I, toss _4^i!x 2.1. Book / THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE, TAUGHT BY ~ j TS^x^tXitt anil Cfieotfi, WITH THE STRICTNESS OF GEOMETRICAL SYNTHESIS, As it proceeds from the most simple Principles to the greatest Difficulties without any Anticipation: * ^^ i ■f ^ 4' IN TWO PARTS. /a^* The First containing Rules, without their Exceptions, exemplified by numerous graduated Exercises, including a Classification of upwards of Twenty-five Thousand Words. The Second :— The Connexion of Words— the Punctuation— the usual Abbreviations — the Recapitulation of the Rules, accompanied by their Exceptions — the Pronunciation of E called mute — the Reading of Poetry — lastly, an explanatory Alpha- betical List of ail the Exceptions. THE WHOLE FORMING A COMPLETE TREATISE. ADAPTED TO EVERY CAPACITY. By a. ROY, PROFESSOR OF LANGUAGES. Methodus initiativa — " Magistralis poscit ut fides habeatur iis quae dicuntur ; iuitiativa vero potius ut examen subeant: altera scientias discentium vulgo, altera tanquam filiis scientiaram tradit ; denique altera pro fine habet scieiitiarum (quales jam sunt) usuin; altera eai-umdem continuationem et ulteriorem progressuni. Harum posterior via videtur deserta et interclusa. Ita eniin adhuc scienti^e tradi consueverunt, quasi, ex pacto, tam docens quam discens, errores asciscere cupi- ant." Bacon. JJe Augm. Sclent, lib. vi. c. 2. LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR, By R.Clay, Devotuhire Street ^ Bishoj>sgate ; AND SOLD BY BOOSEV AND SONS, OLD BROAD STREET, EXCHANGE ; H. BETHOLD, SOHO SQUARE ; BURTON, SMITH AND CO. 156, LEADENHALL-STREET ; AND SIMPKIN & CO. STATIONERS* COURT. 1820. [^ttUtei at Stationers' ^tdl] » ^ PREFACE. The complete knowledge of a living language con- sists in the Pronunciation of oral and written words. Ocular Comprehension (of the reader's own reading). Auricular Comprehension (of another's reading or speaking), Speaking, and Writing. Of the immense number of persons who have studied the French language in this country, comparatively few pronounce it well ; fewer pronounce and compre- hend it thoroughly in books ; very few exactly pro- nounce and comprehend it, written and spoken ; hardly any one pronounces, both ways comprehends, speaks and writes it with purity, that is, according to the numberless, minute, contradictory, absurd, inextricable rules of Grammarians, the devout worshippers of Proteus-like Custom, (i) The cause of so general a failure lies partly in the difficulty of the language, and chiefly in the methods of teaching it. Elementary books now in use seem in- deed to be calculated for the very purpose of imparting a defective, wrong, and delusive knowledge. Some are swelled with rules and thin of examples ; several, filled with indigest matter, are mere vocabularies with- out grammatical principles; others are but keys, not^ dews, to the labyrinth; in none full practice and com- plete theory go hand in hand ; in all the method of non-anticipation, the true and only good mode of (1) In no country have more grammars been made than in France ; yet the nature of language can no where be so little understood as it generally is in France ; no where more verbal' IV PREFACE. tuition, which consists in presenting no new difficulty without its explanation, is shamelessly disregarded* Pronunciation cannot be learnt from the extant spelling-books : it requires the full investigation of every letter, numerous practical examples of its regular powers, and all the anomalies it gives rise to ; but spell- ing-books only exhibit scanty lists of words ranged according to the number of their syllables, wherein the thread of analogy, broken at every instant by irre- gularities, slips through the pupiFs fingers, and leaves him groping and tumbling in the dark. In fact, most learners, after several years' study, remain ignorant of the very elements of pronunciation, unable to utter a line .without hesitation and blunders. Grammars not containing reading-exercises upon particular rules, the translating of French into English cannot begin until the adopted grammar is^ ^one through, which takes a considerable time ; in the contrary ease, the scholar, • J ' ' . ' ,. ' ,"■<. . Mi ii i% i jfr-/i .i i ful l 1 rn'- i T-ii ii V - 1 t! ;"Vl; v'f I "*■• ' "; i t; '"'Vi j'V. >t>'" ' i i m i j. t.i i; — r- J. , V ' - criticifiin^ more nonsense and silliness about style, accuracy^ taste, elegance, harmony, &c. Than the French, no language has been more shorn, starved and debased by polite and fashion- able writers backed by clumsy, blind, servile grammarians. There, too often are manly thoughts contFacied by the narrow meaning of words, or quartered to death by circumlocutous verbosities ;— there analogy, the refreshing fountain, the hourly food of language, has been, by classical authority, cut oflf; — there, revered, has long ruled Custom, the legislator, informer, witness, judge, and executioner of language. But such despots must unavoidably fall ; and Custom, in those glorious though stormy days when both mind and body were freed from their chains, was mortally struck on his throne, in this country, where his povver is much limited, Custom has also been attacked by a mighty foe, the Rev. Mr. Gilchrist, a philologist often profound, philosophic and original. At no distant period, perhaps, will be wholly fulfilled this anathema, thundered upon the heads of all blind letterly guides : oi/a; v/Aiv, yf)a/>tf<,ar5/5^, o^^jyo/ rvfXot, ff^oe unto you^ grammatists^ scribes and SjCribhlers^ ye blind guides t PREFACE. V Hnguided by the grammatical sea-compass, is launched into an ocean of difficulties without scarcely any chance of ever arriving to the intended place. The same de- ficiency renders the auricular comprehension impossible to be taught in a proper manner and time.(l) Vocal translating of English into French, speaking, ortho- graphy and composition, being the result of much grammatical reading and practice, cannot be thoroughly learnt from such books ; in short, the object to whose acquaintance they pretend to lead, remains wrapt up,* unattained, in their sheets, showing, itself just enough, to indicate it is to be learnt. With the design of making, in a mode of teaching so palpably erroneous, improvements that might lead the learner with speed and facility to the actual attain- ment of the various branches composing the science of the French language, the author^ during several years' continual and eiLtensive experience through which he got acquainted with almost all school-books and methods^ (1) It may be remarked that almost all who understand French in books, appear to be deaf when it is spoken or read to them. The cause is, that the education of the ear (the sole organ conveying sonorous significancy, which some even take for the seat of genius) is far more difficult and long than that of the mouth and intellect. It cannot begin too soon, a reason perhaps why it is not undertaken (within my knowledge) by any pro- fessor. I shall here submit the mode I constantly follow in the tuition of the two-fold disciple. In the absence of a proper grammar, the first book to be read serves my purpose. The pupil having prepared what he can, I take the book, and, instead of letting him translate into English while looking on it, I read with a distinct and slow voice, one, two, three or more words, according to their meaning and his capacity, making him trans- late them as literally as possible. In proportion as he improves, ' I read more, faster, or what he has not previously studied. Thaa this exercise there is none more- useful, more tiring and tedious to both learner and teacher 5— ^a recommendation not very press- ing for the method. A3 has never ceased to reflect on their merit and imper-^ fection, to collect grammatical facts, and to study the intellectual faculties, the knowledge of whose opera- tions is so requisite for rational tuition. The first result of his labours, now offered to the Pubhc, is a Treatise on the Pronunciation of the French Language. In it are inseparably combined the most complete theory, with a copious practical exemplification. The method is geometrically synthetic, the author's unre- mitted efforts having been to avoid anticipation, the bane of the art of teaching; it is al«o initiative (" vo^ cabulum a sacris mutftantes," says the great Bacon^ *' earn dicimus methodum initrativam quae ipsa scienti- arum mysteria recludat et denuded), as the matter is sifted to the bottom, and its corruptions as well as the absurdities of orthoepists exposed. The work is divided into two parts. The First Part contains '.—^Preliminary statements or elementary principles, illustrated by the English lan- guage, and applicable to the French — the Kudiments of French pronunciation — the successive Rules or analogies of their combination, exemplified in inde* pendent Elements followed by Exercises, every word of which, classed according to the number of its syl-^ iables, includes the new element and some of the preceding, but none of the succeeding. By this in- creasing progression, the pupil will incessantly repeat the foregoing lessons while learning new ones, and cannot but acquire correctness with fluency < The words are not divided into syllables, as in other spelling- books : for the beginner ought to be taught syllabica- tion, but must not find it ready made ; and he cannot learn how to make it if he does not make it himself, as he cannot learn how to pronounce sounds and arti- culations if he pronounces not. Besides, syllabication ought to be made without any reference to etymology: PREFACE. r VU farther than this, says Mr. Walker, No. 539, it would be absurd to go with a child, or a well-informed person ignorant of French, as it would be an anticipation. In the works of this kind, technical terms seem to have been carefully avoided ; the consequence is, that when such words occur, which is not unfrequent, the most advanced pupils shrink stammering before them as be- fore monsters ; — they are copiously inserted in this. Upwards of twenty-five thousand regular words, the half of the language, are classed in the exercises; a part of which may be passed over by those scholars for whom a few lessons are sufficient to acquire a good pronunciation ; the meanest capacities cannpt dispense with going through the whole, and, several times, the parts which they may happen to find more difficult. No exception to the rules is given in the first part. The Second Part contains:— the Connexion of words, wherein are explained and subsequently exemplified, the junqtion and disjunction of final consonants and initial vowels — the Marks of Punctuation — the most usual Abbreviations — the Recapitulation of the Rules of the first part, accompanied by tlieir Exceptions; this exhibits the very body of the language with regard to pronunciation, and forms an excellent contrasted exercise which cannot be too often perused — the Pro- nunciation of the unaccented E called mute ; an im- portant subject till then imperfectly treated of, and scarcely known to foreigners — the Reading of Poetry — lastly, an Alphabetical List of the Exceptions, ex- plained and referred by numbers to the page and article they belong to in the second part. This list will prove an useful promiscuous exercise, and is intended, to- gether with the rules, to serve as a pronouncing dictionary in the general reading of books. The French words are not translated into English, except those whose double pronunciation depends on VUl PREFACE. their meaning. Translation, in spelling-books, is, if learnt, a dangerous anticipation of grammar which retards the acquirement of pronunciation ; if not learnt, an encumbrance good only to fill up pages, but wearisome to the eye and preventing legibleness. Lastly, the present Treatise is adapted to every ca- pacity. The highest and most inquiring will find every point thoroughly investigated, every principle illus- trated by numerous facts, and every deviation regis- tered; the meanest wdll find every point clearly stated, and as much of practical matter as can be necessary, presented in a slow, but constant and methodical pro- gression. In this respect no work can be found fitter and easier for children, who, having but just learnt how to read English, would be taught the French pro- nunciation, a course expressly recommended, as pro- nunciation is almost the only part of a foreign language that can be successfully taught at so tender an age, and this almost the only age when it can be learnt well- As to the kind of pronunciation here offered to the English Pubhc, it is, of course, the received one, whose standard is raised in Paris, and followed not indeed by petits-mattres and the populace who have a strong insipid accent, but by the gens comme iijauf; people as they ought to be, who have no such thing, and may be born or live any where, but especially (as far as pronunciation is concerned) in France. No pain has been spared to attain its completeness and accuracy. Among the numerous authorities that have been consulted, the principal are, Domergue, Lemare, D'Olivet, Dieudonne-Thiebault, Boiste, Demandre, Duclos, Gattel, Girault-Duvivier, Richelet for hi^ rhymes, and the Dictionary of our unerring Acadtmie for its reason. 24, Great Puliemy Street, Golden Square, Mar<:h 1, 1820, CONTENTS. PART I. Page Preliminary Statements . • 1 French Alphabet 8 Vowels 9 Consonants .... •...•.. ib. Accents , ♦ in. Classification of Sounds . • ih. Classification of Articula- tions ................ 10 JUNCTION OF LETTERS. Single Ijnitial Consonants WITH Single Vowels. Consonants pronounced as in English • . « 11 £ mute ....•,.•..•..•.• 12 Single Medial Consonant ib. S between Vowels ...... 19 Consonants requiring Ex- planation 20 Seteral Medial Consonants. Siftgle Articulation expressed by Double Consonants . 32 by Two different Conso- nants • 37 by Three Consonants • • • • 38 jl wo Articulations expi'esstd by One Consonant ib, by Two Consonants • » • • ib. by Three Consonants .. 54 by Four Consonants • • • • 57 Three Articulations expressed by Two Consonants .... 57 by Three Consonants , , 58 by Four Consonants . . , . 59 Four Articulations expressed by Three Consonants ., 59 by Four Consonants .... ^0 Page m 66 69 ib, 70 Final Consonants pre- ceded BY Single Vowels. Single Consonants Inarticulated Consonants Articulated Consonants . Two Consonants both Inarticulated the first only Articulated both Articulated .,..•• Three Consonants One Articulated ........ 10 Two Articulated • 71 Contrasted Exercise ib. Several Initial Consonants. . s Single Articulation expressed by Double Consonants . . 78 by Two different Conso- nants •...• ib. by Three Consonants , . 79 Two Articulaiions expressed by a Single Consonant . . 79 by Two Consonants . • • • ib, by Three Consonants . . 89 by Four Consonants .... 90 Three Articulations expressed by Three Consonants . . 90 Several Vowels. One Sound 9 1 Final Consonants preceded by monophthongal vowels. Single Consonants Inarticulated 93 Articulated ib. Two Consonants hoth Inarticulated 93 The first only articulated 94 Two Sounds 104 Three Sounds , . . 1 j 4 Four Sounds • tic Five Sounds ; . Hi, CONTENTS. Page Nasal Sounds •••••. ,^». • 116 Denasalisation ........ 120 Nnsal Sounds preceded by others TwoSounds 132 Three Sounds 136 Four Sounds • ih. Five Sounds ib» T followed by i and other V oweis • • • • » »'-t ••••••• xc/f • • • • •■* • • • ■•-• y ■ . t retaining its proper Articu- lation • •• ib* t pronounced like .« .... 13B GNSalival 141 L and LL Salival ........ 143 Salival Pronunciation .... 144 Unsalival Pronunciation •• 145 PART II. CONNEXION OF WORDS (ui i»rose) 150 Marks of Punctuation • • • • 153 Abbreviations 158 Ciphers , . . . . 159 Recapitulation, One Exception A B.... Double Consonants' C D, E. F , G. H. I , J . K. L. M, N, O. P . 4^. •.• 160 163 164 165 170 171 179 181 183 190 193 ib, ih, 198 199 204 207 Q R S T U V X Y Z 20? 209 212 219 228 231 232 234 235 7\vo Exceptions .....»•• 236 7%ree Exceptions 238 Connexion of words conti- nued ib, E Simple Weakened or Silent 239 Reading of Poetry 250 Reckoning oy Syllables One Sound 25 1 TwoSounds ...* -252 Three> Four Sounds . . . • 255 Verses witliout necessary Csssura 255 Verses with a regular Caesura 256- Alphabetical List of the Ex- ceptions ..•.••.•..•.-♦.. 264. ERRATA. Page 8, line 27 i tube, bouche — 20, — 7 : t must not — 21, •— 1 : ki — 24, — 19 ; chim^r — 35, — 8 : . . . .diff6remme read tube bouchd — d must not — ksi — chimere diffdremme. . . . —105, note 2: after definition of, add a syllable pronounced in —149, last line : figured read explained —153, note I. 5 : after donne add of the imperative —231, I. 33: wist read vvisk, whist _240, I. 4: paradoxe, z^nonique read paradoxe z6nonique — 261, L 36: s'olan^ant read s'^iangant The Header's indulgence is requested for many grammatical faults and Gallicisms likely occurring in the English part, as the yJuthor wrote it himself wholly unassisted. THE ^pronunciation OF THE FmENCM JLANGUAGE • PART I. ^^^»^^^ RULES OR ANALOGIES, WLTHOUT THOR EXCEPTIONS. PRELIMINARY STATEMENTS. ( Children mat/ pass them over and begin page 11^. Men feel and think, (i) They naturally manifest their feelings and ihoughts by silent or sonorous motions^ viz. ges- tures and voice. The voice is the air sent out of the lungs, and rendered sonorous by the glottis or aperture of the windpipe, the throat, palate, nose, tongue, teeth and lips. Its various modifications are sounds. The producing of the voice is its emission or im* pulse. (I) Sensations and ideas being the objects represented by ges- tures and words, it is a gross perversion of principles to study these signs before the objects they signify. Hence the almost universal igfiorance of the nature of language ; for not one of those who fol- A single emission may produce a single short sound, or a single sound as long, or as many diffe- rent but uninterrupted sounds, as the breath can last. The various ways of bringing in contact and separating the vocal organs, are articulations^ which produce, of themselves, no vocal sound whatever, and can be performed without any, as they only open or shut the passage to the voice ; whilst sounds, essentially accompanied by a certain conformation and posture of the organs, which maybe considered as sonorous positions, cannot exist without them- selves, (i) Articulated sounds, therefore, are com- posed of both silent motions and sonorous positions. In ba^ b represents the silent motion of the lips, and a the sound with the necessary conformation of the mouth. Though articulations are not sonorous, they are sensible to the ear, as they mould and shape the sound which conveys their action to this organ. One or several grouped sounds, with or without articulation, expressing one or several ideas, is a word. Each sound of a word is naturally and theoreti- cally a sj/llable or monophthongs that is, one sound. There is one natural syllable in go^ two in i, three in wh^. However, there are sounds so weak or rapid, that sometimes they are not reckoned as syllables. low' such a course ever arrives to the least knowledge of it : hence the destructive imposture of language ; hence impostors of every description; hence slavery, misery, vices and crimes. The natural and ratiorial process is first to get sensations and ideas, next tu study them, last to study their signs. Such a method would make human beings men, or at least would not hinder them from becom- ing so. However, as words may be considered as mere insignificant sounds, an acquaintance with the faculties of the intellect is nearly indifferent for the learning of written as well as oral pronunciation ^ and children can and ought to begin it as early as possible. (1) So tlie supposed inseparability and even identity of vowels and consonants do not necessarily exist. ns th^t of e in nominate^ a word of three syllables only; they often are unwritten, as the same sound ofe in the monosyllable sports^ which is pronounced and might be spelt seporetese; sometimes also, several sounds, undivided by articulations, are considered as one syllable called rf/p/zMo;?^ if con- taining two sounds, as /, eye^ yoxi^ out; thriph^ thongs if three, as why^ power; quadriphthong^ if four; quintiphthong/i^Rve; &c. These syllables are usual, metrical or rhythmical, (i) (1} The distmction of monophthongal and diphtliongal syllables evidently originated in the rhythmical and metrical compositions of the ancients, the verses of which contained an equal number of metres or measures pronounced in an equal duration, or time, though composed of a various number of sounds. Two times at least might be spent on one sound (a syllable long), and two sounds (a diphthong) might be pronounced in one time. Accordingly the Greeks said xppvo? (7vKkaQv)v iroizt, time makes the syllable. Wit" regard to the rhythm and metre, this timely distinction of sounds of unequal duration was perfectly just, but would have. been absurd in free speech. Most modern grammarians, fearing for the musical and temporal existence of syllables, have endeavoured to establish them on the eternal basis of nature, with the help of physiology. They define a syllable, — 07ie or several sounds uttered in a single emission or iinpulse of the voice. According to this imposing de- finition there are not only diphthongs and triphthongs, but qua- driphthongs and quintiphthongs, and there might be syllables of many more sounds. But what difference is there between the emissions of two, three, four, five sounds when forming tv/o, three, four, five syllables, and when but one? None. What ears long enough to reach the difference, for instance, betv/een oui (yes) one syllable, and oui (heard) two ? None but those of grammarians. (See p. 105, 25 1-3 J English and Italian poets put, in general, as many natural syllables as they can in averse, counting weak sounds as nothing, and adapting the rhythm to the usual pronunciation ; the French, on the contrary, cotnmonly coiint weak sounds assylla* bles, disfigure pronunciation by adapting it to the rhythm, and, in the place of ideas, put sounds. As for the words guadj-ipht hongs and quint iplithongs , they have not been coined to ridicule the doctrine : they are found, defined and supported in Galignani's Grammar, enlarged by Dr. Montucci, two orthodox grannnarians, not trained up in the levelling school of modern Home Tookes, but in that of Buommattei, Cinonio, Corti- celli, Salviati, most authorised, authorising, authoritative authors of infallible authority, and papal in fallibihty. A monophthongal, diphthongal, triphthongal word is a monosyllable^ that is, of one syllable, as go, /, why ^ 'power; if of two, a dissyllable^ iSLspapa, influ" ence^ Jlowery^ downward ; of three, di trisyllable^ as readily^ unpitying^ immediate ; of four, a quad' risyllablcj as academy^ immediately ; of five, six, seven or more, polysyllables^ that is, several syl- lables. Sounds are pronounced long or shorty which is their quantity or duration. English sounds are fixedly long or short in differ- ent words : a is long in father^ fall^ pale^ and short in fat; /is long in machine^ lives^ and short in ^o livcj pin ; o is long in wo, and short in got. Sounds, in French, are neither fixedly long or short, but either in the same words according to the speaker's feeling* The positive or natural quantity of French sounds is equality; there are few excep- tions. (See the circumflex accent p. 9, 134-5.) In the English words of several sounds one is pronounced louder than the rest, which rising of the voice is called accent or stress ^ in indiscrimi" nately the accent is on m. French words have no necessary and fixed accent. The stress may be laid on any sound in a word or sentence by sentiment and meaning alone.(0 — (See p. 155.) (1) J.J. Rousseau and others pronounce the French language to have neither quantity or accent, and they revile it for this defor- mity. D'Oltvet, Scoppa, and others, maintain it ought to have and h£is them, and they exalt it foi these great beauties. The philosopher is right in his assiertion, but wrong in his strictures ; the French and Sicilian abbots are wrong both in their statements and commenda- tions. It is an adage in France, that to speak French well, we must speak without accent, that is, without fixed accent. The peculiar quality (an eminent one) of its pronunciation consists in being free, even, flexible, open as well to every natural accent of the speaker, as to any note of the musician. Since it has been in my power to observe the effect of fixed quantity and accent in the Italian and English tongues, I venture to say it renders the speech There is a manner of pronouncing peculiar to affirming, denying, questioning, exclaiming; to the various sentiments, as joy, fear, anger, &c. ; this manner is called tone^ and found in all lan- guages. The collection of words used by an individual or society, is their language or tongue. The originary author of language was nature or physical nece&sity ; its vuier is custom, but ought to be reason. Sounds and articulations, the transient signs of sensations and ideas, addressed to the ear, are re- presented to the eye by other signs called letters ; the epoch of whose origin and their nature at that time, remain unknown ; they are now considered as arbitrary and conventional signs. Spoken language is called oral; and written if represented by letters. The theory and practice of a mere oral language might be termed orthology or proper speaking, com- prehending orthoepy or right pronunciation, ety^ obscure, uncertain, difficult, stiff, rugged ; a monotonous tiresome singing, which stifles the sentiments and natural emphasis to which it substitutes a customary artificial one ; for it is often the prosodi- aca! accent, and not the speaker, that feels or seems to feel. How heartless and tedious then must have been the boasted melopy and rhythmopy of the Athenian grasshoppers ! a true Chinese elocution, Mr. Walker, a minute and generally rational orthoepist, justly remarks that the obrious tendency of accent is to preserve the letters (on which it falls) in their pure and uniform sound, while the relaxation which succeeds the accent as naturally suffers the letters to slide into a more obscure sound. (Pron, Diet, No. 69.^ But, like most other writers, admiring what he treats of, be ludicrously affirms that the ''accent of the ancients is the opprobium of modem criticism. Nothing," he says, *' can show more evidently the fallibi- lity of the human faculties than the total ignorance we are in at present of the nature of the Latin and Greek accent.'* (No. 486.) Au assertion very diflferent from this of Bacon's : *' quod vero ad accentus verborum, nil opus est de re tam pusilla dicere, nisi forte illud quis notatu dignum putet : quod accentus verborum exquisite, accentus autem sententiarum neutiquam in observationem venit." De Augm, Scie7it, lib. vi. cap. 1. See on the same subject Mr, Cilehrisfs Phi' losophic Etymology y^.^ZZ, 6 ^o/o^j^ or true composition of wordis, and syntax^ their arrangement. The theory and practice of a written language consist in its grammar^ which, besides orthology, comprehends orthography or proper representation of sounds by letters. The pronunciation of oral words is the emission of their sounds, and can only be learnt by imitation. That of written words is the emission of the sounds represented by their letters, according to certain principles, and is learnt by the imitation of the voice, induction or analogy through directions, the more or less easily, according to the more or less constancy and extensiveness of the principles. Nevertheless, the latter pronunciation is much more difficult than the former : for the organs cannot utter until the memory has recollected the sound or articulation designated by each letter, and we are sooner able to speak than to read. The pronunciation of the French language is taught in this book by explanations, and through the medium of letters, the sounds represented by them, and their various elementary combinations, being first uttered by a person. The collection of the letters of a language is called its alphabet. The English alphabet, similar to the French, is composed of the following letters : «, 6, c, t/, e, j^ g", h, ij^ A-, /, m^ n, o, p, q^ r, s^ t^ u^ v, w, x^y^ z. Those denoting sounds are : «, e, /, o, w, w^ y^ called vowels. Those denoting articulations are : &, c, d>,Jl g*, A, J, Z:, /, 772, n^ /;, q^ r, 5, ?, t), *27, z, called consonants. Of the English vowels some express a single sound, as a^ e, o/ others a single or double sound, as 2, w, w^y / sometimes several united vowels repre- sent but one sound, as a^^ o?, ai^ aw^ oa^ ouj oo^ woy &c., improperly called diphthongs. A breathing is sometimes heard before sounds, and called aspiration ; it is commonly marked, in English, by //, which may be considered as a vowel, if that breathing be a vocal sound. Of the above consonants 6, c, rf, f^ h^ Ic^ ^, m^ fly p^ q^ s^ /, V, k, express a single articulation y r a double one; j, x two different; g a single or two different ; these united consonants shj thy ph re- present a single articulation ; ch two different. Consonants are distinguished and classed accord- ing to the organs of their formation. The classifica- tion (not description) of the English may be this : Labial [bilabial {^^f^- C unilabial dental Single •••••• • • • • Simpler j iflat dental < oral close ^ *'"" \ nasal (^ curve . . . ^ . . loose • . . . interdental •««•*••• r close • guttural Z J r vibratory . . • . t \ quiescent • • • . ^guttural aspirate . . • • LinguaH m n ■pj , , r Lingual dental-close-curve, guttural-loose vibra- . ^" ^ttory C Lingual dental-close-flat-oral, guttural- ^ j, g • • Mixed Z loose quiescent X ch. . . . C. Lingual guttural-close, dental-loose x . . . . Twins weak v d 1 z th r z\\ h r dzh gz strong P f t r s th k r sh h tsh ' ks Vowels cannot be pronouliced without sound which is their essence. They may be defined, po- sitions of the organs with sound. All consonants may be pronounced, that is, the organic motions may be performed, without any sound whatever. Of the consonants, preceding the vowels, some represent organic motions only, as 60, po^ mo^ do^ tOj noj go J ko ; others produce a sound, as ho^ '^o^fo, lo, ro^ soy zoy thoy sho^jo^ cho^oco ; and if the sound 8 of these consonants be vocal, they may, in this case, be considered as vowels. Consonants followed by others with vowels, often produce the sound of e, as in hlo^ gro^ ev^r^-^beloy geroy everi/^ Consonants preceded by sounds written or not, may be pronounced in two ways^ viz. in joining without immediately separating the organs (i) : 06, op, om^ on^ od^ ot^ og, oA*, o/J ovyol^ os^ oz^ oth^ oskj — or in joining and separating them : ob (obe)^ op^ om^ on^ ody ot^ ogybk^ of^ &c. ; in the second case the sound of e is emitted after the consonant, as in note — not. Most of the preceding remarks are applicable to French as well as English Letters, (1) This happens when a consonant is followed by a very analo- gous one : in empire, Baltic, the organs, joined at m and /, disjoin only at p and t. In English the same sometimes happens at the end of words ; no sound, at least, i« then emitted, as in egotism, sarcasm, evil; even in several words, e final or penultimate (as ap^pears from Mr. Walker's erroneous No. 405) is sunk in its place and transferred before the preceding consonant, as in able, table, circle, peopled, bridled, pronounced abel, tabel, cirJiel, peopelde, hridelde ( Mr. Gilchrist* s Phil. Etym. p. 260> The two first modes are used in French with analogous consonants only, as in m Etna, il tombe, and e is or may be sunk only between such and fl similar consonants, as in saintt^te, epjamhementy tube^ bouche. Seep. 12, 239. FRENCH ALPHABET. Most letters, in French, have lately received new names. The ancient, still comitionly used, are, in general, absurd; the new, rational, being merely the sounds of the voice (for vowels), and (for consonants) the motions of the organs rendered audible by utterins^ the least and most obscure of sounds fej. These latter names (of consonants) are^ in some cases, the very powers of the letters. No means can accurately exhibit these powera and names but the voice of a competent person. For this reason the names are written in French to be learnt after the powers have been taught. LETTERS. Neto Names and Powers* Ancient Names. ROMAN ITALIC. Capital 6 mail Capital Small A a A a a a B b B b be be c c c c ke, se, ce c6 D d D d de de H e E e e, eu e F f F f fe efe G G ff gue, je, ge g6 H h H h (1) ache I • 1 I • I • 1 • 1 J J J • J je • • K k K k ke ka L I L I le ele M ni M m me erne N 11 N' n ne ene O o o o P P P P pe pe Q q Q <1 ke, que quu, ku R r R r re ere s ■ s S- s se - esse 1' t T t te te . IJ u U u u u V V V V ve ve X X X X kse, 2rze, xe ixe Y y Y y »' y i grec Z z Z ■ a ze zede (1) This letter expresses now neidier sound or articulation neces- sarily and of itself. It therefore cannot, like the others, receive an 9 Letters are divided into vowels : c/2rf consonants : h c, d, f, g, h, j, k, 1, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, x, z. The six vowels express only jive sounds^ i and y sounding alike. But as the French language has several besides^ the deficiency of letters is supplied by marks called accents, and by various combina- tions. The accents are :' the acute (') which put on e changes its sound: e ; the grave (') which put on e changes its sound ; e, hut does not alter a, u — a, u. the circutnflex {'') which^ put on all vowels hut y, renders them long : a, e, i, 6, u. Single vowels^ simple or accented^ are then ; a, a, a, e, e^ e, e, i, i, y, o, 6, u, u, u. The combinations of letters expressing the same or other sounds are (to be learnt p. 91) : ai, ai, ei, ay, ey sounding like e, e, e ; aBjCe-.* e; au, eau • • 0,6; feu, eu, ceu e forcibly pronounced ; ou, ou differing from other sounds ; like ou in the English word you, and 00 in too. Vozoels preceding a single m or n unfollowed by other vowels^ form nasal sounds (to be learnt p. 116); am, an, en, em alike; im, in, ym, yn, aim, ain, eim, ein alike ; om, on alike ; urn, un alike. The foregoing vocal signs, simple, accented and combined, may be thus classed according to the onomatopic name i» the new nomenclature. It is nevertheless dis- tinguished in ?t mute, and h aspirated. But aspiration is used, in French, when energy requires it, before any vowel preceded or not by h; and vowels preceded by ^mute or aspirated, are pronounced without aspiration, if there is no necessity. See p. 183*9. 10 t different degree of aperture of tke mouthy required for their utterance. a, ^ ^, al, ei, ay, ey e, e, ai, ei, ay, ey e, ai, ae, cc oral sounds ^ o, ail, eau 6, au, eau e (1) e, eu, oeu ' Gu, oeu u, u ow, oA Tan, am, en, em nasal j im, in, ym, yii, aim, ain, eim, ein sounds J om, on ^ (^um, im Each consonant commonly denotes a particular articulation ; but q is always pronounced like k; c also like k in some cases^ and like s in others ; x like ks and gz ; Ii alone now expresses no articulation. There are two articulations constantly represented by two letters : cli and gn ; and a third by i^ il or ill. French consonants may be thus classed : (l) e expresses various sounds according to its being combined with a following consonant as in rez, domier, les, net, perdu, vent^ rieriy or pronounced by itself, as in le, me, prenant, contre, table y une, cofn7ne, and is generally counted as a syllable. It is, there- fore, a deceitful impropriety to call it mute, a character it assunies only after other vowels as in vue, lie, armee, loue, gate, vote. When uncombined it is pronounced strongly or weakly; strongly guttural by some, and labial by the majority, as eu: le feu; weakly in all the parts of the mouth concurring in articulating the conso- nants by which it is accompanied. In consequence of its orthogra- phy and offices when uncombined, it may be termed e simple, strong, weak, and mute» 10 bilabial J oral (^of the mouth) . , • . (of both lips J I iiasil (of the nose) .... unilabial-dental (of one lip and the teeth) ^^^•'•'{nafal dental 1 close JUNCTION OF LETTERS. ^^#»»^»^»^ SINGLE INITIAL CONSONANTS WITH SINGLE VOWELS. ^^^^■*^*>f-^* CONSONANTS GENERALLY PRONOUNCED IN FRENCH AS IN ENGLISH, JOINED TO SIMPLE AND ACCENTED LETTERS. ELEMENTS. Monosyllables to be read in any way if necessary » N. B. Throughout the whole book the learner is advised to syllabicate, that is, pronounce entire syllables at once, without spelling or naming the letters, a most dilatory and hurtful mode of reading, and only necessary for writing. a a e e e e i i y o o u u ba ba be be be be bi bi by bo bo bu bu pa pa pe pe pe pe pi pi py po po pu pii ma ma me me me me mi mi my mo mo mu mu va va ve ve ve ve VI VI vy vo vo vu vu fa fa fe fe fe fS fi fi fy fo fo fu fu da da de d6 de de di di iy do d6 du du ta ta te te te tg ti ti ty to to tu ta na na ne ne ne ne ni ni ny no no nu A nu za zd ze ze ze ze zi A Zl zy zo z6 zu A zu sa sa se s6 se A se si A SI sy so s6 su su ]a la le le le le li li ly lo 16 lu lu ra ra re re re r6 ri A ri j'y ro ro ru ru ka ka ke ke ke ke ki ki ky ko k6 ku ku The same mixed, li, ko, ve, sa^ bu, pe, tu, zi, re, do, fa, ny, be, ku, ro, ze, di, ta, ne, vu, bi, fe, sa, lo, vu, de, bo, ki, se, du, mo, le, py, na, bu, te, mi, va, ze, ri, tu, pe, fo, ra, me, pi, su, le, fo, by, ne, ka, zu, pi, te, va, po, re, lu, di, be, to, zu, fC, ly, pa, ne, ba, ni, ke, ru. 12 so, fyj ta, nu, ve, mo, ti, pe, da, li, ru, ky, za, me, bo, pu, de, zy, do, ne, bi, fa, se, vi, ro, ma, ke, lu, so, ze, dy, nii, re, ma, 16, zi, te, no, ka, pe, si, zo, fe, da, mu, ve, ty, be, fu, la, ze, vi, ko, be, ni, p6, fe, du, ki, se, my, re, pa, su, ve, ri, to, ke, ba, fi, me, vo, pu, ry, de, na, ti, se, vy, mu, le, zo, de, si, fu, ke, mi, no, le, ra, fi, te, vo, la, me, sy, za, ku. «r#«^^vr«sr^sr E SIMPLE MUTE. ELEMENTSi !e simple^ preceded hy' vozoeh^ is silent^ and renders the preceding vozeels tonfr. vie, lue, nee, rye, bue, sie, fee, pye, due, nie, kee, vye, mue, die, l^ee, zye, tue, nye, lee, pie, viie, lye, mee, zie, kue, bye, tee, mie, piie. dye, zee, fie, sue, mye, pee, kie, fue, sye, dee, lie, nue, fye, ree, bie, zue, tye, see, rie, vee, kye, rue, tie. SINGLE MEDLiL CONSONANTS. One consonant between two vowels is pronounced zoith the second, zohich^ if it he e simple ending the word, is weak^ and sometimes not counted as a syU table when the word is considered separately. Monosyllabic elements. They are intended to in- culcate^ at once^ the sounds ofvawels^ the pozc^er of accents^ the articulating of consonants^ arid thereby to facilitate the subsequent syllabication* The con- sonant before e simple must be pronounced by joining and separating the organs of speech with the emis- sioTi of the zoeak sound of q. a-me, i-le, e-ve, u-ne, ake, ete, ore, time, ele, ive, ade, ote, ype, eme, abe, uk^ ole, ize, ere, ane, oke, yte, ebe, ave, iite, ide, ere, dme, live, yke, are, epe, ube, ote, eze, ife, upe, abe, ede^ ize, ome, yre. Fe-te, rime, tole, lape, mere, fume, type, lobe, 13 zake, fyve, duve, keze, vine, take, noze, sine, tere, zume, fyke, dene, dake, nire, kole, tume, side, take, feve, yoke, vype, ruze, tede, fate, zipe, kode, dele, sile, tufe, mabe, fybe, mene, dote, ninie, nare, sefe, tuke, peve, lofe, nite, deve, kate, vyze, dope, muk^, lede, zime, vane, sebe, kofe, f61e, zure, mike, vape, teme, done, babe, lyke, zeze, lare, suze, vole, nize, kuve, dede, fide, daz^, yepe, poze, tjze, rute, mane, mipe, leze, sate, kune, tore, bene, zade, supe, fire, koze, tupe, nyfe, nere, tave, voie, mine, sede, kupe, raenie, tyde, kabe, rofe, pike, zele, muze, dine, seve, nave, nome, sipe, bale, kjre, fuze, deze, fipe, lane, pode, leve, dune, pyre, move, pane, rope, sufe, time, sake, vume, dabe, fere, tome, vike, fa be, tude, beve, zyfe, vome, sele, dabe, teke, bibe, zupe, seme, fome, vefe, rave, zire, mele, lote, pjze, niime, rade, sike, debe, zide, vote, sepe, puke, zene, vake, pine, zube, fepe, boke, mave, tyfe, bepe, pote, sane, lume, kile, zare, nefe, fike, zote, kame, dube, pype, zefe, sike, dane, mobe, lime, sete, zuke, bake, rede, lize, zore, fune, tete, zabe, mize, lome, vene, kuze, lave, byte, keve, bode, zufe, dete, pabe, kite, seke, tobe, saze, neze, lune, fite, tate, febe, pone, tuze, lyle, peze, bame, kole, sure, ride, zame, sone, zude, tefe, dile, pare, deme, kufe,^ borne, rype, vele, dade, pure, zike, sefe, vode^ pere, zite, dare, vepe, nufe, pofe, zave, fyfe, lepe, rope, save, bume, lire, tane, fefe, zome, dire, dude, nebe, vaze, bine, kote, dere, bute, mite, sote, labe, meve, sjve, bope, kere, byfe, date, puve, roze, pelve, lufe, pame, reze, sire, suke, tone, zyde, depe, pute, ribe, tafe, lele, voze, rive, kure, rale, fSne, dyfe, sare, lole, duze, kife, niape, mebe, zone, fire, nupe, rem.e, kale, pove, vure, sere, mine, bede, sure, lone, vake, fete, lybe, rude, bove^ tepe, nade, kime, some, syfe, mute, kore^ veze, mile, rame, vuze, fike, rore, zede, suve, nabe, pibe^, soze^ rume^ kele, dodo, c / u nyre, fame^ defe, site, bule, dofe, mibe, lede, Mfe, sobe, fude, lyne, moke, kene, bive, rate, zeme, dule, lope, rine, feke, sude, pale, vone, tjke, rule, bete, vibe, lake, sjde, fofe, biide, iiike, rede, nare, vite, lude, tore, depe, dave, zize, nobe, reke, niube, bare, sode, njne, kute, inepe, fode, rile, piime, lene, naze, byke, r6me, fufe, kete, mire, rare, siile, note, mede, dite, kupe, vale, bebe, tyle, nove, bure, rike, lade, tcQie, rune, lyfe, keke, vobe, fave, bire, nuze, nede, sine, vabe, mote, kude, vjve, zeke, sofe, mule, lize, robe, bate, luze, veve, bjle, fope, bele, kfine, tine, dape, rele, sype, nore, dize, tune, laze, pife, kede, fule, none, fize, seke, lafe, nepe, myfe, mome, tede, nuke, zAve. dipe, kove, pcfe, lytne, zate, mune, vile, dcke, poke, tnre, pyve, bufe, beze, kibe, bade, sore, syle, reve, bfine, fite, kefe, vfide, byme, love, tebe, inime^ zube, make, nete, fife, nube, bofe, fete^ tit«, zale, mume, vefe, zyle, fote, deve, pdne^ bupe, fine, zofe, meke, kade, dive, zure, refe, pore, kame, bide, neme, tule, dore, size, sale, pyne, pete, raze, fute, tire, kerne, vove, sufe, dame, sibe, leve, vude, tipe, nole, pepe, fafe, kyve, vule, repe, zole, vime, nate, fube, vele, rize, pole, maze, rere, sove, sime, kube, tife, node, peve, rate, kyze, lume, feme, tove, rife, daze, dupe, neke, sive, poze, live, rete, nale, kine, tode, ruve, vere, pafe, seve, pile, nezje, lode, kare, tyme, nefe, dute, rode, mike, vave, zebe, pide, vume, rene, sife, zole, mane, rire, mete, zule, vore, mide, rabe, deze, sore, bybe, mude, bole, lepe, dale, nuve, file, pope, beme, suze, kake, tide, rube, zeve, bole, nibe, mate, vcde, kume, bine, loze, pede, rame, fuve, rite, feve, bone, fate, dyme, pcle, lule, role, meve, fibe, lale, zune, reve, tone, bive, zeze, babe, vope, riite, lele, ryne, nave, lute, z6pe, lore, dide, peke, nule, pate, rone, nete, pime, date, soke, zuve, kele, fidp, befe, zoke, fure, bide, zepe, tSme, dole, tike, jufe, lete, kype, taze, fole, mure, pene, kane, rime. 15 lope, vcne, zabe, dire, bete, pufe^ dome, vate, lefe, tize, nude, zere, pone, rjbe, baze, kuke, mite, mope, beke, mabe, kile, buze, lobe, dele, zine, m(ike, tabe, mone, nepe, diive, pjke, bobe, mare, zete, kire, pune, nope, mefe, vjre, pave, pule, kebe, pofe, mive, peze, tuve, fame, dike, fome, sube, tepe, late, mipe, dure, pere, kone, zine, neve, lake, lube, kyde, moze, veme, sute, tate, pite, z6ke, fone. Slide, tute, 2ize, fene, dape, dobe, pyde, mufe, meze, dove, kape, kike, pude, rele, zove, dyze, vame, rebe, ruze, tole, tive, beve, faze, pebe, tube, bire, sene, kate, pome, veze, pi be, fupe, doz^^ bame, nike, leze, more, lure, vyne, male, reke,^ vuve, veke, same, dite, bore, zede, dafe, vize, buke, noze, mele, vide, zate, rtire, febe, nife, voke, supe, peme, nade, tibe, duze, nele, rove, vebe, zike, rake, ture, teve, nipe, kome, nyve, keze, vape, fobe, muve, lide, kete, dime, bave, sume, rene, loke, nive, tume, dede, nake, mole, vipe, tere, buve, vaze, kime, nebe, safe, doke, bere, pube, mize, pake, boze, kefe, tile, mupe, fefe, fore, lape, tete, byne, sebe, muze, fipe, tofe, mene, nape, nume, dete, fize, rote, feke, late, vike, dufe, teze, noke, fime, seze, tufe, kjne, tele, fake, toze, luve, zife, fede, sope, ryve, lude, deme, kibe, fale, meme, yuke, dibe, sole, fepe, kare, five, zute, tene, size, kofe, zeve, vute, rike, pape, sene, nofe, vide, fume, sabe. JDissj/llables,-'^^ , B. TVords are sometimes di- vided in two lineSy but they are to be pronounced as if in one : pare, ve- nu, sa- live, pomo- ne. Ami, futifre, lavee, revu, bubale, 6pure, mon6me, salue, zonare, aba, defune, idee, tenure, azyme, talu, nivele, sinope, tari, bevue, dotee, saba, udine, tetu, sofa, arome, venue, bireme, ino, numa, potee, elite, noto, duna, velue, apyre, i-oture, dcmcle, obi^ 16 veturcj ida^ tulipe, obole, t^nue, mureiie^ doree^ lamo, syrie, abime^ revere, subite, pylore, vetue, subij valu, atome, remue, kimi, elude, bobo, poljbe, menu, pepie, modene, zani, latone, repue, batee, salo, fuma, revele, zama, poli, emule, savone, elu, zele, benite, fetee, zero, marie, lobule, pelote, relue, bareme, moree, olive, devote, betune, ebene, indThie, pyrite, volee, revue, butine, arete, pave, module, elie, dina, silene, fano, duree, revire, feru, dodine, binome, lAvure, toro, vetu, motive, nature, volute, eleve, salure, ete, parole, satjre, emu, fete, menue, demi, sene, redire, uvee, idole, situe, velu, sirene, navire, revole, futee, lira, ibibe, tenu, melote, lima, emane, parie, notule, poljde, pamee^ bela, epele, ana, rivee, taro, ninive, verone, lelie, dinee, samole, patee, ro- tule, faro, tenue, petite, melee, bitume, bali, ferule, relire, fele, mamie, sonore, epee, zara, mari, redue, datee, Jama, bobine, ilote, paru, boree, levure, enee, solo, puree, synode, rape, dorure, salive, dodone, suture, bari, repu, abo, petune, furie, pomonej etude, derive, parure, native, elue, nota, rapine, malo, azure, muti, denue, votive, bivie, pilule, api, norole, morue, retive, derobe, papa, iieree, pelue, delire, pavi, romule, olive, tapure, ravi ve, avone, maree, pature, serie, venue, retire, virole, napee, modere, butee, lipome, peri, ave, mature, salone, pipee, mura, liture, ferie, repue, metope, dupee, depure, solive, rebute, fetu, sara, retire, limure, defere, remore, muri, dodue, nabote, sapa, niree, felure, epi, pate, rature, danube^ tare, revue, bava, iilure, vidame, minute, avive. Trisyllables. — -Adamite, pavera, zizanie, fila- ture, parabole, penurie, monotone, parodie, durete atabale, revenu, numerie, avala, finitive, residu lipyrie, rebutee, mozarabe, etamure, revolee vomitive, polynome, uterine, lutera, malebete momerie, refetee, ubeda, benevole, revenue emilie, separa, epitome, binini, murera, papimane, mulilite, refutee, synodale, Revenu, epate, revera, IT emerite, vencrie, erate, butera, zenobie, depotee, karabe, faribole, satine, lenitive^ toleree, reyfitii, aniniee, patibule^ erato, detenu, melibee, azerole, derate, lamarie, matelote, erenee, sedative, anony- me, depitee, menadure, bolelite, epopee, uranie, relative, polybee, alibi, redore, elevure, batifole, loterie, nudite, tekeli, babylone, eluda, roture, etolie, domino, ripope, sirerie, minutee, arabie, parite, durera, mezeline, depute, amadote, lerida, rature, amomi, samara, unanime, tarote, devora, purete, melodie, numero, devolue, abima, depavee, avine, fumera, lazarite, depuree, unitive, parelie, surete, apozeme, lavinie, reparu, simule, iberie, volatile, rarete, abylene, numidie, penelope, devolu, abano, sibarite, retuva, batelee, utopie^ salete, mutine, anomio, paleta, rorifere, tapotee, giberie, aridure, solutive, palilie, remora, pyramide, obere, salarie, populo, monorime, senatule^ feminine, revolue, selenite, talutee, tivoli, adoree, piperie, azymite, denotee, tirelire, matamore, italie,*debora, reputee, maronite, palinure, averee, favorite, viperine, mirera, deratee, evalue, sevira, ravale, anemone, turelure, morabite, feverole, otera, lamine, damery, epilee, demarie, vivota, sabinite, diminue, referee, zibeline^ dalila, marine^ avanie, idumee, monopole, latitude, abyla, remere, siraonie, opera, batanee, malevole, totila, anerie, demele, tavelure, netoly, seneve, davila, samarie^ evitee, ratora^ lemeri, epatee, latomie, remena, unite, filerie, ravira, avalee, azure, podolie, batanome, mutilee, laponie^ amura, reputee, emeri, patara, batatafe, ranime, natolie, pivota, vanite, pilori, debutee, nominale, inedite, remelee, depara, metabole, vilete, palatine, demura, aminee, revetu, amirale, poterie, abutee, nivela, paroli, repare, amazone^ lutera, revolu, adire, peribole, apuree, panama, deveque, matinee, alumine, paremie, durera, federe, inodove, volerie, levera, debatee, revenue, favori, amarine,perinee, detenue, domina, latere^ avarie^ retenue, repava, etatee, reverie^ C a 18 palato, batira, cmarine, sature, lutina^ dimerie^ rubane, revetue, sirotee, delibere, rotira, litanie' raraencj virevole, atabule, lotira, debitee, domerie, minuta, paneree, devolu, epura, abeti^ satino^ devetu, medita, Kberee, deperi, avenue, satira^ rebatee, daterie, solitude, ptitira, etuvee, orobite^ sunaraite, voluta, pelotee, sjnonyme, palatale, Quadrisi/Uabks. — Divinite, epidemie, maturi- nade, pupulera, virilite, roborative, saveterie, raturera, utilite, anatomie, ^imulera, serenite, inatutinale, imitera, futilite, definitive, relatera, papeterie, derivative, odorera, nativite, palinodie, valetera, oniropole, lividite, rebutera, amarinee, timidity, meditative, m^ritera, rivalite, badinerie, anatifere, deputera, moralite, epididyme, raarinera, polypetale, avidite, reputera, mutinerie, soporative y 1 y y y y paneterie, azurera, rabobeline, totalite, dilatera, piraterie, redevenue, latinite, etuvera, patelinee, anomalie, dedorera, venalite, iterate, similitude, vol ut era. remunerative, unanimite, numerotera, demono- manie, patavinite, rabobelina. Hix Syllables. — Amovibilite, redelibcrera, di- latabilite, araatelotera, rabobelinera. Seven Syllables. — Inamovibilite, ^^^s#^<^^ 19 A sin'gle s between two vowels is almost always articulated like z. Monosyllables, — Ase — .a^.e ; ese — ez e: ise — ize ; ese, use, yse, ese, ose, muse, pese, lise, vase, raise, ruse, rose, bise, nase, lese, dise, fuse, dose, tise, base, vise, pose, lese, pise, rase, sise, buse. Dissyllables. — Asie, visa, misere, niso, use, betise, alose, valise, mesure, amuse, mesore, resine, asyle, osee, balise, esope, peluse, sosie, rusee, asine, desole, musa, remise, masure, refuse, desire, usure, risee, alise, nivose, resume, usine, dose, rasure, devise, visee yesuve, tamise, rosee, nieduse, visite, basee, abuse, derijse, fusee, lesine, oluse, venise, musee, alese, visu, zosime. Trisyllables, — Residu, sjnerese, mesura, li- mosine, lisere, apolyse, damasee, episode, pesera, iisitee melusine, usera, isole, resuma, avise, Isi- dore, lesera, amesure, basanee, refusa, alese, rasera, positive, resolu, anemase, amasee, osera, potosi, abuse, visera, fuserole, lesine, remesure, apodose, posera, alise, etisie, casera, parasite^ amusee, rusera, analyse, taraise, muserole, repesa, desabuse, fusera, eljsee. Quadrisyllables, — Paronomase, inusite, erjsi- pele, liserera, paralysie, resumera, miserere, apocenose, ravisera, pisanesie, refusera, serosite, porosite, arisera, apomytose, divinise, refusera, adonise, visitera, episodie, moralise, revisera, latinisee, mesurera, desolative, anisotome, abusera, analjsee. / Polysyllables of Five Syllables, — Desopila- tive, tuberosite, remesurera, metonomasie, ani- mosite, fanatisera, risibilite, fabulisera, nebu- losite, amesurera, paranomasie, visibilite; util> sera, aromatisee, fusibilite. Six Syllables. — Folatilisera. Seven Syllables. — Depopularisera. *^^^r^^^^» 20 9! Q -a > U* (» tn o CS S3 o a • »-* si ^ ^ac CO e s ^. -^ I .2 S 4-» O S3 • S '^ To CO pq O o CO a u O 5?> .22 ?^ 13 *'^ be 3 ^ .o '^ 5j j» ^^ bJD ^ b g o o ^ o; O fer 1/5 be !/> o o »5 u <2 ^ • * o O o ;^ (V cc} cs o ^h . o -^ o o Q o CO C «o 5J O S5 o 55 8, 3 O be O be ;3 be •\ o be be 9 S3 be © be 't. be be ;3 be •\ <^ be *4> be be g- vCi v4^ be S3 be S3 c?. ed be CO be be te be 21 3 ^ O 1^ X ^^ ■*< r^ Of) O ^ 2 o 2 ^ o o fee 3 ^ o tJ^ £? ^ 'x 'i 13 O ^ ^ <:+-i ■jCrf • "** yi^ ^ZJ •li 1? J3 Cm ';^ a; rfi ^ P- "3 03 be 0) "bb be vdJ cti !J1 03 CO O . «o CO S CO ^ CO g ^" s o o o a; c3 02 Monosj/Hahles. — Rochej guere^ pique, mago^ hrive^ vice, cache^ jure, cite, moque, reche, gache^ fige, ruchcj thie, chome, vaque^ guise, chere^ jare, nice, cape, loge, curej rache, gene, fugue^ chipe, gane, poque, mache, fixe, hure, seche^ dogue, cive, phare, jobe, gine, juque, gode, cage, quete, niche, chale, rogue, gere, cie, luxe, paque, loche, jape, cule, bique, hale, vexe, chyle, cane^ guse, bote, sache, puce, bfiche, gage, digne poge, hache, geze, fique, hune, bague, chine, coche, gate, nuque, guipe, heche, cote, jase, lice, fache, guete, caJe, loque, miche, thete, rage, hole, buche, figue, ch€ve, caque, jupe, cyme, poclie, gabe, cene, jule, legue, hale, code, fiche, gele, tache, vogue, chape, guie, juge, quote, dace, h^re, jale, bigue, lache, came, toque, guepe, chute, hele, gone, dague, riche, gave, koge, laque, chjme, suce, hasc, nique, chote, sage, meche, gare, cobe, tige, hume, gipe, pagu#, gume^ cade, hoche, habe, chique, jote, race, chene, cave, hugue, thore, gale, biche, vague, sexe, gobe, cire, phase, jete, chite, gaze, roque, cele, vache, ligue, chaque, buque, rhode, ciche,page, leche, jade,gogue, cube, saxe, chiche, care, these, cote, lace, guide, cede, phoque, hare, leche, tage, chose, gigue, noce, gese, cime, bache, hogue, cale, peche, gase, phyle, chope, jaque, cone, huche, quite, nage, cherae, voque, gade, lige, hue, face, guede, choque, jube, tache, doge, cuve, chale, gite, case, peche, gule, taxe, hile, juche, hobe, cague, theme, chise, hate, rhume, begue, geole, cibe, jate. Dissr/llables. — Genie, fohi, ecume, curete, figea, ruchee, caha, lithique, ^vSque, cjnique, zagu, fatigue, chara, hilote, guipe, moqua, thorie, pecule, cjphi, vogue, la^a, galoche, ca- rene, cigale, ethique, canade, mecene, rhacose, caleche, vigie, cocyte, haha, phonique, cosaque, roquee, bethuse, gobie, jachere, inhibe, cuba, nicee, cirage, joli, relegue, luxa, citee, toxique, gaze, hura, cephee, exode, gala, ephese, digua. 23 lidtee, catoche, begu, poqua, capure, bolieme* corize, moluque, chopine, querele, Julie, helope, cornice, chiraie, cuvete, yga, cerise, gjrole, peluche, ceci, logea, coljbe, chenu, hala, judee, rehache, conique, bacule, liquide, cidare, phocene, curie, liavee, caraque, echu, basocbe, conie, vega, culee, hoho, chemage, doguine, curee, jagaque, seneque, Jioroche, cinele, phacite, chamade, cedule, goree, ^.v**.«av., X.X-«VX.V. V.V.. V*V...^, ^V T V,..V., ^^,V.^, ^.^««, ^^J^^M^. geni, cachune, corjne, bague, canide, cuba, thesee^ cipure, jury, gabele, raguse, canothe, leguee, habile, cohjne, gomene, cadi, cote, refuge, rhenane, pegu, fixa, guimee, cephise, cucuje, herode, gavache, caro, quineque, gamase, liahe, caliche, loge, hero, javele, ecule, cagee,nicole5 dogua, vexe, chomage, regu, thalide, caboche, riga, capede, pyti- que, hebe, citole, phylique, colete, choqua, rhodite, juge, carape, locule, cythere, hecote, cupule, gagui, cathese, juqua, ganee, zygome, quetive, caquage, gy nide, chilone, cafe, hemine, gadote, faca, copi- que, athee, cherie, juchee, rigide, cale, chepu, beguine, theleme, cubique, coche, feroce, gothie, hara, colere, sophi, dehale, calige, bacha, cirure, ogire, lacure, gatine, vaqua, cochene, taquine, cha- ^ rue, galope, careme, vicie, gene, cyphose, hachie, rhinose, comite, saphene, cela, bigue, cahute, ja- lyse, casaque, dechue, gale, jeta, quenue, lacee, capade, tunique, chirome, halage, cajute, acere, cepole, jujube, cobite, pitho, cybele, zogone, ca- niche, doguee, themire, cedo, de^a, comete, gogo, chalaze, capide, re^ue, hysope, cephale, cinyre, ju- be, chitome, cumule, thebe, chili, gadele, hative, Je- rome, cachere, liquide, dagua, capote, godiche, ha- cha, camee, figure, chape, cotice, quasi, cocole, ge- sine, tyche, Java, cadene, phocide, thorale, macule, genete, carague, xenie, culave, citise, fixee, helode, phalene, coma, humide, rhasute, gama, oolique, ho- mere, vogua, curule, quito, chemine, vexa, naquete, 24 garite, reclme, cite, lialie, coxale^ guilee, cholose corise, pegase, Ijcee, capose, guipure, therese gabare, cytise, hjlee, camuse, lexique, carabe sjchee, conyze^ j^^ba, liorie, civade, pagode xylope, deja, baroque, gemare, jure, cupide mexique, chirole, gueri, cabale, methode, hale judele, physique, corace, harame, cophose, duche ixo, chiqua, guerite, bequee, rhexie, pecore gamache, cacique, ithaque, cepee, eloge, queri vecu, gatee, canine, su^a, hulee, gecote, naguere quina, carie, cibage, guide, hola, cohue, exige china, pecune, caline, age, bigua, tacite, degele quiqui, cesure, rhagie, gaza, hamee, cunete jurade, chetive, galene bethune, cyphome, charie genope, coca, jatee, fecule, vigo, cathare, moquee canope, cerithe, hamade, charnire, vague, cavale recise, cliicane, garigue, bajule, cive, gagea caquete, echine, coryse, phebe, caroche, recule ici, godure, hepate, curage, gago, thalie, chimcr gacha, araxe, cori, luxure, cohobe, Jiguee, in hume, sicile, gumene, jalage, haro, cilice, cura vichi, cynite, helose, thymique, genese, gogua cavee, gesate, helene, calyge, chaco, cobee maxime, galane, quetee, codie, baloche, guenipe coti, halo, cunile, jugea, cadole, hemi, cucufe epoque, chimique, cotee, gano, dejuche, civile bicoque, cati, aga, cochee, typique, gesole, cacabe cuvage, regule, cithare, guinee, celate, dague corn, harane, cuvele, cature, geolage, boxe cubebe, echue, cabane, picote, palene, gagate chiitie, caree, manoque, vagua, hecate, carine pacuve, gate, corine, hoca, girole, phyma, rhicose hali, catoque, jugere, cana, phacote, ganache unique, lugo, calife, hecube, comique, ciree, golile juda, cuci, ceruse, bagua, nagea^ cabure, havie gabie, coco, legua, canule, genale, lethe, cunone guitare, deluge, taxa, hachure, carafe, yexee hutine, facade, jugule, lapithe, conobe, jasa chafee, helice, cure, legume, quenote, agile, cenee capuce, divague^ jacee^ copule, quine^ magie 25 <*hevage, lacune, carigue, dehale, galere, sacoche, rhagade, bamede, calade, oxide, charade, copie> gelee, garade, cochere, guigua, facule, coryphe, bigole, chipage, hegire, curure, caduque, cigare, chemise, jumele, havage, calice, chenue^ agore, cathete, bucale, jugee, guenuche, capage, Ihora, cheveche, geline, jele, pholade, colure, hachee, piquure, civique. ., Trisyllables. — Philomele, ebahi, luxera, calibf^i lithophage, caquepire, chicotee, eriphile, derog^ , colobome, homerique, jacobee, 6conome, capelage, oxigene, catira, jugerie, cuticule, hypothese, celi- cole, numerique, goguelu, hebete, baguera, ue- gocie, carenage, huguenote, chalamide, mesocure, cachicane, releguee, canarij monacale, cirnolie, geniture, rhizelite, catochite, coryphene. ephemere^ camara, nubecule, cadise, hemaphobe, cabanage, evechej canicide, epilogue, phaceiie;, redigea, ca- ligo, haquenee, inhabile, galopade, sjnalephej coronule, catalogue, cavatine, nicomede, qualifie, havelee, guitarise, acidule, cucubale, apologie, conopee^ decora, galenique, litholabe, decelee^ gesira, hjpotheque^ xalapa, chapelure, cubitale* henotique, phytotome, Canada, comedie, vehicule, coridaie, homocule, jaborose, cecite, javeb'ne, chatel^5 cuvera, degage, cacochyrae^ habitude, phymosique, camisade, inhume, malaga, egohine, caducee, regicide, chevira, polythee, curimate, ineoagea, thalame, recidive, henierobe, carine, bucepale. cochelite, regala, carotide, thurifere, hypocole, coletite, cabotage, balenee, cacologue, xenodice, bypogee, cucuju, physopbore, locati, coquereJe, dela^a, colisee^ exotique, rbinolopbe, inocule, coriphene, equipage, junipere, herita, cenobie, maehuree, carata^ hepatite, xilophage, epitheme, genesie, quoquelu, catberese, refigea, cisele, desherite, carapace, jubile, gemira, phe- nomene, canonade, hypochyme, caracale, ecurie, cetacee, menagea, cabido, vivifique, canap^, janipa, elaguee^ cohabite, bavochure, calaba^ he- D ^ \ 26 inag'og'ue, apotheme, calorique, ithypale, tanegui, cephelide, picota, cerigo. phalarique, epicene, cameline, tisiphone, colerite, philodoxe, comitive, quotite, cavalage, lithotome, depiquee, rhizophagej homicide, cubature, calotine, beguinage, cocytide, ecume, apatbique, colonise, homologue, jaserie, caljl>e, d^legua, capitule, ceramique, epithete, galerie, capeluche, chipotee, bigarade, cuvelage, heredie, jumela, basilique, capitane, virago, cucu- pha, lithopite, cavece, avalace, cacozele, ligature, acolyte, cicerole^ philophane, colydie, mjthologue, hebeta, colaphise, equinoxe, chevala, rizolithe, acheruse, gamelie, cotisee, ridicule, corone, hjda- tide, galega, erucague, xiphosure, methodique, charite, gelatine, ravagea, canoniquc, axifuge, lethifere, coraline, henebane, calosome, epiphyse, cogelo, gitera, caronade, maroquine, geneta, exigea, corycee, decalogue, cotula, canetee, pby- salide, raitigea, galathee, thorachique, cabarete, epitaphe, bithynie, capanee, relogea, capeline, apothese, cerocome, hematide, coleripe, deroge, ecura, generique, depeche, metaphore, galeruque, rebequee, decadi, calina, monocule, heretique, mitige, colonie, taxera, gabari, mesusage, agitee, desbabite, chevelu, depeija, jarete, apophyge, hymenode, reculee, rhuinapyre, aliquote, jugeo- line, philologue, cabotine, tiquete, camarade, regu- line, physccele, chavira, tbymelee, panegyre, Syra- cuse, decagea, celosie, apologue, inhibee, cenobite, baroco, camerine, cilica, hilarode, gemini, colo- iiage, recitee, ahuri, jetera, cupidone, fiducie, capitole, dejanire, calobate, cephalee, gigota, hexagone, jovilabe, axipete, baculee, japona, exigu, coterie, polygale, camelee, coqueline, ha- quebute, canonage, aliraoche, echinee, colerique, ganyraede, calasie, univoque, epi^a, fixite, homo- phage, physalie, coraco, helicite, zagara, capigi, sexagene, cecilie, agave, etagea, chevelee, ciselure, apbelie, chapela, rhizotome, cesaree, defequa, metatliese, cacumine; nicephore^ delegue, caque- 27 tagGj thucydide, jehova, caterole, humanise, x^ro- phage, anatheme, helepole, querela, galaxie, halena, cometite, acidule, panache, gelasie, he- matose, gehira, carise, polygene, cahotee,polixene, carapiche, gyrovague, cydonite, reluquee, typo- lithe, deshome, chaluma, gabarote, saquebute, culota, ciegie, dechira, coryphee, pedagogue, hepatique, jasera, gemine, canica, hyposome, ja- naca, canarie, equipee, dirigea, carabe, evacue^ galago, macera, capucine, cabotage, apophyse, colature, hexapode, xynecie, nicodenie, calicule, lithologue, hymenee, generale, canicule, regele^ paracheve, philolithe, gazifere, caracole, pecherie, inhuma, janicule, thoracique, cochemare, heresie, celidee, pacagea, echalote, ceracee, phenicure, cyzicene, malachite, recula, colorie, paraphone, cabusa, apogee, guidera, rhinolope, viguerie, chichete, caracore, heridele, cynamdge, epithyme, galilee, quinola, gamuto, rabachage, ethopee, canarine, homogene, quevedo, ciporeme, hilarie, chelinote, egara, figuree, herodote, cadela, chy- lifere, comite^ philosophe, jugula, coracite, hu- merale, coholSa, Caroline, degotee, mimologue, rhopatique, pedicule, cotytie, sycomore, genepi^ polymathe, coquina, monaco, delogea, philalethe, conori, ligurie,^ physetere, sebacique, jerophore, chicana, dechevele, jubiia, deshonore, echinitCj quaribe, gagerie, cotice, heritage, aphorese, cy- itiophane, jeremie, lachete, cynosure, tabago, requetee, chabasie, acephale, chevelue, camisa, homotele, gabatine, panacee, cigala, laconie, ja- cana, mathurine, baquetee, cupidique, fabago, juvenile, luxera, decisive, tatigua, hylotome, qui- vicie, chicoree, capite, apocope, coquerique, ocy^ pete, chopina, salicoque, reciree, gelasine, coque- luche, inhiba, ycoco, ceropege, hematite, jano- vare, polypheme, chitonee, ravigote, thyrocele, daruga, jacobine, picoree, calybite, caravane, quatele, monologue, cabara, clienevi, hypobole, comete^ reluqua, gynecee, acetique, epu^a^ caque- 28 role, vacheriej riqueraque, chevaline, honore, ca- nephore^ lagenite, calixene, hanebane, chalemiej cutane, cenotique, voguera, fugitive, xenomane, recelee, aga9a5 gazanie, menag^re, copahu, cajole, elagua, moquerie, cavido, humida, rhinobate, api- que, cachemire, caveta, soliloque, segovie, xjlo- cope, mena^a, catamite, legile, celeri, navigea, helenie, chonala, cicero, figuree, zetetique, ga- belage, chevelure, deshonete, carabine, menologe, goreta, catholique, hesicate, pholidote, qualite, catapuce, phagesie, rugina, chaveri, equivoque^ conifere, tithymale, carature, licita, examine, ca- ragate, hemophobe, gerera, juridique, carabore, erigea, facherie, recele, carotique, paqueta, core- gone, oxalique, abequa, humorale, cacalie, pe- rigee, phjtophage, raconi, rigola, apathie, ga- mahe, Jacobite, cuveju, cinefie, havira, chimerique, oxigone, hemodie, colophane, evoquee, camisole, zahorie, chiqueta, megabjze, camelote, negocie, relegua, cjtheree, salicite, calabure, homojtone, cherubique, vesicule, galera, cheminee, comephore, imagine, decira, jalone, fatiguee, pathetique, evohe, poli^a, cunolithe, liederee, rhumatique, iiomonjme, karata, equite, degagea, cataphore, homelie, in- liumee, analogue, coronale, habite, fixative, ge- nopa, humifuse, sjparathe, paradoxe, calamine^ jurera, aphonie, camusete, picote, gelinote, cone- pate, mjthidice, camerale, panicule, gomosie, he- mi tome, rhetorique, fagotee, cenotaphe, cabala, cephalique, carene, habitue, gabara, calamite, agoge, pocheta, synagogue, pholadite, jaguarete^ baraqua, arethuse, chatemite, recipe, sephora, Gotele, decurie, casemate, bequetee, galerite, ca- be9a, acere, helicine, curicule, thalamite, galopa, catechese, ataxic, cavite, jabiru, xerasie, hypo- phore, cucujo, chapota, inhibe, gelivure, caca- goghe, phytolithe, apojove. Quadrisyllables. — Mythologie, judicature, phi- losophale, guitarerie, rigidite, hesitera, deshono- ree, picoterie, hativete, demenageaj chenopodee. 