Qass - lk)ok COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT •< .^>. J Historic ^NDj\Rrisric Greater. /New yoRK GUIDB-^OOK by CyWTHIA yA.WESTOVERy^LDEA The/^or§e Compaw THE GREATER NEW YORK GUIDE BOOK MANHATTAN HISTORIC AND ARTISTIC a ^^ix^JBaij JTour \. By CYNTHIA M. WESTOVER ALDEN l^ > ^ 'WO^V^'^' THE MORSE COMPANY New York Boston Chicago Copyright, 1897, By Cynthia M. Westover Alden. Revised Edition. V 1 -i^ ■-, PREFACE. This work is a complete revision and logical development for Greater New York, of the vol- ume under the same name that was published in 1892 and met with immediate and continued public favor. It does not seek to take the place of a directory. Many places of considerable in- terest are barely mentioned, and some are not mentioned at all here. No catalogue of The- atres, or Hotels, or Churches, or Parks, or Li- braries will be found in these columns. Direc- tories are easily accessible. The want that was filled for the New York of 1892, by Manhattan, Historic arid Artistic, is filled for the mammoth New York of 1898 by the present issue. Visi- tors are told how to follow routes covering twelve half days, with an extra day in Brook- lyn, so arranged as to bring them within reach of a larger number of interesting features than any other routes taking the same time would furnish, every foot of the ground having been 4 PREFACE. gone over and the time carefully registered. The hours when visitors are admitted to differ- ent institutions are always mentioned, and cal- culated for in the itinerary. Sightseers will find their efforts greatly facil- itated by reading the book before undertaking to follow any of the routes mapped out for them. Many places not indicated in the time-table, but described in the text, are too interesting to be passed by unobserved, and they may be of suf- ficient importance to some individuals to induce a change of plan. Plain directions accompany- ing each description, will enable the stranger to avoid ]nistakes. The routes are plainly marked on the maps. The book should therefore be a valuable aid to residents who are unable to de- vote their time to conducting guests about the city. This work also aims to be a serviceable book of reference. As a Primer of the History of New York it is a condensed compilation of the best authorities, and brings the past into a jux- taposition with the present that makes every locality instructive. PREFACE. 5 To the courtesy which the author invariably received from historians, librarians, officials, and other persons to whom she applied for informa- tion or special privileges, the character of this work is larg-ely due. It is a pleasant duty to acknowledp-e this indebtedness. ^ti Cynthia M. Westover Alden. TIME-TABLE AND ITINERARY, THE FIRST MORNING. 9.00 A.M. Battery Terminus. 9.25 " Fraunces' Tavern. 9.50 " Produce Exchange. 10.20 " Trinity Church. 10.40 " Stock Exchange. 10.50 " Wall Street. . 11.00 '• Assay Office. 11.15 " Treasury Building. 11.40 " Equitable Building. 12.00 M. Luncheon at the Cafe Savarin in Equitable Building. DESCRIPTION PAGE. n 11-21 21-23 23-26 30-34 34 34-37 37 37 42 45 1.15 P.M. 1.45 1.55 2.10 2.35 3.05 3.35 4.20 4.45 5.15 THE FIRST AFTERNOON. "The Russian Wedding Feast," a Pic- ture Exhibited at No. 24 John Street. .... St. Paul's. . . . . . City Hall Park. The Governor's Room. American Tract Society Building. Franklin Square. .... Brooklyn Bridge. Broadway Cars. .... Wanamaker's, Formerly A. T. Stew- art's, Dry Goods Store. . Grace Church. .... 47 48 49 54 56 59 60 61 63 67 70 THE SECOND MORNING. . 73 9.00a.m. "After the Hunt," a Picture Exhib- ited at No. 8 Warren Street. . 73 9.15 " Park Row. .... 75 9.45 " Chatham Square. .... 76 9.55 " The Five Points House of Industry. 77 10.40 " The Tombs. . . . . 79 11.35 " Mott Street. .... 81 TIME-TABLE AND ITINERARY. DESCRIPTION PAGE. THE SECOND MORNING.— Continued. 11.45 A.M. Elevated Railway Station at Chatham Square. .... 81 12.10 p.m. The Astok Library. ... 83 12.45 " Luncheon at St. Denis Hotel. . 88 THE SECOND AFTERNOON. . 89 2.00 P.M. Cooper Union. .... 89-96 2.40 " Stuyvesant Square. ... 96 2.55 " Union Square. .... 99 3.15 " West Fourteenth Street. . . 102 3.45 " Young Women's Christian As.sociation. 104 5.00 " Supper at Dairy Kitchen. . . 106 THE THIRD MORNING. . . 107 9.00 A.M. Meet in Union Square. . . 107 9.35 " "Choosing the Bride," a Painting Ex- hibited AT Schumann's Jewelry Store. . . ... .107 10.15 " Gramercy Park. ... 109 10.30 " Academy of Design, . . . Ill 12.00 M. American Art Galleries. . . 114 1.00 P.M. Luncheon at Delmonico's, Corner of Fifth Avenue and Twenty-sixth Street. . . . . .119 THE THIRD AFTERNOON. . 121 2.00 P.M. Madison Square. .... 121 3.30 " Works of Art in the Hoffman House. 122 4.00 " Knoedler's Art Gallery. . . 123 4.50 " Broadway Cars, Going Northward. . 123 THE FOURTH MORNING. . 128 9.00 a.m. Fourth Avenue Cars at Union Square. 128 9.25 " A Tour in Fourth Avenue. . . 128-140 10.00 " Lenox Library. ... 140 11 00 " Fifth Avenue Stage. . . .143 11.15 " St. Patrick's Cathedral. . . 147 11.35 " Fifth Avenue Stage. . . . 148 12.00 M. Washington Square. ... 158 12.30 p.m. Luncheon. ..... 161 TIME-TABLE AND ITINERARY, DESCRIPTION PAGE. THE FOURTH AFTERNOON. 162 THE DRIVE. . 162-179 5.00 P.M. "The Circle," Corner op Fifty-ninth Street and Eighth Avenue. — Boule- vard TO One Hundred and Tenth Street. — One Hundred and Tenth Street to Morningside Avenue West. — Morningside Avenue West TO One Hundred and Twenty sec- ond Street. — Amsterdam, or Tenth Avenue, to One Hundred and Forty- second Street. — One Hundred and Forty-second Street to Convent Avenue. — Convent Avenue to One Hundred and Forty-third Street. — One Hundred and Forty-third Street to the Boulevard, or Elev- enth AVENUE. — Boulevard to One Hundred and Sixty-first Street. — St. Nicholas Avenue to One Hun- dred AND Eighty-first Street.— One Hundred and Eighty-first Street to Washington Bridge. — Sedgewick Avenue to McComb's Dam, or Central Bridge. — Seventh Ave- nue to One Hundred and Forty- fifth Street. — One Hundred and Forty-fifth Street to Boulevard. —Boulevard to One Hundred and Thirty-first Street. — One Hun- dred and Thirty-first Street to Twelfth Avenue. — Twelfth Ave- nue to Riverside Park. — Riverside Drive. THE FIFTH MORNING. central park. 180 9.00 a.m. The Zoological Gardens, Corner of Sixty - fourth Street and Fifth Avenue. .... 18:: 10 TIME-TABLE AND ITINERARY. DESCRIPTION PAGE. 9.30 10.00 10.15 A.M. 11.45 12.00 M. THE FIFTH MORNING.— Continued. Mall and Terrace. . . 183 Park Phaeton at Terrace. . . 184 The American Museum of Natural His- tory. .... 188 Park Phaeton. .... 190 Luncheon in Central Park at McGow- an's Pass Tavern. ... 191 THE FIFTH AFTERNOON. . 193 1.00 P.M. Points of Historical Interest. McGow- an's Pass, Block House, Etc. . 193 2.00 " Park Phaeton. .... 193 2.15 " The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 195 5.00 " Park Phaeton. .... 200 THE SIXTH MORNING. . . 202 THE ISLANDS. 9.00 A.M. Bedloe's, or Liberty, Island. . 202 10.30 " Ellis Island. . . . .206 11.30 " Governor's Island. . . . 209 12.30 P.M. Luncheon at Delmonico's, Junction of Beaver and William Streets. . 211 THE SIXTH AFTERNOON. . 212 2.00 P.M. Boat for Glen Island Leaves Pier at THE Foot of Cortland Street for A Sail on the East River, Passing Blackwell's, Ward's, and Randall's Islands. .... 212-224 EXTRA DAY'S OUTING. . 225 A Peep at the City of Churches. — A Sunday in Brooklyn. . . 225-234 [Views Taken by Richard Varick Penton.] THE GREATER NEW YORK, CHAPTER I. THE FIRST MORNING. THE BATTERY. Dutch Occupation. — Within the region of the little park which is situated at the southern extremity of the city, where we find ourselves at 9 o'clock on the morning of the first day of the six-day tour, are clustered many of the most interesting associations of the past. In 1626 Manhattan Island was purchased by the Dutch West India Company from the Indians for beads, buttons and trinkets, equivalent in value to about twenty-four dollars. A blockhouse hav- ing been erected as a fortification, the settlers, who soon came from Holland, formed about it a little colony which they called i^ew Amster- dam. The fortress, which was named Fort Amsterdam and inhabited by Dutch governors for over fifty years, stood on tlie spot now occu- 12 GREATER NEW YORK. pied ])y the steamship oifices opposite Bowlin.;' Green — the water edge being then nearer than at present. As at this time Manhattan Island^ was within the limits of the northern colony of Virginia, it belonged in reality to the British crown, but its possession was not disputed until the year THE OLD FORT AT THE BATTERY. 1664, when Charles the Second granted to his brother, the Duke of York and Albany, territory now comprising the States of New York, New Jersey and Delaware. Immediately after the transfer of this property, the new owner dis- patched troops wlio forced the Dutch governor (Stuyvesant) to surrender — wlien the name of the colony was changed to Xew York in honor Emite of First Day ^^ " " Second • " " Third ' *• •' Fourth ' 14 GREATER NEW YORK. of the conqueror. From this time, Manhattan Ishmd was alternately in the hands of the Dutch and the Enoflish until 1674, when Great Britain regained possession and remained in power dur- ing the interval that preceded the Revolution. British Occupation. — This peaceful epoch constituted the golden age of colonial history. As late as the year 1700 there were but three liundred houses on this portion of the Island, and on moonless nights the streets were lighted by lanterns (containing candles) hung on a pole, from the window of every seventh house. The region of the Battery was the court end of the town, where the English governors and their suites, together with wealthy Dutch families, formed a circle ffimous for its culture, wit and beauty. During this regime the etiquette of foreign courts was punctiliously observed. American Occupation. — After the establish- ment of American independence, the old fort was torn down, and a mansion, intended as a residence for the President, was built upon its site ; but as this edifice was not completed until after the removal of the capital from Xew York, it was never occupied by the President, l)ut be- came the gubernatorial residence until the re- tirement of John Jav. After tliis time the GREATER NEW YORK. 15 apartments were used as offices until the man- sion was replaced by the buildings now stand- ing on the site. In 1805, a new fort, erected at a little dis- tance from tlie old site, was named Fort Clin- ton, but its shape gave it the popular soubri- quet of " Castle." As originally built, the fort was separated from the mainland by a strip of water, bridged by a draw. It was a circular building of solid stone masonry, the walls of which were in some places thirty feet thick, mounted with barbette and casement guns, and regarded as a triumph of skill and solidity, al- though against modern guns it would have been a mere egg-shell. As the chief defence of the city of New York, it was liberally armed and garrisoned by the Grovernment. When in 1814, the blockade which the Eng- lish had established at the southern ports be- came extended along the coast, the possibility of a naval attack caused the citizens of New York to erect works on Brooklyn Heights, on the islands in the bay, along the shores of the lower bay, and at different points on the Hud- son and East Rivers ; thus making Fort Clinton practically useless for military purposes. It was, therefore, not long before the Grovernment 16 Gn^ATER l^BW tORK. deeded the property to the State, since which time it has been called Castle Garden, and has been used for civic purposes only. Castle Garden. — Following- the time-table laid down in the itinerary, at 9:25 we will visit Castle Garden, which occupies the most beauti- ful spot on the Battery. After the fort and the surrounding gromids became state property, the whole aspect of the place was changed. Groves of trees were planted, and the parks thus made became the favorite resort of the fashionable. Elegant mansions occupied the whole of State Street, some of which remain, shorn of balconies and piazzas, and giving little evidence of their former grandeur. From the windows of these residences were witnessed the pageants occasioned by the inauguration of Washington, and the opening of the Erie Canal — when De Witt Clinton, with great solemnity, poured the waters from Lake Erie into those of the bay. Whitehall Street also was lined witli stately homes, but a great fire swept them all away. On festive occasions the trees in front of the drawbridge were liglited with colored lamps, and the draw was decorated with bunting, while 1)ird-cages and hanging-baskets were hung in the casements. Brilliant receptions were held 18 GREATER NEW YORK. within the fortress in honor of Lafayette, Pres- ident Jackson, President Tyler, and Henry Clay. It was here that a funeral cortege met the re- mains of John Quincy Adams. In 1850 a great union meeting was here addressed by Henry Clay, General Cass, Daniel Webster, R. C. Win- thro]), and Ogden Hoffman. Indeed, all mass- meetings and celel) rations assembled at this place until the uptown movement made New Yorkers require more central accommodations. In 1847 Castle Garden was fitted up as a the- atre and opera-house, and its stage was the scene of Jenny Lind's triumph three years later. The Julien Concerts and the voice of Madame Sontag made the year 1852 an equally memor- able one in the annals of its musical history. In 1855 a great change occurred in this his- toric buildino; • it was then leased to the State Board of Emigration, and used as a landing de- pot for immigrants. The Federal Government having taken to itself the duty of receiving this class of foreigners, has constructed more elab- orate accommodations for them on Ellis Island. Castle Garden is now occupied by the jS^ew York Aquarium. It was opened to the public Dec. 10, 1896. There are fifty species offish on the ground floor, occupying thirty-six tanks — GREATER NEW YORK. 19 eighteen on a side — and seven large pools. Up- stairs, there are forty-seven tanks ready to be filled. There are from fifteen to twenty thou- sand visitors every Sunday. This Aquarium is open every day in the week. The total expenses are borne by the city. The sight-seers should bear in mind that this morning's tour is "done on foot." There is no possible way of utilizing the street-cars, for in every block of the way is found some object of historical interest which demands more time than that of a passing glance given from a street-car. The Battery at the Present Time. — Ship- ping and warehouses, business offices, etc., now ' surround the park on the land side, almost ob- literating the historic landmarks. The termini of all elevated roads, and the Broadway and Belt Line surface cars, are at the southern ex- tremity, where are also ferries to Brooklyn, Staten Island, Coney Island, Governor's Island, and Bedloe's Island. The granite structure near by, with a tower ninety feet in lieight, is the United States Barge Office — a building intended to accommodate the Surveyor of the Port. Floating bath-houses, that furnish free bathing facilities during the warm season, are moored GREATER NEW YORK. 21 to the Battery walls. A statue of Captain John Ericsson was erected in this place April 26, 1893. It is so situated as to face the incominp- steamers. The inscription on the pedestal reads : ' ' The city of New York erected this statue to the. memory of a citizen whose genius has con- tributed to the greatness of the Republic and to the progress of the world." Points of Interest between the Battery AND Bowling Green. — The first Custom House, erected during the administration of Peter Stuyvesant, stood at the corner of State and Whitehall streets. In Pearl Street, between State and Whitehall, stood the first church and parsonage of New Amsterdam, surrounded by the walls of the fort. South of this, in White- hall Street, the United States Army Building rears an imposing front. The Old Fraunces' Tavern still stands at the southeastern corner of Pearl and Broad streets. This building, originally the home of Etienne De Lancey — the father of the lieutenant-gov- ernor — was converted into an inn after tlie owner had built a more palatial residence in Broadway. The " great room " of the establishment was once utilized as a Chamber of Commerce, and in it occurred the closing scene of tlie Revolution 22 GREATER NEW YORK. — the parting of Washington with his officers, previous to the surrender of his commission to the Continental Congress. The supreme mo- ment had arrived when these brothers-in-arms, whose mutual eiforts.and sufferings had achieved a sublime victory, must part from their leader and from each other. Filling a glass with wine, Washington said to his officers : " With a hearfc full of love and gratitude, I now take leave of you, and devoutly wish that your latter days may be as prosperous and happy as your former ones have been glorious and honorable. I can- not come to each of you to take my leave, but I shall be obliged if each one will come and take my hand." Each embraced him in turn, too much overcome with emotion for speech, after which the General silently withdrew from the room, and entered a barge which awaited him at the foot of Whitehall Street. The room hal- lowed by this memorable event is still preserved, but it is used as a restaurant ; the lower part of the building is a saloon. Relics of the past adorn its walls, and an old table is shown, which is supposed to have been one of the original articles of furniture. The building has several times been repaired, but some of the Holland bricks are still visible in the walls, while others GREATER NEW YORK. 23 of tlieiii are collected in the cellar, and are given to relic-hunters by the obliging proprietor. During the latter half of the last century a Royal Exchange for Merchants stood at the foot of Broad Street. This curiously constructed building consisted of one large room supported by arches. In State Street, near the corner of Bridge Street, the home of Washington Irving and the famous Knickerbocker inn of Peter Bayard were situated. Bowling Green. — Leaving the Battery, we come to the encircled space at the foot of Broad- way, which has been known as " Bowling Green " ever since the early days when it was a market-place in front of the fort, and a field for the sports of Dutch lads and lassies. Here was the scene of the riot of 1765, when the " Sons of Liberty '' opposed the Stamp Act, burned the effigy of the English governor, and cast his coach into a bonfire that had been made of a wooden fence which then surrounded the Green. When the cities of the colonies after- ward united to form a Stamp- Act Congress, and thus secured the repeal of this obnoxious law, the gratitude of the citizens induced them to erect a leaden equestrian statue of George III. GREATER NEW YORK. 25 upon the centre of the Green. This was pulled down in 1T7G, at the time of the reading of the Declaration of Independence, and was afterward melted into bullets and used for the defence of American liberty. The iron balls, with which the pickets of the fence surrounding the statue had been decorated, were at the same time taken for cannon-shot. Another event which marked the fame of this locality was the parade of 1788, on the occasion of the adoption of the Constitution by New York State. This was the first important pageant ever seen in America, and in it every class of the population appeared, even the most noted per- sonages. The President and members of Con- gress, while watching the procession from the walls of the fort, were saluted with a salvo of thirteen guns from a float representing a Fed- eral ship, emblazoned with the name of Alex- ander Hamilton, and manned by thirty sailors, with a full complement of officers. In 1789 the face of the first President of the Republic appeared on a huge transparency which adorned the Grreen on the evening of his inauguration. A fountain and flower-beds inclosed by an iron railing now occupy this historical site. 26 GREATER NEW YORK. Lower Broadway from Bowling Green to Trinity Church. — East of Bowling Grreen, the first object which attracts attention is the Pro- duce Exchange, a magnificent structure of granite, terra-cotta, and red brick, and one of the finest specimens of architecture in New York, the style being a modification of Italian Renais- sance. The gallery is opened to visitors during the hours of exchange — from 10 o'clock a.m. un- til 3 o'clock p.m. — and the clock-tow^er, or cam- panile, from which a beautiful a iew of the city and bay may be obtained. This tower is accessi- ble, when tickets are procured from the superin- tendent, at all times, except Saturdays in the afternoon, and Sundays. From the corner of Beaver Street may be seen a portion of the Cotton Exchange — a handsome edifice of yellow brick, with stone facings. The Washington Building, Xo. 1 Broad- way, is a gigantic structure twelve stories in height, which was erected by Cyrus W. Field. The detail of its architectural plan is crude French Renaissance. Adjoining on the north, and several stories high, is the massive Bowling Green Building. This side of Broadway was once occupied by the residences of wealthy and fa.mous persons. ^8 GREATER i^EW YORK. The Kennedy House, built in 1760 by Archibald Kennedy, Collector of the Port, stood at the corner. It was a spacious and elegant mansion situated in the midst of beautiful grounds that extended to the water's edge. Greneral Putnam made this house his head- quarters previous to the battle of Long Island ; and it was also occupied at various times by Lord Cornwallis, Lord Howe, Sir Henry Clin- ton, and Talleyrand. Here Benedict Arnold arranged his conspiracy against his country ; and from here AVashington witnessed the depar- ture of the British troops. In its later years this residence was converted into the Washing- ton Hotel. The second house was a spacious, old-time edifice, built and originally occupied by the Honorable John AVatts. It is also said to have been the honie of Benedict Arnold and Robert Fulton. Next was the residence of Judge Robert R. Livingston, and afterward of his son, Chancellor Livingston. From here Washington viewed the fireworks on his inau- gural night. The fourth house, N'o. 7, the only relic of former times which remains standing in this vicinity, was the interesting home of John Stevens — the inventor and builder of the first steamship that ever ploughed the ocean. N'os. GREATER NEW YORK. ^9 9 and 11 were connected houses, afterward con- verted into the Atlantic Garden, the site of which was originally occupied by the tavern of a Dutch burg-omaster, Martin Cregier. The Welles Building, No. 18, stands on the east side of the street. Just beyond, at No. 26, is the imposing pile built and occupied by the Standard Oil Company. This edifice, like many of our buildings, possesses no definite style ; indeed, the variety that is to be found in nearly every architectural structure in the city may lie said to form a composite that is dis- tinctly American — it lieing almost impossible to preserve a pure historic style and meet modern requirements. Aldrich Court, at No. 45, is a sort of mod- ernized Romanesque. The Consolidated Stock and Petroleum Ex- change, at the corner of Exchange Place and Broadway, is a crude conglomeration in design. Visitors are admitted to the gallery of this build- ing, from 10 o'clock a. m. until 3 o'clock p. m., to watch the buying and selling of oil, mining, and railroad stocks. No. 41 Broadway is the place where stood the first habitations erected by white men on Man- hattan Island. The McComb Mansion occupied 30 GREATER NEW YORK. the site in later years, where lived the French minister during the early part of the first admin- istration, and where Washington subsequently resided for a few months previous to the re- moval of the capital to Philadelphia. No. 66 Broadway is the Manhattan Life Building, the tower of which is occupied by a United States Sio-nal Service Station. "Farmer Dunn " is always particularly pleasant to any visitor who cares to venture up twenty-four stories in order to see him. There are certain visiting days, but as these cliange, the .best way is to get special permission from the authorities in the Manhattan Buildino; main office. The tower of this build- ing is the highest point in the city. Trinity Church. — The conspicuous brown- stone edifice which next challenges attention is "Old Trinity," one of the most interesting land- marks in New York. With the exception of the Dutch Reformed Collegiate Corporation, it is the oldest church organization in the United States — Episcopacy having become the leading religious . system under the royal government. Trinity Church was originally erected in 1696 — a grant of land having been obtained from AA' illiam and Mary, to be located " in or near to a street without the north gate of the city, com- ii^iiiinp^ailii Mmmm S2 OUEATER JStmV TOMK. monly called Broadway.'' In 1703 the parish was further enriched by Queen Anne with a gift of the "King's Farm," a district including about thirty blocks in the immediate vicinity. Be- cause the clergy persisted in reading the prayer for the king, the church was closed at the out- break of the Revolution, and it was destroyed by fire in 1776. In 1790 a new structure was erected, in which a richly ornamented and can- opied pew was dedicated to the President of the United States, and another was reserved for the Governor of New York. The second edifice was pulled down in 1839, and it was not until 1846 that the present handsome specimen of Grothic architecture was erected on its site. The church doors always stand invitingly open. Chimes in the belfry chant the hours. Inside, carved Gothic columns support a groined roof. The reredos, which is a memorial to William B. Astor, erected by his sons, is a per- fect flower-garden of architectural art, com- posed of marbles, Caen stones, and mosaics of glass and precious stones. The middle panel of the altar is made up of a Maltese cross, in the four arms of which are cut cameos representing symbols of the Evangelists, while at the inter- section of the arms is a delicately outlined bust GREATER 2fmV YORK 33 of the Saviour. A ring- of lapis lazuli encircles the cross, in which are set chrysoprase and car- buncles. Rays are formed of red and white tufa, with gold as an enrichment, and the whole is framed with a rich carving of passion flowers. A.t each side are kneeling angels, carved in white marble, framed by red Lisbon marble shafts, with white marble carved capitals and divisional bands. The side panels are beautiful, but some- what less elaborate. The carved panels above the altar line represent scenes in the life of Christ, the middle one being a flne rendering of Leonardo da Yinci's "Last Supper." Statuettes of the Apostles, separated by red granite col- umns, occupy the next line, with a large trian- gular carving of the Crucifixion. An elaborately carved course of foliage, with birds and flowers, forms the cornice, which is broken in the mid- dle by a gable completed by a plain cross. The four buttresses are surmounted with pinnacles of rich carving that support angels with uplifted wino's, the treatment beino- similar to Fra Ano-e- lico. The whole design is in keeping with the characteristics of the church, the style being the perpendicular Gothic of the fourteenth, flfteenth, and sixteenth centuries. The last record of many names illustrious in U GREATER nEVT YORK. history may l3e found in the graveyard surround- ing- the church. N'ear the left entrance is the monument to Captain Lawrence. The tomb of Alexander Hamilton is near the Rector Street railinof. Just west of it is the vault of Robert Livingston, in whicli also reposes the body of Robert Fulton. In the northeastern corner is a monument which was erected by Trinity Cor- poration in honor of the heroes who died in the British prisons. Near by are graves that date back to the first church, and in close proximity to the railing is a flat stone marked ' ' Charlotte Temple," which indicates the grave of the un- fortunate woman whose sad history is told in the novel that bears her name. Trinity Corporation supports several chapels and numerous parochial schools and charities. It has always been munificent in its liberality to public and private interests. Its property is very valuable, the income derived from it be- ing about half a million dollars per annum. Wall Street. — Directly opposite Trinity Church is a street which contains almost as many associations as the localities previously described, even its name having been derived from the fact that a protecting wall, which defined the northern boundary of the city, once followed its BROAD STREET. 36 GREATER NEW YORK. course. Elegant residences lined the street in later days, that subsequently gave place to gov- ernment buildings and the financial institutions that, since the civil war, have l^econie world- famous through the extent of their transactions. The massive and imposing buildings that now stand at the south side of the street are the United Bank Building at the corner of Broad- way ; Ko. 10, As tor Building ; No. 13, the visit- ors' entrance to the Stock Exchange — one of the chief places of interest to strangers — open from 9 to 3 o'clock dailv ; the Drexel Buildino-, at the corner of Broad Street, the Mills Building ad- joining the Drexel Building in Broad Street; several very ornate buildings that belong to banking concerns, and the United States Cus- tom House — a structure of Quincy granite with a portico containing eighteen Ionic columns thirtv-eiofht feet in heig-ht. The rotunda of this building is eighty feet high, the dome of which is supported by eight pilasters of fine variegated Italian marble. The cost of this structure was $1,800,000. The departments connected with the Custom House are those of the Collector, the Naval Officer, the Surveyor, and the Deputy Surveyor — who is in charge of the Barge Office at the Battery. GREATER NEW YORK. 37 In 1709 a slave-market was instituted iat the foot of Wall Street, at which time Africans were brought to the city in large numbers. Ko. 46, at the north side of the street, is the spot identified with the office where Professor Morse's telegraphic instrument and one operator lonof remained idle while waitins: for the recos"- nition of the commercial world. The liandsome block of granite near by is utilized entirely for business offices. The United States Assay Office, where vis- itors may see the preparation of gold and silver bullion daily, between the hours of 10 a.m. and 2 p.m., is easily identified, being the oldest building in the vicinity. The United States Sub-Treasury, at the corner of Nassau and Wall streets, is a buildino- o associated with so much of our history that a short digression becomes necessary. During the administration of the third Dutch Grovernor, Kieft, a clumsy stone house was erected in Pearl Street for the purpose of ac- commodating travellers, public meetings, and later, a public school. Afterward, when the house was remodeled, and a pillory, cage, whip- ping-post and ducking-stool were added to its accommodations, it was called the " Sti^dt-Huys," S8 GREATER NEW YORK. or City Hall, and remained in active use until 1700, when a new City Hall was built upon the site of the present Sub-Treasury — the ground was one of the gifts to the city from Colonel Abraham De Peyster, who was mayor in 1691. Besides the rooms necessarily devoted to public business in this later edifice, one afterward con- tained the Corporation Library, a gift to the city of one thousand six hundred and twenty- two volumes ; another was used as a fire-engine house, while the entire upper story became con- verted into a Debtors' Prison. From the bal- cony was read the Declaration of Independence, July 18, 1776, amidst the rapturous applause of citizens wlio understood the fierce struo:H'lc it inaugurated. After the war, when Congress appropriated the building, it was remodeled by private subscription into the Federal Hall, where Washington was unanimously elected President of the new Republic ; where he was inaugurated, April 30, 1789, and where Congress met while New York was the Capital of the Nation. The subsequent rapid growth of the city necessitating a new City Hall as early as 1812, the Government purchased Federal Hall and erected the present structure on its site, intend- ing it originally for a Custona House. This GREATER NEW YORK. 39 granite edifice is of Doric design, having a por- tico containing marble columns thirty-two feet in height. The Colossal Statue of " Washington Taking the Oath of Office," by J. Q. A. Ward, which stands at the entrance, is an admirable work of art, erected by the N'ew York Chamber of Commerce and presented to the United States Government in 1883, President Arthur accept- ing the gift in behalf of the Grovernment just one hundred years after Washington's triumphal 40 GREATER NEW YORK. entry into New York. Near the base of the statue lies the identical stone upon which Wash- JnH'ton stood during the ceremony of the first inaug'uration. The inscription on the pedestal is as follows : " On this Site, iu Federal Hall, April 30, 1789, George Waslilngtou took tlie oath of office as first President of the United States." Within the building, to wliich visitors are ad- mitted from 10 o'clock until 3 o'clock, are many vaults for the storage of coins and notes. Desks of the different divisions surround the rotunda, the dome of which is supported by sixteen Corin- thian columns cut from solid blocks of marble. Coffee Exchange. — On the corner of Pearl and Beaver streets, quite near the Custom House, is the New York Coffee Exchange. This was organized in 1882 and lias over three hundred members. Tlie transactions yearly amount on an average to 3,000,000 bags. Among the other large buildings you find in this vicinity are Lord's Court, corner of Wil- liam and Exchange Place, the Johnson Build- inof, Xo. 32 Broad, and the Commercial Cable Building, corner of Broad and N^ew, next the Stock Exchange. Now walk up Wall Street to GREATER NEW YORK. 41 the corner of Nassau, and there stands the new Grillenden Building. In Broadway, facing Wall Street, stands Trinity Churcli, which place you have already visited. Lower Broadway and Vicinity from Wall Street to the Post-Office. — At the west side of Broadway, one block north of Trinity Church, stands a building. No. Ill, which was erected by, and bears the name of, Francis Boreel, a Dutcli nobleman, who married the (rranddaua'h- ter of John Jacob Astor. The spot on which this building stands was originally occupied by the elegant home of Lieutenant-Governor James De Lancey, after whose death the property was converted into a pu1)lic house, known by a great variety of names, the most famous of which was "Burns^ CoiFee House.'' In this hotel the cele- brated "Non-Importation Agreement'' was signed. Later, the house became a favorite resort of the British officers, on account of its proximity to "The Mall "—a fashionable prom- enade in front of Trinity Church — and after the Revolution its " great room " was the scene of Washington's inaugural ball ; also of many public dinners, concerts, and assemblies. In 1793 a syndicate of New York merchants pulled down the old building and erected a new one, 42 GREATER NEW YORK. called the City Hotel, which furnished accom- modations for the entertainment of magnates, as well as for public assemblies of every descrip- tion. At the opposite side of the street is the Guern- sey Building, No. 164. The Equitable Life Insurance Building, on the same side of the way, between Pine and Cedar streets, is an excellent specimen of modern French Renaissance. The interior contains a magnificent court, tilled with offices and stalls. In the wall near the stairway is a fine mosaic. The story occupied by the Equitable Life Insurance Company is magnifi- cently decorated with marble. Mutual Life Insurance Building. — Pass through the Equitable to the rear and you will find the Mutual Life Insurance Building, sixteen stories high without the tower. This structure was erected at a cost of 2,000,000 of dollars and more ; the style is French Renaissance. The number of this buildino- is 28 J^assau. The old building is on the corner of Liberty Street and Broadway. The historic Middle Dutch Church, of quaint Holland architecture, wdiicli formerly occupied the site of the Mutual Life Building, was erected in 1729. Here twelve elders with stereotyped GREATER NEW YORK. 43 countenances sat in solemn state aronnd the high pulpit, and listened to the Dutch dominies whose learned discourses until 1764 were delivered in their native tongue. It was in the wooden steeple of this church that Franklin experimented with the lightning. The bell, a gift from Colonel THE POST-OFFICE IN THE NASSAU STREET CHURCH. Abraham De Peyster, was cast in Amsterdam, where many citizens are said to have thrown silver coins into the metal while it was in fusion. During the Revolution the church was used by the English for a prison, three thousand Federal troops having endured incredible sufferings within its walls, while almost as manv more were 44 anEATEH NEW YORK. confined in an old sugar-house near by. In 1844 the property was sold to the Government, and for a number of years was used as a post- office. Clearing-House Association. — No. 81 Cedar Street is the Clearing-House, a medium througli which the city banks exchange the amount of checks and bills which each holds against all the others for the amount of those held against them. The balances are made up during the day by the Clearing-House, and the different banks are notified. This Association commenced operation in 1853. The new building was fin- ished and occupied in 1896. The Association is now composed of forty- seven National Banks and eighteen City Banks. The Assistant Treasurer, U. S., at New York, also makes his exchanges at the Clearing-House. There are seventy-seven Banks, Trust Compa- nies, etc., in the city and vicinity, not members of the Association, which make their exchanges through banks that are members, in accordance with the resolution adopted October 14, 1890. The Clearing-House transactions for the year ending October 1, 1896, were : Exchanges, $29,350,894,883.87 ; Balances, $1,843,289,238.