fllass 1° L \( B Z% Book. Mji GoRyrigtaU?.- _ COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT; h "A WORK OF ACKNOWLEDGED MERIT This Dictionary is not published by the original publishers of Webster 1 s Dictionary, or by their successors WEBSTER'S RELIABLE DICTIONARY FOR Home, School and Office BASED ON WEBSTER'S IMPERIAL AND WEBSTER'S UNIVERSAL DICTIONARIES AND EDITED BY THOMAS H. RUSSELL, LL. B., LL. D., A. M. EDITOR IN CHIEF OF WEBSTER'S IMPERIAL DICTIONARY, WEBSTER'S UNIVERSAL DICTIONARY WEBSTER'S INTER-COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY AND WEBSTER'S STERLING DICTIONARY ALSO AUTHOR OF FAULTY DICTION OR ERRORS IN THE USE OF THB ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND HOW TO CORRECT THEM, ETC., ETC. THE SAALFIELD PUBLISHING COMPANY AKRON, OHIO x'^ yQ 4? f> -K Copyright, 1907, by Walter Rogers Deuel Copyright, 1909, by Walter Rogers Deuel Copyright, 1911, by Walter Rogers Deuel ©-CLA292109 Q PREFACE HIS dictionary presents in compact form an unusually large vocabulary of the English language, with definitions of extraordinary completeness. The most cursory examination of this work will demonstrate the sin- gular and unapproached excellence of its definitions — that department of a dictionary in which information is sought by probably ninety -nine out of every hundred of those who use a dictionary. The booh is designed to be a thoroughly reliable, and strictly up*to-date reference worh that will be found equally useful in the school, the office, and the home. Hundreds of illustrations aid in the elucidation of the vocabulary words, and many unexpected and unusual features of value will present themselves to the reader. In orthography and pronunciation this worh coincides with the rules laid down by Noah Webster, which for all practical purposes are now regarded as the best by educators generally over so large a portion of the world as to make their acceptance practically universal and their authority standard. Having such a sound authoritative basis and in view of the comprehensive character of its vocabulary, definitions, and special features, this dictionary is issued with the confident assurance that it will not be found wanting in any essential particular^ THOS. H. RUSSELL. HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, ITS COMPOSITION AND DERIVATION. mHE English language, which is now the leading language of the world, being spoken al over the face of the globe as well as by the American and English peoples, was originally formed from one imported into Britain by various small tribes from the north of Germany, who settled in it in the fifth and sixth centuries of the Christian era, the principal of which were the Jutes, the Saxons, and the Angles. These, on invading the country, gradually drove the greater number of the aboriginal inhabitants, who were of Celtic race, westward, and into the mountainous parts of Wales, where their descendants are now located, and where their language is still spoken. Soon after these settlers arrived, the southern part of Britain was, after the chief tribe, called Angleland — i. e. y land of the Angles — or England; and the language which they spoke, formed from the amalgamation of their several dialects, was called Anglo-Saxon. This is a branch of the Teutonic group, and claims kinship therefore with the Indo-European family of languages, of which the Teutonic is a member. At the present time there are four groups of languages spoken in Europe, viz., the Celtic, the Latin, the Slavonic, and the Teutonic. The Celtic languages are Welsh, spoken in Wales, Gaelic in the Highlands of Scotland, Erse in Ireland, Manx in the Isle of Man, and Breton in Brittany. The Latin language is, with various modifications, spoken by the Italians, the Spaniards, the French, and the Portuguese. The Slavonic is spoken by the inhabitants of Russia, Poland, Croatia, and some parts of the Austrian Empire. The other inhabitants of Europe speak the Gothic languages, which are now generally called Teutonic. To the Teutonic belong the German, the Dutch, the Flemish, the Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian, and with these accordingly the English stands in close affinity. The majority of words in the English language, as now spoken, and all the properly English ones, are from the Anglo-Saxon, and include the more common, homely, and familiar words; as, come, go, Can, will, good, See, hear, above, home, bad. The others are, directly or indirectly, mostly from the Latin or the language of the ancient Romans, while the rest are from the Celtic, French, German, and Scandinavian languages, along with the Greek, which supplies the language with nearly all its scientific terms. Latin words were introduced partly by the Romans themselves, but mainly by the clergy of the Romish Church after Christianity was established, and by learned men after the revival of the study of the ancient languages in the 15th and 16th centuries- French words were added by the Normans after the Conquest, and relate to feudalism, law, the church, the chase, and cuisine. The introduction of Greek words connects itself with the rise and extension of scientific discovery. About the beginning of the 17th century, in the reign of James I. , the English language had already begun to assume the form in which we now find it, and is from that date entitled to be called the English language. From the time when the Bible was translated into English, and, by being printed, spread among the people; when the Book of Common Prayer was compiled, and, along with the Bible, read to the people in churches; and when great writers, such as Spenser, Shakspere, Ben Jonson, Bacon, and Milton, began to publish their immortal works in the every-day speech of the country, the language may be said to have become fixed; for, although numerous Greek and Latin words have been introduced since then to supply new terms required by the rapid extension of the arts and sciences, the language itself has, in its genius and form, undergone no material change. It is in all essential particulars the same as when it first took shape in the days of Queen Elizabeth and her successor, James. There are four periods in the history of the English language: (1) The Anglo-Saxon, or old English, from 450 to 1100, when the vocabulary was Saxon and the words were largely inflected; (2) the Early English, from 1100 to 1250, when French words began to appear and inflections to disappear or become confused; (3) the Middle English, from 1250 to 1485, when inflections in many cases disappear altogether, and French, which had been introduced, began to yield to it^ (4) the Modern English, from 1485 to the present time. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS DICTIONARY aor aorist. abbrev abbreviation. abl ablative. ace according. accus. accusative. a., adj adjective. adv adverb. agri agriculture. alg algebra. anat anatomy. ant antonyms. app apparently. arch archaic. archit architecture. arith arithmetic. astrol astrology. astron astronomy. attrib attributive. augm augmentative. B..... Bible. biol biology. book-k book-keeping. bot botany. c. (circa) about. c, cent century. cap capital. carp.. .. carpentry. cf. . compare. chem chemistry. cog cognate. coll., colloq. . colloquially. comp comparative. conch conchology. conj conjunction. conn connected. contr contracted. cook cookery. corr corruption. crystal crystallography. dat dative. demons demonstrative. der derivation. dial dialect, dialectal. Diet Dictionary. dim diminutive. dub doubtful. errlp* \ ecclesiastical eCCleS I history. e. g for example. elect... electricity. entom entomology. esp ..especially. ety etymology. fern feminine. fig figuratively. fol followed, following fort fortification. freq frequentative. fut future. gen genitive. gener generally. geog geography. Am., Amer.. American. Ar Arabic. A. S Anglo-Saxon. Austr Australian. - w Bavarian. Beng Bengali. Bohem Bohemian. geol geology. geom geometry. ger gerundive. gram grammar. gun gunnery. her heraldry. hist history. hort horticulture. hum humorous. i. e that is. imit imitative. imper imperative. impers impersonal. indie indicative. infin infinitive. inten intensive. inter j interjection. interrog interrogative. jew jewelry. /. c lower case. lit literally. mach machinery. masc masculine. math mathematics. mech mechanics. med medicine. metaph metaphysics. mil military. Milt Milton. min mineralogy. mod modern. Mt Mount. mus music. myth mythology. n., ns noun, nouns. nat. hist natural history. naut nautical. neg negative. neut neuter. n. pi noun plural. n. sing noun singular. N.T New Testament. obs obsolete. opp opposed. opt optics. orig originally. ornith ornithology. O. S old style. O.T Old Testament. p., part participle. p.a.,p.adj.