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VALUE. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS . 
 
 tirPLfyt 
 
 ?^a 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 pi 
 sch 
 
 sz 
 
 ess-tsat 
 
 ft/, o , .u/, an , ^irtustt/ c^u^tyy/^ 
 
 uefe^-es w aJz^r' i>. h, M, a, o, u>, &u/, fcu/, 
 *z^ /jlil/ ^i>f jiiuuvirjttaA- 
 
 ' .5. .^rfies ^n>^J snjesvesr /m^steJ ^^0^^ 7*/, a^sW'' 0y^i^i^m^. 
 
 n^cc^y^ce^i^ aJ ^yy^ 
 
 MpTuzbeJt. 
 
 ES 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 c * 
 
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 9 
 
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 00 yPi/ TV 
 
 31 * 
 T f<c 
 
 
 
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 1A 
 
 OP 
 
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 Ul 
 
 DCs 
 
 r 
 
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THE 
 
 FORNERIAN SYSTEM; 
 
 OB 
 
 A PLAIN PHILOSOPHICAL METHOD OF 
 TEACHING OE ACQUIRING 
 
 THE GERMAN LANGUAGE 
 
 WITH THE GREATEST FACILITY AND WITHOUT ANY PARTICULAR EXERTION 
 
 OP MEMORY ; 
 
 HEADED BY A 
 
 PECULIARLY CONCISE GRAMMAR, 
 
 PURPOSELY COMPILED TO ENSURE THE EFFICIENCY OF THE SYSTEM. 
 
 BY J. FORNERI, LL.D., 
 
 PROFESSOR OF ITALIAN, SPANISH, AND GERMAN, IN THE ROYAL BELFAST 
 ACADEMICAL INSTITUTION, AND TEACHER OF FRENCH. 
 
 Ut'bt&e& wto ©too ^parts, ©ijeorettcal ana ^Practical. 
 
 \ BELFAST: 
 
 PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY JOHN HENDERSON, 
 
 15i CASTLE PLACE. 
 
 1844. 
 
GBK.MAI OP 3R. X ^ a- at5 & 4. £ a? :& .A. B tB T . 
 
 •if a 
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 £ b 
 
 * f 
 
 $' b 
 
 3 i 
 
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 & q 
 
 95 
 
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 a 
 
 ll 
 e 
 
 d 
 
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 1) 
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 ,i 
 
 k 
 
 I 
 
 HI 
 
 n 
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 P 
 <! 
 r 
 
 OBSERVATIONS . 
 
 a-rt 
 
 1>c1i 
 
 tick 
 
 dch 
 eh 
 
 huh. 
 ee 
 /gift 
 ltah. 
 
 env 
 en 
 oiiv 
 pe% 
 
 err 
 
 aJ oris oAj l kmrt/; Jct/sa^) us o-e*n£ceS ^S 
 /„//, „/,„ „„ (lid; „x«fi ,dMlferuU*t> ifel'sC- 
 
 cut tat 
 
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 ncums. value. 
 
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 % t 
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 §3 V 
 
 SB it. 
 X I 
 9 I 
 
 w 
 
 y 
 
 as 
 
 06% 
 fow 
 
 xks 
 ipsiXoTi. 
 
 tot 
 
 OBSERVATIONS ■ 
 
 ^iuXi^ijO, oiy •deArltV <%■ />f<tieCaisaj^yfU 'fartf 
 
 ■urngs, aJ 00 AvrolnvS; jiJLo^t, ad ^ro inu£\ 
 
 <ZJ /v, ^*Zs Upuail 
 
 lid -on/ JwnMjmv Z/nMi&ts ^cci^cC 
 
 Ct4i ~ti , Arts am2 . 
 
 DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 Vtii 
 
 ah-ch, 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 dJ 0- y<sns tfMWJ 
 
 Keu in 5u 
 
 pi n 
 P<> <* 
 0(J « : 
 
 *3fi> atil 
 1U i « 
 
 eu 
 oi 
 
 w 
 
 ai 
 
 V 
 a 
 
 7- 
 an 
 oe 
 Tie 
 
 H-MES. 
 
 ah.-eV-ooli. 
 e.i.-ooTt, 
 ol-et 
 
 oh-cpsilon 
 a.Vec 
 
 a)i-vpsiloiv 
 
 e1i-ee 
 chrtprilon- 
 
 ah- oo 
 oh.- eh/ 
 cohrth 
 
 OBSEfiVATIOMS. 
 
 y aA ^i m\A , 0** itt J-rviXim 
 
 a J yC ^n/ ii-rvf, o4^ tn> /l|) *W ^iW 
 
 
 DOUBLE CONSONANTS 
 
 tseh-Mak 
 
 SjiicimeTL, tf?l. 
 
 1 '1 ( 1 1 1 1 u iii/; W'W AAA/vti-vn+M sfcrw* 
 ('viriMi WtftvtV MtWlAVyV VvVLh^V 
 
 Op ,. J. „/ r 
 
 \?*yAA/\v\r\\' 
 
 S-pectrne.TV^"2 . 
 
 svOl^H^ (Jptst^U ^st^l^yt^ /!/^l/l^€^- ^frH) 
 
 OBSERVATIONS ■ 
 
 ■fotzcesihvif as Cxm^<ynjisn£~, tyf ai,o, M,; 
 cui ■WmaMuJ , VvnM/y P&- a-CU> *ar&&n^ 
 
 ^U^Ca^jy, 
 
 a*f frju&ru , 
 
 ^dstsyrr-t/ 
 
 2 a<l //itv desttcrts jw OKsUVh) a^Zit 
 
 DouiZe LeHcTs . 
 
 n 
 
 it 
 
 
 P h 
 
 sch 
 
 mues. 
 
 jeVhah. 
 Ms-isd-1iah 
 
 OBSlftVA TIONS . 
 
 j& >,<t jy/Ca&i; aJ ftuok 1 , n«i 
 Ju <(>.•>, ' J'ot,, 
 
 £-^o^ey o-r ay&f t, h l ,ij ( , a, 0, i'i,i,/ w 
 <m,/ a/Yt, l,n : rr \ ■ „ ,1 u> lit 
 JWileW, % ( ^iil, J<o 
 
 -jud/ ^« j\ fi 1 ( c 1 |i (1 . i 
 
 Mu', io-h, }<■, «■/,,„ ,/■/.,,„,, 
 '-coas^te.' 
 
 ■- '■■' 1/1 
 
 cut 
 
 /U *V0- 2£eS'& y {J / MWW srtivH; fayZisr^ Jl^ aJ #ny Gi*y/.\i/, 
 
 Germjzn Hand- wt-ifi ; /y. 
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 oil IT 
 
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 £ 
 
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 «4 
 
 
s 
 
 TO 
 
 RICHARD SYKES, ESQ., 
 
 &c, &c, 
 
 m Wltst mi*, 1&?ttll, ¥orfesi)tre, 
 
 A STAUNCH AND GENEROUS PATRON OF THE FINE ARTS, AS WELL AS OF 
 EVERY KIND OF POLITE AND USEFUL LITERATURE, 
 
 As a small tribute of Gratitude and Respect, 
 
 Is humbly inscribed, by his ever grateful friend and most obedient 
 
 humble servant, 
 
 THE AUTHOK. 
 
 Royal Belfast Institution, \ 
 September 30, 1844. i 
 
^ 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Though the German Literature may be singularly rich and 
 interesting ; yet its language is hut hard, dull, and repulsive. 
 Add to this, that the system on which it is generally taught, is 
 so slow, complex, and laborious, that a foreigner is soon dis- 
 heartened, and very often gives it up on the first few lessons. 
 A plan, therefore, short, simple, and easy, such as I presume to 
 offer here, and which combines efficiency with brevity, may not 
 be unacceptable to the lovers of languages. It consists of 
 thirty-four extracts from among the best German writers, ar • 
 ranged and divided into four gradual courses of exercises, with 
 a literal interlineal translation ; laid down as follows : — 
 
 1st Course. — Each excercise interspersed with frequent gram- 
 matical faults, printed in Italics ; every fault with a reference 
 to a corresponding part of the grammar.* 
 2nd Course. — All references dropped. 
 
 3rd Course. — All Italics omitted, and the number of faults 
 occurring in each line, only noted in margine. 
 4th Course. — Eaults only marked in capite of each exercise. 
 Then comes an additional course of nine short English ex- 
 ercises for German translation, with occasional German words 
 underneath, and references to the part of the grammar speak- 
 ing of the German arrangement of words. 
 The business of the pupil will be : 
 
 1st, To correct the faults, by carefully consulting the gram- 
 mar according to references. 
 
 2nd, To translate the additional course into German ; which 
 will afford him an opportunity not only of making practical 
 application of what he has learned before, but a general experi- 
 ment of his proficiency. 
 
 As the genders, declensions, and irregular verbs, are not so 
 easily retained, I have thought it proper to give them all along; 
 which will facilitate the work of the learner still further, with- 
 out cramping in any way the principal object in view. 
 
 * This Grammar (which may be called An Abridgment of Bemiays' Com- 
 pendious Grammar ; as much has been drawn from the latter,) though now 
 the smallest in German, is, with the following exercises, more than sufficient 
 to impart as much of the German tongue as any foreigner may ever generally 
 require. Bulky school-books only tend, in my opinion, to confound and dis- 
 courage the beginner. 
 
11 TO TEACHERS. 
 
 In my long career of a teacher, I have often remarked that a 
 pupil is generally averse to any particular exertion of memory ; 
 and however eager he may at first appear to learn a language, 
 he soon grows disgusted with his task, if too irksome and la- 
 borious. 
 
 My plan, therefore, offers itself with peculiar advantages ; 
 for not only will it enable the student to get easily, and by 
 common attention alone, at the meaning of words, orthography, 
 etymology, and construction ; but by an easy and frequent re- 
 currence to the same grammatical rules, it will impress them 
 forcibly, and as if mechanically, on his mind ; and thus com- 
 municate to him at once, and in much less time, and still less 
 labour, a general knowledge of a language which is now daily 
 becoming more literary, commercial, and fashionable. 
 
 September 30, 1844. 
 
 TO TEACHERS. 
 
 1 st. Cause your pupil to write down his exercises on detached 
 leaves, and destroy them when corrected. 
 
 2nd. Examine him on the grammatical rules (making use of 
 the References as Questions' keys,) at the end of each course ; 
 and if found wanting, do not admit him to the next, but have 
 the same course repeated ; taking care of leaving in his hands 
 nothing else for guide but his grammar. 
 
 3rd. If he should (after going over the Additional Course), wish 
 to continue his lessons, make him translate into German from 
 some easy English book ; or put into his hands De Porquet's 
 German Tresor ; or what is better still, let him try his profi- 
 ciency at composition on epistolary subjects. 
 
 4th. Make him read and translate German into English; 
 1st, strictly literally, then freely; causing him to repeat the same 
 operation in writing, during the intervals of his lessons. Thus 
 he will learn at once, both the true import of each German 
 word, and the respective peculiarities of the two languages. 
 
 Reading Books. — 1st, The Progressive German Reader, by 
 Tiarks ; or De Porquet's Eirst German Reading-book. 2nd, 
 Bernays' Historical Anthology ; or, Ermeler's Reading-book. 
 3rd, Bernays' Poetical Antbology. 
 
THE FOMERIAtf SYSTEM. 
 
 PAET L, 
 
 GERMAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 I The parts of speech are the same as in English. 
 
 AETICLES. 
 
 II. — Definite. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 Masc. fern. neut. 
 N. der die das die the 
 G . des der des der of the 
 D. dem der dem den to the 
 A. den die das die the 
 
 III. — Indefinite. 
 
 Singular. 
 Masc. fern. neut. 
 ein eine ein a or an 
 eines einer eines of a or an 
 einem einer einem to a or an 
 einen eine ein a or an 
 
 SUBSTANTIVES. 
 IV. — We notice in German as in English, common and pro- 
 per substantives ; three genders, masculine, feminine, and neuter; 
 two numbers, singular and plural; but four cases, nominative, 
 genitive, dative, and accusative, with, generally, Jive declensions. 
 
 GENDEKS. 
 
 V. — We can ascertain the genders of some polysyllabic sub- 
 stantives by their terminations ; as — 
 
 Masc. — Ach, act, am, ant, ast, aun, ess, ig, isk, ling. 
 
 Fern. — Anz, at, ei or ey, eit, eh, enz, ie, ik, inn, inz, ion, is, iz, 
 schqft, ung,un, ur. — Exc, Benefiz ; Pr'djudiz, Petschaft (seal) 
 Portrdt, which are neuter ; and Papagei ; Hornung, which are 
 masculine. 
 
 Neut. — A, amm, chen, ent, il or ill, Vein, ol or oil, om, sal, 
 scdp, thum, uct, um. — Exc, Parchent, Irrthum, Reichthum, 
 Wachsthum, masc. ; and Firma, Tr'ubsal, fern. 
 
 VI Compound Substantives take the gender from the last; 
 
 as das Vaterhaus, from Haus, neut., the paternal house; der 
 Bausvater, from Vater, masc, the father of a family, &c Ex- 
 cept in very few instances. 
 
 N.B The far best way to ascertain and to retain the gen 
 
 der of nouns, is to look for them in a good dictionary. 
 
 I 
 
2 
 
 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 DECLENSIONS OF COMMON SUBSTANTIVES. 
 
 
 
 
 TABLE. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 
 
 Decl. 
 
 decl. 
 
 decl. 
 
 decl. 
 
 decl. 
 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Gen. 
 
 — S 
 
 — es, s 
 
 — en, n 
 
 — es, s 
 
 — es, s 
 
 Dat. 
 
 — 
 
 — e 
 
 — en, n 
 
 — e 
 
 — e 
 
 Ace. 
 
 ™ ~ ' 
 
 1 
 
 —en, n 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 Nom. 
 
 — 
 
 — e 
 
 — en, n 
 
 — en, n 
 
 — er 
 
 Gen. 
 
 — 
 
 — e 
 
 — en, n 
 
 — en, n 
 
 — er 
 
 Dat. 
 
 — n 
 
 — en 
 
 — en, n 
 
 — en, n 
 
 — ern 
 
 v Ace. 
 
 — 
 
 — e 
 
 — en, n 
 
 — en, n 
 
 — er 
 
 VIL-JDecL 1. All subst. masc. of more than one syllable, 
 ending in en and eur.— Most masc. and all neuters, in el, en, or 
 
 er. — All diminutives in chen or lein All neuters commencing 
 
 with ge and ending in e — All infinitives used as substantives ; 
 and the feminines Mutter, Tochter. 
 
 VIII Decl. 2. The polysyllabic subst. in act, al, am, amm, 
 
 an, ar, ar, at, em (long), ict, ier, ig y ing, iv, ling, niss, ol or oil, 
 om, ont, rich, sal, scop, uct, ^.-^-Collectives, beginning with 
 ge, but not ending in e, el or er; and a great many monosylla- 
 bic, masc. and neuter, with some feminines. 
 
 IX. — Decl. 3. Most masculines in e, also masc. appellatives 
 from foreign languages ending in ant, ar, ast, at, ent, et, graph, 
 ik, ist, it, og, on, ot, soph, ut. All feminines ending in e, el or 
 er, (except Mutter and Tochter of Decl. 1.,) and in heit, keit, 
 schaft, ung, inn, ei (ey), ath, end, st, Id, n, &c. 
 
 X. — Decl. 4. A few masculines and neuters ; a few foreign 
 words, as Affect, Aspect, Diamant, Doctor, with most other 
 masc. in or ; Bataillon, Concordat, and a few other neuters of 
 foreign derivation. 
 
 XI. — Decl. 5. Most neuters ; all those ending in thum, which 
 change the vowel in this affix, making it thumer ; Herzogthum, 
 dukedom; plur. Herzogthumer ; and a very few masculines, as 
 Dorn, Gott, Mann, Ort, &c. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 1. Eeminine substantives are ever undeclined in the singular. 
 
 2. The e before s in the gen. sing, is only required with words 
 
ETYMOLOGY, 
 
 3 
 
 terminating in s, sck, sz, or z; with those ending b, d, ch, g, t, 
 or st, it is desirable ; but with other terminations it may be 
 omitted, as well as the e of the dative. 
 '3. All declensions add en or n to the dative plural. 
 
 4. The e before n is always requisite, except with nouns 
 ending in e, el, es, and a few in ar. 
 
 5. All subs, are undeclined in those cases which take no addi- 
 tional letter. 
 
 6. Subs, belonging to the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Decl., change (if 
 they hare it) their a, o, n, into a, o, u, in the plural. But 
 mind, that in -polysyllabic words, the change falls on the vowel 
 of the last syllable, as Canal, plural Candle, &e. ; and when a 
 monosyllable is the affix of a compound subst., the change of 
 vowel is the same ; as, Baum, tree ; baume, trees ; Bimbaum, 
 peartree ; birnbaume, peartrees. 
 
 7- Aa and oo are changed into a and 3 for the plural ; as, 
 Aal, Aele, &c. 
 
 N.B To ascertain the respective declensions of nouns, I 
 
 would rather refer the learner to a good dictionary, such as 
 FlugeFs by Teiling, and Steimann ; or the pocket one of Kab- 
 •senhorzt by D. Boileau — both of which give the terminations 
 of substantives in the gen. and dat. singular, and in the nomi- 
 native plural. 
 
 XII — Some substantives are only used in the singular ; and 
 such are: — 
 
 1. Names of metals, minerals; and abstract terms, as Hun- 
 ger, hunger ; Durst, thirst, &c. 
 
 2. Words of weight, measure, and quantity, (if preceded by 
 numerals) as Pfund, (weight or sterling) Fuss, Zoll, Mai, Stein, 
 Uhr, Mann, &c. ; FunfMal seeks, five times six ; Das Heer ist 
 dreissig tausend Mann stark, the army is thirty thousand men 
 strong, &c. 
 
 3. Jahr, when followed by alt, as zehn Jakr alt, ten years 
 old, &c. 
 
 4. Most collectives beginning by ge ; and most infinitives 
 used as substractives. 
 
 XIII — Many substantives form the plural from other words ; 
 as, Gluch, success ; plural, Glueksfalle ; Tod, death ; plural, 
 Todesfdlle, &c. 
 
 XIV — Some are only used in the plural ; as, Ferien, vacations ; 
 iGefalle, rents ; Aeltern, parents ; Leute, people, &c. 
 
 XV — Some foreign words take s, (often with an apostrophe 
 
4 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 before it,) both in the gen. sing, and all the cases plural ; as 
 Carabiniers, Banquiers, Klubbs, Lords, Papa's, Motto's, &c. 
 
 XVI Proper names of rivers, seas, mountains, and forests, 
 
 as well as those of countries, towns, and villages, are always 
 treated as appellatives, and they follow the preceding declen- 
 sions. 
 
 DECLENSION OF NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 XVII Names of persons may be declined with the definite 
 
 article, in which case they do not alter ; or without the article, 
 and then, whether masculine or feminine, they add s, ns, or 
 ens, to the gen., and n or en to the dative and ace. 
 
 XVIII. — All names take s in the gen., except those ending 
 in s, ss, st, sz, sch, x, z, which add 'ens ; and the feminine in e, 
 which add 'ns. 
 
 XIX All names ending with an unaccented syllable, form 
 
 the dat. and ace. by the addition of n ; as, Nom. Homer, Gen. 
 Homer's, Dat. Homer'n, Ace. Homer'n. But they take en 
 when of one syllable, or ending in an accented one ; as, Leib- 
 niz, Gen. Leibniz'ens, Dat. Leibniz'en, Ace. Leibniz'en. Names 
 in these cases are often left undeclined. 
 
 XX. — Names ending in a generally change a into ens in the 
 gen., and into en in the dat.; as Flora, Gen. Flor'ens, Dat. 
 Flor'en, Ace. Flor'en. Names of countries with this termina- 
 tion, are often declined in this manner, except when preceded 
 by a preposition, in which case they retain a ; as, von Europa. 
 
 XXI Latin and Greek names, which retain yet their 
 
 original termination in s, are generally declined according to 
 the Latin manner, as Jesus Christus, Gen. Jesu Christi, Dat. 
 Jesu Christo, Ace. Jesum Christum, &c. 
 
 XXII Proper names used figuratively may be used in 
 
 the plural. 
 
 XXIII. — Proper names ending in al, el, il, ar, er, or, ur, en, 
 when these syllables are not accented (like the common nouns 
 of decl. 1st) take no sign of plural ; those ending in a vowel take 'n 
 and if in any other letter, 'e. Names which do not end in 'n, 
 take this letter in the dat.; but no change of vowel is ever ad- 
 mitted in them. Some in o, form the plural in 'ne, Dat, 'nen. 
 Some foreign names make it in 's. 
 
 ADJECTIVES. 
 
 XXIV. — German adjectives and participles follow the same 
 rules. 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 5 
 
 XXV When before substantives, or when a substantive is 
 
 understood after them, they agree with it in gender, number, 
 and case. 
 
 XXVI. — When used as predicates, and are connected with a 
 substantive, by the means of a verb, they are undeclined ; as, 
 Das gute Kind, the good child, das Kind ist gut, the child is 
 good, &c, not gutes. 
 
 XXVII. — Both adjectives and participles are frequently used 
 adverbially.; in which case they are undeclined. 
 
 DECLENSIONS OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 XXVIII. — Adjectives are declined after three forms: 1st, 
 without the article. 2nd, with the article ein. 3rd, with the 
 article der. 
 
 FIRST FORM. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 N. guter 
 
 G. gutes" 
 
 D. gutem 
 
 A. guten 
 
 Singular. 
 Fern, 
 gute 
 guter 
 guter 
 gute 
 
 Newt. 
 
 gutes 
 gutes 
 gutem 
 gutes 
 
 -good, &c 
 
 Plural. 
 Masc. Fern. Neut. 
 N. gute 
 G. guter 
 I). guten 
 A. gute 
 
 SECOND FORM. 
 
 N. 
 G. 
 D. 
 A. 
 
 Singular. 
 Masc. Fern. 
 
 ein guter eine gute 
 eines guten einer guten 
 einem guten einer guten 
 einen guten eine gute 
 
 Neut. 
 
 ein gutes 
 eines guten 
 einem guten 
 ein gutes 
 
 THIRD FORM. 
 
 N. 
 G. 
 D. 
 A. 
 
 Masc 
 
 der gute 
 des guten 
 dem guten 
 den guten 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Fern. 
 die gute 
 der guten 
 der guten 
 die gute 
 
 Neitt. 
 das gute 
 des guten 
 dem guten 
 das gute 
 
 N. 
 G. 
 D. 
 A. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 die guten 
 der guten 
 den guten 
 die guten 
 
 •Masc. 
 
 Plural. 
 Masc. Fern. Neut. 
 
 p N. 
 
 ■| £>> guten. 
 ^ A. 
 
 -the good, &c. 
 
 * The s of the gen. is changed into n, when the substantive forms this 
 
 case in s ; as gen. guten Weines, of good wine, guten for gutes ; and the m 
 
 of the dat., sing., masc, and neuter, is changed into n, if the adjective end 
 
 in m ; as mit lahmen (for lalimem) Fusse, with lame foot. 
 
 b2 
 
6 
 
 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 XXIX — The vocative is always like the nominative. 
 XXX — Decline after the 1st form: 
 
 1. Adjectives not preceded by any article or pronoun, or 
 when following cardinal numbers ; and undeclinable words, as 
 mehr, vier, etwas, sehr, &c. 
 
 2. Absolute possessive pronouns, — Meiner, mine, &c. 
 
 3. Demonstrative pronouns, — Dieser, jener, this, that, sol- 
 cher, such, selbiger, the same. 
 
 4. Eelative and interrogative, — welcher, who, which, &c. 
 
 5. Indefinite, — einer, keiner, anderer, jeder, jedweder, jeg- 
 Ucher, mancher, einiger, einziger ; also the plural alle and 
 beide. 
 
 6. Conjunctive possessive pronouns, — mein, dein, &c, when 
 in the plural. 
 
 XXXI Decline after the 2nd form all adjectives preceded 
 
 by the article ein ; by the personal pronouns ich, du, er, Sec. ; 
 by the possessive pronoun mein, dein, sein, and by the in- 
 definite, kein. 
 
 XXXII Decline after the 3rd form : 
 
 1. Adjectives preceded by the article definite, der, &c. ; or by 
 the pronouns alle, beide, dieser, jener, solcher, &c. 
 
 2. The absolute, possessive, demonstrative, or indefinite pro- 
 nouns, as well as the ordinal numbers ; when preceded by the 
 article der, &c. 
 
