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Camhridge Antiquarian Society. Octavo Publications. No. XL VII. 
 
 OUTSIDE THE BARNWELL GATE 
 
 ANOTHEE CHAPTEE IN THE INTIMATE HISTOEY 
 OF MEDIEVAL CAMBEIDGE 
 
 
 BY THE 
 
 Rev. H. p. STOKES, LL.D., F.S.A. 
 
 HON. FELLOW OF COEPtTS CHKISTI COLLEGB 
 
 PRINTED FOR THE CAMBRIDGE ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY 
 
 SOLD BY DEIGHTON, BELL & CO., LTD. ; and BOWES & BOWES 
 LONDON, GEORGE BELL AND SONS, LTD. ^ 
 
 1915 
 Price Five Shillings Net ^O 
 
 i 
 
/ 
 
 ^?y or c.,,.;-^ 
 ^^ 523^7(] 
 
 D::Cii 1915 
 
OUTSIDE THE BARNWELL GATE 
 
PUBLICATIONS: OCTAVO SERIES 
 No. XLVII 
 
ydur4. 
 
 MAP OF CAMBRIDGE 
 
 OUTSIDE BARNWELL GATE 
 FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 SCALE. OF YARDS. 
 
 Camb. AntiQ. Soc, 
 
OUTSIDE THE BARNWELL GATE 
 
 BY THE 
 
 Rev. H. p. STOKES, LL.D., F.S.A. 
 
 HON. FELLOW OF CORPUS CHKISTI COLLEGi; 
 
 PRINTED FOR THE CAMBRIDGE ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY 
 
 SOLD BY DEIGHTON, BELL & CO., LTD. ; and BOWES & BOWES 
 
 LONDON, GEORGE BELL AND SONS, LTD. 
 
 1915 
 

 ffaintnttgr : 
 
 PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. 
 AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 I. The Barnwell Gate . 
 
 II. The Road Outside the Baknwell Gate 
 
 III. Early Buildings 
 
 IV. Side Streets and Lanes 
 
 V. Wayside Crosses 
 
 VI. Academic Buildings . 
 
 VII. Later Buildings 
 
 VIII. By the Wayside. The Little New River 
 IX. "THE OPEN FIELDS" 
 
 Index ... . . . 
 
 PAGE 
 1 
 
 3 
 9 
 15 
 18 
 20 
 27 
 40 
 47 
 59 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 1. Field ]\Iap of Cabibridge Outside Barnwell Gate 
 
 (14th Century). Compiled from old Field Books 
 and Terriers ......-• 
 
 2. Cambridge, from the Hills Road (1820). From 
 
 an engraving by W. Mason, 1820 
 
 3. Cambridge, FROM Trumpington Ford (1809). From 
 
 Harraden's Cantahrigia Depicta .... 
 
 4. Dawe's Cross. From Bright's Field Book. Copied 
 
 from Bowtell's M8S. (Downing College) 
 
 From an old Field Book, at Peter- 
 
 6. 
 
 9. 
 
 Dawe's Cross. 
 house 
 
 HiNTON Cross. 
 house 
 
 From an old Field Book, at Peter - 
 
 The Vine Estate. From John Jellett's Terrier, 
 1635, in the possession of the Bursar of Emmanuel 
 College ......... 
 
 Two Views of Cambridge, showing the Open 
 Fields in the foreground. From Loggan's 
 Cantabrigia Illustrata (1690) .... 
 
 "Maitland's Trees." Old Thorn-trees, marking the 
 course of a Way-balk. Between the Geological 
 and Botanical Museums ..... 
 
 Frontispiece 
 
 facing p. 5 
 
 facing p. 5 
 
 p. 19 
 
 p. 19 
 
 p. 19 
 
 p. 28 
 
 facing p. 57 
 
 facing p. 57 
 10. Portion of the Barnwell Award Map (1806) between pp. 58-59 
 
CHAPTER I 
 
 THE BARNWELL GATE 
 
 In the turbulent days when King John was in arms against 
 his Barons, as at other periods in English history, Cambridge 
 was a place of strategic importance. At the end of the year 
 when the celebrated Magna Carta was signed, on November 
 6th, 1215, we find that a royal writ^, tested at Rochester, 
 commanded the exchequer to allow our bailiffs the costs they 
 had incurred in enclosing the town {in claustura ville Cant.). 
 The Castle was alternately in the hands of the King and of his 
 opponents; John was at Cambridge in the spring of 1216, and 
 again in the September of the same year — about a month before 
 his tragic decease. But the Barons soon afterwards retook 
 the Castle and town of Cambridge, where a little later Louis 
 the dauphin of France, whom they had invited as their leader, 
 held a council. We need not here follow the course of events — ■ 
 the withdrawal of the foreign prince and the recognition of the 
 young King — nor need we even in outline chronicle the tedious 
 history of the next half-century, when Henry grew in years, 
 but not in wisdom. 
 
 The years 1266 and 1267 find Cambridge again a centre in 
 another struggle between King and Barons. In the latter 
 year Henry III was at the University town, taking active 
 steps for its fortification. Records of these defensive measures 
 may be read in the Memoranda^ of Barnwell Church, written 
 
 1 Rotuli Clausarum, 17 John, m. 19 (Hardy, 234 b). 
 
 2 Liber Memorandorum Ecclesie de Bernewelle, ed. J. W. Clark, M.A., p. 122. 
 C.A.8. Octavo Series. No. XLVII. 1 
 
2 THE BARNWELL GATE [CH. 
 
 at the end of the thirteenth century, or in the pages of Caius's 
 History of Cambridge^, printed in the year 1574. 
 
 But the story may be told in the quaint words of Fuller^ : 
 
 "Only the south and east of the town lay open, which the King intended 
 to fortify. In order whereunto he built two gates, Trumpington Gate by 
 St Peter's Church, now ruined, on the south ; Barnwell Gate by St Andrew's 
 Church now decayed on the east. And because gates without walls are 
 but compliments in matter of strength, he intended to wall the town about, 
 if time permitted him. Meantime he drew a deep ditch (called King's 
 Ditch at this day) round about the south and east parts of Cambridge. 
 Presently news is brought to him, that Gilbert, earl of Clare, had seized 
 on the chief city of the realm. No policy for the King to keep Cambridge 
 and lose London the whUe. Thither marched he in all haste with his 
 army, and may be said to carry the walls of Cambridge away with him, 
 the design thereof sinking at his departure, etc." 
 
 The town being thus left without a guard, we learn (from 
 the Barnwell Memoranda) that insurgents from the Isle of Ely 
 came in force and burnt the gates which the King had con- 
 structed. 
 
 Something more may be said of the Ditch and of the Gates. 
 
 The MS.^ just quoted says: Kex vero fecit edificare portas, 
 et isiceve fossatas in circuitu ville. Here it will be noticed that 
 the plural, ditches or trenches, is used. This may merely be a 
 casual expression ; or it may refer to different sections of the 
 ditch ; or it may mean that there were more ditches than 
 one. This last opinion is held by a distinguished authority, 
 Professor McKenny Hughes*, who has written for our Society 
 two remarkable papers. In these he maintains that excavations 
 and exposures have suggested that a concentric ditch, or 
 ditches, ran near the King's Ditch in certain places. To limit 
 ourselves here to the neighbourhood of the Barnwell Gate, the 
 Professor indicates, and shows on a map, two such patches; 
 one, near the present Post Office, need not detain us, as it is 
 only quoted on hearsay ; - the other, near Mr Hunnybun's 
 premises, is elaborately described and its contents are carefully 
 
 ^ Historia Cantebr. Academice, Lib. i, p. 43. 
 
 - Hist. Univ. Camb. by T. Fuller, cd. Piickott and Wright, pp. 40, 4L 
 
 3 Lib. Mem. Eccl. de Bern, {u.s.), p. 122. 
 
 '' C.A.S. Proc. xxxiv, pp. 34, etc. 
 
IJ THE BARNWELL GATE 3 
 
 dealt with. The present writer, however, ventures to think 
 that the following documentary evidence suggests a more 
 probable theory than that of a concentric ditch : 
 
 "Item wee present the sayd John ffidlyn for a channell or sincke 
 passing from the street neare the east gate of Trinity Chui'chyard through 
 his grownd, and soe into the King's ditch which Channell or sincke for 
 \^^ant of clensing, to give sufficient passe to the water, upon every suddayne 
 fall of Rayne causeth the Adjoynmg Houses and Cellars to be drowned." 
 
 Thus complained the old Court of Sewers^, under date 10 
 April, 1633; they also present another inhabitant for certain 
 nuisances "on the sayd sincke." Here we find a Channel 
 running down through the Hunnybun property into the King's 
 Ditch. Does not this account for the exposure referred to by 
 Professor Hughes? The more so, as there does not seem to 
 be, in this neighbourhood, any other authenticated sign of a 
 concentric ditch. 
 
 As to the gate itself, the only description^ of it which has 
 come down to us is that by Dr Caius, who says that when he 
 wrote (in 1573) there was only one column, one upright wooden 
 post, remaining ; though the memory of two such still survived. 
 That wood was the chief material of the original gate is evident 
 from the record of the destruction by fire. 
 
 The site of the Barnwell Gate would, of course, be on the 
 town side of the King's Ditch, reaching from the predecessor 
 of the present Post Office to the building opposite. The ditch 
 ran along the west wall of the Churchyard of St Andrew the 
 Great and, crossing the road, continued down the west side of 
 what is now called Hobson Street. We have seen that it had 
 been intended to erect a wall within the ditch; but though 
 houses were demolished in certain places for this purpose, there 
 is no record of such destruction in the neighbourhood of the 
 Barnwell Gate, which doubtless reached from building to 
 building. In some parts of the circuit, there was an open space — 
 a kind of boulevard — perambulating alongside the ditch ; but 
 again we have no tradition of such a clearance near the gate 
 w^th which we are dealing. 
 
 1 Registry, Camb. Univ. 3. 2. 83. 
 - Hist. Cant. Acad. Lib. ii, p. 116. 
 
 1—2 
 
THE BARNWELL GATE [CH. I 
 
 Note 
 
 The following may be quoted from a paper by Professor 
 Hughes, printed in the Proceedings of our Society, No. xxxiv, 
 pp. 34 and 35 : 
 
 "If we examine the geography of Cambridge we shall find that an 
 obvious place for a ditch is near the foot of the rising ground in front of 
 Christ's College. It would be naturally continued so as to cut off the 
 marshy land, now enclosed in Downing College grounds, where the base 
 of the gravel is full of water, and rvinning thence along the margin of the 
 gravel bed which rises by the Fitzwilliam Museum, would reach the river 
 near the King's Mill. 
 
 " The gravel-terrace here formed dry ground on which ran the Trump- 
 ington Road, just as the promontory of gravel by Christ's College offered 
 a dry route to Barnwell. Hence the two important ways, or gates, as 
 they were in those days often called, ran out of Cambridge at these points. 
 It is not improbable that the names Barnwell Gate, Trumpington Gate, 
 referred to the roads long before they were applied to any portal, as we 
 have no knowledge of a wall through which any entrance-gate was required. 
 There may of course have been a bar at which tolls were exacted, and 
 if the ditch was meant for defence, there probably was some means of 
 lifting the bridge or barring the access to it. It is a matter of historj^ that 
 such structures -were erected, but they were probably only of wood, as we 
 read of their being easily burned down. On the whole, considering that 
 the name of the 'gate' is that of a distant village, not of some local object, 
 and that the word gate was so generally used for a road in the south in 
 old times as^it is still in the north of England, we may have here originally 
 the name of the road, and not of any entrance to the town, though 
 the name may have been afterwards appUed to the portals as well, and, 
 at last, to them exclusively." 
 
 It should, however, be noted that the churches — St Peter's 
 (now St Mary's the Less) and St Andrew's the Great — were 
 early known as without the Gate; and so with several similar 
 expressions. 
 
Cambridge, from the Hills Road (1820) 
 
 Cambridge, Iroin liie Irunipington Ford (1809). 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 THE ROAD OUTSIDE THE BARNWELL GATE 
 
 The Barnwell Gate^ guarded the street that led from the 
 Bridge and the Castle on the north, and it looked on the road 
 that ran towards the Gog-Magog Hills on the south-east. 
 
 This road "outside the Barnwell gate" (now known as 
 St Andrew's Street, Hegent Street and Hills Road) was formerly 
 called by various names : the Hadstock Road, the Friars' and 
 Preachers' Street or the Preachers' Street, the High Street, the 
 King's Way, "the great street outside Barnwell gate"; while 
 on later maps it (or the continuation of it) is styled the Linton 
 Road, or the road to Colchester, or the road towards the 
 Gog-Magog Hills. 
 
 Another name by which this road has been called is the 
 Via Devana. This looks back to Roman times, although the 
 actual title was first applied to it by the Rev. C. Mason, who was 
 Woodwardian Professor from 1734 to 1762. The following 
 account^ of it was contributed by Bishop Bennet to Lysons's 
 Cambridgeshire, published in 1810 : 
 
 "This great Roman way, which connected the colonies of Colchester 
 and Chester, enters Cambridgeshire from Withersfield in Suffolk, bearing 
 nearly from east to west, passes through Horseheath Park, leaving Balsham 
 on its right, crosses the Ikeneld Street, and proceeds very straight over 
 the open country: with its crest highly raised and visible, to Gogmagog 
 hills; it descends the hills, having two huge barrows ["the Twopenny 
 Loaves"] close on its left, in a line with Worts's causeway, and bending a 
 little to avoid the deep part of the fen, (just at the point where the Linton 
 Road falls in), the Roman road keeping its line, while the causeway declines 
 
 ^ "Quae etiam quod Barnwelhim pagum respicit, Barnewellina porta 
 nominatur." Caius, u.s. p. 116. 
 ^ Magna Britannia, ii, pp. 44, 45. 
 
6 THE ROAD OUTSIDE [CH. 
 
 to the right, they become separated ; and the former proceeds along the 
 lands to the first old enclosure, where it has the appearance of throwing 
 off a branch to the village of Grantchester, at Red Cross ; and keeping on 
 the highest land, between the two fens of Cherry-Hinton and Shelford, 
 continues its course down St Andrew's Street, the church of that name 
 standing upon it, in a direct line by Trinity church, to the river, and the 
 great south-east gate of the Roman station beyond it ; and there is some 
 reason to think a bridge was constructed here for the accommodation of 
 travellers. Indeed the ingenious Mr Essex in building the modern bridge 
 is said to have discovered the foundation of one, which had been raised 
 here in very early times, and which he conceived to be of Roman work- 
 manship." 
 
 Bishop Bennet proceeds to trace the course of the Via 
 Devana towards Leicester and Chester. 
 
 This description was written before the enclosure and 
 drainage of the lands, and therefore at a time when the ridge 
 of the Roman road was doubtless to be easily observed. 
 
 These words of Bishop Bennet have been amplified by the 
 late Professor Babingtoni and by subsequent writers, who have 
 reported on exposures of the Roman road at various times and 
 at various places between "the Twopenny Loaves" and the 
 Castle. When the Archaeological Institute visited Cambridge 
 in July 1854, the distinguished antiquary and botanist just 
 mentioned published a map on which the Via Devana was 
 represented as having run on the west of the present road along 
 the whole distance named in the last sentence. 
 
 Anyone' who stands at the point on the Gog-Magog Hills 
 where the road makes the bend referred to above, and who 
 looks across beyond the Castle Hill, to where the Via Devana 
 continues its northern course, can imagine how the Hinton 
 marshes and moors in former days prevented the straight 
 course of the Roman road, and mark the deviating ridge that 
 separated it from the western fen which then lay on the 
 Shelford side. 
 
 Parallel with this old Roman road, as often happens, runs 
 a modern road. This was greatly improved under the pro- 
 visions of the will^ of William Worts, M.A., of St Catharine's 
 
 ^ Ancient Cambridgeshire, by Prof. C. C. Babington. pp. 29, etc. 
 
 2 Endowments of the Univ. of Camb., J. W. Clark, M.A., 1004, pp. 91, 92. 
 
II] THE BARNWELL GATE 7 
 
 College, who died in 1709. This benefactor, besides other 
 bequests to the University, desired that £1500 should "be 
 applied to the making a Calcey or Causeway from Emmanuel 
 College to Hogmagog, alias Gogmagog Hills " ; he further ordered 
 that, "if there be occasion, an Act of Parliament may be 
 procured for the making and securing that road." 
 
 Accordingly, in the words of Mr Salmon (who in 1748 
 published A Foreigner's Com/panion through the Universities), 
 "a Causeway was cast up to Gogmagog Hills, four miles east 
 of Cambridge, whither Gentlemen ride out clean in the depth 
 of Winter." From these Hills (the Guide adds) "there is 
 a fine Carpet-way for several miles, particularly towards 
 Newmarket." 
 
 "Worts's Causeway" long continued to be "the most 
 frequented road amongst the members of the University." 
 Henry Gunning, in his Reminiscences, gives an amusing account 
 of an adventure hereon of a well-known don, Dr Kipling, whose 
 "principal relaxation was a daily ride to the Hills.'''' 
 
 The same vivacious writer tells us of the marshes which 
 lay to the east of the Causeway. 
 
 "If you started," he says, "from the other corner of Parker's Piece, you 
 came to Cherryhinton Fen; from thence to Teversham, Quy, Bottisham, 
 and Swaffham Fens. In taking this beat, you met with great varieties 
 of wikl-fowl, bitterns, plovers of every description, ruffs and reeves, and 
 not unfrequently pheasants. If you did not go very near the mansions 
 of the few country gentlemen who resided in the neighbourhood, you met 
 with no interruption. You scarcely ever saw the gamekeeper, but met 
 with a great number of young lads, who were on the look-out for sportsmen 
 from the University, whose game they carried, and to whom they furnished 
 long poles, to enable them to leap those very wide ditches which intersected 
 the Fens in every direction." 
 
