ZENA IRMA TRINKA Class JLJi3_fc_ Book__.T 1 1 CoiJyiigiitN" cspmicm DEPOSIT. THKODOKE K( )()SE V ELT. AAl IJKK 'AX NORTH DAKOTA OF TODAY BY ZENA IRMA TRINKA WITH 124 ILLUSTRATIONS BISMARCK BISMARCK TRIBUNE PUBLISHING COMPANY 19 19 TL31o TS3 COPYRIGHT, 1919, BV ZENA IRMA TRINKA all rights reserved Published December, i<>i<> All Photographic Repioductions Fully Prolfcled by Copyright JAN ( 1921) i> ^> (d)CI.A55yy72 si ct Dedicated to Ex-Presideiit Theodore Koosevelt : A North Dakota Man of the Old Days ; Whose Meiiioi y Shall Ever Live in the Hearts of North Dakota People. A Prince of Ixnul ini.s fdllcii — The iieirM has reached the West — The place of his old stampiny groinid. The land that lorcd him best! PREFACE T^HIlS book is North Dakota's tribute to the ineiuoiT of Ex- •■• President Theodore Roosevelt — tlie dedication of which appears on another page. North Dakota people will never forget the great man wlio lived in their midst during the earljj and romantic period of the State's history — when the prairies resounded with the stamping of thousands upon thousands of herds of bison, and the plains re-eclioed with tlie merry pranks of tlie cowboys — lie is too deeply enshrined in their hearts for that. Colonel Roosevelt paid North Dakota the greatest compliment when he said : ''That if it had not been for his experiences in North Dakota, he never would have become President of the United States." And always in his heart he treasured a fond remembrance for North Dakota. When in April, 1918, the writer was com- piling the early history of the state, and wrote to him asking for the loan of his photograph to head chapter: ^'Roosevelt In North Dakota, "he not only sent his ]>hotograph, ac- comj)anied with his good Avishes, but on it he also inscribed a message of greeting to North Dakota people, consisting of the following words: "'Good luck to the people of JVortli Dakota, from a Xorth Dakota man of the old daji^^:' — Theodore Roosevelt. April 27, 1918. This message in his own handwriting, together with his photograph Avill be printed in the l>ook of history that is yiii PUEIWCE — Colli. about to be published under title : "Out AVlieie The West Begins.'- It was his last message to the North Dakota people, and for that reason will be treasured by them for genei-a- tioiis to come. To meet a most urgent need in oui' public schools and libraries for reference material bearing on North Dakota, the following authentic present-day history was compiled. The historical facts of the following pages are all of un- impeachable veracity, same being derived from siicli authen- tic soui-ces as: The North Dakota Blue Books, various geo- logical and typographical reports, etc., as well as a state-wide correspondence campaign, and personal interviews with some of North Dakota's most reliable citizens. The author wishes jiarticularly to thank those mentioned below, who so gen- erously res])0iided to my reijuests for information and for photographs; as well as foi- private interviews granted. Sec. Andrew Haas, of Jamestown Chamber of Commerce; Sec. Ingram Moe, of Valley City Commercial Clul); Sec. Edgar LaKue, of Devils Lake Commercial Club; Dr. B. H. Kroezc, Cliairman of .Iaiiies(o\\ u Clianilun- of Commerce IMili- licity Committee; i\[r. .1. II. Bloom, Editor of Devils Lake donriial; StMiator A. A. Li(Mlerbach, of the Sixteenth Legis- lative Assembly of North Dakota; Sec. Clyde W. (Iraves, of Grand Forks Commercial Club; Miss M. (). Movius, Pres. of First National Bank of Lidgerwood ; Sec. George N. Keniston, of Bismarck Commercial Club; Sec. A. G. Tverberg, of Grafton (\mimercial Club; Mr. J. (). Kindahl, of (iraftou ; Sec. C. .1. Kachelhofler, of AVahi)etoii Commercial Club; Mr. E. A. Tostevin, Editor of ALindan 1/ioneer; Sec. Will Holbein, of Minot Association of Commerce; Prof. Arvold, of State Agricultural College; .Mr. George I). Mann, Publisher of Bismarck Tribune; Hon. N. 15. I>lack. of Earuo ; Mrs. Minnie Preface ix Clarke Budlong, Director of Xortli Dakota Public Library Commission; Mr, M. L. Ayers, of Dickinson; Miss Bessie Baldwin, Librarian of Williston; Prof. Frederick H. Koch, of State University; Dr. E. F. Ladd, Pres. of State Agri- cnltural College; Mrs. J. B. Cooley, of Extension Division of State University; Mr. John Andrews, Editor of Lidger- wood Broadaxe ; Miss Lillian Mirick, Librarian of State Science School ; Hon. Lewis F. Crawford, of Sentinel Butte ; Mr. Anton Trinka, of Lidgerwood ; Mr. Sylvane Ferris, Pres. of Dakota National Bank of Dickinson; Hon. N. C. Mac- donald, State Educational Advisor; Alex. Karr, of James- town; Mr. J. P. Hardy, of Fargo; Sec. F. O. Hellstrom, of State Council of Defense; Sec. W. P. Chesnut, of Fargo Commercial Club ; the Presidents and Superintendents of the Educational, Charitable, and Penal Institutions of the State; and last, but not least of all, I wish to thank the Bismarck Tribune Publishing Company, for the neat, at- tractive, and artistic make-up of the books — which is fully illustrative of what our own state press can do. ZENA IRMA TRINKA. (Reprinted from the De Luxe copy of book "North Dakota of Today" sent to Mrs. Roosevelt by the people of North Dakota.) TO MRS. THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND FAMILY We, the people of North Dakota, wisli to extend to you our heartfelt sympathy in your great bereavement, and beg you to accept the book ''North Dakota of Today" — Which we have dedicated to the memory of Ex-President Theodore Roosevelt — as a small token of the high esteem and respect in which we have always held him. If you coidd but know how lasting and tender a recol* tion he has left enshrined in the hearts of the people of this great state of ours — and all Ihe loving and gracious tributes that are offered his memory. Truly, Greatheart, the real AuKM-ican, lias passed from our midst. It is with pride that we note the fact that he first came to us in the ranks of that army of grim and determined men, who following the pathway of the setting sun came into this land of where the west begins — then undeveloped territory — - and turned its bleak and bare prairies into veritable gardens. It took men of dauntless courage, of abiding faith, men pos- sessed of sterling (pialities of real manhood, men brave to the last degree, to join that army of Empire Builders It is out here (»n these prairies, on these Idlls and fields^ that life and inspiiation and courage c^me to men — and they spoke to him in a tongue he well understood, they spoke in a voice that found a resjionsive chord in his heart — and Theodore Roosevelt went out from our midst, endowed with the vigor of our prairies, a man among men, to conquer neAv worlds. Xii XOUTJI 1)AK()TA OF ToDAY Out tlieie in that oreat arena of public lite, in that living- turmoil, his whole life Avas a rousing bugle-call to arms for the cause of right and justice and good citizenship; he was ever in tlic tliick of tight for a brighter tomorrow 1 — display- ing that same dauntless courage and tenacity of purpose that so characterized him, compelled our admiration and won our hearts when he dAvelt among us. And when he reached the highest i)iiinach' (»f success, won the most exalted position that life lias to olfer, that of the President of this great United States (d" ours, he forgot us not! — nay, not even the humblest of us — but from his lips, prompted by his generous heart, came the greatest tribute to North Dakota, when he said : "That if it had not been for his experiences in Kortli Dakota, he never would have become the President of the United States." It is a tribute to our state and a source of great pride to us, to be able to say that the greatest American of his time, a real American in the true sense of the word, once dwelt among us, was our neighbor — our friend I When we heard <»f his loss of the youngest of his heroic sons — Quentin Koosevelt, who like an eagle soared the sky for the cause of democracy, and like an eagle fell in his flight — our hearts went out to him and to his loved ones — we understood— for the World AVar had but drawn the bonds of American hearts in a closer tie. And we wish to say this to his loved ones: North Dakota loves you — these prairies, these hills, these flelds of ours, that spoke to him, ring out in their message of welcome and good cheer to you — for all times. To Mrs. Theodore Koosevelt and Family xiii We feel tliat this great state of oiii-s lias been the better for liis haying' lived here — his life has been an inspiration to us all — and we feel tliat his last message of greeting to us will fulfill its prophecy of good luck. Coming to us at this time, it seems like a benediction from him from across the "Great Divide." And some day — when we, too, have crossed tlie river of life, we hope to see our ''Teddy Roose- velt." standing on the other shore, smiling and holding out his hand to greet us, as in the laiiis wliere the game stared at the passing horseiuaii. It was a land of scattered ranches, of herds of long-horned cattle, and of reckless riders who unmoved looked into the face of death. The men worked under the scorching sun of midsummer, when the ^^•ide plans shimmered and wavered in the heat. They knew the freezing misery of riding night guard around the cattle in the late round-up. In the soft springtime the stars Avere glorious in their eyes as they fell asleep; and in the winter they rode through blinding blizzards, when the driven snow-dust burnt their faces. There were monotonous days as they guided the trail cattle or the beef herds, hour after hour, at the slowest of walks; and minutes of hours teeming with excitement as they stopjted stampedes or swam herds across rivers treacherous with (piicksands, oi- lirimme NoKTM Dakota of Today greatness of Bismarck is assurred. From the momentous l>oii()(l of its very beginning, Bismarck has seen all the ups and downs incident to pioneer life. At tliat early date the Indian tepees were not far distant, and the strenuosity of the "elements'' common to new towns on the outskirts of civil- ization made the little place typical of the dime novel hamlet. Soon the Black Hills craze broke out and Bismarck being the nearest j^oint of civilization to the gold fields, became the "jumping off place" for tlie thousands of people seeking fortune in the new El Dorado, and therefore became the outfitting })oint for those adventurous spirits. It was not a joy ride to the Black Hills and many fell victims to the hate of the red man, but still the tide flowed on until the railroad was built westward, and then the city settled down to the humdrum life of all frontier outposts. To the west and north and south of the city sweeps the majestic Missouri River, carrying with it reminiscences of bygone times, when Lewis and Clark in their menu)rable expedition to the West, struck camp among the friendly Mandans, Hidatas, and Arikaras of the North, and Sak- akawea the "Bird-Woman,'* fleet of foot and keen of per- ception consented to guide them beyond the sunset, over the wondrous passes of the Rockies, along the trail which led them to the Great Pacific. Then again the panorama changes, and we see Bismarck as the head of navigation; freight being shipped there and transferred to steamboats plying on the upper Missouri and Yellowstone rivers. Cap- tain Grant Marsh who died in a Bismarck hospital in 1915, was one of the first steamboat captains on these rivers, and has made himself noted for the marvelous trip in guiding the BURLEIGH COUNTY COURT HOUSE. A SHADY WALK ON AVENUE A. BisMAUcK : ''The Capital City" 7 streamer "Far West" safely tliroiii!,li the i»ei-il()iis waters, with its precious burden of Reno's wounded, and carrying the first word of the Custer ]\Iassai're to the inliabitants of Bis- marck. Bismarck was the general headijuarters during the long war against the Sioux. Soldiers were brought here by rail and transferred for campaigns in the West by steam- boats. From those days to the present there has been attached to I>isniarck a strangely growing eminence among tlie cities of the Northwest. Bismarck became the county seat of Bur- leigh County when it was organized July 4, 1873, and made the Capital of the Territor}' of Dakota June 3, 1883. Gen- eral Grant laid the cornerstone of the Capitol at Bismarck in 1883, while on his way with a distinguished company to drive the golden spike which completed tlie Northern Paciiic Bailroad to the Pacific Coast. When the state of North Dakota Avas admitted into the Union, October 1, 1889, Bis- marck became the capital. Thus in the dawn of the great conimonwealth it was marked for fame and fortune. Today Bismarck has a i)opulation of 6,500. The city is tlie seat of the United States Land Office, seat of the United States Dei)artment of Justice, headcjuarters of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry, and location of the United States Weather Bureau. It is also the seat of the Sixth Judicial District of the state. Here also is located Fort }>incoln, the United States military post, with quarters for several hundred troops, as also the State Penitentiary. The city has s])lendid railroad facilities, the Northern Pacific reaching i)oints to the east, west, northwest and southwest; while the Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie comes in fi-om the southeast and i)asses to the north and northwest. 8 North Dakota of Today The Soo Liue also lias its Iti-aiich lierc. Twenty-four pass?- enger trains arrive and depart daily, thus affording connec- tion with the rajndly develo})ing agricnltnral district in the i^orthwest. Bismarck is the heanpiarters for the lleiiton Packet Co., the largest steaml);)at line oiterating on the Missouri River north of Kansas City. The city is also the head- quarters for fifty wholesale and jobl)ing houses, covering nearly half of the state, and parts of ^lontana and South Dakota, and employing (»ver .'iOO traveling salesmen, as also one of the largest dairy ani)iK))-tnnity to t'oreioners wlio are obliged to work in the day time, and who, thongli proficient in other lan- guages, are not so in lOnglish. The enthusiasm which is ac- tuating tlie school has caused an enrcdlment of over one hundred, and resulted in a great success. Realizing that foreigners of this class are music lovers, music is made a feature of every session, many musicians of the city offering their services in helping to foster this invaluable taste. The Department of Immigration at Washington is deeply inter- ested, its representative having visited the school and ex- pressed unbounded i)leasnr«' in its work already rich in vital results. ur McKenzie Hotel, Bismarck, N. D. To meet the needs of the many travelers who come to Bismarck, four large hotels anher grounds above the swift-rolling- Missouri is the Country Club house, which commands a tine view of the city and i)resent Fort Lincoln, as well as of the site of old h'ort Lincoln, from which in 187C, Custer and his gallant coiiimand went forth to their massacre. Social life at the Club house is more or less quivive, and many are the elaborate entertainments Homes in Bismarck, N. D. given, although it is the ])rin('ipal of the club roster to keep its affairs in true sjiorts style, sim])le and attractive. Mem- bers use tlie house for entertainment however, and these may be as elegant as host or hostess may elect. The golf grounds and tennis courts are among the best in the state. Baseball also has its enthusiasts, and a tine park and ])ayilion have been provided for tliis engrossing sport neai- the capitol buildiuff. Bismarck: "The Capital City" 13 Social life is one of Bisinairk's chief attractions. The city is a musical center, and during the season enjoys the productions of the greatest musical artists in the country through grand opera, soloists, and orchestras. The municipal auditorium has made the presence of these great features possible; and in addition to these all the large theatrical companies appear at this house. Besides the auditorium there are three first-class photo play houses, thus affording dramatic amusement to suit all tastes and purses. Mental activities are given scope through the numerous women's clubs, civic societies, and musical associations. The exposition building at Bismarck has been the scene of some wonderful y reason of the vast amount of business transacted in the city and the fact that this is evident at tirst lilance, Fargo is well naiueil : "Tlie Rigucst Little Gity in the World." It is the head«iuarters of several liundred traveling men. The ''Do'' s])irit is everywhere in evidence. "I'oiw ard" is the wateliward, and the city is rapidly marching onward to a "Greater I'^argo"; its popula- Far(;(): "The Biggest Little ('ity in the World" 15 tioii haviiij>' nearl.v doiiltlcd in the last ten years. The ad- vantages of wliicli l''ai})- ulatiapers and live weekly i)ub- lications; three large and u])-to-date hotels, with a dozen or more smaller ones, a $100,000 V. M. (\ A. building; eight lios]»itals, of the latest modern e(]uii)ment; and churches of Fargo: "The Biggest Little City in the World" 17 all (leiioiiiiuations me represented, the Lnthenui, Presby- tei-iaii, Coiigi-egatioiial. Catholic and Episcopal, leading; and all having splendid editices which add greatly to the attrac- tion of the city. In all there are thirty church.es. The business district of Fargo covers an area of approx- imately twenty square blocks, with two main streets, and dozens of modern business buildings, including several of steel and stone construction. The streets are well lighted, having a brilliant white way, and well paved. The city has 19 miles of electric i(;gest Little City in the Woiuj)" 11) there is beautiful Island J*ark aroinid wliicli the Ked Kiver winds its Avay, and the long branches of the trees east their reflection in the clear water of the river; then there is equally beautiful Oak Grove l*ark. Excursions, picnics, and various outiuiis are held at these parks, where boating and bathing- facilities offer recreation to many. Then there are two exclusive vaudeville houses that cater to a large ])atr;)nage, and whose programs consist of the best talent obtainable. Besides there' are several smaller A Residence Street, Fargo, N. D. ])laces of amnsement, ])hoto ]>lay theatres, where a high class of i)ictures are shown. At the Oi)era House, large attractions from the East are staged, and artists, and musicians of note include Fargo in their circuit. The big Auditorium, whose seating cajjacity is HOOO, is the scene of many conventions 20 North Dakota of Today and state gatherings of various kinds. In the past few years Fargo lias become the recognized ''Convention Citj'' of North Dakota. Third Street, Grand Forks, N. D. CHAPTER IV. GRAND FORKS : ''THE COMMERCIAL CITY" Tlie city of Grand Forks is the county seat of Grand Forks County, and the commercial metropolis of a territory of AVhicli the famous Red River Valley, the "Bread Basket of the World," is the center, and which extends on one side to the Rocky Mountains and on the other to the Pine Forests of Minnesota. Grand Forks has a population of 15,896, a population which has grown steadily since the little hamlet at "The Forks" was started, and which is increasing today more rapidly than ever. The original settlement was an important one in the early days because, through the then existing means of transportation, it was a convenient trading center; and in the later years the position it occupies as the center of 22 North Dakota of Today a vast network of railroads, lias enabled the city to hold and increase this advantage. Excellent railroad service is i)r()vided directly b}' the Great Xorthern, Northern Pacific, and Soo roads, with which the city has close and convenient connection. Local transit is provided by a modern street railway system, which reaches Ontario Department Store, Grand Forks, N. D. all parts of the city and which w;is built by local capital and is operated by local business men. Grand Forks is the seat of the T^niversity of North Da- kota, which gives special training to more than one thousand students yearly. Adjoining the University, is Wesley college, a ]\[etliodist institution whose students take their secular work at the University, the college thus being enabled to de- vote all its funds and all its efforts to its own special work. The city schools are well equipped for work. The plan includes six modern, fully equipped grade buildings and one high scliool building. The Grand Forks High School has tlie largest enrollment and attendance of any high school in the state. A new |250,000 building suitable to the needs of tlie city is now under construction. Among the public buildings, the most notable is the Grand Forks : ''The Co:\r:\iERCiAL City'^ 23 Grand Forks County Coiiit House, which was recently erected at a cost of |200,000, and is nndoubtedly one of the finest public buildings in tlie state. Among other fine buildings is the imposing Masonic Temple; the new, artistic and fully equipi^ed Public Library ; the Y. M. C A. building erected at a cost of 1100,000 ; the two modern excellently equipped hos- l)itals; the numerous fine churches, with a second Catholic church recently constructed; the Federal Building and the City Hall. The city owns its own waterworks plant, public slaughter house, insinerator and lighting plant. Commercial light and power are furnished by a private company. All of the local banks are located in good quarters, one of them iu a new steel structure just completed. Bank deposits av- erage 15,000,000. River Scene on Red River, Grand Forks, N. D. Twenty-five miles of the city's streets are paved with modern paving and excellent automobile roads radiate from the city in every direction. The Public Park Sj^stem in- cludes four parks, with an area of over two hundred acres, all equipped with tennis courts and club houses, and one of them with golf links. Band concerts are given by the local band during the summer months. Tobogganing and skatiug 24 North Dakota of Today aic i»i'()vi(le(l for in the winter. Tliere are several photo play houses which with their high class programs cater to a large ])ublic. At the auditoriiini the best and the latest in music and drama is presented during the season, thus bringing some of the world's best musical celebrities, and dramatic features before a discriminating and appreciative public. In a manufacturing way Grand Forks is represented by several factories which arc doing si)len(lid business, and a A Residence Street, Grand Forks, N. D. new million dollar Packing I'lant is under course of con- struction. In view of the city's splendid location, with the wonderful agricultural resources of this section, there is a great future ahead, anf the most important factors in the growth of the city arc tlic smaller manufacturing plants, which give steady em})l()ymcnt to an ever-increasing nund)er of employees. The MiXOT 'The AVondeu City" 29 products of tiiese ])laiits liiid a irjinlar market tlironghoiit this territory, and with the steady demand for the products which tliey manufacture, they are sure to gro\y into larger and more ini])ortant industries. The six hanking institutions of tlie city at tlie close of business in 191S sli()\yed deposits Riverside Park, Minot, N. D. of nearly 15,000,000, and are Ayell able to take care of the financial requirements of new industries. Minot is located on tlie Wonderland Trail, the Black Trail, and the Green Trail, so that all tourists who are trav- eling in the Northwest are sure to be Minot visitors. During the last year the motor tourists thi-oughout tlie northwest have all included the "Wonder City" in their itinerary, and 30 XouTii Dakota of Today some of tlie l)e?