\**£f™ l ^ c ' paint painting. paleog paleography. paleon paleontology. palm palmistry. pa. p past participle. pass passive. pa. t past tense. path pathology. perf perfect. Bras Brazilian. Bret Breton. Carib Caribbean. Celt Celtic. Chal Chaldean. Chin Chinese. Corn. ,, Cornish, perh perhaps. per s person. pfx prefix. phil., philos.. philosophy, philol philology. phon phonetics. phot photography. phrenol phrenology. phys physics. physiol physiology. pi plural. Poet poetical. pol. econ political economy. poss possessive. p.. n h i Book of Common Pr ' Bk \ Prayer. pr. p present participle. prep preposition. pres present. print printing. priv privative. prob probably. Prof ..Professor. ( pronoun; pron •] pronounced; ( pronunciation. prop properly. pros prosody. prov provincial. R. C Roman Catholic. recip reciprocal. redup reduplication. reft reflexive. rel related, relative. rhet rhetoric. sculp sculpture. Shak Shakspere. sig signifying. sing singular. spec specifically. Spens Spenser. subj subjunctive. suff suffix. super I superlative. surg surgery. syn synonyms. term termination. teleg telegraphy. Tenn Tennyson. Test Testament. ,V . j theater, theatri- theat 1 cals. theol theology. trig trigonometry. ult ultimately. v. i verb intransitive. voc vocative. v. t verb transitive. vul vulgar. sool zoology. Dan Danish. Dut Dutch. Egypt Egyptian. Eng English. Finn Finnish. Flem Flemish. Fr French. I ABBREVIATIONS— Continued Fris Frisian. Gael . ..Gaelic. Ger German. Goth Gothic. Gr Greek. Heb Hebrew. Hind Hindustani. Hung Hungarian. Ice Icelandic. Ind Indian. Ion Ionic. Ir Irish. It Italian. Jap Japanese. Jav Javanese. L.L. Z, Latin. Lith Lithuanian. 5 Low or Late ' ( Latin. M.B Middle English. M ex Mexican. Norm Norman. Norw Norwegian. O.Fr.... Old French. Pers Persian. Peruv Peruvian. °ol Polish. Port Portuguese. Prov Provengal. Rom Romance. Russ Russian. S. Afr South African. Sans Sanskrit. Scand Scandinavian. Scot Scottish. Singh Singhalese. Slav Slavonic. Sp Spanish. Sw..... Swedish. Teut Teutonic. Turk Turkish. U.S United States. W Welsh. PRONUNCIATION The pronunciation of each important word is clearly indicated by the word being respelled immediately after the vocabulary entry, no consonant being used in the respelling that has more than one sound. Unmarked vowels have their ordinary or short quality, as in pat, pet, pit, pot, but. Other principal vowel sounds are indicated by diacritical marks, as shown in the following examples: fate, far; me, her; mine; mote, move; mute; then. German u, as in Scotch gude, French du, etc. Where more than one pronunciation is given, the first is that preferred. THE VOCABULARY AND DEFINITIONS f^N. B. — The arrangement of the words in the vocabulary is strictly alphabetical, except in cases where, for convenience, derivatives are grouped in a paragraph with the words from which they are derived. Thus, the word cashier, signifying a keeper of cash, is found in the paragraph under cash, while cashier, to dismiss (which has no connection with cash), is separately entered and defined in its strict alphabetical place. When the word stands alone, without definition, its meaning or meanings can be seen without difficulty from the woids immediately preceding it. Thus violently signifies "in a violent manner ;" trusteeship, the office of a trustee; wanderer, one who wanders, and bulkiness, the state of being bulky. Participles formed regularly by adding -ing, -d, or -ed to the verb are some- times omitted to save space, but can be readily formed from the verb without danger of misspelling. Irregular participles are duly recorded with the verbs. Economies of space of this character have enabled a vast amount of material to be included that is not ordinarily found in works of this size. 8 A DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE fate, far; me, her; mine; mote, move; mute; then. a, a, the first letter in our alphabet and many other alpha- bets derived from the Phenician. i, the. indefinite article, a form of an. a, a or a, a prep, derived from the .old prep, on, and still used, as a prefix, in afoot, afield, nowadays ; also with verbal nouns, as a-building. a, a, a dialectic corruption of he or she, as in quotha. — a, usually written a', Scotch for all. Aaronic, -al, a-ron'ik, -al, a. pertain- ing to Aaron. Ab, ab, n. the fifth month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year. abaca, ab'a-ka, n. native name of Manila hemp. aback, a-bak', adv. (naut.) said of sails pressed backward by the wind: abactinal, ab-ak'ti-nal, a. (zool.) with- out rays. — adv. abac'tinally. abaction, ab-ak'shun, n. {law) the stealing of cattle by the herd. — n. abac'tor, one who does this. abacus, ab'a-kus, n. a counting-frame, a tablet:—/'/. ab'aci. — ns. abacis'cus, ab- ac'ulus, dims. of abacus; ab'- acist, one who irnrriTiTrn wmt- ; m$mmmmmm Abacus. counts with the abacus. Abaddon, a-bad'don, n. the destroyer : the bottomless pit. abaft, a-baft', adv. and prep, on the stern part of a ship: behind. abalienate, ab-al'yen-at, v. t. Same as alienate. abandon, a-ban'dun, v. t. to give up: to desert: to yield (oneself) without restraint (with to)> abase, a-bas', v. t. to cast down: to humble. — ». abase'ment, state of humil- iation. abash, a-bash', v. t. to confuse with shame or guilt. — n. abash'ment, con- fusion. abate, a-bat', v. t. to lessen : to mitigate : (law) to put an end to. — v. i. to grow less. — a. abatable, capable of being abated.* abatis, abattis, ab'at-is, n. sing, and pi. (fort.) a rampart of trees. abattoir, a-bat-war', n. a slaughter- house. abature, ab'a-tur, n. the trail of an animal. abb, ab, n. yarn for a weaver's warp. abba, ab'a, n. father, applied to God: also a bishop in the Syriac and Coptic churches. abbacy, ab'a-si, n. the office of an abbot: an abbey. — a. abba'tial. abbe, ab'a, n. originally the French name for an abbot, but often used in the general sense of a priest or clergyman. abbess, ab'es, n. the female superior of a religious community of women. abbey, ab'e, n. a monastery presided over by an abbot or abbess : the church attached to it: — pi. abb'eys. abbot, ab'ut, n. the head of an abbey : — fern, abb'ess. — n. ab'botship. abbreviate, ab-bre'vi-at, v. t. to make brief or short: to abridge. — ns. abbrevia- tion, a shortening, a part of a word put for the whole; abbre'viator, one who abbreviates. — a. abbre'viatory. a, b, c, a-be-se', n. the alphabet, hence fig. the first rudiments of anything. abdicate, ab'di-kat, v. t. and v. i. to renounce or give up office or dignity. — a. ab'dicant. — n. abdication. abdomen, ab-do'men, n. the lower part of the belly. — a. abdonVinal. — adv. abdom'inally. [L.] abduce, ab-dus', v. t. an earlier form of abduct.— a. abduc'ent, drawing back: separating. 9 10 abduct fate, far; me, her; mine; abort abduct, ab-dukt', v. t. to take away by fraud or 7 violence.- abeam, a-bem', adv. (naut.) on the beam, or in a line at right angles to a vessel's length. abear, a-bar', v. t. (prov.) to endure or tolerate. abecedarian, a-be-se-da'ri-an, a. per- taining to the a, b, c: rudimentary. abed, a-bed', adv. in bed. aberdevine, ab-er-de-vin', n. the siskin. aberrate, ab'er-rat, v. i. to wander or deviate from the right way. — a. aber- rant (zool. and hot.), wandering, deviat- ing in some particulars from its group.