Giuu, 81.60.] Sabatier, Paul, Life of St. Francis of Assisi. New York, 1894. [Scribner, -82. .50.] Seignobos, Charles, TJie Feudal Regime. New York, 1902. [Holt, 50 cents.] Symonds, J. A., A Short History of the Renaissance in Italy (an abridgment of his larger work). New York, 1894. [Holt, 81.75.] ♦Required test-books. CONTENTS Page § 1. Introduction 1 A. TRANSITION PERIOD 375 A. D.-800 A. D. Chapter I. The Romans. § 2. The Roman Empire in the 3d and 4th centuries .... 1 § 3. Recitation 2 Chapter II. The Germans. §4. The Early Germans before the Migrations. (Recitation) . 2 § 5. The Migrations of the Peoples 3 § 6. Recitation 3 § 7. Germanic Ideas of Law. (Recitation) 3 v^ 8. Results of the Period of the Migrations 4 Chapter III. Christianity and the Church. § 9. The Rise of the Christian Church. (Recitation) .... ,5 § 10. Monasticisni. (Recitation) ,5 Chapter IV. Mohammed and Mohammedanism. § 11. Mohammed, .o71-632 6 §12. The Moslem World. (Recitation) 7 Chapter V. The Rise of the Prankish Kingdom, 4S6-S00. § 13. The Franks under the Merovingian kings 7 § 14. The Franks under the Carolingian kings. (Recitation) . 7 B, THE MIDDLE AGES FROM CHARLEMAGNE TO DANTE, 800-1300. Chapter VI. Beginxixgs of the Mediaeval Emi'IEE. Page § 15. The Empire of Charlemague 7 § 16. Recitation S § 17. The Break-up of Charlemagne's Empire and Formation of New European States in the 9th century S § 18. "Written Hour Examination " 9 Chapter VII. Feudalism. § 19. The Development of Feudalism 9 § 20. The Life of the Feudal Nobility 9 § 21. Recitation 10 Chapter VIII. The Growth of the French IvIoxarchy, 887-1328. § 22. The Foundation of the French Monarchy under the early Capetians 10 § 23. Philip Augustus and St. Louis 11 § 24. Philip the Fair and the end of the direct Capetian line . 12 § 25. Recitation 12 Chapter IX. The Empire and the Papacy; the Investi- ture Struggle. >; 26. Germany and Italy from the Treaty of Verdun to the end of the Saxon line, 84-3-1024 12 § 27. Germany under the Franconian rulers, 1024-112-5; the Investiture Struggle 1-3 § 28. Recitation 14 Chapter X. The Popes and the Hohenstaufen, 11.3S-12-'")4. § 29. The Empire and the Papacy in the 12th century .... 14 § 30. The triumph of the Papacy over the Empire in the 13th century l-j § 31. Recitation lo IX Chapter XI. The Ckusades, 1095-1270. Page § 32. The capture and los^ of Jerusalem; the first two cru- sades 1-5 § 33. The later crusades to recover Jerusalem 10 § 34. Recitation 17 Chaptei: XII. Mediaeval Life. § 35. The Church and Culture in the 12th and 13th centuries . 17 § 36. The Life of the People in Country and Town 18 § 37. Recitation 1!) C. THE PERIOD OF THE RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION. Chapter XIII. The Beginnings of the New Era. § 38. The Italian Towns and the Befjinnino:s of the Renaissance 19 S 39. Phases of the Italian Renaissance, 1300-1500 20 § 40. Recitation 21 Chapter XIT. The Formation of Modern Xations. J;; 41. France and England. The Hundred Years' War ... 21 § 42. Recitation 22 § 43. The Formation of new states within the German Empire, 1273-U93 22 S 44. The Popes and the Reforming Councils 'ZS S 45. Recitation 24 SYLLABUS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Part L— 375-1492 § 1. Introduction. «. Aims and methods of the course. b. Periods of History. c. Geography of Europe: Coast Hue; mountain systems; rivers; climate; influence of geography on history. d. Races of mankind. *Emerton, Introduction to the Study of the Middle Ages, pp. xi- xviii, the "Introduction." A. TRANSITION PERIOD 375 A. D.-800 A. D. Cn. I. The Romans. § 2. The Roman Empire in the 3d and 4th centuries. a. The three elements of mediaeval civilization. b. Geographical extent of the Empire. c. Roman government: powers of the Emperor; the central administration; ad- ministration of the provinces and municipalities; services of the Empire. d. Classes of society. e. Causes of Roman decay: political, social, economic, religious. *Emerton, Introduction to the Study of the Middle Ages, ch. i. * Putzger, Atlas, maps 9 and 12. References. SouFvCES. — Pennsylvania Reprints, VI, no. 4, "Register of Dignita- ries," Notitia Dignitatum, Robinson, Readings, I, 28-33. * Note. —The asterisk indicates required work, which may be tested by written quiz at any lecture. The atlas should be used regularly in prepara- tion, and should be brought to all recitations. MoDETvX Works. — Buiy, History of the Later Roman Empire, I, iu cbs. i-iv. Adams, Civilization During the Middle Ages, cb. ii, also 76-SS. Kingsley, Eoman and Teuton, ch. ii, "The Dying Empire."' Seeley, Boman Imperialism, cb. ii, "Proximate Cause of tbe Fall of tbe Roman Empire"; cb. iii, "Tbe Later Empire." Cunningbam, Western Civilization in its Economic Asj^ects (Ancient Times), 179- 195. Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, II, cb. ix. McCabe, St. Augus- tine. Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Boman Empire (best edition by Bury), any twenty-five consecutive pages treating of tbe Eomaus during 3d and 4tb centuries, e. g., in cb. i (Empire in 2d century), or cb. xvii (Empire under Constantine). Dill, Boman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire, Bk. Ill, cbs. i, ii. Bryce, Holy Eoman Empire, cb. ii. Munro and Sellery, Medieval Cirilization, 18- 43. Lavisse et Rambaud, Histoire Generate, 1, 14-31. § 3. Recitation on * §§ 1, 2, *Emerton, eh. ii, *Reading under § 2, and *Putzger, 9, 12. Ch. II. The Gekmaxs. §4. The Early Germans before the Migrations. (Recitation.) a. Government and political divisions. b. Military organizations [comitatus). c. Religion and mytbologj'. d. Manners and customs: amusements, weddings, funerals, etc. e. Morals and family life. /. Economic life. *Read and take notes in note-book on at least two of tbe above topics, including some reading from Tacitus. Outline map marking: (1) Boundary of tbe Roman Empire in .395 A. D. (2) Names of eigbt mountain systems; and of fifteen rivers witli one important city on eacb. (See Emerton, 214; Munro, History of the Middle Ages, 1; Putzger, maps 9. 12, 13; Lane-Poole, Historical Atlas; Century Dictionary Atlas: and otber atlases of modern Europe. (*Required under § 5.) Beferences. SouKCES. — *Tacitus, Germania; also selections in Penn. Beprints, yi, no. 3, "Tbe Early Germans"; and in Jones, Civilization in the Middle Ages, no. 2, "Tbe Teutonic Barbarians." Caesar, Gallic Tr«rs, Bk. VI, cbs. xxi-xxiv. Modern Works.— Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Eoman Empire, I, ch. ix. Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, II, 233-263; III, 25T-31b!. Hodgkin, Theodoric. Kingsley, Roman and Teuton, Lectures i and x. Gummere, Germanic Origins, ch. in, '■'■ ^Iqxx and "Women"; iv, "The Home"; v, "Husband and Wife " ; vi, "The Family"; ix, "Social Ordei'" ; xiii, "Worship of Nature." Henderson, History of Germany in the Middle Ages, chs. i, ii. Henderson, Short History of Germany, ch. i. Lewis, History of Germany, 1-36. Milman, History of Latin Christianity, Bk. II, ch. ii. Bury, Later Eoman Empire, Bk. II, chs. vii, xi. Stubbs, Constitutional History of England, ch. ii. Stubbs, Select Charters (Introduction). Lavisse et Rambaud, Histolre Gtn- erale, I, .51-57. Parmentier, Album Historique, I, 29-33. § 5. The Migrations of the Peoples (Vijlkerumnderiing) : causes ; characteristics of the peoples and the migrations; routes ; place of final settlement ; later traces. a. Visigoths, 378 (Adrianople). b. Anglo-Saxons, 449 (?). c. Huns, 451 (Chalons). d. Vandals, 4.55. e. Burgundians. /. Odoacer, 476 (" Fall of the Western Empire "). g. Ostrogoths under Theodoric, 493-526. h. Lombards, 568. i. Franks, 486 (Soissons). * Outline map, as indicated in § 4. *Emerton, chs. iii, iv, v. References. Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders; or more briefly in his Dynasty of Theodosius, and Theodoric the Goth. Dill, Roman Society, Bk. IV. