mechanw&l Drawing for Plumbers (lis* / Mh2&/ Ronlc ; c$ 8 1 ¥ CopyiightU? COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT: MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS A Concise, Comprehensive and Practical Treatise on the Subject of Mechanical Drawing, in Its Various Modern Appli- cations to the Work of All Who Are in Any Way Connected With the Plumbing Trade. BY R. M. STARBUCK Author of n Modern Plumbing Illustrated," " Standard Practical Plumbing," etc. CONTAINING 150 ILLUSTRATIONS DRAWN ESPECIALLY FOR THIS WORK NEW YORK: THE NORMAN W. HENLEY PUBLISHING CO. 132 NASSAU STREET 1910 COPYRIGHTED 1906 BY THE PLUMBERS TRADE JOURNAL PUBLISHING CO. COPYRIGHTED 1910 BY THE NORMAN W. HENLEY PUBLISHING CO. € : CI. A 275923 INTRODUCTION. The writing of this series of articles for The Plumbers' Trade Journal has been undertaken with a firm conviction that a knowledge of the subject of plumbing drawing, has to-day become a most valuable and practical acqui- sition to the working tools of the plumber. In fact, no person who is connected with construction work of any kind can afford to be without a thorough knowl- edge of such drawing as applies particularly to his line of work. Much that the author has to say in this little treatise is the result of his own experience gained in the pursuit of the plumbing business, and it is the thought of the personal benefit that he has derived from a knowledge of this subject that has led him to attempt the writing of this series. The writer believes that his readers will appreciate with him the many difficulties that confront an attempt to give instruction of this nature by means Oi printers' ink rather than by word of mouth, for certainly personal oral instruction is the only method to bring fullest results. In conclusion, the author would say that it is his sincere hope that this little book may prove of some real and practical benefit to the younger men of our trade, for whom it is especially intended. November, igio. R. M. Starbuck. TABLE OF CO NTENTS Page. CHAPTER I. Value to Plumber of Knowledge of Drawing. Tools Required and Their Use. Common Views Needed in Mechanical Drawing 7 CHAPTER II. Perspective Versus Mechanical Drawing in Showing Plumbing Construction 12 CHAPTER III. Correct and Incorrect Methods in Plumbing Drawing. Plan and Elevation Explained 16 CHAPTER IV. Floor and Cellar Plans and Elevation. Scale Drawings. Use of Triangles 21 CHAPTER V. Use of Triangles. Drawing of Fittings, Traps, Etc 25 CHAPTER VI. Drawing Plumbing Elevations and Fittings .......... 30 CHAPTER VII. Instructions in Drawing Plumbing Elevations 35 CHAPTER VIII. The Drawing of Plumbing Fixtures. Scale Drawings 39 ' CHAPTER IX. Drawings of Fixtures and Fittings 43 CHAPTER X. Inking of Drawings '. 47 CHAPTER XI. Shading of Drawings 51 CHAPTER XII. Shading of Drawings 56 CHAPTER XIII. Sectional Drawings. Drawing of Threads 60 CHAPTER XIV. Plumbing Elevations from Architect's Plans 63 CHAPTER XV. Elevations of Separate Parts of the Plumbing System 66 CHAPTER XVI. Elevations from Architect's Plans 70 CHAPTER XVII. Drawing of Detail Plumbing Connections 74 CHAPTER XVIII. Architect's Plans and Plumbing Elevations of Residence , 78 CHAPTER XIX. Plumbing Elevations of Residence (continued). Plumbing Plans for Cottage S2 CHAPTER XX. Plumbing Elevations. Roof Connections 8G CHAPTER XXI. Plans and Plumbing Elevations of Six-flat Building 90 CHAPTER XXII. Drawing of the Various Parts or the Plumbing System. Use of Scale 9-i CHAPTER XXIII. Use of Architect's Scales 98 CHAPTER XXIV. Special Features in the Illustrations of Country Plumbing 102 CHAPTER XXV. Drawing of Wrought Iron Piping, Valves, Radiators, Coils, Etc 106 CHAPTER XXVI. Drawing of Piping to Illustrate Heating Systems „ 109 Mechanical Drawing for Plumbers CHAPTER THE man who to-day does high-class plumbing or heating, and is worthy the name of doing that class of work, is as deserving of credit as is the lawyer who conducts his case in court successfully, or the physician who performs the duties that devolve on him in creditable manner. The trade, we must remember, is not in the crude state that it was years ago, and if the plumber keeps abreast of the times, he must educate himself along sev- eral lines in addition to the manual, side of the question. He must be conversant to some extent with chemistry, and the subject of physics, that is, natural law, is more valuable to him than to any other man that we can think of. If he is to make the most of himself and his op- portunities, the progressive man cannot do better than to take up the study of mechanical drawing, at least so far as it concerns the laying out of plumbing and heating work. A knowledge of the subject is valuable, not only to the man who is conducting a business and uses his knowledge in demonstrating his ideas to the prospective customer, but even the apprentice cannot afford to be ignorant of it, for on paper he can lay out work, run his lines of pipe and make his con- nections — all. in a practical way — and gain experience thereby that he cannot gain in serving at the trade unless more fortunate than his brothers in the ad- vantages that are given him. The writer has in mind instances where the obtaining of good work can be traced directly to the fact that a neat little sketch of the proposed work was submit- ted to the owner. The sketch showed that the one who presented it was up-to-date, and knew his business, and that thereby he gained a better place in the opinion of his customer than his competitor, was to be expected. And it is these little points that count, not merely to-day, but always in the years to come. In many sections of the country, par- ticularly where the work is of a high grade, the master and the journeyman must as a part of the examination make a drawing of some system of plumbing. Another quite general custom nowadays is the demand by boards of health, that the plumber applying for a permit to da work, shall first submit drawings of the proposed work. How convenient, and even profitable, to be able to submit work on such occasions as we have just cited, which shall be creditable. In visiting the different sec- tions of the country, it has been impress- ed upon the writer's mind that there is a great demand for a knowledge of this subject, .a demand which has not yet been met. The correspondence school fills a long- felt want, and we believe it to be a valu- able institution, but ofttimes a busy man. does not feel that he can spare the time necessary to such a course as given by them, which necessitates the taking up of 8 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS several branches of study as a means of covering the whole ground. While we would not dignify our present series of articles as a "course in drawing," it is our intention to make it serve as such, as near as possible. It will be appreciated that the subject is a difficult one to present, as it is best studied under an instructor who can cor- rect an error on the spot, and explain fully wherein the error lies. We would say, that in pursuing this series, it is with the idea of making it As to instruments, unless it is desired to take up the inking of drawings, the only instruments actually needed are a pair of compasses for making large cir- cles, and a pair of bow compasses for small circles. The latter instrument is of special value in making neat work. In Fig. 1 we show the drawing board, with the tee square in position, also both triangles. In Fig. 2 the large compasses are shown, and in Fig. 3 the bow, or spring compasses. The tee square and triangles may be of \ 30? & 60° \ Trianc^U ^>o arcL \ X | ' TtL Sc^xxoxt, Figure of real practical value to those of our readers who are interested in the subject, as we believe that every master plumber and steam fitter should thoroughly under- stand the manner to draw at least in a crude Way the plans for work on which he may estimate. As a preliminary to pursuing the sub- ject of drawing, the student should pro- vide himself with the necessary tools, which include the drawing . board, tee square and triangles (30 deg. and 45 deg.) and a small set of instruments. wood, for ordinary use. Celluloid tri- angles are especially good, as the work beneath shows through them. It is no doubt well known to our read- ers that horizontal lines are made along the edge of the tee square and vertical lines are made along the edge of the tri- angle held against the edge of the tee square. With triangles which are true, this insures true work, but if the vertical lines are made by holding the tee square against the lower edge of the board, there is very little chance of the work being MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS true, that is square, for there is seldom a drawing board that will be found exact- ly square all round. In entering upon the subject of me- chanical drawing, whether it is such Fig. 2 drawing as the plumber, the machinist, or the architect would need, it is neces- sary to understand the principles of pro- jection which in reality underlies the whole subject. All working drawings, which show several views of the same ob- ject, such as are used' in every machine shop, are worked out by projection, and in this class "of work it is applied much more extensively than on the work in which we are interested. With us, it will not be necessary to take up any but the most elementary principles, for although valuable to any man, the more advanced principles of projection would not be of much prac- tical worth to the plumber, as far as lay- ing out his own work is concerned. To s,how the fundamental principle of projection, let us consider the object which we show in Fig. 4, an ordinary pyramid. Now suppose we consider this object surrounded by transparent surfaces, glass plates for instance, as shown in Fig. 5. We will suppose that the object is viewed from three different directions, from the front, from the side, and from the top. If we consider that the rays of light from each point, as these three views are taken, reach the eye at right angles to the respective glass plates, and draw on those plates the view of the ob- ject as it appears to us, we shall have what is known in mechanical drawing as Fig. 3 the top view or plan, and the front and side views, or elevations, as they are com- monly called. In other words, the eye is supposed to sight the object at right angles at every point at one time. 10 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS Considering the views as obtained in this way, it will probably be clear to our readers that in mechanical drawing, the element of perspective is entirely absent. mind, we will consider a rectangular block such as we show in Fig. 6. This view is what is known as a per- Fig- 4 This is a most important point, and should be firmly in the mind if a proper understanding of the subject is to be ob- tained. To further impress this idea on the Fig. 6 spective view, and gives us the appear- ance of the object that we would ordi- narily get by glancing at it. Now if the Fig. 5 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 11 three views of this object are to be ob- tained, that is, the top, front and side 1 4 Top | Vituj Jon- i i i i A} Fxorvt i i i * — iiT — i— * i i Mitu) Fig. 7 views, after the manner in previous fig- ures, they will be such as Fig. 7 shows. It will be readily seen that these three views give every dimension that would be re- quired in making the given object from drawings, that is, height, width and thick- ness. In fact, the front and top views with- out the side view give all that is re- quired. In mechanical drawing, when the ob- ject is complicated, it often happens that three views must be given to thoroughly depict the work, but in plumbing, usual- ly only the top view, or plan, and one elevation is required. At this point it is well to state that many of our readers will no doubt have difficulty in thoroughly understanding what we have written on projection. To these we would say that even though at the outset the subject is not clear, it will become plainer as the subject advances, and that it should not be an obstacle to going on, for we shall soon deal with the subject in a way that will appeal to the plumber from a practical and not from a technical standpoint, such as the opening of a matter of this kind must be. CHAPTER II IN obtaining the views of an object, that is, the projections, as they are called in mechanical drawing, such as Fig. 7 shows in the preceding article, it is not necessary that the object be placed in any particular posi- tion when the views are taken. In ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, how- ever, the object is supposed to be placed in the position from which the views can be most easily obtained, that is, directly facing the observer. Suppose we consider, for instance, a short length of steel rod having six faces. If the piece is placed so that it is squarely in front of the person making the drawing, with a face fully exposed, the front and top views would be such as Fig. 8 shows, but if placed in some odd position, such views as Fig. 9 shows will have to be made. Either set of views shows the dimen- sions of the object equally well, but Fig. 8 is preferable, because simpler. It will be noticed that in which ever position the object is placed, the two views or more that are taken must be consistent. It would not do to combine the front view of Fig. 8 with the top view of Fig. 9. With these explanations we shall leave the subject of projection as far as its technical points are concerned, though we may have to allude to it occasionally. In writing this series, we thoroughly appre- ciate the fact that very few of our readers in all probability, have ever taken up the Fig. 8 O i — ' — i — n i 12 Fig. 9 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 13 Fig. 10— A Combination of Perspective and Mechanical Drawing ^^Fh Fig. II- An Illustration cf Plain Mechanical Drawing 14 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS subject of projection, that is, the making of working drawings, and we do not mean to scare our readers into the thought that they have got to grind away at that part of the work before being able to take up the real plumbing draw- ing. It does not require any book knowledge to do the work either. A knowledge of plumbing, an eye to proportion, and some little skill are all that is required. The two latter qualifications naturally can be obtained only by practice, and to this end we would earnestly advise our subject, such work appears very inferior. It is often seen, however, hardly a sketch made at examinations, indeed, that does not testify to the work. To thor- oughly illustrate our meaning, we show in Fig. 10 a combination of perspective and mechanical drawing, and in Fig. 11 the same work in which nothing but me- chanical drawing is to be found. We give also in Fig. 12 a drawing which is entirely perspective. Comparing Figs. 11 and 12, either one is correct, and shows the work in a proper manner. However, perspective, Figure 12 — An Illustration readers to practice making drawings as we proceed with the subject, and after having made them, to compare the same with our sketches, and apply the criti- cisms, which we shall make from time to time. In starting into the subject of plumb- ing drawing, we wish to emphasize a fact which we have already tried to make clear, and that is that perspec- tive drawings should never be com- bined with mechanical drawing, for to those that have any knowledge of the of Perspective Drawing such as shown in Fig. 12, is much more difficult drawing than the plain mechani- cal drawing of Fig. 11. Therefore it would seem to the writer that as Fig. 11 illustrates a style of work which is entirely acceptable in showing all that is necessary to be known about the work, it should be chosen in prefer- ence to perspective drawing, and accord- ingly hereafter in this series we shall confine themselves almost entirely to the plain drawings. We may add that it is not once in a MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 15 hundred times that perspective drawing is required, though occasionally it is very- valuable in showing work in its proper shape. In Fig. 10, which illustrates the same piece of work as the other two sketches, we find the two classes of drawing com- bined, and the effect is poor. It will be noticed that while a plain, mechanical view is given of the tub, the lavatory is shown entirely in perspective, and the water closet partly so. The latter shows especially poor taste. A glance at the water closet will show that while the main part of the bowl is shown plain, the circular rim is shown in its perspective appearance