PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY, 
 
 HUMAN NATURE: 
 
 THE EVOLUTION OE MIND AND ITS 
 INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 BY / 
 
 J. STANLEY GRIMES, 
 
 AUTHOR OF "PROBLEMS OF CREATION" AND "MYSTERIES OF THE HEAD AND HEART.' 
 
 
 iladelphia: 
 
 p] 
 
 J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY. 
 1893. 
 
 V 
 
•Get 
 
 Copyright, 1S92, 
 
 BY 
 
 J. Stanley Grimes 
 
 Printed by J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia. 
 
/ 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Section I. — Introduction 5 
 
 II. — Evolution of the Mind and its Instruments 16 
 
 III.— Origin of Brains 19 
 
 IV.— The Triserial Evolution of the Mental 
 
 Organs ....... 24 
 
 V. — The Central Organ of Consciousness and 
 
 Will ....... 33 
 
 VI.— Moral Physiology and the Tri-Potent Will 36 
 VII. — The Kelations of the Propensities and the 
 
 Heart to each other 39 
 
 VIII.— Ordinary Sleep ...... 42 
 
 IX. — The Machinery of Man .... 45 
 
 X.— Playfulness 49 
 
 XI. — Unbalanced Brains 52 
 
 XII. — Mesmerism and Hypnotism ... 55 
 
 XIII.— Alcoholism 60 
 
 XIV. — Mind-Cures and Christian Science . . 64 
 
PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The world is in great need of a reliable science of 
 human nature. This want is especially felt by the clergy, 
 the educators, the lawyers, and the physicians. The 
 so-called sciences of psychology, phrenology, and physi- 
 ology, as hitherto understood, are merely so many frag- 
 ments of a science of mind. It requires but little sagacity 
 to discover that some essential parts are wanting. This 
 essay is designed to supply the missing links that are 
 needed to form a complete chain. It must, however, 
 be regarded by the reader as merely an outline and 
 abstract of subjects the full discussion and illustration 
 of which would require a very large volume. 
 
 One of the main principles insisted on in this essay is 
 that all mental operations are dependent upon material 
 organs, and that to understand the mind and its mani- 
 festations we must become acquainted with the machinery 
 by which its functions are performed. 
 
 The almost universal belief that the mind is an im- 
 material spirit is neither sanctioned by science nor by 
 the Bible. It originated before science was born, among 
 
6 PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 half-civilized people, and when all natural phenomena 
 not understood were ascribed to invisible and capricious 
 gods or spirits. 
 
 Three hundred years before Christ, Aristotle wrote 
 the first treatise on the mind. As he knew nothing of 
 the uses of the nerves or the brain, he was forced to 
 draw all his knowledge of the mind from his own 
 internal consciousness, which he assumed to be a spirit. 
 His system and method, with unessential modifications,' 
 has been taught, under the names of psychology and 
 mental philosophy, more than a thousand years, in all 
 our higher institutions of learning. It is a science of 
 the mind with the organs of the mind left out. 
 
 We might with as much propriety pretend to have 
 a science of the functions of the body founded upon our 
 sensations alone, and the bodily organs left out. In- 
 deed, that is all that the world had until very lately. It 
 is only within the last two hundred years that physicians 
 have had a science of physiology that was of any prac- 
 tical use. Even now they are utterly destitute of a 
 physiology of mind. One hundred years ago no one but 
 Dr. Gall suspected that insanity was a disease, or that 
 idiocy was caused by defects of the brain. A maniac was 
 regarded as a person who was " possessed" by an evil or 
 malicious spirit that had ousted the lawful mind. In- 
 stead of a physician, a priest was summoned to sprinkle 
 the patient with holy water, and to command the demon, 
 in the name of the Trinity, to depart. Hysteria and 
 other diseases, which we now know to be of the nature 
 of mesmerism and hypnotism, were attributed to witch- 
 
PHKENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 7 
 
 craft. Tens of thousands of innocent Christian people 
 were burned to death for bewitching their neighbors. 
 
 In New England, Cotton Mather, a graduate of Har- 
 vard, and a really pious divine, sanctioned the execution 
 of several citizens for witchcraft. Lord Chief Justice 
 Hale, one of the ablest and purest judges of England, 
 condemned several old women to be burned to death for 
 the same offence. It was only with the greatest difficulty 
 that Kepler, the celebrated astronomer, prevented his 
 mother from being executed as a witch. Modern spirit- 
 ism, which has run like wild-fire through all Christen- 
 dom, was the same delusion in a different form. It had 
 its beginning at my lectures in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., in 
 1843. Among the persons who attended and became 
 mesmerized was Andrew Jackson Davis. He and his 
 friends asserted that he was influenced and inspired by 
 spirits. It was in vain that I protested against their 
 folly. They went to New York City, where in 1848 
 they were joined by the Fox girls. The only thing 
 wonderful in the whole matter was the boundless cre- 
 dulity of the thousands who believed that they commu- 
 nicated with spirits. 
 
 Among the converts were some men of distinguished 
 ability and learning, — judges, philosophers, and clergy- 
 men, — including Professor Hare, Robert Owen, Robert 
 Dale Owen, Rev. John Pierpont, Judge Edmonds, and 
 Professors Wallace and Crooks, of England. 
 
 I became greatly interested in the phenomena of mes- 
 merism and spiritism, for the reason that they demon- 
 strated the utter ignorance of philosophers concerning 
 
8 PH RENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 the mechanism of mind. They assumed that mental 
 forces are entirely distinct from all the physical forces. 
 This unphilosophical idea is assumed, if not asserted, to 
 be true in all the systems of mental philosophy used in 
 our universities. Even when psychologists introduce 
 some of the facts lately discovered by physiologists, they 
 represent them as of secondary importance, and as sub- 
 servient to the immaterial spirit. In England, Drs. 
 Carpenter, Kirk, and Paget, though learned and emi- 
 nent physiologists, have insisted that the higher powers 
 of the mind are independent of all bodily organs. 
 
 It is possible that they made these concessions from 
 deference to the overwhelming theological authorities by 
 which they were surrounded. But it is an interesting 
 fact that neither the Old nor the New Testament sanc- 
 tions this opinion. The Bible in no instance represents 
 the mind of the individual as separate from his body. 
 In the resurrection of Lazarus, of Christ, and of the 
 saints during the crucifixion, the bodies were raised 
 along with the minds. 
 
 The early Christians borrowed and adopted the theory 
 of immaterial spirits from the heathen Greeks and the 
 Orientals; they did not derive it from their own sacred 
 Scriptures. It is now an established scientific fact that 
 no force exists separate from matter. No force in any 
 form can pass through an empty space, however narrow. 
 Mental force is no exception to this law. It can exist 
 only in material bodies, and can pass from one place 
 or thing to another only through or by means of some 
 intervening body. 
 
PHKENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 9 
 
 In 1786, Dr. F. J. Gall, an Austrian physician, an- 
 nounced, in Vienna, that he had discovered a large 
 number of mental organs in the brain. He thus became 
 the father of mental physiology. No one had pre- 
 viously taught that the faculties of the mind have ma- 
 terial organs, or that the brain is the instrument of the 
 mind. The Austrian clergy complained to the em- 
 peror, and procured a decree that prevented Dr. Gall 
 from lecturing or otherwise publishing his discoveries. 
 
 In 1807 he settled in Paris, and although, under 
 Napoleon, he was allowed to publish and advocate his 
 doctrines, the influences of the government, the acad- 
 smy, and the church were all against him. He made 
 2on verts of some of the physicians, but he died in 1828 
 without his merits being acknowledged by any learned 
 institution. 
 
 Spurzheim, who was the pupil and for a time the 
 partner of Gall, improved his nomenclature, and added 
 several newly-discovered organs, the most important of 
 which were Hope and Justice or Conscientiousness, but 
 be did not otherwise essentially advance the new science. 
 Grail and Spurzheim discovered the locations and func- 
 :ions of nearly all the organs now recognized, but they 
 lid no more. They left the science in a crude and 
 imperfect condition. It was like astronomy before the 
 discovery of the law of gravitation. 
 
 I commenced the study of the subject in 1832, when 
 Spurzheim closed his earthly career in Boston, Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 During the sixty years that have passed since then I 
 
10 PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 have succeeded, by continual investigation, in making 
 the following additions : 
 
 1. My first advance was the discovery that the men- 
 tal organs in the brains of animals and of man are 
 evolved in three series from the body, and that they 
 are arranged in each series in the order of their creation, 
 — the intellectual series in the forehead, the ipseal or 
 selfish series on the side of the head, and the social 
 series on the back and crown of the head. 
 
 To appreciate this classification it should be compared 
 with the classifications of Spurzheim, Combe, and the 
 other phrenologists, from which it differs in being 
 nature's own division and arrangement. 
 
 2. The second advance was the discovery that the 
 mental organs at the base of the brain are arranged 
 from the anterior to the posterior, in the same order and 
 relative positions as are the organs of the body which 
 they represent. 
 
 3. The third advance was the suggestion that the 
 mental organs of many of the lower animals are en- 
 closed in the nerves of sensation, and that when the 
 higher animals were created the mental organs were 
 transferred to the skull to form the brain. 
 
 4. The fourth advance was that there is a single cen- 
 tral organ of consciousness and will located in the ob- 
 longata, at the base of the brain, and that all the mental 
 organs and nerves of sensation converge to this centre 
 to produce consciousness, will, and voluntary motion. 
 
 5. The fifth advance was the discovery that each pro- 
 pensity, whether an ipseal or a social, is either an im- 
 
PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 11 
 
 pulsive force or a restrictive force, and that the will is 
 in all cases composed of three forces, — an impulsive, a 
 restrictive, and a directive. These three must combine 
 ;o produce a voluntary act. 
 