- abet, a-bet', v. t. to incite or aid (chiefly in a bad sense) : — pr. p. abet'ting ; pa. p. abet'ted.« abeyance, a-ba'ans, w. a state of sus- pension or expectation — also abey'ancy. abhor, ab-hor', v. t. to shrink from with horror: to detest: to loathe: — pr. p. abhor'ring; pa. p. abhorred'. — ns. abhor'rence, extreme hatred; (obs.) abhor'rency. — a. abhor'rent, detesting: repugnant (with of).- Abib, a'bib, n. the first month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year. abide, a-bid', v. t. to wait for: to endure: to tolerate. — v. i. to remain, dwell or stay : — pa. t. and pa. p. abode. — n. abid'ance. — a. abid'ing, continual. — n. an enduring. abide, a-bid', v. t. (Shak. and Milton) to redeem, pay the penalty for, suffer. Abies, ab'i-ez, n. the silver-fir. — a. abiet'ic, pertaining to trees of the genus Abies. [L.] abigail, ab'i-gal, n. a lady's-maid. ability, a-bil'i-ti, n. quality of being able : power : strength : skill.- abintestate, ab-in-tes'tat, a. inheriting the estate of one who died without having made a will. abiogenesis, ab-i-o-jen'es-is, n. spon- taneous generation. — a. abiogenet'ic. abject, ab-jekt', v. t. (obs.) to throw down or away. abject, ab'jekt, a. cast away: mean: worthless. — ns. abjec'tion, ab'jectness, baseness : degradation. — adv. ab'jectly. ab judge, ab-juj', v. t. (rare) to take away by law. abjudicate, ab-jo'di-kat, v. t. to give by judgment. abjure, ab-jor', v. t. to renounce on oath: to repudiate. — n. abjura'tion, official renunciation. — a. abjur'atory. — n. abjur'er. abkari, ab-ka'ri, n. the manufacture or sale of spirituous liquors: excise duty. ablactation, ab-lak-ta'shun, n. a wean- ing. ablation, ab-la'shun, n. act of carrying away: (geol.) the wearing away of rock by the action of water. — a. ablati'tious. ablative, ab'lat-iv, a. used as a noun. One of the cases of nouns and pronouns, Latin, etc. — a. ablati'val. ablaut, ab'lowt, n. (philol.) vowel permutation, as in smg, sang, song, swng. ablaze, a-blaz', a. in a blaze, on fire: gleaming brightly. able, a'bl, a. (comp. a'bler; superl. a'blest) having sufficient strength, power, or means to do a thing : skilful. — a. a'ble- bod'ied, free from disability: robust. abloom, a-blom', adv. in a blooming state. [Prep, a, on, and bloom.] abluent, ab'16-ent, a. washing or clean- ing by a liquid. — n. a medicine which carries off impurities from the system. ablution, ab-16'shun, n. act of washing, esp. the body: any ceremonial washing. — a. ablu'tionary. abnegate, ab'ne-gat, v. t. to deny. — ns. abnega'tion, renunciation ; ab'negator. abnormal, ab-nor'mal, a. not accord- ing to rule : irregular. — ns. abnormal'ity, abnor'mity. — adv. abnor'mally. aboard, a-bord', adv. or prep, on board : in a ship, or railway-car. abode, a-bod', n. a dwelling-place: stay. [See abide.) abode, a-bod', pa. t. and pa. p. of abide. abolish, ab-ol'ish, v. t. to put an end to : to annul. — a. abol'ishable, capable of being abolished. abomasus, ab-6-ma'sus, n. the fourth stomach of ruminants. abominate, ab-om'in-at, v. t. to abhor : to detest extremely. — a. abom'inable, hateful : detestable. abord, a-bord', v. t. (arch.) to accost. aboriginal, ab-o-rij'in-al, o. first, prim- itive, indigenous. — adv. aboriginally. aborigines, ab-o-rij'in-ez, n. pi. the original inhabitants of a country. abort, ab-ort', v. i. to miscarry in birth. — n. abor'tion, premature delivery, or the procuring of such: a misshapen being. — a. abort'ive, born untimely: un- abound mote, move; mute; then. abstruse 11 successful. — adv. abortively. — n. abort'- iveness. abound, ab-ownd', v. i. to be in great plenty: to possess in plenty (with in): to be filled with (used with with). about, a-bowt', prep, around : here and there in : near to : concerning : engaged in. — adv. around : nearly : here and there. above, a-buv', prep, on the upside: higher than : more than. — adv. overhead : in a higher position, order, or power. — a. above'-board, open, honorable. abracadabra, ab-ra-ka-dab'ra, n. a cabalistic word; a spell or conjuring word : mere gibberish. abrade, ab-rad', v. t. to scrape or rub off: to wear down by friction. abranchiate, a-brang'ki-at, a. having no gills. — Also abran'chial. abrasion, ab-ra'zhun, n. the act of rubbing off. — a. and n. abra'sive. abraxas, a-braks'as, n. a mystic word, or an amulet, consisting of a gem en- graved therewith on some part of it, often bearing a mystical figure o f combined human and animal form, used as a charm. [Said to have been coined by the Egyptian Gnostic Basilides in 2d century to express 365 in Greek letters.] abreast, a-brest', adv. with fronts in a line : side by side: (naut.) opposite to. abridge, a-brij', v. t. to make brief or short: to epitomize: to curtail. — n. abridg'ment, contraction: shortening of time, labor, or privileges : a compendium, epitome, or synopsis. abroach, a-broch', adv. broached: afloat: astir. abroad, a-brawd', adv. out of doors: in another country. abrogate, ab'ro-gat, v. t. to repeal. — n. abrogation, act of repealing. — a. ab- rogative. abrupt, ab-rupt', a. the opposite of gradual : sudden : unexpected : precip- itous. — n. abrup'tion, a sudden breaking off: violent separation. — adv. abruptly. — n. abrupt'ness. abscess, ab'ses, n. a collection of puru- lent matter within the tissue. abscind, ab-sind', v. t. to cut off. — n. Abraxas. abscis'sion, act of cutting off, or state of being cut off. absciss, ab'sis, abscissa, ab-sis'sa, n. the straight line cut off or intercepted between the vertex of a curve and an ordinate, measured along the principal axis. abscond, abs-kond', v. i. to hide, or quit a place, to escape a legal process. absent, abs'ent, a. being away: not present: inattentive. — v. t. (ab-sent') to keep (oneself) away. absinth, absinthe, ab'sinth, n. spirit combined with extract of wormwood. absolute, ab'sol-iit, a. free from limits or conditions : complete : unlimited : un- alterable : unrestricted by constitutional checks (said of a government) : (gram.) not immediately dependent. — adv. ab- solutely, separately : unconditionally : positively : completely.- absolve, ab-solv', v. t. to loose or set free : to pardon : to acquit. — n. absolv'er, one who gives absolution or acquits. absonant, ab'so-nant, a. discordant: absurd: unnatural (with to or from) — opp. to consonant. absorb, ab-sorb', v. t. to suck in: to swallow up: to engage wholly. — n. ab- sorbability. — a. absorbable, that may be absorbed. — advs. absorb'edly, ab- sorbingly. — a. absorb'ent, imbibing : swallowing. — n. that which absorbs. abstain, abs-tan', v. i. to hold or re- frain from. — ns. abstain'er, specially one who does not take alcoholic drinks; absten'tion, a refraining. abstemious, abs-teml-us, a. temperate : sparing in food, etc. — adv. abstem'- iously. — n. abstemiousness, abstersion, abs-ter'shun, n. act of cleansing. — v. t. absterge', to cleanse, purge. — adjs. abster'gent, serving to cleanse; abster'sive, cleansing: purga- tive. abstinent, abs'tin-ent, a. abstaining from: temperate. — n. abs'tinence. abstract, abs-trakt', v. t. to draw away: to separate: to purloin. — a. ab- stracted, drawn off: removed: absent in mind. — adv. abstractedly. abstract, abs'trakt, a. general, as opposed to particular or individual: separate : distinct. — n. summary : abridg- ment : essence. — adv. abstractly. — n. abs'tractness. abstruse, abs-tros', a. hidden: difficult 12 absurd fate, far; mg, her; mine; accident to be understood. — adv. abstrusely. — ns. abstruse'ness; abstrusity. absurd, ab-surd', a. obviously un- reasonable or false. — ns. absurd'ity, absurd'ness, the quality of being absurd : anything absurd. — adv. absurdly. abundance, ab-und'ans, n. great plenty. — a. abund'ant, plentiful. — adv. abund'- antly. [See abound.] abuse, ab-uz', v. t. to use wrongly : to revile: to violate. — n. abuse (ab-us'), ill use: misapplication: reproach. — a. abusive, containing or practising