>t advertising secured by the city lias been the words of ]n-aise of those tourists to their friends upon their return h(iiii(\ TIk^ "Night Cam]),"" which was originated by tlie ^linot Town Criers" Club early in 1917, is in no small way resi)onsible for the good opinion which the motorists carried away with them. The club secured the use of 15 acres o])posite Riverside Park, furnished drinking water^ guides for the use of tourists, free fuel for cooking meals^ liad the camp electric lighted, and did everything for the comfort and convenience of the visitors, all being furnished without cost to the motorist. Tributary to the city for hundreds of miles the thrifty husbandmen seed and harvest their remunerative cro))s, and in these ])ros])erous farmers, Minot tinds assurance of her future prosj)erity. Probably no other city in the state is more lavishly su]>i)lied with trees than Minot. Large oak trees, as well as those of otlier varieties fui-nish abundance of shade and shelter, immediately Ix^vond the hills, on both sides of the river are broad ])rairies, extending for miles on the south side, and away up to Canada on the north. The Mouse River furnishes pleasuralile boating and bath- ing dui-ing the summer time, and excelh^it skating and other Avinter sjjorts in the winter. The city is noted for its parks, having an acre of i»ark for every 100 of its inhabitants. The largest ])ark is ]\iverside I'ark, situated in the southeast part of the city. It contains T>'2 acres, and with its excellent auto- mol»ile drive and beautiful natural scenery, it is the pleasure ground of the city. The automobile road follows the Mouse River. East of Riveiside I'ark is the new "Forest Drive,"' just gi-aded by the ]>ark commission, and by all means one of the most beautiful diMves in the state, winding its wav MiXOT 'The W()NI)p:u City 31 by tlie iside of tlie river, and thi"()iii»h luajestic (dm and oak trees. In the west of the city is situated Oak L'ark, an at- tractive park of 1- acres, greatly appreciated for its picnic facilities and admired for its restfnlness and (juiet beanty. Lincoln Park of 15 acres, as yet not nincli developed, is lo- cated on the north side, near the State Normal School. The park board also controls abont three acres of wooded banks along the river in Eastwood I*ark resi<>, sstddd on tlic eastern liilK now tlie site of one of the ii;reatest collc-jLies in the state, and in sheer admiration, exclaimed: ''llow l»eautifnl I Here some «laY will I»e built one of the tiiu^st institntions of the Xoithwest." His ])redic- ticsi has come true. Klaus Park, Jamestown, N. D. No wonder, therefoi-e, that the city has naturally taken on the slogan, "The City Ueantifnl."" And trn.e to that early ideal the evidences of lariic |»roui-ess alcnu this liiK^ are mani- fest. l^\)i- (waniple, the city is literally snrronndeil with parks. Tliere is Nickens Park, a chaiininii circular i^reen sward, eiu- braced in the arms of the -lames Kiver, after which the city is named, and dotted \\ith trees; tliere is also Klaus Tark, nioie extensive than Xickeus, a \\oiulerfully artistic spot, skirted on one side by the river, and reachini^ out to the foot of tlie hills, covered with beautiful ehns, cinder and gravel .Ia^me.stowx : ''The City Beaitiful" 35 drives, and approached l)v a beantifid Inidj^e; there is the now famous Lover's Lane, tiankini; the eity on the south, througli which autos, as well as lovers, love to wind in and out of the tortuous drives and loop the loop, tlie Avhole park Boating Scene, Jamestown, N. D. thronoed Avith elegant elms and elders, both native in this lo- cality. Then, there are other i)arks, as the City Park, the Meth- odist Camp gi-ounds wliicli nearly unite Xickeus and Klaus parks, and sui)erl) drives up to the College Drive and the State Hospital, all giving the city the aspect of peace and contentment and artistic taste, a profound love for the beau- tiful. IMato said tliat "the beautiful is the splendor of the true." It is that splendor, the city is striving after. This is also seen in the l)cautiful i-esidences, of wliirli over six hun- 36 XouTH Dakota of Today dred have been built dnriiiji the last five yeais, and the beau- tiful stieets rapidly being lined Axith curbing and trees. But beauty is not the only attraction of the city, prob- ably not even the greatest. Prosperity is the foundation of any city beautiful. Jamestown claims the exceptionally large and well-managed State Hospital. It is the division point of the Northern Pacific, with large car shops employing a great force of men. It has a beautiful Midland rontinental Depot and is the liead(iuarters of that system, calculated to run fr0,000. The Gladstone Hotel, erected at a cost of .f 1.50, 000, run on the American plan, and several hotels run on tlie Eurojiean plan, meet the needs of a large traveling public. Two great trunk sewer systems have been installed, mak- ing the city a sanitary community. Over a million dollars have been spent on public improvements. The city has a brilliant white way, electric power plant, excellent water works, and other facilities. Three exceptionall}' strong banks take care of the business interests of the city, and lieli* pro- mote new industries. The aggregate deposits are |2,r)00,000. 38 XoKTii Dakota of Today Among the i)iil)lic buildings in Jamestown, is the splendid City Hall, bnilt at a cost of |r)(). ()()(). the (Mtv Arnun-y, cost- ing 130,000, and the imposing sti-nctiire of the Connty Court House. The ne\y Public Library recently completed \yhich cost |40,000 is one of the finest ^buildings of its kind in the state from a stand])oint of ai-chitectural beauty. The Masonic Ixxlics ]M)ssess a tine temple costing |()0,000. Then there is Gladstone Hotel, Jamestown, N. D. the lOlk's Hall, and the lOagU's Hall, each i('i)iesenting a.n inyest incut of .^.'id.OOO. The V. S. (xoyernment has purchased a central site fur a federal building, which is to cost approx- iuiately .S'jr.li.,000. ].(>ca(e(] at lamestowu is one of the large ll(»ur mills of the ]\usscll-Miller ^lilling Co., a yery expensiye modern plant, with a eimiii-Kiissell Co. Creamery, whicli was reeeiitly erected at a cost of |(30,000. Situated in tli*^ midst of a dairy farming- commnnity, it promises AV<»nderfnl possibilities. The Jamestown branch is the property of the Bridgeman-Riissell Co., of Dnlnth, wliich operates a nnmber of creameries in different parts of tlie Northwest. They liave a network of agents spread over the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Xorth and Sontli Dakota, Montana and Michigan, and these bnyers of cream direct the flow to tlie nearest centralizer, like the creamery in Jamestown. On the tirst floor of the Jamestown plant is the factory of the creamery. Here the cream is received direct from the farmers' antos and wagons, and the two express offlces of the Northern Paciflc and Midland railroads, a block away. The cans are individnally weighed, a sample taken and tested, and then tlie contents are started on their tortuous journey of puriflcation and manii)nlation, later to emerge golden yelloAV butter, ready for the table. Throughout the entire process the cream and butter are not touched by the hands, and though each is handled many times it is all done in the most sanitary Avay by machinery. It is worth a trip to the factory to see the big churns, each with a capacity of a thousand pounds, and to watch the course of the cream from the time it arrives, until it is stored as butter in the refrig- erator. I*\-om the vat, into Avhich the cream is poured from the cans of the producer, the cream is pumped to the big for- Avarmer vat where endless "worm" of coiled steam pipe con- tinuously writhes and warms the cream to about 80 degrees. Then it is forced into the pastuerizer where it is wliirled dizzily and until the temperature rises to lo.") or IGO degrees. Jamestown: "The City IlEArTiFui/ 41 Tlieii iiii(l(M- pi-cs.snre tlie cream enters tlie lioldiiiii liack vat, >\liei-(^ it remains half an lionr and ([nietns is i»iYen to any Itacteria liardy enon^iili to exist njt to tliis time. Tlien tlie ci-eam ])asses to tlie ceiling of tlie room to emerge n]>on a vertical toboggan slide: a sei-ies (»f ])i])es ovei- ^^•|li(•ll tli(^ ci-eam Hows in a film, and from that it di-o])s to the liasin helow. wlii; h it reacln^s at a tem])era1nre of abont Private Office in Jamestown Creamery 70 d(^gr(M^s. I'^roni there it is })nm]>ed into the big liolder A'ats of r>(lO and 1(10(1 gallons eacli, where the cream ripens and IxM'omes jtrc^pared foi- the linal stage of the journey. With a litth^ starter formed from fresh milk and enconi-agenient from the butter-maker and a system of steam "worms'' in each ri])ener — the cream is conveyed to the big churns of 1)00 to 1000 ll)s.. ca]>acity each. Here the j.articles of fat are gi-adnally sejtarated and accumulate in golden globules swiiiiminii in n sea of buttermilk. The i)uttermilk is drawn 42 North Dakota of Today oft' tiud pumped to a tank ou the second floor, where it is stored until carried away by the farmers at 2 cents per gallon and nsed for stock feed. The skilled man in charge of the bntter clinrn, now adds just the right amount of salt to the globules, the churn goes round and round, first one way and then the other, and fin- ally the butter is woi-ked down to the right consistency, con- General Office in Jamestown Creamery taining just the right amount of moisture and flavored to a degree. It is then packed in ash tubs or firkins, each holding 63 lbs., and stored away in the big refrigerators. The plant opened for business June 1, 1918, and h\ June 19th, five carloads of Primus butter liad been shii)ped from there, with another car ready to be shipped. Eacli car con- tained more than 20,000 pounds. The plant is flourishing beyond all sanguine expectations. Jamestown : ''The City Beautiful" 43 A live Commercial club is a city's greatest asset, and Jamestown is among the cities of North Dakota that are niuisnally a\ ell favored in this respect. One of the resuUg of the activities of the Jamestown Commercial club is the quarterly publication of "The Power House," a neat and at- tractive booklet dealing with matters of civic importance to Jamestown, as well as lauding Patriotic movements. Tlie result is a bigger, and broader Jamestown; and as the clul) has affiliated with other clubs of various cities, and has a mailing list of over 500, the "City Power House," promises to be of no little significance for the future of the city of Jamestown. Vallsy City (MIAPTEK VII. VALLi:V ('ITY 'THE (JEM <)1-^ THE SIIEYENXE VALLEY" A LEGEND OF VALLEY CITY The glorious light of the harvest moon Had wrapped the old gray earth With a bridal veil of silvery white, To celebrate Venus' birth ; And little Cupid, with fairy-like wing, Passed thro' those realms of light, Seeking a treasure of purest ray — A gift for his goddess bright. Across the deep seas and mountains grand, Over the wooded plains. Beyond the palace and humble cot Where Venus, love's fair queen, reigns — To the prairies broad of the great Northw^est, With their fields of ripening grain. Where rivers sing in their joyous mirth, And birds join the sweet refrain, 'Twas there, surrounded by sheaves of gold, He paused on the brow of a hill ; Valley City: "The Gem of the Sheyexxe \'alley" 4.") For, looking down, he saw a gem Which made his pulse thrill. Like a jewel in golden setting, A valley nestled there — Like an emerald set with moonstones, It rested in beauty rare. For thro' the green of bordering trees, The lights and shadows quiver Upon the waters, deep and clear. Of the winding Sheyenne river, "Tis an offering worthy to lay at thy feet ! my goddess of love," he said ; And swiftly this birthday greeting to carry Back to his mistress he sped. There, bowing low before her throne, He offered his gift of love To the matchless queen of all the earth. And the radiant stars above. Then, with her beautiful wand of light, She touched the valley and the river, Breathing a blessing of joy and peace Over both them ancl the giver. And now there are homes in that lovely place. And Venus, the goddess above. O'er the gem of the Sheyenne valley sheds Her blessings of Light and Love. —Maud H. Moe. ^^all('y City is the county seat of Barnes County and is located on tlie banks of the Sheyenne Kiver. It lias a ])o))- ulation of (uAH). Duviiii;- the jtast ten years the population lias iiicreas(^d about one-third. It is a beautiful city sur- rounc(l and of a lii«;h de^nrcc of efticieiicy. The residence streets are a special attraction, elegant homes surrounded by line trees. well-kei)t lawns, flowers, con- f-rete Avalks that extend to the outskirts of the citv. and all Business Street Scene, Valley City, X. D. parts well lighted form a si^ht ])leasinn to the eye and taste of the individual. The city has excellent \\ater works, a c-oni])lete sewer system, and electric light and i)Ower })lant. ^'alley (Mty is the home of the greatest Cliautauqua west of the Mother ('hautau(|ua. located just soutli of the North- ern I'acitic llighline IJridge, in a horseshoe^ bend of the river and liaving a Ix^iutifid wooded spot of about ten acres. In th(^ center of this ground is located a great steel auditorium which was erected at a cost of little over |20,(I0(I, and has a seating ca])acity of 4400, and many of the meetings have not only tilled the ;^('atiiig capacity of this auditorium, but stand- ing room has been at a ])remium and crowds have stood en- circling the auditoi-ium to a depth of t \\-enty-tive feel of its border. Duiiiig the past ten years N'alley (Mly has giowii into a great musical center; it has the distinction of having en- ^'AI.LEY City: "The (Jem of the Sheyexxe N'aleey" 41) tertaiiied more celebi-ated imisiciaiis tlian any city of its size ill tlie world. Tlie liosi)itality and a])])i(M-iation of Valley City lias l»eeii (xtciided to Madam Nordica. Madam Semhric, Mad- High and Public Scliools. Valley City, N. D. High and Public Schools, Valley City, N, D. am Melba, Madam X'dson, IJeiiry \Voolner and others; also it has the distinction of liavinii' three times, that lireat organiza- tion, the Miniieai)o]is Sy]n])lioiiy Orchestra. At the Normal Anditorinm every other week ryan, and oth- ers. N'alley < 'ity also had the dislinction of having a companv 50 North Dakota of Today in France, being G Company of tlie IG^tli U. S. Infantry, besides the lionor of having one Colonel, two Majors, five Captains, and twelve Lieutenants in service in the World War. One of the chief charms of Valley City is the social and recreational life it offers. Club life is at its zenith. Besides the Commercial Club which enjojs a large membership, and is very active in stimulating the growth of the city, there are various women's clubs whose scope of activities has re- sulted in a social stimulous of no mean order. Then there is a first-class photo play theatre where a high-class of pictures are featured. During the summer a most enticing- rendezvous is the City Park, situated right in the heart of the city. Here Sunday after Sunday, in the afternoon, con- certs are held, and the park is literally thronged with people lured there by the alluring notes of the music, the inviting benches scattered here and there in cozy nooks, and the delightful strolls under the cool shade of the trees. Villard Street. Dickinson. .\. l». CHAPTER VIII. DICKINSON : "THE QUEEN CITY OF THE PRAIRIES" Over tweiitv-five years ago, Dickinson Avas the liead- j>e(l to St. Lonis for $10 per ton, to be cliietly used in retininij; snjj;ar. Al tliis time the Sionx Indians of the JJerthohl Keserva- tion i-oved around J)ickinson, hunting antelope, and trading tlie skins for trinkets, wheat, etc. During the week of .Inly !), 1SS:1 4(100 buffalo skins liad been brought in. lM>llo\ving tli(^ (wtinction of the buffalo, large hei-ds of cattle were bi-ought in from the south. Although there were no rail- roads south of the town, tlu^ ranchers had no trouble in bringing in herds of '2~}{){) or :>000 head of catth'. Dickinson became the laigest cattle .shii»ping jtoint on the Northern Pacific, maintaining extensive^ yards, and from 10 to '2~i trainloads of cattle were shipped in om^ day during the busy season. f'ollowing tlie cattle came the sheej). In si)ite of tlie finding of needle grass, came the realization that shee}> could be raised her(\ and this industry grew to one of immense i>ro- ]K)rtions. The \\ool was baile]>ed to IMiiladelphia and Hoston during the months of dune and July; 1', 000, 000 lbs of wool was shipped annually. After the sheej) came farming, which has been carried on to the ]»res- ent day. Dickinson, called the "(^ueeii (Mty of the Prairies,"" is the county seat of Stark County, and has a population of 0100. If is situated on the north bank of the Heart Kiver, where a gentle slo])e affords natural drainage. One by one the wooden struct ui(^s of frontier days have been replaced by handsome brick l)locks. It has taken no <-ontlagration to change tlie town from wood to brick and stcuie. only the steadv advance of the town that has never known serious de- Dif'KiNsox: "The (^I'een City of the Pkaiuies" 53 pressioii, but has from year to year made substantial growth. The city owns its own Avaterworks, valued at |72,000. The water is obtained from seven deep artesian wells three quarters of a mile north of the city. All water is lifted with air, and the i)lant has a capacity of 5,000,000 gallons, suf- ficient for the city for many years to come. A central heat- ing plant is installed in the down town districts. Well-grad- ed, oiled streets, wide sidewalks, a brilliant white way, tine public buildings, and elegant homes, all bespeak of the pros- perity of Dickinson. _--4**(P^^^ m M i^ 1 If] IJIir! i|i 1 M Wl 'il IllLla ^ i \\ 1 JH ]1 Jl W ,JS-^ Masonic Temple, Dickinson, N. D. Among tlie imposing i)ubli(' buildings is the Masonic Temple erected at a cost of |60,000, which is the home not only of the Masonic bodies of Dickinson, but is a rallying l^lace for all members of the order on the Missouri slope. The building is a beautiful one, and a credit to the city as well as to the Masonic fraternit}'. ('lub rooms are flitted up in con- nection witli tlie lodge rooms and the Temple has become a sort of social center for the members. A handsome ad- dition to the city is tlie new government i)ost office, erected at a cost of |90,000 ; this building is also the home of the U. S. Land office, and the T'. S. Weather Bureau. 