29 Ijsimaclile, colonisa, humidite, episodique, jugu- lera, cachoterie, inhonoree, egalera, calicule, no- sologie, heraeralope, phytologie, civilite, corali- cide, epithalarae, desherita, cacophonie, galerite^ machurera, chimerisaj, anagogique, jalonera^ ca- cochymie, homicida. cephalopome, heredite^ de- jetera, hypophasie, canonisa, rapacite, xeropha- gie, cabotera^ geminative, homologua, badigeone, hypolepathe, cenobitique, carabinade, metapho- rique, philosophie, rehabitue, catoterique^ haletera, agenorie, deshabitee, hemerocale, chicanerie, ache- mine, heliconide, jolivete, cavalevie, docilite, ca- talotique, cynocepliale, epicerie, homologuee, ca- licinale, munasichite, cynorexie, habilite, care- barie, ricanera, academie, hypotypose, devisagea, exegetique, inhabite, ahanera, celotomie^ velocite, su^otera, hilarodie, jubilera, cajolerie, legerete, caricature, apalachine, jacherera, gefiicule, hypo- thetique, limosinage, calomerie, egalite, phane- roganie, caracoli, maculera, canephorie. habilete. gogie, caquetera, honorifique, epagomene, mega- lobyze, cohabita, modicite, deshabitue, ceremonie, legitima, ceratotome, philosophique, decapitee, hematurie, iphigenie, medicinale, hysomerie, cynegetique, epilogua, lithotomie, agilite, cada- momi, jabotera, ephemeride, hepatocele, gyro- gomite, mineralogue, inhibera, economie, opacite, cerafocele;, acheterie, ecavecade, cathemerine, pudicite, philologique, hypotade, phoronoraie, ta- chetera, chevalerie, civilisa, iniquite, calasyrie, raorigena, chicoracee, pathologie, gobetera, beca- tesie, guitarisa, raathematique, iegalite, inhuniera, categorie, maculature, odobachi, digerera, hexa- §J"^^5 japonera, pythagorique, veracite, canato- pole, deshonora, polymathie, dominicale, macaro- iiique, recurera, homonymie^ javelera, ataraxie, calamite, hypothenuse, academique, anegy raphe. 30 pedago^ie, desherite, iconomaque, cadelari, fero- cite, hemalopie, cjropedie, recusera^ metaphj- sique^ quasi modo, originale, chuchoterie, equi- pera, generative, celerite, herigoture^ catulotique^ jabebirete, epiphanie, hypothequa^ xenelasie, epiloguee, inhabitude, caledonie, municipale, co- lorifique, sagamite, hemimeride^ coqueiera, cecy- donie, canacopole, mrmologie, exiJite^ carotidale, panegyrique, agonothete, cacothymie, heterotome^ cupidone, taquinerie, hilarity, phagedemique, ame- iiagea, deshumanise, dechiqiieture, exoterique, baculera, caninana, heliconiej, codonophore, de- chevelee, alopecie, magasinage^ caducite, idolo- thyte, facilitee, cabaretique, achevera, heremi- tique, phitosophore, caramanie, racbetera, ceto- logie, liquidite, coquineriej capucinade, deshabite, analogique, pbenomenale, categorique, machinera^ hyperesie, capacite, logomachie, acorera, cata- phonique, varicocele, capitula, faquinerie, heme- ropathe, catagogie, caligula, majorite, ceratophyte, colorera^ philologie, elagabale, catimini, rejetera, huguenotique, gyneconome, lipothymie, tenacite, cacologie, vegetera, deshonore, pedagogique, he- terodoxe, bigoterie, humanite, homophagie, para- doxale, catheretique, degenereOj gamalogie, chu- chotera^ cephalopode, curucucu^ capilotade, figura- tive, hematocele, philomathique, jumelera, eti- quetee, capitalise, recurera, ezoterique, acidite, cagoterie, inhonore, apanagea, lacedemone, comi* ticule, herigote, desheritee, mythologique, came- rera, voracite, colocasie, heterogene, cacochylie, hebetera, casemate, sexagesime, physocephale, hyperoxide, catechisa, philosophe, corolitique, chevecerie, caracola, gadolimite, mucosite, sarao- gitie, cacbetera, hamaxobite, cohobera, carabinee, galericule, camelotine, cupidite, deshabita, chari- vari, jaretera, philotesie, melanagogue, catholisee, debuchera, copulative, horaophonie, inhabitee, co- querico, peripherie, phytolaca, sagacite, achetera, xilophorie, papyracee, caqueteric; hematemesc; co- 31 tyyphore, gerocomie, facilite, chuchetera, caco* pathie^ epimethee, cytherodice, medicago, halica- tique, caracara, chetivete, philogyniej rhodoraceej camelote, apopborete. Polysyllables of Five Syllables. — Regularite, cephalalogie, eqiiivoquera, etjmologique, huma- nisera, imaginative, mecanicite, recachetera, ela- phebolie, inhabilite, colonisera, benedicite, lieli- cosophie, dechiquetera, thjropalatine, deshumani- see, legalisera, apologetique, ravigotera, catholi- cite, cephalatomie, pacoseroca, politiquera, icono- logie, generosite, civilisera, hematologie, cicero- nise, acheminera, lagenophorie, cathechiseraj vere- dicite, etvmologie, deshabitera, cohabitera, ceno- bitophile, delicatera, ridigofani, cucuraeracee, des- humanisa, defigurera, hepatotoraie, inegalite, ca- pitulera, exagerative, capitalisee, guitarisera, phy- toljpolithe, hymenotomie, secularite, qualificativej deshonorera, felicitera, hemeralogie, ridiculite, colaphisera, mineralogie, paradoxologue, decolo- rera, mecaniquerie, generalite, heterothetique, parachevera, inhumanite, somatologie, canalicule, machicotera, elenophorie, hydatidocele, coqueri- quera, hepatologie, cinarocephale, pyretologie, regenerera, deshonetetCj modificative, capitalite, heterodoxie, agonisera, maroquinerie, deracinera, canojiicite, hypocophosie, decachetera, hexapeta- lee, camaraderie, depaquetera, metaphysiqiia, co- rycomachie, execiitera, hereticite, cynarocephale, deshumanise, recidivera, hymenologie, catabiba- zone, badigeonera, acotyledone, desheritera, ge- neralisee, medecinera, inhabilete. Sia^ Syllables. — Categorematique, decanonisera, eligibilite, rehabilitera, secuiarisera, originalite, economisera, deshumanisera, generalisera, siligi- nosite, regularisera, ridiculisera^ recapitulera, ca- maralucida. Seven Syllables, — Anatheraatisera, ireligibilite, etymologisera, physicomathematique. <»^v»^>»#»»# S2 SEVERAL MEDIAL CONSONANTS. A single articulation expressed hy a double conso" nant^ the first of which is but seldom pronounced. ELEMENTS. Ybbe, adde, ufFe, ijje^ okke, ylle C)'> amme, onne, appe, uqque, irre, otte, y we, or ywe, uzze. C Double ss is equivalent to Sy esse, ysse, usse, asse, isse. < not to s, as a single s is (^ between two vowels. ebbe,edde.effe,eije,ekke,1 ^^^^^^ ^^^ consonants elle, enne, eppe, eqque, \ ^^^^^^ j-j^^ ^ erre, esse, ette, ewe, qzz^, ) ,o\ (e followed by double mm ^ -^ ( commonly sounds «. Monosyllables. — belle^ manne, susse, cette, challe, nette, tonne, lutte, carre, biffe^ femme, terre^ malle, fusse, jotte, cesse^ quitte, nappe, foUe, tusse, menne, fasse, gofFe, lippe, rosse, geile, patte, nulle^ comme, lesse^ dalle, risse, bonne, chusse, happe, serre, motte, fisse, datte, bulle, somme, jette, masse, nippe, cotte, musse, naffe^ telle, bosse, natte, renne, lisse, homme, vanne, butte, ferre, ralle, donne, mette, visse, mappe, celle, rotte, busse, narre^ guette, nomme, chiffe, balle, huppe, berre, chasse, sotte, quelle, labbe, misse, galle, tetie^ chomme, lusse, batte, verre, colle, bitte, halle, Sonne, messe, lulle, jatte, felle, botte, tasse^ bette, gomme, pusse, matte, selle, hotte, disse, jappe, molle, guerre, latte, nonne, pelle, chasse, hutte, cosse, barre, quenne, pomme, chatte, gobbe^ salle, dette, casse, gorre, hisse. (1) llle, iila, ill(5, ille, ille, illo, illu, will be explained hereafter. (^) Most words subject to this rule are adverbs ending in ment, a nasal sound, which will be cut off in the following exercises as iriegular. 33 jDissT/Uahles. — Messie, annone, regusse, pen- nage^ serree, luttasse, menippe, jaquette, figeasse, occupe, laquelle^ marotte, allegue, su9asse5 pattu, hoguette, passive, jalonne, tonnelle, quitasse, su- zette, lissasse, equerre, issue, vallee, requisse, chapelle, recemme... (i ), liguasse, quarre, sabba^ goguette, ossu, tonnerre, cottee, rudesse, poUuj linotte, hommee, sallette, ferrure, chippee, cas- sasse, sequelle, jappa, finesse, tissure, rogomme, sella, quitte, fossette, pesasse, bassine, pommettej arrure, varenne, tatonne, ulysse, tutelie, casasse, gazette, dechusse, verrine, resonne, becarre, des- serre, guettasse, rabbi, logette, sezanne, cellite, hupasse, mollisse, pinnulle, cessasse, loquette, mahonne, goguasse, verrure, jattee, saquette, ca- rosse, moselle, accube, rusasse, piquette, bussi, ferree, suzanne, duchesse, commise, essore, che- risse, rebusse, sonnette, quarrure, osasse, javelle, tannee, foUette, regisse, happasse, denoinme, na- celle, lesasse, mallette, chifFonne, ecarre, com- niere, daguasse, ferrette, affiche, burro, errasse, connue, deferre, luUi, hommage, coquette, mus- sasse, bellique, issu, attaque, genisse, rebelle, charrue, Ia9asse5 gavotte, terrure, vannasse, ga- ronne, bannisse, sagesse, lippee, parusse, tarisse, cannelle, basasse, recolle, messire, logeasse, battu, sylla, amonne, cassette, bossue, ferrare, katti, rissole, biguasse, suffire, jumelle, marrane, echoppe, cachette, luxasse, honnete, menotte, lessive, ba- guette, murisse, affame, guidonne, gabelle, affixe, quarrasse, nonnette, barrure, vessie, rejanne, terri, arroche, simarre, pellee, cocasse, tavelle, succube, assisse, renomme, gonesse, phidippe, annee, sot- tise, perrelle, lassasse, commue, raquette, patem*- me..., cochonne, jasasse, tibulle, dogesse, annate, chassie, noguette, huttasse, ridelle, batture, ve- tisse, connexe, passi, burette, molosse, chafFee, abutte, fossile, nasome, appelle, posasse, carrure, (1) See the note relating to emm, page 3?. 34 sellette, hottee^ colosse, lippu, pennade, unisse^ chomme, barette, valussej cafFa, libelle, hommasse, chaconne, tissue, vaguasse, bannette, cellule^ bassi, suranne, muguette, dessine, bagarre, agisse, co- lonne, huttasse, femelle, rassure, commire, bos- sette, rasasse, chattee, annulle, guerisse, serrure, culotte, caresse, arrirae, bossu, charrette, ffssise^ nageasse^jodelle, canonne, atterre, connusse^effanej naquette, visasse, furolle, mugisse, bassine, col- legue, perruque, giguasse, massore, echelle, lazzi, tassette, bottasse, honnisse, innove, gamelle, connu, rossane, bassesse, accolle, imma, garenne, subisse^ dosasse, mellone, emusse, gonelle, assogue, bi- zarre, musette, benisse, cassure, digaasse^ que- notte, anesse, suffise, narrasse, commune, ficelle, huppe, rugisse^ raollesse, fa^oniie, fusasse, bon- nette, eatulle, ammi, semelle, punisse, abhorre, jugeasse, cessite, suppute, ferrare, annette, rafolle, cinna, richesse, venue, asso, gemisse, commette, bottine, serrasse, mack^^ne, abesse, luculle, mis- sive, baguasse, annexe, chamarre, ecosse, que- relle, usasse, corinne, battue, munisse, allee, gi- ronne, assie, mazette, navarre, degusse, voguasse,* ballotte, musasse, deterre, affiche, dessolle, baratte, havisse, allure, cassine, bacelle, magonne, accare, innee, colloque, leguasse, naquisse, bassette, do- lemme..., facasse',pullule, assomme^palisse, hotesse, pelisse, immole, elusse, chamarre, philippe, bel- lone, gageasse, occupe, raassue, salisse. TrisT/Uables. — Bellozane, revassasse, apparue, amidonne, s6cheresse, evidemme..., luttera, repa- russe, colonelle, rebecca, immolee, madelonne, renettasse, ma^onnage, dessellee, attirasse, carre- lure, galevesse, cinnamome, aguerrisse, malaguette, annexasse, citadelle, rejetonne, bonnete* refusasse, annelure, hippomane, passagere, vannerie, quas- serette, terrassasse, pammilie, daghessee, recarrelle,! annotine, suppura, lacunette, canonnee, passera, petitesse, vicennale, eperonne^ carregeasse, effile, ^vechesse, bellissime, caravelle, resolusse, phiirp-* 35 pique, attisasse, succulemme..., cliopinelte, haras- sasse, ciilotte, matassine, rebattu, aliegue, hippo- lyte, clebarrasse, izeiotte, rasserenne, detenee, paquerette, acculasse, bagatelle, opposite, cannele, delassa, tarragonne, debattue, sarrannee, rabbi- nique, raessagere, arrogeasse, tyrannie, camusette, rissolee, desolasse, laronnesse, madonna, recon- nusse, eollerette. . ., difFeremme, effiiiire, assoQimasse, bachelelte, metarrj, arrosasse, hippopode, chasse- resse, corrosive, etiquette, rarissime, parallaxe, assotee, casserole, pecheresse, effigie, dissolue, gallinasse, calippique, lunette, amassette, can- nele, gigotasse, funieterre, vagabonne, sufFoquee, annottasse, dissolu, cannibale, chemisette, dessos- sasse, parallele, eminemme.... Iiomniageasse, ra- battu, acconifflode, tassera, apparesse, meconnu^ nasonnasse, columelle, assidue, massorete, attila, cadettee, pelotonne, colossale, serinette, pelletee, efFa^asse, tannerie, opulemme..., revisasse, tisonne, verrerie, depassa, gutturale, bossele, echelette, allegeasse, sabbatine, bigotelle, arrugie, rallume, allezasse, effa^ure, gallonnee, ratissa, cimeterre, bigarre, bassissime, dessalasse, goguenette, rena- quisse, accollade, erronnee, sjllabiqiie, innova, bosselure, curatelie, pigeonna, developpe, efFare, apposasse, damassure, gallicane, maniquette, pan- nonie, foloselle, accusasse, diligemme..., parricide, goguelu, nullite, annuUasse, bellerie, accumule, cassolette, dessola, meconnusse, betterave, Philip- pine, dessechasse, collerette, assidu, raerelle, pa- tissa, cotonne, isabelle, terrassasse, meconnue, sa- tellite, rnisoraesse, maronne, buvotasse, canamelle, hippolithe, debattu, allumette, eloquemme..., sac- cageasse, amatisse, connive, pullula, batonnee, ammonite, damassasse, rabattue, badigeonne, ar- xiphe, cyparisse^. sommite, corrigeasse, raffine, bassora, amusette, rebotte, possessive, rebellasse, accollure, chattemite, massera, pommele, assjrie, recassasse, efFareCjavironne, accollasse, rasserenne, jarrete, lessiva, hallali, rechassasse, attele, ma- 36 chonna, accolure^ masselotte, ferrera, innome, sup- posasse, reveremme..., allumelle, carrelee, fossano, ennemi, dechassasse, colloquee, attitude^ gommera^ debotte, abucco^ affama, commine, chenevotte, atterrasse, barattee, cassini, apparu, diffame, ma- lebosse, decollete, terrinee, sonnerie, lithocolle, assura, cotelette^ chamarre, gazonna, associe, cochonnee^ ralliimasse, raccommode, charretee, jappera, ecnssonne, mesusasse, abattue, gibelotte, fa^onna, accotee^ ellebore, chemisette, amassasse^ gironne, commissure, deferra, garrottasse, hugue- notte, denattee, choppera, herissonne, menippee, aguerri, repesasse, columelle, dissipa, apparemme • .. sabbatique, attenue, occupee, dasseri, nettete, deguisasse, rebattue, zopissa, gigotte, pellicule, arreta, finassasse, pommete, ahurisse, bigarrure, assure, ballottasse, officie, desserra, accaree, can- nelure, rnameselle, irritee, attaquasse, allonyme, hyppelaphe, cinnamome, apparusse, tyrannique, odjssee, abattu, rabbinage, femmelette, rossera, carotte, rassasie, errata, dissimule, arrasasse, co- debossee, coheremme-.. Quadrisyllables. — Inefficace, jarretera, redebat- tu, delicatesse, phyllobolie, annihilasse, ma^on- nerie^ sollicitude, massoretique, paperassasse, hippodamie, necessite, querellera, hellanodique, dfedommageasse, rotisserie, suppurera, tyrannicide^ soUicitasse, pelleterie, colletera, tapisserie, appel- lative, coqueriquasse, finasserie^ debarrera, con- nexite, habilissime, fagonnerie, massivete^ decar- relasse, cochonnerie, refa9onna, irresolu, chatelle- nie, supputera, peloponnese, repullulasse, anon- nera, novissime, battologie, sillogisasse, honne- tete, patisserie, massinissa, recolligeasse, niiton- nerie, avocassasse, pallissera, equipolle, allego- rie, depossedee, rapetassasse, gammarolithe, as- surera, chaperonnette, developpe, caressera, mis- sissippi, cadenassa, sommellerie, essorera, resur- rexi, raccommodage, dissyllabique, recepisse, ap- petera, raffinerie, arrerageasse, innomine, bizar- 37 rerte, corroboree, badigeonnasse, commoditc, co- quettericj delattera, immacule, tyraiinisasse^ des- sicative, bufFetera, chaperonne, hippopotame, fer- ronnerie, passivete, equivoquasse, clrapellenie, dccolleteej assimila, phjlloraanie, desabusasse, gobelotte, verroterie, devineresse, rassotera, im- munite, apparessasse, annihile, recorrigeasse, affc- terie, capuchonne, assujettisse, muguetteraj me- gisserie, chenevotte^ assassinasse, correlative^ im- hioderee, occupera, thessalonique, redebattue, no- bilissime, dissimulasse, gallipoli, echappera^ litte- rature, desassurasse^ callosite, messagerie, rema- ^onnee, mesarrivasse, apoUodore^ communiquee, appatera, suppurative, irresolue, appetissasse, sa- vonnerie, aflfutera, vicissitude, affinite. Poll/ syllables of Five Syllables. — Generalissime, efficacite, rapetissera, elleborine, avocasserie, rc- pullulera, hypothalattique, herissonnera, possibi* lite, communicative, mediterranee, polissonnerie, allegorisasse, immobilite, corroborative, accapa- rera^ innominati, passibilite, efFeminera, immora- lite, anacollemate, catholicissime, necessitera, pol- licipedite, rasserenera, capara^onnasse, litteralite, accumulera. Six Syllables. — Immutabilite, anathematisasse^ dissolubilite, amissibilite, ineffabilite, appetibilite, irregularite, inefficacite, irritabilite. Seven Syllables, — Communicabilite, irrevocabi- lite, inamissibilite. By two different Consonants. ELEMENTS. Ache, yblie, olhe, uvhe,"^ h is never articulated, as eghe, iphe^ {imhe, ekhe, / said above. Recollect that (ishe, yzhe, ^dhe, othe, >it changes the nature of c, r inhe, efhe, ftqiike, avhe, i and p, before every vowel, ijhe* J and of g before e, i, y, E esce osce 38 , > . . f c is pronounced like s before . asc^, ysci, nsck. iscy, \ ^ • ^^ ^ ^^^^ ^ ^ .^ .„ ice-isfa, usfo, asfu. | before a. o,«. ocke, icka, ecke, iicko, yeki, 1 • . i u r 5 . ' * -^ ' I c IS not pronounced beiore acku — icque, aequo, ec- > j^ ^ ^ que, ycqua, ucquu, ocquy. ) ^' Monosyllables. — Fasce, lucque, vesce, macquc. Dissi/llahles. — ^^Jocko, ascete, fescelle, marisce, saequi, fascine, pacquire^ fiscellcj piscine, vaquette, ascyre, viscere, sacquage, rascette, ascite, lueko, Trisi/Uables. — Hjposcene, muscicape, ascidie, ocquisene, immis^asse, racquittee, ascetere, fasci- nage, onoscele, acquetasse, ressuscite, senilusce, phonascie, ascetique, descellee, fascicule, Jacque- line, fascinasse, acquittee, ascitique, immis^a, sus- cite, QuadrisT/llables. — Djscinesie, muscipula, ocqui- sene, episcenie, onoscelide, lascivete, acquetera. Five S?/llables. — Miscibilite. Sijc Syllables. — Inn^scibilite, rarescibilite ; Bt/ Three Consonants* Monosyllables, — Myrrhe, arrhe. Dissi/llables. — Pitthee, murrbine, pjrrhique. Trisyllables.— C\vv\i\{eve^ h^morrh^e, exerrhose, gonorrhee, aporrhee. Quadrisi/llables. — Menorrbagie, amenorrhee, ca- tarrhopicj arrhephorie, hemorrhagie, anarrhopie. ^^^^^^ *^ TWO ARTICULATIONS EXPRESSED Bj/ One Consonant. Axe, fixee, examine, 1 x i ^ i , By Two Consonants The first is pronounced with the preceding-, aod ilic second with the following voweL 39 cd -♦-^ 0) O =5 C C a) fi eft O cy (u « '2 'S ^ 0? ^-^'^ X ^^^ 1^^ f^4 - c3 a ** O ^ S OJ fl o P 0) ^ O xn o .9^ H SI 0) x55 bO b«L «'« o CC- 40 o en H 013 O 4j a ,0) d o ^ oT CO .83 O '^ <«6 s r/i 5^ a en O S3 •\ a CO o a i s o o •:S o ■73 o S be O C3 cT a; * tfr, % bJD •« CD 5 O t2^ bp o bD o ;3 IS ^ ^ 53 S3 ^ O o S a o c o be CO u o 03 a O) S3 S3 be OP a? ^ -^ CO ^ bl) ^^ O OJ ^ O C Ci c3 ^^ si S ^ § '^ .• -^^ .5 ^ ;^ bc -^3 S fl ® cS ^ Q — "*^,i^ c^ bO zi o ce -^ c 05 ^ 1 © Q ^ CS . ■« w Qi M 0) ^ F 3 •♦J CJ a; 'a. o «S3 O 0) (V) N 7 bD 0^ N I o CD i xn a a; <4^ <4J I <6 41 Monosyllables. — Albe, liste, morte, herpe^ urne, pacte, dorme, reste, tarde, charge, cirque, nargue^ bulbe, verne, teste, silve, garde, valse, gerce, dicte, arque, dogme, terse, falque, piste, serve, kurte, bapte, orle, gerbe, chaste, mirte, halte, derle, orme, musque, berne, alge, morde, quelque, tarse, gypse, serge, calme, juste, verve, volte, marne, pelte, soiie, siste, ternie, laste, carde^ ferme, surge, haste, vergue, sorbe, raisne, ferze, carnie, alee, gorge, perme, capte, disque, cernep barbe, morme, parce, riste, derme, usne, lycte, arme, busque, harde, thjrse, darne, opte, cerce, barne, cirse, salse, verle, farde, phasque, herque, alte, orde, targe, casque, berge, porse, selve, forge, culte, cherme, arde, myste, large, orse, volfe, serpe, charte, borde, hypiie, berme, cacte, orne, valve, barse, corde, perde, masque, turbe, algue, hispe, verbe^ palme, surme, carte, orge, celte, marie, targue, galbe, morne, geste, parley argue, kistey harpe, veste, purge, barce, fuste, torde, darde, secte, morve, jusque, syrte, lerne, apte, corme, nesle, quarte, fkrgue, roste, turque, serte, barge, dipse, larde^ verge, forme, salve, (arte, lisrae, heme, jacte, bnrge, caste, porte, marge, peste, orfe, sarpe, alve, berle, cosme, jarte, verse, larve, char me, cesie, hurle, balse, morce, velte, parme, cargue, bisque, farce, golfe, herle, arse, porque, acte, perse, corne, largue, risque, terne, sarde, barque, eelse, cyrbe, nK)rse, gulpe, therme, aspe, docte, caique, pigme, merle^ kyste, orgue, barde, raelte, corse, harle, beste, parque, torte, herbe, alque, forte, zeste, buste, carne, orque, basque, perle, copte, niyrte, paste, verte, turme, salpe, belge,^ xyste, nerve, faste, morgue, garbe, teste, torque, capse, borne, ciste, ferle, marque, solde, perce, baste, horde, palpe, berce, sarve, force, jaspe, herme, pulpe, some, terce, carpe, giste, larme, morfe, leste, sargue, darse, serse, poste, orbe, perte, salme, vaste, e3 . 42 , Jesque, torse^ parte, rusrao, herse talbe, sirle^ gernie^ phasriic ^^ ^ More difficult TVords. (See the Remark upon the last Element,) Cedre, bible, lucrc^ cobre, nefle, lagre, notre^ havre, cicle, hedre, sacre, capre, vibre, cbable, Dcgre, ivre, rafle, agre, patre, zocle, vepre, cible, sabre, bugle, fifre, jagre, cabre, rifle, betre, givre, noble, bagre, l^vre, mufle, vdtre, libre, ocle, cadre, guebre, atre, gible, phagre, cafre, titre, regie, tigre, fable, navre, rable, lepre, sicle, Sere, dogre, vivre, nable, guetre, sagre, cipre, macre, citre, hable, robre, bafre, table, chevre, livre, notre, sigle, betre, cadre, nafre, quatre, mitre, sobre, cable, redre, hj^dre, pagre, votre, cidre, labre, reble, afre, nitre, safre, bigle, fevre, gabre, sable, apre, racle, metre, sucre, chytre, nacre, vitre, chable, sevre, litre, quadre, socle, acre, cycle, regre, havre, ladre, made, retre, savre, bade, fibre, zebre, jable, ogre, cabre, sidre. Dissyllables. — Panurge, obverse, abri, nervure, purisme, ger^asse, volterre, herbue, peccable, cerbere, soluble, matilde, sarcasme, rablu, solipse, Tetorse, occise, muscule, observe, pycnite, sar- zane, funeste, tetraste, revivre, cornue, vulselle, massacre, galupse, lisbonne, exerce, sophocle, musquee, oxalme, reprunne, eiiigme, largue, su- f;asse, pustule, noblesse, apagnie, quatorze, sys- teme, purgeasse, tudesque, capture, socrate, vertu, peptique, algebre, charnue, palerme, tanagre, maldive, abrupte, redorte, escache, pigmee, forga, luzerne, egjpte, vitre, alipte, reglure, octobre, turgine, mosquee, virgile, omagre, reserve, sar- celte, gorgone, buccite, ulcere, tolture, discorde, reghre, targuasse^ zircone^ rablue, obseque, colza, 43 ecorce, hjbride, versenne, corvee^ sulplce, orfevrej varlope, cyclade, hostie, digeste, ibdare, vitruve, iiiahenie, necrose, survivre, raclure, calabre, zulme, systole, titrcj kalmie, murmure, cargue, testa, superbe, nyctee, fervemrae..., etrusque, largesse, catharse, risdale, bordure, palatre, inoresque, alfane, ostie, lariiiette, torture, acnide, quadrasse, sesto, or^a, palmjre, adverbe, subjugue, vesta, exedre, laburne, rodrigue, enorme, pygargue, thersite, cornu, ryptique, bergere, escorte, cal- quee, sirli, neptune, litharge, ubitre, permesse, jaspine, ardure, thisbe, majorque, cyclisque, sal- petre, exacte, recolte, persee, mufti, ordure, tap- sie, maltote, belulque, masnage, mutisme, lu- cerne, detracte, porcie, facture, vertige, objecte, niaflu, rosatre, epitre, sulmone, morsure, exarque, girofle, circule, parqua, sy stile, alburne, ellipse, turlure, (ormose, alegre, survie, morgue, berlue, multiple, agra, sophisme, nerva, tigre, hercule, optique, sagda, volvoce, aduste, minerve, far- 9asse, patrie, beberge, verdure, cascade, mol- lusque, guerpie, cinnabre, saturne, accisme, bus- quasse, reforme, delivre, octaple, ablue, misma, sursisse, inepte, lecture, erasme, vaccine, cer- velle, malagme, tortu, forgeasse, luUiste, adverse, posture, salmi, karmesse, peltaste, geste, dispute, cohorte, sophiste, thermale, percu, tosta, corbule, talitre, farcesque, decuple, carcasse, liermite, bii^orne, mordue, dactyle, suggeste, hersasse, ^o- plame, gorgee, calcule, mornifle, ortonne, di- vulgue, exalte, perpetre, sylvie, hiverne, armure, fetfa, legiste, hipnale, reclure, alerte, musurgue, optasse, despume, gargote, dipsade, elytre, fortune, accepte, synagre, magisme, salve, cornue, espace, attitre, caserne, per^usse, accipe, sectile, albatre, pistole, circe, affuble, thomisme, balzane, li- vresque, nocturne, captive, barquctte, marticle, astuce, soracte, marquise, tetrable, adresse, charnu, sinople, juriste, gonargue, etrenne, virgule, mag- ma, phenigme, personne, tigresse, reflue, chapitre, 44 cusco, perverse, nystagrae, lugubre, tolpache, esquisse, calcade, discerne, carbure, accorte^ hel- ve! le, mylabre, etna, formule, eclose, gagiste, for^age, tyrtee, adulte, minorque^ saligre, affirme, vulcelle, recta, eglegme, capsule, septique, al- berge, divorce, accede, palmiste, ardue, gar^onne, justesse, charpie, percee, ranatre, adolfe, rupture, algarbe, wiiscible, exorde, barbue, malverse^ hexaple, quadra, affuste, captee, belitre, escarney vulturne, harcele, ectjpe, subduple, orsasse, turcie, culbute, aeerbe, bizegle, escadre, decrusse^ alpiste, versade, catharme, tersine, epurge, dc- crete, kildare,. egiste, coprosme, ictere, lidnaecj, fustasse, sub&ide, decrue, exergue, suceede, alidre, inalacre, usurpe, harmoste, vertebre, erafle, sul- fure, litorne, sargasse, puriste, niarqua, desserve, vislule, ©patre, esquine, cartelle, bosra, recrue, niartyre,^ argee, xjtique, risqua, ortie, nialbeste, panufle, disperse, deharde, hydrie, cyclope, sa- lubre^ pharsale, abruse, artiste,, syllepse, ab- surde,^ defroque, basalte, renifle, burlesque, ric- cie, perdue, falme^ absyrte, liorloge,^ deplusse, adeple, dih4dre, eclorre, m©rmyre, tordue, es- pcce, risqna, Rierciy culture, agreste, deeharne^ eglise, furfure, custode, syrma, malherbe, oc- tuple, connifle, algarve, jaspee, bascule, occisse, asti, pactole, celeste, usiiee, parjure, bulliste, cherte, adopte, parterre, katqui, cyclique, oc- cuite, difforme, tliapsie, fabregue,perfasge, eclipse, charnure, aggee, ergo, lestee> eynisnie, persegue, gustave, arbuste,. rea^orque, ©fferte, bumalde, disciple, zirarme, tumulte, buglose, hydaspe, al- terne, marcote^ obvie, harpeste, salluste, gercee, escorne, sertule, cadavre, article, iiiercure, vul- pine, actee, sorbonne, alurne, hypetre, celsie, execre, degiue, salabre, argyre, delta, inasquee, robuste, accise^ derraeste, arbitre, porzane, ex- cepte, retorque, ardemme. . ., ecluse, chevrelte, sylvane, apnee, chiiaiste,. aclaste, tortue, apotre, visnage, commerce, burgeage, myrosme, chasuble^ 45 ^5 asperge, colmaj bosnie, licorne, malpague, argue cothurne, fersa, abdere, tetraple, calpe, occire, eglogue, recluse, active, gerbo, ornicle, bergasse, dictee, sjrtale, ecru, calibre, hidalgue, altesse, copta, amorce, rosmare, tartufte, agyrte, dur- bekke, chargeasse, cornifle, surdatre, altere, buc^ cine, galifule, talcite, ehrharte. Trisyllables, — Dogmatique, percerette, 6cartee, celsitude, respectable, horometre, epicycle, de* torquee, niloscope, regorgeasse, olfative, synec- doche, apodipne, fermeture, remercie, metastase, sacristine, cistophore, apper9usse, laconisme, qui- proquo, lactifere, epactale, targumiste, detestee, hebdoniade, paradignie, agregeasse, pittoresque, subsequemme,.., adoptee, terroriste, agrippeniie, 'sacerdoce, chirurgique, ossifrague, aprete, sus- ceptible, defFubla, verjute, vastitude, rapsodie, eclatasse, chagrine, rabbiniste, observasse, basta- reche, pesterie, vulsonade, kyphonisme, aposturne, cynosargue, niulatresse, barcelone, atticisme, de- sespere, cadrature, mirliflore, annaliste, surna- geasse, siccite, canneberge, eraflure, cicatrice, delivra, alegresse, urbaniste, metaplasme, epi- giotte, sulfurique, dorlotee, escogriffe, vulnerable, accoramettre, liturgiste, deresta, salvatelle, innas- cible, venuste, ecrasasse, tetrastique, kilometre, ecloppa, asterisme, molluccelle, adjuree, porsenna, tartarie, phonometre, barbacane, aposteme, mer- cerie, oxycedre, marquisasse, cystitome, purpu- rine, disparusse, cathartique, esquissasse, disco- bole, nilometre, humaniste, segregeasse, festonne, multivalve, arsacide, jasmel6e, horlogere, defro- qua, taciturne, essartee, obelisque, tetrametre, accipe, admirable, meprisee, justifie, exilasse, de»- postee, gasconisme, laxiflore, attribue, dechar- geasse, septidi, barbaresque, absolu, pulsative, udrometre, delestasse, artemise, tetracorde, espa- tulc, decagramme, albatrosse, hemistiche, chapi- tree, turcopole, arbitrasse, nepotisme, epiderme, hypoglosse, turbine, varsovie, tardigrade, raicipsa, 46 formuliste, survecu, nyctalope, agrostie, parfu- niee^ adoptive, hjdro^raphe, anapeste, lethargie^ gesticule, organiste, effor^asse, polydecte, harmo- nie, decrotte, arquebuse, sellisterne, d^tergeasse, salveline, uni forme, hallebarde, magistere, bulbi- forme, symmetrique, apper9u, patendtre, galvar- dine, reverbere, aptitude, receptacle, niatrologue, algebriste, parvenu, microstome, bergamasque, objective, turbulemme..., carcassone, berlurette, r6trecisse, corpusculc, decistere, agathyrse, ho- roscope, cclebrasse, cucurbite, escajolle, adaptee, tusculane, logogriphe, ecorcasse, disceptee, bala- fra, publiciste, deflegme, vertigo, talmudique, escu- lape, fascolome, thesmotethe, ladre^^ie, soldatesque, harponnee, perceptible, cisjurane, vaccinique, macrocosme, aruspice, curvature, ministere, serpe-* geasse, multiflore, lormerie, anecdote, chastete, aphorisme, subrecargue, escortee, vorticelle, phar- macie, aspirasse, thermometre, barbarisme, acrete^ detrichage, herminette, pulmonie, espagasse, ar- gemone, vetuste, herboriste, accostable, nocti- luqne, hesperie, microscope, abritee, recalcitre, echardonne, submergeasse, alarmiste, marmotee, hectometre, opsomane, anevrisme, recriblasse, dic- tature, apepsie, saxifrage, revolte, septiforme, germanisme, polyglotte, artolatre, lucaniste, es- carpe, suggeree, disparu, optative, calculasse, obverse, simulacre, acrocorde, laiinisme, volti- geasse, adaptee, multiplie, garniture, monoptere, barnabite, univalve, surnomme, hyrcanie, alber- gume, forpassasse, afFublee, immersive, destitue, eclissasse, soldanelie, unicorne, labbadiste, hyper- bole, arpegeasse, symmetric, astarbe, megametre, sucrera, paralipse, disputasse, epluchec, negrerie, lacrjmale, sospello, metacisrae, degorgea, iras- cible, paracelse, forgeta, salvadore, borborygme, rebrassee, demasquasse, subvenu, exometre, ana- gramme, majordome, optimiste, exergasse, de- portee, thermoscope, macrostiche, ecarta, tele- scope, almageste, systaltique, kackerlake, aparte^ 47 deharnache, metaclsmej camaldule, exostose, noc- turlarbe, hypsipjle, submergee^ resoluble, liarpo- crate, redelivre, parapegme, accorne, hydroglosse:^ excellemme..., njycterisme, cornemuse, suceinique, adjective, deplumee, detraquasse, amethyste, to-' luptc, hermogene, circassie, tachygraphe, affecte, survemu, myrmecie, decametre, ecriture, podesta, argyrite, surdite, ecbatane, chirurgie, latercule, egrisee, reciproque, perceptive, asmodee, cata- falque, liellenisme, citronne, finistere, haltera, labdacide, effectue, disposee, photometre, equi- libre, subrogea, roraanesque, machiniste, capri- corne, vinometre, harcele, purgative, exalta, re- gardure, borborisrae, attitrasse, jargonelle, humo, riste, devastee, acceptable, septimetre, lithurgie certitude, aspergea, diplolepe, oculiste, faculte, eptagone, sucrerie, depressasse, metrometre, al- gebrique, rectograde, defructu, bastonnade, sopho- niste, retiforme, escopete, culbutasse, moscovie, calderone, adultere, octomage, cornachine, emar- gea, cherconee, acrostiche, cervicale, vestibule, aniortisse, subalterne, aristarque, sarmatie, re- perdu, excepte, offusquasse, lethargique, albicore, fustibule, sistera, bulgarie, turpitude, vergettasse, cateciiisme, tardiflore, uberte, rechargeasse, ber- gerie, accelere, vertebrale, cisalpine, microscome, altinietre, fenetrage^ rigorisme, simagree, alarina, ornithope, ecliptique, bulbocode, harmophane, abrutisse, coccinellee, agrimiste, coprophage, ca- thariste, tumultue, apportee, diversasse, fatalisrne, liypermetre, melpomene, sacristie, algatrane, ga- zoraetre, loxocosme, marcassite, testacelle, recti- tude, reprisasse, corruptive, calypso, alterable, ecbarpee, inicrologue, cataclysme, turbinelle, sur- mena, acrolithe, rajustee, anastase, formaliste, solbature, colportasse, figurisme, pertinemme..., suspectee, cardamome, corruptible, cathedrale, utricule, mastiquee, asservi, bergamote, adju- geasse, sassesbc, hypnotique, damasquette, respire, pospolite, algarade, lacrymule, urticee, sorboniste, 48 flibregea, charbonne^ vesperie, permutassej f5ub- delegue, retordue, restera, fabuliste, disputee^ surtaxasse, hydrocele, caprimulgue, subjective, virginale, espahne, turquerie, debusquasse^ attes- tee, cyclostome, petalisme, agrippasse, dissoluble, xenoclee, sortira, corderie, subsistasse, holoferne, fanatieme, apostume, fabriquee, egorgeasse, nar- cissite, heptametrc, tablature, colibri, bannissable, chevrotee, survenue, vulcanisme, pjrometre, im- mortelle, depla^asse, retorquee^, molybdique, im- modeste, execrable, pycnostjle, multitude, sur* vivra, rabbinisme, fermete, reforgea, submersible, cynoglosse, defective, hydrogene, ajustage, sul- fure, orithye, colpocele, persistasse, hexametre, minuscule, apostee, gasconade, buraliste, meli- certe, sucrera, repliquee, exorciste, febrifuge, hy- drometre, destinee, calvinisme, refrisasse, tergi- verse, affermee, comestible, solfatare, rectorale, atmometre, talraudiste, calfatee, durcira, vitrerie, actinote, tetrapaste, hermathcne, revulsive, d6- pravasse, restitue, exorcisme, octogone, baston- able, hypocrite, escarcelle, successive, ob\^nu, sursolide, arabesque, madrenague, cafrerie, ver- nissure, cosmographe, albanie, decastere, ripos- tasse, hyspurite, bergerotte, respecte, dedurcisse, gesticule, cysticerque, abrogeasse, paroxisme, chardonnette, ratisbonne, amygdale, isopsephe, | falsifie, dupliquee, obligeasse, elliptique, musca- delle, dodecuple, osmazone, repartisse, testacee, commesture, terrorisme, baliscorne, ergote, pittos- pore, accipitre, obreptice, reper^asse, micrometre, moldavie, curvite, attaquable, etuviste, metalepse, cartahu, termini, debarqua, alterne, leptopsaphe, gallicisme, affectasse, particule, activee, cate- chiste, gobergea, vorticule, hippocrene, collec- tive, folalrasse, liberte, ergotisme, estafette, ser- ropalpe, corbegeo, assistee, cataracte, myrmecite, sepulture, neptunale, lismatisme, ecreme, ditri- glyphe, catastase, monocorde, polycreste, eclec- tique, permutee, adarca> galactite, catapasme^ 49 sjubjuguc, dermatode, barbarie, perpetue, «irnio»- neste^ negligea, divertisse, baroscope, charbonnee, malpighie, succursale, dulcifie, eclope, retra^asse^ astferisque, bartavelle, podoin^tre, aristote, cili- cisme, retractasse, arcalu, discursive, baccifere, heptapole, rajustasse, virginie, barnabote, torto- rele, amalgame, vitrescible, xylocarpe, turbinite, almugee, palpita, lucimdtre, hybristique, melas*^ tome, baltadgi, pathetisme, matricule, alytarque, caractere, pitrepite, massaerasse, effrenee, garga- risme, hyppodrome, pestera, regaliste, ternissure, occira, pactisasse, moljbd^ne, subnormale, sina- pisme, lustucru, hebergeasse, oxypetre, subver- sive, 6perdue, cataplasrae, lechefrite, suggere, 6barbure, tersera, pycnotique, vaccinable, giroflee, obtenu, mordestasse, djnastie, themistocle, ^til* mine, pastenague, copronygme, remorquasse, hir- sute, arretiste, torturee, eternue, calcinasse, batar- dise, mauimiforme, jargonna, catapulte, opsonome, p6ristyle, charsete, ^grugeasse, decretiste, cultivee, microphone, decalqua, atrophie, cephalocle, ob'- lige, Sumatra, discipline, Jiygroscope, replatree, eclipsasse, paganisme, buibipare, ezteri, alcal*,' ftubreptice, carcinome, vernisse, negiigemme..*, assortisse, servira^ takidrome, agelaste, modestie, dulcinee, ragraffasse, alkaline, serrasalme, hydra- gogue, remarqua, despotisme, anaspase^ sarcos- torae, harpera, etrurie, despume, abrupto, pycno- ^one, marguerite, obtenue, defrisee, adjugeasse, rapsodiste, eptacorde, versera, exigible, moles tee, accipasse, phyllostome, reflexive, abjurasse, curti- cone, hectogramme, solecisme, absolue, falbahij exercice, microcosme, ajastee, quadrisulce, salsifi, araerturae, fenetra, erethisme, barbastelle, malo- tru, amyclee, tetradragme, ecbolique, safrana, vul* canie, escarpe, servitude, jardinage, apocryphe, barbelote, abrege, permesside, escadrome, tccti- penne, abdiquasse, herbivore, kakerlaque, opti- misme, tarnabuste, divulgue, alisma, reversi, li- miUophB, opuscule, canapsa, hemoptique, esso- in 50 mfetre, chastete^ biscornu, armorist^, divergeasse3 virevolte, majuscule, uniflorej amor^asse, syllo- gisinc, harmotome, evertue, mustafa^ ernestine, Miajeste, ulceias^e, seitissure, aslani^ dynametre, barbola^ poIvcnem<^5 cagotisme, thyrsiflore, repla*- ^asse, ecsarcome, maiiometrej afFective, carpo- phage, agrippa. Quadrisyllables. — Eledorale, torticoli, dogma^ tisasse, viscosite, episcaphiej manufacture, etre- xira, gasteropode, nominatisme, difSculte, redres- J^ei a, aratriformO, epinyctide, hysteroptose, pater^ nisasse, discipline, sorcellerie, emarghiule, surdo*- Tera, cystirrhagie, verticite, cosmogr^phique, cer- copitheque, degrossira, paralleiisme, epiplerose, suggerera, metallnrgique, resist^ra, verbosity, hy*. pocrisie, estomaquasse, horographie, acatalecte, Gharcutera, exhortative, captivitci, digcernera, elar- gisyure, cosniogonie, revetberasse, hypeirsarcose^ Jiaturalisme, accipera, tergemine, eoiigmatique, «ardanapale, decrepite, exS^ctitude, Icgislatrice, lapportera, ekstosteme, docimastique, arquebu- ^ade. paradoxisme, aciniforme, exceptera, topo* graph ique, heptomagene, eternisasse, sideroclepte, oxiregmie, hypsiloglosse, paraphoniste, esquiverii^ maternite, inadmissible, departageasse, energu- mene, huguenotisme, asperile, usurpera, cordon* nerie, demarquisee, monoculiste, report^ra, ani* inalcule, hostilite, cataglotisme, targovisco, ico- jiolatre, belitrerie, yirgulera, adversite, musulma- iiisnie, martyrera, loxodromique, animocorde, hy- tiroparaste, metallurgie, detractoia, tardivete, acesmeresse, cosmographie, exorcisasse, desordon- 1)6, cathedratique, postuleva, acratophore, facul- tative, cataractasse, paternite, carcapuli, regret- tera, acceleree, catarrhectique, inaccostable, car- dinalisme, dysmenorrhee, re.'ipectera, reniflerie, calculifrage, exulceree, dcsistera, panegirisme, snbtilitc, domestiquasse, tachygraphie, recolteraj idolcitree, apocalypse, horoscopasse, factorerie, i^cartelure, calatrava, duplicite, parallactique, epa- 51 nalepse, Iminectera, immareessiblej d^ecliv ile, f>c^ trar,^ lustrative, arctitude, escrimasse, conirostre, ca- toptrique, amestrasse, rustrerie, hypermnestre, gastrolatre, destructive, astrologue, albrena, re- cercle, estrapasse, mercredi, abstergeasse, per^ 59 S|)ective5 astronome, fenestree, lustrera, ostracisme^ l-atirostre, registrasse^ calamistre, apostrophe^ pi- pistrelle, digastrique, hjperstene^ astragale, by- percrise, armilustre, substitue, actricisme, escla- vage, bostrjchite, esprite arctolide, gastrocele, doctrinale, abstenu^ neskre, erostrate^ bergforelle, anastrophe, raicrogastre, disbrodure^ lastrico. Quadrisj/ilables .^-^MagisiY'dture^ astrologique, obscurite, ministrerie, electrophore, alabastrite^ estrapadasse, hypercritique, arclopitheque^ relus- trera, postpositive, gastronomie, erasistrate, electri- cisme, policastro, poltronnerie, eclectrisable, epi- gastrique, calamistra, astrologie, electroscope, ob- stipite, hjpogastriqiie, obstinerajgastroraphie, epa- nastrophe, redistribue^ ostracodernie, escroquerie, sequestrera, pyrotartrite, eiectrisee, astronomique, postliminie, perplexite, esclavonie, obscurcira, epostracisine, distributive, electronietre, astraga- lisme, exstipule, postdatera, ophthalrnoxjstre. Five Si/llab/es. — Administrative, bypogastrocele, estramagonnasse, perspicacite, administrera, elec- tricite, epigastrocele. Six Sj/ltnbles. — Astrocynbiogie, destructibilite^ hepaticogastrique. Bi/ Four Co7isonQnls. Dissyllables. — Alechtre, hydarthre, arthrite, lox- arthre, ischnote, ecttilipse, hydrarthre, esphlase. Trisyllables. — Synarthrose, sepulchrale, arthro- die, ecphractiqiie, hemocerchne, arthropnose, ar- thritique, osphroneme, enarthrose, arthrocace, exarthr€rae, izeschne, exarthrose. Quadrisyllables, — Epanorthrose, artlirodynie^ pedarthrocace, ischnophonie, arthronalgie, i FOUR ARTICULATIONS EXPRESSED By Three Consonants, ^lonosyllabks. — Dextre. 60 J5mj///a&/e5.—- Explique, exclure, adextre^ ex- trSme, exclame, excluse. Trisyllables, — Extrayague^ explorasse, exprl- mee, expletive^ expressive, explicite, explicable. QuadrisT/Uables, — Extremite, explicative, ex- travase, exclamative, inexprimable, exprimitivej iextrapassasee. Five S7/l[able9. — Extravaguera. J5y Four Consotiatits : DissT/llables. — Ohstrue. Trisj/llables. — Abstractive, obstructive. QuadrisT/llables.'^tj^gersiromey superstructure, defeobstructive. <#^r*^^^#•^sr FINAL CONSONANTS Precseded by Single Vowels. SINGLE CONSONANTS. INARTICULATED CONSONANTS, t, h, z, s, and r (after e), are the oftenest inarticulaied, ELEMENTS. C dit, bat, ffit, pot, rat, mit, tot, but, vit, jat, ^t, it, ot, ut, < chat, piit, lot, rit, chut, rot, miit, (^ sut, git, mot, put, t^t, ah, ih, oh, «h, I ^^'^^^*;j^Jj^*'' SiV **'''''' ^*' ^^'^' az, iz, oz, uz,f"^'"^^^' .*o^' *"^' P^^' ^^' *«^' ' I phoz, giz, xaz. as. es. fes. is. os. y ^«f ' ^^h ^'P <^"f' •^'^»' f^' J"«' «^S' las, pis, tus, des, ras, dos, sus, mis^ bas, nos, ris, nus, lee^ ks, es, fes, is, OS, 3 us. I 61 €r ^»/ I T, ^ > cher, fer, mer, ver. , I y . 7 77 7 J C aller, dessiner, reaenerer, sound I e in polysyllables. < ' ,. o ° (^ i ^ ^ ^ naturaliser, par^ nil, zeb^ molj ric, tuf, cap, sol, bee, gad^ vil, siir, pic, tel, raf, hoc, mil, sec, for, jap, toe, bel, zig, pliul, sac, rob, bar, cil, mur, chef, val, tic, char, pol, vif, lac, pur, sel, roc, cid, var, dol, luc, fi], bac, mur, tic, pal, job, sil, tac, vol, dur, gap, soc, nef, bal, vie, cor, sud, pec, bol, hac^ quel, zag, bil, choq, car^ bek^ fol, sur^ fie, cal, lof, dax, juc, col. Dissi/llables, — Dormir^ pastel, micmac, retif, essor, alep, vassal, martyr, gibel, talmud, calcar,^ onyx, baizac, calcul, lascif, gaspar, urgel, maroc, exil, thorax, quebec, revel, honnir, fustal, alfred, butor, datif, missel, abdar, caleb, sortir, ajax, cheval, seror, visif, abel, cornac, tortil, Jacob, ducal, perir, lunel, defroc, liatif, canal, futur, egip, babel, sevir, penal, caduc, morfil, tabor, cilix, rural, lamed, guerir, ussel, phenix, echec, bannal, rugir, ormel, ephod, verbal, tollir, salep^ bazar, chacril, medoc, natrix, fanal, ophir, licol, re- bec, tomar, captif, bissac, nestor, rival, durcirjadad, mere], fakir, total, escroc, felix, appel, rasar, civil, avec, recif, pascal, hector, subtil, jared^ narval, querir, mechef, castor, lustral, aspic, Cesar, degel, bogud, issir, metal, orbec, larix^ bulgar, rachel, factif, azur, local, palir, oreb, menil, timar, becnel, natif, borax, vernir, captal^ public, medor, genap, bannir, accul, tarif, costar, martel, patac, catir, mogol, anax, viril, nectar^ motif, cassel, estor, final, desir, amed, ressif, agar^ formel, cherir, natal, erec, passif, radar, anil, pollux, venal, gemir, bosel, lescar, abib, cheptal, venir, girac, esquif, cacrel, namur, partil, colmar, as- tate, with a free mind, Mr. Gilchrist's Reason the true Arbiter of Language, Custom a Tyrant ; the Labyrinth deu7oli>^hed. Philoso- phic Etymology, or Rational Grammar j and the Rev. Dr. Crombie's Cursory Observations, in reply to the Strictures of the Rev. Mr. Gilchrist.) Jfthe learner wishes to follow Ratio-Custimi, lethini,^ in the effeminate ^i^n^YdX French jmrity, pronounce i?* like ?r^, which is not so easy to sturdy English organs, apt to projiouce ie. 68 tic, moral, talud, inurir, axel, niostar, sextil, estoc^ serlir, dossal, perplex, charnel, tenir, festal, mat jor, actif, narvar, jahel, erjx, bursal, restor, mas- tic, casal, mugir, issel, bagdad, ferir, egal, siroc, tardif, marcel, ealmar, perdix, nerval, gehir, zig- zac, chartil, xucar, mortel, garnir, azof, susdal, saphir, add, etrif, syphax, vctir, upsal, astroc, japix, obscur, thermal, murdrir, hanap, cartel, fictif, atrax, gesir, recul, essek, gjral, david, hotel, surgir, ytal, julep, quetif^ astral, ofFrir, bemol, pibrac, mirtil, zatmar, oryx, michel, furtif, chacal, subir, uzel, jalap, havir, fiscal, che- rif, bazac, carmel, punir, archal, erix, cheptel, abab, massif, buccal, silex, zephyr, petrel, ver- nix, mural, vizir, abec, chatel, lutrix, chetif, mi- tral, vitex, agir, nasal. Trisyllables. — Destructif, coronal, ebahir, na-^ turel, subversif, similor, desunir, lacrymal, sub- jectif, romestec, doctrinal, abstenir, corporel, gib- raltar, abstractif, balaruc, general, obscurcir, hip- ponax, jahelel, survenir, delphinal, perspectifj matador, bissextil, personnel, aguerrir, jaquemjir, cacastol, successif, machinal, corridor, volatil, arphaxad, mesoffrir, abracax, maternel, restrictif, actamar, bachaljc, capiscol, pertinax, requeriry^ numeral, cxpressif, colonel, sannazar, agaric, ma- gistral, etrecir, jesabel, archiduc, respectif, di- dascal, thermidor, canabil, malabar, cocatrix, api-^ nel, usquebac, reflechir, sepulchral, obstructif, baltasar, arratel, subvenir, germinal, copernic,pa- lafox, hjdromel, deguerpir, asdrubal, nutritif, ca* Ijemar, aqueduc, pervertir, Yicennal, discursif,, messidor, immortel, rabetir, derechef^ synodal, abstersif, labrador, m^nestrel, acquerir, hallifax, corruptif, paternel, maca^ar, alaric, caracol, elar- gir, senecnal, acanor, genitif, epactal, subvertir, amalec, jezrahel, debrutir, saratof, hivernal, re- brunir, habacuc, lustratif, nenuphar, eternel, basi- lic, coquemar, colinil, satyrel, acarnar; percepti^ archipel, dcmunir, vertebral. 69 Quadris^lllibles. ^-^Matuiin^Silj rebarbalif, uni* verselj desassortir^ philomirax, subsecutif, chirur- gical, salamalecj appartenir^ surnaturel, amada- bad, legislatif, appredator, madagascar, geraiinii" tif, paradoxal, abatadir, zorobabel, aminadab,, roboiatif, originel, meridarpax, apoltronnir^ me* dicinal. Five •Sj///fl6/e'5.— Cicatrisatif. Si^ Sj/ilables. — Archipresbyteral. TWO CONSONANTS. BOTH INARTICULATED. s final is almost in every case ivifhout articulation^ i^^ preceded by a vowel, are seldom uttered, rs are inar' ticidated only after e in poly syllables. Jets, lits, bats, mots, guets, fCits, dits. — buchers^ scnats, acquets, chicots, debuts, petits, rejets, diners, cachots, ecrits, achats. — paquebots, ines- sagers, chatelets, delicats, erudits, substituts, es- carbots, reculers, paltoquets, renegats. — char- donnerets, hortagiiers, palatinats^ THE FIRST ONLY ARTICULATED. t. and A are not pronounced after r. Double consonants^ or consonants of a similar articulation, are like single ones, eh are equivalent to k; th to t, and ph to f. Monosi/llahles. — Hors, lacs, perd, vifs, nuls, dort, cids, ath, nefs, fars, bees, ord, luth, sels, roch, gers, robs, caps, tirs, beth, jars, dues, vers, hoff, cils, lard, tell, mors, chefs, zebs, hith, tufs, sers, jobs, art, seps, pitt, lors, bals, fic&, verd, sofF, rafs, murs, socs, bath, ceps, ars, choqs, vapp^ japs, mort, bacs, vols, pers. JDissj/llables. — Zurich;^ bemols, aleph, cesars^ tis commonly pronounced after evei^ consonant but r. Monosyllables. — Tact^ serf, fise, apt, est, pore, zist, tarn, busc, pest, marc, test, malt, turc, nerf^ talc, lest, muse, batz, rapt, arc, zest, pare. DissT/llahles. — Kesmark, correct, abstract, bit- tern, cobalt, abject, balast, valdern, exact, direct, anhalt. Trisi/llables. — Dusseldorp, danemsirk, inexact, konismark. THREE CONSONANTS. ONE ARTICULATED. The same principles as above, MonosT/llables. -^Perds^ morts, luths, pitts. JJissj/llables.-^Sumiichs^ Josephs, kopecks. 71 TWO ARTICULATED. Principles as above. Monosyllables. — Turcs, serfs, lecht, posch. DissT/ilable. — Directs. CONTRASTED EXERCISE On Articulated and Inarticulated Final Consonants. 72 • • ' vider, orvert, semotes, dusil, milort, tagetes^ du" per, chomar, subit, metretes, varech, debuches, lotir, pechers, gorteres, nickel, deplut, hussards, doler, asor, zagus, ukases, carag, disgreges, ba- guas, zitzil, puchet, gallates, aval, regros, biferes, cesser, patir, sabech, estaches, rorel, mahot, ar- chards, kolpodes, cerner, hasar, mesas, armech, ^achez, nebel> herbus, abrupt, disert, ravir, su- lard, ramer, cacheres, fernel, debris, cossac, e^erces, gabords, dechus, benir, tomates, huchet, panard, oxides, apres, miguel, oblat, hachottes, talard, giter, bicoq^, figeas, sorbir, ofFrez, xomolt, guichet, estrac, astuces, quoquard, morver, reperes, costal, begus, chalazes, forgez, kelek, racqui4:, razettes, hagard, colnud, servez, finir, archers, turneres, ardus, belzof, choquet, sebates, dextil, battrez, jasard, bardit, mittek, solos, remors, Salop, refus, esquifs, cablot, tartrites, apar, bifFer, richard, debordes, mattir, saphos, carguer, helix, putput, requites, chabec, rosaces, rainart, ablectes, com- mis, rosbif, merlut, zugytes, curer* gesneres, fatal, mordrez, piverts, thallites, archet, tapir, clitirmer, sabord, fuschsies, repab, ecrus, esmard, barul, ver- rot, lacetes, mutir, ecorches, rudbechs, devrez, thenar, obtus, mydeses, capuk, targuas, dodart, porpites, bocal, logis, sedlitz, semez, terrir, vachers, gabar, arguas. arzel, burat, phosphates, vetus, bastir, hupper, arack, quiquis, chalef, radard, po-' quer, sesleres, polir, tabut, pavates, milmils, asfiir^ faner, superes, torchis, monax, velites, surot, laval, daguas, exert, cobalts, verdir, pester, tollard, dis- cordes, etal, levez, conizes, niirach, depeches, tur-' nix, suros, mulcter, edit, gibbar, piper, buchneres, formats, virgultes, calac, milices, vernet, dipteres, rimer, servir, cocos, quartel, chacart, navrer, lu- peres, daphnot, vitex, cadis, chalit, hepar. ro- chers, gerid, hedard, errer, dorsal, > mulot, sar- retes, anis, rebec, disgraces, kurtchis, efforts, urates, tapir, ragats, vitrer, tolmeres, chorok, avis, bocard^ percer^ vital, chalutj mesquites, partir, 73 roquer, meplat, kevel, verjus^ experts, fustoc, epuces, suffis, jumart, sabrer, paderes, berglax, ferez, lethech, recraches, tical, margot, balards, daguet, cotir, larder, morguas, oleb, cedrat, te- retes, rubord, tordrez, nopal, tolets, pinnites, occis, gerber, velar, rhasutes, ergot, beculs, mol- lir, huraer, sarget, otites, isop, re^us, repart, lu- zettes, pagel, musard, adniet, regir, porchers, xysteres, oral, viser, homard, sumax, versos, re- perds, subsides, asur, lustrer, sabah, regal, habits, pilchard, nagor, limer, postels, tetus, salir, calfat, puchettes, marfil, gasfots, passifs, septrees, canap, venez, arguzes, essarts, titrer, ederes, farcir, re- pas, puchot, galvettes, ritbok, marquis, minart, lavez, papal, ytet, degus, etoc, lucreces, alost, culart, vivrez, naval, exclus, batir, lisser, goguas, metel, habesch, peluches, ternir, caver, appas, lisard, arec, jectices, boddart, corrects, sortez, jacar, ofFerts, riper, athrax, surcot, mucites, vo- mir, serez, tisard, depit, velvotes, hazur, larguer, misgurn, jarret, unir, tester, retords, echardes, murex, querat, ziziths, bardot, sucer, benar, hu- blot, korates, fennec, atroces, chervis, rorqual, pitpit, avir, tonnez, nervezes, zaphar, filer, butt- neres, dogat, bosbok, valez, chocard, calmir^ orner, barbat, otel, liernard, queter, rapaces, chebec, hicard, absurdes, mirab, sercot, termites, espart, avez, capoc, delices, esteres, nochers, isir, halot, rajas, zibet, negrites, chicar, appris, gue- mul, rilek, biguas, lisez, evax, ardept, jugeat, accorts, zizel, larguas, degor, givet, patrat, kil- dir, uchers, pederes, jaguar, dedit, heros, corsac, negoces, requart, vigortes, fabel, marbrer, colir, repos, jugal, regres, riflard, calices, extrac, orser, materes, nikel, chaput, phyllites, virer, hostir, vecus, quartal, zebus, sotard, gunnel, dosez, me- Iczes, sujet, fulmar, vergers, recrus, toral, gue- pard, cornud, kabak, bonard, exordes, messel, tissus, orthoses, desserts, ophir, berner, tagels, mulat, goUetes, sirex, voguas^ mafrach, guenuclies, H 74 cctil^ sabbat, massetes, tirer, niacaf, cbablis, va- sart, fichus, napel, bavez, aquart, excnies, kussir, choquer, raquet, phacites, oval, mysirs, purger, melafc, supplices, etnet, pegmates, hachis, tabbel, sabords, halter, esnard, savez, nabab, diffus, rhi- coses, repic, surfaces, bardis, pacal, dormez, bi- zart, river, carderes, mugil, sarmech, epluches, ossec, hospices, mallard, jasper, rissir, suret, tes? seres, mitrer^ portor, depris, hetich, caboches, serval, verotes, cossart, musser, apteres, quedec, varices, marmot, penestes, rocar, vider, hardis, gomart, vaxel, isard, hoquet, sulfates, tapsic, especes, nephrites, orchet, salap, alors, vanner, argut, vernal, succes, perlasses, tardifs, rattel, budgets, merytes, per^us, tenor, ricket, sommite^, volter, forst^res, usul, eclos, begards, mettrez, zocor, cochers, cherick, rachat, torcol, cerat, ta- bard, accordes, vertex, jarlot, phosphites. Trhyllahles. — Objectif, regorgeas, periptoses, cerebral, pistolets, m6nagyrtes, avachir, mena- gers, belvederes, finissez, chacamel, reperdus, def- tecdar, ■ uranites, cabinet, assagir, remacher, orthop- teres, fixatif, assonah, redormir, alterquer, gazi- feres, doronic, sacerdoces, hochicat, molybdites, humeral, elaguas, pergoieses, occursir, decharmez, manikor, helicteres, posseder, estomir, jehovah, ^eptennal, devenus, abrutir, butonic, perikeces, vicinal, elzevirs, buriner, dasyceres, difiusifs, ta- gicrot, abulletes, ruperstral, applatir, romestecq, jionidis, paratheses, bomilcar, effarer, notopteres, pectinites, apostat, anordir, carneler, kilosteres, vertical, potamots, raffermir, horlogers, adoptif, picoiets, quamoclittes, subligard, tetracordes, or- dinal, chasselas, syssarcoses, departir, assommer, revulsi^ ultimat, meconites, athanor, cartager, uroceres, degrossir, raccordez, capivard, marginal, abattis, ecphjseses, surquerir, cletersif, altercat, quazerettes, aphrizit, dedurcir, cacaber, exuberes, alcohol, depromis, escubac, harpalices, acarnar, raturer, cephalottes, attractif; exigeas, perennises, 75 virginal, beaissez, taribords, revetir, epetils, de- tordiis, tapinosesj mortemarj agripper, deblasteres, amortir^ circinal, disparuSj exereses^ oviduc, de- dicaces, excessif, zigomas, degarnir, mesurer, ocjpteresj espatards, desaccordes, cardinal, ab- rolhos, lavateres, detraquer, retablir, numisraates, chalumetj erithal, torador, admettrez, mogilnik, bistoqaet, oxalates, arbitral, dirigez, regalecs, avalaces, avertir, regarder, t)alloderes5 redebats, purgatif, resolus, goguenard, amiral, verboquet, hyspurites, devetir, chopiner, hexapteres, balbu- sard, sigesbeks, unitif, surchargeas, anarnaks, anon- nez, fulminal, tajacus, fatiguasses, panacher, defi- nir, hemipteres, arsenal, sibilots, persicites, de- ceptif, accordos, parservir, galimarts, ratissetes, cubital, senekas, recrepir, acharner, dextrocheres, apalath, muscadet, purpurites, segetal, cabochards, vetirez, aftlictif, carteros, bulbiferes, affiler, hos- ^podar, decrivez, federertz, eternals, porcelet, niu- ricites, replanir, deverser, edemeres, rectoral, barallots, odelettes, celibat, alphenic, linifices, serbocal, bilboquet, cocheniar^ rassurer, mega- tlieres, casminal, pinarus, destribord, fugitif, citro- nat, surachetes, cortical, anascot, parachutes, rbodomel, agregeas, retrecir, potagers, culmiferes, fiororal, urucus, favorises, suflisez, olfactif, quar- tonat, tastigotes, kanasteres, abelir, surikates, jovanot, horipal, phjseteres, lapider, applanir, pulsatifs, lazaret, sjberites, assonach, anicroches, tetrapteres, escrimer, liadamar, salival, expuisif, subrogeas, epideses, algerir, margajat, repassctes, gannegard, hallebardes, genital, sopiquet, molyb- dates, diinacheres, maragers, decharpir, carisel, suscrirez, melliferes, raffoler, accottar, picarel, hanafat, actinotes, deflcchir, ostrogots, muscu- lites, i;eflexif, fortunal, thyrsiferes^ derocher, for- bannir, acquerez, epinards, gusbabul^ odorat, hippurites, patiphar, armeger, micropteres, ira- mersif, nasitorts, vertebrites, mocaneres, surme- n^r, relargir, sacrifices, bulbonac, racinal, farfadet^ 76 rhinobates, colcotar, ecurer, telraceres, humoral^ pipiris, releguasses^ poljpteresj mipartir, efficaces, belelacs^ tapabord, anacardes, mispikel, fusligeas, urocHses, alachir^ penmer^ verdineres, phalarop, refrirez, discussifs^ surmulot, tetricites, coterel^ asservir, detroner, hectosteres, caliducs, malefices, ruminalj berniquet, turriJites, erucir, madrigal^ sifiletj phalacrotes, aspalax, reperdis, dersiferes, liquider^ obtenir, lacustral, demordus, volkameres, barragersj agonir, subjugal, laxatif, personnat, gobeletteSj algazel, recassis, synevroses, salicoFj macropteres, godronner^ parvenir, jacamar, d6- biifer, hippagretes, gasparot, baptismal, ecrirez, parardir, surjurer, mahaleb, alleguas, polytric, ahurir, peragers, septiferes, ramisol, assorath, merceiftotj philaletes, expletif, vergoblet, ophthal- mites, escupir, niveler, cenopteres, pectoral, ber- thelot, escamettes, repetrir, acesmer, banisteres, jnomenel, segregeas, passevert, porphyrites, de- cisif, cochicat, cannevettes, sutural, amilcar, eclop- per, nevropteres, callitric, dehaniaches, roquefoit, musagetes, oxjmel, avilir, d^marcher, percnop'- teres, vicennal, nesarnak, salsifis, abregeasses, marechal, assechez, optati^ abdalas, petitoses^ capiverds, objurguer, viminal, heresbach, depri- mer, tjrsigeres, doctoral, rebattret, melanites, urebec, benefices, divertir, bifurquer, phylacteres, catarrhal, panaris, depromets, uperotes, tiirbatif, cocojus, barnadeses, acanor, recevrez, terminal, survecus, paqiiefic, carapaces, succinates, persicots, hopital, recelez, upalizes, reverdir, parsemer, gut- tiferes, mohabut, ^vergetes, cirrhiferes, etrenner, bedegar, ruderal, archiluth, marigot, quarteletes, soletard, adjectifs, deleguas, calliceres, simuler, algenir, patirich, coqueluches, elixirs, defalquer, ortboceres, portugal, octidis, maganeses, romestoc, extispices, calcamar, eluder, horopteres, corrigeas, behemoth, ablegat, patellites, decursif, quatracas, desapprises, edictal, paraclet, retirotes, sicamor, bocagers, enameres, bargelach, macrostiches, 77 rochefort, picadil, bocardos^ milaneses^ damavars, recruter, visageres^ metiga], vertigosj arrudir^ derober, cyclopteres, philippot, rhizelites, cacas- tol, degageasj supreptif, mascaret, pholidotes, es- cotardsj regalez, gonolek, zilalat, vergobretes, sardinal. Quadrisyllables , — Homicider, tulipiferes, muni- cipalj tarabiscot, menakanites, nomophjlax, rnes- estimezj exprimitifs, acolytat, pennatulites, me- sothenar^ devisager, arsenical, redevenir, extra- vaguer, paratonnerres, adversatif, gallithomas, sy- necphon^ses, occipital, tapararas, siderolites, re- cachetat, deprevenir, alkaliser, azedarac, furfu- racees, episcopal, versiculet, apteronotes, alliga- tor, recorriger, papiriferes, passerinettes, suppura- tif, degrappinez, pyrocorax, serevasis, devalisasses, nabonassar, sopbistiquer, pyramidal, beriberis, opocalpases, philometor, escalader, multilateres, picaveret, thalassocrates, exhortatifs, arrerageas, decanonises, phenomenal, assujettir, barricader, senestrocheres, carotidal, escadronner, allegerir, deraenageas, cumulatif, abeliser, attenerir, rape- tissez, orthogonal, excalfatif, appatelez, parano/- mases, anevrismal, pyrotartrites, amesutat, mesa- venir, oxycrater, vermiculites, repercutat, matu- tinel, amenageas, cardinalises, vegetalifs, mori- gener, esperlucat, lithoglyphites, azimutal, tarabus- tez, opoponax, zythogalas, uniformises^ electoral, domestiquer, urocriteres, repurgatif, alcarrazas, hydropedeses, cardinalat, abelonites, original, senegalis, parhonomases, redemolir, abequiter, inesarrivat, phytomorphites, exclamatif, apana- geas, septicolors, accumuler, collateral, sUbdele- guez, hypothenar, multipartis, repercussif, econo- mat, orbiculites, hygroclimax, desopilez, amala- dir, paranniser, desarborat, pyromucites, capuci- nal, parathenar, estocader, megalopteres, gemi- iiatifs, dilapidez, octopetal, extravaguas, genera- lises, periclitat, arragonites, philopator, accom- moder, xochicapal, distributifs; hydrothorax^ h3 78 Fite Si/llahhs. — Perfectissimat, hcrnipteronotes, metaphysiquez, remuneratif, immatriculer, apte- rodiceres, dechaperonnat, hypernephelisteSj desha- biteraSj unilateral, acceleratifs, recapitulat, artlio- ceralites, archimarechal, debrutalisat, desheriteras, etymologises, alcoholiser, lepadogasteres, ridicu- lisez, ag'glutinatif, redeliberat, anacoUeraaies, palestrophilax, estafiladat, porphyrogenetes, ar- chitectoral, estrama^onner, desorgariisat, urano- morpliites. ^^^s^4\r^s#' SEVERAL INITIAL CONSONANTS (i). A SINGLE ARTICULATION EXPRESSED By a Double Consonant. ELEMENTS AS ABOVE. Monosyllables .