abuse. — adv. abusively. — n. abuslveness. abut, a-but', v. i. to end: to border (on). — ns. abut'ment, that which abuts : (archit.) what a limb of an arch ends or rests on; abut'tal, an abutment. — p. abut'ting, facing each other: front to front. abysm, a-bizm', n. a form of abyss. — a. abys'mal, bottomless : unending. — adv. abys'mally. abyss, a-bis', w. a bottomless gulf. — a. abyss'al. Acacia, a-ka'shi-a, n. a. genus of thorny leguminous plants. academic, ak-ad-em'ik, n. a student in a college. — a. belonging to an academy, or to a college or university. academy, ak-ad'em-i, n. a higher school : a society or school for the promotion of science or art. — adjs. academic, -al, of an academy. — adv. academically. — n. pi. academicals, a college costume acajou, ak'a-jo, n. the gum or resin of a kind of red mahogany. Acalepha, ak-a-le'fa, n. a class of radiate marine animals. [Gr. akalephe, a nettle.] acanthopterygian, ak - an - thop - ter-ij 1- an, a. having spiny fins. [Gr. akantha, thorn, pteryx, pterygos, a wing, a fin.] acanthus, a-kan'thus, Acanthus n. a prickly plant, called (archit.). bear's breech or brank-ursine : (archit.) an ornament resembling its leaves — also acan'tha. — adjs. acan'thine, acantha'- ceous. acarpous, a-kar'pus, a. (hot.) without fruit. Acarus, ak'ar-us, n. a genus of minute insects, embracing the mites and ticks. acatalectic, a-kat-a-lek'tik, a. having the complete number of syllables as a verse: without defect. — n. an acatalectic verse. acatalepsy, a-kat-a-lep'si, n. incompre- hensibility. — a. acatalep'tic. acater, a-kat'er, n. (obs.) a caterer. — n. pi. acates', provisions : food. acaulescent, a-kaw-les'ent, a. without a stalk. — Also acaulous. accable, ak-ka/bl, v. t. (obs.) to crush, to encumber. Accadian, a-ka'di-an, a. of or belong- ing to Accad, an ancient city. — n. an ancient cuneiform language. accede, ak-sed', v. i. to come to, or arrive at, a place or condition : to agree or assent (with to). — n. acced'er. accelerate, ak-sel'er-at, v. t. to increase the speed or progress of. — n. accelera- tion, the act of hastening: increase of speed. — a. accel'erative, quickening. — n. accelerator, one who or that which accelerates. — a. accel'eratory. accent, ak'sent, n. modulation of the voice: stress on a syllable or word: a mark used to direct this stress : peculiar mode of utterance. — v. t. accent', to express or note the accent. — a. accent'ual, relating to accent. — n. accentuallty. — adv. accentually. — v. t. accent'uate, to mark or pronounce with accent. — n. accentua'tion, the act of marking or pronouncing accents. accept, ak-sept', v. t. to receive: to agree to: to promise to pay: (B.) to receive with favor. — a. acceptable (ak-sept'a-bl) pleasing: agreeable. — ns. accept'ableness, acceptability, quality of being acceptable. — adv. acceptably. access, ak'ses, or ak-ses', n. liberty to come to, approach : increase. — n. access- ibility. — a. accessible, that may be approached. — adv. accessibly. accession, ak-sesh'un, n. a coming to : increase. accessory, ak'ses-sor-i, a. additional : contributing to: aiding: (law) _ partici- pating in a crime. — n. anything ad- ditional: one who aids or gives counte- nance to a crime. — a. accessorial, relating to an accessory. — adv. ac'cessorily. accidence, ak'sid-ens, n. the part of grammar treating of word inflections. accident, ak'sid-ent, n. an unforeseen or unexpected event : chance : an un- essential quality or property. — a. acci- accite mote, move; mute; then. accuse 13 dent'al, happening by chance : not essen- tial. accite, ak-sit', v. t. to cite or call, to summon. acclamation, ak-klam-a'shun, f n. a shout of applause — also acclaim'. — v. t. acclaim', to declare by acclamation.— a. acclam'atory, expressing acclamation. acclimatize, ak-kllm'at-Iz, v. t. to inure to a foreign climate — also acclim'ate. — n. acclimatization, the act of acclim- atizing: the state of being acclimatized — also acclima'tion. acclivity, ak-kliv'i^ti, n. a slope up- wards. — a. accli'vous, rising as an acclivity — also accliv'itous. accommodate, ak-kom'mod-at, v. t. to adapt: to make suitable: to adjust: to harmonize: to furnish or supply (with) : to provide entertainment for. — p. a. accom'modating, affording accommod- ation : obliging. — n. accommodation, convenience: fitness: adjustment: oblig- ingness : an arrangement or compromise . accompany, ak-kum'pan-i, v. t. to keep company with: to attend: to sup- port (a singer) by playing on any instrument an additional part. — ns. ac- com'panier; accom'paniment, that which accompanies; accom'panist, one who accompanies a singer on an instru- ment. accomplice, ak-kom'plis, n. an asso- ciate, esp. in crime. accomplish, ak-kom'plish, v. t. to complete: to bring about: to effect: to fulfil: to equip. — adjs. accom'plishable ; accomplished, complete in acquire- ments: polished.— n. accomplishment, completion : ornamental acquirement. accord, ak-kord', v. i. to agree: to be in correspondence (with). — v. t. to cause to agree: to reconcile: to grant. — n. agreement: harmony. — n. accord'ance, agreement : conformity. — a. accord'ant, agreeing: corresponding. — adv. accord'- antly. — p. a. according, in accordance : agreeing : harmonious. — adv. accord'- ingly, agreeably: suitably: in agreement (with what precedes). accordion, ak-kor'di-on, n. a portable musical instru- ment consisting of a hand- bellows, with keyboard and free metal reeds. Accordion. accost, ak-kost', v. t. to speak first to : to address. — a. accost'able, easy of access. accouchement, ak-kosh'mong, n. de- livery in childbed, accoucheur, ak-ko-sher', n. a man who assists women in childbirth. — fern. accoucheuse (ak-ko-shez'). [Fr.] account, ak-kownt', v. t. to reckon: to judge, value. — v. i. (with for) to give a reason: to give an account of money held in trust. — n. a counting : statement : value : sake : a reckoning as to money.— a. accountable, liable to account, responsible.' accouter, ak-ko'ter, v. t. to dress or equip : — pr. p. accou'tering ; pa. p. accou'- tered. — n. pi. accou'terments, dress: military equipments. accoy, ak-koi', v. t. (obs.) to still: to soothe. accredit, ak-kred'it, v. t. to give credit, countenance, authority, or honor to: to furnish with credentials. — n. accredita- tion, fact of being accredited. — p. a. accredited, recognized. accrescent, ak-kres'ent, a. growing: ever-increasing. — ns. accres'cence, gradual growth or increase; accre'tion, the process of growing: the growing together of parts externally : any ex- traneous addition. — a. accre'tive. accrue, ak-kro', v. i. to spring or grow as a natural result : to fall to any one by way of advantage. accumbent, ak-kumb'ent, a. reclining. accumulate, ak-kum'ul-at, v. t. to heap or pile up : to amass. — v. i. to " increase greatly: to go on increasing. — n. ac- cumulation, a heaping up : a heap, mass, or pile. — a. accumulative, heaping up. accurate, ak'kur-at, a. done with care : exact. — n. ac'curacy, correctness : exact- ness. — adv. accurately. — w. ac'curate- ness. accurse, ak-kurs', v. t. to curse: to devote to misery or destruction. — a. accurs'ed, subjected to a curse: worthy of a curse. accusative, ak-kuz'a-tiv, a. accusing. — n. (gram.) the case which expresses the direct object of transitive 'verbs (in English, the objective). — a. accus'atival. accuse, ak-kiiz', v. t. to bring a charge against: to blame. — a. accus'able, that may be accused. — ns. accus'al, accusa- tion; accusa'tion, the act of accusing: 14 accustom fate, far; me, her; mine: acquaint a charge. — adjs. accusatS'rial, of an accuser; accus'atory, containing accu- sation. — p. a. accused', charged with a crime: usually as a n., the person accused. — n. accus'er, one who accuses another. accustom, ak-kus'tum, v. t. to make familiar by custom: to habituate. — p. a. accus'tomed, usual: frequent: habit- uated. — n. accus'tomedness. ace, as, n. the one at dice, cards, dominoes, etc. acephalan, a-sef'a-lan, n. (zo ol.) one bi the Acephala, a class of mollusks, which present no