 Gunning goes on to speak of the draining of these Fens and 
 of the reclamation of "thousands and tens of thousands of 
 acres of land." 
 
 To return to our Koad, it may be remarked that, in the 
 times of which we have been speaking in the last two or three 
 pages, as at the date when Loggan drew his "plan of Cam- 
 bridge" in 1688, there were few houses beyond Emmanuel on 
 the east side and the Spinning House on the west. Carter, in 
 
8 THE ROAD OUTSIDE THE BARTSTWELL GATE [CH. II 
 
 his History^, describes the Bridewell just mentioned as 
 "pleasantly near the fields, at the south end of the parish of 
 St Andrew the Great." Indeed the neighbourhood of Emmanuel 
 College was long called "the town's end." 
 
 Beyond this part, all was open country. "The road had 
 broad strips of grass on each side. On the east side (of what 
 is now called Regent Street) Parker's land did not run quite 
 up to the road ; nor did St Thomas's Leys (now called Downing 
 College grounds) run up to the ground on the other side; but 
 there were two strips left of roadside ground which were 
 probably considered waste ground. Some of this is said to 
 have been gradually occupied by squatters, who inclosed 
 patches, or put up buildings which remained undisturbed long 
 enough for them to claim a right of ownership." We shall 
 later on have a strange tale to tell of the disposal of these 
 wayside grounds; and the same may be said of the broad 
 strips on either side of the Hills Road further to the south. 
 
 But we must return to earlier times, when the Barnwell 
 Gate was still standing, or even before it was erected. 
 
 ^ History of the County of Cambridge, Edmund Carter, p. 19. 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 EARLY BUILDINGS OUTSIDE THE BARNWELL GATE 
 
 Outside the town of Cambridge, in early days, stretched on 
 all sides the Open Fields. On the east and south, for instance, 
 lay the Barnwell lands, reaching from Trumpington Ford (a 
 mile away from the centre of the borough on the London road) 
 across to the little river Stour, which ran between them and 
 Ditton. As usual, these fields were divided into three portions, 
 of which (or, at least, of two of which) we shall speak in detail 
 later on. 
 
 To approach these lands, the chief route was from the Great 
 Bridge, passing Holy Trinity Church and leading into the road 
 to the Hills on the south-east. Along this road passed con- 
 tinually the many inhabitants who possessed strips in the open 
 fields. Fortunate were any of them who had ground near the 
 town and bordering on the road; such could, if desirous, erect 
 a barn or a dwelling-place. 
 
 In front of the space where, as we have indicated^, the 
 Barnwell Gate was placed, there ran a slight depression (near 
 where the Post Office now stands and along what is at present 
 called Hobson Street). Of this the constructors of the Ditch 
 availed themselves, either in the days of King John or in the 
 jubilee year of his son Henry III. 
 
 Our business is with the road and district outside the 
 Barnwell Gate. 
 
 The earliest erection of importance in this suburb was the 
 building of the Church of St Andrew the Great. The date of 
 
 ^ See page 3. 
 
10 EARLY BUILDINGS OUTSIDE [CH. 
 
 the foundation^ thereof is not known ; but in an old episcopal 
 Register^ at Ely there is an allusion to a certain "John" as 
 Chaplain here about the year 1200 ; while, from the same 
 cartulary, we learn that about a quarter of a century later, 
 during the episcopate of Geoffrey de Burgh (1225-1229), the 
 advowson of the Church was given to the Priory of Ely by 
 Absalon, the son of Algar, who was then the Rector and the 
 Patron of the same. The Bishop shortly afterwards appro- 
 priated the Church to the augmentation of the office of the 
 sacrist at the said convent. Henceforth in the receipts^ of 
 that official appear year by year certain sums of money from 
 the funds of St Andrew's Church. This income was derived 
 from a grange, which apparently stood either on the east side 
 of the main road, just to the south of the present site of 
 Emmanuel College, or on part of the present site of Christ's 
 College. 
 
 It is not necessary here to recount the subsequent history 
 of the Church ; nor to tell of the rebuilding thereof soon after 
 1650, chiefly through the munificence of Christopher Rose, a 
 well-known alderman of the borough ; nor to refer to the 
 replacement of this by the present edifice, erected by sub- 
 scription about the year 1843, and designed by Mr Ambrose 
 Poynter, who was also the perpetrator of Christ Church and 
 St Paul's ! 
 
 Doubtless near the Church and by the sides of the road 
 outside the Barnwell Gate, there were springing up various 
 tenements whose inhabitants worshipped at St Andrew's. 
 
 But the most notable feature in the new parish was the 
 settlement of the Dominican Friars. Members of this Order 
 first arrived in England in the year 1221 ; how soon they 
 appeared in Cambridge is not recorded; but a royal grant*, 
 dated June 14th, 1238, assists the building of their chapel; 
 
 1 If, which is not improbable, this church is that referred to in Domesday Book, 
 as situated in the Fourth ward of Cambridge, and belonging to the Ely Eccle- 
 siastical authorities, the foundation of Great St Andrew's must be placed in 
 Saxon days. 
 
 2 Regist. Episc. Elien M. pp. 175, etc. ; Bentham's Ely, p. 146. 
 ^ Chapman. Sacrist Rolls, i, pp. 120-1; Bentham, p. 127. 
 
 * Close Rolls, 22 Hen. Ill, June 14th. 
 
Ill] * THE BARNWELL GATE 11 
 
 while a writ^, two years later, is worded as if they had been 
 settled here for some years. The Hundred Rolls^, which record 
 the results of the Great Inquisition taken in 7 Edward I (1278 
 or 9), speak of their place as containing "8 acres of land and 
 more in length and breadth, in which place were accustomed to 
 be divers numsions in which many inhabited who were wont to 
 be geldable and aiding to the town." The words italicised 
 might suggest that the street was somewhat thickly inhabited, 
 but the expression was a customary phrase and must not be 
 taken literally. It was repeated word for word in the report 
 as to the Franciscans in the same Rolls. 
 
 It is stated by Leland^ that the house of the Friars Preachers 
 (or Black Friars, as the Dominicans were also called) was 
 "foundid in her widohod" by Alice, widow of Robert de Vere, 
 fifth earl of Oxford ; but, as this nobleman did not die till the 
 year 1296, there must be some mistake; though doubtless the 
 lady was a benefactress of the Friars. 
 
 The royal grant in 1238, mentioned above, ordered three 
 oaks from the forest of Wanberg to be given to the Friars 
 Preachers for the building of their chapel ; and the writ of 
 1240 "commanded the sheriff of the county to permit them to 
 enclose the Lane which lay on the south part next their chapel, 
 for the enlargement of their cemetery, they giving up in 
 recompense the like quantity in length and breadth of their own 
 ground, it having been found by inquisition that this would 
 not be to the damage of the town of Cambridge, but rather 
 to the convenience thereof." As pointed out below, this lane 
 must have been a continuation of "Dowdivers Lane" (now 
 Downing Street) and must have led on to Barnwell. In its 
 stead, the Dominicans doubtless gave what is now Emmanuel 
 Lane. 
 
 In the twenty-first year of Edward I (1292-3), the Black 
 Friars obtained from William de la Haye* two acres of land 
 with the appurtenances thereof, contiguous to their grounds. 
 This land had formerly belonged to Adam Eliot, a well-known 
 
 1 Close Rolls, 24 Hen. Ill, April 17th. 
 
 2 Hundred Bolls, ii, p. 360. 
 
 ^ Leland, Itinerary, ed. Hearne, vi, 38. 
 « Borough Beport, 1850, p. 52. 
 
12 EARLY BUILDINGS OUTSIDE * [CH. 
 
 Cambridge citizen, who had paid "to the King every year at 
 the feast of St Michael, the rent of a penny per annum, by the 
 hands of the King's baihffs of the town." 
 
 We need not here trace the history of this celebrated 
 monastery, further than to remark that it was already so 
 established that its Prior, William Ringesham^, was accorded 
 his degree as Doctor of Divinity about the year 1262. It was 
 dissolved in 1538, and was shortly afterwards granted^ by 
 Henry VIII to Edward Elrington and Humphrey Metcalfe. 
 The foundation of Emmanuel College, in its stead, in 1583-4, 
 will be described later on. 
 
 On the west side of the road, nearly opposite to the monastery 
 of the Black Friars, stood a building which in 1283 was given^ 
 by Hugh de Balsham, Bishop of Ely, to St John's Hospital 
 as part of the compensation for the loss suffered by the removal 
 of his scholars to the newly-founded Peterhouse. In the 
 foundation deed of our senior College the tenement is described 
 as "hospicium contra fratres predicatores." 
 
 Caius, in his History'^ written nearly 300 years after this 
 transfer, calls the building "Rudd's Hostel," and says that it 
 stood a little beyond the church of the Friars Preachers, but 
 on the other side of the street. He places it last in his list of 
 hostels. Richard Parker^, writing in the year 1622, says that 
 ■"it is now become the Castle Inn'''; Fuller^ repeats this state- 
 ment; and indeed the building is still known as "Ye Olde 
 €astel." It is now the property of Corpus Christi College. 
 
 To the College just named was bequeathed'^, in the year 
 1393, another Hostel (St Nicholas's) on the town side of the 
 convent of the Black Friars, but the consideration of this may 
 
 1 Monastkon Anglicanum,, Diigdale-Steveiis, 1723, ii, 193. 
 
 2 History of Emmanuel College, E. S. Shuckburgh, p. 3. [It may be noted 
 that there had been a contemplated grant of the site of the Black Friars to 
 Dr Lee for the Master and Fellows of St Nicholas's Hostel. See 8«A Report 
 of the Deputy Keeper of Public Records, Appendix ii, 14.] 
 
 3 Documents, Univ. Comm. 1852, ii, p. 3. 
 
 * Hist. Cant. Acad. Lib. i, p. 50. 
 
 * History and Antiquities of Univ. of Cambridge, bv Richard ParJcer, 1622, 
 p. 32. 
 
 « Hist. ed. Prickett and Wright, p. GO. 
 ' Masters, History C.G.G., p. 34. 
 
Ill] THE BARNWELL GATE 13 
 
 be postponed to the section on Academic Buildings outside 
 the Barnwell Gate. 
 
 In estimating the number of houses on the road outside the 
 Barnwell Gate at the period to which we have just been 
 alluding, we have the advantage of being able to consult the 
 celebrated Hundred Rolls, which report the outcome of the 
 Great Inquisition made by order of Edward I in the years 
 1278-9. This investigation records in special detail the state 
 of Cambridge at that date, and from it we learn that there 
 were comparatively few^ messuages situated on the road 
 which we are describing. Indeed not a dozen "owners of 
 houses, &c., or to speak more nicely, freeholders who held 
 houses in demesne," are scheduled. So that there must be 
 great exaggeration in the phrase quoted above from the same 
 Rolls, which affirmed of the site upon which the Dominican 
 Monastery had been built, that "divers mansions, in which 
 many inhabited," had been cleared away. 
 
 It must be remembered that, in mediaeval times, even in 
 the town proper within the Ditch, still more in such a suburb 
 as we are considering, the houses were not always packed 
 closely together, they had frequently their gardens, their 
 orchards or their paddocks ; they were often called granges or 
 curtilages ; they had their barns and their courtyards. Michael 
 Grange, for instance, was "a messuage and farm abutting 
 upon the High Street east, and upon the field called St Thomas's 
 Leas (otherwise Swinecroft) west." In its barn the grain 
 grown upon its "dole" of fourteen acres was stored. It was 
 for some three centuries the property of Michael House, one of 
 the Hostels which went to the foundation of Trinity College. 
 We shall see how this College in 1613 handed it over to the 
 Corporation in exchange for Garret Hostel Green, etc. The 
 estate is still in the hands of the town council. Of another 
 
 1 The long list of charters printed by the Master of Jesus, in his Priory of 
 St Radegund, C.A.S. xxxi, pp. 98 to 104, might seem to point to a different 
 conclusion; for about thirty or forty records of property, belonging 'to the 
 Nuns and situated in Great St Andrew's parish, are given. But it must be 
 remembered that these range over more than two centuries, that a number 
 of them relate only to land, and that some of the charters doubtless refer ta 
 the same property. 
 
14 EARLY BUILDINGS OUTSIDE THE BARNWELL GATE [CH. Ill 
 
 tenement in St Andrew's parish, which touched upon the Ditch, 
 we are told (in a deed^ still in the possession of Jesus College) 
 that the Nuns of St Radegund, to whom it belonged, ' ' supplied 
 their tenant after wheat harvest with one acre of wheat-straw, 
 and allowed him to cut down trees to repair the premises, 
 planting others in their place." 
 
 The long rows of houses, shown in the map prefixed to 
 Fuller's History of Cambridge in 1634, must not be supposed to 
 represent the true condition of things in mediaeval times, nor 
 perhaps even at the date of the engraving. 
 
 1 The Priory of St Radegund, Arthur Gray, M.A., p. 102. 
 
15 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 SIDE STREETS AND LANES 
 
 Allusion has hitherto chiefly been made to "the great 
 street outside Barnwell Gate," which was known, as we have 
 seen, by such names as the Preachers' Street, the High Street, 
 the road to the Hills, to Hadstock, Linton, etc. 
 
 But it must not be forgotten that there were other streets 
 and lanes, which must be referred to. 
 
 On the east side, immediately after leaving the Gate and 
 crossing the Ditch, there was a lane (now known as Hobson 
 Street) which ran almost parallel to the Ditch. "Walles 
 Lane" it was called, and on its east side were certain tenements 
 and closes, w^hich are mentioned in various deeds and which 
 will be specially referred to when the foundation and extension 
 of Christ's College is dealt with. 
 
 About seventy yards further along the main street, we come 
 to what is now called Christ's Lane. This has been know^n by 
 a variety of names. It was generally called "the Lane to 
 Hinton," — "the lane leading from St Andrew's Church towards 
 Hintune" — it was also, not unfrequently, unpleasantly known 
 as Rokislane (i.e. Rogues' Lane) and as Hangman's Lane. 
 Other names for it were St Nicholas's Lane, and (early in the 
 nineteenth century) Emmanuel Back Lane and George Street. 
 It gradually however acquired its present title, Christ's Lane. 
 
 Proceeding southwards we come to Preachers' Lane, or 
 Blackfriars' Lane, or as at present Emmanuel Lane. The 
 laying out of this may be dated from the following extract 
 from the Close Rolls for the year 1240. 
 
16 " SIDE STREETS AND LANES [CH. 
 
 "Henry III, by writ dated the 17th of April, the 24th year of his reign, 
 commanded the sheriff of the county to permit the Friars Preachers of 
 Cambridge to enclose the Lane (vicus) which lay on the south part next 
 their Church, for the enlargement of their cemetery, they givmg up in 
 recompense the like quantity in length and breadth of their own ground, 
 it having been found by Inquisition that this would not be to the damage 
 of the town of Cambridge, but rather to the convenience thereof." 
 
 The lane thus "enclosed on the south part next the 
 Church" of the Dominicans must, of course, have been a con- 
 tinuation of the lane now called Downing Street — the many- 
 names whereof will be referred to when we come to the other 
 side of the main street. The lane, doubtless, led right across 
 to the Newmarket Eoad. 
 
 The only other lane on the east side of Preachers' Street 
 going towards the south was that which bounds the fields now 
 known as Parker's Piece. This is described in an old Field 
 Book^ as "King's Lane, in Middlefield, which lane, from Hinton 
 Way, leadeth to Dawe's Cross." This cross stood near the 
 site of the old poplar tree at what is now called Hyde Park 
 Corner. King's Lane was afterwards known as Gravel Pit 
 Road. 
 
 Crossing the main road, King's Lane was continued as 
 "Deepway" (now Lensfield Road), "leading to the stone bridge 
 by the Spital." The ditches which lined this highway are 
 mentioned in various deeds for many centuries. When the 
 water-course, known as the New River, was formed, and 
 "a cut" was made from the conduit-head along the Deepway 
 and towards Emmanuel and Christ's, the lane obtained the 
 name of Conduit Road. 
 
 Continuing now northwards along Regent Street, we come 
 to the present Downing Street. This well-known lane ran east 
 from the London Road outside the Trumpington Gate, and was, 
 as we have seen, originally continued through the middle of 
 the Black Friars' Monastery (i.e. through the present Chapel 
 Court of Emmanuel) on towards the Newmarket Road. It was 
 called of old by various names, such as Dowdivers Lane (Deus 
 Dewers Lane, Duzedewers Lane, etc.), and Langreth Lane, or 
 
 ^ Alderman Wm. Bright's Old Field Book, 1575, formerly in the chest of 
 Great St Andrew's Church (Bowtell MSS. vol. iii, p. 251). 
 
IV] SIDE STREETS AND LANES 17 
 
 Langer Lane. "Landgrytheslane," Professor Maitland^ wrote 
 it; adding "Is not this the limit of the ordinary land-peace? 
 Within the ditch the stricter BurhgriS reigns. If this " (said 
 the lamented Professor) "be the true explanation, both name 
 and limit should be very ancient." 
 
 Later names ^ of this "long lane" are the lane from the 
 Mills to Emmanuel, Hoghill Lane, Bird-bolt Lane, Pembroke 
 Street, Downing Street, etc. 
 