^^yV ehh (2), wighs, werste. Dissyllables. — Wielef, wesel, wolga. Trisyllables — VVarsovie, wiclefisme^ worabe, westphalie, westeivviek. By Two different Consonants. Tbor, dhul — philiste, Ihama, khordad — charle- yal, bhavani, khalasa, ghilini — rhjparographe. Scirpe, seel, scie, scene, scythes, sceptre, scires— sceptique, sci&sile, seelle, scyllare, scenique, scy* Ihisme, scellage, scissure, scythique, scenites— scelerats, scyphiphores, scepticisme, scelothyre, scytalisme — scenographie, sceleratesses, scitami- nees, scenopegies, scenophylax, sceleratisme — s^u, s^usses. (i) The Initial consonants are given last, being often more diffi- cuU in pronunciation than the Medial ami FinaL (2) ff^ IS the only double initial consonant in French ; it is com- monly pronounced according to the general rule, and as in Ger- man, that is V, 79 By Three Consonants; sch, followed by a vowel, are the oftenest pronounced like ch, as in German. Schisme, schahs, scheks, schirl^ schaff, schites, scheme, schigTe, schalls, sche, schet, schilde, schar, schene, schorls, schiste — schakat, schetsi^ schizees^ schabraque, schelor, scherif, scharmut, schedule — schematisme, schorlace, schismatique, scheno- bate, schemetisme, schcrliforme, scherbasti — sche* nobatee, schematiser. TWO ARTICULATIONS EXPRESSED By a Single Consonant. Xenismes, xacca — xilocolle, xenophanes, xa- tiva, xicocoj xuiiogrod, xicona— xocoxochilts— xinistecuhil. By Two Consonants. Monosyllables. — Flamme, brize, scute, trotte, preste, blade, drogue, erete, plat, gris, truble^ spee, crappe, floche, brye, plule, tree, spare, grimme, cleptes, trefle, croque, bdelle, frappe, slee, piie,^ truUe, classe, gros, stil, pre, brak, drjlle, globe^ prunes, spage, creme, blot, grifFe, scabre, tree, cruche, mnie, trass, psylle, gre, broche, flasque, squine, prame, brette, flic, trone, gregue, scalrne, bribe, glene, tru, flaque, treve^ pii, cnesme, gramme, plus, tripe, creche, fiotres, spathe, grippe, bleme, frase, prude, crasse, flez, store, gryphe, trabe, psoc, dreche, grass, brigue, glane, presque, trope, clique, blagre, stuc, grolle^ trattes, ble, crime^ drupe, flache, pretre, trie, scape, brome, club, grace, trisme, plethre, crocque, spure, trappe, frire, blette, grage, clysse, true, prote, glebe, brise, drome, flatte, smegme, bras, grue, triste, claque, flot, prele, slabre, brick, drege, gnonie, trac^ plique, flue, brache, criste^ glottc^ 80 I spasme, fruste, crlble, svelte^ blame^ proche, tres, flute, crick, sparte, br^ve, driles, glace, trolle, prisme, blechne, grappe, spic, troches, brune, plasme, ^eiie^ crise, ptose, grume, blaque, crit, frette, sporte, gras, trine, stele, bru, crone, glyplie, frere, prusse, stoc, grele, brave, cluse, frisque, drole, glabre, spet, tri, probe, glette, grapse, plote, trie, clalhre, brelle^ stipe, dru, crane, flegme, griphe, prase, stupre, brenne, glose, drame, clytres, ptene, grus, brisque, czar, frele, scaphe, drisse, froc, glu, trale, prime, sterne, bros, dragme, flustres, psi, grec, stalle^ cru, blague, dresse, prome, stase, gri, brusque, flet, prose, trame, squirre, grebe, broque, clas, triple, druge, flore, bresle, crabe, skires, drage, fresque, brisse, grade, spalme, creve, bloc, trufFe, plage, brie, drosse, flac, tresse, grime, scare, ores, brife, flotte, prue, spar, crjpte, grefFe, plane, trot, breche, clisse, sparses, pres, druse, gline, tre, frasque, blet, sbire, propre, grave, clute, friche, trox, ptine, bref, crie, plaque, frot, greve, stable, brique, crac, frustre, tmese, grague^ driff, broche, scale, precbe, brume, plie, stole, drave, crepe, frise, pluche, trace, grotte, blenne, crik, pr6ne, blatte, spe, grisse, traque, cloche, frene, bride, glame, presse, crotte, style, frac, bree, plume, groche, crave, spectre, crique, flame, brege, trisse, clorre, brut, grecque, place, cri, freze, psoque, bragues, prise, clupe, breve, crosse, stade, frime, crue, ploc, gratte, drenne, tzar, bris, grege, cloque, braques, fripe, stage, brede, prode, fleche, eric, grat, spode, breme, fritte, plaire, browse, gres, spire, trapp, brucbes, glass, plevre, fric, brasques, scote, greque, erase, stjx, fret, pro^ glas, tride, brut, stere, drague, crite, ploque, brae, grive, bleche^ fraque, brusc, clos, trique, crafie, pret. Dissyllables. — Primo, graphique, squelette, cro- cliu, fregate, plumee, tritomes, cracher, blestrisme, protase, statut, criquet, plamuse, draguer, tri- 81 pliane, fletrir, prudemme...climat5 grosil, spectacle^ proner, frittole, draba, stupide, broder, grenot, plumette^ troscart^ croquis^ prestesse, spadice^ tri* pler^ pratique^ blocage, dracene, grisatre, ptilose, freluclie, crabites, blesser, presto^ spiral, trichites, fr^ler, tricline, clerge^ brenache/ praline, glinole, Iriquetj crepu, spina, prurit, breteche, flatir, tru- cher, grenat, placunes, crocote, projets, scotie, droguetj bracmane^ clistrer, pretrise^ tricot, gla- ner, breda, psorice, crural, grefFer, statue, bresii, triptere^ placage, grades, flebile, triscale, bretture, scarole, droguer, prelire, trypliere, clivage, frus- trer, prolepse, starie, brocard, griblette, czarine, platole, trema, froler, blafard, crypside, spigeles, tripot, gravure, psora, cruchee, tremie, blaser, propice, sterno, grotesque, preture, dragonne, flu- ter, trimetre, crepage, placide, brucelies, trajane, gnidie, crossette, privable, flibot, brassee, dra- pades, smectite, grequer, propos, flamiche, tra- chee, brutal, stilbite, crotu, grimace, plapert, tri- braque, fretel, spalmer, brigade, prosthese, clep- sydre, gravas, trochisque, bluter, promesses, sco- lite, crevale, grypose, fracas, ptarmique, crisser, brulure, glanage, trochet, frelore, blottir, pre- face, grapper, classique, frivole, dragee, scapha, crepine, brunelle, glacer, tribord, prescrire, flo- rales, croquet, bravache, styptique, gi^ler, tracas, flamule, trufFette, prodrome, cliquette, spadix, bravo, grecistes, plumache, crenel, trafic, blam- able, proser, grenette, clapir, programme, friquet, stemodes, grabat, brisure, plastique, credo, fro- que, glissade, truUotte, premisses, blasphemes, tricher, stigmates, cruzite, framees, plecoste, grif- fard, broquettes, clubiste, frutex, prisable, fla- quees, brisis, scarlatte, tristesse, proptose, clarine, prospcre, gregal, stacte, frisure, drossart, placel, triglyphe, brochets, gnostiques, cravate, friper, scorie, bragot, tremelle, platras, fremir, crochet, scalvine, grenade, trifil, blochets, frarage, pressis, globule, profes, stomox, braquette, trivalve, cler- 82 gie, frapper, prima, glycine, dressees, brulot, tra- mettre, flatrure, proscrire, scubac, griphee, bras- sard, platine, trochure, florette, crepide, glener, prussite, sparies, brezole, trictrac, planer, gravir, fromages, scalene, prodigue, crista), glotrupe, tra- hir, briquet, klipdas, fritter, crocute, psorique, gratgal, brechet, staroste, criblure, tropique, fla- meque, dropax, presbjte, clave], grelot, fravure, blechir, frotter, crisite, scabelle, prologue, gra- buge, cljtie, trapeze, breloque, flottable, psal- miste, trophee, griset, cloture, frasil, drolesse, planorbe, brulees, gredine, spargane, crotter, tre- plu, fioriste, proherbe, grisards, clamide, braquer, friponne, psophie, dranet, crassule, scorpene^ gri- nette, trotter, blazir, proxene, cremone, plagal, fracture, spiree, brocotte, grammites, platane, vre- der, crostjle, steiage, freter, brathite, glabelle^ tresor, prostase, clicher, frapparts, prostyle, spor- tule, briguer, trappistes, glammet, crapone, pry- tanes, flecher, brassure, protet, scalope, drastique, triquestre, plumart, cristelle, gnomide, brusquer, frimas, sraarises, tochlee, prelude, glyptique, cra- tere, proverbes, floral, brebis, trisperme, grapliie^ stipule, fragile, probleme, clifforte, bretelle, pre- sages, spirique, travat, globee, propine, bridole, clethras, florer, prothese, scamitte, gribanne, pre- texte, clotho, tracheles, brehis, pterones, gradue, friser, stachides, broquart, crinole, glacis, troler, probable, blemir, fressure, stylet, cretonne, plas- ma, triphylle, brochure, glisser, crepis, scalpel, trocar, dreger, psellisme, brechite, cliquart, grat- ter, tribale, scotisme, brifer, credit, placets, bre- dir, flammettes, trigone, profanes, clonique, sta- mate, brunet, precis, clamer, travates, scolite, traper, plissure, broquer, crepis, plommer, tra- gies^ blaffarts, grener, spathique, clymene, pre- tras, tribune, stenie, gruger, flotiste, craquer, brissus, plamee, trifide, classer, breluche, pla- quette, styrax, grossir, crevet, brochees, glaphique, crecelle, protees, spirorbe, platrer, trigla, clo- S3 chettesj truffefj psychique, flavert, prestiges^ stll- bes, bramer^ plutard^ spinelle, cretique, plica, treper, brulables, closets^ prefix^ grager, crenure, scaphisme, brevet^ treport^ plumule, brachet, clis- ter, frequemme...staphyle5 croquer, plevir, grever, crinal, flaminechej trigames, droguistes, plerose, brettesses, sparsile, clave, prehnite, triraas, clisser, grenasse, blatrer, plumer, scorbut, cretelle, pre- coces, gnavelle, brider, stechas, plorcis, tramer, climax, fraser, pterides, brosser, trochile, prelat, grassef, cranie, placards, tribut, brelic, stoquer, brachmane, profil, claquet, trisulce, frigard, pla- tel, gradine, proces, closser, scarite, pretat, tra- quet, briser, flechir. Grotesque, plusage, gripper, troller, prefice, clibade, grimer, trichisme, pla- quas, sternicle, broccus, flotter, grenage, braser, pleniste, clutelle, travee, psilothre, flater, stjlite, clorose, prefets, statice, Irajiets, glama, bricole, cvever, planetes, troquat, floree, crassane, pro- prets, spahi, brunatre, trapelle, plomet, dromie^ grapu, stellite, creter^ trepas, platee, friture, tres- ser, claquade, profits, blessure, pluvine, crustolle, bruta, gloser, tricode, promettre, spinal, cluser, tzarine, bretonnes, frugale, placer, tribule, sco- Ijmes, graver, clenagre, presure, statere, cliniques, frocard, plumet, tripsaques, brunies, glanure, pri- mat, creper, glaris, progres, staltique, bractee, plamage, crocher, tridi, plethore, griiFer, brumale, clarte, stature, trasi, pressage, flipot, scultet, cli- quet, steriphes, gratelle, frettes, platise, tremue, braver, pretrage, cloporte, brisables, plumelle, trichure, glucine, spithame, crepole, psallette, tractrice, flaquer, bromos, prunelle, cliver, storax, grossesses, biamuse, frelet, trispaste, psyctique, grumelle, scaphe, crapule, plebe, cleche, granal, trimestre, plomee, sterile, brussoUes, priser, flot- tage, cressee, stokfiche, prelart, brelee, flamincs, traverse, predire, clissus, clapets, tribade, drosser, planure, crisper, tropistes, spatule, prevot, cru- clier, platures^ trapu; clitore, prechat, braguer, 84 spargelle, brossures^ squenee, plaquis^ era* quettes, spica, flatrer^ plessis, gromraer, bras^ sage, tribu, clatir, dresser, scatopse, crotale, brusquets, plocage, stigmites, truxales, crebebe, glapir, pressure, spolie, prolixe, tricheque, cli* chage, grecisrae, plutot, bretter, frisage, cribler, scotiste, preceptes, travade, clocher, brunir, grap- pelle, pluser, bloquer, credule, pnigite, grader, stomate, triremes, critique, plachettes, spergule, clergeots, tracer, prenable, glyphite, vretac, brfi- ler, florir, crener, trinome, plisser, graphide, bre- neche, smilax, procree, tribard, flanelle, crepir, brocher, platystes, stablat, griser, clozets, plo- quer, frottage, trelu, plupart, bracher, grjpbite, claquer, trottade, brocarts, trefler, clonisse, pro- plietes, stjler, griffade, plamer, crevasse, trochite, briber, placaque, grenet, scolie, traquer, crachats, flexible, primer, glanis, cruzade, triquer, cla- vettes, premices, spirule, tragique, brisees, plu- mage, bredi, flamet, prelats, statique, trabee, cli- tie, prostates, scalegres, gn6mique,,psorale, cljs- tere, trichies, proptome, sporade, gravelle, pla- trage, blaraer, bruce, clamart, prodiges, draper, scurrile, platene^ frigane, crissure, glossite, tri- quetre. Trisyllables. — Frugivores, tracasser, plumitif, crisogone, grelotter, scarifie, preleguer, crjpto- games, floretones, triterne, proleptique, brocar- dates, pragmatique, blassonnees, trotinat, plumete, cristatelle, proserpine, clarequet, trigynie, procu- . rer, stomacal, grosserie, frigotter, pteropodes, ere- I nerie, preferer, griffonnage, primitifs, crochetees, spicanard, troglodites, prominer, clothonies, gre- nelat, prevote, stellerides, brunissage, prelecture, trogossites, planispheres, cretinisme, trebuchet, Erofectifs, stylera, gravite, crucifies, psalmographes, ritannique, clergeresse, traditive, grisonnat, sta- tistiques, presbytere, crenatules, scammonee, pro- | cedures, tripudie, gravelure, knyphonism^, trico- ter, pressurage, spinifere, grabelage, trufFerie 85 IJemira, prophetiques, crapulates, glomere, pre- dies, stjlobate, grammatistes, prolifere, crustacee, scobiforrae, preterits, trigastriques, pterospermes, frenesie, drivonette, spasmatique, tr^passames, cle- matite, probite, ptirophage, craquelee, triperie^ stimulates, fructidor, predeces, spagyriques, pro- pylees, draperie, cliqueter, flatterie, presager, cra- botage, stapelies, tridacnes, broquelines, gnosi- maqiies, florilege, traquenards, primedi, spernia- lose, cresilage, prodiguer, plafonnas, trevirer, gres- serie, proraethee, spipolete, craspedies, triturable, prefiger, crocidisme, grumelasses, piicatile, crene* lures, projeter, gratifie, platonisme, briqueter, claricorde, trefiler, preveiiir, tripetale, glosso- petres, frucliforme, psephorie, drupace, friponnable, sternoptix, trafiquer, preparate, clavelee, progres- blei cassee, planirostres^ gochine, proctoptose, scutellere, brasserie, prece- demme,..granitelle5 plumetis, crotophage, propa- gine, bretesse, glorifie, friquenelle, precloture, speronat, dragonistes, plethoriques, frisson names, closerie, profiter, spinosisme, prespinal, scarlatine. plamerie, trezaler, brulerie, glumacees, prisma- tiques, floflottat, tripolir, scolopax, preciser, cra- nologue, glacerie, fracturat, platiceres, crepuscule, pratiquer, spathace, tritonie, brevetasses, flacon- ner, promerupe, stomatique, fraternels, presider, claquetat, trachinotes, plenitude, cromenare, tri- jugue, flammerolle, grumelure, preposer, blepha- roptre, graminee, primipile, clerical, tricosinesi, starostie, procello, brachygraphe, planetas, gras- sari, clarinettes, friponnat, prolastique, scutigere,, predorsal, brochetter, crystalline, psalmitique, I 86 cruciftrmes, grisoUates, prohiber, stelechite, pre* scriptibles, cretisates, pterocarpes, trotterie, ^ra- phometre, cl^turer, probatifs, spadice, frigefie^ trigonelles, pladarotes, tributifs, bracelets, gre- natite, trilatere, flegmagogues, preceller, tracanat, smaragdine^ projectures, crenirostres, scamasaxe, brusquerie, prelasser, tragelaphe, sparterie^ fri- sottasses, blasonner, drolatique, spinarelle, pre- texter, grilagine, traversal, ploqueresse, fructifie, climusette, professer, trisarchie, stipulames, bre- vipenne, privatifs, spinosa, platilobe, creditames, freluquets, scorbutique, dragonne, preciput, glos- sographes, fricarelle, ps^dracie, dramaturge, grive- lette, stjphelie, propageasses, treselir, clavicorde, gratitude, flageoler, trebucha, prochronismes, sca- rabee, crepidule, flaveries, grappeter, droguerie, staph)^lee, premunir, crochetage, planulites, tri- bometre, bredissure, proposables, clarifie, frelater, brocoli, scutiforme, triquenique, profectice, cloro- phane, pregadi. critiquables, spagirie, granul6e^, blesite, fructifere, prorata, mnemonique, tricolor, platjc^res, crenelas, stalactite, primipare, scaphi- dies, cruciferes, grippelat, fletrissures, trajectile, pluinotage, cretaces, grifFonnie, speculer, prefe- rables, crachoter, procigale, scorsonere, brevirostre, frenetique, ptysmagogue, gljcimere, brumazar, pro- seljtCvS, crjptonyme, spatule, trochilites, prelever, spicifere, criminels, plastronnames, trinite, glos- salgie, profiler, fratrisee, clavicule, braverie, dra- pelet, stylephore, processifs, crevassat, platitude, crfecerelle, propotome, stalagmite, triglottisme, plecopteres, grenetis, precheresses, spurciloque, crotapliite, blemitifs, fletelet, productifs, tripliquat, scorifie, clapotage^ prestolet, tripartible, plani- pedes, trepudie, craquetat, tristamie, floriforme, preparer, brunnichies, pterophore, tricennales, broderie, stipite, prolifiques, proboscide, crenilabe, stupefies^ placite, frustratifs, tramesat, prominule, spermacoces, tricotage, prefinir, flageolets, brico- las, plamottat, crepinettes, trygedie, styloglosse, 87 praticables, precitees, gnomonique, traceret, psal- niatole, crottifie, fraxinelle, clarine, privileges, trigonie, gravelee, flegmatique, proceder, scope- lisme, braconnates, prevotal, blepharique, crito- phage, platalee, friperie, globosites, promenades, brocatelle, scapiforme, tricherie, prejudices, clopi- ner, pronostics, spirale, bresicate, pterocere, tre- molite, fredonner, cludiforme, proctalgie, dragoii- nade, staminee, plebiscites, brunissure, preluder, spargitide, tr^tornas, grabeler, stelechtite, froma- ger, prevenues, clericat, trismegiste, flagornees, drolerie, prorogeat, spasraodique, crapelet, plu- micoUes, trilobe, frigalas, scapolithe, preceder, croquenote, grenelie, proprete, trophosperme, spe- cifique, fracassames, plicatule, crenules, grugerie, presbvtisine, tracelet, cliquetis, graviter, buco- laque, s])icilege, crocodiles, glossocome, profaner, tripoli, flechissable, breloquet, trigamie, prefec- tures, giiveler, clarissime, gratteler, cretelat, sco- tomie, profitable, trinerve, floripare, dramatiste, pressurer, stigmatique, crassatelle, platagones, tra- gediste, briquetage, smaragdite, griffonner, pre- parage, cledonisme, tricotets, bluterie, trejetage, critiquees, speronelle, projectiles, predicable, cra- querie, psychrometre, briberesse, crustacites, stj* matose, probatiques, graphipteres, pterigo, fratri- cide, clavatule, tribunal, brevite, spirogljphes, prelatures, dramatique, gljptospermes, presumable^ stoniachique, trupelu, platonique, crisocome, grom- nielcltes, triturer, blasphemasses, proclamer, cra- bonites, scalata, greciser, precipice, flabellames, crucherie, preserver, statira, tripotage, psalmo- die, primeveres, cretinage, sporadique, fricasser, plumotat, tricephale, promulguer, clamesi, frega- tas, prejuger, staphylome, triticite, grappiner, grazzini, glossocele, tridactyle, placardat, crypto- ceres, prologies, crenelee, scotocele, travestir, grima^ames, spinosistes. Quadrisyllables. — Professorat, triplicite, frigo- rifique, fraternisates, prorogatifs, sterilite, granu- 88 liformcj traversiner, platycerates, cranologiste^ sfu- pidite, presbjteralj trophologie, clericature, fru- galite, probabilisme^ spermatabole, predestiner, crjptocephale, pterodiceres, trifemoro, prefigurerj stel^graphie, cristalerie, prophylactiques, flacci- dite, gredinerie, sternocostal, preservatifs, bruta- lite, flagelleras, precipiter, frelaterie, blepharop- tose, protopathique, craticuler, blaspliemeras, pro- legomenesj tretopsychiques, stomacace, bravache- rie, grecanisat, planospirite, frivolite, crypto- graphique^ scorodoprase, predominer, trivelinade, clavecinistes, cristalliser, preceptoral, staaiinifere^ bradypepsie, prostapherese, flagornerie, prepara- tifs, tripteronotes, stylometrie, prolixite^ glutina- tif, cruinenophtalme, psephophorie, fragilite, gram- matica], pluralite, tracasserie, proximitej steno- graphies predeceder, tropologiques, flagorneras^ premediter, tribunitif, stabilite, cryptogamie, pro- nominal, glossotomie, primulacees, crepuscuiine, blennorrhagie, problematiques, tricuspidal, clima- terique, prpsperite, greneterie, flabelleras, ple- vrodinie, crocomagma, griniacerie, smaragdoprasej proselytisme, brutalisames, glossologies procerite, trichotterie, stolonifere, profiterole, trepidite, ster- nutatifs, cricelasie, proscarabees, blasonneras, pre- cocit^j knodalomorphe, precidanees, triplicuta, stercoranistes, prevariquer, criselaphie, spargono- phore, preconiser, cranologie, stypticite, grecali- sates, briqueterie, flageoleras, pronostiquat, tre- filerie, scurrilite, grimelinage, prefericul)?^ glypto- graphies preriiaturees, sporopthalmie, frigidite, prophilactice, spermatope, tresorerie, prestissimo, clisterisates, drymirrhisees, prosopalgie, stolidite, graticulat, planimetrie, crochetoral, stupefactif, i prerogatives, trilateral, spasmologie, graminiforme, I prohibitifs, irilosete, blepharoxyste, presbyterts, : criminalistes, spumosite, brachygraphie, glossoca- toche, cryptographic, professoral, stigmatisees, sporophtalmie, cristallographe, predicaner, scoto- dinie, frivolisat, procathartiquesj stephanegraphes, 8D bromographie, triplinerve^ plumasserie, fraternite, speculatif^precogite, trihemimere, flagorneras, pru- doterie, blepharotis^ progeniture, tropologie, sti- pulace, fromagerie, prosopopees, grimelinasses, stomomatique, preceptorat, tricoterie, claquemu- rer, prepositifs, gracilite, sterilisas, cryptoga- mistesjprophetisames, scolarite, tripolisser, flacon- neras, protomartjrs, prejudicie, trapeziformej glos- sographie, plan^tolabe, credulite, friponnerie, sper- matocele, probabilistes, grivellerie. Free Syllables. — Crjstallographie, prodigalite, glossopalatine, trigonometrie, credilite, brady- spermatisme, flexibilite, prosonoraasie, crypto- metaUine, stylocerato, provisorerie, tripolisseras, cristallotechnie, stigmatiseras, protocanoniqiie, preceptoriser^ glutinosite, steganographie^ cri- minalisees^ predeterminames, blepharopthalmie, probabilitesj cryptogamisatj stigmatographie, pre- maturite^ cljsteriseras, spermatologie, primoge- niture^ tractabilite^ steganographique, trigonome- trique, claquemureras, prosopographie. Six Syllables. — Cryptogamiseras, preceptori- sera. By Three Consonants, Monosyllables, — Chromej spliene^ chrie, phlasme, threces, chroche^ sphexe, chlore, thlase, phryne, chreme^ phlox^ sphere, chrome, phrase, throne, christe, phlegme. Dissyllables. — Spheric, chlorose, phrenique, sphacele, thlipsie, phryne, chlamide, spheristes, phlibot, chronique, thranit, phlyct^nes, sphyg- niiqiie, chlorite, phrigane, spherique, chromate, phlogose, sthenic, chrysite, phraser, spheno, thlaspi, phlacope, chromiquc, spheromes. Trisyllables. — Chrysographe, phlibotome, chro- niser, chrysalide, phlegmagogue, chrysophile, chro- nogramme, spheridies, chrysoclore, chronoscope, spheristique, christomaques, phlogopyre, chrono- logues, chrysolithe^ phlebotome, christicole, chle- I 3 90 uiii^pes, plirepetiquOj chrysostorrie, spherephores^ cl|ppii)atiqi}e, pbrysoprase, spheristere, ehresmel^r, phlpgistJQue, chrysocolle^ phrysulee, chronometre, sphero^^rpesjchrysomele, christolites, chrj'sologues, phlegrii^tique, chrysobate, chrjsoptere, clirono- graph^? spherometre, chrysoconie, chry si trice, cblprophfiine, phrenesie, ^hrysqpee, sphaceler, chry- saspide, ehrysotose, phlegmasie, chrysostrome. Quadrisj/llables. r-^Phlehographie^ chronogunee^ spherocephales, chronologiste, phlebotomie, chry- ^alidier, spheromachie, cbronologiqvies, thnetopsy- c^it^S) spherieite, c|irpnpgr^phie, phlebotomiste, chronologie, spbacejeras, phlebplogiej chrysobe- ril. Fivf Syllables. — CJirys^li^eraSj plilebotomiser. Six Sy//^§/e^.— Pfelel^gt^^inisera. Bt/ four Cons^ananis* \Diss7/llahfes — Phthisie, phthisiques. Trisi/llables. -r-Phihirophsige. THREE ARTICULATIONS EXPRESSED 91 Quadrisi/Uables. ^Strumosiie^ scribomanie, scle- rosarcome, stratographie, strobiliforme, scleroph- taimie, strapassonner, splenographies stratope- darque, stromatechnie, strobilifere, splenologie. Five Sy//a6/e^.— StratagematiqueSj splenopa- rectame, strapassonneras. '^^./^#J^r■r^ SEVERAL VOWELS. ONE SOUND. Originally, in the union of vowels, each of them was distinctly sounded. This fact is evident from the names given to such groups^ viz. diphthong and triphthong ; that is^ two and three sounds in one usual syllable or monosyllabic word ; which sounds are still most frequently pronounced in all languages. But in process of time some diphthongs and triph- thongs were reduced into one sound, though often preserving all their vowels. Owing to these two circumstances, they may be denominated Plurivocal Monophthongs, instead of the unmeaning appel- lations, False or Improper Diphthongs. Such in French are the following : ELEMENTS. ^e, ie, ye, ue, \ ^ ^'^^^ t ^^^^^^ «^^^ •^ * (^ a vowel. Seep. 9. qua, que, que, qufe, que, qui, quy, ) u i> silent after q. quo, quu. ySeepW. gu6. gufe, gui, guy. I %lp°20 qu6e, quie, quye, quue— guee, S»ie,i , guye, gime, -^as aoove. m < y e ai ay, ei, ey au, eau • • « eu, oeu. • • ' 1 ^ or 6. 6 r sbund always 6 i^« Me"* y?r«^ person singular of what is called Preterit of verbs in er, as parlm, and in that of the Future of all verbsy as parlerai, ecrirsii ; the sound e dis- tinguishing now those two tenses from the Im- perfect and Conditional in which ai are pro- nounced h or e, parlsds^ /ja/Yerais, ecriVais. J . sound commonly h or ^e in other words • sound .••.••••••• •sound • ••• • • sound ••••..•.•• o iyr 6 sound like e simple > , ^ X . 17 1.1 I e short or strong in monosyllables, > / ce, dcyje, le, me, ne, &c. } ^* sound like o, oo, ou, in the English words to, too, could. the circumflex accent does not af- tely those lengthens the thongs* aie, aye, eue, one • as above. geu, geu, geue (2), — quai, quai, quay,' quei, quey, queu, queu, quoeu, quau, quou, quou — guai, guai, guay, guei, guey, gueu, gueu, guoeu, guau, guou, guou — geai, geai, geay, geau, geou, Jx geoA — quaie, quaye queue, quoeue, quoue — guaie, guaye, gueue, guoeue, guoue — geaie, geaye, geoue. ou I at, eA, o^ •••••• Vas above. ^ (1) c, in spite of analogy and true Latin pronunciation, is not guttural before (e and o?, as it is in cceur^ but is pronounced like s. (2) This element geuy said to be pronounced ju in page 20, must be blotted out of it, though analogical, because it is regular 93 FINAL CONSONANTS Preceded b^ several Monophthongal Vowels. SINGLE CONSONANTS. INARTICULATED CONSONANTS. t, h, z, and s, are inarticulated after several, as well as single, vowels; d and x 07ily after several. Aid, eud, oeud, aud, oud — ait^ eut, cent, aut, out — aili, euh, oeuh, auh, ouh — aiz, eiiz, oeuz^ BUZ, ouz — aisy eusj oeusj aus, ous— aix, eux, ceux, aux^ oux. ARTICULATED. Euf, auf^ aif, ouf^ oeuf—aik, euk, auk, ceuk^ ouk—auq, ceuq, ouq, euq, aiq — ouc, auc, euc, aic, oeuc — aul, eul, oul, ceul— air, ceur, aur, eur, our(i). TWO CONSONANTS. BOTH INARTICULATED. ds and is are never pronounced ; nor are Id and It after au and on f no7' gn after ou. CEuds, ouds, aids, euds, auds — aits, euts, outs, auts, oeuts — auld, ould — ault, oult — ough. in only three words, chargeurCy gageure, mangeure^ and would give rise to the exception of mariy words in another respect very rt^gular ; such as chargeur* gageur, niangeur^ courageuse, &c. Pronounce, then, geu like jVm. (1) When preceded by ouy the ever-sweet R caiinot come out of Britanno-Anglo-Saxon mouths. They can indeed pronounce some- thing like or, eur, oueur, but hardly ever our, \>hich, therefore, is multiplied in the following exercises. 94 THE FIRST ONLY ARTICULATED. The same principles as in page 69. g is generally inar- ticulated after our. Aifs, aucs, ours, euks, eauls, oeuqs— ourd, eurd, aurd, oeurd, aird — aurt, oeurt, airt, eurt, ourt — ceuch, audi, aich, ouch, euch — aith, euth, outh, oeuth, auth — ouph, aipb, oeuph, auph, euph— ourg. THREE CONSONANTS. The same consonants ar above y with ^ final inarticulatedo Monosyllables. — Foule, braire, pleut, ourse, gaule, taire, clou, neuve, vous, beau, reine, bouche, preu, sourd, paie, saure, poutre, trait, goure, ceux, chausses, loupe, meuble, pair, thou, gaufre, veuve, pouffe, laid, courbe, glaise, plaute, fours, dais, soeurs, coudre, eauge, houes, gueule, roux, naitre, tousse, baux, dey, groupe, hauts, faite, leurre, air, soufre, baume, hait, douve, moeuf, chaux, tourbe, quai, noue, veaux, laits, gout, meule, double, baisse, trouve, pseaumes, maigre, boucs, raeuse, seize, caut, moue, traire, jour, bleu, coute, fraude, veufs, tourte, mais, glaux, choufs, gai, pou, eaux, neuf, bourse, peines, fausse, peurs, roues, aide, lourde, sceaux, pais, ceuvres, louche, aine, saute, boude, gueuse, traite, faune, doute, bajle, souffle, voeux, gourme, maire, vaud, neutre, housse, veines, soule, queues, brou, lai, heaurae, paitre, source, pleure, chairs, bouge, veut, speautre, cours, laide, sauge, bout, jeu, mouds, traitre, seau, pleuve, joue, rnaine, cous, bau, peuples, gaie, pouf, chaud, sourde, caisse, boule, cause, ours, bai, poudres, neume, trou, aube, fourre, nais, couvre, seuls, bourbe, laiue^ haute, sous, meurtre, craie, loue, blaude, soudre, 95 peux, outre, meaux, douche plaids, bauge, mourre, croule, faix, rouvre, noeuds, pour, seine, leurs, boue, laise, soute, gaupe, laie, couple, saut, douze, creux, glout, saie, fourche, heu, clair, fauche, coulpe, treize, douvres, veux, vaine, goufFre, chauve, sourds, frai, oeuf, toute, pau, quoue, feurre, caire, pousse, baugue, froue, chaise, lourd, haie, faute, toul, laite, preuve, gourde, baie, croupe, feux, prou, jais, laudes, goute, vrai, graine, foudre, heurte, sait, pouge, beaune, hais, tour, meuve, douce, plaie, toue, geai, freux, houppe, treuf, voute, pleines, bouse, fleur, poule, paire, trousse, vautre, roule, beugle, louche, fraie, peaux, jours, meurte, brai, cou, faits, saudre, pource, claire, boufFe, raeut, aux, paii-s, toux, deux, aides, proue, aune, hourque, laire, peur, fougue, plaise, cloute, maure, poux, flair, meure, troupe, faux, bouc, raie, clause, bourges, queux, gaine, soude, chaude, joute, vaigre, pleurs, moule, aise, court, mauve, louve, pleutre, couds, veau, troue, graisse, ceuvres, ourle, peine, hausse, tout, baile, feurs, mou, auge, four, traine, courte, queues, traits, rouge, haile, coux, leur, pait, goutte, baud, clone, faire, louvre, fleuve, ib^rbe, plaide, seaux, boucle, feue, sourdre, frais, tons, veuf, draie, courre, treuve, doue, baise, chaume, route, preux, nioud, nait, sou, mai, bouts, jaune, aix, meurs, houle, clairs, tourne, seule, couse, taise, lourds, aigre, crau, mouche voeu, poufs, veines, nous, fleure, aine, joues, plaude, soeur, courge, plaine, haut, fou, moeufs, croiite, laisse, fleurs, cour, naine, peau, gueules, soupe, laids, houx, rais, sauts, creuse, souche, faine, aude, eofit, jeux, touffe, haire, pourpre, sauce, ouvre, treufs, broute, vair, paume, houe, meugle, pougue, claie, sauve, course, grais, peuple, bouque^ raine, beauce, gouge, seul, trouble, aile, sceau, coutre, meurt, pauvre, airs, bourre, peu, poudre, geais, saugues, mousse, pent, lait, coule, autre, fraise, gueux, poii, vaigres, gauche, souffre^ bleue, poupe, reines, loutre, braise, pouce. 96 quais, taupe, coud, bleux, roue, haine, bourde* chauds, aire, chouf, maux, beurre, souple, taie, psaume, gouts, plaire, rouche, jeune, touze, paul, moeurs, coude, glaire, voue, chauffe, braie, poulpe, veule, boute, chair, moufle, bey, pause, meute, fait, beaux, tours, chaine, neufs, gousse, maitre, feutre, saule, courts, plaid, vaux, quoues, raire, bccuf, couche, laure, brout, paix, chou, pleine, heure, moudre, tai, jauge, coupe, feu, doux, gaies, faut, prouve. Dissi/Uahles, — Naufrage, hebreu, souffloi (i), creuset, beaute^ coecale, sourci, coudr«/, laquais, jouter, closeau, pleureux, baleine, chaudeau, vaut- ours, eteule, fourrure, troppeau, feutrer, saumatre, fraicheur, prouver, haubart, neigea, attraits, cal- feutre, souper, ourdir, moreau, largeur, velours,, saumaise, touffue, cliqueur, sursaut^, mairie, sceli- leur, moulu, faraire, copeau, trainee, jeftnait, sauver, fbrgeur, journal, annate, pastour, euryte, clouter, peureux, bousquie, leucade, baisure, hohou, pausaire trezeau, soufFrer, chercheur, bourrelle, graisseux, caudrette, pourceau, vigueur, fourbure,- hausser, moqueur, voulusse, chaufour, audace, soumettre, vitteaux, oedipe, queunii, jamais, gaulrz/, cirrheux, chaineau, tanneur, cousue, pommeau^' laineux, fournir, verveine, bouzars^ begueuie, daunie, bourrasque, clairet, heurter, rohaut, mourut, jaugeur, caustique, ineubler, sceurette, restaure, souris, chauffeur, courtrai, eineut, sauter, fbulure^ OBuve, fourneau, samours, beauture, immeuble,^ baisser, cerceau, manoeuvre, eutrope, boulaie, cre- seau, pourrr^*, trucheur, eubee, plausible, feiture, aumale, recourt, neigeux, blaireau, fesour, coucheur, heaumer, doublure, haite, fleuret, tournee, pilau, rigueur, sougarde, eudiste, boussole, licteur, aveine, doucatre, flaireur, laura, cymaise, piqueur^ belnaux, nourrir, traineau, laitue, forgea/, grais- (1) aiy sounding^ in the two cases stated p. 92, will be priiited in italics throughout ail subseq^uent exercises. 97 sez, aveugle^ ausbourg, \ivrai^ coucy, haiieaUj discours, ^ervais, beuree, aimargue, mouver, for- maire, herbault^ rauqueux, ourdi, braurone^ scrip* teur, feisceau, beuglr//, augiire, debourre, oedeme, grainette, mammouthj gageur^ soufree, treizaine, echaux, brouter, marqueur^ airure, nourrice, euph-p rade, goulu, leuce, rebours^ guimauve^ heuchere, blousei-j surfaire, bureau, recours, prairie, jaunatre, fougueux, casau, boubil, portrait, frivaiy bouture, ' faucheur, adour, bluteau, afFougue, emeu, lourdaud, grouper, pythaule, vaucour^ margaj, creusure, bourgmestre, gaucourte, peuplade, saisir, voulu^ auberge, troqueurs, aus&i^ parcourt, gueusa/, maig- i rir, libourna, aubaine, chargeur, couter, pleurard, j au:xese^ mourusse, visqueux, petau, cenopte, cour- I eur, gourmet, jeuneur, maitresse, vaudra/, glous* ser, afFreux, corbeau, aine, gauffreur, couture, I mauvais, clamour, alleu, troupeau, baidar, n^ulie, ^oustraire, rirai, arnauld, goutteux, nautili, au» tour, lustreux^ mausole, leurrez, fourchage, au- rore, pisej, craqueur, recourbe, baudose, coutume, ligueurs, bouveau, traits/, queudeu, bougie, cres- cau, toujours^ moulue, fleurisme, claustral, se- coure, belley, veautrer, depeuple, cobourg, be- jaune, tordrm*, aisselle, voulut, coudey, liurleur, affaire, moustache, jeunette, boustrophe, irait, cloucourde, sauvage, maheutre, fourmi, chaussure, plairrt/, boursaut, allure, morgueur, grassais, an- neau, gouter, effleure, accourt, jargeau, gouger, raiforts, goureur, voutr//, lausanne, besaigre, ajourne, meugler, joufflue, begault, tiqueur, hau- tesse, frairie, bouteau, rheteurs, chaucique, essour, lejsere, traite, gourlu, aimables, boucler, saurcj/, haineux, gaucbir, barfouls, vaisselle, balourds, jureur, cesjpe, quinaire, pourvut, clairvaux, rou- geur, daumurs, bourdaine, dartreux, euphorbe, moutarde, chauny, amours, tair«/, malheurs, dou- ter, perrault, souscrire, verveu, fraiser, discoure, brair^?, goulue, jeunet, maitrise, fauchage, bou- deur, veine, oenide, retour, fleurette^ tousser, ex* 98 traire, neustrie, aiglat/ soury, erreur^ phalsbourg, auray, saucer, neveuj autriche, fourchu, haleine, peuplr//, couteaux, teuthie, renait, beanpre, hag- leure^ coulure, museau, pequais^ oeuvriste, mourirj flauber, aveux, rougeole^ vaisseaux^ meitrai^ four-' liaise, crpqueurs, fausser^ baisais^ coiiti, honneur, bravoure, aiglure, charnaigre, tournise, causal, detourne, reinettes, ourler, cederes, vogueurs, airee, sejour, euterpe, bourru, aurr/z, pleuvir, Bimais, niajeur, faisable, falourde, autruche, boiir- sault, aqueiix, phcenigme, sirsair, courusse, fleurer, traiiieuFS, aigrie, touffues, eusebe, trair^/, mairet, detours, augistes, drogueur, saisine, houssards, carpteur, tonueaux, decours, douve, repeuple, de- caisse, aroure, gommeux, seizaine, devrr//, renaud, aiFourche, gueuler, austere, poulot, laideur, cour- bure, aideau, margeur, brigueurs, saurer, courcelle, plaidames, schisteux, maudire, couleuvre, seraiy spathaire, europe, mitau, outrait, coureurs^ feut- rage^ toupies, aisceaux, maltraite, nemours aunee, laidore, zoucet, cenone, fourrer, taureaux, moulut, beaucaire, \errai^ arcaune, demeuble, autels, four- bue, cceciles, rougeatre, vinaigre, coursie, chart- reuse, mouchure, deutzib, cordeaux, ailees, guet- te-ur, bouhours, chaumais, h3.ixra?\ eubade, aglaure retourue, meurtrir, ainesse, fribourg, rougeaud^ haireux, pouss«/, extraits, Strasbourg, aphteux, causais, journee, ciseaux, euphrate, saumur, par- coure, beurrer, napaul, hourdi, maigreur, babau, queussi, mordr«/, ueigeait, trouvez, euclide, dis- court, balai, voussure, phaleuque, laite, bourbeux, vanneaux, pairie, haubitz, gourme, nageurs, aise, r.ouveau, emeuve, courues, daubeur, guevei, pour- tour, soubaits, seulette, ayri, panneaux, soudure, trainee?, epeautre, phcenix, troubler, breuvage, aig- reur, pourpre, fleurir, soulards, pauser, debourse, eudoxe, coupeau, paissure, sejouriie, aveu, mait- tairc, outi, torgau, recoure, saurir, houssait, plai- deurs, epaule, bouroche, laiteux, gourrnade, per- diaiy metrour, paisible^ coupure, fargeau, lourdeur, ? auguetj laissais, patour, augers/, nouvelle, traiteur, boiichonne, epreuve, vautr«/, neuvaine, balourde, coteauxj sourire, dragueurs, quiuaud, houpper, austral, joufliu, ainard, ourlet, glaireux^ auguste, C0USU5 degraisse, harfleur, livourne, heydaque, bouli, gauffrer^ biseigle, fournies^ veuvage, bour- reaux, paitrcj/jxenope^ deraeure^ secours, faussaire, roussy, phraseur, courut, sarrau, euripe, brassour^ rou^satre, aumone, cheveu, ecourte, laurette, fleu- ristesj ouvrait, heureux, atour, peinais, nioussu, liqueurs, grairie, rousseau^ pleigeasse, distraire, Cherbourg, gueulee^ aumusse, jeudi, poulets, nai- irai, accoure^ beauveau, rugueux^ cercaire, tau- goursj crapaud. Trisyllables. — Nourriture^ euphemiej rebrous- saitj douloureux, suscrir^/, epaulard, boutonner, appaisatj fourrageurs, eclaircir^ cocothrauste, cour- bature, latreutique, rehaussais, assommeur, ecout- Ames, debraisez, giboulees, neuranie, surcostaux, eauteleuxj fourgonn«2, castelnau, machenioure^ maltraitaisj clouterie^ degueuler, naulise, mousque- taires, gleucometre, oetophore;, reprouvee, augus- tine, soupirait, clabaudeur, brouhaha, recourusses, iiouvelliste, prevaudr^g, segrairie, taupinee, sout- raita, pastourelle, defleurir, labourais, fourniturCj escabeauj czigithai, houssinez, argonaute, flageo- leurs, accoulume, butjreux, gastadour, caulicole, gribouri, souhaitable, eumenides, hypocauste, ex- clurai, ^moulut, bourgeonner, affaiteur, redouta, jalousie, soupressure, assourdir, fauconneaux, aheurtais, tapageur, degourdir, alaizer, fleurete, degraissais, remoulue, bestouriift/, maigrelet, sou- pesa, aethetique, dissecteurs, malvoulu, primaute, eusebie, calfeutrait, tourelle, oenometre^ mouche- ture, maisonner, aumonee, roupeti, marjolainej paraitr^/, accout^^er, jargonneur, secourusse, vinaig- rette, teutonique, cachoutchou, ouvragea, repeu- pler, exhaussait, bouderie, auvernat, dissoudrcj/, dehousee, fabriqueur, boulimie, scapulaires, accou- russe^ outrageuse, euphrosine, goudiner, rockisau, loo tremoussaitj approuva, beaumaris, valeureux, souf- flerie, happechair, boursouflerj oepata^ pneumatode, degauchir, rag^out6es5 assessetir, chafFourais, mau- diraiy dechaussure, celluleux, d6bouquer, minau- tore, recousu, desaveu, paissonner^ allouvi, cce- lestine^ abaissa?, fourbissime, caulacau, tournefil, raisonneuFs, saugrenu, eucrasie, ebouqueuse, doc- trinaire, debouta, effleurir, saupoudrais, cesthe- tique, depourvuj discoureur, etourneaux, ajourner, librairesses, lourderie, connaitr«/j escroqueursj boucheture, tautogramme, soutirait, glouglottates, heptateuque, rafraichie, deboucler, celseno, ver- mouluesj faussete, afFaitais, revaudr^?, pourriture, eorypile, detroussait, acquereurs, dauphine, mou- cheta, annonai, journaliste, couleuvreej privaute, accourut, chaleureux, reheurta/, oupelotte, frauda- leux, sabbataire, ecourta, deplaisJr, fleuronner, moucheroUe, forfaiture^ courtisames, sauterelle, defFergeait^ laboureurs, pauvrete, affleurais, de- goutat^ esseule, eclaireur, turlutaine, baleineatrx, couronner, epaissirj charbonneux, ajoutais, re- crir«?5 eulalie^ nouveaute, afFouguez, delaissais, pauletta, ouverture, ajusteur, ecroutee, badaudisnie, agrouper, raccoutreurs, leucolithe, librairie, mous- quetade, saugrenee, degourdir, oupurais, gaudron- nez, parcourusses, chevauchee resoudr^/, froma- geux, bistouris^ echauffasses, dehaite, meurtrissure, auditeurs, degainerj accourir, restaurait, desast- reux, moucherie, tressautat, portrait are, roueoulez,^ cenistice, haguenau, soustraira/, veloutees, reli- quaire, causerie, hoehequeues, troubadour, roque- laure, malfaiteur, derouta, sautereau, reboursait, couverture, recreusates, quatorzaine, ecrouler, gueuserie, chauvete, philisbourg, debourais, tra- fiqueurs, retraitee, austrasie, bourdonner, exaugais, vitchourat, automate, parfournir, eucologe, dis- trair«/, tousserie, plumaceau, oenomel, souhaiteur, accourue, musculeux, courbatu, affaire, bouquineur, pa^derote, euphonique, recousue, nietairie, dejeu- ners^ soufflete^ rehaussait, mauricault, vigoureuxj 101 r dechaussesj effleurage, arbrisseau, voltigeur, ra- battrfl/5 emoussait, demeubler, amaurose, filoutates, eurybie, maisonaee, fourbissure^ grumeleux, elioup- per, souhaita/, aussitot, cajcilies, boutonneux, cousiner, feudataire, raucite^ ixeutique, bourda- loue, savourait, detordrr//,, retrouva, epernaj, sauteler, detrousseurs, manoeuvrais, semonidej dau- phinule, souriceaux^ emoulue^ gelaudar, variqueux^ souleva, recouvrait^ depeupler, discourusses^ sauve- garde, vertiqueux, ritournelle, retrairfij/, accrou« pir, holocaustes, pleurocjstlies, epaisseur, rou- gissLire, persiffleurs, autopsie, dechaiiier, visa- pour, eprouya, repeuplees, augurait, soulageasses, palikour, hypozeugme, etouteau^ maitrisa, de- SDurdir, rabaissez, malheureux, coelicole, goujon- ner, laiteries, eurynome, balourdiseSj septenaire, r^cevra/5 papaute, ar^onneurs^ demeurait, faus- sissime, chroniqueurs, defourner, afFais^/, bouche- rie, autographe, recourue, forjugeaitj hydrauliques, trijumeaux, courageux, egouttais, mamelouk, pneu- nionie, chaudronnee^ alourdi, saisissable, eury- phile, epousees, tautochrone, decaissait^ sou venue, abaisseur, couplettait, aveugler, secourut, oede- meresj efourceau, degaiaeur, applaudir, dehousa, eclair^/, soupgonner^ apothrause, cafeirie, fruti- queuxj spherocayres, neurospastes, tourlourou, joutereaux^ outrageasses^ courrou^ais, tournevire, echauffure^ orageuse^ acousmate, zelateur, aqui- taine, sejourner, sublunairej detordra/j raccourcies, mausoleesj abouquais, desair.^/j tourterelle, phoe- nicurej calfeutrage^ autochthones, decousu, hyp- sistaires, bistourner, abreuva/, tapeinies, decou- peur, calibey, essoufler, rateneau, therapeutes, discourutj egueuler, prescrirais, gloutonnie, me- sozeugme, epoudrer, pleuresie, kigellaire, four- berie, augustule, teuthlaco, happelourde, etoupafj nautilithe, assainir, courtibaut^ decoupure, paBdo- nome, couleuvreau, allait^/, petersbourg, euphe- liiisme^ raisonner, bourrasqueux, gausseriej alour- dhj desormuis; renaitrt/?, remoulue, eurythmie^ K 3 102 partrotiblaitj amoureux^paraguai, surfleurir, boute* roUe, euripide, deboursait, cenophore, connaisseur, bourreltf?/, laudatif, octateuque^ vermoulure, ex- irsLirai cucullaire, pourparlers, coeiioptcre, nau- nmehie, pleio^era/, courbettait, belliqueux, pastair* reaUj depoudrer, oesophage, accoucheur, dechaus- sais, baboucard, leucochryse, bouquinr//, auspicine, dechargeur, carrousel, auditif, paisseler, euphorie, synaxaire, decousure, appauvrir, boufFonner, pseu- dipt^re, punaisie, degraisseur, carrefours, jaunel- lipse, absoudrait, echafaud, deg^ueuleux, raoncecie, argithaunes, forg^igeaij koupholithe, batourner, protozeugme, humerairej soursommeau, cater- rheux. Quadrisyllables. — Abecedalre^ equivaudrc^/j cau* teritique^ simarouba, usurpateur, autorite, marti- gadourj oenologie, araeuloner, gTimauderie, desaf-^ fleura/, thesaurisaitj pneumographies as&aisonneur, trigauderie, eclaboussure, uligineux, restauratif, octogenairej rebourgeonn«/, echaufouree, vaccina- teur, hermeneutique, soudainete, escarmoucheur, catacaustique, obnubiler, pseudodjptere, sene- chaussee, eumenidies^ corpusculaire, fulgurateurs, stromatourgie, aboucouehou, disparaitr^?, autour- serie, calculateur, supralapsaire, effaufiler, pneu* niatocorde, o&cumenique, ravauderais, surchauf- ferez, aumonerie, caracoulez, innovateur^ vicairerie, redecoudr«25 crepusculaire, communaute, archili* gueur, tournevirer, oedipodique,salsugineux, roche- foucauld, thuriferaire, cauteristt/, apedeutisme, res* taurateur, arraissonner, cestromanie, fruticuleux, autocephale, coutumeriej neganopeau^ pseudomor- phique, cucurbitaire^ appercevr^/^ mauritanie, ra- vigourer, cornemuseur, a^conomat^ tautologie, fleur- delisa, deraisonn^?, pseudoplepsie, autocrator, ech- auboulure, cataphractaire, gloutonnerie, anste- rite^ objurgateur, agdosophie, marechaussee, adou- cisseur, nigauderie, meconnaitr^z/^ dessaisonnait, automatisme^ bouleverser^ epilogueur, coenologie, iiiaugura?; apothicairej niarecageux; causticite, 103 pueumologie, apocrouslique, deuteronome, achai- sonner, diribiteurs, stathouderat, minauderie, epoii- monnait, haematopotes, decourageasse, anoesthesie, neutralite, applaudisseur, bougironnais, boufFon- nerie, depromettra/, ebousinais, parhermeneutes, nouvellete, autonomie, protospathaire, rubigineux, assaisonner, buccinateur, protonotaire, reconnai- irai^ oenophories, susepineux caramoussal, chau- dronnerie, oedemosarque, bureaucratique, pseudo- rexie, desapprouvat, eutrapebe, cubiculaire, four- neladoux, autothetique, marivaiidage, desetourdir, oedemateuxj amiraute, microcoustique, hypothec caire, pneumatoniaque, filouterie, holocaustait, ap- paraitra/, leucographite, desaveugler^ baleinop- tereSj oenisteries, pseudomorphose, terreauterez, caasalite, cavalcadour, menestrauder, eleutheries^ bouraginees. plusqueparfait^ pneumotomie. subur- bicaire. Five Syllables. — Peripneumonie, desautoriser, adjudicatairGj deuteropathie, plausibilite, hjdro- pneumatique, desaveuglera/, pluriioculaire, recu- perateur, rigoureusete^ desacoutumasses, leuco- phlegmatique, uniloculairej keraunoscopie, debon- nairete, pseudoprophetesses^ debarbariser^ tauro- catapsies, thesaurisateui';, secretairerie, chiquen- audera/5 pleuropneumonie, souverainete, eleuthe- rogines^ unicapsulaire, capitainerie, hydropneumo- sarque, tourneboulereZj pneumatologie. Six Syllables. — CEcumenicite, niineralisateurj apothicairerie, deshumaniserais^ toreumatographie, desautoriserait^ erjsipelateux, omoclaviculairejtau- robolisercf/5 oesophagotomie, hydropneumatocele. Seven Syllables. — Decaracteriser^/, pleurope- ripneumonie, sternoclaviculaire, hjdraulicopneu- niatiquc; anatheraatiserait, hjpophyllospermat- ease. 104 TWO SOUNDS. ELEMENTS. aa, ae, ae, ae, ao, a-ai, a-aii,"^ aeii, aou, &c. — 6a, ee, ee, 6e, er, eo, i6u, eai, eau, eeu, eou,&c. — ia, ie,ie, i^, ii, io, iu, iai, iau, ieu, ion, &c. — - ya, y^, ye, ye, yi, yo, yu, yai, yau, yen, you,&e. — oa, oe,oe, oe, oo,oai, oau, oeu, oou, &c. — ua, ue, ue, u6, ui, uo, uu, uai, uau, iieu, uou, &c. — ai-a, ai-e, aie, aie, aii, aio, aiu, aiai, aiau, aieu, aiou, &c. — aii-a, aue, aue, aue, aui, auo, aim, auai, aueu, aiiou, &c. — eu-a, eue, eue, eue, eui, eiio, euu, euai, euau, eiieu, eiiou, &e. — oua, oue, oue, oue, oui, ouo, oui], ouai, ouau, oueu, ouou, &c. ~] All these ways of Co-a oua 0^ oe \ P^'onoimcinfjoi, oy^M , sound , < v' v' ' ' )>^ are made use of , but I one, one. « . ,, /' ^ oa IS ihe oiiiy one recommended. (1) The number of combinations pro^ ducing two sounds^ is indejinite. These are not all used, though regular and fmmed according to preceding princi- ples. Both sounds i must be distinctly uttered. (1) The French Language is all over sprinJtled with the letter f, | through transposition and corruption in the roots, for tlie sake of euphony, of course. It was always, and properly, pronounced in the origin of its intrusion, and is still so in several departments. \t gradually grew silent, or changed its sound. Affixed to o (oi), it is now pronounced cr, and e, except in the Imperfect and Condi- tional. Such a duplicity, one may believe, occasioned a schism among grammarians ; some shouting a 1 some crying out e \ but e l^leats along in the lowest classes, whilst its gloriotjs rival, «, roars in the forum, on the stage, pulpit, tribune, and in all weil-tuned mouths. JE most be expelled. It is a sound but too frequent in French, occurring in numberless words under the shapes of. e, e^ aiy ai/, ei, ey^ ois, oii, oient, &c. and of e f)refixed to a consonant. Besides, were oi pronounced oe only, o would soon melt away, as it happened in the (nipei feet, Conditional, ar^d other words ; as /oible, paroitre croitre, roidey Sec. French would partly fall into the monotony of sound which, obscuring the English speaking, 105 ai sound separately, a-i «^ 16 • • • • e-1 01 oe ail ou eii i-e oA. o-e a-u o-u e-ii gue, or gue • • • • gill, or gui giie . . - guer • • • • « giia, &c. « gu-e gii-i gu-e gu-e gu-a C rather" A gu Ki) 7%2S S2^?l (••), caZ/ec? trema, or die- rese, is put upon a vowel to make it pronounced sepa- rately with its own > sound. It is some- times employed use- lessly, as in ei, le, vue, 4*c. ; and abu- sively, as in poeme, instead o/'poeme. N. B. Final consonants follow the same rules as i above. Two Sounds forming one or two ST/llables. (^)— Dieu, crea^ bluet, toi, zoi'le, lueur^ douane, suif, and producing the strangest contradiction in the Orthograjjhy, will ever prevent the wide diffusion of that language; and the igno- rance of the Enghsh language is the chief cause that has retarded, and will retard, the political freedom of the world. (1) At its introduction, the Trhna was, without reason or neces- sity, put on many words; as out, vue, cigue, &c. The use of it has since been greatly restrained, and even rectified. But the ene- niies of all that bears the name of improvement, (a word so significant, and, in general, so well understood in England), always spoiled the business. The Dierese, they say, separates one vowel from another, and causes it to be sounded with its own sound ; as in heroique, laique, Esau, Very well ; why then do you put it ou ^unsounded, in aigu'e, argue, cigue, which, according to the rule of u silent after g, when another vowel follows, make aigueu, unds, under the names of Diphthong and Triphthong, being latterly absurd, though very useful to bafile the negroish patience of French poets, is here 106 truaux, voir, jeuse^ theorbe, clonal^ faide, suavCy noir, lionne, raab^ ouest, grief, tueur, youc, vierge, loase, ruine, muait, diese, bleer, jouir, troie, griote, haiV, triait, pouacre, riez, nuesse, koua, fleai;, hyene, nearque, cuistre, oise, dioptre, foare, riaule, puisse, moiielle, croire, viorne, doe, fiais, baif, veer, criard, proedre, loiiage, poire, vienne, eole, Stuart, cieux, coase, dryite, buis, fouage, quiosse, joueur, fiel, roane, trois, iol, juive, boope, gouet, tieble, douaire, sa'ique, foix, cuisse, brouet, cyame, fluors, lieux, poivre, ryer, inuable, fouine, blois, sieste, rhea, bleuir, noueux, fievre, roable, reel, puine, fouace, myope, poil, brieux, peote, tiede, jouet, miasme, noix, olio, theiste, pyoulque, feage, ciel, ouate, seer, lieur, cloaque, troile, foi, liuet, bienne, gaar, phiole, voile, trieste, suis, reanie, noeJ, sieur, couard, zoeges, goa, tuile, boesse, dryade, poids, chloe, luines, tuage, sciure, stoiqiie, bois, tierce, joab, vioultes, puise, yeux, thouars, miaule, ruelle, toise, grieche, sueur, ptyade, loua- ble, crieur, huaiix, couac, diedre, gluau, riote, joie, boueux, niais, goet, theatre, bruire, rouette, Bciage, joel, beat, couenne, miel, huee, toui, tiou, uiole, vouet, lea, biere, Suisse, loire, brouage, fluet, caistre, niai^ thyade, ouir, droit, oaxe, liesse^ bruit, bouee, triures, peage, gouine, vielle, soir, giogue, ruiste, couet, yonne, rueur, bievre, rou- anne, fuir, boece, yale, voix, nielle, aorte, boueur, la'ique, fluait, siege, tuable, cuine, biais, jouare,^ lao, dieste, moine, juif, tchaou, chienne, loueur, naif, tuorbe, siecle, fluide, saore, gouache, bienne, coopte, prieur, nuee^ liard, rouelie, siesme, preau, rejected. The learner, it is lioped, will forgive us, not to laugh at him by telling him that cieux is one syllable, and pieux two ; that ier is one in denier^ and two in denies i ion two in misaions (mis- sions), but only one in tnissions (from mettre, to put). Jn conse- quence, words containing two sounds, undivided by a motion of! the organs or consonant, belong to this article, and are classed ^ according to the number of all their sounds, but that of the i final e, simple weak, so oflen pronounced unwritten. 107 cuivre, gloire, yere, souabe, plot, broie, dieppe, ruade^ liure, croasse, rouir, diaire, saide, luette^ plieur, brai'e, truage, fouet^ sciene, eaquej pioche, nioi, thya, diaule^ moelle, bouard, vieux, cruel, douai^ kiastre, pliiie, boete^ giare, chiourme, huis, croitre, griot, bleuatre, piece, mouet, yorck, poixj iule, buie, moab, bliaux, cierge, rouage, pieux, iioe, caic, hieble, reale, mniare, froid, clouere, lievre, hjade, naire, gluais, muet, louis, proeptes, truelle, huitre, gueable, poete, scieur, boire, trios- tes, ouie^ pouah, liege, gruaux, spiurre, chouette^ diurne, croix, riole^ suede, touage^ creee, looch^ niece, quoi, viol, suairc; cai'phe, eanie, poele^ Heur^ hoir, nouer, druide, thyase, treaule, boote*, couette, huile, noj, brjone, lye, croate, duo, frioul, ( zoe, nuage, caique, huait, brioche, soif^ prouesses, mieux, troSne, puits, loi, moise, coete, oeagre, 'i suee, pierre, aernes^ rouet, fruits, choix, beer, I diete, theisme, cloitre, sciote, duel, fouir, mois, j pjulque, rouable, haie, prouaire, creer, loir, plia- ' ble, theore^ huard, bief, fleol, jack, duire, gTueau, triedre, feer, clio, roy. Thrse Sounds. — Voilo^^ (i), idiot, nuageux. (1) This Diphlliong of, the offsprmg of corruption, is pro- aiounced oa and oe^ by corruption^ lastly reduced to e by corrup- tion ; which corruption was brought, above two centuries back, by the Itahans to the court of France, which then was not the focus of fine taste, virtue, reason, liberty, humanity. It took place in the Imperfect and Conditional of all verbs, in some other words, in the very name of the people, fiangois. Grammarians sanctioned the evil ; but, faithful to their Chinese creed, would not cure it by modifying the orthography : such, they said, wcfs the spelling of' Our Father's; who had not only spoiled the pronuncia- tion, but shed, by torrents, the blood, of their own fathers. A cer- ^ tain undutiful son, not long ago, puzzled with the Janus-like o?', : dropped half of the respect due to Our Fathers, by dropping o and putting a wherever oi sounded ai. The less respectful \ change of oi into ^, would have been still more rational, and often ; nearer etymology. However, this important innovation, opposed but with poor objections, is adopted by every liberal writer, printer, and the government. But as the oM popish mode gives rise to a difficulty, the Imperfect and Conditional will occur in the following Exercises, with the terminjatiou oi (always sounding e) in italici. 108 liniaire^ sinai, cuivai^ gTelouage, textual, boiro/^ athroi'sme, malleole, quilier, althaea^ saba'isnie, ar- giiaisj ruinure, theorique^ poireau, nouure, bac- triane, casuel, fructueux, diodore^ courtoisj realiste, diurnal, feaute, busquiere, poiloux, stylo'ide, dra- geoir, tier^a/, goliard, aerole, briguiez, prealable, aliaire, rueller^ rejouir, njabel, adieu, piissime, theoreme, galiote, pleuvoir, marianne, sinueux, procreer, vitriol, heroine, chauffoir, reliois^ zoo- phore, neuvier, poelee, statuaire, mozaiste, pe* rioste, croisade, acuite, theurgie, leguiez, fouet- teur, octaedre, baalite, lisieux, accroitre, suetone, thiviers, tournois, poljoptre, boesser, moisir, te- learque, caliuette, laureole, zodiaque, vScieries,* voila, thyrsoide, teruel, sarquiou, suasif, israei, gracieux, corveable, assiette, me moire, steatite, janual, pietait, luir«i!, oiseux, minuit, flageol, guer- rier, preachat, atheisme, pouvoir, senior, josue, souica, ciliaire, carduel, riole, poitrine, pirouette, braisiere, siegeo//, froidure, aloide, quiossage, reelu, cuissot, purgeoir, reaggrave, collioure, zoo- lithe, cabriole, detroit, theatral, diapr^/, iatrine, noirceur, ionique, gadouard, miliasse, reagir, ca- peer, daniel, zedoaire, alliable, trottoir, girouette, pineale, saucier, buissure, spheroide, savoie, visuel^ nereide, sthenyo, lannoj, actuaire, pluvieux, ca- brouet, viguier, feodal, chargeoir, rhagoide, groue- teux, mosaique, soleaire, danae, epieu, samuel, bezoard, dialogue, loisir, corsoi'de, areole, fatuaire, mielleux, vacuiste, coacteur, maneage, voirie, neo- core, poeste, jusquiame^ agreer, bauquidre, foet- tait, diaprure, poursuis, ^oiffo?