instead of the manner shown in Fig. 11. If the upper part of the bowl is in perspective, the whole drawing should be, as shown in Fig. 12. This error is met with time and time again. As we have stated while con- sidering the subject of projection, in me- chanical drawing a view may be taken looking directly down onto the object, and another view may be taken by looking directly at the front of it, but in this branch of drawing, the two views must never be run together, as they must have been to give the view of the water closet shown in Fig. 10. Another point to be observed in connection with the work shown in Fig. 10 is that, if the drawing is designed to show the work in perspective, to be consistent, the piping should be shown in perspective just as much as the lavatory is, and after the style in which the piping in Fig. 12 is drawn. A fixture should never be drawn in perspective without making all the work connected with it to agree. For instance, the trap, waste, and back air for the lavatory are shown plain, which is inconsistent with the appearance of the fixture itself. The back air pipe running straight up from the crown of the pipe looks as if it must break through the bowl and marble slab, while the lines which are dotted show that this pipe in reality runs behind the marble back. It should be noted that when lines of pipe or, in fact, any part of the work is?, hidden behind anything it is customary to dot the lines instead of making them full. Thus in Fig. 12 the pipe that rum under the floor is shown dotted. CHAPTER III a S we proceed with this series it is /\^ the intention of the writer to £ ^. give exercises in drawing, simple at first, and growing more diffi- cult as the subject advances. Those who are following the series with the idea of using the instruction given as a means of learning how to make plumbing drawings, should lay out the work given, endeavoring to make it as nearly- like the model which we show as pos- Co-crect In.coxrct.ct sible. We shall very often as in Figs. 13, 14 and 15, give correct illustra- tions of work, and one or more addi- tional incorrect sketches showing er- rors that are often made. Now as to lay- ing out the work in Fig. 13, simply re- member that the horizontal lines are to be made with the tee square as shown in Chapter I, and the vertical lines by using the triangle against the tee square. We would say that in working out these Fig. 13— Horizontal Lines to be made with T square- Fig. 14— Showing Correct and Incorrect Sketch 16 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 17 exercises they should be done in pencil, and not inked, as that will be taken up later on. Since no inking is to be done, all lines should be made plain and not shaded with heavy lines as our sketches are made. The shading is done to give character to an illustration and to set it out, and the method of doing it will be taken up under the subject of inking. In laying out the tee in Fig. 13, he careful to pro- portion the branch properly. Do not get it into the center of the fitting as the incor- rect sketch shows, and do not have the branch too long, as is also shown. An- other point, a small one however, is th° In laying out the Y, Fig. 14, notice that the branch is at 45 degrees with the length of the fitting, and consequently should be laid out with the 45 degree Fig. 15 -Another Example of Correct and Incorrect Work intersection of the branch with the main part of the fitting.' Do not make it in the form of a curve as the incorrect sketch shows, but with two 45 degree lines. Fig. lo— Curve in Lower Sketch Not Properly Drawn triangle placed against the tee square. Do not place the branch far down on the fitting as the incorrect sketch shows- The hubs shown on the latter sketch do not give as good an appearance to the work as those in which a bead is shown at the top. Although the intersection of the branch and fitting is a curve, as shown, the method in the incorrect sketch answers as well, and is much easier. In drawing the S trap, Fig. 15, draw in the straight parts of the trap first, and put in the curves next. Do not get the three branches of the trap too far apart, as shown in the incorrect sketches, and the middle part should the center to either of the lines, the curve neither be quite vertical, nor on too much of a slant. Speaking of the curves re- minds us/ that a little instruction is. needed on the proper manner of putting 18 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS them in. If two lines at right angles to each other are to be joined by a curve, it is necessary to take the center for the curve at an equal distance from each Fig. 17 — Showing How Curves are Put !n, Joining Lines at Odd Angles line, and from this point, with a distance on the compasses equal to that from will join both lines as the upper sketch in Fig. 16 shows. A very common error in those just be- ginning the subject is to draw the curve as it appears in the lower sketch of Fig. 16, that is, so that it does not run smoothly into the straight lines, but leaves a corner at the point where the curve joins. Even though the center is taken so that it is equally distant from each line, this fault may occur by tak- ing too long a radius on the compasses, a distance greater than the perpendicular distance from the center of the line. The exact point for taking this center is on the 45-degree line from the angle made by the two lines, the dotted line in the sketch as illustrated on page 17. With the center taken at any point on this line, the two straight lines can be joined with a smooth curve, the curve being longer or shorter as the center is taken further from or nearer to the angle. We are often required to put in curves joining lines which are at some odd angle as in Fig. 17. In this case it is more difficult to find a line of centers, and it is usual to keep trying one point after an- other until the right point for the center is found. In fact, draughtsmen seldom take the trouble to find a line for their center as Fig. 16 shows, but soon become so expert in finding by trial the right location from which to strike the curve, that they seldom need more than a couple attempts before obtaining the right point. We have stated that our intention is to Fig. 18— Sketch Obtained by Looking Down Into the Sink give exercises for practice work. In addition to that we shall carry along the general subject of plumbing drawing as well. There are two views which are neces- MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 19 sary to show any piece of plumbing work in full. One is the plan, the other the elevation. As most of our readers have had ex- perience in working from architects' plans, they know that it is customary to give only a cellar plan of the plumbing, and the several floor plans showing the If the architect is practical in his ideas on plumbing construction, this should often be of help to the plumber, especial- ly from the fact that it should have a tendency to make competitors figure more nearly on the same basis. We show in Fig. 18 a plan, and in Fig. 19 an elevation of the common kitchen sink. Mau\ Vmt v "Boax^L 0\ s X B^acXtt -fc 4-> J Stacft. Figure 19 — Showing an Elevation of a Common Kitchen Sink location of fixtures and soil, waste and vent lines, leaving the plumber to put in his connections according to his own ideas. However, on many of the best jobs nowadays, architects are giving an eleva- tion, showing the manner in which the work is to be laid out. These two drawings, if desired, may be taken as exercises. The suggestions made concerning the five preceding sketches should be applied in drawing up Fig. 19. It can easily be seen that each of these views is equally necessary to the complete representation of the sink and its connections. Fig. 18 20 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS shows the location of the sink more fully chan Fig. 19, but Fig. 19 shows the con- nections more fully — the connection under the floor into the stack for in- stance, the height at which the sink is set, etc. t As we said in looking into the matter of projection as the fundamental prin- ciple of drawing, the plan (Fig. 18) is obtained by looking down onto the sink, and the elevation (Fig. 19) by looking directly at it, just as one would look at the front of a building. This elevation is taken looking at the front of the sink as the arrow points. An elevation might as properly have been taken looking at the end of the sink, as the dotted arrow points. There are cer- tain reasons, however, why the elevation which we show gives a better view than the other. If the elevation had been talren from the end of the sink, it will be noticed that the waste and vent lines would have come one in front of the other instead of side by side as the front elevation shows, and the trap and its back air pipe would not have shown broadside to us, as Fig. 19 represents. Therefore, in this work, the layout of the work should be sized up first, and such an elevation chosen as will . show the work to best advantage. There is another point to be observed from Figs. 18 and 19. When drawn on the same scale as these two views are, and should be when pos- sible, similar measurements taken on each should agree with each other. For in- stance, measure from the end of the lower drip board in the plan to the center of the vent line, and take the same meas- urement on the elevation. The two measurements will be found to be the same. CHAPTER 17. WE have already stated, there are two views of any pro- posed piece of work that the plumber will need, if the work is to be shown fully. These views are known as the plan and the elevation, and each is equal- ly valuable. The plan is sometimes called the top view, that is to say, this view, by whichever term it may be known, is ob- tained by looking down upon the object or the work, that is to be shown. Now in Figs. 20, 21, 22, and 23, we show draw- ings for an ordinary cottage house, such on his own line of work that he can look to for help. Indeed, in a great many cases he does not need any further help. On the other hand, in a great many cases mere is abundant use for a special drawing on the plumbing work of a building, and such a thing would often be of service to the plumber and to the architect and owner as well. If the architect had to work out in a drawing the way in which the different pipes, vent and waste would have to run, it would be the means of his giving more attention to the location Kcxvvt. \_tacXt-x; h=& ?<-fc^Vt cut \rc.\vt i ffiqEHgn] a "Rcurc. raoart. Tva^ / Fig. 20 — Showing Cellar Plan. Scale i^-inch to I foot. as are usually drawn up by the architect having the work in charge, and such, no doubt, as most of our readers are entire- ly familiar with. These views are what the plumber us- ually figures his work from, and as a general thing he has no further drawing of his fixtures, the laying out of bath rooms, the running of floor timbers, etc.. and as a result, the plumber would find himself able^to put in his work to better advantage, with less cutting, etc., than he is usually able to do under present existing and undesirable conditions. 21 22 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS Fig. 20 show^ a cellar plan, with the pipes running as they are to be put in. This is a view that is very important, the plumbing system as we are supposed to do when making this view, we shall see only the ends of pipes that run ver- IP V f\ ®°l J o Fig. 21 — Showing Bathroom Connections on Second Moor. Scale ig-inch to I foot. one that will almost always be required when drawings of the plumbing work are desired. That two stacks that pass up through tically, and as may readily be seen, these ends will appear circular. Now when we come to study the first and second floor plans, each gives, or should give, A \ ] Q-So-iA.iv | | | Fig. 22 — Showing First Floor Plan. Scaie J^-inch to I foot. the house, and through the roof, are the location of all fixtures on that partic- shown in this view or in any other plan ular floor, also the location of any stacks view by circles, for in looking down on that may pass up through said floor. MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 23 In comparing these floor plans with the cellar plan, if it is found that the position of the stack as the circle shows it, is located directly over its position in the cellar, it is clear that the pipe runs vertically without offset. If the positions do not show this, but it is found that the locations vary, then we know that there is an offset. It would be first-class practice for any one following these articles, to take the set of plans which we illustrate, and work out the same on a larger scale, or better still, to change the layout and lo- cate the stacks in their proper positions on the several floors. The drawing of a cellar plan, with the pipes showing, as we submit in Fig. 20, is especially desirable work for the be- ginner, and not too difficult for him. We therefore suggest that he give particular attention to perfecting that view. It will be noticed that these four views are each drawn on a scale of % inch to the foot. To those who do not understand clearly what is meant by a scale drawing, we would make the following explana- tion: It is obviously impossible to lay out any view of an object of as large size as a house in its actual size. In this event, it is customary to choose some certain measurement, and let such meas- urement on the drawing represent some larger measurement on the object itself. Thus, in these floor plans, if we find a certain measurement to be % inch, we know from the scale that we are using, that the same measurement on the house itself is 5 feet. Various scales are in use, depending on the size of the build- ing usually. On ordinary work, the scale generally used is 14 inch to the foot. On large work y s inch to the foot is common. This brings to mind the fact that in working or figuring from plans care must be taken to do such work with the scale that the drawings are made on. The writer has heard several times of people who have made such a mistake as figuring the work from plans drawn on a y 8 inch scale at % inch scale, thus figuring only one-half the necessary lengths of pipes a fifty per cent. loss. Now if any of our readers wish to en- large these plans as we have suggested, and draw them on a larger scale, it can easily be done. If it is desired to make the drawings four times the size shown by us, they would then be on a scale of Y-2 inch to the foot, and every measure- ment on our drawings would have to be 1 ^^^o^"** } A 1 1 1 1 1 1 V f s \ I I 1 1 1 1 k s 9" ZJ A. 1 1 1 1 1 1 t <1 Fig. 23— Shawing Elevation. Scale J^-ln. to I ft. made four times as large in the new drawing. Fig. 23 we have scarcely referred to as yet. It represents a very simple ele- vation of the house shown in plan on the three other views, and is not meant to represent in any way, the finished eleva- tion that the architect usually prepares. 