- 66 ; making a total transaction, $31,194,184,- OtlEATER NEW YORK. 45 122.53. Total transaction since organization, forty-three years, $1,154,170,955,653.67. The hirgest daily transactions on record, February 28,^1881, amounted to: Exchanges, $288,555- 981.58 ; Balances, $7,265,440.29 ; total, $295,- 822,442.37. By this time, if you have followed the itin- erary, it will l^e about 12 o'clock. Return to the Equitable Building' and lunch at the Cafe Savarin. Of course, if one does not care for such an elal^orate spread as is served here, you will find in the immediate vicinity several smaller restaurants, where a cup of good coffee and a sandwich can be procured. NEW YORK CLEARING-HOUSE. CHAPTER 11. FIRST AFTERNOON. One o'clock and luncheon over, pdss through the arcade into Nassau Street. Xo. 27 is the Bank of Commerce. A fine building, owned by the Library Corporation, and containing the earliest loan-library in America — since removed to the corner of Leonard Street and Broadway — once stood at the corner of Nassau and Cedar streets. Nassau, one of the oldest streets in New York, still retains the narrow irregularity of the foot-path which gave it its direction. Walk up Nassau to Liberty Street, and on one corner will be seen a building known as the Syndicate Building, one of the latest structures, with all modern improvements. Continuing up Nassau one block, you will come to Maiden Lane, which crosses Nassau Street one block north of the Equitable Build- ing. It is now a trade-centre for manufacturing jewelers, but was once a favorite resort for laundresses, on account of the little stream which 48 GitEATEn NEW YOBK. flowed through it — hence its name, " Maagde paetze," or "Virgin's path." This street was laid out about 1G93, when Colonel Fletcher was governor. In John Street, one block further north, was a small, wooden theatre, called the Theatre Royal, in which British officers were often ama- teur performers, and where Major Andre was both amateur actor and scene-painter. In 1786 the first Methodist church was erected in this street. " The Russian Wedding Feast," a celebrated painting by Makofl'sky, is exhibited at No. 24 John Street. As a realistic, life-like painting, with superb coloring, it is well worth a visit. An entrance fee of twenty-five cents, which is appropriated to some charitable institution, is charged. At the corner of Broadway and Dey Street, directly opposite John Street, is the Western Union Telegraph Company Building, the design of which is technically called Neo-Grec. The Coal and Iron Exchange is one block south, at No. 19 Cortlandt Street. Fulton, the first street north of Dey and John streets, is known by the same name from one river to the other. Washington Market is at GREATER NEW YORK. 49 the Hiulson River terminus, and Fulton Market is in the same street, near the East River. The region overlooking the latter market-place was once called "Golden Hill." A skirmish at CliiF and Fulton streets, in January, 1770 — ^caused by the indignation which the British soldiers aroused by repeatedly demolishing the lil)erty poles erected by citizens — has been termed the first battle of the Revolution. In this first, as in the last conflict, the British were worsted. The southeastern corner of Fulton Street and Broadway is occupied by the Evening Post Building. St. Paul's Chapel, the next attraction in Broadway, was built in 1766 by Trinity Corpora- tion, and is the oldest church edifice in the city. Trinity Congregation has occupied this chapel several times while its own edifice was in pro- cess of reconstruction. Here divine service was conducted in 1789, immediately after the inau- guration of Washington, and also in 1889, at the centennial celebration of that event. During the early part of his administration the first President worshiped in the pew which is sit- uated under the gallery at the northern side of the chapel, about half-way between the chancel and the vestry, and adorned by a fresco of the GREATER NEW YORK. 51 American Eagle. Governor George Clinton occupied the pew directly opposite. The churchyard adds to the venerable appear- ance of the chapel. Under the portico, at the Broadway side, lie the remains of General Rich- ard Montgomery, who was killed in 1775 while storming Quebec, and on the wall al)ove is a tablet erected to his memor}' 1)y order of Con- gress. At the left stands a monument to Thomas Addis Emmet — the brilliant Irish patriot who came to America soon after his release from im- prisonment in Ireland, and established himself here in the practice of law. Dr. Mac Nevin, Emmet's compatriot and fellow-sufferer, has a monument at the right. The actor, George Frederick Cooke, is also buried in these grounds. The rector and vestry of Trinity Church occupy offices in the building at the rear of the ceme- tery. The block at the north of the chapel is occu- pied by the Astor House. The New York Herald^ which now occupies a new building at Broadway and Thirty-fifth Street, was formerly at the south- eastern corner of Broadway and Ann Street, where, in former years, P. T. Barnum drew large crowds to visit his American Museum. That site is now occupied by the St. Paul Building, 52 OREATER NEW YORK. which with its tower has twenty-five stories de- voted to office use. The Post-Office. — The triangular buikling opposite the Astor House is the city Post-office, completed in 1877. The material is of light- colored granite, and the architecture is a mix- ture of Doric and Renaissance, the domes hav- ing been patterned after those of the Louvre in Paris. The third and fourth floors are occupied by the Law Listitute and Library, and by the United States Courts and their offices, but the remainder of the building is used entirely by the Post-office Department. From twenty-two to twenty-four collections are daily made from twenty-two luuidred lamp-post boxes, and over two thousand men are employed in the main office and the seventy-seven sub-stations under its control, and twenty-six branch post-office stations in addition. The statistics of the business of the Post-office for the year ending June 30, 189G, are as fol- lows : The sale of stamps, envelopes and cards for the year amounted to $7,002,349.53. The net revenue of the Post-office for 1896 was $4,646,- 836.43. Domestic money orders amounting to ',293,547.33 were paid, and the international 54 GREATER NEW YORK. orders paid amounted to $526,520.93. The city's free delivery service cost $1,373,648.47 and the special delivery, $45,850.96. The car- riers during" the year delivered 365,885,666 pieces of mail matter, and 139,398,285 pieces found the persons to whom they were addressed by means of the post-office boxes. Of registered mail handled 1,556,323 pieces were delivered in the city. In the year the total number of pieces of mail handled was 1,361,- 356,483, or a daily average of 3,729,744. In former years, before the Middle Dutch Church was used as a post-office, a rotunda in the park north of the present building*, was changed from a cyclorama to a station for the distribution of Uncle Sam's mail. The indigna- tion of the merchants was at this time aroused, because the Post-office was located so far up- town. It was in 1718 that the first rope- walk ap- peared in Broadway, between Barclay Street and Park Place. Columbia College, originally called King's College, formerly stood west of Broad- way, in Park Place. City Hall Park. — The park at the north of the Post-office, was called "The Fields," or " The Commons," in the early days, the ground GREATER NEW YORK. 55 now occupied by the post-office being included in it. At a public meeting- in this place Alex- ander Hamilton delivered his maiden speech. The white marble building, designed in the Italian style of architecture, is the City Hall. At tlie time of its completion, in 1812, it was unsur- CITY HALL AND NATHAN HALE STATUE. passed by any edifice in the country; indeed, it was the only chaste and classic specimen of archi- tecture which New York possessed, until the pure Grothic of Trinity and Grrace churches in- spired a desire for something better than the feeble imitations of Greek temples that had 56 GREATER NEW YORK. previously abounded. The headquarters of the city government are in this building ; also the city library. The " Grovernor's Room" contains portraits of national celebrities, the chairs used by the first Congress, the desk on which Washington penned his first message to Congress, and his inaugural chair. Here the remains of President Lincoln lay in state, while for twenty-four hours a sad procession, which even during the night did not diminish in vol- ume, surged by the catafalque. The County Court House stands at the north- ern end of the park, a white marble building of Corinthian design, which perpetuates the mem- ory of the gigantic frauds perpetrated during the Tweed regime. Different authorities esti- mate the cost of this edifice to the city to have been from eight to thirty millions of dollars. It now accommodates the State Courts and several of the city departments. The city almshouse formerly stood on this site. A jail, called " The Provost,'' which, previous to the Revolution, had been erected near the eastern border of the park, was used during the British occupation for the confinement of nota- ble American prisoners, the marshal making himself conspicuous for his criminal treatment GREATER NEW YORK. 57 of the captives. This relic of revolutionary times still stands. After the war it was used as a debtors' prison, common felons having- been confined in the " Bridewell," which stood be- tween the City Hall and Broadway. A gallows frowned between the two buildings. In 1830 "The Provost" was remodeled to imitate the Temple of Diana at Ephesus, and has since been used for the offices of the Register, except when, during the cholera scourge of 1832, it was converted temporarily into a hospital. Park Row. — Because the group of lofty buildings that face the park from the east and south are mostly newspaper offices, the [)lace has received the name of " Printing House Square." The hiio-e structures that stand a little to the south of the park are filled with law and business offices. Temple Court, at the south- western corner of Nassau and Beekman streets, is one hundred and sixty feet in height. The Morse Building, at the northeastern corner of the same streets, is one hundred and sixty-five feet in height. The Potter Building, opposite, at the northwestern corner, is one hundred and eighty-five feet, and in this is situated the daily New York Press. The Times Building, just north of this, is two hundred and thirteen feet GREATER NEW YORK. 59 hiofli. The material of this last edifice is lio-ht granite, and its style is a beantiful adaptation of the Gothic. The Trihune Building-, which was the first lofty edifice in this vicinity, stands at the corner of Spruce Street and Park Row, with a Ijronze statue of the Tribune^ s founder, Horace Greeley, in front of it. On the corner of Nassau and Spruce is tlie American Tract Society Building, which is twenty-two stories high. The tower, which consists of two additional stories, contains a res- taurant, where, for a moderate price, a delight- ful luncheon may be procured. The view from this tower quite equals that obtained from tlie ^lanhattan Life. The Sim Building is next to the Trihune Building, while at the north, tower- ing over all, is the Pulitzer Building, a colossus of the colossi, of Scotch sandstone and terra- cotta, three hundred and seventy-five feet in height. The New York Journal has its main offices in the Trihune Buildino-. The Commercial Advertiser is at 29 Park Row, the Mail and Ex- press is at the corner of Broadway and Fulton Street, the N'ews at 2r5 Park Row, and the Staats Zeitung is in Tryon Row, opposite the Bridge. On the site of the Potter Building were for- merly the "Brick Church" (Presbyterian), of 60 GREATER NEW YORK. which the popidar Dr. Sprin<^ was pastor, and the Park Theatre, a play-house where the best society witnessed histrionic exhibitions by Mat- thews, Cooper, Cooke, Kean, Macready and Junius Brutus Booth. The Statue of America's Philosopher and Patriot, Benjamin Franklin, by Plassman, which stands in the Square, was given to the city by a private citizen in 1872. Franklin Square. — A short walk in Frank- fort Street, an unattractive thoroug'hfare south of the Pulitzer Building-, affords an opportunity for inspecting the supporting towers of Brooklyn Bridge, the arches under the bridge-approach, etc. The elevated-railroad station, which crosses the street at Franklin Square, marks a spot once celebrated for its aristocratic residences. The first presidential mansion was in Cherry Street, near Pearl, but proved to be inconvenient be- cause so far out of town. Walton House, the palace of the city, was at No. 326 Pearl Street, the grounds extending eastward to the river. Harper's Publishing House is the only ol)ject of interest in the vicinity now, business and tene- ment houses having obliterated all traces of former grandeur. The Model Tenement Houses, erected by a QnEAfm NEW tOHK, 61 company composed of members of the Society for Ethical Culture, are some distance beyond, at No. 306 Cherry Street. The houses are kept in excellent repair, and are said to yield four and one-half per cent, on the investment, the object of the company beincr to realize a fair profit and not an exorbitant one. From Franklin Square to South Street is but a step ; there the Belt Line cars run northeast to Montg-omery Street, near which, in Cherry Street, these houses are situated. Returnini^, the cars at the corner of East Broadway and Essex Street will convey passengers to Broadway at Ann Street. Brooklyn Bridge. — East of City Hall Park is the New York and Brooklyn Bridge, over which between 130,000 and 140,000 persons pass on foot daily, and about 159,000 by railway. The footway is free to the public ; the car-fare is five cents for the round trip. The total income for 1896 was $1,112,957. The entire length of the bridge is five thousand, nine hundred and eigh- ty-nine feet, and its width is eighty-five feet, in- cluding a promenade for foot-passengers, two railroad tracks — on which run passenger cars propelled by electric power, and a stationary enofine for auxiliarv cable service, on the Brook- 't:? Liary lyn side — and two roadways for vehicles. The GREATER NEW YORK. 63 floor of the bridge at its greatest height is one hundred and thirty-five feet above high-water mark, but full-rigged ships have to strike their topgallant - masts to pass under unimpeded. The height above water of the supporting tow- ers is two hundred and seventy-two feet. The bridge was opened in the summer of 1883, hav- ing been constructed at a cost of fifteen millions of dollars. A ride over the railway to Brooklyn, returning by the way of the promenade, will aftord the best views of the bridge, the East River, and the Bay. Lower Broadway. — The yellow surface-cars that pass the City Hall Park at the west on Broadway, furnish the best means of viewing that street as far up as Fourteenth Street. On the corner of Broadway and Murray is the Postal Telegraph Building, and just above is the Home Life Insurance Building, 256 Broad- way. The white marble building at the Chambers Street corner, was formerly A. T. Stewart's wholesale dry-goods store, but is now remod- eled for offices. The site was originally used as a neoTO burial- o^round. Two blocks further north, Duane Street marks the site of the old New York City Hospital, built in 1775, and sur- 64 GREATER NEW YORK. rounded by five acres of ground, containing mao-nificent elms. On the northwest corner of Broadway and Duane Street is located the Mu- tual Reserve Fund Life Association. The Ionic Building, at Leonard Street, belongs to the New York Life Insurance Company. At this place Contoit's Garden used to call together the fiish- ionable people, young and old, to enjoy its cool shade and partake of its ices and lemonades. The magnificent building* of the Grlobe Mutual Life Insurance Company is directly opposite. On the corner of Broadway and Pearl stands the Central National Bank Building. Canal Street, so called because a canal, which formed an outlet for the waters of Collect Pond, once ran through it to the Hudson River, is seven blocks north. Sidewalks and roadways were on each side of the water — which explains the width of the street — and a stone bridge crossed it at Broadway. When the canal was filled in this bridge was left intact, and still re- mains imbedded under the pavement. The Board of Education occupies a building at the right of Broadway, in Grand Street, two blocks east, No. 146. At the Prince Street corner, three blocks up, was the spacious and pleasing Niblo's Garden 66 GREATER NEW YORK. Theatre, the stage usually being devoted to spectacular plays. Both the theatre and the Metropolitan Hotel formerly belonged to the estate of the late A. T. Stewart. This site is now occupied by the Havemeyer Buikling. Richmond Hill, the delightful country-seat where General and Mrs. Washington were quar- tered during the eventful summer of 1776, was situated west of this, near the Hudson. After- ward, when it was the home of the first vice- president, Mrs. Adams wrote of it: "In natural beauty it might vie with the most delicious spot I ever saw.'' It was the residence of Aaron Burr at the time of his duel with Hamilton, but was soon after sold to John Jacob Astor, who converted it into a public resort. The Central Police Station is the next point of interest near which the car passes. It is sit- uated at 300 Mulberry Street, two blocks east of Broadway, and one-half block north of Hous- ton Street. In it is exhibited the " Rogues' Gallery,'' a collection of more than a thousand photographs of notorious criminals. A general reorganization of the police force was begun in 1895. There are thirty-five precincts — one of which includes \\\^ harbor — each under the com- mand of a captain and sergeants. Each precinct GREATER NEW YORK. 6T has a building for the accommodation of police- men and homeless individuals. No visit to the city would be complete with- out inspectino' some of the leading stores, and probably none of them has so many interesting- associations as the extensive dry-goods house which occupies the entire block between Ninth and Tenth streets, in Broadway. Stop the car at Ninth Street in order to visit this emporium. It is now owned by John Wanamaker, of Philadel- phia, l)ut it was A. T. Stewart who secured for the establishment its prominence. Between Ninth and Twelfth streets are the dry-goods stores of John Daniell & Sons, and James McCreery & Co. Washington Square. — At the lower end of Fifth Avenue, having an area of about nine acres, is a public park, of much historic inter- est. It is located between Fourth Street on the south, Waverly Place on the north. University Place on the east, and Macdougal Street on the west. This ground was formerly occupied as a Potter's field, and it is estimated that over 100,- 000 bodies have been buried in this ground, where now the multitude of living beings gather for pleasure. This Square has been in past years the resi- ^^v^i lag iHi 101 GREATER NEW YORK. 69 deuce of iiiciuy of the old New Yorkers. On one side of the Square is the University Building and the Asbury M. E. Church. The statue of Garibaldi is worth inspection. Washington Memorial Arch. — For the cele- bration of the centennial of the inaug'uration in this city of Gleneral Washington as first Presi- dent of the United States, there was erected in 1889, in Washington Square, a triumphal arch designed by Stanford White, surmounted by a colossal statue of General Washington . From this temporary arch originated the idea of construct- ing, from the same design, the present structure, built of white Tuckahoe marble in classic style. The corner-stone was laid on Decoration Day, 1890. The capstone bears the words from Wash- ino'ton's inaua'ural address, " Let us raise a standard to which the wise and honest can re- pair. The event is in the hands of God." The arch is 77 feet 4 inches high, and its cost, wliich was $128,000, was paid by popular con- tributions. The Studio Building, in West Tenth Street near Sixth Avenue, was for many years the working-place of celebrated artists. Near by is the Jefferson Market court and prison, an ir- regular but unique and handsome structure, 70 GREATER NEW YORK. built of red brick and sandstone, in the Italian Gothic style. Adjoiiiing this is Jefferson Market, a brick structure, richly ornamented with terra- cotta. Unless one cares to devote more time than is allotted for the afternoon in the itinerary, it will be best not to cross over to Sixth Av- enue to see Jefferson Market, but continue on up Broadway to Grace Church. Grace Church. — In Broadway, north of Tenth Street, stands Grace Church, which, with the edifices attached, is built of white limestone, in chaste, fourteenth century Gothic style, forming- one of the most beautiful architectural effects in the city. The rectory is connected with the church by a clergy-house, which contains a library and reading-room open to church mem- bers. In the grounds is a colossal terra-cotta jar that was found forty feet below the surface in Rome. The small building at the south of the church is the chantry, in which daily services are held. This, with the chancel, and two or- gans connected by electrical machinery, are gifts from Miss Catherine Lorillard Wolfe, the chancel having been erected as a memorial to her father. The tower contains a fine set of chimes. Back of the church, in Fourth Avenue, is a day-nursery for the caring for young S: nii0i»' 1 72 GREATER NEW YORK. children during the hours when their mothers are at work. This is known as Grace Memorial Home, and was erected by Vice-president Levi P. Morton, as a tribute to his wife. Grace Church was founded in 1805, its first building occupying the corner of Broadway and Rector Street. The present structure was built in 1846. Next to Trinity, Grace is the wealth- iest Episcopal church corporation in the city. On the corner of Eleventh Street is the St. Denis Hotel. The Star Theatre, at the corner of Thirteenth Street, was built in 1862, and shortly afterward came under the able management of Lester Wal- lack, who for twenty years associated its boards with all that is best in legitimate comedy. The Morton House is on the southeast corner of Four- teenth Street. CHAPTER III. THE SECOND MORNING. "After the Hunt," by W. M. Harnett. — At 9 o'clock the party will fincl itself at No. 8 War- ren Street, near City Hall Park, ready for the second day's sight-seeing. A remarkable paint- ing, on exhibition at No. 8 Warren Street, repre- sents an old barn-door on which hang imple- ments of the chase and trophies of a hunt. Prob- ably nothino; more realistic has ever been seen on canvas than these panels, so marvelously like wood, in which a cunningly wrought nail-hole deceives the most practiced eye. A battle scene in the Franco-Prussian war, and " The Quarrel." l)y Meissonier, and many other valual)le paint- ings are in the collection here exhibited. Ladies are frequent visitors between the hours of 8 and 11 o'clock. The Staats Zeitung Building, over the por- tals of which stand life-size bronze statues of Franklin and Gutenburg, is across the park, at the junction of Park Row and Centre Street. 73 NEW YORK CITY UPPER SECTION GREATER NEW YORK. 75 The total valuation of this property is $400,000. This, in the old days, was the starting- point of the Boston Road. Park Row. — From the Staats Zeitung Build- ing to Chatham Square, Park Row, former- ly called Chatham Street, has lono- been in- habited by Jews, who deal in cheap clothing. The Newsboys' Lodging-House is east of Park Row, in the first street that crosses it. From one room in a private house in this vicinity the first post-ofi[ice distributed mail to the city. At the right, in Madison Street, near Pearl Street, the first public school opened in 1805, with forty pupils, De Witt Clinton and the Society of Friends having been instrumental in projecting a work wliich is now expanded until it comprises over three hundred schools and a free college, under a municipal Board of Education. There are four evening high schools, fifteen evening schools for males and eleven for females. At the northwest- ern corner of Park Row and Baxter Street the famous Tea-water pump was situated — a remark- able spring from which fourteen thousand and three hundred gallons of pure water were daily drawn and sold about town for one penny a gallon. Refer to your several maps, and note how you reach Chatham Square. The route of 76 OREATER NEW YORK. each day is distinctly marked out, the line of travel for each day being indicated by heavy, light, or dotted lines, as you will discover by turnino- to the different sections. Chatham Square, which is but two blocks from Baxter Street, was formerly the burial- ground of the Jews. Just beyond were the British intrenchments, in which dead bodies of American prisoners were indiscriminately thrown without rights of sepulture. The Five Points. — At the west, Worth Street leads by Mulberry and Baxter streets, where are teeming masses of the lowest grades of human- it}^ Baxter Street was once the Mecca for cheap clothes. Friday is the great bargain day for these small shops, and certainly it will pay one to walk through and get a bird's-eye view of the " East Side." The junction which is formed by Baxter with other streets is called "The Five Points" — a locality long celebrated for the criminal character of its population, but now reclaimed, through the efforts of devoted mis- sionaries, until its dangerous elements have nearly disappeared. Italians, Chinese, beggars, boot-blacks, opium peddlers, etc., live in the vicinity now, but criminals are rare. An old brewery, which once sheltered the very worst OBSJAfEU NEW YORK. 77 characters and was associated with the most ap- palling crimes, is no more, and the low dens that are still to be found in the narrow streets near by will be rapidly obliterated by the busi- ness houses that are continually encroaching*. A visit to at least one of the missions should not be omitted. The Five Points " House of Industry," founded in 1850, has since that time received over thirty thousand inmates and furnished in- struction to fifty thousand children. Gamins from the neighborhood, as well as those children who reside in the building, are carefully trained in common-scliool branches, special attention be- ing given to the study of the physiological effects of alcohol. A daily bath also exercises its salu- tary influence upon the pupils. A children's song-service, composed of classical selections astonishingly well rendered — and demonstrat- ing the practicability of utilizing the best music as a means of refining the ignorant — is held Sunday afternoons at 3:30 o'clock, after which visitors are permitted to inspect the building. The officers of the institution, who keep them- selves informed concerning the welfare of the children that have been under their care, assert that so far only two have been known to lead (GREATER NEW YORK. T9 criminal lives. Women also are sheltered here, and employment is found for them. " The Five Points Mission " is opposite, and in the small space between is a band-stand, where open-air evening concerts are given to audiences composed of tramps of both sexes, whose faces expose their hardened characters, making the name of the place, " Paradise Park," an awful misnomer. The Tombs. — In Centre Street, one block toward the west, stands an imposing granite pile, ominously called '' The Tombs," and used as the city prison. This edifice, which covers an entire block, was erected in 1838 on ground made by filling Collect Pond. Although the foundations of the building were laid much deeper than usual, the walls settled, and ap- peared to be in peril, but as they have stood for over half a century, they are now considered safe. The site chosen was unfortunate, because the hollow ground does not show to advantage the really ^i\q building. It is said to be the purest specimen of Egyptian architecture out of Egypt. The necessarily damp and unwhole- some condition of the soil renders the place a very poor one for the confinement of human beings. To further add to the pestilential con- 80 GREATER NEW YORK. clition of this swamp-land, some tanners, who previously occupied the locality, left their vats open when they removed their tanneries, and for a long time these plague-spots remained. The portico is supported by massive and som- bre pillars. The Police Court may be visited without permits from 9.30 o'clock until 4. The prison entrance is in Franklin Street. Here criminals wait to be tried, and convicts were executed. Permits are required, in order to visit the dark and gloomy cells, between the hours of 11 o'clock and 2. These may be se- GREATER NEW tORR. gl cured from the Commissioners of Public Char- ities, at their bureau, corner of Third Avenue and Eleventh Street. The new building for the accommodation of the criminal courts is at the north of the prison. MoTT Street. — Returning to Chatham Square by Worth Street, a few moments should be devoted to Mott Street, which swarms with representatives of the Chinese nation, usually very well-behaved persons. The Joss houses are easily discoverable, because of their oriental decorations, but they are not open to the pub- lic. The exclusively foreign aspect of the place inspires one with tlie feeling of the child who, when taken to visit the panorama of Get- tysburg, asked, " Why, where is New York?" The Bowery. — From Chatham Square the up- town train on the elevated road passes through a street which bears a unique reputation. "The Bowery," from beginning to end, is a queer conglomeration of cheap stores, concert-saloons, variety theatres, and dime museums, while vend- ers of all sorts of small wares impede the side- walks. The character of this locality has also changed with time. The "Bowery Boy," who terrorized the police, and made his face good for an entrance-fee to tlie theatre, has disappeared ; 82 GREATER NEW YORK. and even the "young fellow" of the period finds his paste diamonds too little appreciated by the Germans, who are rapidly taking posses- sion of his old "stamping-ground." The name of this street was derived from the fact that it was originally a lane passing by Dutch farms, or " booweries." It would be a good plan to board one of the cars that will take you up the Bowery. The Old Bowery Theatre (now called The Thalia), replete with traditions of the Ameri- can stage, still stands below Canal Street, just a little above Chatham Square. Malibran, Hackett, Forrest, the elder Booth, Charlotte Cusliman, and many other great stars, have made this place luminous with their presence. Since their day the rougher class has made it a home for heterogeneous melodrama. Three savings banks in this street have greatly aided to promote frugal habits among residents of the vicinity. A branch of the Young Men's Christian Association is also located here. The shopping centre for country people, and the smaller trades-people, is east, in Grand Street, two blocks further north, where goods are much cheaper than in the fashionable quarter. A totally different aspect characterizes this lo- GREATER NEW YORK. 83 cality from that which appears about the up- town stores. If you have been riding in a sur- face-car up the Bowery, it will be advisable to again become a pedestrian at East Third Street, in order to visit the libraries. Lafayette Place, which extends at right an- gles with East Third, or Great Jones Street, one block west of the Bowery, is a quarter in which the antiquated style of the old residences gives them an air of great respectability. It is now mostly appropriated by publishing houses, religious newspapers, and restaurants. The Astor Library Building, at the east side of the street, covering the site of the old Yaux- hall Garden, is of brown-stone and brick, Ro- manesque in design, and in pattern similar to the royal palaces of Florence. This building was erected in 1853 — according to the will of John Jacob Astor — who left four hundred thou- sand dollars for this purpose ; and appointed the most able scholars, with Washington Irving as their president, to act as trustees. There are nearly four hundred thousand books on the shelves, mainly books of reference, and the fact that annually there are about sixty thousand persons who seek exact knowledge in this classic library, demonstrates the intelligence of the age. GREATER NEW YORK. 85 There is still capacity for about two hundred thousand volumes. In the collection are records of the effective work of the United States Sani- tary Commission during- the war, rare Grreek and Latin manuscripts, an illuminated manu- script volume of chants used at the coronation of French king's, and some black-letter tomes that include a copy of the hrst printed Bible, and a fair amount of Shakesperiana. These will be shown on application. The library is open from 9 o'clock to 6, and is accessi1)le to any person by simply registering^ name and address. Since the original endowment, Wil- liam B. Astor has contributed five hundred and hfty thousand dollars, and John Jacob Astor — the grandson of the founder — three hundred thousand dollars. The Astor Library, in connection with the Lenox Library and the Tilden Trust, has been consolidated into the N^ew York Public Library, with an annual income of over $160,000. The Astor and Lenox Libraries, occupying some- what the same field, were, to a certain extent, duplicating their work. On May 23, 1895, a formal agreement was executed, pursuant to the enabling acts, whereby a consolidated cor- poration was formed under the name of the New 86 GREATER NEW YORK. York Public Library — As tor, Lenox and Til- den Foundations. The American Bible Society now deposits its collection of Bibles and Bible manuscripts with this corporation. This is an acquisition of peculiar importance, because of the fact that the Lenox collection of Bibles was already one of the finest in the world, and the addition of books and manuscripts belonging to the Bible Society will serve to bring it up to a still higher degree of perfection. {See Lenox lAhrary.) On its departure for Washington, in 1861, the Seventh Regiment National Guard formed in line along this street, in front of the Library, amid great excitement and a profuse display of banners and bunting. This corps was composed of the youth and flower of the city. The Mercantile Library. — Astor Place, which diagonally crosses Lafayette Place at the north, is a quarter mostly occupied by publish- ing houses. A new Clinton Hall stands at the triangle formed by the junction of Astor Place and Eighth Street, the old one which stood on the same site was recently pulled down because it was too small to accommodate the Mercantile Library, for which it had long been a home. This library, founded in 1821 for merchants^ GREATER NEW YORK. 8T clerks, occupied a hall (called Clinton Hall be- cause De Witt Clinton presented the first book) at the corner of Beekman and N'assau streets. Columbia College granted two free scholarships to the organization, and members secured many privileges in the way of lecture courses and class instruction. Nothing is more interesting than a history of the institutions founded in this city during the first half-century of our Repub- lic, at which time the energy and insight of a few public-spirited men — among whom none were more conspicuous than De Witt Clinton — laid the foundation for broad and far-reacliing educational systems that are proving of incalcu- lable benefit to the whole nation. The library was moved to its present site in 1854. Two hundred thousand volumes, l)esides newspapers and periodicals, occupy its shelves, and new books are constantly being purchased. Branch libraries are at JS^o. 62 Liberty Street, and at No. 431 Fifth Avenue. The