^, veniel, caaba, tortueux, noisette, niobe, escouade, jovial, mesue, keiri, acquiesce, croiseur, pioler, manuel, coati, od'ieux, buisart, axiome, noiratre, iidoue, reussir, | clouviere^ diospyre, ardoise, annuel, fiefFal, arbois, garieur, ebuart, di, subjuguiez, gyneciaire, destitur//, pha- j risaisme, pourrissoir, seraaber, iulifere, theolo- gastre, hierarchie, degoiso2>, upsiloide, inarion- nette, iatralepte, tumultuaire, visirial, arsinoe, spiritueux, hemeolie, ichtyophage, diapnoique, Ill fieliotrope, echaudoir, geometral, fauconnier, n6- phropjique. cooblige, lithuanie, malicieux, areo- style, parietaire, bleuissoir, estradiots, gamaliel, damoiseau, ethiopie, recroitro/.?, aiguieree, buco- liasme, aeronaute, fatig^^iiiez, litigieux, bethleemite, psteoderme, asclepiade, auxiliaire, reattel^/, ma- jestueuxj leipogramme, serrurier, deshoulieres, leucothoe, cerimateur, nazareisme, barcallao, loui- siane, obituaire, affriolozV, barycoie, aerometre, icbtjomorphe, coeternel, lithiasie, reboursoir, po- lyonirne, coluthea^ asteroide, reediteur, marsu- piauXj iieologisme^ staphyliers, trochleateur, theo- dicee, fluidite, pouacrerie, aeri^/, helsesaites, pro- egumene^ mirjametre, parakoua, osteolithe^ foi- sonnoisj segmoidal, homeomere, epanouir, aga- geers, balearique^ preoccuper, agioteur, perseite^ copaiba, reordonna/, proprietaire, cariatide^ xila- loe, egougeoire, jasminoide, genioglosse, souri- quois, deiphobe, phriciasie, araneeux, cithereique, fiduciaire, naivete, preadamite, arteriel, sjnoecies, duodenal, hyetometre, paleologue, suasoire, el- liptoide, hippothoe, ouistiti, caseifoime, apietrir, viduite, dodecaedre, pecunieux, ooscopie, dihex- aedre, zoolatrie, nathanael, recuiteur, ichthyocole, aigremoine, stereobate, heracleies, legionnaire, de-' erochoir, archipoete, defectueux, stadiodrome, xnolybdoide, pavoiso?7, apotheose, pelopeies, tri- sannuel, cystheolithe, laosinacte, divulguiez, bea- titude, egrainoire, dyarrhoique, phemonoe, mesa- raique, alveolaire, polyurique, velleites, coercitif, ieropliore, fatuite, aeriscf/, sarabaites, nucleolithe, spirituel, eudioraetre, cramoisi, ethmoidale, pre- alleguees, redargiiees, neomenie, solsticial, vo- luptueux, roturier, deroidir, lievreteau, eolipjle, fluxionnaire, archidiacre, callirrboe, caesiomore, yolatol, hyaloide, exploitois^ audacieux, puerpe-, rale, theosophisme, pourmenoir, jecuiba, bouti- quier, serpiliere, bourgeoisie, oinometre, assazoe, cryptopyique, retroactif^ calvairienne, jesuitisme, accessoire, nicolaites, reajourna/, acariatre^ eneo- 112 reme, plagiarisme, prosais^/j evanouir, prdcxister, marforio, calabrois^ alveolithe, cosmibuenes, fo- liiforrae, tenuite, acroatique, mysterieux, tjria* niethystej cacoergete, neographisme, lixiviel, frus- tratoire, hagiographe, suaviteu^, ocythoe, stru- thiophage, arianisme, discourtc/is, synathroisme^ preopinozYj barioUire, egrugeoir, caachira, par- thenienne, hydropoide, poivrier, ulterieur, recre- atif^ sinuole, arachneides, zooglyphites, preo- cn(^ai^ piaculaire. abisa'i, hurepoix, scorpiojelle, diaphoenix, coordonnoit^ aeriformej genethliaque,^ urceolaire, neocyclique^ perouasca, glabriuscule, diipolieSj petreite, margraviat, abeadaire^ ma*i- pouri, ichtyolithe, preeminemme . . . galionisme, viceroi, cessoidal, pourvoiro/^, ruiniforme, baika- lite^ vinaigrier, lioublonniere, aerolithe, noiseraie, cystopyique^ prosennaedre, saduceisme, leocro- cotte, albigeois, tenebrio, paJeace, reasservir^ ex- crucier, heorotaire, redargiier, dialoguer. ' Five Sounds, — Physionomiste, avoisino2V, cara« phyloi'de, enneadactylej septuagenaire, irrassasi* able^ occasionn^/, sternutatoire, elaeaguoides, phlj- acog^aphie, oleagineux, epiloguiez, paroissialj as- siduite, oneirogone, hyperboloidcj stereographie, negociateurj tortuosite, eiseteries, pyreolophore, galeopitheque, hero'ifio^V, rafraicbissoirj cagiolo- gique, moellonnier, arachneosites, coracordiaJ, re- fectoriaire, homologuiez, exigiiiiej attenuatif^ dio- nysiaque, perineocele, flexuosite, zootypolitheSj machicatoire, amygdaloide, physionotrace, equi- noxial, terrestreites, ichtyologie, eleadroniste^ biblibthecaire, ameiiuisa/, panathenaique, eleo- meli, difficultueuxj hieroglyphiquej prestigiateur, aedoeagraphie, extrafoliaire, arminianisme, virtua- * lite, hyperscariose, equarissoir, coryphenoide, lo- godiarrhee, deboiradour, aerostateiir, menuisier, arbaletriere, dialeipyre, ideologie, coagulatif, apo- crisiaire, beatifitt/, cochleariaj yerdegerdique, opo- deocele, madeinoisellej abrotanoidej elegiographe, colenicui^ hieroceryce, feodalite, prejudiciable, i 313 114 riotomie, scorificatoire, immuabilite, beneficiature^ hierogrammatiste, defectuosite, zoopliytologie, nii- sericordieux, dactjliographie, osteosteatome, suo- vitaurilies, opiniatrete, hipposteologiej anacepha- leose, verbiageassiez, curupicaiba, extraneis^//, homog^neite, oneirodynie, recriminatoire, poste- riorite, mercurialiso/^^ theriacologie, malleabilite, physionamographej archidiacone^ hydromediastine, osteomalaxie, variabilit65 abuissonneroxV, sacri(i« catoire. Seven Sounds, — Cricothyroidienne, inofBciosite^ philopatriedalgie, malacopterjgienne, hyoverte- brotomie, semipfelagianisme, stylomastoidienne, desassiegeassiez, cricoarytenoide, approvisionne- roit, superficialite^ sternothjroidienne, heteroge- n6ite. Eight Sounds. — Inalienabilite, spiritiialisassiez^ arythenoepiglottique, historiographeriez, enneade- caeteride^ familiarisassiez, philopatriedomanie. Nine Sounds. — Dematerialisassiez, thjroaryte" noidienne^ imniaterialiserie^. THREE SOUNDS* ELEMENTS. aya, . eya, sownd like ai-ia, ei-ia, or eia,") ay^, . ey6, . . , . . . ai-ie, ei-i6, . ei6, | y between two ayi, . eyi, ai-ii, ei-ii, . eii, ^vowels stands ayo, . eyo, ai-io, ei-io, . ^io, for a doule u ayu, . eyu, ai-iu, ei-iu, . eiu.J The rest as above. Three Sounds. — Naiade^ rayure, baioque, playar, chiaoux, caieu, riiez, drayure, theiere, aieulj bra- yer, rayere^ baionne, fray^ur^ creiez, haiiy, payee, gai'ac, ruiez, taiaii, yoide^ clayo//, ma'ieur, caou- ane, bai'eux, jouieres, quayer, pleiade, seyeur, coier, maia, bayeur, louiez^ layette, dioiquei • 115 caieux, rayaux, priiez, frayure, glai'eul^ rayer, boiard^ tayau, saiete, drayer, clouiez, quayage, baiete, tuiez, payable, a'leux, caiorne, frdyofs^ ta- yove, ideiez, maienne, layoeV, ro'ioc, payeur, clouiere, seyer, coiaux, hyo'ide, jaiet, muiez. Four Sounds. — Crayonner, trisaieul, agreiez, cuoata, relay oit^ scorpioide, derayure, minaouet, bai'onnette, effrayer, arguiez, deiopee, abreyoisy graphioi'de, aiguayer, procreiez, baianisme, tu- taya, secouiez, asseieur, delays/, perreieurs, ta- vaifole, segrayer, tasnioides, grasseyo/^, chatiiez, bisaieux, poteyer, balayure, meionite, essayeur, surpayer, camaieu, rayonnait, argiiiez, brasseier, sai'eteur, suppleiez, eneyer, corveieur, etayai^ maclouiere, bisaieul, essayo^Y, maugreiez, sebue- enne, bafouiez, defrayee, trisaieux, aiguayo/s, gobioide, clayonage, coai'ta, deblaya/, budleia, segreyer, crayonneur, leiostome, recreiez, egaya, baionisrae, deblayo/^, proteoide, balayeur, eafeier, expiiez, debrayo//, botryoide, copaier, statuiez^ crayer. Five Sounds. — Semeiotiqiie, redargiiiez, age- neioses, myiologie, araadouiez, alleluia, expro^ priiez, cocceianisme, redargui'ez, prosenneaedre, desagreiez, argyreioses, snieieroity diapnooique, evoluiez. Six Sounds. — Aideiagraphie, galactopoi'ese, hyoepiglottique, semeiologie, idioelectrique, re- distribuiez, homoioteleute, emayolero/^, aidoiato? mie, prejudiciiez, homoeomerie. Seven Sounds. — Thyrohyoidienne, a'ldoialogie, stylohyoidienne, desexcommuniiez, mylohyoidi- enne, sternohyoidienne. Eight Sowwrf^. — Coracohyoidienne, geniohyoi- dienne. Ten Sounds. — Sternocleidohyoidienne. 116 FOUR SOUNDS, ELEMENTS AS ABOVE. oya, 8fc. sound like oi-ia, or oa-ia. > . J* - "3^& Four Sounds. — rojal, bruyere, choyer, rayiez^ drayoire, ployo^V, goyave, moyeu^ gruyer, fuyards, soyouXj croyez, boyaux, tuyere, foyers, soyeux, huyau, voyelle, noyees, moyenne, tuyaux, voyage, drayiez, loyal, hoyau, broy^/, soyer, guyere, croyois^ frayoire, royaume, joyeux^ payiez, moyac, joyaux. Five Sounds* — TutoyoxV, efFroyable, appuyer, gu- erroyeur, aloyaux, begayiez, royalisme, pitoy- able, ecuyer, pourvoyeur, aboyard, plaidoyable, essuy«2, royaute, hovnoyois^ cartayiez, corroyeur, fuyasser, deloyal, royaliste, voyageur, ecuyage, doyenner, fourvoyai, fossoyeur, brasseiiez, tour- noyoit^ moyenner, giboyeur. Sia? Sounds. — Joyeusete, boyaudier, deloyaute, goyaviers, amanoyer. Seven Sounds. — Foudroyassiez. Eight Sounds. — Revoyageassiez. t FIVE SOUNDS. Five Sounds. — Broyiez. Six Sounds. — Cacaoyer, appuyoir, cacaoyere. I ^r^^vT^sr^sr NASAL SOUNDS. Nasal sounds are formed by the sonorous air sent into the canal of the nose, from which it re- ceives nasality. If the mouth be shut, the sound is emitted by the nose ; in the contrary case, it 117 flows back to the mouth to be modified again and articulated. Nasal sounds, though simple and inarticulated of themselves, are always expressed, in French, with ni or n preceded bj one or several vowels. In fact, the pronouncing of these two consonants, either before or after a vowel, natu- rally produces nasal sounds in all languages, by maliing a part of the expiiated air pass through the nose. iV/and n are generally articulated, ex- cept in French, when single and preceded, but not followed, by a vowel. In this case, therefore, they only serve to show the etymology of words, and to denote particular modifications of the voice. How- *ever, nasal sounds, being natural, are anterior to, and independent from, all systems of writing^ and may be represented by any signs whatever. Nasal sounds, in French, have a peculiar sono- rousness, and much contribute to render the oral language distinct and clear in audition. Their true pronunciation is st)metimes of a long and difficult acquirement for the English pupil. The tongue must not concur in their formation, but remain immoveable ; therefore, neither n nor g must terminate them ; a very common defect,, which can- not be detected but by the teacher's approaching, at different periods, his ear to the organs of the learner, (i) ELEMENTS. an, am en, em in, im > express, in general, tlie same sound. ain, aim I expresses, in general, a single and same ayn, aym ein, eira eyn, eym CD, cm — express, Sfc. un, ura — exjjress, 6fc, (1) Poor French nose! How unfortunate in its sonorous ope- rations ! Foreigners, pupils, grammarians, musicians, — nay, phi- 118 Remarks:— c, g, q, and all other consonants^ are sub^ ject to the same rules before nasal as before other sounds : can, ^an ; gan, gean ; gen, guen, <^c. S between a nasal sound and another does not take the pronunciation of z, but keeps its own : pense, Final consonants are most commonly inarticulated after nasal sounds, Ent, the termination of the Third person plural of verbs^ are never nasal, but sound like e simple weak after a consonant, and are silent after a vowel. They will be printed in italics: Xi^ent — Use; extent, x'lent, joue/ii, xuent, paie/i^, diroie/i^— cree, ri, jou, lu, pai, dirai. losophers, whom Wisdom alone guides, — every body, in a word, shoots his sarcastical dart at it. The other organs of speech are tied down, motionlebs in its defence : fis feiiA^svos PiKos y I'Ovviv 'AWvij A'X/M'i 5' i^s^vSio vacpiX vstocrov uvOspswvx* II. i . 290. No snufF, however fine, can heal such a wound ; it requires a better unguent. Tlie nose, it is granted, is a most handsome part ©f physiognomy. All people have aspired to the fullness of its beauty. Savages increase it by hanging to it their richest jewels ; and the celebrity of Grecian and Roman noses is imperishable. The loss of this eminent feature was ever reckoned as the greatest misfortune that could befall a human face. Among the ancients, it always rendered both the sufferer and the inflicter conspicuous. Hercules gloried with being surnamect Rhinocolystes, for having ordered the noses of some impudent deputies to be cut off. Mars, whose immortal valour consisted not in vainly perforating buciders, but noses, obtained also the warlike epithet Rhinotoros, A town in Egypt was called Rhinocotyra, because the first inhabitants of it had undergone the penalty of dire RMnotomy, or Nose-cut- ting. Jn short, the best recommendation of Caesar to his troops, at the Battle of Pharsalia, was to cut off the noses of Pompey's soldiers ; therefrom ensued for him a complete victory, and the empire of the earth. Now, is it possible that disagreeable sounds should be emitted by so egregious an organ ? No ! The very same sounds issue from the most melodious instruments, and delight our ears ; but go to the French Opera, in Paris ; Lais will completely prove to you the superior richness of nai^al sounds. Metaphysicians and Grammarians are not better grounded in their strictures than the sons of Polyhymnia. It is an historical fact, that the Romans considered the nose as the real seat of human intellect. ^^ Aaris emuncta senex : acuta naris: narls rompsj uns, vin, plan, bond, vent, frein, ton, blanc zain, champs, sont, clin, chants, rond, seing, kan, zon^ fin. dent, prin, tondsjSang, vint, prompts, flans, saint, thon, pan, vaincs, brun, terns, son, plein, bang, grain, doms, gand. pin, plant, faim. tombe, panipre, quinte, — anse, comhleni^ teindre, !- ■ : ■ t,obes(B; Tongilianus hahet nasim; mtijores nusquam thonchi, \ juven>^s<]U€y seiienesquey et pueri nasum rhmocerotis hai,ent : primus condidit styli nasitm ; nasutus »is usque licet, sis de^ I nique nasus ; nimis uncis varihus indulges; minus aptus ncutis I naribus : naso suspendis adunco ig7iotos ; callidus excusso populum I susjjendei'e naso ; nasutus nimium cupis videri: nasutum voloy I nolo poly posum ;'^ these expressioiiS, and many more, are faaiiliar to evejy Latin scholar. It appears also that some Parici or Parrieidii Qucsstores ima- gined to pass sentence of death by the mere symbohcal wiping of their noses, considering, very likely, the humor pituicosus as the animating principle of nasal bodies. Thus, by virtue of the deaths sounding blow, life was to be blown out of criminals. This mode, natural and ingenious as it seems, would have been very dangerous in <}old weather: i - *« Expriraeret quotVes rorantem frigore nasum, Lethalem juguli jusserat esse notam ; Turpis ab inviso pendebat stiria naso. Cum flaret madid^fauce December atrox." Mart.Vn.ze, Even, in English, the name of the principal operation of the mind, viz. to know, is, prima facie and audita, the very wordwose, \ metaphorically applied. The mind knows ; that is, sniells, noses things, as the nose knoivs odoui s. If this derivation be not objected to by the Author of " Philosophic Etymology," the triumph is oursj for he is the most violent and formidable enemy that French noses ever had. That the inhabitants of Latium did not articulate the final m ; that th' y pronounced nasally, as in French, the vowels preceding it, is a truth placed beyond all doubt, by the constant elision of j such terminations, in poetry, btfore a vowel, as in this verse of Martial : " Non cuicunque datwm est habere nasum," 120 frange, ongle, pince, blanche, noiiibre, vente, tinmes, pompe, encre, guimpe, sanglew^, comte, plaindre, xantbe, joivche, humble, simple, trempe, rhombe, france, peindre, trente, vinr^w/, sambre, limbe, longue, tremble, plinthe, grange, pondre, freindre, hanche, bronze, njmphe, songe, guembe, tii>te, londres, renfle/?/, plainte, chancre, domte, cingle, rentre, bombe, zemble, trinque, hombre, glande, scombre rincent^ tendre, ponche, tringle, jambe, fonce, scinque, genre, timbre, plonge, langue, pinde gonffle, geindre, penche, nonce, quinze, flandre, humbles, montre, pensent, feinte, gronde, stance, strongle, blinde, fronce, gendre, conque, vinmes, semble, monstre, jante, grince, plombe, centre, thrombe, cintre, contre, mainte, trempew^, honte, pinque, franche, guimple, sombre, change, singe, oncle, craindre, temple, dombe, guinde, prendre, pinte, bronche, transe, nimbe, jongle, linge, membre, fronde, dansew^, prince, congre, chanvre, clinche, ronfle, thjmbre, tente, longe, single, chance, inde, tondre, dense, feindre, bonze, Ijmphe, cendre, conche, iinreni^ flondre, pente, mince, blonde, teindre, rente, trompe, chinque, ronde, can<^re, fringue, tongres, ente;?/,ii cimbre, toute, brindes, ^trombe, Tendre, ponce, , c^indre, tempes, ronge, vengew^, guindre, lombes, ' rendre, tronque, plinge, chantre, crainte, ombre, mente, peintre, branche, onze, indre, ronce, enfle, maindre, monte^ chambre, grimpe, panse;?/ monde, DENASALISATION, French nasal sounds cease to take place in four cases; viz, — When m or n is followed by a vowel (both are pm^ nounced as above): am, an — ame, ane, ami, ano, amu, any. em, en — erne, ene, ena, emu, eno. im, in — ime, ine, imy, ina. ym, yn— yme, yne, ymu, yny, imo. aim, ein — aime, eine, aine, eima, om, on — ome, one, omi, onu. urn, un — ume, uije, imo, umu, unL •^^f. \ 131 When m or n is double before a vowel : atmme, anne, emme, enne, amma, emm^^ ennu, anny, mnmo — imme, kine, ymme, ynne, aimme, einne, ymmy, immo, aimme, ynnu, einna— omme, onne, onne, ommu — - «mme, iinne, ummy, uiinu, umma. IVhen m is followed by n (both are pronounced) : amne, emne, amni, emno, amna — imne, ymne, aimne^ €imne, imnu, eimiii, ymno, imiia, aimne — ^omne, omni^ i)mne — umne, umny, umnu. Lastly, when m orn is followed by h: omlie, anhe, umha, ynko, enhu, inha. Two Sounds.— A Asim^ province, toynbeau, enfiti, tribuns, immense, irompoient^ censure, vainquant, denombre^f, previnmes, pens^/, quinzaine, fan- ^on, contour, tringler, gnemon, insgu, plongeon, vampires, intrus, oblongue, subvinrewf, centaure^ parfums, conseigle, exwientj ginguet, prenom, pan- there, carlingue, frangeons, korban, wallon^ dis-i tincte, concoure/?/, enipan, rhintal, furonele, bok- king, spondaules, gigean, concombre, impur, sen- see, ironquoieuty alun, memnon, limpide, araman, pompeux, engouent^ intrant, monrose^ shanscrit, rin^ft/, rentraire, chanfrein, jargon, groningue, absconse, steinbock, zorabaie, encourt, con^iie, ahstmvent^ eniprunt, honfleur, imbrim, crimnon, sjmptose, gencives, longeaie^/, fringante, quel- conque, teinture, nathtin, spondee, vaccin, bufFon, inclus, novembre, random, beguin, condor, trem^* bier, spinthere, blondin, pandour, ginglyme, re- nom, castrense, melun, anthribes, pin^faiew^, can- can, triphthongue, cylindre, grandeur, therminthe, bourbon, exemple, fringuons, membrure, airain^ liscanthes, ^auquoient, corrompre, hambourg, in- stance, bourgeon, nerprun, dauphin, centuplewf, plaintif, songeons, parvinmes, remblai, ceindra/, Dhrontiste, changeant, samson, engluew^, bouquin, lundi, fron9ons^ antraim, complot^ spilantes, in- 122 fame, septembre, nombronsj essaim, quidam, sou- vinmes, congni, intime, tranchant, bourdon, syn- taxe, zircon, ptilin, enflure, devinrent^ bombance, corinthe, jongleur, absence, rincontre, spheranthes,. aucun, sanguin, petoncle, tymbale, chantourme, continmes, ingambe, montroientj transcrire, hu^ main, sphondyle, angrec, dongeon, emphase, guin- guette, demon, rhingies, chanteau, complainte, harangue, persons, knantie, restreindre, embucbe, bondon, buccin, scandale, consonne, epingle, tjran, emprunts, montreau, arthron, vainqueur, ren- gorge, zaccon, maintinr^//^, pondag, sjnchrone, bJanehir, bronzer, pendable, chagrin, chambranle, loudun, subvinmes, momon, dessein, ventose, clin- quant, conjure;?/, atun, pandect, oljmpe, transports, mondain, engrais, bougeons, splendeur, indou, transmettre, onguent, vilain, encloueni^ surnoms, smynthures, timanthe, enceinte, cagean, dagon,, incvustenty autan, jonchons, empourpre, fringu/??^, hantaie/?/, gomgon, bambin, concret, defunt, jacent, comminge, comtal, sisymbre, quamquam^ confienty linteau, poiigo/^, transir, grimper, hudson, confins, brancards, pigeon, symptome, galanth, continre/a/, monture, jengan, bouchin, sermon, impies, henry, tl revinmes, tonsure, singeons, sachant, complusse/?/^ scrutin, koran, jyingon, rambour, convaincre, cha- cun, xantippe, staimbouc, irinquoient^ dragon, j engin, tangente,. controle^ insulle, ampac, smir-? I ringue, confond, apprendre, craintif, enfant, sagon, conyinrenti ringard, bisanthe, quiconque, dindon, accens, thuron, tarquin, ronfleur, transverse, fin- lande, retinmes, amnion, deatiste, linceux, embrun, bonbons, splanchnique, tocsin, camphree, tournon, flambeaux, gingembre, goujon, intrigue;?/, Con- corde, vengeance, rhingrave, blondir, manquer, tinguons, etangs, scourson, peinture, conjugue;?/, semblant, craindro/e;?/, anthrene, syntagme, griflbn,; flambart, contrainte, ahun, rembourse, steinkerque,; profond, engeance, pinceaux, contort, lutjans, sterling, injuste, rampaie??/, atteindre, decejpabre> i 123 jconfirme, scaphandre, obtinmes, fontange, euxirt, trempa/, nompair, sjmphise, tendons, commun, ainsi, fon^eux, brigands, tyndare, tromblon, sou- vinre/2^, ensemble, thuringe, fourchon, bandeau, cjmbal, entrant, devinmes, jonchaie, acanthe, ros- tein, decombres, succin, parfum, tambour, frongure, vintsi, septante, soutinmes, mensonge, renceint, Jioudan, maisons, strophantes, sympule, dourdan, murrhins, brandon, cingler, franchir, xyloii, men- dient^ quinzain, hamburge, ivinquoientj dandin, ^lothon, bancksies, symbole, ourson, crampant, ^etinmes, urgence, quinconche, bancroche, autun^ cinquante, physeon, pavyinrent^ compost, gingeole, saumon, tentant, crainbourg, trongon, jourdain, sancho, pirapante, diphthongue, sandastres, con- ^pnent^ nonnain, anjiphore, plingeons, guirlande, strombeau, emhleent quinquet, longueur, em- preinte, transfuges, klingstein, surplomb, ordun^ guimbarde, concentrew^, defunte, inscrire, sub- gronde, acampte, enrouenty saintonge, champetre^ quintal, portlandes, zingel, plectranthes, tribun^ mangeons, survinre/z^, languir, combler, scouffin^ «ndrach, tjmpan, embaume, conspire;?^, fingard^ «pondyle, parpaing, sentence, pronom, bauquin, pantenne, gnomon, spirlin,emprunte;2f, thomj^son, provinmes, irlande, python, sympule, fongeo2e;2^^ trentain, ran9on, simbleau^ lambel, treizain^ em- pire, previnient^ plongeant, verdun, serein. J'hree Sounds.—Yiolententy distinguogV, endroit^ rhomboide, subjuguant, incertain, concourir, de- membrer, orthorynque, con\ oie;?^, demangeo/ew^, cinquieme, decemment, ponctuel, institut, inhe- rence, congedie/2if, symphonie, eucensons, brigan- tin. aodon, kantercans, synthetisme, calembours, importun, cismontain, entrainaie/z^, presomptif^ athamante, disconvinmes, jansenisme, backgam- mon, enclouure, contemplant, impromptu, authen- tique, cirquingon, thermolampe, sanhedrin, en* (uient astringent, comptonie, seriugat, Ijcanthrope, surhumain, confondront, emin^ant^ mandaites, en- gou«/, congruaire, adenanthes, succenteur, trans-* pontin, rempruntonsj incongru, sensitif, seauneron,! amphithete, redevinre/?/, panscrotesche, noncha- lance, hjacinthe, gourraandise, xodoxins, enver- jure, fenelon, licencient, strictement, consanguin^y prolongeons, contemptible, pseadamante, appar^ tinmes, banqueroute, compartir, vernimbok, sco* Jopendre, paranymphe, frequemment, condnire, hambouvreux, endentnrey conspuai^w^, saltim- banque, toison, chansonno/rw^, ondoie;?/, emp- to'ique, melangeons, cruscantisme, aimantin, de- cou&renty antistrepte^ cunctateur, devan^ons, in- nocents, insensible, centigrammey vendangeons, sjncretisme, transmuable, bigearieyns, enronaiew^, consentir, fernambouc^ maintenant, aaron, col* linsonne, transrhenane, intendant, somptuaire, eiw rage«/, liaison, as^avanle, edimbourg, musulmany contjuerir^ embleer, cahorsain, nonobstant, rem* ploienl^ stymphalie, ambigiie, gwerison, ehrysantin^ sphagebranches, jeitan, convainquirew/, ceutauree, implorons, anthjliide, franciscains, confiture, sam- matan, harlequin, somnolence, tendrifienfy antich- thones, jongermannes, clinquantons, envieux, an* thelix, macrorhinquqs, augmentant, pintereau, tha- lictron, rencontrant, reconvinrew/,^ enclavure, pha- ramond, courtisan, trisplanchnique, indiquer, tran- choir, dolemment, tournassin, angleterre,^ intrin- seque, fanfreluche, pourprendront, yverdun, piqui« tinque, transcendance^ gallinsecte, antoine,. phi* | Janthrope, insomnie, ablaneourt, eirconscrirew^, entremain, hanneton, eclampsie, reginglette, com- plaisance, assassin, dentirostres, rhamindique, j comprendront, purpurin, entournure, callyrinche, spinescent, mondificw/, besan^on, antonin, noctam- bule, condemnade, pyracanthe, spdndeasme, tour- mentin, enjambons, tzeiran, contrefait, anfracture, delinquant, lourpidon, chambourin, omphaloptre ; entretinmes, envoiew/, ralongeo/e/?^, pIantoir> re* ffonfler, envahir, nymphagogue, consomptif, ren- traiture, peinchebec, goemon, rederapteurj quaran- 125 tain, monstrueux, instruire, contlgue, adalingues^ zanthorize, escourgeon, sciemment, azurin, gour- gouraOj sicnedon, mesavint, embouchure, hypo- condre, transversal, vaccinons, quintessence^ em» brmichons, tourangeau, instinctif, inhumant, fan- faron, angevin, reblanchir, embaumer, bronchoir, incendie, innombrable, renoncule^ anglicisme, com- pensant, ceinturon, iuxembourg, ichneumon, cle- mentin, suggerons, endentant, xenophon, cjlin- drique, ondehlande, boulongeon^ helmintiques^ sanctifi^w/, concurrent, algonquin, fleuriront, ce- rambyx, encourir, inculquer, fourmeiron, concen- trant, scintharisme, invaincu, denon(^oient oison, ponthieu,- acanthures, gerlinguet, accident, con- gtantin, alentour, chrysogon, quacquescendre, cir- convinrenfy mangabeys, engageons, geomance, eo- cotzin, empruntcj/^, fran^ois, influaie/?^?, bambakin, sandebec, contrarie^?^, engon^ant, colombin, man- geoire, draconcule, athlantique, surindicte, buisson, ambresin^ Gompenso2>;?^, flamboiew^, antennulle^ vicomte, brodequin, fervemment, interrorapt, chi- eambault, oxjriaque, enclouo/e^?^, contondant, zin- zolin, rudenture, horizon, terebinthe, desembourbe^ pantalon, inventeur^ rembruxiire;?/, subjonctif, bal- daquin, goertan, enfantons, mingrelin^ construire, andrachne, refringent, orangeade, lycophron, pan- theisme, contadin, sentenciew^, ditbyrarabe, kaolin, recemment, emprunteur, cindulisme, transhumance, implantons, mathurin, contourno/e/?^, ensoIe^2if, pen- daison, incombant, sensuel, responsif, iutertriguej ambigue, ganguiej, tentateur, congeer, subintrante, sauvageon, argentin, conjoncture, strangurie^ at- tainture, enchantons, sjiiderese, pompolix, lan- gouroux, assombiir, pimberah, engelure, guingoie^ transniuo?'e/?^, deprevinmes, alexandre, longirostres, enrhumer, main tenir, contingent, dissemblable, ar*- marinthe, tympanon, decacanthe, courantin, theo- pompe, pourfendeur, brabangon, azincourt, bri- gandeau, issoudun, limbilithe, pyxacanthe, con- qoiYaity rassemblo/^j poison, inventant^ inhumain, 1S6 succedantj congruisme, anglican, phaeton, penin- sule^ contempteur, impotent, poulperon, siraplifie/?/, prudemment, cochinchine, empsjcose, inconstant, brandebourg, spongieux, labyrinthe, congreer, am- phiptere, smaragdin, derangeaie/?/, quinquina, pompadour, transplantons, cantaar, phygethlon, antidesme, contrevinrew^, puissant, phlegeton, syn- cbronisme, engeiidrant, boulingrin, saucisson, pam- pelune, courbaton, xerantheme, kinkajou, ama- ranthe, camerlingue, contigiie, restreintif, sanc- tuaire, exsanguin, chrysolampe, clandestin, mara- thon, stipendiew/, Occident, importuns, inhibant, staphylin, convaincant, alen^on, enfourchure, thea- tin, aorant, renvoient^ ponctuo/ew/, glossanthrax, empruntant, lymphatique, trianon, calambour'^ comptoriste, somnambule, demiceint, pedantisme^ engrangeons, lestrigons, agapanthes, empreindr^/, spondaique, postposons, insensee, conjugal, me- temptose, desemplir, anavingue, engouoient^ go- nambouch, con frontons, quinzieme, transparence, faoazin, engourdir, zedaron, avranchin, contex- ture, ardemment, injuries/, echangeons, cuncta- teuse, accidence, hongrois, syudiquoit^ joncoi'des, contentant, intervinmes, rajsanthrope, constructifs, anticour, sympathie, enfon^ant, imposture, lamp- teries, ralinguo/e/?/, emploiew/, commensal, invin- cible, inherente, syndesmose. Four Soe/wrf^.— evangeliste, sincerite, concevoir, desembarquozVw/, ginglymoide, compatriote, dili- gemment, inferieur, tintouiner, omnipotence, en- sanglantant, cucurbitin, montezuma, emblay«?, hel- minthiase, insurmontable, republicain, metempsj- €Ose, circonjacent, pantocratrice, infanterie, con- trihuoient, extravaguant, nomenclature, sympho- niaste, anthirrethique, combiiiaison, vertugadin^ m6contentant, echanvroir, aphronatron, somnam- bulisme, vindicatif, opulemment, biconjuguee, em- bryulkie, reconduire, impudemment, pneumatom- ^hale, amphibranchies, maraboutin, endomma- geons, impayable, coquantototl, syringotome, an- 127 tliropophage, debourseront, inconvertible, chan- tournement, splanchnographie, agamemnon, nialen- conlreux, agilolfinges, calycanthemes, circonstan- cientj ensemen^onsj contemporain, gargantua, in- convenance, enzootique, aliboron, pindarisoiew/, ambergeois, cylindroide, arboribonze, coherem- ment, inquietude, continuer, desendormir, hydror- jodin, potestantisme, observantin, montichicours, environnantes, sinodontide, preeminence, catholi- con, intelligent, deconcerta/, anthropokaies, naive- mentj incompetentes, harengeaison, constituaieT?^, anthynoptique, pycnogonon, temperature, archi- triclin, turbulemment, imboiro/^, decentoir, capa- ra^on, impuissante, inhiberont, suspensoire, rhodo- dendron, oxiacanthe, genovefain, eloquemment, gljphisodon^ intervertir, accipenser, spanopogon, licencieux, topinambours, perlinpinpin, entrela- 90ns, pancreatite^ indolemment, conspirateur, tinp- balier, enrayo/c/?^, succintement, cenomancie, coty- ledon, incontestable, lieutenant, polyodons, aa- dreolithe, diamantin, epiplomphale, heptameron, transcendental, sjcophantin, condyloide,. revea- diquoisy cherangoir, ornitborinque,^ pertinemment, .adamantin, lithontriptony independance, surenche- rir, printanier, andropogons, leucacantha, para- bolains, embrunois, corymbiole, impetueux, fan- toccini, sexangulaire, concurremment, identifi^wf, diapazan, engastrimandre, ingratitude,^ sterno- mancie, ecarlatin, phosphorescence, enthousiasme, Gontribuaie;?/, synantherique, fondamental, dipte^ rodons, nephrelmintique, evidemment, ultramon- tain, desageuc^oient^ deceintroir, introduire, splan- chnotomie, surintendance^ raphanedon, investiture, terebenthine, boustrophedon, indecemment, noncu- patit^ embouchoirs, ichtyodontes, exhalaison^ inter- rogeant, plancheya/, interstellaire, tetraspaton, me- diastin, conventicule, rejouissance^ helmintholithe, oxymaron, allangourir, suggereront, infanticide, competemment, transsubstanciew^, orthontropie, dio- i^esain^ envisageons^ ceratosanthes^ inscierament, 128 eontrepoldsj asqavRniois^ rhombo'idal, cynorrhoJon^ phantasiastes, serancolin, echaufFaison, teinturier, tambourineurj croquelardoiij impartageable, theo- Tnancie, omphalopsjques, desimbriquei-j antithenar, benedictin^ difFeremment/ califourchon, malebran- chisme^ archifripon, polyacanthe, etinceler, condou* loir, instiiuoient y subsequemment, syngultueux, in- consequentes, rhinanthacees, fontenoi^ stoiquementj anthesphoriesy desenla^r/f, symposiarque, heptangu- laire, precedemmentj incandescence, sacramaroflj amphiarthrose, araericains, hyperthjron, spodoman- eie, incarnadin, peroraison, amphjprostyle, spinthe- Tometre, encensoir, ronsardiser, pantaguieres, in- dulgemment, laomedon, insermente, convoito/e;?/, peremptoire, scomberoides, samaritain, encoura- geohp, antiphthisique, succulemnient, incombustf* ble, megalodontes, panapaniforme, intemperance, earoxylon, enchevaucbure, enneacanthes, Constan- tinople, insolerament, hambourgeois, jambajo/e/?/, edontoide, phonocamptiquc, demangeaison, zone- colin, commensurable, orpheoron, ambranloire, , consequemment, aldobrandin, engastrimysme, nie- lichrjson, instrumental, acanthopode, surlende- main, enfouisseur, s^^ingulier, imanteligme, desen- chantons, anthjpophore, geropogons, violemment,^ poitevin, tephramancie, basilicon, mesaventure, interpinnc, deconvertir, sanguifier, sjnthocrator,. eminemment, clupanodons, cynanthropie, symphy^ togyne, amplexicaule, bellerophon, champenois, vempi'uuieroientf leviathan, dominiquin, reprehen- sif, nonchaloir, peinturlurer, akanticone, noncia- * ture, gendarmerie, enceinturons, noctambulisme, . principaute, estramaeon, congruite, hippocentaure^ i jiirisconsulte, incidemment, alphitedon, lycnoman- | cie, vilebrequin, contemplateur, degringoier, unti- | pyique, cyziagan, automedon, tamaricin, enlumi- j nure, salmigondis, kanguroo, helmintagog'^ue, re- ' compensant, chrysoprasin, amphimerine, yaconda^^ij inikiuoient^ buzaii^ois, ribaudequin, embryottdaste, rieyeremment^ eurymedon; caranxomores; instil u- 129 teur, desenclouer, oxyrrhodin^ harenguiere, spon- dj^lolithe, excellemment, inventori^^^w/, niiramolin, annonchalir, pericardin, chrjsobolan, cangoximain, eventuel, gjnopogon, anthropolithes, moineton, ob- temperoz^, saintongeois, acanthoide, principiot, coalescence^ derompoir, tinctorial^ apparemment, centarier, disconvenir, lepisacanthes, perigourdin, ca'imacan, conjugaison^ mansuetude, archigrelin, nomocanon, intemperie, concupiscible, boursouffle- mentj polypaston, enfon^oir, crepusculin, negligem- ment, pamoison, anacaniptique, tetraodons, conde- scendance, estrapontin, recommandable, lithontrip- tique, ouatergan, contrefa^on, liquidambar, gingem- brier, desinfecto/ew/, angoumois, syringoide^ sub- deleguonSj insinuaie/?/, contrevenir, accentuer, sin- cipital, preexistence, hvpericon, plancheieur, im- prudemment, circonduire, oomancie, bjacinthin, empourprerontj mala venture, imponderable, cjlin- drace, rensemen^ons, alexandrin, langayo/cw^, dant- zicois, rhinanthoide, inclinaison, tolerantisme, sue- cederons, r^conciliew/, innocerament, indemnite, decameron, myomancie, hematomphale, intervenir, aggravanter, splanchnologie, confidemment, desen- clouoienf^ econduire^ incertitude, inhumeront, sep- tembriseur, vaccinerons. Five Sounds, — Ponctualite, reverencieux, inter- cutane, eondemnatoire, employo/ew/, cystothrom- boide, consanguinite, ambigiiite, quimpercorentin, succenturier, archimandritat, irapertinemment, de- pedantisai, convulsionnaire, thyrostaphylin, olym- pionique, hecatompedon, cinquantenier, sanda- ^ liolithe, intolerantisme, diaciminon, helmintholo- gie, amphidiarthrose, inconciliaUle, toxicodea- dron, ornithomancie, circonvoisin, emphyteotique, blondoyaiewf, ecatomphonie, angoumoisin, desas- siegeons, glossopalatin, ankylomerisme, incontt- nemment, almucantarath, sindesmologie, enregi* jnentons, d^nsoyoient septentrional, amphibiolitho^ contigu'ite, ichtyomancie, antecedemment, discour iinua/; inter trans\ersaire, erythroxilon, laryngo^ 130 ^raphie, antlscrophuleux, incongruite, enroydes, degingaiidement, intercervicaux, contrebandier, terebinthacees, neapolitain, obtusangule, mon- struosite, imployable, irreveremment, cerauno- chrjson, pantheologie, hieroranemons, rempois- sonnoit^ brandebourgeois, scolopendroide, ompha- lomancie, archipatelin^ meningophilax, odonto- techiiie, thyropalatin^ ebourgeonnement, parana- tellonsj instrumentatifj spongiosite, pharyngoto- mie, iritelligemmentj conciergeriej deralingue- ysiient^ successivementj agiosimandre, valentinoisj ondoyoient^ antiloimique, ingenuite, degeneres- cence, archiechanson, convolvulacees, incompre- hensible, inhumainement, staphylodendron, anti- puritain, spontaneite, amniomancie, quintessen- xier, sanctificateur, epistaphylin, antilogarithme, transsubstancio/e/?/, amphiblestrhoide, mesintelli- gence. onctuosite, incroyable. innocenteront^ ou- trecuidance, circonspectissime, necyomancie, in- competemment, diatessaron, medicarnenteux, crys- tometallin, allemazarron, pleniprebende, diacar- cinon, parenchiniateux, decontenan9ons, conti- nuite, syndesmographie, independantisme^ longa- .nimite, survivanciaire, hydrenterocele, parfour- nissement, tinrelintintin, circonstancier, embou- ^tissoir, palingenesie, reajournement, infecondite, inintelligible, flamboyo/V, anthropomorphisme, cos- mopolitain, intertransversal, contrepoison, indifFe- remment, encepbalcide, peristaphylins^ sensuaJite, convoye, succenturiaux, peremptorisfis/, ompha- lorrhagie, consimilitude, ambiguite, enoptroman- cie, panharmonicon, sanctimoniale, metropolitain, emberlucoquer, confabulateurj ichtyospondiles, incipiomnite, desincorporons, ensoyoie?it^ inflani- matoire, nephrothromboide, glossostaphylin, equi« valemmentj conciliabule, iconantiptyque, somptuo- site, cristalloniancie, auiphiexaedre, contigiiite, helmintliocorton, desenrayaiew/^ intervertebral^ anthropopathie. Si.v 6'(?;/;2c/^. — <• Theophilanthropie, ^ntihydro- n 131 phobique, irreconclliable, enterohydromphale^ com- pressibilite, antivermiculaire, dodecadactylon, in- teriionciature, encoraedienno/e;?^^ consuetudinaire, desinteressement, andrapodocapelcj impitojable, dactyliomancie, palatostaphjlin, anfractuosite, dia- catholicon^ infructueusement, conventualite^ iiifi- nitesimaljandrocephaloide, ankyloblepharon^ impe- tuosite, oecumeniqueraent, extensibilite, contreba- lanceront, inferiorite^ cephalanomancie, enneacon- taedre, pterygopalatine amphibiologie, nephrocata- licon, epiplosarcomphale, anticacochimique, cera- tostaphjlin, calomnieusement, oneiromancie, dia- margariton, apophlegmatisante, stereotjperont, in- solvabilite, enterohydrocele, imparissyllabique, me- teoromancie, parallelopleuron, interclaviculairej panstereorama, symptomatologies desensorcelle- ment, pharyngostapliylin, sangiiificatif, unibrancha- pertures, impassibilite^ potamogeiton^ trisoljmpi'- onique, pantagruelisoz^, melodieusement, indemiii- sassiez, sarcoepiplomphalo, pterygostaphylin^ es- tramagonnerons. Seven Sounds. — Impecuniositej kephateonoman- cie, antihemorrhoidal, deprovincialisoxe/?/, contra- dictoirement, inextinguibilite, trigonometrique- ment, incompatibilite, enteroepiplomphale, anti- versificateur, consistorialite^ immateriellementj Iiemoi'oteleutonj contrebalangassiez^ antihypocon^^ driaque, incomparabilite, perpendiculairementj con- temporaneite, ecclesiastiquement^ archiconfia- ternite. ^ ' Eight Sounds. — Megalanthropogenesie, intel- lectualisero/e/2^9 ininteiligibilitej angeiohydrogra- phie, sphenophterigopalatin, extrajudiciairement, aiithroposomatologiej panharmonimetallicon, ih- commensurabilite, misericordieusement, antidi- comarianiteSj incomprehensibilite. Nine 6ow//c/5.— Pancreaticoduodenal. >#^^>##^*s#' 132 NASAL SOUNDS l^receded by Others, without Intermedial Consonants,^ TWO SOUNDS. ELEMENTS. ien ^ sound fin all words whose teimination is I ience, in their relatives and a ^ . J few others, which, in Latin, end j in iens, as oriens. These last j will be given among the excep- \^tio7is to the next rule, ^ in all words but those just men- I i-in ( tioned. ien, eem . e-an ^at the beginning or middle of \ words, at the end of words. re-an f \ e-in . tim, aim • • •a-in ^in, eim • • ^ • • • • . e-in oin • • • •• •• o-m um u-m The trema does not separate i singly, but the whole nasal sound m, from the preceding voweL Two Sounds. — Bien 5 science, rouons, neant, lion, soin, ^mxxient^ pbaon, cain, bleons, mien, tuons, coin, scion, oeanthe, plan, frouons, cleanthe, oing, muons, leandre, tient, rouen, inion, juan, moindre, zoanthe, louonsi, muance, ion, kouan, moins, luon, iambe, houons, tuant, oindre, triompheTZ^, seance, cion, chouans, groin, paean, Icon, lluente, lien, trouons, feoin, peon, zian, nuons, couin, beante, sien, reem- hYent^ douons, huant^ flouin, viande, ruons, bean, lyon, poindre, rouant^ choin, cloanthe, vouons, geant», rien, sion^ nuances, meon, loin, creance, cbien, jouons, truande, joindre, bion, meandre, huons, juin, ceans, tbaon, poings, creons, sciences^ vient, pean, nouons, gluant, pions, caantlie, suons, foin, yon^ diantre^ poinkw/, clouons, puante. 133 Tfiree Sowwi/^.— Gedeoii, joinclro/ew/, sjrierij -conscience^ phoceenj avouons, coriambe, baudouins, champion, firmien, messeante, orpheon^ vendeens, influenccw^5 thjmbrien, fian^ons^ sainfoin^ recre- ance, ginguions, thebeen, tetuan, ointure, albion, phrygiens, oleandre, tintoiiin, droguions, argiions, mimianibe, agreons, lyceen, reengendre??^, con- fliient, istrien, simoon, temiam, acoint, telxion, ouangou, nemeens, geryon, melianthe, lointain, jovien, decruons, gureen, pension, decheance, ly- caon, Iiypsiens, empointe;?/, padeen, tlieanthrope, scorpions, anian, museon, sagouin, faineante, car- neen, tension, julien, mediante, reinte, chlorions, tnefianee, dechouons, persien, croupion, hatuan, poin^on^ pupien, surseance, thamnionvS, loango, t-egeen, ^o'mioient^ liistrion, audience, ideen, con- gruent, claudien, fringuions, sicyon, adjoints, lou- pian, acteon, coendou, daheen, friandise, pointage, nuan9ons, terrien, periandre, cosseen, affluence, delpliien, qdeon, pourpoints, scipion, louangeur, suinto/e;?/, catheen, statuons, marsouins, cordouan, amphion, sabeen, inscience, pithien, Orleans, xi- phion, thomeen, babouin, curion, tienbord, cutlieen^ coriandre, stellion^ gordien, epoindre, smyrneen, briancoR, besoins, fluxion, ocean, bourgoin, iam- bique, areens, prescience, indiens, mantouan, co- incy, jussion, remuante, dacryon, ziangi, chiendent, piseen, doleance, chafouin, boroon, stjgien, coin- xhent, scission, haleen, boseuant, lionceaux, bron- teon, siarapan, pantheon, oindrr//, lucieny eche- ance, trianthemes^ bedouin, lycaon, amiante, the- andrique, eleen, affluent, lydien, ixion, pointeur, concluant, cxedLuioient^ succion, combien, mecre- ance, hesseen, pharaon, geantisme, temoins, puan- teur, phlegreens, abluons, cadouin, alcjon, sarap- ceens, sapience, cockien, preambule, lysianthe, dechouons, chuintante, simeon, arg^liant, tinguions, mesoing, oubliance, leontice, mineen, reembrer^/z^^ priscien, agreant, fusion. Ie34 , Four Sounds.— J ehnseei}^ suspension^ parisien^^ constituante, enjoindro/e/?^, boirions^ argippeen, desavouons, dessuintage, intriguions, reintegrande, coindicant, corinthien, experience, cananeen, re- imprimere/?^, cereleon, paragueen. bienseances, extension, appoinleur, creancier, embothrion, tze- tzelien, redargiiant, seringuions, goinfrerie, epip- loon, cartouchien, accointo/e/2^, poisions, saduceen, psalmodions, alcmancien, timoleon, euganeens, reinstallassew/, liilherien, exsuccion, neannioins, cjmbidions, teinturien, adjoindrr//, triangulaire, psvdracion, empointeur, cyclopeen, suintement, ca- meleons, jamboloin, subversion, anthraciens, ac- coincere/?/, barbileens, pandaleon, mesalliance, au- bifoin, corrosion, deinclinant, eleleen, deileon, cog- cjgien, ammoneen, froissionsj reintegro2e/?/, em- bonpoint, suffusion, nathineens, omniscience, sciu- riens, coincident, yelion, ammorrlieen, padouan- tage, distinguions, agynniens, reengendrere/?/, ga- lileen, incision, contrepoint, eternuons, biendisant helcjdrion, maringouin, elymeen, ouanderou, ho* losteon, grammairien, conjoindro/e^/, croisions dositheens, instiguions, cliirurgien, insinuant, ty- riantin, occision, condoleance, idumeen, amoin- dnrent^ hystriciens, laocoon, luxuriance, rein- struire^ amphideon, nazareen, amadouant, tubal- cain, transfusion, inconcluant, recrean^asse/?^, athe- iiien, empyomphale, bienfaiteurs, anacreon, coin- teiie, pterygion, amaseen, epointere/?^, dimension, jiabatbeen, suinter^//, concision, ambrosien, fainean- tise, haranguions, garameen, appointage, deicoon,t anomeeii, reimposo/e/z^, stoi'cien, cloitrions, zoan-| tliropie, garajian, explosion, saturnien, obedience, corcyreens, bienseant, psalterion, europeen, res- tituant, ukranien, descension, samaneen, talapoin, panlaleon, insouciance, pyrrhonien, amphitryon, reinfect6re/?^, succession, poinsinet, calameon^ at- tenuant, georgiens, xylosteon, moindrement, de- senrouons, baragouin, oenopion^ buandier^ aerien^ ? 7 135 mezereon^ recipiangle^ asmoneen, redargtions, en* verguions, autrichien, disjoindvoient^ moirions^ em- puantir^ suspicion^ accointances. Five Sounds. — Contrepointoient^ rentoilions, amianthoide, carlovingiens, inexperience, hyper- boreens, trioinpbalement, reinterrogerew^, anacre- ontiques, comprehension, ethiopien, redistribuant, petteuterion, lithuaniens, gal^anthropie, operta- iieens, subdivision^ homoousiens, sandernanian, dodecatheon, gastrocneniiens, appointemens, ane- antiraie;?^, hypomochlion, acleidiens, conjointe- ment, apotropeens, reengendreroxew/, paroissien, holoturion, polyanthea, dipterjgien, rehabituons, anazarbeen, zuinglianisme, tetraodion, mastoidien, apointisso/ewf, rejointoif/?^, acidifiant, hjpsista- riens, malacosteon, archiloquien, pourpointerie, laodiceens, inconvenience, cesophagien, bienseam- ment, enkiridion. Six Sowwrf^, — Aperianthacees, leontopetalon, cricopharingien, aneantissement, animadversion, sacrococcygien, hjpotrahelion, epoingonneroxe;?^, condylo'idien, voiturisions, bibliuguiancie, pteri* goidien, reinvitassions, aristoxeniens, desappointe- ment, angoisserions, cameleontroide, empuantisse- m^nt, hyopharyngien, reengendrassions. Seven Sounds. — Eunomiophronien, desacointe- rions, acanthopterygiens, epiploenterocele, genio- pharyngien, defortifiassions, cricothyroidien, re^ ^o'lntoyoient^ syndesmopharyngien, arythenoidien, empoisonnassions, malacopterygien, cephalopha- ryngien, desappointassions, mylohyoidien, aeros- tathonion, sternothyroidien, perroyassions, hyothy- roidien. Eight Sounds. — Coracohyoidien, italianiserions, trifemororotulien, geniohyoidien. Nine Sounds. — Hydroenteroepiplomphale, pe- ristaphylopharingien, rejointoyassions, thyroary- tenoidien. T'en Sounds. — Sternocleidohvoidien, stvlocera- tohyoidien. im THREE SOUNDS. Three Sounds, — Huions/payantj crelons, veiensj, douions, diiaiTibe^ pleyon, fai'ance, eoom, brayant, rui'onsj sciions, rayant, clouionSj maiencej boi'enSy sayon, ayant, taions, myoam, deion, frayant, jouions, bleions, fai'ence, paien^ crayons, sui'ons^ layant, niions. Four Sounds, — Attrayant^ echou'ions, velleiensj airg'iiions^ gordyeens, suppleions, biscaieiij rentray*- ant, reflui'onSj pompeiens, effrayons, cocce'ien, ex'^' trayantj solfiions, euboeen, congeions, tarpeien^ obviioiis, soustrayant, ardyeen^tatou'ions, plebeien^ phorbeion, sebueen, cominuions. Five Sounds. — Stupefiions, replancheyant, rama- douions, redarguions. Six Sounds. —Agetoreion^ tolistoboiens. Seven Sounds. — Aristophaneion, rOUR SOUNDS. Four Sounds. — Doyen, choyons, bruyarif, tvoyi^ ^ns/tayoan, noyons, fuyant, moyen, voyons, croy* ance^, payions, royan. Five Sounds. — Lamproyon, clairvoyance, ci»i^'i toyens, aigayions, appuyant, conjoyons, rosoyant, mitoyen, larmoyante, brasseiions^ verdoyants, gras- seyions. Six Sounds. — Imprevoyance^ replancheiions^ concitoyens. FIVE SOUNDS. Five Sounds. — ^Broyions. Six Sounds. — Appuyions. it^4h^.tf^^e*' 137 T Followed by 7, and one or several Vowels. ' T, followed hy i, and one or several vowels, is some' , times pronounced like s, and sometimes retains its proper articulation; a gross irregularity ivhich the interest of the Language requires the redress of. Some of the rules respecting it cannot guide the pupil unacquainted with grammar, or who does not know the meaning of words subject to them, T RETAINS ITS PROPER ARTICULATION When initial: Tiare, tiou, tieble, tion, tioul^ tienbordj tieulet/ tier^on — tiede, tiedeur, tiedement— tiens^ tienne;?/, iieuAroient — tieiinot. When medial, in the relatives of preceding words : Attiedir, attiedissement — delient, retiendr^/, con- fiendro/^5 apps^rtiennc^?^, obtiendront, maintien- droient^ soutic^ndriez, entretiendrions — soutien^ maintien, entretien— etienue. I71 words ending in ie, ie, i^e, ier, iere, ieme, with or without s final, and their relatives : Orties, cljtiej sarmatie, cotyties, pliilautiej hel- loties, samogitie, hippocraties — pitie^ inoities — ^1- tier, eiitier^ rentiers, volontiers, charcutier, pas- senientier, bimbelotiers, banqueroutier, guichetier, usufruitiers— tourtiere, cimetieres, lingotiere^ cafe- tiere. tabatieres, fruitiere, armentieres, miroitierCj chocolatiere — trentieaies^ quantieme, peDultiemes, quarantieme, huitieme, nonantiemes, septaiitieme, cinquantieme. octantiemes, antepenultieme, iiide- finitiemes — altierement^ entieremeiit, trentieme- ment, huitiemement. In the terminations of Verbs, and their relatives: Batie^ garanties, chatier^ chatiant^ chatiees, chatie;?^; chatiionS; chkiioient^ chatiamesj chatias- 138 siez, &c. — contentions, suintiez, rempruntions, ereintions, exploitiez, contrepointiez, etions, con- sentie, repentions, departiez^ revetions, compro- mettiez, redebattions. In the dissyllable anti : Antienne, antiope, antiacide, antietique, antiorw gastique, antiennaedre, antiarthritique, antiepi- leptiqae, antiarthriditique, antiapoplectique^ antia- phrodisiaque, antiadiaphoristes. When it is jweceded by s or x: Hostie, question, bastia, mixtion, bestiole, mous* tier, bastien, ustion, bestiaux, vestiaire. gestion, bastion, amnistie, christiens, bestiaire, combustion, celestiel, contristiez, digestion, sacristie, immijc- lion, flibustier, adastion, abstiendro/e/?/, dynastie, congestion, sebastien, bavestier, incrustions, ques- tionneur, revestiaire, subsistiez, suggestion, chris- tianisme, pretextiez, questionnaire, balaustier, in- sistions, immodestie, m'lx^iionnoient^ celestien bes- tialement, preexistiez, indigestion, coexistiez, chris* tianopelj questionnera/. A2id in • Chretien, chretiennement, antichretiens. T IS PRONOUNCED LIKE S, (Provided tlie words are not subject to any of tbe foregoing Rules.) Irt words ending in ion, and their relatives : Action, ambition, additions, transcription, in-' jonctions, redemption, e:?^tinclion, conscription, ob-' structions, rescription, soustraction, coemption, intinction, conception, adstriction, componction^ | fruition, peremption, inscriptions, contention, sou- * scription, coaction, presomption, recreation, em- I plastration, coalition, intersection, inhibition, sub- stitution, transplantation, intuition, constitutions, exsudation^ jurisdiction, transgulation, eirconspec- j 139 tion, ponctaation, vaccination, indistinction, deal- bation, restitution, cooptation, subgrondation, re- troaction, superstitions, abnegation, resurrection, instauration, reconstruction, imbibition, inhuma- tion, coaptation, transmigrations, prononciation^ expectoration, snrinstitution. delineation, concate- nation, incontradiction, sanctilication, habituation, desulturation, stratification, extravasation, reex- portation, irititulation, coindication, litholisation, transfiguration, porphjrisation. exploitation, su- perpurgations, infatuation, revivification, desin- cameration, immatriculation, mercurification, re- conciliation, discontinuation, excommunications, reappreciation, alcoholisalion, corporification, pre- determination, reedification, antioccupaiion^ spi- ritualisation. — actionner, actionnant actionne, ac- tionnons, actionnaire, nationaux, fractionnaire, ra- tionnel, perfectionne/?^, tortionnaire, fonctionnaires, rational, dictionnaire, refectionnes, stationai, fic- tionnaire, ambitionn^/, ambitionnasse??/, addition- nais, additionnels, mentionnero/e/^i^, conditionnee, cautionnions. cautionnement, affectionnerew^, con- ventionnel, rationatif, munitionnaire, precautionn^/, conditionnelle, retentionnaire, dictionariste, pro- portionnof/, intentionnel, petitionnaires, correc- tionnel, concept ionnaire, perfectionnement, dis- proportionno/e/?/, constitutionnel, expeditionnaire, nationalite, afFectionnement, jurisdictionnel, bene- dictionnaire, antinational, insurrectionnel, pro-* portionneileraent, inconstiliitionnei, revolutionne- Yoienf^ condition nellement, anticonstitutionnaireSy inconstitutionnalite, anticonstitutionneliement. When followed by ia, iai, io, iau, ieu, iel. Most of these words derive from the preceding in ion, or have c or s in their roots. They will all he classed, in the Second Part, among the exceptions. Martial, factieux, petiole, actiaque, captieuse, miltiade, partiaux, spartiates, nuptial, essentiel^ silentiaire^ devotieux, abatial^ nicotiane, substan- 140 iiel, ambltleux, infortiat^ initial, seditieuses, acti^ atique, impartial, contentieux, potential, solstitial, comitiaux, insatiable, partialiste, primatiale, face- tieux, difFerentiel, partialement, ratiocinofe/?/, pe- nitential, initiatif, pestilentieux, excrementiel, re* credentiaire, partiaiite, consubstantiel, captieuse- nient, reverentielle, penitentiaux, exponentiel, su- perstitienses, impartialement, plenipotentiaire, essentiellement, propitiation, impartialite, face- tieusement, initiation, propitiatoire, consubstan* tialite, differentiation, superstitieusement, trans- substantiation, consubstantiellement, insatiabilite, ratiocination, antipestilentiel^ partialisassiez, con- substantiation. In words ending in lewcQ, and their relatives : Patience, impatience, patiente, impatients, par tiemment, impatiemment, impatienter, patientions, impatientero/67?/— sapientiaux, obedientiel. In names and adjectives in ien, and their relatives : Titien, rhetiens, artien, brutiens, gratien, veni- tienne, domitien, egyptiens, helvetiennes, beotien, nepotiens, thesprotiens, goetien, pretutiens, le- pontiennes, horatien, aetiens, vocontiens, taulan- tiens, dioeletien, dassaretiens. And in these ivords, most from the Latin tia, tiae : Betie, beotie, facetie, inertie, croatie, goetie, minutie, dalmatie, calvitie, prophetie, grenetie, primatie, argutie, peripetie, theociatie, imperitie, democratie, suprematie, ochlocratie, onirocratie, cynecocratie, aristocratic, onirocritie — balbutier, balbutiant, balbutie, balbutie, balbutions, balbu- iioienty initier, initiees, imiienf^ initiions, ini- tiames. ISr. B. There are many words with the termination ion, in which t is differently pronounced according to their various grammatical Jiatures or meanings* Hereafter, it will he printed in italics, when jyronounced like s. Nous dictions, a verb : we dictated; dicdons^ a I 141 noun: dictions; options v^ opdons w; dations v^ clarions n ; notions t;, notions n ; rations t), ra- tions n ; portions v^ pordons n ; mentions v^ men- tions n ; desertions v^ deserdons n ; adoptions v^ adoptions /z ; exceptions t), exceptions ;z; refrac- tions D, refrac/ions w; collections t, coUecdons n ; inspections v^ inspections n ; acceptions v^ accep- tions n ; detractions v^ detracdons n ; infections v, infecdons n ; intentions v^ intensions n ; assertions v^ assertions n: relations, i;, relations n; objec- tions V, objecdons n ; injections Vy injecdons n ; af- fections 'Vj affec/ions n ; contentions v^ conten- tions n ; inventions v, inventions n ; translations v^ translations n ; editions v^ editions n ; retractions i?5 retracdons /2 ; attentions t:)^ attendons w; emo- tions v^ emotions n ; contractions i), contractions n ; legislations v^ legisladons ^ ; interjections v^ inters jecfionsn; persecutions v^ persecutions /z; desin- fections v^ desinfecdons n ; interceptions v^ inter- ceptions /z; executions t?^ executions/^. «sr^^^^ ' GN SALIt^AL. When gu cn*e medial, commonly g is inariicidated, mid n has a particular salival ^pronunciation, for which both are (superfluously) called gn mouilles (icet gn). These sad ruins of gn, consist in applying the tip of the tongue to the under teeth, then laying flat the jniddle of the tongue over the palate, and separating them with a little watery noise. One Sound, — Bagne, signe, daigne;?/, rogne^ lignesj gagne, regne, borgne, ceigne;//, digne, craigne, trogne, feigne^ pagne, cligne^ teigne, cogne, plaigne, vigne, hergne, peigne grogne, cjgne, baigne, lorgne/?^, guigne, saigne. Two Sounds, — Mignon, grogno?/^ joigne, ma- ligne, cognac, ligneux, ognon, bourgogne, cham- jpagne^ enseigne/?^, agneaux^ borgnesse, vignobie^ 142 montagne^ seigneur, eigne, peignoxVw^, megnie^ bi ugnon. gascogne, signal, duegne, trepigne, beig- nets, cagnard, chataigne, saigna/, insigne, pologne, tignon, ascagne, vignette, aignan, gagner, ver- gogne, niignard, lignee, repugne, consigne, bag* neres, pagnote, ignare, pignon, renfrognew/, barg- neux, romagne, ignoble, craignant, benigne, teig- nasse, regnoient^ poigne, boulogne, trognon, cog- nees, sardaigne, teigneux, grignan, indigne, cam- pagne, clugny, ivrogncj ence'ignent^ lignon, for- ligne, cocagne, gagnage, douegne, cagneuses, cigogne, rognon, auvergne, guigner, restreigne/?^, dordogne, chignon, provigne, impngne, guignard, eharogne, dignant, espagne, benigne, signaux, cog- ger, bretagne, soussigne. Three Sounds. — Charlemagne, dignitaire, sou*- ligna/, lumignon, peignions, agnelet, frontignan^j baignoir, designo/e;??^, magnetisme, avignon, cur- viligne, monseigneur, ignorance, rechignere/2^5 clignement, grignoter, allemagne, bourguignonj^ interregne, campagnards, poignee, dignite, bag- nolet, colignac, encognure^ epargno/e/?/, ternoigne, magnanioie, taulignan, vergognenx, assignats, ma- quignon, araignee, signandaire, impregn«2, dig- noter, epagneul, repugnance, pourceaugnac, raig- nardises, moignon, clignions, saignement, depeig- nirent^ impugner, soigneuses, rossignol, castag- nettes, mignature, draguignant, rectiligne, con-i Iraignable, engignour, carmagnole, adjoigne, tre- pigno/r;//, orignac,'^ perpignan, barguigneur, vig- aieron, dedaigneuses, musaraigne, signature, poig- nant, champignon, espagnols, cognoir, lignager^ niontagneux, lu^ignan, dessaignere/z^, grognement, compagnon, egratigne, croquignole, armagnac^ lavignon, dignement, ]oignoienty mixtiligne, og^ nonet, marignan, compagnies, chantignole, au- bigny, montagnard. Fo?ir Sounds* — Enseignement, reassigner^/?^, clignotions, cognassier, eteignoir, malignite, ig- nominie, seigneurial, ognonniere, enfreignionsj 143 -dejoigno/ew^, signalement, bourgnigiionisrae, te^ moignage, igiiorantin, resignataire, poignardc//, decognoir, empoigno/^, maquignonage, egratig- -iiure, grinotions, indignement, magnetisasse^?^, la^ moignan, benignite, oignement, enguignonej saig- notions. Fixe Sounds. — Magnanituite, designations, amig- notions, soigneusement, acagnarderoVe/2^5 detigno- nionSj insignifiance, resignadon, champignoniere, espagnoliser, indignation, magnifiquement, accom- pagnateur, consignation^ eloignenient, degaig* noniez. Six Sounds. — Significations, nionseigneurise- Toienty reassignadon. Seven Sounds. — Ignominieusement. N,B, gn initial are both properly articulated^ that is, are not sallval : Gnome, gnide, gnemon, gnavelle, gnomide, gnidie, gnostiques, gnomon, gnomique, gnidienne^ gnosimaques, gnomonique. L AND LL SALIVAL. L and 11 preceded by \y and followed by a vowel, or being final, have generally a salival promtnciation, and sometimes retain the proper one. The salival articulation ejl and 11, also called mouillees (wet), is nearly the same ^s that of^n mouilles, described in the preceding article ; XL and 1 being of the same organs, the palate and tongue, 'Only it appears that, in pronouncing \, the tough'e ex- pands itself more widely and closely over the palate ; its point applying likewise to the under teeth, but no breath issuing through the nose, as it does with u(l). The (I) It is exactly the same pronunciation as that of the Spanish //, and lta,Y\?in gl schiacciato, inoLle, by which it is ordinarily lig'ured ; an imperfect, careless and dirty articulating of the pretended soft /, which is still more enervated, and reduced to non entity iu 144 tietter i, which dlwctys precedes 1 a7idU, a^ the primary cause of their saiivahi^ss, is silent after one or several vowels; .so ail, eil, euil, ouil, are pronounced, with 1 sali- val, al, el, eul, oul; hut i being alone, or preceded by u silent after g and q, must necessarily be sounded, SALIVAL PRONUNCIATION. A single 1 is salival only in the terminations ail, eil, euil, ouil: Bail, deuil, mails, seuils, dail, pareil, bercail, fauteuils, conseil, plumail, fenouil, auteuil, details, eveilj ventail, chevreuil, negueil, tramail, vieil,H portailsj reseuil, betail, ortqil^ bouvreuil, email, vermeils, corail, sommeil, linceiiil, camails, reyeil^ burail, cerfeuil, corbeil, travail, fenouils, soleil, vantail, appareil, gouvernails, ecureuils, poitrail, nompareil, borozail, chevrefeuil, eveiitail, soupirail, attirail, epouvantails. In these words, wherein uei irregularly sound eu, as in their relatives : Accueil, cercueils, eciieil, orgueil, recueils — in negoeil, oei sounding e — in the word ceil, pronounced eil, and oftener euil, as in its relatives — and in avril, gresil, peril. A double 1 is generally salival, except in words be- ginning with ill : Fille, ioWlent^ veille, cueille, houille, oille, cailles, feuille, strille, bouille/2^,maille, drill e, souille, treille, paille, grille/?^, pouille, traille, bille, veuille, brouille, aillent^ teille, quille, bailies, fouille, tille; the babish mouths of our he and she-dells. Bein^ the corrup- tion of a corruption, and a lie of the spelling, it has lately been favoured with a gracious reception by certain grammar and dic- tionary-masons, who represent, for instance, /Hie, soleil, bataille, ^Jetiller, meilleur^ bomllant, bouillir, ifc, by J"ie, sole'ie, batale, , pet'U, we'ieur, bouian, bou'lir. The new rule, it appears, has also a respectable suite of exceptions, and is, therefore, very fit for science. 145 cueill^;?