24 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS It simply shows the heighFs between floors, etc., and really represents all that the plumber needs so far as the eleva- tions generally given by the architect are concerned. From the elevations given by the architect, unless indeed, they are K ^^^-"^T^V 3^/ I c_^- ^ S^^?'' / y A\ Cy// / ^^\ ^/ c_ _J v n q zS ' Fie*. £4 elevations of the plumbing work itself, the plumber gets no other help than the several heights which will help him in figuring his vertical lines of pipe, etc. Now, before bringing this chapter to an end, there is one bit of instruction that we should give, and it will be help- ful in laying out a part of the work shown in the cellar plan. The point to which we refer, is the running of lines at an odd angle, so that they shall be parallel to each other, as for instance, either line of conductors, which run at an angle with the main line. Of course hor- izontally and vertically, it is not diffi- cult to get lines parallel, for all that is necessary is to move the tee square or triangle from one position to another, at the required distance apart from the first line. The way in which the result is reached when the lines are neither hori- zontal nor vertical, but as some angL> between, may best be described from Figs. 24 and 25. Suppose in Fig. 24 the line A B has been drawn, and it is de- sired to draw a second line parallel to it. To do this, place one of the trian- gles in the position which No. 1 has, with one of its edges matching up with the line AB. Then place another triangle No. 3 against No. 1 triangle, as shown. Now, holding triangle No. 3 firmly in place, move No. 1 along to a second posi- tion, shown by No. 2, when line C D can be drawn parallel to A B. Any number of parallel lines can be drawn in this way. It does not matter how. the triangles are put together, so long as one can move along on the other. Thus in Fig. 25, the two triangles are placed different- ly, but the lines E F and G H can be drawn parallel in just the same manner. This method of drawing parallel lines should be kept in mind, for it is the practical way of doing such work. CHAPTER V THIS method would be made use of in representing runs of pipe at oblique angles with the main. After having shown such a line of pipe, it is necessary to show the hubs on pipe and fittings, and the lines repre- senting the hub are of course at right angles to the direction of the pipe. Referring now to Fig. 26, let us sup- pose the two parallel lines representing the pipe have been drawn at some odr* angle, and it is desired to put in the per- pendicular lines showing the hubs. We will suppose that the lower line or the pipe has been drawn by placing the tri- angles. No. 2 and No. 4 together, and following the method explained above. Still holding No. 2 in position, draw No. 4 along the edge of No. 2 into a new position away from the line just drawn. This new position is shown by No. 1. Now holding No. 1 firmly in its new position, place No. 2 triangle in the posi- tion shown by No. 3, with one of its edges at right angles to the line of pipe, as it must of necessity be. It will be clearly seen that by sliding No. 3 along No. 1, lines at right angles to the direction of the line of pipe can be drawn at any desired point. It has taken quite a few words to explain this method, simple as it is, and it is a good example of the difficulties in carrying on a course of this kind in any other way than by oral demonstrations. An instructor could explain a great deal to the pupil before him very quickly, whereas the writing of the same explanation demands of the one Method of Drawing Lines Perpendicular to Each Other at Right Angles. 25 26 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS following our instructions very close at- tention, if he is to get full benefit. from his study. However, we try to make our explana- position of No. 2, and the line C D Will be the line desired. It is the same with the 45 deg. triangle. In Fig. 27 if it is desired to draw a line at right angles to tions as clear and simple as possible, and line EF, reverse triangle No. 3 to the believe that those following these articles position of triangle No. 4, and the line j \ . t H. N«?3>/\ /w°. 4. J ^ Av>. z. \\. \. rvnN. \*B ^ / ( J \ J <3 / c Y Fie*. 27. Another Method of Drawing Lines Perpendicular to Each Other at Common Angles. closely can derive much benefit from the knowledge of the subject gained. If two lines are to be perpendicular to each other at common angles, such as 30 deg., 45 deg. and 60 deg., the problem is simple, and may easily be seen by refer- ence to Fig. 27. The line A B is drawn at 30 deg. with G H will be the line desired. This latter statement may often be put to use, as we may see from Fig. 28. In making drawings of plumbing work, it is far oftener the case that a branch is taken from a horizontal or vertical line of pipe than from a line running at odd angles. A regular Y branch is always The Main Pipe Drawn With a Tee Square- the horizontal, and can be obtained sim- ply by drawing a line along the edge of the 30 deg. triangle placed against the tee square. To obtain a line at right angles to A B just reverse triangle No. 1 to the -Lines of Branch With 45 Degree Triangle. at an angle of 45 deg. with the main line of pipe. Therefore, in laying out work, such as shown in Fig. 28, the main pipe is drawn in with the tee square, and the lines of the branch are drawn in with MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 27 the use of the 45 deg. triangle in posi- tion No. 1. Lines representing the hubs are put in with the same triangle in posi- tion No. 2. In Fig. 29 we show right and wrong methods for drawing quarter and eighth bends, and in Fig. 30 like methods for running traps. We do this in order to show our readers some of the mistakes which it is natural for a beginner to make, and which he can the better avoid after comparing wrong construc- tions with correct. The common quar- ter bend is a compact fitting as No. I will show, and the mistake often made is in giving it the long sweep shown in No. 2, although there are special fittings made after the manner of No. 2. The same fault is often found in the drawing of eighth and other bends. In drawing the quarter bend, first run the horizontal and vertical lines, then with the com- passes set on a center close to the inter- section of the two inside lines, describe the curves so that they will run smooth- ly into the respective lines. Of course both curves are struck from the same cen- ter. Many times the eighth bend will be used between a Y branch and a straight run of pipe. In this case, draw in the lines for the Y branch and the straight line, then connect these lines with the proper curve. Not until this is done should the hub on the branch or on the bend be drawn. Now with reference to Right and Wrong — Quarter and Eighth Bends. ! "Fie*. 30> Showing How Curve of Trap is Made Too Low Dowsio 28 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 29 the running trap of Fig. 30. The com- mon fault in drawing this fitting is to make the curve of the trap too low down, that is, to give the trap- a much deeper seal than is it really has. Another fault shown in No. 2 as compared with No. 1, is the length of the straight lines con- necting the vent hubs with the trap. As seen in No. 1, these hubs set close to the trap, and are close together. We have taken up the construction of these par- ticular fittings in order that use may "be made of the instructions given in working out the exercise in drawing which we give in Fig. 31. We would suggest that with this figure as a model the student work out the combination of pipe and fittings as we give it, and on the same scale, or at least no smaller scale. We believe, by applying the In- struction which we have already given, that the beginner will be able to work this exercise out without much difficulty. To start with, run the main line of pipe right through, regardless of fittings, giv- ing it a slight pitch, as it would natur- ally have. Then put in the trap, and work back. In using the lead pencil do not bear down so heavily that when it comes to erasing lines later, to show in the fittings, the lines cannot be entirely erased. We should have stated previous to this that a hard lead pencil, prefer- ably 6H, should be used, as it makes much cleaner work than a soft pencil. The very small curves, such as seen on the heads of hubs may best be put in by hand, rather than with instruments. CHAPTER VI THE making of complete elevations of plumbing systems is one of the most important points of the subject which we are studying, and even though we are hardly able as yet to make such drawings, it will be well for us now to consider the general points in connection with them. The only requirements for making these views are the plans of the several floors I m I S 1 ■■-{ [QjODJ I - ,> / V W Side c \i\e.u. fr— — 1 Yin. a. \J\e/u> Fig-. 44.— Showing 1 a Side and End View of a Bath Tub. one of the spaces, whether vertical or hori- zontal, represents 4 inch on the actual work. Thus, the diameter of the soil pipe, 4 inch, takes up a single space; the 2 inch pipe takes up in diameter, half of one of the spaces; the height of the back to tne lavatory is 10 inches, the height of the ceil- ing from the bathroom floor is about 10 feet, etc. These spaces might just as prop- rely represent 2 inches or 8 inches or any other dimension. It is always best, how- 5 Si-^e Vveuj Fig. 45.— View of a Water Closet. ever, to make the scale just as large as the amount of work to be shown, and the size of the paper will allow. It is probable that many of our readers in different parts of the country are al- ready familiar with this method of laying out drawings, for many boards of health require such drawings as we show in Figs. 42 and 43, and supply paper ruled in this very way, on which the drawings are sub- mitted. Most of the practice work which we have heretofore presented in this book, has been on soil pipe work. We have reached 39 40 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS i r ■ 1 r p I Qog il sij. ■ 1 d t = ? J - 6 H-ti — / 4 __ _Jq| mm ^ — m -^4 ,~ »»- Ih- : - P- «|,-i j \> ; J— a . ~-i_r ■ i :f l -— s — z i -oJT i 1 \ ■y 1 • y \ " ■ H — r^ — " * = .,_._ \ ^ S T? / i „ s i M T — *— — ' i L ^ f r 9 V A > r~ J 1 ( "! — / 1 i k rj ( it ) ( i * » V^ * £ -1 ' " vK. > - jd ~' >n ^7"" "■—""■ rs *=^ ^H ^ *?\ i s 1 I « ^rn- _ ' "™~~' — — w~ Fig. 42.— Each of the Spaces, Vertical or Horizontal, Represents 4 in. on the Actual Work. MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 41 a point now, where we need to be able to draw the different fixtures, and we there- fore show in Figs. 44, 45, and 46, come of this work. In Fig. 44 we show a side and an end view of a bath tub, for we must be pre- pared to show this or any other fixture in either position. Fig. 45 gives views of a water closet which is general in shape, and unless some particular type is to be shown on a draw- ing, this form we believe, will be found easier to draw than most any other. For. the different views of these fixtures, and would advise practice in constructing them, first, on the same scale that we show, and then on a larger scale, as it is of course necessary to be able to draw work in any size, and not well to practice continually on the size which we give in the exercises. After devoting some time to the above practice, we would ask our readers to take up the work shown in Fig. 47, which brings into use the fixtures we are now familiar with, and in certain ways is Showing: a Scale of 1 -8 inch to 4 inches, same as in Fig. 42. some reason or other, the washout water closet shown in Fig. 46, often appears in plumbing drawings. While saying noth- ing as to the excellence of this particular type, or otherwise, it is. a difficult matter for the beginner in drawing to show it properly proportioned. The incorrect view of Fig. 46 will serve to show some of the common errors made in illustrating this style of closet, which our readers will ob- serve by comparing the same with the upper view. We have indicated by dots, the centers of the several curves necessary in drawing somewhat more difficult than preceding exercises. Skill in the drawing of plumb- ing work is simply a matter of practice, and we therefore again urge upon those following this series, to put in as much practice work as possible. If Fig. 47, or in fact any other work which we present, is on too small a scale for our readers to work easily, with the knowledge of the subject which they now possess, we would advise them to enlarge the size, say to double that which our work shows. It will be noticed in Fig 47, that the Y branch into which the bath and lavatory on the 42 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS second floor erjter, faces toward the front, in which case, we have the view which ap- pears. The two vent tees also face the front, so that the tee branch does not ap- pear, merely the circular form of the end of the branch. Again, the upper fitting in Fig. 47, through which the vent line enters the stack, stands with its branch facing the front, and does not show the true shape of it, such as we have previously given in a preceding chapter. As we have already stated, in making these drawings, we must be able to show fittings and fixtures in any position that we happen to meet, and while it is best to show them to the best advantage, it is al- most impossible to show every feature of a drawing of any extent, as we would desire. Stele. \Jie.uj U "Fxorvt \Jteui In.corx:ect. \J\euu A More Difficult Exercise. Fig. 48— The Drawing of Washout Water Closet. E have previously shown the proper forms for construct- ing some of the common fixtures. To these add in Figs. 48, 49, and 50, the urinal, slop hopper, and refrigerator. In these, besides showing the fixture itself, we have shown its connections also. We think this a good idea, for the reason that some of our CHAPTER IX positions, as seen from the side, and from the front. The front view of this fixture, will be found rather difficult to draw, and to make it as easy as possible, we have dotted the centers of the principal curves used in constructing it. By placing the compasses on the different centers, and seeing which curves would probably be struck from the different points, we think it can be worked out satisfactorily. In practicing on this work, it may be advisable, as we have previously sug- gested, to work on a larger scale, if the The Drawing of a Slop Hopper. younger and more inexperienced readers may thereby be gaining a knowledge of sanitary methods, while gaining a knowl- edge of the subject of plumbing drawings. The three sketches above mentioned are presented as practice exercises, and inter- ested readers cannot do better than to put in a good allowance of time in working on them. In Fig. 48, the urinals are shown in two Y'x&.'oO Drawing - of Refrigerator and Connections. 43 44 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS P^q 1 Side. "VKe."u> Y^cortX "Vieto I FlGi.48. Drawing Showing - Urinals in Two Different Positions. scale on which plans are illustrated is too small to work easily. In drawing the front view of the urinal, it will be noticed, by the way, that tne fixture is in such a position that the waste is carried directly back. In this case, we might have dotted the waste to the floor, and the back air to the partition, but have preferred to show it in the way that it appears, which we believe will be clear enough for all purposes. There are many places where it is necessary to show part of the work by dotted lines, the dotted lines, of course, always signifying that the work thus shown is behind a wall or other obstruction, but the writer's opin- ion has always been that in this line of work, dotted lines do not add to the. ap- pearance of a drawing, and that it is bet- ter not to show them, unless the drawing will be made less clear by omitting them. Up to the present point we have confined ourselves entirely to lead and cast iron work. If we are to be able, however, to draw different kinds of work as it is pre- sented to us, we shall need to know how to show wrought iron piping, not only on supply work, but on back airing. After what instruction has been given on cast iron work, there is not a great deal addi- tional to be given on wrought iron. In Fig. 51, we give two methods of showing fittings, and also the two positions in which valves are usually seen. A side view of the valve shows its true shape, whjle in an end view the wheel handle and body represent it. In Fig. 52 is also given a sketch showing errors likely to be made, such as giving too wide a sweep to the curve of an elbow, and in making tee branches too long. A glance at the fit- tings themselves will show wherein the errors mentioned exist. As to a choice between the use of the beaded fittings and the plain fittings, we believe the former will be found the easiest to draw. The reason for this is that the diameter of the fittings and the diameter of the pipe are usually made the same, while the plain fittings to show as fittings, must have a greater diameter than that of the pipe, and this difference between the laying out of the two styles of fittings means less work on the beaded style. For this reason, the writer usually pre- MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 45 Two Methods of Drawing Fittings. All Fittings Drawn With Ends Square. 