charges for yearly membership are four dollars for clerks and five dollars for other persons. The Clinton Hall, which has been recently demolished, was originally the Astor Place Opera House, where, in 1849, the Forrest-Mac- ready riot occurred — an outbreak which was 88 GREATER NEW YORK. occasioned by the uii[)o[)ularity of Macready, wlio was supposed to have prejudiced Euo^lish opinion against Forrest, the American favorite. A l)ronze statue of Samuel S. Cox stands in tlie trianguhir space east of Clinton Hall. It was executed by Miss Louise Lawson, and erect- ed by the letter-carriers of the United States in 1891. Cross over to Broadway and Eleventh Street to the St. Denis Hotel, where a delightful luncheon may l^e obtained at moderate prices. At 2 o'clock you are due at Cooper Union, a few blocks away, at the junction of Third and Fourth avenues, Seventh Street and the Bowery. CHAPTER IV. SECOND AFTERNOON. Cooper Union. — The massive brown-stone building at the right, the old portion of which is classic, and the additions of which are Gothic in design, is a monument of far-sighted philan- thropy, built in 1857 by the late Peter Cooper, at a cost of six hundred and thirty thousand dollars, and endowed hy him with tln^ee hundred thousand dollars for the support of the library, free reading-room, and schools of art and science. The li])rary, which is open between the hours of 8 o'clock a.m. and 10 o'clock p.m. on week-days, and on Sundays, from October to May, from 12 o'clock to 9 o'clock, contains a complete set of Patent-Office reports, about twenty thousand books, and the periodicals and newspapers of the day. An average of seventeen hundred persons daily patronize the reading-room, and the annual attendance at the evening schools is thirty-five hundred. Free popular lectures are given Saturday evenings. A special art school GREATEU NEW YOHK. 91 is provided for women, during the day, as well as classes in telegraphy, phonography and type- writing. The large hall of this establishment, which is used for mass-meetings, has been iden- tified with almost every public movement since the erection of the building. Its walls have echoed to the clarion voices of Garrison, Beecher, Phillips, Sumner, Anna Dickinson, Lucretia Mott, and Abraham Lincoln — on the occasion of his presidential campaign against Douglas, the " Little Giant of Illinois.'' The Bible House, just north of Cooper LTnion, contains the offices of the American Bible Soci- ety, an organization whose presses have printed the Bible in eighty languages. The Sixty-ninth Regiment Armory is over Tompkins Market, east of Cooper Union. The mention of this regiment still recalls to many minds one of the most harrowing sights of the Civil War, when, after the battle of Bull Run, only three hundred members returned from that wholesale massacre. The distress of the women who discovered that their loved ones were miss- ing, is spoken of as a scene affecting in the ex- treme. Tompkins Square. — From this point St. Mark's Place, or East Eighth Street, leads to a pretty 92 GREATER NEW YORK. park which invites occupants of the tenement houses nearby, to enjoy the fresh air. Whatev^er may be the short comings of our municipal gov- ernment, no comphiint can be made with regard to the floral display, for beautiful little patches of color, arranged with really artistic skill, adorn the public grounds in all J3arts of the city. In the park just mentioned, a fine fountahi and ample pond sustain such rare water-exotics as the lotus of Egypt and India, the Egyptian papyrus. South American pond-lilies, and many other varieties of water plants, all of which are catalogued on a sign-board. A band-stand, confectionary - booths, and plenty of benches, further indicate the comfort given to the tired working people on summer evenings. The Wilson Industrial School for Girls, which faces the Park at the Eighth Street corner, is an institution in which the Kitchen Garden System (little girls cooking and arranging tables to a song accompaniment) is in practical opera- tion. Miss Emily Huntington is the founder of the system. St. Mark's Church. — From Cooper Union, Stuyvesant Street leads the traveller past a quaint church edifice which was erected in 1793 by Trinity Corporation, the ground and four L4nEATER NEW YORK. 9S thousand dollars in money having been a gift from a great-grandson of Peter Stuyvesant. The remains of the Dutch governor are interred in a vault within the church. The original tablet on the outside of the eastern wall indicates his place of sepulture. A graveyard surrounds St. Mark's, in which only flat stones indicate the resting-places of the dead. From this spot the remains of A. T. Stewart were stolen. Second Avenue. — The broad thoroughfixre which cuts off Stuyvesant Street at this point is a portion of Second Avenue that was another fashionable quarter of the olden time, but is now largel}^ occupied by medical and benevolent in- stitutions. The New York Historical Society Building, at the southeastern corner of Eleventh Street and Second Avenue, is the receptacle of a large and valuable collection of historical curiosities. This society was organized in 1804 by promi- nent citizens " For the collecting and preserv- ing' of whatever mio'ht relate to the natural, civil and ecclesiastical history of the United States in general, and the great and sovereign State of New York in particular.'' Material with whicli to form a " Museum of American Antiq- 94 QREAfm NEW YORK. uities " was so rapidly secured as to necessitate several removals, until the present building was erected with accommodations so spacious that the society enlarged the scope of its work, and purchased valuable collections of foreign art^ literature and antiquity. These are now so nu- merous as to render the present building inade- quate for their accommodation, and it is dis- creditable to the city that so many old treasures should be hidden from the puldic for want of space, of cases to protect, custodians to exhibit, or catalogues to assist the investigator. The museum contains a large collection of rare pamphlets and mamiscripts relating to Ameri- can history, newspapers, maps, autograph let- ters, coins, medals, a lil)rary of over two thou- sand volumes, the original portraits of fourteen Inca monarchs, with their names and the order of their succession, and some portraits of cele- brated Indian chiefs. The original water-color pictures made by Audubon for his work on nat- ural history are here ; also the efforts of the early American artists, West, AUston, Stuart, Peale, Jarvis, Cole and others ; and some speci- mens from the old masters, Raphael, Yan Dyke, Titian, Rembrandt, Del Sarto, Paul Veronese, and Murillo. The Egyptian collection contains GREATER NEW YORK 95 a fac -simile of the Rosetta Stone, mummies of the sacred bulls, with portions of the chariot and rope-harness found buried with them in the tombs at Dashour ; vases, agricultural and sacri- ficial implements, and a great number of other equally interesting relics from that ancient civil- ization. There are, besides, some specimens of the sculpture of ancient Nineveh, as well as sev- eral pieces of modern times. The society includes over two thousand mem- bers, through whose courtesy alone admittance to the building is obtained. The site for a new building consists of ten city lots at Seventy- seventh Street and Central Park West. The land was purchased at a cost of $286,500, and the new building will probably cost $1,000,000 more. Stu YVES ANT Square, tlirough which Second Avenue passes on its way northward, is one of the most attractive of our city parks, the land for which was deeded to the " Mayor, Alder- men and Commonalty of the City of New York " (this was our legal title) by Peter Gr. Stuy vesant in 1836. The donor intended that the park should be called Holland Square, but its title was changed by request of the recipients. As, ac- cording to the terms of the deed, business houses 96 GREATER NEW YORK. are not permitted to encroach npon this locality, it still remains a desirable down-town place of residence. These grounds once formed the northern portion of the Stuyvesant ftirm, which extended southward to Third Street, and from Third Avenue eastward to the river. On a spot within this farm, now identified by a plate at the corner of Thirteenth Street and Third Avenue, there flourished, for nearly two hundred years, a pear tree which was brought from Hol- land by the original Peter Stuyvesant, and planted by him to preserve the memory of his name. The Friends' Meeting-House and Seminary are at the west of Stuyvesant Square. The Quakers, who sufl*ered much persecution at the hands of Dutch governors, as well as from Puri- tan authorities, could not firmly establish them- selves in this city until the beginning of the eighteenth century, when they erected their first meeting-house near Maiden Lane. Since that time they have successively put up a number of buildings, but at present those just referred to, belonging to the Hicksite branch, and one other, belonging to the orthodox sect, are the only meetinof-houses that remain standino-. Throua'h all the vicissitudes of the city's growth, the GREATER NEW YORK. 97 Quaker element has ever been bold, peaceful, pru- dent and practical, and our present prosperity owes much to their discreet activity. Saint G-eorge's Church (Episcopalian), at the Sixteenth Street corner, is in its architectural style a transition from the Romanesque to the Grothic. This church was originally one of three chapels belonging to Trinity Corporation, but it became a distinct charge in 1811. It first edi- fice was erected in 1752, on ground near Beek- man Street, called '^ Chapel Hill." The present structure was built in 1849. For many years this parish was presided over by the celebrated Dr. Stephen H. Tyiig, whose remarkable insight and energy organized a work which is now ably continued and enlarged by the present rector, Dr. W. S. Rainsford. The buikling at the rear is a sort of church club-house, where members have the advantages of reception and class rooms and a fine gymnasium. St. Greorge's parish buildinof was erected as a memorial of the mother and fiither- in-law of J. Pierpont Morgan, and it adjoins the church. Sixteenth Street extends westward from Saint George's to Irving Place, and Irving Place leads southward to East Fourteenth Street. A picturesque little theatre, called the Irving 98 GREATER NEW YORK. Place Theatre, formerly Irving Hall, at the cor- ner of Irving Place and Fifteenth Street, is ap- propriated to German plays. The Academy of Music, at the Fourteenth Street corner, was built in 1854 and rebuilt in 1866. Although the exterior of this building is very plain, the interior is renowned for its per- fect appointments. Italian opera long found a home here, during- which time its walls echoed to the world's perfect voices. Great dramatic stars, among them Rachel, Ristori, Booth, Sal- vini and Janauschek, have also appeared upon its stage. Until the erection of the Metropoli- tan Opera House, the Academy was the popular place for balls and public meetings, but it is now entirely used for dramatic presentations. Tammany Hall, which is situated east of the Academy in Fourteenth Street, is headquarters for th(i Tammany Society, or Columbian Order — an organization founded in 1789 for the pur- pose of perpetuating a true love of country. At first a national society, based upon general prin- ciples of patriotism and benevolence, it became partisan when tlie administration proclaimed neutrality during thePrench Revolution, though the Tammany Hall Political Organization is to this day maintained as separate from the Coluni- • GREATER NEW YORK. 99 bian Order, presided over by the Grand Sachem, which owns the building. It was this order which inaugurated the perpetual commemora- tion of Washington's birthday. The first Tam- many Hall, or " Wigwam," stood on the site now occupied by the Sun. Building. The present structure was built in 1867. Steinway Hall, once made classical by the best concert music, but now converted into piano ware rooms, was in the Steinway Build- ing, at the west of the Academy, in Fourteenth Street. Union Square. — -A few steps westward and an open park is reached, which affords a breath- ing space to the public in the very heart of the city. Business has so engrossed this locality that but few of the old residences remain. A flag-stone in the sidewalk at the east side, upon the surface of which is cut, "Union Square, founded in 1832," locates the former home of the person who was most active in securing the early improvements for this place, Mr. Samuel Buggies. The College of Social Economics, which oc- cupies the southeastern corner of Sixteenth Street and Union Square, represents a new de- parture in educational lines, its object being to GREATER NEW YORK. 101 foiiPid a Sc'liool of Econoiriics that shall l>e dis- tinctly Aiucricaii. A business college forms a part of the insti- tution, and free lectures on themes of popular interest are delivered Wednesday evenings. The Bronze Equestrian Statue of Washing- ton, of heroic size, which stands near Fourteenth Street, was the hrst public work of art ever set up out-of-doors in this city. It was erected in 1856 by enterprising- merchants. H. K. Brown was the sculptor. The GrREAT War Meeting of 1861, called in response to Lincoln's appeal for troops " to sus- tain the Federal Government in the present crisis," was held under this fac-simile of the be- nign face of our first President. The park contains about three and one-half acres of ground that are kept in excellent order. The fountain pond is filled with exotics similar to those already observed in other parks, and l)ordered with brilliant foliage plants. From the bah'ony of the cottage north of the fountain, oflfi- cials review the parades that frequently take place on the Seventeenth Street Plaza, banners and a row of gas-jets making the place brilliant on special occasions. A drinking fountain stands at the western edge. The bronze statue of Lin- 102 GREATER NEW YORK. coin, erected by popular subscription shortly after his assassination, and modeled by H. K. Brown, is at the southwestern corner. A statue of Lafayette, facing toward the south, was modeled by Bartholdi, and erected in 1876 by French residents, in token of gratitude for American sympathy during the Franco-Prussian war. Union Square Theatre faces the park at the Fourteenth Street side. The pavement in front of this theatre is popularly known as the "Slave Market '' and " Rialto," from the fact that actors make this their lounging place while waiting for engagements. West Fourteenth Street, which may well be called " Vanity Fair," is the great shopping centre of New York, as the perpetual crowd, the bargain announcements in the shop windows, and the street venders of every description of pfoods, from choice roses to stove-blackino- will testify. As one passes thix)ugh this street west to Sixth Avenue, there will be found the Butterick Pub- lishing Company, fashion publishers, manufac- turers of the Butterick patterns, so widely known throughout the United States ; the large dry- goods houses of Arthur H. Hearn, B. H. Macy & QREATEIi NEW YORK. 103 Co., and the iiiilliiiery establishment of Roths- child. On Fourteenth Street between Fifth and Sixth avenues is the old Yan Buren Mansion and the celebrated tree in front of it. Passing up Sixth Avenue from Fourteenth Street will be found some of the largest retail dry-g'oods stores in the city — B. Altman & Co., Siegel-Cooper Co., Simpson, Crawford & Simpson, O'Neill and Ehrich Brothers. The Salvation Army Headquarters are in Fourteenth Street, west of Sixth Avenue. The New York Hospital, which now occupies a building in Fifteenth Street, between Fifth and Sixth avenues, was chartered by George III. in 1771, and was the second organization of its kind in this city. The original structure, in Duane Street, was destroyed by fire before patients could be admitted, and having been re- built, was occupied by American and British soldiers until the close of the war ; so that it was 1701 l)efore the real work of the institution could begin. Since that time, however, the hospital has been almost unrivaled as a School of Medi- cine and Surgery. The present building, which is modern French Renaissance in design, was opened in 1887 with perfect appointments, the upper story having been converted into a glass- 104 GREATER NEW YORK. roofed hall where patients may have the advan- tage of a sun-bath. The first hospital on the Island, established by the Duteh near the old fort, was demolished l)y the British. The Young Women's Christian Association Building, in Fifteenth Street between Fifth Ave- nue and Union Square, was founded in 1870 for the purpose of assisting young women who are dependent on their own exertions. Classes are instructed in sewing, book-keeping, etc. ; and an employment bureau assists women to find posi- tions. The system also includes a circulating lil)rary and reading-room, supplied with current periodicals ; a gymnasium, a board directory, an exchange for women's work, concerts, lectures, and Sunday Bible instruction. An addition, called the Margaret Louisa Home, which accommodates working w^omen with lodging and ])oard, is in Sixteenth Street. The buihling was the gift of Mrs. E. F. Shepard ; the Association is supported by voluntary contributions. No. 36 West Sixteenth Street is the churcli of St. Francis Xavier. Patrick C. Keely was tlie ar- chitect. Adjoining tliis church is the St. Francis Xavier College. It was opened in 1850, is in charge of the Jesuit Fathers, and numbers five hundred students, coming from all parts of GREATER NEW YORK. 105 Greater New York. The annual fees of the stu- dents support the Institution. The library con- tains 20,000 volumes. Women were admitted in 1893 on the same terms as men — $62 per annum — l)ut they cannot take decrees. Tiffany's.^ — The great building at the corner of Fifteenth Street and Union Square, is the far- iiimed jewelry store of Tiffany & Company, an establishment which stands alone in the world because it is so great of its kind. The square and particularly solid appearing structure next to Tiffany's is known as the Spingler Building. Brentano's, 31 Union Square, is one of the largest and most popular Ijookstores in New York city. The Decker Building is the beautiful white structure a1)ove Brentano's. No. 31 Union Square, nortli, which for a time was the tallest building in the square, is known as the Jackson Building. If the time of the itinerary has been strictly followed, it will now be 4 o'clock or later. Of course, time has not been allotted for visiting the stores mentioned on Sixth Avenue ; but the walk has been long, and necessarily one will feel the need of refreshments. Having partaken of 106 GREATER NEW YORK. luncheon in some of the most elaborate cafes in the city, it will be an interesting contrast to visit the Dairy Kitchen or Columbia, No. 48 Union Square, south, where a cup of most delicious cof- fee or 2-lass of milk can be obtained with the at- traction of good music. If one wishes a more extensive meal, it can be secured here as well. CHAPTER Y. THE THIRD MORNING. Nine o'clock in the morning- of the third clay's onting will find the party that follows the itinerary in Union Square. From Union Square to Twenty-third Street, Broadway is occupied by large retail dry-g-oods liouses, and carpet and jewelry estal)lishnients, as well as by florists, caterers, dealers in cera- mics, etc. Fifth Avenue, between Tenth and Twenty- third streets, and vicinity, forms a centre for publishing- houses. In this section will be found I). Appleton & Co., Macmillan c^ Co., Long-mans, Green & Co., Dodd, Mead & Co., Scribner's, Baker, Taylor k Co., The Morse Company, and many others. Many of the large piano com- panies have their warerooins in this section. Here are also situated some of the finest office buildings in tlie city — tlie Constable Building', the Presbyterian Building, and the Mohawk. "Choosing the Bride," by MakofFsky. — This 108 GREATER NEW YORK. 109 elaborate painting, which is a companion piece to the " Russian Wedding- Feast," is exhibited in Schumann's up-town jewehy store, at the cor- ner of Broadway and Twenty-second Street, and is well worth a visit. The Residence Built for Samuel J. Tilden is in Gramercy Park, two blocks east of Broad- way, at Nos. 14 and 15 East Twentieth Street. The stone carving's on the exterior of this edi- fice are of g-reat artistic excellence, the entire facade being enriched with divisional bands of beautifully sculptured foliage, and bas-relief figures cut in sunken disks, while the delicately chiseled heads of Sliakespeare, Milton, Franklin, Goethe, and Dante appear on a panel near the eastern entrance. The Players' Club -House, at No. 16 East Twentieth Street, is a gift to actors from the founder and president of the club, Edwin Booth. The l^uilding contains the lil)raries of Mr. Booth and Lawrence Barrett, and also the play l)ills collected by Augustin Daly. A general rende- vouz of players takes place in these apartments every Saturday night. Gramercy Park is open to residents in the immediate neighborhood only. Cyrus W. Field, David Dudley Field, John Bigelow, and otiier 110 GREATER NEW YORK. well-known persons occupied houses in this at- tractive locality. Lexington Avenue, which extends northward from Gramercy Park, contains the former home of Peter Cooper. The residence of the philanthropist was at No. 9. The College of the City of Xew York stands at the southeastern corner of Lexing'ton Avenue and Twenty-third Street. Each year nearly one thousand young men receive tuition in a classi- cal, scientific, or mechanical course. A post- graduate course in engineering occupies two additional years. The college contains a fine library, a cabinet of natural history, and ap- paratus for the use of the scientific department. The institution is maintained at an annual cost to the city of about $153,000. Bellevue Hospital Medical College and Training School for Nurses are at the foot of East Twenty-sixth Street. This hospital was founded in 1826, and is under the control of the city government ; but the college, an indepen- dent institution, was not organized until 18G1. Looking down Fourth Avenue from Twenty- third Street, some important buildings can be seen. There is the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children ; the United Charities Build- GREATER NEW YORK. Ill ing", corner of Twenty-second Street and Fourth Avenue ; the Churcli Mission House on Twenty- first Street. The National Academy of Design. — The beautiful structure of artistically blended gray and white marble and blue stone, standing at THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF DESIGN. the northwestern coriu^r of Fourth Avenue and Twenty-third Street, is in part a copy of the Palace of the Doges in Venice, its architectural design being the Italian Gothic. The vestibuled floor is of variegated marbles, and a massive marble stairway leads to the galleries above. 112 GREATER NEW YORK. Here every s})i'hiii" and aiituinii, an exliihition of new paintini^'s takes [)la('e, and prizes are awarded. Other organizations sometimes rent these galleries for the displa}- (^f their art work. The Ameriean Water (.\)lor Society hohls an annnal exhil)ition dnring tlie month of dannai'v. Free art schools and lecture-rooms, open to l)oth sexes from Octol)er until June of every year, occupy the first and second floors of the build- ing. The inception of the Academy, now the foi-e- most art institution in the country, was due to Professor S. B. M(^rse, who was himself an ar- tist of no mean ability. Al)out the year 1815 lie foiuided a society of artists of which he be- came president, and l^efore whicdi he delivered the first course of lectures on the fine arts ever given in this part of the world. Although tliis organization tln*ived, its existence was nomadic until 18()o, when tlie present l)uilding was erected, and dedicated with imposing ceremon- ies. The mem])ers of the institution consist of academicians (X. A.), and associates (A. N. A.), who ac(piire either rank of professional distinc- tion by merit. The new site for the Academy consists of an entire block, fronting on Anister- GREATER NEW YORK. 113 dam Avenue, between One Hundred and Ninth and One Hundred and Tenth streets. The ph)t eontains sixteen eity lots, and has a frontage in Amsterdam Avenue of 171.10 feet, and in eaeh 'of the streets of 200 feet. The kind was bought from John D. Crimmins, Simon Bernheimer and the estate of Isaae Bernheimer at $245,000. The Aeademy received-$605,000 from the Met- ropolitan Life Insurance Company for its pres- ent site and building at Twenty-third Street and Fourth Avenue. Some of this money has already been expended by the Academy for various purposes. After the new site is paid for, the Academy will have left about $275,000 as an available building fund. The site is op- posite that on which the Cathedral of St. John the Divine is to be erected, and is near the hand- some new buildings of St. Luke's Hospital and Columbia LTniversity. There are now eighty-eight members of the Academy, 100 being the limit. Heretofore, academicians could be elected only at the annual meetings in March. A by-law recently passed allows their election at quarterly meetings. The Young Men's Christian Association Building is opposite the Academy, at the south- western corner of Twenty-tliird Street and 114 GREATER NEW YORK. Fourth Avenue. This structure, which is French Renaissance in desig-n, contains a reception and reading room ; a concert hall, seating- four thou- sand, a lecture-room, library, gynmasium, and l)owling-alley ; besides parlors, class-rooms and l)aths. The l)uilding is open every day in the year, including holidays, and many opportuni- ties for instruction and entertainment are af- forded the members. The American Art Association. — The beau- tiful galleries of this institution, at No. 6 East Twenty-third Street, are usually occupied with interesting collections of paintings. The asso- ciation holds two exhibitions yearly, at which prizes valued at two thousand dollars are awarded for the best paintings, while gold medals worth $100 are bestowed for works of secondary merit. On Twenty-third Street toward Sixth Avenue will be found some of the large dry-goods stores of the city — Le Boutilliers, Stern Brothers and McCreery's, and the publishing houses of G. P. Putnam's Sons and E. P. Button. The main railroad offices, messenger and telegraph offices are in this vicinity. Madison Square, which is l)ounded at the south and north by Twenty-third and Twenty- GREATER NEW YORK. 115 sixth streets, and at the east and west by Mad- ison Avenue and the intersection of Broadway with Fifth Avenue, contains about six acres of ground, made beautiful with shade trees, flow- ers, and a fountain. Until the year 1847 this part of the Island was rather unsightly, and previous to the time of its improvement was occupied only hy Cor- poral Thompson's little yellow tavern, and an old arsenal wliich was utilized as a house of refuge. At present this park is the centre of a world of fashion and amusement. The Mad- ison Avenue side is occupied by the Metropoli- tan Life Insurance Company Building — an ex- am [)le of the Italian Renaissance style — the Madi- son Square Presbyterian Church, and the build- ing which formerly belonged to the Jockey Club and later to tlie Union League, but is now the home of the LTniversity Club. In this or- ganization, membership is restricted to men who liave graduated from some college, university, or professional school, from the United States Military Academy at A¥est Point, or the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis. The Rev. Charles H. Parkhurst is the rector of the Pres- byterian Church. His house is at No. 133 East Thirty-fifth Street. 116 GREATER NEW YORK. Madison Square Garden. — The most con- spicuous buildino- in this vicinity is situated in Madison Avenue, between Twenty-sixtli and Twenty-seventh streets. Its ornate st}de at- tracts immediate attention. The architectural design, partly Moorish and partly Spanisli Re- naissance, is novel to us, and the arrangement of electric lights, fantastically grouped about the minaret, domes and tower, until they ter- minate in a brilliant crescent under the feet of the bronze Diana at the apex, is an exceedingly pleasant vision. It suggests unlimited delights for summer evenings in the garden on the roof. The auditorium has a seating capacity of hfteen thousand. Boxes and galleries surround its walls, and tables as well as chairs are placed on tlui niJiin floor for the l)enefit of those who desire refreshment during the performances. Concerts, spectacular displays, horse, bench, and flower sliows, that require s})acious accommodations, usually form the attractions at this place. The northern ])ortion of the building contains a small theatre and a ])eautiful concert hall. The old Madison 8(piare Grarden, which for- merly occupied this site, was known as Gil- more's Garden; earlier, it was Barnum's Hippo- di'ome, and for many years before that time it MADISON SQUARE GARDEN. 118 G HEATER NEW YORK. was a passenger station of the Harlem Railway. Madison Avenne extends northward from this point to Harlem. The Monument to Admiral Farragut, which stands at the northwestern corner of Madison Square, is much admired. It was erected by the Farrap-ut Memorial Association, and the statue was made by Auo-ustus St. Graudens. The Worth Monument, at the intersection of Broadway and Fifth Avenue, is the most prom- inent object in Madison Square. It is a g-ranite obelisk, erected l)y the corporation of the city in memory of Major-General Worth, who first achieved distinction at Chippewa, under General Scott in 1841, and afterward participated in the war with Florida Indians — 1840 to 1842 — and in the Mexican struggle of 1846 to 1848. The name of Anthony Street was changed to Wortli Street in honor of this soldier. The Statue of William H. Seward, by Ran- dolph Rogers, wliich is placed at the south- western corner of the park, represents that states- man in a sitting posture, surrounded by huge tomes. It was unveiled in 1876. The statue of Roscoe Conkling is also in this square. The white marble l)uilding at the nortli- western corner of Fifth Avenue and Twenty- 120 GREATER NEW YORK. third Street is the Fifth Avenue Hotel, wliicli, at the time of its eompletion in 1859, eaused tlie residents of the eity to wonder liow so eostly an edifice could ol)tain sufficient patronage at wliat was then such a remote locality. Delmonico's is on the corner of Fifth Avenue and Twenty-sixth Street. CHAPTER YI. THE THIRD AFTERNOON. Twenty-third Street. — After lunch at Del- monico's, cross Madison Square to Broadway. West of Madison Square, Twenty-third Street for one or two blocks is a modified reproduction of P^ourteenth Street, altliough it is somewhat k'ss democratic in character. Lookina" down r)i'oadway from Twenty-third Street can be seen tlie dry-goods stores of Lord & Taylor, on the corner of Twentieth, and Arnold, Constal)le c^^ Co. on the corner of Nineteenth Street ; directly opposite can l)e seen the Goelet House. This is an old-time building which until the present date has withstood all offers of progress, but is now for sale and will soon l)e torn down. Tantine's is be- low Nineteenth Street, and Huyler's candy store is still further down. The business l^uilding at the southeastern cor- ner of Twenty-third Street and Sixth Avenue was formerl}^ Edwin Booth's elegant theatre, l>uilt and made famous l\y Booth himself. The Masonic Temple, which is headquarters 121 122 GREATER NEW YORK. for the Masonic order throiig-hout the State, oc- cupies the northeastern corner of the same thoroughfares. This building* was erected in 1 807 . For several blocks north and south from this point, Sixth Avenue vies in importance with Broadway as a retail business street. Eden Musee. — This attractive museum is situated on the northern side of Twenty-third Street between Sixth Avenue and Madison Square. The exhil)ition consists mainly of life- like wax figures of noted persons grouped in his- torical tableaux. Musical performances are given. Madtson Square Theatre. — This is a beauti- ful little house, just west of Madison Square, in Twenty-fourth Street. The decorations are ex- ceedingly artistic. The drop-curtain is a marvel of eml)roidery, worked by the skilled hands of the Associated- Artists. A novel feature of tliis house is its double stage, one part of whicli can be lifted and arranged while the performance is being, conducted upon the other. The orchestra occupies a gallery above the stage. The Hoffman House, corner Twenty-iifth Street. — Many beautiful examples of decorative art are displayed in tliis liotel and adjoining Cafe where ladies visit, even witliout the attend- GREATER NEW YORK. 123 ance of gentleiiien, during any hour of the day. Some of the works of art, worthy of attention, are : "Nyiuphs and Satyr,'' by William Bouguereau, wliieh is considered by the eminent artist him- self to be one of his most important works ; "Narcissus,'' by Correggio ; "A Piece of Gobe- lin Tapestry," made for Napoleon III., repre- senting the port of Marseilles ; and a "Piece of Flemish Tapestry," taken from Constantinople during the Russo-Turkish War, representing a scene at the wedding feast of Queen Hester. Knoedler's Art Gallery, (successors to Gou- pil k Co.), No. 355 Fifth Avenue, corner of Thirty-fourth Street, always contains a choice as- sortment of paintings. The other standard gal- leries are: Wunderlich's, No. 868 Broadway; Schaus's, No. 204 Fifth Avenue; Reichard's, No. 226 Fifth Avenue; Avery's, No. 368 Fifth Ave- nue, and Keppel's, No. 20 East Sixteenth Street. North Broadway. — Several of the most pop- ular theatres occupy prominent positions on Broad- way north of Madison Square. Among them may be mentioned Daly's, Wallack's, the Fifth Av- enue, etc. The Broadway Tabernacle, a Con- gregational church, stands at the corner of Thirty-fourth Street, where Broadway crosses Sixth Avenue. 