54 North Dakota of Today The Elks Biiiklin*;, one of the finest buihlings in the city, is the home of nearly GOO Elks, and contains a fine con- vention hall fitted with staiie facilities. The Odd Eellows also have their own bnildinart of the city, and St. An- thony's hall on the South side, are clnb fraternity centers. Then there is a fine Pnblic Library costing |25,000; a unique feature of the interior is the fireplace made of burned brick. The city has four banks to take care of the business interests, and promote new enter j)i-ises. Methodist Church, Dickinson, N. D. The church life of the city is centered in eight churches — Congregational, Methodist, Episcopal, Christian Science. Ger- man Lutheran, and three Catholic. A distinct addition to the city is the beautiful, imi)osing brick l)uilding of the Simpson Warren Methodist church, comi)leted in the spring of 1918, at a cost of f^.l.OOO. The St. Joseph's Hospital, sit- uated in the northern ]>a]-t of the city, is under the manage- ment of the sisters, and is fully e(|uii)i)ed and modern in ever a way. It represents an investment around |1 00,000. Besides being a thriving business center, ])ickinson if al- so a splendid educational center. The first class high s« hool Dickinson : "^The Queen City of the Prairies" 55 and graded schools have been brought to a high degree of efficiency. Besides the public schools, there is a Parochial school in South Dickinson. The year of 1918 crowned the opening of the Dickinson Normal school. For the past two years a night school has been maintained with great success, being thoroughly enjoyed by the many who took advantage of the opportunity to equip themselves for commercial po- sitions. The city has six elevators with a capacity of 300,000 bushels, and two flour mills with a capacity of 800 barrels daily. June 1918 launched the establishment of a Briquette two-unit plant, which started developing the rich deposits of coal of which Dickinson has an over abundance. The Lehigh Mines have been selected as the site of the plant, as the vein in these mines run twenty feet thick in many places, and there is enough lignite to keep the mine busy for many years. It is the intention of this company to gradually increase this new industrj^ to a twelve-unit affair plant costing |1, 000, 000. Dickinson has two brick plants, and is far and wide noted for her splendid clay deposits, having an abundance of white clay and fire clay, which are used for fine pottery and bricks. The Dickinson Fire and Pressed Brick Company which was incorporated in 1902 with a capital of |200,000, owns 200 acres of rich clay bearing lands near and adjoining the city. The Company's works are located on the north bank of Heart River in the southwestern part of the city. Among the various kinds of clay deposits found on these lands, are two excellent grades of fire clay, a rare plastic semi- fire clay that works into sew^er pipe and fire brick and also browns into a fine buff shade when used for facing brick. There are also selicia iron-bearing clays, and semi-shales and .-)(; Xoirni Dakota of Today led cliiy thai ^\■<>l•ks into tine old rc^il saiultstone. red and terra cotta shades v.iieii made into t'acinii, coninion, and sand nionld bricks. The ordinary out|)ni of the j)lant is .H,0()(M)()() brick per year, the ca]»acity of I'O.OOO bricks ])ei- day. Tlie ])rodncts of this company are rfM-ojLiiii/.ed as snperior. and \\'ere adojited and used in the constrnction of fedei-al buildings at (Irand Forks, tliis state, \Vaterb)o, Iowa, and Seattle, Wash., as A\ell as for many otlier ]>nblic and ])i-ivate l)nil\'(^st, a cigar factory, a bottling works (b)ing a thriving \)usiness, an evergreen nursery containing over oOOO trees, and is the home of tlie Missouri Valley Wholesale (Jrocery Jlonse, Avhose teri-itoiy covers a large ])ortion of the state, as ^\^r\\ as eastern Montana. On<^ of the princijial industries (rf l)ickinson is the ice jthint consti-ucted by the Dickinson Ice ^: Transfei- (\). This ]»lant elected at a cost of .*5L'(), 0(1(1 has a ca]»acity of ten tons daily, and su]>])lies the trade from Man- dan to \>'ibaux, Mont. Jt is the only ;>rtificial ice phint lie- tween the Twin Citic^s and the ^[ontniia line. The new phint is a ])ioneei- of its kind in Xoi-th Dakota. Diuu'iisions of the Imilding ai-e ()().\(>0, with a storage capacity of I'oO tons. The tank room has a concrete floor with cork insulation above and around the sides to a height of abont live feet. AVithin the wal) of cork is a w aterproof concrete tank, which contains salt brine, jind insi(h' of which (he cans — 1*40 in numbei- — con- taining the watei- to be frozen are })hiced. Around the re- ce])tacl(\s r-nn the ammonia ])ipes in a circle, l^light tons of brine are retpiired to start the process of refrigeration. The amiuonia is forced through the lujies by a com|ii-ess(n- in the Dickinson: "Tup: (^rEp:N City ok the 1*uaiuies"" ~}~ eiiiiiiic room, cooliiin tlic l)i-ine to a tcinjtcratnre whicli freezes the \vater in tlie cans. City water passes throii<>h a hose into tlie cans. A aO-liorse power electric motor provides ])ower tor tlie ])lant. The cakes of ice mannfactnred are 11x22x48. Dickinson has one of tlie first armory l)nil(lings erected in the state. It is tlie lionie of ("'om])any K. The Conntry Chib Honse erected in l!)14 by tlie Dickinson (iolf (Mnl), occn])ies a fine location on the grounds near the o-olf links jnst Avest of the city, which cover a])])roximately 70 acres. The view is fine in every direction, and the piazzas Public Library, Dickinson, N. D. and iad Lands. A short ])leasant drive has been constructed "aroniid the s<|nai-e"" of the city, often iiudnding a tonr of the V. S. ExjMM-iment station gi-onnds, where vaiious tests of grain, roots, grasses, alfalfa, fruits and tree's are maeinii located in an aiiricnltnral district, the industries of Mandan are made largely of those lines that contribute to the needs of an agricultui-al community. Located here are large houses distributing farm machinery and lumber; one of tlie largest wholesale grocery houses of the west, the Missouri Valley Grocery Co., is located here, and does a business of a]»]>roximately -11,000, 000. There are four banks with a total deposit of |l*,SOO,000. on(^ of tiic banks having eight associate baid^s located in smaller to^^lls in this t(M-ri- torv. 62 XoRTH Dakota of Today Mandaii is the headquarters of the Biugerheimer Mer- cantile Company, which operates lumber jards and elevators and farm machinery in eight of the small towns. It is the home of the Mandan Mercantile Comi)any, and of the Tlnjmj)- son Yards. One of the Kussell-Miller Milling Company large mills is located here, with a pay roll of no small proportion. Then there is a centralized creamery and i)roduce company, tliat handles the cream and jn-oducts from hundreds of farms in the vicinity. Greater than all tli(\se however, is the railroad iitlciests wiiich center here, this citv heini: the terminal divisicm of Lewis & Clark Hotel, Mandan, N. D. tlie Northern Pacific line, from which radiate two important lines running north and west to Killdeer, and south aud west to Mott, ta]>ping a lich territory and bringing the prod- ucts of some of the best farms into the city. Here are located large railroad shoi)s employing many hundred men. The Northern Pacific pay roll in this city is not far from J{|n100,000 a month. A decided ac(juisition to the city is the Lewis and Clark Hotel completed in January 1918, at a cost of |200,000. It is the property of former governor L. B. Hanna. The build- ing has a frontage of I.IO feet long by 130 long, and is made Maxdax : ''The City OF Exteiu'Rise" 63 of pressed brick with white enamel oniir.uental ti'imiiiiuj>s. It is four stories high, and architectnrally one of the most beautiful hotels in the Northwest. Mr. Hanna has leased the hotel to Keller & Bovd, who also operate the Waldorf at Fargo. One of the new industries that has recently been organ- ized and that promises to mark a new era in the industrial de- velopment of Mandan is that of the Thorberg Tile Co. This Company was recently incorporated with a capital stock of $100,000 to develop the clay beds located about seven or eight miles south of Mandan, on what is known as the Old Fort Lnicoln flats. Chemical tests have i)royen that the clay deposits acquired by this company are among the best in the state. While it is the intention of the company at present to confine its operations to building tile, and rougher prod- ucts, and to produce a high-grade building brick, Mandan entertains the belief that at no distant date, the city will be the site of a thriving pottery industry. The abundance and cheapness of lignite will make it possible to operate such plants at a cost far below that of pottery centers in the east. Realizing that up to this time the development of this or any other branch of industry was the labor question, it hopes now that the war is over, to induce the high grade pottery workers, which compose the class of skilled operatives and are mostly foreigners, to come to this part of the country. Man- dan, as well as other North Dakota cities are beginning to realize and develop the untold wealth of North Dakota's re- sources, namely in coal and clay beds. The municipality of Mandan owns its own waterworks, using the Missouri River, the water is pumped into settling tanks on one of the high hills above the city. Two new res- (U XouTii Dakota of Today U. S. Experiment Farm. Mandan, \. D. (Mvoirs liave Just Ikm'h hiiilt N\]iicli hold a cajtacity of nearly tN\<> iiiillioii lialloMs. The city also lias one of the most coiu- pletcly appoiiiteij electric plants in the Nortliwest. It is owned l>y the Mandan l%lecti-ic ('(»., wliicli also operates a central heating plant which sn|»]»lies steam heat to the bns- iness disti-ict. Mandan has splendid educational facilities in its s(di()(ds. J5esides the Hij^h S( liool linildiiiii which was recently erected and is the last word in efliciency, hoastinii of a lai'ue ,uyni- nasinin and nionti-al school, the Cnster scliool, and the Parochial S(diool. It is also the lionK^ of the North Dakota State Keform scdiool. Socially, the city has mn( li to offer. There are numerous l()d<»('s. a Town and Country (Mnli with a lariLjc lueudxMship, which owns an aitistic clnh house beautifully situated on the l)aidc of the Heart Kiver. The club has a fine jLi'olf and tennis c(:urs(\ The Missouri SIojk- l'"airs. one of the oldest and best urounded fairs and exhibitions own tine fair ;nrounds within Maxi>a.\: "Tiik City of l^N'iEin'KisE" (i.") th(^ city limits. The fairs are held liiM-e (Mi-1i year and briiii;' thousands to the city. Maiidaii is on the j^reat national higli- ^^■ay. the Ked Tr;!il, iimninii from Xe\\- Voi-k to Seattle, and also on th(^ I>lack Trail, rnnninii thronjih AMnnipej;' to the Black Hills. The ('(immercial (Mnb inaintains comfortable clnl) rooms in onc^ of the best business block of the city. The city is active in its reliiiions life, and has five chni-ches of different denominations. The Palace Theater, one of the finest show houses in the Northwest, ])rovil<' fi^it of iiiaii"s supremacy (>v(m- Nature, was demousti-ated at W'illistou on /lunust IW . 1!)1(>. when the Missouri lviv(M- w as spaniKMl by a jKUitoon iiriduc Since the (lavs of Lewis airl (Mark, the Indian, the hunter, the Tnited Pontoon Bridge. Williston. X. n. States troops, the ranchei-. the rec(Mit setthu-. armed with modern ideas, had all successfully been crossinii the swift tide by means of the laloiMous and none too safe canoe, raft, and ferry. The bridge site, which is less than half a mile from the (Jreat Northern depot, is one of the most favorable on the river. Tliirty-tive boats and short sti-etclu^s of low tress work snpi)ort plank dl•ive^^'ays over the main and (»ld channels. Kevetment woik |»revents the main chanuiM from cuttiuj;- the l)ank. this cliannel is ."OO feet wide at its nai-rowest point below the north of the ^'ellowstone, anreat depth and unusmd s^\•iftness. South of the Island, the old or lesser channel is slui;iiish anves)»cd ; a tine Carnegie Library; a V. S. Weather Bureau; a firstclass ojjcra house valued at |60,000, wliei-e some of the best plays and iimsical celebi-ities of the country are i)resented. Then there are three Motion Picture Theatres, all featuring a high class of plays, films, and vaude- ville and offering pleasant recreation to a large public. The State Biological Station b)cated at the Chautau(|ua Park, has attracted considerable attention through its re search work and exi)eriments Avith acclimation of fish to tJie salty water of the lake. Great success has resulted from these ex])eriments, and Devils Lake is being annually stocked with fisli, and soon promises to be the si)ortsnian's mecca of the Northwest. Fort Totten on the south shore of the lake is one of the ancient landmarks of pioneer days. It is now being used as an Indian School for the culturing of the Indians and educating them to modern ways and customs and principally in progressive agriculture. The State owns a magnificent Devils Lake: ''The JJeai'ty Spot of North Dakota" Tr> tract of land <»ii the shores of Devils Lake whei-e the annual encanii»nients of the State Militia are held. Coniniodins coni- misarT and equipment buildings with a complete water sys- tem and excellent facilities for bathing- and for maneuvering in the wooded country about the Lake have made this reserva- tion tlie most popular grounds for encampment in the North- west. Immediatel}' across Devils Lake to the south, near Fort Totten, the Federal Government has reserved a national Main Street, Devils Lake, N. D. park, known as Sully's Hill Park, it being so designated from the fact that Gen. Sully defeated the Sioux Indians on the faincnis l)attle ground near what is known as Sully's Hill, in the year 1863. This government park comprises a tract of land of TOO acres, and is denseh' wooded and all kinds of wild game alxumd under the i>rotection afforded by the timber. With its excellent transportation facilities. Devils Lake has develo]»ed into a wholesale center of no little magnitude. 76 North Dakota of Today and sevei-al wholesale lioiises tiiid their lioiiies Ihm-c. l-^i-nit groceries, trees, cigars, creamery })r<)(lncts, ice cream, machin- ery, dry goods, and fnrnitnre, are sliii)ped from Devils Lake in all directions of the Lake Region. A singular and im- portant resource of tlie city is the Devils Lake Xnrsery, which has the distinction of ])eing the most northern nnrsery in America. It comprises of 250 acres of hardy home-grown stock, and is located one-half mile east of the city, on high \-'wn A Residence Street, Devils Lake, N. D. prairie soil. It i)ropagates fruit trees, small trees, forest trees, evergreens, ornamental shrubs, and perennial flowers. The main shop of the Great Northern Railway, the largest between St. Paul and Seattle, installed and c<)m])leted at a cost of nearly a million dollars is to be found in Devils Lake. The country roads in the Lake Region — which comprises the counties of Ramsey, Benson, Cavalier, Nelson, Pierce, Towner and Rolette — are as good as any to be found in the Northwest. Automobiles for business and pleasure are large- ly used, and a majority of the farmers now drive their own Devils Lake : ''The Beauty 8i'0t of North Dakota" 77 cars. This easy and jxtjuilar inetliod lias united city and village f(»i- social and commercial betterment. The Wonder- land Trail, rnnning from Minneapolis to Glacier Park and Seattle; the Blue Trail from Fargo; and the Bed Trail running north and south, all lead through Devils Lake, and the roads are excellent. Automobile tourists from all points east pass thi-ongh Devils Lake to gain the advantage of the magniticient highways and beautiful scenery, as well as to attend the Chautauqua held there annually. Favored by its uni(]ue and beautiful location, Devils Lake is naturally a city of tine homes, well-kept lawns, trees and shrubbery. The residential sections have kept pace with the business district in development, and here can be found the substantial artistic ty})e of homelike bungalow, or the large impressive mansion of modern architecture, bespeaking of progressiveness and i)rosi)erity which seem to typify the entire region. One tinds in Devils Lake a great amount of club life, active and Avell-organized, in which the women as well as the men are A\'ell represented. The Commercial Club maintains magnificently fui-nished (juarl^ers in the Opera House Block, with card, billiard, reading and lounging rooms. The club is active along many lines. It has inaugurated a Good Roads Movement, and two or three times a year, business houses are closed while the highways are being improved. Trade excursions by automobile are frequent, and the annual Mid- Winter Fair is i)erhaps the one big feature of the club work. Farmers from the Lake Kegion take great interest in the Fair work. By competition contests, and offers of awards, the standard of production has been raised and greater inter- est stimulated among the farmers in raising livestock, alfalfa, and corn. Dakota Avenue Looking East, Wahpeton, X. D. CHAPTEK XI 1. WAHPETON: ^'THK (JATEWAV OF THE NORTHWEST" Wali]»et(ni was tlie great uatewav tliroiigli which s(» many passed to (Miter the pi-oiuised land. Tliat great army of grim and determiiKMl men, westward bonnd — halted on tlie brink of the Red River of the North, and witli eagei- eves gazed into the vast distance — hei-e the.v seemed to hear (Hod wliis]»er in their ears: "This land I give to yon and yonr chihlren." It was liere tlie pioneer rested — here lie gained conrage to go on and on — to battle with the i)rimitive elements of sav- agery, and ])riyations of ])i()neer life. Here the sight of the Red River valley gladdened his eyes, gave conrage to his heart and zest to his determination to bnibl a lioiiie for his loved ones amidst the lurking danger of the arrow of the wily red man. Wahpetox : ''The Gateway of the Northwest' 79 Xo wonder A\'ali])et()D has prospered — so large a cargo of hope, ambition, and determination, passed through its portals, that some of it soaked into the very air — and the city grew and ('\i»aii- the finest Great Northern Station west of the Twin Cities, which was erected at a cost of 150,000. A big asset to the city is the })nl)lic library of 2500 yohinies, which is located in the Court House, and the three stroni; banks. Wahpeton has excellent educational facilities. It ie the home of the State School of Science which has won a state-wide rei)utation for efficiency, as also the Goyernment City Hall, Wahpeton, N. D. Indian School, one of the show ])laces of the state, which has demonstrated the fact that it ])ays to educate the Indian. The public school system of the city ranks with the best. Besides the public schools there is a Lutheran Bible School, and a Parochial School, the latter being founded in 1886, and has the distinction of being the first of its kind in North Dakota. The |10,000 High School building of brick has a splendid gymnasium, is modern, and well equipi)ed in eyery wav. The ^^'ahll('ton Conseryatory of Music, established in lOll* bv Tres. Smith of the State School of Science and E. W AVaiipeton : ''The Gateway of the Northwest'^ 81 Hovt wlio was affiliated witli the same institution, has proved to be a governing factor in the musical life of the city. A strong force of instructors of wide experience is maintained. The city has excellent light and power service, the current for same is generated by water power at a large dam through which flows the Red River, which is the outlet for all the lakes of the Park region of Minnesota, thus producing power for manufacturing purposes at Wahpeton. The electric light plant besides furnishing 15 miles of lighted streets for the city, and a white way on the main street, also supplies cur- rent for illuminating and motive power for twelve cities and villages in the vicinity. A complete sewer system, and a good water supply of unlimited capacity, are numbered among the numerous util- ities of the city. The |20,000 Filtration Plant gives Wahpe- ton the very best of water service. The plant receives the water from the center of the stream above the dam in the Otter Tail River. The Avater runs through many filtering l)rocesses, and is made perfectly pure by the time it gets to the large water basin. The city has two miles of bithulithic pavement and thirty miles of concrete sidewalks. Of the manufacturing industries located at Wahpeton, the ])rincii)al one is the Northwestern Sheet and Iron ^^^)rks, Mhich has the largest output in the state. This concern was established in 1910, and has four traveling salesmen to can- vass the territory it covers. The capacity of the j)lant is 800 feet of sheet per day. Resides selling corrugated culverts, the Sheet and Iron Works act as jobbers of road machinery. Then there are the Wahpeton Roller Mills, a fireproof struc- ture of concrete, brick and steel, costing |45,000. The stor- 82 XoRTH Dakota of Today age capacity of the mill is 2.'