46 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS fers to use this fitting in the drawing of work in which water pipe is to be drawn, Sketch Showing Errors Likely to be Made. but in the case of wrought iron back air work, is inclined to use the plain fitting, as shown in Fig. 53, in which is repre- sented back airing, including the main and the several branches. It will be no- ticed that fittings are shown in several different positions. For instance, the branch taken off the main back air where it offsets, comes out of the tee straight toward us, and then bends off at an angle of 45 deg., then comes out straight toward us again, and then runs horizontally. The bends used on this branch are in such a position that their true shape can- not be seen. If the beginner has difficulty at any time in seeing how different fit- tings appear when placed in certain posi- tions, let him take the fittings themselves and place them before him in such posi- tions as are required. In doing this, how- ever, he must remember to draw what- ever object he has before him, with the element of perspective entirely elimi- nated. We have referred to this before, but a cautionary word at this point will not be out of place. It will be noticed that all the fittings of Fig. 53, whether wrought iron or cast iron, are drawn with their ends square across, and not curved as they would usually appear in perspec- tive. Occasionally a part of the work will have to be shown in such a way, that a certain amount of perspective will have to be used, but for one unpracticed in its execution, it is a difficult matter to make such work look well, and errors on such work are very likely to destroy the ap- pearance of an otherwise excellent draw- ing. We are ready now, we believe, to take up complete elevations of different work, including both drainage and sup- ply, and this we shall do in the next chapter. CHAPTER X WHILE it must be clear to our readers that the ability to make a good, clear pencil drawing is the chief point to be gained in pursuing a task of this kind, the ability to ink the drawings is also very desirable. We pre- sume that many of those interested will care only for the pencil work, but others on the contrary will be anxious to go further and take up inking. Inking adds character to a drawing, and makes the work much clearer than pencil can. An- other point is this — if the drawing is of any extent, by the time the pencilling has been completed, even though a hard pen- cil has been used on the work, the sheet has become much soiled by constant rub- bing over it of the hands, sleeves, the square and triangles, etc. Now if the drawing is inked, the whole surface can be gone over with a soft sponge rubber, which will not rub off the raked lines, and the sheet made perfectly clean, or better still, a piece of transpar- ent paper, such as thin bond paper, can be laid over the original pencil drawing and traced off onto the clean sheet. No doubt those who are pursuing this series have long before this discovered that it is al- most impossible to keep the sheet clean, and ofttimes the smut has made what would otherwise be a good piece of work, look rather dubious. This is to be ex- pected, and is more or less the experi- ence of skilled draughtsmen. One sug- gestion would be, as far as possible, to complete the work at the top of the sheet first, then that next lower down, etc. This will save rubbing over finished parts of the drawing. Another point is to see that the square and triangles are occasionally cleaned, as much of the soiling of drawings is due to dirt collected on these tools. In Fig. ■Ru-llrLO, Pen. Tx:'vo-*T- "Pen? rv Triangle > z FlGv 5b. 54 we show illustrations of the different drawing instruments which are necessary for inking. No. 1 shows a straight line 47 48 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS ruling pen. It is used in drawing straight lines and is handled in the same way that a pencil is used, that is, hy guiding it against the side of a triangle or tee °> rv?3. nn o Fka.5'4. square. No. 2 is called a bow pen, and is used in making small and medium sized circles. No. 3 is an attachment used in inking large circles. As shown, it is made with a joint and is designed to slip into the large compasses shown in our first chapter, taking the place of the pej cil attachment. Bach of these three in- struments is usually to be found in the ordinary set of drawing instruments. The bow pen and ruling pen are used constantly, and are absolutely necessary, while the attachment (No. 3) is made less use of. Common writing ink is not suit- able for drawing purposes, an India ink being necessary. The ink usually comes in such a bottle as shown in No. 1 in Fig. 55. It will be observed that the stopper to the bottle is provided with a quill, which dips down into the ink. No. 2 in Fig. 55 will serve to illustrate the man- ner in which the inking instruments are filled with ink. The quill, which holds quite an amount of the ink, is touched lightly to the instrument, between the two nibs, and the ink at once flows from the quill and supplies the instrument, as the illustration shows. It is best not to fill the instrument too full, usually not more than half as full as No. 2 indicates, for it is liable to flow too rapidly from the pen, and cause bad work. It will be readily understood that the size of the line is regulated by the lit- tle thumbscrew with which each instru- ment is supplied. By screwing the nibs close together a fine line is made, and a coarse one by releasing them. By the way, to those who have never had any experi- ence in inking, a word of advice as to the making of lines will be of benefit. The beginner, nine times out of ten, endeav- ors to make his lines as fine as possible. This the experienced draughtsman does not do. In the first place, the instruments do not work as well on fine lines. Then again, the drawing is not so clear, and in erasing, the. fine lies are more liable to be partly rubbed out. If an illustration ia to be made from the drawing, a good, heavy line is preferable, and if blue prints are to be taken from the drawing, light lines are apt to appear dim on the print, especially if over-exposed. Therefore, do MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 49 not make the mistake of getting the lines too fine. In Fig. 56 we have endeavored to show how the ruling pen should be held in drawing straight lines. It should he held as in No. 1, nearly straight, against the edge of triangle or tee square, and bear- ing away from it slightly, to give clear- ance between the triangle and the pen. If held as in No. 2, as beginners some- times do hold it, that is, with the angle and drawing board, the result will be that when the triangle is drawn away after the line has been made, it will draw the ink with it, and make a wide blot on the paper, as in Fig. 57. The position of the pen in No. 3 is wrong also, for when held at such an angle the ink will not flow at all, or if it does, the line will be a very poor one. Do not bear down hard in making ink lines, for the instruments if properly ground and properly adjusted should allow the ink to flow freely enough to make good lines, under a light pres- sure from the hand. Very often bearing on will serve to prevent the instru- ment from making any line whatever, excepting the indentation into the paper, and moreover, in time it will wear the point. Drawing ink dries very quickly, ©amphor being used in its make-up, and if care is not taken it will dry on the end of the pen and prevent the flow of ink. To start the ink it is a good plan to press the nib of the pen flatwise on the board, as in No. 2, Fig. 57, and unless too badly stopped, two or three attempts will usually be enough. A little moist- ure on the tip of the finger will also serve to start the ink. A piece of cham- ois skin or soft cloth should always be at hand for cleaning the ink out of the pens, and they should usually be cleaned before putting in new ink. It is best always to clean the pens after using them, for after the ink hard- ens it is much more difficult. It is also necessary to see that the point of the pen does not take up pieces of lint, etc., for the tiniest piece on the end of the pen will make sorry looking work. Of course it will be understood that inking is not done on a drawing as it is being laid out. The drawing is laid out just in pencil, and then the pencil lines inked, or the work traced on transparent paper, as we have already stated. 50 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS n yr7.) i v y ^ T ^l^ ! T ^r? /- ; ll l! ^ :' ; N W Pre*. 58. MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 53 method followed in Nos. 3 and 4. Compar- ing Nos. 1 and 3, it will be seen that lines shaded in the one are light in the other, also in the case of Nos. 3 and 4. In No. 1 of Fig. 59, the same difficulties or ap- parent contradictions arise that we have already mentioned. In such a case as this, in order to preserve the uniformity of the system, each branch must be con- sidered entirely by itself, and' then there will be no trouble. In this figure, the lines A O, BO, CO, and D O, also the four lines, E O, F O, G O and H O are drawn at 45 degrees. The first four are drawn parallel to the direc- tion of the rays of light, and are there- fore not shaded, but in the case of the latter four, although drawn at 45 degrees, they are not parallel to the rays of light, and should therefore be treated as any other lines would. In the case of the shading of circles, the reasoning is no different from that followed in the shading of straight lines. Those rays that strike the circle on a tangent determine the points at which the shading should begin. In shading a circle, draw in the light circle first, then with the same radius take a new center at an angle of 45 degrees from the first center, the distance between the two cen- ters determining the width of the shade line at its widest point. In No. 2, the second center is taken above, and in No. 3 below the first center. In putting in the second circle, use the same size of line as in the first, and fill in the space between them. In Fig. 60 we give exercises in shading, which will ' serve to show how the principles which we have discussed above, are applied on the shading of plumbing drawings. In putting in the shade lines, they are usually drawn heavy at the outset, but it may possibly bs easier for beginners to ink their drawings in the usual way, aad then go over the lines to be shaded after- ward, making them several times heavier than the light lines. If those who do not take up the inking care to do so they may shade their pencil drawings by using on the heavy lines a very soft pencil. In inking shaded drawings it is custo- mary to put in the light horizontal lines first, then the heavy lines, and so with the vertical lines. This method will save the trouble of changing the adjustment on the pen so frequently, and will result in more even work. 54 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 55 It will be found that very often a draw- plumbing system for a cottage house, the ing will look better if the finer work, work being shaded. This is the first corn- such as the supply pipes, etc., are not plete elevation that we have given as an shaded, only the fixtures and larger con- elevation, but we believe that those who nections being thus treated. have followed foregoing instructions will In Fig. 61 we give the elevation of the have no difficulty in making this drawing. CHAPTER XIJ THE method of shading which we gave in the preceding chapter is easy to handle, and it certain- ly is of value in making the drawing very clear and distinct. There is also another method of shading, which, however, is much more difficult of execu- tion. This style of shading we show in Figs. 62, 63 and 64, and in order to he able to use it to good effect, considerable expe- rience and practice is necessary. It is used more for ornamental purposes than for practical purposes, but still, no book on drawing would be complete without some attention to it. It is seldom or never that a drawing of any extent would be shaded throughout in this manner, but our readers will find, if they do much in the way of drawing, that its use will often be a valuable aid in showing up apparatus of different kinds, portions of plain drawings that are desired to be brought out with great clearness, etc. In the use of this shading, mere are exact rules that are laid down as to the point which should be shaded heaviest, as well as lightest. It will be sufficient, however, for our purposes to make this instruction very brief and to the point. The results seen in Nos. 1 and 2, of Pig. 62, are obtained by giving the greatest shade effect to the right hand side of the figure, the lightest point being about midway, and the left hand side being shaded somewhat, though not so heavily as the right hand side. These two figures represent solid cylindrical figures. No. 3, a hollow cylindrical figure is shaded in exactly an opposite manner, that is, with the heaviest shading at the left, medium shade effect at the right, but with the lightest point still near the center. No. 4, a horizontal solid cylinder, is shaded ?i(^. fo3. 56 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 57 "1 Yvn. w*z. 1 1 vv 3. "Fic^.64. 58 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS -i — -*-i 3ft IS* iZ ^7 d> <$> it S3. * ■* s h— I l-^J 3 .(ETT- =err ih YlGv 65. T=& \r i c h d S7 ^7 1 o ® frr* 2 T 3 jj t! ♦£- Sketch of Elevation of Hot and Cold Water Supply System For a Two-Flat House. MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 59 heavy at the bottom, and medium at the top, while No. 5, a horizontal hollow cyl- inder is shaded in an opposite manner, as will readily be seen. Additional ef- fect is gained by using tbe heavy shade lines as described in the preceding ar- ticle. In drawing these shade lines, the ef- fect of shade is gained entirely by the closeness of the lines together, the heavy shading being produced by drawing the lines closely together and the light shad- ing by giving considerable space between the lines, additional effect being given by breaking the lines as appears on most of the figures. The skill in doing this work comes from the ability to vary the spaces between the lines in such a manner that the figure will appear cylindrical at all points, and nowhere fiat, as it would if the spacing was not varied continually. The greater the diameter of the cylin- drical figure, the greater should be the space between lines at the lightest point. The proper spacing of these lines is gained only from practice, it being a thing that cannot be reached from any exact instruc- tions, or from measurement. To those who are not interested in the inking of drawings, we would say that this shading can be done also with lead pencil. In Fig. 63, No. 1 shows an el- bow shaded. The curved lines are all struck from the one center, and should be put in first, and the straight lines con- nected with them afterward. In shading branches, as Nos. 2 ard 3, the lines of intersection should be drawn in first, and the shade lines of the branch should end at those lines. Fig. 64 shows the principle of line shading applied to a system of piping. As we have already intimated, this work is more ornamental than otherwise, and a knowledge of its use will often be found handy. As our regular practice ex- ercise, we give this time, Fig. 65, an ele- vation of the hot and cold water supply system for a two-flat house, and have shown the lines of pipe as single lines, the cold pipes being represented by solid lines, and the hot by dotted lines. This method is often preferable to using two parallel lines to show the pipe, as it is simpler to draw, takes less time, and often shows off the work fully as clearly. It will be understood that our illustrations being designed for reproduction as cuts in a paper, have to be drawn in black ink. Under ordinary conditions, different col- ored inks could be used to advantage, however. For instance, instead of dot- ting the hot water pipes, as we have to in this case to make our distinction from the cold water, the hot water pipe might be put in with solid red lines, with good effect. If desirable, a back air system might be put in with one color, while a different color was used on the drainage part of the work. Sometimes, also, it is required to make a drawing in which part of the work is old work, and the rest new work. In this case, one color to show the old and an- other to show the new, makes good work, and is more readily distinguished. CHAPTER XIII WE have said nothing so far concerning sectional draw- ings, but as they constitute a valuable aid in the clear rep- resentation of many kinds of work, it will be worth our while to devote some space to their consideration. From a comparison of Nos. 1 and 2 in Fig. 66, we shall be able to see wherein the value of sectional drawings lies. No. 1 represents a Fuller bibb, and the dotted lines represent the inside working parts. No. 2 represents the same thing, but in- stead of drawing a plain view as in No. 1, the bibb is considered to be cut through along the center line, and the front half set aside. This allows a full view of the other half. A sectional view of the bibb is a view of this half section such as No. 2 gives, and it will be seen at once that the sectional view is far clearer than that shown by No. 1. To show that it is a sectional drawing, the part that is cut through is always sectioned or cross- hatched. By this is meant the parallel lines drawn close together, which desig- nate the body of the bibb. These lines may be drawn with either the 