 6. The sixth was that when any propensity is excited 
 t acts on the heart and arteries and varies the circula- 
 ;ion. An impulsive, when excited, increases the circu- 
 lation, and a restrictive, when excited, moderates it. 
 rhe intellect does not vary the circulation. 
 
 7. The seventh was that ordinary sleep is an econom- 
 ical provision, instituted in the interest of the digestive 
 system, to prevent the unnecessary expenditure of nour- 
 shment. 
 
 8. The eighth was that mesmerism or hypnotism is 
 i half sleeping and dreaming state of mind, caused by 
 ;he conforming restrictive propensities when they are so 
 nuch excited as to unbalance the brain and moderate 
 Its circulation. 
 
 9. The ninth was that alcohol poisons and paralyzes 
 ;he restrictive moral propensities and their nerves, and 
 lets loose the impulsives to act without restraint. 
 
 10. The tenth was that mind-cures are produced by 
 mpressions on the conforming organs of persons who 
 ire suffering from imaginary diseases, or whose minds 
 ixaggerate their ails. 
 
 The critical reader will discover that the most impor- 
 ant discoveries which I have made in mental science are : 
 
 1. That there are three series of mental organs, 
 evolved from the body and related to it in function : 
 ;hey are the ipseal, the social, and the intellectual. 
 
12 PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 2. That the same organs represent three classes of moral 
 forces, — the impulsive, the restrictive, and the directive. 
 
 3. That there is a central organ of consciousness and 
 will, to which all the mental organs and all the nerves 
 of sensation converge. 
 
 4. That the impulsives increase the action of the heart 
 and arteries, and that the restrictives diminish the action. 
 
 All my other discoveries relating to mesmerism, 
 hypnotism, spiritism, and alcoholism were the natural 
 offspring of the first four. When the normal functions 
 were known it was easy to discover the effects of their 
 derangements. 
 
 The reader will naturally inquire how it happened 
 that I made these advances in mental science, while 
 others, who appear to have had equal advantages, have 
 made none. Perhaps it will seem less remarkable when 
 it is known that I have devoted sixty years to the subject, 
 without the slightest regard to pecuniary considerations. 
 It may also be stated that my first discovery pointed the 
 way and led me to the others, just as the discovery of 
 part of the skeleton of an unknown animal suggests the 
 existence of the other parts. In 1832, when Spurzheim 
 died in my native city of Boston, after having been in 
 the country only three months, the agitation of the sub- 
 ject led me to investigate his system of phrenology. 
 
 It was not long before I satisfied myself, by examin- 
 ing a large number of crania, that nearly all the mental 
 organs announced by Gall and Spurzheim actually ex- 
 isted. I also found, after a careful analysis, that as a 
 scientific system phrenology was defective. 
 
PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 13 
 
 The division of the organs by Spurzheim into animal 
 propensities and moral sentiments was arbitrary and 
 artificial, and the functions of some of the organs were 
 improperly defined. After a thorough study, I dis- 
 covered that the organs are evolved from the base of 
 the brain in three series, which I named the ipseals, 
 socials, and intellectuals. In 1838 I published a 
 " New System of Phrenology." After a violent con- 
 troversy among the phrenological authors and lecturers, 
 the subject was referred to the Phrenological Society of 
 Albany, N. Y. The Hon. Rufus W. Peckham, now one 
 of the judges of the Supreme Court, was the attorney- 
 general of New York. He was chairman of the meeting 
 of members that was called to consider the matter. By 
 his casting vote he decided that a committee of seven 
 should be appointed to examine the new system and 
 report to the society. Professor E. N. Horsford (now 
 of Cambridge, Mass.) then resided in Albany and was 
 made chairman of the committee. After keeping the 
 matter before them for six weeks, the committee re- 
 ported unanimously in favor of the new system. Mr. 
 O. S. Fowlerj who was ambitious to occupy the highest 
 place as the successor of Spurzheim, was the editor 
 and proprietor of a Phrenological Journal. He had a 
 long article published in his journal against the new 
 system. But when the society adopted Horsford's re- 
 port and ordered it to be printed, he refused to allow it 
 to be published in the journal. This was in 1840, and 
 during all these years I have had nothing to do with 
 the journal nor with the various practical phrenologists 
 2 
 
14 PHEENO- PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 who have travelled from New York through the coun- 
 try. Although they have not advanced the science, nor 
 done anything to make it more acceptable to the higher 
 classes of scholars, they have done a great deal to con- 
 vince the people generally that phrenology has a basis 
 in truth, and in this manner they have opened the way 
 for the introduction of a more perfect system. 
 
 The study of the three series of mental organs nat- 
 urally suggested the theory that the lowest organs of 
 each series were created first, and the highest last. 
 
 In 1850 I published in Boston a volume entitled 
 " Phreno-Geology," in which I endeavored to prove that 
 mental organs were evolved and added one after another 
 as the continents rose higher, and thus, by presenting 
 new scenery and producing new conditions, rendered 
 new faculties necessary. In that book I advocated the 
 same principles that Mr. Charles Darwin published 
 eight years afterwards. It was the first essay ever pub- 
 lished on theistic evolution. It was received in New 
 England with the greatest disfavor by all parties. The 
 sceptics objected to it for the reason that it recognized 
 the existence of a personal creator, and the Puritans be- 
 cause I denied that the creation was accomplished in six 
 literal clays. Thirty years afterwards I had a new edi- 
 tion printed from the same stereotype plates in Chicago, 
 under the title of " The Problems of Creation," nearly 
 all of which was destroyed by a fire. But the stereo- 
 type plates were saved, and are now in the vault of 
 the Lakeside Printing Company of R. R. Donnelly & 
 Sons, Chicago. 
 
PHEENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 15 
 
 While examining and comparing the brains and ner- 
 vous systems of animals, to learn the manner in which 
 mental organs were evolved, I discovered that in all ani- 
 mals that have nerves there is a central organ of con- 
 sciousness and will. 
 
 In animals that have brains this central organ is in 
 the oblongata, the part that connects the brain with the 
 spinal cord. 
 
 In 1838, after I had published the " New System of 
 Phrenology," I witnessed for the first time some experi- 
 ments in mesmerism, and I at once suspected that mes- 
 merism was in some way connected with phrenology. 
 I reasoned thus : phrenology is certainly true, and should 
 therefore furnish explanations of all the phenomena of 
 mind. But here is a wonderful manifestation that all 
 the sciences fail to reach. Phrenology is therefore still 
 imperfect, or it would explain mesmerism. After sev- 
 eral years of further study and experimenting I ascer- 
 tained that all the propensities are either impulsives or 
 restrictives, and that three of the conforming propensi- 
 ties are restrictives. When those three were excited by 
 the mesmeric process they checked the circulation of the 
 blood to such a degree as to produce a kind of emotional 
 sleep or hypnotism. They also produced coldness of 
 the hands, tremulousness of the body, and frequency of 
 the pulse. The reader will now perceive that my first 
 discovery (of the tri-serial evolution of the mental 
 organs) led me on step by step, until I succeeded in 
 solving all the mysteries of mesmerism, hypnotism, 
 alcoholism, and mind-cures. 
 
16 PHRENO- PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 EVOLUTION OF THE MIND AND ITS INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 In another essay entitled " Kosmonomia" I have sug- 
 gested the theory that assimilation was the first function 
 performed by nature in the creation of worlds. It is 
 certainly the first performed by all organized beings. 
 The crystal, which is beautifully organized, asssimilates 
 materials until it grows to a certain size, and any surplus 
 material goes to form other crystals. We may assume 
 that the lowest and simplest organisms were created 
 first. Plants differ from crystals in receiving their 
 nourishing materials internally, and assimilating them 
 there. The surplus materials are also assimilated inter- 
 nally, and are then excluded in the form of new-born 
 plants. This internal process in plants and animals 
 causes the offspring to inherit all the peculiarities of 
 the parent. The law of heredity was thus enacted at 
 the very beginning of organic creation. It is a question 
 how far organic progress would have been possible 
 without this hereditary principle. 
 
 The simplest and first created plants and animals do 
 not seem to differ in sex. The evolution of sex did not 
 occur until a second stage of organic creation. The 
 higher plants are male and female. The difference of 
 
PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 17 
 
 sex doubtless existed in a latent condition in the first 
 created plants and animals, but the visible forms that 
 distinguish the sexes were not yet evolved. It appears 
 to be a universal law, that if a single mass or organ is 
 forced to perform two different functions it tends to 
 divide into two parts, one of the parts performing one 
 function and the other part a different function. This 
 is the key to many of the facts in evolution, especially 
 the evolution of the human brain. 
 
 Plants needed air, light, water, and sexual mates, and 
 if what they wanted did not come in contact with them 
 they perished. In what we will term the third stage of 
 organic progress, mind was evolved. Some plants became 
 conscious of "their wants, and also of the existence and lo- 
 cation externally of the things wanted. At the same time 
 they could move some of their parts to gain what they 
 perceived that they wanted. These additional endow- 
 ments changed some plants to animals that had the very 
 same wants as plants, and no others. They were merely 
 conscious moving plants ; though by their movements 
 they proved that they possessed some degree of mind, they 
 had no visible mental organs. The amoeba, or jelly-fish, 
 is an example of this kind of organless animals, that move 
 in such a manner as to prove that they are conscious. 
 
 In what we will term the fourth stage of organic 
 progress a mental and motor apparatus was evolved, the 
 simplicity of which is admirable and instructive. Let 
 us describe it. 
 