 1 Township and Borough, p. 101. 
 
 ^ Some of these names are of course quite modern. This important side 
 street need not be further dwelt upon, nor need further allusion be made to 
 Meeting House Lane, or Downing Place, on the south, or to St Tibb's Row on 
 the north, with the former parooliial workhouse of Great St Andrew's, which 
 stUl stands. 
 
 G. A. S. Octavo Series. No. XLVII. 
 
18 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 
 WAYSIDE CROSSES 
 
 In describing the lane called "Deepway" between the 
 London Road and the Hadstock Way and known as "King's 
 Lane" from the latter road to Hinton Way, mention was made 
 of a Cross (called Dawe's Cross) which stood at what is now 
 known as Hyde Park Corner. 
 
 Dawe's Cross is often mentioned in ancient deeds, and in an 
 old Field Book^, which formerly belonged to the vestry of the 
 Church of St Andrew the Great, there was a most interesting 
 representation of it. This is here reproduced (by kind per- 
 mission of the Downing authorities) from a copy in the 
 celebrated Bowtell MSS. 
 
 About a quarter of a mile further south along the Hadstock 
 Road, on the east side, just beyond the present milestone, 
 stood another Cross, known as "the Stone Cross." This is 
 marked on Baker's Map of Cambridge, published in 1834. 
 
 On the Hinton Way, at about the same distance from the 
 town as the Cross just mentioned, there was in mediaeval 
 times another wayside Cross, called "the Hinton Cross." 
 There are not infrequent allusions to this in old Field Books. 
 
 These last two Crosses stood, of course, on the highways 
 west and east of Middlefield. 
 
 1 See Bowtell MSS. iii, p. 251. 
 
Dawe's Cross. 
 {From an old Field Book, formerly helonging to Great St Andrew's Church.) 
 
 
 ^»w^fl^ 
 
 Dawe's Cross. 
 
 (From an old Field Book 
 at Peterhouse.) 
 
 
 c<i\\ 
 
 Hinton Cross. 
 
 {From an old Field Book 
 at Peterhouse.) 
 
 2—2 
 
20 
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 
 ACADEMIC BUILDINGS 
 
 Eeference has alreadyi been made to "Rudd's Hostel," 
 formerly the property of St John's Hospital, and a glance has 
 been given to another Hostel, that of St Nicholas. 
 
 A section must now be devoted to the academic buildings 
 which grew up on either side of Preachers' Street. 
 
 As we are dealing with external structures, rather than 
 with the internal history of these institutions, it is not 
 necessary to dwell further upon the Dominican Monastery, 
 upon its church or its library— upon the share of its Priors and 
 Friars in University affairs, or upon their quarrels with the 
 academic authorities. Only it should be remembered that 
 during three centuries the convent of the Friars Preachers was 
 the chief building in the street to which they gave their name. 
 The House surrendered 2 to King Henry VIII and was dissolved 
 in the year 1538 ; there being then fifteen Black Friars besides 
 the Prior. 
 
 Nor need anything additional be said about "Rudd's 
 Hostel," nearly opposite to the Dominican buildings, for 
 though it was somewhat elaborately presented by Bishop 
 Hugh of Balsham to the Hospital of St John, and though it 
 was called a "Hostel" till the days of Dr Caius, yet there is 
 no scholastic history attached to it; and it soon passed out 
 of the hands of the Augustinian brethren and perhaps quite 
 early became, as it still remains, an "Inn" in the more modern 
 sense; it is now, of course, known as "Ye Olde Castel " Inn. 
 
 ^ See p. 12. 
 
 2 Cooper's Armals, i, p. 392. 
 
CH. Vl] ACADEMIC BUILDINGS 21 
 
 A more celebrated Hostel, St Nicholas's, stood on the east 
 side of the street, between the Friary and the site of the present 
 Christ's College. The exact position of the Hostel is thus set 
 forth in a conveyance^ dated 1585 : 
 
 "all that mesuage tenemente or Inne comonlye called St Nicholas hostell 
 with all buildjnges yardes gardens groundes and hereditamentes to the 
 same belonginge scituat lienge and beinge in the parisshe of St Andrews 
 without Barnwell gates in Cambridge aforsaid betweene the tenemente 
 late of John Adam on the one partie and the tenemente called the Chequer 
 and a tenemente of Tho : Bredon on the other partie the one hedd thereof 
 abuttinge upon the Quenes highway called Prechers strete and the other 
 upon the Quenes highwaye leadinge towards Barnwell." 
 
 This date is of course late, but the abuttals are quoted in 
 detail, because the site of this Hostel has been wrongly given 
 by various authorities. Fuller, for instance, in his History of 
 Cambridge^, says it was "over against Christ's College, where 
 now a private house with the public name of the Brazen George'^ ; 
 Masters, in his History of Corpus^, alludes to it as "abutting 
 upon the George" ; while Willis and Clark, in their Architectural 
 History'^, place it at "the corner" of St Andrew's Street and 
 Emmanuel Lane. These are all wrong. 
 
 The site is distinctly noted in Lyne's Map of Cambridge, 
 published in the year 1574. 
 
 The earliest allusion to St Nicholas's Hostel which the 
 present writer has met with, occurs in the will of Thomas 
 Lolleworth^, of Cambridge, bearing date 1393. This citizen 
 bequeathed the whole of his messuages in our town to the 
 Master and Fellows of Corpus Christi College, and amongst 
 them was our Hostel. 
 
 In the following century, from the will^ (dated 30 August, 
 1459) of another Cambridge burgess, Richard Andrewe, alias 
 Spicer, we find that various properties were left to Queens' 
 College ; and in an inventory of these benefactions, compiled 
 
 ^ Quoted in Willis and Clark's Architectural History, ii, pp. 692-3. 
 
 2 Ed. Prickett and Wright, p. 59. 
 
 3 Hist. C.C.C., p. 34. 
 
 * Willis and Clark, u.s., i, p. xxvii. 
 B Masters. Hist. C.C.G., p. 34. 
 
 * History of Queens' College, W. G. Searle, M.A., i, p. 66. 
 
22 ACADEMIC BUILDINGS [CH. 
 
 in the year 1472, one of them is said to be the Hostel of 
 St Nicholas in St Andrew's Parish. 
 
 It should be stated that there had been another Hostel of 
 St Nicholas, situated in Milne Street, in the parish of St John 
 Zacharv, which had been purchased of Simon DalhTig, clerk, 
 Keeper of Trinity Hall, by Henry YI, as part of the site of 
 King's College. It has been conjectured^ that the students of 
 this Hostel migrated to the building in Preachers' Street, of 
 which we are speaking, carr}4ng their name with them. 
 
 It is not here necessary to dwell upon the history of this 
 Hostel — upon its great reputation in connection with legal 
 studies; it was perhaps the chief among the Jun'siae; and a 
 long list of distinguished names of its alumni might be recorded. 
 Fuller^, "with his usual quaintness, says : " the Scholars hereof, 
 as eminent for hard studying, so infamous for their brawlings 
 by night." 
 
 A proposal to transfer the Hostel to the site of the dissolved 
 Black Friars has been mentioned on p. 12. 
 
 We pass on to post-Reformation times. In the year 1582, 
 the building was in the possession of Simon Watson^, and, 
 three years later, Sir Henry Killigrew* purchased it for the 
 sum of £140, in order that a suitable Lodge might be made 
 for Dr Laurence Chaderton, the first Master of the newly 
 founded Emmanuel CoUege. 
 
 Strange to say, by a curious mistake, in William Smith's 
 pretty line Plan of Cambridge issued (after Lyne) in 1588, the 
 Parish Church is called St Nicholas^. It may be added that 
 there was a St Nicholas's Chapel in the Church (of Great 
 St Andrew). 
 
 Another building, which was used as a Hostel or Inn for 
 students, was known as the Brazen George^. It was situate on 
 
 1 Willis and Clark, u.s.. i, p. xxvii. 
 
 2 History, ed. Prickett and Wright, p. 59. 
 ^ Coopers Memorials, iii, p. 215. 
 
 Willis and Clark, u.s., ii, pp. 692-3. 
 ^ A church dedicated to St Nicholas formerly stood on part of the site of 
 King's CoUege and was demolished by Henry VI at the foundation of his 
 ollege. (See Caius, History, pp. 67 and 120, and Fuller, History, p. 150.) 
 * History of St John's CoUege, Baker-Mayor, i, pp. 92, 355. 
 
\i] ACADEMIC BUILDINGS 23 
 
 the west side of the main street, to the south of St Andrew's 
 Church (where the Post Ofl&ce formerly stood— the clock whereof 
 still remains on the outside of the premises, now occupied by 
 Messrs Coote & Warren). 
 
 In the reign of Henry VI (2 February, 1445-6) it became the 
 property of Geoffrey Xe^^le, who had sold his house (wherein 
 students dwelt) to the King for the site of King's College, on 
 condition of another equally good being found for him. 
 
 The Brazen George was given to Christ's College by its third 
 Master (1511-17) Dr Thomas Thompson^, who had been a 
 member of Pembroke. In the deed the abuttals are as follows : 
 the Church on the north, the lands of Thomas Bracebridge 
 (alias Barber) on the south and east, and "the common ditche 
 called the Kynge's ditche on the west." 
 
 (It may be added that Dr Thompson also gave to the 
 CoUege a house adjacent to the Brazen George, which was named 
 from successive tenants "Scocroft's" and "Troilus Atkinson's.") 
 
 The Brazen George was long used as a dwelling-place for 
 some of the scholars of Christ's, "and ye Gates there were 
 shut and open'd Morning and Evening constantly as ye College 
 gates were." In the Report^ to Archbishop Laud dated 1636, 
 it is stated of Christ's College : 
 
 "Hard by this Hotise is a town Inn (they call it the Brazen Greorge) wherein 
 many of these SchoUers live lodge and study, and yet the statutes of the 
 Universitie require that none lodge out of the Colledge where no Govemour 
 or tutor can looke after their pupUls as they ought." 
 
 Edmund Carter, in his History of the University of Cambridge^, 
 in a list of the Inns and Hostels, includes "St Michael's Hostel, 
 now the Brazen-George-yard, in St Andrew's," and Mr C. H. 
 Cooper^ repeats the statement, adding: "it was apparently 
 disused as a Hostel before 1521." But neither of these writers 
 gives his authority for the use of the name "St ^lichael's." 
 
 We have seen that for long the Brazen George was intimately 
 connected with Christ's, and we naturally now cross from the 
 
 1 History of Christ's College, J. Peile, Litt.D., p. 42. 
 
 2 lb. p. 155. 
 
 ' History, p. 16. 
 
 * Memorials of Cambridge, iii, p. 215. 
 
24 ACADEMIC BUILDINGS [CH. 
 
 west of the street to that renowned College on the opposite 
 side. 
 
 But we have first to deal with an older academical building. 
 We have already seen^ that one or two scholastic establishments 
 displaced by Henry VI for the site of his great College had 
 migrated to our neighbourhood. We must now mention the 
 fact that Henry had similarly transplanted a school or college 
 of Grammar which William Bingham^ had about 1439 erected 
 near Clare College. The title of the new building — "God's 
 House" — was carried wdth it to the land acquired just outside 
 Barnwell Gate. Henry YI purposed to do much for this new 
 foundation. As Fuller^ puts it: "This King had an intention 
 (had not deprivation, a civil death, prevented him) to advance 
 the scholars of this foundation to the full number of sixty, 
 though (a great fall) never more than four lived there for lack 
 of maintenance." We must not however follow the welfare — 
 or rather the poverty — of the new "God's House" in Preachers' 
 Street, but proceed to relate (still quoting Fuller) how "the 
 Lady Margaret, Countess of Richmond and Derby (accounting 
 herself, as of the Lancastrian line, heir to all King Henry's 
 godly intentions), only altered the name from God's House to 
 Christ's College, and (in the year 1505) made up the number, 
 viz. one master, twelve fellows, forty-seven scholars, in all 
 sixty." 
 
 We must not here follow the fortunes of the illustrious 
 house, with which are connected the names of Milton, of 
 Darwin, and of many other men of renown. 
 
 We must only record the acquisition of the plots of ground 
 upon which the College was founded and has grown. 
 Mr J. W. Clark, in that monumental work — Willis and Clark's 
 Architectural History'^ of the University of Cambridge — treats 
 this question admirably and in great detail, illustrating his 
 description with an elaborate plan. He describes the seven 
 long strips of land which were acquired, six of which had 
 their narrow western end abutting on Preachers' Street, and 
 1 See p. 22. 
 
 * History of ChrisVs College, J. Peile, Litt.D., pp. 1, etc. 
 ' History, ed. Prickett and Wright, p. 181. 
 
 * Vol. ii, pp. 187, etc.. and vol. iv, Christ's College, Fig. 1. 
 
VI] ACADEMIC BiriLDINGS 25 
 
 extended eastward about 90 or 100 yards to a water-course 
 which, though covered up, still runs through the second court. 
 The first two strips had been purchased by William Bingham 
 in the years 1446 and 1448 from the abbeys of Titley and of 
 Denny. The plot to the north was acquired by William 
 Fallan, the third Proctor or Master of God's House, from 
 William Herrys in 1448 ; while ten years later William Basset, 
 the fourth Master, bought of Brian Fishwick, heir of John 
 Fishwick a University bedell, two strips to the south, one next 
 the Titley piece, and the other at the corner of the lane leading 
 towards Hinton. Basset, a few years later (in 1474) acquired 
 the intervening strip from the Priory of St Edmund of Semp- 
 ringham. Mr J. W. Clark proceeds to quote deeds relating to 
 the purchase of other adjacent properties, until the whole of 
 the present site of Christ's College had been acquired. 
 
 It only remains — in this section on the scholastic buildings 
 outside the Barnwell Gate — to record the foundation of 
 Emmanuel College, as the ultimate inheritor of the Dominican 
 buildings and grounds. 
 
 After the surrender of the Black Friars' Monastery in 1538 
 to Henry VIII, that monarch (in 1544) granted^ the premises 
 to Edward Elrington and Humphrey Metcalfe, from whom they 
 passed in the following year to William Sherwood, whose son 
 George granted them in 1581 to Robert Taylor, from whom they 
 were acquired in 1583 by Richard Culver well and Laurence 
 Chaderton, his brother-in-law. The last named had already 
 been nominated by Sir Walter Mildmay to the mastership of 
 the College which he was about to found. On November 23rd, 
 1583, the brothers-in-law conveyed to Sir Walter 
 
 "all that the scite, circuit, ambulance, and precinct of the late Priory of 
 Fryers preachers commonly called the blackfryers within the town of 
 Cambridge . . . and all mesuages, houses, buildinges, barnes, stables, dove- 
 houses, orchardes, gardens, pondes, stewes, waters, lande, and soyle 
 within the said scite .... And aU the walles of stone, brick, and other thinges 
 composinge and enclosinge the said scite . . . . " 
 
 What changes had already — during the forty and more 
 years — taken place in the buildings, etc. is not known ; doubtless 
 
 ^ History of Emmanuel College, E. S. Shuckburgh, Litt.D., pp. 3, etc. 
 
26 ACADEMIC BUILDINGS [CH. VI 
 
 the usual stripping of lead and other spoliations had occurred 
 at an early date, and probably various alterations had been 
 made during the generation while the Sherwoods made their 
 dweUing-place here; but, at the foundation of Emmanuel, 
 certain parts of the monastery seem to have been worked into 
 the new estabUshment. Puritan feeHng was shown by the 
 conversion of the Friars" Church into the new dining-hall; 
 while the refectory of the old convent was repaired and fitted 
 up as a Chapel, with chambers above it. The architect employed 
 was Ealph Symons, whose portrait is in the gallery, and who 
 had done much work in connection with Trinity and St John's. 
 The chief entrance to the College was in the middle of a wall 
 facing Emmanuel Lane. 
 
 It may be noted that., in consideration of Ralph Symons's 
 ser^-ices to Emmanuel, an advantageous lease^ of the house 
 just north of the College was granted to him in 1586. The house 
 demised stood at the north corner of Preachers' Street and 
 Emmanuel Lane : 
 
 "Betweene the tenement called the Antelopp towardes the northe, and the 
 comon lane leading by the wall of the Black Fryers now Emmanuel College 
 on the southe, and the west parte abutteth upon . . . Preachers Streete, 
 and the part towards the east on the tenement or groiind belonging to 
 St John's College." 
 
 The corner house above described was known as Roxton 
 Hall in the next centurv, and it adjoined certain houses which 
 together formed a range called the Pensionary. 
 
 1 Willis and Clark, Architectural History, ii, pp. 692-3. 
 
27 
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 
 LATER BUILDINGS 
 
 The word "later" is, of course, an elastic term; and the 
 writer asks to be pardoned if, in the same chapter — for con- 
 venience' sake — he names certain buildings and houses which 
 are associated with difierent dates and even with difierent 
 centuries. 
 
 To begin, bv the Barnwell Gate, on the east side : reference 
 has already been made to the messuages and plots of ground 
 which were absorbed at the foundation of Christ's College, or 
 rather of God's House. These, as has been said, are given 
 with such detail in WiUis and Clark's Architectural History, 
 that we may pass on to the group of buildings next, south. 
 
 Between what are now Christ's Lane and Emmanuel Lane 
 (where are at present some fourteen houses, viz. Xos. 70 to 57 
 of St Andrew's Street), there stood in ancient times chiefly a 
 number of small cottages, a number varving at different dates. 
 
 We print on the following page, by the kind permission of 
 the Bursar of Emmanuel, a curious old plan (dated 1635) of 
 the first 129 feet of the frontage (i.e. from Xo. 70 to Xo. 65). 
 Xone of the buildings here pictured (except perhaps Vine 
 House) was of any importance; all of those were Radegund 
 property. It will be noticed that they are said to be bounded 
 on the south by "Dr Chaderton's house, etc." 
 