45 deg. or SO deg. triangle. Every point of any given piece should be sectioned in the same way. For instance, the inlet end of the bibb, which screws onto the body, is represented in the drawing by a sec- tion of metal above the center, and one below, both of which, being a part of the same piece, should be sectioned by lines drawn in the same direction and at the same angle. It is often the case that these sections are represented by differ- ent colors instead of section lines, the dif- ferent colors representing different pieces of the article in question. When section lines are used, and the different sectioned parts are in contact with each other, the sections of neigh- boring pieces must be made by reversing the triangle, and drawing the lines at op- posite angles, just as No. 2 shows. It will be observed that in drawing the sec- Y\c^.6b. tion the working parts have been drawn plain, and not in section. The idea is al- ways to make any drawing show the ob- ject it is made to represent with the greatest possible amount of clearness,.and it will be found in this case that the bibb is shown much more clearly by leaving the working parts plain, instead of sec- 60 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 61 "FlGi.bT. tioning them in the manner that the rest of the bibb is seen. No. 1 of Fig. 67 represents a sectional view of a certain type of water closet. In this case the whole section is of one piece only, and in such a case, a solid black section looks well. This could not be sec- tioned in this manner if there were sev- eral parts to be sectioned for in using a solid color, there would be no way of making a distinction between the several parts. In plumbing drawings it is often required to represent water, and we know of no better way than that shown in connection with the water closet, that is by horizontal light lines, made up of alternate dots and dashes. It will be observed that in a sectional view of the water closet, the flushing rim would be cut through at either end. but the main part of the rim, curving backward as it does, away from the line of sectioning, would be drawn in full, in the manner in which we show it. No. 2 represents a line of soil pipe underground. A full black section looks well on such work, better in fact than the section lines, which are really used mostly on larger surfaces. To distinguish the lead joints from the pipe, they are made with small dots. The concrete floor may be made as we have indicated, and the ground surrounding the pipe in an indefinite manner, by having short lines made with the drawing pen, and interspersed with lines made with a common pen. In Fig. 68 we have represented part of the base of a water closet, connected by brass flange of a certain style, with the lead bend; the fixture being vented from the bend. This we give to show the sec- tion of several different materials brought together on the same drawing. It is a common thing with draughts- men, to use certain different styles of sec- tion for different metals, especially in the drawings of machines, but for our use this is unnecessary, the main point being the use of such styles of sectioning as will clearly distinguish the different parts of the same drawing, one from the other. Thus in Fig. 68 the crockery is shown in section by dot and dash lines, the rubber gaskit by a fine dotted sur- face, the brass flange by 45 deg. section lines, the solder sections by 45 deg. lines drawn in the opposite directions, the lead by solid black surface, and the wood by lines representing the grain of wood. It will be noticed that the back air pipe is in sections only a short distance up, after Tra-feS. 62 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS ts^\. rs5. VVflflVWVfVWIfl WT Fie». 69. which it is drawn in the usual way. This is often the case, and a division between the sectioned and unsectioned parts is made by an irregular section, as shown. Another point which will be of value to the plumber in making drawings of dif- ferent fixtures, fittings, etc., is the mak- ing of threads. This we show in Fig. 69. No. 1 represents a right-hand V thread. The tool that is used in cutting this kind of thread is sharpened or ground on its cutting point at an angle of 60 aeg. Con- sequently, in drawing the threads they_ are made at this same angle. If it is de- sired to do this work with exactness, the number of threads to the inch is first found, eight being the number used in our illustration. The upper line is then laid off into one-eighth inch spaces and the lower line also, the latter, however, being spaced one-half space or one-sixteenth in this case, in advance of the upper spaces. This is to give a pitch to the thread, for otherwise the thread would be straight up and down. Having laid out the spaces, put in the Vs, using for this purpose the 30 deg. triangle. All the lines sloping in one direction and first put in, and then the triangle is reversed and the lines pointing the oppo- site way drawn in. The outside and inside points are then connected by straight lines. No. 2 shows a left-hand thread. The layout for both is the same, the distinction between right and left hand threads being gained by properly connecting the long cross lines. Nos. 3 and 4 show the two kinds of thread drawn in a vertical position, and No. 5 shows a method often used for in- dicating a thread, where it is not desired to use so much time as is necessary in laying out a regular thread. No. 6 shows a sectional view of a threaded piece, and No. 7 a sectional view of a hollow piece threaded on the outside. Naturally, in a sectional view, the lines connecting the top and bottom of the threads are not seen, the V only being shown. Owing to lack of space, we omit the regular exercise for this article, and would advise in its place, practice on sec- tions and threads. CHAPTER XIV AFTER having in the last few articles diverged somewhat from the line that we had been follow- ing, we will in this article take up again the consideration of complete elevations of plumbing work. In Fig. 70 we gives the floor plan of a three- flat apartment house. As each of the three floors are identical in their layout, the one floor plan is all that is required the work with as great clearness as is to be desired. For instance, if a side view of the entire system were to be made, that is, a view taken by looking in the direction in which the arrow A points, the bath-room work would show plainly, in fact to its best advantage, but the 1 pantry sink coming in front of the range boiler would tend to complicate and confuse the drawing of YlGvTQ, in this line, as it answers for all. In ad- dition Fig. 71 shows the cellar plan for the same work, the drainage pipes only being shown, however, as in this work we have no use for other details. A careful study of the floor plan will show that the arrangement of the plumb- ing is such that no one view of the whole plumbing system will show all parts of each of the two fixtures, and the same thing would be true of the kitchen fix- tures. At this latter point the kitchen sink, wash trays and refrigerator would each stand in line with the other, if viewed in the direction of the arrows, A and C, and the drawing resulting from such a view would be so confused, owing to the many lines, that it could hardly 63 64 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS be understood, even from careful study. In fact, the refrigerator would hide the other fixtures from view, and if shown at all, the sink and wash trays with their connections would have to be shown by dotted lines. Then again, the main lines cf waste and back air serving the kitchen fixtures would also come in line with each other, and this as we already know, does not make the drawing any clearer. Conse- quently, conditions being as they are, it is advisable to make separate elevations of the different parts of the work. An elevation of the kitchen work can be shown to best advantage by taking a bottom. The only additional point that the view of the remainder of the waste would show is the connection of the verti- cal and horizontal lines through Y branch and bend, with cleanout. The line of pantry sinks is shown in elevation in Fig. 73, and this view is takan from a direc- tion exactly opposite to the direction of the arrow B. A sid- view might have been taken of this part of the work, our reason for choosing the one shown, being to bring out a point concerning the main lines of vent and waste. In Fig. 73 they are one behind the other, the vent being in front. Being of the same diameter, front elevation of it, that is, by viewing the work from the direction in which the arrow B points. The refrigerator line can also be includ- ed in this elevation, which we show in Fig. 72. It will be seen that we have not shown the fixtures and connections of the kit- chen work on the second floor. Nothing is to be gained by showing this part of the elevation, as it is identical with the work on the third floor, and it is omitted for the sake of economizing space. For this same reason we have not shown the full line of waste to the point where it enters the horizontal line on the cellar TV. one hides the other, so that wherever the vent line runs, only a part of the hubs on the waste can show. If it had not been for bringing out . this point we should have chosen a side view of this work. Just as in Fig. 72, we have omit- ted the second floor work. Sometimes it is advisable to show in connection with an elevation, the hori- zontal line in the cellar. On these two elevations we have omitted it, however, and for two reasons. In the first place, this additional work would make our illustrations take up more space than we wish to devote to them, and then again, by reference to the MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 65 cellar plan, a perfectly clear idea can be gained of this part of the work, which would make its appearance on the eleva- tion somewhat superfluous. In the following chapter we shall show an elevation of work in the bath room. The four illustrations in this chapter will make good practice work, but it will probably be advisable to draw them on a larger scale, perhaps double size. VvlorW. on. 7. n J> -EXoor not S>H< 'FxXtu.'ce.s, and Cori.ri.ec.tv. on.* €>o.rrvc as. on. b ro Tloot > Z"° Y\c V**- Tl Tig, 7 2 3 FlQi.73. CHAPTER XV IN the preceding chapter we showed elevations of the work of a three- flat apartment building, including the kitchen fixtures, pantry sinks and refrigerators. Owing to lack of space we omitted the elevation of the bath room work, and this we now show in Fig. 74. In showing an elevation of the three- flat apartment work, we brought out the To clearly demonstrate this point, we show in Fig. 75 a floor plan of the same work that we showed in connection with the work of the preceding article, the lay- out of the floor plan being identical, and the only difference being a change in the location of the sink and laundry tubs to another side of the kitchen. Now then, in Fig. 76 we give an elevation of the entire plumbing work of the apartment Fi^.75. : point that it often occurs that a complete elevation of the plumbing work of any ex- tent cannot be shown to the best advan- tage by taking a view of all parts of the work from one direction, and that it is often best, and indeed almost necessary to a clear understanding of the drawing, to make separate „ views of different sec- tions of the work, viewing each section from the most advantageous position. shown in Fig. 75. It will be observed that in order to obtain this elevation the work must be viewed looking in the direc- tion in which the arrow B points. In this particular layout of the work the en- tire elevation is clearly shown from one view, and it does not become necessary to make separate elevations of the differ- ent lines of fixtures viewed from differ- ent directions. It is somewhat unusual 66 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 67 to find a layout that can be handled in this way, of work of such extent, but whenever possible, this course should be followed. A glance at Fig. 75 will show that while the bath room and kitchen fix- tures are on a line with each other, or very nearly so, the pantry sink and re- frigerator are off at one side, but at the same time are so located as to show to advantage in the elevation. However, 68 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS there is nothing in the elevation to show that the refrigerator occupies a position in front of the bath room and kitchen fix- tures, and nothing to show this point in relation to the pantry sink excepting the fact that the waste and vent stacks serv- ing the pantry sink cross the pipes of the other fixtures in -front of them. Further- more, even this latter fact is of little im- portance, for it does not show how far in front the pantry sink is. To ascertain this fact, and the location of the refriger- ator, we must look to a plan of the work, that is, to Fig. 75. This goes to show that from no single view can all the facts relating to the work he found, and this is true of the most simple, object we can think of. For instance, we can place a board directly in front of us, and at once observe its length and its width, but in order to know its thickness, we must look down upon its edge, in order to get at its thickness. This is a most im- portant fact to understand thoroughly, and a proper understanding of this feature of the work will go a long way to aid in understanding just how important to each other the plan and the elevation are, and why one is as necessary as the other. Thus far we have been speaking of the elevation shown in Fig. 76, which is taken looking in the direction of arrow B. Now suppose we had viewed the work from the direction of arrow A. We should get the result shown in Fig. 77, which to say the least is very unsatisfactory to a clear understanding of the work. Looking in the direction of A, the fixtures in the bath room, and in the kitchen are one behind the other, and as they must be shown in this way on the elevation, the result is very confusing and of little value as com- pared with the elevation of the same work shown in Fig. 76. If the kitchen fixtures had been shown in this elevation (Fig. 77) the confusion of lines would have been still greater. Even the bath trap shows very poorly, and as for show- ing the vent from this trap, it is almost impossible to do so clearly in this view. The only way in which it could be done with even a moderate amount of success is to work out the view on a much larger scale than is practicable. We believe that these remarks will give an idea to the student of the importance of selecting the right direction from which to view the different sections of the work. MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 69 As far as practice work on this article is concerned the student will do well to take as his exercises Figs. 74 and 75 and, if he chooses, Fig. 76 also, but he should work on a scale of about twice the size of the drawings which we show. It is not our intention to present Fig. 77 as a practice exercise. As we have mentioned previously, if the student is inking his drawings, he should remember to draw in his curved lines before doing anything with the straight lines. "Vt.-rt.-t 4xoTTt- 2>-aA,*ru Tl-rajp CHAPTER XVI ONE of the most important benefits to be derived from a knowledge of drawing as applied to the plumber, is the ability to take a, set of plans and from those plans make views of the work indicated, as it will actually appear. We do not mean to infer that every plan of ordinary work will receive this attention nection with the drawing from house plans, the figuring of stock on the same work. In Figs. 78, 79 and 80 we show respec tively the cellar plan, first floor and sec- ond floor plans of a double house. We do not present these plans as finished architectural plans, for we appreciate that many minor details of house con- Fig. 78— Cellar Plan, Double House. from the plumber who is able to make such drawings, but even though he should seldom put his knowledge of the subject into actual use, the insight he has gained concerning the relation of plans and elevations will help him wonderfully in the figuring of work. This leads us to state that we shall soon take up in con- struction are omitted, our aim being to present chiefly the details necessary to the plumber. It will be good practice for the student to draw up these plans on a larger scale. We have not drawn them at any given scale, but when we come to the figuring of work, a definite scale will be necessary. From the cellar MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 71 ^OVJQ^E HOMSK "D OTJB'l-.'E. "H. 0\J SE. 72 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS TE?