 XXXIII When several adjectives succeed each other, if 
 
 the first has the first form, the rest take the second ; if it has 
 the second or the third, the others take also the second or the 
 third form accordingly. 
 
 N.B. — In the first case however, some writers give the plural 
 of each adjective in the first form. 
 
 XXXIV Adjectives ending in er, derived from names of 
 
 towns, are undeclined ; as a London citizen, Ein Londoner 
 Burger, Gen. Eines Londoner Burgers, &c. 
 
 XXXV In familiar conversation adjectives are often left 
 
 undeclined. 
 
 XXXVI Viel, wenig, (but only when meaning much or 
 
 little,) ganz, all, and halb, half, (the two last when not pre- 
 ceded by any article or pronoun) are always undeclined. 
 
 XXXVII. — When two or more attributes are represented as 
 co-existent in a substantive, but each partially only, the de- 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 clension of the first is suppressed ; as ein schwarz und weisses 
 Band, a black and white ribbon, &c. 
 
 XXXVIII Adjectives ending in el, en, or er drop this e, 
 
 when another is added ; as der Soft ist bitter, the juice is bit- 
 ter, der bittre (for bitter e) Saft, the bitter juice, &c. 
 
 COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES. 
 
 XXXIX Adjectives become comparatives and superla- 
 tives, by the addition (as in English) of r or er, and st or est. 
 
 XL Adjectives ending in e, take r for the comparative ; 
 
 and st for the superlative: and er and est when ending in 
 any other letter. Those however which end in b, ch, e, et, end, 
 f, g, I, m, n, r, form generally the superlative by adding st only; 
 as grob, coarse, grdbst, coarsest, &c. 
 
 XLI. — Adjectives ending in el, en, er, drop this e in the com- 
 parative and superlative; as edel, noble, edler, edlest, nobler, 
 noblest, &c. 
 
 XLII — Adjectives which are never used as attributes, but 
 only as predicates, form the comparative and superlative by 
 prefixing mehr, more, and am meisten, most ; as bereit, ready, 
 mehr bereit, more ready, am meisten bereit, most ready, &c. 
 
 XLIII Monosyllabic adjectives, having the vowels a, o, u 
 
 (not au) in their root, generally change them into a, o, ii 
 both in the comparative and superlative : as gross, grosser, der 
 grosste, great, &c. 
 
 IRREGULAR. 
 
 gut, good besser, better 
 
 viel, much mehr, more 
 
 nah, near naher, nearer 
 
 XLIY — Most preceded by the indefinite article, is rendered 
 by sehr, hdchst, &c, prefixed to the adjective. 
 
 XLV — Both comparatives and superlatives are declined like 
 
 the positives, and they are subject to all the rules of the latter. 
 
 XL VI — As— as is rendered by so—als; than also by als; as 
 
 tall as J, or taller than my brother, so gross als ich, or grosser 
 
 als mein Bruder. 
 
 XL VII — So much the, or the used in this sense, is rendered 
 by urn so ; the pleasure was so much the or the greater, das 
 Vergnugen war um so grosser, &c. 
 
 XLVIII — The more — the more is rendered by je mehr je (or 
 
 desto mehr. 
 
 der beste, best 
 der m.eiste, most 
 der nachste, nearest 
 
8 
 
 
 
 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 
 
 
 NUMBERS. 
 
 
 
 
 Cardinal. 
 
 Ordinal. 
 
 XLIX. 
 
 — 1. 
 
 ein, a, eins, one 
 
 1st, erste 
 
 
 2. 
 
 zwei, or zwey, two 
 
 2nd, zweite 
 
 
 3. 
 
 drei or drey, three 
 
 3rd, rfntte 
 
 
 
 &c, &c. 
 
 &c, &c 
 
 L Ein is declined like the indefinite article ein, and 
 
 when used without a substantive, it is declined according to 
 the first declension of adjectives; eins is used in counting, with- 
 out reference to any object. 
 
 LI Cardinal numbers are undeclined in the nom., gen., 
 
 and ace, zwei and drei excepted, which take er in the gen., if 
 not preceded by an article or pronoun ; as, the two soldiers are 
 indebted for their lives to the courage of three comrades, die 
 zwei Soldaten verdanhen ihr Leben dem Muth dreier Kameraden, 
 &c, with the other numbers, of is rendered by von and the 
 dative. 
 
 LIL — If not followed by a noun, all numbers take en in the 
 dative. 
 
 LIII. — Units are always placed before tens; as ein und zwan zig, 
 zwey und zwanzig, &c, 21, 22, &c. 
 
 LIV Ordinal numbers are declined like common adjectives. 
 
 LV. — Fractional parts are formed by adding I or halb to the 
 ordinals; but halb must always be joined to the next number; 
 as, das Drittel, J, das Viertel, \, &c, viertehalb, 3|, &c. 
 
 LVI In speaking of the hours, halb is put before the next 
 
 number, which, in this case, is cardinal % as, halb zwei, half-past 
 one, halb drei, half-past two, &c. Uhr, hour, may be omitted. 
 
 LVII. — Distributives are formed by ens, as erstens, zw.ei 
 tens, firstly, secondly, &c. 
 
 LVIII Repetitives are expressed by mahlov mal, as ein Mai, 
 
 zuei Mal, once, twice, &c. 
 
 LIX Variety is expressed by adding erlei to the cardinal 
 
 number ; as, einerlei, of one sort, zweierlei, mancherlei, &c. 
 
 LX. — The English fold is rendered by fach or f'dltig 
 added also to the cardinals; as, einfach, zweifach, &c, single, 
 double, &c. 
 
 LXI. — The numeral substantives, half, a pair, &c, are ren- 
 dered by die H'dlfste, ein Paar, &c. 
 
 LXII Partitives by je, or by repeating the number ; as, 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 je eins, je zwei, &c, one, two at a time, drei und drei, three and 
 three, &c. 
 
 PRONOUNS. 
 LXIII. — Personal or Substantive Pronouns. 
 
 FIRST PERSON. 
 
 Singular. 
 Nom. Ich, I. 
 
 Gen. Meiner, of me, of myself. 
 Dat. Mir, to me, or to myself. 
 Ace. Mick, me, myself. 
 
 Plural. 
 Nom. Wir, we. 
 
 Gen. Unser, of us, of ourselves. 
 Dat. Uns, to us, to ourselves. 
 Ace. Uns, us, ourselves. 
 
 SECOND PERSON. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. Du, thou. 
 Gen. Deiner, of thee, of thyself. 
 Dat. Dir, to thee, to thyself. 
 Ace. Dich, thee, thyself. 
 
 Plural. 
 Nom. Ihr, you. 
 
 Gen. Euer, of you, of yourselves. 
 Dat. Much, to you, to yourselves, 
 Ace. Euch, you, yourselves. 
 
 Masc. 
 Nom. Er, he. 
 Gen. Seiner, of him. 
 Dat. Ihm, to him. 
 Ace. Ihn, him. 
 
 Neut. 
 Es, it. 
 Seiner, of it 
 Ihm, to it. 
 JEs, it. 
 
 THIRD PERSON 
 Singular. 
 Fern. 
 Sie, she. 
 Ihrer, of her. 
 Ihr, to her. 
 Sie, her. - 
 
 P£wra£. 
 Of the Three Genders. 
 Nom. Sfo, they. 
 Gen. Ihrer, of them. 
 Dat. Ihnen, to them. 
 Ace. Sie, them. 
 
 N.B — Sich stands reflexively for all the pronouns of the 
 third person ; dative and accusative ; and in both numbers. 
 
 LXIV — These pronouns are not used in the gen., except 
 in connexion with numbers ; (as ihrer drei, three of them,) or 
 with certain adjectives and verbs, governing the genitive case, 
 or before Selbst. In other instances, of before a personal pro- 
 noun is rendered by von or unter ; as, I speak of him, ich rede 
 von ihm. 
 
 LXV — Es is never placed after a preposition ; nor is ihm 
 in relation to things: as substitutes, we use the compounds 
 daran, thereat ; darauf, thereon, &c. 
 
10 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 N.B Selbst is added sometimes to the pronouns and sub- 
 stantives, where a particular emphasis is required ; as ich selbst, 
 I myself; Der Mann selbst, the man himself, &c, 
 
 LXVI. — The pronouns of the third person must always agree 
 with the person or thing they represent. 
 
 ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 LXVII Conjunctive. 
 
 Mein, my ; dein, thy ; sein, his, its ; ihr, her or their ; unser, 
 our ; and euer, your. 
 
 LXVIII. — These pronouns are always placed before substan- 
 tives, and declined as ein in the singular, and like adjectives 
 of the first form in the plural. 
 
 LXIX. — Absolute. 
 
 These pronouns are used in reference to a preceding sub- 
 stantive. They are of three forms, which are employed indif- 
 ferently. 
 
 1st form, meiner, &c. ^ 
 
 2d form, der meine, &c. (.mine. (See Rules 30 and 32, 
 
 „, n j . . i to decline them.) 
 
 3d torm, der meinige, &c. \ J 
 
 LXX The English a. friend ©/* mine, of his, &c, may 
 
 be rendered by one of my, of his, friends, &c. Einer meiner, 
 seiner, &c. Freunde : or Einer von meinen, seinen, &c. Freunden. 
 
 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 LXXI. — Conjunctive. 
 
 Dieser, this ; jener, that ; der, this, that. 
 
 LXXII. — They are used before substantives, or when sub- 
 stantives are understood after them; in which cases they 
 must always agree with them as adjectives. 
 
 LXXIII Dieser and jener are declined after form 1st, and 
 
 der, as follows : 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 Masc. Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Three Genders 
 
 Nom. 
 
 der die 
 
 das 
 
 die 
 
 Gen. 
 
 dessen deren 
 
 dessen 
 
 deren 
 
 Dat. 
 
 dem der 
 
 dem 
 
 denen 
 
 Ace. 
 
 den die 
 
 das 
 
 die 
 
 N.B Der should never be used as a pronoun when it 
 
 could be mistaken for the article der. 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 11 
 
 LXXIV— Absolute. 
 
 Derjenige, he ; derselbe, or der selbige, the same. 
 
 LXXV They are declined after form 3. 
 
 LXXVI A demonstrative pronoun before a substantive 
 
 followed by a relative, or a personal or demonstrative pronoun 
 before a relative, are rendered by derjenige, or by der ; as, 
 those people who told it, are wrong ; diejenigen, or die leute, 
 welche es sagten, haben Unrecht. He who told it is right ; Der- 
 jenige, or der, welcher es sagte, hat Reckt. 
 
 Der in this case may be pronounced with more emphasis, 
 than when an article. 
 
 RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 LXX VII. — Conjunctive. 
 Masc. Fern. Neut. 
 
 1. Welcher welche welches, who, which. 
 
 2. Der, &c, who, which. 
 
 LXXVIII Welcher is declined after form 1st, and Der like 
 
 the demonst. Der. (See Eule 73.) 
 
 LXXIX. — Welcher, &c, is often used for some, [instead of 
 einige or deren ; as, If you have no money, I have some ; wenn 
 Sie kein Geld haben, ich habe welches. 
 
 LXXX The gen. of der being more distinct, is pre- 
 ferable to that of welcher, the pronoun agreeing with its pos- 
 sessor; as, the tree, whose shade delights us; der Baum dessert 
 Schatten uns erfreut. 
 
 LXXXI Der governs the verb only in the third person ; 
 
 so, if the verb is to agree with an antecedent of the first or 
 second person, the antecedent must be repeated after the re- 
 lative ; as, I who (J) knew it ; ich, der ich es wusste. 
 
 LXXXII Der, &c, is often used instead of welcher, for the 
 
 sake of euphony. 
 
 LXXXIIL— Absolute. 
 
 Relating to Persons. Relating to Tilings. 
 
 N.wer,who,(hewho, orwhoever) N. was, what, (that which.) 
 G. wessen, whose. G.von was, or wessen, of what. 
 
 D. wem, to whom. D. wem, or zu was, to what. 
 
 A, wen, whom. A. was, what. 
 
 LXXXIV Wessen must be used with verbs and adjectives 
 
 governing the genitive, like the genitive of personal pronouns. 
 Wem for the dative of things is seldom used, was being substi- 
 tuted, especially after a preposition to prevent its being mis- 
 taken as relating to a person. 
 
12 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 LXXXV — Wer and was are used without an antecedent, 
 but the demonstrative to which they relate is often placed after 
 them, before the second member of the phrase ; especially if 
 it differ in case from the relative, or may serve to divide two 
 verbs of the same kind : as, He who has seen it, has a great 
 advantage ; wer es gesehen hat (der) hat einen grossen Vortheil. 
 Whoever will tell it me, I shall always esteem; wer es mir 
 sagen will, (den) werde ich immer schatzen. 
 LXXXVI. — Wer, &c, followed by auch, means whoever, &c. 
 
 LXXXVII. — Interrogative. 
 
 Welcher, which ; wer, who ; was, what ; — declined as before, 
 Welch, was fur, what, or what sort of, are undeclined. 
 
 LXXXVIII. — Welch, was fur, often take em or einer, and may 
 also be used in exclamations ; as, Welch ein or was fur ein 
 Mann ! What a man ! Was fur Leute ! What people ! 
 
 LXXXIX Was fur ein is declined as follows : 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 Masc. Fern. 
 
 Nom. Was fur ein? wasfiireine? 
 
 Gen. Was fur eines? was fiir einer? 
 
 Dat. Was fiir einem? was fiir einer? 
 
 Ace. Was fiir einen? was fiir eine? 
 
 Neut. 
 Was fiir ein ? what sort of, &c. 
 Was fiir eines ? of what sort, &c. 
 Was fiir einem ? to what sort of, &c. 
 Was fiir ein ? what sort of, &c. 
 N.B. — Ein is dropped in the plural, and teas fur remains 
 undeclined. 
 
 XC. — Welcher, &c.,is placed before substantives, and in rela- 
 tion to them. 
 
 XCI. — Wer and was are used absolutely, and when we do 
 not know the gender and number of the object of our enquiry ; 
 as, Who has told it, wer hat es gesagt, &c. 
 
 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 
 
 XCII. — Undeclined. 
 Man one, they, &c, (the Erench on) selbst, self or some, 
 solch, such, followed by em; wo, where, da, there, joined to 
 prepositions; as, womit, damit; so, for welcher, who, or which, 
 etvas, something ; nichts, nothing. 
 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 13 
 
 XCIII — One's, people's, to one's, people's, &c, are rendered 
 by seines, seiner, seines, seinem, &c. 
 
 XCIV— Declined after form 1. (See rule 28.) Aller, all ; 
 anderer, other ; einer, one, (no plural) ; keiner, none, not any, 
 not one ; jeder, jeweder, jeglicher, each, or every one (they 
 hare no plural); mancher, many a one, or many; solcher, such. 
 
 N.B. — Solch is undeclined when before ein ; but declined 
 when placed after it ; as, solch ein Mann, for ein solcher Mann, 
 such a man. 
 
 XCV. — "When preceded by the indefinite article, they are 
 declined after form 2d, of adjectives; and after form 3d, when 
 by the definite. 
 
 XCVI. — Beide, both, einige, etliche, some, viele, many ; are 
 only used in the plural; or in the neuter, like abstract adjective 
 substantives; as, beides, both things ; einiges, something; vieles, 
 much, or, a great deal. 
 
 N.B Any in interrogations, is rendered by kein ; as, have 
 
 you any beer ? haben Sie kein Bier ? 
 
 XCVII. — Some one is rendered by Jemand ; no one by Nie- 
 mand ; and every one, by Jedermann, declined as follow — 
 
 Nom. Jemand Mem and 
 
 Gen. Jemandes Xiemandes 
 
 Dat. Jemanden Xiemanden 
 
 Ace. Jemanden Memanden 
 
 Nom. Dat. and Ace. Jedermann ; Gen. Jedermannes. 
 
 VERBS. 
 
 XCVIII. — Verbs are either regular or irregular ; transitive 
 or intransitive ; simple or compound. There are also some called 
 reflective, reciprocal, and impersonal. 
 
 XCIX. — The moods are infinitive, indicative, subjunctive, and 
 imperative. 
 
 C The Germans have only two simple tenses, the present 
 
 and past. All the others are formed by the help of the auxi- 
 liaries, haben, to have ; sexjn, to be ; or, werden, to become. 
 
 CI. — The persons are the same as in English. 
 
 GIL — There is but one regular conjugation. 
 
 CIIL — All regular verbs ; and regular persons, or tenses in 
 irregular verbs, are conjugated like loben, to praise. 
 
14 
 
 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 CIV— CONJUGATION OF THE KEGULAR VERB, 
 AND AUXILIARIES. 
 
 Remark 1st As many of the persons are alike in the 
 
 indicative and subjunctive, where such is the case, we give the 
 person hut once ; but we give them both when they differ. 
 
 Remark 2nd. — The nominative pronoun before several 
 verbs in th same person and tense, is usually repeated but 
 once. 
 
 SIMPLE TENSES. 
 
 Regular Verb. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 Auxiliary Verbs. 
 
 
 i 
 
 To praise 
 
 loben 
 
 to have 
 haben 
 
 To be 
 seyn 
 
 to become 
 werden 
 
 
 Participles. 
 
 
 Present lobend 
 Past gelobt 
 
 habend 
 gehabt 
 
 seyend 
 gewesen 
 
 werdend 
 i geworden or 
 worden 
 
 Pr 
 
 esent — Indicative and Conjunct 
 
 ive. 
 
 ich lobe 
 du lob (e) st 
 er lob (e)t, lobe 
 wir loben, 
 
 habe 
 
 hast, habest 
 hat, habe 
 haben 
 
 bin sey 
 
 bist, sey (e) st, 
 
 ist, sey, 
 
 sind, sey (e) n, 
 
 werde 
 
 wirst, werdesi 
 wird, werde 
 werden 
 
 ihr lob (e) t, 
 sie loben, 
 
 hab (e) t, 
 haben 
 
 seyd, sey (e) d, 
 sind, sey (e) n, 
 
 werdet 
 werden 
 
 Imp] 
 
 ich lob (e) te, 
 du lob (e) test, 
 er lob (e) te, 
 wir lob (e) ten, 
 ihrlob (e) tet, 
 sie lob (e) ten, 
 
 3RFECT — Indica 
 
 hatte, hatte, 
 hottest, flattest, 
 hatte, hatte, 
 flatten, flatten, 
 hattet, hiittet, 
 hatten, hatten, 
 
 tive and Conjunc 
 
 war, wllre, 
 war \e)st, war (e)st 
 war ware, 
 waren, waren, 
 waret, waret, 
 waren, waren 
 
 'tive. 
 
 wurde, * wiirde 
 wurd(e)st,wiird( e ) 
 wurde wiirde [st 
 wurden, wiirden 
 wurdet, wiirdet 
 wurden, wiirden 
 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 
 lobe (du) 
 lobe er 
 loben wir 
 lobet (ihr) 
 loben sie 
 
 habe (du) 
 habe er 
 haben wir 
 habet (ihr) 
 haben sie 
 
 sey (du) 
 sey er 
 seyn wir 
 seyd (ihr) 
 seyn sie 
 
 werde {du) 
 werde er 
 iverden wir 
 werdet (ihr) 
 werden sie 
 
 N.B. — The letter e, and the pronouns between the bracket?, 
 \ may be omitted. 
 
 
 * Also ich ward, wardst, ward, preferred in the passive voice. 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 15 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 1. The participle present is formed by the addition of d to 
 the infinitive. 
 
 2. The participle past is formed by prefixing ge, and chang- 
 ing n into t ; except in verbs ending in ieren or iren, which 
 only undergo the last change ; as, regiren, regiert ; and the 
 inseparable compounds. 
 
 3. When verbs, whose root ends in el or er, add an e, the e 
 before the consonant is usually dropped ; as ich zittre, I trem- 
 ble (instead of zittere). But when the root ends in d or t, and 
 generally also in ss, sz, z, or tz, the (e) put between brackets, 
 cannot be omitted. 
 
 COMPOUND TENSES. 
 
 Infinitive — Past. 
 
 Gelobt haben, to have praised 
 Gehabt haben, to have had 
 Gewesen seyn, to have been 
 Geworden seyn, to have become 
 
 N.B — The participle is always placed before the infinitive. 
 Perfect or Compound, of the Present.* 
 
 I have, or may have had or 
 
 praised. 
 ich habe gehabt, or gelobt^ &c. 
 
 I have, or may have been or 
 
 become. 
 ich bin, sey gewesen, geworden, 
 
 or worden, &c. 
 
 Pluperfect, or Compound of the Imperfect. 
 
 I had, or might have had, or 
 
 praised. 
 ich hatte, or h'dtte, gehabt or 
 
 gelobt, &c. 
 
 I had, or might have, been or 
 become. 
 
 ich war, or ware, gewesen, ge- 
 worden, or worden, &e, 
 
 1st Future. 
 
 I shall have, or praise. 
 
 ich werde haben, or loben, &c. 
 
 I shall be or become. 
 
 ich werde seyn, or werden, &c. 
 
 * See the Simple Tenses for the other persons. 
 
16 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 2d Future. 
 
 I shall have had, or praised. 
 ich werde gehabt, or gelobt, 
 haben, &e. 
 
 I shall have been or become. 
 ich werde gewesen, or geworden, 
 or worden seyn, &c. 
 
 Conditional Present. 
 
 I should have, or praise. 
 
 ich wurde haben, or loben, &c. 
 
 I should be, or become. 
 
 ich wurde seyn or werden, &c. 
 
 Conditional Past. 
 
 I should have had or praised. 
 ich wurde gehabt, or gelobt 
 haben, &c. 
 
 I should have been or become. 
 ich wurde gewesen or geworden, 
 or worden seyn, &c. 
 
 CV. — In German, the verb to be is never used before a par- 
 ticiple present, and such expressions as I am going, I was going, 
 &c, must be rendered respectively by the present, imperfect, 
 &c. , of the verb, to which the participle belongs, and to which 
 the adverb eben may be added ; as, I am, or was going, ich 
 gehe, ich ging, or, ging eben, &c. N.B. — If the subject is a 
 thing, the sentence must be made passive ; as, the letter is 
 writing, der Brief icird geschrieben (literally, becomes written). 
 
 CVI. — Do or did, in interrogative or negative sentences, is 
 entirely dropped in German. 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 CVII. — Their irregularities are chiefly limited to the imper- 
 fect and past participle. The participle present, and the present 
 subjunctive, are never irregular. The present indicative is only so 
 occasionally : and the imperative, still more rarely, in the sing. 
 
 CVIII. — From the 1st person of the imperfect indicative, 
 are formed the other persons, as well as the imperfect subjunc- 
 tive. The 3d person is always like the 1st, and the 2d adds st 
 or est ; the 1st and 3d persons plural take en, and the 2d t, or 
 et. The imperfect subjunctive is formed from the imperfect 
 indicative, by changing (if it exists) a, o, or u, into a, o, or u ; 
 and by adding e to the 1st and 3d person singular, if the im- 
 perfect indicative is defective in this particular. 
 
 Some verbs are regular in one sense and irregular in another. 
 The irregular neuters, backen, bersten, braten, dringen, fahren, 
 &c. , become regular, when used actively. Many others occur only 
 in the elevated style, and are otherwise conjugated regularly. 
 
 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 
 
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 24 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Compound Tenses of Intransitive and Neuter Verbs. 
 
 CIX. — Intransitive verbs, which express a condition, a change 
 from one state into another, or a motion from one place to an- 
 other; such as — to he, to remain, to become, to grow, to recover, 
 to advance, to walk, to run, to fall — take seyn in their com- 
 pounds ; as, I have awoke, ich bin erwacht: the tree has bud- 
 ded, der JBaum ist ausgeschlagen, &c. 
 
 CX. — Verbs expressing an activity, a power, or a continuous 
 state ; such as — to sound, to feel, to eat, to endure, to live, to 
 stand, &c — take haben ; as, I have slept, ich liabe geschlafen : 
 I have watched, ich habe gewacht, &c. 
 
 CXI. — Verbs expressing a motion confined to a circumscribed 
 locality, take haben ; as, the bird has fluttered in the cage, der 
 Vogel hat im K'dsig geflattert, 
 
 CXII. — Those expressing a motion forward in a certain di- 
 rection, take seyn ; as, the bird has fluttered out of the window, 
 der Vogel ist zum Fenster hinausgeflattert, &c. 
 