>.0()0 barrels, and has a capacity of 175 barrels i)er day. Amoug the Avholesale houses located at Wahpeton, is the well-known firm of Leach & (Jamble Co., whose corps of trav- eling salesmen coyer the eastern part of tlie state as well as the northeastern i)art of South Dakota, and a part of Minne- sota. The Wagner (/and}' Comi)any is a wholesale tirni that covers the eastern part of North Dakota. Other industries A,~,„i,. If^hpHcn. .V, D. The Armory, Wahpeton, N. D. are: The Bottling Works, the Flax Tow Mill, The Wahpeton Marble Works, Steam Laundry and a Hook IJinderv. Wahpeton is a city of excejjtionally tine railway facili- ties; being on three transcontinental railroads, the main line of the Great Northern and branch lines of the Chicago, Mil- waukee and St. Paul, and the Northern Pacific railroads. The Milwaukee is crossed by the Soo Line at Fairmount, 14 miles south, giving a splendid opportunity for direct connection with Canadian cities and the Pacific Coast. These lines furn- ish Wahpeton with excellent intercourse with the world at large, assuring thereby its future welfare. The social life of the city is enlivened by the many fraternal organizations, that have splendid lodge homes, as AVahpetox : "The Gateway of the Northwest^^ 83 well as l»y the women's clubs, all being jointly responsible for the spirit of good fellowship that exists in the eonmuinity. At the Opera House a high class of road shows, and eastern talent of marked ability are featured during the season. The two Moti<»n Picture Theatres cater select and varied pro- grams, and thus reci-eation is provided to suit the tastes and purposes of the many. AVahpeton has two beautiful parks, chief of these is the Island Park, The natural attractions of the park, its shady wood the win3QmB1 + 'iiaHH^n I^^M «>i ,. «ajBHH l>^ db^^^^^^^^^^^^l^^H B^^f ^H ^ Ik ^^^^^^^^ m H ^^^^^^Hf^^HSI^^^^* ^^^M ^^P Kk. ■ ^ *.»— JS '. *"J^2I?i ^^fo-.m'^--',.:^8 I^^"*"-"^ -^T'^'fif^S^^m ^^M^^QR^SHHHfl n^MBMS^SH W ' . - -^T. JlMM HHHHBBBHHM BBHRHHi Residence Street, Grafton, N. D. of this ])ark. The walks were graveled, and drives graded and dragged, and tennis courts laid out in the central portion of the park. Two bath houses, a bandstand, and a lai'ge pa- vilion with concrete floor were erected at a cost of f 1300, and the bathing and boating facilities were improved. Through the co-operation of the city council, the drives, buildings, and all portons of the park were lighted by elec- tricity. In the spring of 1918, bronze and stone monuments were placed at the entrance, and shrubbery and more trees planted, it being a plan of the trustees of the park to make coiuiti-y. It was owiiii; to the maj^iiiticeiit j^ift of F. W. Lei.stikow a Wiiiuipeg man, and former resident of Grafton, that the Leistikow Memorial Park, Grafton, N. D. l»aik came to mature so rajtidly. Mr. Leistikow oFfer(Ml a iiift of fridOO to tlie ]iark district for tlie pnr])ose of erectinji: a ])ai*k in the memory of liis deceased parents, also former residents of Grafton. The }»oard accepted this splendid don- ation and hnriied the work, so that (m duly 14, 191G, the park was formally opened to the public. The club life of Grafton is active and stimulating. Be- sides the Commercial Club of 221 members, there are two women's clubs. Grafton is also a city with well-e(|uipi)ed Grafton : "The City of Prosfeuous Homes'^ 91 shoAv lioiises that play to road attractions, one of which is the beautiful ()])era House, erected at a cost of nearly .|1S. ()()(). having folding chairs and a seating capacity of five hundred, and Avliere some of the choicest plays are staged. Tlien there are two ^'audevi]le and Motion Picture Theatres. Here are shown nightly the highest film productions distributed by the world's leading film jobbers, thus ])lacing the city second to none, as a mecca to visiting lovers of stage productions. f:^ Main Street, Lidgerwood, N. D. CHAPTER XIV. LIDGEKWOOJ): 'THE CITY OF PROGRESS" Nestliii"- ill a rich ajiriciiltnral district, in the famous Red River Valley, lies one of the most progressive and pleas- ant little cities of North Dakota. Lidgerwood, "The City of IM-ogress." lias a ]>()]»nlati()n of over 1-00. It is the landmark of early pioneers. Into the little hamlet of early days came the sifted population of the best countries in Europe — the stoutest anassenger and freight ])ass tlirough daily. The princi])al manufacturing industry is that of the KoUei- Mills, which has a cai)acity of Lidgekwood: '"Tpie City of Progress" 95 300 barrels ])er day, and maintains a large ])ayroll, and also supply the city with light and power seryice. Then there are three large automobile tirms doing- a large business and carrying a large pay roll. There are very few people in the city or on the farms that do not own an automobile, and in ease of some big event or celebration held in Lidgerwood, Farmers National Bank, Lidgerwood, N. D. the streets are simply blockeershi}) ; among these are the AA'oodmen, the Masons, the Western IJohemian l>rotherhood, the Cath- olic Workmen, the Foresters, and the Western ISoliemian Catholic Association. The stimulus of social life is rejiresent- LiDOERWooi) : 'The City of I/rogkess" 97 ed by the Li(l<>erwoo(l Women's Club, which has done much for public welfare; the Civic Improvement and Study Club, which looks after the beautifyin<> of the city; and the Auxil- iary to the Women's Club, which is composed of about twenty unmarried ladies, and oives annually home talent ]days for the benefit of the library, and makes a social home for the lad}^ teachers. The ])atriotism of the ]>eople of Lid^erwood is ])est man- ifested by the 80 foot pole erected on the main street which -A?l-»^l^M^ig^isg'=feff:r-S~C,'t.aa^J,:i^s-^^^^ A Residence Street, Lidgerwood, N. D. proudly bears a McAdoo flai^' with a star from the (Jovern- ment and testifies to the fact that the citizens have over double subscribed for Liberty Bonds. Side by this flag- is the home service flag thickly studded with stars represent- ing the boys that were in the service of Uncle Sam in the World War. That the citizens were back of their boys was proved at the Ked Cross Auction Sale held in Lidgerwood in Mav 1918, when the sum of |G,132.r>7 was realized from 98 XoKTii Dakota of Today tlie sale. (^)ll^uhiti(>n of 1200, the tijrnres speak for themselves. The Udj-eiwood Coiicert Band, coiisistiiig- of 18 pieces, mives coiK-ei-ts on the main street twice a week. These con- certs brinj? ont many farmers from the vicinity. The Motion l*ictnre Theatre gives a select and varied ]>rogram, while at the liohemian Hall, which is the lodge home of the West- ei-n liohemian Brotherhood, and is e(inip])ed with stage fa- cilities and a large seating ca]»a.'ity, ai'e staged some of the leading attractions of traveling theatrical conii)anies. The city is also Ihe animal Ik. me of the < Miantan(|na, thns a varied program of recreations and entertainments is provided to snit the tastes of many. There is also an Automobile Chib, its members having bnilt a club house at Tewankan Park on Lake Tewankan, and frecjuent i>leasant excursions are made to this summer liome, A\'here fishing and entcM'taining is indulged in freely. The church lite of the city is r-e])resented by six churches and all having hana]>tist. the ^Nfethodist, and the Lutheran church. All churches have. a large attendance and jdav an im])ortant jcirt iri the social life. Fantastic Carving of Weird Bluffs, Domes and Castles CHAPTER XV. NATURAL BEAT TIES AND ST MMER HESORTS <)E NORTH DAKOTA The natural beauties of Xoi-tli Dakota, thonoli not those of destruction and desolation, perhaps exceed the far-famed gardens of Italy. True, no Alps nor Appeuines burst from their broad bosom and rear their cold dead peaks mile upon mile into heaven's mighty vault ; no A>suvius belches his angrv fame at the stars ; no Niagara churns its green waters into a rainbow tinted foam ; nor do we have the savage roar of the avalanche. But here we have the sun-kissed x^rairies, the ])nr])le tints of the lotus eater's land; the i)astoranieau- ties of Tempe's delightful home; glorious sunsets, and sun- rises, whose gleaming gold might ransom a universe of kings. And for scenery, nothing can surj)ass the natural beauties of our "Bad Lanein.<:; a ])i-iniitive, snjtei-stitnons race, could not nndei-stanaad Lands are tyi)ically developed along the Little Missouri, and ^ledora is located in their midst. T^nusual beauty and vai-icty is alaces of interest to visitors are, '"The Odar Ruins of Petrified Forests. Great Castles and Lofty Columns Canon," "The IJurning Mine." ''The Cnster Trail Kanch," before which on the oi»en tiat, Custer rested on his inarch to the fatal field of Little Big Horn "Te})ee Bottom"" is another interesting feature, it consists of an oi-iginal Indian tepee, which was left there by the Indians who wintered there after the Custer Massacre. Bird's Eye View of the Proposed Killdeer Mountain Park THE K I L L I ) I : K H :\ro T X T A I N S Aiiotliei- ])la('e of natural beauty are the Killdeei- Moni;- taiu.s, wliicli at no distant date, with fedei-al aid, are t.) he preserved as a natural ])ark. And it is rieautie8 and Summer Resorts 105 of cool air, and was reverenced by tlie Indians. It lias been explored to a depth of 80 feet. This was as far as the explorer dared to venture, claiming the temperature was so cold he could not stand it, and the climbing more difficult the deeper he went. This was 90 al)oye weather. In th3 winter time when the weather is very cold — say ^^0 l)elow — Dead Man's Gulch (on hill back of residence) a white vapor is seen coming up like the smoke from a huge smokestack, going hundreds of feet u}» in the air, and can be seen for miles on a cold still day. Sight-seers have thrown tons of rock into this cave just to hear the disappearing sounds. This too, has made it more difficult to explore its cavity, since as far as it has been explored has been through solid rock. In the ])icture shoAvn, an explorer is just coming out, with his hand on a large loose rock that partially covei-s the entrance, placed there purposely to lessen the danger of the pedestrian. Then there is "Dead Man's Gulch," s(> e;-ially well-watered an*^-.'' Bsaver Damming a Stream in Killdeer Mountain Park Strong and ^^'Cil, with many useful years aluvid of them. In the timbei- of tlu^ Killdeers is located tlic Oakdale I*ost- ottice. ;!nd also a general store having a gasoline vender, where everything from a bull-berry ])ie, to an S-cyliiider car can be pur( liased by tlie tourist. The afcouipaiiying ]>ictni-e sliov/s one of the s]»ring- fed streams dammeil by the beiiver — notice the tiHd)er used in the construction of the dam. This stream has a series of <1ams, tuid in ( ase of a freshet, sliould one wasli out, the next one would hold the water till repairs could be made. 108 NouTii Dakota of Today The water in this picture is six feet deep and extends back up stream several hundred feet. The dead timl)er shown in picture is caused by Hooding. Beaver never use dead timber in their construction work, nothino- but good, sound green tind)er, and if ph'iitv is at han be found anywhere in the Nortlnvest. Among the most beautiful summer resorts is Walhalla. "The Oarden of the Gods." Here nature has been Natural Beauties and Su.aoier Resorts 109 particularly lavish in spreadiug her charms. Here every summer the Chautauqua Assemblies are held in the far- famed Mager Grove, which is almost encircled in the embrace of the Pembina River. The delightful shade of the tall stately trees, the running spring water, and the carpet of green, makes this an ideal place for rest and recreation. Here visitors find bathing facilities, either in deep water or along a shallow beach, where even the smallest children are perfectly safe. A motor boat makes regular trips up the river to accommodate those who enjoy boating through the ever-changing charms of the beautiful Pembina. An abundance of row boats are also kept, and these are rented at nominal rentals to visitors. Within easy distance are many interesting spots — the State Park, which is cared for by the state appropriation, is only a scant quarter mile from the Cliautauqua grounds. A half mile in another direction brings one to the Ceme- teries with the Martyrs' grave and monument. The monu- ment was erected in memorial of three missionaries who were murdered by the Sioux Indians in 1852. Visitors often make side trips to the Mennonite village, six miles to the north into Canada, and to old Fish Tray, eight miles to the west, where the magnificent Canyon of Pembina, a mile wide and five hundred feet deep, leaves a picture impressed on the mind that time can never efface. The Walhalla Chau- tauqua draws a large patronage from Canada, as well as from the state. Many of the visitors bring their own tents and cooking facilities. As the Chautauqua is in session for several weeks, a most enjoyable time is assured. Devils Lake Chautauqua Park DEVILS LAKE CHAITAUQUA PARK Devils Lake, in Ramsey coiiutv, is known far and wide as a delightful summer resort. On its shores are the sum- mer liomes of Imndreds of North Dakotans, and it is the location of the third largest Chautauqua in tlie United States. The lake itself is so large that it classes among the inland seas. It is about forty miles in lengtli and varies from a few rods to over eight miles in width, the shores being lined with beautiful sandy stretches and sections of liuge bouhlers de])osited there by the ice during the glacial ])ei'i(id. This bown place west of St. Cloud, Minn. Here they sought refuge following the Sioux Massacre of 18G2. Fort Abercrombie was used as a de])ot for su]»i)li<^s. and was a post of great importance in the early history of Dakota, and an objective point for the troops under Gen. Sully during his campaign against the Sioux in 1S()3. In 1S(».">, Catholic missions were first o])ened and held at the fort. Natural Beauties and Summer Kesorts 115 At a meeting of the Old Settlers' Association, held at Wahpeton. on June 26, 1902, a petition was drafted and sent to the Governor and the Legislature of the State, to pro- vide for an appropriation for the purchase of the ground of tlie old site of Fort Abercrombie, for the purposes of a Public Park, in honor of the hardy pioneers who made the settlement secure by their dauntless courage and unfalter- ing determination ; same to be in charge of the Richland County Old Settlers' Association and the State Historical Society. To both of these organizations much credit is due for their effort in preserving old landmarks where the first struggles for civilization in this state took place. The bill was passed, and the park became a reality. It is a six-acre tract on the banks of the Red River. Over five hundreds trees were planted, consisting of evergreens, box elders, and ornamental shrubs. These trees are now in a most flourishing condition. A fence was built around the entire grounds, and the whole park seeded to white clover. Water has been put in, so that the whole park is well sup- plied. A few years ago a museum was Iniilt of logs, shipped from the pine regions of Minnesota. Already the museum contains a great many relics of ])ioneer days, such as pictures of pioneer settlers, historic furniture, etc. There is also a tennis court, and a pavilion where the people of Abercrom- bie Township hold their celebrations. From the Pavilion a beautiful view can be obtained of the entire country. On every i)urpling summer day, the rustle of the winds through the sobbing willows and mourn- ful elms will pour forth a solemn requiem, and bespeak of the immortality of the patriotism here commemorated. Prof. Frederick H. Koch, Founder and Director of Communal Playmaking CHAPTER XVI. COMMUNAL PLAYMAKING The State University at Grand Forks has made distinct contribntions to conimnnal drama nnder the ins])inug lead- ership ot" Professor Frederick H. Koch. Tlie achievements of the University ah)nii tliis line are notable not only for tlie manner of their presentation, and their (piality, but for the unusual attractive scene of the performance. The "Bank- side Theatre," as it is appropriately named, is an open air stage and auditorium, located on the two sides of a little stream that flows in graceful curves througli tlie University urounds. A beautiful natural bend of tlie water course CO-M.MUXAL PlAYMAKIXG 11' rounds out the frout of the stage, and on the opposite bank is the amphitheatre, whose gentle slope accommodates an audience of three thousand. The stage is fully a hundred feet long by forty feet deep. Tlie stream is eighteen feet Avide at this point, and is not only a most i)ictures(|ue feature, with its beautiful re- Heralds Announcing the Tercentenary Masque "Shakespeare, the Playmaker," at the Bankside Theatre flections l)oth in daylight and at night, but contril)utes ef fective acoustic properties. Expert advice from some of the highest exponents of dramatic art have been utilized in ])lanning for the future enrichment of this natural theatre. Trees and shrubs for a stage screen, and a colonnade of Greek columns on the crest of the bankside, will in due time furtlier add to its delightful charm. Here in this attractive outdoor theatre two communal ])lays have been jiroduced : The historical play, "A Pageant of the Northwest," in 1914; and the second a masque^ "Shakespeare, the Playmaker,'' in 1916. The beautiful Bank- side Theatre was formally dedicated when the presentation of tlie ''Pageant of the Xortli-Wesf' was given before an 118 XoKTii Dakota of Today audience wiiicli tilkMl the seats and overtlowed onto tlie grassy banks on either side, on May 29, 1914. The story of the pageant was in fonr i)arts, and presented tlie story of the Northwest — tlie romantic tale of the painted Indian Randall Larson as "Verendyre" in "A Pageant of the Northwest warrior and the brave pioneer white man. Tlie lirst three parts marked the si)irit of "Westward Hoi" eml)odied in the three French exi)lorers — Radisson, LaSalle and A'eren- drye. The fourth i)art showed the work consmiunated by Captains Clark and Lewis in their triumphant march to the great west sea. Communal Playmaking 119 Tlie iiatui-al stage i)reseiite(l a woiulerfiil setting — and in that setting, witli threatening clouds passing over the sky as the sun sank below the liorizon, Avith the stars coining into view overhead in the fading light, with verdure of early summer everywhere and the lights of the campus twinkling through the trees, and the water of the little stream glisten- ing as its placid surface was l)roken in)w and then l)v the passing of a canoe, some three hundred young people of the University enacted the histor} -making tragedies of the pio- neer days. The mascjue, "Shakespeare, the Playmaker," which was presented on the IJankside Theatre in June, 1916, was de- signed and written by a group of twenty students at the University to commemorate the tercentenary of William Shakespeare. It is a work of notable merit, filled with live- liness and humor, and no little imagination. The idea of the Work, original in conception, aimed to portray the be- ginnings of Shakespeare's art — suggested by the players' scenes in "A Midsummer Night's Dream" — and his mature achievements with the vision of the new world of America, as embodied in "The Tempest." Notable in its presentation and other aspects, the most unique feature of the masque was its communal authorship. It was on the same plan "The Pageant of the North-West" was created two years before. That production superbly in- terpreted the history of our own country that impressed the thousands who ])artici])ated as actors and spectators with the spirii of nationality and co-operation. The mas(iue of "Shakes] )eare, the Playmaker," produced by many minds and hands, undei- the leadership of Prof. Koch, and united in a bfnid of syin]tathy, a S"oi-e of M'riters. hiiiidrele, and suggests a still further development of co-operative authorship in making commun- ity drama.'" The people have often participated impressively as actors in a community play, but it has been shown that they can also, l)y collaborating under pro])er leadership, "create a drama democratic — a new^ art — born of the people, embodying their own interpretations of life." In its Bankside Theatre, the University of Xortii Dakota has the distinction of having the first out-door theatre to utilize curve of a stream to separate the stage from the auditorium. It fittingly separated the ]»eople of the audi- torium from the pretending people of the stage, and casts a spell of enchantment over the entire mystic effect. Here pageantry and all kinds of poetic aintiiig. An adjustable "Play-Stage" lias been clay-stage the Dakota Playmakers have pro- duced a Avhole series of one-act ])lays vigorous with the life of the native soil. This Play-Stage being an adjustable stage, and readily ada])t(Ml 1o aii\ t()\\ii hall or s lio!)l auditorium, is taken along by the students on their annual tour, in ])resenting in various towns their plays of the life of the Northwest coun- try. It is more than ten years ago since Prof. Koch toui-ed the state with a little company of Piii versify students in Pichard P>rii!sl('v Shcrida'i's comedv "The Pival;.." f!)llo^\■('d Communal Playmakixg 123 in 1!)07 by another ott'eriiiji, a dramatization of Charles Dickens" Martin Chnzzlewit/' and in the following year bv James Sheridan Knowles' ^'Tlie Love Chase." Tlie vear "Caliban" (Benjamin Sherman) "Prospero (Melvin Johnson) and "Miranda" (Harriet Mills) in "Shakespeare, The Playmaker of 191(> markebice for a moving ])icture machine. The scenery is The Little Country Theatre 127 simple anrl painted in plain colors. Anybody in a eonntrv town can make a set like it. The doors are wooden doors, and the windows