124: GREATER NEW YORK. At the intersection of Broadway, Thirty-fifth Street and Six Avenue, is a small triangle known as Herald Square. The bronze statue of Wil- liam E. Dodge, which was erected by the mer- chants of New York in 1885, stands in this square. The Herald Building faces it at the north. HERALD BUILDING. Now hail a Broadway car — be careful not to get into a Columbus Avenue car — and ride to Fifty-ninth Street and note from the car windows the principal buildings that you pass. The Casino, a Moorish structure at the south- eastern corner of Broadway and Thirty-ninth GREATER NEW YORK. 125 Street, is devoted to the presentation of comic opera. The architectural design of* this edifice is an ada[)tation of the Pahxce of the Alhanibra in Spain, excellently carried out in detail. A lan- tern-lighted garden on the roof offers a delight- ful resort for summer evenings. The Metropolitan Opera House. — The build- ing occupying an entire block between Thirty- ninth and Fortieth streets, is an example of a very simple treatment of Italian Renaissance. The auditorium, which is enormous, contains one hundred and twenty-two boxes, each of which is cormected with a salon in which refreshments may be served or visits received. Smaller rooms for concerts and lectures are also provided, and are constantly patronized. The building was opened in 1883, under the management of Henry Abbey. Since that time it has been principally devoted to splendid presentations of the German and Italian opera, although great balls and mass- meetings are held here during the season. The American Theatre is at Forty-second Street near Eighth Avenue. The Working-Men's School. — This institution is situated east of Seventh Avenue (into which the car enters at Forty-third Street), at 109 East Fifty-fourth Street. Educators and philanthro- 126 GREATER NEW YORK. pists from all parts of the world visit this place in order to study the methods that have been successfully conducted by the Society for Ethi- cal Culture. Carnegie Music Hall. — The close of the music season of 1890-91 was made memorable by the opening- of the edifice at the southeastern corner of Seventh Avenue and Fifty-seventh Street, an event made possible through the mu- niiicence of Andrew Carnegie. This stately structure, a very good example of the Italian Renaissance style of architecture, has changed the centre of musical life from the vicinity of Union Square to the Central Park region. It is close to the s])ot at the corner of Seventh Ave- nue and Fifty-ninth Street, where Theodore Thomas, in his summer-garden concerts, may be said to have inaugurated his career as a musical conductor. The building contains a series of halls adapted to every variety of musical assemblage. Main Hall has a seating capacity of about three thou- sand, and is perfect in its ventilation and acous- tic properties. Recital Hall, Chamber Music Hall, and Clia[)ter Room, comprise the other apartments, all of wliich are provided with tlie requirements necessary for the purpose indicated GREATER NEW YORK. 127 by their names, and are decorated with tasteful eleoanee. The Broadway Line proper terminates at Fifty-ninth Street and Seventli Avenue, where the Navarro Flats, called the "Madrid," "Cor- dova," "Lisbon," and " Granada," are situated. The cost of these sumptuous apartment houses was more than seven millions of doUars. The Boulevard is a continuation of Broadway from this point north. There are several fine restaurants in this vicinity, and a dinner at one of them will close the day's outing. CHAPTER YII. THE FOURTH MORNING. Fourth and Madison Avenues. — On the fourth iiiorniiig at 9 o'clock, the party will take the cars on the east side, corner of Fourth Ave- nue and Fourteenth Street, and with your guide- l)(M)k open at the following- chapter, a most in- teresting- morning will be furnished you. Tlie upper ])ortion of Fourth Avenue extends northward from Union Square to Thirty-second Street. All Souls' Unitarian Church, formerly pre- sided over by the celebrated Dr. Bellows, stands at the southeastern corner of Fourth Avenue and Twentieth Street. The New York Flower Mis- sion receives its supplies in the basement of this ])uilding- The American Society for the Prevention OF Cruelty to Animals — made eifective by the herculean efforts of the late Henry Bergh — formerly occupied the l)uilding at the Twenty- second Street corner, but is now temporarily 128 GREATER NEW YORK. 129 domiciled at No. 10 East Twenty-second Street. The old Boston Post Road turned eastward at this point, passing along* the outskirts of Rose Hill Farm, the home of General Gates. The Lyceum Theatre is directly north of the Academy of Design. This play-house is re- nowned for the moral character of its presenta- tions. The Fourth Avenue Studio Building is at the corner of Twenty-fifth Street. Besides this, and the one already mentioned in Tenth Street, the other l^uildings devoted exclusively to artists are : " The Sherwood," in West Fifty- seventh Street near Sixth Avenue ; " The Rem- l)randt," near Seventh Avenue in West Fifty- seventh Street; "The Holbein,'' Nos. 139 to^l45 West Fifty-seventh Street ; Nos. 140 to 146, at the op|)osite side of the same street, and No. 106 West Fifty-fifth Street. There are also a num- ber of studios in the Young Men's Christian Association Building, and in the old Manhattan Club Building, at the corner of Fifth Avenue and Fifteenth Street. To some of these studios visitors are admitted at anytime, while a special reception day is appointed for others. The jani- tors can usually tell what studios are open. Murray Hill rises at Thirty-second Street, where the ground is tunneled for the passage 130 GREATER NEW YORK. of the horse-cars. Above the tunnel a series of openino^s, surrounded with flowers, give the street the appropriate name of Park Avenue. At the corner of Thirty-second Street stands a build- ino- which was erected by the late A. T. Stewart for a working- women's home. The experiment proved a failure because of the stringent rules, and the structure was converted into a hotel, called ' ' The Park Avenue." Considerable bri(v a-brac from the Stewart Mansion now decorates the interior of this building. The Church of the Messiah, of which the Rev. Robert Collyer is the pastor, witli Dr. Minot J. Savage as associate pastor, is at the corner of Park Avenue and Thirty-fourth Street. This rise of p-round once formed the estate of Robert Murray, the " Quaker Merchant of the Revolution," and the father of Lindley Murray, the granmiarian. The place was known as "Inclenberg," and became historic through the adroit diplomacy of Mrs. Murray, who, by her hospitality and grace, detained the British offi- cers, Howe, Clinton, and Cornwallis, while Put- nam and liis column, guided by Aaron Burr, passed within half a mile of her house, at the time of their retreat to Harlem. The Grand Central Railway Station, facini? 132 GREATER NEW YORK. the tunnel at Forty-second Street, is the termi- nus for the New York Central, the New York and New Haven, and the New York and Harlem railways, each of which has offices in the build- ing, as well as passens^er rooms. Tlie space for trains is covered with a gdass roof, liaving a single arch of a span of two InuKlred feet, and an altitude of one hundred and ten feet. The length of the ])uilding is six hundred and ninety- live feet. About one hundred and twenty-five trains arrive ajid de})art daily, but confusion or crowding is almost nnknown. The site on which the station stands was once a cornfield l)elonging to the Murrnys, into wliich the American soldiers plunged in their precipi- tate retreat from Kip's Bay. On a cross-road at about Forty-third Street, they were met by Washington, who is said, to have been extremely severe in his condemnation of their panic. Madison Avenue. — At Forty-fourtli Street the horse-car tracks turn into Madison Avenue, whence they extend northward to Harlem. On the corner of Forty-second Street and Madison Avenue may be seen the magnificent hotel l^uild- iiig lately erected at a cost of two and a lialf million dollars, and known ms 'The Manhattan." St. Bartholomew's Cuurch, a good specimen GREATER NEW YORK. 133 of the Romanesque style of architecture, stands at the P^orty-foiu^th Street corner. The Manhattan Athletic Club-Hofse, at the soutlieastern corner of Forty-fifth Street, is an attempt at the Romanesque, with Ryzantine ornamentation. The i>'roun(ls for exercise are at Eio'hty-sixth Street and Eio-hth Avenue. They comprise an entire block. The l)oat-house is on the Harlem River. The club purchased Ber- rian's Tshuid, in 1800; club-houses, etc., were built in 1893, but were practically abandoned in 1805, when the society reoro-anized and ao-ain took [possession of tlie island, which is comprised of seventy acres in Bowery Bay, Long Island Sound. The Railroad Branch of the Young Men's Christian Association occupies the building nt the northeastcirn corner of Fort}^-fifth Street. This edifice, which is also Romanesque in design, was a liberal contribution from Cornelius Yan- derbilt. Columbia University, which once occupied the l)uildings that cover the entire block l)e- tween Forty-ninth and Fiftieth Streets, was in- corporated in 1754: as ''Kings College," the necessary funds having l)een ol)tained from Eng- land. Recitations were first heard in the vestr}^- 134 GREATER NEW YORK. room of Trinity Church, but when a grant of land was obtained from the '' Church Farm" (in Park Place, near the North River), college l)uildings were erected and occupied by the students until tlie outl)reak of the Revolution. After the war it l)ecanie necessary to recreate the institution, as the library was found to be scattered and the buildings demolished. It was therefore reincorporated in 1784 under its present name, and its management was vested in a self-perpetuating l)ody of twenty-four trus- tees. Among the many historical ])ersonages who acquired their scholastic attainments in this in- stitution a])pear the names of Rol)ert R. Living- ston, Gouverneur Morris, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and l)e Witt Clinton. The old buildings were erected in 1857, when the Legislature granted twenty acres of ground to the college. Since that time its income has been chiefly derived from rentals of its real estate. The college has now removed to a site further uptown. The plot of ground is bounded by Amsterdam Avenue, the Boulevard and One Hundred and Sixteenth and One Hundred and Twentieth streets. This is known as Morningside Heights, which you will visit later. The five GREATER NEW YORK. 135 coUeo-iate departments of the University are: tlie Schools of Art, Mines, Law, Political Science, nnd Medicine. The corps of instructors inini- bers about sixty, and the avera^'e attendance of students is about eighteen hundred. The colleg'c library, containing one hundred thousand vol- umes, is free to strangers, as well as to students. Bjirnard College for women, at No. 343 Madi- son Avenue, is under the Columbia TJniversit}' instructors. This school has also purchased a site uptown, and the new buildings are on a block between One Hundred and Nineteenth and One Hundred and Twentieth streets, and Cler- mont Avenue and the Boulevard. The same regimen is required as for the male students. The Medical Department occupies a building. No. 437 West Fifty-ninth Street, which was a gift from William H. Yanderlnlt. Comiected with this is the Sloane Maternity Hospital, a gift from Mr. Yanderbilt's daughter, Mrs. Sloane. These magnificent donations, together with the Yanderbilt Free Clinic and Dispensary— for which funds were contributed by Mr. Yander- bilt's four sons — place the Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons in the first rank for facilities as well as for instruction. The AYoman's Hospital of the State of New 136 GREATER NEW YORK. York, Corner of Fiftieth Street and Park Ave- nue is an organization in whieli only women are treated, was founded by Dr. J. Marion Sims, and incorporated in 1857, by seven philanthropic ladies. The ground upon which the building- stands formerly contained the remains of pau- pers and strangers, that, several times, had been transferred as the city grew northward. From liere they were removed to Hart's Island, their present place of se|)nltnre. A Florentine Palace in Madison Avenue at Fiftieth Street, of brown sandstone, with an open court leading to three separate entrances, was built by Henry Yillard. In the first division lives H. C. Fahnestock ; in the first half of the middle division, E. I). Adams ; and in the second, A. H. Holmes ; the tliird entrance leads to the liome of AVhitelaw lleid. Climbing vines add greatly to the picturesque effect of this peculiar residence. The Palace of the Archbishop, at No. 45'J, and the rectory at No. 460, correspond architec- turally with tlie cathedral, which witli them forms a group of majestic ])roportions. A Roman Catliolic orplian asylum occupies the eastern side of the block 1)etween Fifty-first and Fifty-second streets. The elegant Beekman GREATER NEW YORK. 137 Mansion, where the brave spy, Nathan Hale, was tried, condemned, and execnted— express- ini2: in his hist moments reo^ret that he had l)nt one life to lose for his country — was in Fifty- first Street, near the East River. Lenox Lyceum, ji popular concert hall, is between Fifty-eighth and Fifty-ninth streets. B'nai Jeshuron, a beautiful Jewish synagogue of Moorish design, is near Sixty-fifth Street. All Souls' Church (Episcopalian), of whicli tlie Rev. R. Hebcp Newton is pastor, is at the northeastern corner of Sixty-sixtli Street. The Seventh Reglaient Armory. — At Sixty- sixth Street it will ])e necessary to leave the cars and walk eastward for a short distance. The armory, in Fourth Avenue, 1)etween Sixty-sixth and Sixty-seventh streets, is a massive building of red brick, with granite facings, constructed without regard to any particular style of archi- tecture, but perfect \n its interior appointments. The main drill-room is spacious, the dimensions being two hundred l)y three hundred feet. Visitors are admitted on application to the jani- tor. Many interesting buildings are situated in this vicinity. Mt. Sinai Hospital is at the corner of Sixty-sixth Street and Lexington Avenue, one 188 GREATER NEW YORK, l)lock east of Fourth Avenue. The Chapin Home for the Aged and Infirm is in East Sixty-sixtli Street, at l^o. 151. The Ameriean Institute Hall, in which industrial exhi])itions are held every autumn, is still further east, in Third Avenue at ^^ixty-third Street. The Central Turn- verein Building is in Sixty-seventh Street, east of Third Aveiuie. A Moorish structure in Sixty- seventh Street, west of Third Avenue, is the Jew- ish Ta,l)ernacle. The Headquarters of the Fire Department are at Nos. 157 "r.vA 159 East Sixty- seventh Street. Tlie maintenance of the depart- ment costs the city nearly two millions of dollars annually. A Deaf Mute Asylum is in Lexing- ton Avenue, between Sixty-seventh and Sixty- eighth streets. A Foundling Asylum (Roman (^atliolic) is in Sixty-eighth Street near Third Avemie. The Baptist Home for the Aged and Infirm is in Sixty-eighth Street, near Fourth Avenue, and Hahnemann Hospital occupies a l)lock in Fourth Avenue, between Sixty-seventh and Sixty-eighth streets. The Normal ColleCxE for Women, at the northeastern corner of Sixty-eighth Street and Fourth Avenue, is under the control of the Board of Education, it 1)eing a part of the coinmon- scliool system. About one thousand and six GREATER NEW YORK. 139 hundred studuuts Jirc annually reii^istered in this institution, seventy-tive per cent, of whom be- come teachers in the public schools. The col- lege curriculum includes Latin, physics, chem- istry, and natural science, German, French, drawing, and music ; and the cost of mainten- ance is about one hundred thousand dollars a year. This structure, which is in the secular Gothic style with a lofty Victoria tower, is un- surpassed by any similar structure in the country. The Union Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church occupies the group of handsome Ijuildings at the western side of Fourth Avenue, between Sixty-ninth and Seven- tieth streets. This property is valued at two millions of dollars. The Presbyterian Hospital covers the block between Seventieth and Seventy- first streets, and Madison and Fourth avenues. The Freundschaft Club-House is in Seventy- second Street, east of Fourth Avenue, and the Flemish mansion, built for Mr Tiffimy, but for a long time the elegant home of Mr. Henry Yillard, is in Seventy-second Street at the northwestern corner of Madison Avenue. Temple Beth- El is on the corner of Seventy-sixth Street and Fifth Aveiuie. After inspecting the exterior of tliis uniqu< 140 OREATER NEW YORK. l)ut palatial n'sidcuce, tlie visitor will be pleased to l)egiii the tour of the principal residence street of the city, the far-famed FIFTH AVENUE. The Lenox Library Building, which stands in Fifth Avenue, l)etween Seventy-iirst and Seven- tieth streets, was erected by James Lenox iu 1870 at a cost of over one million dollars, and endowed by him with a permanent fund of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The library, which occupies the wings, con- tains al)out thirty thousand volumes, including Shakesperiana, Americana, many first editions of the Bible, a perfect copy of the ''Mazarin Bible '' (the first complete printed book known supposed to 1)e the product of Grutenberg and Straus, at Mainz, in 1450); a large folio Latin Bible printed by Koberger at Nuremberg, 1477, which is densely interlined in the handwriting of Melancthon — some "block books," that rep- resent the stage of printing before movable types superseded the Chinese fashion of cutting the page on a wooden block ; many rare books from the early presses of Europe, the United States and Mexico. There is also a valuable ection of manuscripts, to which has been re- vo 1^2 GREATER NEW YORK. ceiitly added a twelve' thousand-dollar treasure superbly illustrated by Giulio Clovio. The picture gallery, occupyino- the main portion of the second floor, contains many fine paintintrs, chiefly modern. Among them are several A\'il- kies, Yerboeckhovens, Stuarts, Reynolds, and Leslies ; also two Turners and two Copleys ; besides an Andrea del Sarto, a Delaroche, a Gainsborough, and a Horace Vernet. Mun- kacsy's " Blind Miltonxlictating ' Paradise Lost ' to his Daughters '' — which was considered to be the gem of the Paris Exposition in 1878 — is one of the most attractive paintings in the gal- lery. The collection also embraces a large luimber of portraits, including oiie of Bunyan — which is believed to be an original — and five of Washington, three having been painted hy Ivenil)randt Peale, one by James Peale, and one full-length by Stuart. This gallery has recently been further enriched by the late Mrs. Robert L. Stuart, who bequeathed to it her paintings. A valuable collection of books, on the subject of music, and of manuscripts, was also donated to the liljrary by Mr. Joseph W. Drexel. The library is open every day except Sun- days and holidays from 9 a.m. until G p.m. No admission fee is charged. GREAT mi NEW YORK. 143 Between the Lenox Lil)rarv Bnilding- and Fifty-ninth Street, many stately mansions, with broad porehes and richly decorated vestibules, suggest a most inviting hospitality. This por- tion of Fifth Avenue and the streets that lead eastward from it, have recently become a fash- ional)le residence quarter. Among the most noteworthy are the Astor residences on the northeast corner of Sixty-fifth Street, and that of Mr. Ell)ridge T. Gerry, on the corner of Sixty- first Street. The Progress Club, an organization of He- ])rew gentlemen, is at the northeastern corner of Sixty-third Street. The Metropolitan Club, which is supposed to contain more men of great wealth than any other club in the city, is on the corner of Six- tieth Street. The ap]>roach to the Park entrance in Fifty- ninth Street, called the Plaza, is surrounded by three elaborately-constructed hotels, the New Netlierlands on the northeastern corner, the Ho- tel Savoy on the southeastern corner, and the Plaza Hotel on the northwestern corner. From this point south are many palatial residences of New York millionaires. Cornelius yanderl)ilt\s home, occu})ying the QREATEli NEW YORK. 145 block between Fifty-seventh and Fifty-eighth streets, is a beautiful specimen of modern French Renaissance architecture. At No. 8 AYest Fifty- seventh Street is the residence of Mrs. Frederick Pearson ; at No. 5 on the same street, her l)rother, Frederick F. Ayer. On the southwest corner of Fifty-seventh Street is the late residence of ex- Secretary of the Navy William C. Whitney, which is now occupied by the recently wedded son of Mr. Whitney and daughter of Mr. Yanderbilt. Mr. C. P. Huntington has erected a handsome mansion opposite, at the southeastern corner. The elaborate edifice in the early Grothic style, at the corner of Fifty-fifth Street, is the Presbyterian Church over which Dr. John Hall presides. St. Luke's Hospital occupies the northwestern corner of Fifty-fourth Street. The Gothic structure at the corner of Fifty-third Street is St. Thomas' p]piscopal Church. The interior of this build- ing, which is particularly pleasing both in color and in architectural design, contains paintings by John La Farge. The Yanderbilt Residences. — The remark- ably beautiful home of W. K. Yanderbilt, at the northwestern corner of Fifty-second Street, is a very fine example of French Renaissance (just emerging from the Gothic ) of the time of GREATER NEW YORK. 147 Francois the First. The connected brownstone houses between Fifty-second and Fifty-first streets, were occupied by the widow of William H. Yander])ilt, and her daughter, Mrs. Sloane. Mrs. Yanderbilt possessed a very choice collec- tion of painting's, and her gallery was freely opened to the public in the past ; l)ut the abuse of this privilege, having necessitated much more rigid rules, it is now quite difficult to ob- tain admission. Mrs. Sloane still resides here. The Roman Catholic Male Orplian Asylum is opposite. No. G34 is the residence of D. 0. Mills. The home of Chauncey M. Depew is at No. 431 West Fifty-fourth Street. St. Patrick's Cathedral. — Between Fifty- first and Fiftieth streets stands a white marble edifice which is the finest church Iniilding in the United States. Its elaborate architecture is of the decorated Gothic, or geometric style, similar to that of the catliedrals of Rheims, Cologne, and Amiens, on the continent, and the naves of York Minster, Exeter, and Westminster, in England. Its length is three hundred and six feet, its width is one hundred and twenty feet, and its towers are three hundred and thirty-five feet and nine inches in height. The same architectural style is preserved throughout the interior of the cathe- 148 GREATER NEW YORK. dral. Massive columns of white marble, elabor- ately seulptured, support springing arches of exquisite proportions. The ceiling is groined with richly moulded ribs and foliage bosses. The high altar is of marble, inlaid witli semi- precious stones, with the divine passion carved in bas-relief on its panels. The tal)ernacle over the altar is decorated with Roman mosaics, pre- cious stones, and a door of line gilt ])ronze. The throne of the cardinal, which is Gothic in design, is at the right of the sanctuary. Among the beautiful stained-glass windows there are thirty- seven memorials. Many paintings adorn the walls, the most admirable of which, l)y Costazzini, hangs over the altar of the Holy Family. The entire cost of construction is estmated at $2,500,000. The cathedral was projected by Archbishop Hughes in 1850. It is open every day in the week. The home of the Democratic Club is at No. 617. This is an important political and social or- ganization. The building was purchased in 1890 for $175,000. The church at the corner of Forty-eighth Street, is one of three belonging to the Collegiate Dutch Reformed Society, next to Trinity the oldest and wealthiest ecclesiastical corporation in the ST. PATRICK'S CATHEDRAL. 150 (Ui EAT Eli NEW YORK. country. This orii;aiiizatioii, cliai'tered by Wil- liam HI., ill 1G9G, vests tliu title and niaiiage- nient of its lai-g-e property in a legislative body, called the consistory, in wliich each of the three churches is represented. The one just mentioned, the third of the series, is a fine specimen of or- namental Gothic architecture in l)rownstone. The residence of Jay Gould was at No. 579. The rooms of the American Yacht Club are in No. 574. No. 562 is the residence of J. W. Harper, Jr. The Windsor Hotel is opposite, between Forty-sixth and Forty-seventh streets. The Church of the Heavenly Rest (Episcopalian) is just above Forty-fifty Street. The Lotos Club is between Forty-fourth and Forty-fifth streets, No. 556-558 Fifth Avenue. It is composed of artists, actors, literary and professional men. It was founded in 1870. The Church of the Divine Paternity (Uni- versalist), long known as Dr. Chapin's church, is at the southwestern corner of Forty-fifth Street. The interior decoration of this edifice is quite a departure from orthodox ecclesiastical styles. Musical services are held here Sunday evenings that ofi^er a rare treat to visitors. Within a few years the site where the present building stands was purchased for about the sum of $50,000. It GREATER NEW YORK. 151 has recently ])een sold for $625,000. This is o-ivenas an illnstration of how fortunes have been made by buyin"^ early and holding to property in this street. Rev. Charles Eaton is the present pas- tor. The Berkeley School or T^yceum is the build- ing Nos. 19-21 West Forty-fourth Street. It con- tains a theatre, baths, and target range. Many societies and (dul>s make this building tlieir headquarters. Ti]MPLE Emanuel. — ^The attractive building with minaret towers, at the northeastern corner of Forty-third Street, is tlie finest specimen of Saracenic architecture in tlie city. The interior is elaborate, l)eing profusely decorated with rich oriental colors. Rabbi Grottheil, who preaches in this synagogue, is po[)ular with l)oth Jew and Gentile. The Century-Club House, at No. 7 West Forty- third Street, is occupied by a society of the most influential literary, artistic, and profes- sional celebrities. This association, founded in 1817, has but recently erected its present home, the ornate style of which represents the school of Italian Renaissance. The Reservoir. — The distributing reservoir of the Croton water- works, between Forty-second and Forty-first streets, is one hundred and fif- 152 GREAT Ell NEW YORK. teen feet above tide- water, and has a capaeity of twenty millions of gallons. Its sombre stone walls covered with vines, are rather picturesque than otherwise. This is the new site for the New York Puljlic Library, a consolidation of Lenox and Astor libraries and Tilden Foundation. Bryant Park. — At the rear of the reservoir is another restful, shady spot in the midst of the city's l)usy life. This plot of ground was covered in 1853 by the Crystal Palace, a building con- structed of iron and glass and erected for the })ur- poses of an international exhibition. Asanovelty it created great enthusiasm, and the disphiy of sculpture and painting gave a special impetus to the patronage and culture of the fine arts. An attempt was made to maintain a ])erpetual art exhilntion in the palace, but tlie worthy effort failed. The " House of Grlass " was also the scene of a magnificent ovation to Cyrus W. Field, when, in 1858, the Atlantic cable had abolished the ocean as a 1)arrer of intercourse. Shortly after this memoral)le event, the beautiful l)uilding,with its glittering dome and lofty galleries, was de- stroyed by fire. A colossal bronze bust of Washington Irving, wliich stands near the Fortieth Street entrance to the Park, was executed by Beer, a European GREATER NEW YORK. 158 sculptor, and presented to the city ])y a private citizen in 1866. The Republican Club occupies commodious quarters at No. 450 Fifth Avenue. The Union League Club-House. — The elal)- orate building- of red brick and brownstone, at the northeastern corner of Thirty-ninth Street, is Itidian Renaissance in design, and occupies a site which dis})lays its architectural features to fine advantage. The interior decorations are extremely tasteful, and the arrangement of tlie halls, galleries, and vjirious rooms is well suited to the requirements of cultured gentlemen. The library contains over three thousand \ ohunes, besides rare collections of engravings and etch- ings. A magnificent fresco by La Farge adorns tlie ceilino- of the dinino'-room. Laiidsca])e paintings and portraits that are owned l)y the club, hang on the walls of the different apart- ments, but the galleries are reserved for monthly exhibitions of loan paintings. To these, ladies are admitted if provided with cards from mem- l)ers. The annual reception given by this club is always one of the most brilliant of the New York season. The Union League, really the child of the L^nited States Sanitary Commission, was organ- 154 GREATER NEW YORK. ized ill 1863, as a league of men of " absolute and unqualified loyalty to the United States/' who were unwavering in their efforts to sup- press the Rebellion. The elub is still the strong- hold of tlie Republiean party, but sinee the war it has been more soeial than politieal in its eharaeter. The rooms of the St. Nicliohis Clul) are at No. 415. This society is coni[)Osed exelusively of gentlemen of the Kiiicker])oeker stoek, the fam- ilies of whom resided in New York State })rior to 1785. The Brick Church (Presbyterian) is at the Thirty-seventh Street corner. A former edifice l)elongiiig to this society was once a con- spicuous feature of City Hall Park. One of the oldest and most fashionable of clu1)S, the New York, occupies the Queen Anne mansion at the Thirty-fifth Street corner. The Stewart Mansion. — The former resi- dence of tlie late A. T. Stewart, at tlie north- western corner of Thirty-fourth Street, was l)uilt about 1866 at a cost of two millions of doUars. It is constructed of pure white marble and arch- itecturally is a good exemplification of the classical Italian Renaissance. The rare paintings and statuary that Mr. Stewart collected have been scattered in many directions, and the house 156 GREATER NEW YORK. having been nnoecnpied for several years has had the appearance of a stately mausoleum. It is now the home of the Manhattan Club — an oro^anization intended to advance democratic principles and promote social intercourse. Former residences of the Astors have been replaced by the hotels Astoria at the corner of Thirty-fourth Street, and the Waldorf at the Thirty- third Street corner. The Knickerbocker Club - House is at the northeastern corner of Thirty-second Street. Tlie meml)ers of this organization belong- to exclusive social circles. Several coaching and polo teams form a part of the club institution. A iiew and elaborate hotel at the southwestern corner of Tliirtieth Street, is called the Holland House. Holland Church, the second of the Collegiate Dutch Reformed Society series, stands at the Twenty-ninth Street corner. It is built of Vermont marble, in the Romanesque style of architecture. A silver baptismal basin — procured in 1694, and en- graved with a sentence composed by Dominie Selyns — is another relic of the past, still in use in the Dutch Reformed Church recently erected at the corner of Second Avenue and Seventh Street. :N'o. 19 West Thirty-first Street is the new '' Life Building." GREATER NEW YORIu 157 The Little Church Around the Corner. — Just east from Fifth Avenue, in Twenty-ninth Street, stands the Church of the Transtiguration, made famous because an actor was permitted burial rites at its altar when the other churches of the city had refused them. The Reform Club (Democratic), organized for the purpose of pro- moting ballot and tariff reform, has its home at the northeastern corner of T wenty-se venth Street. The Hotel Brunswick is between Twenty-seventh and Twenty-sixth streets, and Delmonico's is opposite, at the Twenty-sixth Street corner. The liistorical house, formerly the home of Professor S. F. B. Morse, is at No. 5 West Twenty-second Street. The Union Club House at the north- western corner of Twenty-first Street, is the home of a non-political institution ranking very high socially. No. 109 was the home of the late August Belmont, who possessed one of the finest collections of paintings in the country. Chicker- ing Hall, at the Eighteenth Street corner, is used ' for concerts, lectures, etc. Edwards Pierrepont resided at No. 103. The First Presbyterian Church is at the corner of Eleventh Street, and the Church of the Ascension is at the Tenth Street corner. "The Ascension of Christ," l)y John LaFarge. 158 GREATER KEW YORK. — This great painting*, which occupies an area forty feet square, al)ove the altar in the hist men- tioned church, is considered l)y many good critics the most important work of its kind yet pro- duced in the United States. The painting may l)e viewed any afternoon, as the church is open (hiily. The Judson Memorial at Wasliington Square South. — A shining cross, at a lieight of one hundred and sixty-five feet, attracts attention every evening to a new and peculiar religious institution, wliich has erected a series of l)uihl- ings, including a cliurch, apartment house, kin- dergarten, gymnasium, cliildren's nursery and young men's club. These together form a monu- ment to the memory of Adoniram Judson, the first American foreign missionary. The incredi- l)le hardships and practical Christianity of this hero suggested a tril)ute that should l)e in keep- ing with his usefid life. The church, which is free and within easy access of the poorer classes, and the institutions connected with it, are sup- ported l:>y the receipts of the apartment house. Rev. Edward Judson, a son of the missionary, is the present pastor of the church. It was he wlio projected the work, and secured hv subscrip- tion the funds necessary to materialize the pro- GREATER NEW YORK. 159 ject. The cost of construction, fonr hnndrecl thousand doUars, was covered by the contribu- tions of wealthy individuals from all parts of the country. The New York University. — The Gothic structure with four octangular towers, which stood at the eastern side of Washington Square, was erected in 1835, the University having been established in 1831 by public-spirited merchants and professional men. Professor Samuel F. B. Morse, who was one of the first professors of this institution, invented the recording telegraph 160 GREATER NEW YORK. in a room within this building ; and in another apartment near by, Professor John W. Draper first applied photography to the reproduction of the human countenance. Portraits of the chancellors and of many distinguished members of the council and faculties are on the walls of the council-room. Henry M. MacCracken, D.D., LL.D., is the present Chancellor. The name of this University was changed to its present form in 1896. It was formerly known as the Univer- sity of the City of New York. Besides its new building in Washington Square, this corpora- tion has others in East Twenty-sixth Street, be- tween First Avenue and the East River, and at University Heights. The departments consist of the Schools of Art, Science, Medicine and Law, and the latter has been opened to women. There is a graduate and an undergraduate division, the latter hav- ing been successfully carried on since 1832, the former only since 1886. The building belonging to this corporation in Twenty-sixth Street was erected in 1879, and is appropriated to the Department of Medicine. Much of the instruction is given to students in Bellevue Hospital, which is close by. At No. 9 University Place, a street extend- GREATER NEW YORK. 161 ing northward from the University to Union Square, the New York CoUeg-e for the Training of Teachers instructs students who have already acquired the elements of a secondary education, the degree conferred being that of Bachelor of Pedagogy. The departments include the his- tory, philosophy, and principles of education ; the science and art of teaching psychology, and manual training. The college also provides, l)y an extension system, free classes for teachers, mothers and children, and a free lecture-course for the public. By this time it will be fully 12 o'clock and time for luncheon in the vicinity. The afternoon will be devoted to a delightful drive to the northern part of the city. CHAPTER YITL THE FOURTH AFTERNOON. THE DRIVE. Allow three-quarters of an hour for the ride from Washington Square to "the Circle," corner of P'ifty-ninth Street and P]iolith Avenue. To get there, take the Broadway car. Be careful not to board a Lexington or a Columbus Avenue car. The Broadway car will take you direct to "the Circle," the end of the line. ''The Circle," at Eighth Avenue and Fifty- ninth Street, is the point at which Broadway terminates and the Boulevard begins. A cab or coupe can be easily obtained at " the Circle," but make your business transaction with the cab-man before you start. By a cab is under- stood a one-horse vehicle with two wheels. A coupe is a one-horse vehicle with four wdieels. The fares are regulated by the city ordinance. Rules for Cab Hire. — 1. For conveying one or more persons any distance, suras not exceeding the following amount: 50c. for first mile or part thereof; and each additional half mile or part thereof, 25c By distance for "stops" of over five minutes and not exceeding fifteen minutes, 25c. For longer stops the rate will 1G2 GREATER NEW YORK. 163 be 35c. for every fifteeu minutes or fraction thereof, if more than live minutes. For a brief stop not exceeding five minutes in a single trip tliere will be no charge. 2. For the use of a cab by the hour, with the privilege of going from place to place and stopping as often or as long as may be re- quired, $1.00 for first hour or part thereof, and for each succeeding half hour or part thereof, 50c. By Carriage, Coach or Hack is understood a two-horse vehicle with four wheels. Fares that may be charged for same: 3. For conveying one or more persons any distance, sums not ex- ceeding the following amounts: $1.00 for first mile or part there- of, and each additional half mile or part thereof, 40c. ; by distance for "stops " of over five minutes and not exceeding fifteen min- utes, 38c. ; for longer stops the rate will be 38c. for every fifteen minutes. For a brief stop, not exceeding five minutes in a single trip, there will be no charge. 4. For the use of a coach by the hour, with the privilege of go- ing from place to place and stopping as often and long as maj'' be required, $1.50 for the first hour ur part thereof, and for each suc- ceeding half hour or part thereof, 75c. 5. No cab or coach shall be driven by the time rate at a pace less than five miles an hour. The Twelfth Regiment Armory is situated at the corner of Sixty-si^cond Street and Ninth Avenue, and a simihir structure, belonging to the Twenty-second Regiment, stands on the Boulevard at Sixty-seventh Street. The Dakota Flats occupy the corner of Eighth Avenue and Seventy-second Street. The Somerindyke House, which once stood on Ninth Avenue near Seventy-fifth Street, was the home of royalty during its exile. Here Louis Philippe and his brothers, the Due de 164 GREATER NEW YORK. Montpeiisier andthe Coiiite de Beaujolais, taught school for their living, and here they were vis- ited by Queen Victoria's father, the Duke of Kent. The Apthorpe Mansion, another residence of historic interest, was where Washington re- mained during the evacuation of New York, only retiring to Washington Heights with his staff, one hour before the Britisli officers took possession of the premises. This house stood at the corner of Ninth Avenue and Ninety-first Street, and has only recently been demolished. MoRNiNGSiDE Park, lately appropriated for its present purpose, is now being improved by the park commissioners. It is a sliort distance to the east of Riverside Drive (or north of One Hundred and Tenth Street and west of Eighth Avenue). It is a strip of land about six hundred feet wide and more than half a mile long, with an area of thirty-two acres, extending north and south upon the eastern slope of Bloomingdale Heio'hts. It overlooks the beautiful Central Park and the Harlem River, and commands a view of Washington Heights and the country to the north and east. A retaining wall rests on the western ledge, which forms the roadway called Morningside Avenue. Hanging terraces and a terrace walk greatly enhance the beauty GREATER NEW YORK. 165 of these grounds. The East River, tlie su])ur- baii region of Long Iskmd, and the wooded hills beyond, are visible from that portion of the Park whieh is soon to be converted into a mall. At One Hundred and Eleventh Street, where once stood the Leake and Watts Orphan Asylum, is being erected the elaborate and costly Episco- pal Cathedral of St. John the Divine. The asy- lum now stands at Hawthorne Avenue, City Line. The Bloomingdale Insane Asylum — a de- [)artment of the New York Hospital — is on Tenth Avenue, between One Hundred and Fourteenth and One Hundred and Twentieth streets. This institution received its title from one of the many villages that were situated on the north- ern part of the Island before the city absorl)ed them all. The names of some of these little towns— Manhattan ville, Carmansville and Har- lem — still remain to designate their old locali- ties. The Teachers' College is situated at AYest One Hundred and Twentieth Street, near the Boulevard. The Sheltering Arms, at Tenth Avenue and One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Street, takes charge of homeless children for whom no pro- vision is made in other institutions. 