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, chs. xxvi, xxix-xxxvi. Kingsley, Roman and Teuton. Bury, Later Roman Empire. Robinson, Readings, I, 35-51. § 6. Recitation on *Emerton, chs. vi, vii (to p. 68), * § 5 in review, and *Putzger, maps 13a and 13. § 7. Germanic Ideas of Law. (Recitation.) a. Contrast between early Germanic and modern ideas of law. b. Feuds. ■ c. Compurgation. d. Ordeals. e. Wager of battle. /. Wergeld. (J. Influence of Church and Roman Law upon Germanic Law; codes of German law. *Emerton, ch. viii, and * Reading on at least one of the above topics. Beferences. SouBCES. — Henderson, Documents, 176-189, Salic law; 314-319, for- mulae at ordeals. Penn. Reprints, IV, no. 4, especially 2-3 and 7-15. Stubbs, Select Charters, 60-74. Lee, Source-Book of English History, 87-91. Thorpe, Ancient Laivs and Institutes of England, 20-44. Modern Works. — Kingsley, Roman and Teuton, ch. x, "Lom- bard laws." Gibbon, ch. xxxviii. Milman, Latin Christianity, Bk. Ill, ch. V. Lea, Superstition and Force, chs. ii, iii. Pollock and Mait- land. History of English Law, I, 24-36. Gum mere, Germanic Origins, ch. X, "Government and Law." Hodgkin, Italy and Her Invaders, VI, ch. V. § 8. Results of the Period of the Migrations. a. Effect of the Germans upon the Roman Empii-e. " What the Germans added " (Adams, Civilization, ch. v). b. Effects of Rome upon the Germans: political, legal, economic, religious, linguistic. c. End of the Roman Empire in the West. d. The Roman Empire in the East: Justinian, 527-565; City of Constantinople; Codification of the Roman Law; importance of the Eastern Empire during the Middle Ages ( — 14.53). * Map showing routes of migrations and final place of settlement. See Putzger, 13a and 13; Emerton, p. 34. Optional reading in any of the following: References. Adams, Cirillzation, ch. v. Gibbon, ch. xl. or ch. xliv. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, I, 365 ft', on the legal works of Justinian, and 472 ft', on his buildings, silkworms, etc. Bryce, article "Justinian" in Encyclopedia Britannica. Guizot, History of Civilization in Europe (ed. Knight), 55-60. Munro and Sellery, Medieval Civilization, 3-17, "Victory of the Latin Language"; 87- 113, "The Hippodrome at Constantinople." Robinson, Readings, I, 433. Ch. hi. Christianity and the Church. § 9. The Rise of the Christian Church. (Recitation.) Origin and spread of Christianity; belief; organization; relations to the Roman Empire; Council of Nicaea, 32.5; Arians; division into Eastern and Western Churches; growth of the Roman Papacy. *Emerton, ch. ix. *Munro, ch. iii. *Putzger, 13b. Optional reading, which may be counted for § 10. See end § 10. Beferences. Sources.— New Testament; Matt, xvi, lG-20; Acts vi 1-6; 1 Timothy iii. Robinson, Beadlngs, I, 62-82. Modern Works. — Gibbon, Decline and Fall, ch. xxxvii. Fisher, Beginnings of Christianity, ch. ii. Fisher, History of the Christian Church, chs. ii, iii. Schaff, History of the Christian Church, I, 77-106. Alzog, Universal Church History, I, 3S9-414. Adams, Civilization Dur- ing the Middle Ages, ch. iii or ch. vi. Guizot, History of Civilization in Europe, Lecture vi. Kingsley, Boman and Teuton, Lecture ix. Mil- man, History of Latin Christianity, I, Bk. I, ch. ii; Bk. Ill, ch. vii. Moeller, History of the Christian Church, I, 49-72. Sohm, Outlines of Church History, 31-66. Dill, Boman Society, Bk. I. Hatch, Organiza- tion of the Early Christian Churches. Hodgkin, Italy and Her Invaders, V, 287-332, on Gregory the Great. Lavisse et Rambaud, Histoire Ghxerale, I, 204-220, 237-244. § 10. Monasticism. (Recitation.) Topics for reading: a. The Benedictine Rule. b. Monastic schools. c. The monk as civilizer. d. Services of the monks. e. Daily life in a mediaeval monastery. *Emerton, ch. xi, *Putzger, 13b and 14, * Reading on either Rise of the Christian Church from references in § 9, or on Monasticism from one of the following: Beferences. Sources. — The Benedictine Rule in Henderson, Historical Docu- ments of the Middle Ages, 274-314, or selections in Jones, Civiliza- tion in the Middle Ages, 90-103. Penn. Beprints, II, no. 7, "'Life of St. Columban"; II, no. 4, " Monastic Tales." Robinson, Beadim/s, I, 86-111. 6 Modern Wop.ks. — Kiagsley, I?oHi«n, and Teuton, Lectui-e ix, " The Monk as Civilizer." Cunningham, Wefitern Civilization in its Eco- nomic Aspects (Modern Times), 35-40, "Economic influence." Same in Munro and Sellery, 2Iedieval Cii-ilization, 129-136. Jessopp, TJie Coming of the Friars, ch. iii," Daily Life in a Mediaeval Monastery." Jessopp, Studies by a Becluse, ch. ii, "Bury St. Edmunds." Emer- ton, Mediaeval Europe, 555-575; interesting plan of the old monastery at St. Gall in Switzerland, facing 555. Montalembert, The Monks of the West (e. g., Why men went into the monasteries, I, 226-249; com- pare with account in Gibbon, ch. xxxvii). Schati, article in Biblio- theca Sacra, April, 1864, " Rise and Progress of Monasticism." Bury, Later Roman Empire, II, 463-468. Harnack, Monasticism. Taylor, Classical Heritage of the Middle Ages, ch. vii. Milraan, Bk. III, ch. vi. Ch. IV. Mohammed and Mohammedanism. § 11. Mohammed, 571-632. a. Arabia and its peoi^le; ]\[ohammed's early life and mission- ai-y efforts ; Hegira, 622. b. The Koran; the teachings of Mohammed; comparison with Christianity; reasons for the spread of Mohammedanism. *Eraerton, 122-129; * Munro, History of the Middle Ages, ch. i. BefereiLces, Sources. — The Koran, translations by Palmer, Rodwell, Sale; selec- tions in Lane-Poole, Speeches and Table-Talk of Mohammad; also in Jones, Civilization in the 2Iiddle Ages, no. 3; in Sheldon, Studies In General History, 276-285; and in Robinson, Readings, I, 114-120. Modern Works. — Gibbon, ch. 50. Freeman, History and Con- quests of the Saracens, Lecture ii. Muir, Mahomet and Islam, 1-31. Muir, Cordn: its Teaching, ch. iii. Lane-Poole, Speeches and Table- Talk of Mohammad (Introduction). Bury, History of Later Roman Empire, I, ch. i; or II, Bk. V, ch. vi. Gilman, Story of the Saracens^ chs. xv-xvi. Carlyle, Heroes and Hero Worship (Mohammed), Lecture ii. Washington Irving, Mahomet. Duruy, History of the Middle Ages, Bk. II, ch. vi. Muir, Life of Mahomet, II, ch. vii, or IV, ch. xxxvii as far as 327. Schalf, History of the Christian Church, IV, ch. iii. Milman, Latin Christianity, I, Bk. IV, ch. i. Wollaston, Half-hours with Mohammed. Odysseus, Turkey in Europe, ch. v. Parmentier, Album Historique, 49-66. Lavisse et Rambaud, Histoire Generate, I, ch. ix. § 12. The Moslem World. (Recitation.) a. Mohammedan conquests in Africa, Asia, and Europe, 632- 732; the Caliphates. b. Arabic civilization; its characteristics and contributions to European civilization. *§ 11 and * written summary in note-book of Reading from the Koran or from one of the books on Mohammed (§ 11). Munro. ch. ix. * Putzger, map 16. Ch. V. The Rise of the Prankish Kingdom, 486-800. § 13. The Franks under the Merovingian kings. a. The Prankish migration compared with the other German migrations. b. Clovis, 481-511: character; conquests; conversion and relation to Church and Christianity; extent and division of his territories. c. Successors of Clovis; rois faineants; rise of the Major Domus; Xeustria and Austrasia; Testry. d. Charles Martel, 714-741; battle of Tours, 732; military re- forms; relations with papacy and church. * Source.