 1. There is a small central mass of nerve-matter that 
 serves as an organ of consciousness and will. 
 b 2* 
 
18 PHKENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 2. There are nerve-cords that extend like telegraph- 
 wires from the bodily organs that are in want to the 
 central phrene, or organ of consciousness and will, to 
 make the wants known there, and to impel to a move- 
 ment to obtain what is wanted. 
 
 3. There are nerve-cords that extend from the exter- 
 nal senses to the conscious centre, to give information of 
 the external existence of the things wanted. 
 
 4. There are nerve-cords that extend from the central 
 organ of consciousness and will to the limbs and mus- 
 cles, to transmit the force that produces the voluntary 
 motions required to gain what is wanted, or to avoid 
 that which appears to be injurious. 
 
 This is all the mental mechanism that the lowest 
 animals possess. There are no brains or other visible 
 mental organs. More than ninety-nine in a hundred 
 of the animals in the world are brainless. They have 
 
PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 1 9 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 ORIGIN OF BRAINS. 
 
 The animals that have brains, the vertebrates, are 
 included in four classes, — fishes, reptiles, birds, and 
 mammals. 
 
 There is a general opinion that animals with brains 
 are mentally superior to those that are brainless. But 
 there are many animals without brains — bees, ants, 
 spiders — that manifest more mentality than oxen, sheep, 
 or whales, that have them large. The theory that seems 
 most reasonable, in view of all the facts, is that the 
 nerves of sensation, which are all really mental organs, 
 though of the lowest rank, contain, inclosed and con- 
 cealed, a number of special mental organs that perform 
 for the brainless animals the same functions that brains 
 do for the animals that possess them.* It thus appears 
 that mental organs were not first made in brains, but in 
 nerves of sensation in the invertebrates, and that in the 
 higher animals, created afterwards, they were transferred 
 from the nerves and the body to the skull, and collected 
 there to form the brain. This theory is confirmed by 
 
 * There are good reasons for believing that the intellect was evolved 
 from the external senses ; the ipseals from the pneurnogastric 
 nerve ; the socials from the spinal cord. 
 
20 PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 the fact that the lowest vertebrated animals, fishes and 
 reptiles, have very large ganglia, or swellings on their 
 nerves of sensation, but none on the nerves of motion. 
 In higher animals these ganglia become smaller and 
 smaller as brains become larger, until in man they are 
 insignificant. This fact indicates that the transfer of 
 the mental organs from the body to the brain was grad- 
 ual, and was not completed until the human brain was 
 developed. It may be added that the lowest vertebrates, 
 especially reptiles, manifest something very much like 
 the lingering remains of mentality when their heads 
 have been cut off; but the higher animals and man, 
 when the brain is destroyed, exhibit no such symptoms. 
 This theory is further confirmed by the fact that some 
 other functions and organs are transferred in a similar 
 manner. For example : insects respire by means of 
 pores in the skin, but in higher animals the respiratory 
 organs are collected in the chest and form the lungs. 
 
 CORRESPONDENCE OP POSITIONS. 
 
 There is a remarkable correspondence of the relative 
 positions of the mental organs at the base of the brain 
 with the organs of the body. The mental organs at the 
 base of the anterior lobe of the brain correspond in 
 function with the external senses that are located in 
 the head, the anterior part of the body. The mental 
 organs at the base of the middle lobes of the brain 
 correspond in function with the digestive organs that 
 are located in the middle of the body. The mental 
 organs at the base of the posterior lobe of the brain 
 
PHRENO- PHYSIOLOGY. 21 
 
 correspond in function with the organs of the body in 
 the posterior (in man the lowest) part of the body, that 
 are related to offspring. This remarkable correspond- 
 ence harmonizes with the theory that the mental or- 
 gans were created first in the body in the lowest animals, 
 and were afterwards transferred to the brain, retaining 
 the same relative positions in all their stages, — in the 
 oblongata, in the striatum, in the thalamus, in the cere- 
 bellum, and in the cerebral lobes. 
 
 This correspondence aids, in doubtful cases, in learn- 
 ing the functions of the parts at the base of the brain. 
 I regard the bodily organs, the oblongata, the ganglia 
 at the base of the brain, and the cerebral lobes as so 
 many different stages of development of the same func- 
 tions and organs. The mental organs may be compared 
 to three trees that have their roots in the bodily organs, 
 and their highest branches in the upper parts of the 
 brain.* 
 
 INVOLUTION AND SEEDS. 
 
 The word evolution, when applied to organisms, im- 
 plies expansion and extension, or putting forth. Involu- 
 
 * Two German physiologists, Freitz and Nitzig, have succeeded 
 in exciting different parts of the brains of animals by means of 
 electricity. These experiments have been repeated by Dr. Ferrier 
 of London, and by Dr. Flint of New York. They have shed no 
 light on mental science, but they have demonstrated the fact first 
 announced by Gall, that different parts of the brain perform differ- 
 ent functions. I am confident that means will yet be found to 
 excite all the organs of the human brain and demonstrate their 
 functions. When this can be done, insanity will be deprived of 
 more than half its terrors, and mental physiology be perfected. 
 
22 PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 tion, on the contrary, implies condensation, contraction, 
 and coiling inward. There is truth in the saying that 
 the acorn contains the whole oak. It is said that all 
 organisms come from seeds or eggs. But the very lowest 
 and first-created organisms do not produce seeds. They 
 reproduce by merely repeating themselves. One grows 
 and another grows out of it without the intervention of 
 any seed. When a plant that produces seeds becomes 
 mature, its extreme parts, instead of extending farther, 
 become contracted more and more, and coil in on them- 
 selves so as to occupy the least possible space. A seed 
 contains all the essential parts or elements of the parent, 
 so that, when placed where the conditions are favorable, 
 it can evolve organs by means of stimulus and nutrition. 
 This law holds good in animals and men. Each indi- 
 vidual grows to maturity, and then the surplus material 
 concentrates and recoils and forms seeds. 
 
 It seems that every part of the parent sends represen- 
 tatives of itself to form each seed. This is proved by 
 the fact that each part of the offspring resembles the 
 corresponding part in the parent and in both parents. 
 The mulatto resembles both the black and the white 
 parent. 
 
 The organs of plants expand and evolve in the spring 
 and summer, and their extremities coil up in autumn. 
 Possibly the changes of the seasons were the primitive 
 causes of the formation and concentration of seeds. The 
 habit, being acquired and continued through thousands 
 of generations, is now permanent. All of what we 
 term nature is merely representative of the past. It is 
 
PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 23 
 
 therefore only by means of natural history that we can 
 really understand anything concerning the mind. It 
 has grown by successive stages during an unknwn num- 
 ber of generations. 
 
 "We have another illustration of our theory in the fact 
 that a disease of one part in the parent is transmitted to 
 the same part in the offspring. This is true even in 
 cases in which the disease was acquired by the parent 
 after maturity. In cases of " marked" children the 
 mental shock of the mother, on seeing a wounded or 
 lame person or animal, is transmitted immediately to the 
 offspring. This indicates that the mind of the mother 
 causes a change in the same part of her own person, and 
 that the change is transmitted from the mother to the 
 corresponding part in the offspring. All these facts 
 prove that the offspring are composed of the representa- 
 tive parts of both parents. 
 
24 PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 THE TEI-SERIAL EVOLUTION OF THE MENTAL OEGANS. 
 
 The body performs three kinds of functions, an ip- 
 seal, a social, and an intellectual, each of which has a 
 local department of its own. The nutritive or ipseal 
 department is in the middle of the body. The social 
 department is in the lower (in animals the posterior) 
 part of the body, and the intellectual department (the 
 external senses) is in the anterior part of the body. In 
 the brain, also, the ipseals are in the middle, the socials 
 in the posterior, and the intellectuals in the anterior. 
 
 The lowest and first-created organs of each series are 
 located at the base of the brain, and each higher suc- 
 ceeding organ is higher in rank and in the order of 
 creation. 
 
 The propensities, whether ipseal or social, are all of 
 them either impulsives or restrict! ves. In the follow- 
 ing catalogues the impulsives are printed in small capi- 
 tals and the restrictives in italics. 
 
 In studying the nature of any organ of the brain the 
 question is whether it is an intellectual, an ipseal, or a 
 social ; then whether it is an impulsive or a restrictive ; 
 and, finally, what is its rank in its series. 
 
PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 25 
 
 The ipseal propensities are in the side of the head, enclosed in 
 double lines. The social propensities are in the back and crown 
 of the head. The intellectual organs are in the forehead. 
 
 The organs of Locality, Time, Tune, Form, and Size are left 
 out of the following catalogue, for the reason that they are not 
 fully proved. 
 
26 
 
 PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 INTELLECTUALS, in the forehead. 
 
 Obs. — Observation. 
 Wt.— Weight. 
 C— Color. 
 O.— Order. 
 
 N. — Number. 
 
 Words. — Language. 
 Ev. — Eventuality. 
 Com. — Comparison. 
 Cau. — Causality. 
 
 IPSEALS, in the side of the head. 
 
 Al. — Alimentiveness. 
 San. — Sanativeness. 
 Des. — Destructiveness. 
 Comb. — Combativeness. 
 Sec. — Secretiveness. 
 Caut. — Cautiousness. 
 
 Con. — CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 
 
 Acq. — Acquisitiveness. 
 Exp. — Experimentiveness. 
 Per. — Perfectiveness. 
 H. — Hopefulness. 
 
 SOCIALS, in the back and crown of the head. 
 
 Em. — Firmness. 
 
 Eqt. — Equity. 
 
 Sub. — Submiss ivetiess. 
 