_oo- Fig. 8 1 .—Elevation of Double House. plan, Fig. 78, the main drain and branches and risers with their respective sizes can he found. From Fig. 81, which shows the elevation of the house, can be found the total height of the building, the distance between floors, the pitch of the roof, etc. Thus far, such a view as that given in Fig. 81, we have made little use of, but in scale drawings such as we must use in figuring work, it is of as much importance as the preceding views, for only from the elevation can the lengths of risers, etc., be obtained. From the two floor plans, it will be noticed that the plumbing is so arranged that there are four groups of fixtures. Each set of kitchen fixtures is separate from the oth- er, with its own stack, while the two lav- atories in the toilet rooms enter one stack, and the two bath rooms also one stack. In Fig. 82 we give the elevation of the work on one of the kitchen stacks. As the other kitchen work is the same, it is not necessary to show bath. The connection of the kitchen stack with the Elevation of Plumbing: in Kitchen. MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 73 Fig:. 83.— Elevation of Plumbing- in Toilet Room, horizontal line in the cellar we show en- larged in size in Fig. 85 of our next arti- cle. In order to economize space we show the stack cut off with broken lines on the second floor and in the attic, and bring the roof and attic floor and attic floor and second floor closer together than the work below. This is often done where it is desired to save space. In Fig. 83 is given the elevation of the toilet room work, the figure showing the two lavator- ies back to back, and the stack going up in the partition. That this stack does pass up in the partition is shown from the location of this stack in the two floor plans. As there is in the cellar a stone or brick wall dividing the cellar space, and as this wall is directly beneath the partition above, it will be seen that an offset in the stack is necessary at the first floor. The conneciion of the toilet room stack is shown in enlarged detail in Fig. 86 of our next article. It will be quickly seen by the student that the clearest view of the toilet room work can be obained by viewing it from the direction of the arrow C in Fig. 79. A view taken at right angles to this would show one lavatory behind the other, and the result of such view would not be nearly as clear as the one given. In the view shown by Fig. 83 the Y branch into which the waste of the two fixtures is carried, points toward the front instead of sidewise, and shows in the manner given. In getting Fig, 82 the work was viewed looking in the direction in which arrow A points in Fig. 79. This shows the two fixtures side by side, and not one in front of the other. We shall consider the bath room work and the enlarged details of special parts of this work in the next chapter. CHAPTER XVII IN Fig. 84 of this article is shown the elevation of the bath room work as located in the second floor plan of double house (Fig. 80) of the preceding chapter. This view is taken looking in the direc- tion in which the arrow B points in Fig. 80. Any other view of the work would show the fixtures one behind the other, and would make a very confused and in- distinct drawing. "KAt_"h._-n. Sta-cVS-^ ta-il 05 Co ____s.c- tioT- at "Foot 0$ "&it <___«_ __ta.cK C_lla_r Wa.1l Fig. 85. The only disadvantage In viewing the work as we have, is that the bath room fixtures on the other side of the house come directly behind those shown in our drawing, and therefore cannot be repre- sented. In this case, however, it is not essential that more than one of the two sets of fixtures should be shown, for the two are exactly alike, and no additional benefit is to be derived from showing the rest of this work. The connection of the bath room stack into the main drain in the cellar is shown enlarged in Fig. 86. As in the case of the toilet room stack of our last article the location of the bath room stack, on the two floor plans, shows that it must be offset on the first floor, to get around the dividing wall. While it ia impossible on the drawing itself to show that a double T Y is used for the two wa- ter closets, and a double Y for the other j3a_t__i- "RoprcL t.a.11 ofCoTUtt.fc.Cr tioxL a.t Toot. 03 * "Ba_t.li- "R.oo-33- Sta.cS. lQCL-3L.i»-r-_ \ "DXSL-LTC-. Cl_ei.__ov__ To_\fct "__oom _Dxa-__L "E, _x _&.■_: d£.__ "D t"t3L VL oV Cor_iz_fcc."t_o-r_. a_t 3?oot. 04 Toiltt- _r__oo_xi. ^taucK Fig" .86. MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 75 fixtures, it will be noticed that these mat- ters are made known by lettering on the room fixtures is carried into the attic be- fore entering the main stack, instead of entering it in the bath room. This is often done and even required in some cities, to provide means of properly vent- ing fixtures that may be installed above at some future time, as may be required. Now let us turn our attention to the enlarged details of special parts of the work, as shown in Pigs. 85, 86 and 87. It often happens that drawings drawn on a small scale, such as we must use in our illustrations of these articles, cannot show fully enough certain details, and in -R-005- A.t\Ac 0-u.tsicX.tANrsLll Fig-. 84.— Illustration Showing Elevation of Plumbing in a Bath Room. 76 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS SLt "FTOTCt CtUa-x' WaJl\. Fig;. 8T. I 1 "Frox^-t Mechanical Drawing- for Plumbers.— Fig. 89 Shows a T Y With Lead Bend Entering: it. such a case, it is customary to show a special drawing of such part of the work enlarged. In the case of Fig. 85, the horizontal line runs so close up to the cellar wall that there is no chance to use an end cleanout, and a horizontal cleanout must be used. As so often happens in an archi- tect's plans, this cleanout has not been shown on the cellar plan, as it should be. This simply shows that wherever detail drawings are given they should be given full attention. Concerning Fig. 86, all there is to be MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 77 said is that this foot connection cannot be shown on a cellar plan with any de- gree of clearness, and it is necessary either to give a detail or to show the con- nection on the respective elevations. Regarding Fig. 87, it will be seen on referring to the cellar plan, Fig. 78 of the preceding article, that on this plan the fresh air inlet would show directly above the main drain, and therefore to show clearly an elevation of this part of the work must be given. It will be good practice for the student to work out all the work shown in this chapter. en Fig. 84 can be shown twice as large as given, but the remaining sketches can be drawn up in the same size as we present them. We might add here, that in working up his drawings, the student would do well to practice lettering, following the style of lettering used on our illustrations, for it is a fact that a man may make a fine- looking drawing and spoil its entire ap- pearance by poor lettering. tn t Fig. 88o Fig. 90. -Main Stack and Vent Entering; in Two Positions. CHAPTER XVIII FOR the work on this chapter and the one following, we propose to take up the plumbing of a resi- dence, and show it in full, be- lieving as we do, that this branch of the work is fully as important to the plumber as any that we have taken up. For this purpose we show a full set of plans for such a residence, Fig. 1 repre- senting the cellar plan, Figs, 2 and 3 and 4 the floor plans, and Fig. 5 the front view or elevation. In this and the following chapter we shall show separate elevations of the dif- ferent stacks, in each case taking these of "Rbsiuekce. views from the most advantageous point of view, and before leaving the subject of the plumbing for this residence, we shall show a single elevation of the en- tire work of the house, taken from one view point. Now in Fig. 6 we shew an elevation of the work in the kitchen on the first floor, and the laundry in the cellar. These fixtures. are so located that they can be shown to advantage in the one view, which is obtained by viewing the work from the direction of the arrow B, which appears on both cellar and first floor plan. Instead of using up valuable space in showing floors above the first floor, and 7S MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS ;& also the roof, in order to show the roof connection for this stack, and also for the one in Fig. 7 we show by a note how they are to be run. Fig. 7 represents an elevation of the water closet located in the cellar, and the toilet room located on the first floor. The stack serving the toilet room passes up on one of the cellar piers, as shown by the cellar plan, and this fact is also shown on the elevation. The stack is run on the first floor through the closet, and also through closet on the two floors above. This stack is designated on the several floor plans as stack B. Now if the student will measure with his dividers from the side of the first floor plan (Fig. 2) to the center of this stack, and then do the same thing on the second floor plan (Fig. 3) he will find that on the latter the stack is located further to the left. This is in order that the stack may be run in a convenient place, and at once shows that at the second floor the stack Yxd, 80 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS must be offset toward the right. A glance at the third floor plan will show the location of B is the same as on the second plan, showing that from the latter point it runs straight up. The work shown in Fig. 7 is obtained water closet wastes, would appear end- wise instead of giving a clear view from the side, as it now does. However, in taking the view as we have, it brings the lavatory in the toilet room behind the water closet, and the main vent line be- 4:" y locaL-tloon^-^ o\ xi^Lts o:n_ 1st. a_Tx3L 's.Ti.a TLoiYtX CoTt-C.TCt.'ti/ *£\XXfcB^ £»J^LD C"E»X_»Xu£^R. "WajTIES. CLOSET. CHAPTER XIX TO complete the elevations showing the plumbing work of the resi- dence which was taken up in the chapter preceding this, we have prepared Figs.- 8, 9 and 10. Fig. 9 the method shown in the elevations of the last article. While in this series our chief attention is given to the matter of drawing, it is our intention also to show work of varied nature, hence the two shows the elevation of the two lavatories methods mentioned above. Tis. 9 served by stack G on the second and third floors. In this elevation we have shown the main line of back air pipe connected at its lower end, back into the stack, which makes a better piece of work than The only other point in connection with Fig. 8 that we wish to bring out is the view which is obtained of the two lava- tory traps. The view of these two fix- tures is taken in the direction of the 82 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 83 arrow "I*" which shows in Figs. 3 and 4. Viewed from this direction, the traps <-SLoo 5 / I_»a_\raJLo-r\r "uriffc. IR-Sltc- *-D\t lba.cK. aor^d., t,Tj.d-. TSJ Txa.]g , "Fig. 8. E.T-/E.vi\.T:icm or 'Z-tx-d. i^Mis 5rd Fi_.ooa do not stand so that their full shape ap- pears, but as shown in Fig. 8. While strictly adhering as a general thing to the exact appearance of an object of this nature in our work, it will often be found of advantage to depart from this rule, and in such a case as this, to show the shape of the trap. Instead of showing the two bath rooms on the second and third floors in one elevation, we show each separately in Figs. 9 and 10. This is done simply to save space. The third floor or servants' bath room is viewed along the direction of arrow M in Fig. 4, which gives us a very clear view of the work. In this view the main back air line stands in front of the main stack, and we attach a note showing where the connection of the former with the latter may be found. In the same way we show a note on Fig. 5 indicating where the upper connection between these two lines of pipe may be seen. As this shows, a note of this kind may often take the place of the drawing itself. The view shown by Fig. 10 is taken along arrow Ftcs.W C-E.-UI-A.B. 1t?3_.-V£L ' OF COTTAGE HouSE< 84 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS M in Fig. 3, and as compared with. Fig. 9, does not show the worK so clearly, al- though to the best advantage considering the relative locations of tnose fixtures. In our next article we shall show one complete elevation of the entire work of this residence, from which comparison may be made as to clearness of view and distinct understanding of the work, with the method of showing the same work in separate elevations, as we have just done. We believe that we have reached a point be shown to the best possible advantage. We have shown the piping in the cellar as a single line, and it would be well to elaborate this part of the work in re- drawing the cellar plan, showing the piping by double lines, as we have gen- erally done in our previous drawings, and showing all fittings. As will be seen from these plans, the plumbing of the house consists of the wash trays in the cellar, the kitchen and pantry sinks on the first floor, and the '3 § 9 9 -for. Coxi.Txe.c- o4 ^ma.t^ Vtrut "_>vri/«_ m.a.i-». Sta.(_V. 3.t»ovt .itioru » Tn_a__-_n_ "V-_.-n_t. 1_i.-ri_fc. Co-sn_Tn_fc.c_tt.d_ .0 TO__v. : Yx. TTx-OO-EL.. Room now where the student of this series of articles will have had enough experience to enable him to go ahead and work out the proper views of a simple plumbing system with little help from the writer. To this end we submit Figs. 11, 12, 13 and 14, showing the cellar and floor plans and front elevation of a cottage house. It is expected that after drawing up these plans on a larger scale the student will make the necessary views by which the entire plumbing system of the house may three bathroom fixtures on the second floor. Show on this work, roof connec- tions and increase of size of stack where necessary, also connection of main vent into stack if the work is to be so con- structed. Also show the work at the front cellar wall clearly. We would ad- vise including the wash trays and kitchen sink in one elevation, and the bath room fixtures and pantry sink in another. The student must use his judgment in select- ing the right point for viewing each part MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 85 "Fi^.lZ YlRST YlOOR P-L.iVSSL of tlie work so that the drawing will show the work as clearly as possible. The elevation of the house shown in Fig. 14 shows by the letters A and B just how high up on the roof the two stacks come through, and by the letters C, D, E, and F the several floors. Such work as this, we believe, will be of the greatest benefit to any man follow- ing this series, and we believe that if he has followed carefully what has gone be- fore, in the preceding chapters, he can handle the work without much difficulty. S-ELCOTtD Fl_.OOR. "PlUfOS: or Cottage, "£Lci\j s"e> CHAPTER XX IN Fig. 105 we present the elevation mentioned in the preceding chap- ter. As will be clearly seen, this one elevation shows the entire plumbing system for the residence, which we have been considering in the last two : 1 I 1° li ll '1 '1 II |! , I O 3 A. °l 1 1 ' l! II II ;i o £ 'l .- — J J Ttl6. \06. "Root Pla.vi of Re, s iiD^Tsr ce, articles, and has been obtained viewing the work from the left-hand side of the house. We have chosen to view this work from the side mentioned rather than from the front of the house, prin- cipally for the reason that a view taken in the latter direction would show the main line of soil pipe in the cellar on end, whereas in the present view it ap- pears in such a way as to show it length- wise. The reader will see very clearly that about all that could be seen of the main line from the front position would C.l "R.Ax"b SlCLfc.t.t Copptrc fc.ttaCtol5.-u.TD. "5Lt.^cL Fts.