—* Einhard, Life of Charlemagne, 7-22. *Emerton, chs. vii, X, and xii (to 162 only). § 14. The Franks under the Carolingian kings. (Recitation.) a. Pippin the Short, 741-768: wars and government; alliance with the papacy; Donation of Pippin; the Christian Carolingian " Kingdom," 752. b. Charles the Great (Charlemagne), 768-814. *Emerton, 162-179, * Einhard, 22-45, and *§ 13 in review. * Putz- ger, 14a, 14. B. THE MIDDLE AGES FROM CHARLEMAGNE TO DANTE, 800-1300. Ch. VI. Beginnings of the Mediaeval Empire. § 15. The Empire of Charlemagne. a. Wars of conquest; extent of territory in 814. b. System of government: duke, count, archbishop and bishop, markgraf; missi dom- inici; assemblies; customary law and capitularies; admin- istration of justice; the military system; the church. c. Eevival of the Empire of the West; Charles' coronation in 800; its significance; Charles' attitude toward the Papacy. d. Art and learning; the Palace School. e. Charlemagne's personality; his place in history and in legend. *Emerton, ch. xiii; *Einhard, 45-82. Beferences. Sources.— Henderson, Historical Documents, 189-201. Penn. Be- prints, VI, no. 5, "The Laws of Charles the Great." Robinson, Beadings, I, 135-14G. Modern Works.— Bryce, Holy Boman Euipire, chs. iv-v. Guizot, Popular History of France, I, chs. x-xi. Mllman, Latin Christianity, II, ch. xii, also 471-510. Adams, Civilization During the Middle Ages, ch. vii. Oman, Dark Ages, ch. xx-xxii. Hodgkins, Charles the Great, ch, xi. Davis, Charlemagne. Henderson, Short History of Germany, I, 22-38. Mombert, Charles the Great, Bk. Ill, ch. v. Mullinger, Schools of Charles the Great. West, Alcuin. Lavisse et Rambaud, Histoire Guurale, I, 322-334, 342-359. Parraentier, Album Historique, 85-98. § 16. Recitation on *Emerton, ch. xiv; *Munro, ch. ii; *§ 15 in review; * Putzger, 14a, 14. Optional reading on Charlemagne in references under § 15. § 17. The Break-up of Charlemagne's Empire and Forma- tion of New European States in the 9th century. a. Faults of Charlemagne's system; Louis the Pious' character and government, 814-840. b. Divisionof the Empire; Fontenay; Strasburg oaths; Treaties of Verdun, 843, and Mersen, 870; invasions. c. New Kingdoms: West Franks (France), East Franks (Germany), Burgundy, Aries (Provence), Italy. d. Four "stem duchies" (Stiimme): Saxony, Franeonia, Swabia, Bavaria. Lorraine. *Map of Charlemagne's Empire showing: (1) Boundary of Empire in 814 (Putzger, 14). (2) 15 bishoprics and archbishoprics and 5 monasteries (Emer- ton, 215; Putzger, 14 and 15). § 18. Written Hour Examination on * §§ 1-17 (* including lec- tures, text-books, map-work, reading, notes, recitations). Ch. YII, Feudalism. § 19. The Development of Feudalism. a. Definition; origin — German or Roman? peculiar condition of Europe favoring the development of feudalism. b. Three elements of feudalism. c. Feudal theories: suzerain and sovereign; nulle terre sans seigneitr ; subin- feudation. d. Rights and duties of lord and vassal. e. Ranks of society. /. Feudalism and the church; the Peace of God and the Truce of God. g. Feudal divisions of France and Germany. *Emerton, ch. xv; *Munro, ch. v. Eefei-ences. Sources.— PeiDi. Beprints, IV, no. .3, especially 2-3, 7-S, 11-12, 18- 21, 23-2S. Robinson, PteacUngs, I, 171-191. Modern Works. — Seignobos, Feudal Begime, ch. iii (translated from Lavisse et Rambaud, Histoire Generale, II, ch. i). Adams, Civ- lization During the Middle Ages, ch. ix. Robinson, History of IT'esiern Europe, ch. ix. Emerton, Mediaeval Europe, ch. xiv, "The Feudal Institutions." Article "Feudalism" in Encyclopedia Britannicn, Munro and Sellery, Medieval Civilization, 159-176; 182-201. Fustel de Coulanges, The Origin of Property in Land, ed. with Introduction by Ashley. Lavisse et Rambaud, Histoire Gmerale, II, ch. i. Stubbs, Constitutional History of England, sects. 92-90. § 20. The Life of the Feudal Nobility. «. Chivalry and knighthood. b. Castles and castle life. c. Feudal warfare. d. Tourneys and amusements. e. The mediaeval ideal. * Munro, ch. xiii. *Map showing: (1) The names of the 12 principal feudal divisions of France {see Putzger, 17). 10 (2) The names aucl boundaries of the four stera-ducbies and Lorraine. Selection of subject for Special Report (* under § 21). References. Sour.CES. — Froissart, Chronicles (also selections edited by Marzials in Camelot Series; and in Jones, Civilization irt the Middle Ages, ■oO-T2). Joinville, Life of St. Louis. Modern Works. — Seignobos, Feudal Eeyime, eb. ii. Same inLavisse et Rambaud, Hisioire Generate, II, 2.5-50. Encyclopedia Britunnica, articles on "Knighthood" and "Castles." Viollet-le-Duc, Annals of a Fortress. Oman, Art 10. Henderson, Dor- i!uteutf<, 432-7. Modern WoRiiS. — Adams, Groxcth of the French Nation, ch. viii (last half). Adams, CiviUzafhin ihirJu;; the Middle Ar/e.s, 320-.So8. Guizot, ell. xix. Kitchin, I, Bk. Ill, chs. x, xi. Milman, Bk. XI, chs. vii-ix; Bk. XII, chs. i, ii, on the destruction of the Templars. Creigh- ton, Ilhtory of the Papacy, I, 27-46. Emerton, Mediaeval Europe, ch. xii. Lavisse ct Rambaud, Ill^tolre Generate, III, ll-.o5. § 25. Recitation on * §§ 22, 23, 24, including * Reading on at least one subject under § 24; * Putzger, 17. Ch. IX. TnE Empire and the Papacy; the Investiture Struggle. § 26. Germany and Italy from the Treaty of Verdun to the end of the Saxon line, 843-1024. (/. Germany after the break-up of the Carolihgian Empire: the great German duchies; elective kings; forces opposing central government; Germany's difficult task. b. Saxon rulers, 919-1024. (1) Military and religious policy of Henry I ("The Fowler"), and its results, 919-936. 13 (2) Otto I, The Great, 936-973. Problems: dukes; bishops; invasions (Lechfeld, 955); Italy, and revival of the Emijire, 962; the papacy. Comparison of Otto the Great and Charlemagne, and of their empires. German life in the 10th century (Henderson, Ger- nuimj in the Middle Ayes, 141-144). (3) Otto II: organization of "marks"; eastward expansion. (4) Otto III: character and aims; relations between Empire and Papacy. * Muuro, ch. vi and * Reading on at least one of the above topics. References. Sources. — Robinson, Readings, I, 245-2.55. Modern Works. — Emerton, Mediaevcd Europe, chs. iii-v. Tout, Empire and Papaci/, chs, ii, iii. Henderson, Short Ilistonj of Ger- many, ch. iii. Henderson, Germany in the Middle Ages, chs. iii-xi. Bryce, Holy Roman Empire, chs. vi, ix. Gregorovius, Rome in th<- Middle Ages, III, Bk. VI, ch. iii. Scheffel, Ekkehard (historical novel describing monastic life and the Hungarian invasions of the 10th century). § 27. Germany under the Franconian rulers, 1024-1125 ; the Investiture Struggle. a. Importance of Germany in the Middle Ages: in relation to the Eastern frontier, the Empire, the Papacy, civilization. b. Development of the Empire in the first half of the lltli ceu- tui-y : Conrad II; Henry III, 1039-1056, his control of the Papacy. c. Development of the Papacy in the 9th and 10th centuries: the False Decretals; Nicholas I, S5S-867; Cluny reform and its threefold program, 910 ; papal election decree, 1059. d. Investiture struggle: , Hildebrand, Pope Gregory VII, 1073-1085, the man and his policy; Dictatus Papae; Henry IV, 1056-1106; comparison of antagonists; their allies; decree against investiture; actions of Hildebrand and Henry; Canossa and the fate of the contestants; settlement; Concordat of Worms, 1122 (Henderson, Domments, 408-409). * Bibliography for Special Report. 14 Follow the model given in the Bibliograi^hy, pp. v-vi; classify your authorities under Sources and Modern Works, and give author, exact title, place and date of publication. Reading on Investiture Struggle (* under § 28). Beferences. Sources. — Henderson, Documents, 361-409. Eobiuson, Readinf/s, I, 266-293. Latin text in Mathews, Select Mediaeval Documents, 31-68. Migne, Patroloyla Latiua, CXLYI, 1235, on Passage over Alps, and 1237 ff., on Ganossa. Modern Works. — Emerton, Mediaeval Enraiie, chs. vii-viii. Hen- derson, Short History of Germany, ch. iii. Henderson, Germany In the Middle Ayes, chs. xii-xiv. Tout, Empire and Papacy, 110-140. Mil- man, III, 361-500; IV, 144-148. Stephens, Hlldebrand and his Times (esi^ecially chs. x-xii). Lavisse et Earabaud, Ilistolre Generate, II, 75-111. Gregorovius, Eome in the Middle Ages, IV, Part I, chs. v, vi. Parmentier, Album Illstorir/ue, 123-130. Good account of Nicholas I and the False Decretals in Emerton, Mediaeval Europe, 63-81; of Cluny reform, ibid., 561-504, also in Munro and Sellery, Medieval Civilization, 137-152. § 28. Recitation on * §§ 26-27 ; » Elunro, ch. vi ; and * Read- ings on Otto I, and the Investiture Struggle in references under §>; 26-27; *Putzger, 15. Cn. X. The Popes and the IIohexstaufen, 1138-1254. § 29. The Empire and the Papacy in the 12th century. a. Conditions in the Empire at the beginning of the 12th cen- tury; rise of the Hohenstaufen. 