 CXIII. — When /or* means a continuation, nach, in imitation 
 of, and aus, termination, the verbs to which they are added, 
 take haben ; but when they respectively signify away, after, 
 out, they take seyn. 
 
 PASSIVE VERBS. 
 
 CXIV. — These verbs are formed by seyn or werden. 
 
 CXV. — Seyn is used to express the completion of any state, 
 predicated of a subject : iverden implies that such a state is 
 going on towards completion, in consequence of an action or 
 power exerted upon it by an individual, expressed or under- 
 stood ; as, my house is built, mein Haus ist gebauet : my house 
 is building, mein Haus wird gebauet. 
 
 CXVI. — Verbs not governing an accusative in German, 
 cannot become passive, except in taking an impersonal form ; 
 as, he has been followed (as folgen governs the dative), must- 
 be rendered by— Es ist ihm gefolgi icorden, &c. 
 
 REFLECTIVE AND RECIPROCAL VERBS. 
 
 CXVII. — Every active or transitive verb becomes reflective 
 when it is accompanied by the pronouns mich, dich, sich, &c, 
 to denote that the action it expresses, returns upon the agent ; 
 as, he flatters himself: and it becomes reciprocal, when the 
 action is mutual between two or more individuals ; as, they 
 love themselves, or each other. 
 
ETYMOLOGY. £5 
 
 CXVIII Reflective verbs take haben in the compound 
 
 tenses ; and are conjugated like active verbs. 
 
 CXIX. — Reflective verbs generally govern the accusative : a 
 few however require the dative ; as the following : — 
 
 sick getrauen, to dare sick nahen, to approach 
 
 sich einbilden, to imagine sich vornehmen, to resolve [sume 
 
 sich ausbitten, to request sich anmassen, to assume or pre- 
 
 Ex Ich getraue mir, I dare; ich bilde mir ein, I fancy, &c. 
 
 CXX Sometimes the reflective form is used instead of the 
 
 passive voice; as, the door was opened, die Thur offnete sich, 
 &c. ; for wurde geoffnet. 
 
 IMPERSONAL VERBS. 
 
 CXXI. — These verbs are only used in the third person sin- 
 gular, and formed with the indefinite pronoun es, it ; as, es 
 regnet, it rains ; es donnert, it thunders, &c. They always take 
 haben in the compound tenses. 
 
 CXXII Verbs expressing natural phenomena are imper- 
 sonal in both languages ; but many expressing physical or moral 
 sensations are impersonal in German only, the agent being 
 expressed by es, it, and the subject by either the accusative 
 or dative case ; as, es hungert mich, I am hungry ; es ahnet 
 mir, I forebode, &c. 
 
 CXXIII. — Geben as impersonal, is followed by an accusative, 
 and preceded by es, which is in this case rendered by there ; as, 
 es giebt einjSrott, there is a God ; es giebt viele Leute, there are 
 many people, &c. 
 
 COMPOUND VERBS. 
 
 CXXIV. — These verbs are compound with other parts of 
 the speech ; and are of three sorts : separable, inseparable, and 
 those of both kinds. They mostly follow the conjugation of 
 their simple verbs. 
 
 SEPARABLE. 
 
 CXXV. — The separable are those commonly formed with 
 the particles ab, an, auf, aus, bei or bey, dar, ein, fort, her, hin, 
 los, mit, nach, nieder, ob, vor, weg, wieder, zu, fehl, wohl, zusa- 
 mmen. Examples, auf-stehen, to rise, aus-gehen, to get out, ab- 
 reisen, to set off, &c. 
 
 D 
 
 ^ ^n 
 
26 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 CXXVI These particles are separated in the simple tenses, 
 
 and placed after the verb ; but in the infinitive, and participle 
 past, zu and ge (if required) are placed between the participle 
 and the verb ; — as ich reise ab, I set off; ab-zu-reisen, to set off; 
 ab-ge-reiset, set off, &c. 
 
 N.B The separable particles in simple tenses must be re- 
 moved entirely to the end of the sentence ; as. er reiset diesen 
 Augenblick ab, he sets off this moment. But they cannot be 
 separated from the verb, when this closes the sentence ; as, 
 wenn ich morgens nach Paris ab-reise, &c, if I set off for Paris 
 to-morrow, &c. 
 
 INSEPARABLE. 
 
 CXXVII These are generally formed with be, emp, ent, er, 
 
 ge, ver, zer, offen, verab, vernach, verun, wider ; also with some 
 nouns or adverbs. 
 
 N.B. — These particles cannot be separated from the verbs ; 
 nor take these ge in the participle past, except some of them 
 formed with substantives, adjectives, or adverbs ; as, antworten, 
 to answer, rathschlagen, to consult, &c, participle geantwortet, 
 &c. 
 
 SEPARABLE AND INSEPARABLE. 
 
 CXXVIII. — Durch, uber, urn, wieder, voll, hinter, are sepa- 
 rable with neuters, but inseparable with transitive verbs. 
 When these are separable the accent falls on the particle, when 
 inseparable on the verb. 
 
 ADVERBS. 
 
 CXXIX. — All adjectives and participles not followed by a 
 substantive can stand adverbially ; and these are also suscep- 
 tible of comparison. 
 
 CXXX Some adverbs are formed from substantives or 
 
 adjectives by the addition of s; as, Morgens, Abends, bereits, 
 &c, in the morning, in the evening, already, &c. 
 
 CXXXI. — The adverb-superlative-absolute, is formed with auf 
 followed by the accusative or with zu, an or in, followed by the 
 dative ; as, aufs gnadigste, most graciously ; zum besten, in the 
 best ; im mindesten, in the least ; am shonsten, most beautifully, 
 &c. 
 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 2? 
 
 N.B This superlative-adverb may also be formed by pre- 
 fixing sehr, hochst, gar, &c, before the positive; which form 
 is perhaps easier for a beginner. 
 
 PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 CXXXIL— The German prepositions govern the genitive, 
 dative or accusative, accordingly. 
 
 Genitive. — Anstatt or statt, halben or halber, and its com- 
 pounds innerhalb, &c. ; jenseits, diesseits, kraft, laut, mittelst, 
 ungeachtet, unweit, vermoge, wahrend, wegen. 
 
 Dative. — Aus, ausser, bei, entgegen, mit, nach, nebst, sammt, 
 seit, von, zu, zuioider. 
 
 Accusative. — Durch,fur, gegen, ohne, sonder, urn, wider. 
 
 Genitive and dative. — Zufolge, which takes the genitive after, 
 and the dative before, langs. 
 
 Dative and accusative An, auf, hinter, in, neben, uber, 
 
 unter, vor, zwischen. They take the dative when the verb ex- 
 presses a state of rest, or motion in a place ; and the accusative, 
 when it signifies motion to a place. 
 
 CXXXIII. — The prepositions are often combined with the 
 definite article, or with other parts of speech ; as — 
 
 With the definite article. 
 
 am for an dem vom for von dem aufs for auf das 
 
 bairn — bei dem zum — zu dem durchs — durrh das 
 
 hinterm — hinter dem zur — zu der furs — fiir das 
 
 im — in dem ans — an das ins — in das &c. 
 
 With pronouns. 
 
 meinetwegen on my account jenetwegen on that account 
 meinethalben for my sake desshalben therefore, &c. 
 
 With the adverbs hier here, da there, and wo where. 
 
 hieran hereat daraus thereout worin wherein 
 
 hier auf hence, &c. damit therewith, &c. wovon whence, &c 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 CXXXIV German conjunctions are also undeclined, and 
 
 perform the same functions as in other languages. They are 
 of various classes ; and what influence they have on the posi- 
 tion of the verb, we shall see hereafter. 
 
28 
 
 SYNTAX. 
 
 INTERJECTIONS. 
 
 CXXXV — They are undeclined too ; and the most common 
 in German are : — 
 
 Ah, ach ! Ah, oh, alas ! 
 Aha, ey (ei) eh ! aha, ay ! 
 Au, au, weh, uf! ah ! 
 Fei, pfui ! fie, foh ! 
 Ha! ha! 
 
 He ! hem ! he, hallo, hem ! 
 Heisa, hurra ! hnzza, hurra ! 
 Ho, holla ! ho, hallo ! 
 Hu ! hoo ! (cold, or fear) 
 Hum ! hem ! pshaw ! 
 Husch ! hush ! 
 
 Juche, juhe ! hurrah ! 
 
 O ! 0, oh ! 
 
 O weh ! alas, oh dear ! 
 
 Oho! Oho! 
 
 Sa, sah ! soho ! 
 
 St! St! 
 
 Weh ! woe ! alas ! 
 
 Weh mir ! (dative) woes me ! 
 
 Wohl! well! 
 
 Wohl mir ! (dative) happy I ! 
 
 
 SYNTAX, 
 
 OF THE ARTICLES. 
 
 CXXXVI. — The articles must agree in gender, number, and 
 case with the nouns to which they belong. 
 
 CXXXVII. — They are to be repeated before every succeed- 
 ing substantive in a sentence, if the latter be of different gen- 
 ders ; but only used with the first, if the nouns be of the same 
 gender, number, and case. 
 
 CXXXVIII The definite article is not only employed as 
 
 in English, before every substantive taken in a particular and 
 individual sense; but also before those spoken of generally ; and 
 thus before names of species, virtues, passions, sciences, 
 metals, &c, &c, taken in" the abstract;* as, man is mortal, 
 der Mensch ist sterblich ; virtue is amiable, die Tugend ist lieb- 
 enswurdig, &c. 
 
 CXXXIX The definite article is used before names of 
 
 towns and countries, when preceded by an adjective; and be- 
 fore the names of countries of the feminine gender, whether 
 preceded by an adjective or not ; as, great London is the capi- 
 
SYNTAX. 29 
 
 tal of rich England, das grosse London ist die Hauptstadt des 
 reichen Englands; Turkey lies partly in Europe, partly in 
 Asia, die Turkei liegt theils in Europa, theils in Asien, &c. 
 
 CXL. — This article is also used before adjectives, participles, 
 and verbs taken as substantives. 
 
 CXLI. — It is used in phrases like the following : — in town, 
 in der Stadt ; in Parliament, in. Parlamente ; at school, in der 
 Schule, &c. 
 
 CXLII It is placed before ordinal numbers, employed as 
 
 predicates ; he is first, she is second, er ist der Erste, sie ist die 
 Zweite. 
 
 CXLIII. — Before names of persons it may be used. (See 
 No. XVII.) 
 
 CXLIV The article definite is omitted :-^lst. Before 
 
 nouns taken in a partitive sense ; as, here is bread and butter, 
 hier ist Brod und Butter, &c. 
 
 2nd. When the genitive is placed before the substantive, 
 by which it is governed ; as, these are my friend's proposals, 
 diess sind meines Freundes Vorschldge, (instead of die Vorsch- 
 ldge meines Freundes.') 
 
 3rd. Before several succeeding substantives of the same 
 gender, number, and case, after it has once been expressed ; as, 
 the father, brother, and uncle, der Voter, Bruder, und Oheim. 
 4th. Before names of towns and countries, except in the 
 instances mentioned in No. CXXXIX. 
 
 5th. Before titles of books and of rank. 
 6th. Before God as the Supreme Being. 
 7th. In the following, although used in English : The East 
 and the West Indies, Ostindien und Westindien ; £Ae former and 
 the latter, ersterer und letzterer ; the following, Folgender ; the 
 bearer, Ueberbringer ; the defendant, Beklagter ; all the world, 
 alle Welt ; the aforesaid, Besagter, &c. 
 
 CXLV. — In the following phrases, the article placed after 
 the adjective in English, must precede it in German : both the 
 children, die beiden Kinder; half the town, der halbe Stadt; all 
 the way, der ganze Weg; half aw hour, eine halbe Stunde, &c. 
 
 CXL VI The definite article is used instead of the indefinite, 
 
 when per may be substituted for a : an hour a day, eine Stunde 
 des Tages; four shillings a bottle, vier Schillinge die Flasche, &c. 
 
 CXL VII It stands for the possessive pronoun in speaking 
 
 of one's relations, or about any part of one's person or dress 
 
30 
 
 SYNTAX. 
 
 where no doubt as to the possessor could arise : is your father 
 at home? 1st der Vater zu Hause? he has lost his head, er hat 
 den Kopf verloren ; he drew his sword, er zog den Degen. 
 
 CXLVIII. — Also when the English possessive pronoun is 
 turned into a personal one, and required to be in the dative 
 case in German ; as, he broke my arm, er zerbrach mir den Arm; 
 brush his shoes, hurstet ihm die Schuhe. 
 
 CXLIX The indefinite article is omitted: — 1st. Before 
 
 einige, wenige, a few ; hundert and tausend, unless the two last 
 are used as substantives, and ein in the sense of one. 
 
 2nd. When the substantive before which it stands in Eng- 
 lish bears the character of a predicate or quality : I am a mer- 
 chant and he is a soldier, ieh bin Kaufmann und er ist Soldat ; 
 I must proceed as a father, ich muss dls Vater verfahren, &c. 
 
 3rd. In various phrases which cannot be brought under 
 any rule, but especially when the substantive is preceded by a 
 preposition or by an adjective: in a hurry, in Eile ; with a 
 good will, mit guten Willen ; a religious disposition, religioser 
 Sinn. 
 
 OF SUBSTANTIVES. 
 
 CL If two or more substantives following each other ex- 
 press the same person or thing, they are put in the same case ; 
 as, this house, the most beautiful edifice of the town, dieses 
 Haus, das schonste Geb'dude der Stadt ; the fame of Caesar, the 
 conqueror of Gaul, der JRuhm Caesars, des Siegers von Gallien. 
 
 CLI. — But when they denote different persons or things, 
 then one must be put in the genitive ; as, the master of this 
 school, der Lehrer dieser Schule ; the owner of the house, der 
 Kerr des Hauses, &c. 
 
 CLII. — Words with the genitive sign of 's or s\ or preceded 
 by to for of, must always be rendered by the genitive ; as, my 
 brother's horses, meines Bruder's Pferde ; he is a chamberlain 
 to the king, er ist ein Kammerherr des Konigs, &c. 
 
 CLIII. — Of between two substantives, is generally also the 
 sign of the genitive, and then it may be rendered by von : 
 
 1st. Before substantives employed in a partitive sense, or 
 such as could not take an article, (as the names of countries, 
 &c, in the neuter gender.) 
 
 2nd. Before substantives denoting rank, title, birth, extent, 
 weight, size, measure, worth, age, or capacity of a person or 
 
 

 SYNTAX. 31 
 
 thing ; as well when expressing the material of which things 
 are made ; as, a man of rank, ein Mann von Stande ; the king 
 of Norway, derKenig von Nor w eg en ; a child of six months, ein 
 Kind von seeks Monaten ; a cup of silver, ein Becher von Silher ; 
 the size of Paris, die Grosse von Paris ; a man of honour, ein 
 Mann von Ehre, &c. 
 
 3rd. After numerals ; as, five of them, f'unf von ihnen ; the 
 first of you, der erste von euch, &c. 
 
 4th. After pronouns in the sense of among; as, who 
 among or of them? Wer unter, or von ihnen? 
 
 5th. After superlatives ; as, the hest of all men, der beste 
 von alien Menschen, &c. 
 
 CLIV. — When several substantives coming together are 
 governed by another substantive, and they precede it, the last 
 only is placed in the genitive case : as Kaiser Napoleon's Heer 
 bei Waterloo, the Emperor Napoleon's army at Waterloo, 
 &c. But if they come after it, the first only take the case ; as 
 the life of the Emperor Alexander, das Leben des Kaisers 
 Alexander, &c. 
 
 CLY. — Names of titles preceded by von, are always unde- 
 clined ; as, the Duke of York's house, des Herzogs von York 
 Haus. 
 
 CLYI. — The double genitive in English, as, a friend of the 
 Duke's, must be rendered by, one of the Duke's friends, einer 
 von des Herzogs Freunden, or von den Freunden des Herzogs. 
 
 CLYII. — At a friend's, meaning at a friend's house, is ren- 
 dered by, bei einem Freunde, or in dem Hause eines Freundes, 
 or in eines Freundes Haus. 
 
 CLYIII Of, is omitted : 1st. When preceding proper 
 
 names, of countries, and places, or the names of months, the 
 names being put in the same case as the preceding substan- 
 tives : as, in the city of London, in der Stadt London : in the 
 month of March, im Monat M'drz, &c. 
 
 2. Before the name of a month, when preceded by an ordinal 
 number ; as, the 4th of January, den vierten Januar. 
 
 3. Between substantives of weight, measure, or other quan- 
 tity, and those expressing substances or individuals ; also after 
 voll or voller full (if the preposition is not followed by an arti- 
 cle, pronoun, or adjective) ; as, a glass of water, and a bottle 
 of wine, ein Glass Wasser, und eine Flasche Wein ; a pound of 
 
32 SYNTAX. 
 
 gold, ein Pfund Gold; a regiment of soldiers, ein Regiment 
 Soldaten ; a ship full of sailors, ein Schiffvoll Matrosen, &c. 
 
 CLIX. — But when of is followed by an article, pronoun, or 
 adjective, it is always turned into the genitive ; as, a regiment 
 of the soldiers of the garrison, ein Regiment der Soldaten der 
 Garnison ; a glass of my wine, ein Glas meines Weines ; a cask 
 of good wine, ein Fass gntes Weines, &c. 
 
 CLX. — O/when expressing locality is rendered through bei; 
 as, the battle of Waterloo, die Schlacht bei Waterloo, &c. 
 
 CLXI It is rendered by zu when expressing a tendency ; 
 
 as, love of (towards) God, Liebe zu Gott ; habit of labour, 
 Geivohnung zur Arbeit, &c. 
 
 CLXII. — By aitf (with the accusative) after stolz, proud ; 
 eifers'uchtig, jealous; sich brusten, to boast ; denken, to medi- 
 tate ; and sich verstehen, to have a knowledge. 
 
 CLXIII. — By an (with the dative) after krank, ill; leer, void; 
 leiden, to suffer; sterben, to die ; and (with the accusative) after 
 denken, to think ; erinnern, to remind, &c. ; as, to be ill of a 
 fever, an einem Fieber krank seyn ; I think of you, ich denke 
 an sie, &c. 
 
 CLXIV By von whenever it means about or concerning. 
 
 CLXV After substantives derived from intransitive verbs, 
 
 q/"must be rendered by the preposition required by those verbs ; 
 as, fear of death, Furclit vor dem Todt ; horror of idleness, 
 Abscheu vor dem Mussiggang ; thirst of gold, Durst nach Golde ; 
 the thought of the danger, der Gedanke an die Gefahr ; dis- 
 gust of business, Ekel vor (or an) Geschdften, &c. 
 
 OF THE ADJECTIVES. 
 
 CLXVI. — Adjectives placed before a substantive, or when 
 referring to a substantive understood, must (as we have said 
 at Rule XXV.,) agree with it in gender, number, and case. 
 
 CLXVII Adjectives referring to persons of different sex, 
 
 take the neuter gender ; as, das Geschickteste von euck (young 
 children, boys and girls) soil ein Geschenk erhalten, the cleverest 
 of you shall have a present. 
 
 CLX VIII Adjectives employed as substantives, without 
 
 reference either to a masculine, or a feminine noun understood, 
 take also the neuter gender ; but they are only used in the 
 singular : as, the sublime and the beautiful, das Erhabene, und 
 das Schdne ; he has done his best, er hat sein Bestes gethan. 
 

 SYNTAX. 33 
 
 CLXIX Adjectives or participles, used as substantives, 
 
 remain subject to the adjective declensions ; as ein Bekannter, 
 (from bekannt, known) an acquaintance ; die Verwandten des 
 Reisenden, the relations of the traveller, &c. 
 
 CLXX. — One after an adjective is never translated; as, have 
 you a pen ? Haben Sie eine Feder ? Yes, here is a very good 
 one, ya ; hier ist eine sehr gute, &c. 
 
 CLXXI Some adjectives (also used in the singular only,) 
 
 are declined like substantives of the 1st and 2nd declension; as, 
 das Uebel, the evil; des Uebels, of the evil; dasBlau, the blue, 
 des Blaues, of the blue, &c. 
 
 CLXXII When an adjective is connected with several 
 
 substantives, if they are in the plural, it is prefixed to the first, 
 and understood with the rest; but in the singular, the adjective 
 is usually repeated before each : and when they are of different 
 genders, the adjective must always be repeated. 
 
 CLXXIII. — Adjectives denoting facility, possibility, or the 
 contrary, require an infinitive with zu : as, possible to be made, 
 moglich zu verfertigen ; easy to be seen, leicht zu sehen, &c. 
 
 CLXXIV Adjectives expressing capacity, certainty, re- 
 membrance, guilt, want, title, worth, acquaintance, participation, 
 pursuit, &c, or the contrary ; as, fahig, gewiss, gewohnt voll, 
 &c, govern the genitive case. X.B. With voll, the substantive 
 is often left undeclined ; as, full of wine, voll Wein. 
 
 CLXXV Adjectives followed in English by to or for; such 
 
 as, belonging (to), angehorig ; agreeable (to), angenehm; whole- 
 some (for), heilsam ; similar, like, near (to), &c, govern the 
 dative. So also the participles of verbs which govern a dative. 
 
 CLXX VI Adjectives preceded by too, zu, also take the da- 
 tive or the accusative with fur ; as, nothing is too expensive 
 for him, Nichts ist ihm (or fur ihn) zu theuer. 
 
 CLXXVII Adjectives followed in English by in, express- 
 ing abundance, facility, or the contrary, require the dative with 
 an ; as, poor in money, but similar in talent, arm an Gelde, 
 aber ahnlich an Talenten ; great in words, but little in actions, 
 grossfan Worten, aber klein an Thaten, &c. 
 
 CLXX VIII But adjectives referring only to a part of the 
 
 whole, take it with von; as, the bird has beautiful feathers, der 
 Vogel ist schon von Federn : her sister has blue eyes, seine Sch- 
 ivester ist blau von Augen, &c. 
 
 CLXXIX, — Adjectives expressing weight, age, value, mea- 
 
34 SYNTAX. 
 
 sure, as alt, old; werth, worth; lang, long; reich, rich, &c, re- 
 quire the accusative when accompanied by a number; "as, it is 
 worth a dollar, es ist einen Thaler werth; weighing ten pounds, 
 zehn Pfund schwer, &c. 
 
 OF NUMEEALS. 
 
 CLXXX. — When ein is combined with a larger number, and 
 followed by a substantive, the latter stands in the singular; as, 
 ein hundert, und ein Jahr, a hundred and one year. 
 
 CLXXXI. — When a cardinal or an ordinal number precedes 
 a noun denoting the whole class, from which a part is taken, 
 the latter takes the genitive or the prepositions von, aus, or 
 unter ; as, four of the English, vier der Engl'dnder ; the second 
 of my companions, der zweite von meinen Gefdhrten. N.B. A 
 personal pronoun is placed before the number ; as, six of us 
 arrived, es kamen wiser sechs. 
 
 OF THE PKOXOUNS. 
 
 CLXXXII. — When he, she, it, they, refer to a noun in the 
 predicate, so that in English, we might replace these pronouns 
 by the latter, the Germans use derselbe or dieser, or solcher; as, 
 the stranger met an officer ; but as he (the latter) did not know 
 him, he went on, der Fremde begegnete einem Offizier ; aber da 
 derselbe ihn nicht kannte, so ging er weiter. 
 
 CLXXXIII The same pronoun is sometimes used for sie 
 
 in the accusative immediately after sie in the nominative, to 
 avoid the repetition of the same word ; as, do you know her ? 
 kennen Sie dieselbe ? (Instead of Sie sie.) 
 
 CLXXXI V. — Es is often used as a predicate, without regard 
 to the gender and number of the subject, just as the pronoun 
 it is employed in English ; as, it was a man, es war ein Mann ; 
 they were men and women, es waren Manner und Frauen. 
 
 CLXXXV Es is also used as an unknown or indetermi- 
 nate subject; as, es ist genug, it is enough; es regnet, it rains, 
 &c. N.B. Es is always omitted when another word begins the 
 sentence ; as, mir ist sehr bange (for es ist mir, &c.,) I am very 
 uneasy. 
 
 CLXXXVI. — Es at the beginning of a sentence often cor- 
 responds to the English there ; as, there is a God, es ist ein 
 Gott ; or it stands as an expletive ; as, es hat mir ein Freund 
 geschrieben, a friend has written to me. 
 