\07. be the end of the pipe, and that in such a view none of its length would be seen. However, it is seldom that a view of a system of plumbing of the extent of MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 87 this one can be taken from any one direc- tion so that all parts of the work will show to the best advantage. For instance, in the elevation shown by Fig. 105, in the main lines of vent pipe serving the fixtures connecting into stacks C and D, appear behind these stacks, and as the main vents in these zontal branches in the Cellar, Which con- nect into the main line for soil pipe. In Fig. 105 we get simply the end view of these two horizontal branches, and the horizontal branch into the main line from stack D running at an angle as it does, has to be shown as our illustra- tion gives it. The fresh air inlet does two cases are the same size as the stacks not show to the best advantage in Fig. they cannot be seen. To get around this 105, and neither does the offset on point we have shown these two lines a stack A. little to one side of the stacks. This is The two bath rooms probably show to not strictly according to the letter, but better advantage in this view than would as it results in a clearer showing of this be possible if it were taken . from any part of the work, it is admissible. other direction. Stacks B and (7, as will be seen from A glance at the front elevation of this Fig. 91 of a preceding chapter, enter hori- residence, Fig. 95, will show the shape of 88 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS the roof and the points on the roof where the stacks come up. A comparison with the roof shown in Fig. 105 will show that the stack B and G pass through the flat portion of the roof, while the stacks A and D pass through the roof on the pitch. Having considered in a brief way, these several points concerning Pig. 105, we be- lieve that our readers will agree with us that excepting under favorable conditions that such a view as Fig. 105 is prefer- able for some reason or other to separate elevations, so we must take the matter into consideration in connection with this work. We do not think it would be advisable to take Fig. 105 as a practice exercise by our students, their attention being placed to better advantage on work that they will have more use for. Our mention of the several points at TJ ^"Lfc.a-cL "RA-n.^ ~R_oo Fig. 108. the work of such a system as the one shown in our illustration is shown more clearly and to better advantage by mak- ing separate elevations of different parts of the work, viewing the several parts from the most advantageous position, rather than to show it all in one eleva- tion. However, it sometimes happens D ^S which the stacks pass through the roof brings to mind the fact that a roof plan is sometimes very useful in showing this location. We therefore present Fig. 106 as a roof plan of the residence, of which we have been showing plans and eleva- tions. This plan shows the exact loca- tion of the four stacks, A, B, C and D. While dealing with this part of the work it will be well to take up the sub- ject of roof connections, and to that end we show several methods of doing this MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 89 work, in Figs. 107, 108 and 109. The two roof flanges or shoes, shown in Fig. 107 and the upper one in Fig. 108, are patent devices, and in the case of the two first mentioned, we have shown sectional views, to better represent them. The other connection of Fig. 108 shows a roof connection made from ordinary sheet lead. In Fig, 109 we have shown two methods of roof connection for flat roofs, those preceding having been or pitch roofs. The upper method shows a patent flange, while the other gives a method for using sheet lead. Figs. 107, 108 and 109 will give the student good practice work, and we ad- vise in connection with it the making of sectional views, such as we have given. CHAPTER XXI A PROBLEM which brings in a few points not heretofore covered by the work which we have taken up, is that of a six-flat apartment building. This style of building, laid out after the style which we show, is very common, and the six-flat building will all three floors, as the plumbing of each is identical. In the cellar plan is shown in addition to the main drain and branch lines to the kitchen stacks, the rain leaders, the cel- ■ lar drainage and sub-soil drainage sys- tems, and the drip sinks which are pro- "R.a.T--ri. Xjfca^3-fcTC MELVHT HOOSE. serve to show equally well what would be found in buildings containing a larger number of apartments. Figs. 110 and 111 give respectively the cellar plan and floor plan of the building in question, one floor plan serving for vided to receive the drip from the refrig- erator lines. Most plumbing ordinances, by the way, require that a sink used for such pur- poses shall be supplied with water. This of course is done, so that during the 90 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 91 winter months when the refrigerators may possibly not be in use, the danger of the evaporation of the seal in the sink trap may be lessened. As to the sub-soil drainage, in some sections of the country it is hardly ever used, but in others, where there is a damp soil, nearly every house or building must be supplied with it. The dotted lines showing the sub- soil drain represent porous tile with loose joints, and it will be noticed that this drain is carried into the well formed for the cellar drainage. Other lines of the work. Probably most of our readers will agree that in figuring such a job as this one, it would be the easiest thing in the world to forget to figure in the Y branch and bend making up this offset. With a drawing, even if it is not elabor- ately drawn, this and a score of other lit- tle points are brought to one's attention, and "forgetting to figure" fittings, etc., will not happen so often. Probably by this time those of our readers who have been carefully preserv- ing this book will see at a glance that the S\*. FLKT NPf\RTMENT HOUSE sub-soil drain may be run out into the center of the cellar if desired. In Fig. 112 is shown an elevation of the plumbing work of the kitchens. As will be seen from the floor plan, the kitchens belonging to the two apartments on each floor are at opposite ends of the building, and therefore require separate stacks, and as these stacks run in re- cesses in the wall, they require offsetting below the first floor, as we show. This matter of the offset will perhaps show in a slight way the benefit of a drawing of elevation of Fig. 112 is taken looking in the direction of the "arrow G in Fig. 111. This brings the stack and the vent line one behind the other, and for that reason the work does not show as clearly as might be desired. The vent line it will be noticed, does not connect at its foot back into the stack, but as shown, ends in a hub ferrule, to which the two fixture vents connect. To be brief and to the point, we show in Fig. 112, and also in Fig. 113, only the work on the lower, and upper floors, and 9! MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS instead of showing the stacks passing through the roof, simply designate that point by an accompanying note. LTO.cr£a_stcL to 4-" t.'rj.-ro-ULGri. -coojf. "Pl\i--m."bvx-.6 sajrn.t a.*. o:n- -t.ln_-i.-t fi£ i"Loot:. C-0 3TL-rz-£.ct.t.3L "to 1\_Oi- ■f cv.-n.a_ Vq "bt.-n.a-. Fvc. \\z. E.\_e.vfs~r\orA of In Fig. 113 we show an elevation of the bath room work of the apartment build- ing under consideration. On this work, the bath rooms on each side of the house are served by a single stack, as our draw- ing shows. It will be observed that this view of the work is obtained by looking upon it from the rear (see arrow F). As we saw in the case of the kitchen stacks, the bathroom stack runs up through the wall, and of necessity must be offset in order to lead into the main drain. In this drawing, the main line of vent appears in front of the stack, and therefore shows plainly. Just below the first floors two lines of vent are connected into the main vent, these pipes being the vents from the refrigerator drip sinks in the cellar. The work shown in all four drawings of this chapter are given the student for practice work, which will be found easier if made on a larger scale. We have said but little on scale drawings thus far, but before one can take up the figuring of work from drawings, it becomes neces- sary to understand this matter. There- fore, in our next chapter we shall take the subject up to a sufficient extent to en- able the student to use a scale in his work. It has probably been noticed that we have for some little time been showing lines on floor timbers in our drawings, which represent wood. This is not a necessity by any means, but a reference to Figs. 112 and 113 will convince the reader, we believe, that it sets off a drawing to quite an extent, and adds to its appearance. Likewise, the section lines of the divi- sion wall shown in Fig. 113 are of benefit, as well as the lines showing brick and stone work. The cross section lines take quite an amount of time to put in in proper shape, to be sure, but the lines showing wood and stone are very quickly put in. Some of the detail work connected with the six flat apartment building which we have been considering, we shall show in the next chapter. MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR FLUMBERS 93 E.\-tVNT\ON O? ^#^t« Room VNoqy^, CHAPTER XXII AS will be seen by reference to the floor plan of the six-flat depart- ment building sho\vn in tne last chapter, each fiat is sup- plied with a refrigerator and each line of refrigerators on the two sides of the build- All modern ordinances prohibit direct connection of the refrigerator with the drainages system, and reference to our sketch will show that the line is discon- nected at the sink, simply carrying the drip from the refrigerators into the sink, and the sink being trapped and vented in the usual manner as shown here. A note on Fig. 114, and also one on Fig. 113, call attention to the fact that the vent from this sink is carried into the bath room main vent line. The u: e of a note, as in this case, often saves tl:e labor and space involved in showing such work as it actually exists. In Fig. 115 we give a sketch showing in detail the connection of one of the rain leaders R€.rR\Q>E.RP^TOR VSJora*. ing is served by a line of waste or drip pipe. This pipe is usually of galvanized wrought iron, as stated by the note at- tached to Fig. 114, which shows the re- frigerator work of the building under consideration. As the connection of each of the two refrigerators on the sec- ond and third floors into the main line of waste is the same as that on the first floor, we simply show the latter, with the drip sink and its connections below. rih'rTr-iV.iTrtaa Ttt_a^-vn_ 3Z>vaJvn_ f^ti into the drainage system. It will be no- ticed that the leader is not provided with a trap. As a general thing, wherever there is a main trap no separate traps 94 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 95 are placed on the rain leaders. If there were no main trap on this system, how- ever, it would be necessary to trap sepa- rately each line of rain leaders. Fig. 116 gives a sketch in detail of the cellar drainage. It represents a well formed in the concrete cellar bottom, with the hub end of a P trap cemented into the bottom of the well, and connect- ed with the main drain. Into this well the various lines of sub-soil drain are carried. In some cities it is required by ordinance to carry the water supply di- n i-cc Coxx.cxfe.-tfc. S-cub Soil C.t,Yla.TC 3oUom "EiTi.txa.-n.tt ^m^mm. CoTi_cxfe.tfc. CfcA^a^-r ^S> otto Ton. 1-n.to TCLa.v«- 33;T&-vrt_ rect to the cellar drainage well, so that in the event of a drought and the conse- quent evaporation of the trap seal, the seal may be renewed. With the main trap, however, this dan- ger is not so much to be feared, for the main trap acts as a safeguard to the en- trance of sewer gas through the cellar drainage system. The sketch shown in Fig. 117 shows the work connected with the drainage sys- tem usually found at the front cellar wall. In order to economize space, in- stead of carrying the fresh air inlet up to a proper height, we have carried it low, and by cutting off the cellar wall, the fact that the full height is not shown is made known. The concrete is shown with a well formed about the cleanouts on the main trap, so that easy access may be had to them. Cast iron soil pipe is shown carried two lengths or ten feet outside the cellar wall, where it is en- tered into the tile drain. This provision is made in most ordi- nances, to provide against the leaching back into the cellar of sewage that might escape from the tile drain if for any rea- son broken at some future time. The fresh air inlet is represented as carried underground twenty feet out into the lawn, and brought up to the surface, ending in a ventilating cap. The carry- ing of the inlet twenty feet away from windows and doors is a sanitary pro- vision required by many ordinances. Although not so difficult to execute as much of the preceding exercise work, it will do the reader no harm to practice on the work shown in these four sketches. As we intimated in our last article, we have come to a point now where it is necessary to use an exact scale, both in laying out drawings and in taking di-. mensions from drawings. It will no doubt already be known to most of our readers what the purpose of scale drawings is. As an example, let us suppose that the civil engineer is getting out a map of property covering several acres. It is obvious that it is utterly impossible to make such a drawing full size. The draw- ing must, however, show everything in 96 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS its proper proportion, and therefore, in a foot on the property which is being order to get his work on a sheet of suit- mapped out. able size, he selects some scale. For in- This is a reducing scale, stance, he may make his drawing on a Now on the other hand, the draughts- scale of 1-16 inch to 1 foot, and if so, man may be required to make drawings each 1-16 inch on the drawing represents of some very small machine part, per- "Vt.Ti-t.i.la-.t.vn-g Ca/p 0=K Tft_a-vn- -i-jca^-p 11= Fv6.WC-M*k,\rs T«ft,p MSO FRCSH /Mr \nV_£T COMTAE-CT^OtHS ,tTC, T- 24 A 5 fe 1 B 9 \o/ U VI \i \s \ A 5 fa B \o 12, *A \fe \B 2.0 2.2. Z.A 2-b 2-?> 30 32. 3A 3b 36 AO A2. AA Afe AS 30 5?. SA 5b Fvs.wq. SceJie Ve = \ jt. 2.SA 5.\2.Q. '5)C2l\.C . V£ = \ ^t. 3 £ \ o F\e>. \z.\ OoM-isle ScaJie MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 97 haps so small that when all the dimen- sions are placed upon it, it will be con- fused, and trouble the workman to work from it. In this case it is necessary to choose a scale which will enlarge the drawing. A scale of 2 inches equal 1 inch is possi- bly used, and" in this case, when the drawing is complete, a measurement on it of 2 inches represents 1 inch on the piece itself. Now, in the work which we are follow- ing, we shall have use for both the re- ducing and increasing scales, but more especially for the former. In Figs. 118, 119 and 120 we show three common reducing scales, and in Fig. 121 a common increasing scale. The double scale (Fig. 121) or iy 2 or triple scale, will be found of use in the practice work which we have been giv- ing, in making an enlarged drawing from a smaller one. If there is a measure- ment of 1% inch on the smaller drawing, and the double scale is being used, to represent that dimension on the en- larged drawing, three inches of the dou- ble scale must be taken, that is, from to 3 on Fig. 121. The small divisions at the left of this scale represent fractions of an inch, each of the smallest divisions representing 1-16 inch, the next larger y 8 inch, the next *4 inch, and finally % inch. Fig. 120 shows a scale of % inch equals 1 foot, and is a scale that is sometimes used, though not so often as the % inch and y 8 inch. The % inch scale will be found very handy in making a large drawing of small work, for instance, in making a good sized drawing of the plans and elevations of the plumbing for a small house. It must be understood that in Fig. 120, for instance, each fig- ured division represents a full inch on a drawing which is drawn to a scale of % inch equal 1 foot. Therefore, the full length of the scale shown would repre- sent 14 inches, on the scale drawing, though measuring actually only half that amount. We have chosen to consider lastly the two scales which are most important in this work, that is, the *4 and % inch scales shown in Figs. 118 and 119. In the next chapter these two scales will be considered fully, and examples of their application given. CHAPTER XXIII THE two scales of most importance to the architect and, therefore, of most importance to the plumber are those of 14-inch = 1 foot, and % inch = 1 foot. Of these, by far the more commonly used is the scale of %. inch = 1 foot, which is used for practically all ordinary work, the '% inch scale being used on large work. shown represents 28 feet. In Fig. 119 each eighth-inch division represents 1 foot, and the total length shown repre- sents 56 feet. Thus, in comparing the Fig. 124. These two scales were shown in Figs. 118 and 119 of the preceding article. In Fig. 118 each quarter-inch division represents 1 foot, and the total length fit. xfc r-, - -4 ^gl^^^S^^^S^ 9-.? E tta f N\\\ys\\\\\ v4 % 3- S ^ImM 122. two scales, we find, as might be expected, that when equal lengths are laid off on each scale, that the given length repre- sents on the V% scale, just twice the di- mension on the % scale. In order to show in a practical way the application 9" Fig. 123. Fig. 125. of the two scales, we give Figs. 122 and 128. The former shows the work drawn on a scale of ^-inch = 1 foot, and the latter on a scale of %-inch = 1 foot. MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 99 It will be noticed that while in the latter case the dimensions are one-half the former, the area covered by the draw- ing is only one-quarter as great. There is one fact which should be thor- oughly understood, and that is, that on a scale drawing, the dimensions should al- ways be shown in full. For instance, in planation, but it is a fact that very often those not used to working a scale, are in- clined to make this error. Wherever a dimension calls for frac- tional parts of a foot, as occurs several times in Fig. 122, fractional parts of a foot on the scale should be used. Those of our readers who are putting Cellar Plan for Cottage House. Scale 1-8 in.