6. Frederick I (Barbarossa), 11.52-1190: personality and aims; the Hohenstaufen policy in Germany; relations with the Papacy and Rome; Arnold of Brescia; "&eue/ic/rt"; contest with the Lombard cities; the Lom- bard League and its steps in federation; Legnano; Treaty of Venice; Peace of Constance, 1183; Third Crusade; Frederick's place in history and legend. c. Henry VI; the Norman marriage; danger to the Papacy. * Munro, ch. xvii. For References, see § 30. 15 § 30. The triumph of the Papacy over the Empire in the 13th century. a. Innocent III, 119S-1216; policy and triumphs in politics, doctrine, and church organization. b. Frederick II, 1212-1250: ancestry and environment; contests in Germany and Italy (Guelf and Ghibelline); struggle with Papacy; ideas of government and religion. v c. Fall of the Hoheustaufen; French interference in Southern Italy; interregnum in Germany (Faustrecht), 12.56-1273. * Munro, ch. xvi. Beferencesfor §§ S9-S0. Sources.— Henderson, Documents, 410-429, 211-215. Robinson, Readhvjs, I, 296-309. Latin text in Mathews, Medieval Documents, 79-S6 (Besan(,'on episode, "■ benejiciu'"); 86 (Roncalia); 99-105 (Treaty of Venice). MoDEKN Works. — Emerton, Mediaeval Europe, chs. ix-x. Tout, Empire and Pcqxicy, 237-244, and chs. xi and xvi. Henderson, Germany i)i the Middle Ages, chs. xv-xxvi. Balzani, Popes and Hohen- staufen. Lavisse et Rambaud, Histoire Generale, II, 127-188, 188-237. Henderson, Short History of Germany, ch. iv. Bryce, Holy Eoman Empire, chs. xi, xiii. Milman, Latin Christianity, Bk. VIII in chs. vi-vii, Arnold of Brescia; Bk. X, ch. iii (last part) Frederick II. Freeman, Historical Essays, First Series, Essays on Frederick I and Frederick II. On Lombard cities see: Adams, Civilizaiion During the Middle Af/es, . ch. xii. Guizot, History of Civilization in Europe, Lecture vii. May, Democracy in Europe, ch, vii. Sismondi, Itcdian Eepublics, cli. i. Hallam, View of the State cf Europe During the Middle Ages, ch. iii, Pt. i. § 31. Recitation on * §§ 29-30 and * Reading on at least two topics under §§ 29-30 [e. g. Frederick I (or such subdivisions as the Lombard cities, Arnold of Brescia), Innocent III, Frederick II]. *Putzg8r5 17. Ch. XI. The Crusades, 1095-1270. § 32. The capture and loss of Jerusalem ; the first two cru- sades. a. Character of the crusading movement. b. The East before the crusades: 1(3 The Byzantine Empire — its organization, its services, its enemies; Constantinople (set' Putzger, 38); Bulgaria and Paissia. .-. The Seljuk Turks: religion and characteristics; treatment of Christian popu- lation; attack on Eastern Empire (Mauzikert, 1071). '?. The First crusade and capture of Jerusalem. (1) The call: appeal of Alexis and rumors from the East; Council of Clermont, 1095; Peter the Her- mit; mixed motives of the crusaders. (2) The march: first bands and their fate; army of knights — leaders, routes, disputes with Alexis. (3) The struggle: Dorylaeum; Antioch ; Jerusalem, 1099. e. The Kingdom of Jerusalem; organization; the "Assizes"; the three military-religious orders and their later history. /. Loss of Jerusalem; decline in strength of the "Franks"; Second Crusade; Bernard of Clairvaux; Saladin's rise to power and capture of Jerusalem, 1187. *Muuro, chs. x, xi. * Putzger, 16. E'.'ferences. Sources. — Penn. Repylntf<, I, nos. 2 and 4 "Speech of Urban II," and "Letters of the Crusaders." Robinson, Beadliins, I, 312-329. Chronicles of the C'rusdiJrs (also selections in Guizot, Popular History of France, ch. xvi). Modern Works. — Gibbon, ch. Ivii. Bury, Later Bomaa Empire, Bk. V, chs. xi, xii; Bk. VI, chs. i-iii. Odysseus, Turkey in Evrope, ch. i. Cox, The Crusades. Archer and Kingsford, The Crusailv.s. Adams, Civilization Duriruj the Middle A'jis, ch. xi. Emerton, Mediae- val Europe, ch. xi. Milman, IV, Bk. VII, ch. vi. Guizot, Popular Illstor]/ (f France, chs. xvi, xvii. Oman, ^-i;'* '/' War In the Middle A(ies, Bk. V. Parmentier, Album Illstorlquc, 141-140. § 33. The later crusades to recover Jerusalem. a. Third crusade, 1189-1192: leaders; routes; causes of failure. h. Fourth crusade, 1202-1204: Venice, her history and importance; change in motives of crusaders; Zara; Constantinople; the Latin Kingdom; significance of this crusade. c. Later crusades of Frederick II and St. Louis; expulsion of crusaders from the Holy Land, 1291; decline of the cru- sading spirit in Europe; new interests. 17 d. Results of the crusades: political, ecclesiastical and religious, economic, social, intellectual. * Notes and outline for the Special Report. Reading on at least one topic (* under § 34). References. See § 32; in addition: Penn. Reprints, III, no. 1 ("The Sources for the Fourth Crusade"). Robinson, Bewlinys, I, 329-343. Joinville, Si. Louis. Hutton, Philip Augustus, 44-52. Brown, Venice, An His- toricnl Sketch, chs. i, ii, vi, vii, viii. Milman, Bk. X, ch, iii, on cru- sade of Frederick II. Kitchin, I, Bk. Ill, cbs. iii, viii, sect. 2. Perry, St. Louis, chs. vii, viii, xii. Lane-Poole, S(d(tdin. Munro and Sellery, Medieval Civilization, 24S-256. Historical novels: Scott, Ivanhoe, Talis- man; W. S. Davis, ''God Wills It.'' § 34. Recitation on *§§ 32-33, including a * Reading on at least two topics under §§ 32-33 ; and * Map showing : (1) The routes of the first, third, and fourth Crusades. (2) The boundary of the Empire under the Hohenstaufen. *Putzger, 16, 17. Ch. xii. Mediaeval Life. § 35. The Church and Culture in the 12th and 13th centuries. a. The Papacy — election, income, powers; the canon law. b. The secular clergy — ranks and duties. c. The monks and the friars; ideals and services of St. Francis of Assisi. d. The heretical sects. e. Church services; festivals; popular beliefs. /. The culture of the Middle Ages. (1) Schools and universities. (2) Language and literature. (3) Architecture. * Munro, chs. xii, xv; and xvi (in review). Reading on at least one topic (* required under 36). References. Sources.— Penn. Reprints, IV, no. 2, "Monastic Tales"; II, no. 3. "The Mediaeval Student." St. Francis, Mirror of Perfection. The Little Book of Fhkcf^rs Gama, Columbus; new inventions and beginning of new ideas in science, c. Architecture and sculpture: (Xiccola of Pisa, and Giotto) Brunellescbi, Donatello, Michel Angelo. '/. Painting: Giotto, Fra Angelico, Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michel Angelo (d. loG4). * Reading: either, on the life of one man of tbe Renaissance ;-uc on any one topic. Beferences. Sources.