 This brings us, therefore, to the building known formerly 
 as "St Xicholas's Hostel" which has been described in detail 
 in a former section. This is now occupied by Mr Ginn's offices, 
 Xos. 64 and 63 St Andrew's Street. 
 
 Xext come the present Xos. 62 and 61, now used as 
 University Offices. "We have seen, in giving the abuttals of 
 
(^/zriscs Cotuca^c pe 
 
 Easf 
 
 oriAc^inJaii£j[liariorvGoft^J 
 
 *^ 14- Yards 4- yards yards 
 
 (■yards yards 
 
 yorth 
 
 5oidh\ 
 
 and ly yardcs wc^i(aoLrs I 18 J^T^dcs cafCed ^i, yyrU- \ S" yardts /%■ 
 jfiL u/ay Lcadirvq dront '^aritrouqctic. io Cjuartuddl. Co^^^^ j::^^^^^. 
 
 '^cad£cd Praoudzcrs sirtdh. ttatJm<3 iodinioTt 
 
 rW^slr 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■Tcvy 
 
 The Vine Estate. 
 {From John JelleWs Terrier, 1635.) 
 
CH. VIl] LATER BUILDINGS 29 
 
 St Nicholas's Hostel in the year 1585, that on the south 
 stood "the Chequer" ; this (No. 62) and the adjacent tenement 
 were in 1688 in the possession of Dr Christopher Greene, the 
 Professor of Physic (who held considerable property in Cam- 
 bridge) ; and members of his family owned it for many years. 
 In the middle of the eighteenth century it was the residence of 
 Mr Richard Whish, a celebrated Cambridge citizen, who under 
 somewhat peculiar circumstances (characteristically recorded 
 by Cole) amassed a large fortune. 
 
 It need only be added that the present lofty erection was 
 built by a former Alderman, after whom it was known as 
 "Ranee's Folly." 
 
 Where Nos. 60 and 59 now stand were formerly two or three 
 small tenements — one of which was long called "the Three 
 Archers." 
 
 The site of No. 58 has an interesting history. It has 
 belonged for centuries to St John's. In the year 1532 we 
 learn, from an account in the archives of that College, that 
 there were here three cottages "leased to Richard Stronge, 
 slayter, of Cambridge." The abuttals are thus given: "on a 
 tenement belonging to Ely Rectory on the south ; on a garden 
 belonging to Dr Lee to the north ; on the highway to the west ; 
 and on a garden belonging to the college to the east." A series 
 of leases in the bursary of St John's shows the names of the 
 occupiers of these cottages during the next two centuries. 
 We pass on to the year 1743, when they were leased to the 
 Rev. John Mickleborough, a fellow of Corpus, who was Pro- 
 fessor of Chemistry in the University and who held the livings 
 of St Andrew the Great and Landbeach. This gentleman, 
 after his marriage, demolished the cottages and built a mansion 
 which is doubtless the substantial house now numbered 58. 
 Since the death of Mr Mickleborough in 1756, this has been in 
 the hands of well-known medical men ; .the first of whom was 
 Mr Thomas Thackeray. This doctor belonged to a family 
 renowned in classical, scholastic, medical, military and literary 
 circles. He married Lydia, daughter of his neighbour, 
 Mr Whish ; this lady survived her husband for many years, 
 and lived in the house until her death in the year 1830. 
 
30 LATER BUILDIlSrGS [CH. 
 
 Another Miss Whish became the wife of Francis Gunning, 
 father of the esquire-bedell, in whose racy Reminiscences may 
 be read various allusions to the Thackeray family, Mr Thomas 
 Thackeray's eldest son, William Makepeace Thackeray, was 
 a renowned physician in the city of Chester; another son, 
 Frederick, succeeded his father in the Cambridge home and 
 practice; his daughter Jane married Professor George Pryme, 
 who likewise published Reminiscences, wherein may be seen 
 interesting references to the family. Mr Thomas Thackeray's 
 nephews included the celebrated General Frederick Rennell 
 Thackeray, Dr George Thackeray, Provost of King's (1814 to 
 1850), and Kichmond, father of the novelist William Make- 
 peace Thackeray. Other interesting details might be given. 
 Mr Carter, the surgeon, succeeded Mr Frederick Thackeray ; and 
 was himself succeeded by Mr Lucas, from whom the surgery 
 and practice passed to the present occupier, Mr Johnson. 
 
 Before passing from No. 58 to the corner house, it should 
 be added that the most southern of the three cottages, which 
 formerly stood on the site with which we have been dealing, 
 was long known as The Antelope. 
 
 We come lastly to the corner house, No. 57. This was of 
 old the property of the Hospital of St John and St Mary 
 Magdalene of Ely; but the Emmanuel authorities early in 
 their career obtained possession of it by the gift of Dr Leedes, 
 the Master of Clare College. We have already seen how, in 
 the year 1586, a beneficial lease thereof had been granted to 
 the architect Ralph Symons. He built certain new buildings, 
 including a range called The Pensionary, next to the corner 
 house along Emmanuel Lane. This was apparently inhabited 
 not by students, but by servants of the College. About a 
 century later, the corner house was rebuilt, and was then known 
 as Roxton Hall. 
 
 In the lease granted to Ralph Symons, this property 
 (consisting, and still consisting, of some nine cottages) is said 
 to be bounded on the east by " the tenement or ground belonging 
 to St John's College^." This shows that the property of that 
 
 ^ An old rental, dated 6 Henry VII, preserved in St John's College, speaks 
 of this being leased to John Howlyn. The abuttals were: a tenement of 
 
Vn] LATER BUILDINGS 31 
 
 College at the rear of The Antelope (mentioned in dealing with 
 what is now 58, St Andrew's Street) reached to Emmanuel 
 Lane. 
 
 Of the nine tenements eastward from Roxton Hall, the last 
 was of old used by the College as a lime-house; but in 1772, 
 this building wdth the said corner house and the adjacent 
 cottage were leased to Mrs Lydia Thackeray. Continuing 
 along the lane just named, it may be noted that the authorities 
 of St John's, in the year 1872, allowed Mr Ranee a passage 
 from his large house in St Andrew's Street into the lane next 
 to No. 9, and the Alderman here erected a tenement known as 
 Southgate Lodge. 
 
 Next to this came a small property. No. 10, which was long 
 in the hands of the Corporation. This, however, like most of 
 the block we are considering, has now been acquired by the 
 neighbouring College. 
 
 For the new Emmanuel buildings lately erected, this house 
 (No. 10) and other tenements, which formerly stood between 
 it and the east end of the lane, have been demolished. 
 
 They may be briefly recalled as follows : Six tenements 
 (Nos. 11 to 16) came next, the first of which was larger than 
 the others. From its occupation in the middle of the eighteenth 
 century by a Mr Thomas Wright, it was formerly known by 
 his name. Later on it was occupied by the esquire-bedell, 
 John Beverley, whom Gunning so disliked. In the nineteenth 
 century it passed, with the adjacent five cottages, into the hands 
 of a well-known Cambridge citizen Mr Peete Musgrave, from 
 whom it passed to one of his distinguished sons. It was latterly 
 occupied by Mr James W. Prior, solicitor. 
 
 Passing the small cottages (Nos. 12 to 16), the mansion 
 next was (together wdth certain adjacent tenements at the 
 corner of the lane and round in Drummer Street) formerly 
 known as the White Horse. This property was purchased 
 early in the seventeenth century by Emmanuel College; the 
 abuttals were said to be : Preachers' Lane on the south, the way 
 
 St John the Baptist of Ely on the west, a tenement belonging to the Town 
 Treasury on the east, on the south "super Regiani Viam, vocatam Cowlane.'^ 
 This gives us a new, or rather an old name, for the Lane. 
 
32 LATER BUILDINGS [CH. 
 
 to Barnwell Fields on the east, the grounds of St Nicholas's 
 Hostel on the north, and on the west partly a messuage of 
 William Parkins and a barn (called Andrew's Barn). In the 
 large house at the end of the eighteenth century dwelt the Rev. 
 George Borlase (who was Registrary and afterwards Professor 
 of Moral Theology). On the death of his widow in 1836 a 
 Mr Searle lived there ; and later on the house passed successively 
 into the hands of Mr Gunning and Mr Clement Francis, remaining 
 in the possession of the family of the latter until its recent 
 demolition. 
 
 As to the eastern road, which we have now reached (called 
 formerly Hinton Lane, or the way to Barnwell Fields, and now 
 known as Drummer Street), it need only be said that there 
 were certain small cottages which were part of the "White 
 Horse" property. One of these, styled the "Heart's Ease," 
 " being a low public-house was converted into three respectable 
 tenements" by Mr Francis, who also was permitted to pull 
 down a brewhouse which stood at the east end of the St Nicholas's 
 Hostel grounds. A piece of waste ground by the side of the 
 road was claimed by the Corporation, but this was long since 
 purchased by the College authorities. 
 
 On the same road, passing towards the south, at the east 
 of the College grounds, there formerly stood (besides the College 
 Brewhouse) two houses. In one of these the Rev. Robert 
 Masters, the historian of Corpus, at one time resided; and 
 Mr Gunning, the esquire-bedell, tells us in his Reminiscences 
 that he, for some years, resided with his widowed mother {nee 
 Whish) in Emmanuel House, as the building was called. In the 
 year 1821, a lease of the property was granted to Rev. James 
 Goodwin (formerly Bones), who resided there for many years. 
 In 1886, the Emmanuel authorities demolished the buildings 
 and replaced them by a tutor's house and the Hostel Buildings. 
 
 Returning to the main street, and going south past the 
 College, we come to the houses now numbered 56 and 55, the 
 latter of which is occupied by Mr Congreve. This site is of no 
 little interest, for until comparatively lately it was (and 
 probably had been for six or seven centuries) the property of 
 the ecclesiastical authorities at Ely. Here was perhaps the 
 
Vn] LATER BUILDINGS 33 
 
 grange so often referred to in connection with St Andrew the 
 Great. It was probably at this house that a Mr John Delaport, 
 in 1763, "opened a Coffee Room next to Emmanuel College, 
 in a pleasant garden." The long and extraordinary advertise- 
 ment of this establishment is given in full in Cooper's Annals, 
 iv, 328, 329. In 1858 it was purchased by the late Alderman 
 Charles Finch Foster, who built a manse for the Baptist Chapel 
 opposite. The property was, however, acquired by Emmanuel 
 College in the year 1899. 
 
 In a map of Cambridge published by Cadell and Davies in 
 1808, there are one or two other tenements further south along 
 the Hills Road, terminating with a veterinary surgery, occupying 
 part of the present University Arms. No other buildings lay 
 to the south of this. 
 
 Across the street, on the west side of Hills Road, according 
 to the same map, was the Old Theatre, where the Downing 
 Porter's Lodge now stands. Reference to this "Playhouse" 
 may be seen in the lease of the site made by the Corporation 
 to the present holder. 
 
 Let us now return northwards towards the Barnwell Gate. 
 We immediately meet, as already mentioned, older buildings. 
 
 First in interest, though not in order, we notice the notorious 
 Spinning House, or Hobson's Workhouse, which was founded 
 by the carrier-benefactor of that name in the year 1628. It 
 has comparatively lately (in 1901) been replaced by the Borough 
 Police Station. 
 
 The former rural character of this part of St Andrew's 
 Street may be noted from the description of the building in 
 Carter's History of the County of Cambridge'^, commenced in 
 the middle of the eighteenth century : 
 
 "The Bridewell (called by the inhabitants the Spinning House) is 
 pleasantly situated near the fields at the south end of the parish of Great 
 St Andrew's, and is chiefly used for the confinement of such lewd women 
 as the Proctors apprehend in houses of ill fame; though sometimes the 
 Corporation send small offenders thither, and the crier of the town is 
 often there to discipline the ladies of pleasure with his whip." 
 
 If we go back to the date of the indenture^ of feoffment by 
 
 ^ Carter, u.s.. p. 19. 
 
 ^ Report of the Commissioners for inquiring concerning Charities, 1838, p. 24 
 C. A. S. Octavo Series. No. XLVII. 3 
 
34 LATER BUILDINGS [CH. 
 
 which Thomas Hobson conveyed the property to the trustees, 
 we find further proof of the rustic appearance of the estate, 
 which is described as 
 
 "a messuage and tenement, dove-house and site of a dove-house, a barn, 
 and all houses and edifices then built upon the farms, gardens, curtilages, 
 courts and grounds thereunto belonging, with all their appurtenances, in 
 the parish of St Andrew, without Barnwell-gate in Cambridge." 
 
 The deed seems to imply that some kind of "poor-house" 
 had ah-eady stood on the site. 
 
 As the writer has already ^ dealt in detail with the Spinning 
 House and its history in a former communication to this 
 Society, nothing further need be said upon the subject here 
 and now. 
 
 Only — as leading on to the next paragraph — it may be 
 pointed out that employment was specially found for " combers 
 of wooll" and the weavers of the town, and that several of the 
 keepers of Hobson's Workhouse are described as " woolcombers " 
 and "worsted-weavers." 
 
 In an old Cambridge newspaper 2, it is stated that on 
 the 3rd of February, 1791, "the wool-combers of this place 
 rode through the principal streets in grand procession, attended 
 with flags and martial music, in commemoration of Bishop 
 Blaze." 
 
 Now, it will be remembered that the ecclesiastic just 
 named was the patron saint of weavers and woolcombers. 
 We cannot, therefore, be surprised that a well-known Inn in 
 the neighbourhood of Hobson's Workhouse was c^led the 
 Bishop Blaise. This Inn was however pulled down by the 
 much abused Bishop Watson and replaced by a mansion (still 
 standing) which he named Llandaff Hoiise, after the diocese to 
 which he was appointed in 1782, which he held for thirty- 
 four years, and which (following the example of Archbishop 
 Laud, when he held a Welsh bishopric) he is said never to have 
 visited. The conversion of the Inn into a private residence* 
 
 ^ Cambridge Parish Workhouses, C.A.S. Proceedings, lix, pp. 87-94. 
 
 * Cambridge Chronicle, quoted in Cooper's Annals, iv, p. 44 L 
 
 ^ For nearly a century this house was the home of a well-known private school. 
 
Vn] LATER BUILDINGS Z5 
 
 was commemorated by that somewhat spiteful epigrammatist, 
 William Lort Mansel (afterwards Master of Trinity and Bishop 
 of Bristol) in the following lines: 
 
 "Two of a trade can ne'er agree — 
 No proverb can be juster; 
 They've ta'en down Bishop Blaise, you see, 
 And put up Bishop Bluster." 
 
 Blaise Inn — which, by the bye, was partly in the parish 
 of Great St Andrew and partly in that of St Benedict — stood a 
 few doors to the south of the Spinning House. 
 
 It should be added that in the year 1788, the town gaol 
 was removed from the old building adjoining the Town Hall, 
 called the Tolbooth, to a newly-erected edifice in the old lane, 
 now called Downing Place. This building, which stood at the 
 back of the Spinning House, opened by a large gate into the 
 main street, just south of that Workhouse. The new gaol cost 
 the town £911. 10s. A very curious account of the condition 
 of this and other prisons in Cambridge may be seen in the 
 Gentleman's Magazine^, for the year 1802. 
 
 On June 23rd, 1827, the royal assent was given to an Act 
 for building a new gaol for the town of Cambridge ; a curiously- 
 shaped prison accordingly was erected soon afterwards on 
 Corporation ground to the south of Parker's Piece, from the 
 design of Mr Wm M'Intosh Brookes, at a total cost of £25,000. 
 From the year 1829 to May 15th, 1879, when this gaol was 
 dismantled, it formed a prominent feature in the south of 
 Cambridge. 
 
 Reference need not here be made to the transference of 
 prisoners, etc. to the old gaol at the Castle Hill. But it must 
 of course be recorded, that in the year 1901, the site of the 
 Spinning House and of the Downing Place prison was covered 
 by elaborate new Police offices, erected from the designs of 
 Mr John Morley, architect. 
 
 Next to the Spinning House, on the north, stands and has 
 stood for nearly two centuries the Meeting Place of the Baptist 
 community. To the rear of this, in Downing Place, there had 
 been founded towards the end of the reign of Charles II or the 
 
 ^ Gentleman's Magazine, Ixxiv, p. 897; Cooper's Annals, v, p. 527. 
 
 3—2 
 
36 LATER BtriLDlNGS [CH. 
 
 beginning of that of James II an assembly for the Presbyterians, 
 which after a while at the instigation of Joseph Hussey, their 
 pastor, was changed to a gathering for CongregationaUsm. 
 The varied and interesting history of this society cannot here 
 be recorded. In the year 1874, a move was made to Trump- 
 ington Street, where at the northern corner of Little St Mary's 
 Lane a new Chapel was erected. 
 
 To return to the Downing Place Meeting House. Away 
 back in the year 1721 a portion of its congregation seceded and 
 started a Baptist community; fitting up as a meeting house a 
 stable and a granary in a place called the Stoneyard, next to 
 the Spinning House. This place of worship was rebuilt in 
 1764, and again in 1837, and yet again in 1904. 
 
 [Speaking of nonconformist chapels, it may be added that 
 one of the first places wherein the Methodists met for worship 
 was a room in the yard of the Brazen George, which as we have 
 seen was just to the south of the parish church. As the town 
 ditch ran at the back thereof, this early Wesleyan meeting house 
 was known as "the Black Ditch."] 
 