^, raille^ mouille, seille, vrille, douille, braille, squille, \ei\\ent^ rouille, copneille, brill- pient^ muraille, bastille, patrouille, tailleur, billet, volaille, groseille, roupille, taillant, grenouille, maillard, bouillir, bisbille, empouille, accueillew^, anguille, boiiteille, noailles, chatouille, siller, cuil- lere, mantille, ferraille, gazouille^z^, treillage, be- tille, andouille, sommeillew^, chenille, fouillo/^, vetille, maillet, cornouilles, pilleur, veiller, be- quille, Versailles, feuillaiit, sautillew^, quenouille, vermeille, blanquille, douillet, cisailles, ver- TouiWent^ gentille, graillon, veillaque, entrailles, millet, oseille, billards, mouillozY, sillons, fon- ^ailles^ touillaud, oneille, filleul, limaille, jantille, souillard, ceillets, tillac, favouille, broussailles, feuillets, vailly, griWoient^ tauraille, merveille, guil- lestre, vaillant, faucille, peautraille, oeillere, pil- lage, abeille, jaillir, quintille, eanaille, veilleur, haillon, sillet, entaille, etrillew/, tilleul, brouillards, juillet, imbroille, meilleurs, mangeaille, corbeille, jonquille, soulWoient^ billon, ouailles, veillane, ibrilla/, ailleurs, citrouille, courtille, teiller, gueu- saille, neuilly, bailleul, crebillon, grapillo2Y, mai- jnaille, pouillerie, gentillesse, cornouiller, rimail- lleurs, mascarille, gribouillage, effeuill^rew/, vic- ituailles, chantilly, merveilleuses, houspillon, cueil- loir, pendillo/e^?^, grenouillere, oreiller, effon- j drilles, funerailles, brouillement, conseillasse/z^, jdefaillante, peccadille, oeilleton, nompareille, bous- jilleur, charbouiller, criaillcf/, bernouilli, malveil* jlance, brailliez, graillement, depouiller^'w^, sour- jcilleux, raiilerie, papillon, coailler, santillane, cho- caillon, surveillo/.?, tailloir, marguiller, corbillards, taillevent, armadille, tourbillon, recueillirew^, vail- lamment, brusquembille, oreillons, perilleux, cor- nouaille, reveille/, castillan, bouilloire, fusillo/ew/, inarceillan, cremaillere, saiitiller, ranguillon, nique- douille, caillement, e^os\l\ent^ persille, raenuaille, brouillerie, semillante, courcaillet, tillions, guil- locher, rabouillere, bouvillon, andilly, infaillible, verrouillasse;?^, beille, cabillauc 146 UNSALIVAL PRONUNCIATION. 1 final is not salival in most of words in il : CII5 vil, fil, bil, nil, sil, mil, bill, profil, civil, chacril, subtil, goupil, viril, sextil, chartil, bresil, douzil, mirtil, grosil, mortfil, exil^ tortil, partil, volatil, incivil; pueril, colinil, bissextil, canabil. And in those in oil: Poil^ iiigroil^ contrepoil. A single 1 medial is not salival: He, baile, pile, aile, toile, concile, tiloienty troi'le, poile, railes, huile, \oilent^ zoile, h^ilaiy pilule, tuile, ailees, mixtiligne, toilette, vilete, 6toiles, aileron, curvilignes, indelebile, dilec/ion, dilations, piloriment, devoilo^Y, depilatoire, rehabilitions^ volatilisations. 147 A double 1 is not salival in words begiiming with ill : lUustre, illec, illisible, illatif, illecebres, illidon, illusoire, illustrero/^, illation, illusioiij illitere, il- luminisme, illeoalement, illutadon, illegitimite^ illusoirement, illuminaifion. Nor in these and their relatives, which will all he col- lected in the Second Part, as exceptions to the 11 salival : Ville, gille^ mille, sille, lille^ squille, ille, smille, strille, village, tranquille, pupille, villon, argille, Seville, villette, merville, stillinges, sebille, achille, villace^ perille, myrtille^ villeux, strigille, pre- ville, milliaire, belleville, miller, vacillerew^, ini- becille, villanelle^ papillaire, goniberville, mille- pores, abbeville, codicille, villicain, milligramme, charleville, squillitique, distillozV, luneville, sigil- laire, villenage, calleville, millouin, logistille, millerolle, millilitre, capillaire, joinville, mille- naire, angerville, scintilloze/?/, axillaire, vaudeville, millesime, villatique, malleville, pupillaire, ruillee, longueville, maxillaire, zillerthite, villageois, os- cilleroxV, pusillanime, sigillateur, villotier, stilla- ^ion, villocite, strigilliforme, sigillaries, villon- iieroxY, stillatoire, villaquerie, intermaxillaire, titil- ladon, villegiature, cavilladons, pupillarite, instiU ladorij pusillanimite. EKD OF PART I. PART 11. RECAPITULA TION OP THE RULES, FOLLOWED BY THEIR EXCEPTIONS. jLhis recapitulation exhibits a complete view of the analogies and anomalies of French orthography and pronuncintion. It is intended to serve as au exercise for frequent perusal. The learner must, at first, read the explanations, together with the regular and irregular words; then these same words without the explanations, which, in that design, are put aside. Another object of the recapitulation is, to facilitate the finding out of any rule or ex- ception. For this purpose, the order adopted in it is not, as in the First Part, elementary and merely analogical, but elementary, alphabetical, and ana- logical; that is, the elements of the words (not the words) with their analogies, are alphabetically' ranged. The elements are a^ d^ ah^ ac^ am^ &c. ; ai^ ay^ au. eau^ ao^ oa^ &c. ; byCydy&oc. In order to know whether a word is regular or irregular, it must be successively looked for at each of its ele- ments, and if irregular, it will be found among the exceptions ; if not found, it is to be considered as regular. Such searches will be rendered still more easy by using the Alphabetical List of exceptional words, placed at the end of the book, wherein the pronunciation is figured, and the words accompa- o3 150 nied by numbers referring to the page and particu* lar exception they belong to in the Recapitulation. The unprejudiced reader^ aware of the important correspondence of orthography and pronunciation in language, will, doubtless, start at so many ex- ceptions to so many exceptionable rules. It has been indeed the Author's care to bring them all to sight by a scrupulous analysis; but, unlike the superstitious herd of grammarians and prosodists, he admires not such deformities, and would rather, were it in his power, reduce them all, some way or other, to regularity and usefulness. However, it must be remarked, that if the greatest and most received analogies are often violated by ignorance, pedantry, caprice, affectation, unruled and pre-f tended all-ruling custom ; on the other side, ano- ' malies are sometimes scorned and trampled under foot by reason. N. /?. Some words which, being regular and irregular, may have occurred in the preceding ex- ercises, will appear again among the Exceptions. In words of several forms, as nouns, adjectives, verbs, &c., the regularity or irregularity in the radical form is understood to pervade the others, unless the contrary is stated ; a v always follows an irregular verb. * Many elements composed of several letters occur several times in the Recapitulation; at, ch^ eau^ &c. Words containing two or three irregularities, are at the end of the Recapitulation. Besides the regularities and irregularities inherent in words, there are others arising from their con- nexion. CONNEXION OF WORDS (in Prose). The connexion of words is the relation esta- blished among them by meaning, in a sentence or part of it, a period, a chapter, a book. Connected words are, in pronunciation, either disjoined or closely joined by coalescing. I I 151 Two words are disjoined by the consonant which the second begins with, as due liberal, pour lui, son pcre, mont rude, ami Jidtle; or by hiatus, that is, the meeting of two sounds, one at the end of the first word, the other at the beginning of the second; as parla un peu, bit d ven- dre, cri horrible, zero en chiffre, venu ici, eau impure, feu eteint, vceu audacieux, fou aimable, vrai oncle, dey humilie, hai enjin, joua aux cartes, loi imaginaire, viceroi oiseux, il cria out, pourquoi oindre, tournoye a yeux clos (i). Two words are joined and coalesce by consonation (a new and necessary term), that is, by pronouncing the final consonant of the first with the vowel or h mute with which the second begins. Consonation is necessary and unavoidable when the filial consonant is always uttered, as vif argent^ hel homme^ sac a poudre^ mer orageuse. It may also take place though the consonant be mute in dis- junction, as vous allez^ les enfans^ des habits^ vous osez hes'iter^ mot a^reable^ dangers oubliesy vrai* merit utiles sort affreux^ vinrent heureusement a (1) One would think hiatus to be the spirit of liberty, so terrified do our poets seem to be at it. With the design of expelling it from every where, a Sainte Alliance binds them all. But their efforts have not quite the success they wish for. That ill-sounding spirit is niched in so many bodies, that it can be got rid of by nothing less than proscribing or destroying half of the people of words. If, regard- less of sense, aiid notwithstanding rhythm and rime, they succeed to shift off, for instance, parla a, vu ici, ri aux eclats, honte ^gale, HSro y fnt, vceu ardent, livre au, ou irez, mari age, vertu heii^ reuse, iroujjeau alter e, cri indecent, credulite idoldlre, genou en terre, hdti onze, cm honorable, and thousands of others ; then, under the title of diphthongs or dissyllables, pour down like rain, Baal, fuir, sociaiix, creer, hero'lsme, bleudtre, Ji^au, jouis, niO' riage, veriueux, cloaque, cloitre, lien, obeir, louange, notions^ cruaute, juin, ancien, ideal, luine, poete, isra'el, ncCiade, a'ieul, Joudroyanly loyaute, &c. and these not less hiatuses: proieattachee, vie obscure, plaie incurable, vue encore, bleue et rouge, prosternee hurnblement, joue au trictrac^ &c. Were this imaginary evil to be cured, authorised remedies might be used, such as elision, con- traction, aspiration, euphonic letters ; but, blinded and degraded by superstition, French poetry is doomed to creep in slavery and ridicule. 152 hout^ nous en avons^ pronounced voiizallez^ mota'^ greable^ innretheureusementaboidy nou%en 7iavonSj &c. Consonation in this case is often neglected, but still remains of itself, if there be another conso- nant sounding before the last, as sort affreux^ pron. sorcrffreiix ; vinrent heureusement^ pron. i^m* rheureusevie/nt ; if there be no other consonant pronounced, then a complete disjunction takes place with hiatus: mot agreahle, pron. moagreable; dan" gers oublies^ pron. dangeoublies ; il met un frein a lufureur^ pron. il met un frein \ a la fureur (i); Words are also joined by elision, which is the dropping of the sounds of vowels. In French it happens in the Avord only that precedes another, beginning with a vowel or h mute. E simple is tjhe only vowel generally elided before any other; Jidele ami^ aimabl'i homme^ mauvaise intention^ theatre ouvert^ harpe eolienne^ are not pronounced ^'rfe/e- aini^ aimablehomme^ but Jidelami^ aimablhommey &c. Other sounds may be and are often elided before their like, or rather thej all form but one, commonly long; as il va a la campagne^ pronounced < // vd la campagne ; elle chant a avec intelligence^ pron. chantdvec ' • • * ; je viendrai expres^ joli ivrogne^ donnez du gruau an chien\ vous avez lu line fois^ peu heureux^ lui y courts joujou ouhlie^ le roi a dity tu vois Clio oisive^ hoyau horriblement (l) Happily this clashins: of consonants is, in a great measure, optional in conversation, for it is very troublesome to those who submit to it. They must not only think of the meaning, but also of the spelling of words, to revive dead letters. If forgetful or ' ignorant, they may bring back to life John for William, or William for John, and even such as never existed ; so, nous avons aussi will perhaps be nous-avontaussi, or nout-avons-aussi ; mort im"-^ prSvue mny be mors-impr^viie ; for des effets inutiles-, des effet- iniUiles; for nam anulogue, noms-analogue. The illiterate vulgar, unwillingly aping classical purists, are continually making the most curious blunders of this sort. As adverse as our rymers to hiatus, but more reasonahle and f-kilful, they likely would dishiatuse and harmonize these words, je le donnerai h eux et non ot elle in this niaaner, je le donnerai ta %eux tet 7ion za telle. 153 lourd^ il alia a Amiens^ vous qui 2/ trez. The same kind of elision may happen in case of unconsona- tion, as il se bat avec nous^ un nez epatt^ sujets aisesj its tenlo'ieni et Jlattoienty ce ruban encore^ vin insipide^ nous prerwns ombrage. Lastly, in careless and rapid speaking, sounds may be elided even before dissimilar ones; voila en quoi^ pro- nounced voilenquoi^ or xlenquoi ; tu veux un livre^ pron. tu vun ; je vais en France^ pron. je ven ; pas encore^ pron. p encore. To remove hiatus and even elision, an artificial consonation is sometimes procured by the insertion or rather restoration of s and t to the second and third persons of verbs, which formerly had, and, as well as others, shoiild still have them; as a-t-il^ aura-t-elle^ dinera-t-on^ va-s-i/^ va-t-elle^ aime't-il^ porte-S'T/^ donne-s-en (ij. The hyphens show the consonants to be inserted and pronounced with the following word, s like % as usual between vowels. In perhaps all languages, almost every word is the result of junction, disjunction, insertion, sup- pression, elision, contraction, &c., and many (for the misfortune of those whose understandings have branched out of their brains into their ears) contain or serve to produce hiatus. Some signs have an etrect upon connected words; they will be explained among the MARKS OF PUNCTUATION. Punctuation comprehends the marks which affect letters, direct the tone of the voice, its continuation or stopping, and point out to the reader the refe- (1) y^ comes from the Latio hahet; aura, dinera are for avoir «, diner a (ha'>et)^ the Fp'nch, Spanish, and Italian future being formed by affixing the present of avoir, haher, anr^ avere to the infinitive ; va, second person, is for vas, Latin vadis ; va and a'ane, third person, are in Latin vndit, amat ; parte, donne, should be as they are in the indicative, portes, donjies; in ludXiWy portasy donas. M 154 rences necessary for his information. Here is ex- plained the effect of such marks in pronunciation, and not their use in orthography. The Accent aigu (acute accent), placed over e only, gives it an acute and slender sound; as severite, ' The Accent grave (grave accent), placed over e, gives it a broad sound, but does not modify a and u/ as proces^ mtre^ pere^ legere^ a, /«, voild^ ou. The Accent circonflexe (circumflex accent), which may be placed over all vowels or sounds, is intended to render them long, giving to e the sound i»\ A A A A A A A A A A of ey as «, e, i^ o^u^ ai^ aii^ ei^ eu^ ou. It is useful only when distinguishing words which* differ both in meaning and pronunciation; as tdche from tache ; male — ^mal ; pecheur — pecheiir ; mir^ ent— m^rent; hate-^hotte; maitre — metre; bdiller—r- bailler; jeune—jeune. It is useless when lengthening words that have neither right or motive to be longer than others ;| ^sjlute^ paraitre^ voute^ dme^ dne^ abime^ vite. i It is worse than useless when lengthening and thereby confounding words whose pronunciation might become different; as etre^ hetre; chame^ chene; prete (ready), prete (lerid). It is treacherous, 1st, when the vowel it seems to lengthen is short, which is always the case with the first and second persons plural of the preterite indi- cative, and with the third person singular of the preterite subjunctive, as well as several other | words; as par/dmes^ parldles^ parldt;jinimes^ dites^ sorlit ; lumes^ conclutes^ parut ; vinmes^ iintes^ soU" tint ; maitresse^ gouter. 2dly, when it seems to render alike words that are differently pronounced; ^s dimes^ long (tithes), dimes^ short (we said). Sdly, when it seems to render different words that are of a similar pronunciation ; as dites^ dites ; rimesj rimes; fumes^ fumes/ dit^ dit ; tint^ tint; sur^sur; du^du; cru^cru* 155 N*B. If any mark be necessary to distinguish words that are alike in spelling and pronunciation, but of a different meaning, it should not be the ambiguous '^ nor ' . The Trema or Dierese (diaeresis), placed over e, /, u, makes them sound separately; as ndivetSj plebeien^ boesser^ noel^ sauL It is useless with e accented, or any distinct sound; as plebeien^ ome^ lambe^ iatrique^ iotacisme^ noel ; abusive and ambiguous upon e, sounding e and d; as poete (poete)^ poesie (poesie) ; absurd and contrary to its own destination upon e mute ; as cigue^ exigue (cigu^ exigu) ; wanting in several words wherein u is pro- nounced after g and q; as contiguiie^ questeur. " o -^- The Marks of Quantity or length of sounds and syllables, are used in graramais, dictionaries, and treatises ; viz. - to indicate a sound long, ^ a short one, and '"" one common, both long and short. But except the sounds which, being followed by several pronounced consonants, are or seem to be long ; as albumine^ vertu^ wyslere^ opter^ distinctt^ merit ^ abstrait^ lourdeau; those also that end with e mute^ such as pensee^ maladie^ statue^ jnonnate^ desavoue^ banlieue^ deploie^ which are commonly long, and a few of those bearing the circumflex accent ; the quantity of all others is or ought to be common, free, arbitrary ; and all the rules, distinc- tions, observations of prosodists, are vain and ab- surd, being founded neither in use or usefulness ; as luiypie^ vue^ selj sels^ pompe^ ciment^ pomme^ pomade^ le terns est beaii^j^en suis bien alse^ vos soins et vos soupirs^ le vrai seul est mm but^ et toi seiil es man guide. ' The mark of what is called Accent aigu^ toniqiie^ grammatical^ or appui^ vibration^ eclat ^ coup^ ictus^ (accent, stress, emphasis), is intended to shew the place of our fixed grammatical emphasis too, the want of which is deemed so shameful. But, un- i 156 fortunately, in spite of all the hunting of our long- eared and well-nosed literary hounds, not a shadow of it has yet been discovered. The fact is, French words have no fixed emphatical accent, and want none. The truly essential, that which is found inl men's and animals' languages, the oratorical accent,* is laid in French by sentiment and meaning, on any syllable whatever but the final e simple / and here, as elsewhere, freedom is an advantage to which no flowery gold-chain can be compared. The imagi- nary fixed accent is said always to dwell on the last syllable but the final e simple^ and ent in verbs ; as pdrle^ Frcince^ honnete^ parlerent, tableau^ sentit^ sera^ aurd^ veriu^ pariit^ mouveau^ solitude^ con* seiitit^ gdrde-le^ dites-le^ opera, figaro* f» The Cedille (cedilla), put under c before a, - o, u, makes it sound like s ; as cadenqa^ gargon^j congut. > It should be used also under ^, pronounced 5, in the words which cannot be reduced to the great ' analogy of those in ion; as inertie (pron. inerciejy martial (pron. marcial). - The Tiret or Trait d^union (hyphen), joins words and parts of words ; elision or consonation is to be made if possible ; as bec-Jigue^ sou-ve-'nir^ contre-ordre^ vis-d-vis^ guet-apensy dit^elle, vas'^y portes-en^ ira-t-on. ' The Double tiret (double hyphen), is also used to connect parts of words ; as len^tement. ' The Apostrophe (apostrophe), stands in the place of suppressed vowels, and requires the junc- tion of words, if possible, by elision or consonation ; sis fapprends (fox je apprendsjy entr^eux (entre.,.)j Vun (te..,)y rimage (la...)^ Vhonneur (le...)^ Vheure (la.*.)^ qu^on (que...), lorsqu*humble (lorsque...)y aujourd'hui (^...rfe...J, c'etait Cce..,)y f'« (ce...)y grand^mere, grand^soif (grande... pron. gran)y s'il (si.,,)^ v*ld c' quefpense (voild ce queje pense). • The t^oint (point, period, full stop), at the end I 157 of a sentence, marks a pause, and therefore a dis- iunction, bes des unwritten stops ; as la misere ^^rcaaussi^tdt cet homme u s^Slablir dans la pro- vince continue oil Up une briHante fortune. .... The Points suspensifs, mark suspension, reticence or omission, and oOen require a disjunc- tion^ as peut-Stre direz~vous....mats nm parlons plus. nous....lirons. nous...dcrirons. *** The Asterisgues The Point inlerrogatif (mark oUniertogation), is placed at the end of a sentence, and often re- quires a particular tone, with a pause \f Comment xous portez-xons, Madame? qui? T';f""*:'X'-^f • The Poi)7t exclamatif or admirattf (mark ot exclamation or admiration), is placed at the end of a sentence, and requires a particular to»e, with a pause; as hola! eh! icoutez, r homme! O ciel! vous pourriez....! , • -> • .„„j tr. (/The Parenthese (parenthesis), is used to inclose signs, letters, words, and sentences, and re- quiresseneralljaparticulartone, with a pause; as (' ) nTs, 3), (a), c'elail peut-itre (carje n avance pas ce/a coinne un faU certain) le chanovne du chamtre le plus ionor ant. . , fTThe Crochet (bracket, crotchet), is another sort of parenthesis ; as monsieur [^r on. mocteuj. 158 ^^ " The Guillemets (quotations), indicate words extracted from a book or speech, and may require a particular tone; as "coici ce qu^on lit dans son ouvrage €t qu^il repetaU souvent: "la Verite seule hrisera les fers de Vhomme,''^ Different types, as Italics in a text of Roman letters, or these among the others, serve either as quotations, or to excite the attention of the reader, and often require a particular tone. - — The Barre (dash), denotes some change or a repetition, and often requires a different tone; as oil alleZ'Vous? — me promener. vin rouge^ — blanc. \ The Accolade (braces), placed in any way, serve to analyze, distinguish, and inclose. § The Par«gTfl5jt}^6 (section), is a sign of sections. Letters, * ^^ ^ ^ &c. and Figures, * ^ ^ g^, * I II + H &c. are made use of by writers and printers for various purposes, generally relating to the understanding of the text. ABBREVIATIONS. Abbreviations are parts of words, or signs used instead of words. The most common are, — M, or My, for ........ Monsieur {pron, mocieu). > MM. or M^s Messieurs {p. mecieii). M^ M™^ M^^^— M^«. Sfc. . . Madame — Mesdames (p. medames). M^'«. — M"^^ Mademoiselle-Mesdemois- elles (p. mademoiselles)., S. M. ; . . . SaMajeste. L. M. Leurs Majestes. S. M. I Sa Majeste Imperiale. S. M. I. et R. ...... . Sa Majeste Imperiale et Roy ale. S. M. Cath. . Sa Majeste Catholique. ♦ S. M. T. C. Sa Majeste Tres-Chreti- enne. S. M. Brit. . . Sa Majest6 Britannique, S. A. R Son Altesse Royale. S. A. S Son Altesse Ser6nissime. S. E. or Ex Son Excellence, S, Em. •••,.••••.• Son Eminence. J. C Jesus Christ (p. Jesu cri). N. D Notre-Dame. S. S. — le S*. P. ...... . SaSaintete — le Saint P^re. le P. (C...., or ) . . . , . le Pere (Chateaubriand, or ). & et (jo. e or e), &e. or etc. et caetera (p. ete cetera). vol. chap. sect. pag. part. (^c. volume, chapitre, section, page, partie, ^c. fr. c, — MS. or MSS franc, centime — manuscrit or manuscrits. N. — N. B. — P.S. ....... Nota — nota b6ne — post scriptum(p. scriptome.) V«. — id. — n^. Veuve— idem (p. ideme). — numero. CIPHERS. zero. un, une. deux. trois. quatre.. cinq. six. sept. huit. neuf. dix. \t m .... 1 or I 2 — II 3 — III 4 — IV 5 — V 6 — VI 7 — VII 8 — VIII 9 — IX 10 — X &c. — &c. C premier. 1«% 1<^'S l^ or ler, pre^ je^ . . ) premiere. (_unieme. {second, seconde. deuxieme. 3% — IIP, . . . . . troisieme, 4^, — IV% ..... quatrieme. 5«, . . . . . — V®, cinquieme. 6^, — VP, sixieme. 7®, — VIP, . . . • septieme. 8S — VHP, .... huitieme. 9®, — IX% , . . . . neuvieme. 10^, — X®, , . . .. ♦ dixieme. ^c. ...... — &c. 160 l"'nt, or V, premierement or primo. 3ment^ — 30^ troisiemement — tertio {p^ tercio). 4meat^ — 40^ quatriememerit — quarto {p. couarto). 5ment^ — 5^, cinqui^mement — qumto (/>» cuinto)* gment^ — go^ sixiemement — sexto. Tmeut^ — 7^, septiemement — septimo. gment^ — go^ huitiemement — octavo, 9ment^ — 90^ neuvieinement — nono. IQinent^ — \qo^ dixiemement — decimo. &c* — &c. For thie rest, see grammars and mathematical treatises ; for the irregularities in the pronunciation of some, see the Recapitulation. i^hxQ^ or ^ . . sept. • . . . Septembre, gbre^ — ^ . . oct Octobre. gbre^ — ^ ^ ^ nov. . • • . Novembrc. 10^% X^'^S or dec Decembre. RECAPITULATION. A. Rule, a, S^ accompawiec/ "J camarade, accabla, p^e, hy most consonants, or pre- ffol^tra, baal, beatitude, fi- ceded by any vowely preserve C 2iCTe, coalition, suave, ha- their elementary sounds, j madryade,bleu^tre,louable, , 1. Exception, a is silent in toast (pronounced toste). R. ea, ua^oimd a after! 3"^^^^' vogu^' quality, de- ff and q. >gageasse?i^, bloquames,jau- 3 geage, legu^tes. E. See at U hereafter, R. am, an final or foU -\ <^^™^ Adam, artisan, qui- lowed by a different conso- ( ^^"^' ^^^^"' lampe, tante, nant, soundnasally, mandn( mantouan,coryambe,puant, being mate besides. \ Cloanthe, caanthe, voyant» -^ neanmoins. 2. E. am are both pro- *) . , , ^ . t> nounced without the French (-^^^^^^^^ Priam, Koter- nasality, in most foreign ( ^^^y Amsterdam, mam« proper names, j l^^*^* 161 R. a, followed by la or n^ • ,. and a vowel or h mute, or ( ff"'' ^^S^**"' ^»^T^ P^"' by mm, nn, mn, ceases to be > l^f "-monicon sanhednn.con- "^ ' V stamment, bannir, amnistie. nasal. E.« ai, at, sound h, ^, 3. E. ai sound e i?i • • , J vrai, savait, laissoi^, chan- \ taient, aile, maitre. ai (from avoir to have), sais, sait (from savoir), geai, quai, aigu, aiguiere, aigui- eree, quaiage (prow.k^age). r^^/p^/,/ ^..^..,^.i^ A .-^ ( aider v, aimer v, faineant, affectedly pronounced 6 in ^'V'?] ^' ^'r many words besides. S P^^^^^^ ^> ^.^' 4. ai are regularly pro- nounced e ; irregularly a ^ ( douaire, dbuairier, douai- friere. C faire, f ais, fait, faites ; refaire, 5. ai are profiounced re- 1 Sfc; defaire, ^^c, redefaire, gularly e in the verb faire l ^-c, contrefaire, (^c, mal- and its compounds, ivhen ai/ faire, <^^., mefaire, ^c, are followed by e simple or J parfaire, (^c, satis faire, Sfc, no sound. I surfaire, Sfc, bienfait, for- vfait, imparfait, stupefait; faisant, faisons, faisoi^, fais- by some irregularly andk oit, faisions, faisiez, fais- whimsically e (eu) in the\ oze/iif , faisable, refaisant, ^c. same verb and compounds,, when ai are followed by any sound but e* defaisant, SfC. ; redefaisant^ t^c.; contrefaisant, ^c. ; malfaisant, 4 c- '* satisfais- ant, Sfc; surfaisant, ^c; e, if the style be dignified, 1 bienfaisant, bienfaisance. - and Q witaout emphasis, m j 6. E. ai sound both a-i in maieur. R. ai sound e in the 1 preterit of verbs in er and > allai, irai, plairai, baissai, in the future of all. J R. ai soimc/ a 5e/bre Tor 1 bail, ailleurs, vaillant, tfa- II salival; see at h. Jvaillais. R. ai sound both a-i. 1 ^^^ ^^•»^''', '^^'.^^^^> ^^' \ maia, aieul, taiau. . v3 162 or followed by a consonant, j ^^' P :> Y r Y * 7. E. 2iy sound both a-i in Ay (a town). 8. E. ay sound e-i and 1 pays, payse, paysage, pay- ^-iin • • 3 sagiste, paysan,^ d^payser r. R. aye ending a syllable^ or a word are generally! ^g b^gayerais, pronounced fe, but by some >^'^^^^ h'l-e, both le sounding , \ though very faintly* J ^ ^ 7 • ^ aye C^ cry of pain), An- 9. E. ^ye sound a-i-e, f / -giJ -^^g, ^^^ both le very faintly in j caves. 10. E. aye sound forcii f ei m R. ay, followed by any vowel but e simple weak, s^ound e-i. ^ drayure, drayoire. ^ 1 r^T f ayeul, bisayeul, biscayen, 11. E. ay sound both\ ^^^^^^ Mayence, fayence, ^"^ ^^ (^ fayencier, fayencerie, Ba- yonne, bayonnette, Bayeux, cayenne, cayeu, brayette, dilayer v. drayer v. 12. N.ay«o«.«dP-V«J'^yf ^- •^ (^ a-1 in brayer (a noun), R. aim, dim final or foW\ lowed by a different conso- f daim, gain, sain, staimbouc, 7iant sound nasally in, tvith C vainqueur, maintinrewf . m and n mute J IR.B^in express two sounds:! • . r i •• a and in nLl j ^^^"> tubalcam. R. ^m final sound with^ 1 ^^^^ 6phraim ow^ nasality, a-i-me. J * R. aim, ain, cease to be *) aimer, domaine, trainer, cai- nasal, in the same cases as > mander, caimacan, zai- am, an. 3 ^^^^' ' -n J 7 sarrau,seau,pau1,pourceaH, R. au, eau sound o > . ^ i . » i * ' 3 taureau, moquoiseau, Torr gau, tourangeau, miaide, gruau, tuyau, joyaux. 163 R, aii sound both a-u, 7 Saiil, Esaii, Haiiy, fieau, and eau sound eo. 3 reaux. R. a;, co«fescmi7, sound 6 1 ^^P*^' tenioide, paearr, R. a e uncoalescing 9 sound 1 aerer, phaeton, Aglae, dode- 6o//i, J caedre, Ismael, maestral 13. E. a is silent in Caen (a toivn, pron. Kan .J R. ao sound both. \ ^T^^^' ^^'^^' ,*«™^'e' ^a- I odicee, extraordniaire, 14. E. dLO sound o in aoriste (i), Sa6ne. 15. E. ao sound a in \ ^''"""^ *'" P^^""^' P^o"- (^ neau, laonnois. R. aon express two sounds: 1 Craon, Phaon, Lycaon, a and on nasaL 3 Pharaon. an 171 Laon (the name of a town), faon, paon. 16. E. aon J on in Laon (^^Ae name of a saint J\ are pronounced ) em by some 1. ^^7 ^ /, ^ / on % o^Aer. V^^^ r^/ie^^^«^«e o/ a /?y, I in ) ^^^- ^^/y J R. aouea^p-ess^M^osoM/iicfs;') aouter v., Raoul, Baour, a-ou J caoutchouc, saouari.. 17. E. ao u «re pro?iow?i- "^ ced resrMto% a-ou 61/ seremZ, f ^ . ^^j_^^^^_ awa irregularly ou oi/ P^" l rfs#5, in J f aoftterou, saouler v., des- J^ saouler t?, B. r barbarie, bdelle, bluet, bras, T^ , • •^. 1 J- 1 • V absorber, hebdomadaire, R. b mitial or medial is J i ^ .. , Ui^ • , , < abnei>:ation,marbre,obtenir, aZit-at/s pronounced ^ ^^^^^.^ .^ ^^^.^^,^ desobstrue- (^tif. R. b final precerfe^ ii/ a T job, caleb, Jacob, club, single vowel is pronounced 3 {^pronounced by some clobe), (1) Do not our pedagogues deserve something" for pronouncing in. so antisensical a manner a word which they alone have impyrted. and use i'. soun 164 R. b final, preceded %") i i , , another consonant or severalir' ^"'^P'"''"''' , vowels, is silent, as most ( *^'.^"^' T'^'', T^*' '?^''' consonants. ^ leux, loup, laid, arnault. 1. E. b t5 pronounced in romb or rumb, radoub* DOUBLE CONSONANTS. A developement of the Rule^ page 32, necessary for its exceptions. i^abbe, succomber, difficile, T> TiT 7 7 ? .1 ag-ffraver, mollesse, plaisam- ii. JS'o double consonants, ) ^^ . • 1 i ^ T ^j J < ment, mnocemment, oppo- i/ut rr, are both pronounced, \ j- i :• . ^ i ser, perruque, dissolution, (^batterie, Donawert, lazzi. ' N. B. Double consonants are said to be both pronounced in some words, but it is an error. For two similar consonants being both pronounced, there must be a vowel uttered between them, as in amomi^ eidalie^ imbiber^ fermement^ honmtttc^ unayiimement ^ sainlete^ nettete; but these are two ^ similar not double consonants. The pretended double is merely slozo articulating, that is to say, there is a pause not after the complete utterance of the consonant, but in the middle of the motion that performs it, which motion being finished, seems, by its interruption, to be double, though really single. It takes place in re.ddition^ belligerant^ Jinmon^ inne, &c. ; we do not pro- nounce rededition^ beleligerant, Amemon^ inene^ as some figure them ; therefore there is no double but slow^ interrupted articulating. So far from pronouncing both double consonants, we often pronounce but one, in the way just explained, when two may really be uttered, viz. in the case of e simple being interposed, as in unanimement^ honnetete saintete^ nettete, m^ ;?, t, pronounced slowly, unanimment^ honnette^ saintte^ nettte^ or rather figured unaniment^ honnete^ sainte^ 7iete. jB. rr may properly be said to express a double articulation in some words, such as courrons^moar*^^ 165 rais^ acquerrai, errer^ &c,, for r denotes a vibratorj motion which can be doubled. The slow articulating of double consonants seldom takes place but through affectation or for the sake of perspicuity and energy. R. cc and gg before e, i, "^ y, expressing two different t articulations, viz. ks and > vaccine, acceder, suggerer, gj, have no analogy with I the preceding rule, j R. bb sound b short. abb6, abbesse. 2. E. bb are generally'\ pronounced like b short, / I but by some with a double, Vabbatial, {pron, abbacial) that is, a slow articulation, I in J Connexion. II. b final mute is not pro- 7 j i i. fu^ nounced before a vowel, m > i *^i • / .^ 3i ' ., • r J I plomb inevitable. the connexion of words. j ^ C. R. c sounds k before a, (''^''''P^''''''^.^ ""T^Z' ^"" , ,/ • ^' ) cun,convaincant, publicain, o, u, and all consonants < ^' .• ' i , . / j discours, caution, close, tcri, czarine ecdusies, docte, bracmane, miracle, tocsin, ^criture, Ecbatanes. ^claude, cicogne, cicogneau, I.E. c is pronounced also \ eclogue, necromant, necro- k, and absurdly g by several J mancie, secret, secretaire^ in j second, secondaire, se- (^condement, seconder t?. -o J , . , f forcat, acores, concu, ma- beteTTu^' \ ^4' avanfaut, franjais. re- ^ ' ' * ^ f ois, laf o?s. R. c sounds s before se, ce. caecilie, caetera, coelicole. 2. E. c sounds k in coeur, anticoeur. R. c sounds s before e, 7 • i y^ ( c^ci, cyzicene. 3. E. c sounds ch in vermicelle, violoncelle. 166 r ammoniac, Armagnac, bac,. R. c final is generally J ^olz^c, bazac, bissac, bi* pionounced after vowels. \ vouac, Biissac, clic-clac, (^cognac, cornac, cric-crac, fric-frac, gai'ac, Girac, hac, Isaac, micmac, moyac, arignac, patac, Pourceaugnac, sac, sangiac, tic-tac, tillac, trac, trictrac, usquebac, zigzac, grec, pec, Quebec, romestec, salamalec, sec, agaric, alambic, aspic, astic, basilic, fie, mastic, pic, pronostic, public, ric-a-ric, syndic, tic, trafic, vie, astroc, bloc, choc, escroc, froc, hoc, manioc, Maroc, Medoc, roc, siroc, soc, toe, troc, aqueduc, archiduc, bonduc, caduc, due, Habacue, hey due, juc, Luc, stuc, Baboue, bouc, chabouc, pare, ture, talc. , 7 • . f arc, bee, lac or lacs (lake c IS pronounced also m | ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ name J, 6chee, 6checs (losses), croc (noise of something hard between the teeth while eating J, avec. ^ T^ . . 7 . f arc-bouter v., arc-boutant, 4.B.cisnotpronouncedm^^^^^_.^^^^ (prow, bejaune), bec-dane (/>row. b^dane), lacs (strings, snares J, entre- lacs, marc (a weight or dregs J, tehees (chess J, croc (hook, tusk, mustachio), accroc, eric, broc, clerc, tabac, arsenic, estomac^ cotignac, pore. N. c is not pronounced^ by some before a consonant >avec lui, avec hardiesse. and h aspirated in avec. j R. c final always sounds ( croc-en-jambe, elerc-a-ma{- k before a vowel in cowi-< tre, arc-en-ciel, pore-epic pound words. ^ (pron, by a few porkepi). {banc, blanc, jone, franc, trone, flanc, vainc, con- vainc. 5. E. c sounds in " zinc. 6. E. c is pronounced in ^je sens, done je suis ; il done, beginning a part ofa> etait homme, done il pou- fo7'mal argument, as j vait se tromper. c is silent in done when 1 this word is in the middle ' vous ne faites done rien, de« of a sentence before a con- i pechez-vous donc^ so nant,or at the end. j c, in Aonc, does or does not ^ sound, at pleasure, before a>il fallait done y aller. vowel, in the preceding case, j ,- , , J rKackerlake, bancksies, ac* R. ck and cq are always) quiescer^Balbeck, Inspruck, pronounced, viz. k. ^ Dantzick, Torek, Vicq. K. ct final are commonly 7 abject, eorreet, direct, dis- both pronounced, j tin ct, incorrect, indirect, in- distinct, infect, intact, intellect, strict, succinct, tact, ab- stract, ambact, compact, contact. 7.N. ct are not pro^ 1 nounced by some > exact, inexact, in 3 c alone is pro^l nounced by some > district. in ) ^ -r, , ., . C amict, aspect, circonspect> 8. E. ct are silent in | .^^^^^^^^ ^^^p^^t, suspect. -r> t /• ij 7 7 C chercher, chuchoterie, psy- li. en, followed by a VOW' \ i / i u • u i i, 7 Jti. 1 • j& 7- I. 7 che, bachique, chyle, cny^ eL sound li/ie ^htn lLnglisk:< • i- • i i j i' I ^^^^' cnirurgie, colchide, mo- vnarchie, architecture, anar- chic, Michel, Ezechiel, cherubin, Zachee, Joachim, Michee, Hachel. 9. E. ch sound like k (^) in achores, acrochirisme, acrochordon, anachorete, archaeographe, archaeo- graphie^ archagologie, archgeologue, archaisme, archange5archangelique, archetype^ archiepiscopal, archiepiscopat, archonlat, archonte, asiarchat, au- cheiiopteres, batrachomjomachie, (pro?2. batrako- mjomachie,) bracheljtres, brachial, brachiopodes, i^rachypnee^ brachypteres, brachystochrone, cachec- tique, cachexie, cacocholie^ carchesion, catechurae- natcatechumene, chaiasie,chalastiquej chalaza, cha- (1) Learned pedants! why do not you pronounce these v^ords as .1^ you do the others ? or speU them with k or kh as in the old Greek ? Are they not difficult enough ? Is it fair to lay, in each of them, a rat-trap, as Port-Royal calls it, to those who have not tli£ happ ness to be so deep as you ? 168 lazee^ chalazophylaces, chaJcees, chalcies, chalcide, chalcidique, chacioecies, chalcite, chalcographe, chalcographie, chalcopyrite, chaldaique, chaldeen, chan,, chamecisse, chameleucee, chamesyce, chao- mancie, chaos, charisies, charisticaire, charisties, chartophylax, cheiroptere, chelidoine, chelonee, cheloniens, chelonite, cbersonese^ chersydre^ che- todon, chiliade, chiliarque, chiliastes, chiliogone, chilioQibe, chionanthe, chiragre, chirograpliaire, . chirolqg'ie, chiromancie, chiromancien, chirononaie, chironomistej chironomontej chirotonie, choeur, /cholagogue, choledographie, choledologie, chole- doque, chondrille, chondrographie, chondrologie, chondropterygien, chondrotomie^ choraique^ cho» raule^ chordapse, choree, chorege, choregraphe, choregraphie^ choreion, choreveque, choriambe, chorion, chorique, choriste, chorobate, chorodi- dascale, chorodie, chorographie, chorographique, choroide, conchites, conchylifere, conchylioide, conchyliologie, conchyliologiste, conchyliotypo- lithes, corchore, dichoree, dichotomal, dichotome, dichotomie, ditrochee, dolichodrome, echidna, echidne, echinodermes, echinomes, echinomies, echo, echometre, echometrie, enchiridion, en- ehymose, enorchite, epichereme, epitrochasme, eucharistie, eucharistique, exarchat, hesychastes, hesychastique, hjpochjma, hjporcheme, hjpotra- chelion, iachagogues, ichor, ichoreux, ichoroide, luraachelle, machabees, macrochere, manichordion, marchelto, melochia, mesochondriaque, mesochore, metachorese, nionachisme, onychomancie, orches- tique, orchestre, orchestrino, orchidees, orchite, orcholomie, pachydermes, patriarchal, picrochole, polycholie, procharisteries, psychagoge, psycha- gogique, psychologic, psychoniancie, psychostasie, rachialgie, rachisagre, rachitique, rachitisme, sco- lopomacherion, stenochorie, stichometrie, synchon- drose, synchyse, terpsichore, tetrarchat, trachoma, ; trecheur, trichodes, trichonianie, trochaiques, tro- chee^ trocholique, tyche, xenodochion. 169 Important N.B. ch, sai^s^ M. I'Abbe Gattel, in his French Dictionary^ which ach^ron — Yivent les Gram- Mr. Boiste, the lexicogra- >matistes....au fin fond de pher, thinks excellent, sound L F Acheron. k on the stage of the Opera, in N. ch sound k in many other foreign words. I ■ _. , .IT/- 1 chlore, chleuasme, chrono- R. ch sound k before a (^ . ichneumon, alechtre. J menechme, ischnote. drachme, didrachme. CAbimelech, sumach, roch, I Zurich, baruch. 11. E, ch sound as inl j. , , a i, \ > Auch {pron. oche). consonant, 10. E. ch sound g in R. ch final sound k. chercher, in 12. E. ch are mute in N. cht final sound k in almanach. Utrecht, Maestricht, yacht. r bacchanal, bacchanale, bac- R. cch sound k* < chanaUser v, bacchant, (^ bacche, bacchique, bacchie, bacchionites, baccharis (pron, bakarice), bacchus (pron, bakuceX ecchymose, saccharin, saccharoide. R. cc before e, i, y, sound 7 succession, accident, coc- ks. 3 cygien, siccite. R. cc, before a, o, u, or 1 baccalaureat, succombe, a consonant, sound like a >succursale, accroitre, ec- single k. Connexion. J clesiastique. fall! Madame, vous avez R. c final mute commonly J du tabac excellent ; le banc remains such before a vowels avait rompu; il a Festomac or h mute, in connexion. (^un peu creux; elle a fait un petit accroc a sa robe ; mettez le pore au pot ; que dit-il lorsquil se vit le flanc ouvert? le clerc etait k Tetude ; nous donnons de Farsenic aux rats ; le trone humain difi'ere du tronc des arbres; il convainc et touche^ apportez le eric aussitot ; le broc etait vide, on le 170 remplit; un franc heureusement suffisait; on laisse le marc expose au soleil; le roi vainc et pardonne; ar- rachez le croc enfin ; cela produit un jonc utile ; quel cotignac insipide! r franc 6tourdi, franc alleu, 13. E. c is pronounced in J franc arbitre, k franc etrier, these expressions, j du blanc au noir, de brie ^ (^et de broc. | 14. c in done may, or not, *) be pronounced in the middle > allez done oil Ton vous dit. of sentences, J k 15. c is pronounced by^ some in respect, t aZica?/^ > porter respect auxvieillards. being mute. j R. d initial and medial 7 dindon, druidisme, admettre, is always pronounced, j mordre. R, d final is pronounced 7 sud, david, alfred, 6pliod, after a single vowel. y arphaxad. 1. £• d is mute in bled, nid, nud, palinod. ^ pied, laid, coud, sied, poid, R. d final is mute after f muid, noeud, badaud, tre- several vowels. C pied, marchepied, rougeaud, I assied. 2. E. d sounds in caid, T> 1 /. 1 . ^ r, ") rond, bord, vend, perd, R. d hnal IS mute after a (^ ,^^j ^j^jjj^;^ H^^^_; consonant. j chand. 3. E. d sounds in sund {pron» sonde.) R. Id are both mute after 1 , , , , several vovoeU. j arnauld. amould. T, J .^, , , f ffrand'mere, grand'messe, ^ A with an apostrophe^ |randrue,grand'tante,grand IS mute bejore a consonant, i vhambre T» 11 • J ^ 1 I. ^iL f addition, additionnel, ad- R. dd are said to be both\ ^^^^^^^^^ adducteur, ad. pronounced. | duction, reddition. ■ 171 Connexion. rdu sud au nord; Alfred R. d final pronounced, \ 6tait un bon roi ; et ral* retains its proper articula-J luma le flambeau de David tion before a vowel, in con- / eteint ; nexion. R. d final mute, sounds t in connexion, before a vowel, when joined to it by a hyphen ; or. et de David grand, without hyphen; (^eteint ralluma le flambeau. vend-il coud-elle, perd-on, mord-elle, s'assied-il, grand- oeuvre, pied-a-boule, pied-a- pied, pied-^-terre. C quand arrivera-t-elle, quand- generally in quand awe? j on tombe, quand a-t-il, quand et quand, grand homme, grand animal,grand attentat. , . ^, . f de fond en comble, de pied and in these expressions; < ' r , . . ,7 jC^^ vend k bon marche, elle out IS seldom pronounced V . , , ' „ ^T , ^ ^^ ^ repond avec humeur, elje inotkerwordsor other cases, ) ^ i v • ^ '^^1 ^ J 1 7 • -^ J- ^ coud ordmairement, posez tf the style be plain; if dig- \ i • j ^ . j • j- •^ J i r y ^ u\ i ^^ pi^cl a terre, noeud mdis- nified, a 7naii be sounded (t). f / . i r -i- . i-i *^ ' ^ ^^ V. soluble, troidmsupportable, il fait chaud aujourd'hui, elle s'assied et travaille, fecond en ruses, marchand epicier, reverend oncle, accord har- monieux, bavard eterned, lourd etgrossier, milord Edouard ici, il perd encore, brigand atroce. E. ebeniste, eblouir, ebranler. R. e initial, simple or un- accented, sounds e before any single consonant (but n in some cases) followed by vowels or one of these three letters, h, 1, r. ecarlate, echafaud, eclat, ecrit, editeur, edredon, efau- filer, egoisme, eglise, egru- geoir, eherber, ehrharte, e- j amber, elu, emouvoir, enig- me, epais, epliemere, eplu- cher, epris, equite, eruption, esoterique, etui„ ethiopien, etroit, eveque, ezoterique. 1. E. e sou7ids nasally an, 1 enivrertj.enivrement, enhar- and n is pronounced with Vmouique, enherber v, en- t he following sound, in j huiler v, ienhache, enhaillonne, en- hair V, enhardir v, enhar- nachement, enharnacher v. (^ enhay eur. 173 3.N. e is pronounced €bii'^ , ^ ' , some, ami an % others, with ( enarrhement, enarrher^, en- n joined to the following l?''^f''' ""' ^""""'S^^'^^'' ^' ^n- sound in both cases, in j ^ ^ * -o .•.•!• 1 J fesul, esoterique, esperance, R e initial simple soM«*>^^^i ^^^-^ escroqueur e before sorxm any case, l^^^,;^^ esplanade, essoufler! ., estrapade, exil, exhumer, extase, excepte, exfoliatif, ex-ji traordinaire, exportation, excuse, exsanguin, exploit, ex-' quis, exclure, exstipule, expres, excr^toire, ex-voto, ex-roi, T> J. 1 7* ftenir, mollement, senecon, K. e medial, preceding \ ^ i i i u u^ . , f r ij \]J redevenu, dehors, rehab, re- a single consonant followed ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ' ^^^Jt by a vowel or h, sounds e^x. (^ehasarder, rehaussement; reheurter, menehould, rechercher, redhibition, redhibitoire, developpement, cachetere/if, amener, greneterie, saintete, nettete, doctorerie, l^gitimement, tirer«^, pierreries, ser- rerons, fourrerez, bizarrerie, quarrerozs, abhorrei(?2e?iif. 4. E. e sounds nasally ?iW, 1 and n is pronounced with > desenamoure, desenivrer v* the following vowel, in j 5. E. e sou7ids an with n 7 ^^^^^^^^^ ^, mute in j ~ N e m f Ae case of f Ae P,'T' ™''^''T"*' ^^"'f"*"' '■^" i\. e, m the case ojinei jgy„„ red'venu, rVlev'nu, preceding rule, ^^ often V ^^^,^, cacKtevent, v^eakened and sounded asl am'ner, gren'terie, gren'frie zf unwritten: this will be\ g^int't^, netft^, doctor'rie the subject of an exercise i i^ itim'ment, tivrai, pierr'I hereafter; see page 164. \^^.^^^ gerrVons, fourr'rez, bi- zarr'rie, quarr'rois, ahhorv roient. -n , V ^ ^j ,/^ere, eve, pere, mere, breche, n. e sounds eat the endL ^ ^^ ^^^^^ j^j^_ of syllabes before conso- 1 ^, j^^^^ ^j^^j d^j^cae- nants followed by e ^ym^\e)^^\^^^ ^i^ . final or entire terminations ^^ j- ^^^^ ' of the third person plural t ^^.^^^^^ glometre, hyene, sil- oj verbs. \^houete, eonvexe, baiete, cin- quieme, armerent, rierent, peserent, tuerent, nouerent, sevrerent, creerent, aererent, rejeterent, egayerent, rece- lerent, appuyerent, grenelerent, broyerent, remenerentj^ releverent. 173 V R. e final preceded hy a^ morale — moral, desire — de- consonant sounds weakly y as f sir, achete, ronde, confisse, if the consonant alone were Tconfise, patrone, imprime, articulated. j aucune, frangipane. ^ . 1 . ^ /!c r mue, prie, agree, paie, loue. R. e simple is mute after \ ^^^j *- ^^.| ^^^ ^ a vowel at the end oj words ^ ^^^^.^^ ^^.^^.^^ ^^^^^.^ ^^.^. or syllables. (^ ra, agreerons, paierois, loiie- raiew^, aboieriez, gaiete, braiement, aboiement, continue- ment, remerciement, essuiemain. 6. E. e sounds e in R. aye, eye, oye, uye, at'\ bienheureux.. the end of words or syllables, I paye, deploye, plancheye- are commonly pronounced ^, Vroif, balayerions, noyera, oa, ui, and by some eie, oaie, I appuyerai. uie, e sounding weakly. j R. e is mute preceded by ") mangea, geolier, pigeon, g and followed by a, o ; g > bourgeois, bougeo^5, nagea2, sounding j. j rongeant. R. e sounds 6 before x, 7 mexique, alexandrin, sexa-^ followed by vowels. j gesime, cynorexie. R. e sounds e before a 1 ebbe, grefFe, belle, ^trenne, double consonant followed >dieppe, terre, justesse, blu- by e weak final. j ette, grecque. -,» y r re r- ,7 , Teffet, befFroi, eflSeurir, ffref- IL e before ff followed i^^^^g^^y^^^^g^^^^l^. by any vowel but e weak j^^^^^^^j ressuyer, mes- hna\, sounds e and common-^ cessation, lessive, Iv e and e before ss. f a* • • ^ »^ / c . ^^pressentir, pressoir, session, tressaillir, tresser, cresson, adresser, caresser, oppresseiir, confession, redresser, empressement, transgression, pro- fesseur, interesser. 7. E. e sounds eu in dessus, dessous. R. .,• 1 jt ( ressacrer, ressaiffner, ressai- . etnre initial, sounds) - • ^ i , /. * < ffuer,ressaisir,ressaluer,res- eu before ss. ) i^ i. ^ t sarcele, ressasser, ressaut, ressauter, ressecher,. ressel, resseller, ressemblance, res- sembler, ressemeler, ressemer, ressentiment, ressentir, resserrement, resserrer, ressort, ressortir, ressouder, res- source, ressouvenir„ressuage> ressuer, ressui. q3 174 8. N. e sounds eu and of. 1 ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ tener em j 9. E. e sounds 6 in ressiiyer v. R. e is commonly pro--) ^^^ ^^^ nouTelllste,, nounced e and % some e, T ^„nemi,seppia,daerr6,bret- befo^-e other double conso- C J^^^J^ nants, J _ TIN Cverdii, hebdomadaire, tes- /R' e commonly sounds e\l^^^^ j^^^^^^^ septuage- before two or three different 1 ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ceitique, et- consonants if joined to the^ ^^^^ segment, lettre, neph- Jirst m pronunciation. ^^^^^^ delphine, polytech- nique, ethnarchie, erechth^e, sextuple^ perdreau, gertrude, hypermnestre^ ^ oreb, avec, lautreck, lamech, R. e sounds h before these i ethelred, derechef, eh, vau- Jinal consonants, when ar-j bek, actuel, miel, raphael, ticulated, viz. b, c, d, f, h,"\ r6el, noel, julep, ver, index, k, 1, p, r, X. f Joseph, kell, perd, serf, of- ^fert, bittern, rtransmet, bonnet, piquet, R. e,beforetfin^\, sounds J muguet, bluet, brouet, feuil- e, and t is mute. j let, douillet, beignet, goet, y^ inquiet. Ti 7 / 7 y- C chez, venez, asreez, niez, R. e sounds e before zA ^ontinuez, ravel, ^chouez (_ croyez. m final, which is mute. R. e sounds 6 before r f berger, narguer, trouer, prier, final, which is mute. \ firayer, loyer, suppleer, huer. R. e in monosyllables 1 sounds h or ^ before s final >ees,des,es,les,mes,ses,tes.- mute. J R. e m 'polysyllables is\ ing<^ pStre, p'dtres, lionore, ho- ^ JT X ^j ii. r 11 • I nores,nes, ardoises.repeses,. not affected by the following < ^^ ' ,. j- v ^ ^ -^ . ^ -^ ^ j proues, lieues, dioceses, pa- (^rentheses, nargues, nague- res, cousues, vraies, haies, proies, recr66es. 10. E. e sounds h «»<^ « I ad patres, ad honores. IS pronounced m > 175 C terns, empan, rembourse- R. em faial or before a- \ ^^^^^ demembrer, exemple^ nother consonant, sound na'<^^^^^^}^^Q^ novembre, de- sally an, m hemy mute. f^cembre* ^ 7 V • ( septemvir,. novemvir, de- ll. E. em sound erne in | ^^^^.^^^^ decemviral, decem- virat, decempede, proem ptose, tu-autem, hem, item^ idem, Sem, Jerusalem, Bethl^em, Ephrem, Salem* 7 7/- fguembe, memphite, mem- 12. em sound nasally m, 1 phitique, pemphigode, lem- with m mute, in 1 baires. -Re befm-e mm sounds a ~J ^^^^^^4 ardemment, m the adverbs formed from ( f^.^ie^^^nt apparemment,, adjectives m ent, and m a U^ femmelette. Jew other words, J f dilemme, gemme, lemme,. 13. E. e sounds e in < Emmanuel {both mm jtron. (^ in the last word) . T^ , /. , r emmaffasineri;, emmaiofrir r. Re before Tam so^'J^H emmaiUotter «, emmaScher nasally ^n in the words be- ^ emmanequiner »,, emman- ginnmg with the prepositim\ ^^j. emmarchement, emma- or vronoun en. spelt em. (i). f • • u, iJi^jiL y ^ V /• ^rmer v, emmarquiser v, em- melie, emmenager v, emmener v, emmenotter v, emmieller Vy emmitouffler v, emmitrer v, emmortaiser v, emmotte, emmuseler v, remmaillatter v, remmancher v, remmener v. (1) Too striking a proof of the ingenuity and improving skill of grammarians is exhibited in these words not to deserve the Reader's notice. Each begins with what they term the preposition or pro- noun en. It always sounds nasally an with 7i unuttered before ano- ther consonant; here they spell it em before my because emm sound a or e, not an. This spelling, indeed, confuses the mind with regard both to pronunciation and meaning ; but what have grammarians to do with mind ? So stupid a trick perhaps thfey are not to be accused of, for attraction seems to be for something in the affair. — What ! that god-like power discovered and ascertained by the hea- ven-dwelling genius of Newton ? — yes, letterly attraction by which two-legged n invidiously seeing ils neighbour m with three legs, drew another from the inkful brains of the gramma-tribe, thougk unwilling to stir. It may expect the same fortune in neanmoins^ vinmeSy tinmes, &c. which, if spelt neammoins, vimmes, timmesy. would be sufficiently absurd and more grammarian-like.. 176 14. E. e is pronounced an 1 emm^nagogues, emm^nago- hy sortie^ and e by others^ with > logie, emmenologie, emme- double m sounding, in j sostome, emmi. R. e sounds e before mn, *) indemne,lemniscate,clytem- and any two or three diffe- >nestre, agamemnon, indem- rent consonants. j niser v, indemnity, perdre. -ir 1VT • *^^i.. ^r^^ f indemnisert;, indemnite, mo- 15. N e z. wantonly pro-\ ^^^ „,oelleux, moellon mo- nounced ^ by some m ( ellonnier. 16. E. e sounds a with m ^ ^^x^^^^,^^^ solemnisert, »'«^^*« ^olemnite. T> ^ 1 r 11 jC rouen, encens, dcouen, tri- R, en /«aZ or followed ^ j^„ confluent, intendant, by another consonant, sound . entendement, renmaiUer. nasally an, n being, mute. (^^^^^^^ penture. ,„ T, , „ . ("agenda, appendice, appen- \1. ^. en sound nasally m\^^^^^^^ ^^^'^.^^ calenf car- with n mute, m | ^^^^^^^ debentures, dias- , phendonese, elenchtique, Agen, Mentor, Benjamin, Saint- Ouen., ^^ iv • f abdomen, amen, cerumen,. 18. en sound ene z« ^ ^^^^ ^^j^^^^ 19. en are »ro/iot«/icecZ en e 1 T«i , , 5«some, a J nasally in j^, (. Eden, examen, hymen, glu- others/in ^ ^j ten, cyclamen. ^ r . . f accenses (public officers a- 1Q,^,ensoundna$ally\ ^^ ^^\ mong the Romans J,. ' ^axiin accenses (dependencies J, T> T 77 • r pentacontarque, pentacan- R en sound nasally m\^^ pentacorde, pentaco- «7^ ^Ae ^m^^aZ Greek word^ siom Jimne, pentacrinite, pent.., rjTivej. f pentacrostiche, pentadac- tyle, pentadecagone, pentaMre, pentaglotte, pentagon e> pentagraphe, pentagyne, pentalithe, pentandrie, pen tan- there, pentapaste, pentapetalee, pentaphylle, pentapole,, pentarchie, pentateuque, pentathle, pentecomarque, pen- tecontacorde. 21,, E. en sound an in pentec&te*. 177 22. N. en are pronounced ^ an by some, and in by others, >pentametre. in } ,^ , ^ J , ,. C vendeen, europeen, galileen, R. eenjinal sound em. | .^^^^^^^^ hyperborlen. R. een initial sound ^din, reengendrerv,reenfreindrer. T» . T .• -^1 f bien. rien, chiendent, chre- R. len sound iin, with n N ^. ^^,^^^i biens6aace, »*«'^- Iretient. 23. ^, ien sound ihue i7i chretiente, f client, clientele, coefficient, 24. ien sound ian in < consciencieusenient, consci- (^ encieux, deficient, desorien- ter V, efficient, Emollient, escient, excipient, expedient, faciende, faiencerie, faiencier, fiente, fienter r, inconveni- ent, ingredient, lienterie, obedienciaire, obedienciel, obe- diencier, orient, oriental, orientaliste, orienter v, recipi- endaire, recipient, remoilient, scientifique, scientifique- ment. -r, . /» 7 J- f audience, conscience, exp6- ±1, lence final somidmnce,^. ^ '. . / • t.^ •^ I rience,iaience, inexperience, inscience, maience, obedience, omniscience, prescience, sapience, science, R. ent, the tennination\ ^ v . / ^ i of the third person plural 0/17''^''^' I'ent, creent, devai- ^ J ^ * /v "^ lent, enrouent, croiroi^/if, oil- ier 65, are mute after a > -. .' ^ ^. J . ^ ^' vowel, and sound ^ y,^^i,Cf>^^nt,disent,chaUent,Yen. r. . 1 dent. ajter a consonant. J -y.-r A. 1 ' .7 f ardent, coincident, evident, N. ent sound anm tJiese) ^^^^dent. president, r6si- words when not verbs ; y^ abstergent, conver- gent, divergent, negligent, expedient, dolent, equipollent, equivalent, excellent, fiolent, insolent, talent, violent, ser- pent, adherent, deferent, different, parent, recurrent, con- tent, latent, patent, convent, levent, affluent. are mute or sound e vreak ") -, ^ . . , , , „ ^ in the same words when third \ '"'^^''^' , coincdent, ta lent. 1 1 r 1 \ recurent, patent, levent, convient. person singular ; j are mute in this third per* 7 178 convientr son plural, J R, e before nn sounds ^ "J ennemi, garenne, parisienne^ or e without nasality^ and D f comprenne/i^, europeenne, is pronounced with the ^wc- Centre tie nne//^ doyenne, cai- ceeding voweL j enne,moyennant,n€meenRe. 25. E, e sounds nasalld an^ 1 ^y ^ • .^; /. xA / ^ f ennoblirtJ, ennui, ennuyertv n'lth n joined to the next vow- > ^ l^ ir \ v. . . . ^ I ennuyeuseraent, ennuyeux, 26. e sounds e or a ia couenne, coiienneuXr rt« 7 . f nenni, solennel, solennelle- 27. e 50M«(f* a *« | ^^^^^ solennisation, solen- niserr r, solennite, rouennerie, hennir v, hennissement. m T» 7 / . raeruo;meux,oedipe,aedoeaffra- R. ae, ce *o««d e— ei, ey V . j" ^^j^^ neiger, enseigne- *o««rfe— eu, oeu.o««J>m-«'^g„j ■ ° „ompareiI, My e— eau *o««d o. ^ ^j^j,^ groseille, sonimeille, n^goeil, negueil, couleur, euphonie, studieux, noueux, glaieul, vainqueur, sinueux, fougueux, neigeux, chargeur, gageur, mangeur, chapeau, morceau. no -c • • j foeil, ceillade, oeilladerr,oein6, 28. E. cei, uei sound eu, > ... '.„ ^^xXetene « , 7 I'll 71 7'i' ^ LClllclt;. Lciiict. vc/iiictc;i !«:./, ■with 1 silent and 1 saUval m | ^jj,^^^;^ ceiUetonnerr, cueil- lage, cueillement, eueillaire, cueilleret, cueillette, cueilleuFy cueillir t?, cueilloir, accueil, acciieillir Vy recueil, recueille- ment, reeueilleiir, recueillir x?, recueilloir, cercueil, ^cueil^j orgueil, orgueilleux, orgueilleusement. N. cei are regularly pro- J j, ^^^^' ^ nouncea e 02/ some, m j 29. ei, sounding eu z/i or- 1 guei\,arepro7i02mc€d e % some > orgueilleux. zigzag purists, in onlj/ j fchargeure, 6grugeure, en- 30. eu sound u in < vergeure, gageure, laceure, { mangeure, pleingeure^ ver- geure, eu, eue, eut, eumes, eutes, euYe7it, eusse, eusses, eut, eussions, eussiez, enssent (from avoir to have)* rt^ TVT • .7 , . C seoir :?, asseoirx', surseoirr, 31. iN. e ?5 silent m -< 1 a. • (^ douceatre, jean. sally 179 C rein,frein, plein, sein, serein, . ein or eim sound na-j atteindre, demiceint, enip- in, j reinte, restreindre, peinture, \^ enfreindre, R. eun sound nasally un. jeun. r ete, fleau, geometre, phaeton, ■R ^ ^ ^ nlwnvs express 1 ^^^^^^^^^ cx^me, n^oenies, ne- K. e, e, e alxiays express j ^^^^ ^.j^. ^^^ ^..^^ their demcntary sounds. ^^^^^,^ r^instruire, ^ppele, ^proces, tempete. 32. N. 6, e, e are by somel boheme,bohemien,bohemil- most absurdly pronounced a, Mon, poele, poelier, pollon, in J poelonnee. 33. e (worse than useless) 7 .., . . . .., .,, ^ i. r.rn.n.LrJ h in j godette, isiHael, poete, Src. C aeriser, aloetique, noe, poe- \ tique, 4*^« is pronounced e in e iH € or a by some in and is 7nutc in f poele, poelier, moelle, moel- \ leux, SfC. J aigue, contigue, cigue, cru'e, \ roue, SfC. F. R. f is generally pro- 1 facile, confiture, raf, grief, nuunced With its elementary >chef, instructif, azof, tuf, el- articulation. } beuf, soif, pouf. clef, chef-d*oeuvre, cerf-vo* eteuf — la clef ouvre la 1, E. iis mute in il renvoie Feteuf avec - p . . • J C cerf, cerfs — mettre le cerf 1. {n or IS not pronounced,)^ ^„^ ^^^j ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^ 3. f, 2rt boeuf, 50w/?c? mode ? or is at the end of the sentence; j na anger du bceuf. it is silent when the word is followed by a consonant, or is J>-du boeuf sale j des boeufs. plural. 180 4. f, in nerf, mai/ always he pronounced y especially before a vowel and at the end of a sentence — several never pro- nounce it ; un nerf k cet on coupe homme. un style plein de nerf. un nerf du bras. 4 ....,,. ^, , , f une attaque de nerfs: cela It u silent tn the plural. J j^^j^^ les nerfs. 5. f, in ceuf, may always he^ il mange un oeuf. pronounced — several do not f donner un ceuf pour avoir un pronounce it before a conso- ^ boeuf. nant ; Junoeufdur; onceuffrais. it is silent in the plur ah des oeufs. €. f, m neuf (new)yis aU'^ v, K*f r ways pronounced in the sinmi- S-'J^ naoit neu . lar, but is mute in the plural. ) des habits neufs. 7. (, in neu( Cnine, ninth J, 1 is pronounced when the word > trois, neuf, onze, neuf^ douze. is unconnected^ or in a series; } ^ r trente-neuf, Charles-neuf roi or connected to a preceding J de France, page cent-neuf number or word ; j du premier volume, il en (^veut neuf. /. 7, ,, J xi f neuf de iuin, neuf mai, neuf or followed by a word with- 1 , ^ c x • ^ '^ . *;. .. < de coeur, neut contre seize, out expr€ssi7is[ its units; } i^ - j. - c ^ ° (^ neut moms trois, neut mou- rurew^ mesure k neuf-quatre, neuf et quatre, de neuf a onze, neuf avec nous. it sounds v before a word'\ «, p, , • . . vA 7 1 f neut ecus, neut hommes, cin- bestnmnff with a vowel or h\ ^ i> J mute, ^hose units are ^x- H"a"te-neuf ans. neuf oc pressed by uev£; ) tantiemes. it is silent before a itJort/ "^ neuf personnes, neufheros, beginning with a consonant f quarante-neuf livres, neuf or h aspirated, whose units t cent, neuf millions, neuf are expressed by neuf. j quinziemes, neuf neuviemes. Please to make out tkis Chinese puzzle, b^ preceding directions (1). neuf cent neuf 90,9. neuf habits neufs • • • • 9 new coats, literally 9 coats new. neuf chapeaux neufs. • 9 new hats 9 hats new. un neuf neuf . . • 1 new 9 one 9 new. neuf neuf neufs 9 new 9*s 9 9*s new. <^M^f ■! I 11 1^ lllWlgllMI ■■ L * "" ■ ■'■ '■■■■ ■■—■I —— I... . I.. ■■ , — — .■ ■! !■< ■ IMI IP**— i———— .————— (1) Ave, ave, aves esse aves ? 181 r affaire, effeminer, effleurer, R. fF sound f < difforme, chauffer, bouffon, (^ offrir* Connexion. R. f final is alxvai/s pro-l ^^^^ j^^^^^, ^^^.^ ^^ nouncea ut connexion, except >. . -n i . ^, ; .. 7 i ^out, soil ardente. Me cases above mentioned^ j G. ^gateau, engourdir, degoufler, H. g denotes a guttural \ gauche, ambigu, ambigiie, articulation before a, o, u,< gros, dogme, sanglier, aug- and any consonant but n. I mente, larghetto, enghien, V^bourgmestre. 1. E. g (thejirst) is pro- 1 gangrene, gangrener v, gan- nouneed c by some in J g^eneux. r imbroglio, imbroghe, doigt, ^ . II 7. 7 . J doiffter r, doi2:tier, sansrsue, 2. g IS mute and 1 salival in -^ ^i„|taine, vingtains, ying- ^tieme. II. g, followed by u «W6/ ") distinguates, conjuguons, another vowel^ is guttural, >guerir, languit, sanguin, and u is mute; see at U, j longueur, dialogue. n.gsouvdsj before e, i,j.] ^§*^' g^n^alogie gyrovague, ° ^^ ^ ' ' J ^ sergent, engm, tourangeau, geindre, geant, geographe, spongieux, engagions. B/. g, followed by e awr/ljaugeage, geolier, fargeau, another vowel, sounds j, c/x^/ >nageoire, pigeon, exigeant, e is mute, j geai. R. 2: 25 pronounced j before ") , p 7 ■ J * ' ji-7 ( laro:eur, coura^euse, lour- eu, zt7?^c/i retain their etemen- > '^ i ^ i? ^./^V sound e ; .ee a^ E. 3 ^^S^"^' ombrageux, forgeur. R. gn medial ^re^a/zW; 7 ?^-^^^' ^^"^"' ^^^mpagne, seev.\41, Mvrogne, consigne, agneau, ^* ' 3 compagnie. o 17 7^7 7 f a&nacat, a^nat, affnathes, Z.hj.mareboth pronounced y ^ .- J ^ .^y ^^ ,' I . < agnation, aornatique, aanoi- witnout 6aiivmness m j . ® v.® ^ ' ® (^ tes, agnoetes, cognat, cog- nation, cognatique, diagnostique, elaeagnoides, geognosie, igne, ignicole, ignition, impregnation, inexpugnable, mag- 182 nat, pathognomonique, physiognomonie, pignoratif, preg- nant, pregnation, progne, pyro-lignite, recognition, regni- cole, restagnation, stagnant, stagnation, stegnotique, syngnathe. 