 CLXXXVII Sometimes the dative of the personal pronoun 
 
SYNTAX. 35 
 
 stands for the English possessive ; as, kommet mir zu H'ulfe, 
 come to my assistance. 
 
 CLXXXVIII Mir sometimes stands as a pleonasm. 
 
 MODES OF ADDRESS. 
 
 CLXXXIX In addressing people we use : 
 
 1. The second person singular between near relatives, in- 
 timate friends, and confidential servants; as well as in the 
 elevated style, or in addressing the Deity. 
 
 2. The second person plural to mankind in general, as in 
 maxims and proverbs ; towards those who are addressed by du 
 in the singular ; or to inferiors, or to a domestic, &c. 
 
 3. The third person singular towards servants and infe- 
 riors; as, Peter, bring Er mir Wasser, Peter, bring me water, &c. 
 
 4. The third person plural in addressing superiors or equals 
 in a respectable rank of life, and sometimes towards high per- 
 sonages in speaking of them ; as, have you spoken? Haben Sie 
 gesprochen ; H. M. has wished it, Seine Majest'dt haben es ge- 
 wollt, &c. 
 
 N.B. For the sake of distinction Er, Ihm, Ihn, Sein, Sie, 
 Ihr, Ihnen, when in addressing persons, are written and printed 
 with a capital initial. 
 
 OF ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 POSSESSIVE. 
 
 CXC. — When one of the two possessors is denoted by a 
 pronoun and the other by a substantive, the pronoun is repeat- 
 ed ; as, my hat and that of my brother, mein Hut, und der 
 Hut meines Bruders. 
 
 CXCI. — When there are different substantives, to which 
 the pronoun refers, and the latter might be substituted, we use 
 the genitive of der, viz., dessen, deren, for the sake of clearness; 
 as he did not believe the boy, he asked his aunt, da er dem 
 Knaben nicht glaubte so frag te er dessen Tante, &c. 
 
 N.B This genitive is also used in preference to the posses- 
 sive pronoun, in relation to things ; as, these papers, and their 
 contents, diese Schriften, und deren Inhalt. 
 
 CXCII. — The possessive pronoun is also sometimes omitted, 
 when it can be done without producing ambiguity ; as, have 
 always God before your eyes, habe immer Gott vor Augen. 
 
 CXCIII This pronoun used as predicate is undeclined, 
 
36 SYNTAX. 
 
 like predicative adjectives ; as, this house is mine, dieses Haus 
 ist mein. 
 
 DEMONSTRATIVE. 
 
 CXCIV The demonstrative pronoun as predicate is used 
 
 in the neuter gender ; as, is this or that your garden? ist dieses, 
 oder jenes Ihr Garten ? 
 
 CXCV When a substantive belonging to derjenige or der 
 
 is accompanied by a pronoun possessive, it takes the genitive, 
 or a preposition; as, those of my friends, diejenigen meiner 
 Freunde (or von meinen Freunden). 
 
 CXCVI. — When the demonstrative pronoun is in the same 
 case with the relative, it may be omitted ; as, he who has gold 
 has also friends, wer Gold hat, (der) hat auch Freunde ; but 
 when they are of different cases, it must be expressed ; as, I 
 love him who is my friend, wer mein Freund ist, den ich Hebe. 
 
 RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE. 
 
 CXCYII Answers to questions take the same case as the 
 
 interrogations ; as, to whom does this horse belong ? wem ge- 
 hort dieses Pferd ? to me, an mir. But to the question whose is 
 a thing ? the nominative of the pronoun possessive may be 
 used; as, whose horses are these, wessen Pferde sind das? 
 mine, thine, mein, dein. 
 
 CXCVIII Like demonstrative pronouns they sometimes 
 
 stand absolutely in the neuter for all genders ; as, which are 
 the men ? welches sind die Manner? which of them writes best? 
 welches von ihnen schreibt an besten ? 
 
 CXCIX. — When it refers to a whole sentence, it takes the 
 neuter ; as, he sold his house ; which was wrong, er verkaufte 
 sein Haus ; welches, sehr ubel gethan war. 
 
 CC. — Welcher, welch, &c, is often used for some, instead 
 of einige, or deren ; as, if you have no money, I have some, 
 wenn Sie kein Geld haben ich habe welches. 
 
 VERBS. 
 
 CCI. — The agreement of the verb with the subject or nomi- 
 native, is the same in both languages ; but when we con- 
 ceive a certain relation or unity between two subjects or 
 more, we put the verb in the singular ; as, rich and poor are 
 of this opinion, Reich und Arm ist dieser Meinung. 
 
SYNTAX. 37 
 
 CCI. — The verb always remains in the singular after collective 
 nouns, used in the singular number; as, the committee have come 
 to a decision, der Ausschusz ist zu einer Entscheidung gekommen. 
 
 USE OE THE TENSES. 
 
 PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND PERFECT. 
 
 CCII The Present is used as in English; but when we 
 
 intend to express continuity of time, we must take care not to 
 use the past, as the English do : otherwise it would imply that 
 the action we are speaking of, is at an end ; — as, I have been 
 these sixteen years in England, ich bin schon seckzehn Jahre in 
 England. 
 
 CCIII The Imperfect is used to denote a time past with 
 
 regard to the speaker ; but not past with regard to other 
 circumstances, which were taking place at the same period, 
 whether expressed, or merely implied. Eor this reason, it is 
 also employed as the common historical tense ; as, I was eating 
 when he came, ich ass, als er ham. He came, or was (once) 
 used to come often to me, er ham oft zu mir. I arrived, saw, 
 and conquered, ich ham an, sah, und eroberte, &c. 
 
 CCIV The Perfect denotes past circumstances without 
 
 reference to any particular time ; as, I have seen the king, ich 
 habe den Konig gesehen. It expresses also recent events, espe- 
 cially if the speaker has witnessed them himself; as, yesterday 
 a child was drowned, gestern ist ein Kind ertrunken, &c. 
 
 N.B The other tenses are used nearly the same as in En- 
 glish. 
 
 USE OF THE MOODS. 
 
 INDICATIVE AND CONJUNCTIVE. 
 
 CCV. — There are in German as few fixed rules on the use 
 of the moods, as in English. As a general principle, however, 
 it may be laid down, that if we wish to affirm, deny, or inquire 
 about a fact as an actual existence or occurrence, we use the 
 indicative ; as, I believe, for a certainty, that he has it, ich 
 glaube gewiss, dass er es hat. If on the contrary, we advance 
 it as a mere probability or possibility, we employ the conjunc- 
 tive ; as, I believed he had it, ich glaubte er es h'dtte, &c. 
 
 CCVI. — The Conjunctive is also used: 1st, to express a wish ; 
 as, Heaven grant it ! Gebe es der Himmel! O that I were rich ! 
 
 D 
 
38 SYNTAX. 
 
 O dass ick reich ware ! 2d, instead of the conditional ; as, I 
 should never have expected it from him, ich h'dtte es nie von 
 ihm erwartet. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 CCYII This mood is generally used as in English. Often, 
 
 however, the participle past is employed instead of it, as a 
 peremptory command : — Aafgepasst! attend! Abmarschiert ! 
 march off! 
 
 N.B. — Let, so often used in English for the imperative, may 
 be rendered by lassen ; as, let me go, lasst (or lassen Sie) micli 
 gehen : let us stay at home, lasst (or lassen Sie) uns zu Hause 
 bleiben, 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 CCVIII — This mood is generally the same in both langua- 
 ges. Yet, in various instances, the Germans prefer to employ 
 some tense of the indicative or conjunctive mood, preceded by 
 the conjunction dass, or by some other conjunction or adverb; 
 as, do you believe that to be true ? Glauben Sie, dass diess wahr 
 sey ? They do not know how to employ themselves, sie wissen 
 nicht wie sie sick besch'dftigen sollen. He never knew when, or 
 whither, to go, er wusste nie, wann, oder wohin er gehen sollte. 
 
 CCIX. — It is employed as a verbal substantive (but only in 
 the singular) instead of the English joarticiple-present ; as, the 
 rustling of a leaf alarms the wicked, das Bauschen eines Blattes 
 erschreckt den Bosewicht. But if two or more infinitives as 
 substantives, are connected together, they do not take the verb 
 in the plural ; as, washing and bathing are wholesome, das 
 Waschen und Baden ist gesund. 
 
 CCX The preposition zu is as generally used before an 
 
 infinitive in German, as to in English ; but it is particularly 
 required before the infinitive active (used in German instead 
 of the English infinitive passive), after the verb to be in phrases 
 like these : — Ms conduct is to be praised, sein Benehmen ist zu 
 loben; this letter is to be copied, dieser Brief ist abzuschrieben, 
 &c. If, however, to be is omitted, the infinitive is turned into 
 an attributive adjective, taking the form of the participle pre- 
 sent, but retains zu; as, a conduct to be praised, ein zu lobendes 
 Benehmen ; a letter to be copied, ein abzuschreibender Brief, &c. 
 
 CCXI The infinitive with zu is also required after prepo- 
 
 
SYNTAX. 39 
 
 sitions ; as, instead of beginning, anstatt anzufangen ; without 
 confessing it, ohne es ein zu gestehen ; in order not to refuse it, 
 um es nicht abzulehnen, &c. 
 
 CCXII Zu is omitted ; 1st, when the infinitive is the sub- 
 ject, or object of a verb; as, to be or not to be, that is the 
 question, seyn oder nicht seyn, das ist die Frage. 
 
 2. After those verbs, which govern in English the participle 
 present, or the infinitive without to ; as, he remains sitting, er 
 bleibt sitzen; I must not do it, ich darfes nicht thun, &c. 
 
 3. After thun, followed by nichts als ; as, why, you do no- 
 thing, but run about, Ihr thutja nichts als herumlaufen. And 
 after haben in a few particular phrases ; as, it is easy for you 
 to laugh, Ihr habt gut lachen (in French, vous avez beau rire) ; 
 he has a servant waiting, er hat einen JBedienten ivarten. 
 
 4. Occasionally after the adjectives gut, bose, ubel, schlecht, 
 connected with seyn ; as, it is not good (agreeable) to be, dwell, 
 remain here, hier ist nicht gut seyn, wohnen, bleiben, &c. 
 
 5. After iverde and wurde in the future and conditional. 
 N.B. — How before the infinitive, is omitted in German ; as, 
 
 he does not know how to conduct himself, er weiss sich nicht 
 zu benehmen. 
 
 PAKTICIPLES. 
 
 CCXIII — The chief use of the German participles, is as 
 adjectives, of which they have all the properties : hence they 
 follow the same rules (see No. XXIV.) The past, besides, is 
 used to form various tenses, with the assistance of auxiliary 
 verbs. 
 
 CCXIV. — The English participle present or Gerund, is occa- 
 sionally rendered : 1st, by the same participle in German ; as, 
 she said this smiling, Sie sprach diess Vdckelnd: 2d, by the 
 participle past, especially after the verb kommen ; as, they 
 came running, sie kamen gelaufen, &c. 
 
 CCXV The English participle present, however, is more 
 
 frequently rendered in German by the means of a conjunction 
 with the indicative, such as da, as ; indent, or wahrend, whilst; 
 wenn, if, &c, and the compound (which does not exist in this 
 language), by the conjunctions nachdem, after; als, when ; da, 
 since, &c. ; as, being sick, I cannot go out, da (or indeni) ich 
 krank bin kan ich nicht ausgehen, &c. Having said this, he de- 
 parted, nachdem er dieses gesagt hatte, entfernte er sich, &c. 
 
40 SYNTAX. 
 
 CCXVI — Sometimes this participle is turned into a co-ordi- 
 nate sentence with und, ivie or mit; as, the good old man said 
 this smiling, der gute Greis sagte dieses und lachelte, &c. 
 
 CCXVII. — Often by this participle, the Germans express a 
 relative sentence ; as, a father, who loves his children, ein seine 
 Kinder liebender Vater, &c. 
 
 CASES GOVEBNED BY VEEBS. 
 
 CCXVIIT. — The nominative is governed by seyn, to be, wer- 
 den, to become, bleiben, to remain, scheinen, to seem, heissen, 
 to be called ; as, he was, and remained a good friend, er ivar y 
 und blieb ein guter Freund. 
 
 CCXIX The genitive is required, 1st, by geniessen, to en- 
 joy, ermalgen, to fail in, lachen, to laugh, spotten, to deride, 
 harren, to wait anxiously, erwahnen, to mention, enthalten, to 
 refrain from, hojfen, to hope for, &c. ; as, T hope for peace, ich 
 hoffe des Friedens, &c. 
 
 2. After most reflective verbs ; as, we refrain from heavy 
 food, wir enthalten uns schiverer Speise ; I have made use of him, 
 ich habe mich seiner bedient, &c. 
 
 3. When we have to express a relation of time, or of place in 
 an indefinite manner ; as, it happened in the evening, es geschah 
 des Abends ; to mention any thing in the proper place, etwas 
 gehorigen Oris melden, &c. 
 
 4. After several transitive verbs, such as anklagen, to accuse, 
 entlassen, entsetzen, to dismiss from, lossprechen, to acquit, 
 mahnen, to remind, uberfuhren, to convict, uberzeugen, to con- 
 vince, versichem, to assure of, wurdigen, to honour with, &c. : 
 as, they accused him of a crime, man hat ihn eines Verbrechens 
 angeklagt ; assure him of it, versichem Sie ihn dessen, &c. 
 
 CCXX. — The dative is used, 1st, with such verbs, as antwor- 
 ten, to answer, aufwarten, to wait upon, befehlen, to command, 
 begegnen, to meet, aufstossen, to meet with, bekommen, to agree 
 with, danken, to thank, dienen, to serve, erlauben, to allow, 
 folgen, to follow, gef alien, to please, gehorchen, to obey, genii- 
 gen, to suffice, gleichen, to resemble, helfen, to help, lohnen, to 
 reward, rathen, to advise, passen, to suit, schaden, to injure, 
 schmeicheln, to flatter, trauen, to trust, verbieten, to forbid, 
 vergeben, verzeihen, to pardon, versprechen, to promise, winken, 
 to beckon, widerstehen, to resist, willfahren, to comply with, 
 
SYNTAX. 41 
 
 geben, to give to, nehmen, to take from; as, the king gave him 
 an office, and again took it from him, der Konig gab ihm ein 
 Amt, und nahm es ihm wieder, &c. 
 
 2. With the following reflective verbs, sich anmassen, to as- 
 sume or presume, sich ausbitten, to request, sich einbilden, to 
 imagine, sich getrauen, to dare, sich nahen, to approach, sich 
 ausbedingen, to bargain for, sich bewusst seyn, to be conscious, 
 sich vornehmen, to resolve, &c. 
 
 3. With some impersonal verbs ; as, es ahnet mir, I forbode ; 
 es beliebt mir, I desire ; esfelt mir, I want ; es schwindelt mir, I 
 am giddy ; es tr'dumt mir, I am dreaming ; es verschldgt mir, 
 it makes no difference to me ; es ivurmt ihm, it annoys him, &c. 
 
 CCXXI. — The accusative is required; 1st, by all transitive, 
 and by some impersonal or neuter verbs ; as, it rains blood, es 
 regnet JBlut ; the horses eat the oats, die Pferde fressen den 
 Hafer. 
 
 2. When we express the relation of time or place in a definite 
 manner ; as, we received it this morning, wir empfingen es die- 
 sen Morgen : wait yet two days, warten Sie noch zwei Tage. 
 
 3. With the verbs nennen, heissen, schelten, fragen, lehren ; 
 "which verbs take two accusatives ; as, I call him my father, 
 ich nenne ihn meinen Vater ; he asked me many things, erfragt 
 mich viele Dinge, &c. 
 
 ADVERBS. 
 See No. CXXIX., and following. 
 
 PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 CCXXII. — When several substantives require the same pre- 
 position, and they are connected together by und or oder, the 
 preposition can either be repeated before each, or stand only 
 before the first. But if the substantives are connected by other 
 conjunctions, the preposition must be repeated before each. 
 
 N.B. — Though practice, and a good dictionary, are the best 
 means of learning the different uses of prepositions ; yet, to 
 assist the learner, we think it proper to give the following 
 directions. 
 
 CCXXIII. — To is not always rendered by zu in German ; 
 but 1st, by an (with the accusative) after addressiren, to ad- 
 dress, besorgen, to convey, begleiten, to accompany, hommen, to 
 come, bringen, to bring or take, fuhren, to lead, gehen, or sich, 
 
42 SYNTAX. 
 
 begeben, to go, to repair, sich gewohnen, to accustom one's self, 
 schreiben, to write, sich ivenden, to apply (to a person), verheir- 
 athen, to give in marriage. 
 
 2. By an (with the dative) after gewoJint seyn, to be accus- 
 tomed, thun, to do, hangen, to he attached ; as, he has done 
 much good to her, er hat viel Gutes an ihr gethan, &c. 
 
 3. By auf (with the accusative) after achten, to attend, ant- 
 worten, to answer, hdren, or horchen, to listen, sich legen, to 
 apply (to a thing), vertrosten, to put off; as, attend to my in- 
 struction, achte aufmeine Lehre, &c. 
 
 4. Through bei after einfuhren, to introduce. 
 
 5. By gegen after dankbar, grateful. 
 
 6. By mit after sprechen, to speak, vergleichen, to compare, 
 sj'c/i verheirathen, to get married. 
 
 7. By 2M, if referring to a person, and by wacA, if referring 
 to a town or country, after gehen, to go, kommen, to come, 
 laufen, to run, raisen, to travel, &c. ; as, he is gone to his uncle 
 to Trance, es ist zu seinem Oheim nach Frankreich gegangen. 
 
 8. By zu after einladen, to invite, gehdren, to belong, &c. 
 
 9. By vor (with the dative) when it signifies w^7* regard to ; 
 as, from respect to his master, aus Achtung vor seinem Lehrer, 
 &C. 
 
 CCXXIY. — The prepositions at, by, for, from, in, on, with, 
 must often be rendered by others in German, not directly cor- 
 responding with them in signification; as, at 1st, through bei, 
 as, I tremble at his sight, ich zittere bei seinem Anblick. 
 
 2. By uber (with the accusative) in the sense of concerning, 
 after erstaunen, sich wundern, to be astonished, sich freuen, 
 frohlocken, to rejoice at, lachen, to laugh at, zurnen, to be 
 angry at, &c. 
 
 By is rendered, 1st, by von or durch when representing the 
 ablative after passive verbs ; 2d, by zu in the following phrases : 
 by water, zu Wasser; by land, zu Lande; by ship, zu Schiffe. 
 3d, by an (with the dative) aus or nach ; as, I knew him by 
 his voice, ich kannte ihn an seiner Stimme. I learned it by expe- 
 rience, ich lernte es aus Erfahrung. You judge by one word, 
 Sie urtheilen nach einem Worte. 
 
 For is rendered, by vor, uber, aus, zu, auf, nach or urn. 
 
 From, by vor or aus. 
 
 In, by an, auf, in, or bei. 
 
 On, or upon, by an, uber, bei; and zu in the following phrases: 
 
SYNTAX. 43 
 
 on foot, zu Fusse, on horseback, zu Pferde, on a ship, zu 
 Schiffe. 
 
 With, by vor, or bei ; as, stay with ine, bleiben Sie bet mir. 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 CCXXV. — Conjunctions serve to connect accessary clauses 
 with the principal. They are divided according to their mean- 
 ing, and not liable to any variation or government. The words 
 employed to connect accessary clauses with the principal are : 
 1st, relative pronouns; 2d, relative particles, as, weswegen, ivo, 
 and its compounds wobey, looker, &c. ; 3d, conjunctions, as als, 
 since; bevor, before; dafern, in case that, &c. See No. CCXLIV. 
 
 INTERJECTIONS. 
 
 CCXXVI. — Interjections govern generally the nominative; 
 as, Ach, du amies Kind ! alas, thou poor child ! but sometimes 
 the genitive ; as, Ach, des armen Menschen ! alas, poor man ! 
 Sometimes too, they take the dative, especially weh, wohl, heil, 
 Gluck zu! as, Weh mir! woe is me! &c. And lastly, the accu- 
 sative ; as, Oh mich unglucklichen ! oh unhappy me ! 
 
 IDIOMATIC PECULIARITIES OF VERBS. 
 
 CCXXVTI To be, before an infinitive, is rendered by sol- 
 
 len ; as, he is to arrive yet to-day, er sollheute noch ankommen. 
 
 CCXXVIII To be about, is expressed by im Begriffe seyn 
 
 (followed by the infinitive with zu); as, I am just about going 
 out, ich bin eben im Begriffe auszugehen. 
 
 CCXXIX. — To be is sometimes rendered by sich befinden ; 
 as, how are you ? wie befinden Sie sich ? 
 
 CCXXX. — To be said, is often rendered by sollen ; as, he is 
 said to be a mathematician, er soil ein Mathematiker seyn. 
 
 CCXXXI. — To have, in the sense of to cause, by lassen (fol- 
 lowed by an infinitive active) ; as, have him called (send for 
 him), lassen Sie ihn rufen. 
 
 CCXXXII The participles past of the verbs durfen, to dare 
 
 (to be allowed), konnen, to be able (can), mdgen, to like (may), 
 mussen, to be obliged (must), sollen, shall, wollen, will, helfen, 
 to help, heissen, to be called or bidden, horen, to hear, lehren, 
 to teach, lernen, to learn, sehen, to see, are usually turned into 
 infinitives themselves, when they govern an infinitive ; as, she 
 has not been able to do it, sie hat es nicht thun konnen. I have 
 heard her sing, ich habe sie singen horen, &c. 
 
44 SYNTAX. 
 
 CCXXXIII Shall and will, when implying an obligation 
 
 or volition, are rendered, the former by sollen, the latter by 
 wollen ; as, you shall speak to him, I, your father will have it, 
 du sollst mit ihm sprechen, ich, dein Vater,will es haben. Should 
 and would follow the same rule. 
 
 CCXXXIV. — Would, implying a desire, and both should and 
 would, followed by like, are rendered by mochte (the imperfect 
 conjunctive of mogen) ; as, would that such a clay might never 
 again appear! mochte doch nie wieder ein solcher Tag erscheinen! 
 I should like to see them, ich mochte sie gem sehen. 
 
 CCXXXY Would in the sense of used, is generally ren- 
 dered by pjlegen, or by wohl ; as, thus he would sit and talk 
 for hours, so pflegte er Siunden lang zu sitzen und zu schwatzen. 
 Then the tears would come into her eyes, dann karnen ihr wohl 
 die Thr'dnen in die Augen. 
 
 CONSTRUCTION OE AEEANGEMENT OF WOEDS. 
 
 Though the German construction can scarcely be acquired 
 otherwise than by practice, and close attention to the style of 
 good German prose-writers; yet, as our object is to facilitate 
 the task of the learner, we shall close this little work with the 
 following remarks. 
 
 CCXXXVI. — A sentence may be either simple or compound. 
 The simple sentence consists of a single proposition or clause ; 
 as, a man had an excellent bow, ein Mann hatte einen treffiichen 
 Bog en. The compound consists of two or more propositions, or 
 clauses, connected together by relatives or conjunctions; as, 
 which (bow) he uncommonly valued, and wherewith he shooted 
 far and sure, den er ungemein werth hielt, und mit dem er weit 
 und sicher schoss, &c. The proposition preceding the relative 
 den, may be c&Medi principal or antecedent ; the others, subordi- 
 nate, consequent, or accessary. 
 
 CCXXXVII A principal proposition formed with the help 
 
 of a simple tense, and in the direct order of construction, is, 
 generally speaking, arranged as in English ; but the subordi- 
 nate has the verb removed at the end of the sentence, as we 
 see in the above example in the words, hatte, hielt, and schoss. 
 
 CCXXXVIII Subordinate propositions or clauses, which 
 
 include two infinitives, as well as those which are in the fu- 
 ture passive, have generally the auxiliary verb placed imme- 
 diately before the infinitives and participle ; ex. gr, as I have 
 
SYNTAX. 45 
 
 heard her sing, &c. , da ich sie habe singen horen ; as I shall be 
 blamed by them, da ich von ihnen werde getadelt toerden, &c. 
 
 CCXXXIX Participles and infinitives are placed at the 
 
 end of the sentence, although not connected with an auxiliary 
 verb ; as, spreading his arms far apart, die Arme weit aus 
 einander breitend. 
 