traces of a head. — a. aceph'alous, without a head. acerbity, as-er'bi-ti, n. bitterness: sourness : harshness : severity. — a. acerb'. aceric, a-ser'ik, a. obtained from the maple. acetabulum, as-e-tab'u-lum, n. (anat.) the cavity which receives the head of the thigh-bone: also a glandular sub- stance found in the placenta of some animals : — pi. acetab'ula. acetanilid, as-et-an'i-lid, n. a white crystalline sublimable solid, produced by combining glacial acetic acid with anilin. It is used in neuralgia and rheumatism. acetic, as-et'ik, a. of the nature of vinegar: sour — also ace'tous, acetose'. — n. aces'cence, a tendency to sourness. — a. aces'cent. — n. ac'etate, salt of acetic acid. acetify, as-et'i-fl, v. t. or v. i. to turn into vinegar. — n. acetifica'tion. acetopathy, as-et-op'a-thi, n. the treating of ailments by the external application of dilute acetic acid. acetylene, a-set'i-len, n. a powerful illuminant gas, procured from the de- composition of water with calcium carbide and other hydro-carbons. Achates, a-ka'tes, n. trusty comrade. ache, ak, n. a continued pain. — v. i. to be in continued pain. — n. ach'ing, continued pain or distress. achenium, a-ke'ni-um, n. (hot.) a small hard one-seeded fruit. Acheron, ak'ker-on, n. death, hell — from the name of that river in the infernal regions of classical mythology. achieve, a-cheV, v. t. to bring to a head or end : to perform : to accomplish : to gain, to win. — a. achiev'able. — n. achieve'ment, a performance: an ex- ploit . Achillean, ak-il-le'an, a. like Achilles, the great Greek hero in the Trojan wars: brave, swift of foot, unrelenting in wrath. achromatic, a-krom-at'ik, a. trans- mitting light without color, of a lens or telescope. — adv. achromat'ically. acicular, as-ik'u-lar, a. needle-shaped. — Also acic'ulate, acic'ulated. acid, as'id, a. sharp: sour. — n. a sour substance: (chem.) one of a class of substances which combine with alkalis, metallic oxids, etc., to form salts. acidify, as-id'i-fi, v. t. to make acid: to convert into an acid. acidulous, as-id'u-lus, a. slightly sour : subacid: (fig.) caustic, sharp. acierage, a'se-er-aj, n. the covering of an engraved copper-plate with a film of iron or steel aciform, as'i-form, a. needle-shaped. aciniform, a-sin'i-form, a. in clusters like grapes, or having the form of grapes. acknowledge, ak-nol'ej, v. t. to own a knowledge of : to own as true : to confess : to admit or intimate the receipt of. — a. acknow'ledgeable. — adv. ac- know'ledgeably. — n. acknowledgment, recognition : admission : confession : thanks : a receipt. aclinic, ak-lin'ik, a. without inclin- ation, applied to the magnetic equator. acme, ak'me, n. the top or highest point: culmination or perfection: crisis. acne, ak'ne, n. a common skin disease. acock, a-kok', adv. in a cocked man- ner : defiantly. acolyte, ak'o-lit, acolyth, ak'o-lith, n. an attendant or assistant : (R. C. Church) one ordained to the fourth of the minor orders. aconite, ak'o-nit, n. the plant wolfs- bane or monk's-hood: poison. acorn, a'korn, n. the seed or fruit of the oak. — a. a'corned. — n. a'corn-shell, a name for the Balanus (L., acorn), a genus of cirripeds in the class Crustacea. acosmism, a-koz'mizm, n. disbelief in the existence of an eternal world. acotyledon, a-kot-i-le'dun, n. a plant without distinct cotyledons or seed- lobes. — a. acotyle'donous. acoustic, a-kos'tik, a. pertaining to or used in hearing. — n. acoust'ics, the science of sound. acquaint, ak-kwant', v. t. to make or acquiesce mote, move; mute; then. adage 15 let one to know: to inform. — ns. ac- quaintance, familiar knowledge: a person whom we know; acquaintance- ship, familiar knowledge. — p. a. ac- quainted {with), personally known: having personal knowledge of. acquiesce, ak-kwi-es', v. i. to rest satisfied: to assent. — n. acquiescence, quiet assent or submission. — a. acquies'- cent, resting satisfied: submissive. acquire, ak-kwir', v. t. to gain: to attain to. — n. acquirabil'ity. — a. acquir- able. — ns. acquire'ment, something learned or got by effort; acquisi'tion, act of acquiring : that which is acquired. — a. acquisitive, desirous to acquire. — n. acquisitiveness, propensity to acquire. acquit, ak-kwit', v. t. to free: to release: to settle, as a debt: to behave or conduct (oneself) : to declare inno- cent. acre, a'ker, n. a measure of land con- taining 4840 sq. yards. acrid, ak'rid, a. biting to the taste: pungent: bitter. — ns. acrid'ity, ac'rid- ness, quality of being acrid: a sharp, bitter taste. acrimony, ak'ri-mun-i, n. bitterness of feeling or language. — a. acrimo'nious, sharp, bitter.* acritochromacy, a-krit-o-kro'ma-si, n. color-blindness. acritude, ak'ri-tud, n. the quality of being acrid. acrobat, ak'ro-bat, n. a tumbler: a gymnast. — a. acrobatic. — n. acrobatlsm, the art of the acrobat. acrogen, ak'ro-jen, n. a plant that grows at the top chiefly, as a tree-fern. acrolith, ak'ro-lith, n. a statue made of wood and stone. acronycal, a-kron'ik-al, a. midnight, applied to stars that rise at sunset and set at sunrise.* acropolis, a-krop'ol-is, n. a citadel, esp. that of Athens. acrospire, ak'ro-spir, n. {hot.) the first , sprout from a seed. across, a-kros', prep, or adv. cross- wise of : from side to side. acrostic, a-kros'tik, n. a poem, etc., of which the first or last letter of each line taken in succession will spell a name or a sentence.- act, akt, v. i. to exert force or influ- ence: to produce an effect: to behave oneself: to feign. — v. t. to perform: to imitate or play the part of. — n. some- thing done or doing: an exploit: a law: a section of a play.- acta, ak'ta, n. pi. proceedings in a court of record, or the minutes of such. Actinia, ak-tin'i-a, n. a genus of marine animals including the animal flowers or sea-anemones. actiniform, ak-tin'i-form, a. having a radiated form. actinism, ak'tin-izm, n. the chemical force of the sun's rays. — a. actinic. actinolite, ak-tin'6-lit, n. a green variety of hornblende. actinometer, ak-tin-om'e-ter, n. an instrument for measuring the intensity of the sun's actinic rays. actinomycosis, ak-ti-no-ml-co'sis, # an inflammatory disease in cattle, swine, and sometimes man, caused by a bac- terium; lumpy jaw. action, ak'shun, n. a state of acting: activity: a deed: operation: gesture: a battle: a lawsuit: the movement of events in a drama, novel, etc. — a. ac'- tionable, liable to a lawsuit. active, akt'iv, a. that acts: busy'; nimble: effective: {gram.) transitive. acton, ak'tun, n. a stuffed leather jacket formerly worn under armor. actual, akt'u-al, a. real: existing in fact and now. — v. t. act'ualize, to make actual: to realize in action. — n. actual'- ity. — adv. act'ually. actuary, akt'ii-ar-i, n. a registrar: one who makes calculations connected with insurance. actuate, akt'ii-at, v. t. to put into or incite to action: to influence. — n. actua- tion. aculeated, ak-ul-e-at'ed, p. a. pointed: (fig.) pungent, incisive. acumen, ak-u'men, n. sharpness: penetration. acuminate, a-ku'min-at, a. (hot.) hav- ing a long tapering point. — v. t. acii'min- ate, to sharpen. — n. acumina'tion. acupressure, ak-u-presh'ur, n. a mode of arresting hemorrhage with a needle. acupuncture, ak-u-pungkt'ur, n. an operation for relieving pain with needles. acute, ak-iit', a. sharp-pointed: keen: shrewd: shrill. — adv. acutely. — n. acute'ness. — acute angle, an angle less than a right angle. adage, ad'aj, n. a proverb. 