166 GREATER NEW YORK. The Convent of the Sacred Heart is situ- ated in beautiful fj^rouuds above One Hundred and Thirtieth Street, and east of Tenth Avenue. The Hebreav Orphan Asylum is at One Hun- dred and Thirty-sixth Street. The Orange, the former home of Alexander Hamilton, still stands on Convent Avenue, be- tween One Hundred and Forty-seeond and One Hundred and Forty-third streets. The house, which was named from Hamilton's ancestral home in Scotland, is well preserved, as is also the grove of thirteen trees that the proprietor set out as symbols of the thirteen original States. This planting was done with much pomp and ceremony in 1802, after a banquet given for th(3 occasion, and with the speech-making and so- lemnity of prayer customary to the olden-time festivities. " The Orange ' was the residence of the states- man at tlie time of his duel with Aaron Burr, in Weeliawken. Trinity Cemetery. — The burial-ground for Trinity Church parishioners, since suburban in- terments were demanded, has been on either side of the Boulevard, above One Hundred and Fifty- third Street. A wooden bridge over the road- way connects the eastern with the western por- 168 GREAT Eli NEW YORK. tioii. The Astor and the Audubon vaults are in this cemetery, also the vault of Madam Jumel. The death of Colonel Thomas Knowlton is said to have occurred in this vicinity in 1776, when, having been sent by Washington (who was in the Morris House at One Hundred and Sixty-first Street) to learn the position of the enemy, he met the advance guard and fell in the battle which followed. The former home of Audubon, the great or- nithologist, was directly north of Trinity Cem- etery. Handsome residences are now attached to the orio-inal mansion, but the ofrounds are not divided by fences, and the place is very prop- erly named Audubon Park. The Morris House, or Jumel Mansion. — This is one of the very few colonial residences extant. It is frame, painted white, and with the traditional pillars of its time adding dignity to its ripe old age. Overlooking the city and the quiet waters of the Harlem, it stands on a ])luff at the corner of St. Nicholas Avenue and One Hundred and Sixty-first Street. At first the property of Colonel Roger Morris, whose wife in her maiden days had been Washington's sweetheart, it afterward became the home of Madame Jumel, who was married to Aaron GREATER NEW YORK. 169 Burr ill its drawiiii>'-rooiii after the downfall of that distinguished individual. The most inter- esting memories conneeted with the history of this mansion are of course the events that oc- curred durino- the time when Washinofton made it his headquarters, while Howe occupied the Apthorpe residence, three and a half miles dis- tant. Washington Bridge was opened for travel in 1889. This magnificent structure, in which sections of steel are combined and keyed into the central arches instead of stone, is two thou- sand and four liundred feet in length, eighty feet in width, and one hundred and thirty-five feet in height. Its cost of construction was about two million and seven hundred thousand dollars. From tlie bridge a beautiful view of the valley of the Harlem is obtained. Elegant residences and terraced grounds border the shores of the river, which is but a tidal channel connected with the Hudson by Spuyten Huyvil Creek, at the north of Manhattan Island. Through this section of the country legends innumerable abound, many of them having been immortal- ized by Irving. The queer name of the little creek recalls one of these. Antony Corlear, on a stormy night, attempted to swim through the GREATER NEW YORK. 171 water from tlie island to the mainland, declar- ing that he wonld cross the current " in spyt den Duyvil " (in spite of the devil). The T^ew Viaduct and Harlem River Bridge. — One of the most remarkal)le feats of eng'ineer- ing on record is the great Harlem Si)an— the New York Central's four-track drawbridge that will cost when finished over $3,000,000. "^ Going south, at One Hundred and Forty- ninth Street, the tracks of the New York Central begin to rise gradually, and at One Hundred and Thirty-fifth Street they cross the Harlem River on the new four-track steel draw])ridge, at an elevation of twenty-four feet above high tide. This massive structure is remarkable in being the first four-track drawbridge ever constructed, and is the laro^est bridi^e of the kind in the world. It is 400 feet long and weighs 2,500 tons. The drawbridge is fifty-eight feet six inches wide from centre to centre of outside trus- ses, and is carried on three very heavy trusses. Between the central and each of the two side trusses is a clear space of twenty-six feet, which permits the passage of two sets of double tracks. Steel Tie Plates. — The floor is corrugated, and tlie rails are bolted to it on steel tie plates. Tlie trusses of the drawbridge span are sixty-four feet high in the centre and twenty-five feet high at 172 GREATER NEW YORK. each end. At the highest part of these trusses is situated the en- gine house, which contains two oscillating double-cylinder engines, which turn the draw and can be worked together or separately, so that if one should break down at any time the other can do the work. From One Hundred and Thirty-eighth Street south, the four new tracks run over the steel viaduct to One Hundred and Tenth Street, and thence by the stone viaduct to One Hundred and Sixth Street, wiiere they strike the level of the present four track line. \ The work of building this massive structure began Sept. 1, 1893, and has continued until now, and will cost when completed con- siderably more than $3,000,000. The completion of the new work will permit the opening of all cross streets under the railway, and so admit a perfectly free passage for street traffic. One Hundred and Thirtj'-eighth Street, which has become a great thoroughfare, will be entirely free, as the trains which heretofore crossed it at grade will pass over it at an elevation that will allow street-cars and all traffic perfect freedom. At One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Street the tracks will cross the street fourteen feet above the level of the street, and at this point a magnificent pas- senger station is to be built, extending from One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Street to One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Street, under the four-track viaduct. Far Reaching Value. — This improvement will be of immense value to the entire State — in fact, to the whole country — as the bridge, being so high above the water, will never have to be opened, except when large steamers or vessels with masts are to pass through. All tugs, canal boats, barges, etc. , will have ample room to go under the bridge while it is closed. The Harlem River, having been declared by Congress a ship canal, the Secretary of War has issued orders that all tugs and barges shall joint their smoke-stacks and flagpoles, to enable tliem to pass under the bridge while it is closed. He has also ordered that the bridge shall not be opened between the hours of 7 and 10 o'clock in the morning and 4 and 7 in the afternoon, except for police, fire or Government vessels, the hours named covering the great business traffic in and out of the city, the important tlirough trains as well as the principal suburban trains arriving and depart- GREATER NEW YORK. 173 ing diiriug those hours. This will avoid delays, ^yhich have been, at times, very anno3dng, and permit of much faster service than could have been maintained under the old arrangements, and, as speed is one of the principal factors in travel in this age, this fea- ture will prove an important one. The bridge was erected by the King Bridge Company of Cleve- land, and was designed by Chief Engineer Katte. The metal work cost $300,000, including the engine house and machinery. The draw span was begun August 1, 1895. The entire work was finished June 26, 1896, ample time being taken by the con- tractors, because of the delay in the work on the viaduct. The work of replacing the old stone viaduct in the centre of the avenue with the new steel structure, began with the heightening of the old viaduct from One Hundred and Sixth Street in May, 1893, the contractors for the steel work being the Elmira Bridge Com- pany and the New Jersey Iron and Steel Company. Tlie steel work extends from One Hundred and Eleventh Street to the river, the total length being 5,840 feet, divided into four sections. The New Jersey company erected section No. 3, extending from One Hundred and Twenty-third to One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Street, a distance of 1,009 feet. The total steel structure south of the bridge w^eighs 19,000 tons. It represents the most advanced type of modern bridge building, and no similar work exists. Not only is it heavy beyond any work of its kind, but the steel is of a specially fine quality, and was made from the ore and specially rolled for this work. The work proceeded night and day, while 400 trains passed daily under the growing structure, but not a train w^as delayed because of the work, nor was there an accident of any kind. View from Train. — Quite a number of the great improve- ments which have recently been made in the northern part of the city can be seen from the trains as they pass over the new viaduct. Among them are Grant's Tomb, St. Luke's Hospital and the build- ings of Barnard College and Columbia College, on Moruingside Heights, and very soon the grand structure of the Cathedral of St. John the Divine will be observed. Further north, and on the west side of the Harlem River, the now famous speedway is under construc- tion and approaching completion; the magnificent High Bridge, ORE AT EH NEW YORK. 175 Wasliingtou Bridge, McComb's Dam Bridge -md the viadiict lead- ing to it from the north, are works of art as well as of great utility, under which the trains pass, and on the right may be seen the buildings of the University of tlie City of New York, Webb's Sailors' Home, and hundreds of other new buildings of less im- portance. North of the Harlem River, on the Harlem Division, is Bronx Park, which is to contain the great Botanical Gardens and Zoological Gardens of Greater New York, and within a few years this portion of the city will offer attractions which will be unsur- passed in their character by any city in the world. Greater New York, which is nineteen miles wide by thirt3'-t]iree miles long, certainly offers to the tourist and seeker after knowl- edge or pleasure more inducements than any other American city, and few cities in Europe can equal it. High Bridge, which crosses the Harlem a little further south, supports an aqueduct for the waters of the Crotoii River. This stone struc- ture is built with thirteen arches that rest on solid granite piers. The length of the bridge is one thousand four hundred and sixty feet, and the crown of the highest arch is one hundred and sixteen feet above the river's surface. Pedes- trians only can cross the bridge. McComb's Dam, or Central Bridge, is located near the plain where the last generation of turf- men were accustomed to speed their horses. The return trip is over Riverside Drive. (See map.) Riverside Park consists mainly of a three- mile drive following the bx^ow of the Hudson 176 GREATER NEW YORK. River blulF, from the meadows at One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Street, formerly known as " Matje Davits' Fly," to Seventy-second Street. Elegant residences adorn the eastern side of Riverside Avenue, and a good deal has already been done to beautify the park. At the right of the drive, where the ground slopes gently to the water's edge, grassplots and groves of shade- trees afford pleasant opportunities for a ramble. Claremont. — At the beginning of Riverside Drive, a restaurant now stands on the height which was once crowned by a stately private residence known as Claremont, and occupied successively by Lord Churchill, Yiscount Cour- tenay (afterward Earl of Devon), and Joseph Bonaparte, known as Comte de Survilliers. The Tomb of General Grant. — In the midst of this daily pageant of fashion, lie the remains of the great commander, General Ulysses S. Grant. After impressive ceremonies and amidst a vast concourse of people, the body of this hero was laid to rest, August 8, 1885, in the un- pretentious vault which is placed at the east of the drive, in that portion of the Park called Claremont Heights. A stately monumental structure adds dignity to this spot in keeping with its national and historical interest. THE GHANT TUMB. 178 GREATER NEW YORK. Work was begun on this tomb April 27, 1891; that clay was chosen because it was the anniver- sary of General Grant's birth. The corner-stone was laid on April 27, 1892. The tomb was dedicated, with most elaborate ceremonies, on April 27, 1897, in the presence of President McKinley, Vice-president Hobart, the Cabinet, and foreign Diplomatic Corps, and the largest gathering of people ever witnessed in this coun- try. The monument covers a square of one hun- dred feet, exclusive of the steps and projections. The height is one hundred and sixty feet from the base line. This spot may be reached by Park carriages from Central Park via Seventy-second Street and Riverside Drive, or by the Boulevard and Forty-second Street line. The crosstown cars in One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Street run within walking distance of it. The Statue of Washington, a copy of Hou- don's work — the one ornament of the kind yet placed in the Park — ^was a gift from the children of the public schools. The residence of the late General Sherman was in West Seventy- third Street, at No. 67. The Legislature has passed an act appropriat- mg two hundred and fifty thousand dollars for the erection of a Soldiers' and Sailors' monu- GREATER NEW YORK. 179 ment within tlie city limits. There has been a disao^reement as to where it should be placed. Some have contended that it ought to l^e at the Plaza, Fifty-ninth Street and Fifth Avenue. But of late certain officers of the Navy have taken an interest in the matter, and contend that unless it is put somewhere upon the water-front the pro- posed monument cannot be seen l^y their branch of the service. And, furthermore, they claim that it ought to be placed at the lower end of Riverside Park, at Seventy-second Street. Then, with General U. S. Grant's tomb, at the northern end of the drive or park, and the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument at the southern end, both branches of the service will be duly represented in places ^here the memorial can be seen by soldiers or sailors, whether on land or water. Take dinner at Hotel Majestic, corner of Seventy-second Street and Central Park west. CHAPTER IX. THE FIFTH MORNING. At 9 o'clock the party is supposed to meet in the Zoological Gardens of Central Park, corner of Sixty-fourth Street and Fifth Avenue. One whole day will be devoted to this beautiful breathing-spot. Central Park, now the pride of the city, was a region of rock and swamp, but a comparatively short time ago, over which roamed at pleasure, the pigs, goats and chickens that belonged to the " squatters,'' who^e shanties were perched on the hillsides or clustered in the hollows. The estal^lishment of the Park, which was ef- fected in 1855, was greatly due to the untiring efforts of the Honorable DeWitt C. Littlejohn, then speaker of the Assembly at Albany. The value of the land appropriated to this pur- pose was estimated by the commissioners to be about five million and two hundred thousand dollars ; this amount to be paid partly by assess- ments on adjoining property benefited, and part- 180 GREATER NEW YORK. 181 ly by tlie creation of a city-stock, called "The Central Park Fund," for the payment of which stock the lands of the Park should ])e pledged. The cost of improving the grounds was pro- vided for in the year 1857 by placing the man- agement and control of the property under a Board of Commissioners, and requiring the cor- OLD SQUATTER SETTLEMENT ON THE CENTRAT, PARK SITE. poration to create a public stock to be denomi- nated "The Central Park Improvement Fund," in such sums as should be required by the com- missioners — the interest on the stock to be paid by a general tax, wliich was not to exceed one hundred thousand dollars annually. The Park, which now comprises about nine 182 GREATER NEW YORK. hundred acres, is situated very nearly in tlie i^eog-raphical centre of the Ishmd, and is in all respects well adapted to tlie recreative wants of toth the rich and tlie poor. Pedestrians roam at pleasure over thirty miles of walks — some fashional)le and mucli frequented, others retired and quiet. Riders on horseback join the throng on the carriag-e roads, or confine their peregrina- tions to bridle-paths on which no vehicle will be admitted. For carriages there are over nine miles of broad, well-made roadway, affording in its course a view of nearly every object of in- terest, but nowhere crossing on the same level a foot-path of im[)ortan(*e, or any portion of the bridle-road. The Main Entrance to the Park is at the cor- ner of Fifth Aveiuie and Fifty-ninth Street. The Zoological Gardens. — In and al)out the old arsenal, a castellated gray bVick l)uilding, situated at the Sixty-fourth Street and Fifth Avenue entrance, is located the menagerie, or Zoological Grarden. The Statues of Thomas Moore and Alexan- der VON Humboldt are on the banks of the pond, not far from the main entrance. The former was modeled l)y Dennis B. Sheehan and given to the city b}' the ^loore Memorial Committee ; the GREATER NEW YORK. 183 latter was modeled by Gusta\ e Blaeser and ])re- sented to the city l)y Grerinaii residents, on the one hnndredth anniversary of the birth of the distingnished fiavant, September 14, 1869. At the unveiling- of this statue, Professor Louis Ao'assiz delivered a memorable address. The Children's Shelter, with a dairy and an abundance of benches, seats, tables and swings, is passed on the way to The Mall. — This prominent feature of the Park is reached from the Zoological Garden by passing under the marble archway, a structure noted for the l)eauty of its architectural design. The Mall itself is a broad promenade, one-third of a mile in length, ornamented on either side by rows of stately American elms, and termi- nating at the north in a richly decorated water- terrace and fountain. The two exceedingly fine pieces of statuary — Shakespeare, and the "Indian Hunter" — that stand on the vestibule lawn at the southern appoach to the Mall, were executed by J. Q. A. Ward. A bronze castino- of " Eao-les and Goat,'' by Fratin, stands a little to the east. The other pieces, placed at either side of the promenade, are : Sir Walter Scott, a copy of the original statue in Edinburofh, bv John Steele ; Robert 184 GREATER NEW YORK. Burns, by the same artist : Fitz-dreene Halleck, by Wilson MacDonald, nnd a ])ust of Beethoven on a g-ranite pedestal near the music-stand. Concerts that are listened to by vast numbers of people are here provided for Saturday after- noons in the summer. The Terrace and Esplanade that border the lake at the north of the Mall, form the principal architectural feature of the Park. Three stair- wavs lead to the Esplanade, the central one being- under the road and terminating in an arched hall, decorated with tiles. The railing and stair- ways are constructed of light brown sandstone, with panels elaborately sculptured in great variety of intricate design. Especially rich in pattern and execution are the carving's of birds and animals, flowers and fruit, with which the noble ramps of the side stairways are decorated. Bethesda Fountain. — Hovering above the upper basin, with wings outstretched, as if just alighting on the massive rock at its feet, the figure of an angel, who seems to be blessing the waters of the fountain, is in the Esplanade be- tween the Terrace and the Lake. Four smaller figures, eml)lematic of tlie blessings of temper- ance, purity, health and peace, support the up- per basin, and are slightly ^■eiled by the water 186 GREATER NEW YORK. which falls from above into the ample pond at their feet. This work of art was designed and executed by Miss Emma Stebbins of New York. The Lake, a handsome, irregular pond, con- taining nearly twenty acres of water, is seen to the best advantage from the Terrace. In the summer time gondolas and pleasure-boats of every description sail its waters, while the win- ter months bring to it the gaiety of skaters. For a row about the lake the fare is ten cents, but by the hour, the charge is thirty cents for one and ten cents for each additional person. The Casino. — Close by the carriage concourse at the northern end of the Mall, and east of the Terrace, is a pretty stone cottage, containing an excellent restaurant. The Ramble, a rocky hill rising from the northern side of the Lake, has been transformed into country freshness and beauty l)y trees, of which there are : the ash, the elm, the lime and the beech, with almost all of the conifera3 — pines, firs, spruces, and hemlocks — and by com- mon wild flowers that blossom here abundantly. Wild birds build and breed freely, while swans, ducks and cranes swim the streams of this se- questered grove, which bears within its solitudes the charms of wildness and unmolested freedom. GREATER NEW YORK. 187 Schiller. — On a sandstone pedestal, amid all this beauty, stands a bronze bust of the poet, a work of art modeled by C. L. Richter, and pre- sented to the city by Grerman residents in 1859. The Park Phaeton. — At the Terrace it will be desirable to take one of the carriag-es provided by the commissioners for the purpose of convey- ing passengers over the entire Park for the mod- erate fee of twenty-five cents each. Three times during the route an opportunity will be given to stop and examine places of special interest : the Museum of Natural History, McGowan's Pass Tavern, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. By retaining the tickets provided at start- ing, passengers may remain at their leisure in any of these places, as the phaetons are passing and will stop on signal. The " Tigress and Young.'' — At the right of the road, just west of the Terrace, stands this fine group in bronze, modeled by Augustus Caine. " The Falconer," a figure of exquisite grace, executed by George Simonds, stands on a bluff at the left, near the Seventy-second Street en- trance. The Statue of Daniel Webster, by Thomas Ball, stands on a high pedestal at the junction of the west drive and the Seventy-second Street 188 GREATER NEW YORK. entrance. Handsome hotels and flats line the street at the left of the Park. Within the last few years apartment houses have multiplied to such a remarkable extent, that this mode of liv- ing* seems destined to become as common in I^ew York City as it is in Paris or Vienna. The American Museum of Xatural History, which was incorporated by the Legislature in 1869, held its first exhibition in the arsenal, when the Yerreaux Collection of natural history speci- mens, the Elliot Collection of Xorth American birds, and the entire museum of Prince Maximi- lian of Neuwied, were displayed. It was not until June, 1874, that the corner- stone of the present building — -situated in Man- hattan Square, between Eighth and Xinth ave- nues and Seventy-seventh and Eighty-first streets, and connected with the Park by a bridge — was laid by General Grant. Xew portions have re- cently been added, which are so rich in material as greatly to strengthen the effect of tlie archi- tectural design — a not very pronounced tendency to the Romanesque. These buildings form only a few of the many that are to be erected as the collections require them and the liberality of the State allows. The current ex})cnses of tliis institution are GREATER NEW YORK 189 paid by the city, the Board of Trustees, arid pri- vate sul)8criptibii. The Park Departirient, as the representative of the city and State, provides the o-rounds and l)uilding's and keeps them in repair, the trustees in return furnishino- the exhibits, and opening the Museum to the public, free of From a I'late presented by the Museum. THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. charge, on Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Satur- day and Sunday of each week, from 9 o'clock until 5 o'clock, and on Wednesday and Saturday evenings until 10 o'clock. Allow over an hour for vour visit to this 190 GREATER NEW YORK. Museum. The main features are the Hall of Mar- bles and Oriental Building Stones, the large Lee- ture Hall which opens from this Hall of Marbles, the Jesup Collection of Woods on the same floor, the Higher Forms of Animal Life on the second floor, the Seal Collection, the Buffalo Case, the Hall of Birds, the Collection of Monkeys, the Department of Fishes and Reptiles, a Collection of Butterflies and Moths, the Mineralogical Collec- tion, the Paleontological Collection, the Depart- ment of Ethnology and Archa3ology, Models of the Cliff Dwellings, and the Library and Read- ing-room. From the carriage-road, the Lake, the Ramble, and the Belvedere — a stone lookout tower, erected on the highest knoll in the Park — are the flrst objects of interest after leaving the Museum. Be sure when hailing the phaeton that you get one going toward the Receiving-Reservoir, and not one that will take you out of the Park. The Receiving-Reservoir of the Croton Water Works next comesintoview, at the right of the drive. This receptacle has a capacity of one hundred million gallons. The retaining-res- ervoir, a little further north, holds one billion and thirty million gallons. The water supply of the city is drawn from the Croton River, a stream GREATER NEW YORK. 191 in Westchester County, and from a number of lakes in the vicinity of its sources. The Equestrian Statue of Gteneral Simon Bolivar, on an elevation at the left, was a gift from the government and people of Yenezuela. This work was executed by R. De la Cora. The Drive now leads through the wild beauty of woody hills and rocky slopes at the north of the Park until the second station is reached — formerly known as Mount St. Vincent, but now called McGowan's Pass Tavern. From the porch of this attractive restaurant the eye rests, in the summer season, on brilliant flower-beds filled with the choicest plants. Far beyond are spread the waters of the East and Harlem rivers, in which the islands and buildings on them may be easily identified. A more charming spot can hardly be imagined for the nuns who, according to tradition, lived here previous to the Revolu- tion. Here you can be provided with luncheon, and can prepare for the afternoon to be spent in the same Park. CHAPTER X. THE FIFTH AFTERNOON. Historical Sites. — After the lunch, hail the phaeton for another long drive, and be sure to get the phaeton going in the right direction and not one that will take you back over the same ground that you traversed in the morning. McGowan's Pass, formerly a circuitous portion of the old Boston Road and now a park-highway in front of the Tavern, was the scene of an attack l)y the British at the time of the retreat of Put- nam's column to Harlem Heights. A success- ful resistance was made by Silliman with the aid of Alexander Hamilton, who, with liis can- non, had o-uarded the rear of the column dur- intr the whole of its dansfcrous march from Bleecker Street, the British extending their lines from that street to the Hudson and East rivers just after the American army had passed. Remains of the extensive breastworks, subse- quently erected by the British, are still visible near the elevation on whicli the Tavern stands ; GREATER NEW YORK. 193 'ave way to the statue that keeps watch over our destinies at the present time. Tlie star-shaped, granite walls of Fort Wood still re- main, forming- a rather ornamental inclosure for the pedestal. As a military post this island has been put to practical service only when, during the Rebellion, a numl)er of buildings were erected there and used as hospitals. Many Acars ago, when Bartholdi, the French sculptor, entered the port of New York, he was so greatly impressed with the eagerness of the immigrants who crowded on deck to obtain a first glimpse of the land of freedom and o])por- tunity, that he conceived the idea of symbolizing, by a statue of Liberty, the welcome that for- eigners received. It was not until after the close of the Civil War, at a social meeting of prominent French- men in Paris — on which occasion Bartholdi w^as present — that the idea of presenting the statue to America was first advanced and received with an amount of enthusiasm which insured the com- pletion of the project. Subsequently subscri[)- tions were received to the extent of over a mil- lion of francs, and the work was finished and conveyed to our shores in the month of June, GREATER NEW YORK. 205 1885. As the sympathy of France for this coun- try demonstrated itself by the assistance of a valiant contingent in our time of g-reat struggle for independence, so that bond of interest again found expression by a gift commemorative of our success, and suggestive of the possibilities of our future. Two hundred and fifty thousand dollars having been obtained for a pedestal (through the efforts of Joseph Pulitzer), the statue was unveiled on the 28th of October, 1886, in the presence of the President and many distinguished guests, with imposing ceremonies, elaborate decorations, and the booming of can- non. This largest statue of modern times is one hundred and fifty-one feet in height. In one hand " Liberty '^ holds a tablet, while with the other a torch is uplifted. The body is grace- fully draped, and the head is surmounted by a diadem. The material is hammered copper. A spiral stairway within the statue leads to the head, where forty persons can stand together without material inconvenience. Another stair- way in the arm leads to the torch-chamber. No elevators are provided, and the climb is very trying; but the view afforded from the top is magnificent. At night the torch is at times 206 GREATER NEW YORK. lighted by electricity, uiid the base and pedes- tal also are illuminated. The forefinger of the right hand of the goddess is seven feet in length, and at the second joint four feet in cir- cumference. The nose is over three feet long, and the statue weighs over twenty-five tons. The extreme height above low-water mark is three hundred and six feet. The pedestal, con- structed of granite and concrete, is one hundred and fifty-five feet in height. Ellis Island. — Take the boat back to the Barge Office, and from the same pier you can board a barge that will take you to Ellis Island. This little spot, once known as Bucking Island, contained, until 1827, a small circular fort called Fort Gribson. The five acres that consti- tute this plot of ground belong to the United States, and have been used as a place of storage for explosives. At the present time govern- ment officials receive immigrants in a landing depot, which was formally opened on New Year's day, 1892. The wooden structure erected for this purpose nearly covers the island, is three stories in height, and has a tower at each cor- ner. The cost of construction was almost half a million dollars. The first floor is devoted to baggage-transfer and local express offices, GREATER NEW YORK. 207 as well as to the private offices of the govern- ment express. At the landing of a ship the new- comers are received on the second floor, the crowd pouring over the gang-plank in a compact mass, pushing, jabbering, gesticulating. Offi- cers calmly direct the bewildered strangers to desks, where name, place of birth, age, occupa- tion, and destination are registered. Every- thing here is so perfectly systematized that from twelve to fifteen thousand hnmigrants can be easily handled at one time, twelve lines being- formed, with a registry clerk in attendance at each line. From a gallery in this room the pub- lic may view the motley procession. On this floor there are also rooms for the detention of pau- pers, lunatics, criminals, and persons suspected of being contract laborers. Women and chil- dren are provided with separate apartments, and a telegraph station, money exchange, postal sta- tion, information bureau, and railroad and steam- ship office are accessible. The third floor contains sleeping-rooms for the accommodation of immi- grants who are detained over night. The surgeon is the only official who resides on the island. A ferryboat continually plies between Ellis Island and the Barge Office, and visitors are permitted at any time. GREATER NEW YORK. 209 The greatest number of immigrants landed in New York in one year was four hundred and fifty-five thousand four hundred and fifty. This was in 1883. The greatest number landed in one day was on May 11, 1887, when nearly six- teen thousand were registered. Of late years the immigration from Italy has far exceeded that from any other country. Governor's Island. — The boat for Governor's Island lands in the dock next the Ellis Island boats. They leave every hour, and visitors are welcome. This egg-shaped plot of ground, con- taining nearly sixty-five acres, is situated about one thousand yards south of the Battery. It was first purchased from the Indians by Wouter Van T wilier, the second Dutch governor of New York, that worthy personage whom Irving de- scribes as having weighed the books of disput- ing merchants to discover if their accounts would not balance. The Indian name of the island was ''Pagganck," or Nut Island. It was for some time called Nutten Island ; but after it be- came the Yan Twiller residence it was known as Governor's Island, and has retained that appel- lative. Since the War of 1812, at which time the bat- teries now found on it were erected, this prop- 210 GREATER NEW YORK. erty has been exclusively under the control of the United States War Department. \t is now headquarters for the Military Department of the Atlantic and the Major-Gleneral and his staif are residents. The northern portion of the island is occupied by the Ordnance Department as the New York Arsenal. Cannon balls are ranged about it in pyramids, and on the little wharf is one of the largest guns owned by the Govern- ment. The parade-ground is adorned with fine old shade-trees and the residences of officers. A chapel erected by the widow of General Han- cock, the library and picture gallery of the Military Service Institution, and the Military Museum, which contains battle-flags and other war relics, are interesting social features of the present occupation. A footpath leads to Fort Columbus, the stone fortification in the centre of the island, now utilized as quarters for the soldiers. Castle William, an old-fiishioned stone work, with three tiers of casemates, is located on the northwestern shore. In the haste inci- dent to the War of 1812, even the professors and students from college and school were called upon to assist in the completion of this promi- nent fortress. A small, triangular battery and two magazines are situated on the southern GREATER NEW YORK. 211 point of the island, and everything is in prepa- ration for the rapid throwing up of earthworks and the mounting of heavy guns, Castle William being considered entirely too old-fashioned to withstand the fire from modern ships-of-war. For luncheon go to Delmonico's down- town place, at the corner of Beaver and William streets. It is a short walk up Broadway to Beaver, and along Beaver to the* restaurant. CHAPTER XII. THE SIXTH AFTERNOON. A SAIL ON THE EAST RIVER. After luncheon you are ready for the trip to Glen Island, up the East River and the Sound. Go to the Jersey City Ferry, which is at the foot of Cortlandt Street, where is also the dock for the Glen Island boat. This was the ferry for which Robert Fulton built the two boats, the York and the Jersey in 1812. Every morning paper contains the advertised sailing schedule of the Glen Island boats, which should be carefully noted. After leaving its pier the Glen Island steamer must first round the Battery, the southern ter- minus of Manhattan Island. At the west and south lie the Ellis and Bedloe islands, and the shores of New Jersey, whereon the Jersey City docks are more conspicuous than pleasing. Robin's Reef Lighthouse is below these on a reef of rocks that was once a resort for seals. Staten Island, at the south, is a richly wooded and hilly tract of country, containing 212 GREATER NEW YORK. 213 about sixty square miles of land that are occu- pied chiefly by the villas of New York business men. A point of the eastern shore forms, with the western coast of Long- Island, the Narrows, or entrance to New York Harbor — a passage protected by Fort Wadsworth and a line of water batteries on the Staten Island side, and by the two forts, Hamilton and Lafayette, on the opposite shore. Staten Island was purchased from the Indians in 1657, for ten shirts, thirty pairs of stockings, ten guns, thirty bars of lead, thirty pounds of powder, twelve coats, twelve pieces of duffel, thirty hatchets, twenty hoes, and a case of knives. New York Harbor is a body of water about nine miles in length and three miles in width. From the ocean at Sandy Hook to the metropo- lis at the head of the bay it is about twenty- eight miles. No city in the world has a more majestic approach or a more agreeable situation. The waters of its harbor are deep enough to float the largest vessels, and from their contigu- ity to the ocean are never frozen in the winter. Quarantine Station is on Staten Island. Gov- ernor's Island is separated from Long Island by Buttermilk Channel, east of which are located GREATER NEW YORK. 215 the docks and piers of South Brooklyn. The Xew York shore, for a considerable distance along- the East River, is crowded with merchant ships from every country as well as with river and sound steamers and ferryboats, loaded with pas- sengers, plying between the two busy cities. The Wharfage Facilities of I^ew York ex- cel those of any city in the world, and the cost of handlina* the carofoes is much less than in Liver- pool or London. Over one hundred steamers, be- longing to the trans- Atlantic fleet, ply between New York and European ports. The first wharf was constructed in 1648, when the population of New York numbered less than one thousand. Li 1687 the total shipping- amounted to but three ships and fifteen sloops and barks. In 1807 Fulton's steamboat, theCIennont made its first trip to Albany in thirty-two hours. The first steamship, the Savannah, crossed the Atlantic in 1819, taking twenty-five days ; the usual time for fast clipper-ships was from sixteen to twenty-one days. By closely watching the map you can easily keep the steamer located, and then by following the reading-matter in the book, the value of the trip will become greatly enhanced and the pleas- ure of the afternoon increased a hundredfold. 