have real glass in them. Simplicity is the keynote of the theatre. It is an example of what can he done with village halls, Vestal Virgins, Presented in "The Little Country Theatre" unused portions of schoctl liouses, and hasements of country ('hurdles, in coiiiiiinnities. One of tlie unique features of The Little Country Theatre is the Cotfee Tower. It is just to the right of the lower end of the stage. Its function is purely social, after a play or i)rograni has been ])resented, the friends of the Thespians are cordially invited to the Cof- fee ToA\er and served with tea and cake. The object of The Little Country Theatre is to produce such plays and exercises as can be easily staged in a country school, the basement of a country church, in the sitting room of a farm home, in village or town hall, or any place where pe;)])l(^ gather for social bctteriiient. Its principal 128 North Dakota of Today fiiiictioii is to .stiiiiulate aii interest for ^ood clean drama and original entertainment among- the people living on farms and in villages, in order that they may find themselves and that the}' become better satisfied with their surronndings. The Servant in the House, Presented in "The Little Country Theatre" In other words, its real purpose is to use the drama, and all that goes with the drama, as a sociological force in getting people together and acquainted with each other. In a coun- try town nothing attracts so much attention, proves so pop- ular, and brings pleasure to so many, as a home talent play, and nothing embodies a more friendly feeling in the neigh- borhood. An illustration to demonstrate that a home talent play is a dynamic force in helping people to find themselves, was afforded in the presentation of "The Country Minstrels" given in the year of 1914, by the Agricultural club, an organ- ization of young men from the country, in The Little Country Theatre. The club (lecided to give a minstrel show. At the first rehearsal nobody possessed any talent, except one young The Little Country Theatre 129 man, lie could clog-. At the second rehearsal a tenor and man- dolin ]:iayer Avas discovered. At the third rehearsal good voices were fonnd, a quartet and a twelve-jnece band were organized. AVhen the play was presented twenty-eight dif A Russian Honeymoon, Presented in "The Litttle Country Theatre" ferent young men furnished a variety of acts eciualling those of many a ])r(»fessi()nal comjiany. The students of the Agricultural College have produced scores of plays and community programs. One group of young people from various sections of the State representing five different nationalities — Scotch, Irish, English, Norwe- gian and Swedish, successfully staged "Tlie Fatal Message," a one act comedy by John Kendrick IJangs. In order to depict Russian life, one of the dramatic clubs in the insti- tution presented "A Russian Honeymoon." Another cast of characters from the country gave "Cherry Tree Farm," an English comedy, in a most acceptable manner. "Leon- 130 XoRTii Dakota of Today arda," a jday Ity Ujoriisteru Ujonisoii, was presented by th" Edwin Booth Dramatic Club, and was undoubtedly one of the best plays staged in The Little Country Theatre. An orchestra played Norwegian music between the acts. Sam Average, Presented in "The Little Country Theatre" During the last three years nearly twenty young ladies, the majority from country districts, have presented short plays. Each one of thciii also acted as the dii-ector of a play. They have not only selcrteil the ]»ro(luction, but tliey have ])roiii:)t(Ml tlie ]»lay and trained the cast of ciiaracters as well. When I'ercy MacKaye, the well-known dramatist visited The Little Country Theatre, four young men pre- sented "Sam Average," in iiis honor. "The Ti-aveling Man": a miracle play, was presented in honor of Lady Gregory of Ireland, on the occasion of her visit to Fargo, during her last tour of America. Many other standard plays have also been The Little Country Theatre 131 presented by these rural aiuatenrs, as Avell as a number of original productions. Several original plays have been presented to large crowds. Three of these — "For the Cause, "A New Liberator,'' and "Bridging the Chasm," made an unusually fine impres sion upon the audiences. They were written under the direc- tion of Abbie SinniKins, writei- of ]»lays and a s])lendid stu- dent of the drama. Perliaps the most interesting incidents which have oc- curred in connection with the work of The Little Country Theatre, were the presentations of "A Farm Home Scene in Ireland Thirty Years Ago," "The Prairie Wolf," "Back to the Farm/' and "A Bee in a Drone's Hive.'' All of these productions have come from the pen of the country people themselves. Standing room was at a premium. The Little Country Tlieatre could not hold the crowds, eighty jxn- cent of the people being farmers eager to see the drama of theii- creation. "A Farm Home Scene in Iceland Thirty Years Ago," was staged by twenty young men and women of Icelandic descent, whose homes are in the country districts of North Dakota. The tableau was very effective. The scene rep- resented an intei-ior sitting-room of an Icelandic home. The walls were wliitewashed ; in the rear of the room was a fireplace ; the old grandfather was seated near the fireplace, in an armchair, reading a story in the Icelandic language. About the room were several young ladies dressed in native costumes, busily engaged in spinning yarn and knitting, a favorite ])astime of an Icelansiti<)ii. I'^oley reci^ved liis ednctition in the scliools at JJismarck and is a member of the alumni. For years he was connected with the Bismarck Tribune, his first occupa- tion, when he was but in tender years, being- tliat of a morning- newsboy. He received his journalistic education with Marshall Henry Jewell, the founder of The Daily Tribune, and dur- ing the former's five years' absence at Washington, D. C, Foley was editor-in-chief. He was but !(> years of age when he assumed the editorshij) of The Daily Tril)une, l)ut liis verses and his editorials made The Daily Tribune a news- l)aper with a national reputation, and won him fame, till the publications througliout the east eagerly sought his pro- ductions. During the nineteen years James Foley was in the edi- torial capacity of The Bismarck Tribune he continued writ- ing verses, and among his first books were : "Prairie Breezes'" and "Boys and Girls." His poem entitled "A Letter Home," has been copied to a greater extent tlian anything he has ever written. Though this i)oem ai)peare(l nearly 15 years ago, it has been reproduced by all of the newsi)apers of the state of North Dakota, and also leading eastern publica- tions. In addition to his newspaper and literary work, Foley has been a close student of state ])olitics, and dui-ing the year he was political correspondent for eastern daily newsi)apers, his articles were accepted as the most accurate resume of the North Dakota political situation that could be secured. Dur- ing several of the most bitterly contested state campaigns, Foley was in charge of the Republican head(|uarters as state secretary, and it was largely due to his eminent fairness, to IX LlTEKATUUE AND AUT 139 Jiis cai-efiil and coiisei'vative judgment that his party met Avitli success at the election that followed. So successful was Foley in his i)olitical career, that at the age of 30 he was appointed private secretary to Governor E. Y. Sarles in 1904. When the legislative session of 1907 convened, Foley was chosen secretary of the senate, wiiich position he tilled for three successive terms, and each time was chosen by an unanimous vote. l^)r two years he was also secretary of the state board of railroad commissioners, and it was due to his thorough work, that the aifairs of the commission were placed on a systematic basis. During the Republican campaign of 1912, Foley was state secretary of the Republican committee, and upon the death of Chairman Gray of the Republican state committee, the entire charge of the campaign fell upon Foley and un- der his direction of the affairs the party was carried to success at the polls. Soon after the November election he was chosen as private secretary to Governor Hanna, which he resigned on December 1, 1913, and Avith Mrs. Foley left for California, his present home. Some (tf Foley's best-known volumes of poems are: "Prairie Breezes," "Songs of Schooldays," "Boys and Girls of Mine," "Old Friends in Joyous Verses," "A Breath from the Plains," "Plains and Prairie," "Life and Laughter," and "The Way of Smiles," which is his latest i)ro(luction. LEWIS F. (CRAWFORD Lewis F. Crawford was I)orn in Wagoner, ^fo., on Feb- ruary 25, 1870. His boyhood was si)ent on a farm in Miss- ouri. After courses at the public schools, he took the degree of B. S., at the State Normal School, Warrensburg, Mo., and 140 XouTii 1 )AK()TA OF Today latpi- iiijMliuitcd fioin tli(^ Ilai-vaid riiiversity Avith tlie A. B. and A. M. degrees. He was siii)eriiiteiideiit of the schools at Osaohi. Mo., in IS!).**,-.""), and in ISill) he came to Noi-tli Da- kota, locating at Dickinson, where he was superintendent of schools foi- a number of years. In I'.M):^ he moved to Sen- tinel l>ntt(\ where he became cashier of the Interstate Bank of Joinings ("onnty, which i)osition he still holds. He was i)resident of the North Dakota State P)oard of Ke- gents, and is a member of the American Academy of Political and Social Science; the American Historical Society, and the North Dakota Historical Society. He has been prominent in sha])ing the affairs of lUllings and Golden Valley Tonnties, and is the envied ])ossessor of what is, perhaps, the best his- torical library in the state. His writings on liistorical and economic subjects have eai-ned foi- him a wide i-ei)utation among luen of learning and with tlu^ reading jinblic. Among his most scliolarly works is; "The Loyalists in the American Kevolntion," "Hessian and otlier German Anxiliaries in the American Revolution." Among his short literary articles are: "An Idyl to Sentinel Butte." 'The Old Kegnlar," and "The American Sword." ALFRED GILMEIDKX AKVOLD Alfred Gilmeiden Arvold was born in ^Vhitewatel•, Wis., on January ir>, 1S.S2. He is a gra. Soon after leaving the army he became a trap})er, t'oHowinu this vocation for a iiuml)er of years. His experiences Axiiile trapping are told in a graphic manner in his book : ''Twenty Years on the Trap Line." His travels (hir- ing these years took him through the Dakotas, whicli at that time wei'e inhabited mainly by Indians, soldiers anates College, the T^niversity of Chi- cago, and the University of Uerliu. He received his tlieolog- ical ti-aining at Andover Theological Seminary. In 1887 Dr. Heede piloted land seekers over the Red River valley. The last sixteen years Dr. Reede has spent as an 10piscoj)al Missionary among the Sioux Indians at Hest:)r, N. Dak. He has in this work done more good for the Indians than any othei- jum-sou in the state. He has been instrumental in having the T'nited States (rovernment recognize the rights In Litekatuke and Aut 143 of starving Indians, and in tliis way won their love. He has studied tlieir history and beliefs, and is a well-knowTi au- thority on Indian folk stories. Dr. lieede has written two dramas of Indian life: "Sitting Bull-Custer," and "Heart of my Lodge." The 11)11 graduating class of the Agricultural College gave "Sitting Bull-Custer" as their class play. FREDERIC^K HENRY KOCH Frederick Henry Koch was boi-n in Covington, Ken- tucky, in 1877 In 18oiiney of the Music Department of .lamestown (\)llege. It had been said that the World War would never be won until ]>eopl(^ began to write patriotic songs. Tlier*^ is more truth in this than would at lirst a])i)ear, for the ex- ])ression of the nnseltish pur])ose of America in entering the wai- has haoem "The ]>uilder," and is also noted as the historian of the Richland County Old Settlers' Association. Nannie P^iscus, of Steele, N. Dak., wrote the song "Da- kota Land," which attained much popularity among the peo- ])le of the state. Prof. .John M. Gillette of the University of North Da- kota, has written several books, one of them being "Sociol- ogy," which book is included in the National Social Science Series, edited by President McVey. IX LiTEKATUUE AND ArT 147 Mande H. Moc, cf Valley (Mty, wrote "The (lein of the- Sheveuue Valley," in which excjiiisite little poem is revealed the legend of Valley (Mty. l*rof. G. Davis of the University of North Dakota, is th(i author of "Social Evolution, " which is also included in the National Social Science Series edited by President McVey. ( 'arl Nelson, editor of the Cando Herald, has written a number of poems, that have found favor with the public. Floyd D. Raze, another poet, was formerly a teacher at Anamoose, N. Dak., but lives in Minneapolis at the present time. Susan W. Norton and Marj^aret (\ IJurns, both teachers at the \'a]ley City Normal School have Written several not- able dramas, amonj" which are: "Sakakawea, the Bird- AV(jman," "The Last of the Mandans,"" and "Custer's Mass- acre." • loseph Mills Hanson, formerly of North Dakota, but now i-esioy Scouts. John Macule wi-ote the ^^■ork from which Edward r>el- iamy is s;iid to have deriv*^! his ideas for his book "Looking Backward." Prof. Daniel E. Williard of the State Normal School of Mayville, N. Dak., is the author of the book: ''The Story of tlie Prairies," ^Vhich is enjoying much ])oi)ulai-ity in the state. PAUL FJELDE : NORTH DAKOTA SCULPTOR Paul Fjelde was born in Minneaixdis, Minn., on August 12, 1S9l'. He attended the Minneapolis i)ubli<' schools, and 148 ^'oRTii Dakota of Today iu IDOl' moved with his mother and sisters to Wilton, North Dakota, and lived on a homestead. Shortly after, he returned to Minneapolis to continue his studies at the public schools, and also attiMided the Minnea])olis School of Fine Arts. T'}>on graduation he returned to North Dakota in 1909, and man- aged his mothei-'s farm for a i)eriod of two years, sustaining i-rop failures both years. In 1911 he moved to A^alley City, entering the Art Department of the Valley City State Normal School, remaining there one year. In 19li' he entered a three years pupilage under Lorado Taft in Thicago, which course he com])leted in 191."). In the following year, in 1916, he opened a studio in New York City. He has met with no little success in his career, and the following are a number of his ]>ub]ic commissions: "The McFarland and Platou relief portraits," in Valley City, N. Dak. ; "The Lincoln Mcmument," presented to the people of Norway by the people of North Dakota in 1911; "The Ivan Aasen Monument,'' at Concordia College, Moorhead, Minn.; ''The John Sc(>tt liradstreet Memorial," in the Museum of the Art Institute, Minneapolis, Minn., "The Ajertsen Memor- ial," in Minneai)olis, Minn., "The J>. IJjornsen Memorial," Mayville, N. Dak., "The R. M. Lunn Memorial," in Auburn, Maine, besides numerous semi-public and i)rivate commis- sions. J. O. RINDAHL: NORTH DAKOTA LANDS(\\PK PAINTER •T. (). Kiiidahl was boin on a farm in \Visc<)iisin, but for many years has been a resident of (Jrafton, N. Dak. His boyhood days were characterized with vivid dreams of the beautiful pictures he would paint, the marvelous statues he IX LlTEKATniE AND ArT 149 would carve, and the inagiiiticeiit palaces he would build — dreaiii.s of a uormal, healthy l)()vh(»<)d. in which the soul of ail artist was seeking' expression. J. 0. Rindahl, North Dakota Landscape Painter Beino' one of a family of twelve, and growing np in the midst of pioneer conditions, dreams had to give way to stern 150 North Dakota of Today realities of life. In s}>ite of obstacles lie managed to get some instruction in drawing from different instructors, but it was not enough to realize liis hopes on, so he tiually drifted into tlie ])liotograi)liy lousiness, in wliich he met with no little success. Tn iS!).-). l\inare moments tliat he devotes to the fostering of his talent. The large photograph was taken in Ixindahl's studio while he was at work on an alt;ir])iere en- titled: "Easter Morning," for one of Grafton's chuiches. He has painted several large canvas |)aintings, which adorn the Natural Resources 151 altars of a iniiiil)er of ('hnrclie.s in the iState ; aii-(ro]» nKMliod of farniinii' in favor of a scientific rota- tion of ci-ops and the maintenance on the farms of the pi-o])nized. The more extended use of the silo and the now thorouiilily demonstrated fact that corn aiul alfalfa can l»e protitably planted and matured, have both given additional stinnihis to the dairy industry, which prom- ises in the near future to he one of the most important in the state. Legislative enactments are constantly being made to strengthen the supervising j)ower of the authorities so that the public can be protected the more thoroughly from un- sanitary methods of manufacturing and handling of milk and cream. These laws are being actively enforced with gratify- ing results. Nearly 10,000,000 i)ounds of butter were made in North Dakota families in lOlS. In the same year the farmers sold tlie Creameries i;^,4(»L*,000 ])ouuds of cream and milk, receiv- ing therefor |i'.0!)S,1l*T. At the rate in which purebred and highbred dairy stock is being brought into the state, and the large number of silos being erected annually, all point to the time in the near future when this industry will rival in volume that of many older established dairy states in the Union. LIGNITE COAL Agriculture has made North Dakota famous through- out the states. But in the future closely allied with agricul- ture will come coal })r()ducti()ii and the industries which will result therefrom. That the western and central parts of North Dakota are heavily uii(> tons, and is steat in ^^'ard county, coal is found outci-o])])ing along the sides of the Iduff. At Medora, liillings County, in the Bad Lands, and about Williston, in ^^'illiams County, coal is found in considerable ciuantity. Never has natural resource had a larger or more dis- couraging fight for recognition, and n<^ver has such recogni- tion finally come so si)ontaneously and so enthusiastically and with such unanimity as in the case of lignite. We have people right here in central North Dakota near the heart of the coal fields, who have used no other fuel for years and years, and who \\ ould use no other, who yet when away from home have found enjoyment in ])oking fun at lignite; and l>ecause it \\as a strange fuel to the ])eo})le in the Red River Xatuual Resources 157 valley, those who had occasion to sojourn there, made it a point to make it more strange by exaggerating' lignite's pet peculiarities. 