16 adamant fate, far; me, her; mine; adminicle adamant, ad'a-mant, n. a very hard attachment. — a. adher'ent, sticking to. — stone: the diamond. — a. adaman'tine, n. a follower: a partizan (with of), made of or like adamant. adhesion, ad-he'zhun, n. the act of Adam's-apple, ad'amz-ap'pl, n. the adhering or sticking to: steady attach- pro jection in front of the throat. ment- adapt, ad-apt', v. t. to make apt or fit : adhibit, ad-hib'it, v. t. to apply to : to to accommodate (with to or for). — ns. use. — n. adhibi'tion, application: use. adaptability, adapt'ableness. — adj. Adiantum, ad-i-an'tum, n. maidenhair, adaptable, that may be adapted. — n. a large genus of ferns. adaptation, the act of making suitable: adiathermic, a-di-a-ther'mik, a. un- fitness, pervious to radiant heat. Adar, a'dar, n. the twelfth month of adieu, a-du', adv. (I commend you) the Jewish ecclesiastical year. to God : farewell. — n. a farewell ;- add, ad, v. t. to put (one thing) to adipocere, ad'i-po-ser, n. a fatty, waxy (another) : to sum up: to increase (with substance resulting from the decom- to). — adjs. add'able, add'ible. — ns. add- position of animal bodies in moist places ibil'ity; addit'ament, an addition; or under water. addi'tion, the act of adding: the thing adipose, ad'i-poz, a. fatty. — adipose added: the rule for adding numbers tissue, the vesicular structure in the together : title, honor. — a. additional, animal body which contains the fat. that is added. adit, ad'it, n. an opening or passage, addendum, ad-den'dum, n. a thing to esp. into a mine, be added: an appendix :—/>/. adden'da. adjacent, ad-jas'ent, a. lying near to: adder, ad'er, n. the popular name of contiguous.' the viper.* adjective, ad'jek-tiv, n. a word added addict, ad-dikt', v. t. to give (oneself) to a noun to qualify it or limit it.- up to (generally in a bad sense). adjoin, ad-join', v. t. to lie next to.— addle, ad'dl, addled, ad'dld, a. dis- a . adjoin'ing, near: adjacent, eased: putrid: barren, empty.- adjourn, ad-jurn', v. t. to put off to address, ad-dres', v. t. to direct (with another day : to postpone.— v. i. to sus- to) : to speak or write to: to court: to pe nd proceedings for any time specified, direct in writing : to arrange properly.— or sine die.—n. adjournment, act of n. a formal communication in writing: adjourning: the interval it causes, a speech: manners: dexterity: direction adjudicate, ad-jo'di-kat, v. t. to deter- of a letter.. mine judicially: to pronounce. — v. i. to adduce, ad-dus', v. t. to bring forward : pronounce judgment* to cite or quote.— a. adduc'ent, drawing adjunct, ad'junkt, a. joined or added forward or together? to.— n. the thing joined or added, as a adductor, ad-dukt'ur, n. a muscle qualifying addition to a name : a person which draws one part towards another, joined to another in some office or addulce, ad-duls', v. t. (obs.) to make service.- sweet. ^ adjuration, ad-jor-a'shun, n. act of adenitis, ad-en-i'tis, n. inflammation adjuring: the charge or oath used in of the lymphatic glands. adjuring.- adenotomy, ad-en-ot'o-mi, n. a cutting adjure, ad-jor', v. t. to charge on oath or incision of a gland. or solemnly. adept, ad-ept', a. completely skilled adjust, ad- just', v. t. to arrange prop- (in). — n. a proficient. erly (with to) : to regulate: to settle. adequate, ad'e-kwat, a. equal to all adjutant, ad'joot-ant, n. a staff officer demands or requirements : suitable to appointed to assist a commanding officer : the case or occasion: comprehensive: — ns. ad'jutancy, office of an adjutant: proportionate : s u i f i c i e n t. — adv. ad'- assistance ; ad'jutant-gen'eral, the head equately.- of his department on the general staff adhere, ad-her', v. i. to stick to: to of the army: the executive officer of a remain fixed or attached (with to). — n. commander-in-chief. adher'ence, state of adhering: steady adminicle, ad-min'i-kl, n. anything administer mote, move; mute; then. adventure It that aids or supports : an auxiliary. — a. to embellish. — n. adorn'ment, ornament : adminicular. decoration. administer, ad-min'is-ter, v. t. to adorsed, a-dorst'. a. in heraldry, placed manage : to supply : to conduct : to apply : back to back. to impose. — v. i. to bring aid (with to), adown, a-down', adv. and prep. down. n. administration, act of administering : adrift, a-drift', a. or adv. floating as management : dispensation of sacra- driven (by the wind) : moving at ran- ments: the power or party that admin- dom. isters a government. — a.. administrative, adroit, a-droit', a. dexterous: skilful, that administers. — n. admknstra'tor, one adscititious, ad-sit-ish'us, a. added who manages or directs .me who ad- or assumed : additional, ministers or distributes ^r_ estate-. adulate, ad'u-lat, v. t. to fawn upon, admiral, ad'mir-al, n. the chief com- to flatter. — n. ad'ulator, a servile flat- mander of a navy: the commander terer. — a. ad'ulatory. of a fleet: a naval officer of the adulation, ad-u-la'shun, n. fawning: highest rank.. flattery. admire, ad-mir', v. t. to have a high adult, ad-ult', a. grown: mature. — n. opinion of: to love. — v. i. {arch.) to be a grown-up person. — n. adult'ness. affected with wonder (at). — a. ad'mir- adulterate, ad-ult'er-at, v. t. to cor- able, worthy of being admired. — n. ad'- rupt: to make impure (by mixing). — a. mirableness. — adv. ad'mirably. — n. ad- spurious : corrupted by base elements.- mira'tion, act of admiring: wonder, adultery, ad-ult'er-i, n. violation of with esteem, love, or veneration : aston- the marriage-bed. — n. adult'erer, a man ishment/ guilty of adultery: — fern: adult'eress.— admit, ad-mit', v. t. to allow to enter : a. adult'erine, resulting from adultery : to let in : to concede : to acknowledge : spurious. — n. the offspring of adultery. to be capable of. — n. admissibility. — a. — a. adult'erous, guilty of adultery. admis'sible, that may be admitted or adumbrate, ad-um'brat, v. t. to give allowed.- a faint shadow of: to exhibit imper- admix, ad-miks', v. t. to mix with fectly. — adjs. adum'brant; adum'bra- something else. — n. admix'ture, that tive, adumbrating or giving a faint which is mixed. shadow. — n. adumbra'tion. admonish, ad-mon'ish, v. t. to warn: advance, ad-vans', v. t. to put for- to reprove mildly.- ward : to promote : to encourage the admonition, ad-mon-ish'un, n. kind progress of: to propose: to supply or reproof: counsel: advice: ecclesiastical pay beforehand. — v. i. to move or go censure.* forward : to rise in rank or in value. — n. adnate, ad-nat', a. (hot.) growing progress: improvement: rise in price or close to the stem. value: a giving beforehand, also the ado, a-do', n. bustle : stir or fuss, sum so given : a loan. adobe, a-d6'ba, n. and a. a sun-dried advantage, ad-vant'aj, n. superiority brick, or made of such. over another : gain or benefit. — v. t. to adolescent, ad-o-les'ent, a. growing benefit or profit. — a. advantageous, of to manhood. — n. adoles'cence, the period advantage: useful (with to and for). — of youth. adv. advanta'geously. Adonis, a-do'nis, n. a beautiful youth, advent, ad'vent, n. a coming or beloved by Venus : a beau or dandy. arrival : the coming of Christ : the adopt, ad-opt', v. t. to choose : to period before the festival of the Nativ- take up or embrace : to take as one's ity. — n. Ad'ventist, one who believes in own what is another's, as a child, etc. the second coming of Christ to set up adore, ad-or', v. t. to worship : to love a kingdom on the earth, intensely. — a. ador'able, worthy of being adventitious, ad-vent-ish'us, a. acci- adored. — n. ador'ableness. — adv. ador'- dental: additional: foreign: appearing ably. — ns. adora'tion, divine worship, casually. homage; ador'er, one who adores: a adventure, ad-vent'ur, n. a remark- lover. — adv. ador'ingly. able incident: an enterprise: risk: the adorn, ad-orn', v. t. to deck or dress: spirit of enterprise. — v. i. to attempt or a 18 adverb fate, far; me, her; mine; aetiology dare,— v. t. to risk or hazard. — v. i. to iEneid, e'ne-id, n. an epic poem by f isk oneself : to dare.- Virgil, the hero of which is ^Eneas. adverb, ad'verb, n. a word used to aeolian, e-6'li-an, a. pertaining to or modify a verb, adjective, or other ad- acted on by the wind: aerial: of iEolis verb.— a. adverb'ial, pertaining to an or ^Eolia, a district of Asia Minor col- adverb, onized by the Greeks.— Also aeol'ic. adversaria, ad-vers-ar'i-a, n. pi. col- aeolipile, e-ol'i-pil, n. the first instru- lections of miscellaneous notes. men t made to show the power of steam. adversary, ad'vers-ar-i, n. an op- aerate, a'er-at, v. t. to put air into: ponent: an enemy. ^ to supply with carbonic acid or other adverse, ad'vers, a. acting in a con- gas. trary direction: opposed to: unfortunate: aerial, a^er'i-al, a. belonging to the mjunous.