 Am. — Amativeness. 
 Pa. — Parentiveness. 
 In. — Inhabitiveness. 
 Ad. — Adhesiveness. 
 Imp. — Imperativeness. 
 App. — Approbativeness, 
 
 K. — Kindness. 
 Imt. — Imitativeness. 
 Cre. — Credenciveness. 
 
 THE IPSEAL OR SELFISH SERIES. 
 
 THE CORPOREAL RANGE. 
 
 1. Alimentiveness. — The propensity to obtain and 
 appropriate food. Its activity is so much dependent on 
 the condition of the body that it is only in extreme cases 
 that any opinion can be given concerning it. I fre- 
 quently find it large on caterers and restaurant-keepers. 
 
 2. Sanativeness. — To avoid personal injury and dis- 
 ease, and to be alarmed by slight symptoms and ails. 
 
PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 27 
 
 BELLIGERENT RANGE. 
 
 3. Destructiveness. — The tiger propensity. It 
 produces quick temper and a tendency to injure another 
 by words or acts immediately. 
 
 4. Combativeness. — The propensity to contend, dis- 
 pute, controvert. 
 
 PRUDENTIAL RANGE. 
 
 5. Secretiveness. — To conceal intentions until a good 
 opportunity presents. 
 
 6. Cautiousness. — To endeavor to foresee difficulties, 
 to hesitate, and avoid danger. 
 
 INDUSTRIAL RANGE. 
 
 7. Constructiveness. — To work with the hands in 
 labor or mechanical business. It gives a love of the 
 study of material things rather than things metaphys- 
 ical. 
 
 8. Acquisitiveness. — To accumulate property for 
 future use. It gives a love of mercantile business. 
 
 IMPROVING RANGE. 
 
 9. Inventiveness or Experimentiveness. — Sometimes er- 
 roneously called Mirthfulness. Tendency to try experi- 
 ments or to do work in a new manner to save labor or 
 to avoid difficulty. 
 
 10. Ornateness, or Perfediveness, or Ideality. — The 
 tendency to ornament or beautify work or speech or 
 literary composition. 
 
 1 1 . Hopefulness. — Tendency to act con fidently with 
 
28 PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 reference to the future. To risk, to venture, or take 
 chances. To be cheerful under depressing circumstances. 
 It will be seen that these ipseal propensities do 
 nothing directly for others, unless forced to do so by the 
 dominating influence of one or more of the social pro- 
 pensities. 
 
 THE SOCIAL SERIES. 
 
 DOMESTIC GROUP. 
 
 I. Amativeness. — Sexual love. 
 
 II. Parentiveness. — Parental love. 
 
 III. Inhabitiveness. — Love of home. Incidentally it 
 produces a disposition to continue to think and talk on 
 a particular theme instead of rambling. 
 
 IV. Adhesiveness. — Attachment and adhesion and de- 
 pendence upon parents and friends, especially when 
 young or weak and helpless. 
 
 GOVERNING GROUP. 
 
 V. Imperativeness. — To command, to govern, to 
 assume superiority ; sometimes called Self-esteem. 
 
 VI. Approbativeness. — Propensity to gain prefer- 
 ence, applause, popularity. 
 
 VII. Firmness. — Propensity to resist change and 
 maintain a position once assumed in spite of persuasion 
 or even self-interest. 
 
 VIII. Justice, Equity. — Erroneously termed Consci- 
 entiousness. Propensity to speak and act impartially 
 and justly. 
 
PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 29 
 
 CONFORMING GROUP. 
 
 IX. Submissiveness, Reverence, Veneration. — Propen- 
 sity to submit, obey, respect, and conform to others, and 
 admit their superiority. 
 
 X. Kindness. — To be philanthropic and kind to all 
 persons, and especially to strangers who have no claim 
 on us. To extend acquaintance, and to be liberal and 
 tolerant. 
 
 XI. Imitativeness, Sympathy. — To conform to the 
 manners of others and consider their feelings, and to 
 sympathize with them. It gives a tendency to study 
 the characters, feelings, and dispositions of others, and 
 to study human nature in general. 
 
 XII. Credeneiveness, or Wonder, or Marvellousness. — ■ 
 To believe and to adopt the assertions of others, and 
 assume that they are true. It gives a disposition to 
 listen and learn from others, to read and to believe what 
 is said or written. This valuable propensity is liable to 
 very great abuses by producing a love of the wonderful 
 and marvellous, and a tendency to superstition and men- 
 tal slavery. Its proper function is to believe the truth 
 and to learn from the experiences of others what we can- 
 not learn otherwise. 
 
 INTELLECTUAL OKGANS. 
 
 Individuality. — Faculty of noticing things superficially and re- 
 membering them. 
 
 Form (?). — Memory of forms. 
 
 Size (?). — Perception and memory of distances and dimensions. 
 Weight. — Perception and memory of weight, resistance, force. 
 Color. — Perception and memory of colors. 
 3* 
 
30 PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 Order. — Perception and memory of relative positions and ar- 
 rangements. 
 
 Number. — Perception and memory of numbers and combinations 
 of numbers. 
 
 Words. — Perception and memory of sounds tbat constitute 
 words. 
 
 Locality (?). — Perception and memory of directions. 
 
 Eventuality. — Perception and memory of actions, events, stories. 
 
 Tune (?). — Perception and memory of tunes. 
 
 Tune (?). — Perception and memory of time. 
 
 Comparison. — Perception and memory of resemblances and of 
 differences. It gives discrimination and quick practical judgment 
 to those who have had experience in any particular matter. 
 
 Causality. — Perception and memory of connections and relations, 
 and is an important element in philosophical reasoning. 
 
 Order, Number, and Causality, when large, give the talent for 
 reasoning and acting methodically and mathematically. Com- 
 parison, Eventuality, and "Words give literary talent. 
 
 PECULIARITIES OF THE INTELLECT. 
 
 The intellectual organs differ from the ipseal and 
 social propensities in several important particulars. 
 
 1. They are the mere instruments and servants of the 
 propensities. 
 
 2. They originate no actions, and restrain none. 
 
 3. They do not vary the circulation in the slightest 
 degree. 
 
 4. The external senses are really intellectual organs, 
 though of the lowest rank. 
 
 5. The intellectual organs of the brain are the only 
 ones that produce memory. They produce it by repeat- 
 ing in the conscious organ the impressions that had for- 
 
PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 31 
 
 merly been received by them. They thus are able to 
 guide the propensities by the light of past experience. 
 
 6. The intellectual organs in the brain are evolved 
 from the external senses. Many of the lower animals 
 have no intellectual organs except the external senses 
 and the faculties that are inclosed in them. 
 
 One very important fact relating to the- intellectual 
 organs is that, though they are numerous, they really 
 constitute but one apparatus. They may be compared 
 to a harp with many strings, that can only play one 
 tune at once. The intellect is made to perceive things 
 in the external world. The world is made up of many 
 separate things. The intellect is so constituted that it 
 can perceive only one thing and its properties at a time ; 
 it can then notice another thing and its properties. 
 
 The first and lowest organ of the intellect is Individu- 
 ality, which is located externally where the nose joins 
 the forehead. This faculty appears to notice merely 
 that a thing exists. Dr. Gall named it the " Spirit of 
 observation." Spurzheim named it Individuality. All 
 that we really know is that when it is very small the 
 person seems to be deficient in the faculty of noticing 
 things, or remembering them. There are several or- 
 gans that Gall and Spurzheim have located near Indi- 
 viduality (Form, Size, and Locality) that I have not been 
 able to verify by my examinations. Practically I com- 
 bine Individuality, Form, Size, and Locality together,and 
 call them " Observation." I do not deny the sepa- 
 rate existence of these organs, but I leave it to future 
 examiners to verify or reject them. I would make the 
 
32 PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 same remark concerning Tune and Time. I cannot, 
 when making examinations, venture to express any opin- 
 ion concerning either of them. The organ of Color is 
 seldom large enough to be spoken of with confidence. 
 When I make an examination there are but eight intel- 
 lectual organs that I regard as reliable. They are Ob- 
 servation, Weight, Words, Order, Number, Eventuality, 
 Comparison, and Causality. I make these remarks in 
 justice to beginners and amateurs. By heeding them 
 they will be saved from a great deal of embarrassment. 
 The imperfections of phrenology tend to prevent its 
 acceptance by hypercritical sceptics. 
 
 As a whole I regard the intellect as a single complex 
 instrument that the propensities act upon and use, just 
 as they use the hands, the muscles of the voice, and the 
 limbs. In the books on mental philosophy, the intel- 
 lect is regarded as the principal part of the mind ; 
 whereas in truth, notwithstanding its great importance, 
 it is secondary and subservient to the propensities ; just 
 as a pilot is subservient and secondary to the commander 
 of a steamship. 
 
PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 33 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 THE CENTRAL ORGAN OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND WILL. 
 
 That the mental centre is in the oblongata, the part 
 that connects the spinal cord with the brain, is proved 
 by the following facts. 
 
 1. Animals that have no brains, but only nerves of 
 sensation and motion, have a mental centre, which is 
 evidently an organ of consciousness and will. 
 
 2. There is only one vertebrate animal — a fish, the 
 amphioxus — that has no brain. This creature has a 
 medulla oblongata corresponding to that of man, to 
 which nerves of sensation and of motion are attached, as 
 
 addition they have a very small brain, a mere germ or 
 bud of a brain, developed from the oblongata and lo- 
 cated in the base of the skull. 
 
 4. In all animals that have brains the nerves of sen- 
 sation are attached to the oblongata, where they can 
 produce consciousness by the impressions that they trans- 
 mit. All the nerves of voluntary motion are connected 
 with the oblongata. 
 
 5. All the mental organs have fibres that converge 
 to the oblongata, where they can produce their own pe- 
 
34 PHKENOPHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 culiar states of consciousness, and from which they can 
 impel to action or restrain or direct voluntary motions. 
 