4.N. gn are salivalorboth 1 incognito. pronounced in 3 ^,gis silent andximsalivall^\%n\ei, Regnard (the nmnc „-^ ^ oj a French writer). R. gn initial are both pro- 7 a ^^ gnemon, gnavelle. nounced without sahvalness. 3 ° 6. E. gn are pronounced en 7 Qiji^j^^ by some in j gn are pronounced ni in gnou. R. g final, preceded by al ^ ^j^.j^ ^jg^ag n:oxvel, is pronounced guttural, j^ ^' ^ 7. E. sis mute in legs, prelegs. , , J J y ( long, rang, sang, 6tang, ha- R. g final, preceded by a^ ^^^^^ ^^-^^^ p^i^^^ oing, consonant, is mute. ^ coing, faubourg, luxem- bourg, ^dimbourg, magdebourg, calembourg, amberg- 8. E. g is pron. k by some; 1 g guttural by others, and is > bourg, joug. made silent by many, in J R. gg sound gj bef ore lagg^e, suggeste, suggerer, e, i, y. j suggestion. R. gg sound g before a, 7 ogga, agglom6rer, aggluti- o, u, and consonants. 3 nation, reaggraver. 4 Connexion. R. g final, pronounced guttural, retains this articu- lation before a vowel or h' mute, in connexion^ 9. N . g, in bourg, is pro- pronced k by some, and not nounounced by many, before a >i}0wel; it is generally silent before a consonant. Feclair forme sou vent un zig- zag admirable ; briseeejoug ignoble ; un bourg habite par des gens laborieux ; il ^instigue Agag k guerroyer. allez au bourg acheter de la viande; le bourg oil vous demeurez me plait fort; le I bourg tient le mileu entre la ville (pron. vile) et le vil- ^lage (pron. vilage). 183 10. g sounds guttural in bourg-^pine. ,, . . . , ( nous le secouons enfin ce ,11. g tn joug IS «/»'«f \joug odieux; vous vous pronounced guttural, or hkekK^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ . ^. . by some, and never uttered^ ^ j^ . ^^ ^^^^^ j^ by others. (.liberty k rhomme. ^^ . , fun lonff hippodrome; ce 12 g in long, sang, rang, V ^ ^^^^.^ fut d^cu; ce ty- sounds k 6e>re t^oi^e/., ?/. « < ran s'abreuva de sang et de solemn St]/ le. (larmes, jusquk ce que son sang 6teignit la vengeance des opprimes; n^ d'un sang impur, il tient un rang elev6; vous tenez le premier rang entre les auteurs ; le sang et Teau sont la meme chose pour les conquerans. 13. g always sounds k in 7 suer sang et eau (pron, the expression ysankeo). - - . ., , , rharenff oeuv^; coins: odori- 14. ff IS said never to be\ p/ ^ -iv ,^ ^ J • 1 /. \ reran t; voiia un etane: mi- pronounced m hareng, etang, ) ^ jj ^.^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ semg poing, oing, nor n^ ^^^ ^^ ,,^^^^ ^,j^ ,^^j ^ »^^^ joined to the next vowel. (^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ j^^ ^^^^ yeux; il faut un peut de vieux oing a ces roues. rie faubourg avoisine la mer; R. g, preceded by r, 2* \ mettez Cherbourg en 6tat generally silent, and r isjoin^l de defense; Konigsberg en- ed to the next vowel. j voie des troupes, calem- V^bourg insignifiant. 15. N. tl>ej!rst g is §«««J^aT^r"Si«7v''!it"^iT vaL and the second site fit in j i^ "^ " -t ' t 4^^ A homme avili. H. R. h never sounds by itself' in French. It is (absurdly therefore) distinguished by the names of mute and aspi- rated. h is mute in (about 1000 wordsy most of' which techni- cal) h6roine,heros,homme,harpe, heure, hameau, hopital, hou- lette, humeur. heroine, heroisme, homme, heure, hopital, humeur, ^c. (pron. eroine). 184 ^ , . • ^ T ^,7 ^ • i-heros, harpe, hameau, hou- 1. h '« aspirated r ^ord,, most oj xckichJ ^^^ haquen^e, harangue. usual) harasser r,harceler t-,harde». ^// W*, *fg;»«^»g/^^^^lhardi,hareng,hargneux,ha- ^fPf, ',''r'''/''?.1" ff ricot, harnais, Imrpie, ha- AlphabeticalList attheend.y^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ 'hautain, hauteur, heraut, here, herisse, herisson, heron, herse, hetre, hibou, hideux, hierarchic, hochet, homard, honte, hoquet, horde, hors, hotte,^ houblon, houille, housard, hous- piller X), housse, houssine, huees, huguenot, huit, humer v, huppe, hurler i>, hutte, ah I eh! oh! {pron.ero, arpe, Sfc) TVT 1 7 ^ 7 ' r^heurter, aheurtement, de- N h. between vowek is I j^^j d^hancher, d^harder, said by some to be aspirated / i/i i I'l i , .*^^, , . ^. V , < deharnacher, deharnache- onty in the derivatives of words \ . j/u-I j^i -4.^ j^ , •^' . 'j^T 'J. '^ i ment, dehait, dehaite, de- ^ o * V^herence, dehiscence, dehon- te, dehors, dehousser, ehanch6, ehonte, ehouper, rehacher, rehanter, rehasarder, rehaussement, rehausser, rehauts, reheurter. ^ahi (/?. a"i not ai, e), ahan, always and V ever ^ by others; \ ahaner, ahores, ahouai, ahu- but^ whatever be its name^ it 'I rir, alcohol, annihiler, ap- prevents the junction of vowels, J prehender, antihydropique, V^bahut, bahutier, beauhar- nais, behourd, bohourt, bouhours, bihai, bihoreau, bahar, boheme, bohon, brehaigne, breh^m^, brouhaha, brouhi, buhot, buhottier, cahier, cahin-caha, cahosset, cahot, ca- botage, cahoter, cahuottier, cahute, chupmessahites, co- habiter, cohel, coherence, coheriter, coheritier, cohesion, cohier, cohober, cohorte, cohue, coracohyoidien, couhage^ crohol, dihelie, dihexaedre, eherber, evohe, gehuph, gehir, gehenne, ispahan, jehebo, jehovah, kahouane, kihaia„ mahaleb, maherne, maheutre, mahogou, mahomet, maho- m^tan, mahometisme, mahon, mahot, mahou, mahumerie, mahute, mohabut, moharre, mohatra, nihil, ohin, pleuro- hyoidien, prehension, prohiber, prohibitif, prohibition, re- hab, rehabilitation, rehabiliter, rehabitue, rohan, rohaut, souhait, souhaiter, spahi, stylohyoidienne, tocanhoha, trahine, trahir, trahison, vahou-ranou, vehemence, vehe« mentement, v^hiculcj^ d^c* f 185 R. h mute does not affect") ,, ,,,■•, the preceding consonant (ex- ( abhorre, adhesion,mhumain, ceptc, g, p), nor disjoin it ^ exhumer, khan, Ihomond, fiom thffolLing towel. ) *"'»^'^' »^l»eteur. ■R. or rather IE.. \^^V^:^ ^^y^^^u, enhaillonn6, en- rated medial prevents jf f hair v, enhardir v, enhar- possible, the junction of the >^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ preceding consonant to the V ^^^^ jGllowing vowcli J N. Whether h he aspi- "Y rated or mute, it cannot pf e- Lxhaussement, exhausser v. vent the junction of soundtng I K to the following vowel, in J C thomas, arithmetique, or- R. th sou7id t, not as inj thographe, pantheon, ath- English.- j lete, synarthrose, thesmo- (^tethe. -r» ^y r 1 7 r Elisabeth, zenith, bismuth, R. th final are pronounced | ^gtaroth, archiluth. 2.Er th are silent in goth, ostrogoth, visigoth. R. sh, between t?owe&, 7 deshonorer,deshabituer,des- soxind Zr j humaniser, gentishommes, 3. N. sh sound ch (as sh 7 i i^^ -c m hnglish) tn y * R, . gh sowid g guttural. ghisol, borghese, ghazal, R. ph somd f. i philosophie, daphn^, para- ^ (^phrase, apophthegme. R. ch, before a t;or.e/, C^J^^'^^^^' ^^^'*'??^' J^^^^^^^^ sound like sh in English. i P^auss^r, zachee, choisir, ° t jonchaie, chiche. 4iE. ch sound kin, (see Ichorkte, orchestre, chal- ^ C.J j deen ^^c. R. ch, before a consonant, 7 chlorose, parachronisme, sound k. j" melanchthon, chthoniens, R, ch final sound k. sumach. 5. E. ch are silent in Cseel! , , atCjj j-almanach.. k3^ Connexion. R. h mute, in connexion, requires the elision and some- times suppression of the pre- ceding e simple, and never hinders the articulating of preceding consonants. 66 une heure ( pron. uneui maiivaise habitude, coupes cette herbe, vous defendez 4 votre honneur, no tie hypo- these, contre-hermine, en- tre-hiverner, rhymne, Fhar- ,_monie, il fhumilie, tu m'ho- nores, n'h6site pas, un nombre d'histoiiens, elle s'habitue^ ne faites qu humecter, les habits (pron, lezabi), un petit homme, un grand homme, vieillards honores, bonnes hotesses, ils yivent heureux, mouvem^nt horizontal, il dis- court habilement, son humeur, mon habitation, ton hor- loge, en homme, avec horreur, par humanite, vous n'^tes pas trop hospitalier, rendez hommage aux h^ro'iques vertus {pron.,..au zeroiques). les h^ros (pron. le 6ro), a tout R. h, termed aspirated, has often a retroactive effect. It then kicks, as it were, and won't be ridden, if it can help it, by preceding consonants; not caring if it throws both words into the< yawning chasm of hiatus, H aspirated is not a conso- nant, since unheard, but is merely disjunctive, prevent- ing elision^ and sometimes consonation. hasard, quand haranguerez- vous ? ces courageux hou- sards, ton hameau, je mange mon haehis, on lui met son harnais, vous avez Fair d'un^ herisson, excellents haricots^ vertueux huguenots, trop ha- tee, en son chemin heurt6e, en hantant les grands, je vais vous houspiller, nous vimes le vaisseau aux hau- teurs indiqu^esj tu as hai ces hideux hurlements, j'ai eu un hibou ou chat-huan, il fossoya au hoyau, Joab hata sa marche (pron» R. the stubborn thing is sometimes obliged to carry the rider on its back, in spite of its pretended aspiration; and that happens when the joab^a), Jacobhaissaitrido-^ I'^trie, 'un roc haut de cent toises, on dit le thalmud herisse d'absurdes reveries, un chetif hameau, un cheval preceding consonant or con- -i ^ ,/ x/ i u i,^^ 4. i:^ 1 ^ ^ ' harnache, Jerusalem hon- sonant before last must ne- ^ x ' . i cessarih be 'nronouncpd Tf *^"^^ *^ ^^^ crimes, il ap- cessanlyoe pronounced. It .^^ ^.^^^ brigand, Philo- i, joined to the vowel after 1 ^ h^ros; nous cing- h, wUcK ^f a cmsonant, H ^^^ ^^^^ j^ hardiment. would prevent the junction. (^ , hasard, Felix heurte i 187 laporte, cafards hideux, vous serez toujoursitableur, 3 court haletant, infect herisson. -> R. if aspirated h can often silence letters that may speak, it makes them speak which are mute; that is, e simple, elided before vowels or h mute, and (as well as ent, the termination of the third person plural of verbs) pronounced weak before con- sonants as if unwritten, sounds forcibly en before h aspiraied,whichpr€vents the elision.— It is a stratagem to protecthfrom being ran over as in the preceding Rule. This ridiculous practice would be useless were h really aspirated. r J ^ternelle haine {pron. 6ter- nelleu aine), excellente liarpe, quel pauvre havre- sac, sa fameuse harangue, un sale harpagon, la cheve- lure herissee, convert d'inde- crottables haillons, un chan- cre hideux, pauvre here, j ai presque herse tout le champ, ils veule?i^ hasarder, ils ne peuvent hausser, ils parais- sent hagards, sans te hair, pour me h^ter, tu ne fais que hounir, je t^che de le happer, contre-heurtoir, ils s'entre-haissew^. ^ , , • A J C beros, henriade, honffrois, N. h is always aspirated 1 j^^^^,^^^ hongrer, huitain, ^^ {^huitaine. 6. in Henri (proper name), if the style be ele- vated; le vertueux Henri, Fintre- pide Henri, il parle a Hen» ry, fie-toi en Henri, les Henris. fHollande, Hongrie, huit 7. most generally in < (see this word at T), huiti- (^^ erne, huitiemement — nous venons de Hollande, il va en Hollande, la reine de Hongrie, Fancienne Hongrie, le huit du mois, les huit francs, ils sont huit en tout, le huitieme, les huitiemes, cent huitiemes, ils prononce/if huitiemement.. _ . ^ . TT f Vive Henri-Quatl'e, ce dia- 8. buth IS mute %n^en-\^^^ v ^^^^,^j On ne parle x\, provided the style be not <^^:^^^ d^Henri-Quatre, On too sublime. (^ne par le que du cheval, ia statue d'Henri-Qtiatre, le bon Henri, voyez Henri. 1 188 9. we are allowed to say ) i,tt i, -, , \t „ p with or without elision i. Hollande or de Hollande, witftof without elision. ^ ^^^ point d'Hongrie, eau de la reine d'Hongrie or de Hongrie. 10. we always say ^ithy'^^^'^fl^P/'^^^^^ elision and consonation, } / 7. "I ' ^^' . ^^"^ "1^ ( \pion, dizuite), vmgt-huit {pron. ymimie), trente-huitieme, ^c. dix-huitieme-ment,^ f lieroicite,heroi-comiqiie,he- h w always mute m ^ roide, heroifier, heroine, he- ( roiGjue, heroi'quement, hero- isme, holland^e, hoUander, hollandille, hollandiser, hol- landaise (a machine), hongroyeur,. hongrieur, henri (a^ coin), Henriette. t 11. h zs aspirated withV, ,. , ,. srnne, ^ mute with others, in J hongrehne-une hongrehne- 12. h seems to pass /or / Hollandais — ces bons Hol- mute in j landais, il parle hoUandais. . ,R. h, when standing for '^ une h aspir^e, une h muette,v its own name, and called ( vous faites de belles h. | ache, is mute^ and a sw6-/ils ecriyent h, quelle pestef stantive feminine. j quel'h!: J ^ , 7j J 1 , 1 /^rh aspire, rh muet, le h, du R. when called he r^wj, 4 j,, au h, Hi, de I'h, k I'h, les h zs^ both mute and aspi-J ^ ^^^ j, ^„^ h, un beauh, r^ted and IS a substantive^ ^^ ^^^ j^ ^j^ ^ grand h, mascuhne. (^^^^ h or ce h a«d ces h com- meiicew^ a me fatiguer, ,allez vous promener avec vos h. N. The unclassical and illiterate, who are, at least, to the learned as ninety -nine to one, make no distinction of h; and (in my individual opinion) are far more correct, because more rational than those who have or pretend to Iiave the greatest claims to accuracy and classicalness, for there is no real difference in the pronunciation of h mute and h aspirated. They pronounce with or without con'-- sonation and real aspiration, just as they please, but in the same manner: les heros, les heroines, vous haissez, , vous heritez, un peu d'hachis, un peu d'humeur, belle harpe, belle horloge. Hereafter h mute initial will be considered as nothing in pronunciation, and the word as.. 189 beginning with a vowel; h aspirated as a consonant ^ though neither heard nor affecting the word it begins, and will be distinguished by an italic (i). (l) In France I had always believed, on authority, that we too,, like the Greeks and Romans, could boast of an aspirated h, though I had not a very clear idea of its nature. But at the first Frencli lesson I gave in this country, my pupil taught me we had none, I was amazed to hear him pronounce heros, hameau like hat^ heart; however, magisterial duty and charity required my advising him not to set his lungs to so hard a work, and waste of vital air. My astonishment increased, when, to prove he was right, he adduced Chambaud*s authority, who says, ** it {h aspirated) is pronounced, with a hard aspiration, as in host, hunting;*' — and L^visac*s, who declares, *' h, when aspirated, is sounded with a strong gut- tural impulse.'* I looked rather foolish, and was afraid to see him question my qualification of being a native of France, freshly come from the schools of Paris. However, 1 replied, there was no doubt but this aspirating of h was very correct and fashionable in the reign of our good kingDagobert, and perhaps down to the epoch of the learned authors ; but that time had so much enfeebled our con- stitutions, that if such an aspiration were now to be regularly used, it would soon be followed by a total soul-exspiring. I still persist in this statement, and support it by the all and self-overwhelming authority of the Grammaire des Grammaires, which, after saying that 7i aspirated gives a guttural articulation to the sound of the fallowing vowel, adds (p. 38, 2d [edit.) these curious words: — *^ 11 seroit a souh.aiter que Ton eijit quelques regies generates pour distinguer les mots* oii Ton aspire la lettre h de ceux oii elle est muette.'* Now is it not plain that if we cannot distinguish the^ words wherein we aspirate h from those wherein it is mute, it is because we do not really aspirate? and that if we really aspirate, we have no need of rules; for aspiration must be as much a self- distinction as any other sound and articulation? The only thing necessary, if we had an h aspirated, would be a gi'aphic mark to distinguish it from h mute, for the sake of uninformed readers, not of speakers. Mr. Boiste also is candid enough to make this kind of confession, p. 98, Second Part of his Dictionnaire Universel de la JLangue Francoise, 4th edit. ** On trouve au Dictionnaire tous les mots dans lesquels cette lettre (//) est aspir^e au commencement, precedes de ce sigtie (:) ; mais cela n'empeche pas que cette aspira^ tion ne puisse tressouvent disparoitre dans les conversations et que Ton de puisse dire un coup d'halleharde pour de hallebarde; ce- pendant on ne pourroit dire sans une negligence qui d^gen^reroit eix populacerie (why ? ), donnez-moi unpen d* hachis ^^ouv dc^ hachis. II faudroit prendre ainsi les mots I'un apr^s Tautre, et peut-etre cette revue clioqueroit-elle heaucoup de personnes qui croyent tres- hien parler et qui tombent dans ces negligences^' There are, you see, many persons who neglect and very likely despise h aspirated, thinking nevertheless they speak ve^y well, and who would, perhapsj, be affronted were Mr. Boiste to say they do not, especially IS 190 I. R. i and i before ^/^fli^ "ez, piissime, fiole, dm^^ vowels, andivith most conso-) "^'^ "^^.*' f^'^> W}oient, bri- nants, preserve their elemenA'''^' ^'^"^^ ™"^' ^^!^' ^ari/ .ow;^./.. / ^""^"^^^ coriambe rien, sci- V^ence, lion, penible, ivre, abime, mourir, tie, pilon, rimer, dina, ami, peri. It. i, followed by e mutey 1 n . ,. . . . lona. \ nerais, chirurgie, crierie. R' ^^ . ^ , fconsulaire, trainer, monnaieJIi . ai, ai, or ei, ei, sound ) • ; • • singly he. ^ songeaie/i^, vemeux, peigne^ •^ ' * (^ seine. I R. ai sound sinqly k in^ n - - • • i • • the Preterit and Future ^/•(fla.rai,jouerai,mena,,boirai. '^erbs, \ ^tudiai, saluai, nouai. J ii S',!:T.f*''^T''f^'4«l»Po'ies, oubliions, ^dryitv 11, yi, ui, eui, om, which ex- > • ri • /• • *^ press two sounds. j '■"•"^' '*'^"''"' "^^ao^'^s^nce. R. oi sound e in the Im- 1 courois, dansoit, gageoienf, perfect and Conditional of >faitignoit, cherirois, plairoi- verbs, yent, engo«oie/«i^, o • ^ T^ envoi, courroie, valoir, an- .« - ""' oj' «'-«i»'-'>«''««''«,<^( toine, 6toile, cloitre, accroi- oa, oa and by some oua, oe, \ bourgeois, turquoise, co^;,med t« Me ^^recerfm^ ) angoumois. bavarois, cala- ( brois^ champenois, chinois, condommois, comtois,danois,dantzicois, dieppois, gaulois, genevois, genois, hibernois, hongrois, illinois^ iroquois, pertois, remois, siamois, suedois, valentinois, vaudois, verdunois, viennois. having, it appears, no populacerie about themselves, and being as much Messieurs and Dames as Monsieur Boiste the lexieo-builder. In order to give an air of truth to their dream, grammarians have recourse to delusions, namely, the disjunction of words and change of the sound of final e simple int'> the ridiculous ew, a practice un- thought of in Greek, Latin, German, and English, in which h or the spiritus asper is uttered. To conclude : what is called, in French, h aspirated, is a mere fanciful nominal thing, a gross im- posture, an arbitrary, troublesome, and useless distinction, esta- blished by rusty pedants, observed by slavish, finical or half-learned purists, and is utterly unknown to the bulk of the nation. 191 1. E. oi, ol, sound e, ^, in f^ff^jWir v, affoiblissement, these words, which are net- ) l^^^""'^^ apparoiti;e v, bour- ther imperfects nor eo^c;z.V''"''T/ '''''"P^''''^'^''' ^''''" tionals § "^i^^^"*^* connoissance, V.c^w"^issement, connoisseur, connoitre v, dijonois, disparoitre v, ecossois, foiblage, foible, foiblement, foiblesse, foiblir v, harnois, hollandois, irlandois, japonois, lyonnois, meconnoissable, meconnois- sance, meconnoitre v, monnoie, monnoierie, (also mon- noyage, monnoyer v, monnoyere, monnoyeur) nivernois, orleanois, paroitre v, polonois, reconnoissable, 4*0. repa- roitre v. oa^ oua, oe, oue, 7 f^^„^^j^ {Francis), 2.oisow7irf<{ in e in franfois {French), V V C avoine, charolois, ivroie* oa, oua, oe, oue, \ Ji . • j • i V . ' V marseillois, roide, roideur, or em j • 1,1 -j. ' ' (^ roidillon, roidir v. /'anchois,barrois,bavois, ber- e in these words \ nois, briois, chinois, contois, when Imperfects < gaulois, g^nois,gravois,hon- of verbs, i grois, marnois, matois, mi- (^nois, pantois, parois, patois, pavois, sourdois, tournois, tramois, valois, co- ^,01 sound J toient, coudoient, devoient, fetoient, flamboient, louvoient, renettoient, soudoient, tournoient, versoient oa, Sfc, in the same, when not verbs, or are Presents. anchois, barrois, Sfc. com- tois, genois, patois, Sfc, c6- toient, devoient, renettoient, Sfc. 4:.iismute,o alone sounds lencoignure, oignon, oigno^- in j niere, oignonet. R. im or in unfollowed by 1 imbibe, joachim, dandin, a vowel, sound nasally, m > simplicite, terebinthe, vin- and n being silent, j mes, soutinmes. 5. E. im are both sounded 7 interim, platatim, Ibrahim, without nasality, in J parnassim, Selim, Crim. T> . - . r immeuble, immortel, inno- R. imm or mn are not ) • u 1 1 • , < cenee, mnombrable, grimm, '^^*'*^- (brinn. 192 / R. imn are all three fro- 7 limnacides, mimnerme, lim- nounctd without namlity, J norie. K. aim or aiii ; eim or 1 daim, pain, Rheims, {])ron. ein denote the dngle nasal\xmQ,(^), reiir, maintenant, aound in j peintre. R. im or in sound sepU' ^ i • • . • v^jr I ( Aoin, smnter, marsoum, rfl^e/j/ from any preceding > ^-^ ^ -^^ "vowel but a and e. J / u flr/io w «7ewf fl/?e?' gr a/jt? q. < ^ . ^ ' x- ' ^ ! C quimpercorentm, ^ R. i initial, followed hy II, r/oe^ not make them ^a- ( lustre, illegal, illisible. iivat^ and both are pro- ' nounced. See at L. R. i medial, followed hy 1 fiUe, pillard, billet, griWois^ 11, makes them salivaL — > egrilloir, castillan, postilion, See at L. j habillement. * i E. See at L. R. i, preceded hy a vowel, and followed by 1 or 11, renders them salival, but is neither pronounced y nor affects the preceding sound. ville. travail, sommeil, chevreuil, fenouil, mangeaille, paille, piaille, ouaille, efFeuiller, quenouille, oille, imbroille, cuillere, cuillier, juillet, veille, vieille, brouillard. R. i is distinctly pronoun- ") .„ .„ .,, ced, preceded by u silent after V?^^^"! ^ ,^^^^^^> giullaume, g and q; it makes 11 salival. ) oequiUard. R. oi sound oa, S^c, before a single 1 final without sali valness, il final. -See at L. w >poil, nigroiK rfile, pilote, davila, aquilon, R. i gives no sallvalnessj guilee, habilement, aile, to a single 1 medial. j baile, hailer, eilat, etoilee, (^troile, tuileau. R. i, im or in do not coa- lesce with the prece c en ted vowel. not cofl- ") ^neide, plebeien, reimpres- uiing ac' > g-^jj^ reinstaller, ambigiiite. 193 rlaique^ theiforme, zo'ile, R. i or in are separated \ roioc, cain, tarpeien, mai- /•j/ tlie diceresis from o^/^er< ence, paien, ai'eiil, conti- rowels. j gu'ite, pinguin, quintuple, {^{pron, pinguin qiiintuple), R. im final sound ime. ^aim, ephraim, J. R. j is always and ^/^f- 7: jamais, toujaurs, jeunesse, Jormly pronounced like g ^;i ("jQ^cher/ g^» g^ gy* g^^» geo, geu. 3"^ K. R. k is alx^ays and mM^^f^^^ ^"^«*' Koran, formly pronounced like c ,>J i^urte.Keraunosc^pie^&^^ Vq po PI, J «^etre, Kynelle, Kakkerlac, '^^*^''^^^^' (Kopstuck, L. R/" laborieux, olympe^ 6valuei% 1 . . 7 1 pouloe, cloison, capable, , I IS most cotiimonlij ; in i ^ i r i , , " < bible, cycle, carnaval, plu- pronounced. i » i • i i i *^ i ^ J riei, rossignoi, calcul, paul^ (^trisaieul^ capitoul, l.V..\udkntm Ir"''' r'' ^"V ^^"^"'' J^ bommes(/^ro;?,gentizomme.) and y familiarly speaking, in quelque, cela, (pioz/V sa). R, Id or it final are silent "^ Rochefoucauld, Fontev- after au c'ay/ ou, j rault, Menehould, il, bissextil, Bresil, civil, II, I. final preceded by the \ exil, fil, Nil^ pistiij profil, oiily voxvel i, is pronQunced J ^weril, sextil, subtil, viF, without saliralness, J vinl,volatil,transfil, tranche- fih ( baril, chenil, coutil, fenil, 2. E. lis mute in ^ fournil, fraisil, fusil, nom« I bril, outil, persil, sourcil. i 194 1 in fils {threads) sounds, and s is mute before conso- nants, 1 in fils (son, sons) is mute, and s is never pronounced by some but like Zy injunction, before a vowel; ahcays s (f ice) by many, and by others only at the end of sentences. fils de soie, brouiller Ie§ fils, des fils enchev^tres. un fils aime, son fils lui parle, il parle ^ son fils, ces fils honoxent leur p^re, ce fils ^ait sa mere, fi ! des fils dii fils, son fils fitTouvrage, ilfaudrait que vos fils {sons) fissent des fils {threads). 1 in is pronounced mualivall-^ ^i^^„,^„jj^ salival in C mil (millet), avril, gresil/ \ peril. sounds with or without 1 o-^Qgii salivalness in j * is pronounced salival by 1 ^j, ^,J, ^^ ^ji,_ some, and not by others, in ^ is not pronounced by many ; 1 is salivally by some, and un- > babil. salivally by others, in j is generally jnute in prose, 7 , ,.i but salival in poetry, in J ^^^ * gentil (pagan) — un gentil avec un obretien, le gentil se convertit enfin, un fi- dele trouve un gentil //ideux. IS never pronounced by several, always and unsaUtal by some, and only in the sin- gular, before vowels, by others^ in is pronounced, and salival only in the singular, before- vowels, in il fut I'apotre des gentils. genti' {pretty) — gentil enfant, gentil histrion,gentil-homme gentil ^ousard, gentil Ber- nard, gentils enfants, vous ^tes bien gentils. R. a single 1 medial is^iot 7 gentile, fertilite,filon,poilon, made salival by preceding i. j ruiler, quilot, cailar, voila. C gentilhomme, gentilhom- 3. E. 1 is salival in ^ meau, gentilhommer v, ^2i\- I tilhommerie, gentilhommi- ere, Milhaud, Pardalhac, Filhon, Marsilhargues. 195 R. 11, preceded hi/ i initial, ") illusion, illatif, illiberal, illu- are unsalivaly and both pro- > miner, illegalite, illutatioii, nounced, j illustrissime. R. 11, preceded by i medial, C §^"*i"«' f^"?'"^ ' "'"^t' *«"[- aremostoftensadal; a«rf i 1 f '"«"' corbillard. sourcil- is silent if preceded by one or\ leux, sautil ement cmlleron, * . ~!) I . .,^;o i laiiioise, oiile, oei lade, ca- t wo sounded vowels. / .„ ,' .„ ^ ^ .„ ^ . ., V^naille, /^ouiiie, treiiie, criail- lerie, jouailler, imbroille, cuilleree, quoailler, vieillesse, veuillcw^, veille, ceill^re, babilliez, fouaillions, mouilliez, conseilliez, effeuillions — accueille, recueilliez. N. i is pro?wunced, pre- j ^.nguiWe, jonquille, guil- ceded byn^ silent after gandq, \ laume,. boquillon^ 4. E. 11 are not salival in \ ^^^^"^' ..^""^^^ armilles, I campaniUe, codicrlle, dis- tillateur, distillation, distiller r, gille, gillerie, imbeeille, imbecillite, instiller r,. Lille, logistille, niille, millegreux, milliaire, milliard, milliasse, millieme, millier, milligramme, millimetre, million, millionieme, millionnaire, mutille, myrtille, papille, pupille, ruillee, ruiller v, scille, scillitique, sebille, sille, smille, smiller v, squille, squillitique, tran- quille, tranquillement, tranquilliser v, tranquillite, villace, village, villageois, villanelle, villaquerie, villatique, ville- giature, villenage, villette, ville. — Abbeville, Angerville, Belleville, calle ville, Cbarleville, dierville, Gomberville, Joinville, Longueville, Lun^ville, Malleville, Merville, Preville, Seville, vaudeville. b.W. are pronounced salival 1 :»■ .„ «, .,, , i t I 4.1 • h dessiUer «;, fibrille. hxj somc^ and not by ot/icrs, in j * "ii"'^. r ancillaire, armillaire, ax- G.W are unsalival, a?id both J illmrey capillace, capillaire, pronounced, in j capillament, capillarite, ca- (^villation, codicillaire, ectil- lotique, fritillaire, gilla, intermaxillaire, lapillo, maxillaire, millenaire, millesime, oscillation, oscillatoire, osciller v, papillaire, phillyree, pupillaire, pupillarite, pusillanime, pusillanimite, scintillation, scintiller r, sigillaire, sigil- laries, sigillateurs, sigille, sugiliolatn, titillation, tonsillaire, vacillation, vaciller v, vexillaire. K. 1 final, preceded by ai, ^ bail, eveil, ceil, deuil,fenouil, ei^oei, eui, oui, uei, is salival, >recueil, ecueil, accueil, cer- andi is silent. J cueil, orgueil. 196 R, 1 final preceded by oi 7 . j ^y..^*\ is not salivaly and i sounds a, e. J " ^ ® n. 1 or 11 are no^ madeS'j^^t' ^^''^ P''>'"°"' salival by y* ^ r idyile, sibylHn, phyllon -? styletj, hypsipyle, pycno« (^ style, bajue, ceylan* R. 1 or 11 are «o< .afitaZ ( ff^> .installer colleur, nul- if not preceded by I. 1 ^^e. violon jidien deuca- *^ ' *^ :( lion, seliier, buiiiard, rel leur. ^ *^ , „ ,. ,. C Sully, Pardalhac, vellon, ^ 7.^.\or\\aresalivalm | Uanta, llama, Ihama. • N. i cifter 11 sallvairi^^^^^^T^^^ t ?!/ r i'^ ti . \ ions, baiilons; bataillions, ,Uuld he d tmcffy pronoun-) ^^^^^^ Millions, billons ced but ojtcys «"^aciller t>, &c. not saiivaL oee above, and V the Alphabetical List. J Connexion. R. 1 final mute rema/;i4 ^'.^ ^ ^ ^" ?^"^ ^1^"4," ^ ^^^'^e, such, in connexion, /)^/bre ^ '^ ^^ ^^^'^^^ .^^I^^ ^ ^^^^to- 'Dowels. ) ^^^' "" chenil humide et (. sale, taillez le coutil apres, fenil etroit, fournil embarrasse, fraisil ardent, en tirant son fusil inconsidereraent, je mets le gril avant ma grillade sur le fen, vous travaillez avec un outil use, 1^ la salade etait pleine d un persil appetissant, tu fronces' envain ton sourcil epais et farouche— cessez votre babil importun. JST. I in il (//e, ityisnotpro-^ il parle, il vient, il frappe, I nounced by several before con- lil /;ait, il /^eurte,— il herite, j sonants, in careless speaking, ) il hume, il arriv e, il entend! See above the word i-. gentil. S o 198 M. R. m^ followed by a votvel^ or preceded by a consonant i is pronounced according to its elementary articulation. mamaii, palmier, fourmiy pygmee, rhj^tmop^e, ad- mettre, cosmopolite, sma- ragdin, mnemosyne, plume, ^^asme, salm, Stockholm. 1 . E. m is pronoiiticed with'- out nasality in (See at A, E, I) ^adam, terns, thym, Joachim) R. m Jinalor follovoed % I faim, Rlieims, {pron. rince, any other consonant but m orj dom, parfum, exemple, n, is silent^ and renders ike's grimper, tambour, triomphe, preceding vowel nasal. i nymphe, humble, imbu, ^ implorer. Abraham, Amsterdam, mamlouk, Jerusalem, Grim, Selim, 4'C. ^em, idem, item, interim, parnassim, platatim. wid in (nm pron, ome. Trlium, triumvir, triumvir at. See at V) j duumvir. R. lim final sound ome in 1 \. ,_ r ..^ v . J ^. J o ^ rr r album, lorum, decorum. most tatm words. iSee at U.J ^amnistie, calomnier, mem- H. mn are both pronouii'-jnon, sonmalnbuHsme, in- ced without nasality. j demnit6, vertumne, autom- (nal. C automne, damnable, dam- \ nablement, damnation, dam- iierx', condamnable, condamnation, condamner v, eon- damnatoire, solemnel, solemnellement, soleminisation, solemniser -e, solemnite. r> '^^' *, 7 i? xf^rimm, immense, sommer, 11. mm sound without A^ ■■' 4. i / ^^ ;., < savamment, prudemment, nasatiti/, ) vi ^ ^ (^ diiemme. 3. E. e before mm is nasal 1 . . . ^(^ /F) > emmagasmer, emmeoer, eye, R. mm sound commonly m.i cpmmode, commis, commis- (^ sion, commissaire, gram- maire, grammairien, myriagramme, enflammer, nonchalam- ment, 6videmment, diiemme, femme, emmaneher, horn- mage. 2. E. m is silent in 199 . Ti 7 7 C commiseration, ^ramma^ 4, E. mm are said always \ .. , ,/ , ^. , * , ,, 1 -,1 4.) tical, aTammatiste. Ammon- to he both pronounced wit liout < ^^. \^ ^ J " j ammomac, ammonite^ mam« nasaiitij, in ^ (maire, Emmanuel, emme- nagogues, emmenologie, emmesostome, emmi, lemme^ sommite. initial, are both pronounced. \ ^tement, immense, immer- J sion, immeubie, immiseri- cordieiix, immobile, immoler, immortalite, immiiable, immutability. Connexion-. ^. j.tt. , -o x: 1 ^ . r Adam aceepta d Eve le K. m linai mute remains \n .. j^r j i • , . . I J' } "Uit aeiendu, ce dami a une siic/i. III connexion, Oejore ,. ' ^ ^ ^ / ^ *^ X 's ] que dene nen mdiquer, vous aoverned C<^^eept ouij • / ^ • • / -x ^ ^ ^ ^ (^ n aviez nen ecnt, on en aura rien ofFert, apres n'en avoir rien annonce — je n'ai rien oui dire. in bien before the noun, adjective, verb, adverb^ Sfc. i^iich it modifies. vous fetes bien enfant, tu m'as Fair bien kne, elle est I W«cA it modifies. t ^'^n indifferente, il faut bieii i "^ (^ecouter, li a bien assure, nous fumes bien habilles, bien anciennement, bien assez, bien apres, bien en arriere, vous paraissez bien au dessus de lui, nons arriv^mes bien a-propos, bien entendu qu'il ie fera, j'ecris sou vent mal mais je veux bien ecrire aujourd'- hui, les bienheureux sont bien heureux. N. h\^M\ and m, joined^ by a hyphen to another ivord, f bien-aime, bien-aise, bien- 1^ sound without nasality, fetre, bienheureux, in-octavo. (bie-n, i-n). j /^un arbre, un homme, un un is most commonly pro- \ effrayant tableau, un hono- nounced icithout nasality^ rable emploi, un intendant before its noun. J fidele, faites un un (pron. 202 « . ., . . „ J, Tancien et respectable ami, R. n IS silent in all other I ^^^ ^ ^onter, il etait enclin cases; namely, in theadjec-J ^^ ^^. jj ^^^^^ ^^^^j^ 1^^ tive before amj ivord but tts-\ ^^^^^^^ ^j^j^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ lire enfantin affect^, Tempire ottoman incapable, ton caquet importun etourdit, un animal commun en Amerique. ■ y,, ^, . f a-t-on eu soin ? est-on ici? mon and en after their \^^^^^_^_^^ ^^^^^^^.y^^^^ ^^ ^^ ' (^ avait-on ^te content ? fut-on infornie ? sembla-t-on ob^ir ? aussi la croit-on hereditaire, — prends-en un, parlez-en au ministre, donnez-ienr-en assez, montrons-nous-en affliges, ayez-en horreur, croyez- m'en innocent, va-t'en acheter du vin.. , , . , ^ r ce rien a des attraits pour m nen and bien before I ^^. „,^ ^j^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ the verb they govern^ or) ^ ^^ -^ ^-^^ ^^ ^.^.^^g^. after the verb by which they'\ ^^.^ J^^^ ^^ ,,^ ^^-^ are governed ; ^^-^^ ^^f^^-^ ^^ ^^^i^ ^^ ^j^^^ une personne, c'est un rien inexprimable, n'ajoutez rien apres cel-^, nous n'avons rien i craindre — ce bien est a moi, ton bien accroit, notrebieny passera, il a son bien eu especes, il parlait bien et pensait fortement, c'est un bien k souhaiter, je sais bien oil vous allez, vous ^tes bien ensemble, tu te plais bien ici, je jouira^ de mon bien apres, : il faut bien ecouter, il a un bien assure, j'ecris souvent ' bien, mais je veux bien 6crire mal aujourd'hui, bien et rien auraie^^^ bien ete pour la rime. , ,. ^. , f il yen eut un assez /tardi, in un not used adject ivenf;< -^ . . rr 1 1 3 ^^ trouvtti un errrayant tout le reste, ils se mirent trois contre un alors ; portez-en un au jardin, j'en entendis un avancer, tu en croyais un homme libra, ce n'etait qu'un vil esclave, il fit un un un pen trop long. in the substantive 6e/ore CP^'^'^", ^^^".^'''' ^*=*'''" its adjective and jj/,, J mnocente, pain exquis, un ,..^,.,7 ^ \ ancien ami des sciences, (^jardm anglais, artisan ha- bile, tribun eloquent, an entier, t^moin oculaire, le^on apprise, voir un dessein echouer, la raison enseigne, il trace un plan avec facilite, un chirurgien aussi celebre, va faire le fanfaron ailleurs, voila du vin horribIemeB4; cher. 203 in non, and likely in pre- positions and adverbs^ selon, environ, loin, soudain, com- bien, enfin {except bien, rien, en); usage, non-ouvre, non-etre- personne non instruite, non approuAe nonobstant son excellence, il repondit non k la question, c^est un non irrevocable, ce non excita leur surprise, non-{ige, non- -selon elle, environ un mois, loin" apres eux, il a soudain appercu, combien inter^ssa celle qui, enfin arriva le jour, il Ta enfin econduit. ^j 1' . 1 r •. f I'ancien ecrit, le souverain m the subiect before tts\ ,^ , / ; , -^ V -^ < etre assez aveude pour . . . xerb (except on).. j . u i. i. \ f ^ ^ un rien abat souvent, ce bien est a moi, la raison enseigne, le mien est meilleur, le sien eprouve, votre en est fait pour tourmenter les commenf ans, cet un exprime cent. N. on, standing for its 1 j^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^ embarrasse own name, is not joined to its K^^^ent les etrangers. verb: ) * J . . ^ 7 • r on embarrasse souvent les but or\. expressing any thinf^K . , , ^ ., ]r ^ ' '^ I ^ ^ •? j etrangers par des coutumes but itself^ IS joined to its< .- i^ ^ u- L *^ "^ 1 nation ales bizarres, on a \ dit, on espere. Teet ouvrage ancien 6crit iastli/^ n is silent in words yavec simplicite, il le frappa not directlj/ connected bj/ their J de son baton a la t^te, vous meaning. ] avez en vain espoir d'y (^parvenir, ilfautbien ecouter vos sottises, qu attend-on ici ? il en coupa un avec sou canif, la nuit est loin encore, il p6rit enfin accable de maux, non il n'est rien que Nanine n'honore^ ]Sr. n is or is not pronounced, at pleasure, bj/ the gene* raiitj, in .most cases of the preceding Rule (1). (1) This statement is proved by the following^ stricture of the author of *' La G ram m aire des Grammaires," who, p. 17, says In his lucid and logical manner—'^ Les regies que nous allons douner pour le cas ou cette lettre (n) est muette ou sonore h la fm de la si/liabe [ha lUQAUi woi'd) , sont d'autaut plusesscntitlles k connoitre, qu'au th&Xive uiAme, ou Ton doit prononcer plus correctement qu'ailleurs, on paroit souvent les Ignorer/' After leg'islating; hi«i uiiivnowu and disregarded rules, it -was incumbent on that author not only to assert the necessity of knowing* them, but to prcjve u\(* necessity of their very existence; for it is not soU'-evident whv ^ 004 O. iS'. o ana o genet any pe.\ ^ . fantorne, serve t/ieir elementary sounds,'' ..K . ' , '„„^ ^, ^rr,r>t fhe rrn^e^ hereafter J Uthotome, astronome, mor except thetai^es liereajter. \^^^^^^^^ antichthones, archi- throne, octogone, trigonom^trique, d^monomanie. «. , . ■ ■^-. ■■ . , . ., ,r:_ ...1. .J. J 1 lu ij.. J.-. ..-■ I. _. ■ .- ■ . — — — i-rfi- — — practice often unknown, it seems, even on the stage, and, of course, to the whole nation but M. Girault-Duvivier and his authorities, is s(> very right ai)d necessai^; and why the contrary custom of the people, which is Custom, the lawgiver of language and deity of grammarians, is wrong. It is true, indeed, our orthoepists, from whom the above rules are taken, have enacted that n final of nasal soundsin the cases of the last rule, must never be pronounced ; that those sounds siiould always produce hiatus ; that this kind of hiatus is often very hard ; that therefore it ought not to be avoided by merel)^ articulating. ?i (a licence always unpardonable, says M, Dieudonn6 Thii^bault, in his '< Principes de Lecture," p. 138, sup- porting his principle with a very grammarianic reasoning), ^nd that such poets as aim at perfection, must follow, as a law, the observa* tlon of a trio of abbots (Abbot Dangeau, Abbot R^gnier, Abbot • D'OUvet) ; namely, to proscribe the meeting of nasal with other sounds, for fear or disturbing the high, deep, and wide conceptions of such auricular cerebra, which can neither bear w nor the hiatus they require it should give room to by its unutteranoe. To show j the groundlessness of their prohibitions, it would not be sufficient to \, prove they are contrary to custom, but stupid, opntradictory, and against analogy,-— Stupid : for if that sort of hiatus be so hard, why not avoid it by sounding ii /—contradictory j for if it be right to pronounce ancien-ami because there ig a close connexion between the adjective and the noun, why not say passion^aveugle^ le tyran^ inter dit^ there being as close a connexion between the noun and the adjective ; between tUe su'^ject and the verb ?--'again&t analogy ; for iff we say avez^vous^appriSi why not a't^on-appris ? It would be vain to adduce to these Marsyases the example of the three thousand years old Homer, who, as well as his fathers and children, far from being inimical to w, vyas now and then very glad to call it to his help,] The authority of our own perfect bards would not have a muohj greater weight, who sung undoubtedly without hiatus : ^* Dans un gouffre profond Siow est descendue. ^'Innocence un Vengeup^ et I'OrpheUn wi F^re. Racine, Mais saehez cju'une main ?wpure, Ou comme Vaxiuin ewflamni^* Combiew monsvnous vu d'eloges unanimes. J. B» Rousseau, hodo^tin U ses yeux n'ogerait balancer. En peut-on admirer deux ou troia entrc mille. Que si sous Adam m6me et Win ovant No^, N'ont v\e7i oux que n'etfaea. Kat-ee Apollo?^ at Neptune,**— i?W/^taon (ox-Jiy). tn Tpomme, gomme, personne, R. omm, omn, or onn, ) baionnette, commission- are not nasal. j naire, omnipotence, calom- {^ niateur. R. and E. 01, oi, oy, C '^'"'^'*''. "^'T'^ tonmoient, sound e, oa, oua, one, ^^Jtoumoient h^vvozs, barrois, o-L See at I and Y. ymripi^ ffrench), fran9ois \(jrancts), anglois, danois, connoitre, accroitre, roide, froide, octroi, octroi te, fontenoy, troyes, royaume. R. oim or oin express C loin, soin, coin, tSmoin, two sounds, the second nasal, < sainfoin, poing, loin tain, en- o-in or ou-in ^ joindre. R^ , / 7 f cesopha&e, ceonistice, coe- /^A 7,z.- ^„ .•>., *7L^ 17,, ) cale, ceuvriste, manoeuvre, joujoux, lourdaud, ajourner, troubadour, Strasbourg, chiourme, bouhours, raoul, sarquiou, homoousiens, homoi- ousiens, chiaoux, douanes, nouure, prouesse, fouine, Xxonoient, rouen, secouant, bafouons, marsouin, clouiere. ou, ou, like ou in the En- glish word could. Actors, therefore, are perfectly correct in pronouncing n, and only follow the general practice. But, in poetry, they lie under the most imperious obligation of doing so, not to tear off the fine ears of their hearers with the howling of hiatus so painfully hunted away by rhymers ; for the lamentable consequence of that outrage would prove their being instantaneously shot dead by a hiss. 206 ■R cei sound en, with i | ^j, ^j,j^^ ^jj,^^ silent before 1 sahval. J ' ; R. oii express their two | ^-^^^^^^^^ (p^„„. piritoiice). elementary sounds, 3 . ("croasser, zoe, cacoethe, K. o sounds distinctly \^^^^^^ coercitif, zoologie, m the other combinations of< loan go, coemption, extra- vowelst ^ordinaire, tMorie, idiot, myope, duodrame, homoioteleute, tayoan. 4. E. 00 are said to ^ o in looch (lok). sound \oMin sloop, ^ . . 7 . f faonner v, paonne, paon- 5.01s not pronounced m | ^^^^^ laonnois. Connexion. -. - ... , „ ,,f ffrandofficier, vend-on ? lonff - R oimtial, as well as all il^^^-^ ^^ .^^^ y^^ ^^^ Towels, does not hinder l^eA^^^^^^ original, trop ob- junctwn of Jinal consonants X^^^^ mouchoirs ourl^s, les ortheehswnofesimipleofi^^^.^ ^ ^^^ ^^. ^^^ preceding words m connexion. ^ ^^.^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ouimes, ils ont oui, que vous ouissiez — mauvaise ouie, il faut rouir, est-ce ouvert, quelque objet, illustre origine. ^ -« • . / s . rton oui, un oui, vos oui, ces 6. ±!i. o m OUI (yes) prevents \ • 1 ^, • _ . . V ^ , . ^ . /. ^-^ ^ (• 1 OUI, les OUI, mais oui, char- tie lunction of precedins^ con- ) ' • _ 1. ^ ^ /^r I- • ^ ^ -( mant oui, vous direz oui, sonants, and the elision 0/ e ) i-. . ' n ^ J . , * , X- J i dites oui ou non, elle repond e/i le, ce, and sometimes de. f • i • vi ^ ' ' Voui, le OUI qu il prononca, il a dit ce oui-lk a regret, un oui- dire, que de oui-dire ! but the elision takes place \ ^ ^n ' \ v^"^ ^^ in other words. i »7 • . f "« °^ P"* .^f «».'• (^ adorable oui, horrible oui ; du mot oe, dit-on, s'est forme celui d'oui. -, , . ^ , .V ( Louis onze, sur les onze 7. o z« onze and onzieme V ^ ^^^ ^^^^ regiments. presents t^e junction of pre- -> ^^^^^ ^^^ .^^^^^ ^^j^ • ^ ^^^ ' ' ' ^ onze, chez onze marchands, vous formez onze classes, aux onze personnes, je veux onze chaises, d^chirez toutes les onziemes feuilles. and of any consonant in a Cq^^atre-vingt-onze, cent onze, preceding number ; ^ mil /mit cent onze, un on- ^ ® (^zieme (un one), deux onzi- 207 ^mes, trois onziemes, cinq onziemes, six onziemes, sept onzi^es, huit onziemes, neuf onziemes, dix onziemes. , ^ .. 7 , , f il prend onze sous, il en out it does fiol seem to pre- V j -i . V ^ .J . ,. ^ ^ 1 vend onze, 11 est onze neures, vent the pincUon of any J ^ ' -i • ! ^ • , ^ -^ y < elles seront onze, il vmt consonants but s, z, x, z/i \ -. I onze vovaffeurs, en onze other cases : f . .» *^ i ^ "* V jours, J avale mon onzieme verre, tu commences ton onzieme lustre, son onzieme theme, ajoute un onzieme chapitre (un a), Ae onze du mois, de onze it may prevent the elision I quails etaiew^, ce onze de of the vowels in le, la, de,Jljuillet, le onzieme siecle; ce, xvliich is said to be now^ la onzieme espece, ce on^ more elegant I zieme livre, accord de on- ^zieme. , f I'onze du mois, d'onze \ qu'ils eiedent, cet onze de juillet, Tonzieme siecle, Tonzieme espece, cet onzieme livre, accord d'onzieme. neither Junction nor elision ^ Chdivles onze {pron. char- take place in I leu onze). . ^ ^T ,, . . Centre onze heures et midi, but tne elision occurs m ) . , . , ., * ,j J < ie n en ai qu onze, yen other words ; ) 1 ^ . . ^^ ' (^ trouve onze, soixante onze (pron* soifante), soixante-onzieme,^ votre onzieme page, cette onzieme classe. , ..1 C mon onzieme course, ton do we or may we say with ) .^ , ' .^ ,, . ^. x' ^ I ,o \ \ onzieme annee,- son onzieme (/.ejuncHon of n (xcky notO | campagne, f ma onzieme course, ta on- as zee say irregularly < zieme annee, sa onzieme (^ campagne ? P. R. p is generally p/o- f P^^\^^> ^pargne baptismal nounced according to its } expliquer, surprise, i emphr elementary articulation. ) promptuaire exemption, (^ desespoir, aptitude, lamp- saque, splenalgie, symptose, symptomatique, peremptoire, pneumatique, pseaumes, pt^rigoide, cap, cep, egip. 208 C anabaptistes, baptfeme, bap- 1. E. p IS mute in | ^-g^^ ^,^ baptistaire, baptis- tere, catabaptistes, comptable, compter Vy compteur, comptoir, debaptiser t, d6compter v, discompte, escomp- ter V, exempt, exempter v, m^compter x?, pr^compter v, prompt, prompte, promptement, ptisane, promptitude, rebaptisation, rebaptiser v, recompter v, sculpter r, sculpteur, sculpture, septieme, septiemement, drap, galop, sirop, sparadrap, loup— coup, beaucoup, trop. 2. p is not pronounced by 7 syinpt6me. some in 3 , ,,1.1 - , f domptable, dompter v, dom- 3. p is never pronounced by ) .^^^ indomptable, indom- many, and is by others, in ^ ^^^^ redompter v. T> , ■ ^ C philosophie, diphthongue, 'R.ph sound t I periphrase, Joseph. R. pp sound p. Connexion. R. p final mute remains such, in connexion, before vowels, 4. E. p is often pronoun- ced, before vowels, in supposer, apprendre, loup affam6, ce drap ^tait bon, galop irresistible, spa- radrap assez cher, sirop adoucissant. coup, beaucoup, trop, — un, coup inevitable, il va beau- ) coup a clieval; vous etes .j trop aimable. | Q- i que, qui, qu'a, qu'humilie, piquure,aquilon, quiproquo, quatre, marquee, embar- C[\xoLent, pourquoi, convain- quions, queue, quiosser, quioulette, choq, coq. I.E. c{ is silent in coq-d'inde. 2. q in cinq (five, fifth) C d^q.—deux, quatre, cinq, sounds whenthiswordisalone,^^^^ ^.^i^^ cinq, neuf, il en or m a series, or ending a^ ^' sentence; j^o o ^ or connected to a preceding C trente-cinq, Louis cinq roi number or noun ; ) , ,. ^^^"^^^ chapitre cinq t du hvre neuf. R. q is pronounced like k, 7iot with the following u com- monly silent, but with the next voweL See at U. 209 or followed by a word with-' lcmc{ Janvier, cinq moins out expressing its units ; J deux, cinq viendront. or followed by a wordl • r • i. 7^ • •• .7 '^^ J f cinq entans, cmq hommes, bes'inmns!: with a vowel or > . ^ . ' • ^ . u h mute 1 ^*^^ arrivew^, cmq octobre. q is silent before a number'\ cinq cent, cinq mille, cinq or a noun beginning with a I douziemes, cinquante-cinq consonant or h aspirated, Vsous, cinq ^arpes. — cinq whose units are expressed by ^ cent cinq; cinq cinq (five cinq. J^'s). N. q, in cinq is pro- T Henry cinq roi d'Angle- 7iounced by many but ^e/b/e ) terre, cinq mai, cinq travaill- a vowel ^ or at the end o/" a j ew^, cinq oiseaux, cinq habits,' sente7ice. ( je vous en donne cinq. R^,. __ 7 frire, rhetoricien, quartron,% . T IS commonly pronoun* ) ..*, ^ *^ a.* » -^ ^ < strictement, notre, votre, (^ fetre, sacre, lugubre, hydre, nectar, punir, encor, futur, eclair, candeur, pourvoir, sejour, contour, soupir, martyr, desir, visir, nadir, sapir, elixir, fakir, zephyr. f monsieur, (pronounced wit h^ 1. E. r is ulent in < out nasality mocieu), mes- (_ sieurs, oublieur. ^ N. r is not pronounced 1 j^j^i j^i^i repentir, agir, by several vn speaking, at the f souvenir, . punir, venir, end of verbs, and a few other C ^^r^- ^^^^{^^ words tniY, j T> £ 1 7 / f parler, cocher, fier fta R. er final sound e. | 1^^^^^^^ p^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^1^^^^ leger, vaquer, surveiller, prodiguer, daigner, poiriers, . ^ternuer, doner, ecuyers, foyer, porter fto carry). o •c 7 - • f amer, auster, belveder, can- 3. Jb. er sound ere m ^ ' *u a+^^ ^^^^r^^c, ^»;i 1^ cer, catheter, convers, cuil ler, devers, devers, divers^ enfer, enquiers (from enquerir r,) envers, ^ther, fier (haughty J, frater, gaster, besper, hier, hiver, hydropiper, Jupiter, lucifer, machefer, magister^ masseter, nanguer, outremer, partner^ pater (pater J, per- vers, porter Y/^or^er J, revers, Soter, sphincter, sputer, taillemer, taler, tiers, travers, univers, vomer, zaejier. t2 210 ^, m sound ere or re ill stathouder. N. er are perA«p5 « 7 T T 7 . if irradiation, irrassasiable, R.rr 502/^7.^ (/oz/^/ez/mW.Vi^,^.^^^tib]e,irr6gulien irre- beginning with ivv. ^ prehensibilite, irr^soluble, irrespeetueux, irreussite, irr^veremment, irrision, irriter, irroration, irruption. T» 7 . , .7 f embarras, terrain, carreau, ^' rv sound r inmost other )^^^^^^^.- ^^^ ^^^^^_ t rompre, myrrhe, serrer, correctement, arrher, pourra/, verrois, enverr^fi. ^ -o 7 I. / 7 f aberration, abhorrer ^, con- 4. ±!i. Yv are commonly both \ , n ;. • _^ , ^ , . *^ < curremment, eonlarreation, pronounced 171 } •., ^ ^cc ^ r ^ (. decurrent, dinarreation, er- ra:ta, errer v, erratique, errone, inenarrable, interregne, interrex, narrateur, narratif, narration, narrer x?, re- current. en- re quer- 6. alxouys in these Futures C acquerraj, acquerrois, and Conditionals of verbs inir,}l''^'^'f'' enquerrais, requer- i being dropped between rr ) •^^'' ^'^.- fonquerrai, recon- ° ^^ (_querrai, <^c. mourrai, cour- rai, accourrai, concourrai, discourrai, encourrai, parcourrai, recourrai, secourrai, entre-seeourrons, 4 c. (differing from acquerois, acquerons, acquerions, SfC.) (i), N, , . -admirer«^■ (pronounced ad- . e simple, between f - > m _' • j^ f ' k mir raO^ niesuren/e, decore- rr or any two similar conso- \ • 1 ^ , -< r, , , J ro?.s assurerons, pleurerez, nants. beins- often dropped or. < • • . ' ^ v , ,7 ' /^ I , ,v M soupireriez, lurera, susfsere- rather, weakened, both conso- i f u ' &» ' ' , front, barrera, enterrerions, 7iants are pronounced. I 1 . -v • . i ' ^arrher^^^ arriererozew^, ab- horrerait, tresorerie, verrerie, SfC. ■ l , '«» ■■ ' , II , 1 ■ 'I . ■ ' - I - I . J- L I f ll W " (1) Besides the cases wherein Mr. TAbb^ Gattel, in his Dicti- oiiary, states rr to be bath pronounced, he often calls them r forte. What he means is not easy lo compi ehend, unless it is that he aims at some nice imitation of the Greek 1%^ with the lene and rough spirits, and is one of those vaXx£o(pa;vo/, blessed with yaAxsoy lorof, whoj every now and then, rub and re -rub their lingual files. 211 i' am^norrh^e, exerrhose^ murrhine, cirrhifere, cynor- rhodon, pyrrhiqiie, errhuij^ pyrrhonisme, galactirrh^e. Connexion. -^ /- 1 -1 . • fvenez parler k Monsieur R. r final silent ~«5 ^ ^,j..^^,l,,^^,^,j^^^^^^,j^ ^^^ such m connexion, "g/^'-^ j oublies, il nefaut passe fier vowels. ^ aveugiernent a chacun, vous auriez du pater aiiparavant ces souliers, il a Fair altier et rampant tour a tour, homme leger en tout^ ecolier indocile, cocher eiFronte, daignez agreer egalement mes liommages,^ singulier hieroglyphe, je I'entendis aboyer hier. loisir occup6, loisir oisif^ plaisir inexprimable, sou- venir horrible, repentir inutile, vous dutes vous re- N. r final of verbs and of a few other words in ir, is not pronounced by some before vowels. pentir en suite, peux-tu te souvenir aussi bien des mots que des faits ? nous voudrions choisir entre eux, ose-t-il mentir ainsi? il ne pourrait consentir a envahir alors leur territoire. r, in notre, votre, notre, votre, is gen er ally dropped, in familiar speaking, before consonants, and by several ^ in the same words and some others ending ivith tre, dre, vre, SfC, before vowels as well as consonants. notre pere, votre mere, notre dame, le notre vient, la v&tre demeure, les n6tres sont bons, les votres me -^ iplsiisent, — votre >^onte pa- rait un enfan tillage, com- ment trouvez-vous notre /zacbis?— votre ami, notre ^humeur, les v6tres imagi- ne;?^, les notres out commence — nous n'avons pas quatre sous vaillant, Tabitre declaie, Tautre sera arrive, ce rustre frustre ses voisins, votre maitre va vous battre joliment, tachez d'toe la, il faut vivre partout, j'irrtz moudre men ble, vous allez perdre votre temps, pauvre petit, Sfc, , ^ . ,, J • S Notre-Dame rthe Virsiin lutvis well pronounced m J 3^^^^ ^^. ^ ^^^^^.^.^^^ ^ 5 212^ Sv R. s is pro7iounced ac-rssivoir, shire, scandal, shdLiu cording to its elementary^ scrit, slabres, smaragdin, articulation, at tlue beginning^ speculateur, sphere, squirre, of words, or in the middle if J stature, sth^nie, svelte, double between vowels,, or j sclerophtalmie, scrupiile, accompanied by almost flwj/l splendeur, sprate, strophe, ather consonant. vpuisque, confession, dissi- mule, assurer, absolu, depenser, indiscret, catholicisme, psyche, lorsque transfuge, transgresseur, transir, trans- nover, Transylvanie., 1. E. sh sound ch m % s sounds z in shako, sh^rif. I balsamier, balsamine, bal- \ samique, balsamite, intran- sitif, transaction, transalpin, transanimation, transiger r, transitif, transition, transitoire, transit (/7row. tranzite), Alsace, Alsacien — opobalsamum, xylobalsamum (urn. pro?u ome).. 3.N.. sis pronounced z I transissement; by some, and s by others, m j . ^ , 1* IV . / • f basbord, basbordes, des- 4. s (medial) is mute m J ^^^j .^ j^,^^ j^j^^^ \L<^y,^\^, mesdames, mesdenaoiselles, meslier. N. s is silent before a f Descartes, Desfontaines, consonant in several French^ Desmoulins,. Deslauriers,. names beginning with Ahs. (^ Deachamps*^. r scepticism e, suscitation, H. sc before e>^, I,, y, and J Aiscv^Xe, rescinder, des- sf, before di, Oy u, sound s. \;cendre-, condescendre^ ado- ^ lescen^je, sfavoir, sfu^ins^u* N, ., rcondescendt"e v, adoles- . sc are both pro^ V ^ J / \ i v-^i I cence, enervesconce, aces- novnced (ss) bv some {the } ' i. In Viz."* ^/ < cence, acescent, etiiores- omission of which, they sav, \ . • jjL •« /- u\ •^i cence, tur^escence, mcan- womd be a serious fault ) in f :i » ^ . . ' ^ K descence, remmiscence, resipiscence, miscible, rescinder r, susception, suscister r, suscitation, viscere, visceral, transcendance. 213 R. s or sh, 4e^a.ee« i amusement, d^sh^riter, vowels, .sound z. S »f f *f *«' Malesherbes, (_ Deshouheres. 5.E. s preserves its efe- ( ^n^f ^que, antisalle, antisi- mentarj/ articulation (c) in ^ Politique, asymetrie a- ( symptote, asyndeton, Disexe bisulque, casoar, coquesigrue, decasyllabe, decasylla- bique, deisidemonie, desudation, desuetude, diasebeste, diasene, diasyrme, dysanagogue, dysepulotique, dyses- thesia, dysodie, dysorexie, dysurie, ent^rosarcocele, epiplosarcomphale, girasol, giroselle, gymnosophistes, hydrosarque, idiosyncrase, jusant, metasynchrise, monor syllabe, monosyllabique, i£demosarque, parasol, parir syllabique, perisystole, plaquesain, polysyllabe, polysy- nodie, pontuseau, pres6ance, presupposer v, presupposi- tion, protosyncelle, pyrosophie, sclerosareome, soubresaut, tetrasyllabe, tournesol, trisection, vraisemblable, vrai- semblablement, vraisemblance — hydrosaccharum, oleo- saccharum, oxysaccharum (una pro?u ome). R. sch sound ch before^ ^"f^ff^ «<^'^^"{ . ^^^f^S> ^, , ^ < schorliiorme, schismatique, (^ schoenion, schaffhouse. fiF <^c\i wmid ^k in J schidakMon, scholarque, ( scholastique, scholie, scho- Haste, enteroscheocele, ^piploscheocele, escharotique, ischiatique, ischio^ ischiocele, ischion, ischuretique, ischurie, oscheocele, oschophories,^ proscha^t^rique^ pro- topaschites. T» ^ , . . C proces, d^ces, acces, succes* 11. dirndl IS mute. <^ 'm ^J (^ suces, pales, rodes, venus, Paris, Mros, Charles, Nicolas, ananas, alors, perds, courts* ^ ^ ^ , , , \/^abas, aben6vis, abomasus, 7. E. s final sounds se) I ^^, acinac^s, segilops, in these .cords most of which J ^^ agatis.agnes, Ignus. Jorejgn, Greek and Latin, m \ j aigoclros, ains their original form. ( ais, albornos, alfos, alimus, alkermes, aloes, amadis, ambesas, anagyris, anchilops^ angelus, antares, anus, apis, apodioxis, arcturus, argus, asclepias, asperges, atlas, atropos, baccharis, balanus, bibus, biceps, blepharoptosis, blocus, bolus, bootes,, botrys, bris, brisis, brissus, byssus, calamus, calus. 214 eantkusy earus^ cauealis, causus, eiccus^ col^ra- morbus, cortes, crocus, cubitus, custodinos, devis, dia- betes, diesis, echioides, ecn^phis, elephantiasis, ^nas, encanthiij, enthlasis, ^piploitis, 6pistaxis, ^ros, extrados, iiores, tcetus, fongus, forceps, fucus^, garus, gin giras, gratis, hedypno'is, hemorroiis, hermes, hiatus, humerus, hydatis, hypoxis, ibis, indivis, intus-susception, iris, jadis, kermis, laguis, lapis, laps, larus, lemnisceros, lituus, 16s, lychnis> mai's, mars, m^las, mephitis, moneris, mons, mordicus, motus, myurus, nepenthes, nillas (llsalival), nodus, oasis, obus, ochrous, oenas, olibrius, ophiucus, ophris, or6mus, palus, papyrus, paraphimosis, parisis, pathos, phebus, phimosis, phlasis, phthiriasis, plexus, plus-peti- tion, prospectus, quitus, rebus, relaps, rhamnus, rhino- ceros, roeimas, senatus-consulte, sinus, siphilis, syntexis, tabes, taxis, tournevis, tragus, us, vindas, virus, vol^ vulus, xiphias. ., , . ^, 7 r^s (th, hast), bis (brown) ^ szs stent in these words, V ^^^^ ^fallen), lampas, (th. having the annexed *^^^'^-< ^.^,,/Je.O, pus (1 could), ^^^^^'^^ (vis (I saw), lis (I read), phis (pleased), sens (I feel), cours (I run), censi (hundreds):,. Tas (ace), bis (twice), chns 8. s IS pronounced in the \ (a measure) y lampas (lam^ same words, having the an^l pass), i^ws- (matter of sores) „ nexed signification,. J vi& (screw), lis (Uly)^ cens 9. s> is silent im 10. s, in plus (more, plUs) is pronounced by some before que, and in mathematical language ; 11. s in sens (sense, mean- ing), mute before an adjective beginning with a consonant^ is pronounced by some in all other cases; by others, only at the end of sentcTiees, and by a few, in the plural only; :ensus). fleur-de-lis.- cela est plus que justie, cinq plus quatre, trois plus un, quihze plus onze; le s^ens commun, des sens degrades, homme de sens, le bon sens nous dit, les ►cinq sens de nature, il fait un contre-sens, il a perdu I'usage d'un sens, de deux sens, elle a.repris ses sens. 215 12. s, in tous (all) mule when tous precedes tht noun to which it belongs y is pronoun^' ced bjj some in all other cases. tous mes parens, tous vos discours, tous leurs biens, tous les hommes sont mor- tels, les hommes sont tous mortels, tous dirent, ils di- rent tous, tous out dit, tous humains et j^stes, ils sent tous /harasses. 13. s, in OS (bone) z> TunoscassejTos delajambe, pronouncedbj/som€y especially \YotYe OS etait plein de mo- rn the singular, before^owels, J e\e, il ronge un os, des os consonants, and at the end of\ disloques, il n'a que la peau sentences. vet les os, des os en poudre, ^A ' It . f moeurs, ours, s:ens — moeurs 14i s IS pronounced by some m < / ® . u i ^ ^ ( pures, moeurs epouvantables, ours mal leche, les ours ont devore cet homme, gens honnetes, gens dangereux. 15. s, if> corns Ccourse), is S ^^ *=*""'" dusoleil, se prome- pronouvced by a few. i »^^^" ""T": "" *'''"''' *""" -^ ^ (^ vert tous les jours. s in ills (son, sons). See at L. N. s is never pro-^ notinced by many in the same f plus, sens, tous, os, moeurs, words but like z before ^ ours, gens, fils, cours. towels. ' J 16. s sounds z in gas (gaz). ^7 , ,f Ath^nes, Rhodes, Thebes, the unaccented \ ^r ^ rpi • ' es of GreeAJ^y'^^^'',.^'*^'''??Py'?!', II . s, in termination es of Lrree/t^ r\ i u i\/r • -j- -rw' • ./ , 1 Deiphes, Maimonides, De- proper names, is silent, # ^i a ^ ^ ' ^^mosthenes. R. sis pronounced in the ^^^^^^' Venus, Fans, (ril accented termination es, and in most others of original Greek, Latin, Hebrew^ and foreign proper names. Bias, Menelas, Lai'us, Ximenes, Themis, Brutus, Nemesisj Tzetzes, Piri- thoiis, Joas,PeIops,]Srarses, Lemnos, Eleutheropolis, Xerxes, Emmaiis, L6onidas, Regulus, Lais, Ceos, Peri- cles, Adonis, Cresus, Ceres, S^nuius, Cazales, Antinoiis, Las Casas, Ogyges, Philolaiis, Bacchus, Ratopolis, Raminagrobis. 17. E, s is mute in Thomas, Judas, Mathias. 216 R. ss sound 9. 18. sw pronounced by some 1 j/ is silent in J6sus-Christ(prow,Jezucri). rbosse, presser, casasse, J cassasse, possession, dessi- J cation, dissuasion, bassis- ts sime, assassinassiez. s-f, TVT 7 z7 Cassation, assonance, disso- 19. N. ss are both pro-) ^ accessible, inacces- munced by some m | ^i^le. admissible, inadmis- sible, missive, scissible, scission, scissure, fissure, fissi- pede, assentiment, asservir xi. Connexion. les amis, je les entends, des St. s final silent, sounds z in connexion before voxvek. It is always pronounced in the following words before those with which they are directly connected; viz. les, des, ces, mes, tes, ses, nos, vos, leurs, quels, quelles. ouvrages, ces indignes ma- gistrals, mes esperances, tes habits, ses offres, nos usages, vos honorabIe3 blessures, leurs erreurs, quels animaux, quelles im- menses contrees, quelques uns, quelques histoires, d'au- quelques, autres, trois,^ ""^' queiques ui.iuiie^, a au- cens, nous, vous, ils, elles,- *^^^ yeux, trois arbres, deux generally also in the adjective preceding its substantive, and the oftenest in tres, des, sous, sans, dans, pres, apres, depuis, jusques, pas, plus, moins, when directly con- nected. cens hommes, nous empor- tons, vous irez, ils aidewf, elles ouxXoient, tu nous ecoutes, il vous obeit, elle nous y mene, je les en prie, il vous y en porteront, al- lons-nous-en, appliquez- vous-y, preparez-nous-y-en, — -bons offices, bonnes ceuvres, grands hopitaux, excel- lentes intentions, petits oiseaux, vilains enfants, ces absurdes id^es, vos ^ternels avertissements, tes illustres ayeux, quels infects 6gouts, quatre cents autres ignorants enthousiastes, ses horribles usures — tres important, des k present, il commen^a de boiter des Avignon, sous un chef, sans avoir rien fait, dans une maison, il demeure pres Auteuil, parle apres eux, vous etes partis depuis octobre, jusques au ciel, jusques ^quand, Catilina? tu n'as pas encore vu mon jardin, je ne veux plus y rester, soyez moins injuste, plus ou moins. 