^atfo. ad versely.— n. advers- a i r: elevated, lofty, visionary. lty, affliction: misfortune. § aeriform, a'er^i'form, a, having the advert, ad-vert , v. t. to turn the mind form or nature of air or gas : unsub- to: to refer to. — ;w. advert'ence; advert'- stantial, unreal. ency, attention : heedfulness : regard.— aerify, a'er-i'-f 1, v. t. to change from a a. advert'ent, attentive.— adv. advert'- solid or liquid state into air or gas: to ently. _ fill or combine with air. advertise, adver-tlz, v. t. to inform: aerodrome, a'er-6-drom, n. a flying- to give public information or announce- machine having aeroplanes for support ment of. — v. i. to announce one's goods in mid-air. or wants publicly: to exploit. aerodynamics, a-er-o-di-nam'iks, n. advice, ad-vis', n. counsel: intelli- the science of the motion of the air and gence ^ (usually in pi.). other gases. advise, ad-viz', v. t. to give advice or aerolite, a'er-o-lit, n. a meteoric stone, counsel to: to recommend: to inform. — aerology, a-er-ol'o-ji, n. the branch of v. i. to consult. — ns. advisability; advis'- science which treats of the atmosphere. ableness. — a. advis'able, that may be aerometer, a-er-om'e-ter, n. an instru- advised or recommended : prudent : ex- ment for measuring the weight or density pedient. — adv. advis'ably. — a. advised', of air and gases. cautious: deliberate, as in well-advised aerometry, a-er-om'e-tri, n. the and ill-advised.— adv. advis'edly.- measuring of the air, pneumatics. advocacy, ad'vo-ka-si, n. a pleading aeronaut, a'er-o-nawt, n. one who for: defense. [See advocate.] makes ascents in a balloon.— adjs. aero- advocate, ad'vo-kat, n. an intercessor naut'ic; aeronautical.— n. m aeronaut'- or defender: one who pleads the cause 1CS » the science o£ aerial navigation, of another.—*/, t. to plead in favor of: ae ^ c P h / t ®' a er-o-fit, n. a plant to recommend. nourished by the air. advowson, ad-vow'zun, n. the right of aeroplane, a er-o-plane, n. a flying- patronage or presentation to a church machine supported by plane surfaces, benefice. aerostat, a er-o-stat, n. a machine adynamic, a-di-nam'ik, a. without formed to sustain weights in the air: strength or force. a flying-machine.- adz, adze, adz, n. a carpenter's tool. aerostatics, a-er-o-stat iks, n the [A. S. adesa; ultimate origin science of raising and guiding balloons, unknown.] ft aeruginous, e-ro'ji-nus, a. pertam- aedile, edile, e'dil, w. a IB in & t0 or like copper-rust or verdigris. Roman magistrate who had M aery, a'er-i, a. aerial, spiritual, vision- charge of public buildings, ff ary games, markets, police, etc. Jf aery, a'ri, or e'ri, n. the nest of any — n. as'dileship. [L. cedilis, jm bird of prey, esp. an eagle.- cedes, -is, a building.] &JBr aesthetics, es-thet'iks, n. the prin- aegis, e'jis, n. (orig.) a^^fc^A ciples of taste and of art: the philos- shield given by Jupiter to ^flai^ ophy of the fine arts. — Also esthetics. Minerva: anything that Adz. aetiology, e-ti-ol'o-ji, vi. the science protects* of causation,* afar mote, move; mute; then. afterclap 19 afar, a-far', adv. from a far distance: to a distance. affable, af'fa-bl, a. condescending: easy to be spoken to.- affair, af-far', n. that which is to be done: business: any small matter: (pi.) transactions in general: public concerns. affect, af-fekt', v. t. to act upon: to produce a change upon: to move the feelings of. — a. affect'ed, touched with feeling: full of affection: feigned.— adv. affect'edly. — n. affect'edness. — a. af- fect'ing, having power to move the passions : pathetic. — adv. affect'ingly. affect, af-fekt', v. t. to make a show or pretense of, to assume, to counterfeit or pretend to, to take upon oneself to: to practise, wear, or frequent. — n. affect- action, pretense. affection, af-fek'shun, n. kindness or love : attachment : a disease or abnormal state of body or mind.« affeer, af-fer', v. t. to fix , the market value of. afferent, af'fer-ent, a. (anat.) bring- ing to, applied to the nerves that convey sensations to the nerve centers. affiance, af-fi'ans, n. faith pledged: marriage contract : trust. — v. t. to pledge faith: to betroth.- affidavit, af-fi-da'vit, n. a written declaration on oath. affiliate, af-fil'i-at, v. t. to receive into a family as a son, or into a society as a member: to attach to, or connect with: to father on or upon.- affinity, af-fin'i-ti, n. nearness of kin, agreement, or resemblance : structural resemblance : relationship by marriage : a mysterious attraction supposed to exist between two persons . affirm, af-ferm', v. t. to assert confi- dently or positively : to ratify : to con- firm : (law) to make a formal declaration without an oath. — a. affirm'able, that may be affirmed. — n. affirm'ance, affir- mation. — a. affirm'ant — also n., one who affirms. affix, af-fiks', v. t. to fix to : to add : to attach. — n. affix, an addition to a root, stem, or word, whether prefix or suffix: any appendage or addition. affiation, af-fla'shun, n. a breathing upon. afflict, af-flikt', v. t. to give continued pain, distress, or grief: to harass, or vex. — pa. p. affiict'ed, harassed by dis- ease of body or mind: suffering/ affluent, af'flo-ent, a. abounding: wealthy. — n. a stream flowing into a river or lake. — n. affluence, abundance: wealth. afflux, affluks, affluxion, af-flux'shun, n. a flowing to : an accession. afforce, af-fors', v. t. (law) to rein- force (a jury or other deliberative body) by specially skilled persons. afford, af-ford', v. t. to yield or pro- duce : to be able to sell, to expend, or to bear the expense of. afforest, af-for'est, v. t. to turn (land) into forest. affranchise, af-fran'chiz, v. t. to free from slavery, or from some obligation. affray, af-fra', n. a fight causing alarm : a brawl, or fray. affright, af-frit', v. t. to frighten. affront, af-frunt', v. t. to meet face to face : to insult openly. — n. con- temptuous treatment: an open insult: disgrace. — p. a. affront'ed, insulted, offended. affusion, af-fu'zhun, n. the act of pouring upon or sprinkling: baptism by pouring the water on one. afire, a-fir', adv. on fire. aflame, a-flam', a. and adv. flaming : glowing. afloat, a-flot', adv. or a. floating: at sea : unfixed : in circulation. afoot, a-foot', adv. on foot: astir. aforesaid, a-for'sed, a. said or named before. aforethought, a-for'thawt, a. thought of or meditated before : premeditated. aforetime, a-for'tim, adv. in former or past times. afoul, a-fowl', a. or adv. entangled : in collision. afraid, a-f rad', a. struck with fear : timid. African, af'rik-an, a. pertaining to Africa. aft, aft, a. or adv. behind: near or towards the stern of a vessel. after, aft'er, prep, and adv. behind in place : later in time : following in search of: in imitation of: concerning: subse- quent to, or subsequently : afterward . — a. behind in place : later in time : more toward the stern of a vessel. afterclap, aft'er-klap, n. an unexpected subsequent event. 