 A door or two away from the Baptist Chapel on the north 
 side stood, and still stands, "the Old Castle" Inn already 
 mentioned, and next to that (but now converted into two 
 shops with a yard between them) was another public-house, 
 "the Bricklayers' Arms." This was formerly the well-known 
 Michael House Grange. But to this, and to the Old Castle, 
 reference has already been made in a previous section. 
 
 Next perhaps to this site — though mention of the fact 
 should rather have been made in dealing with the older buildings 
 ■ — stood of old a messuage which a renowned citizen^, Henry of 
 Tangmere, bequeathed in 1361 to his wife Matilda, and which 
 that lady and her son gave to Corpus Christi College. The 
 property is described as "lying in the parish of St Andrew 
 outside Barnwell Gate, between a messuage of John of Essex 
 and that late Simon the Glover's, abutting one head on 
 Swynecroft, the other on the King's way called Prechour- 
 strete." 
 
 ^ Masters, History of C.C.C, p. 21; Camb. Gild Records, Mary Bateson, 
 C.A.S., xxxix, p. 146. 
 
VIl] LATER BUILDINGS 37 
 
 A few more houses bring us to the present Downing Street. 
 One of the many names by which that road was called, was 
 Bird-Bolt Lane. This reminds us that a celebrated Inn so 
 named stood for centuries at the northern corner of St 
 Andrew's Street and Downing Street. This important building 
 was in mediaeval times in the possession of St John's Hospital, 
 and it passed into the hands of the College of that name. In 
 the archives of this foundation^ — to which the property still 
 belongs — may be seen many records of leases relating to 
 this well-known hostelry. Some of these may be quoted on 
 account of the names of the tenants and for the sake of the 
 references to the abuttals. 
 
 On January 12th, 1539, there was granted to William 
 Badcocke a tenement with a back yard and garden in St Andrew's 
 parish "in the streete commenly called fryer prechers streate, 
 buttying on the est ende upon the forsaid streate, next upon a 
 yarde called fayer yarde, north upon a tenement of the Kynges 
 somtyme perteynyng to the late Monasterye of Barnwell, and of 
 the south parte upon a lane called langer lane." The Friars 
 Preachers' Street was, as we have often noted, the present 
 St Andrew's Street; Langer Lane was one of the names of 
 Downing Street; while Fair Yard was of old often applied to 
 Hog Hill, or St Andrew's Hill. 
 
 On the 7th March, 1577, a lease was granted to Jo Redayme 
 (sic), of Cambridge, gent., of the Burholt with three tenements 
 and a garden all in St Andrew's parish, for twenty years, at a 
 rent of 285. Mr Redman was a well-known Esquire-Bedell 
 (1563-c. 1579), who, like several other of those officials, had 
 many financial and commercial dealings. 
 
 In another Lease Book in the Treasury of the same College, 
 a grant was made on March 12th, 1596, " to William Munnes of 
 Cambridge, yeoman, of the Burholte in St Andrew's parish 
 (abutting south on the lane leading to Pembroke hall, east on 
 Emmanuel College, west on the lane leading to St Thomas a lees, 
 commonly called Slaughterhouse lane, north on one Mason's 
 
 ^ The writer desires to express his obligations to that learned and keen 
 recorder of the history of his College, the Master of St John's. See also Baker- 
 Mayor, index. 
 
Sa LATER BTJILDIN-GS [CH. 
 
 house), for 20 years, at a rent of 53s. id." The variations in 
 describing the abuttals are interesting, but need no comment. 
 
 In the same volume, under date March 27th, 1609, a lease 
 was made to William Scarlett of Cambridge, stationer, of the 
 Burbolte in St Andrew's parish, for forty years, at the same rent 
 as in the last case. On the same day a licence of alienation 
 is recorded for the above. William Scarlett was a well-known 
 Cambridge stationer. 
 
 From the Victuollers^ Book in the University Registry may 
 be quoted the following licence^ granted by the Vice-Chancellor 
 in the year 1631 : 
 
 "The Hanging Burbolt in St Andrew's Parish, an Inn. To ALL 
 XTIAN PEOPLE to whom these presents shall come to be read or seene, 
 HENRY BUTTS Dor of Divinitie and Vice-Chancellor of the University 
 of Cambridge, Sendeth Greetinge. KNOW YE that I the said Vice- 
 Chancellor, having been credibly informed that the House of William 
 Pether, called the Hanging Burbolt, in St Andrew's Parish, in Cambr. 
 is a fitt and convenient House to be made an Inn, and hath sufficient and 
 fit Lodgings and bedding for such guests as shall resort thither, and large 
 stable room for their horses, and convenient and fitt passage into the same, 
 have permitted and allowed the said House to be made an Inn, and to be 
 hereafter known and called by the Signe of the Hanginge Burbolt. In 
 witness whereof I have hereunto sett my hand and seal of office, this 
 second day of March A" Dni Juxta etc., 1630. 
 
 HENRY BUTTS, Pro. Cane." 
 
 Dr Butts was the Master of Corpus^ who, having acted so 
 heroically during the long-continued outbreak of the plague in 
 Cambridge, met with such a tragic death on Easter Day, 1632. 
 
 Between this corner house (where now the Norwich Union 
 offices have replaced the old Bird-Bolt Inn) and Great St 
 Andrew's Church by the Barnwell Gate, there have for centuries 
 been various buildings, some of which are referred to in docu- 
 ments still existing in the archives of Corpus Christi, St John's, 
 Christ's, Jesus, Emmanuel and other Colleges. Such an one is 
 No. 21 (now Messrs Flack & Judge's), which has always been 
 known as "the Challice" — which sign, it will be noticed with 
 
 ^ Cooper's Annals, vol. iii, p. 238. 
 
 2 Stokes's History of C.C.C., pp. 98-100. 
 
VIl] LATER BUILDINGS 39 
 
 interest, has been retained on the front of the restored building. 
 This tenement was of old the property of Corpus, but was sold 
 by that College. It was given to Emmanuel by Dr Harvey in 
 1584. The College just named has other houses near — part of 
 Messrs Sayle's premises, for instance, which Emmanuel pur- 
 chased in the beginning of the seventeenth century from a 
 prominent Cambridge citizen named Wolfe. Other property 
 in this neighbourhood was at one time in the possession of 
 Thomas Bracebridge, a well-known yeoman-bedell. 
 
 Reference has already been made to the Brazen George 
 Hostel, to the two houses to its south (once owned by Scocroft 
 and Troilus Atkinson) and to the early Wesleyan Chapel to 
 its rear. 
 
 This brings us back to the Ditch, to the Church and to the 
 Gate. 
 
CHAPTER VIII 
 
 BY THE WAYSIDE 
 
 It has been conjectured, as noted above, that the road 
 which led from Cambridge to the hills in the south-east ran 
 parallel to an old Eoman road. It was probably formed 
 casually, and it certainly had waste-pieces on either side. 
 Until Worts's Causeway was constructed, the road itself must 
 have been a very indifferent one. 
 
 Of course, as far down as the Dominican Friary on the east 
 side and as Michael House Grange on the west, the frontage 
 must have been settled in early times. Though even right up to 
 the King's Ditch we read, in an old document^, of " a void ground 
 between St Andrew's Church and the Wrestlers," an old Inn at 
 this end of the Petty Cury. Again a similar reference speaks 
 of "the waste ground near the Grate (?) in St Andrew's." 
 While the quotation^ "Ye stoapys a y^ syde Christ's Colledg" 
 reminds us that posts in front of the Lady Margaret Foundation 
 tell of an uncertainty as to road and pathway. The tall pillars 
 in front of the gateway of Christ's with the posts and inter- 
 vening rails are elaborately shown in Loggan's print of that 
 College (1690) ; and in the map of Cambridge by the same 
 careful and skilled artist the condition of the road leading to 
 the Hills may be observed ; where it mil be noted that beyond 
 "the Blaise Inn" the wayside broadens out. 
 
 The following description ^ — though written comparatively 
 lately — records the memories of an old inhabitant: 
 
 "The road now called Regent Street had broad strips of grass, for 
 Parker's land did not quite run up to the road on the east side, nor did 
 
 1 See Toll-Case, ed. Hatfield, 1826. 
 
 2 Baker, MSS., iii, 386. 
 
 ' S. P. Widnall, Gossiping Stroll through the Streets of Cambridge, p. 107. 
 
CH. VIIl] BY THE WAYSIDE 41 
 
 St Thomas's Leys (now called Downing College grounds) run up to the 
 ground on the other side, but there were two strips left of road-side ground 
 which were probably considered waste. 
 
 " The ground on the west side of Regent Street between it and Downing 
 Grounds is said to have been gradually occupied by squatters, who inclosed 
 patches, or put up buildings which remained undistm'bed long enough for 
 them to claim a right of ownership." 
 
 And so, further south, at the sides of what is still called 
 Hills Road, were wayside patches. For instance, immediately 
 on the east side, near where now stands the Perse School, was 
 a large piece of waste ground, called "Ball's Folly." In the 
 midst of this ran an open ditch nearly twelve feet in width. 
 
 Here it may be well to refer to the water-course which was 
 constructed (early in the seventeenth century) along what are 
 now Lensfield Road and (the west side of) Regent Street. This 
 is graphically represented in Loggan's map of 1690, and is of 
 course still a special feature of Cambridge streets. 
 
 There is in the Bowtell 31 SS^ so good a description of the 
 water-course that, though it is somewhat detailed, the whole, 
 by the kind permission of the Downing possessors of those 
 interesting volumes, is here reproduced. 
 
 The Little New River. 
 
 "Dr Parker, the worthy archbishop of Canterbury, in his chorographical 
 table of Cambridge, published in 1574, suggested the great advantage the 
 town would derive were the water course enlarged quite down to Cambridge 
 from the springs which rise at the foot of the Gogmagog Hills. 
 
 " Due attention being afterwards paid to that judicious intimation, the 
 design was put in execution (a.d. 1610), chiefly by the encouragement of 
 Dr Montague, master of Sidney College, who with the assistance of a dis- 
 tinguished member'^ of the University brought the water in a channel 
 
 1 Bowtell MSS., vol. iii, pp. 707-8. 
 
 * The person chiefly consulted about this scheme was Edward Wright, M.A., 
 of Caius College, the most celebrated mathematician of his time: the same 
 ingenious man, who, in 1599, projected Mercator's Chart, by describing the 
 true principles with their application to navigation. The same gentleman 
 also gave the method of carrying the New River from Ware to London, which 
 was begun 28th February, 1609, at the expense of Sir Hugh Middleton, who, 
 on its completion in 1614, obtained immortal fame for himself, whilst the 
 memory of the real inventor was suffered to fall into obhvioD. This excellent 
 
42 BY THE WAYSIDE [CHv 
 
 about 2| miles in length from the brow of the said hills to the Conduit 
 Head at the south end of Cambridge. 
 
 (Then follows an account of the agreement, 6 July, 1610, 
 between the University and the town and Mr Chaplin, the 
 owner of part of the land passed through.) 
 
 " Whilst the University and the Corporation were employed in forward- 
 ing the work of this little river, the ever-memorable Hobson formed the 
 design of carrying the water through leaden pipes from the Spittle-house 
 to the centre of the town, where a conduit was erected at his expense 
 in 1614. 
 
 " The waste water of this new river ran from the conduit-head down 
 Trumpington Street, where the inhabitants found it both useful and 
 pleasant; insomuch that before the year 1634 Walter Frost ^ then living 
 in Preachers' Street caused another cut to be made from the said conduit- 
 head to run through Emmanuel College, and so to wash the kennels of 
 Preachers' {alias St Andrew's) street, down by Christ College into the 
 King's Ditch. Towards perfecting this work the sum of 50ii was con- 
 tributed by Christ College. 
 
 " Most of the streets of Cambridge are capable of being rendered 
 pecuHarly salubrious by the constant flow of this pleasant stream. 
 
 " Court of Sewers. 
 
 "At the C4uyld Hall in Cambridge, April 23rd 1634, it appeared that 
 whereas heretofore Gualter ffrost hath been appointed by the order of the 
 Court expenditor to lay out certaine somes of money in clensing the River 
 of Grant within the liberties of Cambridge, which sums ought to have been 
 repaid him last year, it was ordered that Mr Frost should be reimbursed 
 by such inhabitants of the town as received the benefit of the commons 
 belonging to the town; 
 
 " and whereas part of the new river is of late brought from the Spittle- 
 house-end and runneth by and through part of Emmanuel College and so 
 on the backside of the town to Christ-College-wall, and so down to Wall's- 
 
 mathematician took his first degree in arts 1580-1, and that of M.A. in 1584. 
 He invented the standard for weights and measures, and, in 1599, published 
 a book entitled The correction of certain errors in navigation, which was 
 followed by an improved edition of the same in 1611. He died in 1615. Some 
 notice is taken of him in Dr Hutton's Mathematical Dictionary, and also in the 
 Monthly Magazine for July and September, 1800. 
 
 ^ Mr Frost was a native of Suffolk. He afterwards became secretary to 
 the Council of State. See Atwell's Faithful Surveyor, ed. Camb. 4to, 1662. 
 He lived in a house towards the south-east end of St Andrew's Street, formerly 
 inhabited by Mrs Delaporte. His son Walter was admitted of Emmanuel 
 College in 1634 {vide Coll. Reg.). 
 
Vni] BY THE WAYSIDE 43 
 
 end-lane and into the pond^ there; and so runneth about by the Causey 
 into Jesus-close-ditch and Nunn's Lake, it is ordered and decreed that 
 the same shall from time to time hereafter be clensed^ at the charges of 
 the Masters and Fellows of Christ and Emmanuel Colleges. 
 
 " The bridge over this new drain near to Christ College wall to be kept 
 in repair by the master and fellows of Christ College, and the bridge near 
 to the brewhouse of Emmanuel College, to be hereafter kept in repair by 
 the brewer thereof for the time being on pain of xx^ for any default. 
 
 " By the joint consent of the Masters of Christ and Emmanuel Colleges, 
 the water is to be, as it may be thought convenient, occasionally let out 
 at Emmanuel-lane-end, to run down the street through the grate by Christ 
 College into the King's Ditch, for the convenience and benefit of the 
 inhabitants." 
 
 The construction of the water-courses, thus described, 
 necessitated the building of vaults, or "bridges," whenever 
 they crossed a road or passed under special places. 
 
 Thus, in Loggan's Map, at the commencement of the 
 present Hills Road, there is shown a small bridge in the middle 
 of the highway. This was known as "Sentry Bridge." It is 
 alluded to, for instance, in the following extract from an Act 
 of Parliament^ as to the repair of certain roads — among which 
 is this: "from the Sentry Bridge at the south end of Regent 
 Street to the Conduit Head where the said road joins the road 
 from the north end of Addenbrooke's Hospital." 
 
 (The writer ventures to suggest that the curious name of 
 this bridge is connected with the fact that, in Cromwellian* 
 days, a great ditch was cut and a bank thrown up at the north- 
 east corner of the cross-roads now being considered, i.e. at the 
 Hyde Park Corner where Lensfield road meets Regent Street.) 
 
 1 This pond was on the east side of Jackenett's Almshouses. It was filled 
 up a few years a.go, and houses are now built on the same spot, leaving only a 
 passage (named New Street) leading from King's Street into Christ College 
 Pieces (so written 1808). ("The pound" referred to may be seen represented 
 on Loggan's Map, 1690. H. P. S.) 
 
 2 The late Dr Peile, Master of Christ's College, told the writer, that once, 
 when the water had been cut off during the process of cleansing, it was without 
 notice turned on again, and the workmen who were employed in the channel 
 received a good wetting (H. P. S.). 
 
 * Which received the Royal Assent on May 9th, 1828. 
 
 * See a MS. in the archives of Downing College, quoted by Prof. Maitland 
 in Township and Borough, p. 115. 
 
44 BY THE WAYSIDE [CH. 
 
 Another name for Sentry Bridge^ was Stone Rake Bridge^. 
 
 Again when "the Brick Building^" was erected at Emmanuel 
 in the mastership of Dr William Sandcroft, the contractor was 
 ordered on February 9th, 1633, to make "A sufficient Vault, 
 ouer the River," i.e. a tunnel to cover the water-course as it 
 passed underneath the new set of college rooms. 
 
 And so in connection with the King's Ditch, the following 
 phrase* "vought apud seynt Andrewstulpes " may perhaps be 
 thus interpreted: a bridge over the ditch near the post of 
 Barnwell Gate. While "Wales lane brigge" may mean a 
 vault over the King's Ditch in Hobson Street, or its continuation. 
 
 The horseman who rode along the Causeway to the Gog- 
 magogs, or the traveller who was journeying to Colchester, as 
 he passed through "the town's end beyond Emmanuel College," 
 could not but notice as the houses ceased on the east side of 
 the road, the large open space called Parker's Piece, and on 
 the west the St Thomas's Leys and the Marsh (where Downing 
 College now stands). 
 
 Although these lands will be dealt with in the chapter upon 
 the " Open Fields," a few words must be added here upon these 
 prominent spaces outside the Barnwell Gate. 
 
 It has been noted that Parker's Piece became Corporation 
 property by exchange in 1613, to be "laid out from tillage unto 
 sward ground, and to remain and abide for ever common of 
 pasture at all seasons of the year," being "ordered in such 
 sort as the other commons of the town were or ought to be." 
 
 As to the appearance of this celebrated Piece, a quotation 
 may again be made from the interesting reminiscences^ of 
 Mr Widnall: 
 
 "At first the land lay in ridges and furrows, with ditches and hawthorn 
 trees about; on the west side was a small brook ("the new river") on its 
 
 ^ In the Trust Accounts of the Commissioners of the New River is the 
 following entry, at p. 48: "1821. Cash towards widening Gentry Bridge .. . 
 2. 2. 0." Quoted by the late Mr Geo. Matthew in a note-book on Cambridge 
 waterways in the Cambridge Free Library. 
 