 6. All the nerves (vaso-motor) that transmit, from 
 the brain to the heart and arteries, the influences of the 
 emotions, are attached to the oblongata. 
 
 7. By means of this mechanism we can understand 
 why it is that, notwithstanding the great number of 
 nerves of sensation and of mental organs, we have unity 
 of mind, of consciousness, and of will, — E pluribus 
 unum. 
 
 8. It seems that we can recognize only one sensation, 
 one thought, one emotion at one and the same instant. 
 
 9. We can make only one effort of the will at once ; 
 we can utter only one syllable at once. 
 
 10. The mental centre is like a post-office window, 
 where only one can be recognized and served at once, 
 and where the various applicants must take their turns, 
 though the most powerful or urgent may enforce a 
 preference. 
 
 11. The unity of consciousness and will is absolutely 
 necessary to produce singleness, individuality, and per- 
 sonality, such as we express by the words me and you 
 and I. 
 
 12. This addition to mental science brings the psy- 
 chology so long taught in our colleges into harmony with 
 phreno-physiology. 
 
 13. The mechanism of the brain enables us to under- 
 stand the nature of the will. It is the condition of the 
 mind produced by the dominance of one propensity in the 
 mental centre for the time being, but it is liable at any 
 
PHEENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 35 
 
 instant to be overcome and supplanted, and the will 
 changed by some other propensity. 
 
 We cannot account for the origin of consciousness by 
 the theory of evolution. We know of nothing previously 
 existing from which it could have been derived or evolved. 
 It cannot be accounted for on physiological, chemical, or 
 mechanical principles. All we know is that it was wanted 
 and it came. If it does not indicate the existence of God, 
 surely nothing in nature does. We can form no con- 
 ception of the origin of matter nor of potence or energy. 
 We therefore assume that they always existed. But this 
 is not true of mind or consciousness. There was a time 
 when it did not exist in this world, and a time when it 
 began to exist. The cause of a thing is in all cases 
 something that existed previously. What existed pre- 
 vious to consciousness that could have produced it ? 
 
 The organ of consciousness, as far as we know, is 
 entirely passive. Like a musical instrument, it must be 
 acted upon before it can manifest itself. The nerves of 
 sensation and the mental organs in the brain act upon 
 the central organ and produce consciousness, and then 
 send a force through the motor nerves to produce vol- 
 untary motion. 
 
 The consciousness or its material organ can do nothing. 
 It can only be conscious of impressions. All the force 
 of mind is generated from the blood, just as is the force 
 of the body. Every function of the body and every 
 function of the mind uses up blood and can do nothing 
 without it. 
 
36 PHEENO-PIIYSIOLOGY. 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 MORAL PHYSIOLOGY AND THE TRI-POTENT WILL. 
 
 There are two entirely distinct and different classifi- 
 cations of the same mental organs, which must not be 
 confounded together. One is the tri-serial, and the 
 other the tri-potent. The one relates to the order in 
 which the organs were created ; the other to the manner 
 in which they act and combine to produce the will and 
 voluntary actions. There are three different species of 
 mental forces, — the impulsive, the restrictive, and the 
 directive. If we refer to the catalogue of the mental 
 organs, we perceive that some of the ipseals are impul- 
 sives and others of them are restrictives. The same is 
 true of the social class. 
 
 An impulsive propensity represents one of our wants, 
 and when excited produces a tendency to act with vigor 
 to gain what is wanted. But it has no self-restraining 
 power. It is blind and reckless when acting separately. 
 
 A restrictive propensity has a tendency to restrain 
 and limit the action of an excited impulsive. But it 
 has no self-restraining nor self guiding power. In these 
 respects it is like the impulsives. 
 
 The intellect is the directive force. 
 
 When an impulsive propensity becomes excited it 
 
PHEENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 37 
 
 sends an impression to the conscious centre, and from 
 that centre it notifies all the mental organs of its desire 
 to act impulsively for a certain purpose. This rouses 
 the intellect, and causes it to recollect and think and 
 reason to find the best way to gain what the dominant 
 impulsive requires. The restrictives that are most in- 
 terested and opposed to the action are excited at the 
 same time, and they also require the intellect to recol- 
 lect and think and reason concerning the objections, 
 difficulties, and dangers of the proposed movement. 
 
 Any other propensities, impulsive or restrictive, that 
 are interested in the matter send their impressions to the 
 conscious centre to modify the action. The result of 
 the conflict is the will. 
 
 Every voluntary act calls into operation at least one 
 impulsive, at least one restrictive, and the intellect, 
 — one to impel, one to restrain and limit, and one to 
 guide. The impulsives and restrictives balance and 
 restrain each other, and generally prevent excesses, ex- 
 cept in cases of extraordinary excitement or temptation. 
 
 The impulsives are the main-springs of the mind. 
 They are the causes of our noblest and of our worst 
 deeds. When not properly guided by the knowledge 
 acquired by the intellect, they act erroneously. When 
 not properly restrained by enlightened restrictives they 
 act excessively, and even viciously and criminally. 
 
 When the restrictives are too large they tend to pro- 
 duce a conservative and inefficient character. 
 
 If any one propensity predominates in the conscious 
 centre, it becomes the master of the will, and does not 
 4 
 
38 PHKENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 allow any other propensity to interfere with its actions 
 or purposes. If any other propensity acts, it must be 
 in subordination and as an auxiliary to the master-pas- 
 sion, even against its own natural tendency. Thus a 
 wicked a man may be a hypocrite and " suit his face to 
 all occasions." So also a naturally just and benevolent 
 judge may be severe and even cruel. It often happens 
 that a good man, under the influence of a powerful pas- 
 sion, forces his higher faculties to aid in deceiving his 
 acquaintances while he is doing wrong. 
 
 Although the intellect does not directly produce or 
 restrain actions, it does both indirectly by furnishing 
 the ideas and impressions that stimulate the propensities. 
 In this sense, " Knowledge is power." 
 
 Memory is an important element of the mind. It 
 is a repetition in the conscious centre of impressions 
 formerly received. 
 
 The impressions produced in consciousness by the 
 intellect are termed thoughts, ideas, images, imagina- 
 tions. Those produced by the propensities are termed 
 feelings, emotions, and passions. When a propensity is 
 excited it causes the intellect to have ideas to suit that 
 propensity. 
 
 Without consciousness there would be no memory, 
 and without memory consciousness would be useless. 
 Memory enables animals and men to avail themselves 
 of past experience and to acquire knowledge to be used 
 in future. 
 
PHRENO- PHYSIOLOGY. 39 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 THE RELATIONS OF THE PROPENSITIES AND THE 
 HEART TO EACH OTHER. 
 
 When Dr. Gall, in Paris, in 1807, asserted that the 
 brain was the seat of all the mental faculties, including 
 the passions and emotions as well as the intellect, he 
 was opposed by the most eminent physiologists of Eu- 
 rope. The heart was universally supposed to be the seat 
 of the passions. The most distinguished physiologist 
 then living was Bichat. He taught that the passions 
 and emotions were located in the sympathetic nerve near 
 the heart. No one but Gall located them in the brain. 
 But Gall himself was only half right. It is true that 
 the propensities are all located in the head, but they 
 depend upon the heart for their efficiency. 
 
 After I had discovered that all the propensities are 
 either impulsive or restrictive, I ascertained that all 
 the impulsives, when excited, telegraph to the heart and 
 arteries to increase the circulation and thus give addi- 
 tional strength, and enable the impulsives to do effec- 
 tive work. But when a restrictive propensity is excited 
 it telegraphs to the heart and arteries to diminish the 
 circulation, and thus prevent the impulsives from acting 
 excessively. The brain and the heart continually in- 
 
40 PHRESO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 fluence each other, and combine their forces to produce 
 and modify voluntary motion and expression.* 
 
 I was led to the discovery of the relations of the pro- 
 pensities to the heart by observing the effects of mes- 
 merism and alcoholism. I found that when a person 
 was mesmerized even in a slight degree by the excite- 
 ment of the conforming restrictives, his circulation 
 decreased ; but when the restrictives were paralyzed by 
 alcohol the circulation increased. It seems that the 
 heart and the brain are only parts of a single apparatus, 
 which usually act in harmony, but which are liable to 
 become deranged and unbalanced by various causes. 
 
 It is an interesting fact that the impulsives, when 
 
 * When teaching a class in elocution in 1838 I discovered that the 
 accent of speech is related to pulsation, and the pauses to respira- 
 tion. "When the mind is perfectly free from all emotion, the num- 
 ber of pulsations in a given time is the same as the number of 
 accents. Both accent and pulsation are involuntary. The number 
 of pauses in a given time is the same as the number of respirations, 
 provided the emotions do not produce variation. "When we read 
 fast we do not accent any ofiener than when we read slow, but we 
 crowd more syllables in between two accents. Many words of one 
 syllable are accented as if there were two syllables, thus : mower 
 and more, bower and bore. The distinction between the impul- 
 sive and the restrictive propensities is well illustrated by elocu- 
 tion. When we utter any impulsive sentiment, the heart, the 
 lungs, and the vocal organs feel the influence of the dominant 
 mental organ, and change to suit the sentiment. When a re- 
 strictive propensity — fear, grief, friendship, sympathy — is excited, 
 the tone, the lungs, and the circulation vary instantly. These 
 changes could not occur unless there were a perfect mechanism of 
 nerves connecting the brain, the heart, the lungs, and the vocal 
 organs. 
 
PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 41 
 
 excited, produce only pleasurable emotions, but the re- 
 strictives produce depressing and unpleasant emotions. 
 The digestive organs sympathize with the restrictives, 
 and when diseased they often produce extreme depres- 
 sion and anxiety. But diseases of the lungs frequently 
 produce abnormal hopefulness. 
 