20 after-damp fate, far; me, her; mine; agname after-damp, aft'er-damp, n. choke- damp, arising in coal-mines after an ex- plosion of fire-damp. afterglow, aft'er-glo, n. a glow in the sky after sunset. afterguard, aft'er-gard, n. the sailors who work the after sails. aftermath, aft'er-math, n. a second mowing of grass in the same season: any subsequent result. aftermost, aft'er-most, a. hindmost. afternoon, aft'er-non, n. the time between noon and evening. afterpiece, aft'er-pes, n. a minor piece performed after a play. afterthought, aft'er-thawt, n. thought or reflection after an action : a later thought. afterward, aft'er-ward, afterwards, aft'er-wardz, adv. later: subsequently. . again, a-gen', adv. once more : in return: back. against, a-genst', also a-ganst', prep. opposite to : in opposition to : in contact or collision with : in provision for : in exchange for, instead of: (B. and Shak.) by the time that agastric, a-gas'trik, a. having no stomach. agate, ag'at, n. a precious stone: a small type. Agave, a-ga've, n. a genus of herba- ceous plants, the cen- tury plant or American aloe. age, aj, n. the ordi- nary length of human life: the time during which a person or thing has lived or existed : mature years : legal ma- turity: a period of time: any great period of human history, as the Middle Ages, or of individual history, as the age of infancy: a generation of men: a century. — v. i. to grow old. — a. aged (aj'ed), advanced in age: having a certain age. — n. pi old people. agenda, aj-end'a, n. pi. things to be done : a memorandum-book. agent, aj ent, n. a person or thing that acts or exerts power: any natural force acting on matter : one authorized or delegated to transact business for Agave. another. — n. ag'ency, the office or action of an agent; instrumentality. agglomerate, ag-glom'er-at, v. t. to collect into a mass. — v. i. to grow into a mass. — n. agglomera'tion, a growing or heaping together: a mass: a cluster. agglutinate, ag-glot'in-at, v. t. to cause to adhere by glue or cement. — adjs. agglut'inant, uniting or causing to stick together. aggrandize, ag'grand-iz, v. t. to make great or larger: to make greater in power, rank, or honor. aggravate, ag'grav-at, v. t. to make worse: to provoke. — a. aggravating. — adv. ag'gravatingly. — n. aggravation, a making worse: any quality or circum- stance which makes a thing worse: an exaggeration. aggregate, ag'greg-at, v. t. to collect into a mass: to accumulate. — a. formed of parts taken together. — n. the sum total. — adv. ag'gregately. — n. aggrega- tion. — a. ag'gregative. aggress, ag-gres', v. i. to make a first attack: to begin a quarrel: to intrude. — a. aggress'ive, offensive as opposed to defensive. aggression, ag-gresh'un, n. first act of hostility or injury: a breach of the peace: an attack on public privileges. aggrieve, ag-grev', v. t. to press heavily upon: to pain or injure. aghast, a-gast', a. stupefied with horror. agile, aj'il, a. active: nimble. — n. agil'- ity, quickness of motion: nimbleness — also ag'ileness. agitate, aj'i-tat, v. t. to keep moving: to stir violently : to disturb : to discuss. — ns. agita'tion, commotion: perturba- tion of mind : discussion : public excite- ment; ag'itator, one who excites or keeps up a public agitation. aglet, aiglet, a'glet, n. the tag or point of the lace or string by which different parts of dress were fastened together. aglimmer, a-glim'er, adv. in a glim- mering state. aglow, a-glo', a. and adv. very warm : red-hot. agnail, ag'nal, n. an inflammation round the toe- or finger-nail : a whitlow : a hangnail. agname, ag'nam, n. a name over and above the name and surname. agnate mote, move; mute; then. air 21 Agnus Dei. agnate, ag'nat, a. related on the father's side: allied. agnise, ag-nlz', v. t. (arch.) to ac- knowledge, to confess. agnomen, ag-no'men, n. a surname added to the family name : a nickname. agnostic, ag-nos'tik, n. one who holds that we know nothing of things beyond material phenomena — that a First Cause and an unseen world are things unknown and apparently unknowable.- Agnus Dei, ag'nus-de'i, a part of the Mass beginning with the words Agnus Dei, also the music set to it: a figure of a lamb emblem- atic of Christ, bear- ing with its right foot the banner of the cross, and hav- ing the nimbus in- scribed with the cross around its head: a round cake of wax stamped with such a figure, and blessed by the Pope. [L. lit. 'lamb of God.'] ago, a-go', agone, a-gon', adv. gone: past: since. agog, a-gog', a. or adv. eager: astir. agoing, a-go'ing, adv. going on: current. agonic, a-gon'ik, a. having or making no angle. agony, ag'o-ni, n. a violent struggle: extreme suffering: Christ's anguish in Gethsemane. — v. t. ag'onize, to struggle, suffer agony: to subject to agony. — a. ag'onizing, causing agony. — adv. ag'- onizingly. agora, ag'o-ra, n. an assembly, hence a place of assembly, the market-place. agrarian, ag-ra/ri-an, a. relating to land, or its management: rural. — n. agra'rianism, an equal division of lands : a political movement to that end. agree, a-gre', v. i. to be of one mind: to concur: to assent to: to be con- sistent, to harmonize : to determine, to settle: to resemble, to suit: (gram.) to be in concord with. — a. agree'able, suit- able: pleasant: favorable to, consent- ing to. agrestic, a-gres'tik, a. pertaining to the fields: rural: unpolished. agriculture, ag'ri-kult-ur, n. the art or practice of cultivating the land. — a. agricultural, relating to agriculture.- agronomial, ag-ro-no'mi-al, a. relat- ing to , the management of farms — also agronom'ic. aground, a-grownd', adv. stranded. aguardiente, a-gwar-di-en'te, n. a kind of grape-brandy made in Spain and Portugal: any spirituous liquor. ague, a/gii, n. a fever coming in periodical fits, accompanied with shiver- ing : chilliness : quaking. ah, a, interj. an exclamation of sur- prise, joy, pity, complaint, etc. aha, a-ha', interj. an exclamation of exultation, pleasure, surprise, or con- tempt:. ahead, a-hed', adv. farther on: in advance. ahoy, a-hoi', interj. a nautical term used in hailing. ahull, a-hul', adv. (naut.) with sails furled, and helm lashed to the lee-side, driving before the wind, stern foremost. aid, ad, v. t. to help, assist. — n. help : an auxiliary: subsidy. — ns. aid'ance, aid, help, support; aid'er, one who brings aid: a helper. aide-de-camp, ad'-de-kong, n. an of- ficer who carries the orders of a general on the field, and brings him intelligence . aigret, aigrette, a'gret, n. (zool.) a small white heron: (bot.) the down attached to vegetable seeds : a plume composed of feathers, or of precious stones. aiguille, a-gweT, n. a sharp peak of rock: a slender drill. ail, al, v. i. to feel pain : to be in trouble. — v. t. to trouble, afHict — in phrase 'What ails you ?' — n. trouble : in- disposition. — n. ail'ment, pain: indis- position : disease. aim, am, v. i. to point with a weapon : to direct the intention or endeavor (at). — v. t. to point, as a weapon or firearm. — n. the pointing of a weapon : the thing pointed at: design: intention. ain't, ant, a colloquial contraction for am not, are not, is not — also an't= aren't, isn't, etc. — an't (Shak.) occurs as a variant of on't=on it, of it. air, ar, n. the gaseous fluid which we breathe : the atmosphere : a light breeze : publicity : the bearing of a person : out- ward appearance, manner, look : an as- sumed or affected manner: (mus.) a 22 aisle fate, far; me, her; mine alembic rhythmical melody: a song: the soprano part in a harmonized composition, being that which gives it its character : (pi.) affectation. — v. t. to expose to the air: to dry: to expose to warm air. aisle, II, n. any lateral division of any part of a church, whether of nave, choir, or transept: the passage in a church, theater, etc., between the pews or seats. ajar, a-jar', adv. partly open. ajutage, adjutage, ad'joo-taj, n. a spout or nozle. akimbo, a-kim'bo, a. with hand on hip and elbow bent outward. akin, a-kin', a. of kin: related by blood: having the same properties. alabaster, al'a-bas-ter, n. a semi- transparent kind of gypsum or sulphate of lime: the fine limestone deposited as stalagmites and stalactites. alack, a-lak', inter j. an exclamation denoting sorrow. alacrity, a-lak'ri-ti, n. briskness: cheerful readiness : promptitude. alamode, a-la-mod', adv. and a. according to the mode or fashion. alamort, a-la-mort', a. half-dead : in a depressed condition: dejected. alar, a'lar, a. of, or having, wings. — Also a'lary. alarm, a-larm', n. notice of danger: sudden surprise with fear: a mechanical contrivance to arouse from sleep: a call to arms. — v. t. to give notice of danger : to fill with dread. alas, a-las', inter j. expressive of grief. albata, al-ba'ta, n. a white silvery alloy of nickel, zinc, and copper — also German silver. albatross, al'ba-tros, n. a large sea- bird found in the Southern Ocean.