 2 BowteU MSS., iii, p. 420. 
 
 * Willis and Clark, Architectural History, vol. ii, p. 696, 
 
 * Mr Arthur Gray, in the Cambridge Chronicle, 23 Oct. 1894. 
 ' Gossiping Stroll through the Streets of Cambridge, p. 107. 
 
VIIl] BY THE WAYSIDE 45 
 
 way to Barnwell Gate and the King's Ditch; it was the resort in spring 
 of the youth of the town who went there maying. At length three college 
 cricket clubs levelled and re-laid part of it to play upon, and afterwards 
 it was all levelled and fenced round, chiefly by the exertions of JVIr Humfrey, 
 who was Mayor at that time (1837). 
 
 "Previous to 1818 there were no houses round it. . . . 
 
 " Parker's Piece was not always the compact square that we now see 
 it. It was divided by a hedge and ditch starting from somewhere at the 
 back of the Prince Regent Inn, which proceeded in an irregular line towards 
 East Road. The part on the south side of this hedge was caUed Donkey 
 Common, as weU as the land still so named on the other side of the road, 
 a portion of which was enclosed to build a town gaol in 1827-8. This 
 was taken down a few years ago (1879) when Queen Anne's Terrace was 
 built on the site. Thus we see that this road had broad strips of grass on 
 each side." 
 
 On the other side of the main road, as may be seen from 
 Loggan's Map (1688), a large part was called the Marsh, while 
 another portion was known as St Thoynas's Leys, "formerly," 
 (says quaint Fuller^) "the Campus Martins of the scholars here 
 exercising themselves^, sometimes too violently ; lately disused, 
 either because young scholars now have less valour,- or more 
 civility." 
 
 This chapter on the wayside will conclude with an account^ 
 of the extraordinary and very discreditable dealings of the 
 unreformed Corporation of Cambridge, as revealed at the 
 Inquiry by Royal Commissioners in 1833. 
 
 Our concern here is only with the transactions among 
 themselves of some of the privileged corporators as to the 
 vacant pieces of land by the roadside — land which evidently 
 was soon to become valuable. 
 
 Great surprise was created when the report announced for 
 what small sums sales and leases for long terms had been 
 arranged. 
 
 ^ History of the Univ. of Camb., ed. Priokett and Wright, p. 60. 
 
 * In an order as to the playing of football by the colleges, it was stated 
 (29 Oct. 1632) that C.C.C. should be upon St Thomas Layes, and Pembroke 
 upon the said ground, "but as they play not within 5 or 6 layes neere one to 
 the other." Quoted in the Cambridge Review, 4 March, 1909. 
 
 ' Digested Report of the evidence before the Commissioner.i, 1833, pp. 49, 
 etc. 
 
46 BY THE WAYSIDE [CH. VIII 
 
 The following are examples: 
 
 The land, on which the last ten or twelve shops just south 
 of the University Arms now stand, was granted to a favoured 
 alderman at a rent of 10s., the purchase money being one guinea ! 
 
 A large portion of the rest of Eegent Street on both sides, 
 with a total frontage of 1386 feet was, for £24, given to an 
 agent who handed it on to another select alderman. 
 
 Yet another of these corporators secured the well-known 
 estate, Michael House Grange, then called the " Bricklayers' 
 Arms," for £20 purchase and a rent of eight guineas. 
 
 Further south alongside the Hills Road, a plot of about 
 two acres just past where St Paul's Church now stands was 
 purchased for £40 by one of the reigning city fathers, who 
 the next year disposed of it for 400 guineas. 
 
 A relative of the purchaser just named secured from the 
 select Corporation a piece of waste land near the Centry (sic) 
 Bridge, containing 168 ft. in length by 40 ft. in breadth, for the 
 sum of one guinea. 
 
 And another piece in the same neighbourhood, near where 
 the Perse School now is, was also purchased for a similar sum 
 and a rent of 5s. 
 
 And so on ! 
 
 Anyone who reads the report quoted from, or who consults 
 the list of Mayors of Cambridge for fifty years previously to the 
 year 1832, will not doubt that the reforms wrought by the 
 Municipal Corporations Act (1835) were called for. 
 
CHAPTER IX 
 
 ''THE OPEN fields" 
 
 On the south-east, as on the north-west, of the old borough 
 of Cambridge lay a vast (triple) system of Open Fields. 
 
 At the time when the Church of Great St Andrew was first 
 built, and before the Dominican Friary was founded, these 
 fields probably reached right up to where the King's Ditch 
 afterwards ran. And only gradually were erected the public 
 buildings, of which mention has been made, and the farms and 
 granges which fortunate owners of strips on the roadside near 
 the town made for agricultural and other purposes. 
 
 Right away therefore from the neighbourhood of the Mills 
 near the Small Bridges across to the little bridge over the 
 Stour — from Coe Fen to Newmarket Road — stretched the 
 Open Fields with their varied crops. Here and there were plots 
 of meadow — doles and closes ; but meadows were scarce in 
 Cambridge. Here and there were open commons, or later on 
 fields were "laid out from tillage unto sward ground" — as, for 
 instance, Parker's Piece, where in the memory of living men 
 "the ridges" of the former ploughed lands were still visible, 
 or on the Downing "leys" and grounds which have been sold 
 to the University and where even yet the newly erected scien- 
 tific Buildings have spared certain "way-balks." 
 
 It may perhaps be permitted to give a brief account of the 
 Common-Field system of husbandry, which for more than a 
 thousand years prevailed throughout England generally, and 
 around, or shall we say within, the old borough of Cambridge 
 in particular. 
 
 The Open Fields consisted chiefly of arable lands, though 
 there were interposed certain furlongs laid out as meadows for 
 
48 " THE OPEN FIELDS " [CH. 
 
 supplying hay, and there were pasture lands commonable for a 
 certain number of cattle. On the outlying waste lands rough 
 grazing could also be had. 
 
 The arable land was generally divided into three fields, 
 though sometimes there were only two. The fields under 
 consideration to the south-east of Cambridge — "the Barnwell 
 Fields," as they were generally called — were three in number : 
 Ford Field (beginning at the Trumpington Ford and reaching 
 to the Linton or the Hills Koad), Middle Field (between Linton 
 and Hinton roads), and Bradmore Field (which stretched from 
 the last mentioned way to Newmarket Road). But there was 
 a smaller field, called Estenhale or Stourbridge Field, right to 
 the east, which was reckoned with Ford Field in the west in 
 the rotation of crops, etc. 
 
 Each of the three fields was divided into "furlongs" or 
 "shots," and each of the furlongs into strips, generally 
 separated by narrow balks of grass ; broader balks separating 
 the furlongs. The pieces of meadow were similarly divided 
 into strips. The normal strip was about an acre, which con- 
 tained four roods. 
 
 These innumerable and disconnected strips were so divided 
 under the theory that lands of different quality might be 
 equitably assigned among the holders. 
 
 Turning to the method of cultivation, one of the three great 
 fields would be sown in one autumn with wheat to be reaped 
 of course about the following August ; in the spring of the next 
 year, this field would be sown with oats or barley; while in 
 the third year it would lie fallow. The two other fields lay 
 fallow successively in the following years; the crops corre- 
 sponding to the above arrangement. 
 
 The fields were generally enclosed from seed-time to harvest ; 
 after which the fences were taken down and the cattle turned 
 in to feed on the stubble. Right through the year the fallow 
 land would of course be used as common pasture; while the 
 meadows and pastures were commonable between August 12th 
 and February 14th. 
 
 During the spring, while the cattle were on the common 
 pasture, the meadow would be let grow for hay. When the time 
 
IX] " THE OPEN FIELDS " 49 
 
 for hav harvest came, each holder cut his own plots, and 
 the meadow became commonable during the rest of the 
 summer. 
 
 As to the ploughing, the arrangement generally of the three 
 j&elds would be, as has been seen : (1) for fallow, (2) for winter 
 tillage, (3) for spring tillage. The first work of the winter was 
 the ploughing of the wheat field and the sowing of the wheat 
 and rye, while the other two fields lay in stubble; and so in 
 the spring for the oats and barley. 
 
 A common field-way mostly gave access to the strips, i.e. 
 it ran along the side of the furlong and the end of the strips. 
 Sometimes when the strips of one furlong ran at right angles 
 to the strips of its neighbour, the first strip in the one furlong 
 did duty as the headland giving access to the strips in the other. 
 The owners of the strips in the furlong had the right to turn 
 their plough upon the headland; and thus the owner of the 
 headland had to wait until all the other strips were ploughed, 
 before he could plough his own. 
 
 It is evident that this method of "champion farming," this 
 system of "mingle-mangle," was very inconvenient and un- 
 economical. The restraint imposed by common tillage and 
 fallow was trying. The interdependence of thrifty and negligent 
 husbandmen was galling. 
 
 "As long as a considerable portion of the owners of strips 
 were accustomed to yoke their oxen or harness their horses to 
 a common plough, the system was a living one, capable of 
 growth and modification according to the ideas of the people 
 who worked it. It became, as it were, fossilised and dead, 
 incapable of other than decaying change, when each occupier 
 cultivated his own set of strips by his own plough, or his own 
 spade." 
 
 And yet the system existed everywhere in the country until 
 the Inclosure Acts of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries 
 put an end to it. 
 
 In certain townships and manors there still exist maps of 
 the open-fields of the neighbourhood; but unfortunately in 
 Cambridge no such map is forthcoming. 
 
 C. A. S. Octavo Series. No. XLVIl. 4 
 
50 " THE OPEN FIELDS " [CH. 
 
 But we still possess certain Field Books and Terriers which 
 give in great detail the furlongs and the strips on the north-west 
 and on the south-east of our university town. Especially may 
 be mentioned a very elaborate Field Book of the transpontine 
 Cambridge Fields, deposited in the University Library, and used 
 by Mr Seebohm in his book on the English Village Community 
 and by Professor Maitland in his fascinating Ford Lectures. 
 The last mentioned work also analyses a remarkable terrier 
 belonging to Jesus College. The present writer has also been 
 allowed to consult this as well as quite a number of field books 
 and terriers preserved in some of our older colleges — especially 
 at St John's, at Corpus, at Trinity Hall, at Peterhouse^, at 
 Trinity, etc. A few of these, like that at Jesus College, give 
 both systems of triple fields ; others, hke the Library copy and 
 one or two terriers at St John's, give the north-western fields 
 only ; while most of the others simply record the strips belonging 
 to the individual college ; but as these latter give the abuttals, 
 they are not only guides to college property, but they speak 
 of the neighbouring strips and balks. 
 
 It has been lamented that no map of the Cambridge Open 
 Fields is known at the present time. The writer^, however, has 
 ventured to compile a map of the fields outside the Barnwell 
 Gate — or rather of most of two of the south-eastern fields — of 
 Fordfield and Middlefield. The Jesus book has formed the 
 basis of the compilation; but many other terriers and field 
 books have been consulted. Only those who have worked at 
 such a map will be able to appreciate the difficulty of fitting 
 in, from written descriptions, the various furlongs and strips, 
 the gores, the balks, the paths, the bridle-ways, etc. In the 
 accompanying map (see frontispiece), the compiler is quite 
 aware that there is too much regularity in the ordering of some 
 of the furlongs and the strips; but he believes that, should 
 an old map fortunately leap to light, the general arrangement 
 and much of the detail will be found to be recognisable. 
 
 ^ Quite lately, some most interesting old Field Books have been mieartlied 
 at this College. 
 
 - The writer is much indebted to Mr J. W. Corbett, of King's College, for 
 valuable suggestions; and he thanks Mr F. W. Haslop for artistic help. 
 
IX] " THE OPEN FIELDS " 51 
 
 The numbering of the furlongs here adopted is that of the 
 Jesus book : in Middlefield from No. 35 to No. 58 ; in Fordfield, 
 from 62 to 75 (the last two of which are in Swinecroft, now 
 Downing property, etc.). 
 
 It is to be hoped that the field book just mentioned may 
 some time be printed in full, being collated with other terriers 
 and illustrated by a constructed map. 
 
 It may be well here to give two or three specimens of furlongs, 
 etc. taken from the Radegund volumes, noting, however, that 
 various additions and subsequent comments have been made to 
 them, since their original compilation in (probably) the second 
 half of the fourteenth century. 
 
 Two furlongs may be taken, one from Middlefield — No. 36 
 (situate where the Perse School now stands) — and the other 
 from Fordfield — No. 65 (through which Coronation Street 
 would now run) : 
 
 "Furlong 36. E. & W. (y) 
 
 Sel. Acres Roods Perches 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 P.B. 
 
 El, 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Phil. Cayley 
 
 B. 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mortimer's Dole 
 
 R. 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 P.B. 
 
 El, 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Alb. Can. 
 
 B. 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 P.B. 
 
 El 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Alb. Can. 
 
 El, 
 
 1 
 
 
 ■ 2 
 
 
 
 Nuns 
 
 P. 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 P.B. (S) an headland 
 
 P. 
 
 (y) On the south side of King's Lane and abuts west on Hadstock 
 Wsbj. Reckon the lands southwards. At the west end of King's Lane 
 formerly a Cross, called Daw's Cross. 
 
 (8) Lies in Shepherd's Close (No. 46), except a little piece at the west 
 end." 
 
 From other terriers we learn that the last selion just 
 mentioned was "headland to Nether Pipe Straw gores at the 
 entering of Peshall way, and account 3 roods." 
 
 4—2 
 
52 "the open fields" [ch. 
 
 It will be noticed that the first two selions, which contain 
 three roods, belonged to the Prior of Barnwell (P.B.) ; they 
 afterwards passed to St John's College. They paid tithe to 
 the Almoner {Elemosinarius) of Barnwell. The next two 
 selions belonged of old to a well-known Cambridge citizen, 
 Philip Cayley, whose property passed to Trinity Hall. It paid 
 tithes to St Benedict's Church (B.). In a terrier preserved at 
 that College, the section is thus described : " 3 selions, 1 acre, on 
 the south parte of King's Lane next Dawes Crosse, butteth on 
 Barnwell land north and Mortimer land south, and west upon 
 Hadstock way." The discrepancy in the number of selions 
 will be noticed ; but it may be added that there was a tendency 
 as time went on to diminish the number of selions. In another 
 terrier at Trinity Hall there is a later description of this plot: 
 "2 selions, being in the furlong by the side of King's Lane 
 south west, on Baule's Folly, hath St John's College Land on 
 the north west, and Mortimer's dole on the south east — 1 acre." 
 Next comes Mortimer's dole, with twenty selions and ten acres. 
 The Mortimer property, as is well known, was inherited by 
 Gonville and Caius ; and in a terrier in the archives of that 
 College we read: "13 selions of Arable containing 10 acres 
 lyeing between Trinity Hall land north, Mr Butler's Land 
 south, abutting west on pudding pits alias Ball's folly slabs, 
 which separates it from the Road to Gogmagog Hills, and 
 east on a close of Mr Butler's land called Lime Kilne Dole." 
 The notorious "Squire" Butler was the inheritor of much of 
 the Barnwell Priory property ; his Lime-Kiln Dole was in the 
 next furlong. No. 37. "Ball's Folly" (known also by other 
 names) was a strip of land with a ditch running through, in 
 front of the present Perse Boys' School ; the sale of which is 
 alluded to on p. 46. Tithes were paid to Radegund (R.). And 
 so on, with the other selions ; Alb. Can. was the White Canons, 
 whose house was near the present Addenbrooke's Hospital ; 
 the Nuns were, of course, those of St Radegund, the prede- 
 cessors of the authorities of Jesus College. P. is St Peter's 
 Church without the Trumpington Gate, now St Mary's the 
 Less. 
 
IX] " THE OPEN FIELDS " 53 
 
 "Furlong 65. Abuts N. on the last. 
 Selions Acres Roods Perches 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 P.B., part of Long Croft 
 
 El. 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 John Gybon — Tho. Lane 
 
 El. 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 P.B. 
 A way balk. 
 
 El. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Alb. Can. 
 
 B. 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 P.B. 
 
 El. 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 Alb. Can. 
 
 B. 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Nuns in briga 
 
 M.P 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Hanket Poplington 
 
 M. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 J. Gibon. Stake acre 
 
 B. 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 (a) per 
 
 P.B. Matrimony Piece (a) 
 viam Epi. lib. Pet." 
 
 El. 
 
 Furlong 65 is in Fordfield. It abutted north on Furlong 64, 
 which consisted of two doles, south of the present Lensfield 
 Road. A terrier at Corpus says that it begins "next the 
 Ditch," that is, next a ditch on the west side of the Hills Road. 
 The same field book notes that the Way Balk goes " to Trump- 
 ington Fordwards"; the map shows that it is continued in 
 the furlong (No. 66) to the south. The terrier at C.C.C. adds 
 to succeeding selions, " more west." It will be noticed that the 
 two last plots in this furlong have, as often happens, local names : 
 "Stake acre," and "Matrimony Piece." The latter is said in 
 the Bene't terrier to lie "by Bishop's Way." This pathway 
 is noted in the Jesus MS. "per viam Episcopi"; the reference 
 being to a field book at Peterhouse "lib. Pet.," which seems 
 unfortunately to be lost^. At this College, however, there is a 
 terrier of "the Semper lands" which were given to it by a 
 Bedell in the fifteenth century ; from which we learn that "Stake 
 acre" had thus passed to our oldest College; it is described as 
 "abutting south on land belonging to St John's College; 
 north on lands of Mr Foot ; east on lands of Mr Palmby ; and 
 west on lands belonging to Esq. Panton, called Matrimony 
 Piece." This terrier is of course late, it is dated 1775; and 
 again we see that certain land had passed from Barnwell hands to 
 ^ But see note on p. 50. 
 