217 -., . , . /"nlusieurs habitations, noUs not so often in plusieurs, I J,^^^ ^...^^^ ^^^^ Ostende, vers envers, k .travers, 1 ^^.^^_^&^^ ^^^^ d'ingrati- m ajamibar speaking only, (^g.^^^appa k travers i.n bois, toutes chanterer/i //ors Eugenie, je n'en connais pas un hormis Andre, placez-vous vis-a-vis elles, mais enfin je vous assure ; frappe, mais ecoute. auteurs obscurs, les portes s commonly does or does not soiwdj at pleasure, in the sut)stantive preceding its ad- jective, varticiplcy or the verb it is the subject of, in a fami- liar speaking only. ouvertes, les cbamps ely- sees, des dogmes here- tiques, livres assommants^ discours insenses, ouvriers actifs, marcliands associes, lois eternelles, soldats in- vincibles, n^goeiants enrichis, un corps efflanque, filous adroits, grecs asservis, vos essais infructueux, leurs airs aises, trois ans entiers, des usines isolees, tes insertions insidreuses, quelques autres associations opposiees, les huissiers a^sis k ces assisses— les denr^es augmentewf de prix, nos peres ont cru, Thomas observe, les sophismes abondew^ dans leurs Merits, Demosthenes excitait ses concitoyens a defendre leur liberte, nos droits etaie/?^ me- connus, les ministres envoie;?^ des couriers annoncer cette nouvelle, ton refus aigrit, ses enfans etudie;?.^, des epouses insouciantes agisse??^ sans esprit, aussit6t ces choses etranges ont change les soup90DS incertains des piincesses et des archiduchesses enchantees. , • _7 7 7 ftu me donnes envie de s IS seldom pronounced, if the speaking is familiar^ in all other cases, viz, in the verb bejore its object, adverb, ^c; in the adverb before envie manger, cours apres lui, ROUS dinons ensemble, vous ^tes etourdi, tu meiirs inno- cent, je suis accable, tu as ete malade, nous avons ^te verbs, pariiciples, adjectives, .\c..; in the .wlMixe, ad-J f"'"?"^' % ^'^"^ "'*. F°P"^' i^ni-i-'.iy ^r. ^,^, v./,v.;../^ A /^».^ j^ travaillais assidument. jective or participle before their olject or complement, and in the words which have not a direct connexion, in meaning, with those by which they are followed <, faisensorte, vous ditesalors, nous aurons essuye bieu de la peine, tu pourrois avoir vu, il faudrozV que ta parvinsses au rang de tes ancfetres, nous voyage^mes V 218 eii diligence, vous les avez traites admirablement, nous nous y sommes rendus avec difficulte, elles etaient tres- instruites k votre ^ge, j'aurais aussi dit cela, tu entends Auguste, tu dois encore cent francs, vous faites ainsi des fa9ons, tu seras enfin puni, sois attentif— ma tante alors arriva, j'ai quelquefois entendu dire, vous ne paraissez jamais heureux, il viendra volontiers aubal, nous esperons d'ailleurs obtenir, elle n'a gueres intention d'y alter, nean- moins on nous attaque, tu es toujours ici, le tour fut certes impayable, vous lisez pis aujourd^hui, si toutefois Ursule vivait, mets-le dehors aussitot, il pretend desor- mais ^tre libre, je les pose expres aupres d'eux, coupez- la par dessous avec precaution, elles vont toujours aga- 9ant, croyez-vous que j'en trouve ailleurs autant qu'ici ? 1^-dessus ils ne surent que dire, nous etions autrefois en- nemis, on Fa vu ici-pres un livre k la main — il g^vait de grandes dispositions aux sciences, elles sont toutes dif- ferentes entre elles, vous 6tiez enclins a la paresse, ils sont tres-honnetes envers toi, mes esperances en lui, assujettis aux caprices, que d'aspirants k la fortune ! — avez-vous or- donne ? amusons-nous ensemble, donne-les aux pauvres, peut-^tre ont-elles appris leurs lemons, comment peuve;/^- ils envier un tel sort? rendons-nous utiles, vous adonnez- vous k Tetude? nous habituerons-nous en Turquie? ob- servez les lois inviolablement, rendez les peuples heureux, divertissez-vous avec nous auparavant, elle enseigne a ses Aleves en quoi consiste la vertu, dites aux valets o^je dois aller, hommes et femmes tout perit, les uns et les autres, il flatte les riches et vexe les pauvres, bons ou mauvais, y allons-nous ourestons-nous ici? ||| N. s is almost always pronounced by some in conver^ sation, im i R. s in a careful elocution ^ reading and solemn style, is always pronounced, unless the ear and tongue think it un^ pleasant. The Learner is therefore advised to read the fore-' going examples, frst without pronouncing s but in the Jieeessary cases ; then every where. v j| ^ sous-entendre,sous-entente, R. s, followed by a hyphen I sous - 6pineux, sous -intro- hefore a vowel, is generally J ducteur, sous-ordre, vi«-^-fl| sounded (z) ; it is so likewise\ vis, au pis aller, de pis en in some trite expressions. I pis, k tons egards, de temps ^en temps. * 1 219 20. E. sin mors r^^^^ ^ mors aux dents-6tez-lui le Ditjy IS said aixcay^ to be silent as it is in fmors k present. ^1 N s rthere is no s ) is ( ^^^^^ ^"^^^^ ^^"^ ^P^"^"' Zi*i * M L , 1 quatrezyeux, or/a^Aerquat- ^fli^ia/wcrj/.y ^o6e;?rowoM»cet/^^ /izce /o face^ ie ie .11 • I ^Vt!UA« I UVC l\J / live ly IC Ic ils sont quarante, ont de C' . - but in no other a;^erem j Tesprit commequatre, ii'ont qaatre yeux may be used, j pas moins de quatre yeux ^et sont tout oreilles. R. s final, sounded with its elementary articulation (ce), retains it in connexion before vo-ivels, h mute and aspirated as well as conso- nants. Ie blocus avait cess^, il 6tait jadis hermite, Phebiis /^ait entendre les hiatus /cur- ler a son tympan, Ie pathos a-t-il pour vous des char- mes ? cette agues iusipide, ofFrez gratis un prospectus au public, vous unissez Ie lis k la violette, il sema du mais en mars ainsi que d'autres graines, on lit Gil Bias avec plaisir, cherchez dans votre atlas Eleusis et Corinthe, il a pris les cortes en grippe, et regne comme Raminagro- bis a Ratopolis aurait pu regner, Paris /msarda fort sa vie en duel avec Menelas /^eros sans peur et sans re- proche. N." See above the woi J f plus, sens, tous, os, moeurs, m < ^ 111 I ours, gens, ms, cours. T. R4 ;«;4^;,»i ^, ^ J- 1 . \ table, tintamarre, tautologie, . t mitial or medial is k. .- u . 1 ^P ' generally pronounced with ^V./ ^^^00^^^^^^ elementary articulation, ify,\ ^"^^f*^?' ^^7^' tsein, «.»/ /;./;^, 7 / ; ; ' 7^/tmese, atmidometre, etna, notJoUoKcdbyi and another V . ,a! i.j ^ ^i voxcel Vartolatre, postdater, atlan- ^tique. !• E. t is silent in /?autbois. E . t medial is mute in the C ™ontbar, montb^liard, u-onis compounded of mont ) "'"ntbruii, montfort, mont- (movntain) followed bu «K S^^^ry, montjoie, mont- consonant. J morency,montpellier,mont- ^_saujoii, monttaucon, mont- fleury, montgolfiere, montferrine. 220 ■n .. n ^ ■ /I Cet, lut, bonnet, alphabet,, n t final « genera/ly) ^^^^^^^^ entrepiit, potentat, ^^ ^" ' (^ bout, vaut, peut, trait, mort, caurt, mont, vent, peint, emprunt, tint, ronipt, exempt. 2. £. t is pronounced in j aceessit azimut, achit, ( aoonit, biscapit, brut, corn- put, debet, deficit, dot, et caetera, exeat, fat, granit, x/furt, occiput, opiat, rixort, tacet, ut, vivat, apt, con- (iLipt, rapt. r bot (hoai), but (he drank), t is silent in these xcorda \ chut (he jeilj, fiat (he xvould having the annexed aigntfiga- 2 trust )^ fiit (he was), m^t tion ; I (mast) , part (part, he goes), 3. it is prono2mcedinthcil''l ^^'^Vhut'rKf tit iaine not ds havins; tAe annex- J ,^ ^ \^fV^i i^j^J ^ ! i r ed signification. ) (^'"'"^ '^^ f ^' ^^f ^'^'f f « ^ ^' x^g^ff-, cask, Sfc), mat {un- yolishedy mate), part (birth), rit (rite), t /5 5//e/?^ in fait (done, made).. rfait (fact, actton)—yoie de f^ ?,s pronounced bi/ some in J fait> pris sur le fait, poser tiie singular onlj/, in , j en fait, ^tre au fait des ' choses ; connaitre les faits. t is pro7wu?iced by some at ) ^ .^ r . w i. *. .z ' , r , ^ . ,v f sot il Tut bien sot, un sot the end of a sentence,.in ike >,. • i . 7 ^ / . ' i livre, rire cies sots. singular only, m y ' 4. t in sept (wherein p. is 'mute; seven, seventh), and in huit (eight, eighth), is pronounced w/ien tJ,ese^ ^^^^^ t^^j^^ ^^.^ ■words are unconnected, or m S- ^-^ ^^ ^^ f^^■^^ „g^f_ a series, j , 1 ^ 7 C trente-sept, cinq cent huit, , or connected to a preced- ) ^m. ^ i. • j t7 i , ^ < Charles sept roi de r ranee, * 7?«- number or noun, } r ^ i ,. ^- / ^ ' ( Leon /iuitpape, section sept, page cinquante-/^uit (pron. cinquantuite), prenez-les tous sept, il en avait //uit. r ji J 1 7 ( sept fevrier, huit de novem- or ioLiotved by a word, i r '^ ; -^ ' ^ ? ^^ '.,. • -^ -, ■'< bre, /?uit contre sept, huil xvitnout exvressiivj: its units, i \ , ^ • ^ ^ ^ ' (^ par/e;/^, sept revienue/^/',, sept heYsc7ifi, il fondit sur /aiit /zardiment. 2-21 or before a nord beginning f sept 6cus, /mit heures, mth a luwcl or h mute. \ Mt annees, sept onces. - ^ jTseptiouis, /mit francs, sept t IS silent before a wordi^J^^^^^ ^^, ,^^^^^^^ ^^^{.^ beginning^ with a consonant j ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ or h aspirated, whose units^ ^.^^^ ^^ . /mitiemes, /aiit (//•e expressed by sept or /mit. (^q^i^^i^^es, sept cent sept, //uit mille /mit, sept sept, ^uit/mit. 5. t m vingt (wherein g w »^M^e; twenty y twentieth)^ is silent, when this word is ^ trois, cinq, sept, ^uit, neuf, unconnected or in a series, \ seize, vingt, trente. ^ j^ J. rquatre-vinfft, quinze-vin&i, or connected to a precedi?!^ 11 ? - \ x. ? , ^ ^< deux cent vmeft, chapitre number or noun, I . . i j ® • . ^ ' Lvmgt, parler de vingt, or followed by a yiumber /'vingt mille, vingt millions, which it multiplies, or a word J vingt septembre, vingt com- beginning with a consonant\ niencoient, vingt dames, or h aspirated, Lvingt ^aillons, quatre-vingt deux, quatre- or multiplied by quatre (four), and followed by a wnnber beginning with a con^ sonant, or h. aspirated, N. t is silent before onze; Adngt trois, quatre - vingt quatre, q. vingt cinq, q. vingt sept, q. vingt ^uit, q. vingt neuf, q. vingt douze, &c. quatre-vingt onze. it is pronounced by some'\ and not by others, when Iquatre-vingt un. vingt, multiplied by quatre, j is followed by un (owe), J "vingt un, vingt deux, vingt t is pronounced when vingt, unmultiplied and unmultiply' ingy is merely added to a following number ; trois, vingt quatre, vingt cinq, vingt sept, vingt /mit, vingt neuf, cent vingt quatre, /mit mille vingt /mit. ^ „ J ; J I . r vinfft ennemis, vin^t habi- mng mth a vowel or h mute.| ^-^^^ ^chouerenf. ^. ., ^ . C vingts — quatre-vinfftseleves, 1 25 silent in "{ • • ? u _ ^ I six-vmgts hommes, quatre- vingts hHres, quinze ou vingt quinze-vingts memes \ircnt que c'etait clair comme le soleil. V o U. It final, preceded bij a C anhalt, cobalt, felt-mare- single lozvel, are botJi jyro-< dial, smalt, cobolt, indult, nounced. , C malt, spalt. /'begault, boursaull, sault, R. It final, preceded hij) perrault, fontevrault, qui- au or ou, are both silent j nault, montmarault, moult> Lgueroult* R. ct final; See at C. correct, respect, exact. R. St final are both pro- f brest, zist, zest, lest, ouest, nounced. \ st! pstl N. st are both pro- S est (east) — de Test a Touest ; nounced in \ de Test nous irons au nord. ^ 1 .1 -J , J. ^y ,?est (u) — il Test, elle est ^, are hot k silent at the end \ X. ^ 4. i ^ -^ * ^ ., , J r \ bonne, c est /?aut, qu e&t-ce of smtences or before a can-) .^ ^^^, ^.^^^ ^,^^ ^^^^ mnant, and i only ^ounds^l^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ bejore a vowels in st are both pronounced in 7. are both silent in R. th sound like t 8. E. tb are silent in R. R. t fidlowed bjj i and one or several vowels, is sometimes pronounced accord- ing to its elementary articu- lation ^ and sometimes like s. See pages IZI'^'9, 140. maison, eureux. Christ. C Jesus - Cbrist {pron, Jezu- I Cri), ante cbrist. C thon, tlierminthe, tblasme, ) thrombe, sthenie, loth, li- (^ lith, feldspath. asthme, asthmatique, isth- me, isthmiens, isthmiques, goth, Ostrogoth, visigoth. tiens, rotie, amitie, m^tier,^ laitiere, //uitieme, antiacide,. question, bestialite, mixtion, portions — portions, ambi- tion, ambitieux, ambition- ner v. 0. E. t scmn the words in relatives) 7 ' /L • 1 rabbatial, acratie, actiaque, mnds s in (besides i ,. ,. .,. i . • 1 ±1 • J actiatique, aetien, a2:alac- m ion and their <, ,. K-l \ ^ r. J tie, ambitieusement, ambi- vtieux, anapetie, antipesti- lentiel, apositie, argutie, aristocratic, aristodemocratie, Artie, artien, balbuliement, balbutier r, bantiale, Beotie, beotien, Betie, brutien, bureaucratic, calvitie, capetien, captieusement, captieux, comitial, confidentiaire, consub- stantialite, consubstantiation, consubstantrel, consubstan- tiellement, contentieusement, contentieux, cynecbcratie, Dalmatie, dassaretien, democratic, devotieux, devotieuse- naent, differentiation, difFerentiel, difFerentier v, Diocletien, 223 iliplomatie, Domitien, egyptien, epizootie, essentiel, essei^ tiellement, ^thocratie,etiolement, excrementiel, exponentiel, facetie, facetieusemeat, facetieux, factieux, gentiane, goetie, goetien, Gratien, gratiole, greiietie, gynecociatie, helvetien, heotie, horatien, impartial, impartiaiement, im- partiaiite, impartiaux, inipatiemment, impatience, impe- ritie, ineptie, inertie, infortiat, initial, initiatif, initiation, initier v^ insatiabilite, insatiable, insatiablement, lepontien, leucophlegniatie, martial, martianx, migootie;, Miltiade,^ minutie, minutieux, nepotien, nicotiane, nuptial, nuptiaux, obletia, ochlocratie, onirocratie, onirocritie, partial, par- tialement, parti aliser v, parti aliste, partialite, partiaux, partiel, patiemment, patience, penitentiaux, penitentiel^ perip^tie, peritie, pestilentiel, pestilentieux, petiole petiole, pherecratien, pherephaties, phidities, plenipotentiaire, po- teatiel, potitiens, predestinatianisme, predestinatiens, pre- tentieux, pretutien, primatiale, primatie, prophetie, pro- pitiation, propitiatoire, ratiocination, ratiociner r, r6cr€- dentiaire, retiaires, reverentielle, rbetien, rhinoptie, satiete, scotie, seditieusement, seditieux, silentiaire, spartiate, solstitial, substantiel, substan tiellement, superstitieuse- ment, superstitieux, supreinatie, taulantien, theocratie, tliesprotien, Titien, transsubstantiation, venitien, vocontien, action, S^-c, 10. N. beside, t soundmg s, ( '""Patient, impatienter v J . ^ < patient, patienterr, quotient en sound an z;i j ^ • /• i / i ^- i t sapientiaux, obedientiel. 11. t is, by some, pro- 7 ^^^^^^^^ Croatie. nounced t, and by others s, ^/^ j ' R. i followed by Y. «^^«i/0 amphictyons, ichtyite, ich» retains its elementary articu- ftvophaoe iation. J * ' ^ .. ,. C flotter, litterateur, attenta- K. tt sound t. I ^Qi^,g^ battre, mettrof/. -.^ T?\^ J 1.7 ' f attique, atticisme, guttural, 12. E. tt sound both in | battologie, pittores^ue. Connexion. -o . r: 1 . r J rcet etat, cet hotel, tout ^tre, R. t tin al mute lunpreced-V ^ ro- i,. , , ' 1-1.1 r J.' } r glides, san&lant outrage, sot nou7iced in t/ie adjective before < • i i^ / . ® i its substantive beginningiithy''''''^h^^^^^ Pf^^"^ ^^^re, avoweL /petit mteret, touchant epi- V sode, dilierent autear, etroit €space, brillant equipage, galant homme, plat intrigant. 224 subit effroi, puissant allie, ingrat objet, adroit empirique, saint ange, violent eftort, secret enchantement, maudit ivrogne, rampant hypocrite, parfait egoiste, delicat in- strument, vaillant auxiliaire, //aut emploi, consolant espoir, savant instituteur, discret emissaire, riant avenir, immediat envoi, muet etonnement, plaisant aliboron, in- quiet enthousiaste, interessant orphelin, complet assorti- ment. K, . /- .,• 7^ ^plat exquis, un cent augr- ^ ^ ^ mente dune, ma(?:istrat m- does or does not sounds almost optionally^ in the substantive before its adjective; in the juste, le monde forme un tout eternel, ventimp^tueux. verb before iis object adverb J ^^^^"^ admirable, penchant n V .7 -^ '.' p mvmcible, bieniait oubiie, occ; m the preposition and , .^ ' ,. ^.c I adverb before their cowple^ ^^"^^^^ accompli, defaut ment, adjectvoe, participle, ^"^"PPortable, siijet histo- verb Sec "^"^' bosquet ombrage, ' ^ * ^ valet actif, recit inintelligi- ble, esprit inventif, endroit obscur, exploit immortel, saint I inconnu, teint enfume, ragout abominable, affront indigne, pent abime, complot inoui, tribut accablant, substitut inutile — il re^oit ordre, elles demanderont avis, il fit usage, elle Aonwoit occasion, ils aura^ew^ horreur, elles pre- noient inter^t, qu*il liat amitie, il rendrait hommage, qu'elle ait appetit, il promet une recompense, elle vint a Feglise, ils etaiewf en Flandre, elle ne possederait aucun bien, il consent aux propositions, on previent un mal, elles di- saifw^ alors, qu'il depensat encore, il tournait alentour, elle veut absolument, qu'ils Yoient ailleurs, il est irrite, elles CYoyoient autrefois, ils viendront apres vous, qu'il soit averti, elles ont etc ensemble — durant un siecle, devant elle, avant eux, moyeiinant un salaire, suivant Horace, nonobstant Aristote, tant il parait vrai, objet vraiment unique, tu plais toujours et souvent instruis, j*aura/ bientot acheve, comment exprimer? nous ne serous point uni- formes, vous voulutes sottement entreprendre^ j'ai vu . tantot Hypolite, conformement aux lois, il lit aussi bien ■ que vous, elles s'asseyoif?/^ aupres de nous, vous avez tout oubiie, on doit tout y conduire. t is always pronounced in C *1"'^°* ^ •"'' ^"^»* ^ f "^' i. 7 / , *v, 7 • ) quant aux maux des autres, cvwMii. and most commonly in 'l } . /r • ^ x i. x. / ' } . , r /♦. /.v ] tout aiiaire, tout etonnees, tout before an acljectac. L^ ^^^^^^j^^ tout interdite! 225 ^ » ,^ -7 . . f^il recut anparavant: un sari" t IS freneraUu silent mV ^ \ rr ^ . .1 , ^ ,. // ., \ ffiaiit anront : au spectacle ;- -iCords not directlu connected J ^ . a *^ i , . 7 i /• ^i < nous en eprouvames du re- Ij/meanwg, a, here before tke^ ^^^^, immediatement; elle ^^ ^"* V-P^^sentozY k I'enfant: lui joujou ; lis coxxYBient aussi tot : apres moi ; je me reveille en sursaut: effraye du bruit: en /7aut; ilfut: en cet en- droit: assassine; voulez-vous jusquau bout: ecouter son histoire? il vient au commissariat: examiner la papiers ; dans cette foret: il y avait anciennement: un couvent : icet instant: abattu. t seems to be seldom pro-0^ *o"t^«t plus grand que la munced in the svbject before) partie, cent opinere«f contre, its verb i "^^ savant observe, le chmat (^ aiFecte le temperament, quand le soldat hiverne, un mont arr^ta Farmee, ce gigot invite a diner, la nuit approche, Tiustitut ofFre un prix, le secret avait transpire, Fedit ordonne, ce forfait epouvanta les esprits, le ^eraut informa des resolutions, on dit que le gouvernement approuve sa conduite, voir un manant insulter son seigneur* t, preceded hy r or ^^^^ ^«n fort anneau,un fort inac^ other consonant before ent, Icessible, ua fort-honnete the termination of' the third J ^'''^'^^^^ ^^"^^ espace, il person plural of verbs, is not^ '^''^'^^^^'^^^^'^^^ ^" ^^ ^^- pronounced by many. f P^^ ^^ ^^^^ matieres, art in- ^ connu, concert harnionieux, elle acquiert une force progressive, la mort aurait mis uu terme a son sort affreux, il est etendu mort a terre, la fee sert un dessert abondant et delicat au milieu d'uu desert aride, un tort irreparable, il meiirt entre ses bras, de toute part on accourt avec transport au rempart attaque pour repousser les assiegeants — ils iomhent enfin, elles^ viennent acheter, ils tracent un plan, elles se fMient aisement, ils abordent au rivage, ils arment un corps, ils apostroplient insolemment, elles logent ensemble, ils y mettent ordre, ils daignent interceder, elles semblent habiles, elles tressaillent k cette vue, ils convinrent entre eux, ils n'en coupent aucun, elles marquent une paire de bas, qu ils fassent emplette, elles se fixent autre part, ij^ vous trouvent heteroclite, ils refusent opiniatrement, elle^ entreut aussitoi* 226 N. t is pronounced by some as often as possible ; others no more think of it than if there were none ; several^ before they venture it, religiously consuH the infallible oracle of their own ears ; and a few only follow their ease or the di- rection of sense with regard to perspicuity. mort, tort, goiit, court, h&t. t is said not to be pro- nounced , for instance, in these words and expressions, as it is, or is dreamed of being, bar* barons, obnoxious to the auri- cular ^rgaii, and would almost make one be regarded with astonishment who should utter it. Unfortunately neither those astonishing words nor their combinations have ever be eft ascwtmned. t would or should be moid- ed, if possible, in expressions wherein it nwy produce am- biguity, or which already con- tain it several times. This m^t, lit, respect, instinct, navet, assassinat, artichaiit, defaut, debout, brulot, sta- tut, &c. Tassaut a ete ter- rible, le contrat est signe -^ et le depot est chez moi, le gigot est cuit et le ragout aussi, avant de pecher met- tez Tappet k la ligne,— un goiit horrible, un respect extreme, un instinct heu- . reux, un tort incroyable, S^c». Tachat est Icl (were t pro^ nounced, the sentence would resemble this : la chate est la), rhabit en souftVit fnot i'habitant), il acheta votre lit J ^^ 7 • / X J bi^r C^fot litiere), apportez utter, however, is but one< . \-. i • > Viuu . ..' . ,1 t , ,1 /-' votre lit au lofiis (wo^ litlio- wmam": ui the laburinth of ^ - . -^ * '^i. x ^ . *^, X /• '^' loffie), il parut au rot (not real ana apparent awoi:^els isahvaysproAl^^j^^ l^^^^^ ^^^^jj nounced in verbs most general ^^^^^^^ versa-t-il, dement- ally in other words, and,wzth^\^^^ mire/.^-ils, infere-t-il, out hyphen, m very usual ex- 1 ^.^^. ^^.^^jj^ depare/^^ils, pressions. V.court-elle, sort-on, sopinia- tre«^elles, parle-t-on, frustre/?/-ils, sarclewf-elles — avant- hier (pron. ti^re), tout-a-Fheure, tout-k-coup, tout-i-fait, tout-a-point, tout-a-propos, tout-ensemble, tout-ou-rien, peiit-^tre, pot-au-feu, c'est-k-dire, guet-apens, petit-i-petit, saint-augustin, fort-instruit, fort-honnete, Port-au-Prince, Port-Alegre, SfC. tout ensemble, tout autant, tout autour, tout aupres, tout a plat, tout auplus, tout au long, de haut en bas, de butenblanc, mort aux rats, d'un bout a Tautre. de bout en bout, de part et d'autre, de part en part, fort et ferme, &i-c. R. t, of course, is silent ^ k tout-^asard, chat-/mant, before h aspirated, \ chat-Auane, ■n ^ ' , , jv . /"amour etaraitie, craindre et R. t met (and) is never t ^ , ^^^^^^ ^^ ^ , pronounced, and alwaj/s forms I ^^^^ ^^ ^^jj ^.^ ^^ j^^^S^. hiatus before vowels. It ts } / ., / . ... , . *^, , . ^. o ,. , 7 verites et erreurs, nous vou- hkelu Its abbreviation ab hoc et ab hac. fences, J See abcxcy sept, huit, vingt, U _. , , , C une, rhume, vertumne, unit6, R ua/zJii commonly re^^^^^^^^^^^ cucurbitain, al- tain their elementary sound. ^ b^^i^e, lancunier, lustrer, concurfwf, morue, turpitude, structure, hurluberlu, piqAre, en€oqure, exigu, contigu, argument. -,17 , . ( circumincession, nummu- 1, xii. u sounds o m s i - I laire. 2. u sounds o, and with some, 1 i i i i • . ^ . > club, ciubiste. ou, u, in 3 ^ . „ .7 r??^, quoailler, qu'un, qu'huilier, qu'ou, qu'ouir, qu'eau, qu'oeuvre, qu'hyene. „ T? • 1 r. ( ablaqu6ation, aquila - alba, 3. h, u IS pronounced after ) 1' -^ .-^ i^/. * i/ ^ •( biqumtiie, deliquescence, de- ^ (^ liquescent, equiangle, ^qui- axe, equicrural, ^quidifferent, equilateral, ^quilatere, Equimultiple, equipollent, Equiponderance, equitation, laqueaire, liquefaction, petit-que, proquesteur, questeur, questiire, h quia, quindecagone, quinque, quinq«enove ( p. kuinkenove), quinquerce, quinquereme, quinquevirs» quin- tidi, quintilien, quintuple, quintuplerx?, quirinal, semi-quin- tile, sequin, terraque, ubiquiste, ubiquitaire. 4. N. y u is miite in Equinoxial (equinoctial J. I suunds in Equinojiial (the equator J. jH 5. n is pronounced by some, | ^^^^^ Equidistant. " and not l)y others, in ^ ^ ' ^ ^ r^ 7 if ad6quat, aliquante, aqua- 6. u after q sounds ou > ii ' .-i^ ' +; „^ , .. < * J relle, aquatile, aquatique, ^ ' ( biquadratique, desquama- tion, equant, equateur, Equation, equatorial, inquarto, liquation, loquacite, masquapenne, obliquangle, obli- quation, per^quateur, quadragenaire, quadragesimal, quadragesime, quadrangle, quadrangulaire, quadrangule, quadricapsulaire, quadricolor, quadridente, quadriennal, quadrifide, quadriflore, quadrifolium, quadriga, quadrige, quadrijugue, quadrillion, quadrinome, quadripartitiori, quadriphylle, quadrireme, quadrivalve, quadrugee, quad- rumane, quadrupede, quadrupedologie, quadruple, quad- rupler r, quaker j)ron, and bpelt also quaere, quakerisme, quakerianisme, quartz (z pron,), quartzeux, quaternaire, quaterne, quaterne, quaternite, squadroniste, squajote, squale, squammeux, squammules. 7 l\r j is mute in quadrature (^2« geowze/r^^ J.. I souficis on m quo^draUivefinhorologi/J, o • J I ( quadernes, quadrilatere, 8. u ts pronounced on by ) ^ i ^ j ^- j p 1 . 11 L si .< quadrat, quadratique, quad- some, Scnot at all by others, tn ) \ i • ^ Pi ' ^ -^ ' Y riiocuiaire, quartiie, quas, quass, quaz, fs and z pwn*)} quasi-contrat, quasi-delit, quartidi. 9 u sounds properly after ■) q„i„quag^„aire, quinqua- the first ^, and ou "/'f/- > ^^sime, quinquatries. the second, in J ^ ^ -D J J h 7 f ffuerre, onffuent, lang-uir, Jti. u preceded by 2:, and\^ • -j ^ • j/ ° • r 11 J I I ) guise, guide, guinde, euin- fotiowed by a voiceL is scne- < ^, ^.. '' . ' v • ,l rallii silent / ^"^f^^' guingum, gmguant, ^ ' (^ subjugu^mes, distinguo, vo- guons, iieologue, longueur, paraguai, baguier, begue, aigue- niarine,aiguade,aiguaille, aiguiere, bourguiere, narguaiew/. 10. E. n is pronounced in \ b"g"yere, contiguity, engui- ^ I enure, inguinal, onguicule, pinguin, arguer r, arguant, ^-c. redarguer i?, Guise, Le Qvixde (both proper names), and in (-with ai sounding S^'^'^^\'^^'''^^^^^ .^J^"^^^^' 6, and 11 saHval) Y> aiguilletage, aiguilleter r, C aiguiMetier, aiguillette, ai- guillier, aiguilliere, aiguillon, aiguillonner ^, aiguisement. r alguazil, guan, gttirantingua, 11. n sounds ou after g^ lingual, linguatule, nigua, bejore a in "S paraguante, sublingual,Gua- ^ deloupe, Guadalquivir, S^c. R. urn, un, ^nnfnal ^, f ^"^ble, d^funt, brun,jeun, followed by a diffe/ent con^ ) ^^"^^^^^^ tribun verdun, sonant, express a nasal sound A "^^P^""' ^^""^ ^,«ibrun, cha- m and n being mute. I f ""' Y^erdun, alun, parfum, V.loudun, autun, importun, s soudun, aucun, melun, emprunter, mambrun, delundun. 13. um sound ome in 230 Trt T» ji r acupuncture, coniungfo, in- 12. ti. WW. \ym express the \ f \^vc ^j \ i 7 1 ',1 1 ) fundi buhiorme, peduncule, nasal sound on wit n n and m< /j i/ • i/ , . ] peduncule, unzame, lemun- ' (^cule, negundo, nuncupatit, nundinales, Dunkerque, columbaire, lumbago, resumpte, resumpte, resumption, umbares, umbilic, umble, rumb (pron, rombe), Humbert," J centumvir (pron, san.,..) \ centumviral, centumvirat, duumvir, duumvirat, triumvir, triumviral, triumvirat, cir- cumincession, nummulaire, rum, rhum. H. «m final sound t./Mo«^ Cf"'V'°'"'?'"i""V™"'!"T' nasality ome, in most latin) ^^^^^'''^JP'}^,^'"^^)''^^- tvords under their or I form, - 1/ / - 1. 1 1 \^ gum, vade-mecum, bdel- lium, forum, interlunium, jejunum, laudanum, leucoium, gingidium, ultimatum, xanthium, capharnaiim, S^c. 14. E. um sound nasallu In,, ^„ ,, , . ^ >iactotum. on with m mute, 2« J 15. um are pronounced ome 1 o , 1 J L iL • ^lactum. 0]/ some, and on 01/ otnerSy m J lainal\ ^^^"^'^ gnaphalium, muse- um, geranium, opium. ■ sa- il, au, eau sound o; eu and oeu sound strongly e ; ou sound like ou in the English word should ; au, eu, ou render the same sounds lono-. fauconneau, sauveur, oeui, Jour,couteaux, douloureux, begault, rougeaud, blan- choeuvrier, couleuvreau, feue, proue, queue, quoue. gueux, aqueux, montueux, truau, nouure, enfouie, r^aux, rieur, bleuie, bleuatre, Jouare, tchaou, sarquiou, rouant, rouen, engouoeVw^, chou- ette, loueur, tintouin, dejouons, pyoulque, miauler, caou- ane, glaieul, langueyeur, frayeur, tuyaux, vouions, cor- veieur, minaouet, royaute, joyeuse, soyoux. R. u is pronounced with its own sound, being separated hy the diceresis from the pre- ceding or following vowel. saiil, amphiaraiis (s pron, J alcinoiis fs pron.) Hauy, exigiie, ambigiie, cigiie, be- saigiie, contigiie, aigiie, su- raigiie, begue,exiguite, am- bigiiit6, contiguite, argiier i', argiiant, S^c, redargiier v. 231 ^exigue, ambfgue, cigue, be- N. u after g is pro- l saigue, contigue, aigue, su- 7wunc€c!, when the following j raigiie, begue, exiguite, am- vowel has the diceresiSy fl/ic/Ybiguite,contiguite,buguyere, sometimes when it has not, / aiguille, arguer v, argue, ^argua/, 4'C. R. u after i or y, and before all vowels, sounds dis- tuictlj/, except when preceded iule, sciure, embryulkie, polyulce, balayure, evacuer, eeuelle, cuir, ecuyer, made, virtuose, lituus fs pron.J, ^luei !ur, gruau, nuee, vue, af- Qucnty affluent, affluant, excluons, {yiyuienf, alcuin. -^ T^ . •; / 7 r accueil, accueillirt.cereueiL 16. E, u IS silent, csoundsx .„ ' .„ \ ./ , , • • / J } cueiUaffe, cueilleret, eueil- k, e sounds ou, i is mute, ana< , ,^ ® ' ... '.,i. 1 ' i, I • • J lette, cueilleur, cueillir i\ I or li are salnaf, in f n • / i -i ' (^cueiiloir, ecueil, recueil, re* cueillement, recueillir r, recueilloir. Connexion. -o • ..• 1 7 X I- J ries unes, ces universites, II. u initial does not hinder I . ^ ' . ' , . ,. r 7- I puissant usurpateur, vous the lunction of precedinf^con-^ K, . \ ' . ^ , -^ ^ ® i declarez unanimement, mot sonants, f -^^ V^usite. 17. E. u o/'une hinders the f sur les une heure (pron» le junction of s of les in this<^ une) — venez sur les une most usual and absurd phrase. [ heure. Y. Svive la verite, invincible, pouvoir, avant, vivifier, pre- vu. R. w beginning a syllable^ C Washington, wallon, wind- that is, preceding a t^ozre/, < sor, wigh, Warwick, ryswick, usually sound like a single v. (_ czarowitz. 1 . E. w sound ou in wist, wiski. . w ending a syllable X^Z^""} '''"■''"•. ^^"t^''^' is, preceded by avowdX "ewtomen newtomanisme, '^. . ^ M paw T/'. po), law, pellew> R that are considered as u. brisgaw. 332 X. R. X initial I* pro«OM«ced^ ^^vjjj^f .^^.j xylogly- ks by some, and gz by o'^f'-^'lphe, xyste. xyno^cies. 1. £. X sounds gz only, in Xavier, Xenophon. __ , ,, , r exact, exag^rer, exaltation, R. X preceded hy e or he I exanth^matique, exaucer, initial, andfollowedby a voweU ex6cuteur, exemple, exer- or h mut€y sounds gz ; ^^^^^^ exigeant, exorcisme, exulc^rer, hexacorde, hexaedre, hexagone, hexagynie, hexameron, hexametre, hexandrie, hexapetalee, hexa- phore, hexaphylle, hexaples, hexapode, hexapole, hex- aptere, hexastile, exhalaison, exhaussement, exhaustion, exher^dation, exhiber, exhorter, exhumer, exhydria. ^ -. , , , . f alexandre, vexer, lixer, sur- R. X medml preceded and I ^^^^^^ apoplexie, auxiliaire, Jollowed by vowels (except e J ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ luxuriant, or he initial J , generally \ p.oximite, orthodoxe, euxin, sounds ks. C sexagesimal, - ^ , . C soixante, soixanter v, soix- 2. E. X 50«/i^5 s m I antaine, soixantieme, Aux- erre, Auxerrois, Auxonne, Auxois, Bruxelles, LuxeuiL - J • i sixain, sixieme,sixiemement, 3. x sounds z m | dixieme, dixiemement. ^ , t^ . C Don Quixote f». ^y 50?«e 4. X sounds chm | guichote). - /'anxiete, morxi, helxin6,p R, X medial, preceded or \ texte, dixmude, expulsion, Jollowed by a consonant, ge-J buxbaume, exfolier, excuse, nerally sounds ks. J desexcomunier, ambidextre, ^^exclure, artaxerxe. N^ ^..^j 1 t r 1 ( exsiccation, exsuccion, ex- . x sounds k, when foU i j \ .- n ^ ^ 7^*.,^^ A,, c , ., ^ A /• • < «uder, exsudation, excellent, lowed by s or c before e, i, v, ) .^ ' .. . * ^ J > >J9 ^ exciter, exception, excise. 6. E. X is mute in \ '*'^™^' , ^''''^^' "' *^'^™^"''' I auxqueis, R. X final, preceded by a{ ^y"^' ^P*'*"^' '^r^"^' T''^''' cow5on«wi^ or univocal sounds J t""' mdex perplex, anthrax, is pronouced ks. ') borax, climax, contumax, (^ smilax, storax, thorax, m6- ningophilax, styx^ jphenix, prefix, felix, larix, 6rix, onyx, Ji ( medianox, fox, palafox, pollux, ceyx, quiex. 233 coccyx. C crucitix, prix, salsifix, per- ( drix, llux, reflux, afilux, aulx, Dussaulx. are unconnected^ series. or m a 6. E. X sounds s in 7. X is mute in 8. Ix are mute in 9. x in six (sixy sixth) y and dix (ten, tenth) ^ , 1.1 J run, deux, trois, quatre, cinq, sound, s, when these xvordsi ^. ^^-^^ „^^j. ^^ \ onze, vingt, vingt-deux, (^trente, . ,, ,. (vinoft-six, cinquante - six, or connected to aprecedtng\ quatre-vingt -dix, Henry six number ornoun, (roi d'Angfeterre, L6on dix protegea les arts, livre dix, paragraphe six, il en viendra dix de suite, vous le promettez a six ^ la fois. r 11 ^ 1 1 J C s^ix iuillet dix decembre, or fotlowed by a word. \ ^ y . , v . ' ^ -.1^ i "^ V, '. < niesure a six-quatre, a six- witnout expressins: its units, j , ., v • ^ i' ^ ® (^ /?uit, a six-seize, dix-sept, dix-septieme, dix-neuf, dix-neuvieme, dix pour cent, six moins deux, six veule/^/, dix refusew^, six ^arango/e«Y, dix /mrlaie;?/, N. in this case x is pro^ (ff octobre,*dix avril, de dix nounced z, by some, before a\ ^*^^ ^ix reste quatre ; un Tcmel or h niute, ) ^!^ ^^ chiffre, six ensemble, (^dix dixxwenty six heriteront, f dix-y^uit, dix-^uitieme, dix- < /^uitiemement, dix-^uitain, (^ mesure k six-^uit. X sounds z in X sound z before « "'orrf'J .j^ ^bjets.dixheures, trente beginmngwM a voxvel or h f .j^ ^^ quatre. vingt- dix mute, when its units are €x- ii^^^ ^ ® pressed by six or dix. six vingts, six cent, dixmille, six voitures, dix herissons^ vingt six hussards, cent dix hetres, six huitiemes, dix huitiemes, six dix, dix six, six six, dix dix. C six quatre, six ^uit, dix sept, N. x, in this case, isj dix septiemes, dix /^uit, dix silent in j /mitiemes, dixneuf, dixneu- (^viemes. X is silent before a word beginning with a consonant or h aspirated, the units oJ\, which are expressed by six or dix. X3 234 !dix-sept, dix-septi^mes, dix- ^uit, dix-/mUiemes,dix-neuf, dix-neuviemes. T* /. 1 . X if veaux, paix, baux, ceux, preceded by a plunvocal sound J ^^^^^^ ^^.^^^^^ ^^ or the diphthong oi. ^ ^^^^^^^ j.^^^^ noyaux, ca- sfeeux, caieux, voix, choix, noix, croix, Hurepoix, Mire- poix. 10. E. X is pronounced s ( Aix, Aix - la - Chapelle by some, and ks by others, in \ ft owns J, Connexion. ^ n . ' J rdeux epoux, deux heures, R. X final mute sounds z I ^^^ environs, faux accord. ,nconnexion.-It IS generally J ^^^^^^ ^at, jaloux auteurs. pronounced m the adjective^ ^^^^^^^ accident, doux es- before its substantive ; f • . . , ^ ^. T r Cchevaux alertes, cheveux «« thynnees, syn- 6j/ mm, mn, nn; i nevrose, lymnee, gymnase, Vgymnothorax, hymnologue. C ray, vayvode, clay tone, ayri^ R. ay, ey somd e or e; ; dey, bey, ceylan, jersey, oy sound oa, oua, oe, oue ; \ gernesey, capeyron, noy, (^ lannoy, roy. 1. E. ay sound ei ; and oy C pays, payse, paysage, pay- sound 01 in \ sagiste, paysan, Moyse. R. y, between vowels, ('ZZo'7n^'STe' /*^"- stands for [Land is pro?ioiinC'<^. '. ^ * .^ / ^^^' ed according to the rules ofi.) "''"f' S-^asseyiez, tuyaux, ° ^ t^voyions. 2. E. y sounds like 'i with^ CfY^ ^« crj/J ayeul,bisayeul, oz/^ affecting the ;>/ece(//;i^^ *'''^y^^^' ^^^^^y^»' P^^"' twe/fm . ^)fayence, bayonnette. Bay- (^onne, Bayeux, Blaye, Aii- daye, Lueayes, Biscaye, Mayence. R. aye, eye, uye, oye, \ ending a syllable or a word, I aye (have), paye, essaye, are generally pronounced k, f grasseye, essuye, deploye, ui, o^ or o^, but by some > defray er«2, balayerow, gras- e-i-e, ui-i-e, oa-i-e or be-i-e, i seyement, appuyeront, mi- both ie sounding, though very 1 toyerie. faintly. J 3. E,Q,je sound forcibly ^i ^ ,, in " 1 abbaye. 7. R. z initial or medial is C zele, czar, zizanie, zinzolin, always pronounced. \ zigzag. R. z final is mute, and the i nez, chez, rez, lez, assez, preceding e sounds e. ( sonnez, convenez, riz, 1. £• z is pronounced in gaz. 236 R. z final is pronounced z "^ by swfne, and s by others, in f Alvarez, Lopez, Perez, Spanish an dot her foreign pro- ( liodez, Suarez, Booz. per names, J ( lazzi, mezzanine, mezzabout, R. Z2 sound z. < mezzotermine, mezzo-tinto, ( Arezzo, Abruzze. Connexion. -^ ^ , , _^^7„ C vous aimez a jouer, aimez R. z final mute, commonly \ j. z. . ^ I . ' - .f. 1 avec respect et servez avec remains such in connexion, vU^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ the colloquial style. ^ ^. ^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^.^^^^ ^^^^^ utile, chez Ambroise, riz 6pais, riz au lait. E. z is always pronounced C chez elle, chez elles^ chez in ^ leux. ^ . , Tvous aimez ^ jouer, allez R. z n commonly pronoun- \^^^^^^^ ,^ ^.-^^^.^J ^^^j._ c«/ /« a careful delivery. | ^^^^^ ^^^^ patience, assez e- legarament, riz exquis, 11 va chez Aspasie avec son nez 6p^te, nez ang^lique. N. z is or is not pronounced^ at pleasure, by the majority, TWO EXCEPTIONS, a and 1 are silent in saoul. , / , • f aiguille, aiauillee, aisfuiller ai sound e, and u is pronoun- ) ^ - u ^ • n^. m ju«/m c, uHu, V. /. » ,^ aiguilletage, aiguilleter r, ^'^^'^ ( aiguiUetier, aiguillette, ai- guillier, aiguillon, aiguillonner r, aiguisement. sjinal is pronounced, and both gn sound unsalival in agnanthus, magnes. , . ( bathrachus, chamtec^rasus, ch sound\i in ^^ chamedrys, chorus, diacha- Jasis, distichiasis, hydrorachitis, hydrorachis, lach^sis, lonchitis, orchis, rachitis, rachosis, stachis, stechas, trochus. 8 medial sounds s in cosinus * en sound in in mendes. both XT sound in myrrhis. 237 both 11 sound in VL after q sounds in s medial is pronounced s and en sound in in ch sound k m u sounds ou z« u sounds after g m amaryllis, ag-asillis, Pallas, quibus. C hendecasyllabe, ^ ringue. orchesographie. quadrisyllabe, sanguisuges. pentasy- s medial sounds z and t final \ .^ . . J . ,*■ y transit* ts pronounced in J s medial is silent and oi sound I basi^ordois e m. c\\ sound k in and both rr sound iri e« sound ene i/i er sound ere m mechoaehan. chinorrodon. lichen. trochanter. en sou7id an and 1 7nedi<{l sounds s m f patient, patienter », sapien- (^ tiaux, superpartient, sur- I bipartient, surpartient, sur-tripartient. en sound \n and er sound ere /w um ^oz/;2(i on i/t biventer, pensum. en 50MWC? ^ne, and both 11 ^ommJ ) „ ^ pollen. on 5ow/?c? o, a7id X is siltiit in monsieur. u is pronoun cedy and em sound 1 i.^Quiein, erne in i u sounds on, awg? ^w^A 11 sound in colliquatif, colliquation< 11 are vnsaUval in both nn sound in er sound re in un sound on, and t sounds s /Vi 238 quatrillion. quatrieiinal. quaker. opuntia. punch. THREE EXCEPTIONS. Both ss final sound with s:n 7 unsalivalia • j agnus-castus. u after q sounds like ou, t") medial likes, and en like an, > sur-quadri-partient. in J un 6ow/^rZ on with s ««c/ u ? pronounced, in j unguis. ^w^/^ uu sound like ou, flwe/ 7 ^mlikeame,m jquanquam. C kirsch-wasser Cpron, ker- I vasse flfA/rf kervass^rej. N. B. There are several other irreoularities tokrated in familiar conversation , such as su before a consonant for sur; mecredi /or mercredi ; chirugie, chirugien /or chirurgie, chirurgien ; mameselle for mademoiselle; ageter ^b/t. acheter ; st /or cet ; ste J'or cette ; S^c, but as the regular pronunciation is not as yet superseded by the corrupt one, and is still better ; no further iiotice will be taken of the subject.' CONNEXION OF WORDS CONTINUED. English learners, the young in particular, have a natural way to prevent hiatus in one case. They almost all pro- *il a assur6, nous consentons a executer, elle va imaginer, le bacha observe, vous voil^ ultra, il viendra aussi, mon. munce a guttural r hetJcn J P^P^ aide, je penserai a eux. fin^X and any other follomng^ '^ passa outre, ce^ ratafia vowel. It is needless to say how carefully the officious in- truder ought to be turned out. embaume, elle sembla im- praticable, ma onzieme page, il porta un sac, le sofa aura, ete vendu, racaciaombragea 239 une allee, celk enseigna au pacha a etre prudent — foi aveugle, convoi important, poiirquoi obeir a un viceroi injuste, oie engraissee, elle nettoie une chambre. E SIMPLE WEAKENED or SILENT. It is a constant practice among all the natives of France but those of the southern parts, — to weaken, as often and as much as possible, in speaking and commonly in reading prose, the strong sound eu of e simple or unaccented, into the faint sound it expresses after the final consonants, or which is heard, though unwritten, after the initial or me- dial, followed by others ; thus querelle, promenade^ vive- nicnf, vaguemestre, are pronounced crel, promnad, vivment^ vagmestr ; — and, in some cases, to suppress it entirely, as in netiett pronounced nettc. Few foreigners, if any, observe this law of Custom, which brands their diction with the stigma of gasconism or of alienity, the too frequent cause of ill-disposition and ridicule, instead of serving as a passport for hospitality ; yet, were it not for this most recurrent but very superable defect, the pronunciation of many might be thought native. To attain this, the acme of perfection, the learner cannot too much practise the following examples and exercisQ. N. The e to be weakened is in italics. e medial orjinal is extreme- ly/ weakened or rather silent between txvo similar or analo- gous articulations, preceded by a vowel. Double conso- POLYSYLLABLES, tube bouche, enjambement, ils n'enjambe«^ pas, benefice certain, espace zodiacal, ro- chechouart, riche genereux, la prude dira, episode tou- chant, grande nouvelle, tar- nants are both pronounced, 1 . ^r i a-/ r ^i i J, 1 *• 7 X- „..A tutie iieiie, 1 ortho2:raphe va- Analoiious articulations are ' . , ' a. . *., b D m— c «•— d t 1 r n— '''^' "^'^^''^ S'^^^^' '^ ^^- f/v^j, ch-s, x,';. 'two tm^^g^'^ continuellement, analogous articulations coa- pl"«fg^ jaune, e loge char- lesce and sound as one parti- "^^"^' ^^' ^^^' P^^'^^^ ^^""^^> cipating of both. habilete, cavalerie, vilenie, m^mement, ame basse, som- me payee,, une nuit, peine d'esprit, souverainete, cannelure, donncrais, participe present, developpement, soupe bien. 240 Jacqwe* qui ronfle, musiqwe guerriere, pensp serieusement, jeunesse z^l^e, honn^tete, toute ta vie, cotte d'armfts, main- tcnir, ils esquiven^ vite, la treve finit, il fixe ses yeux, pa- radoxe, z^nonique, treize zero. , r t X /'beby, ceci, dedans, pepin, ^^s not maM between r^^^.^^_^^^^ ^y^l two smiar arttculawns w,.\ ^y^^^^^^^ ^victene, fourhe preceded hy a ycrwel, or pre- ^ y^^^- ^^^^^ s„p^rieure, aide ceded by a dt^fferent articvla- i ^^^^,^:^^^^ be,ge genereux. ^^^* ^tu nargues gauchement, risible lubie, miasmes morbifiques, caverne noire, pulpe pourrie, ob^lisque curticone, livre rouge, Celge soutient, adopte tout, larves voltigeantes. ^vcnir, chmu, menacer, em- e, between txvo (liferent ar- \ pereur, mouvt ment, second, tkulations, h generally tjceak— I mesure, appeler, dangereux, ened^ J remuer, parfaitement, nai- V^vete, lendemain. , ^ '-, p rfermete, encorneter, premier, e, between three or four I 1 1 i,. i - ^ , i ,.^' ^ ^. 7 ^. ' 1 1 reblanchir, berfferie, noble- ainerent articulations, IS less< . * \. Yi J ^ , ; , ' I ment, aprete, edredon, ex- or not weakened. I 4. I _* • i (^ actrment, appartenir, quel- quefois, grenier, sevrer, surprenant, pour venir, il menace, vieillard chenu, par seconde, avec mesure, entreprenons. e, in two adjoining sylla- f ^^^""l''' '^i'}f' '^'^^'^"'^ ^^ bles, h weakened in one, which } ^r""''"'.' 'T i "''^''*"'■• is commonly the second. ) c^"^^'^' «hevrlure gen.- , l^vrier, genevois, brevete, grenetier, entretenir, contrevenir. e, in three adjoining sylla- ^ j • j • j t f ^ • 1 *^ 1 • ^ ^ ( redevenir, redevenir, rede- bleSy IS weakened in one or > - i • ' fvenir, redevenir. f two, e between two articulations in thejirst syllable of a word preceded by a word ending with a vowel or silent conso- nant, is commonly weakened. la demande, en cela, donnez- moi ceci, les menses, grand benet, marchez devant, nous tenons, nos neveux, sans reculer, tes champs sem6s, un besoin, aux fenetres, tor- rent gele, sa quenouille, donner lef on, deux petits, badaud guenilleux, du velours. 241 MONOSYLLABLES (ce^ de^jcj Ic^ mcy ne^ que^se^ te). 71 n r 1 f ^e bouquet, deRome h. Na- e, in a monosyllable foU i i j i i i i i , , , .J ^ ^ ^ 1 pies, de la lune au soleil, k lowed by another consonant j ^ / ^1 ^1 A r J.X 77 7 7 < menaffe, me narffuez-vous, than that of the mojiosyllable, \ u j / / r i ne marchandez pas, que no- 16 commonly weakened^ f i. • * iv i •^ ^tais-tu la, que lavez-vous, que repond-on, se pare-t-elle, te las»es-tu, te mefies-tu, te nourrit-il, te rappelles-tu, te souviens-tu. e in a monosyllable unpre- f ce savon, de Douvres a ceded by a vowel or silent con- \ Calais, je joue, le li^vre, me sonant, hit followed by the J meconnais-tu, ne nie pas, same consonant as that of the i que conclure, se sert-il, te monosyllable, is not weakened, ^tourmentons-nous. it is ueakened, if the mo- C ^^ <:« ««>■■' plat de dindon, nosyilable be preceded bu « 1 si jejoue, oil git le heyre, tu vowel or silent consonant. ) "»/ meconnais, on ne me pas, f^negocier amsi que combat- tre, on doit se servir, il faut te tirer d'afFaire. ai-je, suis-je, dusse-je, trou- e, in a monosyllable pre- ceded by a vowel or silent consonant f is generally weak- ened. ble-je, 6tait-ce, il a le des- sein, tu me pries, prends le pain, si ce malheur, nous ne plaignons pas, pendant que vous dormez, champs de ble, quand se termine I'ouvrage. e of the pronoun le ?^ iVi^ ^^„ j^.j^.^^j^ dis-le-nous, the preceding case weakened I fais-le-toi meiUeur, donnez- after the verb before pronouns Vi^.^ous, cherchez - le - moi, and a few other words, begin- I fi^urez-le-vous. 7iing with any consonant but \; J it is not weakened if not ^ i i i • xr 11 r ji 11 I ..>! rends -le-lui, oiirez-le-ieur, followed by any xvora, or if i ■. . ^ . 1 , r n J I 1 • f bois-le crams-le, voyez-le, followed by pronouns be^in- \ ^^ ^ 1 ^ ui j- ^ . -.yi^ J ^T >mettez-le sur la table, dis- funo- with 1, or by any other (1 a. / . 1 v * 7 ; • . ■j.i'^ % le au maitre, ecrivez-le a sa words tes-innins; with a con- \ > . ° 7 J mere. sonant or vowel. -^ e, /;/ a monosyllable unpre-^ ceded by a vowel or silent con- sonant, and folioxced by a word whose Jirst syllable resembles tlie monosyllable, is not weak- ened in this, but in thefirst sydiihk of the word ; ce secret, de demi-heure en demi-heure, je jetais, le le- •vant, me menez-vous bien, se seront-ils avisos, tetcnais- tul^. 34t it i^ weakened in either, i naais ee seei-et, mais ce se- ,7 jiti L J I 1 cret, si de demi-heure en de- tne nionosyUable be prececiea J • / • j j • t_ , •^, -7 X < mi-heure, side demi-neure by a vowel or silent consO'\ j • u ^ - - l - ^ . . i en demi-neure,, et je jetai^^ ' V^et je jetais, dans le levant, dans le levant, o\X me menez-vous, o^ me menez-vous^ comment s^ seront-ils avises,. comment se seront-ils avises, tu te tenais-1^, tu te tenais-1^. ce devoir, ee devoir, de ve- it is weakened in either, if\ the consonant of the jnonosyl- lable, unpreccdedby another articulated, be not the same as that of the succeeding word. nir, de venir, je semais, je semais, le peloton, le pelo- ton, me levez-vous, me le- vez-vous, ne seconde pas, ne seconde pas, que deman- dons-nous, que demandons-nous, se remet-elle, se remet- elle, te querellais-tu, te querellais-tu — sans ce devoir, sans ce devoir, avant de venir, avant de venir, oiije semais, oii je semais, SfC* e, in a monosyllable unprc' ceded by an articulated conso- nant, and between three con- sonants in the first syllable of the following word beginning otherwise than with re, may be weakened in the monosylla- ble, but not in the succeeding word ; ce grenier, le premier, ne prenait pas, le sevrez-vaus, de levraut, que bredouilles- tii, te grevais-je, me fredon- nez-vous, je greloue, se cre- va - 1 - il — tout ce grenier, lisons le premier, on ne pre- nait pas, quand le sevrez- vous, pies de levraut, ^c. 'fh C^^ representant, or le repre- it is weakened m but oftener word if begi fiet, que rebroyez-vous, que rebroyez-vous, me retrace-t- il, me retrace-t-il, de retraite en retraite, de retraite en retraite, se reprend-elle, se reprend-elle, ne recrache pas, ne recrache pas, — Farm^e se recrute, I'armee se recrutc, tu te redresses, tu te redresses, en le reclouant, en le re- clouant, ainsije replace, ainsije replace, dans ce refrain, dans ce refrain. e, in a mmosylhble pre- frY f ",«''' .^^""^ *^^ "«"• ceded by an articulated con-P^'^ de dess,ner, port de sonant, is not weakened. \ "'^'' ""^J^^^ S"^' '^ "^ ""*" vconnait, u me connait, car je joue, car je suppose, il mord le lievre, il mord le pain. 343 sers-le-moi, endors-le-nous, un captif que consale Tesp^- nance, ua captif que delivre la mort, Fagresseur ne nie pas, Fagresseur ne peut nier, les dues se separew^, le« dues se reumasent, Ajax te tuerait, Ajax te defendroiY* — car ce secret, pour ce devoir, vers le levant, pars le se- cond, au bal de demain, alors que devenons-nous, il ne rebute personne, un motif me retenait, Balzac me retrace. Fair se fredonne. e t* not weakened in a mo- f ^^'^^ <^^ m^chant, foule de nos^llabk preceded by a word \ §«"^' T^^ •»*'«'^ J* '^^f- emding with a single articu-J sentarais, ils prenne«lf le Uted consonant and m eiP*'*!' ^I^ ^h«^ °»e <=«n^»ent Jthich remains weak ; ( son lexique i.e vaut neo, il ^desire que vous restiez, ces ^tofFes se venient bien, ton luxe te mine — efface ce mot, aide-de-camp, sais-tu quel suffrage je voudrais obtenir, elle le coud, son systfeme me semble faux, ma cousine ne mange pas, la perruque que tu portes, Fanse se rompt, la violette te deplait. if the preceding word ends wiHi ^v€ral articulated con," mtiofits, e is either pronoun- ctd forcibly at the end of the u'oriL and weakiy in the mo- nosyllahle^ perce ce tonneau, perce le tonneau, solde de vingt jours, tu ne soldes que lui, etrangle-le-nous, Foncle ne veut pas, ton sarcasme me fait rire,Fenigmete passe, Sa- turne ne parait pas, Fhymne se chante, le masque que vous portez, remarque ce mot, ma bourse se vide, Feclipse ne fut pas visible,^ Facte te favorise, au reste je conviens, courbe le dos,^ les golfes se distinguew^ des baies, sa reserve me surprend, les alpes que nous pass-Ames, libre de soucis, souffire ce mal, les negres se revoltew^, les v^pres ne commence/^^ pas, recon- naitre le terrain, texte de la loi, sarcle ce champ, un muscle que vous liez, un cercle me semble trace, la pour- pre de Tyr, son septre se rompt, quel astre te guide, Fam- bidextre le fit. or weakly at the end of the word, and forcibly in the mo- noayllable. This manner is' more usual than the former* perce ce tonneau, perce le tonneau, solde de vingt jours, tu ne soldes que lui, etrangle-le-nous, Foncle ne ^veut pas, ton sarcasme me fait rire, libre de soucis,^ texte de laJoi, sarcle ce champ, la pourpre de Tyr, S^c^ e 244 lorsque le deshonneur, puis- e is, in general, pronouncedi que cemagistrat, quoiquejc forcibly in the conjunctions 1 plaide, puisque de la tota- lorsque, puisque, quoique, J lite on soustrait, lorsque te presque,parceque, anrfwea^A saisira la fievre, quoique je (i/ in I he following monosylla-iy euille, vous avez presque l)le, I le quart, parceque ce de- .cret. 7 71 17 C]^^^ vois or \e le vois, de<5e , in several monosyllables i ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^j,^ together, is weakened .^''/>''^J point, neme louche point, que of two, m one or two oj three, \ ^^ j.^.,^^„ j^^ ^^^ ^^ ji^_^,^ 1^^ and so on. \^d^ tc ramener, ou de te ra- mener, mele signez-vous, me le signez-vous — -je te le donne, je te le donne, je te le donne, je te le donne, de ce que nous souhaitons, de ce que nous souhaitons, de ce que nous sou- haitons, de ce que nous souhaitons, que ne se corrige-t-il, que ne se corrige-t-il, que ne se corrige-t-il, que ne se corrige-t-il, de je ne sais quoi, de je nesais quoi, dejene sais quoi, — que ne me le mandais-tu, que ne me le man- dais-tu, que ne me le mandais-tu, que ne me le mandais- tu, de ce queje fais, de ce que je fais, de ce queje fais, de ce que je fais, de ne se le pas deguiser, de ne se le pas deguiser, de ne se le pas deguiser, de ne se le pas degui- ser, — queje ne me le procure pas, queje ne me le procure pas, queje ne me le procure pas, queje ne me le procure pas, que je ne me le procure pas, ce que je ne te laisse pas, ce queje ne te laisse pas, ce queje ne te laisse pas, — In crois que de ce queje ne te le redemande pas, tu crois que de ce que je ne te le redemande pas, tu crois que de ce queje ne te le redemande pas. PROMISCUOUS EXERCISE, Chiefiy upon e simple, Mes Reverends Peres, c'est en vain que des rf- lii^ieux de Ratisbone ohi'nwent du pape S. Leon IX. undecret solennel, par lequel il declara que le corps de S. Denis, premier eveque t\e Paris qu'on tient communenient etre rareopagite, avait ete enleve de I Vance et porte dans Teglise de leur mo- nastcre, Et neanmoins les Fran^ais cxurent alors. 245 comme on Fa toujoiirs cru dfpuisy le contraire de ce quece S. pape leur avait enjoint de croire, sachant bien que meme les saints et les praphetes sont sujets & etre surpris. Ce fut aussi en vain que vous obtin- tes contre Galilee ce decret de Rome qui condam- nait son opinion touchant lemouvementde la terre. Ce ne sera pas cela qui prouvera qu'elle demeure en repos ; Ne vous imaginez pas de meme que les let- tres du pape Zacharie pour rexcommunication de S. Virgile, sur cequ'il tenait qu'ily avait des anti- podes, ment aneanti ce nouveau monde; et qu'en- core qu'il eut declare que cette opinion etait une erreur bien dangereuse, le roi d'Espagne ne se soil pas bien trouve d'en avoir plutot cru Christophe Colomb qui en venait, que le jugement de ce pape qui n'y avait pas ete. Pascal. — Je lui demandai en quoi consistait Pautorite du roi, et il me repon- dit : les lois lui consent les peuples comme le plus precieux de tons les depots, k condition qu'il sera le pere de ses sujets. EUes veulent qu'un seul homme serve par sa sagesse et par sa moderation a la felicite de tant d'hommes ; et non pas que tant d'hommes servew/, par leur misere et par leur ser- vitude lache, a flatter I'orgueil et la moUesse d*un seul homme. Le roi ne doit rien avoir aud^ssus des autres, excepte ce qui est necessaire ou pour le^ soulager dans ses penibles fonctions, ou pour im- primer aux peuples le respect de celui qui doit sou- tenir les lois. D'ailleurs le roi doit etre plus sobre, plus ennemi de la mollesse, plus exempt de faste et de Aauteur qu'aucun autre. II ne doit point avoir plus derichesses et rfeplaislrs, mais plus de sagesse, de vertu et de gloire, que le reste des hommes. II doit etre au dehors le defenseur de la patrie, en commandant les armees ; et au dedans lejuge des peuples, pour les rendrebons, sages et heureux. — O illustres Cretois S je ne merite point de vous commander^ L'oracle qu'on vient de rapporter marque bien que la race de Minos cessera de reg ner quand un etranger entrera dans cette tie, et y fera y3 246 regner les lois de ce sage roi : mais il n'est pas dft que cet etranger regncra. Je veux croire que je suis cet etranger marque par Toracle. J'ai accom- pli la prediction ; je sui^ venu dans cetteile; j'ai decouvert le vrai serfs des lois, et je souhaite que mon explication serve a les faire regner avec I'hora- nie que vous choisirez. Pour moi, je prefere ma patrie, la pauvre petite ile d'lthaque, aux cent villes de Crete, a la gloire et a Populence de ce beau royaume. Souflfrez que je suive ce que les destins ont marque. Si j'ai combattu dans vos jeux, cen'etaitpas dans I'esperance de regner ici ; c'etait pour meriter votre estime et votre compassion ; c'etait afin que vous me donnassiez les moyens de retourner promptement au lieu de ma naissance : j'aime mieux obeir a mon pere Ulysse, et consoler ma mere Penelope, que de regner sur tous les peu- ples de i'univers. O Cretois ! vous voyez le fond de mon coeur : il faut que je vous quitte ; mais la mort seule pourra finir ma reconnaissance. Oui, jusqu'au dernier soupir, Telemaque aimera les Cretois, et s'interessera a leur gloire comme a la sienne propre. — Idomenee a fait les fautes que presque tous les rois font ; mais presque aucun roi ne fait pour se corriger ce qu'il vient de faire. Pour moi, je ne pouvais me lasser de I'admirer dans les moments memes ou il me permettait de le contre- dire. Admirez-le aussi, mon cher Telemaque; c'est moins pour sa reputation que pour votre uti- lite que je vous donne ce conseil. Fene/o?i. — On sera surpris que je compte Tetude des langues au iiombre des inutilites de I'education : mais on se souviendra que je ne parle ici que des etudes du premier age ; et, quoi qu'on puisse dire, je ne crois pas que jusqu'a I age de douze ou quinze ans nul enfant, les prodiges a part, ait jamais vraiment appris deux langues. — J'etais alle passer quelques jours a la campagne chez une bonne mere de famille qui prenait grand soin de ses enfants et de leur edu- cation. Un matin que j'etais present aux le9ons de 247 l^aine, son gouverneur, qui I'ayait tres bien instruit de I'histoire ancienne, repreriant celle d'Alexandre, tomba sur le trait connu du med^'cin Philippe qu'on a mis en tableau^ et qui surement en valait bien la peine. Le gouverneur, homme de merite, fit sur rintrepidite d'Alexandre plusieurs reflexions qui ne me plurent point, mais que j'evito? de combattre, pour ne pas le decrediter dans I'esprit de son eleve. A table, on ne manqua pas, selon la methode fran- ^aise, de faire beaucoup babiller le petit bpn-hom- me. La vivacite naturelle a son age, et I'attente d'un applaudissement sur, lui ^rent debiter mille sottises, tout a travers lesquelles partaie^?/ de temps en temps quelques mots heureux qui fah-aieni oub- lier le reste. Enfin yint I'histoire du medecin Phi- lippe : il la raconta fort nettcment et avec beaucoup de grace. Apres I'ordinaire tribut d'eloges qu'exi- geait la mere et qu'attendait le fils, on raisonna sur ce qu'il avait dit. Le plus grand nombre blama la temerite d'Alexandre ; quelques-uns, a I'exem- ple du gouverneur, admiro/e;?^ sa fermete, son cou- rage : ce qui me fit comprendre qu'aucun de ceux qui etaie;?^ presents ne voyait en quoi consist^// la veritable beaute de ce trait. Pour moi, leur dis- je, il me parait que s'il y a le moindre courage, la moindre fermete dans Taction d'Alexandre, elle n'est qu'une extravagance. Alors tout le monde se reunit, et convint que c'etait une extravagance. J'allais repondre et mechauffer, quand une femme qui etait a cote de moi, et qui n'avaitpas ouvert la bouche, se pencha vers mon oreille, et me dit tout bas : tais-toi, Jean-Jacques; ils ne t'entendront pas. Je la regards?, je fus frappe, et je me tus. Apres le diner, soup^onnant sur plusieurs in- dices que mon jeune docteur n'avait rien compris du tout a rhistoire qu'il avait si bien racontee, je le pris par la main, je fis avec lui un tour de pare, et I'ayant questionne tout a mon aise, je irouvai qu'il admirait plus que personne le courage si vante d'Alexandre : mais savez-vous ou 11 voyait ce cour 248 rage ? uniqu^ment dans cdui d'avaler d*un seul trait un breuvage de mauvais gout, sans hesiter, sans marquer la moindre repugance. Le pauvre enfantj a qui Ton avait fait prendre medecine il n'j avait pas quinze jours, et qui ne Pavait prise qu' avec une peine infinie, en avait encore le deboire a la bouche. La mort, Tempoisonneraent, ne pas^ saient dans son esprit que pour des sensations des* agreables, et il ne concevait pas, pour lui, d'autre poison que du sene. Cependant il faut avouer que la fermete du Aeros avait fait une grande impressiont sur son jeune coeur, et qu'a la premiere medecine qu'il faudrait avaler il avait bien resolu d'etre un Alexandre. Sans entrer dans des eclaircissements qui passo/e/7^ evideinment sa portee, je le confirmflz dans ces dispositions louables, etje m'en retouma/ riant en inoi-meme de la Aaute sagesse des peres et des raaitres qui pease/?/ apprendre I'histoire aux en- fan ts. J". J. Rousseau. — II n'y aque nos devoirs qui nous coixienty parce que leur pratique ne regardant que les choses que nous sommes etroitement obliges de faire, elle n'est pas suivie de grands eloges, qui est tout ce qui nous excite aux actions louables, et qui nous soutient dans nos entreprises. — Telephe a de IVsprit, niais dixfois moins, Ae compte fait, qu'il pjrojette, dix fois au dela de ce qu il a d esprit n'est done jamais dans ce qn'il a de force et d'eten^ due: ce raisonnement est juste, II a comme une barriere qui le ferme, et qui devrait I'avertir de s'arreter en de9a; mais il passe outre, et se jette Aors de sa phere : il trouve lui-meme son endroit faible, et se montre par cet endroit : il parle de ce qu'il ne sait point, ou de ce qu'il sait mal : il entre- prend audessus de son pouvoir, il desire au dela de sa portee ; il s'egale a tout ce qu'il y a de meilleur en tout genre : il a du bon et du louable, qu'il ofFusque par I'affectation du grand ou du merveil- leux. On voit clairement ce qu'il n'est pas, et il 249 faut dcviner ce qu'il est en effet. C'est un homnie qui ne se m^sure point, qui nese connait point: son caractere est de ne savoir pas se renfenner dans celui qui lui est propre, et qui est \e sien. — L'on se repent rarcraentde parler pen, tres-souvent de trop parler : maxime usee et triviale que tout ie monde sait, et que tout le monde ne pratique pas.