— Robinson, BeoAinijs, I, ,ol6-541. Macbiavelli, The Prince. Wbitcomb, A Literary Source-Boole nf the Itnllnn Renaissance, 33-40; 47-55; 84-90; 110-118. Dante, The Divine Coniedy (translations by Norton, Longfellow, Gary). Vasari, Lhi^s nf Seventy of the Most Eminent Palnten^, Sculiitors, and An-hiirrts, Life of any one men- tioned above under c and il. Marco Polo, Travels (best edition by Yule; third edition revised by Cordier). Modern Works. — Robinson, Introilacilon to the History of Western Europe, ch. xxii. Symonds, Benalssance In Italy, I {Ar/e of the Despots), ch. i; II (Bevlral of Learning), ch. ii, "Humanism"; III, {Flue Arts), ch. ii, last part, "Architecture," iii, "Sculpture," vii, last part, "Painting," viii, "Michel Angelo," ix, " Benvenuto Cellini." Sy- monds, Short History of the Benalssance, chs. i, iii, or vii. Oliphant, Makers of Florence, chs. i-iii, "Dante"; iv, Giotto; v, Brunellescbi; vi, "A peaceful citizen"; vii, Fra Angelico; or xv, " Michel Angelo." Lord Acton, The Cambrlilye Moitern History, I (contains an excellent bibliography at the end). Adams, Civilization, chs. xii, xv. Burck- hardt. The Civilization of the Bmalssance In Italy, Part I, ch. vii; Part II, chs. i-iii; Part III, chs. i-ii, iv; Part IV, ch. iii. Symonds, 21 The Study of Dantt. Robinson and Rolfe, Petrarch the First Modern Scholar and Man of Letters. Armstrong, Lorenzo de' Medici. Creigh- ton, History of the Papacy, Bk. IV, ch. iv. Creightou, Historical Essays, 107-134. Brown, The Venetian Eepublic (Temple Primer), ch. iii. Brown, Venice, An Historical Sketch. Lavisse et Rambaud, Histoire Generule, III, 544-597. 40. Recitation on * §§ 38-39, with one additional reading (three readings in all). * Putzger, 18, 19, 20 for Italy. Ch. XIY. The Formation of Modern Xatioxs. § 41. France and England. The Hundred Years' War. a. The English occupation of France, 1337-1360. (1) Causes of the Hundred Tears' War: Edward Ill's position in England; his possessions in France; the Flemish towns and the wool-trade; English claim to the French throne; accession of the Valois line; beginning of a national feeling in France and England. (2) The English victories: Sluys; Creg-y, 1346; Calais; Poitiers, 1356; Peace of Bretigny, 1360; reasons for the success of the English. b. The driving out of the English, 1.361-1453. (1) English losses: death of Edward III and the Black Prince. (2) New English victories: civil war in France between the houses of Burgundy and Orleans; Henry V's invasion; Agincourt, 1415; alliance of English and Burgundians; treaty of Troves; siege of Orleans, 1429. (3) Joan of Arc: career, character, and influence. (4) Charles VII: military reforms; iaille ; final expulsion of the English and end of the Hundred Years' War, 1453; Calais. c. Louis XI, 1461-14S3: character; struggle with Charles the Bold of Burgundy; destruction of the power of feudal princes: Italian policy; permanence of his work. * Complete Special Report, with exact references in margin. The report should be accompanied with bibliography, notes, and outline. Reading on at least one topic (* under § 42). 22 Rfiferences. Sources. — Froissart, Chronicles (also selections iu Camelot Series). EiJioard III <(iile, I. Gibbous, Faith of Our FatJiers. § 6. Becitation on * §§ 4, 5, including * reading on Germany and * reading on Spain *Putzger, 19, 20. Ch. II. The Protestant Revolution in Geejiany in tue 16th Century. § 7. Martin Luther (1483-1546) and the beginning of the Reformation in Germany to 1521. a. Luther's early struggles, 1483-1517: home, school, and monastery; religious development; influence of St. Paul (e. y., Romans i, IT, and iii, 20-28), St. Augustine, and German mystics; professor at Witten- berg, 1508; journey to Rome; Luther as preacher and priest. h, Luther's opposition to the indulgences: the indulgences in theory and practice; Tetzel; Luther's attitude; posting of the 95 theses, 1517; feeling in Ger- many. c. Gradual development of Luther's opposition to the Papacy, 1517-1520: Luther's hearing before the papal legate; ajjpeal to the Pope; negotiations; disputation with Eck at Leipzig, (Luther and Hus); the three pamphlets of 1520; excom- munication; burning of the papal bull and the canon law, 1520. d. The Diet of Worms. 1521 : Luther's journey; Luther and Charles Y; Luther before the Diet; the Edict of Worms. e. Luther a typical German and the Hero of the Reformation. *Seebohm, 94-130. Reading on one topic (* required under § 8). References. Sources. — Luther's Prinun-y Works, containing 95 theses, and i)am- phlets of 1520. Penn. Reprints, II, no. 6, and same in vol. on Reform- ation. Theses also in Larned, History for Ready Reference, article, "Luther." Luther's Table Talk. Crozcr Leaflets, I, nos. 2, Tetzel; 3, "Decree of Worms," 6, Luther's appeal. 6 MoDERX Works.— Iliiusser, Bfioniuilion, chs. i, ii, and pp. 42-47, Fisher, i?f:/bnu<'^/o». S5-1 12. Walker, lit^formation. 11-121. Johnson, Europe in 16ih Century. 14.5-160. Creighton, History of the Papacy during the Beformalion, Bk. VI, chs. iii. v. Henderson, Short History of Germany, I, eh. xi. Schaff, History of Christian Church, Vol. VI, Bk. I, chs. ii, iii. Kostlin, Life of Luther (standard life by a German). More recent lives by Beard (chs. iv-ix), and Jacobs (Bks. I-II). Ranke, History of the lieformation in Germany, Vol. I, Bk. II. Froude's Beview of Kiistlin's Life. Cambridge Modern History, II, eh. iv. Francke, Social Forces in German Litn-ature, eh, v. Carlyle, Heroes and Hero Wor^^hlj), iv, "Hero as Priest." Lavisse et Ram- baud, IV, 39S-410. Freytag, Bilder aus der Drufsrhen Vergamienheit, I, Aus dcm Jahrhundcrt der Beformnfion, ch. iv, "Doctor Luther," 67-00. Freytag, M'lrlin 7. "//*'/• (trans, of preceding: illustrated). § 8. The German Reformation from the Diet of Worms to the Confession of Augsburg, 1521-1530. (I. Luther at the Wartburg, 1.521-1.522: his translation of the Xew Testament; his methods; religious and literary importance of the Lutheran Bible. h. Luther's return to Wittenberg: with the students at " The Black Bear" in Jena; opposi- tion to the Radicals. r. Social and political revolution: Hutten and Sickingen; the Peasants' War, 1.524-152.5; the Twelve Articles; Luther's attitude toward the peas- ants and revolution; the Anabaptists (at Miinster, 15:34- 1535); Luther's marriage, 1525; political and social effects of marriage of monks and of dissolution of monasteries. '?. Beginnings of a Protestant church and state: ordination of church ofticers, 1525; government and woi'- ship of the Lutheran church; reasons for the non- enforcement of the Edict of Worms at the 1st Diet of Spires, 1526; sack of Rome, 1527: the action of the 2d Diet of Spires, 1529, and the reasons; principles of " Pro- testants"; Diet and Confession of Augsburg, 1530. *Seebohm, 131-155, 1G2-1G0. * Reading on at least one topic in § 7. Optional reading on Luther's character, or one of the above topics (* required under § 0). Beferenres. Sources.— P'Jiu. B^jirints, II, no. 6, Hutteu's letter, and 12 Arti- cles. Augshurg Confession (Luth. Pub. Soc). Crozer Leaflets, I, nos. 1, Protest at Spires; 4, Against the Peasants. Lvther'.s Table Talk. Freytag, Bilder, Aus dem Jahrhundert der Reformation, 58-66, Luther and students; same, translated, in Freytag, Martin Luther, 74-82. Luther's Letter in Behalf of Schools is translated in Painter, LutJier on Education, ch. ix. Modern Wokks. — Fisher, Reformation, 112-lo5. Henderson, Short History of Germany, chs. xii-xiii. Walker, Reformation, 121-146; 181- 188. Johnson, Sixteenth Century, lei-lll; 176-180,196-200. Hiiu-sser, chs. v-ix. Schaff, History of the Christian Church, VI, chs. iv-v, viii- ix. Cambridge ^[odern History, II, clis. v, vi, Ranke, History of the Beformatlon In Germany, II. Kostlin, Luth'-r. Jacobs, Luther, Bk. II, ch. ix, and Bk. Ill, chs. i-ix. Richards, Melanchthon, cli. xiii. Arm- strong, Charles V, ch. ix. Creighton, Papacy during the Reformation, last two chs. Oman, Eiuj. Illst. Revleio, Vol. V, "The German Peas- ant War of 1525." For Roman Catholic accounts, see Alzog, Church History, III, ch. i; and Janssen, History of the German People, II. Lavisse et Rambaud, IV, 410-436. Freytag, Bilder, Aus dem Jahr- hundert der Reformation, ch. iv ("Doctor Luther"), 90ff. Freytag, Martin Luther (trans, of preceding), 69ff. § 9. Recitation on * §:; 7, 8, including * reading on at least two topics. *Putzger, 21. § 10. The reign of Charles V, 1519-1556, and the close of the Reformation in Germany. a. Charles the man : character and abilities; complexity of his territories; his problems and his policy (imperial, religious, Italian, Turkish). b. Charles' rivalry with Francis I and liis attitude toward the Reformation: battle of Pavia, 1525; treaty of Madrid and 1st Diet of Spires, 1526; the sack of Rome, 1527; renewed alliance of Pope and Emperor and 2d Diet of Spires, 1529; Con- fession of Augsburg, 1530. c. Charles and the Turks: Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520-1566; battle of Mohacs, 1.526; Ferdinand of Hapsburg acquires Bohemia and Hungary; tlie Turkisli peril in 1530; Turkish corsairs; Charles V's expedition to Tunis and Algiers. (7. Charles and the Protestant Princes of Germany: increasing power and ambitions of the Princes; the League of Schmalkald; fruitless negotiations; Luther's death; the Schmalkald War, 1546-1547; gains of Maurice of Saxony ; alliance of Maurice of Saxony with the French ; his attack on the emperor, 1552; French conquest of the three Bishoprics; the Peace of Augsburg, 1555; its de- fects. e. Charles Y's abdication, 1556, and death, 1558; the division of the Hapsburg heritage (.see Putzger, 20). * Reading on one of the above topics. Ii^f^'r(n(■e■9. Sources. — Augsburn Confes.