54 " THE OPEN FIELDS " [CH. 
 
 St John's College, while the bulk of the property had gone to 
 Mr Panton. 
 
 The acre just described has a special name — it was called 
 "Stake acre," and so, many of the furlongs and of the strips 
 had their local names — and this particularly in the college 
 terriers and doubtless in terriers belonging to private individuals. 
 None of these latter is known to exist; though some may be 
 forthcoming if attention is drawn to the subject. Where, for 
 instance, is "an old Field Book made by Alderman Bright in 
 1575 — a terrier of all the lands within the bounds of Cambridge 
 now [said Bowtell (iii, 251) in 1796] in the chest of Great 
 St Andrew's Church"? 
 
 It may be interesting to record some of these local names ; 
 only it should be noted that several of them are later than 
 others, being insertions in the terriers by more recent owners. 
 
 Furlong 35 extended from the Black Friars' Monastery to 
 King's Lane and included the doles of St Michael and St Mary, 
 which we have seen were united to Parker's Piece. 
 
 Furlong 36 is called "Over Furlong"; it contains a 
 "Mortimer's Dole." 
 
 Furlong 37 is "Middle over Furlong"; in it is Lime-Kiln 
 Dole, or Brimble (or Bramble) Dole, or Parker's Piece Close. 
 
 Furlong 38 is another "Over Furlong" ; part of it is called 
 the short, and part the long furlong. A way balk to Pipe-straw 
 gores ran across it. The last two "shoots" go from Hinton 
 Way to Peshill Way, and are reckoned again in furlong 44. This 
 furlong was also in later times called "the Windmill Furlong," 
 as it contained the building which gave its name to the present 
 "Mill Road." 
 
 Furlong 39 was called "Hinton Cross Furlong," as it 
 abutted against the Cross that stood in Hinton Way. It was also 
 called "Hounden Half-acre Footway," from the first plot in it. 
 
 Furlong 40 was known as "Long Dole Furlong," from a 
 close which formed part of it. 
 
 Furlong 41 in the earliest field books, some six centuries 
 back, is called "Pole Cat Furlong"; and it is interesting to 
 notice that a farm of that name still exists on the same spot. 
 In this furlong there were several pits. 
 
ix] "the open fields" 55 
 
 Furlong 42 was called "Fen Furlong," or "Hinton Moor 
 Furlong"; it began at Hinton Foot-bridge (which was placed 
 over the ditch near the boundary of the borough). 
 
 Furlong 43 had no special features; it lay alongside Peshill 
 Way. 
 
 Furlong 44 had "four lands of the Nuns reckoned also (as 
 mentioned above) in furlong 38." It included a large dole, 
 called "Pit Dole." 
 
 Furlong 45 contained the "over Pipe-straw gores," from 
 which a way balk ran across furlong 38 to the Hinton Way. 
 Pipestraw was an old Cambridge family name. An acre in 
 this furlong was named "Lambert's acre." 
 
 Furlong 46, which is strangely shaped, was called "Shep- 
 herd's Close." It included the "Nether Pipe-straw gores," 
 which linked it on to furlong 36. 
 
 Furlong 47 was another " Fen Furlong." It contained an acre 
 called "Gutter acre," and a dole named "Nether Crane Dole." 
 
 Furlong 48 contained five acres known as "Mere Dole." 
 
 Furlong 49 included " Black Dole," or " Over Crane Dole," 
 and "Nuns' Crane Dole," and between them "Eliot's acre," 
 
 Furlong 50 was known as "Rough Furlong." 
 
 Furlong 51, on the east side of Hills Road, like furlong 
 73 on the west side, was called "Hadstock Furlong"; and like 
 the opposite furlong it has an extensive Pit Dole. A section 
 of it, called Stockton's Land, is over against the entry to Little 
 Potmoor on the other side of the road. Cayley's land runs 
 through this furlong and furlong No. 54. Two acres are 
 specially named — Nuns' White acre and Maiden acre. There 
 is again a correspondence with the opposite Hadstock furlong 
 in large Clay Pits towards the north-west. 
 
 Furlong 52, at the north end of the last, consists only of 
 three acres. 
 
 Furlong 53 has a dole called "Long Sevens." 
 
 Furlong 54 was known as " Strange Furlong," and, as noted 
 above, it reckoned Philip Cayley's land with No, 5L 
 
 Furlong 55 began at a hill called "Farthing Hill," at the 
 north end of Endless Balk in Peshill Way ; it included a selion 
 which ran also through furlong No. 57, 
 
56 "THE OPEN fields" [CH. 
 
 Furlong 56 lay on the east side of Endless Balk ; it contained 
 a White Dole, an acre called "Mockett's," etc. 
 
 Furlong 57, as noted above, shared a selion with furlong 55. 
 
 Furlong 58, which was on the south of Peshill Way, included 
 "Richard's Dole," which was six acres in extent. Prior's Dole, 
 and "Cooper's acre." 
 
 We turn now to Fordfield. 
 
 Furlong 62, called "Over Furlong," which abutted on the 
 north on Deepway (now Lensfield Road) and west on Trump- 
 ington Road, included Nuns' Dole and a Mortimer's Dole. 
 
 Furlong 63 was to the south of the last, and, like it, was 
 bounded on the east by Bishop's Way, which also divided it 
 from furlong No. 52 on the south. 
 
 Furlong 64 was another "Over Furlong," abutting on Deep- 
 way, and was composed of two doles called after Philip Cayley. 
 
 Furlong 65 lay to the south of the last, and was bounded 
 by Hadstock Road on the east and by Bishop's Way on the 
 west. This furlong has been set out in full on page 53 ; it 
 includes Long Croft, Stake Acre and Matrimony Piece, and has 
 a way balk running through it. 
 
 Furlong 66 is traversed by the way balk just mentioned. 
 
 Furlong 67 begins above the Clay Pits on Hadstock Road, 
 and passes over towards the Trumpington Road; one portion 
 of it, called Hore Acre, passing through furlong 67 to the New 
 River. It contains a part of Long Croft, and Dawe's stall. 
 
 Furlong 68 includes only "8 selions," and was sometimes 
 so called. 
 
 Furlong 69 stretches from the Clay Pits, and, "turning," 
 ran right across to Trumpington Road. 
 
 Furlong 70 begins near the Clay Pits, and runs south, 
 through the centre of Fordfield, to the Shelford Moor. It 
 included Little Potmore Close and Goodman's acre. Towards 
 the south, it turns and under the names of "the Hay Croft" 
 and "Cayley's Dole" forms part of the southern and northern 
 boundaries of Fordfield. 
 
 Furlong 71 ran along between the last furlong and the New 
 River up to the Trumpington Ford. 
 
K i t" i tiftf^^*' - ~'"-^- ■'i ^ 
 
 ^mjmK'. 
 
 •fr^t^^H^rtM'^-''''' ''*' ' 
 
 Two Views of Cambridge, showing the Open Fields in the foreground. 
 [From Loggau's Cantabrigia Illustrata (1690).] 
 
 "Maitland's Trees." 
 
 Old Thorn-trees, marking the course of a Way- balk. 
 
 Between the Geological and Botanical Museums. 
 
ix] "the open fields" 57 
 
 Furlong 72 reached from the parts of furlong 69 which were 
 near the Ford, northwards to the portion of Bishop's Way 
 which separated it from furlong 63. It included, as we have 
 seen, Hore Acre which also ran through 67, and Hore Hill 
 which was the section furthest north. There were some gravel 
 pits in this furlong. 
 
 Furlong 73 lay to the south-east of Fordfield, and like the 
 furlong (No. 51) on the other side of the Hills Road, was called 
 Hadstock Furlong. It was also known as " Little Moor Furlong," 
 or "20 acre Furlong." It touched the Clay Pits on the north; 
 while towards the south (as on the other side of the road) was 
 an extensive "Pit Dole." 
 
 This concludes the furlongs of Fordfield, with the exception 
 of those numbered 69 to 71, which lay on the west side of the 
 Trumpington Road and which are not dealt with in this treatise 
 on the parts "outside the Barnwell Gate," but have already 
 been treated in the writer's work on the lands, etc., "outside 
 the Trumpington Gates." 
 
 There still remain furlongs 74 and 75, which were called 
 "Swinecroft," etc., and which now form the grounds of 
 Downing College. These were reckoned as part of Fordfield. 
 
 Furlong 74 was to the east, and began near Dawe's Cross, 
 with a Mortimer's dole of some seventeen selions and eight-and- 
 a-half acres. Towards the north were two way balks, which 
 are well shown in Loggan's plan. The more northern of these 
 is "still marked by old thorn trees," as Professor Maitland^ 
 pointed out. That lamented writer added that they were 
 "soon to be destroyed in the interests of geology." But, 
 fortunately, he was wrong. The trees have been carefully 
 preserved by Professors Hughes and Seward, w^hose Geological 
 and Botanical Museums they connect. They form one of the 
 most interesting links with old Cambridge history. 
 
 Furlong 75 is at the west end of the last, and is now traversed 
 by the comparatively recently made road, called Tennis Court 
 Road. It was bounded on the west by the old buildings, etc. 
 shown in the writer's ''Outside the Trumpington Gates.'" 
 
 ^ Township and Borough, p. 113, note 2. 
 
58 "THE OPEN fields" [CH. IX 
 
 Parts of these furlongs (Nos. 74 and 75) were called Swine- 
 croft and St Thomas's Leys, and have been described in a 
 previous chapter. 
 
 It should be added that, according to old field books, 
 these furlongs began on the north side of the lane, now called 
 Pembroke or Downing Street, and extended into "the Fair 
 Yard" on that side. Doubtless the open fields formerly reached 
 right up to the nucleus of the town. 
 
 This question of the Open Fields in general and of those 
 on either side of Cambridge in particular, has been dealt with 
 at considerable length, because it is felt that no one can under- 
 stand the condition of our town in days of old, who does not 
 realise the network of furlongs and selions, of strips and balks, 
 which engaged the attention of our forefathers "outside the 
 Barnwell Gate," and in the other suburbs of the ancient 
 Borough of Cambridge. 
 
 Note. 
 
 In Chapter vii an account of some Later Buildings was 
 added to the description of the ancient Ecclesiastical and 
 Academic Institutions which lay just outside the Barnwell 
 Gate, and which are dealt with in the preceding section. 
 
 In the same way this chapter on the Open Fields, which 
 existed more to the south thereof, might be supplemented by 
 a record of the effect of Enclosure Acts^ and of the rapid rise 
 of the New Town district and of St Paul's Parish. 
 
 This, however, would encroach too much upon modern 
 times; so that it need only be here stated that the strange 
 University opposition, which compelled the erection of the 
 Railway Station at least a mile from Great St Mary's Church, 
 has led to the extraordinary extension of the southern suburbs 
 of Cambridge. 
 
 ^ The Portion of The Barnwell Award Map (1806) is, however, reproduced, 
 showing the Allotments made to the several owners. 
 
PORTION OF THE BARNWELL AWARD MAP (1806). 
 
 Camb. Antiq. Soc. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Absalon, son of Algar, 10 
 Adam, John, 21 
 Addenbrooke's Hospital, 43, 52 
 Andrewe, Richard. 21 
 Andrew's Barn, 32 
 "Antelope," the, 26, 30, 31 
 "Archers, the Three." 29 
 Atkinson, Troilus, 23, 39 
 AtweU: Faithful Surveyor, 42 
 
 Babington, Prof., 6 
 Badcocke, William, 37 
 Baker's Map of Cambridge, 18 
 Baker, Thomas, 31 SS., 40 
 Baker-Mayor, History of St Joint's 
 
 College, 22, 37 
 "Ball's FoUy," 41, 52 
 Balsham, 5 
 
 Balsham, Hugh de, 12, 20 
 Baptist Chapel, 33, 35, 36 
 Baptist Manse, 33 
 Barber, Thomas, 23 
 Barnwell, 1, 4, 9, 11, etc. 
 Barnwell Award Map, 58 
 Barnwell Fields, 32 
 Barnwell Gate, 2, 4, 27. 39, 58 
 Barnwell Priory, 37, 51, 52, 53 
 Basset, William, 25 
 Bateson, Mary : Cambridge Gild 
 
 Records, 36 
 Bennet, Bp, 5, 6 
 Bentham's Ely, 10 
 Beverley, John, Esquire Bedell. 31 
 Bingham, William, 24, 25 
 "Bishop Blaise" Inn, 34, 40 
 Bishop's Way, 53, 56 
 "Black Ditch," the, 36, 39 
 Black Dole, 55 
 Black Friars, 11, 12, etc. 
 Bones, Rev. James, 32 
 Borlase, Rev. George, 32 
 Bowtell: MSS., 16, IS, 19, 41, 44, 54 
 Bracebridge, Thomas, Yeoman Bedell, 
 
 23, 39 
 Bradmore Field, 48 
 "Brazen George," the, 21, 22, 23, 39 
 Bredon, Thomas, 21 
 "Bricklayers' Arms," the, 36, 46 
 
 Bridewell, the, 33 
 
 Bridge, Great, 9 
 
 Bridge, Sentry, 43, 44, 46 
 
 Bridges, Small, 47 
 
 Brimble, or Bramble. Dole, 54 
 
 Brookes, Mr W. M., 35 
 
 Butler. "Squire," 52 
 
 Butts, Dr Henry, 38 
 
 Cadell and Da vies' Map of Cambridge, 
 
 33 
 Caius College. 52 
 Caius, John, 2, 3, 20. 22 
 Cambridge Borough Report, 11 
 Cambridge Chronicle, 34, 44 
 Cambridge Corporation, 31, 32, 33, 35, 
 
 42, 46 
 Cambridge, History of (Caius), 2, 3, 12 
 History of County of (Carter), 7, 8, 
 
 33 " 
 History of University of (Carter), 23 
 Cambridge Revieiv, 45 
 Cambridge Town Treasury, 31 
 Carter, Edmund, 7, 8, 23, 33 
 Carter, Mr, Surgeon, 30 
 Castle Hill. 6 
 Castle Inn, 12, 20, 36 
 Cayley, Philip, 51, 55, 56 
 Gentry Bridge, see Sentry Bridge 
 Chaderton, Dr Laurence, 22, 25, 27. 28 
 "Challice," the, 38, 39 
 Chaplin, Mr, 42 
 Chapman: Sacrist Rolls, 10 
 Charles II, 35 
 "Chequer," the, 21, 29 
 Cherryhinton, 6 
 Cherryhinton Fen, 7 
 Chester, 5 
 Christ Church, 10 
 Christ's College, 4, 10, 16. 21, 23, 24, 
 
 27, 28, 40, 42, 43 
 Christ's College Pieces, 28, 43 
 Clare College 24, 30 
 Clare, Gilbert, Earl of, 2 
 Clark, J. W., Mr, 1, 2, 6, 21, 24, 25, 
 
 26, 27, 44 
 Clay Pits, 55-57 
 Close Rolls, 1, 10, 11, 15, 16 
 
60 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Coe Fen, 47 
 
 Coffee Room, 33 
 
 Colchester, 5 
 
 Cole, William, 29 
 
 Commissioners' Report on Charities, 
 
 34 
 Conduit Head, 16, 42, 43 
 Congregationalists, 36 
 Congreve, Mr, 32 
 Cooper: Amials, 20, 33-35, 38 
 
 Memorials, 22, 23 
 Cooper's Acre, 56 
 Corbett, J. W., Mr [King's], 50 
 Corpus Christi College, 12, 21, 29, 38, 
 
 39, 50, 52, 53 
 Court of Sewers, 3, 42 
 Crane : Nether Dole, 55 
 
 Nun's Dole, 55 
 
 Over Dole, 55 
 Cromwell, 0., 43 
 Cross, Dawe's, 18. 19. 51, 52, 57 
 
 Hinton. 18, 19, 54 
 
 Red, 6 
 
 Stone, 18 
 Culverwell, Richard, 25 
 
 Dallyng, Simon.. 22 
 
 Darwin, Charles, 24 
 
 Dawe's Cross, 18, 19, 51, 52, 57 
 
 Dawe's Stall, 56 
 
 Delaport, John, 33 
 
 Mrs, 42 
 Denny Abbey, 24 
 "Ditch, the Black," 36, 39 
 Ditch. Jesus Close, 43 
 Ditch, Kmg's, 2, 3, 4, 9, 14, 15, 23, 
 
 39, 42, 44, 47 
 Ditton, 9 
 
 Documents, University Com., 12 
 Dole: Black, 55 
 
 Brimble (Bramble), 54 
 
 Caylev's, 56 
 
 Lime-Kiln, 52. 54 
 
 Mere, 55 
 
 Mortimer, [2], 51, 52, 54, 56, 57 
 
 Nether Crane, 55 
 
 Nun's, 56 
 
 Nun's Crane, 55 
 
 Over. 55 
 
 Pit, [2], 55 
 
 Prior's, 56 
 
 Richard's. 56 
 
 St Mary's, 54 
 
 St Michael's, 54 
 
 White, 55 
 Domesday Book, 10 
 Dominican Friars, passim 
 Donkey Common, 45 
 Downing College, 4, 8, 18, 19, 41, 43, 
 44, 47, 50, 57 
 
 Downing Place Chapel, 35, 36 
 Downing Porter's Lodge, 33 
 Dugdale : Monasticon Ayiglicanum, 12 
 