216 GREATER NEW YORK. Jeannette Park is a small space between Pearl Street and the river, above Broad Street — formerly designated " Coenties Slip," in honor of an influential Dutch shoemaker whose shop once occupied a corner in this locality. Here stood the clumsy stone tavern, or city hall of the Dutch administration. A corporation pier, erected at this point in 1751, was the first public improve- THE OLD STADTHUYS. nient for which money was borrowed, the bond «'iven bearing- an interest of six per cent. The water front from the Battery to Fulton Street is artificially-made ground, the natural riverside liavino: been at Pearl Street, alonof which the little village of N"ew Amsterdam first e:s:tended itself This was a favorite locality for markets, the old " Fly Market" having been the most celebrated. The Dutch word vhj, meaning GBEATER NEW YORK. 217 valley, was the orig-iiial appellation. JN'ear Fulton Street the first ferry to Long Island was estab- lished in 1638. Heretofore, a small skiff had been used to convey the passengers who sometimes had to wait an entire day before crossing. Brooklyn Bridge, the history and proportions of which have been already described, spans the East River as it bends eastward, and is seen to great advantage from the boat. A little distance beyond, at the Brooklyn side, the steamer passes the United States Navy Yard, situated in Wallabout Bay. The name of the bay is a corruption of " Waale Boght." The United States Navy Lyceum and the United States Marine Hospital are located at this point. Preparations for shipbuilding are conducted within the enormous sheds near the river ; the cob-dock occupies the bay. (See Extra Day's Outing in Brooklyn.) Corlear's Hook. — This point of land, below Grrand Street and opposite the Navy Yard, has been called Corlear's Hook since Stuyvesant granted the property to one sturdy Yan Corlear for "faithful services rendered." In 1643 a num- ber of Indians, having encamped at this place, awakened the fear of the white settlers, who sur- prised the red men at midnight, and killed over 218 GREATER NEW YORK. thirty and inflicted atrocious barbarities. This action was the direct cause of the revolt of eleven tribes of previously peaceful Indians. Bellevue Hospital at Twenty-sixth Street, is easily discerned from the river. The Morgue, where dead bodies are left for identification, is near the water's edge. Kip's Bay. — According to Washington Irving THE FIRST FERRY FROM NEW YORK TO LONG ISLAND. this indentation at the foot of Thirty-sixth Street received its name from the following adventure: " . . . At the bow of the commodore's boat was stationed a very valiant man named Hen- drick Kip. . . , No sooner did he beliold these varlet heathens '' (Indians) " than he trem- bled with excessive valor, and although a good half mile distant, he seized a musketoon that lay GREATER NEW YORK. 219 at hand and, turning away his head, fired it most intrepidly in the face of the blessed sun. The blundering- weapon recoiled and gave the valiant Kip an ignominious kick, which laid him prostrate with uplifted heels in the bottom of the boat. But such was the effect of this tre- mendous fire that the wild men of the woods, struck with consternation, seized hastily upon their paddles and shot away into one of the deep inlets of the Long Island shore. "This signal victory gave new spirits to the voyagers ; and in honor of the achievement they gave the name of the valiant Kip to the sur- rounding bay." It was here that the British landed when, in September, 1776, they made their first attack on Washington's army and caused the precipitate retreat of American soldiers stationed at this point. Long Island City, which begins directly op- posite Kip's Bay and extends northward for a considerable distance, comprises the formerly separated districts of Ravenswood, Astoria, and Hunter's Point — the latter is occupied by oil- refineries and factories. The former sections contain country villas and handsome residences. Blackwell's Island. — This long and narrow 220 GREATER NEW YORK. strip of land, the next point of interest on the route, was once the country seat of John Man- ning, the captain in charge of the fort at the time of its capture by the Dutch in 1673. It was not until 1828 that the city purchased the property for its charitable and correctional insti- tutions. These now include tlie charity hosi)ital, penitentiary, almshouse, hospital for incura])les, female lunatic asylum, convalescent hos[)ital, workhouse, and blind asylum. The buildings have all been constructed of stone quarried from the island by convict labor ; the general style of architecture is somewhat feudal in its character. Residences occupied by the officials in charge are surrounded with lawns and gardens that are kept in perfect order by the inmates of the prison, almshouse, etc. These individuals also farm certain portions of this fertile land, row the officials and their families to and from the city and have built and kept in repair the heavy granite sea-wall that protects the shores of the entire one hundred and twenty acres of land. Hell Gate. — This celebrated strait is entered shortly after leaving Blackwell's Island. By rea- son of numerous rocks, shelves, and whirlpools — known under the various appellations of ''Flood Rock,'' " Negrohead," ''Gridiron," GREATER NEW YORK. 221 " Hogsback," ^'Fryingpan,'' " Pot Rock/' etc.— this narrow passage was very dangerous to ship- ping, and could only be entered with skilful pilots. Since 1886, however, the channelhas been opened. The United States Government expended two millions of dollars in order to render it safe. Tlie final explosion of this great work occurred at Flood Rock in 1885, at wdiich time over fifty- two thousand pounds of dynamite were used. Ward's Island, at the left of Hell Gate, con- tains about two hundred acres of ground. For many years it was chiefly occupied by lunatic asylums owned by and run at the expense of New York City, which at the same time was contributing its full quota to the support of the lunatics of every other county of the State. The unfairness of this arrangement led to the passage of the law of 1895 under which the city, for a nominal consideration, ceded Ward's Island to the State, and the State assumed all the expenses attendant on the care of lunatics committed from New York City. The Manhattan State Lunatic Asylum now occupies the island. A sea-wall, which was constructed by convicts from Black- well's Island, girts the property. The grading and general improvements were done by this same class of labor. 222 GREATER NEW YORK. Randall's Island, which lies between Ward's IsUxnd and the mainkind, consists of one hundred acres of city property, handsomely laid out and ornamented with shade-trees. An idiot asylum, nursery, hospital, and schools are placed here l)y the city, in order to provide for the wants of its destitute children. A house of refuge, under the charge of the Society for the Reformation of Juvenile Delinquents, is at the southern end of RANDALL S ISLAND. the island. In this institution children who have been sentenced by the city magistrates are taught to work and are instructed in all the common- school branches. Passes must be obtained from the Commissioners of Public Charities in their buildino: at the corner of Third Avenue and Eleventh Street, in order to visit any of the city institutions on these islands. A special permit is required for the lunatic asylum on Ward's GREATER NEW YORK. 223 Island. A ferry conveys passengers to these localities from the foot of East Twenty-sixth Street. The Channel at the south of Randall's Island is called Little Hell Grate ; the one at the north is the Bronx Kills. Several islands lie clustered within the embrace of the Westchester and Long Island shores, where the waters of the Sound l)e- ofin. A fort at Throo-o-'g Neck and another one at Willet's Point command this entrance to New York. Along the northern shore is Pelham Bay Park, a tract of land containing seventeen hun- dred acres of beautifully- wooded territory. City Island is noted as the place where American oyster culture first began. Hart's Island belongs to New York City, and is occupied by the Potter's Field, a branch workhouse and a lunatic asylum. David's Island was purchased by the Government in 1869, but was used as a hospital-station during the War of the Rebel- lion. It is now a receiving-station for recruits. Glen Island. — At this picturesque resort it will be fitting to terminate the labors and pleas- ures of the week. Rest and refreshment will be found in cool groves filled with choice varieties of rare exotics ; and the return to busier haunts will be at the close of the day, when the weary 224 GREATER NEW YORK. traveler, having learned the history of its events and the institutions of its present time, can be content to view, in the half-light, the city which promises such stores of wealth for the sightseer of the future. CHAPTER XITI. EXTRA day's outing A PEEP AT THE CITY OF CHURCHES. Sunday in Brooklyn. — Meeting at the ^ew York entrance of the Brooklyn Bridge at 9 o'clock a.m., it may wisely be determined, if all are good walkers, to walk across the structure rather than to take the cars that cross it. By walking one gets a better idea of the massive- ness of the mason- work and a better view of river and harbor. The bridge, which was opened to the public on May 24, 1883, had taken thirteen years in building, and had cost $15,- 000,000, of which :N'ew York issued bonds for $5,000,000 and Brooklyn for $10,000,000. Its towers reach two hundred and seventy-eight feet above high water. In the middle of the stream there is one hundred and thirty-five feet clear between its flooring and high water. The structure is free to pedestrians and bicyclers. The railroad fare is two and one-half cents. The schedide for vehicles is low compared with ferry 226 GREATER NEW YORK. rates, the charge for the two-horse wagon being ten cents. The diameter of the great cables is fifteen and three-quarter inches. The length of each individual wire is three thousand ^yid hun- dred and seventy-eight feet, six inches. The ultimate strength of each cable is twelve thou- sand two hundred tons. About one hundred and twenty-five thousand persons cross the bridge each day on the railway. Nearly one hundred policemen on the bridge form a separ- ate force, under the control of the trustees, and not identified in any way with either the New York or Brooklyn systems. The total length of the promenade is five thousand nine hundred and eighty-nine feet or about one and one-eighth miles. Coming out on Sand Street, walk across Ful- ton Street one and a half blocks to Hicks, and up Hicks to Orange. Plymouth Church is on Orange, near Hicks. Henry Ward Beecher preached there many years. Walk back to Sand Street and take the green car— Flushing Avenue Line — the only line that runs right angles to the bridge. In fiYQ minutes you are at the main entrance of the Navy Yard. Since it is Sunday, you cannot go in without a ''pull " and the wasting of valual)le time. On any week- GREATER NEW YORK. 227 day not a holiday, any person can enter the yard and inspect ships at the docks, but special permits are required to cross to Cob Dock or to board ships in commission. Cob Dock is an island of nineteen acres. The whole yard covers one hundred and twelve and one- fourth acres, and contains store-houses, foun- dries, arsenals, machine shops, marine barracks, a guard house and officers' residences, as well as dry-docks for vessels. Records are kept at a building known as the Lyceum, where is located the office of the captain of the yard, from whom all special permits must be obtained. In Trophy Park, fronting the Lyceum, is a marble column commemorating the fate of twelve American seamen, who fell at the capture of the Barrier forts on Canton River, China, in 1856. Around this monument are grouped guns, captured from the British frigate Macedonian; and the iron prow of the Confederate ram Mississippi, The Marine Hospital and Naval Cemetery occupy another enclosure, on the other side of the land sold to the city of Brooklyn for market purposes. The water front of the Navy Yard is nearly three miles. The receiving ship Yermont is moored to Cob Dock, and varying numbers of Federal war ships are to be seen in the yard. 228 GREATER NEW YORK. Riding on in the Flushing Avenue Car, one passes the Marine barracks and drill yard on one side and the city park on the other, comino^ to the Wallabout Market. This includes about forty-five acres of land on both sides of Wash- inofton Avenue, and runnino- from Wallabout Creek to Flushing Avenue. It is laid out like a little town l)y itself, and is filled with stalls which do a business of $25,000,000 a year. All retail grocers and butchers in Brooklyn get their supplies each morning from this market. At Classon Avenue, transfer to a car going to City Hall on the Glreenpoint line. Two blocks up, it turns into Myrtle Avenue, and will take you past Washington Park (formerly Fort Greene Park) where the martyrs of the British prison ships are buried. The park is on liigh ground, and is admirably kept. At Fulton Street leave the car and take a glance at the City Hall, the Mu- nicipal Building, the Court House and the Hall of Records. The first has the great bronze statue of Henry Ward Beecher ficing it in front. It is a marble buildino- in Doric architecture with heavy pillars. The Municipal Building, across Joralemon Street, in the rear of City Hall, is a modern structure in white limestone. The GREATER NEW YORK. 229 Court House and Hall of Records are on adjoin- ino- plots and are of granite. Walking down Fulton Street to the junction of Washington, and then one block down the latter thoroughfare, you pass the Park Theatre and come to the Eagle Building and the Federal Building on opposite sides cf Johnson Street, but both on the right side of Washington. Both are imposing structures and worth examination. Walking back to Montague Street, opposite the corner of Myrtle Avenue and Fulton Street, when you get out of the car, take a cable-car to the Wall Street Ferry. Alight at the top of the hill, and step out to the Esplanade to get an unrivaled view of the harbor. Then go down and take a car on the Furman Street line to transfer to the Fifteenth Street line for Green- wood Cemetery. You will go very close to At- lantic Basin, which covers forty acres, and rivals similar structures on the Thames and Mersey, and is the greatest grain depot in the world. You will also approach Erie Basin, which covers one hundred acres, and is protected by a mile of l)reakwater. All sorts of ships are dry-docked here, and in winter seven hundred canal boats seek shelter in the basin. The ocean rafts of timber from Maine are received here. But you 230 GREATER NEW YORK. will see nothing of these places unless you are able to pay another visit to Brooklyn. Arrived at Gtreenwood, you will take a car- ry-all at the main entrance at Fifth Avenue and Twenty-fifth Street for a trip around the City of the Dead, with a guide who will explain what you are seeing. The fare is twenty-five cents for adults and ten cents for children. About 295,000 persons have been buried in Green- wood, and the number of interments is over 5,000 per year. Though the walk from Greenwood to Pros- pect Park is not long, it may be well to take a Fifth Avenue surface-car to Flatbush Avenue, and there transfer to the Flatbush Avenue line. The main entrance of Prospect Park should be reached in about fifteen minutes. Allow one and a half hours to the Park. The Soldiers' and Sail- ors' Memorial Arch, at the entrance, has bas-re- liefs by Maurice J. Power, representing President Lincoln and General Grant on horseback, review- ing the troops after the fall of Richmond. You will notice near this arch a bronze statue of Major- General Gouverneur Kemble Warren, by Henry Baerer. This was unveiled July 4, 1896. The Park contains a bronze statue of J. S. T. Strana- han, almost the only case on record of such a GREATER NEW YORK. 231 tribute to a man still living, and bronze busts of Beethoven, Irving, Thomas Moore and John Howard Payne, as well as a heroic ])ronze statue of Abraham Lincoln. This was originally un- veiled at the entrance in 1869, but in 1895 was moved to the flower garden where it now stands. On what is known as Lookout Hill is a granite shaft erected by the Baltimore Society of the American Revolution to the memory of four hundred Maryland troops who fell in the defence of the rear of the American Army at the battle of Long Island, which was largely fought within the ground now covered by Prospect Park. There is a bronze tablet on the East Drive locat- ing Battle Pass, where the hottest fighting took place. Prospect Park is not over decorated by the landscape gardener, and great freedom is given to children to use the lawns. At the Coney Island Exit of the Park, what is known as the Cycle Path begins. It is on both sides of the Ocean Boulevard. This thoroughfare has a main driveway for fast horses, a cycle track on each side, and outside of this a roadway for business wagons in each direction. Six rows of shade-trees run for all of its five and a half miles from the Park to the ocean. It is one of the system of driveways that 232 GREATER NEW YORK. makes Brooklyn attractive to the cyclist as well as the horseman. Bedford Avenue is the hio^h- way by which up-town New Yorkers, crossing the Twenty-third Street Ferry, reach Prospect Park ; and the heroic equestrian statue of Gren- eral Grrant, by Partridg-e, is on that street in front of the Union League Club-House. Eastern Parkway — on the east side of the Park — connects with the whole system of macadamized roads on Long Island. The Bay Ridge Shore Drive, and Fort Hamilton Avenue add seven miles of this system. The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sci- ences (founded in 1824) has a handsome new building on the Park lands, fticing Eastern Park- way. It furnishes courses of lectures on every branch of art, science, literature and history. It has 4,500 members, composed of the repre- sentative literary men and women of Brooklyn. Prospect Park has cost about $4,000,000. It contains five hundred and sixteen and one-sixtli acres. It can be reached easily by car lines from all parts of the city ; and is therefore a thoroughly popular breathing place. You can take a car directly to the bridge from the Park ; but if it is summer time there is a better way of spending the evening. 234 GREATER NEW YORK. Coney Island. — Goino- out of the Park at what is called the Willink entrance, Malbone Street and Flatbush Avenue, take a Nostrand Avenue car (standing opposite the entrance) to Atlantic Avenue. Then take a Manhattan Beach steam- car to Coney Island. Trains run every hour. At Manhattan Beach stroll over to the Oriental Hotel. Returning, take dinner at the Manhattan Beach Hotel. See the fireworks and hear the music. Take the marine road to Brighton Beach and look over the hotel there. Then go by elevated road or stage (fare five cents) to West Brighton. This is the popular end of Coney Island — the beer garden, shooting-gallery, pea- nut stand end. It is worth seeing. Take the Iron Steamship Line home. You will sail through the Narrows and will be landed at the Battery or at the foot of West Twenty-second Street, New York. The trip will take a little over an hour. Coney Island was in the old town of Graves- end. It became a part of Brooklyn, and is now a part of Greater New York. I CHRONOLOGICAL SKETCHES OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK. 1524. — The Island of Manhattan was discovered by John De Ver- razzani, a Florentine. 1609. — Hendrik (or Henry) Hudson, a navigator in the service of the States General of Holland, and the second discoverer of Manhattan Island, sailed up the Hudson River to a point a little below Albany. 1611. — The first ships that carried merchandise from the North River, the Little Fox, and the Little Crane, were sent from Holland on a voyage of speculation. Three more vessels were at this time fitted out for the pur- pose of establishing trading posts on the Hudson River, where furs might be collected, thus saving time for the ships that crossed the ocean. One of these was called The Tiger, the other two bore the name of The Fortune. The first vessel built on the shores of New York Harbor, and the first to pass through Hell-Gate, was called the Restless, and may be considered as peculiarly entitled to honorable mention, because it was the means of filling many impor- tant blanks in the geography of the world. 1613. — Captain Adrien built four small houses and established a fur agency at what is now No. 41 Broadway. 1614. — An expedition from South Virginia, dispatched by Sir Thomas Dale, took possession of the infant colony. Later in the year, Holland, having regained possession of the Island, sent an expedition of five vessels, that explored the whole length of Long Island, passed up the Hudson and Dela- ware rivers, and were given the exclusive right to trade be- tween the Delaware and Connecticut rivers for three years. 1633. — A charter, under the title of the West India Company, went into operation. 235 236 GREATEH NEW TOMK. This is considered to have been the era of the permanent set- tlement of New Netherhinds. 1634. — Peter Mlniiit arrived at Manhattan, in the capacity of Di- rector-General of New Netherlands, and organized a provis- ional government. 1625. — Three ships and a yacht from Holland, brought a number of settlers and one hundred head of cattle. 1626. — Manhattan Island was purchased from the Indians, for trinkets worth twenty-four dollars. 1633. — The first schoolmaster arrived from Holland. The first ship-of-war. Be Soutberg (the Salt Mountain), brought a company of soldiers to garrison the stronghold that had just been completed on the southern point of the Island. 1638. — The first ferry crossed the East River to Long Island. 1643. — A church, built of rock stone, which cost about one thou- sand dollars, was erected within the walls of tlie fort. The first tavern, " Staadt Herberg," was built by the Dutch West India Company at Coenties Slip. 1643. — The first deed recorded was for a lot thirty by one hundred feet, that was sold for nine dollars and fifty cents. The wreck of thesliip Princess occurred in Bristol Channel. This was one of the most notable maritime events in con- nection with the early history of the city, eighty passengers, in- cluding the Director-General Kieft, and Dominie Bogardus, the first clergyman established in this city, having been drowned. Lots were freely given to whoever would build in the town. 1648. — The first wharf was constructed. The first ordinance for the prevention of fire was passed, after which four fire-wardens, or chimney-inspectors, were appointed. The settlement contained twelve retail dealers. 1650. — The first lawyer, Dick Van Schelluyne, commenced prac- tice. 1651. — All persons who were absent from the city four months lost their burgher rights. 1653. — The city of New Amsterdam was incorporated. GREATER NEW YORK. 23T The First Public School was established in the " Stadthuys. " 1654. — Burgomasters received one hundred and forty dollars, and the Schepeus one hundred dollars per annum, for their ser- vices. 1655. — Negroes were purchased from slave-ships and taken to Vir- ginia. 1656. — New Amsterdam contained one thousand inhabitants, one hundred and twenty houses, and seventeen streets. The first survey of the city was confirmed by law. 1657. — The English language was first recognized in New Am- sterdam. 1658.— Stone pavements were laid. The street first paved still re- tains its former name of Stone Street. The first fire-company, which consisted of eight men, was organized. Whipping with a rod, and banishment from the city, was at this time the punishment for theft. Hogs running at large were required to have rings in their noses, 1659. — The first shipwreck on this coast, of which there is any ac- count, occured near Fire Island. The name of the ship was Prince Maurice. Poor-boxes were customarily introduced at weddings. Houses were rented for twenty-seven dollars per annum. The first public auctioneer was appointed. One dollar and ten cents was the fee paid for the disposal of a lot, 1660. — The establishment of a brick-yard was a notable event in connection with the architectural progress of the city. Before this time bricks had been imported from Holland, and were considered too expensive to be used, except in the construction of chimneys and ovens, A man living near tlie Bowery, offered to give away his property, for the reason that he disliked to ride through two miles of dense forest to reach his work. It was punishable to call magistrates blockheads, on account of an adverse decision, 1663. — The first suicide recorded in the town was that of a black- smith, who hung himself from a tree near Collect Pond, 238 OBEATER NEW YORK. 1664.— New Amsterdam was captured by the English, and its name was changed to New York. Notice was given of a reorganization of the municipal gov- ernment under the direction of Mayor, Aldermen and Sheriff. 1665. — The first Court of Admiralty, organized by Governor Nich- ols, was convened and held in the Stadthuys. 1670.— A seal of the city was presented by the Duke of York. Staten Island was purchased for a few trinkets. The first New York Exchange was established, the members arranging to meet every Friday morning, between eleven and twelve o'clock, at the bridge which crossed the ditch at Broad Street, a locality now known as Exchange Place. 1673.— A Dutch fleet recaptured the city, in the name of the States General of Holland, and changed its name to New Orange. The first mail between Boston and New York was estab- lished, " for a more speedy intelligence and despatch of affairs." The letters were carried by a messenger who made the round trip once a month. At this time the main portion of the town extended from the high ridge of ground at Broadway to the East River, then called Salt River. A great dock for vessels, and three cres- cent-shaped forts, were placed along the shore. Ahnost all of the houses presented gable ends to the street. 1674 — A treaty of peace having been signed by England and Hol- land, New York was again restored to the English. Only one Jew and one Spaniard held property in the city at this period. 1677,_]Srew York contained three hundred and forty -three houses. 1679. — A bear was killed in an orchard near Maiden Lane. The first classis was formed, at the suggestion of the gov- ernor, for the purpose of examining and ordaining a young Bachelor in Divinity, who had been called to the church in Newcastle. 1683.— The city was divided into six wards. The " Court of General Sessions of the Peace of the city of New York," first called the "Court of General Quarter Ses- sions," was instituted under royal government. 1686,— The "Dongan Charter," the basis of all later charters o\i- GREATER NEW YORK. 239 tained for this city, was granted by James the Second. This declared that New York City thenceforth should comprise the entire Island of Manhattan. The best house in the city was sold for three thousand and five hundred dollars. 1689. — Information of the accession of William and Mary to the throne was received in New York with great satisfaction. The garrison was seized by about fifty inhabitants, who formed themselves into a committee of safety to hold the prov- ince in rule until a government could be established by the new sovereigns. This movement inaugurated a bitter strife between factions of the citizens, who contended for the tem- porary control, and resulted in the ascendency of Leisler. 1691.— The first Assembly met April 9th. Leisler was tried and executed. 1693.— The first post-office was established. A whipping-post, pillory, and ducking-stool, were placed near the City Hall. 1693.— The first printing-press was put in operation. 1696. — Trinity Church Corporation erected its first edifice. The city contained five hundred and ninety-four houses, and six thousand inhabitants. The Reformed Protestant Dutch Church received a charter of incorporation. 1697. — The first almanac was published. 1700.— The second City Hall was erected at the corner of Nassau and Wall streets. 1703, — The "King's Farm," a region of country extending north- ward from Cortlandt Street, was granted to Trinity Church Corporation by Queen Anne. This gift laid the foundation for the revenues of that society. 1709. — A slave market was established at the foot of Wall Street. 1710.— The total annual income of the city was two hundred and ninety-four pounds sterling. The total expenses Avere two hundred and seventy-four pounds. A post-office establishment for the colonies in America was created by an Act of Parliament, the chief office of which was in New York. 240 OREATER NEW YORK. 1712. — The negro iahabitauts formed a plot to set fire to the city, and, in its execution, killed several wliite persons. Nineteen of the incendiaries were convicted and executed. 1719. — The first Presbyterian Cliurch was erected in Wall Street. 1720. — Clocks were first introduced, time having previously been • recorded by hour-glasses. 1725. — The first newspaper, called the New York Gazette, was published. 1729. — A City Library was founded. 1730. — The charter upon which the city's present system of gov- ernment is based, was granted by Governor Montgomery. A line of stages, that made bi-monthly trips, was established between New York and Philadelphia. The first fire engines used in the city arrived from London. A fire-department was at once organized. 1732. — The first stage from New York to Boston made the round trip once a month. 1734. — A Poor-House. and a Calaboose for unruly slaves, were erected on the Commons, now City-Hall Park. 1740. — The New York Society-Library was organized. 1741. — The famous delusion, known as the "Negro Plot," in which a large number of negroes, and a Catholic priest, were executed without cause, occasioned much excitement. 1750. — The first theatre was opened in Nassau Street. 1754. — King's College obtained a charter of incorporation. 1756.— The first ferry plied between New York and Stateu Ishxnd. 1757. — The city contained about twelve thousand inhabitants. 1761. — A second theatre was opened in Beekman Street. 1763. — Light first gleamed from the Sandy Hook lighthouse. A ferry was established between New York and Paulus Hook — now Jersey City. 1765. — The famous Stamp-Act Congress convened in this city. Del- egates were present from all the colonies, and a bold declara- tion of riglits and grievances was adopted. An agreement not to import goods from Great Britain, until the Stamp Act was repealed, was signed by a large concourse of merchants, and a society of individuals, who called themselves the "Sous of GREATER NEW YORK. 241 Liberty," was organized, with affiliations throughout the country. Great excitement prevailed, and a riot occurred, in which the governor was burned in effigy, and the citizens threatened to storm the fort. 1766. — News of the repeal of the Stamp Act reached the city May 26th. The Methodist Episcopal Society of the United States was founded by Philip Embury, in his own house in this city. 1768. — A Chamber of Commerce was organized at Queen's Head Tavern, the building afterward known as " Fraunce's Tavern." 1770. — The New York Chamber of Commerce was incorporated by the Legislature. A statue of William Pitt was erected in William Street. 1772. — Umbrellas were imported from India. They were at first scouted as an effeminacy. 1774. — A vessel called the Nancy was not permitted to land her cargo of tea, nor to make entry at the Custom-House. A Committee of Correspondence was organized, and a " Congress of Colonies" was insisted upon by the merchants. Resolutions of resistance were adopted by a great meeting on the Commons, now City-Hall Park. 1775. — The Colonial Assembly adjourned. Delegates were elected to the Continental Congress. The first New York water -works were established. 1776. — The militia was called into service in January. In the spring following, the city was in the possession of the American Army. The leaden statue of Geoi'ge the Third was pulled down July 9th. The Declaration of Independence was read from the balcony of the old City Hall, July 18th. The king's coat of-arms was taken from the court-room and burned on the same day. The city was captured by the British, August 26th, after the battle of Long Island. A great fire destroyed Trinity Church and nearly five hun- dred houses, September 21st. Nathan Hale was executed as a spy, by command of Gen- eral Howe. 242 GREATER NEW YORK. 1777.— Congress directed the Board of War to write to the govern- meut of New York, urging that the lead mines in that State bo worked, and promising to supply prisoners of war for the purpose; the scarcity of lead making it necessary to use gutters and roofs, and the leaden statue of King George the Third for bullets. 1778. — The British evacuated Philadelphia, and an army of twelve thousand men marched from that city to New York. The baggage and stores, with some three thousand non-combatants who held to their British allegiance, were sent to New York by water. 1779. — While the city was in the possession of the British, counter- feiting Continental bills was a regular business; flags of truce were made use of to put it in circulation, and the newspapers openly advertised it. On the 19th of May, at eleven in the morning, a darkness, which continued for several hours, necessitating candles at noon-day, fell over the city. The cause of this remarkable phenomenon has been assigned to prodigious fires, that had been raging in the States of Massachusetts, Vermont, and New Hampshire. 