 Some of the propensities produce such gentle effects 
 upon the heart that we hesitate to decide whether they 
 are impulsives or restrictives. Those propensities that 
 produce the most sudden and vigorous actions produce 
 the most decided changes in the heart. I have included 
 Inventiveness, Ornateness, and Inhabitiveness among 
 the restrictives for the reason that they produce moder- 
 ation, hesitation, delay, and reflection. 
 
 4* 
 
42 PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 SECTION VIII. 
 
 ORDINARY SLEEP. 
 
 Dr. Good, a celebrated medical author, who wrote 
 about a hundred years ago, stated that he had never 
 been able to find any physiological explanation of sleep. 
 The universal opinion has been that sleep is necessary 
 for recuperation. If I recollect aright, it was Liebig 
 who asserted that we gain during eight hours' sleep the 
 force that we expend during sixteen working hours. It 
 is assumed that the organs while awake and active are 
 incapable of receiving nourishment, and therefore sleep 
 is necessary. If this theory were true, it would follow 
 that those persons or animals that sleep the most would 
 exert the most force while awake. But the contrary is 
 the fact : those that sleep the most are the most indolent 
 and inefficient when awake. Besides, it is not true that 
 nutrition and recuperation cannot proceed when we are 
 awake. A farmer will rise before the sun, eat a hearty 
 breakfast, swing his scythe six hours, eat a hearty din- 
 ner, mow six hours more, eat a hearty supper, then spend 
 three hours more in doing chores, and go to bed with an 
 empty stomach. His blood during all that time has 
 been circulating through every organ of his body and 
 his brain. It is unreasonable to suppose that any part 
 
PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 43 
 
 of his constitution has failed to receive nourishment 
 during all that time. 
 
 The theory that I would propose to physiologists is 
 that sleep is nature's method of economizing food. By 
 sleeping one-third of the time we save nearly one-third 
 of the food that we should require if we remained awake 
 and active during twenty-four hours of every day. It 
 is true that we are recuperated during sleep, for the 
 reason that assimilation and nutrition proceed while 
 voluntary action is suspended, so that no blood is used 
 up by the brain or the limbs. 
 
 The hibernating animals sustain this new theory. A 
 bear goes to sleep in the autumn in a good condition, 
 and comes forth in the spring lean and hungry ; he cer- 
 tainly has not been recuperated. We learn from these 
 facts the fundamental nature and the dominating power 
 of the digestive system. It is the first part of the con- 
 stitution of plants, animals, and man that is created, and 
 everything superadded is subordinate to it. It is the 
 main-spring upon which all else depends. By means of 
 sleep it suspends the action of the mind and limbs one- 
 third of the time. We are thus informed, in language 
 plainer than words, that we do not need more than six- 
 teen hours out of twenty-four to do all the work required 
 of us. 
 
 It is now known that sleep of all kinds is immediately 
 produced by diminution of blood in the brain. Any 
 organ, when deprived of blood, suspends its operations. 
 The brain and mind are no exceptions to this law. It 
 is known to physiologists that there are inhibitory 
 
44 PHKENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 nerves, the office of which is to moderate the circulation 
 in any organ when necessary. Those nerves that produce 
 sleep are doubtless branches of the great sympathetic. 
 Their centre is probably near the digestive organs. It 
 is certain that a derangement of those organs, especially 
 in children, often has a powerful effect upon the brain. 
 It sometimes produces idiocy, after causing a succession 
 of convulsive fits that seem to be a kind of insane sleep. 
 This important part of physiology needs further inves- 
 tigation. 
 
PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 45 
 
 SECTION IX. 
 
 THE MACHINERY OF MAN. 
 
 Evehy machine is impelled by some power separate 
 from itself. The brain of man is no exception to this 
 law. The power of man, both of body and mind, is 
 derived from the oxygen that he inhales. The oxygen 
 comes in contact with the carbon of his food and is con- 
 densed, and its expansive force set free ; this force or 
 potence is converted into muscular force or mental force. 
 The lungs furnish the oxygen, and the digestive system 
 furnishes the carbon that unites with it and condenses 
 it. Animals and men that inhale the most oxygen exert 
 the most force. 
 
 The mind or brain is just as much dependent upon 
 the oxygen of the blood for its power as are the muscles. 
 The force itself of the muscles or of the mind is in no 
 respect different from that which moves a steam-engine, 
 a planet, or a windmill. Force or potence is continu- 
 ally leaving one thing and entering one or more other 
 things. The things it leaves condense or contract, and 
 the things it enters expand. All the force used by the 
 body or the mind comes from the oxygen that is con- 
 densed ; the oxygen of the blood that enters the brain 
 
46 PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 becomes condensed there, and the force or potence that 
 is set free produces voluntary motion. 
 
 There are many nervous apparatuses in man, each of 
 which has a centre. But only one nerve-centre has 
 consciousness when impressed ; that one is located in the 
 oblongata. The nerves that have no conscious centres 
 are called involuntary. They diifer from the voluntary 
 nerves in the fact that they are not guided by perception 
 or thought, and they are limited and restricted to one par- 
 ticular mode of action. They cannot vary their action 
 to suit circumstances any more than a planet can. 
 
 The conscious centre or phrene has three classes of 
 mental organs that converge to it and impress it. The 
 most important is the impulsive class. It represents our 
 wants ; when one of them is excited it tends to act 
 directly to obtain what is wanted. It has no discre- 
 tion, and no self-directing or self-restraining power, any 
 more than the involuntary nerves have. It produces a 
 consciousness of want and a desire to obtain what is 
 wanted, and it acts on the intellect and forces it to think 
 and perceive the way to succeed. But neither conscious- 
 ness nor intellect restrains it, however wrong may be its 
 aims and actions. The third force, the restrictive, is 
 excited at the same time, and produces a consciousness 
 of the objections, difficulties, and dangers of the pro- 
 posed impulsive act. It also excites the intellect to 
 learn the circumstances and objections. The restrictives 
 have the power to restrain, to moderate, or to modify 
 the action. An insane person has one or more propen- 
 sities, either an impulsive or a restrictive, that cannot 
 
PHEENO -PHYSIO LOGY. 47 
 
 be restrained, and therefore acts rnadly. The common 
 idea that the will is a single ruling power in the mind 
 is absurd. It is single in its result, but that result is the 
 conclusion of the action of the whole mental congress. 
 
 The constitution of man may be likened to a steam- 
 ship that has but one pilot (the intellect) and one set of 
 wheels (the limbs and tongue), but twenty-five engineers 
 and engines (impulsive and restrictive propensities). 
 Only one of the twenty-five can command the ship and 
 the pilot at one and the same time, and determine the 
 course to be pursued during the time that he commands. 
 If the pilot is stupid, or ignorant, or is misled by false 
 information, there is continual danger of error and 
 misfortune. If the engineer is a giant and a tyrant, he 
 may disregard the remonstrances of the other engineers 
 (propensities) and the advice of the pilot, and proceed 
 reckless of the consequences. 
 
 The history of man demonstrates that from the earliest 
 times he has been taught falsehood, superstition, and 
 vice. The most amiable traits of his natural character 
 have been made the means of his degradation. Chil- 
 dren are naturally conforming, imitative, credulous, and 
 anxious to learn from those around them. They are 
 hungry for knowledge and eager for action; but until 
 nearly twenty they are the slaves of their accidental 
 surroundings. Their language, manners, morals, religion, 
 occupations, and habits are all imposed upon them with- 
 out their choice and without their knowledge. When 
 they reach the age of discretion their habits are fixed ; 
 they are stupidly in love with their slavery, and con- 
 
48 PHKENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 tented with their ignorance. They find themselves sur- 
 rounded by institutions, governments, customs, and 
 superstitions that originated in past ages, and which 
 have been long sustained by tradition and authority. 
 
 All history, sacred and profane, proves that during 
 the ages that preceded the discovery of America, man- 
 kind were almost utterly ignorant of the natural sciences. 
 Even now the learned philosophers in our universities 
 are ignorant of the mechanism of their own minds. 
 They profess to learn and teach the nature of the human 
 mind by the same primitive method that savages use, 
 and that is by the experiences of their own conscious- 
 ness. There was a deep knowledge of human nature 
 indicated by the lessons of the greatest of moral teachers. 
 AVhen referring to little children, he said, "Of such is the 
 kingdom of heaven." It was only after some of them 
 had been depraved by falsehood and vicious training, 
 that he denounced them as " Scribes and Pharisees, hyp- 
 ocrites, that devour widows' houses." Ignorance, false 
 teaching, and false training beget bad habits and bad 
 customs, and these in turn beget bad institutions that 
 continue to grow in power and corruption, until nothing 
 less than a miracle or moral earthquake, like the French 
 Revolution, can overthrow them. When we consider how 
 ignorant man has been and is now of himself and his 
 surroundings, it is not strange that he has acted as if 
 totally depraved. Man is naturally a savage animal, but 
 he is capable, when instructed and trained in accordance 
 with scientific and Christian principles, of rising to the 
 highest stage of intellectual and moral excellence. 
 
PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 49 
 
 SECTION X. 
 
 PLAYFULNESS. 
 
 The mental organs, when not exercised for useful 
 purposes, tend to act spontaneously in play. Young 
 animals and children, when not old enough to act use- 
 fully, have all the propensities of adults, and they must 
 exercise them in play or not at all. There are many 
 manifestations of the mind that are commonly regarded 
 as serious performances, which really spring from play- 
 fulness. The pleasure derived from reading fictions, 
 and even from the writing of them, is of this nature. 
 The same is true of music. It plays the emotions and 
 gives pleasure to many who know nothing of the rules 
 of melody and harmony. Much of what artists term 
 work is really a playful exercise. Play is opposed to 
 useful labor. It demands variety, so that many facul- 
 ties can obtain the pleasure of exercise. 
 