 CCXL. — If a participle past occurs with an infinitive, the 
 latter is put last ; as, I should have had no patience with him, 
 ich wurde keine Geduld mit ihm gehabt haben. 
 
 CCXLI. — If a participle, or an infinitive, or both, follow an 
 adjective or adverb, they are placed after the latter ; as, obe- 
 dience has been easy to this good child, Gehorsam ist diesem 
 guten Kinde leicht gewesen. Obedience will be easy to these 
 good children, Gehorsam wird diesen guten Kindern leicht seyn. 
 I have sent off my letters this morning, ich habe meine Briefe 
 diesen Morgen abgeschicht ; I have to send off two before night, 
 ich habe deren zwei vor Nacht abzuschicken. 
 
 CCXLII. — If two infinitives, or two past participles occur 
 together, the governing one goes last ; as, you shall see me 
 write presently, Sie sollen mich sogleich schreiben sehen. 
 
 CCXLIII — The nominative is placed after the verb ; 1st, in 
 interrogations and in the imperative ; as, does he speak ? Spricht 
 er? &c. 
 
 2. In exclamations, when doch is generally placed after it ; 
 as, O ! had I but seen thee before ! O ! h'dtte ich dich doch fr'it- 
 her gesehen ! 
 
 3. In indirect constructions ; that is to say, whenever a word 
 or proposition dependant on the verb is placed before it (which 
 may be done in both languages for euphony or emphasis) ; as, 
 still the sentence was not known to him, noch war ihm* das 
 Urtheil nicht bekannt. 
 
 4. When the conj unction if is suppressed ; as, had I known 
 it," h'dtte ich es gewusst. 
 
 5. When the indefinite pronoun es begins the phrase. 
 
 6. After so, also, in the subordinate, or when wenn, so, or da 
 is understood in the principal; as, if he comes home, I will 
 tell it to him, hommt er nach Hause, so will ich es ihm sagen.^ 
 
 ' If the nominative thrown after the verb consists of a substantive, and 
 comes in contact with a dative or accusative being a pronoun, this pronoun is 
 placed between the verb and the noun, as in the instance above. 
 
 t When wenn, da, so, also, and dass are omitted, the verb keeps its position, 
 as in the above example. 
 
46 
 
 SYNTAX. 
 
 7. When the subordinate is put before the principal ; as, dass 
 er heute noch ankommen wird, weiss ich geioiss. 
 
 CCXLIV The verb is placed at the end of the sentence ; 
 
 1. After relative pronouns, and relative particles; as, we- 
 swegen, wo, and its compound woher, wobey, &c. 
 
 2. After interrogative particles, such as worin, wie, warum, 
 &c. (in indirect questions) ; as, I assume the case that you are 
 right, ich nehme den Fall an dass Sie JRecht haben. The wine 
 which you have brought me, is very good, der Wein den Sie 
 mir gebracht haben, ist sehr gut. I don't know why he has not 
 done it, ich weiss nicht, warum er es nicht gethan hat. 
 
 3. After the following conjunctions : 
 
 } 
 
 in order that 
 
 Als, as, since, than 
 bevor, before 
 bis, till, until 
 da, as, since 
 dafern, in case that 
 damit, 
 auf das, 
 gleich ivie, as 
 ehe, before 
 
 falls, im Falle, in case that 
 indent, as, since, whilst 
 je, the (sign of proportion) 
 nachdem, after that 
 ob, whether 
 obschon -\ 
 
 ob gleich ( * although 
 obwohl ( though 
 
 ob audi -* 
 
 \ 
 
 since 
 
 seit 
 
 seitdem 
 
 so, if 
 
 so bald, (als) as soon as 
 
 so lange, (als) as long as 
 
 so weit, (als) as far as 
 
 w'dhrend, whilst 
 
 iveil, because, since 
 
 wenn, if 
 
 wenn gleich 
 
 wenn schon 
 
 wenn auch 
 
 wie, as 
 
 wiefern, as far as 
 
 wiewohl i 
 
 wie auch $ 
 
 wofern, in case that, if 
 
 * although 
 
 although 
 
 FURTHER REMARKS. 
 
 CCXLV. — A genitive governed by a substantive, can either 
 precede or follow it ; when it precedes the governing substan- 
 tive loses its article, as in English ; as, the king's power, des 
 K'onigs Macht, or, die Macht des Konigs. 
 
 CCXLVI — Usually the dative precedes the accusative, un- 
 less the latter be a pronoun ; as, he gave a good advice to his 
 friend, er gab seinem Freunde einen guten Rath. I have sold 
 
 * These conjunctions are generally separated in the sentence. 
 
SYNTAX. 47 
 
 my horse to a friend, ich habe mein Pferd einem Freunde 
 verkauft. 
 
 CCXLVII. — When a verb governs a genitive and accusative, 
 the accusative precedes the genitive ; as, he has been convicted 
 of the crime, Man hat ihn des Verbrechens uberfurht. 
 
 CCXLVIII Reflective pronouns precede the other cases of 
 
 a sentence. 
 
 CCXLIX. — Adverbs can never be placed, as in English, be- 
 tween the nominative and the verb. 
 
 CCL. — Adverbs, and adverbial substantives of time, are 
 usually put before those oiplace; and both stand before all others. 
 
 CCLI. — Negatives, with simple tenses, are generally placed 
 last, and with compound tenses, immediately before the parti- 
 ciple and infinitive. 
 
 CCLII. — The separable particle of compound verbs, in the 
 simple tenses of the indicative, stands after all the words de- 
 pending on the verb ; as, I sent off, this morning, a letter to 
 my brother, ich schickte diesen Morgen einen Brief an meinen 
 Bruder ab, &c. 
 
 CCLIII. — Sometimes in both languages the relative pronoun 
 as well as the auxiliary verb, are omitted ; as, a storm, accom- 
 panied by hail, destroyed the harvest, ein Sturm von Hagel 
 begleitet, zerstorte die Aernte. But when the relative pronoun 
 is in the accusative, it can never be suppressed in German ; as, 
 the news (which) you brought me, die Neuigkeit, welche Sie 
 mir brachten. 
 
 CCLIV. — It is contrary to the genius of the German lan- 
 guage, to separate a preposition from the case it governs, to 
 place it at the end of a sentence ; as, this is a thing I never 
 heard of, diess ist eine Sache, wovon (von welcher) ich nie ge~ 
 hort habe. 
 
 N.B. — To prevent the accumulation of verbs, and for the 
 sake of clearness, it is generally best (particularly in the fami- 
 liar style, ) to place clause by clause, instead of involving them 
 into each other : thus, — I find the wine which you have brought 
 me very good ; ich finde den Wein sehr gut, den Sie mir gebracht 
 haben, instead of, ich finde den Wein, den Sie mir gebracht 
 haben, sehr gut. 
 
 I assume the case that you are right ; ich nehme den Fall an, 
 dass Sie Recht haben, — for, ich nehme den Fall, dass Sie Recht 
 haben, an. 
 
48 
 
 SYNTAX. 
 
 She will have the pleasure to read the letter; sie wird die 
 Freude haben, den Brief zu lesen, for, sie wird die Freude, den 
 Brief zu lesen, hahen. 
 
 I doubt whether he loves his relations more than I, ich 
 zweifle, ob er seine Verwandten mehr Hebe, als ich, for, ob er 
 sein Verwandten mehr ah ich, liebe. 
 
 
 END OF THE GRAMMAR. 
 
PART SECOND 
 
 OF 
 
 THE FOMERIAN SYSTEM. 
 
 FIRST COURSE OF EXERCISES. 
 
 REMAKES. 
 
 1. All words printed in Italics are to be considered faults, 
 which the pupil must correct, according to reference. 
 
 2. The number upon a noun denotes the declension to which 
 the latter belongs ; and if it is marked a fault, it must be cor- 
 rected according to the table of terminations, page 2. 
 
 3. The letters m . f . n ., indicate the genders of nouns; and 
 the others refer to the notes. 
 
 4. ir . Means irregular verb ; and refers to the table of simple 
 irregular verbs, page 17, and following. 
 
 5. All verbs are given in the infinitive only ; so the pupil 
 must conjugate them accordingly. 
 
 6. Compound verbs, whether regular or not, are conjugated 
 according to their simples, or primitives. 
 
 7. All verbs, whether regular or irregular, are conjugated 
 like loben, page 14; except (with respect to the latter) in those 
 persons or tenses in which they may be irregular. 
 
 N.B. The pupil must (in order to correct well every fault, ) 
 pay particular attention not only to the above remarks, but to 
 th.e~mean.ing of the English word underneath. He must besides, 
 particularly observe the order and position of the German words 
 (which greatly puzzles foreigners), that he may not be at a loss 
 how to arrange them when writing in that language. 
 
 Exercise I. 
 
 Im a 2 Anfang m seyn h die c 2 Wort, n und der c 2 Wort n seyn h 
 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was 
 
50 FIRST COURSE OF EXERCISES. 
 
 bey a Gott, und Gott seyn h dem c 2 Wort n . Der c selbiger d * seyn b 
 with God, and God was the Word. The same was 
 im a 2 Anfang«i bey a Gott. Aller d 2 Ding n seyn b durch 81 
 in the beginning with God. All things were by 
 
 der c selbiger d * maclien, nnd ohne a der c selbiger & * seyn h nichts 
 the same made, and without the same is nothing 
 maclien, was maclien seyn h . In a ikn e seyn h die c 'Leben 15 , und 
 made, what made is. Into him was the life, and 
 die" ^eben 11 seyn h der c 5 Licht n des c 3 Mensch m . Und dem c 
 the life was the light of the men. And the 
 
 5 Licht n scheinen ir in a die c Finsterniss f , und der c Finsterniss f 
 light shines in the Darkness, and the Darkness 
 
 haben h es nicht u begreifen % . Es werden h einer c ^Mensch™ 
 
 lias it not comprehended. There became a man 
 
 von a Gott senden ir , die h heissen ir Johannes, 
 from God sent, who was called John. 
 
 Exercise II. 
 
 Die e selbiger d * kommen* 1 zum a 2 Zeugniss", dass es e der c 
 The same came to the testimony, that he to the 
 
 5 Licht n zeugen auf dass er e alle durch a ihm e 
 
 light might testify in order that they all through him 
 glauben. Es e seyn h nicht der c 5 Licht n ; sondern dass 
 
 might believe. He was not the light ; but that 
 sie e zeugen von a der c 5 Licht n . Das seyn b der° 
 
 he might testify, of the light. That was the 
 
 wahrhaftig d 5 Licht n , welcher h aller d s Mensch m erleuchten der h 
 true light, which all men enlightens who 
 
 in a dieser d 3 Welt f kommen ir . Er e seyn h in a dem c 3 Welt f ,und 
 into this Avorld come. It was in the world, and 
 das c 3 Welt f seyn h durch a der c selbiger d * machen; und der c 3 Welt f 
 the world is by the same made; and the world 
 kennen ir er e nicht. Es e kommen ir in a seinen d 5 Eigenthum n , und 
 knew it not. He came into his property, and 
 der c Sei7i d { plu .y T aufnehmen s ihm e nicht. Wie viele ihm* aber 
 the his own received him not. As many him but 
 ir aufnehmen s , der\ geben iT er 2 Macht f b Gott m b Kind n zu 
 received, to those gave he power of God children to 
 
 werden, der h an a sein d 3 JYame m glauben. 
 become, who on his name believe. 
 * See also Rule 74 and 166. f See page 10, how to be declined ; and Rule 76. 
 
FIRST COURSE OF EXERCISES. 51 
 
 Exercise III. 
 
 Welcher h nicht von a der c 2 Gebliit n noch von a die* s Witte m 
 
 Who ( Plu .) not of the blood nor of the will 
 
 der c n FIeisck 1 *, noch von a der c z Wille m einer c 5 Mann m ; 
 
 of the flesh, nor of the will of a man ; 
 
 sondern von a 5 Gott m geboren seyn b . Und<^'e e 2 Wort n werden b 
 
 but of God born are. And the word became 
 
 2 Fleisch n , und wohnen unter a euch e , und e sie e sehen iT sein a 
 
 flesh and dwelled amongst us, and we saw its 
 
 Herrlichkeitf em a Herrlichkeit f als der c eingeboren d 2 Sofia- 1 
 
 glory, a glory as of the only born son 
 
 worn 8 Vater voller von\ Gnade/ und Wahreit/ Johannes 
 
 of the father full of grace, and truth. John 
 
 zeugen von a ihn e , rufen ir , und sprechen ir : dieses d % seyn h es, voir' 1 
 
 testifies of him, calls, and speaks : this was it, of 
 
 der h ich sagen fiaben : nach a mich e werden kommen ir , die h 
 
 whom I said have: after me will come, who 
 
 vor a mich e seyn 10 seyn h ; denn sie e seyn h eher denn ich. Und 
 
 before me been is ; for he was sooner than I. And 
 
 von a sein d Fulle f haben b wir alle nehmen ir Gnade f um a 
 
 from his fullness have we all t?tken grace for 
 
 Onade f . Denn die c 2 Gesetz n seyn h durch a Mosen geben ir ; 
 
 grace. Eor the law is through Moses given ; 
 
 das c Gnade f und Wahrheit f seyn h durch a Jesus 1 Christus 1 
 
 the grace and truth is through Jesus Christ 
 
 werden h . Memand haben h 5 Gott m je sehen il ', die eingeboren' 1 
 
 become. Nobody has God ever seen, the only born 
 
 2 Sohn ID , das h in a der c J Vater m 2 Schoosz m seyn h , das\\ haben h 
 
 son, who in of the father bosom is, he has 
 
 es uns verkundigen. 
 
 it to us announced. 
 
 Exercise IV. 
 
 -Und diess seyn h die c 2 Zeugniss n Johannes, da der c ' 3 Jude ni 
 
 And this is the testimony of John, when the Jews 
 
 senden ir von Jerusalem ^riester 111 und 3 Levit m , dass es e 
 
 sent from priests and Levites, that they 
 
 ihm* fragen§ ; wer seyn h du ? Und es e ir bekennen s : du 
 
 him might ask ; who art thou ? And he confessed : I 
 
 seyn h nicht ^Christum*. Und ihr e fragen§ ihm e : was denn ? 
 
 am not Christ. And they asked him : what then ? 
 
 * See also Remarks No. 2, page 2. f See Rule 1-58, No. 3, page 31. 
 t See also Rule 72, and 166. || See Rule 73, and 76. § See Rule 221, No. 3. 
 
 if See Rule 218. 
 
 '- 
 
52 FIRST COURSE OF EXERCISES. 
 
 seyn h ihr e Elias ? Wir e sprechen iT : ich bin er e nicht. Seyn h du 
 art thou Elias ? he spoke : I am it not. Art thou 
 eines e 3 Prophet m ? Und sie e antworten : nein. Da sprechen iT 
 a prophet? And he answered: no. Then spoke 
 sie zu a z7m e : was seyn h du denn ? Dass wir 3 Antwort f gehen 
 they to him : what art thou then ? that we answer may give 
 derer* das h wir e senden ir haben. Was sagen du von a 
 to those, who us sent have. What sayest thou of 
 dich e selbst ? Er sprechen ir : ich seyn h ein c 3 Stimme f einer c 
 thy self? He spoke: I am a voice of a 
 l Prediger m in a des e 3 Wiiste f : richten (ihr) das c 2 Weg m dem c 
 preacher in the desert: direct (ye) the way of the 
 3 Herr m ; wie die c 3 Prophet m Esaias sagen haben h . 
 Lord ; as the prophet said has. 
 
 Exercise V. 
 
 Undrfer h senden iT seyn h ', das* seyn h von a die c l Pharisaer m , und 
 
 And who sent were, those were of the Pharisees, and 
 
 fragen\ ihm e : warum taufen du denn, so du nicht Christus 
 
 asked him : why baptizest thou then, if thou not Christ 
 
 seyn h , noch Elias, noch einer c 3 Prophet m ? Johannes antworten 
 
 art, nor nor a prophet? John answered to 
 
 ihr e und sprechen ir : ich taufen mit a 1 Wasser n ; aber sie e seyn h 
 
 them and spoke : I baptize with water ; but he is 
 
 mitten unter a uns e treten iT der h ihr nicht kennen' 1T . Der ist 
 
 amidst among you stept whom you not know. He is 
 
 es die h nach a mich e kommen ir werderi welche h vor mich e 
 
 it who after me come will who before me 
 
 seyn h seyn* deren h ich nicht werth seyn h , dass ich sein d 
 
 been is of whom I not worthy am, that I his 
 
 ^chuhriemen 111 aufiosen^ A Dieser % geschehen iT zu 3 - Bethabara 
 
 shoe-strings may untie. This happened at 
 
 jenseit a dem c ! Jordan™, da Johannes taufen. Der c ander d 
 
 beyond the where John baptized. The other 
 
 2 Tag m ir sehen\\ Johannes Jesus 1 zu a ihn e kommen ir und 
 
 day sees John Jesus to himself come and 
 
 sprechen iT : sehen iT (du), der§ seyn h b Gott m 5 lamm n , welcher h 
 
 speaks: see (Thou), that is God's Lamb, who 
 
 t/es c 3 Welt f 3 Siinde f tragen ir . Dieser seyn* es von a den h ich 
 
 of the world sin bears. This is it of whom I 
 
 * See Rule 73 and 76. t See Rule 221, No. 3. J See Rules 168, 194. 
 || See also Rule 219, No. 3. § See Rule 73, and 194. 
 
FIRST COURSE OF EXERCISES. 53 
 
 mgen haben h ; nach a mich e kommen ir eines c ft Mann m , welches h 
 said have; after me comes a man, who 
 vor a mich e seyn h seyn h ; . denn es e seyn h eher denn ich. 
 before me ' been is ; for he was sooner than I. 
 
 Exercise VI. 
 
 Und ich kennen ir ihm e nicht; sonclern auf dass sie e offenbar 
 And I knew him not; but in order that he manifest 
 averden h in Israel, darnm seyrH ich hommen ir zu taufen 
 
 might become in — — , therefore am I come to baptize 
 mit i Wasser n . Und Johannes zeugen, und sprechen ir : ich 
 with water. And John testified, and spake : I 
 
 seJien iT , dass die c 5 Geist m ir herabfahren s wie einer c 3 Taube f 
 saw, that the spirit descended as a dove 
 
 vom a ^imrnel™ und bleiben ir auf a ihn e . Und ich kennen w 
 from the heaven and remained upon him. And I knew 
 ihm e nicht; aber die h mir e senden iT zu taufen mit Wasser, 
 him not ; but who me sent to baptize with water, 
 die c selbiger d * sprechen ir zu mich e : iiber a welche h du sehen ir 
 the same spoke to me: over whom thou see 
 
 werden des c 5 Geist m ir herabfahren s , und auf a ihn e bleiben ir , 
 shalt the spirit to descend, and on him remain, 
 die* selbiger d * seyn h es, das h mit a des c heiliger^ 5 Geist m taufen. 
 the same is it who with the holy Spirit baptizes. 
 
 Der c ander d 2 Tag m iT stehen] abermal Johannes, und zween sein a 
 The other day stood again John, and two of his 
 l Jungers m . Und als er sehen ir Jesus' 1 wandeln, sprechen ir er : 
 disciples. And as he saw Jesus to walk, spoke he: 
 sehen ir (du) das seyn h b Gott m 5 Lamm n . Und zween seines 6 
 see (thou) that is of God Lamb. And two of his 
 1 Jungers m horen ihm e reden, und nachfolgen g J Jesum 
 disciples heard him to speak, and followed after Jesus. 
 Jesus aber wenden ir sich um und sehen ir iknen e nachfolgen s 
 
 but turned himself round and saw them to follow, 
 
 und sprechen ir zu & sie e : was suchen ihr? Sie aber sprechen ir 
 and spoke to them : what seek you ? they but spoke 
 zu a ihn e : Rabbi (das seyn h verdolmetschen g Meister), wo 
 
 to him: (that is interpreted master), where 
 
 seyn h du zum a 3 Herberge f ? 
 art thou to the abode ? 
 
 * See Rule 74, and 166. t See Rule 219, No. 3. $ See Rule 220 
 
54 FIRST COURSE OF EXERCISES. 
 
 Exercise VII. 
 
 Er sprechen iT zu 3 - sie e : kommen iT und sehen ir es. Sie kommen iT 
 He spoke to them : come (ye) and see it. They came 
 und sehen iT es, und iT bleiben* die c selbiger d 2 Tage m bei a ihn e ; es 
 and saw it, and remained the same day with him; it 
 seyn h aber um den c zehn d 3 Stunde f . z JEin d \ aus a die c zwei% 
 was but about the tenth hour. One out of the two, 
 der h von a Johanne hdren, und Jesum 1 s Nachfolgen f f, seyn h * 
 who from John heard, and Jesus after followed, was 
 Andreas, die c Cruder 01 Simonis Petri. Die c selbiger d \\finden iT 
 Andrew, the brother of Simon Peter. The same finds 
 am a ersten sein d Cruder™ Simon, und sprechen iT zu a ihne ; wir 
 
 on the first his brother and speaks to him :we 
 
 haben die ci Messias m jindeii ir , (§ivelcher h , seyn* verdolmetschen? 
 
 have the found, (which is interpreted 
 
 die c Gesalbten.^) Und fuhren ikm e zu a Je&umS. Da ihn 
 the anointed.) And lead him to Jesus. When him 
 Jesus sehen ir , sprechen iT sie e : Du seyn 13 Simon, Jonas Sohn ; 
 
 saw, spoke he : thou art . Jona's son ; 
 
 du sollen ir Kephas heissen ir , (das werden verdolmetschen s 
 thou shalt Cephas be called, (that becomes interpreted 
 einer c 3 Fels m .) **Den c ander 6 - 2 Tage m wollen ir Jesus wieder in a 
 
 a stone.) The other day would again into 
 
 Galilaa ziehen ir ; und jinden iT i Philippus m , und sprechen iT zu a 
 Galilee proceed; and finds Philip, and speaks to 
 ihn e : % naclifolgen\\ (du) miche. i Phillippum m aber seyn h von a 
 him : after follow (thou) me. Philip but was from 
 
 Bethsaida aus a die" 2 Stadt f Andreas™ und i Pet?-us m . 
 
 out of the city of Andrew and of Peter. 
 
 Exercise VIII. 
 
 i Phillippum xa finden ir Nathanael und sprechen ir zu a ihne ; wir 
 
 Philip finds and speaks to him ; we 
 
 haben b der%% finden ir von a ivelcher h Moses ins* 2 Gesetz n und 
 
 have him found of whom in the law and 
 
 der c s Prophet m schreiben ir haben: JesMs'lH, Josephs Sohn von a 
 
 the prophets written have : of Joseph son from 
 
 Nazareth. Und Nathanael sprechen ir zu a ihn e : was k'6nnen iT 
 
 And speaks to him : what can 
 
 * See Rule 221 No. 2. t See Rule 50. % See Rule 52. ft See Rule 220. 
 ||See Rule 74 and 166. § See Rule 198 and 199. f From Salben. See Rule 169. 
 ** See Rule 219, No. 3. tX See Rule 73 and 76. |||| See Rule 150. 
 
FIRST COURSE OF EXERCISES. 55 
 
 von a Nazareth Gut* kommen ir ? Phillippus, sprechen iT zu a 
 
 from good come ? Philip, speaks to 
 
 ihr e : kommen ir (du) und sehen ir es. Jesus sehen ir Nathanael 
 
 him: come (thou) and see it. ■ saw 
 
 zu a ihn e kommen ir , und sprechen ir von a ihr e : sehen iT (du) 
 to himself come, and speaks of him : see (thou) 
 einer a recht d 'Israelite! 111 in a welcher h keiner] Falsch 11 seyn h . 
 a just Israelite in whom not any deceit is. 
 
 Nathaniel sprechen iT zu a ihn e : woher kennen ir du e mir*? 
 
 spoke to him : whence knowest thou me ? 
 