— Pour- quoi me faire froid, et vous plaindre sur ce qui m'est echappe sur quelques jeunes gens qui peu- ple;?^ les cours ? Etes-vous vicieux, 6 Thrasyle ? Je ne le savais pas, et vous me Tapprenez : ce que je sais, est que vous n'etes plus jeune.— Je ne mets audessus d'un grand politique, que celui qui ne- glige de le devenir, et qui se persuade de plus en plus que le monde ne merite point qu^on s'en oc- cupe. La Brut/ere. — Me voila encore, et je ne puis partir que dans Auit jours. L'incertitude du camp de Lorraine, pour mener ou pour ne pas mener mon fils, fait toute la mienne, et me donne de I'ennui. J'en ai beaucoup encore de votre sante : votre voy- age de Marseille me trouble; Fair de la petite verole, et le bruit des canons^ me donnent une in- quietude qui n'est que trop juste. Si je ne vais point m'en soulager par etre aupres de vous, vous me serez bien plus obligee que si je traversais la France. L'etat ou je suis, et ou Je vais etre, est dur a soutenir ; et rien ne serait capable de m'ar- reter que les raisons que vous savez, et dont nous sommes en confidence, mon cher ami et moi» — Je comptais recevoir vendredi deux de vos lettres a la fois : et comment se peut-il que je n'en aie seule- mentpasune? Ah! ma fiUe, de quelque endroit que vienne ce retardement, je ne puis vous dire ce qu'il nie fait soufFrir. J'ai mal dormi ces deux nuits passees. Je vois par la que mon repos est entierement attache a la douceur de recevoir de vos nouvelles. — Je viens de recevoir vos lettres du jour des Cendres: en verite, ma fiile, vous me confondez par vos louanges et par vos remerciments ; c'est me faire souvenir de ce que je voudrais faire pour vous, 250 et j'en soupire, parce que je ne me satisfeis pas raoi-meme; et plut a Dieu que vous fussiez si pres- see de mes bienfaits, que vous fussiez contraiute de vous Jeter dans Tingratitude! Nous avons souvent dit que c'est la vraie porte pour en soriiv honnet€- ment, quand on ue sait plus ou donner de la tet« : raaisje ne suis pas assez heureuse pour vous reduire a cette extremite; votre reconnaissance suffit et au dela. Que vous etes aimable ! et que vous me dites plaisajDraent tout ce qui pent se dir€ la dessus ! Madame de SevignL READING OF POETRY. Poetry is prose or usual words in an nnusual con- struct ion (i). Poetical lines are called verses* French verses are composed of a certain number of syllables : from one to twelve. Verses often^ eleven or twelve syllables are regu* larly divided bt/ a pause called caesura, viz. in the verse of ten^ after the fourth ; in that of eleven^ after the fifth j and in that of twelve^ after the sixth* Verses from one to nine syllables inclusively^ have no necessary caesura. (1) The easier the construction, the bett<:r poetry may be ; fur the greater the difficulty of expression is, the more it repels or mangles the thought, and emptiness of ideas is filled up with empty sounds. If the syntactical difficulty of poetry were a cause t>f ex- cellence, French poetry would be the best ever chanted by human lips. But the very reverse is the fact. The muses of Greece, an- cient and modern Italy, Germany and England, may soar high ; the French muse (musa pedestru)hQ?L\\x.ifieA with a pair of superb and proud ears, can but dance with an exquisite gra^e at the music of a tintinnahulum appending to her back, 'i'o speak plain : the inferiority of our poetry is acknowledged by almost every one. Its cause is m the mediocrity of genius of most of our poets to whom- the career is left by intellects of more rectitude and higher rate, in the language itself, fettered and emaciated by fashionable caprice, and lastly in the verse-making-machine ; for there is no where, there never was, there will never be a system of versification equal to the French in absurdity. 251 l^ke name of hemisiicst is given to the two parts of a verse divided by the cjesura. Rhyme, or sameness of sound at the end of two or more verses^ is said to be essential to French poetry{ i). Hiatus being never now suffered to result from the connexion A) f words m the middle of a verse (except in GUI, oui ; he ! oui), final consonants are most I generally pronounced before words beginning with a vowel or h mute^ unless they be separated by a pause longer than the pause necessitated by breath^ ing. RECKONING OF SYLLABLES. ONE SOU^TD. 3^ e, e, e, i^ y, o, u^ au, eau, ou, eu, ei, an, on, in, uDj Si'C. unaccompanied by other sounds^ form, eaehy one syllable: des, veineux, empruntais, ac- coutumer, thesaurisateur, pharyngostaphjlin, an- tiversificateur^ incomprehensibilite, are words of one, two, thr^e, four, fve, six, seven, eight sylla^ bles. e simple medial, preceded by a consonant, is a syllable: souvenirj cependant, rejeter, have three syllables. e simple final, preceded by a consonant before a word beginning with a consonant or h aspirated, is counted as a syllable : in menace tout, menace /fautement, menace is of three syllables ,— Before a word beginning with a vowel or h mute, e is elided; and, at the end of the verse, stands for nothing, as in (I) As if any thin^ could be essential and obligatory in absolute arbitrariness I This barbarous goose-like guanquan, our Pennessian swans have refined much beyond a goose's coniprehenston. The rhyming sound must strike both ears and eyes. Though main and demain are good rhymes, mains and demain have nothing of that quality through the addition of a silent letter ; so that were the art of writing unknown, the intellectual ear of a French poet would ie.e the incongruity of those similar and unrhyming sounds. 25-2 menace irapuissante, menace habituelle, il nous me- nace, wherein menace contains only two syllables. es final and ent^ the termination of the third person plural of verbs^ when preceded bi/ a consonant be fore words beginning with either consonants or vowels^ form a syllable ; in menaces impuissantes, tu menaces Aautement, ils menacewf tout, ils raena- cent horriblement, menaces and menace;?^ are of three syllables. — es and ent ending a verse are counted as nothings and in this case^ menaces or menace/?^ are each but two syllables. e, es and ent preceded by a vozcel as in gaiete, crierie, annees, Qox\c\v\ent^ avaiew^j loueraie/?^^ are silent and no syllable. Verses terminated by any letter but e, es or ent weak or silent, are called masculine ; those ending with e, es, or ent, feminine (i) ; except those ending with aient or oient, terminations of the third person plural of the Imperfect and Conditional^ which are masculine. Contrary to the prosaic and colloquial usage treat- ed of in the foregoing article^ e, es and ei\i forming syllables in verses^ must be forcibly pronounced eu, the oftenest short (2). 1 WO SOUNDS. R. aa, ae, ae, a'l, ao, ail, aau, aeu, aai, aou, aan, aen, aon, ain, aun — ea, ee, ee, ei, eo, eu, eau, eeu, eai, eou, ean, een, eon, ein, eun — oa, oe, oe, oi, oo, oii, oau, oeu, oai, oou, oan, oen, oon, oun — ua, ue, ue, uo, uu, uau, ueu, uai, uou, uan, uen, uon, uin, uun — aua, Sfc. — eua, eue, eue, eui, S^c. — aia, S^c. — (1) Another gratuitous difficulty as absurd as any, for masculine venses ending with an articulated consonant are, in fact, as much feminine as if ending with e, es or ent; and there is no difference in the sound of these rhymes : niortely fidele: la mer, amere f ils secourent, toujours, (2) A stupid practice encumbering the verse with a most parasite and nauseous sound at tlie exclusion of thought. 253 oua, oue, oue, oui, ouo, ouu^ ouau, oueu, ouai^ ouou, ouan, ouen, ouon, ouin, ouun, form in gene* ral two ^yllahles^ as in oui ( heard )^ jouissance, Zaire, ceans, Noe, jouais, gruau, Laocoon, avoue, Leon, suer, georgiques, persuader, Cain, nouure, fleau, louange, juin, Booz, poeme, ruait, createur, Zoile, Htuus, bleuir, tuons, Saiil, reintegrer, Rouen, Cloanthe, Pasiphae, louons, Baour, agree, influence, doua, Baal, lueur, cre«/, Joab, joueur, reunir, europeen, Pharaon, remnant, Eneide, Piritboiis, pays. E, oe, one, oui form but one syllable in coefFe, boete, poele, luoelle, fouet, fouetter, fcouis, oui (yes)^ and their relatives. R* oi, oin, m form one syllable i toi, foi, bois, loin, soin, joindre, conjointement, lui, bruit, suivre. E. Ml form two syllables in pituite, bruine, mine, fluide, and their relatives. R. in verbs in ier, i and the following sound form two syllables throughout the whole verb : denier, fier, manier, Her, epier, confier, eonfiant, confie, confions, cofifiez, confiais, confix/, confia, confie- rent^ confiasse, Sfc. R. ia,iai,iau, ianjie-n (pron. ian), iel, io, lu^form two syllables-, diamant, niais, raiauler, bestiaux, amiante, science, orient, material, kyrielle, violent, idiot, proportionner, reliure, Apius, Jansenius. E. ia, iai, ian, iel, io, form but one syllable in liard, diable, fiacre, familiarite, breviaire, viande, ciel, fiel, miel, ministeriel, pioche, babiole, fiole, and their relatives. N. iai jfcrm either one or two syllables in biais, biaiser. R. ie nnpreceded by 1 -or r and another consonant^ form one syllable in any other case th Mon dernier soleil se leve^ Et votre soufle m'enl^ve De la terre des vivants ; Comme la feuille secbee^ Qui de sa tige arraehee Devient le jouet des vents. Comme un tigre impitoyables^ Le mal a bris6 mes os ; Et sa rage insatiable Ne me laisse aucuu repos. Victime faible et tremblante^ A cette image sanglante Je soupire nuit et jour; Et, dans ma crainte mortelle^ Je suis comme riiirondelle Sous les grifFes du vautour. Ainsi, de cris et d'alarmes Mon mal semblait se nourrir ; Et mes yeux, noyes de larmes^ Rtaient lasses de s'ouvrir. Je disais ^ la nuit sombre : O nuit, tu vas dans ton ombre M'ensevelir pour to uj ours 1 Je redisais k Taurore : Le jour que tu fais Colore Est le dernier de mes jours I-^—./. JB. Rousseait, Fortune, dont la main couronn^ Les forfaits les plus inouis, Du faux eclat qui t'environne Serons-nous toujours eblouis ? Jusques k quand, trompeuse idole, D'un culte Aonteux et frivole Honorerons-nous tes autels ? Verra-t-on toujours tes caprices Consacres par les sacrifices Et par rhommage des mortelis ? 259 Le peiiple, dans ton moindre ouvrage Adorant la prosper! te,, Te nomme grandeur de courage, Valeur, prudence, fermete. Du titre de verta supreme II depouillc la vertu meme Pour le vice que tu cheris, Et toujours ses fausses maximes Erigcwf en Aeros sublimes Tes plus coupables favoris. Mais de quelque superbe litre Dont ces /teros soient revetus, Prenons la raison pour arbitre Et cherchons en eux leurs vertus. Je n'y trouve qu'extravagance, Eaiblesse, injustice, arrogance, Trahisons, fureurs, cru antes. Etrange vertu qui se forme Souvent de Fassemblage ^norme Des vices les plus detest6s I Apprends que la seule sagesi^e Pent faire 1^6 heros parfaits ; Qu'elle voit toute la bassesse De ceux que ta faveur a fails ; Qu elle n'adopte point la gloire Qui nail d'une injusle victoire Que le sort remporte pour eux ; Et que, devant ses yeux stoiques, Leurs vertus les plus heroiques Ne sont que des crimes heureux. Montrez-nous, guerriers magnanimes. Voire vertu dans tout son jour ; Voyons comment vos coeurs sublimes Du sort soutiendront le retour. Tant que sa faveur vous seconde, Vous ^les les maitres du monde, Votre gloire nous eblouit ; Mais, au moindre revers funefste, Le masque tombe, Thomme resle, Et le Mros s'evanouit. — J. B, Rousseau. 260 Je te perds fugitive esperance ; L'infidelle a rompu tous nos noeuds : Pour calmer, s'il se peut, nia souffrance, Oublions que je fus trop heureux. Qu' ai-je dit? Non, jamais de mes chaines Nul espoir ne pourra m*aftranchir : Ah ! plutot, au milieu de mes peines, Conservons ua si doux souvenir. — Hoffman. Que j'aimais a danser sur Therbette Aux beaux jours oii brillait mon printemps! Que j'aimais a cueillir la fleurette Dans Fete si joyeux de mes ans ! Mais a la fin de ma vaine autornne Pour moi Vertumne arriva sans fruit ; De ses frimats Fhiver me couronne, Et la mort au tombeau me poursuit. Un magister, s'empressant d'etouft'er Quelque rumeur parmi la populace, D'un coup dans Toeil se fit apostropher, Dont il tomba, faisant laide grimace. Lors un frater s'ecria : place ! place ! J*ai pour ce mal un baume souverain. Perdrai-je Toeil, lui dit messer Pancrace ? Non, mon ami, je le tiens dans ma main. J, B, Rousseau. Quand, pour ravoir son epouse Eurydice, >§ Le bon Orphee alia jusqu' aux enfers, L'etonnement d'un si rare caprice En fit cesser tous les tourmenls divers. On admira, bien plus que ses concerts, D'un tel amour la bizarre saillie ; Et Pluton meme, embarrasse du choix, ^ La lui rendit.pour prix de sa folie. Puis la retint en faveur de sa voix. if J, B, Rousseau, Est-on Aeros pour avoir mis aux chaines Tin peuple ou deux ? Tib^re eut cet honneur. Est-on heros en signalant ses haines Par la vengeance ? Octave eut ce bonheur. f J- 261 Est- on heros en regnant par la peur ? Sejan fit tout trembler, jusqu'k son maitre. Mais de son ire ^teindre le salp^tre, Savoir se vaincre, et reprimer les flots De son orgueil, c'est ce que j'appelle ^tre Grand par soi-m^me ; et voil4 mon A^ros. J, J8. Rousseau* Ce monde-ei n*^est qu*une ceuvre eomique OiH chacun fait ses r61es difFerents, lA, sur la scene, en habit dramatique, Brillewf prelats, ministres, conquerants. Pour nous, vil peuple» assis aux derniers ran^s. Troupe futile, et des grands rebut^e> Par nous d'en bas la piece est 6coutee. Mais nous payons, utiles spectateurs ; Et quand la farce est mal representee. Pour notre argent nous sifflons les acteurs, J. B, Rousseau. Quand du Aaut des cieux, oil la grandeur reside. La lune k longs flots repand son doux fluide, Chaque objet voil^ d'une obscure lueiir Prend, quitte et reprend un air sombre et trompeur Qui, peignant toujours un monstre imaginaire,. Glace de terreur le credule vulgaire. Telle, sur le globe encore k son berceau li'aveugle ignorance ^tendant un rideau, Dans tous les esprits engendrait Timposture. Les etres divers, enfants de la nature, Meconnus de Thomme epouvantaiew/ ses yeux. II leur crut une ame ; il en forma ses dieux ;: En des temples saints adora ces chimeres,. Et sur leurs autels il egorgea ses freres. La science enfin apportant la clarte Fit voir et cherir la simple verite, Principe eternel qui gouverne le monde. S'olan^ant alors de sa bassesse immonde, L'homme sur la terre agit en potentat; Et des dieux oignons, feu, serpent, boeuf et chat, L'esprit aftranehi dedaigna les mensonges, Ainsi qu'au r^veil on rit d'absurdes songes. 26a Au milieu clesclartes d'un feu pur et durable Dieu mit avant les temps son trone inebranlable. Le ciel est sous ses pieds ; de mille astres divers Le cours toujours regie rannonce a Tunivers. La puissance, Tamour, avec rintelligence, Unis et divises, composew^ son essence. Ses saints, dans les douceurs d'une eternelle paix^ D'un torrent de plaisirs enivres a jamais, Pen^tr^s de sa gloire et remplis de lui-meme, Adorent k Fenvi samajeste supreme. Devant lui sont ces Dieux, ces brulants S^raphins, A qui de Tunivers il commet les destins. 11 parle, et de la terre ils A^ont changer la face ; Des puissances du siecle ils retranchewf la race, Tandis que les humains, vils jouets de Terreur, Des conseils eternels accusciiit la /iaute«r.^Fd(^a2/*e, Mais quoi ! toujours la Aonte en esclaves nous lie I Oui, c*est toi qui nous perds, ridicule folic : C'est toi qui fis tomber le premier malheureux,^ Le jour que, d'un faux bien sottement amoureux, Et n'osant soup^onner sa femme d'imposture, Au demon, par pudeur, il venditla nature. Helas ! avant ce jour qui perdit ses neveux, Tous les plaisirs ct)uro^ew^ au-devant de ses voeux. La faim aux animaux ne faisait point la guerre : Le ble, pour se donner, sans peine ouvrant la terre, N'attendait pas qu'un bceuf press6 de Taiguillon Traf'At k pas tardifs un penible sillon : La vigne ofFrait par-tout des grappes toujours pleines, Et des ruisseaux de lait serpen taie/^f dans les plaines. Mais des ce jour Adam, dechu de son etat, D'un tribut de douleurs paya son attentat. II fallut qu au travail son corps rendu docile Forcat la terre avare a devenir fertile. Le chardon importun /lerissa les guerets ; Le serpent venimeux rarapa dans les forets ; La canicule en feu desola les campagnes ; L'aquilon en fureur gronda sur les montagnes. Alors, pour se couvrir durant I'^pre saison, Il fallut aux brebis derober leur toison. La peste, en meme temps, la guerre et la famine, Des malheureux humains jurerew/ la ruine. Boileau. 263 Me voild done au bout de mon ouvrage ! Non, pas tout-a-fait: il me reste une page. Tachoiis de la remplir de quelques joiis vers, Bien cadences, et de metre divers. Oil par pelotons les syllabes agiles En^corps d'onze, dix, douze, arrivewf sur trois files; On commande la rime et serve la raison. Mais qui celebrer sur ce fantasque ton ? Le froid Janvier et les maux qu il entraine ; La superbe Thamise expirant dans sa chaine; Les oiseaux engourdis et les chevaux, tombants; Le porter et le the, sans poison, excellents ; La Liberte Fran9aise aux assassins en proie; Les Jesaites damnes que Tenfer nous renvoie L'an vingt, plus mil, plus cent par huit multiplie ! Enfin celebrons moi du lourd joug delie Que le besoin grognard, a la jambe caduquc. Pendant deux longs ans m'imposa sur la nuque : Depuis FA jusqu'au Z j'ai traite tons les mots. Du noble D empruntons les treteaux, Et, charlatan fiefFe, mais de fiefs fort-peu riche, Aux bons John Bulls crions comme une aifiche : Mesdames et Messieurs, en Albion passe, De I'elegant gaulois j'enseigne FA B C. Pour peu, sous peu, vous saurez tout, nul doule; C'est le commencement qui d'abord seul vous cofite. •^^^^^^ .^^^^ ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THE EXCEPTIONS CONTAINED IN THE SECOND PART, INTENDED FOR REFERENCES AND READING, BEING AN IMPORTANT PROlMISCUOUS EXERCISE. N. B. In the explanations p. is for pronounced; ra. mute; sal. silival; unsal. unsalival; double consonants are both pronounced or silent ; the first number indicates the page; the second the article wherein the exception is found. Abas Abbatial Abbaye Abe, abed Abdomen Ab^u^vis Aberration A, i bb/?.,t//.sl(i5.2» aye;>. (t\ 162.10 p, ab^c6-d6 en/?, kie 176.18 s/?. 213. 7 rr/?.2l0.4 Abhocetabbac,t;?. 328.^3 Abhorrer v. Ablaqu^ation Aboinasus Abraxas Abrahain Accences Accessible Accessit rr/>.210.4 . XX p 228.3 s/>. 213. 7 s.^. 213. 7 ani/?.ame. 160. 2 S en/?, in, an, 176. X 20 ss/?. 216.19 t /?. 220. 2 Accourrai, accourrois rr />. 2 1 0. 5 Accroc Ac cue i I Accueillir, v, Acheron Achllle Acbill^e Achit Acbores Aeinac^s Aconit Acquiers } Q m, 166. 4 Jue^, eu 178. ^8 i ch p. ch or k. ) 169. 9 \unsal. 195. 4 U. p, U77sal, tp, 220. 2 cb/?.k. 167. 9 s/>. 213. 8 t p. 220. 2 r p. 209. 3 Acquerrai, acqnerrais rr/). 210. 5 Acratie t/).s. 222. 9 Acroebirisme > . u ^ i, i /"- o A u 1 I en J?. K. 10^. 9 AtTochordon i ^ Actiaqne Actiatique Acupuncture Addition Additionnel AdditionneTt;. Adducteur Ad^quat Ad bono res Admissible Adonis Ad patres iEgil(^s iElurus A^tien Afflux ^ t /?. s. 222. 9 unp, on 230. 12 >ddp. 170 u p. atu 228. 6 sp, 213 7 ss/?. 216. 19 >sp, 21 3.7 tp.s 222. 9 X 771. 233. 7 Affoiblirv. > . s .o. . Affoiblissement j^'/'-^^yi-i Ag^alactie Agasillis Agatis Ag^en Agenda Aonacat Agnanthus A gnat Agnathes Agnation Agnatique Agn^s Agnoites Agno^tes Agnus Agnus-castus Agrosiis Aigoc<^ros t p. s 222. 9 ( Up. unsal, s.p, ( 237 s./?. 213. 7 |en/>. in 176. 17 g, n/?. 181. 3 g, n, s /?• 236 ►g, n/). 181. 3 s p. 213. 7 g,n/?.18l. 3 s p, 213. 7 g, n, 6, s /?. 238 |s/?. 213.7 265 > J Aigu, lie, ue Aigui^re Aigui^r^e Aiguille Aiguill^e Aiguiller v. Aiguill^tage Aiguill^ter v, Aiguill^tier Aiguillette Aiguillier Aiguillon Aiguilloimer v Aiguisement Ains Ais Aix Albornos Ald^barara Alfos, alphos Alguazil Alimus Aliquante Alkerm^s AUantoide All^gorie Allegorique AU^goriquement AUego riser v. Allegro Alleluia Alliteration Allobroge Allocution Allodial Allodialit^ AUoiiyme Almanach Alods Alsace Alsacieii Amadis Amaryllis Ambesas aijt?.ei61.3 ai^. ej ujo. 229. 10 ^sjo. 213.7 xf>. sorks234, 10 s /?. S13. 7 am/7. ame s p, 213 7 wp. ou 229. 11 sp,^2l3. 7 u p, ou 228. 6 5p. 213. 7 ;>11/?. 196. 8 ^ ^ Ambitieusement } ch m. 169. 12 s^. 213.7 ^s;?.^ 212. 2 s/?. 213. 7. 11, s p. 237 s^. 213. 7 Ambitieux Amen Am^norrh^e Anier Amict Amman Amm<)Hia.c Ammonite t;?-s222. 9 en p. ^ne I76. 18 TV p. 211. 5 r p, 209. 3 ct »i. 167. 8 } m m p, 199. 4 {; am, am ;>. ame 60.2 p m. 208. 1 chjt?. k 167.9 sp, 213.7 tp. s222. 9 rrp, Sjo. s 213. 5 s/?. 213.7 Wp.unsaL 195.6 aye/?, ai-e 162. 9 sjo. 213. 7 oijo. h 191. 1 Amsterdam Anabaptistes Anachorete Anagyris Anap^tie Anarrhopie Anasarque Anchilops Ancillaire Andaye Angelas Anglois Annaire Annal Annate Annexe Annexer v. Annexion Annibilation Annihiler v. Anniversaire Annoise Annotation Annuaire Aimuel Annuellement Annuity Annulaire Annuler v. Antar^s s/>. 213. 7 Ant^cbrist st w. ^22. 7 Anti cceur c ^. k 1 65 . 2 Antinoiis s p, Antipestilentiel tp, s 222. 9 Antisalle s/>. s 213. 5 AntisiphilbtiqueJ ^fo r Anus s^. 213. 7 Aoriste aw. 163.14 Ao^jit p, aou or ou 163,17 >.nn p. 200. 2 Ao^iteron Apbille Apis Apodioxis ApoUinaire Apollon Aporrh^es Apositie Apparoitre v. Appellatif Appellation Appendice Appendicule A p. ou 163. 17 11 p, imsal, \&p, 213. 7 |lljt7. 196. 8 rr/7. t/?. s 222. 9 o\p, 6 191. 1 |ll/?. 196. 8 Sen jo. in 176. 17 266 >chp. kl67. 9 Apt t p, 220. 2 Aquarelle ~\ Aquatile Su p. ou 228. 6 Aqtiatique 3 Aquila-alba u/?. 228. 3 Arc-boutant K-^igg 4 Arc-bouter t;. Jc'^l^t).4 Arehaeo^raphe Archaeographie Archaeologie Archaeologue Archaisme Ar change Archang^lique Archetype Archi^piscopal Archiepiscopat Archontat Archonte Arcturus Argus Argille Argutie Aristocratic Aristod^mocratie Armillaire Annillcs Arsenic Artien } s;?.213. 7 1 unsaU 195. 4 St p. s 222. 9^ unsaU 195. \\\p. /6.4 c m, 166. 4 t ^, s 222. 9 {s m. arid p, 214. 7.8 s^. 213. 7 ch /?. k 167. 9 ct m. 167. 8 sp. 213. 7 |ss;?. 216.19 e m, 178. 31 J ss p. 216. 19 />thM. 222. 8 Js/?. s 213. 5 11;?. 197. 8 |s/>. 213. 7 Mt/;. 223.12 2^. 6chel69. 11 Auch^nopt^res ch p. k 167. 9 Aulx Ix w. 233. 8 As Ascl^pias Asiarchat Aspect Asperg^s Assation Assentiment Asseoir v, Asservir v. Assonance Atthmatique Asthme Asym^trie Asynoptote Asyndeton Atellanes Atlas Atropos Atticisme Attique Auch Auster Autorane Auxerre Auxerrois Auxois Auxonne Auxquels Avoine Avril Axillaire Ay (a town) Aye [a cry) Ayeul Azimut Babil Baccharis Bacchus Balanus Balbutiement Balbuticr v, Balsamier Balsamine Balsamique Balsamite Bantiale Bapt^me Baptiser v. Baptistaire Baptist^re Baril Basbord Basbordois r p. 209. 3 m w. J 98. 2 ►x/i.s 232. 2 X m 232. 5 S oip. oaor^ 191. I saU 194. 2 II ^.wwi«/. 195.6 p. ail 62. 7 p. ai-e 162. 9 ay p. ai 162. i 1 t p, 220. 2 B. 1 m. sal.^ unsaL 194. 2 213.7 . s 222. 9 1 m. 193. 2 s m, 212. 4 s w. ois;>. ^ 257 Batrachomyo- > j^^ j^^ ^^ niachie 5 ch. jp. k, s/>. 236 tt/>. 223. 13 Batrachuis Battologie Bayeux Bayonne Bayonnette Beaucoup Bec-d^^ne Bec-jaune Bellig^rant Belliqueux Bellonaires Belv^der Benjoin } r/>. 209. 3 Gnp. in 176. 17 ay/?, ai l62. 11 p. m, 208. 1 c w. 166* 4 p. 19r. 8 267 B^otie B^otien Bethl^em Baie Bibus Biceps Bien-aim6 Bien-aise Bien-^tre Bieufaisaut |t;7.s 222.9 em/>.eme 175.11 tp.s 222. 9 |sp.213-7 >p. bi^-n }ai p. ^ and eu 161. 5 Bienheureux p. bieneu 173. 6 Bil, bill {\lf '/'"'"• Bipinnatifide j Bi quadrat ique u p, ou 228. 6 Biquintile u p. 228. 3 gjg ' rs7W. »r|>. 214. 7. ay p. a'i 162. 11 tp. 2550. 2 aye p. ai-e 162. 9 ay p. a'i 162. 11 isp. s213. 5 en p. in ; rp. 237 aye p. ai-e 1 62. 9 d m. 170. 1 en/>. in 176. 17 is;?. 213.7 fp. or m. 179. 3 f m, 179. 3 (p. ^> ^ or a 179. C32 |s/). 213. 7 Bisayeul J3iscapit Biscaye Biscayen Bisexe Bisulque Bi venter Blaye Bled Blende Bl^pharoptosis Blocus Boeuf Boeufs Boh^me Boh^mien ^'Bohemillon Bolus Bootes Bot Botrys Bourbonnois {s m. orp.220. 2. s p, 213. T oi/?. e 191. 1 S g P g"j k or m, \ 182. 8. 183. 10 Bourg Bourg-^pine Brarh^lytres Brachial Bracbiopodes f ch p. k I67, Bi achypn^e i 9 Brachypt^res 1 Brachystochrone -^ Brayer J ay p. ^i, ai 162. gP' ^^ Brayette De brie et de Bris Brisis Brissus Broc Brut Brutien Bruxelles Buccellaire Buccellation Buguyere Bureaucratic But Byssus ay/7. a'i 162. 11 broc, c p, 170. 13 Ssp. 213.7 c m. 166. 4 t p. 220. 2 tp. s222. 9 X p. s 232. 2 1 11 p. 197. 8 up. 229. 10 tp. S222.9 ^ t nuorp. 220. 2. s p. 213. 7 Cacbectique Cachexie Cacocholie Caen Caid Calamus Calen Calleux Calligrapbe Calligraphie Calliope Callipyge Callitricbe Callosity Calus Calville Calvitie Campanille Cancellation Canceller v. Cancer Cantbus Cap^tien Capillac^ Capillaire Capillament Capillarity Captieusement Captieux Carch^sion Carmentes 5 cb p. k 167. 9 p. kan 163. 13 dp. 170. 2 sp. 213. 7 en p. in 1?6. 17 >11|>. 197. 8 sp. 213. 7 1 unsal, 195. 4 tp. s 222. 9 I unsaL 195. 4 |llp. 197. 8 r p. 209. 3 sp, 214. 7 t p. s 222. 9 II p. unsal, 195. '6 \tp. s 222.9 chp. k 167. 9 en p. in 176. 17 sp. 214.7 Cams Caryophyllo'ide U>. 197. 8 Casoar s p. s 213. 5 Catabaptistes p. 7n, 208. 1 268 Cath^er r p, 209. 3 |s;?. 214. 7 Wp.unsal. 195.6 Caucalis Causus Cavillation Cayenne Cayeu Cens ay/?, ai 162.11 ^um p. ome 230. ue p, eu 231. 16 fp. or w. 179 • 2 f w. 179. 1 enp.^ne 176.18 ^ch/?.kl67. 9 sm. or p. 214. 7. Centumvir Centumviral Centumvirat Cercueil Cer^s Cerf, cerfs Gerf-volant Cerumen Chalasie Chalastique Chalaza Chalazia Chalazophylaces Chalc^es Chalcies Chalcide Chalcidique Chalcioecies Chalcite Chalcographe Chalcographie. Chal copy rite Chaldaique Chald^en Chan Cbamaec^rasus chp. k, s p, 236 Cham^cisse ch p. k 168. 9 Cham^drys ^ ch p* k, s p, 236 Cham^leuc^e Cham^syce Chaomancie Chaos Chargeure Charisies "^ Charisticaire f Charisties ^ch />. k 168. 9 Chartophylax j Chef-d'oeuvre i m. 179. 1 Ch6iroptere Ch^lidoine Ch^lon^e >ch />. k 168. 9 Ch^loniens Ch^ionite chp. kl68. 9 geu/?, ju 178. 30 Chenil Chersonese Chersydre Ch^todon Chiliade Chiliarque Chiliastes Chiliogone Chiliombe Chinorrodon Chionanthe Chiragre Chirographaire Chirologie Chiromancie Ghiromancien Chironomie Chironomiste Chironomonte Chirotonie Choeur Cholagogue Chol^dographie Choledologie Chol^doque Chondrille Chondrographie Chondrologie Choudropt?rygien Chondrotomie Chora'ique Choraule Chordapse Choree Ciorege Chori^graphe Choregraphie Chore ion Choreveque Chorianibe Chorion Chorique Choriste Chorobate Chorodidascale Chorodie Chorographie Chorograpbique Choroide Chorus Chraient^ 1 m. 193. 2 ch p. k 168. 9 chp. k;rrp,337 f^ ch/?.kl68. Christ ch p. k, 8 p, 236 en p. ^ne 177. 23 {St p, or w. 222. 6. 7 269 Chus Chut Ciccus { sm,orp, 214. 7. 8 m, orp, 220. Cicogne Cicogaeau Cinq Circonspect ft, \2. 3 - sp. 214. 7 lc/>. k, g 165. 1 q w. or/?. 208.2 ct m, 167. 8 Circumincession, u p. o 228. 1 Cirrhifere rrp. 211. 5 c p*k, g 165. 1 f m. 179. 1 c nt, 166. 4 en p. an 177. 24 u p. o, ou, u 228. 2 X /?. s 233. 6 >1 unsal, 195.6.4 en p. an 177. 24 cp. k 165. 2 Claude Clef Clerc Client Clientele Club Clubiste Coccyx Codicillaire Codicille Coefficient Cceur Cognat Cognation 1813 5 sp. 21 :e / V. Ml p. 197. >ll »;u/?. ou237 Cognatique _ Colera-morbus s p, 214. 7 Collaborateur Collation nage Collationner Collection Collimation Colliquatif CoUiquation Collision Collocation Colloque CoUoquer v» CoUuder v. Collusion CoUusoire CoUusoirement CoUybistique Col umb aire Columella Comitial Commiss^ration mm p. 199. 4 Comparoitre v. oi p, e 191. 1 Compendium |^" P* ^"' ""''' P' ^ l^ome A\ p, 197. 8 ump. on 230. 12 11 p, 197. 8 tp.s 222.9 >p w 208 1 tp, 220. 2 chp. kl68. 9 Comptable Compter r. Compteur Comptoir Comput Concept Conchites Conchylif^re Conchyliolde Conchyliologie Conchyliologiste Conchy liotypolitbe ■ ConcourraijCon- -v courrois I Concurremment /rrp* 210. 5. 4 Concurrence i Concurrent Condamnable "^ Condamnation f ^„ wjq m 771, i9o. X Condamner ^- i Condamnatoire j Confarr^ation rr /?. 210. 4 Confidentiaire t ;t>. s 222. 9 Conjungo un p, on 230.12 Connoissable Connoissance Connoissement )>oi p. ^ 191» 1 Connoisseur Connoltre v, Conquiers r p. 209. 3 Conquerrai, con- querrais Consciencieuse- ^^^ j„^ ment ^ '^ Consciencieux Constellation In,, ^n-r » Constell6 /WP-W.g Consubstantial- "^ it^ Consubstantia- tion Consubstantiel Consubstanti- ellement Contentieuse- ment Contentieux Contiguity Xrrp, 210.5 /en p, i 24 ytp, s 222. 9 } u ;^ 229. 10 Contrefaisant,\ai p, ti or eu 161« &c. A A 3 270 Contrevallatioii 11^. 197. 8 Coiivers Coq-d'inde Coquesigrue Coralloide Corchore Corollaire Corollitiqufi Correct Cortes Cosinus Cotignac Couenne Couenncux Coup Courrai, cour- rois, Sfc, Coups Coutil Crie Croc Crocus Cr^sus Crim Croatie Crucifix r /?. 209. 3 q m, 208. 1 s p. s 2\S. 5 lip, 197. 8 ch;>. k 168.9 |ll/7. 197. 8 ct p. 167. sp, 214. 7 {S medial p, s ; s fin, p. 2S6 c m. 166. 4 e p. ^, a 178. p m. 208. 1 >rr|>.. 210. 5 s m. & p^ 214.7. 15 1 m. 193. 2 c m. 166, 4 c /?. or wi. 166. 4 Is^. 214. 7 im p ime 191. 5 tp. tor^ 223. 1 1 X >w. 233. 7 { } { Cryptom^allin 11 p, 197. 8 Cubitus^ Cucillage Cueillaire Cueillement Cueilleret Cueillette Cueyieur CueiUir v, Cueilluir Cuiller Cul Custodinos Cyclamen Cynorrhodon Cyn^cocratie s p, 214. 7 ^-ue/?. eu 178. 28 { r p. 209. 3^ 1 m. 193. 1 s p, 214. 7 en^. eiie,in 176. 19 IT p. 211. 5 t p. s 222. 9 D. Dalmatie Damnable Damn able merit Damnation Daroner v. t p, s 222. 9 >m m, 198* 2 Dassar^tien 1 ;?. s 222. 9 D^baptiser v, p //i. D^bentur \en p, in 176. Debentures J 17 D^bet t p, 220. 2 D^casyllabe *) Decasyllabique J ^V Decemp^de "\ Decemvirs {tva p. erne 175» Decemviral i 1 1 D^cemvirat 3 D4cennal nn p, 200. 3 s2l3. 5 D^compte 1 D^compter v.} p m, 208. 1 D^current rr^. 210. 4 Deficient en p. an 177. 24 Deficit t p, 220. 2 D^isidemonie s/y. s2i3. 5- Deliquescence! ,,^^3 o D<51iquescent /"P-228.S Democratic t /;. s 2^2. 9 D^payser *^. ay ^. ^i , ei 1 62. B Desempenn^ nu /?. 200. 3 Desenamoure 1 .^^^ a D&enivrere. )^"''-^»-n''^-^ D^sennuyert..V"2f a»-" '^^- D^sorienter ?;. en p, an 177. 24 Desquamation up. ou 228. 6 DesqueU U nudial m. ^I'i. Dessaouler Vi a wjw 1 63: 1 7 rU p unsnl, or 1 Dessiller ^ / ^r.- .- \ saL 19o. 5 ^r^" r p. 2 9.3 Devers ^ Devis s p, 214. 7 D^votieux 1 ^(-,« „ Devotieusement/^ ^-^ ^^^* -^ Diabetes s ^. 214. 7 Diachalasis ch /?. k, % p, 236 Diagnostique g n p, 181. 3 Diasebeste "V Dias^ne >s /?, s 213. 5 Diasostique 3 Diasphendon^se 5 'j^- '" *'^- Diasyrme s /?. s 213. a 271 ch p. k 1G8. 9 Dichor^e Dichotom Dichotome Dichotomie Didrachnie ch /?. g 16.9. 10 Dierville 1 unsal, 195. 4 Diesis &p. 214. 7 Diffarr^ation rr p» 210. 4 Differentiation "> Diffiirentiel M;?. s 232.9 Diff^rentier v, j Dijonois oi p, h 191. 1 Dilayer v, ay />. ai l62. 11 Dilemme e p, h 175. 13 Diocl^tien -^ Diocl^tienne Itp. s^^^, 9 Dipiomatie j Direct dp, 167 Discompte p m, 208. 1 Discourrai, ^c, rr/?. 310. 5 Disparoltre v, ui p. ^ 191. 1 Dissonance ss/?. 216. 19 Distichiasis ch p. k, s p, 236 Distill ateur i Distillation >1 unsal. 195. 4 Distillers. J Distinct ct /?. 167 District t m or p. 167. 7 Ditrochee ch p, k 168. 9 Divers r p. 209. 3 Dix X WA.^. s, z233.9 Dixiemement J '^ Dixme Dixmer t;. Dixmeur X. m. 232. 5 gi:i:::pf -"^ [x ;,. s 233. 9 lit ^ liti^me >x p. litain j z 233. 9 DiK-huit Dix-huiti^me Dix-huitaii Dix-neuf ^ ^oo ^ Dix-neuvi&me)''P""^^ 233,9 Doigfe 'J Doigter v, ^S ^' ^^^' ^ Doigtier 3 Dolicboclrome ch p. k 168. 9 Domitien t//. s223;9 Domptahle *\ DGmpter Vi >p w. §? p. 208. 3 Dompteur J Done c m. ^' p. 1^6. 6 Don Quixote Dot ' Douaire Dou airier Douairi^re DouceAtre Drachrne Drap Drayer v, Dunkerque Duumvir Duumvirat Dussaulx Dysanagog^ue Dys^pnlotique Dysesthesia Dysodre Dysorexie Dysurie X p. ch 232. 4 t p, 220. 2 >ai p ^ or a 161. 4 } ceAp. 8^178. 31 ch p, g 169.10 p m. 208. 1 ay p. ai 162. 11 un p. on 230. 1 2 uum p. uome 230. 13 Ix w. 233. 8 .s /?. s 9! ? '-? E. E'buUition E'chec E'checs E'chidna Echidn^ E^chinodermes E'chinomes E'chinomies E'chioid^s E'cho L''cbom^tr8 E'chom^trie Eclogue Een^phis E'cossois Ectillotique E'cueil 11 p. 197. 8 c p. 166 cm. or p. 166. 4 >ch p. k 168. S 7 .5 p. 214. 7 ch p. k 168.9 c p. «:, cl65. 1 s p oi p »5 214. 7 e E^den Efficient E'grugeure E'gytien E'lasagno'ides E'lenchtiqiie E'l^phaniiasjs FAUihore Ell^bcrine Ell^borine Ellipse Eliipsoide 191.1 11 unsal. 195. G uep. eu J78. 28 fen p, hie or in 1170. 19 en p. an 177. 24 geu/?. ju 178. 30 t ;> s 223'! 9 g, n p, 181. 3 en p. in 176. 17 s/;. 214. 7 ►11^. 197. 8 272 P> 197. 8 ^175 Ellipticit^ "^ Elliptique Ml Eliiptoide J Emmagasiner i;* Emmaig^rir v, Emmaillotter v, Emmanchement Emmancher v, Emmaucheur Emmanchure Emmanequiner v, Emmante!^ j Emmanuel {l^^/s ^'"^"^ Emmarchement Emmariner v. Emmarquiser v. Emm^lie Emm^nagement Emm^nager v, Emm^nagogues "Jemm p. anm Emm^nagologie Jor ^-mm 176 Emm^nalogie J 14 Emmener v, \ emm p, anm :er v, / 175 eram p, anm jmm p, anm '175 Emmenotter Emm^sostome Emmi Emmieller v. Emmiellure Emmitoufler v* Emmitrer v, Emmortaiser v, Em mot t^ Emmuseler v. or ^-mm 176. 14 emmp* ■175 anm E^oeller v, E'moUient Empenner v, Enarrhement Enarrher v, E'nas Encanthis Enchiridion Enchymose Encoignure 5 oe p. oe 07' oa i 179. 33 en p. an 177. 24 nn p. 200. 3 > en p. 6-n or an- ]i\ 172.3 I s p, 314. 7 ^ch p. k 168. 9 i m. lyi. 4 u /> i^09. 3 . 229. 10 Encourrai, ^c. rr p. 210. 5 Enfer Enguichure Enhach^ Enhaillonn^ Enhair t\ Enhardir v. en p. an 171. 2 Enbarraonique enp, an-n 171. i Enharnaehement "^ Enharnacher v» ^* Enhayeur Enherber v, Enhuiler v. en p, an 4171. 2 > en/?. an-n 171. 1 {en p, ^-n o^r an-n 172.3 >en;>. an-n 171,1 Enbydre Enivrement Enivrer «;. Enn^aconta^dre Enn^aeorde Enn^adactyle Enn^ad^ca^t^ride j^"" ^* ^^^- ^ Enti6agone Enn^andrie | Enii^ap^tale Ennoblir v. Ennui Ennuyer v, Ennuyeusemen Ennuyeux Enoiseler v. ? [ onn p. an-n ^"178.25 Enorcbite Enorgiieillir Enquiers Enquerrai, ais {en p, e-n or an-n 172. 3 ch p, k 168. 9 {en /?. 6-n or an-n 172. 3 c. V p. is, jr 172. 209. 3 rr p, 210. 5 Ent^rosarcocele s p. s 213. 5 Ent^rosch^ocele scb p, sk 213. 6* Entblasis Entrelacs Envergeure Envers Epicb(5r^me E'piploilis E'piplosarcom- phale sp, 214. 7 c m. 166. 4 geup. jul7B. 30 r p. 209. 3 eh /?. k 168. 9 s p, 2U. 7 >s /?, s 213. 5 E'piploscb^qcele sch p. sk 213. 6 Epistaxis s/?. 214 7 E'pitrochasme cb p.li 1G8. 9 Epizootic E'quant E'quateur E'q nation E'quatorial E'questre tp, S223. 9 >u p* ou 228. 6 u w. or p, 228. 5- 273 >up> 228. 3 u m 09' p, 228, 5 228.3 E'qul angle E^quiaxe E'quic rural E'quidiffi^rent E'quidistant E'quilat^ral E'qui latere E'quimulliple E'quinoxial E'quipoUence E'qui pollen t E'quipoller i Eyipond^rance].„ 323 E quitation • ^ i^P u/i. orw. 228. 4 228. 3 ; f U, 11 p, ^ 1197, 8 V. J s s p. 214. 7 E'ros Errata Erratique Errer v, Erron^ Escharotique Escient Escompte "> Escompter v. J "* Essentiel 1. Essentiellement /^ P* ^ -^^^^ ^ rr p. 210, 4 sch p. sk 213. 6 en p. an 177. 24 m. 208. 1 Est Estomac Et csetera E'teuf E'ther E'thocratie E'tiolement Eu, eus, ^c. St w. or;?. 222. 6 c m. 166. 4 t p. 220. 2 f»2. 179. 1 r p. 209. 3 |t p. s 223. 9 p. u 178. 30 Eucharistie *) , ^ ^ ^i^ r. Exact ct/?. or w. 167. 7 Examen en p. ^ne or in !ISxarchat ch /?. k 168. 9 Excipient en p. an 177. 24 Excr^mentiel t p. s 223. 9 Ex^at t p. 220. 2 Exempt 1 ^^„ , Exemptert.. j-P'»-208. 1 Expedient en p. an 177. 24 Exponentiel t p. s 223. 9 Extra-axiilaire U unsaL 195. 6 Extrados s p. 214. 7 f. Fac^tie Fac<^tieusemeiit Fac^tieux >t p. s 223. Faciende Factieux Factotum Factum Faien eerie Faiencier Faisant, rf-c Fait ^ Fallace en p. an 177. 24 t p. s 223. 9 urn p. on 230. 14 {um p. ome or on 230. 15 >en p. an 177. 24 aip. ^orel61. 5 t. m. or p. 220.3 1 Fallaci easement Ml p* 197. 8 Fallacieux Fantoccini Faon Faonner v. Fat Fayence Fayencier Fayencerie Fenil Fiat Fibrille Fiente Fienter v, Fier (proud) Filhon Fils Fissip^de Fissure Flagellans Flagellation Flageller t>. Fleur-de-lis Flores Flux Foetus Foiblag'e Foible Foiblement Foiblesse Foiblir v. Foil icul aire Follicule Fongus Forceps Fouriiil Fraisil Franc Francois 3 cc p. tch aonp. an 163. 16 o w. 163. 15 t p. 220. 2 ayen p. aian 162. 7ayi 3^^ p. 197. 8 1 m. 193. 2 {t m.orp,220.2j {1 sal. or unsaU ' 195. 5 >en p. an 177. 24 r p. 209. 3 Isal, 194. 3 {1 m.f s m,or p. 194.2 Iss or sp. 216. 19 } s m. 214. 9 s p. 214.7 X w. 233. 7 sp. 214. 7 .01 p. ^ 191.1 11 p. 197. 8 s p. 214. 7 n m. 193. 2 {e m, 4" p. 166. 170. 13 {oi p. oa a?ii? h 191. 2 274 Frater Fritillaire Fucus Fusil TiXt Gageure Galactirrh^e Gallate Galliambe Gallica Gallican Gallicisme Gallinasse Gallique Galop Gangrene Gangrener ?/. Gangreneux Garus Gaster Gaz Geai Gembe Gem me Gentiane r p. 209. 3 11 unsal, 195. 6 s p. 214. T 1 m. 193. 2 {tm, or p. 220. 2, G. geu??.juir8.30 rr p, 211 >\l p. 197. 8 1 J p m. 208. 1 . ganp.cano^*gan ^181. 1 Gentil { S p. 214. 7 r p. 209. 3 zp.235. 1 ;?. j^ 161. 3 em/?, in 175. 12 ep.^ 175. 13 tp. S223.9 1 p., ni.^sal.yUn- sal, 194. 2 Gentilhomme 1 ja/. 194. 3 Gentilshorames, 1 m. 193. 1 Gentilhommeau "^ Gentilhomraerv f| „^, ^o/^ «> Gentilhommerie {^ *''^' ^^^- ^ Gentilhommi^re 3 G^ognosie Ghilam Gilla Gille Gillerie Gingiras Girasol Giroselle O Gluteu Gni<.le Gnou Goaie Go4tien gnp. 181 amp. a me 160. 2 II unsal. 195. 6 >1 unsal, 195, 4 s p. 214. r |s/?. s 213. 5 en j^, ^ne or in 17^^19 gn /?. en or gn 182. 6 gn p. ni 182. 6 ip, s223. 9 Goth Grammatical Grammatiste Gran it Gratien Gratiole Gratis Grenetie Gr^sil Gril Grosil th m. 222. 8 S-mmp, 199.4 tp. 220. 2 \tp, s 223.9 sp. 214.7 t p. s 223. 9 1 sal, 194. 2 \m,orsal, 194.2 {1 />. *a/. or unsaL 194. 2 I up. on 229. 11 em p. in 175. 12 229. 10 Guadeloupe Guan Guembe Guise (prope7\ name) J ^' Guirantingua ua p. oua 229. 1 1 Guttural tt p. 223. 12 Gymnosophistes s p. s 213. 5 Gyn^cocratie , t p. s 223. 9 H Ha Habler v, Hablerie Hableur Hache H ache bach ^ Hach^e Hach^es Hachemens Hacher v, Hachereau Hachette Hachis Hachoir Hachure Hagard Haha Hah^ Haie Haie Hailer f, Haillon Haillons Haim, hain Haine Haineux Half V. H. m, or asp, 188 >hasp. 184. 1 275 >h asp, 184. 1 ■^ Haire Haireux, h^reux Haissable Halage Halbourg Halbran Halbren^ Halbrener v, Hale Haiebreu Halecret Halement Halener v» HMer v» Haletant Haleter v. Haleur Haliage Halle Hallebarde Hallebardier Hallebreda Halle-croq Hallier Hallucination 11 p. 19T. 8 H41oir Halot Halotecbnie Halte Halter r. Hamac Hamaux Hambourg Hameau Hampe Han Hanap Hanche Hannebane or Hennebane Hanneton Hangar Hanscrit Hanse Hans^atique Hansi^re Hanter l^antise flapp« Happelopin Happelourde Happer v, j >\i asp, 184. 1 Haque Haquen^e Haquet Haquetier Harai Haram Harame Harangue Haranguer v, Harangueur Haras Harasser v» Harceler v. Hard Harde Hard^esL Harder v, Karderie Hardes Hardi Hardiesse Hardi ment Harem >h asp, 184. 1 Hareng Harengade Harengui^re Harengaison Hareng^re Hargneux Hargni^re Haricot Haridelle Harle Harnacbement Harnacher v. Hamois Haro Harpail Harpailler v, Harpe Harp^ Harpeau Harper v, Harpie Harpigner v, Harpin Harpon Harponner v. Harponneur Hart {h asp. em p. ^me 184. li 17511 >-h asp, 184.1 { h asp, oi 191.1 p. ^ !^h asp, 184. 1 276 Harviau Hasard Hasarder v, Hasardeusement Hasardeux Hase Hasna, Hasn^. Hazn^ H^te H^telets Hatelettes liktev V. H^tereau H^teur Hatier H^tif Hativeau Hativement HA.tivet6 H^ture Haubans Haul) an er v, Haubergeon Haubergier Haubert Hausse Haussement Hausser v, Haussoire Haut Hautain Hautainement Hautbois Haut^e Hautement Hautesse Hauteur Hauturier Havamaal H^v« H^veneau Haveron Havet Havir v, HArre H^ Heaume Heaumerie Heaumier H^dypnoXs H^^ler V. H^liantbeme ;>h asp, 184. 1 J hasp.tm, 219.1 ^b asp, 184. 1 s;?. 214.7 > b asp, 184. 1 } tp,s 223. 9 Hellanodices "^ Hellanodiques Hellenes Hell^nique ^11 ]). 197. 8 Hell^uisme Hell^iiiste Hellenistique Helvetic Helv^tien {h asp. em p. erne 184.1, 175.11 H^morrous s p. 214. 7 Hend^cagone en p. in 176. 17 Hend6casyllabe{^^/'-'";'P-^ Henn^ h asp, 184. 1 Hennir 1 b asp,, enn p. a-n HennissementJ 184. 1, 178.27 h asp. or m, 187. 6 Hem Henri t p. s 223. 9 h asp, 1 84. I s p. 214.7 H^otie H^raut Herbaut H^re H^risser v, H frisson H^rissonner v Hermes Hernial re Hernie Hernieux Heron Heronneau H^ronner v, Heronnier H^ronni^re H^ros Herpaille Herpe Herp^tique Hers age Herse Herser v, Herseur Hesper r p. 209. 3 Hesycbastes 1^^^ j^ ^^^ ^ Hesycbastiquej ^' H^tre h asp. 184. 1 TT i. fh asp.y t ». 184. """^* |l,220. 2 Heurtequin "^ Heurter ?'. y\iasp, 184. I Heurtoir J Ai asp, 184. 1 277 sp.^u.r Hiatus Hibou Hie Hideusement Hideux Hie Hiement Hier v, Hier Hierarchic Hi<^rarchique 1 Hi^rarchiquement f h «i?p. 184. Hi^rarques Hinn^ Hisser v, Hiver Hoc Hoca Hocco Hoche Hochement Kochepied Hoehepot Hochequeue Hocher v. Hochet Hola Hollande Hollandois Homard Honsre > ^h asp. 1Q4!, \ vp, 209. 3 r I?. 209.3 >-h asp, 184. 1 I Hongreline Hongrer r. Hongrie Honni Honnir V. Honte Honteusement Honte ux Hoquet Hoqueton Horatien Horde Horion Hors Hotte Hottee Hotteur Houache Houbion \ hasp, or m, 1^7* oii?. ^ 191.1 |h «jpp.l84. 1 I h asp» or m* } 188. 11 h asp. 184. 1 5 h asp* or m, 11 87.7.9 A ^h asp. 184. 1 t p.s223. 9 B Houblonner v, Houblonni^re Houe Houer v.' Houille Houilleau Houilli^re Houilleur Houle Houlette Houppe Houpp^e Houppelande Houpper t;. Houppier Houraillis Hource Hourdage Hourder v* Hourdi Hourdis Houret Houri Hourque Housard Housche Houseaux Houspillier v» Houspilloa Houssage Houssaie Houssard Hussard Housse Housseatix Housser v. Housset Houssettes Houssi^res Houssine Houssiner v. Houssoir Houssou Houstalar Houx Houzures Hoyau Hoy^ Huage Huard Huau Hublot Huche B >h o^p. 184. t 278 Hucher v» Huchet Hu^e Huer V* Huet Huette Huguenot Huguenotisme ^h a^p. 184. 1 J Huit } orp. 187-. r. 10; C 220. 4 Huitain Huitaine Huiti^me 1 h asp» or m» Huiti^mement J 187. T. 10 h asp. 184. 1 urn/?, on 230. 12 sp, 214. 7 i^ha^i?. 184.1 Humbert Humerus Hune Hunier Huppe Hupp6 ^ura Hure Hurhaut Hurlement Hurler t/. Hutte H utter V, Hydatis T s p* 214. 7 Hydropiper r/?. 209. 3 Hydrosaccharum Isp.sgig.s Hydrosarque J ^ TT ^ en ». ^ne or in Hymen J ^^^ ^^ Hypochyma ^ Hyporch^me Jeh /?. k 168. 9 Hypotrach^lion 3 Hypoxis 5 p. 314. T' I. chp.kl68. 9 t m. 169. 12 s/>. 214.7 i ch p. k 168. 9 lachagogues lacht Ibis Ichor lehoreux Ichoro'ide Idem em p. ^me 175. 11 Idiosyncrase sp. s 213. 5 Ign4 •) Ignicole >g, n p. 181. 3 Ignition J 1 p, 9r m, 193. 2 V I unsal, 195. 4 Jg w.Uo/. 181.2 lis Imb^cille Imb^cilUt^ Imbroglie Imbroglio Impartial "^ Impartialement ft p. s ^23. 9. Impartiahte >^q Impatiemment i Impatience J Impatient Itp.s.enp.an Impatienter v. J '^ ' Imp^ritie tp.s223.9 Impregnation g, n p. 181. 3 Inaccessible Kg ^^ ^ p. 216. 19 Inadmissible ^ f gnp. saU oruu' Incogmto |*a/.i82.4 Inconvenient en p. an 177. 24 Incorrect ct p. 1 67 Indemniserv. \p. ^ran or amn Indemnity Indirect 176. 15 ct p. 167 s p. 214.7 Indomptable Ip ,,e. orp. 208. 1 Indompte J *^ " rr p. 210.4 \tp.s 223.9 ct p» or m* l67. 7 Inexpugnable g, n p. 181. 3 Infect ctp. 167. Infortiat tp. s223.9 Infundibuli. T ^^ ^n 33()^ ^^ forme J Ingredient en p. an 177. «4 Inguinal u p. 229. 10 Indistinct Indivis In^narrable Ineptie Inertie Inexact Inintelligible Initial Initiatif Initiation Initier v Innascibilite Inn^ Innom^ Innomin^ Innovateur Innovation Innover v, In-octavo In-quarto >tp. s 223. 9 -nn p. 200. 3 in p. i-n 201. u p. ou 228. 6 ■ 1 279 Insatiability 7 ^ insatiable Mp. sS52J.y InsatiablemeBt J , ^nc: a Instillerv. lunsaLW^^^ Instinct ct /yi. 167. 8 Intact \ctp. 167 Intellect J . . .^. k Interim imp. ime 191.5 Intermaxillaire 11 unsal. 195. 6 Interr^gne 1 ^^ ^^ 210. 4 Inter rex J ^ Interstellaire U p. 197. 8 Intransitif s/?. z212.2 Intus-susception sp. 214. 7 iris s P- ^^"^^ ^ Irlandois oi/>^ 191.1 Ischiatique ->. Ischio-caverneux i ^ Ischioc^le fschp.sk Ischion ^ 213. 6 Ischur^tique Ischurie Isle Islot isthme Isthmieus Isthmiques Item Ivroie 5: iih m. 222. 8 5 em p. ^me 175, ill J oi p. oa, or ^ <191.2 Jadis Japonois Jean Jerusalem Joug J^sus J^sus-Christ Jupiter Jusant Joinville I adeun J. sp. 214. 7 oip. e 191. 1 ewt. 178. 31 em p. emel98. g Wt orp, k, g 182. 8 s m, or p, 216. 18 s, st m. 222. 7 r p. 209. 3 sp. s213. 5 1 unsaL 195. 4 K. eunp. eune I ermes s p. 214. 7 Kirsch-wasser 238 Laeeure Lach^sis Lacs Laguis Lamella Lampas Laon Laonnols I Lapillo Lapis Laps Laqu^aire Larus LaserpHium Le Guide (pro- per name) Legs Lembaire Lemme Lemma Lemnisc^ros L^muncule L^pontien Lesquels Leucopbleg- matie Lbama Libellatique Libeller v. Lichen Lienterie Lille Lingual - Linguatule Liquation Liquefaction Lis Fleur-de-lis Lituus Llama Llanta Logistille Loncbitis Longueville Loocb Loquacity L6s Loup Lucayes L. ceup.sttl78. 30 chp. k>sp. 236 cp. or w. 166.4 s p. 214. 7 Up. 197. 8 aonp. an 163. 16 o m, 163. 15 Up. ww5«^. 195.6 sp. 214. r up. 228.3 s p. 214. 7: tpr S lup. 229. 10 } { g m. 182. 7 em p. in 1^5. 12 ep. e 175.12 mm p. 199. 4 s p. 214. r un p. on 230. 12 t p. s 223. 9 sw^tfia/,w.212. _4 \tp. s223. 9 1 sal. 196. 7 \Up. 197. 8 ^ ch, en p. k, ene I 237 en p. an 177. 24 1 unsal. 195. 4 }ua p. oua 229.-" 11 u p. ou 228. 6 up. 228.3 s w. ^ p. 214. 8 s m, 214. 8 sp. 214.7 \\sal 196.7 1 unsal* 195. 4 ch p. k, s p. 236 1 unsal, 195. 4 oop. o 206. 4 u p. ou 228. 6 sp. 214.7 p m. 208. 1 p. ai-e 162. 9 S80 Lucifer Lumaehelle humhagp Lun^ville Luxeuil Lychnis Lyonnois r p, 209, 3 ch p, k 168. 9 um p. on. 230. 3.3 lunsal, 195. 4 xp. S232. 2 sp, 214.7 oi p, ^ 191. 1 M. Machab^es ch p» k l^St 9 Machefer r p, 209. 3 Macroch^re ch /?. k 168. 9 Maestri cht t w. 169. 12 Magister r^. 209. 3 Magnat Ssnp.unsaLlSl. Ma^nes s p, 214. 7 Maieur ai p. ai l6l. 6 Mais s p. 214. 7 Malfaisant ai p. ^, eu l6l. 5 Malleability )„ ,n^ « Mall^ole J 11/^.197.8 Malleville 1 unsaL 195. 4 Mamlouk am p. ame 160. 2 Mammaire mm p. 199. 4 Mangeure geu p. ju 178. 30 Maniehordion ch p. k ld8. 9 Maniguidre ui^ p. ^ Marc c p. or m, 166. 4 Marchetto ch p. k 168. 9 Mars s p. 214. 7 Marseillois oi;o. ^ 191. 2 Marsilbargues I saL 194. 3 Martial t p. .v 223. 9 Masquapenne u p. ou 228. 6 Masseter r p. 209. 3 Mat tm. or p, 220. $ Maxiliaire Up. wwstt/.,195. 6 Mayence p. ai 162. 11 M^choachan ch, ch p. k 237. M^compte ) M^compteri'. 5 P^- ^"»- ^ M6connoissable S M^connoissaiice Joi p. ^ 191. 1 M^coinioltre i>. j M^iuUaire lip. 197. 8 M^las s p. 214. 7 M^iochia ch p. k 168. 9 Mempbite 1 ' u^r ^n Memphitique J em p. in 175. 12 Mend^s enp. in,sp. 236. Me^toy tjup. in 176. 17 Mephitis sp. 2t4.7 Merville \umdhld^,4i Mesdames "> ^ x/a-.^ Meslier 3 M^sochondriaque ^chp. kl68. M^sochore 5 9 Messer Tp. 209. 3 Messieurs r wi. 209* 1 M^tachor^se ch p- k 168. 9 M^taliique M^tallisatii M^talli M^tallographie i M^tallurgie \ M^tallurgiste -^ M^tas) nchrise s p. s 213. 5 t/?. s 223.9 {1 fa2. unsai, 194* 2 I «^/. 194. 3 lique -^ lisation i iisert;. ^jj j^^ 8 Mignotie Mil ip. aou 0** ou 163. Milhaud Mille Millegreux Mill^naire Mill^sime Milliaire Milliard Milliasse Milli^me MiUier Milligramme Millimetre Million Millioni^me Millionnaire Miltiade Minutie Minutieux Miscellanies Moelle Moelleux Moellon Moellonnier Mceurs Monachisme Mon^ris Monnoie Monnoierie Monnoyage Monnoyer v, Monnoyere Monnoyeur > 1 unsaL ] 95. 4 }11 p. unsaL 195. 6 >1 unsat, 195. 4 7 >tp. S223. 9 11 p. 197. 8 e p, h or a 176. S7W. orp,2l5. 14 ch p. k 168. 9 s p. 214. 7 >oip. e 19J.1 281 Moiiosyllabe Monosyllabique }si>. s 213. 5 Mons Monsieur Montassins Mordicus Mors Motus Mourrai, &fc, Moyse Mutille Myrrhis Myrrhite Myrrhinite Myrtille Myurus Nangaer Narrateur Narratif Narration Narrer v, N^cromant Necromancie N^g^undo Nenui N^penth^s N^potien Nerf Nerfs ^ Neuf Neufs Nicotiane Nid Nigua NiUas Niveraois Nodus Nombril s p. 214. 7 on p. o, rw. 309. on p, one 205. 1 s;?. 214. 7 {s ahvat/sm* 219. 20 sp.214. 7 rvp. 210. 5 oyp, 01 235. 1 1 unsal. 195. 4 rr, s p. 236. >rrp, 211. 5 1 unsah 195, 4 s/?. 214. >c/?.c or g 165.1 un/?. on 230. 12 e/j. a 178. 27 s». 214. 7 tp,s 223. 9 fp. or m. 180. 4 f m, 180. 4 f/?. orm, 180,6 fm.l80 6 t //. s 223, 9 d m. 170. 1 Mp, ou 229. 11 11 sah s /?. 214. 7 oip. ^ 191. 1 s p, 214. 7 1 m, 193. 2 '-? d/?.or;7i«st;p. Nord-est Nord-est-quart- est >, Nord-ester v, i Nord-ouest 3 Nord-ouester v, d p, or m, Novemvir, |ein /. eme 1 75- Nud d?w. 170. 1 Nullity 11/;. 197.8 Nummulaire Nuncupatif Nundinales Nuptial {umm p» omm 228.1 /un p. on 230. 12 t^.s223. 9 Oasis Ob^dienciaire "^ Ob^dienciel Ob^diencier Ob^dientiel Obiaia Obliquangle Obliquation Obliquity Obus Occiput Cchlocratie Ocbrous O. sp. 214.7 en p. an 177. 24 en p, an ft p. s, 1223.10 , t p. s 223. 9 "lu^.ou 228.6 u wi. or p. 228. 5 s p. 214. 7 :> CB /?. eu or ^ 178. 28 t/?. 220. 2 t /?. s 223. 9 s p. 214. 7 CEd^mosarque s /?. s 2 13. 5 CEil. CEillade OEillader v, CEill^re Oiillet CEilldterie CEilleton QCilletonneri/^ Oen CEnas CEuf CEufs Oignon ^ Oignoniere Oignonet en/?, ene 176,18 s p. 214. 7 fp, or jw. 180, 5 f m.180. 5 0\ P,0 191. 4 : Oleosaccharum s p. s. 213. 5 Olibrius s p. 214. 7 Ollaire ' 11 p. 197. 8 One c p, 166. 5 Onguicul^ gu p. 229. 10 Onirocratie "I ^ p. s 223. 9 Uniroentie J * Onychomancie ch p. k 168. 9 Oiize 1 ^^^ ^ Onzieme, j^^^' ^ Ophiucus t-„ 214 7 Ophris j^s/^. ^14. 7 Opiat t /?. 220. 2 Opobalsaraum s /y. z 212. 2 B b3 282 Opuntia {un p. on, t /? s 238 o-"^-~^{ft!l'i:r"' k 168. 9 Orch^sographie 1^^^^- ^' ^ ^• Orchestique Orchestre Orchestrino Orchidees Orchis ch/?. k, sp. 23G Orchite 1 , , ^^^ Orchotomie j^hp.kl68.9 Or^mus sp. 214. 7 Orgueil \ ue /.». eu Orgueilleusement J 178. 28 Or^ueillpiiK /"6-P- euor^ ur^ueilleux 1^^8.29 Orient Oriental Orientaliste \eTi p: an 177, 24 Orientaux i Orienter v, j Orl^anois oi p. e 191. 1 Os s /w.<^ p. 215.13 Osch^oc^Ie 1 1, i ^lo .^ Osehophoriesj^'^^-^'^^'^-^ Oscillation "J Oscillatoire m1^.ww5«/ 195.6 Osciller v, j Ostrogoth th m. 1P!5. 2 Oublieur r m, 209. 1 Oui 206. 6 Ours sm. o?'p. 215. 14 Outil 1 m. 193. 2 Outremer r p. 209. 3 Oxybaphon on p.one 205. 1 Oxysaccbarum s p. s 213. 5 P. Pachyderm es Pabnod Palladium Pallas Palliatif Palliation Pallium Palus Paunomie } chp. klG8. 9 d m. 170. 1 lip. 197.8 11, s p. 237 U p. 197. 8 11 p., uni p, ome or on 197. 8, 230.15 s p.214. 7 nii;>. 200. 3 Paon Paonne Paonneau Papillaire Papille Papyrus Paquet-bot aon;>.anlG3.l6 lorn, 163. 15 Wp.unsal. 195.6 1 unsal. 195. 4 s p. 214. 7 p. pak-bo >nt ^ ^* M;t7. s223. Paraguante u p. ou 229. H Paraphimosis s p. 214. 7 Parcourrai, 8fc. rr />. 210. 5 Parasol s p. s 213. 5 Pavdalhac 1 sal. 194. 3 Parisis s^. 214. 7 Parisyllabique s p. s 213. 5 Parnassim imp. ime 191. 5 Paroftre v, oi p. ^ 191. 1 Part t m, or p, 220. 3 Partial Partialement Partialiser - Partialistft /^^- s ^^6. 9 Partiality Partiel Pai tner r p, 209 3 Patellaire5 Wp. 197. 8 Pater (pater) r p. 209. 3 Pathognomo. I ^ ^^2 3 nique J Pathos s/?. 214. 7 Patiemment t p. s 223. 9 Patient \tp.s223.10 Patienter v, j ^ Patriarchal ch p, k IG8. 9 Pay en ay/?, ai 235. 2 Pays Payse Paysage ^ay p. ^i.l62. 8 Paysagiste Paysan P6(iuncule I .,„ „ ^„ ooo io r», , w >un ». on 230. 12 Peduncule J '^ i Pellicule Up. 1.97. 8 Penipbigode em p. in 175i II - fen, um, ». in, on Pen sum •< ^-^^ Pentaglotte "J Pentagons Jen p. in 176. Pentag-yuie Pentam^tre } { en p. an or in 177. 22 283 Pentapaste Pentapylle Pentarchie Pentasyringue i en/?, in 17^ ) en p, I 237. in, s/>. s Pentateuque Pentathle Pentecoraarque Pent^contarque Pentee6te Perdrix P^r^quateur P^ril Perip^tie Perisystole Peritie Persil Pervers Pestilentiel Pestilentieux Petiole Petiole Petit-qu^ Phebus Pher(5cratien Pher^phaties PhicUties Philautie Phillyre^ Phimosis Phlasis Phthiriasis Phyllobolie Physiognoraonie 1 Physiognomonique/ Picciolo Picrochole Pignoratif en p. in 176 en 2». an 176. 21 X 7n, 233, 7 u^. ou 228. 6 I sal. 194.2 tp. s 223.9 sp.s 213. 5 tp,s 223.9 1 m. 193. 2 r p, 209. 3 tp.s 223. 9 u /?, 228. 3 s^. 214. 7 }tp.s 223.9 t/?. tors 223 11 11/?. unsaL 195. 6 .5 s /?. 214. 7 182. riiiguin Pittoresque Plaquesain Platatini 11 p. 197. 8 3 cc ;?. tch ch p, k 168. 9 g» n/>. 182. 3 gu p. 229. 1 ttp. 223. 12 s/>. s 213. 5 imp. ime 191. Pollen Pollicitation PoUuer V, Pollution PoUu X Polonois Polycholie Polysyllabe Polysyllabique Polysynodie Pontuseau Pore Porc-marin^ ^ 11 /?., en p, kne I 237. Pl^nipotentiairet /J. s 223. 9 Plexus s p. 214. 7 Pleingeure .11/1.197.3 01 p. ^191. 1 ch p, k 168. 9 Plus PI us> petition Poele Poelier Po^MU Po^lonn^e { ^ /?, "32 ^ or a 179. i s;?. s2l3. 5 geu/?. ju 178.30 s m. or p. 214. 7> 10 s p, 214. 7 c /?. or m, 1 66. 4 c m, 166. 4 Porc-sanglier J Porter (porter) r p, 209. 3 Potentiel It//, s 223. 9 Potitiens J ^ Pouls 1 w, 193. 1 Precompter V. < K Pr^destinatia- ^ nisme C^*^ ^^^' ^ Pr^destinatiens j Pregnant j Pregnation J 182. 3 Pr^legs Pr^s^ance Pr^supposer v Presupposition Pieteutieux Pr^ville Priam Primatiale Primatie Prix s213. 5 g m. 182. 7 h tp. s 223.9 1 unsal. 195. 4 am/?, anie 160.2 It/?, s 223.9 X wi. 233. 7 kl68. 9 eme 175. Procharisteries ch p T» , fern 2?. e Proemptose -{ -t^ Progne Prompte Promptement Promptitude Prophetie Propitiation Propitiatoire Proquesteur qu p. cu 228. 3 Proschaer6teries sch p, sk 213. 6 Prospectus s /v. 214. 7 Protopaschites sch p. sk 213, 6 Protosyuceile s/?. s 2,13. 5 Pst p, 222 . gnp. 182.3 Ijp medial m, 203, 3 s 223. 9 284 Psycliagoge Psych agogi que Psychologic Psychomancie Psychostasie Ptisarie Pulluler V, ►ch p. k 168. 9 Punch Pupillaire Pupillarit^ Pupille Pus Pusillanime Pusillanimity Pyro-Iignite Pyrosophie p m. 208. 1 lip. 197.8 {un /?. on eh p, die 238. 11 p. unsal. 195. 1 unsal, 195. 4 s m. orp, 214. 8 }\\p. unsal. 195. gnp. 182.3 s;i. s 213. 5 qu p. cou 228. 6 PyrrtonUme }tP.201.5 Quademes {.^^--^ Quadrag^naire Quadragesimal Quadrag^sime Quadrangle Quadrangulaire Quadranguie Quadrat Iqup.c or cou Quadratique J 229. 8 Quadrature {^^.^-^ "'• «=»" Quadricapsulaire Quadricolor Quadrident^ Quadriennal Quadrifide Quadriflore Quadrifoliurai Quadriga Quadrige Quadrijugu^ Quadrilat^re {^^"/s' "'' '"" Quadrillion qu ^. cou 229. 6 ^ , .1 , . fqu p. c 07' cou Quadriloculaire < ^^^^^ ^ Quadrin6me S Quadripartition f qu p, cou 229. Quadiiphylle J6 Quadi jreme J qu p. cou r229. 6 Quadrisyllabe < Quadrivalve Quadrugi^e Quadrumane Quadrupede Quadrup^dologie Quadruple Quadrupler v» qup, 237 cou, s p. s > qu p. cou 229. 6 fqu \re 238. Quaiage Quaker Quaere ") Quak^rianisme if^ 'P' Quak^risme } Quanquam Quartidi Quartile Quarto Quartz Quartzeux Quasi-contrat Quasi-d61it Quas Quass Quatemaire Quaterne Quatern^ Quaternit^ Quatre yeux uai p. ^161. 3 p. cou, er p. cou 229* qup. cou, am ame 238 qu p. c or cou 229. 8 qixp, cou ^^9,6 qu p, c or cou 229.8 qu p. c or cou 2'i9. 8, s p, qu p. cou 229. 6 219. 21 cou. na p. { qu p. cou 229. 6 qu p. c or cou 229. 8, z p. , Vqu, S p. 237 Quatriennal V^^' Quatuor Quaz Questeur Questure Quia Quibus Quind^cagone Quind^cemvirs QuiiKiuaET^naire "^ 7^ . * *, . f U p., U p. OU Quuiquagesune \^Iq\ Quinquatries > ^^^* ^ Quinqu^ u, u p. 228. 3 Quinquennal > rt • • ^ su, u, nn ». Quinquennium S Quinquenove u, in p. 228. Quinquerce "1 Quinqu^r^me Ju, u p. 228. 3 Quinqu(^virs j up. 228.5 u p., em p ^me 285 Quintidi Quintiliens Quintuple Quintupler v, Quirinal Quit us Quotient >qup, 228. 3 s p. 214. 7 en p. an 10 /t p. s, 1223. 1 R. Rachialgie Rachisagre fechitique Rachitis Rachitisme Rachosis Radoub Rancoeur Rapt >ch p. k 168. 9 ch p. k, s p. 236 chp. k 168.9 c\ip, k, s /?, 236 bp. 164. 1 cp. kl65. 2 t p. 220. 2 R^bus s p. 214. 7 Recognition g> n ^. 182.3 Recollection 11 p. 197. 8 Recompter Vc p m. 208. 1 Reconnoissable ") Reconnoissance >oi p. ^ 191. 1 Reconnoitre v, j R^cr^dentiaire t jo. s 223. 9 Recueil *^ Recueilleraent/ ^ „231. 16 Kecueiliir v» i ^ Recueilloir J Recurrent rr p. 210. 4 Reddition dd p. 170 Redompter v. p m, 208. 3 Reflux X ?». 233. 7 Regnicole g> n p. 182. 3 Relaps s p. 214. 7 Remmaillotter v ^ Reramancherz.. S^^J"^-^^-"^ Remmener v. j R^moUient en p, an 177. 24 Renhardirz;. i,T^^^'^^>'^ R^pulluler v, 11 p. 197. 8 Requerrai, ^e, rr/?. 210. 5 Requiem u, m p, 237. Requiers Respect Ressusciter v, Restagnation R^sumpte R^sumpt^ Resumption R^tiaires R^v^rentielle Revers Rhaninus Rhinoceros Rhinoptie Rhum Rich Rit Rixort Roelmas Roide Roideur Roidillon Roidir v. Roterdam Rouennerie Ruiliee Ruiller v» Rum Rumb rp. 209. 3 /ctm. 167.B,170. ^ T&p» re or re ( 174. 8 , g, up, 182. 3 } } Saber dache Sacellaire Sais (savoit') Saint-Ouen Salsifix Sangsue Sanguisuges Sa6ne Saoui Saouler v. um /). on 230. 13 tp, s 223.9 r p, 209. 3 sp. 214. 7 tp,s 223. 9 p. rome 230. 13 ch p. che tm. or /A 220, 3 t p. 220. 2 s /?. 214. 7 oi p, oa, o^ or e '191. 2 amp. amel60. 2 {enn p» a-n 178 27 > 1 unsal, 195. 4 p. rome 230. 13 p, rombe 230. 1 2 S. ber p. bre 11 p. 197. 8 aip. e 161. 3 en p. in 176. 17 X m, 233, 7 g w. 181 : 2 {gu/?., s mediaL p. s 237 a M. 163, 14 a, 1 m. 236 a m, 163,17 Sapientiaux Satellite Satiete Satisfaisant, l^c, < ^^' ^ Scabellon 11 p. 197. 8 {en p. an, t /?. s 237 lip. 197.8 ti p. si 223.9 or e 286 >schp. sk 213. 6 Schidak^don Scholarque Scholastique Scholie Scholiaste Scientifique Scientifiquement / 177. 24 Scille }en /?. an 177. 24 I unsal, 195. 4 II p. unsal, 195. 6 ^ss o. sorss 216. :i9 ] tp.s 223. 9 p m, 208. 1 lunsaU 195. 4 fcjo. k or g 165. Scillitique Scintillation Scintiller v, Scissible Scission Scissure _ Scl^rosarcome^'g^^^^'^^^-^ Scolopomach^- 1 . i, «* /?« ^ rion |ch/?. kl68. 9 Scotie t />. s 223 Sculpter V, Sculpteur Sculpture S^bille Second Secondaire Secondement Seconder v. Secourrai, ^c, tt p» 210. 5 Secret 1 c p. k or g 165. Secretaire j 1 Seiim im jp. ime 191. 5 Semi-quintile qu/r. 228. 3 Sempiternel em p. in 175. 11 S^natus-consulte s-c p. 214. 7 Sens s 7n. or/1.214. 11 Seoir v, e m. 178. 31 Sept p m, t p. or m. 220. 4 Septemvir emp. ^mel75.11 Septennal nn p. 200. 3 Septi^me "l n m 208 1 Septi^mement/P'^'^"^- * Sequin Shako Sharif Sigillaire Sigillaries Sigillateiirs Sigilie Signet u p. 228. 3 >shp. ch 185. 3 unsal, 195. p. sinet 182. 5 t p. s 223. 9 1 unsal, 195. 4 {oon p. oune 205. j-sp. 214. 7 p w. 208. 1 J X p. s, z or 7/r» ( 233. 9 >x p. z 232. 3 00 p. ou 206. 4 >1 ?^'}l V^' ^^> Solenniser v, Solennit^ Solstitial Sommite Sot Soter Soubresaut SoCil Sourcil Sparadrap Spartiate Sphincter Sputer Squadroniste Squajote Squaie Squammeux Squ am mules Squiile Squillitique St Stachis Stagjnant Sta^ation Stathouder St^chas {tial p. sial. ^^Z, mm pi 199. 4 tm, or p. 220. 3 r p. 209. 3 {s medial p, s 213. 5 1 1 m. 193. 1 p m, 208. 1 ti p. si 223. 9 ?rp. 209.3 .qu p. ecu 229. 6 n unsal, 195. 4 p. 222. ch p. k, s p. 236 g, np. 182 3 er p. ^re or re 210.3 ch p. k, s p. 236 287 g, n p. 182. 3 In p. 197. 8 chp. k 168.9 ctp. 167 gu p. gou 229. 1 1 •ti p. si 223. 9 ct p. 167 11 p. t^n^a/. 195.6 1 W 196.7 p. sonde 170. 3 tienp. siaii237 Stegnotique Stellionat Stellionataire Stenochorie Stichom^trie Strict Sublingual Substantiel Substantielle- meut Succinct Sugillation Sully Sund Superpartient Superstitieuse- tnent Superstitieux Supr^matie Surannation nn p. 200. 3 Surfaisant, ^c. ai p.^ore 161. 5 Sur-bipartient ) tien p. sian Surpartient I 2ST Sur-quadri- i qu p. cou, tien partient J p. sian 238 Surseoir v, e m. 178. 31 Sur-tripartient tien p. sian 237 Suspect et m, 1 67. 8 Sympt6me pw. or p. 208.2 Synehondrose ?ehp.kl68.9 s 223. 9 Synchyse Syngnathe Syntexis Tabac Tabellionage Tab^s Tacet Taillemer Taler Taon Taulantien Taxis Telline Terpsichore Terraqu^ T^trarcbat T^trasyllabe Thallophores g, n p. 182. 3 s p. 214. 7 T. c m 166. 4 II p. 197 8 sp. 214. 7 t j9. 220. 2 Sr/?. 209. 3 ^ /?. tan or ton 163. ( 16 t;?. s 223. 9 sp, 214 7 Up. 197. 8 cb p. k 168. 9 u ;>. 228. 3 chp. kl68. 9 s/?. s 213. 5 ll.f?. 197. 8 Themis Theocratic Tiers Titien Titillation Toast Tonsillaire Tournesol Tournevis Tons Trachoma Tragus ' Tranquille Tranquillement Tranquilliser v. Tranquillity Transaction Trausalpin Transanimation sp. 214. 7 tp.s 223.9 r/7. 209. 3 tienj».sien323.9 \\p,unsal, 195.6 p, toste 160. 1 11 /?.Mn5a/, 195.6 sp.s 213. 5 s/>. 214.7 s »!• or/?. 215 12 ch/?. kl68. 9 s^. 214. 7 1 nnsal, 195.4 .s;7.z 212.2 z 212. 2 Transiger v, Transissement s/?. s or z 212. 3 Transit s /?. z, t /?. 237 Transitif Transition Transitoire Transsubstanti- ation Transsubstan- tier V. Travers r p. 209. 3 Tr^bellianique 11/7.197.8 Tr^cbeur Tribunitien Trichodes Trichomane Triennal Triennalit^ Triennat Trisection Triumvir Triumviral Triumvirat Trochaiques Trochanter Up, ti. •) f tia, tier p, sia, I- tsi6 223. 9 ch /?. k 168. 9 tp,s 223.9 ^ch/?. k 168.9 J>nn p, 20a. s/?. s 213. 5 um/?.ome 230.13 Trochee Trocholique Trochus Trop IV-autera Tyche Tycho-Brah^ } chp. k 168.9 ^ ch ^. k, er p. kre I 237 )ch /I. k 163. 5 9 ch /?. k, s /?. 236 p m. 208. 1 em/>.6me 175.11 ch p, k 168. 9 } Ubiquiste Ubiquitaire Umbares Umbilic Umble Une Unguis Univers Unzaine Us Ut Utrecht Vacillation Vaciller v» Vallaire Vaudeville Velleit^ Vellon V^nitien Vergeure Vermicelle Vexillaire Villace Village Viliageois Villanelle Villaquerie Villatique Ville Vill^giature Vi nonage Villette U. S88 Vindas Vingt ^ ^■^z qu j9. 228. 3 )>umj». 011330.12 231.17 c un/?. ou; u,sf?. ^238 r/>. 209. 3 un /?. on 230. 12 s J?. 214.7 t p. 220. 2 t^wa/w.169.12 ^ V, \Vi p^unsal 195. 5 6 11 p. 197. 8 1 unsaL 195. 4 lip. 197. 8 Urt/. 196.7 tp.s223.9 geup.ju 178.30 c p. ch 165. 3 11 p. U7isal. 195. 6 Vlww^«'. 195.4 Vingtaine Viiigtains Vingti^me Violoncello Virus Vis Visigoth Vivat Vocontien Volvulus Vomer Vraisemblable Vraisemblable- ment Vraisemblance Wisk, whist Wiski Wllans Watregans s p. 214.' 7 g m. t p. or m, 221.5 g w. 181. 2 cp. ch a65. 3 8 p. 214. 7 B w». or p. 214.8 th w: 185. 2 t p. 220. 2 t p. s 223. 9 sp. 214. 7 rp. 209.3 .s p. S 213. 5 >wp. ou 231. 1 X. X^nodochion ch p. k 168. 9 Xiphias s p. 214. 7 Xylobalsamum s p. z 212. 2 Yacht Zaejier Zaim Zinc & or et y. t m. 169. 12 Z. rp. 209. 3 imp. imel93 c p. 166. 5 227 THE END. '<^^ R. Clay. DevonsbiTcstTeet, bishopsgate. Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. 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