 Literary men, artists, musicians, and even preachers 
 dislike common profitable labor of all kinds, excepting 
 that which exercises their minds pleasantly. Imagina- 
 tion, which is by some regarded as a mental faculty, is in 
 many cases merely the play of the propensities upon the 
 iutellect, causing it to present a series of images or ideas 
 pleasing to the dominant propensity. In this sense 
 c d 5 
 
50 PHEENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 dreaming is a species of imagination or image-making. 
 The creative imagination is the state of mind produced 
 by the propensity of Experimentiveness or Inventive- 
 ness. Each propensity forces the intellect to play and 
 produce images or ideas to suit its desires. 
 
 Play springs mostly from the impulsive propensities, 
 which tend to produce energetic actions, and are liable 
 to become excessive and irreverent, and to violate the 
 rules of propriety. Nearly all religion is restrictive, 
 and nearly all play is impulsive. The two are there- 
 fore antagonistic. There is probably no mental organ 
 specially related to play, to mirth or to wit. The organ 
 of Experimentiveness or Inventiveness, when acting 
 playfully upon the intellect, produces wit. It invents 
 amusing expressions, just as it invents anything else, 
 and when aided by a good literary intellect succeeds in 
 exciting admiration. Mirthfulness depends principally 
 upon hopefulness and health, and the absence of care 
 and anxiety. There is no separate organ or faculty of 
 mirthfulness or playfulness. 
 
 IMAGINATION. 
 
 There is no separate organ or faculty of imagination. 
 When any propensity is excited it forces the intellect to 
 act and create images in the conscious centre which are 
 pleasing to that propensity. A hungry man imagines 
 and dreams of a feast of good things; a lover imagines 
 that his sweetheart smiles upon him like a lovely angel ; 
 an inventor imagines a combination of instruments that 
 never yet existed in reality. 
 
PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 51 
 
 The play of any propensity upon the intellect may 
 produce a succession of mental images which can be 
 used by the philosopher, the novelist, the sensualist, or 
 the madman. In a well-balanced mind the imagination 
 can be used just as the memory or the reasoning power 
 can. In unbalanced minds the imagination is the 
 product of a propensity that is uncontrolled. 
 
52 PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 SECTION XL 
 
 UNBALANCED BRAINS. 
 
 In the preceding sections I have confined the discus- 
 sion to the normal functions of the mental organs. A 
 lack of knowledge concerning the healthful and proper 
 operations of the mind has prevented physiologists from 
 understanding mesmerism, spiritism, mind-cures, and 
 alcoholism. 
 
 As soon as Dr. Gall discovered that each mental 
 faculty has a special mental organ, it was at once per- 
 ceived by physicians that monomania was caused by 
 the disease of one mental organ, while all the others 
 were in a healthful condition. It was also perceived 
 that the conduct of very peculiar and eccentric charac- 
 ters resulted from some of the organs being very large 
 or very small. But mesmerism and hallucination were 
 still unexplained. 
 
 DREAMING. 
 
 Dreams result from the unbalancing of the brain. It 
 is impossible to explain dreams without recognizing : 
 
 1 . The fact that there are many separate mental organs, 
 some of which may be awake while others are asleep. 
 
 2. That there are three species of mental forces, — the 
 impulsive, the restrictive, and the intellectual. 
 
PHRENO-PHVSIOLOGY. 53 
 
 3. That the intellect is the slave and instrument of 
 the dominant propensity, which plays upon it while 
 other propensities are asleep, and forces it to dream on 
 matters interesting to that propensity. 
 
 The whole intellect may be perfectly awake while all 
 but one or two of the propensities are asleep. The in- 
 tellect can then perceive and remember and reason on 
 any subject with quite as much accuracy as when the 
 whole mind is awake, but it can only perceive and reason 
 to please that one tyrant propensity. 
 
 It should be remarked that the impulsives and re- 
 strictives produce very different kinds of dreams. 
 Nearly all our dreams seem to be produced by the re- 
 strict ves. They naturally suggest difficulties, and they 
 also naturally tend to favor sleep by diminishing the 
 circulation, while the impulsives favor wakefulness by 
 increasing the circulation. 
 
 We seldom dream of good fortune, or of doing any- 
 thing successfully that requires impulsive energy. Our 
 dreams are in most cases concerning difficulties, obstacles, 
 failures, troubles, and misfortunes. The restrictives do 
 not impel to action, but to inaction. For this reason 
 we keep the body still, though the intellect is busy in 
 dreaming under the influence of the restrictives. Som- 
 nambulists are probably under the influence of one or 
 more of the impulsives. They dream of daing some- 
 thing in earnest. They rise and walk and work and 
 talk. They go without hesitation or fear into the most 
 dangerous places. The impulsive propensities know no 
 fear or restraint. 
 
 5* 
 
54 PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 If the somnambulist is suddenly wakened when in a 
 dangerous place, his restrictives become dominant, and 
 he is alarmed and falls helpless. 
 
 The dreams that come true are, in most cases, of some 
 difficulty or misfortune, for the reason that we seldom 
 dream of anything else. 
 
PHRENO- PHYSIOLOGY. 55 
 
 SECTION XII. 
 
 MESMERISM AND HYPNOTISM. 
 
 In order to understand all the phenomena of mesmer- 
 ism and hypnotism it is necessary to become acquainted 
 with the two classifications of the mental organs as 
 explained in the preceding pages. According to the 
 triserial classification the mental organs are divided into 
 three grand divisions, — the ipseal, the social, and the 
 intellectual. The social series is divided into three 
 groups, — the domestic, the governing, and the conform- 
 ing. The phenomena of mesmerism and hypnotism 
 are produced by the extreme and abnormal excitement 
 of the conforming group, especially by the three of 
 them which are restrictives, — Submissiveness, Imita- 
 tiveness, and Credenciveness. The conforming group 
 are the antagonists of the governing group, especially of 
 Imperativeness and Firmness. The tendency of the 
 governors is to command and act independently ; the 
 tendency of the conformers is to submit, obey, imitate, 
 believe, and, in a word, conform. If I examine two 
 persons, and on one I find the governors small and the 
 conformers large, I do not hesitate to say at once that 
 the one with the larger conformers and the smaller gov- 
 ernors is more easily influenced by superiors and in- 
 
56 PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 cluced to conform to their requirements, and even their 
 suggestions. All else equal, he will be the one more 
 easily converted by persuasion. 
 
 In 1839, with these ideas in my mind, and after I had 
 discovered and published the triserial classification of the 
 organs, I performed hundreds of experiments in mes- 
 merism. The theory of Mesmer, and of all the experi- 
 menters, was that the operator exerted his will and pro- 
 jected into the brain of the subject a kind of magnetic 
 or electric fluid, which put him to sleep and subdued his 
 will. I am ashamed to say that I experimented several 
 years with a full knowledge of the triserial classification 
 before I discovered that the mesmerized person was 
 mesmerized and controlled by his own conforming pro- 
 pensities, and that magnetism, electricity, and my will 
 had no effect whatever. Even after this discovery I 
 could not understand why and how the conforming 
 propensities produced sleep. After several more years 
 of experimenting, I discovered that all the propensities 
 are either impulsive or restrictive, and that the impul- 
 sives increase the circulation to add to the strength, 
 while the restrictives decrease the circulation to reduce 
 the strength. 
 
 Any cause that decreases the circulation in the brain 
 tends to produce sleep (or " hypnotism," which is from 
 the Greek, and signifies sleep). When the blood has left 
 the brain of the subject sufficiently to produce some de- 
 gree of sleep, he can be made to dream on any subject 
 suggested to him. He is ready to conform to the operator 
 to a degree that is wonderful. His whole mind and body 
 
PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 57 
 
 are under the control of his conforming propensities. 
 There is nothing so ridiculous or so humiliating that he 
 will not do it. He is a conform-maniac. His mania does 
 not essentially differ from other kinds of monomania, ex- 
 cepting in the fact that it is conforming. The operator 
 can control his consciousness as well as his conduct. If 
 told that the extraction of a tooth will not produce pain, 
 it will not, for the reason that his consciousness is con- 
 trolled by his conformers, and they are excited and con- 
 trolled by the language of his operator. 
 
 Why cannot every one be mesmerized ? The suscep- 
 tibility to mesmerism is like a predisposition to a par- 
 ticular disease, — consumption, for example. A person 
 may have the conforming organs large, yet be incapable 
 of being mesmerized. Those who are most easily affected 
 not only have the conformers excitable, but they have a 
 weakness and excitability of the heart, so that the circu- 
 lation is easily checked. Some persons can put them- 
 selves into the trance by their own imaginations. The 
 spiritists have often done so. 
 
 In some cases the trance assumes the form of a disease. 
 It is then termed catalepsy. Hallucination is a kind of 
 semi-trance to which some people are subject. They 
 dream while awake that they see things that do not 
 really exist. Shakespeare represents Macbeth and Ham- 
 let as being affected in this manner. Probably Sweden- 
 borg dreamed when he believed that he conversed with 
 spirits. Many of the modern spirit-mediums were sin- 
 cere Christians, and really believed that they conversed 
 with their deceased friends. I convinced hundreds of 
 
58 PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 them of their error by mesmerizing people in their 
 presence, and thus making writing and tipping and 
 vision-seeing mediums. 
 