 Jesus antivorten, und sprechen ir zu a ihn e : eher denn dir e Phillippus 
 
 answered, and spoke to him : sooner than thee Philip 
 
 rufen ir , da du unter a der c2 Feigenbaum m seyn b , sehen ir 
 called, when thou under the fig-tree wast, saw 
 
 ich dir e . Nathanael antworten und sprechen ir zu a ihr e : Rabbi, 
 
 I thee. answered and spoke to him : 
 
 du seyn h 5 Gott m Sohn, du seyn h den c 2 Konig m von a Israel. 
 
 thou art of God son, thou art the king of 
 
 Jesus antworten und sprechen ir zu a ihn e : du glauben, weil 
 
 answered and spoke to him : thou believest, because 
 
 ich dich e sagen haben h , dass ich dir e sehen ir haben h unter 3 - den c 
 I to thee said have, that I thee seen have under the 
 2 Feigenbaum m ; du werderi** noch Gross% denn das 
 fig-tree ; thou shalt yet greater thing than that 
 
 sehen ir . Und sprechen ir zu a ihn : wahrlich , ich sagen uns e , 
 see. And speaks to him : truly, I say to you, 
 
 von a nun an werden h ihr der a 'Himmel 111 offen sehen iT , und der c 
 from now on shall you the heaven open see, and the 
 l Engels m 5 Gott m ir hinauf-und-herab-fahren s auf a der c *Mensch m 
 Angels of God, ascend and descend upon of the man 
 2 Sohn m . 
 
 son. 
 
 Exercise IX. 
 
 Ins a 'Norden 111 Chinas haben h ilim*, gegen a die 4 Ende n 
 In the North of China had himself, about the end 
 der e zw'6lf d l Jahrkundert n , Temudschin, die c 3 Nachkomme ra 
 
 of the 12th century, the descendant 
 
 ein c 3 Reihe f von a 2 Hauptling m monyoUsche?i d 3 Horde f , durch a 
 of a race of chieftains of Mogol Hordes, by 
 
 * See Rule 168, 169, 30. t Declined as the indefinite em 1 . 
 t See Rule 168, 169. 30, 43, and 45. 
 
56 FIRST COURSE OF EXERCISES. 
 
 Tapferkeit f und Gliick n in a viel d 2 Krieg ra , ein c solcher d z Name m 
 
 valour and fortune in many wars, a such name 
 
 s erwerben iT , dass er in a ein c feierlich d 3 Versammlung f das e 
 
 acquired, that he in a solemn assembly of the 
 
 t>Volk n , an a die c2 Quell m der c 2 Fluss m Sagalien,* ins* 
 
 people, at the sources of the river Sagalia, in the 
 
 d nordostlich Asien n , von a ein e d begeistert d \ 1 SeheT m , zum a 
 
 north-eastern Asia, by an inspired seer, for the 
 
 Dschingiskhan m ( c rferf 2 Khan m die c 2 Khan m , 2 Konig m die c 
 
 Genghiskhan (the Khan of the Khang, king of the 
 
 2 Konig m ) s ausrufen ir werden h . Seitdem ausbreiten s er sein d 
 
 kings) proclaimed became. Since then extended he his 
 
 3 Eroberung { immer weit\\, sein d z Unternehmung i werden h 
 
 conquests always farther, his enterprises became 
 
 immer gross ||. Weit nach a ^iberien 11 , und nordlich von a 
 
 always greater. Far to Siberia, and northerly from 
 
 dem c 3 Wiiste f Kobi erstrecken sich sein d 2 Ziig m § ; 
 
 the desert extended themselves his expeditions; 
 
 dann gegen a den Q golden d 3 Horde f die c Mutschi; dann westlich 
 
 then towards the golden horde of the then westerly 
 
 rni\?unzahlbar d d Schaar f ,gegen Ver c ungeheuer d chowaresmischer d 
 
 with innumerable troops, towards the immense of Chowarsem 
 
 2 Reich n . 
 
 kingdom. 
 
 Exercise X. 
 
 Herrlich d 2 Stadt i §, zahlreich bevdlkerte 9 ^ und reiche 9 ^ an 
 
 Magnificent cities, numerously peopled, and rich in 
 
 2 Werk n die" 2 Baukunst f , Pracht f , 3 Bildung f , und 
 
 ■works of the architecture, splendour, civilization, and 
 
 asiatischem. 6 - 3 Ueppigkeit f jedes d 3 Art f , wie Europa sie nicht 
 
 Asiatic luxury of every kind, as them not 
 
 kennen iT , werden zerstoren, der c ^inwohner 111 todten, oder 
 knew, became destroyed, the inhabitants killed, or 
 gefangen himcegfuhren s . Bis zwr a Indus™ s vordringen ir 
 
 captives carried away. Till to the pressed forward 
 
 die c 3 Mongolen m , und ihr e 2 Heer a schlagen ir auch der c 3 Busse m 
 the Moguls, and their armies beat also the Russians 
 
 * Most of the names of countries terminating ina, have their terminations 
 turned by modern writers into en. 
 
 t From begeistern. See Rule 24 and 213. J See Rule 150. 
 
 || See Rule 26, 39, and following. § See page 3, Remark 6. «|[ From bevol- 
 hern. See Rule 24 and 26. 
 
FIRST COURSE OF EXERCISES. 57 
 
 an a dem* Kalka f (am* asowsche d 2 Meer n ). Auf a ein* gross* 
 at the Calca (on the ofAsoph sea). On a large 
 3 Volksversammlung f e beschliessen ir nun Dschingiskhan gegen a 
 people's assembly resolved now Genghiskhan towards 
 China 11 zu ziehn ir ; als er unter a die* 3 Vorbereitung { (1227) 
 
 China to proceed, when he amongst the preparations 
 
 sterben iT ; ein* 5 Mann m , die h nicht nur gross** 2 Reich n , als 
 died ; a man, who not only greater kingdoms than 
 
 je einer c ^roberer™ vor a und nach a ihn e e uberwinden ir und 
 ever a conqueror before and after him conquered and 
 beherrschen ; sondern auch sein d 3 Mongole m angemessera 
 governed ; but also to his Moguls suitable 
 
 2 Gesetz n und 3 Kriegseinrichtung f geben ir . Er e seyn h die* voll A 
 laws and wars regulations gave. It was the full 
 2 Gefuhl n gewaltig A Kraft f , welcher h dieser A 5 Mann m grosser^ 
 sense of powerful strength, which this man great 
 und der* l Herrschen n wurdiger^ machen. 
 and of the Dominion worthy made. 
 
 Exercise XL 
 
 Wellington bei a Waterloo sez'rce d 3 Heer n mehrmals in a 3 Gefahr f 
 
 at his army several times in danger 
 
 sehen ir s durchbrechen ir zu werden b , eilen personlich in a 
 
 seeing broken through to become, hastened personally in 
 
 dem* A stark* Eeuer", zeigen sich der c i Trupp m , und 
 
 the strongest fire, showed himself to the troops, and 
 
 anstrengen g all d 2 Kraft i9 [\ ihm e gegen a der* Uebermacht f zu 
 
 exerted all powers himself against the perponderance to 
 
 behaupten, bis Bliicher mit a die s Preusse m g herankommen iT , 
 
 maintain, till with the Prussians might approach, 
 
 und der* 2 Kampf m ein* A entscheidend% 3 Wendung f geben ir . 
 
 and to the battle a decisive turn might give. 
 
 Er wissen ir , dass Bliicher kommen ir werden b , er wissen ir ihm 
 
 He knew that come would, he knew him 
 
 ins* 2 Anzug™, die c Vortruppen die selbe\\ schon in a die* 
 
 in the march, the advanced troops of the same already in the 
 
 Nahe f . Doch werdenb deren§ wirklich A ^intreffen 11 auch 
 
 vicinity. Indeed became of him actual arrival even 
 
 schon mit* jede d 2 Augenblick m d nothig*. Napoleon entwickeln 
 
 now every moment more necessary. developed 
 
 * See Rule 39 and following. t See Rule 26. If See page 3, Remark 6. 
 X See Rule 24 and 213. || See Rule 75 and 182. § See Rule 191 and 73. 
 
58 FIRST COURSE OF EXERCISES. 
 
 unaufhorlich new 2 Streitkraft f *, sein 2 Geschiitz n wirken 
 
 incessantly new fighting forces, his artillery worked 
 
 verheerend, sein* 4 Truppen m s vor?ucken g entbrennen iT zu 
 
 destructively, his troops pushed forward inflamed to 
 
 neu i2 AngriJf m ; das c 2 Kraft { * Wellington] erschopf en ihnen e 
 
 new attacks ; the forces of exhausted themselves. 
 
 Es seyri* hoher & 3 Zeit f , dass Blucher auf 1 der c 2 Kampfplatz m 
 
 It was high time, that . on the field of battle 
 
 s erscheinen iT ; doch zeigen sich von a ihn e noch kein% 
 
 should appear ; hut showed itself of him yet not any 
 
 3 Spur f ,und<ier c3 Lage f ' des c 2 Ding n werderi jeden 2 Augenblick m 
 
 trace, and the state of the affairs became every moment 
 
 d bedenklich.\\ 
 
 more critical. 
 
 Exercise XII. 
 
 Blucher sey?i h sein A ^ersprechen 11 gemass, am> achtzeJin A § 
 
 — was to his promise according on the 18th 
 
 Juni friih Morgens von a Wavre in a zwei 
 
 of June early in the morning from in two 
 
 2 Heerzug m * s aufbrechen ir ; die c einer°- die" 2 Heertheil m von a 
 
 marching-armies, broken up ; the one the division of 
 Zieten s begreifen ir g znziehen ir rechts uber a Eromant auf a 
 
 including draw up to the right upon on 
 
 Ohain, die link A Tliigel™ Wellington] ; die ander*, aus a die c 
 
 to the left wing of the other, out of the 
 
 2 Heertheil m von a Biilow und Pirch s bestehen iT , gehen ir 
 
 divisions of and consisting, marched 
 
 links iiber Neuf-cabarets und St. Lambert, die e recht d 
 
 to the left upon . and to the right 
 
 ^lugel™ Napoleon], in 3 Seite f und ^iicken 11 ; die" drei d § 
 
 wing of in flank and back ; the third 
 
 2 Heertheil ra unter a Thielmann sollen ir bei a Wavre stehen ir 
 
 division under was at to stand 
 
 bleiben ir , und nur wenn dort keiner% 2 Fiend m s ersckeinen iT , 
 still, and only if there no enemy appeared, 
 
 die" ubriy d *{ als 3 Unterstutzung f nachriicken g . * * * Ofnziere 
 to the others as support to follow after. * * * Officers 
 
 kommen iT und bringen ir Nachricht f von a der° 2 Gang™ dem c 
 came and brought intelligence of the going of the 
 
 * See page 3, Remark 6. 
 
 t See Rule 18. % Like em a . || See Rule 39 and following. § See Rules 49, 54. 
 
 ^f Understood Heertheile, or Truppen, divisions or troops. See Rule 25. 
 
FIRST COURSE OF EXERCISES. 59 
 
 3 Schlacht f , von a Napoleon* ubermachtig a 2 Andrang m , und wie 
 battle of Napoleon superior pressure, and how 
 
 sehr das c 1 Ankunft f des c *Preusse m ersehnt werden h . BKicher, 
 
 much the arrival of the Prussians watched for was. 
 
 in a he/tig 6 - 3 Sorge f seine* A gegeben\ 2 Wort n nicht zu losen, 
 in eager care his given word not to redeem 
 rufen ir sein " Vorwarts", ^Kind n } vorwarts ! Ich haben h es 
 cried out his " forward, children, forward ! I have it 
 g versprechen ir zu a mein d Cruder" 1 Wellington: horen ihr wohl? 
 
 promised to my brother hear you well? 
 
 so miissen ir wir vorwarts !" * * * 
 so must we forward !" * * * 
 
 Exercise XIII. 
 Es seynh s annehmen ir , der c 3 Preusse m werden h um 2 3 Uhr f 
 It was supposed, the Prussians would about 2 o'clock 
 Nachmittags, zum* 3 Schlacht f kommen ir . Aber erst 
 
 of the afternoon, to the battle come. But only now 
 
 nach 4 3 Uhr f seyri endlich die c schwierig* 2 Engweg ra von a 
 after 4 o'clock was at last the difficult narrow path of 
 St. Lambert, liber a und durch a die c 2 Bach ra von a Lasnes 
 
 over and through the brook of - ' 
 
 zurucklegen 8 , und nur zwei ^Brigade*, und der° Keiterei f 
 marched over, and only two brigades, and the cavalry 
 von a Billow haben b jenseits a ihr d verdecken^ 3 Austellungf 
 
 of f- had on the other side their covered position 
 
 erreichen, und erwarten die" ] IIerankommen n des c A ubriq t 
 reached, and waited the approach of the rest. 
 
 Napoleon indess seyn b auf a sein A fern* 3Hohe f das c 
 
 meanwhile was on his distant height the 
 
 d nahendj *Preusse m gewhar werden h , halted inn* jedoch 
 
 approaching Prussians sensible of become, held them however 
 
 .fur wenig bedeutend, und senden* nur an a Grouchy das* 
 
 for little important, and send only to — the 
 
 2 Befehr sein* 2 Angriff m gegen a demcpreussich^lleer*, welched 
 order his attack against the Prussian army, ' which 
 er zu verfolgen* beauftragen* seyn\ zu verstarken*. Bl'ucher aber 
 
 he to pursue entrusted was, to strengthen. but 
 
 das c 3 Gefahr f Wellington* ^erkennen^, geben", seinerseits 
 
 the danger of perceiving, gave, on his side,' 
 
 t^T^^^S? 213 - WnaerstooaHeertkeileorTruppen, 
 
60 FIRST COURSE OF EXERCISES. 
 
 ohne a sich lange zu besinnen g , das* ^efehl* zur* 
 
 without himself long to think of, the order for the 
 1 Vorrlichen n . * * * * 
 marching forward. * * * 
 
 Exercise XIV. 
 
 Napoleon haben h sofort genau d Kunde f von a der c 
 
 had immediately accurate intelligence of the 
 
 2 Anzug m die 2 Preusse m e erlangen; doch noch immer nicht 
 approach of the Prussians obtained ; but still always not 
 ron a ihr d 2 Macht f und Ede f ; erst als er e auf 1 dem° 
 of their force and speed ; only now when they on the 
 3 Hohe f von a St. Lambert sichtbare* werderi lassen iT er gegen a 
 
 height of visible were, allowed he towards 
 
 sich e &einiges b B.egiment n seitwarts ins 3 - fasten 11 aufstellen g , 
 them some regiments sidewards in the haste to set up. 
 Bliicher aber geben iT nun durch a d fruhzeitig ^eschiitzfeuer 11 
 
 but gave now through early artillery-fire 
 
 der c 2 Heer n Wellington^ die 1 Zeichen n seines* ersehen A % 
 
 to the army of the signal of his observed 
 
 2 Ankunft f ;rfi'ese d 1 Kanonendonner in erwecAew g die 1 Englander m 
 arrival ; this cannon- thunder excited to the Englishmen 
 
 fro/n Zuversicht f , die 3 Franzose m , JStaunen 11 und 
 joyful confidence, to the Erenchmen, astonishment and 
 Bestiirzung. * * * Das c 3 Schlacht f seyn* gewinnen iT ; aber wer h 
 consternation. * * * The battle was won ; but to whom 
 der° Ehre f dem 2 Ta g vorzugsweise gebuhren, dariiber 
 
 the honour of the day in preference may be due, upon that 
 sey7i h viel streiten iT werden*. Wellington selbst aber 
 
 is much contended become. himself however 
 
 schliessen iT sew 6 - 2 Berickt m an a dem" Prinz-Eegenten m von 
 closed his official report to the prince-regent of 
 
 England mit a dieser d 2 Wort n : " Ich werden* nicht nach a mein& 
 England with these words: "I should not according my 
 Ueberzeugung f sprechen ir , wenn ich nicht c der 2 Eeld-marshall«i 
 conviction speak, if I not to the field-marshall 
 
 Bliicher und der c preussich & 2 Heer n der c glucklich d 'Ergebniss 11 
 
 and to the Prussian army the happy result 
 
 dieser d furchtbar & 2 Tag m s bei?nessen iT , durch a die 2 Beistand">, 
 
 of this fearful day might attribute, through the assistance, 
 
 * See Rule 26 and 129. f See Rule 18. J See Rule 24 and 213. 
 
FIRST COURSE OF EXERCISES. 61 
 
 welcher h er e mit a so gross d Bereitwilligkeit f , und so zu& recht d 
 which they with so great readiness, and so at right 
 3 Zeit f mich e leisten haben." 
 time to me afforded have.''" 
 
 Exercise XIV. 
 Ein c * 2 Abend m , als wir nach Gewohnheit in tief d 3 Maske f 
 One evening when we according to custom in deep mask 
 und absondern\ auf der c 2 Platz m St. Markus spazieren 
 
 and apart on the Piazza of St. to walk 
 
 gehen ir (es s anfangen iT , spat zu werden und die 1 Gedr'duge n 
 went (it began late to become and the crowd 
 haben h sich verlieren ir ) bemarken die a 3 Prinz m , dass ein c 
 had itself disappeared gradually) perceived the prince, that a 
 3 Maske f wir e uberall folgen\. Das c 3 Maske f seyn b einer 
 mask us every where followed. The mask was an 
 J Armenier m , und gehen ir allein. Wir beschleunigen unser d 
 Armenian, and was going alone. "We hastened our 
 2 Schritt m und suchen ihn e durch ofter d 3 Veranderung f unser d 
 steps and sought her through frequent change of our 
 
 1 Weg m irre zu machen. Umsonst, das c 3 Maske f bleiben ir 
 way to confound. In vain, the mask remained 
 
 immer dicht hinter uns. "Ihr\\ haben doch kein§ Intrigue* 
 always close behind us. "You have surely not any intrigue 
 hier haben" (sagen die c 3 Prinz m zu a mich e ); "das c % & Ehemann m 
 here had" ^ (said the prince to me); "the husbands 
 in Yene&ig seyn h gefahrlicher , '**. " Ich kennen iT kein§ einzig d 
 in Venice are dangerous." "I know not a single 
 
 3 Dame f ," geben ir ich zum 3 - 3 Antwort f . 
 lady," gave I for the answer. 
 
 Exercise XVI. 
 
 "Lassen Ihr\\ uns hier niedersetzen und Deutcsh sprechen ir " 
 
 "Permit you us here to sit down and German speak" 
 
 ( s fortfahren ir sie e ) ; " ich einbilden s mich e , man verkennen ir 
 
 (continued he) ; "I imagine to myself, they mistake 
 
 uns ;" wir setzen uns auf a ein c steinern d 2 Bank f und erwarten 
 
 us ;" we sat ourselves on a stony bench and waited 
 
 dass das c 3 Maske f vorubergehen ir solIen iT . Sie s zukommen ir 
 
 that the mask pass by should. He came to 
 
 * See Rule 219, No. 3. t See Rule 27 and 129. J See Rule 220. 
 || See page 35 ; how to address a person. § Like ein 3 -. ^ See page 3, No. 6. 
 
 ** See Rule 26. 
 G 
 
62 SECOND COURSE OF EXERCISES. 
 
 gerade auf a uns, unci nehmen iT ihr d 2 Platz m dicht an a 
 
 straight forward to us, and took her place close to 
 die 3 Seite f der° 3 Prinz m . Sie e s herausziehen' 1T das c 3 Uhr f , 
 the side of the prince. He drew out the watch, 
 und sagen mich e laut auf* Franzosisch, indem uns e 
 and said to me loudly in French, whilst he 
 
 e aufstehen ir : "neun Uhr vorbei; kommen ir Ihr*. Wir 
 got up: "nine o'clock past; come you. TVe 
 
 vergessen ir , dass man sie e ins* Louvre m erwarten." Dieser-f 
 
 forget, that they us in the ■ wait for." This 
 
 erdichten er nur um das c 3 Maske f von a unser d 3 Spur f zu 
 invented he only in order the mask from our track to 
 entfernen. "Neun 3 Uhr f ," wiederholen h sie in a eben die c 
 remove. "Nine o'clock," repeated she in just the 
 3 Sprache f nachdrucklicher% und langsamer%. "Wiinschen 
 language forcibly and slowly. "Wish 
 
 e Ihr* euck e Gliick, Prinz," (indern sie ihm e bei a sein d 
 
 you to yourself good luck, prince," (whilst she him by his 
 ivahr d 3 JYame m nennen ir ) "um neun Uhr seyn* sie e sterben* 1 ." 
 true name called) " about nine o'clock is he deceased." 
 Damit g aufstehe?i ir er e und gehen iT . 
 "With that got up she and went away. 
 
 SECOND COURSE OF EXERCISES. 
 
 N.B. — Henceforth, those references alone are retained which have hut 
 
 seldom occurred. 
 
 Exercise I. 
 Wir ansehen ir uns besturzen. " Wer seyn sterben iT ," 
 
 We looked at ourselves confounded. "Who is deceased," 
 (sagen endlich das 3 Prinz m , nach eine lang Stille f .) "Lassen ir 
 (said at last the prince, after a long silence.) "Allow 
 Ihr* wir sie a nachgehen ir " {sagen ich), "und ein 3 Erklarung f 
 you usher follow" (said I), "and an explanation 
 
 fordern." Wir durchkriechen iT all 1 Winkel m der Markus, m das 
 ask." We creeped through all nooks of the St. Mark, the 
 
 3 Maske f seyn nicht mehr gefunden\\. Unbefriedigt zuruck-kehren 
 mask was not more to be found, Unsatisfied returned 
 wir nach unser 2 Gasthof m . Die 3 Prinz m sagen mich unterwegs 
 we to our hotel. The prince said to me by the way 
 nicht einer 2 Wort n ; sondern gehen iT seitwarts und allein; und 
 not one word ; but walked aside and alone ; and 
 
 * See p. 35, how to address a person, t See Rule 194. J See Rule 27 & 129. 
 
 || See Rule 210. 
 
SECOND COURSE OF EXERCISES. 63 
 
 srheinen iT ein gewaltsam 2 Kampf m zu kampfen, wie er audi 
 seemed a violent fight to fight, as he also 
 mich nachher gestehen ir haben. Als wir zu b Haus ra seyn, 
 to me afterwards confessed has. When we at home were, 
 offnen er zur erst l Mal a wieder dem 'Mund™. " Er seyn 
 opened he for the first time again the mouth. "It is 
 doch lacherlich," (sagen er) " dass einer Wahnsinnig* das 
 indeed laughable," (said he) "that an insane the 
 Euhe f ein b Mann m mit z wei 2 Wort* so erschuttern ir so#era." Wir 
 repose of a man with two words so shake may." We 
 wiinschen uns ein gut 2 Nacht f , und so bald ich auf 
 
 wished to ourselves a good night, and as soon as I in 
 mein dimmer 11 seyn, merken ich in mein 3 Schreibtafel f die Tag, 
 my room was, marked I in my pocket-book the day, 
 und das 3 Stunde f , wo es geschehen seyn. Es seyn einer 
 and the hour, where it happened was. It was one 
 ^onnerstag 111 . 
 Thursday. 
 
 Exercise II. 
 
 Ans folgend 2 Abend m sagen mich die 3 Prinz m : "Wollen 
 In the following evening said to me the prince : "Shall 
 wir nicht eines 2 Gang m iiber die 2 Markusplatz m machen, und 
 we not a walk over the St. Mark square make, and 
 unser geheimnissvoll 1 Armenier m aufsuchen ? Mich verlangen 
 our mysterious Armenian seek for? Me longs 
 doch nach die 3 Entwickelung f dieses 3 Komodie f ." Wir 
 indeed after the developement of this comedy." We 
 
 bleiben iT bis eilf 3 Uhr f auf die 2 Platz m . Die J Armenier m 
 remained until eleven o'clock on the Piazza. The Armenian 
 seyn nirgends gesehen\. Die m N'dmlicht% wiederholen wir 
 was nowhere to be seen. The same repeated we 
 
 das vier folgend 2 Abend m , und jedesmal mit dieselbe 
 the four following evenings, and every time with the same 
 schlecht 2 Erfolg m . Als wir ans seeks 2 Abend m unser e l Hotel 11 
 bad result. When we in the sixth evening our hotel 
 
 verlassen iT , haben ich die 2 Einfall m (ob unwillkiirlich 
 left, had I the sudden thought (whether involuntarily 
 
 oder aus Absicht, besinnen iT ich mir nicht mehr), die 
 or purposely, recollect I myself no more), the 
 
 * See Rule 169. f See Rule 210. $ See Rule 168 and 169. 
 
 . 
 
64 SECOND COURSE OF EXERCISES. 
 
 m Bediente* zu hinterlassen ir wo wir gefunden\ seyn werden 
 footman to direct where we to be found be should 
 wenn nach uns frag en werden sollen iT . Die 3 Prinz m bemerken 
 if after us asked become should. The prince remarked 
 mein 3 Vorsicht f , und loben es mit ein Idchelnd 3 Miener. 
 my foresight, and praised her with a smiling countenance. 
 