1780. — A great scarcity of fuel and fresh provisions caused general consternation. Fruit trees were cut down, wood was twenty dollars a cord, corn was four dollars, and potatoes were two dollars a bushel. As the ice in the Hudson River offered an opportunity for the Americans to cross it, an attack upon the city was feared, and all the inhabitants were put under arms. Four newspapers were published during the time of the British occupation, the proprietors arranging their issues so that one paper was provided for each day. 1783 — The British evacuated the city November 35th, and General Washington entered at the head of the American Army. 1785. — Congress moved from Philadelphia to New York, and con- vened in the City Hall, which then stood at the corner of Wall and Nassau streets, now occupied by the United States Sub-Treasury Building. The Bank of New York and a manumission society were established. GREATER NEW YORK. 243 The first daily paper was published under the name of the New York Daily Advertiser. 1786. — The first city directory was issued. It contained eight hundred and forty-six names. 1787. — King's College was reiucoiporated as Columbia College. 1788. — The Constitution of the United States was adopted by New York State. A great parade celebrated that event in this city. 1789. — The first Congress under the Constitution of the United States assembled in Federal Hall on the 4th of March, at which time George Washington was unanimously elected President. The inauguration of Washington as President of the United States, took place April 30th, on the gallery of the old City Hall. Martha Washington held her first reception May 29th. Tammany Society, or the Columbian Order, was founded. 1790. — The first sidewalks were laid. 1795. — Park Theatre was erected. 1797. — The Medical Repository, the first scientific periodical printed in this country, was published. 1799. — The Manhattan Company, organized for the purpose of supplying the city with water, obtaiaed its charter. The Bronx River, proposed as the source of supply, was surveyed. The second bank, the Manhattan Company, was established at No. 23 Wall Street. 1800. — Collect Pond was filled in. This body of fresh water, situated on the present site of the Tombs, was of such depth that several contractors, who engaged to fill it, were said to have become bankrupt in their efforts to do so. Many times earth rose above its level in the evening, but the next morn- ing's sun shone again on sparkling waters, the debris having disappeared beneath its surface. On its western borders, surrounded by groves of trees and blackberry wilds, once was situated an Indian village, no doubt the home of the Manhattans. Fish were abundant in the pond for more than one hundred years after the Christian settlement of the Island, and one of its promontories was so abundantly strewn with a deposit of shells that the Dutch named it 244 GEEATER NEW YORK. " Kalcbook," or "Lime Shell Point." The water was of un- usual purity, the celebrated " Tea- water Spring having been one of its many fountains, and a number of brooks that flowed to both, rivers formed picturesque outlets for its seemingly inex- haustible supply. Doubtless the stoppage of these springs had much to do with the subsequent epidemics of yellosv fever that occasioned so much mourning throughout the city. 1801. — The real and personal property of the city and county was valued at $21,964,037, and a tax was laid of one mill on the dollar. The Evening Post issued its first number. 1804. — Alexander Hamilton was killed in a duel with Aaron Burr. Sunday-schools were established. Hackney coaches were licensed. The first recorder of New York Cit}^ was appointed. Some alterations in tlie franchise having opened elections to the participation of a large number, whom property restrictions had previously prevented from having a voice in the choice of the city magistrates, this year, for the first time, witnessed a Republican majority in the Board. 1805, — Fort Clinton was erected. The New York Free School was incorporated. 1806.— Steam navigation was successfully demonstrated by Rob- ert Fulton. The New York Orphan Asylum Society was founded. Mrs. Sarah Hoffman and Mrs. Alexander Hamilton were the first and second directresses. 1807. —The city was surveyed and laid out by a commission ap- pointed by the Legislature, in which Gouverneur Morris, De- Witt Clinton, and other prominent persons were active mem- bers. The city contained thirty-one benevolent institutions. A College of Physicians and Surgeons was chartered. Washington Irving, distinguished as a heedless law-student, was admitted to the bar. 1808. — The American Academy of Fine Arts was incorporated. 1811. — The first ferry carried passengers to Hoboken. 1813. — War was declared aijainst Great Britain. OnEATBR NEW YORK. 245 Steam was utilized on the Jersey City ferry-boats. The manufacture of pins was inaugurated in the city by Eng- lish workmen, who procured one dollar a paper for their product. 1814. — Brooklyn ferry-boats adopted sfceam. Specie payments were suspended for nearly three years. 1815. — New York received with enthusiasm the news of a treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain, Thirteen Insurance Companies were located in Wall Street, 1816. — The Common Council of New York prohibited chimney- sweepers from crying their trade in the streets. Enormous importations of merchandise from Europe ren- dered this year a memorable one among commercial men. 1817. — The first regular packet-ships, called the Black Ball Line, sailed between New York and Liverpool. An Asylum for the deaf and dumb was incorporated. 1818. — Shoe pegs were introduced. 1819. — The first ocean steamship, the SavannaJi, crossed the At- lantic from New York to Liverpool. The first Savings Bank was opened. 1820. — The population of New York was one hundred and twenty- three thousand, seven hundred and six. New York and New Orleans were connected by a line of steamships. The New York Observer was published. Fire-proof safes, constructed of iron and wood, were im- ported from France. Daily mails were established between New York and Brooklyn and Jamaica, Long Island. The Old Park Theatre was burned. 1821. — In January the North River, from Cortlandt Street to Jer- sey City, was crossed on the ice by loaded sleighs. 1822. — New York, with other counties, had asepnft-ate District At- torney. A steamship line carried passengers and freiglit between New York and Norfolk. 1823. — The first steam-power printing press in the United States was put in operation. An abridgment of " Murray's English Grammar" was the first work done by this machine. 246 GREATER NEW YORK. The New York Gas-Light Company was incorporated. 1824. — A House of Refuge for the reformation of juvenile de- linquents was erected by private subscription. This was the beginning of a new system for the correction of the vices of the young. General Lafayette was welcomed with great rejoicing as the guest of the city and nation. 1825. — October 26th, the sound of cannon, first heard at Buffalo, and then repeated from point to point, announced the comple- tion of the Erie Canal, and the union of the Great Lakes with the Atlantic. The amval in New York City of the first canal- boat was the occasion of a grand aquatic and civil pageant, in wliich the "commingling of the waters" was typically illus- trated by Governor De Witt Clinton, the "Father of the Canal,"" who, amidst impressive ceremonies, poured from a keg the water of Lake Erie into the ocean at the Narrows. The first Sunday newspaper published in this city was is- sued under the name of the Sunday Courier. It was soon dis- continued for want of patronage. The first performance of Italian Opera was given at the Park Theatre. Homoeopathy was introduced by a physician from Denmark. The tinder-box, which had been the implement used for lighting fires, was superseded by a bottle filled with acid and cotton, and surmounted by phosphorized pine sticks. The quintal of one hundred, instead of one hundred and twelve pounds, was adopted by the merchants as the new measure for purchase and sale. Gas mains were laid in Broadway. 1827. — The Journal of Commerce and the Morning Inquirer were started. These two papers, in their efforts to rival each other, established'swiftscJiooners and pony -expresses for the purpose of obtaining the commercial news. 1828. — The Law Institute was organized. Webster's Dic;tionary was published. Varnish was first manufactured. 1829. — The American Institute was incorporated, and held its first fair. GREATER NEW YORK. 247 Bricks were manufactured by machinery. Galvanized iron was invented. 1830. — A railroad locomotive, the first one constructed in America, was built in New York for a railroad in South Carolina. Omnibuses were introduced. The word "omnibus, "painted in large letters on both sides of the vehicle, was generally sup- posed to be that of the owner. The Christian Intelligencer, an organ of the Dutch Reformed Church, published its first number. 1831, — A street railroad was completed, and opened for travel, be- tween the City Hall and Fourteenth Street. The first sporting paper, called The Spirit of the Times, was issued. The New York and Harlem Railroad Company was incor- porated. 1832, — Peter Cooper, the philanthropist, demonstrated to the stock- holders of the Albany and Schenectady Railroad, that cars could be drawn around short curves. Five thousand persons died from Asiatic cholera. 1833. — The Neic York Sun, a penny paper, was published. 1834. — A meeting of the American Anti-Slavery Society was broken up by a mob. In conformity with an amendment of the Constitution, a mayor of New York was elected for the first time by the votes of the people. 1835. — The Neic York Herald was founded. Pins were manufactured by machinery. A disastrous conflagration, destroying property to the extent of twenty millions of dollars, was checked only by blowing up several houses. 1836. — Work on the aqueduct was begun. The Common Council ordered pipes to be laid, preparatory to the introduction of water into the city. Commercial distress and financial panic spread over the whole country, and swept numerous firms out of existence. 1840. — A manufactory of gold pens was established. The New York Tribune, edited by Horace Greeley was pub- lished. The receipts of this paper for the first week were 248 GREATER NEW YORK. ninety-two dollars ; the expenses amounted to five hundred and twenty-five dollars. 1841. — The Princeton, a ship-of-war, was constructed by John Ericsson, This was the first ship in which the propelling ma- chinery was placed under water, and secured from shot. 1842. — Abolitionists declared a separate nomination, held a State Convention, and ran a candidate for the mayoralty of New York. June 27th, water w\is received through the aqueduct into the reservoir at Eighty-sixth Street; July 4th, it was introduced into the distributing-reservoir on Murray Hill, wliile waving flags, clanging bells, floral canopies, and songs proclaimed the great interest which this event awakened. The fountain in the park, opposite the Astor House, consisted of a central pipe with eighteen surbordinate jets, in a basin one hundred feet broad. By shifting the plate of the conduit pipe, the water assumed such shapes as the "Maid of the Mist," the " Croton Plume," the "Vase," the "Dome." the "Bouquet," the "Sheaf of Wheat," and the "Weeping Willow." A similar display in Union Square, then called Union Park, was a w^eeping willow of crystal drops illuminated with fire- works that kindled the cloud of mist until it resembled showers of many colored gems. 1843. — A submarine telegraph connected New York with Fire Island and Coney Island. A patent for a sewing machine that made a lasting stitch was granted to a resident of the city. 1844. — An enormous immigration poured in from Ireland and other European countries, in consequence of famine and political disturbances. 1845. — A disastrous fire occurred, wliicli destroyed a large amount of property. 1846. — The first granite-block pavement was laid. 1847. — The first successful type-revolving press was made by a resident of the city. The Board of Education took action in reference to the es- tablishment of a Free Academy. This was the first institution, maintained at the public expense, by which the pupils of the OUEATER NEW YORK 249 Kew York schools could secure the advantages of those higlier departnieiits of learning, usually obtained at great expense in the colleges. 1848. — The first Electric Telegraph Service was inaugurated. 1849. — The *' Astor Place Riot " occurred. The New York Press Association was formed. The phenomenon of spirit-rapping caused much excitement. 1850. — P. T. Barnum introduced Jenny Lind to an enraptured audience. An Arctic expedition sailed from New York in search of Franklin. The American Bible Union was organized. 1851. — Kossuth, the Hungarian patriot, visited the city and re- ceived an enthusiastic welcome. The New York Times appeared. 1853. — An International World's Fair was held in the Crystal Pal- ace. The New York Clearing-House was organized by fifty-two of the city banks. 1854. — The Astor Library was opened to the public. 1855, — Castle Garden was utilized as a receiving-depot for immi- grants. The ground for Central Park was selected by commissioners appointed by the Supreme Court. 1857. — An unsuccessful attempt to lay the Atlantic Cable was made, the wire parting when but three hundred and thirty-four miles had been paid out. 1858. — The successful laying of the Atlantic Cable was announced, and celebrated by public demonstration. Crystal Palace was burned. The voice of Adelina Patti was heard for the first time in public. The cantatrice had not then attained her seven- teenth year. 1860. — The secession of South Carolina caused much consternation in business circles. The Prince of Wales and his suit were welcomed with elab- orate ceremony. The Japanese Embassy visited the city. \ 250 ohmater new york. 1861. — Central Park was opened to the public. The banks having loaned enormous sums of money to the Government, suspended specie payments, after the attack upon Fort Sumter. 1863. — A draft in progress in the Ninth District, caused a riot among foreign laborers, who attacked the recruiting office, destroyed the wheel, scattered the lists, and set the building on fire. As the militia had been sent to Philadelphia to re- sist a Confederate invasion, the police were unaided, and could not surpress the demonstration for several days. One hundred persons were killed, and a large amount of property was destroyed. 1865. — News of the surrender of General Lee and the Confederate Army caused great rejoicing. Banners streamed in the wind, the national colors were displayed in great profusion, sweet bells chimed the airs of peace, the sound of cannon rolled over the water of the rivers and the bay, and the atmosphere was filled with the general gladness and mirth of the people. One week from the time when peace was restored to the country, the body of President Lincoln was laid in state in the City Hall, the " Savior of his Coiuitry " having been shot by an assassin wliile in his box at the theatre in Washington. The tri-colored decorations of the city were at once exchanged for the sombre hues of woe. 1867. — In January, five thousand persons crossed over a bridge of ice that had formed in the East River between New York and Brooklyn. A short experimental section of tlie Ninth Avenue Elevated Railroad was opened for travel. 1869. — The American Museum of Natural History was incorpo- rated. The Telegraph Messenger Service was organized. 1870. — The Metropolitan Museum of Art received its charter. 1872. — A committee of seventy was appointed to investigate the ex- tent of the depredations made by Tweed and his " Ring," and to bring those criminals to justice. 1873. — The business interests of the city were paralyzed by a panic of unusual severity. GREATER NEW YORK. 251 Morrisania, West Farms and Kingsbridge, three villages that covered an area nearly doubling that of the city, were an- nexed. The city charter was amended, and many important modi- fications were made on previous enactments. 1875. — Fourth Avenue was improved at a cost of six millions of dollars, an expense shared equally by the city and the New York Central Railroad Company. 1876. — The one hundredth anniversary of the signing of the Decla- ration of Independence, celebrated by a World's Fair at Phila- delphia, brought many visitors to the city. Exhibitions of loaned paintings, held in the Academy of Design and the Met- ropolitan IVluseum of Art during the summer season, made the year a memorable one to the lovers of fine art. Hell Gate channel was opened. 1878. — The streets were lighted by electric arclamps. 1879. — The Central-Station Telephone service was put in opera- tion. 1880. — Four elevated railroad lines were completed, and in opera- tion. 1881.— The city, with the nation, was called to mourn the death of President Garfield, who was assassinated in Washington by an insane person. The current was first turned on for the Incadescent Lamp Service. Four hundred and forty-four newspapers and periodicals were published. 1883. — East River Bridge was opened to tlie public. The statue of Washington, now standing upon the steps of the Sub-Treasury Building in Wall Street, was presented to the United States Government by the New Chamber of Com- merce, on the occasion of the one hundredth anniversary of the British evacuation of New York. 1888. — The city was visited by a storm of wind and snow that for several days shut off almost all communication with the sur- rounding country, and resulted in much suffering and many deaths, 1889. — An elaborate pageant, commemorating the first inaugura- 252 OREATEB NEW YORK. tion of a President of the United States, arrayed New York in holiday attire, and provided for its citizens three days of patriotic display and memorable pleasure. 1890. — The Legislature created by special act a commission of eleven men to inquire into the expedienc}^ of consolidating into one great municipality the City of New York and various towns containing its suburbs. An enumeration made by the police, under the unanimous resolution of the Common Council, showed the population of New York city in 1890 to have been 1,770,715. The credit obtained by the city was illustrated by an achieve ment never before reached in the history of municipal finance, bonds bearing interest at two and one-half per cent, having been sold in the open market at a premium of one and one- eighth per cent. A "strike" by the engineers of the New York Central Railroad cl()sed transportation over that route for several days. 1891. — A Cable Railroad was laid from the Battery to Central Park. Fifth Avenue Theatre burned. Edwin Bootli played "Hamlet" in Brooklyn, and bade farewell to the stage forever. Ground broken for the Grant Monument. Beecher Statue unveiled in Brooklyn. Memorial meeting in honor of Parnell. Attempt to assassinate Russell Sage. 1892.— Hotel Royal burned. Great loss of life. Rev. Dr. Chas. H. Parkhurst opens his crusade against vice and blackmail — the crusade which produced the Lexow inves- tigation and the revolutionizing of the city government. Corner-stone of the Grant Monument laid by President Har- rison, Actor's Fund Fair opened in Madison Square Garden. Mass-meeting held to endorse Dr. Parkhurst 's Crusade. Cyrus W. Field died. Metropolitan Opera House almost destroyed by fire. Twenty days quarantine against cholera proclaimed. Great Italian Demonstration in celebration of the twenty- first anniversary of United Italy. GREATER NEW YORK. 253 Celebrations of Discovery of America (Military Pageant, October 12th). Death of Jay Gould. Corner-stone of Protestant Episcopal Cathedral of St. John the Divine laid with imposing ceremonies. 1893. — Governor Flower signed bill authorizing the purchase of Fire Island for quarantine purposes. Public honors to the Duke of Veragua, descendant of Chris- topher Columbus. International Naval Parade in honor of Columbus. Columbian Street Parade. Princess Eulalie, representing Spanish Government, received with honors. Peary Relief Expedition sails from New York. Collision on New York and Rockaway Beach Railroad ; sixteen persons killed, fifty injured. International Yacht Races off New York. American Vig- ilant defeats British Valkyrie. Statue of Nathan Hale unveiled in City Hall Park by the Sons of the American Revolution. 1894. — Greater New York Bill (submitting the question to popular vote) signed by the Governor. Dr. Talmage's Tabernacle in Brooklyn totally destroyed by fire. New York and New Jersey Bridge Bill signed by President Cleveland. Tugboat NicJiol foundered off Sandy Hook. Forty-two lives lost. 1895. — Beginning of great Trolley Strike in Brooklyn, which led to the calling out of 8,000 State Troops to preserve order. Miss Anna Gould married to Count Ernest Castellane. Harlem Ship Canal opened with ceremonies. Fire, Broadway and Bleecker Street. Loss $1,000,000. Miss Consuelo Vanderbilt married to the Duke of Marl- borough in St. Thomas' Church. Loving cup presented at Garden Theatre, to Joseph Jeffer- son by his fellow actors. 1896. — A bill was introduced in the legislature providing for the 254 GREATER NEW YORK. cousolidation of the coimties of New York, Kings and Rich- mond, and a part of Queens. The governor approved the bill on May 11th, and it became a lavr. 1897. — The Greater New York charter was adopted by the legis- lature. The Grant Monumental Tomb was on April 27th transferred to the city of New York and dedicated. 12^ 5i<^2-,* ^■' '^ynA^^^ y^nMjg^''^ "- «» 'S^'^ y /t^ ^.^..c^O 0..^^.,.,.^ GENERAL HISTORY— SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT. The appearance, customs, and manners of the people who oc- cupied JVIanhattan Island before the coming of the white settlers were so distinct from those of other nations known to the civilized world, and their individual character had so little in common with the more restrained and law-abiding Europeans, that they were classed among those wild and lawless races who, it was supposed, had few of the affections and higher emotions of humanity. Later experience, however, has shown that under the advantages of education and moral culture the American Indian is capable of high attainments in all that distinguishes the best traits of human character. The huts or wigwams of these Aborigines were made of two rows of upright saplings, with the branches brought together at the top. Upon this frame-work a lathing of boughs was fastened, and the inside was nicely covered by strips of bark that afforded a good protection from wind and rain. The ground was the only flooring these habitations contained, and on this fires were kindled, the smoke escaping through an aperture in the roof. The width of the wigwams was always twenty feet, the length varied according to the number of persons that they were designed to accommodate. Sometimes twenty or thirty families occupied the same apartment, each retaining an allotted space. In time of war a fence or stock- ade, from ten to fifteen feet in height, protected the villages. The Manhattan Indians are described as having been tall, small at the waist, with black or dark-brown eyes, snow-white teeth and cinnamon-colored skins. They were active and sprightly, though probabl}^ of less average strength than Europeans of the same size. While eating they sat upon the ground, taking the food with their fingers. In their dress they were fond of display, both sexes in- dulging in this taste to an extravagant degree. Some of the highly- 255 256 GREATER NEW YORK. ornamented petticoats of the women were sold to the early settlers for eighty dollars. The men w^ore upon their shoulders a mantle of deer-skin, with the fur next to their bodies, the outside of the garment exhibiting a variety of painted designs. Sometimes these queer people decorated themselves with many colors. In "full paint " they were both grotesque and frightful. The procurement of food, which consisted of nuts, fruit, fish, and game, was the usual employment in time of peace. The bow and arrow were the implements used in hunting. It is said that the Indian boys at- tained great skill with these weapons. This singular expertness was a wonder to the wliite settlers, who sometimes excited emula- tion among tliem by tossing up a purse of money to be claimed by whoever could hit it in the air. After death the Indians were placed sitting in graves that were lined with boughs and covered with stones and earth. By their side were deposited cooking utensils, money, and food, in order that the spirit might want for nothing on its journey to the * ' Happy Hunting Grounds." The original name for the ]\Ianliattan Island was Monaton, a word descriptive of the whirlpool at Hell Gate — the most striking geographical feature of the region — and the appellation by which the earliest inhabitants designated themselves was "Mon-a-tuns," or "People of the Whirlpool." Manhattan is the Anglicized term. FROM 1613 TO 1664. Some of the early settlers adopted the bark cabins of the savages while others dwelt temporarily in roofed cellars. After a saw-mill had been built near a stream tliat emptied into the East River, op- posite Blackwell's Island, these pioneers constructed one-story log dwellings, the roofs of which were thatched with straw, and the chimneys made of wood. The windows admitted light through oiled paper. As the little town of New Amsterdam increased in size, its habi- tations assumed a more substantial and comfortable aspect, tiles, shingles, and even brick, were used for the most elaborate res- idences. The houses were built in the Low Dutch style, with the gable ends toward the street, the tops indented like stairs, the roofs GREATER NEW YORK. 257 surmounted by a weathercock, and the walls clamped with iron designed in the form of letters (usually the initials of the proprie- tor's name), and in figures indicating the year when the building was erected. Every house was surrounded with a garden in which both flowers and vegetables were cultivated. Cows and swine were abundant, but horses were very rare. Inside, the floors were strewn with clean sand. Cupboards and chests that held the pew- ter plate, or household linen, were the main ornaments of the best room, and as wealth increased, some of these displayed china tea- sets and pieces of solid silver. According to Lossing : " Clocks and watches were almost un- known, and time was measured by sun-dials and hour-glasses. The habits of the people were so regular that they did not need clocks and watches. At nine o'clock they all said their prayers and went to bed. They arose at cock-crowing, and breakfasted before sunrise. Dinner-parties were unknown, but tea-parties were fre- quent. These ended, the participants went home in time to attend to the milking of the cows. In every house were spinning-wheels, and it was the pride of every family to have an ample supply of home-made linen and woolen cloth. The women spun and wove and were steadily employed. Nobody was idle. Nobody was anxious to get rich while all practised thrift and frugality. Books were. rare luxuries, and in most houses the Bible and prayer-book constituted the stock of literature. The weekly discourses of the clergyman satisfied their intellectual wants, while their own hands, industriously employed, furnished all their physical necessities. Knitting and spinning held the place of whist and music in these "degenerate days," and utility was as plainly stamped upon all their labors and pleasures as is the maker's name on our silver spoons. These were the "good old days" of simplicity, compar- ative innocence, and positive ignorance, when the "commonalty" no more suspected the earth of the caper of turning over like a ball of yarn every day than Stuy vesant did the Puritans of candor and honesty. " Most of the streets were paved to the width of ten feet from the fronts of the houses, the middle space containing public wells, and being left without pavement for the more easy absorption of water. Brick pathways, called " strookes, " were laid in place of 258 GREATER NEW YORK. sidewalks. Public markets were quite numerous, the supply hav- ing been received from the fertile section of country on the north- ern portion of the Island, where the farmers located a village called New Harlem. The road i'^ this settlement was little more than an Indian trail leading through the woods, and became im- passable in many seasons. As to the character of these founders of the city of New York, they were deliberate, but determined. ]\Iuch time was spent in examining every project before it was ventured upon, but when once undertaken it was carried out with a spirit of force and per- sistence to which later generations are deeply indebted. With regard to the people of Holland, Mrs. Martha Lamb, in her "History of New York," asserts : "In no country were the domestic and social ties of life discliarged with greater preci- sion. It matters not that chroniclers have made^ the Dutch subjects of unmerited depreciation. It has been stated that they were char- acterized only by slowness ; and that the land was barren of inven- tion, progress or ideas. The seeds of error and prejudice thus sown bear little fruit after the reading of a few chapters of genu- ine contemporary personal description. As a rule, the Hollanders were not inclined to take the initiative in trade or politics, and were distinguished for solidity rather than brilliancy ; but it is ab- surd to say they were unequal to the origination of any new thing. AYe find among them many of the most illustrious men of modern Europe — politicians, warriors, scholars, artists and divines. Wealth Avas widely diffused ; learning was held in high respect ; and elo- quence, courage and public spirit were characteristic of the race. For nearly a century after the Dutch Republic took its place among independent nations, it swayed the balance of European politics ; and the acumen and culture of the leading statesmen elicited universal deference and admiration. For an index to the private life of the upper classes, we need to take a peep into the richly-furnished apartments of their stately mansions, or walk through their summer-houses and choice conservatories and famous picture galleries. As for the peasantry, they were neat to a fault, and industrious as well as frugal." It will not be amiss in this connection to quote from the his- torian, Broadhead, who says about the women of Holland : " The GREATER NEW YORK. 259 purity of morals and decorum of manners, for which the Dutch have ever been conspicuous, may be most justly ascribed to the liappy influence of their women, who mingled in all the active af- fairs of life, and were consulted with deferential respect. They loved their homes and their firesides, but they loved their country more. Through all their toils and struggles, the calm forti- tude of the men of Holland was nobly encouraged and sustained by the earnest and undaunted spirit of their mothers and wives. And the empire which the female sex obtained was no greater than that which their beauty, good sense, virtue and devotion entitled them to hold." FROM 1664 TO 1776. The advent of the British brought about many beneficial changes in the social life of the Island. Not only were English habits incorporated into the less ambitious character of tlie Dutch inhabitants, but the settlement of many Huguenot families of dis- tinction aided materially to produce an atmosphere of culture. Ir- repressible social, political and religious forces were sweeping over the great nations of Europe, and imbuing the immigrants who sought our shores with a spirit which was to work out undreamed- of results. Founded upon Dutch stubbornness, integrity and practicality— supplemented by English inflexibility, sagacity and commercial prosperity, and adorned by French refinement and vivacity— it is no wonder that later generations arose to promi- nence, acquired the independence of character that could success- fully resist oppression, and developed the ability to aid in founding and maintaining a new and marvelously prosperous nation. As early as 1668 a social club, composed of the best Dutch, English and French families, was established. Meetings were held twice every week at the different houses, the members coming together about 6, and separating at 9 o'clock in the evening. The English governors and their suites held elaborate court, observing on all occasions the strictest etiquette sanctioned by foreign custom. Chroniclers love to dwell on this period of colonial history, in which the grand dames and lordly gentlemen appear in bold relief, not only because they were so few, but also for the reason that they were of the brightest and best that the earth afforded. 260 OREATER KEW YORK. Quite a number of these personages brought with them consid- erable wealth, so that their residences became somewhat palatial, and adorned with furniture and works of art imported from Europe. Silver and gold plate, elaborate table service and profuse entertainment made New York hospitality famous even in European circles. Many families retired to country homes, where they lived in quiet but elegant simplicity, cultivating their farms, and entertaining with delightful courtesy their visitors from the city or from European countries. The manners and customs of the less favored class of citizens were marked by industry, sobriety and economy. At their festi- vals children and negroes were permitted the enjoyment of unre- strained mirth. Sunday gowns were removed as soon as their own- ers returned from church, and consequently were kept in a state of preservation which made it possible to hand tliem down as heir- looms. Cocked hats were treated with the same deferential regard. To illustrate the extreme simplicity of habit which prevailed among the people of this generation, it is only necessary to add that the Rev. Dr. Laidlie preached "right lustily against the lux- urious abominations of suppers of chocolate and bread that kept the families till 9 o'clock at night." This same preacher was the first divine who introduced the "outlandish practice of deliver- ing his sermon in English." The laws at this period were few, but rigorously enforced. A ride on a great wooden horse was the most common punishment. Every man pleaded his own cause, or, what was more common, said little and let it take its own course. The only long speech on record is that of a certain pettifogger, who, in pleading for the right of geese to swim in the pond at the head of " Nieuw " Street, did "incontinently cause his client to be non-suited, by tiring Ids worship's patience to such a degree that he fell into a deep sleep and slept out the remainder of the term." The customs and dress of the period immediately preceding the Revolution are best described by Mrs. Lamb, as follows: "Show and glitter marked the distinctions in society. Dress was one of the signs and symbols of a gentleman ; classical lore and ruffled shirts were inseparable. It was the habit of the community to take off its hat to the gentry; and there was no mistaking them where- OitBAfER NEW TORE. 261 ever they moved. Servants were always in livery, which in many instances was gorgeous in the extreme. Gentlemen appeared in the streets in velvet or satin coats, with white embroidered vests of rare beauty, small clothes and gorgeously resplendent buckles, and their heads crowned witli powdered wigs and cocked hats. A lady's toilet w\as equally astounding; the court hoop was in vogue, brocaded silks of brilliant colors, and a- mountain of powdered hair surmounted with flowers or feathers. Although it is a fact worthy of remembrance that servants were servants in those days, and never assumed to copy or excel their mistresses in the style and costliness of their attire, the democratic hammer already sus- pended over the doomed city was to subdue the taste and change the whole aspect of the empire of fashion." At the time of the war, " Washington's guard wore blue coats faced with buff, red waistcoats, buckskin breeches, black felt hats bound with white tape, and bayonet and body belts of white. Hunting shirts — * the martial aversion of the red-coat ' — with breeches of same; with cloth gaiter- fashion about the legs, were seen on every side, and being convenient garments for a campaign- ing country, were soon adopted by the British themselves. This was the origin of the modern trouser or pantaloon." FROM 1783 TO THE PRESENT TIME. After the evacuation of the British and the restoration of peace, the city occupied itself incessantly with the work of reconstruction. During the residence of the chief executive the same punctilious ceremony was observed that had marked the English occupancy. The staid Knickerbocker element also dominated sufficiently to hold in check many tendencies that grew with marvelous rapidity under the stimulus of newly acquired independence and the fric- tion of a cosmopolitan life. There is little to relate of special mannerism from this time. The increase of population differentiated social life into circles, each of which preserved its special code, and this tendency has of course increased until the present time, when innumerable cliques separ- ate society, or draw together those whose temperaments and ocoa- pations make the-m congenial to each other. 