 If any one desires to ascertain whether he can be 
 mesmerized, it is only necessary for him to conform to 
 the requirements of the operator, by placing himself in 
 a proper position and being willing, conformable, and 
 serious. Some persons cannot do this without exciting 
 their conforming propensities to such a degree that if the 
 operator asserts, " You cannot open your eyes," they 
 cannot. Why? Because the conforming propensities 
 overcome all opposition and rule the will. In other 
 words, the will of the subject is to conform to the ex- 
 pressed wishes of the operator. 
 
 One of the latest and most interesting discoveries 
 made by physiologists is the fact that there are two sets 
 of nerves that accompany the arteries to modify the 
 circulation. One set, when stimulated by electricity, 
 increase the circulation, and the other set when stim- 
 ulated moderate the circulation. A reasonable theory is 
 that there is one set of inhibitory nerves that have for 
 their special office to inhibit or moderate the circulation 
 to produce ordinary sleep. These are branches of the 
 great sympathetic. They are independent of the brain, 
 and antagonistic to its functions. But besides these 
 there are two sets of nerves that vary the circulation to 
 bring it into harmony with the condition of the mind. 
 One set conducts the influences of the impulsives to the 
 heart and arteries to increase the circulation, and the 
 other set conducts the influences of the restrictives to 
 
PHRENO- PHYSIOLOGY. 59 
 
 moderate it. When a large restrictive — Cautiousness 
 or Reverence — is greatly excited, the circulation is in- 
 stantly checked, and the subject becomes somewhat cold 
 and pale. When an impulsive is excited — Combative- 
 ness or Hopefulness — the circulation is instantly in- 
 creased. These opposite influences of the propensities 
 upon the heart and arteries can only be transmitted 
 through two different sets of nerves. But they cannot 
 be the same nerves that produce ordinary sleep, and 
 suspend the action of both the impulsives and the 
 restrictives. The mesmeric sleep, or hypnotism, is 
 produced by the restrictive organs of the brain itself 
 moderating the circulation in the brain. This is proved 
 by the fact that the mesmerized subject is never so much 
 asleep that he will not do just what the operator requires 
 of him. 
 
 The mesmeric sleep, or hypnotism, has been con- 
 founded with ordinary or genuine sleep. But it is a 
 very different condition, and produced by a different 
 mechanism. It may be termed an emotional and abnor- 
 mal sleep. When a lady faints through fear, or a 
 religious devotee falls and becomes unconscious in a 
 revival meeting, we do not regard the condition of the 
 subject as sleep or hypnotism.* Mesmeric sleep is of 
 the same abnormal character. It is emotional sleep. 
 
 * I have treated this subject at length in my larger work, entitled 
 " The Mysteries of the Head and Heart." 
 
PHRENO- PHYSIOLOGY 
 
 SECTION XIII. 
 
 ALCOHOLISM. 
 
 Alcohol poisons and paralyzes the restrictive and 
 moral propensities, and lets loose the impulsive passions 
 to act without restraint. It also poisons and paralyzes 
 the inhibitory or restrictive nerves that moderate the 
 circulation of the blood. When a person is half intoxi- 
 cated, his face becomes red, and his whole body warmer 
 than usual. He becomes less secretive and less cautious, 
 less modest and respectful, and less scrupulous. He is 
 more contentious, more boastful, more self-confident and 
 venturesome, and more hilarious. If he drinks more, 
 his nerves of voluntary motion become paralyzed ; next, 
 his nerves of sensation ; and, finally, his brain is para- 
 lyzed. He is stupid and insensible. 
 
 When he recovers his condition is the reverse of that 
 which the alcohol first produced. The impulsives are 
 exhausted and subside, and the restrictives take control 
 and depress all the powers of body and mind. His face 
 is pallid; his limbs are cold and tremulous; his mind 
 is gloomy, fearful, and suspicious. In extreme cases he 
 sees horrid visions of monsters or assassins. 
 
 In mesmerism only the mild conforming propensities 
 are excited, but alcohol excites at first all the impulsives 
 
PHKENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 61 
 
 and then all the restrictives, especially Cautiousness 
 and Secretiveness, which fill the mind with terror and 
 suspicion. 
 
 These two contrasted states of mind furnish a perfect 
 illustration of the difference between the impulsive and 
 restrictive propensities. 
 
 There are two facts which have been revealed within 
 a few years by science that have a very important bear- 
 ing upon the subject of alcoholism. One is that alcohol 
 is not an extract from the grain or the fruit, but is pro- 
 duced by a minute organic being that eats the sugar in 
 them. When this is understood we perceive why alco- 
 hol is a poison, though the fruit and grain are nutritious 
 and wholesome. Another fact is that alcohol does not 
 really stimulate at all, though it seems to do so. It 
 paralyzes the inhibitory nerves that restrain and limit 
 the circulation, and thus causes the circulation to increase. 
 The inebriate is therefore stimulated by his own blood, 
 and not by the alcohol. That alcoholism is a disease 
 there can be no doubt, but the precise nature of the 
 disease is not generally understood. It is not an insane 
 love of alcohol, but an insane desire to get rid of the 
 mental distress which succeeds the use of the alcohol. 
 Its first effects on the mind are pleasurable and exalting, 
 for the reason that it excites the impulsives. This feel- 
 ing is succeeded by an unhappy and gloomy state of 
 mind, caused not merely by depression of the impulsives, 
 but by an insane and aggressive state of the excited re- 
 strictives, which produces positive misery. Sick people 
 and those who have been bled almost to death may be 
 
 6 
 
62 PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 depressed in body aud passive in mind, but they do not 
 suffer any mental pain. The inebriate is not only de- 
 pressed, but he is annoyed and distressed by unhappy 
 thoughts and painful feelings. In extreme cases he 
 thinks of suicide as a relief. He is jealous and sus- 
 picious of his friends. His imagination is full of un- 
 pleasant images. He is insanely anxious without any 
 apparent or reasonable cause. Alcohol will relieve him 
 temporarily from these horrid thoughts. If he could 
 take some medicine that would relieve his mind, he 
 could easily overcome the desire for alcohol. The taste 
 or smell of the liquor gives him no pleasure. But alco- 
 hol paralyzes the restrictives and excites the impulsives, 
 and thus relieves him. 
 
 I recollect that about fifty years ago there was a Dr. 
 Chambers who went through the country curing alcohol- 
 ism by lecturing and giving his own experience. He 
 had been a drunkard, and his wife put tartrate of anti- 
 mony into his brandy-bottle, which not only made him 
 sick, but made the very smell of alcohol disgusting to 
 him for a long time. Being a good and resolute man, 
 he availed himself of this method of curing himself of 
 his drunken habits, and recommended the same method 
 to others. 
 
 The method lately introduced by Dr. Keeley seems to 
 be an improvement upon the Chambers cure. It is 
 found that after rendering the alcohol disgusting, the 
 mental distress is prevented by injecting into the blood- 
 vessels a stimulating medicine several times a day, and 
 thus keeping up the impulsive forces, and preventing 
 
PHKENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 63 
 
 the dominance of the restrictives. When this is done 
 for a sufficient time, the normal condition of the consti- 
 tution is restored. 
 
 Dr. Keeley deserves great credit and the gratitude of 
 all the world for his sagacity and enterprise. But surely 
 the time will come when no young man of common 
 sense will conduct himself in such a manner as to need 
 the services of Dr. Keeley or any of his pupils. 
 
64 PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 SECTION XIV. 
 
 MIND-CUKES AND CHRISTIAN SCIENCE. 
 
 In all ages and nations diseases have been apparently 
 cured by impressions made upon the mind. The prob- 
 ability is that in a very large majority of these cases 
 there was no real bodily disease. But there was what 
 may properly be termed an insane idea in the mind of 
 the patient that he was the subject of a disease. This 
 idea being removed by the mind-doctor exciting his 
 conforming propensities, the cure follows so immediately 
 that it seems miraculous. Physicians who have exten- 
 sive practice are familiar with these cases. They often 
 cure their patients with what they term " expectant med- 
 icine," — that is, something that produces the desira- 
 ble impression on the mind of the sufferer. It often 
 happens that the regular physician fails to manage one 
 of these cases shrewdly and skilfully ; then a mind- 
 doctor comes in and does something, or uses some .pre- 
 tended medicine, and astonishes the whole neighborhood 
 by suddenly curing the patient. Sometimes the cure is 
 effected by prayer, sometimes by quack medicine, and 
 sometimes by a charm or by a relic of a saint. The 
 public generally have no conception of the number of 
 supposed diseases that are merely imaginary. A mes- 
 
 1 
 
PHEENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 65 
 
 rnerized person can be impressed with the belief that he 
 is lame, or rheumatic, and not be able to rid himself of 
 the " disease" for a week or more. Great numbers of 
 people mesmerize themselves unintentionally, and believe 
 for months that they have a disease, which really does 
 not exist out of their own minds. 
 
 No form of mind-cure has ever been practised which 
 is more shameless and unscrupulous than that lately 
 introduced under the name of " Christian Science." It 
 is neither sanctioned by Christianity nor science. Its 
 advocates pretend to cure by the silent influence of the 
 mind-doctor over the patient. The real truth is that 
 one mind never influences another without words or 
 gestures, as these impostors pretend. They occasionally 
 appear to cure, but it is done by making impressions, by 
 words or manner, upon the conforming minds of the 
 credulous patients, and thus causing the patients to cure 
 themselves by the working of their own minds. 
 
 6* 
 
PHRENO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 HUMAN NATURE: 
 
 TEE EYOLUTIOISr OF MIND AND ITS 
 
 INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 BY 
 
 J. STANLEY GRIMES, 
 
 AUTHOR OF " PROBLEMS OF CREATION" AND " MYSTERIES OF THE HEAD AND HEART." 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY. 
 
 1893. 
 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
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