<s de Calvin, ch. vii. Karap- schulte, Johann Calvin, seine Kirche und sein Staat in Genf. Cornelius, Historische Arbeiten, Bk. IV. Cambrid>je Mi>dern History, II, ch. xi. § 14. Recitation on * §§ 12, 13, and * reading on at least one additional topic under S§ 12 or 13. * Putzger, 18, Switzerland, upper right hand corner. 11 § 15. The Reformation in England and the Scandinavian countries. (Recitation.) a. Henry VIII's marriage with Catharine of Aragou ; his foreign ' polic5\ h. The rise and fall of Wolsey. c. The divorce case of Catharine of Aragon. d. The Act of Supremacy, 1534, and the peculiar character of the English Reformation. e. The character and death of Sir Thomas More. /. Thomas Cromwell and the dissolution of the monasteries. g. Henry VIII's character. h. The revolt of Denmark and Sweden from Rome. *Seebohm, 167-19.5. Optional reading on any one of tlie above topics. References. Sources. — Penn. Reprints, I, no. 1. contemporary descrijitions of Henry VIII and More, Henry VIII's letters to Wolsey and Anne Boleyn, and the Act of Supremacy. More. Ulopia. Roper, L{fe of More. MoDEKN Works. — Green, Short History of the English People, ch. vi, sects. 5 and 6; ch, vii, sect. 1. Gardiner, Studenfs History qf England. Creightou, Wolsey. Hiiusser, Rrformation. chs, xi-xiii. Lavisse et Rambaud, IV, ch. xv. Cambridge Modern History, II, xiii. Ch. IV. The Counter Reformatiox and the Beginning of the Religious Wars. § 16. The Reform within the Roman Catholic Church; the Jesuits and the Council of Trent. a. Recognition by Catholics of need of reform: movement for reform and attempts at reconciliation with Protestants; the Conference at Regensburg (Katisbon), 1.541; reasons for its failure. b. The Jesuits, 1540-1773; 1814 : the early life, training and character of Ignatius Loyola; foundation of the Society of Jesus, 1540; its objects and methods; the services of Jesuits as educators, mission- aries, explorers, and statesmen; political and moral objections brought against the Jesuits; national exclu- sions; papal supension of the order, 1773; comparison of Jesuits and Calviuists. 12 c. The Council of Trent, 1545-15G3: parties; triumph of the Jesuits; reaction in dogma; reforms in discipline; effect on the Roman Catholic Church; spread of the Counter Reformation. '/. The Inquisition and the Index. *Seebohm, 109-211. * Besant, Collgni/, chs. i-iii; ch. iv is optional. Eeference-'i. Sources. —Pe»i). RepriuU, II, no. 6, Council of Trent; same in Reformation volume. ISarpi, lUsiory of tlic Council of Trent, Modern Works.— Fisher, B(f<>rmation, 390-420. Hilusser, Refor- mation, chs. xix, XX. Johnson, Europe in the 16th Centnry, 261-271. Ranke, Hixtory of the Popes, I, 135-178. Walker, Beformation, ch. ix. Henderson, Short Ilistonj of German;/, 411-421. Symonds, Short His- tory of the Renaissfoice, ch. xiv; longer account in his History (f the Benoissunre in Italy, The Cathnlic Reartion, ch. iii or iv. Lavisse et Rambaud, Y, ch. i. Ward, The Counter Refioination. Milman, Savon- arola anil Other Essays. Hughes, Loyola. Alzog, Church History, III, ch. iv. Parkman, Jesuits in North America, chs, ii, xxviii. Cam- hrhVje Modern History, II, ch. xviii. Perkins, France uialer Louis XF, II, ch. xvii, " Expulsion of the Jesuits." §17. Philip II of Spain and Elizabeth of England as leaders of opposing forces. ((. Philip II, 1.55G-15U8: character; territories; life task; war against the Turks (Lepanto, 1571); the Inquisition and the extermination of heresy in .Spain; the expulsion of the Moriscoes and its economic and intellectual effects; Philip the champion of the Roman Catholic Reaction. b. Elizabeth, 1558-10O3: conditions in England at her accession; the Protestant- ism and Prayer Book of Edward YI; Catholicism and persecution under Mary Tudor; the exiles and their return; Elizabeth's character and religious ideas; Acts of Uniformity and Supremacy; the beginnings of Puri- tanism; Presbyteriauism in Scotland; Mary Queen of Scots; plots against Elizabeth; Elizabeth the champion of Protestantism; Elizabeth's ministers and government; the power of the Crown and of Parliament; tiie problem for her successors. 13 c. The struggle between Philip II and Elizabeth: Philip's marriage with Mary Tudor; his support of the Catholic enemies of Elizabeth ; Elizabeth and the Dutch revolt; the rivalry on the sea; the Sea Rovers; the Armada, 15SS; death of Philii) II, 159S; decline of Spain and triumph of English Protestantism and sea power. * Reading on the Jesuits, or anj'' other topic in the Counter Reform- ation, § 16. Reading on Philip or Elizabeth (* required under § 18). Eeferences. Sources. — Harrison, Elizabethan Enyland. Prothero, Select Stat- utes and Other Conxlitii.tiorial Documents, 1-20 (Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity). Hart, American History Told by Contemporaries, I, nos. 30, 31 (Drake's voyage around the world). Higginson, Ameri- can Explorers. Modern Works. — Green, Short History of the English People, ch. vii. Gardiner, History of England from the Accession of James I to the Outbreak of the Civil War, I, 9-43. Beesly, Elizabeth. Creighton, Elizabeth. Froude, English Seamen in the Sixteenth Century, Lect. 4. Corbett, Drake and the Tudor Navy, I, ch. viii; II, ch. ii. Lang, His- tory of Scotland, II, ch. xi'i. Fvescott, Philip II, Bk. II. ch. iii; Bk, Y, ch. X. Hume, Philip II. Hume, Spain, its Greatness and Decay, ch, V. Lea, The Moriscoes of Spain. Motley, History of the United Netherl<(nds, II, ch. xix. Blok, History of the People of the Nether- lands, III, ch. vi. Cambridge Modern History, II, xv; III, ix, xv. Lea, " Ethical Values in History," American Historical Review, IX., 233-246 (Jan., 1904). 