262 GREATER NEW TORE. The commercial development of the metropolis during the pre- sent century is a subject upon which volumes might be written and the half not told ; indeed, the history of this period contains little else, although educational institutions have kept pace with the phenomenal prosperty. Efforts to encourage scholarship have been many and well founded; the patronage of art has been liberal, has advanced steadily, and tends permanently to elevate the public taste. DUTCH DWELLINGS IN NEW AMSTERDAM. THE GREATER NEW YORK. The Greater New York includes the County of Kings, the County of Riclimond (Staten Island), Long Island City, the towns of Newtown, Flushing and Jamaica, and that part of the town of Hempstead in the County of Queens which is westerly of a straight line drawn from the southeasterly point of the town of Flushing through the middle of the channel between Rockaway Beach and Shelter Island in the County of Queens to the Atlantic Ocean, as well as old New York which had been enlarged in 1873 by the addition of Morrisania, West Farms and Kings Bridge, and in 1895 by the annexation of West Chester, East Chester, Pelham and City Island, all parts of Westchester County. The population of Greater New York is about 3,400,000. This is larger than that of any other city in the world except London which has 5,600,000. Paris which ranks third has 2,400,000. The water front of Greater New York is 353 miles, most of it within New York Harbor. No large city on earth has anything like the facilities for accommo- dating commerce that this water front affords. Tlie assessed val- uation of the real estate in the consolidated city is about $3,153,- 000,000 (assessed at sixty- three per cent.), and its bonded debt ap- proximately 1220,000,000. Andrew H, Green, who was the President of the Municipal Con- solidation Inquiry Commission created by the Legislature in 1890, has often been called the Father of the Greater New York. The bill submitting the matter to public ballot in the section affected was signed by the Governor in 1894, and the vote was taken in November of that year. The result was favorable to the project, save in West Chester, the City of JSEount Vernon, and the town of Flushing, No action was taken by the Legislature of 1895, but in 1896 the law makers, after having the subject further investigated by a joint committee, passed a statute declaring the territory con- solidated, but leaving municipal governments as they were till a 263 264 GREATER NEW YORK. charter commission shonkl have framed and the Legislature should have enacted, a charter for the whole territory. This law pre- vailed over the veto of the Mayor of New York, and the veto of the Mayor of Brooklyn. Seth Low, Benj. F. Tracy, John F. Dillon, Thomas F. Gilroy, Stewart L. Woodford, Silas B. Dutcher, William C.DeWitt, George M.Piuney, Jr., and Garrett J. Garretsou were appointed commissioners hy Gov. Morton. Their colleagues, named in the bill, were Andrew IL Green, State Engineer Camp- bell W. Adams, Attorney-General Theodore E. Hancock, Mayor William L. Strong of New York, Mayor Frederick W. Wurster of Brooklyn, and Mayor Patrick J. Gleason of Long Island City. These fifteen men framed the charter which was adopted by the Legislature, with some important changes. The charter was vetoed by Mayor Strong, but was signed by Mayor Wurster and Mayor Gleason. It was repassed over Strong's veto, and became a law by the signature of Governor Black. The law makes the City of New York the successor corporation of all municipal and public corporations within the territory named above, inheriting all their debts and obligations, all their funds, and all their public buildings. An exception is made of the court- house and county buildings of Queens County, because all of Queens is not annexed to New York, although these buildings are in the section that is annexed. For governmental purposes Greater New York is subdivided into boroughs as follows : The Borough of Manhattan. — All that portion of the city known as Manhattan Island, Nuttin or Governor's Island, Bedloe's Island, Bucking or Ellis Island, the Oyster Islands, and Black- well's, Randall's, and AVard's islands in the East or Harlem rivers. The Borough of the Bronx. — All that portion of the city ly- ing northerly or easterly of the Borough of Manhattan, between the Hudson River and the East River or Long Island Sound, in- cluding the several islands belonging to the old city of New York. The Borough of Brooklyn.— All the territory in the city of Brooklyn before consolidation (all Kings County). The Borough of Richmond. — Staten Island. The Borough op Queens. — All the territory of Queens County included in the Greater New York, as above outlined. GREATER NEW YORK. 265 The Mayor of the City is elected in 1897, and every four years thereafter, and is removable by the Governor of the State after a hearing. He has a qualified veto on all acts of what is known as the Municipal Assembly, and appoints all heads of Departments. These Heads of Departments he may remove at will durini!^ the first six months of his term, but after that only with the written approval of the Governor of the State, and after a hearing. The Mayor gets a salary of $15,000 a year. He is ineligible for a sec- ond term. In the system adopted his position corresponds to that of the President of the United States. The Municipal Assembly has two branches corresponding to the Senate and House in the Federal System. Tiie Council is made up of twenty-nine members. One of these is the president. He is elected on a general ticket by voters of the whole city. The others are sent by districts out- lined in the law. There are ten of these, and each elects three Councilmen, with two exceptions, the district made up of the Bor- ough of Queens, and tlie district made up of the Borough of Rich- mond. These have two representatives each. The Councilmen get $1,500 a year salary each. The president gets |5,000. The Council corresponds to the United States Senate. Every ex-mayor of New York is entitled to a seat in the Council, but not to a vote. The President is Vice-Mayor. The Board of Aldermen elected in 1897, and every two years thereafter, corresponds to the House of Representatives. It has one member from each Assembly Dis- trict, and each member draws a salary of $1,000 a year. This Board elects its own presiding officer. All ordinances or resolutions to become effective must be passed by a majority vote of each, house. In acts effecting the expendi- ture of money, the creation of debt, the laying of an assessment, or the grant of a franchise, the vote must be three-fourths of each house. If the Ma3"or disapproves of any act, it may be passed over his veto. In tiie matters above specified a repassage demands five-sixths of all votes in each house. All other measures may be repassed by two-thirds, as under the Constitution of the United States. It is perhaps hardly necessary to outline here the jiowers granted to the Municipal Assembly, since these powers fixed by one Leg- islature may be changed or revoked by any future Legislature." It 266 GREATER NEW YORK. is enough to say on tliis point that the purpose of tlie law is to leave a large degree of self-government to the people of the great city. The Administrative Departments under the Mayor, as before ex- plained, are as follows : Department of Finance. Law Department. Police Department. The Board of Public Improvements, with the Department of Water Supply. Department of Highways, Department of Street Cleaning, Department of Sewers, Department of Public Buildings, Lighting and Supplies, and Department of Bridges, represented therein. Department of Parks. Department of Buildings. Department of Public Charities. Department of Correction. Fire Department. Department of Docks and Ferries. Department of Taxes and Assessments. Department of Education. Department of Health. The single exception to the Mayor's power of appointment and removal is the Comptroller, the head of the Department of Finance, who is elected by the people of the whole city for four years and receives $10,000 per year. The Corporation Counsel is the head of the Law Department ; his salary is $15,000 a year. There are four Police Commissioners. " No more than two of said commis- sioners shall, when either of them is appointed, belong to the same political party, or be of the same political opinion on State and National politics." The salary of each Commissioner is $5,000 per year. The Police forces of all the municipal corporations of the territory consolidated, are incorporated into the New York force. The Police Board is made bi-partisan, because it has control of all the detail management of elections. The Board of Public Improve- ments consists of the President (appointed by the Maj^or, salary $8,000) the Mayor, the Corporation Counsel, the Comptroller, the Commissioner of Water Supply (salary $7,500), the Commissioner GREATER NEW YORK. 267 of Highways (salary $7,500), the Commissiouer of Street Cleaning (salary $7,500), the^ Commissiouer of Sewers (salary $7,500), the Commissioner of Public Buildings, Lighting and Supplies (salary $7,500), the Commissioner of Bridges (salary $7,500, having entire control of the Brooklyn Bridge), and the Presidents of the several Boroughs, by virture of their respective offices. The Mayor, the Corporation Counsel, the Comptroller, and the Presidents of the several boroughs are not to be counted as members of the Board for the purpose of ascertaining if a quorum be present. No Presi- dent of a Borough has a vote in the Board except upon matters re- lating exclusively to the Borough of which he is President. Three Commissioners, at a salary of $5,000 per year each, con- trol the Park Department. The Buildings Board, also has three members, one supervising the Boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx, another the Borough of Brooklyn, and a third the Boroughs of Queens and Richmond. The first two get $7,000 a year each ; the last, $3,500. The Board of Public Charities has three mem- bers, one for Manhattan and the Bronx (salary $7,500), one for Brooklyn and Queens (salary $7,500), and one for Richmond (salary $2,500). The Department of Correction is single-headed, and the Commissioner's salary is $7,500 a year. The Fire Department is also single-headed. The salary of the Commissioner is $7,500 per year. The fire forces of all departments existing in the consoli- dated territory before consolidation are incorporated into the New York Force. The Department of Docks and Ferries has three Commissioners. Its President has a salary of $6,000 a year, the other members $5,000. The Department of Taxes and Assess- ments has a board of five Commissioners. Its President has a sal- ary of $8,000 per year ; its other members get $7,000 each. The Department of Education has a mixed organization. The Boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx together have a school Board of twenty-one members ; the Borough of Brooklyn has one of forty-five members, the Borough of Queens has one of nine mem- bers, and the Borough of Richmond has one of nine members. These all serve without compensation as do the members of the general "Board of Education," nineteen in number; ten elected by the Manhattan-Bronx Borough Board ; five elected by the Brooklyn Borough Board ; and the four Presidents of the Borough Boards 268 GREATER NEW YORK. as above outlined. There is a general Superintendent elected by the Board of Education, and Borough Superintendents elected by the Borough Boards. A Board of Examiners grants all teachers' certificates and furnishes an eligible list to the Borough Boards which select teachers from that list on the recommendation of the Borough superintendents. The Department of Health has a Con- trolling Board, consisting of the President of the Board of Police, the Health Officer of the Port, and three officers called Commis- sioners of Health, appointed by the Mayor. The President of this Board gets $7,500 per year, and the other members $6,000 each. There is a Civil Service Commission of three or more members to be appointed by the Mayor and to serve without salaries. A Bureau of Municipal Statistics is provided for with a chief to re- ceive a salary of $3,500 per year. A City Chamberlain serves for four years at a salary of $12,000 per annum, and has to give bonds for $300,000. The Sinking Fund Commission consists of the Mayor, the Comptroller, the Chamberlain, the President of the Council, and the Chairman of the Finance Committee of the Board of Alderman. The Board of Estimate and Apportionment, which fixes the annual tax budget, is made up of the Mayor, the Corpora- tion Council, the Comptroller, the President of the Council, and the President of the Department of Taxes and Assessments. The charter completely reorganizes the local courts of inferior jurisdiction. Seven additional justices are to be appointed by the Mayor. The document as a whole is regarded as a work reflecting credit upom its framers. It is experimental in some of its features, particularly in adopting the bicameral system for a municipal legis- lature. [THE END.] INDEX PAGE. Ae-ademv of Desi<:cn 111-113 Ac-iuU'mv of Music 98, 195 " After the Hunt '' (Harnett) ... 73 Alilrich Court 29 All Souls' Episcopal Church 137 All Souls' Unitarian Church.... 128 Altnian's 108 American Art As.sociation 114 American Bible Society 92 American Institute Hall 138 American Occupation 14 American Theatre . . 125 American Tract Society Build- ing 59 American Yacht Club Hou.se... 150 Amsterdam Fort 11 Appleton & Co 107 Apthorpe Mansion (Demolished^ 164, 169 Aquarium 18 Archbishop's Palace 136 Ariiiv Building (U.S.) 21 Ani(')ld (Benedict) 28 Arnold. Constable & Co 121 Asbury M. E. Church 69 " Ascension of Christ " (La Farge) 157 Assay Ollice 37 Aslor Building 36 Astor Library 8:3, 85, 152 Astor Place Opera House 87 Astor Residences 143, 153 Astoria Hotel . . 156 Atlantic Basin 229 Atlantic Cable (Demonstration) 152 Audubon's Home 168 Audubon Park 168 Avery Art Gallery 123 Baker, Taylor & Co 107 Bank of Commerce 47 Baptist Home 138 Bar-e ( )mce 19, 36, 202, 206, 207 Barnard College 135 Barnunrs Ann Street Museum. . 51 Barnum's Hippodrome 116 Bartholdi, or Liberty Statue.. . . 202 Battery 202 Battery Ferries 19 PAGE. Battery Functions 12, 21 Battle Pass (Scene of Battle of Long Island) 231 Bay Shore Drive 232 Bedloe's Island 202 Beecher's Church 226 Beecher's Statue 228 Beekman Mansion (where Na- than Hale was Tried) 136 Beethoven Bust 231 Bell (Gift of Col. Abr. De Pev- ster) " . 43 Belmont Mansion 1.57 Belvedere (Central Park) 190 Bellevue Hospital 110, 218 Berkeley Lyceum 151 Beth-El'Temple 139 Bethesda Fountain (Central Park) 184 Bible House 91 Bible Society 86 BlackwelFs Island 219 Block Hou.ses 11, 193 Blodgett Collection (Metropoli- tan Museum) ... 198 Bloomingdale Insane Asylum.. 165, 193 B'nai Jeshuron Temple 137 Board of Education Building 64 Bolivar Statue (Equestrian) 191 Bonds (First Issue by New Am- sterdam ) 216 Booth's Old Theatre 121 Boreel Building 41 Botanical Gardens 175 Bowery 81 Bowery (Origin of Name) 82 Bowery Branch Y. M. C. A 82 Bowery Theatre (Thalia) 82 Bowling Green 12, 21, 23 Bowling Green Building 21 Brick Church 59,154 Bridewell 57 Brighton Beach 234 British Breastworks 192 British Landing Place (1776) .... 219 British Occupation 14 British Prison House 43 Brentano's 105 270 INDEX. PAGE Bridge (N. Y. C. R. R.) 171 Broadway 63 Broadway (Union Square to Twenty-tliird Street) 107 Broadway Tabernacle 123 Brooklyn 225 Brooklyn Bridge Gl, 217, 225 Brooklyn Institute 232 Bronx Park 175 Bryant Park 152 '•Bucking Island" (Ellis Island) 206 Barns' Coffee House 41 Burns' Statue (Robert Burns). . 183 Burr's Old Residence 66 Burr's Marriage 168 Butterick Pattern House 102 Cab and Coach Hire 162 Canal Street (Origin oi" Name).. 64 Carnegie Music Hall 126 Casino 124, 125 Casino (Central Park) 186 Castle Garden 16, 18 Castle William (Fort) 210, 211 Cathedral (St. John the Divine) 165 Cathedral (St. Patrick's) 147 Catholic Orphan Asylum... 136, 147 Central National Bank Building 64 Central Park 180 Central Park (Cost) ISO Central Park (Fund) 181 Central Park (Area) 182 Central Park (Main Entrance). . 182 Central Police Station 66 Century Club House 151 Chamber of Commerce 21 Chapin Home 138 Charter Synopsis 263-268 Chatham Square 75, 76 Cherry Street (Old Mansion).. . . 60 Chickering Hall 157 Children's Shelter 183 Cholera Scourge 57 '■ Choosmg the Bride " (Paint- ing) 107 Chronological Sketch 2:35-254 Ciiurch Mission House Ill Cnurch of the Ascension 157 Cnurch of the Diyine Paternity 1.50 Church of the Heavenly Rest.'. 150 Church of the Messiah KiO Circle (Central Park) 162 City Departments 263-268 City Hall, Brooklyn 228, 229 City Hall, No. 2 38 CitV Hall, No. 3 (Present Struc- ture) 38 City Hall Park M City Hos|>ital (1775) 56 City Island 223 (JIaremont 176 e'laremont Heights 176 PAGE. Clearing-House 44 Clinton (De Witt) 16, 75, 87 Clinton Hall 87 Coal and Iron Exchange 48 Cob Dock 227 Coenties Slip (Jeannette Park). 216 Corlears Hook 217 Coif ee Exchange 40 Collect Pond 79 College of Social Economics. .99, 101 College of the City of New York 110 Collegiate Church Corporation. ;30 Collegiate Dutch Reformed So- ciety 148, 156 Columbia College 54, 87 Columbia Restaurant 106 Columbia University (History) 113, 133, lai Columbia University Medical Department 1;J5 Columbus Monument 201 "Commercial Advertiser" Build- ing 59 Commercial Cable Building. 40 Commissioners of Charities Building 81,222 Conkling Statue 118 Consolidated Stock and Petro- leum Exchange 29 Cooper Residence 110 Cooper Union (Location). ...... 88 Cooper Union Library, etc. ... 89 Cooper Union Art and Technical Schools 91 Cooper Union Assembly Rooms. 91 Contoit's Garden 64 Coney Island 231-234 Constable Building. 107 Cotton Exchange 26 Court House 56 Court House (Brooklyn) 228, 229 Cortlandt Street Ferry 212 Cox Stat ue (S. S. Cox) 88 Crystal Palace 152 Custom House 30 Cycle Path (Brooklyn) 231 Dairy Kitchen 106 Dakota Flats 163 Daly's Theatre V2A Daniell's Store 67 David's Island 223 Deaf Mutes' Asylum 138 Decker Building 105 Delmonico's 119, 157 Delmonico's (Down Town) 211 Democratic C;iub House 148 Depew's Home 147 Di Cesnola Collection (Metro- politan Museum) 199 Dodd, Mead & Co 107 Dodge Statue (Wm E. Dodge). . 124 INDEX. 271 PAGE. Dicxel Bulldinpr 80 Dry Goods and Dept. Stores 67 Dunn (Farmer Dunn) 30 Dutch Occupation 11 Dutlon's 114 " Eaj,'le " Building (Brooklyn). . . 229 Eden Musee 122 Ehrich Bros 103 Ellis Island 18,206 Equitable Building 42 Erics.son Statue 21 Erie Basin (Brooklyn) 229 Erie Canal Opening 16 Ethical Culture Society 126 " Evening Post '' Building 49 Farragut Monument 118 Federal Building (Brooklyn). . . . 229 Fifth Avenue, Tenth Street to Twenty-third Street 107 Fifth Avenue Hotel 119 Fifth Avenue Theatre 123 Fifth Avenue 140 Fifth Ave. Presbyterian Church 145 Fire Headquarters 138 First Presbyterian Church 157 Five Points 76 Five Points (House of Industry) 77 Five Points Mission (Paradise Park) 79 Fort Clinton (Castle Garden). . . 15 Fort Columbus 210 Fort Fish (Revolution) 193 Fort Gibson 206 Fort Hamilton 213 Fort Lafayette 213 Fort Wadsworth 213 Fort Washington (Revolution).. 194 Fort Wood 204 Fourth Ave. — University Square to Thirty-second Street 128 Flood Rock 221 Flower Mission 128 Flv Market (Origin of Name) ... 216 Forrest Macready Riot (1849) ... 87 Foundling Asylum 138 Fraunces' Tavern 21 Franklin Square 60, 61 Franklin Statue • 60 Franklin Station ("Staats Zei- tuiig" Building) 73 Freundschaft Club House . . .139 Friends' Meeting House Semin- ary 96 Fulton, Robert, Ferry-boat 212 Fulton Market 49 Fulton River Steamboat 215 Garibaldi Statue 69 General History 252-262 Geri-y Mansion 143 PAGE. Gillenden Building. . . . . , 41 Gilmore's Garden 116 Glen Island 223 Glen Island Trip 212 Globe Mutual Life Building 64 Goelet House 121 Golden Hill (Early History) 49 Gould Residence 150 Governor's Island 209 Governor's Room 56 Grace Church 70 Grace Memorial Home 72 Gramercy Park 109 Grand Central Station 130 Grand Street 82 Grange (Alexander Hamilton).. 166 Grant Monument (Description). 178 Grant Monument (Corner Stone Laying) 178 Grant Monument (Dedication).. 178 Grant Statue 232 Grant Tomb 176 Grant to the Duke of York 12 Greater New York 263-268 Greeley Statue 59 Greenwood Cemetery 230 Gubernatorial Mansion 14 Guernsey Building 42 Gutenberg Statue (" Staats Zei- tung " Building) 73 Hahnemann Hospital 138 Hamilton Monument (Central Park) 194 Hamilton Tomb 34 Hamilton Trees 166 Hale Statue (Nathan) 55 Hall of Records (Brooklvn). .228, 229 Halleck Statue (Fitz Greene). . . 184 Harlem Heights 192 Harlem Ship Canal 172 Harlem Speedway 173 Harper's Publishing House. .. . 60 Harper Residence 150 Hart's Island 223 Havemeyer Building 66 Hebrew Orphan Asylum 166 Hearn's Store 102 Hell Gate 220 " Herald " Building 51, 124 High Bridge 173-175 Holland Church 156 Holland House 156 Hotel Brunswick 157 Hotel Majestic 179 Hotel Savoy 143 Hoffman House 122 Hoffman House Art Gallery.. . . 123 Home Life Building 63 House of Refuge 222 Humboldt Statue 182 Huntington Mansion 145 Huyler's 121 272 INDEX. PAGE. '■ Iticlenburf; '■ 130 '•■Indian HiMiter " (Statue) 183 Indians Massacred (Cause of Revolt of Eleven Tribes) 218 Tinnii^rant Landm^ 206 Immigrants (Castle Garden and Ellis Island) 18 Immi^^ration Statistics 209 Iron Pier (Coney Island) 234 Iron Steamship Line 234 Irving- Bust (Prospect Park) 231 Irving'f^ Home 23 Irving Place 97 Irving Statue 152 Irvmg Place Theatre 97 Jeannette Park (Coenties Slip). 216 Jefferson Market 69 Johnson Building 40 Jo.ss House (Mott Street) 81 - Journal " (The N. Y.) 59 Judsoii Memorial 158 Jumel Mansion 168 Jumel Vault (Madam Jumel). . . 168 Kenned V House 28 Keppels (Art Gallery) 123 King's Farm 32 Kip's Bay 218 Kip's Bay Retreat (Revolution). 132 Knickerbocker Club House 156 Knickerbocker Inn 23 Knoedler (Art Gallery) 123 Knowlton's Death ((3ol. Knowl- ton, Revolution) 168 Lafayette Place 8:3 Lafayette Statue 102 Lake (Central Park) 186 Leake and Watt's Orphan Asy- lum 165 LeBoutillier's 114 Lenox Library 140 Lenox Lyceum 137 Lexington Avenue 110 Liberty Island 202 Liberty Statue 202 Life Building 156 Lincoln Statues 101,231 Lind (Jenny Lind's Debut) 18 " Little Church Around the Corner " 157 Little Hell Gate 223 Long Island City 219 Longmans, Green & Co 107 Lord's Court 40 Lord & Taylor 121 Lotos Club House 150 Lyceum Theat re 129 Macmillan & Co 107 Macy's Store 102 PAGE. Madison Avenue 132 Madison Square Theatre. 122 Madison Square 114 Madi-son Square Garden 116 Madison Square Presbyterian Church 115 '■ Mail and Express " Buildmg . 59 Mall (The) 41 Mall (Central Park) 183 Manhattan Club House 156 Manhattan Athletic Club House 1:33, 134 Manhattan Beach Hotel 234 Manhattan Island Purchased 11. 12 Manhattan Life Building 29, 30 Manhattan State Lunatic Asy- lum 221 Manhattan (The) 132 Marine Hospital 227 Margaret Louisa Home 104 Masonic Temple 121 Mat je Davit's Fly (Harlem Mea- dows) 176 Mazzini Statue 201 McComb's Dam Bridge 175 McComb Mansion 20 McGowan's Pass Tavern 187, 191, 192 McCreery's Store 67, 114 Mercantile Library 86 Metropolitan Club Hou.se 143 Metropolitan Hotel 66 Metropolitan Museum of Art. 187, 195 Metropolitan Life Building 115 Metropolitan Opera Hou.se 125 Middle Dutch Church 42, 54 Military Headquarters, U. S. . . . 210 Military Museum 210 Militarv Service Institution 210 Mills Building 36 Mills Mansion 147 Model Tenement Houses 60 Mohawk Building 107 Moore Bu.st (Prospect Park) 231 Moore's Stat ue 182 Morningside Avenue 164 Morningside Park 164, 194 Morris House (Jumel Mansion). 168 Mor.se Building 57 Morse Publishing Company 107 Mor.se (S. F. B.) Statue 201 Mor.se (S. F. B.) Home 157 Morse's Work 38, 159 Morton House 72 3?r)tt Street (Chinese Colony).. . 81 Mt. Morris Park 194 Mt. St. Vincent 191 Mt. Sinai Hospital 137 Municipal Building ( Brooklyn) 228 229 Murray Hill ~ . .' 129 INDEX. 273 PAGE. Museum of Natural History. 187, 188 Mut ual Life Building- 43 Mut ual Reserve Fund Life Build- ing 64 Narrows 213 Nassau Street 47 Naval Cemetery 227 Navarro Flats 127 Navy Yard 227 New Netherlands Hotel 143 News Boj's' Lodging House 75 " News "Building 59 New York Historical Society'. . . 93 New York Hospital 103 New York Life Building 64 New York Public Library ( Astor, Lenox and Tilden Founda- tions) 85. 140,152 New York University 159 Non-Importation Agreement... 41 Normal College 138 Nut, or Nutten Island (Govern- or's Island) 209 Obelisk (Cleopatra's Needle), (Central Park) 195 Ocean Boulevard (Brooklyn) 231 Oriental Hotel (Coney Island) . . 234 O'Neiirs 103 Opera in Castle Garden 18 Parade of 1788 25 Paradise Park 79 Park Avenue 130 Park Avenue Hotel 130 Park Theatre 60 Park Theatre (Brooklvn) 229 Parkhurst House (Dr.') 115 Park Row (Printing House Square) 57, 75 Payne (John Howard) Bust 231 Peiham Bay Park 223 Phaetons (Central Park) 187 Pierjjont Mansion 157 '• Pilgrims " (Statue) 200 Plavers' Club House 109 Plaza Hotel 143 Police Organization 66 Pomerov Hotel 201 Postal Telegraph Building- 63 Post Office 52 Post Office Transactions 52 Potter Building 57, 59 Potter's Field 07,223 Presbyterian Building 107 Presbyterian Hospital 139 " Press " Office 57 Produce Exchange 26 Progress Club 143 ProsiHTt Park 230 Provost (The) British Jail 56 PAGE. Public Charities 81 Public Schools (first organiza- tion) 75 Pulitzer Building 59 Putnam's Retreat 192 Putnam Son's Publishing Co 114 Quarantine Station 213 "•Quarrel" ("The Quarrel," Meissonier's Painting) 73 Railroad Branch Y. M. C. A 133 Randall's Island 222 Ramble (Central Park) 186 Receiving Reservoir (Croton, Central Park) 190 Receiving Ship " Vermont " 227 Reform Club House 157 Reichard's (Art Gallery) 123 Republican Club House 153 Reservoir 151 Rialto 102 Richmond Hill 66 Riverside Drive 176 Riverside Park 175 Rogue's Gallery 66 Rose Hill Farm (Gen. Gates' Home) 129 Robin's Reef liighthouse 212 Rothschild's 103 " Russian Wedding Feast " (Ma- koffsky's Painting) .48, 109 Sacred Heart Convent 166 Salvation Army Heaxlquarters. 103 Savarin Cafe 45 Schaus's 123 Schiller's Bust 187 Scott Statue (Walter) 183 Scribner's Publishing Co 107 Second .Wciuie 93 Seventh Regiment (1861) 86- Seventh Regiment Armory 137 Seventh Regiment Monument. . 201 Seward's Statue 118 Shakespeare's Statue 183 Sheltering- Arms Institution 165 Sherman Residence 178 Shopping Centre 102 Siegel Cooper Company 103 Signal Service Station . 30 Simpson, Crawford & Simpson. . 103 Sixteenth Street 97 Sixty-ninth Regiment Armory. . 91 Sloane Maternitv Hospital 135 Stranahan Statue (J. S. T.) 230 Social Development 255-262 Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals 12K Society for the Prevention of Cruelt V to Children 110 274 INDEX. PAGE. Soldiers' and Sailors' Memorial Arch 230 Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument 178 Somerindyke "House 163 Spuyten Duy vil (Originof Name) 169 Spiuijrler Buildinj; 105 St. Bartholomew's Church 132 St. Denis Hotel 72, 88 St. Francis Xavier College and Church 104 St. George's Church 97 St. Luke's Hospital 113, 145 St. Mark's Church 92 St. Mark's Gravevard 93 St. Mark's Place ". 91 St. Nicholas Club House 154 St. Patrick's Cathedral 147 St. Paul's Chapel 49 St. Paul Building 51 St. Thomas' Episcopal Church.. 145 Staten Island 212 Staten Island purchased 213 '"Staats Zeitung" Building. 59, 73, 75 Stadt Huys 37 Stamp Act Riots 23 Standard Oil Building 29 Star Theatre 72 Steinway Hall 99 Stern Brothers (Dry Goods).. . . U4 Stevens House 28 Stewart Mansion 154 Stewart's Old Store m Stewart's (A. T.) (Desecrated Tomb) 93 Stock Exchange 36 Studio Buildings 69, 129 St uy vesant Farm 96 St uy vesant Pear Tree 96 Stuyvesant Square 95 Stuy vesant Surrender 12 Sub-Treasury Building 37 " Sun " Building 59 Tammany Hall 98 Teachers' College 165 Teachers' Training College (N. Y. U.) 161 Tea Water Pump 75 Terrace and Esplanade (Central Park) 184 Temple Court 57 Temple Emanuel 151 Thorwaldsen Statue 201 Throgg's Neck Fort 223 Tiffany's 105 Tiffany Mansion 139 Tilden Residence 109 "Times " Buildmg 57 Tombs of Old St. Paul's 51 Tombs of Trinity 34 Tombs Pol ice Court 80 Tombs Prison.^ 79 PAGE. Tompkin's Market 1)1 Tompkin's Square 91 Tract Society Building 59 " Tribune " Building 59 Trinity Cemetery 166 Trinity Church 30-34, 41 Trinity Rebuilt .32 Trophy Park (Navy Yard) 227 Turn Verein Building 138 Twelfth Regiment Armory 163 Twenty-second Regt. Armory. 163 Twenty-third Street 121 Union Club House 1.57 Union League Club House 153 Union League Club House (Brooklyn) 2:32 Union Square 99 Union Square Plaza 101 Union Square Theatre 10;^ Union Theological Seminary 139 United Bank Building 36 United Charities' Building 110 University Building 69 University Club 115 University Place 160 Van Buren Mansion 103 Vanderbilt Clinic 135 Vanderbilt Residences 145 Vant ine's 121 Van Twiller Residence 209 Viaduct (N. Y. C. R. R.) 171 Villard Palace \m Waldorf Hotel 156 Wall Street .34, 41 Wall Street Ferry 229 Wallack's Theatre V£i Wallabout Bay 217 Wallabout MaVket 228, 229 Wanamaker's Store 67 War Meeting (1861) 101 Ward's Island 221 Warren Street 73 Warren Statue 230 Washington Bridge 169, 175 Washington Building 26 Washington's Headquarters. . . . 169 Washington Heights 164 Washington's Inaugui-ation . 16,22, 25 Washington Market 48 Washington Memorial Arch 69 Washington Park 228, 229 Washington Relics 56 Washington Square 67 Washington Statue 39 Washington Statue, Riverside Park 178 Washington Statue (equestrian) 101 Water Color Society Exhibition 112 Webb's Sailors' Home 175 INDEX 275 PAOE. Webster's Statue 187 Welles" Building: 29 West Bri^'hton 234 Western Union Building 48 Wharfa-e, Facilities of N. Y. Harbor 215 Whitney Residence 145 Whitehall Street in Old Time . . . 16 Willett's Point (Fort) 223 W^ilson Industrial School for Girls 92 Windsor Hotel 150 Woma,n's Hospital . 135 PAGE Workingmen's School 125 Worth Monument 118 Wunderlich's 123 Young Men's Christian Associa- tion 113 Young Women's Christian Asso- ciation 104 Zoological and Botanical Gar- dens (Bronx Park) 175 Zoological Garden (Central Park) 180, 182 ...TXIE BOOIC OF TUE_SE.A.SOI>r... ,^ BUSHY ^ A THRILLING ROMANCE FOUNDED ON FACT. Ufltb 32 Tuii-paac T11u$tration$ by 3. fl. lUalker, * FINE character study. ^ Pure in sentiment. Not a dull chapter. The scene is laid in the Rocky Mountains, and the hero- ine is a young girl who has since become famous in music and literature in New York. eyntbia m. lUestopcr. i2mo, IVhite Buckram, %1.23. For sale by all Booksellers, or sent prepaid, on receipt of price. i»i«^e:ss is:oa:'ioE:s. " The story is told with a rush and whirl that takes the reader off his feet. Bushy is a fine character. "^Z>(?^r^2'/ Free Press. "Bushy is the sturdiest little woman who ever brought sunshine to a miner's camp. The book is intensely exciting from start to finish." — Boston Herald. " With all her reality, Bushy's cleverness is phenomenal." — Provi- dence Journal. " Bushy is a prodigy of feminine courage." — SL Louis Globe-Detnocrat. "Bushy has met with a most cordial reception in every section. Everyone who reads it recommends it with enthusiasm. The book is, indeed, fascinating." — New York Commercial Advertiser. THE MORSE COMPANY...PUBLISHERS, MAIN OFFICE: 96 FIFTH AVE., NEW YORK. CHICAGO: FISHER BUILDING. BOSTON: 36 BROMFIELD ST. ...A VALUABLE BOOK FOR EVERY LIBRARY... MASSASOIT A ROMANTIC STORY OF THE INDIANS OF NEW ENGLAND. By alma holman burton. CHOICE IN LANGUAGE AND SENTIMENT. INTENSELY INTERESTING AND FULL OF VALUABLE INFOR- MATION OF COLONIAL DAYS. SIXTEEN FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS. l2mo, Special Clotb, $1.25. For sale by all Booksellers, or sent prepaid, on receipt of price. PRESS NOTICES. •' The writer of ' Massasoit ' has given us one of the most fasci- nating historic tales of this period, which, though avowedly written for young people, will be found equally charming and reliable by the mature reader." — Tiie CJiristia7i Uplook, Buffalo, N. Y. "We need more such books as ' Massasoit,' for their influence in demonstrating to the youth of our land that they need not go away from the romance of our earlier national history to find last- ing and profitable literary enjoyment. The book may be unre- servedly commended to the older members of the family as well as to youthful readers." — New York Evangelist. " Here is an admirable story. It is full of the woods, the stream, fish, flesh and fowl, which had so much to do with Indian existence two centuries ago." — Boston Globe. THE MORSE COMPANY... PUBLISHERS, MAIN OFFICE: 96 FIFTH AVE., NEW YORK. CHICAGO: FISHER BUILDING. BOSTON': 36 BROMFIELD ST, THE BOOK OF LIES BY JOHN LINGDON HEATON Author of " THE QUILTING BEE," etc., etc. WITH MANY PICTURES FROM PEN DRAWINGS BY FRANK VERBECK ^ H book of pure, keen JImerican bumor, of real literary merit «««««««« ** B little nonsense now and tben, ** Rumor, tbe fountain of youtb."^ Is relisbed by tbe wisest men/' Read, lau^b and keep young. Clotb, * * * 50 Ccnt6. For sale by all Booksellers, or sent prepaid, on receipt of price. PRESS NOTICES. " A touch of sentiment, plenty of wholesome humor, and more art than is apparent in its smooth construction, go to make up this dainty little narrative." — Philadelphia Call. " These are certainly fictions of the frank and open order, told with a breeziness and abandon that are refreshing. They are in- genious and mirthful, and if he who makes us laugh is a public benefactor, Mr. Heaton must be ranked as such." — Detroit Free Press. THE MORSE COMPANY...PUBLISHERS, MAIN OFFICE: 96 FIFTH AVE., NEW YORK. CHICAGO: FISHER BUILDING. BOSTON: 36 BROMFIELD ST. ATTRACTIJ/E EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATIONS. WE ARE WIDE AWAKE. New Books ^ New Methods. We are the Pioneers in High Art Reproductions For Primary Books. NEW CENTURY BUSY WORK, what the Primary Teachers Have Been Looking For. Entirely New. 17 Distinct diflferent sets in boxes. High Art Illustrations. Mailing prices, 15c., 20c., 25c. PHONETIC READER. By Chas. W. Deane, Ph. D. Easy and Rapid Method for Teaching Reading. High Art Illustrations. Choice Literature, dialling price. 40 cents. THOMPSON'S FAIRY TALE AND FABLE, a Pioneer Book of High Art in Primary Reading. Illustrated with Reproductions from Great Artists. Landseer, Rosa Bonlieur, Van Marcke, Troyon, and others. Mailing price, 40 cents. NATURE'S BYWAYS. By Nellie Walton Ford. Natural Science for Primary Pupils; beautifully Illustrated by Reproductions from Great Artists; Literature, a Juvenile Poem. Mailing pri'ce, 40 cents. MORSE SPELLER. By Samuel T. Button, Supt. of Schools, Brookline, Mass. Correlation of spellmg with History, Geography, Science, etc. Suited for eight grades. Maihng price, 80 cents. Also supplied in two parts: Part I., 15 cents; Part II., 20 cents. GEMS OF GERMAN LITERATURE, a choice selection of Ger- man Verse from best authors, in German, for practical school work. Mailing price, 40 cents. A NATURE CALENDAR. By Thomas E. Thompson. Indispensable Memorandum-book for students of Botany and Nature. Engli.sh and Scientific names of Flowers, Trees, Birds, etc., with space for data covering four years. Mailing price, 35 cents. NEW CENTURY DEVELOPMENT MAPS. Best in use. Prices lower. Utility greater. In blocks of 50 outline Maps, two sizes. Mailing price, 40 cents' per block. EASY EXPERIMENTS IN PHYSICS. By Preston Smith, State Normal School, Fitchburg, Mass. The Work of a Practical Instructor. Origi- nal in Arrangement. Simple in Method. A Book for Solid Foundation Work. Mailing price, 50 cents. HISTORICAL READER. By Alma Holman Burton. The Story of the Indians of New England. With 16 full-page authentic illustrations. A pioneer book. Covers an unbeaten track. A valuable reader for all middle grades. Full of accurate information of Colonial days. Mailing price, 66 cents. LIBERAL DISCOUNT TO SCHOOLS. THE MORSE COMPANY...PUBLISHERS, MAIN OFFICE: 96 FIFTH AVE., NEW YORK. CHICAGO: FISHER BUILDING. BOSTON: 36 BROMFIELD ST ?^^x:l^° TWO-STEP MARCHES, •wrwiai-UCv-.^jL. «•. 5' '-I' ;NmvrK\Ti in ^^T Hm I'vriowi.lio, *-Voi* • f "The music has snap, cadence, and is full of harmony. One leading band- master, after playing it, said: ' It is excellent, and must become as popular as any two-step march which has preceded it.' and that has become the general verdict. It is turned out with an elaboration seldom seen in the music of the day, the title page being a beautiful design in half-tone work, with the U. S. cruiser Columbia as a central piece. The composer has made music a study for the past fourteen years, is a graduate of Yale, '94, S., and a son of Lieut. Jerome E. Morse, U. S. N., retired." — Army and Navy Journal. COMPANION TO NAVAL CADET MARCH. THE DANCING GIRL " The great success of the past season."— Pos^oii Herald. "Full of life, melody and cadence."— iVe^t; York Herald. PRICE, EACH, 50 CENTS. For sale by all Music Dealers, or one sample copy sent, postpaid, on receipt of 25 cents. THE MORSE COMPANY...PITBLISHERS, MAIN OFFICE: 96 FIFTH AVE., NEW YORK. CHICAGO: FISHER BUILDING. BOSTON: 36 BROMFIELD ST. ^^