 Exercise III. 
 
 Es seyn eine gross x Gedrange n auf die 2 Markusplatz m , 
 There was a great crowd on the St. Mark's square, 
 als wir da ankommen iT . Wir haben kaum dreissig 2 Schritt m 
 when we there arrived. "We had scarcely thirty steps 
 
 machen, so bemerken Ich die iArmenier 111 wieder, die ihn 
 made, when observed I the Armenian again, who himself 
 mit schnell 2 Schritt m durch das Menge f arbeiten, und mit 
 with quick steps through the multitude worked, and with 
 die 3 Auge n Jemanden zu suchen scheinen 11 . Eben seyn wir 
 the eyes some one to seek seemed. Just were we 
 im 2 Begrin Pm , ihm zu erreichen als die Baron m V. F. aus 
 
 upon the point, him to reach when the Baron V. E. out 
 die Suite f die *Prinz m athemlos auf uns zukommen iT und der 
 the suit of the prince breathless to us came to, and to the 
 B Prinz m ein 2 Brief m uberbringen iT . "Esseyn schwarz v ersiegeln" 
 prince a letter brought. "It is black sealed" 
 (hinzusetzen er) ; "wir vermuthen dass er\ Eile haben." 
 (added he); "we supposed that it haste might have." 
 
 Das fallen* 1 auf mir, wie einer 2 Donnerschlag m . Die 3 Prinz m 
 That fell on me, like a clap of thunder. The prince 
 seyn zu eine Elambeau m treten iT , und a?ifangen iT zu lesen : 
 
 was to a stepped, and began to read: 
 
 "Meiner Cousin m seyn ir ste?'ben" (rufen iT er). " Wann" (sturzen 
 " my cousin is dead" ^cried he). " When" (fell 
 ich ihn heftig im 2 Wort n ). Er sehen iT noch einmal in 
 I to him eagerly in the word). He looked yet once in 
 dem 2 Brief 01 : " Vorig\\ JDonnerstag™, 2 Abend m §, um neun 
 the letter: "last Thursday evening, at nine 
 
 3 Uhr f ." 
 o'clock." 
 
 * From bedienen, to serve. See Rule 169. t See Rule 210. 
 % See Rule 184 and 185. || See Rule 221, No. 2. § See Rule 120. 
 
SECOND COURSE OF EXERCISES. 65 
 
 Exercise IV. 
 
 Wir kaben nicht 3 Zeit f , von unser ^rstaunen 11 zu 
 We had not time, from our astonishment to 
 zuruck-kommen iT , so stehen" die 'Armenier 111 unter euch. 
 recover, when stood the Armenian among us. 
 
 " Ihr* seyn hier erkennen iT , gn'ddigl 3 Herr m ," (sagen ev zu 
 "You are here known, most gracious Lord," (said he to 
 des 3 Prinz m .) " Eilen Ihr* nach des z Mohr m , Ihr* werden der 
 the prince.) "Hasten you to the Moor, you will the 
 Abgeordnet\ dem 2 Senats m dort finden. Tragen ir Ihr* keine 
 delegates of the senate there find. Harbour you not one 
 s Bedenken n , das Ehre f g zuannehmen iT , der man euch* erweisen 
 doubt, the honour to accept, which they to you show 
 
 wollen. Die Baron m V. F. vergessen ir euch* zu sagen, dass 
 wish. The Baron V. F. forgot to you to say, that 
 euer 1 Wechsel m dnkommen 1 * seyn.'" Er verlieren iT ihn 
 your hills of exchange arrived are." He lost himself 
 in die ! Gedrange n . Wir eilen nach unser 1 Hotel 11 : Alles 
 in the crowd. We hastened to our hotel : all 
 
 finden es, wie die * Armenier m es verkunden haben. 
 found itself, as the Armenian it announced had. 
 
 Exercise V. 
 
 Drei Nobili die 3 Republick f stehen ir bereit, der 3 Prinz TO 
 
 Three nobles of the republick stood ready, the prince 
 
 s bezuwillkommen iT , und ihm mit Pracht f nach die Assamblee f 
 
 to welcome, and him with pomp to the assembly 
 
 g bezugleiten, wo die hohen ^del 111 des 2 Stadt f ihm 
 
 to accompany, where the high nobility of the city him 
 
 erwarten. Er haben kaum so viele% z Zeit i , mich durch ein 
 
 waited for. He had scarcely so much time, to me through a 
 
 fluchtig 2 Wink m verzustehen s , dass ich fur ihm wach bleiben ir 
 
 hasty wink to intimate, that I for him awake remain 
 
 m'6gen iT . ]Yacht ! \\ gegen Eilf wiederkommen ir er. Ernst 
 
 might. At night towards eleven came back he. Serious 
 
 und gedankenvoll treten ir er im 'Zimmer 11 und ergreifen ir 
 
 and thoughtful stepped he in the room and seized 
 
 mein 2 Hand f nachdem er der Bedienie§ entlassen ir haben, 
 
 my hand after that he the servants dismissed had. 
 
 * See page 35, how to address a person. t From abordnen, to delegate. 
 
 See Rule 169. t See Rule 36. || See Rule 130. § From bedienen, to 
 serve. See Rule 169. 
 
I 
 
 66 THIRD COURSE OF EXERCISES. 
 
 " 3 Graf m " (sagen sie mit die 2 Wort n Hamlet* zu mich), " da 
 "Count" (said he with the words of Hamlet to me), "there 
 geben ir -\ mehr 2 Ding n ins JHimmel 111 , und auf 3 Erde { , als 
 are more things in the heaven, and upon earth, than 
 
 wir in unser ^Philosophies traumen." 
 we in our philosophies dream." 
 
 Exercise VI. 
 " Gn'ddig 1 3 Herr m " (antworten ich), " Ihr% scheinet' 11 zu 
 
 " Most gracious Lord " (answered I), "you seem to 
 vergessen dass Ihr% um ein gross 3 Hoffnung f reichi zu 4 Bett n 
 forget that you by a great expectation richer to bed 
 gehen ir : Die Verstorben || seyn den 3 Erbprinz m ." "Erinnern 
 go: the defunct was the hereditary prince." "Remind 
 
 Ihr% mich nicht daran" (sagen die 3 Prinz m ) : " und wenn ein 
 you me not thereon" (said the prince) : "and if 'a 
 3 Krone f fiir mir seyn gewinnen iT werden, ich haben jetzt 
 crown for me might be won become, I might have now 
 mehr zu thun, als diese 3 Kleinigkeit f , zunachdenken Kr %. 
 more to do, than this trifle, to think after. 
 
 Wenn diese ^rmenier™ nicht bloss errathen" haben ; so 
 If this Armenian not barely guessed has ; so 
 
 wollen Ich Ihr% all mein furstlich 3 Hoffnung { fiir ein 
 will I to you all my princely expectations for a 
 3 Monchskutte f abtreten." Ich anfuhren s dieses mit Fleiss, 
 cowl give up." I mention this purposely, 
 
 weil ich glauben dass es zu ein 2 Beweif m dienen konnen ; wie 
 because I believe that it to a proof serve can ; how 
 entfernt er noch damals von jedem herrschsuchtig 3 Absicht f 
 remote he yet then from every ambitious intention 
 seyn seyn. 
 been is. 
 
 THIRD COURSE OF EXERCISES. 
 
 N.B. — In this course, all Italics are dropped; and the faults are marked 
 
 in margine of each line. 
 
 Exercise I. faults 
 
 Der folgend 2 Abend m g einfinden ir wir uns zettig 4 
 The following evening appeared we ourselves earlier 
 
 * See Rule 18. t See Rule 123 and 186. J See page 35, how to address 
 a person. || From versterben, to die. See Rule 169. § See page 27, what 
 case nacli requires. 
 
THIRD COURSE OF EXERCISES. 67 
 
 faults 
 
 als gewohnlich auf die 2 Markusplatz m . Ein plotzlich 3 
 than usual in the St. Mark's square. A sudden 
 
 2 Regenguss m nothigen euch in einen 5 Kaffeehause n zu 4 
 shower compelled us in a coffee-house to 
 
 g einkehren, wo spielen werden. Der 3 Prinz m stellen 4 
 stop, where played was. The prince placed 
 
 sich hinter der 2 Stuhle m einer 'Spanie^undbeobachten 5 
 himself behind the chair of a Spaniard and observed 
 die 2 Spiel n . Ich seyn in einem anstossend 'Zimmer" 4 
 the play. I was in a contiguous room 
 
 gehen ir , wo ich 3 Zeitung f lesen. EinWeile f darauf 4 
 gone, where I newspapers read. A while after that 
 horen ich 1 Larnien m . Vor die 2 Ankunft f dem 3 Prinz m 3 
 heard I noise. Before the arrival of the prince 
 seyn der Spanier unaufhorlich ins 2 Verlust m seyn, jetzt 4 
 was the Spaniard incessantly in the loss been, now 
 gewinnen ir er auf all 3 Karte f . Das ganz 2 Spiel n werden 5 
 won he at all cards. The whole play became 
 
 auffallend verandern und die 2 Bank f seyn in Gefahr f , von 2 
 strikingly changed and the bank was in danger, by 
 den Pointeur™, die dieses gliicklich 3 Wendung f kiihn 5 
 the pointer, whom this happy turn bolder 
 
 machen haben, auffordern zu werden. 3 
 
 made had, called up to become. 
 
 Exercise II. 
 
 Einer ^enetianer 111 , die ihm halten ir , sagen den 3 Prinz m 7 
 A Venetian, who her held, said to the prince - 
 
 mit beleidigend 2 Ton m : "er storen das Gluck n , und 3 
 with offending tone: "he may disturb the luck, and 
 sollen ir die 2 Tisch m verlassen." Diess ansehen lr ihm 5 
 ought the table to leave." The latter looked at him 
 kalt und bleiben ir ; derselben Eassung f behalten ir 3 
 coldly and remained, the same presence of mind retained 
 er als die x Venetian er m sein 3 Beleidigung f Franzosisch 2 
 he when the Venetian his offence in French 
 
 wiederholen. Der Letzterer glauben dass die Prinz beiden 5 
 repeated. The latter believed that the prince both 
 
 3 Sprach f nicht verstehen ir und winden ir sich mit 3 
 languages not may understand and addressed himself with 
 
I 
 
 68 THIRD COURSE OF EXERCISES. 
 
 faults 
 verachtungsvoU Aachen" zu die k Uebrige P1 . "Sagen Ihr° 4 
 
 scornful laugh to the rest. "Tell you 
 
 mich, doch, mein 3 Herr m , wie ich mich dieseu Balordo 4 
 
 to me, pray, gentlemen, how I myself to this balordo 
 
 verstandlicher machen sollen ir ?" Zugleich aufstehen ir 3 
 
 intelhgible make shall?" At the same time stood up 
 
 er und wollen ir die 3 Prinz a bei das 2 Arm™ ergreifen ; 5 
 
 he and wished tbe prince by the arm to seize; 
 
 dieser verlassen ir die Geduld, erpackendie 1 Venetianer m 4 
 
 the latter forsook the patience, he seized the Venetian 
 
 mit stark 2 Hand f und werfen ir ihm unsanft zu J Boden m . 3 
 
 with strong hand and threw him roughly to ground. 
 
 Exercise III. 
 
 Die ganz 5 Haus n kommen ir in Bewegung. Auf dem 4 
 The whole house came in commotion. At the 
 2 Gerausck n stiirzen ich herein, unwillkiirlich reifen ir ich 2 
 noise rushed I in, involuntarily called I 
 
 ihm bei sein 3 Namen m . " Nehmen ir Ihr° sich in Acht, 3 
 him by his name. "Behave you yourself prudently, 
 Prinz" ( g hinzusetzen ich mit Unbesonnenheit f ),"wirseyn 2 
 prince" (added I with thoughtlessness), "we are 
 
 in Venedig." Die 3 Xame m der 3 Prinz m gebieten ir ein 5 
 in Venice." The name of the prince commanded a 
 allgemein Stille f , woraus bald einer ^emurmel 11 werden 3 
 general silence, out of which soon a murmuring grew 
 die mich gefahrlicher scheinen ir . Alle anwesend 5 
 
 which to me dangerous seemed. All present 
 
 Italiener m rotten sich zu ^aufen" 1 und treten ir 2 
 
 Italians collected themselves together and stepped 
 bei seite. Ein um dem Ander verlassen ir den 2 Saal m , 4 
 aside. One after the other left the saloon, 
 
 bis wir uns Beide mit den ^panier 1 " und einige 2 
 until we ourselves both with the Spaniard and some 
 3 Franzose m allein finden ir . "Ihr° seyn verlieren ir , %nadig 6 
 Frenchmen alone found. " You are lost, most gracious 
 Herr " (sagen diese,) " wenn Ihr° nicht sogleich den 2 Stadt f 3 
 lord" (said these,) "if you not immediately the city 
 verlassen ir . Der ^enetianer™, der Ihr° so libel behandeln 3 
 quit. The Venetian, whom you so badly handled 
 
THIRD COURSE OF EXERCISES. 69 
 
 faults 
 haben, ist reicher genug, eiii Bravo™ zu dingen. Es kosten 3 
 
 have, is rich enough, a bravo to hire. It costs 
 
 ihn nur fiinfzig 3 Zechine f , Euch aus die 3 Welt f zu 4 
 
 to him only fifty sequins, you out the world to 
 
 schaffen. 
 
 remove. 
 
 Exercise IV. 
 
 Der Spanier g anbieten ir sich zum Sicherheit f dem 3 
 The Spaniard offered himself to the security to the 
 3 Prinz ra3 Wache f zu holen, und uns selbst nach 5 Haus n zu 2 
 prince guard to fetch, and us even to house to 
 begleiten. Dasselbe wollen ir auch der 3 Eranzose m . Wir 3 
 accompany. The same wished also the Frenchmen. We 
 stehen ir noch und iiberlegen was zu thun seyn als 3 
 
 stood yet and considered what to do might be when 
 die 3 Thiire f sich offnen und einig Bediente* dem 4 
 the door itself opened and some servants of the 
 Staatsinquisition f hereintreten ir . Er zeigen uns ein 4 
 
 Inquisition stepped in. They showed to us an 
 
 Order f dem 3 Regierung f worin uns Beide befehlen ir 3 
 order of the government wherein to us both commanded 
 werden, sie schleunig zu folgen p . Unter eine stark 4 
 became, them quickly to follow. Under a strong 
 3 Bedeckung f fuhren man uns bis zur 2 Kanal m . Hier 2 
 guard led they us till to the canal. Here 
 
 erwarten uns ein 3 Gondel f , in der wir uns setzen 3 
 
 waited us a gondola, in which we ourselves sit down 
 miissen. Ehe wir aussteigen ir , werden ir uns den 4 
 
 were obliged. Before we stepped out, were to us the 
 4 Auge n verbinden. Man hinaufiihren g uns ein gross steinern 6 
 eyes bound. They led up us a great stony 
 3 Treppe f , und dann durch einen lange gewunden 2 Gang m 2 
 staircase, and then through a long winding passage 
 uber ^ewolber 11 wie ich aus die vielfach ^cho 11 schliessen ir 3 
 over vaults as I out of the manifold echo concluded 
 die unter unsere 2 Fuss ra hallen. 4 
 
 which under our feet resounded. 
 
 Exercise V. 
 Endlich gelangen wir vor einer ander 3 Treppe f , welcher 4 
 At last arrived we before a other staircase, which 
 * From bedienen, to serve. See Rule 169. 
 
I 
 
 70 THIRD COURSE OF EXERCISES. 
 
 faults 
 
 uns sechs und zwanzig 3 Stufe f in der Tiefe f liinunterfiihren. 3 
 us six and twenty steps in the depth down led. 
 Hier offnen sich eine 2 Saal m , wo man uns die 3 Bindef 2 
 Here opened itself a saloon, where they to us the band 
 wieder von die 4 Auge m nehmen. Wir befinden ir uns 4 
 again from the eyes took. We found ourselves 
 in einen 2 Kreis m ehrwiirdig alt 5 Mannm, alle schwarz 5 
 in a circle of venerable old men, all black 
 kleiden, der ganz 2 Saal m mit schwarz 3 
 
 dressed, the whole saloon with black 
 
 5 Tuch n behangen, und sparsam erleuchten, ein Todten- 3 
 clothes hung with, and scantily lighted up, a death's 
 stille f in die ganz 3 Versammlung f ; welcher q eine schreckhaft 5 
 silence in the whole assembly; which a terrifick 
 ^indruck™ machen. Ein von diese Greis k , wahrscheinlich 4 
 impression made. One of these hoarymen, probably 
 der oberst 3 Staatsinquisitor m , naheren sich den 3 Prinz m , 4 
 the highest Inquisitor, approached himself to the prince, 
 und fragen r ihm mit ein feierlich 3 Miene f , wahrend man 4 
 and asked him with a solemn mien, whilst they 
 ihn der ^enetianer™ vorfiihren : "erkennen ir Ihr diesem 5 
 to him the Venetian brought before: "recognize you this 
 3 Mensch m fiir dem namlich den Sie auf den 5 Kaffeehaus n 6 
 man for the same who you in the coffee-house 
 
 beleidigen haben?" "Ya" (antworten der Prinz). 3 
 
 offended has?" "Yes" (answered the prince). 
 
 Exercise VI. 
 Darauf wenden ir Jene sich zudenGefangen k : "ist 4 
 Thereupon turned the former himself to the prisoner : " is 
 das derselbe 3 Person f , die Ihr heute Abend wollen 3 
 that the same person, whom you this evening would 
 ermorden lassen ?" Der Gefangen k antworten mit "ya." 2 
 murder let?" The prisoner answered with "yes." 
 Sogleich offnen sich die 2 Kreis m und mit ^ntsetzen 11 2 
 Immediately opened itself the circle and with terror 
 sehen ir wir die 2 Kopf ra dem ^enetianer" 1 vom 2 Rumpf m 5 
 saw we the head of the Venetian from the body 
 trennen. " Seyd Ihr mit diese 3 Genugthuung f zufrieden?" 3 
 to sever. *' Are you with this satisfaction contented?" 
 (fragen der 3 Staatsinquisitor m .) Der Prinz liegen lr 2 
 (asked the Inquisitor.) The prince lay 
 
FOURTH COURSE OF EXERCISES. 7l 
 
 faults 
 ohnmachtiger in die 2 Arra m sein ^egleiter™. " Gehen Ihr° 5 
 
 fainting in the arms of his conductors. "Go you 
 
 nun" ( g fortfahren ir Jene mit ein schreiklich 3 Stimme f , 4 
 
 now " (continued the former with a terrible voice, 
 
 indem er mich gegen mir wenden ir ), " und urtheilen 3 
 
 whilst he himself towards me turned), "and judge 
 
 Ihr° kunftig weniger worschnell von die 3 Gerechtigkeit f 2 
 
 you for the future less precipitate of the justice 
 
 in Venedig." 
 
 in Venice." 
 
 FOURTH COURSE OF EXERCISES. 
 
 N.B. — In this course, the faults are only marked at the top of each exercise. 
 
 Exercise I. Faults 32. 
 
 Wer der verborgen 2 Freund m , gewesen, die uns durch 
 
 Who the hidden friend been, who us through 
 
 dem schnell 2 Arm m der Justizf von ein gewisse 2 Tod m 
 
 the quick arm of the justice from a certain death 
 
 erretten haben, konnen wir nicht errathen. Starr von 
 
 snatched had, could we not guess. Motionless from 
 
 ^chrecken 11 , erreichen wir unsere 2 Wohnung f . Es seyn 
 
 terror. reached we our lodging. It was 
 
 nach Mitternacht. Der ! Kam in er junker™ von 
 
 after midnight. The groom of the bed-chamber of 
 
 Z , erwarten uns mit Ungeduld f an die 3 Treppe f . 
 
 Z. , waited for us with impatience on the stairs. 
 
 "Wie gut seyn es dass Ihr schicken haben" (sagen er 
 "How good was it that you sent have" (said he 
 zur 3 Prinz m , indem er uns leuchten). "Ein 3 Nachricht f 
 to the prince, whilst he us lighted). "A notice 
 
 der der Baron von E gleich nachher von den St. 
 
 which the Baron of F just afterwards from the St. 
 
 2 Markusplatz m nach 5 Haus n bringen ir , haben uns wegen 
 Mark's square to home brought, had us concerning 
 Ihr in der todtlich 2 Angst f setzen." 
 you in the most deadly anguish put." 
 
 Exercise II. Faults 32. 
 
 "Geschickt haben ich! Wann? Ich wissen 11 nichts davon." "Dieser 
 " Sent might have I ! When ? I know nothing thereof." " This 
 
72 FOURTH COURSE OF EXERCISES. 
 
 2 Abend m nach acht 3 Uhr f . Ihr lassen ir uns sagen dass 
 evening after eight o'clock. You caused to us to say that 
 wir ganz ausser 3 Sorgef seyn diirfen, wenn Ihr heute spat 
 we quite without cares be might, if you to day later 
 nach 5 Haus n kommen ir ." Hier ansehen ir der 3 Prinz ra niich. 
 to house might come." Here looked at the prince me. 
 " Haben Ihr vielleicht ohne meinem 1 Wissen tl , diesen, 
 " Have you perhaps without my knowledge, this 
 Sorgfalt f gebrauchen?" " Ich wissen ir von gar nichts." 
 
 circumspection made use of ?" "I knew of nothing at all." 
 " Es mussen doch wohl so seyn, Ihr 3 Durchlaucht f " 
 "It must however indeed so be, your serene highness" 
 (sagen der ^ammerjunker 1 ") ; denn hier seyn ja Ihr 
 (said the chamberlain) ; for here is surely your 
 
 3 Repetiruhrf der Ihr zum Sicherheit f mitschicken." 
 
 repeating watch which you as security sent with." 
 
 Der 3 Prinz m greifen ir nach die 3 Uhrtasche f . Die 3 Uhr f 
 The prince laid hold of the fob. The watch 
 
 war wirklich fort, und er erkennen ir jener fiir der 
 was indeed away, and he recognized that one for the 
 seinig. 
 his own. 
 
 Exercise III. Faults 50. 
 
 " Wer bringen ir sie?" (fragen er mit 3 Bestiirzungf.) "Ein 
 "Who brought her ?" (asked he with alarm.) "A 
 
 unbekannt 3 Maske f in armenisch 3 Kleidung f , der sich 
 
 unknown Mask in Armenian dress, which herself 
 sogleich wieder entfernen." Wir stehen ir und ansehen ir 
 immediately again removed." We stood and looked 
 uns. "Was halten Sie davon?" (sagte endlich der 
 
 ourselves. "What think you of it?" (said at last the 
 3 Prinz m nach ein lang ^tillschweigen".) " Ich haben hier ein 
 prince after a long silent.) " I have here a 
 
 verborgen iAufseher™ in Venedig." Der schrecklich 
 
 concealed overseer in Venice." The horrible 
 
 2 Auftritt m dieses 2 Nacht f hatte den 3 Prinz"' eines ^ieber 11 
 scene of this night had to the prince a fever 
 
 zuziehen ir , der ihn acht 2 Tag™ nothigen das dimmer 11 zu 
 brought on, which him eight days compelled the room to 
 
FOURTH COURSE OF EXERCISES. 73 
 
 hiiten. In dieser 3 Zeit f wimmeln JJnser Hotel von 
 keep. In this time swarmed our hotel of 
 Einheimisch und Fremd, das der entdeckt 2 Stand m des 
 natives and foreigners, whom the discovered rank of the 
 
 3 Prinz m herbeilocken h hatte. Man vetteifern unter einander 
 prince attracted near had. They vied between one another 
 ihn 2 Dienst m zuanbieten. 2 Liebes-brief m iiberschwemmen 
 to him services to offer. Love-letters overflew 
 
 uns von alle 3 Seiten f . Jeder suchen nach sein 3 Art f 
 
 us from all sides. Every one sought after his manner 
 sich geltend zu machen. Dem ganz ^organg 111 in dem 
 himself acceptable to make. Of the whole occurrence in the 
 Staatsinquisition f werden nicht mehr erwahnen. Weil die 
 Inquisition was not more mentioned. As the 
 
 2 Hof m zu den 3 Abreise f des 3 Prinzen m noch aufschieben ir 
 
 court at the departure of the prince yet delayed 
 
 wiinschen ; so erhalten ir einige Banquiers™ in Venedig 
 wished; so received some bankers in Venice 
 
 3 Anweisung f ihm betrachtliche 3 Summen f auszuzahlen. 
 instruction to him considerable sums to pay. 
 
 Exercise IV. Faults 27. 
 