13nt in the year of 191 nble prices for every ton of coal it used, was - resentative in Washington. Secietary Lane, of the Interior, obtained an appropriation of |100,0(tO for the exploitation of this great natural resource. Congressman Norton interested 158 XuuTii Dakcjta of Today himself in pi-ociiriiiii a])]»r()]»iiati<>iis. X(nvs])a])ers tlir(»ntion in the eastern munition works and in the stokeholds of the ships which are cai-rying our soldiers and their su])])lies and ammunitions across the Atlantic, the millions itf t -ns of eastern coal which North Dakota has de- manded in other years. Vov the first time in the history of the state, a committee representing the manufacturers (►f North Dakota in this con- ference, went on record in favor of the use of lignite in all of the state's manufacturing enter])rises, insisting that it WiiK a solemn dntv these industries owcmI their country and Natiual Kesources 159 tlieir state as well. Out of all this agitation has come a sincere appreciation of lignite and the ever-increasing deveh)pnient of an indiisti-y that promises a great fntnre for North Dakota. CLAYS North Dakota is especially rich in clavs. and remarkably well snpplied with good brick clays. Over a considerable district in the eastern p;irt of the state, these clays appear Pottery made from Tertiary Clays near Dickinson in two distinct beds, that is, the upper, usually yellow clay, immediately under the soil, and under that, the deeper blue clay. In most cases in this district, brick is made fi-om yellow clay, though it is claimed that a judicious and thorough mix- ing of the blue and yellow clays, might in all i)robability ])i'oduce a better ai-ticle. In the Hed Kiver valley the yellow clay immediately un- rick. >scxt to brick and refractory material in tlic iuiportance of clay wares is stoneware, under which is ])r<)adly classi- fied a large nund)er of much used articles, such as sewer pipe, tloor tile, ornamental wall tile, jars, jugs, etc. Stoneware is very like a variety of other wares, such as yelbtw >\'ear, or Rockingham ware on the one side, and lower grade white earthenware on the other. There is of course a great varia- tion in the character of clay used for stoneware, as well as the ])roduct. Some of the higher grade stoneware clays, espe- cially the lighter colors, are capable of considerable artistic effect. The chea])er grades of stoneware fre glazing is em])loyed. A great deal of stoncnvai-e is salt- glazed on the inside, as it is difticult for tln^ salt vajxn- to reach easily the inside surface when the kiln is stacked. In salt glazing the ware is bui-ned and tlie heat of the kiln is in- creased to maximum and then a definite amount of salt is introduced regularly into the kilns. Along with this there is coniiiionly introduced green or wet W(M)d which gives the i-e(iuisite amount of steam to carry the fumes of sodium chloride in such a form that they can i)enetrate and allow the sodium to unite with the silica and alumina on the surface (►f th(^ wai-e. ^^'llen this has tak(Mi ])lace. the kiln is allowed to gradually cool. Ware which is slij) glazed is coated with a li(|uid of a fusible (day mixture, usually considerable iron and alkalies. This slip dries evenly over tiie body of the ware, which is then fired to the fluxing point of the slip and the day, when the temperature is gradually reduced, i'oi- ornamental tile and for many kinds of stoneware dishes, a heavy glaze is desired. With the higher gras'()ith Dakota there are several (lei)()sits of excellent stoneware clays. These are usually found in the tertiary forniation in the sonth^yestern jjart of the state. They are fre- entoii shales while jtrobably underlying much of the central part of the state, outcroj) only in the INMubina Mountain region, although they have been r(^ported in the valley of the Sheyenne Kiver, near Lisbon. In the Pend>ina region they are (^xjxtsed in the dee}) valleys of the Tongue, Little Pembina, and IVmbina rivers. About 150 feet of a green and blue clay shale exposed on the I'end>ina is class- ified as IJenton. One of the best outci-ojis is at Mayo, five and one half miles west of ^^'alhalla. in the deep valley of the Natural Resources 165 Pembina river. The shales are liere used by the Mayo Brick & Tile Company. The shale is of a gray color when dried, and almoi^t black when freshly exposed, and contains manj^ dark carbonaceons particles. The clay is very line grained, being soft and fissile, and becomes plastic on the addition of water. Some of the beds have a strong odor of petroleum. The Niobrara formation overlies the Benton and is not sharply differentiated from it, and outcrops most extensively in the Pembina Mountain region, and forms a considerable part of the strata exposed by the Tongue, Little Pembina and Pembina rivers. It does not, however, contain any shale val- uable as a clay. This is due to the high line content, varying from twenty to seventy-five per cent of calcium carbonate. This makes certain beds of it valuable for the manufac- ture of natural cement, but destroys all its usefulness as clay. The main i)art of the Niobrara, known as "cement rock," is rather hard and massive, breaking out in large pieces. It is of a grey color with white specks of lime, and is a moderately hard, calcerous shale. Tlie u])perm()st i)art of the Niobrara is chalky in appearance, in fact extensive de])osits of chalk have been found. The Pierre shale has its best outcrops along the Pend)ina, Little Pembina and Tongue rivers, where they have worked back in the escar])ment bordering the Red River Valley. Out- crops are also found on the Pai-k, Forest, and Turtle rivers. The Sheyenne and James rivers have also eroded into the Pierre shales. Along the Sheyenne they outcrop at points below A^alley (Mty, and along the dames River near James- town, and a few miles north. The Pierre not only under- lies the central part of the state, but it exposed in many places, and is thus available for use. The Pierre is of a 166 NoKTJi Dakota of Today (lark iii-a\ . blue or black sliale. It is fissile and weathers easily into tliiii plates. The shale is tine *>raine(l but contains a little of very fine sand. It also contains many small iron concretions, which cause the clay to become a brownish coloi- when weatliei-ed. Abont 'MH) feet of Pierre shales are exposed in tlie Pembina region. To tlie Fort I^nion formation where the famous Bad Lauds have been eroded, belong the high grade tire and pot- tery clays of the western part of the state. These very pure and white tire clays cover an area of a]tproximately 4000 square miles, lying bet^^'een the Missouri and the Little ]Mis- souri rivers. They occur at elevations of frcmi 2450 to 2600 feet above sea level, and are confined to the tops of the higher ridges and divides. Their maximum tliickness is about 150 feet. These fire clays are remarkably uniform over the entire district, and their white color makes them conspicuous wher- ever they are exposed. Dr. Edwin F. Ladd, the Genius in Pure Food Work OHAPTEK XX. SOCIAL LEGISLATION OF XORTII DAKOTA THE in KE FOOD LAW One of the most remarkable steps in the prooressiveness of social le<>islation in Nortli Dakota is the "IMire Food Law/' Tlie aim of the pnre food work in its different i)hases, is mere- ly that the consumer has the rioht to know what he }>nYS. The simi)le way to do this is to let the label j^ive the make-up of the goods. As Dr. Ladd put it : "The pure food law does not i)rohibit the selling of ground olive stones or cocoanut shells as such, but it does forbid selling them for ])epper or other food products. 168 NoKTii Dakota of Today When 1)1'. Ladd began the pure food work, he fonnd that most of the canned focxls were adnlterated, niisliranded, and often doped witli injnrions ingredients, and sold to the con- suming pnblic as of higli (|uality. -lams, for instance, were often maay of convicts anjis revised, to allow inmates of the penitentiary from ten to twenty-five cents a day for their labor. One-half to three-foniths of this amount may go to distant relatives, while a small portion is set aside for a j»risoii(M-s' benetit fund, which is s]>ent for ^^ilolesome aiiinse- ments. THE .Tl^VENILE ('OrKT was strenofhened by author- izini:- its head, the district jue, to appoint a juvenile <-(mi- missioner to investijiate cases, issue temporary orders, and icport to his supei-ior. A law that has ])rove(l valuable is the one designed to prevent cliildren from playing about the railroad tracks wliere there is \ving mend>ers, with terms of expiration as follows: Lewis V. Crawford, Sentinel l>utte, 1921; Frank White, Valley i'lty, 11)19; Dr. J. D. Taylor, 1919; Emil Scow, Bowman, 1917, and .1. A. I'ower, Leonard, 1917. The board was organized on July (S, 1915, succeeding the State Normal Board which had control of the Valley City, Mayville, and Minot Normals, and the individual boards of other institutions. The institutions under the direction of the Boai-d of Regents were: State Fniversity, at Orand Forks; Agricultural College, at Fargo; State Normal School, at Valh\v (Mty ; State Normal School at Mayville; State Normal School at Minot; vState Normal School at Dickinson; State Normal-Industrial School at Ellendale; State School of Sci- ence, at A\'ah])eton ; State School of Forestry, at l>ottine;ni ; and Stat." rid)lic Library ('(immissi )n at I>ismjir(k. With tli(^ creation of the Hoard of Regents and the fix- ing (if responsibilities, there iiiiiiiediat(dy arose an inspiration for a gieater educational system, one that could be ])ro])erly correled and co-ordinated, making each institution stand for something distinctive and individual, making it ])0ssible for boys and giils to secuie that kind of an education that ap- peale'l to them most sti-ongly. or what would most nearly 174 North Dakota or Today meet their dcsiies. AVitli tliis view in mind, the board in November, 11)1.~), named a snivey commission, of wliicli Dr. P. P. Claxtou, Ignited States Commissioner of Education, was tlie leadin«i' member and directed the work in hand. Tlie Survey Commission , to the stndy of tlie conditions in this state, and sub- mitted to the board its findings. It also gave the opi)ortunity for the members to liave state-wide, ratlier than a social viewpoint of all administra- tive and financial matter pertaining to the institutions. This is a phase in Avhicli every taxpayei- of the state has a vital interest. The State Board of Regents was thus able to famil- iarize itself with the intimate and exact needs of all institu- tions, and to stndy the ])roblems of each in comparison with the requirements of all, to the l)enetit of the taxpayers and with increased service to the state. The members of the board being keenly and ])ersonal- ly interested in educational matters, devoted a great deal of time to a close study of the situation in the state. The chief ambition of the members was to unify the educational system of North Dakota, and to correlate tlie work of the different institntions in such a nianner, that each occu])y a distinctive held. A further object was to prevent as far as possible all unnecessary duplication and to develop a system being l>()th elficieiit and economical. The task that confronted the State Board of Regents, has been a rather difticult one because there was no uniform- ity in the methods formerly in vitgne at the different educa- tional institutions. Each was conducted by an indi vidua 1 board which sought as large an a])j)ro])riation as possible for its particular institution. The work ov(M-la])])ed to a consid- Social Legislation ITo ei-able degree. Tlie board has eliminated (^iiite a little of this duplication and had gone far into the establishment of a systematized plan of educational work in North Dakot.h In a general war, the T^niversity has l>een made the seat of learning for the professional degrees and its department of education was strengthened for the preparation of teachers for liigli school work and for institutions of the lower grade. The Agricultural College is being l)uilt up as far as possible along practical industrial and vocational lines. Great stress being laid on the actual agricultural instructicm at that institution. The home economics and the agricultural, industrial, and vocational engineering courses were greatly strengthened. The de])artnient of education was developed to a point where teacliers of agriculture, manual training, and home economics, can be prepared for the rural, consol- idated, high, and special schools of North Dakota. The other lines of instruction at the Agricultural College are being fully maintained in every respect that can support this policy. Pritfessional degrees as such are not particularly encouraged at the Agricultural College, but degrees in voca- tional and industrial courses are greatly em])hasized. The Agricultural College has been re-organized along the broadest ])ossil)le lines, with seven sub-divisions. The regulatory work which Avas formerly conducted chietly by State Pure Food Commissioner Ladd, and others, has been lined up along one general line, with Dr. Ladd, who is also ])resident of the institution, as the head. The re-organiza- tion policy has resulted in the creation of the following six schools: School of Agriculture, School of Veterinary ]VIedi- cine, vSchool of Home l^conomics. School of lCducati(»n, School 17(» North Dakctj-a of Today of Cli enlist rv and I'harniacv, Scliool of Agricultni-al En- gineering and Mechanical Arts. Tlie State Hoard of Kegents, re(inested tlie Normals at ^'all(M■ City, Mavville, Minot and Dickinson, as well as tlie Nornial-Indiisti-ial at Ellendal(\ to (hnote as nmcli energy as possible to the develojtnient of rural scliool teachers. Tlie de- mand in the state for properly prej>ared rural school teachers is so imperative, that at ])resent the Normals can gradnate about a snfticient number to replace those who abandon the work each year. IJecanse of this lack of teachers there w as a sti-ong demand foi- the iww Normal at Dickinson, >\hicli was overwhelmingly endorsed by tlie voters in ltd 7. The Normals are contincMl very closely to legitimate work, fads and fanciers being not encouraged by the board. The Stale School of Science at W'ahpeton has been con- verted into a practical inar- atively little use for a purely technical school of forestry in a prairie state, but that feature of the work is not being neglected, and in a sent to the board's oftice for checking and approval before l)eing paid. 8ui)plies of all chai-acter as far as feasible, being' pur- chased on bids submitted to the board. This included all dormitory supplies, coal, janitor supplies, linens, furniture, stationery, and goods of all classes which are purchased in sufticient volume to make it profitable to handle them in this manner. At the time of the completion of the w(»rk of the Survey Commission, the board elected Dr. Edwin B. Craighead as (Commissioner of Education in this state. He represented the board in an educational ^^'ay, conferring with the heads of institutions and joined in the recommendations made for changes in courses of study and changes in faculties, and also made special and general recommendations regarding the pi-oper field of each instituticm, to the board, from time to time. By a recent act of the Legislature of 11)11), a State Administration Board has been api)ointe(l to succeed to and carry on the work of the Board of Begents, and also to suc- ceed to the duties of the Board of Control, which governed the ]*enal and Charitable institutions of the State. Charles Leissman has been ai)pointed Secretary of the new Board. North Dakota has one of the best provisions in law for the employment of a (M)UNTRY SCHOOL NURSE, of any .state in the Union. This law was passed at the last session of the Legislature in 1017, and provides for the employment of a school nurse or physician by the County Commissioners, ITS North Dakota of Today iil)()ii hi'iiij; petitioned to do .so by two-thirds of the .school officers in the county. "A sound mind and a sound body,"" summarizes in a phrase the complete goal of an educational .system. Only in the past few years has the latter consideration come to be recognized as the necessary foundation for the development of a sound mind. Investigations proved that the majority of children who repeated their grades were obliged to do .so on account of some ph^'.sical defect. Thus an ofttimes disability, unrecognized by parent or teacher, resulted in tlie child losing years at school; and the district expended thous- ands of dollars in ]»utting children through the same grades repeatedly. The school nurse in many cities throughout the Ignited States has helped to make these schools and children at- tain a higher degree of efficiency. The school nurse in the country where she is employed, has brought about the same results. In the physical examination of a large number of school cliildren in the United States, about sr> per cent are found to have some defect. Among the commonest of these are decayed teeth, defective eyes and ears, enlarged tonsils and glands, and adnoids — defects difficult to detect, and not serious in the beginning, but wdiich if neglected, in many cases prove disastrous. Diseases of a more serious nature, heai-t disease, bone decay, etc., are often found by the school nurse, and often children suffering from tuberculosis, and endangering the health of the entire school, have been found. The wonderful work of the school nurse and physician in discovering these conditions, and the consequent attention devoted to tliem by parents, Imve done much toward render- ing the children more healthy and tit to receive instruction, Social Lkiuslatiox 111) and toward reiideriiij' the school more efticieiit. The value of medical inspection is already reco<;nized throu<>hont the entire country, and Legislatures of many states have passed laws to enable counties to emjtloy school nurses and jdiysi- cians. As mentioned, Xorth Dakota has such a law on her stat- utes. A large nundter of the counties already have such a nurse at work; (irano^^"man counties liave the distinction (if Ix'ing the first to ac(|uire one. Many other counties have tlie necessary ])etition ready for action of the County Ccmmissioners, and before another year is ])assed judiiing from ])resent indications, ])racticall3' every county in tlie state will have its county nurse, safeguarding the health of the school children, and rendering truly effec- tive the school system of that county. FEDERAL AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING IN PUB- LIC SCHOOLS is another measure that emphasizes the pro- gressiveness of Nortli Dakota. The federal board for voca- tional training has a])])ioved North Dakota's ])lan for ac- cepting tlie provision of the Smith-Hughes act. This means that North Dakota received in the year of IDIS, |ir),i>()r).99 for vocational training in ])ublic schools without having to ex])end any extra money from its own ai)])ro])riation. Tliis sum of money was ex])ended as follows: For salaries of teachers and supervisors of agriculture, |;5,20r).l)l) ; for salaries of teachers of grade and industrial and home economics, |5000 ; for salaries of teachers for vocational works, foOOO. The annual appropriation increases until 1925, when it amounts to |51,235.94. The s])ecial lines of vocational Avork are being given in l»ublic schools. The State Agricultural College has been ISO XouTii Dakota of Today designated as the institution which shall train teachers f<»i* this work. Tlie Governor has designated the State Board of Education as the executive body for the administration of this work in the state, and tlie State Treasurer as the cus- todian of these funds. Schools that wish to rcrcivc an.v of the funds, must meet certain recjuirements. One of the most imjtortant measures passed by the J.egislature of 1!)11), is the HAIL INSTHANdO lULL. Tn- der the ])rovision of this act there is levied a flat ta.\ of three cents on all tillable lands of the state fi-om which tliei-e is no escaj)e The assessment feature of the bill, however, is made voluntary through a ])rovision enabling farmers who do not wisli the protection of this act, to witlulraw by filing notice with the (bounty Auditor before the beginning of the crop season. Fifty cents ]ter acre is the maximum assessment ])er- missable under this act. This assessment is made by the board of e(iualization aftei- all losses are adjuste(> farm boys and girls tak- ing a high school course increase to 4421, has seen standard- ized rural scliools oi-ganizcd in every county in tlie state, and increase in number from zero to ()00, has seen county nurses appointed under tlie best school health laws in the state, has seen music and hot lunches thrill and till the boys and girls from the farm, and trained tc^achers placed in every county of tlie state. .Vrdently engageil in this cam]»aign for rural school bet- tei-ment are the [Superintendent of Public Instruction, 53 County Superintendents, the Agricultural College, and the State Normal Schools. The total sum apportioned for rural schools in IDIS was .*|f!>LM4.~).S.~). Vov the one-room rural schools, where the tax rate was l!.~> uiills and over, the sev- eral amounts aj)])orti(;iie!l for the first, sefond, and third classes, respectively, were |150, |120 and |90. For schools wliere the tax rate Avas 15 mills and less than 25, it was two-thii'ds of these amounts, and where under 15 mills, it was one-third. For graded schools where the tax rate was 25 mills or ovei-, the several amounts a])])ortione(l for the first, second aiHl third classes, respectively, were f^OO, |225 and |150. For 180 XouTii Dakota of Today those ^^•llel•e the tax was lo mills and imdei- 25, the aid ap- lK)rtio]ied was two-tliirds of tliose amoniits, aud for those schools liaviiiji- a tax rate of less than lo mills it was one- third. For consolidated graded schools, where the tax was 25 mills and over, the several amounts apportioned for the first, second, and third classes, respectively, were f552.27, 1483.24 and |414.21. I^or those schools having a tax rate of 15 mills and under 25, the aid apportioned was two-thirds of these amounts, and where the tax rate Was under 15 mills it was one-third. There are now 447 consolidated schools in this state. This is a large increase of the last two years. There were 62 schools formerly listed as consolidated that were dropped on account of a law passed by the last legislature. This law provided that a cons(didated school is one having at least 18 contiguous sections, regardless of the manner of its forma- tion. These schools were eliminated because they lacked a section or two of having the eightetMi. Thongli it Itrought fifty into the list, it still left a decrease of 12. There is how- ever a net increase over last year of 58 consolidated schools. In these 447 consolidated schools there are enrolled 35,- ()0() farm children, of AVhich number 3,125 are doing high school Avork. Had it not been for consolidated schools, not more than ten ])er cent of those children would have been provided with these better school facilities. Of the total num- ber of consolidated schools, 252 are on the state list — that is, standardized and receiving state aid. Of this number 77 are on the high school list, the remainder being on the graded list. In the matter of standardization, on a ])ercentage l)asis. Consolidated Schools 187 the consolidated sdiools rank far ahead of tlie graded and one-room rural schools. Consolidation is the uniting of one-room schools to form a school having at least two or more teachers, and serving at least eighteen contiguous sections. The greatest objection to consolidated schools bv some farming communities, is the transportation of children to and from the school. As far as the cost is concerned, it can be made very high or very low. When the i)rivate or family system is used, it costs |16.28 per pupil i)er year, while if the public or bus system is used, it will average 135. 