18. Recitation on *§§ 16, 17, and * reading on § 17. *Putzger, 20. § 19. The Revolt of the Netherlands, 1568-1648. a. Political, social, and economic conditions in the Nether- lands at the accession of Philip II, 1.556; differences be- tween the northern and the southern provinces; compari- son of antagonists, — Philip and the Dutch. b. Causes and beginnings of the conflict: edicts against heretics; Spanish garrison; administra- tion by foreigners; reorganization of the church under the crown; introduction of the Spanish Inquisition and the decrees of the Council of Trent; expressions of grievances; insurrection of the lower classes; Catholic and Protestant pai'ties; arrival of the Duke of Alva and 14 Spanish soldiers; the " Couucil of Bh:)od"; taxes; the threefold cause of the revolt. c. Tlie revolt to the death of William the Silent: failure of William and Louis of Nassau, 156S; the Sea Beggars and the capture of Brillc, l.">7'2; St. Bartholomew and its result; sieges of Haarlem and Leyden, 1573-1574; sack of Antwerp; pacification of Ghent, 157C; Union of Utrecht and formation of Dutch Republic, 1579; declara- tion of independence; assassination of William the Silent, 1584; his character and work. d. Later history of the revolt: work of Maurice of Nassau; Queen Elizabeth and Leices- ter; the Armada, 15SS; the Twelve Tears" Truce, 1609; renewal of the war, 1621; recognition of independence, 1648; reasons for Dutch success; direct and indirect results of the " Eighty Years" War of Liberation." *Besant, Col'Kjny, chs. v, vi; ch. vii is optional. Optional reading on the Netherlands (* required uuder § 20). Beferences. SoTjRCES. — "The Dutch Declaration of Independence, 1581," in Ol'l South Leaflets, no. 72. MoDERX WoiiKs. — Motley, Rise <;l' th( Dutrh licjixhllr, Part III, ch. i, Council of Blood: ch, iv, taxes; ch. vi, Sea Beggars and capture of Brille; ch. viii, siege of Haarlem; Part IV, ch. ii, siege of Leyden; Part VI, ch. vii (last ch. in book), assassination and character of Wil- liam. Motley, Historii of the Uiiiift JS'etherlaiuIs. Blok, History of the People of the Nelherhinds, Vol. III. Hilusser, Refonnotinii, chs. xxii-xxiv. .Johnson, Ettrape in the ICth C'lituri/, ch. viii. Fisher, Reformatio)!, ch. ix. Rogers, Storn tf llollomj. Putnam, William the Silent. Cdnihri'l'je Modern Ilisfirrif, III, chs. vi, vii, xix. § 20. Recitation on *S 19, and * reading on at least one topic (or one of the chs. in Motley indicated above). *Putzger, 20, 21. § 21. The Religious Wars in Trance, 1562-1598. (Recitation.) a. The beginnings of the Reformation in France: Lefevre; Margaret of Angouleme; attitude of Francis I and the government; introduction of Calvinism. b. The religious situation under Francis II, 1559-1560: the three parties; the leaders and their motives: con- spiracy of Amboise. 15 c. The religious wars under Charles IX (1560-1574): terms of the edict of January, 1562; massacre of Vassy; retaliation of Huguenots; death of Francis of Guise; Peace of Amboise, 1563, and end of the first civil war; renewal of the war; Peace of St. Germain, 1570; the Protestant House of N'avarre; plots of Catherine de' Medici and Philip II of Spain; counter plans of Coligny and William the Silent; Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 1572; continuation of the civil wars until the Edict of Xantes, 159S. a. The life of a Huguenot in the 16th century. Gaspard de Coligny, 1517-1572: home, early training, and friends; military reforms and service in the wars of France against Charles V and Philip II; conversion; end of the war with Spain; his leadersliip in the religious wars; his murder; his char- acter and influence; comparison with his contemporaries. *Besant, CoUfjny, chs. viii-xi; * review chs. i-iii, v, vi, Beferences. Adams, Growth of the French Nation, 163-179. Johnson, Euroj^e in the 16th Century, ch. ix. Fisher, Beformation, 256-284. Guizot, Concise History of France, ch. viii. Robinson, Margaret of Angouleme. Baird, Bise of the Huguenots of France, I, ch. ii; II, ch. xviii (first half). Willert, Henry of Navarre. Vloetz, Epitome of History, S19-d2i. Cambridge Modern History, II, ch. ix; III, ch. i. Hiiusser, Beforma- tion, chs. xxvi-xxix. Kitchin, History of France, II, 317-362. La- visse et Eamband, IV, 473-506, 526-535; V, ch. iii. § 22. Hour Examination on §§1-21 {* lectures, map work, read- ing, notes, recitations, and all of Seebohm and Coligny). Ch. V. Fp.ance and the Thirty Yeaks' Wak. § 23. France under Henry IV and Marie de' Medici. (I. Characteristics of the 17th century. b. France under Henry IV, 1589-1610: the House of Bourbon; Henry of Navarre,— his early career, leadership of the Huguenots, fight for the crown (Ivry), and acceptance of Catholicism; Edict of Nantes and Treaty of Vervins, 1598; condition of France at the close of the religious wars; internal policy of Henry IV 16 and Sully, — absolutism, administrative reforms, economic advancement; colonial policy (Port Royal, 1604, Quebec, 160S) ; foreign policy and the " Great Design '' ; assassina- tion of Henry; his character and its attractiveness then and now. c. France under Marie de' Medici : the regency and the favorites; States-General, 1614; opposition of nobles and Huguenots; condition of France and political situation in Europe, 1624. * Wakeman, The Ascemlunc)/ of France, 1-7; 14-38. Optional reading on Henry of Navarre. Beferences. Source. — Sully, Memoirs, Bk. xii, xiii (export of gold and silver); xvi (manufactures); xxi, :sxv, xxvi (taxation). MoDEUN Works. — For France and Henry IV: Ranke, IliMory of France, Bks. VI, VII. Hiinsser, Reformation, ch. xxix. Guizot, Concise Ilistorij of France, ch. ix, Guizot, Popular History of France, chs. xxxv, xxxvi. Kitchin, History of Frann-, II, Bk. IV, chs. i, ii. Motley, History of the United Netherlaiats, 1, 42-52; III, ch. xxiii; III, 239-246, conversion. Willert, Henry itory of the Swedes, chs. xviii, xix. Bain, Christina, Queen of Sweden. Henderson, Short History of Germany, II, chs. i, u. Tuttle, History of Prussia, I, chs. v-vii. Carlyle, Frederick the Great, I, Bk. Ill, chs. xviii, xix. Lavisse et Rarabaud, V, chs. xvii, xviu. Erdmannsdorffer, Deutsche Geschichte, I. § 37. The formation of the Russian Empire; Peter the Great. o. Russia from the Norse to the Tartar conquest, 862-1240: geography of Russia; the Slavs,— their characteristics and settlements; conquest of "Russia" by Rurik, 862; influence of Constantinople; the Tartar conquest and the domination of the Golden Horde, 1240-1480; Tartar influ- ence on Russian character and development. 26 h. The renuion of the Russias under the Princes of Moscow, 1303-159S: origin and gradual growth of the power of the Muscovite princes; Moscow a national and religious centre; Ivan the Great (1462-1505), — overthrow of the Tartar yoke, marriage, reunion of Russian lands; Ivan the Terrible as " Czar of all the Russias.'' c. The Russian Empire in the I7th century: its oriental character; the government and society, — Czar, Boiars, Streltsi, serfs, the Church and its peculiar- ities; religious dissent; election and accession of Michael Romanof, 1613. '/. The expansion and Europeanization of Prussia under Peter the Great, 16S9-1725: struggle for the throne; travels and ambitious; struggle with Charles XII for a Russian outlet on the Baltic; bat- tles of Narva, 1700, and Poltava, 1709; fate of Cliarles XII; Peter's acquisition and loss of Azov; character of Russian expansion ; reforms of Peter the Great, — his Western friends, the new capital. Senate, Holy Synod, social changes; good and evil results of Peter's policy; his character. * Motley, Peter the Gn-dt (finish the essay). Bcferencv^. Rambaud, Popular Hiatory of Bussia, I, chs. xiii, xv; TI, chs. i-iii. Morfill, Sforij nf Pus.sin. Bain, The First Romanovs. Bain, Charles XII. Voltaire, Charles XII. Schuyler, Peter the Great, I, II. Lavisse et Rambaud, YI, xix. § 38. Recitation on * §§ 36, 37, * Wakeman, ch. xiii, and * Motley. *Putzgei', 25, 36. § 39. The Eastern Question in the 17th and 18th centuries. a. The rise of the Ottoman Empire: Othmau (d. 1326); the Ottoman Turks; Ottoman con- quests in Asia Minor and Europe; policy toward con- quered Christian populations; Janizaries; battle of Nicopolis, 1396; Mohammed II and the capture of Con- stantinople, 1453; Suleiman the Magnificent, — battle of Mohacs, siege of Vienna (1529), and victories in Egypt and the Mediterranean; general effects of Turkish con- quests; battle of Lepanto, 1571; causes of Turkish decline 27 in the early 17th century; the Ottoman government; Turkish revival in the second half of the I7th century under the Kiuprili Grand Viziers: wars with Poland; siege of Vienna, 1683; John Sobieski, King of Poland; the Peace of Carlowitz, 1699. h. The Kingdom of Poland : formation of the Polish Kingdom in the