 So werden er wider 3 Wille m in dem 2 Stand m setzen sein 
 So was he against will in the condition set his 
 2 Aufenthalt m in' Italien zu verlangern, und auf sein bitten" 
 residence in Italy to prolong, and at his request 
 
 entschliessen ir ich mich auch mein 3 Abreise f noch zu 
 resolved I myself also my departure yet to 
 
 verschieben ir . So bald er so weit gewesen seyn um die 
 put off. As soon as he so far been was in order the 
 
 'Zimmer 11 wieder verlassen ir zu konnen ir , bereden ihn der 
 room again leave to be able, persuaded him the 
 
 2 Arzt m ein 3 Spazierfahrt f auf die Brenta f zu machen, um 
 physician an excursion on the Brenta to make, in order 
 der 2 Luft f zu verandern. Das ] Wetter 11 seyn halles, und der 
 the air to change. The weather was clear, and the 
 3 Partie f werden annehmen ir . Als wir eben im 2 Begriffe m 
 excursion was taken. As we just in the point 
 
 seyn in der 3 Gondel f zu steigen ir vermissen der 3 Prinz m der 
 were into the gondola to step missed the prince the 
 
 H 
 
74 FOURTH COURSE OF EXERCISES. 
 
 1 Schliissel m zu ein klein 3 Schatulle f , das sehr wichtig 2 Papier n 
 key to a small box, which much important papers 
 
 enthalten ir . 
 contained. 
 
 Exercise V. Faults 25. 
 
 Sogleich umkehren wir, ihm zu suchen. Er besinnen ir 
 
 Immediately turned back we, him to seek. He recollected 
 sich auf das Genaueste, die 3 Schatulle f noch der vorig 
 himself most accurately the box yet the preceding 
 
 2 Tag m yerschliessen ir zu haben, und seit diese 3 Zeit f seyn er 
 day looked to have, and since that time was he 
 
 nicht aus die 1 Zimmer m kommen ir . Aber all 1 Suchen 11 seyn 
 not out of the room come. But all search was 
 
 umsonst; wir miissen davon abstehen 1 ', um den 
 in vain ; we were obliged from it desist, in order the 
 3 Zeit f nicht zu verlieren ir . Der 3 Prinz m dem 3 Seele f iiber 
 time not to lose. The prince whose soul upon 
 
 jeder 3 Argwohn in erheben ir war, erklaren es fiir verlieren ir , 
 every suspicion elated was, declared him for lost, 
 und bitten ir uns, nicht weit davon zu sprechen. Das 3 Eahrt f 
 and begged us, not further of it to speak. The excursion 
 war der angenehm. 
 was the most agreeable. 
 
 • 
 
 Exercise VI. Faults 29. 
 
 Wir kommen ir vor ein 3 Bude f zu stehen ir , wo 3 Lotterie f 
 We came before a booth to stand, where lottery 
 ziehen ir werden. Die 3 Dame f einsetzen, wir Ander folgen 
 drawn became. The ladies put in, we others followed 
 ihr 2 Beispiel n ; auch der 3 Prinzen m fodern ein 2 Loos n . Er 
 their example ; also the prince asked a ticket. It 
 gewinnen ir ein 3 Tabatiere f . Als er ihn aufmachen, sehen ir 
 won a snuff-box. When he her opened, saw 
 
 ich ihm bloss zuruckfahren 11 ". Der ^chliissel™ liegen ir darin. 
 I him pale draw quickly back. The key lay therein. 
 
 "Was ist das?" (sagen der 3 Prinzen m zu mich, als wir ein 
 "What is that?" (said the prince to me, when we a 
 2 Augenblick m allein waren.) "Ein hoher 3 Gewalt f jagenmich. 
 moment alone were.) "A higher power hunts me. 
 
ADDITIONAL COURSE OF EXERCISES. 75 
 
 Ich mussen ir der Armenier aufsuchen, und muss 5 Licht n von 
 I must the Armenian seek for, and must light from 
 ihn hahen." 
 him have." 
 
 ADDITIONAL COURSE OF EXERCISES 
 
 FOR GERMAN TRANSLATION. 
 
 Exercise L 
 Two boys went together, one winter's morning, on a 
 
 3 Knabe gehen ir ein l Winter smorgen m , auf 
 
 pond, which was frozen*. Many people were skatingf 
 2 Teich m , frieren ir . Leute schlittschuh 
 
 on the ice. At the end of the pond, there was a 
 laufen ir 2 Eis n . An *Ende n 
 
 place where the ice didj not hear. Every body 
 
 3 Stelle f nicht tragen ir . Jedermann 
 
 stood aloof from this place in order not to be drowned. 
 
 halten Sr sich entfernt um zu ertrinken ir . 
 
 Charles and William (these were the names of the two boys,) 
 Karl Wilhelm ( 3 Name m ) 
 
 were scarcely on the ice, when they hastened to slide. 
 
 kaum als eilen zu schleifen. 
 
 By degrees W always || came nearer to the dangerous 
 
 Nach und nach W immer kommen ir an gefahrlich 
 
 spot : he was too thoughless to observe§ it. Suddenly 
 3 Stelle f : leichtsinnig um zu bemerken Plotzlich 
 
 the ice*[[ breaks under him ; Charles flies to his** assistance ; 
 
 brechen ir unter fliegen ir Hulfe f ; 
 
 he too|| breaks in, and both are drowned — the former in 
 ebenfalls einbrechen ir , ertrinken — Erstererf f in 
 
 consequence of his thoughtlessness, the latter out of love for 
 3 F-olge f 2 Leichtsinn m , Letztererff durch liebe f fur 
 
 his friend. 
 2 Friend m . 
 
 Exercise II. 
 
 A man was passingf one day through a forest. He carried 
 5 Mann m gehen ir 2 Tag m 5 Wald m . tragen ir 
 
 * See Rule 244. t See Rule 105. % See Rule 106. || See Rule 243 and 249. 
 § See Rule 239. f See Rule 243. ** See Rule 192.. ft See Rule 144, No. 7, 
 
76 ADDITIONAL COURSE OF EXERCISES. 
 
 much money in his pocket. Being* tired, hef took rest in a 
 
 5 Geld f bei sich Werden miide, ruhen sich 
 
 house whiehj was in the midst of the forest. In the house 
 5 Haus n mitten in 
 
 was a man who J saw his|| money. He followed him in the 
 
 sehen ir folgen 
 
 forest, and killed him. Before his death the poor manf said : 
 
 Vor 2 Tod m arm sagen: 
 
 "the sparrow whichj flies over us, shall betray§ thee." The 
 
 2 Spatz m fliegen sollen ir verrathen 
 
 robber laughed. But he dreamed about the murder, and 
 Rauber lachen. traumen von Mord m , 
 
 repeated the words of the poor man in his sleep. A child 
 wiederholen 2 Wort m arm 2 Schlaf m . 5 Kind n 
 
 who % heard him, told it to his^f father: this dragged him before 
 horen sagen ziehen ir vor 
 
 the court of justice ; and so the man himself betrayed the 
 
 2 Gericht n sof selbst verrathen ir 
 
 murder, because he spoke of the sparrow in his sleep. 
 
 weilj sprechen von 
 
 Nothing is concealed from God, and if he chooses, he brings 
 
 Nichts geheim vor 5 Gott m , wenn wollen ir , bringen ir 
 
 to light all that is hidden. Dear friend, be good and wise. 
 
 an 2 Tag alles was 2 Freund m , brav. 
 
 Exercise III. 
 
 At the battle of Freeman's-House in America, whichj 
 
 Bei J Treffen n von Freeman's- 5 Haus n in , 
 
 took place in the year 1777, between the English and 
 
 vorfallen ir 2 Jahr n , zwischen ^nglander™ 
 
 Americans, the son of captain Monin, eleven years' old, 
 
 ^merikaner, 111 2 Sohn m Kapitain , elfjahrig 
 
 was fighting** by the side of his^f father. The voluntaries of 
 
 fechten ir an 3 Seite f Water™. Freiwillig 
 
 Canada whom the captain commanded, were at the left 
 Kanada befehligen, stehen ir auf link 
 
 wing, which J was briskly attacked by the Americans ; and 
 1 Fliigel m werden lebhaft angreifen ir 
 
 * See Rule 215 and 244. t See Rule 243. t See Rule 244. 
 
 U See Rule 191. § See Rule 239. H See Rule 147. **See Rule 105. 
 
ADDITIONAL COURSE OF EXERCISES. 77 
 
 captain M fell, struck* by a bullet. Colonel Fraser, 
 
 fallen ir treffen ir 3 Flintenkugel f . 3 Obrist m 
 who was at the head of the -English corps, begged the 
 
 stehen ir 3 Spitze f englisch Korps, bitten ir 
 
 youth to give up fighting, and to remain near to the 
 Jungling m verlassen* das 2 Gefecht n bleiben ir * bei 
 
 corpse of his§ father. But the boy onlyf drew back 
 2 Leichnam ^ater™. Aber 3 Knabe m nur zuriicktreten ir 
 two steps in order to kiss* for the last time the cold 
 2 Schritt m um kiissen zu letzt 5 Mal n kalt 
 
 hand of his§ father ; then he stepped again into the rank, 
 2 Haus dann treten ir wieder in 5 Glied n 
 
 and called out to the soldiers ■ " courage, brave Canadians, 
 
 zurufen ir 2 Soldat m : "Muth, brav 'Canadier" 1 , 
 
 forward !" 
 Vorwarts !" 
 
 Exercise IV. 
 
 An Arabian thief had strayed* to a family of Bedouins, 
 
 Arabisch 2 Dieb m verirrensich 2 Stamm m Beduinen 
 
 whichj received him friendly, but the thief galled 
 
 aufnehmen ir 3 gastfreundlich vergallen 
 
 their hospitality with the greatest ingratitude ; for one day 
 
 Ereundschaft f gross 2 Undank m ; 2 Tag m 
 
 he|| seized a favourable opportunity and ran away with a 
 
 bsnutzen 3 Gelegenheit f entfliessen ir 
 
 quick-footed camel. The proprietor of the camel pursued 
 schnellaufend 2 Kameel. Eingenthumer m verfolgen 
 
 him and when he had overtaken him, he|| showed him a 
 
 alsij: einholen weisen ir 
 
 snake, which lay in the sand, and said: "doest^f thou see 
 3 Schlange f , liegen ir Sand m , sehen ir 
 
 the tail of the snake? I will hit* it with this arrow." 
 2 Schweif m treffen lr 2 Pfeil m . 
 
 He shot, and the arrow pierced through the point of the 
 
 schiessen ir . durchbohren 3 Spitze f 
 
 tail; "and with this arrow," (continued he, drawing** forth 
 
 fortfahren ir , hervorziehen ir 
 
 * See Rule 239. § See Rule 147. t See Rule 249. J See Rule 244. 
 
 || See Rule 243. f See Rule 106. ** See Rule 215. 
 
78 ADDITIONAL COURSE OF EXERCISES. 
 
 a second one*,) "will If hit:}; his|| head." He split the head 
 
 2 Kopf ta ." spalten 
 of the snake. " Thou now seest well," (added he,) " that I 
 
 sehen ir (hinzusetzen) 
 
 should§ not miss thy breast with this arrow, and thou 
 
 verfehlen 2 Brust f 
 deservest it ; because thou hast§ rewarded our friendship 
 verdienen belohnen Freundschaffc 
 
 with theft and flight. But as thou hast§ been our guest, 
 Diebstahl m 2Flucht f . da !Gast m 
 
 proceed in God's name and choose 20 camels more for 
 ziehen ir 3 Name m wahlen ander dir 
 
 thyself." 
 
 Exercise V. 
 
 The Duke of Wurtemburg had warmly resisted^ the 
 
 2 Herzog m "Wiirtemberg widersetzen sich 1 
 
 election of Conrade III. to the imperial crown ; and as the 
 3 Wahl f Konrad III. kaiserlich 3 Krone f ; als 
 
 latter was§, however, elected, hef refused to acknowledge^ 
 werden, dennoch, erwahlen, verweigern anerkennen 
 him, and threw himself into the small town of Weinsberg^f, 
 
 werfen ir 2g ta dt f , 
 
 the strongest place of his states, and here hef was 
 
 2 Platz m 4 Stant m werden 
 
 besieged^ by the imperial army. Long did hef defend 
 
 belagern vertheidigen 
 
 himself; but he was at last obliged to yield to the 
 sich ; niiissen weichen| 
 
 superior power of his enemy. The emperor, exasperated^ 
 Ubermacht 2 Feind m . erziirnen 
 
 at his long resistance, wished to destroy^ all ; but he 
 uber 2 Widerstand m , wollen ir todten 
 
 granted his pardon to the women**, and permitted them to 
 schenken Gnade f 3 Frau f erlauben 
 
 savef what they themselves could§ carry away. On the 
 retten was selbst konnen ir tragen ir bei sich. An 
 
 * See Rule 170. f See Rule 243. J See Rule 239. || See Rule 147. 
 § See Rule 244. ITSee Rule 158. ** See Rule 246. 
 
ADDITIONAL COURSE OF EXERCISES. 79 
 
 following morning they* saw the wives, with the Duchess 
 folgend iMorgen™ sehen ir 5 Weib n 3 Herzogin f 
 
 at their head, proceedf out of the gates of the town, each 
 3 Spitze f , Ziehen aus 2 Thor n jeder 
 
 with her husband upon her hack. The emperor could not 
 
 5Mann m 2 Kuck m . 
 
 holdf out against so affecting a spectacle, and givingf way 
 halten ir gegen riihrend 2 Schaufpiel n nachgehend 
 to the admiration which this occasioned^: him, he* pardoned 
 3 Bewunderung f verursachen vergehen 
 
 the men for the sake of the women, and spared the town, 
 um 3 Wille m 3 Frau f , verschonen 
 
 Exercise VI. 
 
 At Macieiowier, thus the brave Kosciusko cried out to his 
 Bei tapf ruffen ir 
 
 soldiers: "brave comrades and brothers in arms ! will you 
 
 "Brav 3 Kamerad m 1 Waffenbruder m wollen 
 yet deliver your native country, and swear with me either 
 noch befreien 2 Vaterland n , schworen ir entweder 
 
 to conquer or to die? Let him who is chicken-hearted, 
 
 siegen sterben? wer verzagen, 
 
 step out of the rank, and lay down his arms!" 
 
 hervortreten ir aus 5 Glied n , niederlegen 3 Waffe f !" 
 
 No one answered, every one remained firm in his file. " Once 
 antworten, stehen ir fest ^eihef. "Noch 
 
 more," (cried out Kosciusko,) "upon my word of a general, 
 
 einmal," (rufen ir ) "bei 2 Feldherrwort n , 
 
 I promise release from service to any one who should 
 versprechen ir Befreiung 2 Dienst ,m Jeder, sollen ir 
 
 waver!" Scarcely had he uttered these words, when all 
 wanken !" ausprechen ir 
 
 voices cried out together : " with you, general, we will 
 3 Stimme f rufen ir General" 1 , 
 
 fight till death!" "Well now, march!" said Kosciusko, 
 kampfen 2 Tod m !" " Wohlan nun, Marsch !" 
 looked upwards, raised his sword to heaven, and he 
 blicken empor, heben ir 5 Schwert m ^immel™, 
 
 * See Rule 243. t See Rule 239. % See Rule 244. 
 

 80 ADDITIONAL COURSE OF EXERCISES. 
 
 swore once more to deliver his country. A loud " Vivat," 
 schworen ir noch retten " Vivat," n 
 
 and the song "Poland is not yet lost," heightened the 
 
 5 Lied n "Polen verlieren iT ," erhohen 
 
 solemnity of the moment. 
 Feierlichkeit f 2 Augenblick m . 
 
 Exercise VII. 
 
 On the 7th October, 1794, he encamped at Macieiowier with 
 
 Am lager n sich mit 
 
 8000 chosen soldiers ; and with the dawn of the 10th, 
 
 auserwahlen Ambruchm 
 
 the Eussians attacked his camp. The battle was terrible. 
 
 3 Russe m angreifen ir 1 Lager n . 3 Schlacht f 
 
 !No Pole surrendered, no Russian was spared. The wounded 
 
 3 Pole m ergeben ir sich, schonen. 
 
 themselves were racked to death. No one wavered, no one 
 selbst werden martern wanken, 
 
 grew tired. All seemed lost for the Poles ; but Kosciusko 
 ermiiden. verlieren ir doch 
 
 lived as yet, and with him the soul of the Poles. Indiscernible 
 leben ja doch, Seele f Unkenntlich 
 
 in his ordinary clothes, and only discernible by his courage 
 gemein 3 Kleidung f erkennbar durch Muth m 
 
 and almost incredible boldness, he was wherever danger was 
 
 Kuhnheit f , iiberall wo 3 Gehfar f 
 
 most imminent : there he succours, admonishes, animates, and 
 drohend : da helfen ir , ermahnen, anfeuern, 
 
 fights with, like a desperate man. 
 kampfen mit, wie Verzweifelt. 
 
 Exercise VIII. 
 
 Three times already had Kosciusko driven back general 
 
 zuruckschlagen ir 
 Fersen, when Suwarow came on with his well disciplined 
 da herankommen discipliniren 
 
 army ; and the two greatest generals of Europe stood opposite 
 2 Heer n ; 3 Feldherr m stehen ir 
 
 each other. But their force was too unequally divided. The 
 sich. 2 Macht f zo vertheilen. 
 
ADDITIONAL COURSE OF EXERCISES. 81 
 
 Kussian general led on twice as many troops, all well 
 
 anfiihren doppelt so viel 
 armed, well exercised by many years of military service, 
 bewaffnen, einiiben durch vieljahrig 2 Kriegsdienst ra 
 
 The Poles had no other weapons than their love for their 
 
 3 Waffe f Liebe f zu 
 
 native land, and what urgency and chance threw first into 
 
 was werfen ir 
 
 their hands. Here were soldiers with guns, bayonets, and 
 
 stehen ir 3 Flinte f , 2 Bayonet n 
 
 sabres; there, peasants with scythes, pikes, axes, and 
 'Sabel™; iBauer ra 3 Sense f , 3 Pike f , 2 Axt f , 
 
 shovels. Thus, it was no wonder if the latter gave way to 
 3 Schaufel f . 1 Wunder n , weichen ir 
 
 the former. The Polish infantry could not withstand the 
 
 ersterer, polisch Infanterie f konnen widerstehen 
 
 Russian. 
 
 Exercise IX. 
 
 F 
 
 Three horses were already killed under Kosciusko, 
 2 Pferd n erschiessen ir 
 
 when a spear-thrust in his left shoulder threw him to the 
 
 2 Lanzenstich ra 3 Schulter f werfen ir 
 
 ground. Now, for the first time, the brave Poles tremble ; 
 'Boden™. Jetzt, zu Mal n , zittern; 
 
 but their battle-cry redoubles. Kosciusko hears the 
 
 Schlachtgeschrei 11 verdoppeln. vernehmen 
 
 voices of his faithful, recollects himself, vaults 
 
 3 Stimme f Treu, zusammenraffen sich, swingen ir sich 
 
 once more (with the assistance of his friend Niemerwiez, who 
 
 2 Freund m 
 as an adjutant was fighting at his side,) upon another horse, 
 
 3 Adjutant™ fechten ir an 3 Seite f ,) auf 
 and hastens after his flying cavalry in order to check them 
 
 fliehen 3 Reiterei f um fesseln 
 
 with his presence, and bring them back to battle. But 
 
 Gegenwart f , zuruckfiihren in 3 Schlacht f . 
 
 alas ! he in his ardour missed his way, and in leaping over a 
 'Eifer™ verfehlen 2 Weg m , setzen 
 
1 
 
 82 ADDITIONAL COURSE OF EXERCISES. 
 
 large ditch, suddenly fell down with his horse. Some 
 
 1 Graben m , sturzen 
 
 Cossacks and Carabiniers who had pursued him close, are 
 3 Cosack m Carabiniers™ verfolgen 
 
 now behind him ; and one of these gives him a sabre-cut 
 schon geben ir 2 Sabelhieb m 
 
 in the neck, whilst a Cossack wounds him with his pike. 
 
 ^acken™, rerwunden 3 Pike f . 
 
 Exhausted, he cries out " Finis Polonice" and sinks to the 
 Erschopfen, h ausrufen ir sinken ir 
 
 ground. 
 »Boden m . 
 
 THE END. 
 
REFERENCES. 
 
 a See prepositions, the cases they govern, and their con- 
 tractions with the definite article, page 27. See also their 
 syntax, page 41, and following. 
 
 b See regular and auxiliary verbs, page 14, and following. 
 
 c See articles, page 1. 
 
 d See page 6, how to be declined. 
 
 e See personal pronouns, page 9. 
 
 e See compound verbs, and their separable and inseparable 
 particles, page 25, and following. Mind particularly the N.B. 
 
 h See relative pronouns, page 11. 
 
 1 See page 4, rule 21, how to decline Latin names. 
 
 k See rule 169. 
 
 1 See page 7, how to form comparatives and superlatives. 
 
 See page 35, how to address a person. 
 p See rule 220. 
 
 q See rule 199. 
 
 r See rule 221, No. 3. 
 
 1 See rule 32, how to be declined. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 Observe.-_lst. The third person singular of the present in- 
 dicative m irregular verbs, is always formed from the second ; 
 but it is hke the first, when the latter is irregular; as ich darf, 
 du darf st, er darf, &c. 
 
 2nd Do, does, and did, when mere auxiliaries or signs are 
 entirely dropped in German. g ' 
 
 W 1 ^' ^ ;P° ssessive Pronouns, mein, dein, &c, in the sin- 
 guhr; and k ein , are declined like the indefinite article ein. 
 
 
 Page 3 
 
 — ib. 
 
 — ib. 
 
 — 17 
 
 — 18 
 
 — 22 
 
 — ib. 
 
 — 23 
 
 — 51 
 
 — ib. 
 
 — t&. 
 
 — 52 
 
 — 16. 
 
 — 53 
 
 — ib. 
 
 — 55 _ 
 
 — &. _ 
 
 — ift. _ 
 
 — 56 _ 
 
 — 62 _ 
 
 — 63 _ 
 
 — ib. __ 
 
 — 65 _ 
 
 — ib. 
 
 — 66 - 
 
 — #. __ 
 
 line 9 
 
 — 20 
 
 — 36 
 
 — 3 
 
 — 7 
 
 — 6 
 
 — 16 
 
 — 25 
 
 — 12 
 
 — 18 
 
 — 37 
 
 — 30 
 
 — 36 
 
 — 16 
 
 — 20 
 
 — 27 
 
 — 29 
 
 — 38 
 
 — 10 
 
 — 33 
 
 — 34 
 
 — 38 
 
 — 23 
 
 — 29 
 3 
 
 36 
 
 EEEATA. 
 
 from top, 3rd 
 
 ■ Teiling 
 
 ■ Substractives 
 
 ■ befleiss 
 
 fie 
 
 ■ Sod, sode 
 
 ■ gesprissen 
 
 gewissen 
 
 ■ worn 
 
 eker 
 
 fragen 
 
 ■ zu 
 
 lamm 
 
 — — die 
 
 herabfahren 
 
 Sehe?i 
 
 Gott 
 
 ~ — Horde 
 Khang 
 
 Winkel 
 
 ~ — Hotel 
 ■ die 
 
 Prinz 
 
 Zeit 
 
 Erde 
 
 Zettig 
 
 read 5th 
 
 — Eeiling. 
 
 — Substantives. 
 
 — befleisse. 
 
 — fiel. 
 
 • — Sott, sotte. 
 
 — gesprossen. 
 -— - gewust. 
 
 — vom. 
 
 — eher. 
 
 — fragen. 
 
 — zu. 
 
 — Lamm. 
 
 — die. 
 
 — herabfahren. 
 — ■ Sehen. 
 
 — Gott. 
 
 — Horde. 
 
 — Khans. 
 
 — Winkel. 
 
 — Hotel. 
 
 — die. 
 
 — Prinz. 
 
 — Zeit. 
 
 — Erde. 
 Zeitig. 
 
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