7(1 per pupil per year. In several of the schools the private system is tlie one used because it gives the greatest satisfacti(»n. In s:tnie, the combination of the two systems is usesl witli much success, while some prefer the public or bus systeuL Over a thousand children have been interviewed by the Superintendent of I'ublic Instruction upon this matter, and there is yet to be the first case where any child would rather go to the rural school than to the con- solidated, even though he had to walk less than half a mile to the little country school, while he may be compelled to ride six or even seven miles to the consolidated school. The cheapest school when everything is considered, is the consolidated school. For the consolidated school costs 32 cents per day per i)ui)il attended, and for rural 35 cents. In the majority of cases the consolidated school ])rovides high school privileges Avhich the rural school cannot do. A con- solidated school employing three teachers and a well-r in this scliool. and wiiich the one-room ruial school cannot furnish. If the farmer sends his boy to tlie city school, it will cost him abont ^l^A) more than if he keei)s him at home. This is for many a prohibitive tax, and besides that, the boy is not at home where he shonld be in these ])erilons years of adol- escent boyhoixl. l>ut A\itli the consolidated school in the lo- cality, these better graded school and high school privileges can be furnished for abont one-fifteentli of the cost to the in- dividual parent, and one-third cost to the community, and the boy is at home. Tlien besides, the non-resident land own- er, the cor])oration, and the taxi)ayer withont family, con- tribute their share toward tlie development and perpetuity of the state. This is only just and fair, for the child is edu- catted ])rimarily for the state. PRESIDENT WILSON GIVES US A "HAND" Hellst?om of the North Dakota defense conned: F O. Hellstrom, State Council of Defense. ^'^"T^co^g^atul^ate North Dakota «P0" tl-^^Patnotic sp.it ^t^^^^ war conference. From personal contact ?,"l°"S ^^ar ;°^^ reflected in like en- comes an understanding and '"^pira on hat w'^ -°° j^^J^^^ ^^^ it is only by thusiasm and un.ty of P^n>o-e among their mio ^^.^ ^^p,^ U ^^.„, united and determined efforts o^/j' " „^'.^,„^" the nations of the world. its great f^ght for fair and honest dealing among tne vVOODROVV WILSON. CHAPTER XXIII. XOKTH DAKOTA'S CxREAT WAR TOXFEREXCE One of the most conspicuous events in the annals of pres- ent day history, was the North Dakota AVar Conference held in the Bismarck Auditorium on Monday and Tuesday Feb- ruarv 25th and 26th, 1918, under the auspices of the North Dakota Defense Council. It was positively the l>iggest pat- 11)0 Xoirrn Dakota of Today riotic deinoiistiatioii in the Northwest. Its result was a gi- gantic sweeping success, which established North Dakota in the annals of history as aggressively patriotic. The large aiiditorinni was ])acked witli a loyalty audience one whole hour l)(4'ore the stilted hour of ojteniug, aiul ."">()() peiijth' had to wait for the overt! )W meeting in anothei- theatr«\ Tlie evening session of the tirst day was attended by four thousand ])(^o]>le. ''North Dakota is loyal, aggressively patriotic, essen- tially American. Its pledge of fealty to this Great Kepublic is 8000 of the State's best and bravest boys in the serv^ice of T^ncle Sam. North Dakota is back of President Wilson for a tight to the tinish of autocracy," declared Lieut. Governor A. T. Kraabel, in welcoming the National Council of Defense speakers to North Dakota. Among the distinguished statesmen, diplomats, and au- tliors. whom Tnch^ vSam sent to liismarrk for >s<)i-th Dakota's Gi-eat War Conference, were: Dr. dose]))! ^loran, of Purdue T'niversity, special representative of the National Council of Defense; Charles Edward Russell, great American author and lecturer, who was a nuMuber of the V. S. Commission to Russia; Dr. doseph Drew, foi- nine years ]»rivate secretary to .\mbassador Geiard at Perliii; Dr. Ileni-y ( 'oc CuUxM-tson, rei)resenting the Cnited States I'ood Administration, and others. No better speakers had ever been heard in North Dakota than those mentioned above. At the (dosing session, the North Dakota War Countdl adopted resolutions ])ledging lovidty of the State in tlu^ Re- ]»ul)li(''s need, calling upon every citizen to unite in the ])ro- duction of a l»um])er crop, in the development of the State's natural resources, and in the fullest possible co-operation North J)ak<)ta"s (iREAT War CoxFERExrE 191 with the admiuisti-atioii, that its aims mi<>lit be carried to a speedy and successful conclusion. Out of the Xorth Dakota AVar Conference, si)run^ forth the "On to Victory" Campaign, headed by the untiring secre- tary of the Nortli Dakota Defense Council, P. O. Hellstrom. Then began the drive in which 250,000 loyalty buttons — bearing tlie American flag as a background for the seal of North Dakota, with the inscription "On to Victory'' — were distributed among the male citizens of tlie state. Loyalty pledge cards bearing tlie oath of allegiance, with this affir- mation underneath : "I pledge my life and all I possess in defense of the flag," with a space for the signature, were sent or brought to every male resident in Nortli Dakota. This big patriotic demonstration resulted in a crowning suc- cess. In response to President Wilson's felicitations, sent to the North Dakota people two days before the opening of the War Conference, Secretary F. O. Hellstrom wired the fol- lowing message to the President : ''On behalf of the people of the State of North Dakota, I beg you to accept this message of appreciation for the words of encouragement conveyed in your message of the 23rd. AVe have just concluded an enthusiastic two days' AA^ar Confer- ence at Bismarck. North Dakota pledges all her man power and resources in support of this war. Our slogan from this dav is ''On to A^ictorv." \orth Dakota State Capitol (IIAPTKK XXIV. IXSTITITIOXS OF XOKTII DAKOTA THE STATE CAPITOL 111 1SS:{ (lie Lcoislatiii-e for the Territory of Dakota ])asseiiate(l by the commis- sioners appointed for the location of tlu^ new ('a])itol. >?uch committee met in I'ai-iio (»n the iM day of .hme, lS8.*i, and lo- cat(Ml the territ(nial capitol at IJismarck. The act ]»roA'ided that a site of 1(50 aci-es and .*;f 100,000 be donateay from the .fir)()() approin-iatioii made by tlie State to erect the ]»('il('stal for tlic Sakakawea statue, aaIiIcIi stands on tlic Caj)- itol grounds. Two of these paintings are known as ''Tlie Mink Woman." and the "Bad Brave." In the (rovernor's oftice liang j)ortraits of all the Governors of tlie State, uy various artists, and in the lohby may he seen ]»ortraits of many of the former Judges of the Supreme Court. One woman is lionored by having her portrait liung there, Mrs. Preston Anderson, of -lamestown, who lias been eonspicuous in the prohibition movement. The only statue stands at the head of the stairs (;n the sei-ond floor, jind is a replica of Paul Fjelde's bust of Linccdn which was made l)y him for ])resentation to Norway by the state of North Dakota. .^ Roosevtlt Cabin. Xuw on State Capitol (Jrounds Witliin the Cajtitol are now located the (►fticial head- quarters of the Governor, Secretary of State, State Auditor, State Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction, At- torney-General, Commissioner of Insurance, Commissioner of Agriculture and Labor, Bank Examiner, Land Commis- sioner, Public Library Commission, Adjutant-General, and IXSTITrTlOXS OF XoRTII DAKOTA 195 State Engineer. Tlie State Historical Society also maintains a museum in the l)asement of the building, which contains many rare and valuable relics of bygone days, both of an anti(|uarian and historical nature. Adjacent to the state library are situated the chambers of the five Supreme Court Judges, M ho are now jteriiianently locateaper on some im]toitaiit topic, anpropriation. Traveling libraries had ])reviously been sent from the department of Public Instruction, thru county superintenislatnre passed February !'.'>, ISS;;. The doors were first opened for students in September, 1884. The first enrollment was 71) students, and year by year, a steady aniveii to the public in bnlletius, issued as informatiou is available and the correct scientific con- clusions are worked out. The chemical laboratories of the college have earned themselves a national reputation, not only along the lines of purely agricultural chemistry, but also in the important field of food analysis. In this state the chemical department of the college is charged with enforcement of the pure food laws and, largely through the vigilance and aggressive policy adopted, the State possesses the most perfect laws on this subject of any state in the T^nion, and the lead taken in this branch of legislative ])i-ote('tion of the consumer is being fol- lowed by many others. The legislation of 1909 added greatly to the responsibilities of this department, the Legislature having passed drastic laws with the object of preventing im- portation into the State of impure and adulterated, fer- mented and distilled licpiors. An encouraging condition in connection with the college, is the rapidly increasing interest among all classes of citizens in the work which it is undertaking along all lines of agri- cultural research and development. This is shown by the croAvded condition of all the courses and the continuous de- mand for enlarged facilities for study and accommodation. The college is already one of the most })rominent insti- tutions of its kind in the country, and the phenominal groAvth of the State in ]»opulation, and consecpient increased area of land under cultivation, accompanied as it is by an insistent demand for the very latest discoveries in agricul- ture investigation, will, most assuredly give it an even more commanding position. The recent achievement of the ''Lit- tle Country Theatre," has brought a new era in the social life of the institution, and widened its scope of work. VALLEY (^rrV STATE XOKALVL SCHOOL \'all('y (Mty is justly |»i-(»U(l of her Nonnal School, i'rom the first year of statehood, throiii:;h the iiistriinieiitality of this institution and the sister establishment at Mayville, a high standard of pedagogic learning has been estaldished in the state, to the great benefit of our rising generation and to the credit of the state generally. Hundreds of teachers have i)assed through her portals out into active instructive Avork in the country an. 1S!)0, in a rooui loaned for the ]»urpose, in the public schools, the funers; from ."> in tlie beginning, the number in 1909 had increased t(» 14r>, with 1(».~) graduates and an enrollment of 1343 in 1917-18. The faculty has grown witli the increasing needs of the institution, and there are today employed 3G instructors, with an enrollment of 1400. The work is carried on in seven large buildings. This school is beautifully located soutli of the Sheyenne Kiver in a wooded part of the valley, within the city limits, ccimprising nearly GO acres, and is only four or five blocks from the center of the city. This institution is maintained by the ])roceeds of the sale of a 50,000 acre grant, of which over half has been sold at a minimum ])rice of |10 per acre; the moneys realized from the sale iwv |ts'UKMAL SCHOOL The State Normal Scliool at Mayville, like its sister in- stitution at Valley City, is accomplishing an invaluable work in equippini>' teachers for their imi)()rtant work in our coun- try and city schools. Through its medium hundreds of com- petent instructors have been given to the school sei'\ace of the State and its ai)i)reciation by the public generally is in- dicated in the rapidly increasing annual enrollment, and the extensive and solidly permanent imi)rovements and additions which are being made to the buildings and teaching cor])s. The school was established by the constitutional conven- tion held immediately prior to the admission of the State into the Union. It was then made a part of the public school sys- tem and was endowed with a land grant of :^0.000 acres. This land cannot l)e sold at less than |10 ])er acre, and the money accruing constitutes a permanent endowment fund for the institution. The majority of it has already been sold and the balance will be disposed of as deemed best for tlie ad- vantage of tlie establishment. Liberal ai)propriations ai-e IXSTITUTIOXS OF XORTH DAKOTA 209 also foitlicomiiig, whenever needed, from the 8tate Leji,isla- ture. Tlie total investment of this school, including build ings and equipment, represents the value of over |200,000. The school opened its doors for students in 1890. The rooms first occupied were in the city hall and i)ul)lic school building. In 1898 it was moved into the building provided bv the State, which was the east half of the present Main Building, the addition being completed in 1905. A new dorm- itory was erected in 1909, and the whole heated by a modern vacuum sj'stem of heating. The total enrollment of students for the year 1908-9 was 386, and at the close of the school term the school graduated 95 students. Tlie faculty of 1917-8 consisted of 27 members, with a student enrollment of 280, and GO graduates. In addition to the academic year of nine months, the school, co-operating with near-by counties, conducts a sum- mer school of six weeks. This practically fills in the entire year and oft'ers an opportunity to teachers who are employed during tlie other months to further perfect themselves in their profession. MINOT STATE NUKAIAL SCHOOL Another school that was established in 1913 to meet the ever-increasini'' educational needs of North ])akota, is the State Normal School of Minot. This school is beautifully situated. The <'am])us of sixty-six acres is located at the north edge of the Mouse River valley. The outlook from the Normal ]>rovides a view of the entire city, the hills and the valley and the winding Mouse Kiver with its border of na- tural timber. This school has no land grant endowment, but has an appropriation of I3V2 hundredths of one mill, receiving the sum of if^lKXnnO for the period of 11)1 7-S. The Normal School occupies four buildings, all new, modern and well-equipped. The Main building is the center of instruction and student activities. It provides class room and laboratory facilities, gvmnasium. librarv, student association's rooms, and offices, Institutions of North Dakota 211 all equipped for their several purposes. The Dormitory is a splendid home for one hundred persons, and many more boarders and lunch patrons. It is a long- fireproof structure so situated that every room gets direct sunshine every day, and all have a view of the beautiful valley with its bordering hills and its meandering river marked ^vitll groves of trees. The total enrollment of students for the year 1911-5 was UOl', with IT graduates. The faculty of 1917-8 consisted of 18 members, with an enrollment of 181 students. The gradu- ating class of the same year was 53. DICKINSON STATE NORMAL SCUIOOL ( )ctober 1918, witnessed the opening of the State Normal Scliool at Di(kinson. Tlie Normal occupies the entire third floor, and a greater jiart of the second floor of the beautiful Elk's Building, until such a time as an ai)])ro])riation pro- viding for a new building will be passed. This new institu- tion meets a long tVlt want in the Missouri Slope country, where the need foi- normal school trained rural teachers has been far beyond the available supply. 212 North Dakota of Today Tlie Xoiiiial site has already' beeu purchased, aud con- sists of sixty acres, located soutli of the Country Club, for a consideration of |."),000. Tlie Normal School opened with a first-class faculty of six members, an excellent course of study, aud an enrollment of sixty students; which is a most, promising beginning for the school. STATE SCHOOL OF SCIENCE The State School of Science was located at Wahpeton by Constitutional provision in the year of 1889 and was then endowed with 40,000 acres of public land. No further move was made towards the establishment of the school until 1903, when the school was opened with a teaching force of three instructors. For the tirst two years of its existence progress was but slow on account of the meagerness of its income and lack of suitable accommodations. During this time instruction was given in rooms rented from the Red River A'alley T^niversity, where, of necessity, space was circumscribed and equipment inadequate. The property of the University was subsequent- Institutions of North Dakota 213 ly piircliased and an additional building erected for tlie use of the mechanical department. The state Legislature of 1909 made an additional and liberal appropriation of |59;700, for the construction of a girls' dormitory ,a chemical building, and other improve- ments and furnishings. In 1918 the buildings consisted of : The Administration Building Mechanics Building, Chemistry Building, Gymnasium, Burch Hall, and Power Plant. The library in the school contains more than GOOO volumes. Tlie school occupies a site of twenty-five acres. The status and scope of the school has been that of a junior college offering a three-year general college course and two-year college courses in mechanical and electrical engineering, chemistry and domestic science. Elementary courses in steam and gas engineering and domestic science, together with a ver^^ strong course in commercial and pre paratory work being also offered. Since 1916, the State School of Science has been some- what altered in its scope of work, it being converted into a practical industrial trades schools, of the following courses : Engineering^ Electrical and Mechanical, Trade, Scientific, Domestic Science, Agriculture, Academic, Teachers and Com- mercial, The school is enjoying a healthy progressive expansion. From an enrollment of nine students in 1907, and 13 in 1909, the enrollment for 1917-8 being 273, with 111 graduates. The strictly practical courses are gaining in popularity with each successive year. The present faculty consists of 21 members. The total investment of the school, in grounds, buildings and equipment represents the sum of |152,392.75. XORMAL-IXDUSTE I AL SCHOOL The State Indiistriiil School was established by consti- tutional provision in 1881) and located at Ellendale, Dickey County, being- endowed at the same time with a grant of 40,- 000 acres of ])ublic land, proceeds from the sale and leasing of which in the interest and income fund, are forever ])k^dged for the establishment and maintenance of the school. Tlic scliool Mas lirst organized in accordance wilii the above provisions in IS!)!) ^^■itll tlu^ ol»ject. as ex])ressed in stat- utory enactment, of providing instruction in a com})rehensive way in A\'ood and iron work and the various otliei- lu-anclies of manual training, cooking, sewing, modeling, art work, and the various branches of domestic economy as a co-ordinate branch of education togetlier Axitli mathematics, K\V AND DUMB Tlie s<-li(»()l for the deaf and duiuh of Nortli Dakota was establislied by the state constitution adopted in 1889, and is located at tlie city of Devils Lake in Kamsey County. A'; land j>rant (►f 40. 