 Edward I, 11, 13 
 
 Eliot, Adam, 11, 12 
 
 Eliot's Acre, 55 
 
 Elrington, Edward, 12, 25 
 
 Ely, Bishops of, 10, 12, 20 
 
 Elv Priory, 10 
 
 Ely Rectory, 29 
 
 Ely Register, 10 
 
 Emmanuel College, 7, 10, 12, 16, 17, 
 22, 25, 26, 31, 37-39 
 
 Emmanuel House, 32 
 
 Enclosure Acts, 49 
 
 Endowments of University of Cam- 
 bridge, 6 
 
 Essex, John of, 36 
 
 Essex, Mr, 6 
 
 Estenhale, 48 
 
 Fair Yard, 37, 58 
 Fallan. William, 25 
 Farthing Hill, 55 
 Fens, 7, 47 
 ffidlyn, John, 3 
 
 Field Boohs. Alderman Bright's, 16, 
 18, 19, 50, 54 
 
 Peterhouse, 19, 50, 53 
 
 St Radegund. 51 
 
 University, 50 
 "Fields, Open," 9, 44, 47-58 
 Fishwick, Brian, 25 
 
 John. Esquire Bedell, 25 
 Fitzwilliam Museum, 4 
 Flack & Judge, Grocers, 38 
 Foot, Mr, 53 
 Fordfield, 48, 50-58 
 Foreigner's Companion, 7 
 Foster, Alderman Charles Finch, 33 
 Francis, Mr Clement, 32 
 Franciscan Friars, 11 
 Free Library, Cambridge, 44 
 Friars, Dominican or Black, 10, 11, 12, 
 20, 54 
 
 Franciscan, 11 
 Frost, Walter, 42 
 
 Walter, Junior. 42 
 Fuller, Thomas, 2, 12, 21, 22, 24, 25 
 Furlong, Fen, 54, 55 
 
 Hadstock, [2], 55, 57 
 
 Hinton Cross, 54 
 
 Hinton Moor, 54 
 
 Little Moor, 57 
 
 Long Dole, 54 
 
 Middle. 54 
 
 Over, [2], 54, 56 
 
 Pole cat, 54 
 
 Rough, 55 
 
INDEX 
 
 61 
 
 Furlong, Strange, 55 
 Twenty Acre, 57 
 Windmill, 54 
 
 Gaol, the new, 35, 45 
 
 Garret Hostel Green, 13 
 
 Gentleman's Magazine, 35 
 
 Geoffi-ey de Burgh, 10 
 
 Geoffrey, Neville, 23 
 
 Gibon, John, 53 
 
 Ginn, Mr, 27 
 
 Glover, Simon the, 36 
 
 God's House, 24, 25, 27 
 
 Gogmagog Hills, 5-7, 9, 40, 41, 44, 52 
 
 Goodman's Acre, 56 
 
 Goodwin, the Rev. James, 32 
 
 Granges, 13, 32, 33, 40, 46 
 
 Grant, river, 42 
 
 Grantchester, 6 
 
 Grate, the, 40 
 
 Gray, Arthur, Mr, Master of Jesus 
 
 CoUege, 13, 14, 44 
 Greene, Dr Christopher, 29 
 Guildhall, 42 
 
 Gunning, Henry, 7, 30, 31, 32 
 Gutter Acre, 55 
 
 Harvey, Dr, 39 
 
 Hatfield's Toll-Case, 40 
 
 Hay Croft, 56 
 
 Haye, William de la, 11 
 
 Hearne, 11 
 
 "Heart's Ease." the, 32 
 
 Henry III, 1, 9, 16 
 
 Henry VI, 22-24 
 
 Henry VII, 30 
 
 Henry VIII, 12, 20, 25 
 
 Herrys, William, 25 
 
 Hmton Cross, 18, 19, 54 
 
 Hinton Foot Bridge, 54 
 
 History of Ancient Cambridgeshire, 6 
 
 Architectural Hist. (Willis and 
 Clark), 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27. 44 
 
 of Cambridge (Caius), 2, 3, 20, 22 
 
 of Cambridge (Fuller), 2, 12, 14, 21, 
 22, 24, 45 
 
 of Cambridge (R. Parker), 12 
 
 of County of Cambridge (Carter), 7, 
 8, 33 
 
 of University of Cambridge (Carter), 
 23 
 Hobson, Thomas, 34, 42 
 Hobson's Workhouse, 33-35 
 Hog Hill, 37 
 Hore Acre, 56, 57 
 Hore Hill, 57 
 Horseheath Park, 5 
 Hostel : Brazen George, the, 21-23, 39 
 
 Garret, 13 
 
 Michael House, 13 
 
 Hostel: St Michael's, 23 
 
 St Nicholas's, 12, 20-22, 27, 29, 
 32 
 
 St Nicholas's (Milne Street), 22 
 
 Rudd's, 12, 20 
 Hounden Half-acre Footway, 54 
 Howlyn, John, 30 
 Hughes, Prof. McKenny, 2, 4, 57 
 Humfrey, Mr, 45 
 Hundred Bolls, 11, 13 
 Hussey, Joseph, 36 
 Hutton, Dr, 42 
 Hyde Park Corner, 18, 43 
 
 Intwistle, Mr, 28 
 
 Jackenett'g Almshouses, 43 
 James II, 36 
 Jellett, John, 28 
 Jesus CoUege, 38, 39, 50, 52 
 John, the Chaplain, 10 
 John, King, 1, 9 
 Johnson, Mr, 28 
 Johnson, Mr, Surgeon, 30 
 
 Killigrew, Sir Henry, 22 
 Kings: Charles II, 35 
 
 Edward I, 11, 13 
 
 Henry III, L 9. 16 
 
 Henry VI, 22, 23, 24 
 
 Henry VII, 30 
 
 Henry VIII, 12, 20, 25 
 
 James II, 36 
 
 John, 1, 9 
 King's CoUege, 22, 23 
 King's Ditch, 2^, 9, 23, 39, 44, 47 
 Kipling, Dr, 7 
 
 Lambert's Acre, 55 
 
 Landbeach, 29 
 
 Lane, Thomas, 53 
 
 Laud, Archbishop, 23, 34 
 
 Lee, Dr, 12, 29 
 
 Leedes, Dr, 30 
 
 Leland : Itinerary, 1 1 
 
 Liber Memorandorum Ecclesie de Berne- ■ 
 
 welle, 1, 2 
 Lime-KUn Dole, 52, 54 
 Llandaff House, 34 
 LoUeworth, Thomas, 21 
 Long Croft, 53, 56 
 Long Sevens, 55 
 Louis of France, 1 
 Lyne's Map of Cambridge, 21, 22 
 Lysons's Cambridgeshire, 5 
 
 Magna Britaymia, 5 
 
 Maiden Acre, 56 
 
 Maitland, Prof., 17, 43, 50, 57 
 
 Mansel, W. L., Bishop of Bristol, 35 
 
62 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Margaret, Lady. Countess of Rich- 
 mond and Derby, 24 
 
 Marsh, the (Downing), 44, 45 
 
 Mason, 37, 38 
 
 Mason, Rev. C, 5 
 
 Master of St John's College (Mr Scott), 
 37 
 
 Masters: Histonj ofC.C.C, 12, 21, 32, 
 36 
 
 Matrimony Piece, 53, 56 
 
 Matthew, Mr George, 44 
 
 Mercatofs Chart, 41 
 
 ]\Iere Dole, 55 
 
 Metcalfe, Humphrey, 12, 25 
 
 Michael House, 13 
 
 Michael House Grange, 13, 36, 40, 46 
 
 Mickleborough, John, 29 
 
 Middlefield, 18, 48. 50-58 
 
 Middleton, Sir Hugh, 41 
 
 Mildmay, Sir Walter, 25 
 
 Mill, King's, 4, 17, 47 
 
 Milton, John, 24 
 
 Mockett's Acre, 55 
 
 Montague, Dr, Master of Sidney 
 Sussex College, 41 
 
 Morley, Mr John, 35 
 
 Mortimer's Dole, [2], 51, 52, 54, 56, 57 
 
 Municipal Corporations Act, 46 
 
 Mmxnes, William, 37 
 
 Museum, Botanical, 57 
 Geological, 57 
 
 Musgrave, Mr Peete, 31 
 
 Newmarket, 7 
 
 New River, 16, 28, 41, 56 
 
 New Town District, 58 
 
 Norwich Union Office, 38 
 
 Nuns' Dole, 55 
 
 Nvms' White Acre, 55 
 
 Nunn's Lake, 43 
 
 "Open Fields," 9, 44, 47-58 
 Oxford, Robert de Vere, Earl of, 11 
 
 Palmby, Mr, 53 
 
 Panton, "Esq.," 53 
 
 Parker, Archbishop, 41 
 
 Parker, Edward, 8, 40 
 
 Parker, Richard, 12 
 
 Parker's Piece, 7, 35, 44, 45, 47, 54 
 
 Parker's Piece Close, 54 
 
 Parkins, William, 32 
 
 Peile, J., History of Christ's College, 
 
 23, 24, 43 
 Pembroke College, 23, 37, 45 
 "Pensionary," tlie, 26, 30 
 Perse vSchool, the, 41, 46, 51, 52 
 Peshall Way [or Peshill, etc.], 54, 55 
 Peterhouse, 12, 50, 53 
 Pether, Wilham, 38 
 
 Pipe-straw, 54, 55 
 
 Nether, 51. 55 
 Pit Dole, [2]. 55, 57 
 Police Station, 33 
 Poplmgton, Hanket, 53 
 Post Office, 9, 22 
 Potmoor, Little, 55, 56 
 Poynter, Mr Ambrose, 10 
 Presbyterians, 36 
 "Prince Regent" Inn, 45 
 Prior, Mr James W., 31 
 Prior's Dole, 56 
 Pryme, Prof. George, 30 
 
 Queens' College, 21 
 
 Railway Station, 58 
 
 Ranee, Mr, 29, 31 
 
 Raper, Widow, 28 
 
 Red Cross, 6 
 
 Redman, John, 37 
 
 Reminiscences, Gunning's, 7, 30, 31, 
 
 32 
 Reminiscences, Pryme's, 30 
 Richard's Dole, 56 
 Ringesham, William, 12 
 River Grant, 42 
 River, New, 16, 28, 41, 56 
 Rose, Alderman Christopher, 10 
 Roxton HaU, 26, 30 
 Royal Commissioners' Inquiry, 45 
 Rudd's Hostel, 12, 20 
 
 Salmon, Mr, 7 
 
 Sandcroft, Dr Wilham, 44 
 
 Sayle, Messrs, 39 
 
 Scarlett, William, Stationer, 37 
 
 Scocroft's House, 23, 39 
 
 Searle, Mr, 32 
 
 Searle, W. G., Mr, History of Queens' 
 
 College, 21 
 Seebohm : English Village Community, 
 
 50 
 vSemper Lands, 53 
 Sentry Bridge, 43, 44, 46 
 Seward, Prof., 57 
 Sewers, Court of, 3, 42 
 Shelford, 6 
 Shelford Moor, 56 
 Shepherd's Close, 51, 55 
 Sherwood, George, 25, 26 
 
 William, 25, 26 
 Shuckburgh, E. S., Dr, History of 
 
 Eynmanuel College, 12, 25 
 Simon the Glover, 26 
 Smith, William : Map of Cambridge, 
 
 22 
 Southgate Lodge, 31 
 Spicer, Richard, 21 
 Spinning House, 7, 33-36 
 
INDEX 
 
 63 
 
 'Spital, 16, 42 
 
 'Spital-House End, 42 
 
 St Andrew's the Great Church, 2, 4, 
 
 10, 15, 16, 22, 23, 28, 29, 39, 47 
 St Benedict's Church, 35, 52 
 St John Zachary's Church, 22 
 St Mary the Great Church, 58 
 St Nicholas's Chapel, 22 
 St Nicholas's Church, 22 
 St Paul's Church, 10, 46, 58 
 St Peter's Church [St Mary the Less], 
 
 2, 4, 52 
 St Andrew's Hill 37 
 St Andrew's "Stulpes," 44 
 St John's College, 22, 26, 29, 30, 37, 
 
 38, 50, 51, 53 
 St John's Hospital, 12, 20, 37 
 
 Ely, 30, 31 
 St Mary's Dole, 54 
 St Michael's Dole. 54 
 St Michael's Hostel, 23 
 St Nicholas's Hostel, 12, 20, 21, 22, 
 
 27, 29, 32 
 St Nicholas's Hostel [Milne Street], 22 
 St Radegund's Priory, 13, 14, 51, 52, 
 
 55 
 St Thomas's Leys, 8, 13, 37, 41, 45, 57 
 Stake Acre, 53, 56 
 Stockton's Land, 55 
 Stokes, H. P., Dr, History of Corpus 
 Christi College, 38 
 
 Cambridge Parish Workhouses, 34 
 
 Outside the Trumpington Gates, 57 
 Stone Bridge, 16 
 Stone Cross, 18 
 Stone Rake Bridge, 44 
 Stoneyard, 36 
 Stour, river, 9 
 Stourbridge Field, 48 
 Streets, Roads and Lanes: 
 
 Bird-bolt Lane. 17, 37 
 
 Black Friars' Lane, 15 
 
 Christ's Lane, 15, 27 
 
 Colchester Road, 5 
 
 Conduit Road, 16 
 
 Coronation Street, 51 
 
 Cow Lane, 31 
 
 Deepway, 16, 17, 56 
 
 Dowdivers Lane, 11, 16 
 
 Downing Place, 17 
 
 Downing Street, 11, 16, 17, 37, 58 
 
 Drummer Street, 31, 32 
 
 East Road, 45 
 
 Emmanuel Back Lane, 15 
 
 Emmanuel Lane, 11, 15. 21, 26, 27, 
 30, 31 
 
 Friars' Street, 5 
 
 George Street, 15 
 
 Hadstock Road, 5, 15, 17, 51, 52, 56 
 
 Hangman's Lane, 15 
 
 Streets, Roads and Lanes (cont.): 
 
 High Street, 5, 13, 15 
 
 Hills Road, 5, 8, 15, 16, 33, 41, 43, 
 46, 48, 57 
 
 Hinton Lane, 15, 25, 28, 32 
 
 Hinton Way, 17 
 
 Hobson's Street, 3, 9, 15 
 
 HoghUl Lane, 17 
 
 Icknield, 5 
 
 King's Lane, 16, 17, 52, 54 
 
 Kmg's Street, 43 
 
 King's Way, 5 
 
 Langreth Lane, 16. 17, 37 
 
 Lensfield Road, 16, 41, 43, 56 
 
 Lmton Road, 5, 15, 27, 48 
 
 London Road, 9, 16, 17 
 
 Meeting House Lane, 17 
 
 Mill Lane, 54 
 
 Newmarket Road, 16, 47 
 
 New Street, 43 
 
 Pembroke Street, 17, 57, 58 
 
 Petty Cury, 40 
 
 Preachers' Street, 5, 15, 16, 20-22, 
 24, 26, 31, 36, 42 
 
 Queen Anne Terrace, 45 
 
 Regent Street, 5, 8, 40, 41, 43, 46 
 
 Rogues' or Rokis Lane, 15 
 
 Roman Road, 5, 6, 40 
 
 Slaughter House Lane, 37 
 
 St Andrew's Street, 6, 6, 21, 27, 31, 
 33, 37, 42 
 
 St Nicholas's Lane, 15 
 
 St Tibb's Row, 17 
 
 Tennis Court Road, 57 
 
 Trumpington Road, 5, 56 
 
 Trumpington Street, 36 
 
 Via Devana, 5, 6 
 
 Wall Lane, or Wall's End Lane, 
 15, 42, 44 
 
 Worts's Causeway, 5, 7, 40, 44 
 Strong, Richard, 29 
 Suffolk. 5 
 
 Swinecroft, 13, 36, 51. 57, 58 
 Symons, Ralph, 26, 30 
 
 Tangmere, Henry of, 36 
 
 Taylor, Robert, 25 
 
 Thackeray Family, 29-31 
 
 Theatre, the Old, 33 
 
 Thompson, Dr Thomas, 23 
 
 Titley Abbey, 24 
 
 Tolbooth, the, 35 
 
 Toll-Case, Hatfield's, 40 
 
 Town's End, the, 8, 44 
 
 Township and Borough, 17, 43, 50 
 
 57 
 Trinity Church, 6, 9 
 Trinity Churchyard. 3 
 Trinity College, 13,' 50 
 Trinity Hall, 22, 50, 51, 52 
 
64 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Trumpington Ford, 9, 48, 56 
 Trumpington Gate, 2, 4, 5, 16 
 Trumpington Eoad, 4 
 ''Twopenny Loaves," 5, 6 
 
 "University Arms," 33, 46 
 University Offices, 27 
 
 Vere, Alice de, 11 
 Veterinary Surgery, 33 
 Victuallers^ Book, 38 
 "Vine House," the, 27, 28 
 
 Wall's Lane Bridge, 44 
 
 Wanberg Forest, 11 
 
 Ware, 41 
 
 Watson, Dr, Bishop of Llandaff, 34 
 
 Watson, Simon, 22 
 
 Weavers, etc., 34 
 
 Wesleyan Chapel, 36, 39 
 
 Whish Family, the, 29-32 
 
 White Canons, 51-53 
 
 White Dole, 55 
 
 "White House," the, 31 
 
 Widnall, S. P. : Gossiping Stroll, 40, 
 
 44 
 Willis and Clark : Architectural History 
 
 of Cambridge, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 
 
 27, 44 
 Withersfield, 5 
 Wolfe, Mr, 39 
 
 Workhouse, St Andrew's, 17 
 Worts. William, 6 
 "Wrestlers' Inn," 40 
 Wright, Edward, 41 
 Wright, Thomas, 31 
 
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