Middle Ages; Polish political and social institutions, — elective mon- archy (1572-1795), Diet and Uherinn veto, nobility, army, serfdom, religion; wars with Sweden, with the Cossacks, and with the Ottoman Turks in the 17th century. c. The Eastern Question in the ISth century and the Partitions of Poland : Russia's progress toward the Black Sea under Peter the Great (Azov, 1696-1711); Catharine II, 1762-1796; charac- ter and foreign policy; war with the Turks; the Peace of Kutschuk-Kainardji (1774) and its relation to the East- ern Question in the 19th century; Catharine's policy in Poland; First Partition of Poland, 1772; final Partitions of Poland, 1793-1795; the political morality of the 18th century. *Wakeman, ch, xii; *Putzger, 25, 38. Beferences. Cambridge Modern History, I, iii; III, iii, iv. Creasy, History of the Ottoman Turks. Freeman, The Ottoman Power in Europe. Lane- Poole, Turkey, ch. xii. Odysseus, Turkey in Europe. Henderson, Short History of Germany, II, 204-213. Rambaud, Popular History of Russia, II, ch. ix. Sorel, The Eastern Question in the ISth Century. Carlyle, Frederick the Great, Bk. XXI, chs. iii, iv. Perkins, France under Louis XV, II, ch. xxi; same in American Historical Peviciu, II, 76-92. Lavisse et Rambaud, V, xx; VI, xvi, xviii; VII, ix. § 40. Recitation on * § 39 and * reading on § 37 or § 39. * Putzger, 25, 38. Ch. VIII. The Struggle for European and Colonial Suprem- acy IN THE 18th Century. § 41. Frederick the Great and the War of the Austrian Succession. a. Beginning of the rivalry between Prussia and Austria, 1713- 1740: Charles VI and the Pragmatic Sanction; Frederick Wil- 28 liam I of Prussia, — army, policy, character; the youth of Frederick the Great. b. War of the Austrian Succession, 1740-1748: attitude of the guarantors of tlie Pragmatic Sanction; Frederick the Great (1740-1786); 'his invasion of Silesia; battle of Molhvitz, 1741; French alliance with Frederick; Belleisle's capture of Prag; election of Charles VII as Emperor; Maria Theresa's appeal to the Hungarians; Peace of Breslau and end of the First Silesian War; Maria Theresa's recapture of Prag and occupation of Ba- varia; Second Silesian War, 1744-1745, — battle of Hoheu- friedberg; the results of the war. c. Frederick in time of peace: recuperation of Prussia; Frederick's poetical and his- torical works; music and opera; Frederick at Sans Souci ; Voltaire's visit. (/. The Diplomatic Revolution, 174S-1756: Maria Theresa's aims and reforms; Kaunitz's policy; instability of France since Fleury's death; Elizabeth of Paissia and her hatred of Frederick; secret alliance of Elizabeth and Maria Theresa, 174(3; Frederick's danger- ous position in 1753; outbreak of war between Finance and England in the colonies and on the sea; Convention of Westminster, 1756, between Prussia and England; Treaties of Versailles (1756, 1757) between Austria and France; importance of the Diplomatic Revolution. * Either Longman, Frederick the Great and the Seren Years'' War, 1-40; or*Macaulay, Fredrrirk the Great, to 1748(9-41 of Maynard, Merrill edition). F'lr rifmnces s'c % 43. § 42. Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War. rt. The Seven Years' War, or Third Silesian War, 1756-1763: Frederick's occupation of Saxony; the campaign of 1757, — Rossbach, Leuthen; Zorndorf, 1758; death of the Emjiress Elizabeth and the accession of Catharine II in Russia; England's desertion of Frederick; end of the Seven Years' War, 1763. b. Frederick's later years, 1763-1786: his peace policy; alliance with Catharine II; First Par- tition of Poland, 1772; opposition to ambition of Joseph II of Austria; revival of German Literature in Fred- erick's time; Frederick's character and death, 1786; Frederick a national German hero. 29 c. The Enlightened Despots of the iSth century: Frederick II, Catharine II, and Joseph II as types of enlightened despots; their place in history; relations with philosophers and men of letters; treatment of serfdom; legal and judicial reforms; encouragement of industry and commerce; education, learning, and freedom of the press; religious scepticism and auti-Roman Catholic measures; services of the enlightened despots. * Either Longman, Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' llV/r, 40-G5; 75-04; or *Macaulay, Frederick the Great, to 1756 (41-74 of Maynard, Merrill edition). References. Carlyle, Frederick the Great, Bk. VII, chs. v-vii; Bk. XII, ch. x; Bk. XV, chs. ix, x; Bk. XVIII, ch. viii; Bk. XXI, ch. ix. Long- man, Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War, chs. i-xi. Tuttle, History of Prussia, I, ch. x; II, viii; III, v. Henderson, Short History of Germany, II, chs. iii-v. Lavisse, The Youth of Frederick the Great. Bright, Maria Theresa, chs. i, ii. Bright, Joseph II, chs. iii. vi. Ranke, History of Prussia, Bk. II, ch. viii; Bk. V, ch. v; Bk. IX, ch. viii. Lecky, History of England in the ISth Century, ch. vii. Sorel, The Eastern Question in the ISth Century. Perkins, France under Louis XV, I, ch. v; II, xii. Hassall, The Balance of Poiver, 1715-1789, ch. viii. Francke, Social Forces in German Literature, 265-300. Koser, Friedrich der Grosse. Lavisse et Ranibaud, VII, xix. § 43. Recitation on *5j§ 41, 42; n)id dthcr * Longman, 106- 135, 227-232, -r * Macaulay to end of essay. * Outline map, showing territories of France and Prussia in 1786 and indicating gains of each since 1713. (.SVcPutzger, 25", 26%24.) § 44. The Expansion of England. a. The relation between commerce, colonies, and sea-power; connection between the continental and colonial wars of the 18th century; the "Second Hundred Years' War between England and France " ; English colonial policy compared with that of Holland, Spain, and France. b. The struggle for India: races and religions in India; the English East India Company, 1600; early settlements and policy of the Company; French settlements at Pondicherri, 1674; Dupleix and his policy; the Sepoys; struggle of the 30 French to secure the Madras coast, 1746-1763; the Peace of Paris and restoration of Pondicherri, 1763; why Fi'ance lost control of the Madras coast; the "Black Hole" of Calcutta; Clive and the battle of Plassey, 1757; change in the character and policy of the English East India Company; Warren Hastings. c. The struggle for Nortli America: character and motives of the English settlers; conflicts of the English with the Dutch on the Hudson, with the Spanish in Florida, with the French on the north to 1713; English acquisitions at the treaty of Utrecht; the "Sec- ond Hundred Years' War between England and France" {see § 31, d); Peace of Paris and expulsion of the French from North America, 1763; the American Revolution; alliance of France with the Americans; England's loss of her thirteen colonies, 17S3. (?. English expansion in the West Indies, Australia, and the Pacific islands. * Reading from one of the following references. Beferences. Seeley, E.r}i/ EtigUaul, ch. iv, or vi, or vii; or Course II, chs. iii, vi. Robinson, WeKteni Europe, ch. xxxiii. Mahan, Influence oj Sea Poioer upon Ili'^tory, ch. viii. Perkins, France under Louis XF, I, chs. ix, x. Malleson, History of the Fretich in India. Macaulay, Essays on. Clii-e, II((stings, Chatham. Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe, I, ch. i; II, ch. xxvii. Parkman, Conspiracy of Ponfiac, chs. ii, iii. Fiske, Critical Period, ch. i. Channing, United States of America, ch. iii. Lecky (ed. Woodburn), Americaji Bevolution, 1-61 (or in ch. xi of Lecky, History of England in the 18th Century). Green, Short History of the English Peopde, ch. x, section ii. Longman, Frederick the Great and the Seven Years'' War, chs. xii, xiii, xv^ Traill, Social England, Y, 180-207. Egerton, Short History of British Colonial Policy, 114- 169. Lavisse et Rambaud, YII, ch. vi. Trevelyan, American Bevolu- tion, ch. ii. Duruy, History