000 aci-es forms a perpetual endowment of which only the interest and income is available for use by the institution. Almost all of this has been sold and consti- tutes a substantial ]tortion of the revenues of the institution. The school tii-st o]»ened its doors in 1S!)0. In 1000 about 200 deaf and dumb of this state had received instruction and 10 were jiraduate*]. One-half of this number successfully passed the entrance examinations to Gallaudet College, Washington, 1). C., and had been admitted to that institution, which is the only institution, of its kind, of higher education in the A\'orld. The school is intended for the instruction of those living in the state, who are too deaf to be educated in the public schools, and to educate and equip them for useful citizenship. All cliildren over seven years of age and under twenty-five, too deaf to profitably attend the ])ublic schools, are admitted. Instititioxs of North Dakota 223 free of all expense, except railroad fare, clothing and person- al incidentals. These latter are provided by the varions conn- ties from which the children come, when necessary. The cour*se of stndy covers a period of twelve years, and embraces the following subjects : language, grammar and lit- erature, aritlmietic, geograjthy, American and English his- tory, civil government, physiology, and one year of algebra, and natural ]>hil()s;)i)hy for those intending to attend college. In addition to the intellectual department the students are taught housekeeping, sewing and dressmaking, and the boys are tauglit car})entry and printing, the aim of the school being to send forth men and women into the world ca])able of self-su])])oi-t. The property of the school comprises 140 acres within tlie city limits t)f Devils Lake. T^p to the present time it rep- resents an outlay of |100,000. At the present time there are 110 students in attendance at the school. The faculty consists of G teachers in the intellectual department, and 3 in the imlustrial department, besides the principal and ma- tron. Though one of the youngest schools of its kind in the country, the North Dakota School for the Deaf and Dumb is ranked as one of the best of the smaller schools. At the St. Louis exhibition, this school was awarded a medal for its exhibit of work, and was the smallest and youngest to receive such award. The school is accom])lisliing a noble anliysicians, one stewait anj(M-t to discretionary ]»owers vested in the boai-])oi-t and maintenance. This has been liberally forthcoming in the shai)e of biennial, monetary pro- visions, repairs and maintenance. Since the day of opening, in ]NSr», the i»uri)oses of the institution have been humanely and efticicmtly carried out, and a high stan«lard established in the care, treatment and cure of the mentally afflicted. Today, the hospital is con- ceded to be a model of its kind and its methods have been widely cojned by similar institutions all ovei- the country. INSTITrTIOX FOR FEEBLE MINDED The Xoi-tli Dakota Iiistitnlioii for Feelde Minded was located by ]ej»i.slative euaetinent at or near tlie city of Graf- ton by the State Legislature of 1903, on a site originally pur- chased by the United States Goyernnient for the location of a penitentiary, Init later granted to the State of North Da- kota for the erection of this institution. Tlie objects of its establishment were for the care of all the feeble-minded ])ersons resident of the State of North Dakota, who, in the opinion of the superintendent, are of suitable age and capacity to receiye instruction in the insti- tution, and whose defects ])reyent them from receiying proper training in the public schools of the State; and all idiotic and epileptic persons resident of this State may be admit- ted to and receive the benefits of the institution, free of charge, subject to such rules and regulations as may be made by the board of trustees. The institution is controlled by the State Board of Administration. It is under the direct personal superyision 228 XOKTU T>AK()TA OP TODAY of a sii))(M-iiit('ii(l('iit. who iimst be a ])liysi('iaii skilled in fai-iu<; for and iiistrnctiiiii' this class of nnfortnnat<'s, and who is appointed by the board. Sncli superintendent shall name all subordinate officers and such nominations shall be confirmed or rejected bv the board. The Main Building was erected in the years of 1902 and ll)(lo, and was o])ened for the reception of inmates on May 1, 1904. By IIIOI), 242 inmates had been admitted, the pres- ent number being 263. Other buildings consist of a hospital, several farm buildings, laundry l»uilding and ])o\ver house. The inuiates are cared for by three oflicers and twenty- one employes, besides two teachers in the training depart- ment. The inmates are classified into tw^o divisions, accord- ing to their mental capacity — the training and custodial de- partment, all those capable of receiving instruction being in the trainiug dei)artment, and those incapable of receiving instruction and only reipiiring institutional care, being in the custodial department. The work of the ti-aining d(']>artuient has shown uiarked progress uinler the present system of teaching and its capable exponents. It has been demonstrated by actual experience that more can be accomplished with the feeble-minded by manual than by mental training, hence consi' in tlie same buildin*>' and possessed of acccmimodations for but a limited number of in- mates. Since then, keeping pace Ayitli the rapid growth in population of the new state, it has grown until it now covers about six acres enclosed with a high stone wall. The cell house now in use has accommodations for 320 inmates, ex- clusive of some forty cells in the basement of the hospital building which can be used in an emergency, and eight large invalid cells in the hospital. In addition to these. ])rovision has been made for three sick wards and additional room has been furnished for attendants. Outside the enclosure has been erected a beautiful and commodious wari>ointed by the lioard. All other officers and employes are ai>}»ointed by the warden sul>- ject to the approval of the l»oai-ints a superintendent who has the direct charge, custody and control of the school, and who a]>i)oints all other officers anAKUTA I'lio event tlie court niaj, instead of entering' judgment, direct by an order to be entered in the minutes of tlie court, that such person be committed to the reform scliool for the remainder of such person's minoritv. After one year's detention the boai-d of administration may, U])on satisfactory evidence of reformation, and as a reward for good conduct and dili- gence in study, discliarge any inmate thercfr(mi. Since its establishment, the school has performed an invaluable work in the uplifting and education of incorrig- ibles, unfortunate and homeless children, who have largely through the <-om])ulsion of unhappy home surroundings, vio- lated the laws of the State; and many have been discharged with the whole current of their life changed and possessed of a determination to work onwards and upwards to the plane of useful and honorable citizenshi}). The school uoav has a mechani: al training and mechanical arts department, v.licrein instruction is given along tliese lines. The boys have largely assisted in the construction of some of the build- ings that have been added, thus saving the State many thous- ands of dollars. The school now possesses an ecjuipment along the lines for which it was constructed which will meet the needs of the State for many years to come, and under its present man- agement, is worthily and sufficiently fultilling the object of its existence. The present number of inmates is 87. SOLDIEKS* HOME The Soldiers' Home of ^S'ortli Dakota was estahlislied at Lisbon, Ransom County, by constitutional provision in ISS!), and was permanently endowed with a land grant of 40,000 acres. The home is supported by the revenue derived from its land j^rant and is in no sense a burden on the tax])ayers of the state. The general su})ervision and government of the liiniic is vested in the State liaard of Adiiiiuisti-ation. It is Uiider tli(^ ])ei-soual snpei-vision and couti-i!! of a (•(niiiiiaiidant a])point(Ml by IIk^ bnard, \\ho iii tniii app:)iiits all other subordinate ofi'irei-s of the institution. 7hc objert of the home is to ])rovi(h^ a home and subsistence for all hon- orably discharged soldiers, sailors and marines who liave served in the Army and Xavy of the United States, and who are disabled by disease, woun in tlie best possible condition, with large fhiM'(M- Iseds in many pla; es tliat are kej»1 full of flowering plants during the entire summer. The home is the center of attraction for the ])eople of Lisl)on and visitors generally, and is much appreciated by all who visit it. It is in every way an ideal location and environment for such an institution, and the soldier is indeed fortunate who is privileged to spend here the remaining years of his life. Tliere are 31 inmates in the h(mie at the present time. 236 North Dakota of Today FORT LINCOLN A battalion i)ost of tlie United States Army is located at Fort Lincoln, about two miles southeast of Bismarck, on a site donated to the Government, which embraces some 858 acres. It was officially established in 1899, and was first oc- cupied in 1902, having been built to replace Old Fort Lincoln which occupied a site across the river from Bismarck. The buildings are as follows : Field and line officers' quarters, and two double sets of post non-commissioned officers' quart- ers, barracks for 400 enlisted men, post hospital and hospital stewards' quarters, post headquarters building, guard house, baker}^, post exchange, quartermaster and commissary of- fices and storehouse, workshop, civilian employes' qimrters, stables for 50 animals, icehouse, fire-apparatus house and gymnasium. Tliese buildings are of brick with stone founda- NATIONAL GUARD ARMORIES The National Guard of North Dakota consists of one reg- iment of infantry, with a band, and one battery of light artill- ery. The infantry companies are distributed over the State at the most suitable strategic points for rapid mobilization, in case of internal or foreign disturbances. Under the stimu- lus of feiut rcixu-ts are forwarded from co- operative observers living in various parts of the State. These are compiled, tabulated and issued in the form of weekly and monthly bulletins to the public, free of charge. The bureau is under the personal supervision of a section director. The monthly reports are elaborate and complete, and cover every climatic condition and variation occurring during the per- iod, including those of temperature, precipitation, ^^ind, sun- shine, and cloudiness, atmospheric pressure and miscellane- ous phenomena. The stations are equipped with the most approved and latest instruments for the automatic registra- tion of climatic happenings and are modern and complete in every particular. Institutions of Xoutii Dakota 239 BATTLESHIP ''NORTH DAKOTA" The battleship ''North Dakota," named in honor of this State, is one of the largest and most powerful battleships in tlie world. The cost of bnilding and e(iuipment is |10,000,- 000. Of this 11,000,000 was expended for guns alone, of which there are ten 12-inc-h guns at |65,000 each, and 14 5-in('h rifles at |1 0.000 each, in the main battery, besides 12 rapid-tire guns and minor pieces. Five tons of metal are hurled at each discharge. She is equipped with two Curtiss reversible turbines of 25,000 horse power, which attain the speed of 21 knots an hour. Her tonnage is 21,000 tons. To tire one broadside costs |1 7,000, exclusive of the cost of maintaining gunners, and one shot from each of her 12-inch guns costs |1,160. It costs f 1 .000,000 per annum to keep the vessel in commission, in- cluding the pay and feeding of the 900 officers and men. Her length is 510 feet, breadth over 83 feet and she draws 20 feet of water. At her speed trials she exceeded the most san- guine anticipations of her builders, and is today the fastest vessel of her size afloat under any flag. The battleship was launched from the yards of the Fore River Shipbuilding Com- pany in the 3''ear of 1909. ClIAPTEK XXV. HOLIDAYS OF NORTH DAKOTA A CALENDAR OF HOLIDAYS January 1 — New Year's Day. Temperance Day — Third Friday in January. Appreciation Week — in January, date set by committee. February 12 — Lincoln's Birthday. February 22 — -Washington's Birthday. Arbor Day — Day set by (Jovernor in April. Mothers' Day — Second Sunday in JNIay. May 30— Memorial Day. June 14 — Flag Day. July 4 — Lidependence Day. Labor Day — First ^londay in September. Election Day — All general election days. October 14 — Columbus Day. October 27 — Roosevelt's Birthday. Thanksgiving Day — Last Thursday in November. December 25 — Cbristmas Day. ArPRECIATIOX WEEK The tirst observance of an "Appreciation Week" was in the fall of 1915, the work being carried on under the auspices of the North Dakota Press Association and the North Da- kota Development League Press Bureau. Everywhere the results were excellent, and so great was the satisfaction, that at the Grand h'orks meeting in January, 191G, the Association decided to make this an annual affair. The committee in charge went over the ground during the early autumn months, and for a number of reasons, among which was that the elec- tion work would interfere witli the proper observation of Appreciation week in the early fall, and that Thanksgiving and Christmas holidavs would interfere with its obsei'vauce Holidays of ]S"ortii Dakota 241 later on, it was decided to hold tlie celebration in January of each Year, specific date being annonnced anunally by com- mittee in charge. The i)nri)Ose of Appreciation Week, is to adYertise the State of North Dakota beyond its own borders, and to stimnlate among its own people a thorough apprecia- tion of its value as a state in which to live and to engage in all the proper actiYities of life. MOTHERS' DAY Mothers' Day is observed on the second Sunday in May. Miss Anna Jarvis inaugurated the movement in 1907. It occurred to her while commemorating the death of her own mother on the second Sunday of May, that the da}-, falling in a season of blue sky and blossoms, might be set aside as an annual festival iipon which due tribute of affection and remembrance should be rendered to all mothers. Miss Jarvis then began an appeal of personal appeal to men prominent in public life, clergymen, philanthropists, business and pro- fessional men, asking them to further the movement. She pleaded her case so eloquently that in 1910 the day Avas cele- brated not only in Philadelphia, but in many other cities. On May 10, 1913, a resolution passed the United States House of Representatives and the Senate commending Mothers' Day for observance by the two houses of Congress, the President and his Cabinet, and other heads of the government depart- ments. In that same year tlie legislature of Nebraska made Mothers' Day a state flag day in honor of the patriotism of Nebraska's true homes and mothers. In Ma}' 1913, the legis- lature of Pennsylvania made Mothers' Day a state holiday. The day is planned to l)e oliserved by some distinct mark of 1'42 North Dakota of Today kindness, visit, letter, gift or tribute, showing remembrance cf the mother to whom affection is due. It is a day to per- petuate family ties. An international association has been formed to promote and protect tlie observance of the day in all countries, and to carry forward the word. President Wil- son and our ex-Presidents are honorary national officers of the association. A special significance is added to the observ- ance by the wearing of a carnation — a red carnation for one who is living — and a white carnation for one who has passed beyond. ARP»OK DAY Arbor Day is a holiday for which the date in each suc- cessive year is set by the Governor. It is devoted to the plant- ing of trees, which are one of Dakota's big resources. To prevent their being exhausted, this observance was origin- ated, as also to encourage the planting of trees on every ])os- sible vacant s])ot, or place of waste land in the state, that can be, and sliouM be made a beauty s])ot, useful and valu- able by the ]iiaiiting of trees. TEMPERANCE DAY Tem])erau('e Day. has l)een added to the list of observ- ances in North Dakota, the following law being eiiarted by the l!tl7 Legislative Assembly : "That the third Friday in January of each year shall be set apart and designated as "Temperance Day," and in every public school in the State of North Dakota, not less than one hour of the school day shall be set apart for instruc- tion and appro])riate exercises, relating to the liistoi-y and benefits of |»roliibitioii laws in North Dakota. l*rovirei)are(lness it was shamefully neglected. In 1S9S the food was bad, there was a lack of clothing, ammunition, arms, tentage, and ev- erything that was needed. Many of the soldiers entered Ma- nila in their citizen's clothes, because the government could North Dakota National (IrAKi) 247 not tit them with i)roper elothiug. After eighteen years the same trouble was experienced in 1916, when the guard was called, though the conditions were not so bad. There was a woeful lack of clothing, especially shoes and under- wear. Long after the boys arrived on the border, under the broiling sun of that climate, they were compelled to wear flannel clothing which had been issued in this northern cli- mate, and to buy their own shoes and underwear. The heat burned their bodies till their condition was almost unbear- able. But the boys never murmured. They did their plain duty. They drilled, dug trenches, repaired roads, did patrol duty on the river bank, guarded the big pumping stations, the cities, and the farmers' homes on the border. When on in- spection they carried tliemselves in a soldier-like manner, far excelling many of the regiments in the service. And in the World War, in the great struggle for de- mocracy, North Dakota soldier boys have been cited for unusual valor and lieroism. Shortly after the North Dakota troops had landed in France, Congressman P. I). Norton, in speaking before the House, asserted that the North Dakota troo])s were composed of real tigliting men and predicted +liat in this war, as in the Si)anish-Anierican War and the Mexican border troulHes, their feats and action in the stirr- ing contests of war would reflect highest honor and glory ui»()ii themselves, their State and the Nation. Some months after Congressman Norton's speech in the House, all and more than he had predicted had come true. Ass;:riat(^d Press disjtati-lies carried glowing tributes to the intelligence and bi-avery of North Dakota soldiers on the American battlefront in France. The storv of the manner -4S Xoimi Dakota of Today iu which a few Xortli Dakota boys routed the eneni}' out of their trenches, liad won the admiration and captured the liearts of those who read the story in Washington, as well as elsewliere. ^^)rtli Dakota soldier boys have surely em- blazoned the name of North Dakota large and brilliantly in the history of tlie AVorld AVai-., And side by side of their comrades — sleeping in the sacred soil of sunny, l)eautiful France — are numbered those of our boys who made the "ISui^reme Sacritice.'' It is out of these graves that has arisen the freedom of lands long pros- trate under the heel of a hated desjjot — that is why the graves of our American dead seem like a sacred pledge for a won- derful new day — that is Avhy tlie soil of France is sacred gj-ound to us. While gentle l-'rench hands water and tend the graves of our heroes — from across the Atlantic, wafted on the breeze, will float messages of etei-nal love breatlied by American hearts. And when the soft spring rains have AN'ashed the crimson stains off the floAvers — their fragrance will mingle with the cool evening zephyrs, as they gently pause over the graves, to ^^'hisper to each other endless tales, of the valor and lieroism of American boys, who braved the dangers of sea and land, to uphold a Nation's inflexible pur- ]ios<^ to give freedom to a world in chaos. State Flag CHAPTER XXV 1 1. THE STATE FLAG The official state flag of North Dakota is not the pennon of a carpet knight. It has seen service. It has floated on fields where North Dakotans gave up their lives for their country. It has fluttered in winds laden with smoke of bat- tle, the noise of conflict, and the cry of dying men. Second to the Stars and Stripes, it is a banner to venerate, and it is a banner of patriotic veneration. For the state flag of North Dakota is none other than the flag that the men of the First North Dakota Volunteers marched under for two years in the Philippines. It is the flag that was with the regiment in thirty-seven engagements. Its origin is almost unknown. It was the flag of the territorial militia, and it is tirst remembered at Huron, S. Dak., when it was unfurled at the annual encampment. VSHio designed it; when it was adopted, is not discoverable now. But it led men to conquer the wilds of the Philippines. It is doubly a pioneer. With l)ut one change in the wording of the flag, which is the insertion of the words ''North Da- kota" in place of the words ''First North Dakota Infantry,'' this is the flag that was carried at the following engagements : Blockhouse 14, August 13, 1898. Manila, August 13, 1898. Manila, February 4 and 5, 1899. Paranaque, Feb. 6, 1899, Co. C, I and Iv. Malibay, February 10, 1899. Insurgent Outpost, April 1, 1899, Co. A and I). Santa Cruz, April 9 and 10, 1899. Pagsanjan, April 11, 1899. Paete, April 12, 1899. San Bartolome, April 22, 1899. Novaliches, April 22. 1899. 250 North Dakota of Today Tabac, April 29, 1899. San Rafael, April 29, 1899. Titaban, May 1, 1899. Salacot, Mav 15, 1899 (Scouts). Tarbon Bridge, May 16, 1899 (Scouts). San Isiclro, May 17, 1899 (Scouts). San Fernando, Mav 18, 1899. Cabaio, May 19, 1899. San Antonio, May 20, 1899 (Scouts). Cainta, June 3, 1899. Taytay, June 3 and 4, 1899. Angono, June 1, 1899. Baras, June 8, 1899 (Scouts). Baras, June 9, 1899 (Scouts). Morong, June 23, 1899, Co. 's A and H. San Pedro Road, July 8, 1899, Co.'s B, D, G and II. San Rafael, May 1, 1899. Bustos, May 2, 1899. Baliaug, May 2, 1899 (Scouts) Sampaloc, May 3, 1899 (Scouts). San Ildefonso, May 12, 1899, (Scouts). San Miguel, May 13, 1899 (Scouts). English Cemetery, July 16 and 17, 1899. Co's C and H. Culicula, March 13, 18^99. King's Bluff, April 5, 1899. Expedition to Foot Hills, May. 1899 (Scouts). V. CHAPTER XXVTIT. HISTORY OF THE STATE SEAL The history of the great seal of the State of North Dakota goes back over half a ceutury. In the first session of the Territorial legislature the House Journal for the forty-fifth day, Wednesday 30, IStJ^ has the following : "Mr. Puett otfered tlie following resolution: "Resolved that a committee of tliree l)e ai)}>ointe(l by the chair to con- fer with the committee appointed upon the part of the coun- cil relative to a territorial seal. The chair appointed as such committee, Messrs. Waldron, Donaldson and Pinney. The second Territorial legislature convened Monday, De- cember 1, 1