=l ft. \ST. F\_OOR Sca/Le. Fig. 122, the actual length of the sketch is 4% inches, but it would be entirely wrong to place that dimension on the drawing. The dimension that should ap- pear is the dimension that the 4% inches represents on the scale that is being used, that is, 18 feet. This point may not have needed an ex- — C.OTT/Mofc. HOUSE. to use the information given in this book will probably find it almost neces- sary to procure a scale for the work that we are about taking up. There are two styles of boxwood scales commonly in use, which we represent in Figs. 124 and 125. The triangular scale is the more ex- pensive of the two, and has a larger num- 100 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS ^hd. Floor "P\_/^ 5ca.le ber of different scales upon it than the flat scale. At the same time, if a flat architect's scale having a quarter and eighth scales can be procured, it will an- swer all purposes. The flat scale has one great advantage over the triangular, from the fact that one often has to turn the latter several times before finding the scale desired, whereas the flat scale shows plainly at all times. Now having looked into the subject of the different scales, let us apply it in the making of the several plans for a cottage house, this being the simplest construc- tion that we can use for our purpose. Suppose we have a house to plan whose main dimensions are 36 feet x 24 feet. If we use a scale of % inch = 1 foot, the plans will appear 9 inches x 6 inches, which calls for a larger space than we can afford to give up, although if we were laying out this work on a sheet of paper rather than on the page of a publication where every inch is of value, the quarter scale for work of this kind would be far preferable. Under the conditions we are obliged to show the plans and elevation of this work on a scale of y$ inch = 1 foot, and in much of the large work we should have to resort to a scale even smaller, probably 1-16 inch = 1 foot. The cellar plan we show in Fig. 126, and such parts of the first and second floors as contain plumbing work are shown respectively in Figs. 127 and 128. In addition to the plans, we show in Fig. 129, a very simple elevation of the work in question. This elevation is of the most rudimentary style, but it gives us as much information in the line of plumbing as an elaborate a.nd finished elevation; all - COTTNSE. House. we require is a knowledge of the distance between floors and the depth of floor timbers, and. in addition the pitch of the roof in order to know the length of the vertical line of soil pipe. This elevation is obtained by viewing the house from the front, and it will be seen that in this view the two stacks would appear one behind the other. After drawing the cel- lar wall, to locate the position of the Fig. 129. Elevation for Cottage House. MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 101 stacks in Fig. 129, measure to the left of the wall a distance equal to the distance on the cellar plan from the foundation to the center of the main drain. We show simply a single line to desig- nate the length of the soil pipe risers. If those of our readers who are not used to scaling drawings will figure out the dis- tance in feet between the several floors and the depth of floor beams, it will be good practice for them, and this might be done also with the cellar plan. In Fig. 130 we give two simple sketches of the two stacks shown on the cellar and floor plans. The same scale that has been used on these plans is used on the eleva- tions of the two stacks, as far as heights between floors, etc., is concerned, but the diameter of the pipe, length of fittings, etc., is not drawn to this scale; in fact, not to any scale. It can readily be seen that if this scale were followed on the piping the diameter of the 4-inch pipe would appear on our drawing as only 1-24-inch, which would be too small to show well. It will usually be found almost impossible to adhere to the scale on the piping for the reason just given. We would advise the reader as ex- cellent practice work, to work out the several floor plans on some scale larger than that which we have followed, com- pleting fully the two floor plans which we have shown only partially complete, and also completing the work on the ele- vations of Fig. 130, by showing the fix- tures and all their connections. Fig. 130. Scale 1-8 In.= l it. CHAPTER XXIV BEFORE leaving this part of our subject, there is one system, the plumbing for a country residence, which it is desirable to take up. This work is different from city work in several respects, and we believe it will be of benefit to consider such a sys- tem. For such a country residence we show .."Floor "P1A.TL F\O.V5\. in Figs. 131, 132 and 133, the second and first floor plans and cellar plan respect- ively. The cellar plan shows some difference from the same plan for city work, from the fact that on this plan, the locations of well, cesspool, etc., is shown. In the second floor plan, we show in dotted lines the storage tank to be located in the attic. We have adopted this method in prefer- ence to going to the extra trouble of get- ting out a plan of the attic simply to show this one point. On the - cellar plan also, we have located the cesspool 50 feet from the house. Ac- WtYl, C^^poo-L cording to the scale it will be found much closer than that, but where such a dimen- sion is given it is always to be followed, and no attention paid to the distance that the regular scale would give. Fig. 134 gives a plain elevation of the residence, 102 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 103 with relative heights of top of well and cesspool, and this figure becomes neces- sary in laying out an elevation of the work such as Figs. 135 and 136 show. Fig. 135 is an elevation showing the drainage portion of the plumbing system drawn to a larger scale than the plans, and even though larger, it is not large enough to show plainly the many small details of the work. There is nothing to be said about this work which will show any decided differ- ence from city work, with the exception of the venting. Our readers well know 104 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR' PLUMBERS that as a general thing, work in the coun- try is not done under the regulations of a plumbing ordinance, and for that reason in a majority of cases the work is put in without venting, though the country resi- dent is gradually being convinced that he should have as good and as sanitary work in his house as his city brother. Acknowledging that work of this kind has to be done, we show this plumbing system invented, and as a precaution against syphonage, show drum traps under the fixtures instead of the ordinary strap, which is more susceptible to sy- phonage. On such work, the style of trap shown, or one of the modern anti-syphon traps, we believe far preferable to the S trap. It will be noticed that in accordance with Fig. 134, our elevation shows the well located above the cesspool, which tfV° 2-tucL "3"Lootc \ ^t 3\oo- i ° o F'gf. '3<. , n saagsa J sgEEaga MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 105 should be demanded in order to lessen the danger of leeching of the contents of the cesspool into the well. In Fig. 136 we give another elevation, showing the water supply for the house with windmill pumping to the storage tank. This and the drainage system elevation are generally combined in one drawing, but on such a small scale greater clear- ness is obtained by keeping them sep- arate. Thus far in this series we have done more work in connection with the drain- age end of plumbing than with the water supply, though both are equally important. This needs attention before we bring our series to an end, and will therefore next claim our attention. It will be a good plan for those inter- ested, to work out the two elevations which appear in this article, using, how- ever, a much larger scale, for the use of a small scale makes this work of such a puttering nature that it becomes very tiring, and furthermore, a larger scale would allow of showing small details, such as fittings, wiped joints, etc., and these little points go a long way to make an attractive drawing. CHAPTER XXV CONCERNING the drawing of pip- ing, there is nothing connected with it which differs at all in principal from the work which we have already been over. Consequent- ly, the illustration which we present, will cover the greater part of the sub- ject. Figs. 137 and 138 show the water pip- ing connected with range IToiler work, Fig. 13?. the former showing wrought iron pipe, and the latter lead. In each of these illus- trations, A and B represent globe valves in two positions, A being seen from the side, and B from a position where the wheel appears in front of the valve. These same positions respecting the stop cock are shown at C and D. E shows a bibb. A simpler and quicker way of showing this work, and one that is often just as desirable, is shown in Pig. 139, A, B, and C showing respectively a globe valve, stop cock and bibb. If it is desired to make a distinction between the hot and cold pipes, it may be done by drawing one with solid lines, such as Fig. 139 shows, and the other by dotted lines. The same effect can be ob- tained very satisfactorily by showing the cold pipes with blue pencil or ink, and the hot with red. "We might add, by the way, that this method is often followed in making the distinction between the drainage and the venting system of plumbing work. Comparing Fig. 137 with Figs. 140 and 141, it will be seen in the former that the fittings are made of the same diame- ter as the pipe, while in the latter, which show larger sized pipes, the size of the fitting is made larger than the pipe. The latter method is usually adopted in showing steam piping, while the for- mer is used in watej piping. In Fig. 140, A, B, C and D show respec- tively the ell, reducing ell, tee, and re- ducing tee. Fig. 141 shows 45-degree connections, with the main, from which the connec- tion is taken, showing sidewise, while 106 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 107 Fig. 142 shows a 45-degree connection -with the main showing endwise. Further- more, at the connection in Fig. 142, the fitting shown represents an ell which shows the pipe running back from the fitting, away from the observor. On the other hand, A in this same sketch shows the same fitting with the pipe pointing from the fitting toward the observer. These matters, simple in themselves, are important in correctly representing this work, and are points that the aver- czg@n — ( Fig. 138. age man will get confused, with the re- sult that the person who has to read the drawing either gets a wrong impres- sion of what is desired, or is entirely unable to figure it out. To the man who is unaccustomed to the making of drawings, among the most difficult things connected with this line of work, to represent properly, are the various styles of valves. To help him on such work as this, we give the sketches of Fig. 143. If he will compare the draw- ings of these different valves with illus- trations of them in one of the trade cat- alogs, he will find that our sketches arei made as simply as possible, such details for instance as the stuffing boxes, curves n j' %— «s— Fig. 139. on the hexagonal parts of the valves, etc., being omitted. Of course these details add to the appearance of a sketch, but they take more or less time and skill, and the particular style of valve can be shown as well without them, and after all, that is the chief thing to be desired. The several letters of Fig. 143 repre- sent respectively: A, iron pipe cock; B, a ID. Fig. 140. Fig. 141. horizontal check valve; C, gas meter cock; D, globe valve; E, gate valve; F, cross valve; G, angle valve; H, Y- valve; L, radiator valve. Another matter which usually presents difficulties to the man who is not ac- quainted with drafting, is the represent- ing of radiators and coils. D r Fig. 142. Figs. 144 and 145 show two methods of drawing radiators. The former naturally is the more difficult to work out, while the latter represents the radiator just as well. In laying out this work, the space be- 108 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS tween the sections should be about as our sketch shows it, that is, one-half the width of the section itself. In putting" in the semi-circles at the top and bottom of the radiator in Fig. 144 it is best to draw a line, such as shown by the dotted lines in the sketch, and vn m m rx Fi2% 144. F\<=. \*h. Fig. 145. take the centers for the curves on this line, being sure of course to put in the curves before the straight lines are drawn. The drawing of a coil of ordinary pat- tern, such as shown by Fig. 147, needs very little explanation, the drawing it- self showing how the work should -be laid out. The drawing of a miter coil, such ■ as shown by Fig. 146, needs some little at- tention, however. Lay out the horizon- tal and vertical pipes first and carry the lines until they meet each other. It will be found that the points of intersection ifci^^A^^xxJ Fig. 146. Fig. 14T. will be on an angle of 45 degrees, such as the dotted line shows in the sketch. Having put in this line, which should be done in light pencil, the centers for striking the curves of the several ells may be taken on this line. In taking up much of the work consid- ered in this article, we are not adhering strictly to the requirements of the plumber, but as the work of the plumber and fitter are so closely allied, this work will prove of value to the average plumb- er we believe. Our readers will find plenty of good practice work in the illustrations which we have presented in this chapter, and the drawing of valves, radiators and coils will be found of special value. CHAPTER XXVI THE showing of steam pipes on floor plans is a matter that calls for attention, and in this con- nection we give Figs. 148 and 149. The method shown in Fig. 148 is the one which is probably most used, the pipes being represented by single lines, and the risers by circles. The other method shown in Fig. 149 has the advantage of showing the connec- tions of branches with the main, more in detail than the method just mentioned. A glance at the sketch will show that the tee on the main is turned at 45 degrees, 3o ~1 J a it 35oVL 1 1 V Fig. 148. and a 45-degree ell brings the branch level again. Now we come to the matter of showing piping in perspective, the last point which we shall take up in this series. It is of much importance, for it will be found that it is used a great deal, and furthermore, many systems of heating are very difficult to illustrate by any other means. To get into this subject we show several simple examples of perspective in Fig. 150. A represents a connection which in- spection will show is viewed by looking down upon the object, and from the right, while B is obtained by looking downward from the left. Either of these two views is very common, much more so, we may say, than views obtained by looking up- ward upon the object. C shows a con- nection which is viewed from the left and on a level with it, instead of down- ward or upward, and occasionally is a desirable method to follow. D shows a little more difficult perspective than those preceding, and E shows valves in two dif- ferent positions, in perspective. A close study of these examples of per- spective will show that the ellipses which are seen on the fittings are square with the direction of the pipe, no matter in what direction the pipe may run. Compare F and G, which are supposed to represent the same thing. The el- lipses in F are not square with the fitting or pipe, while those in G are. The result is apparent. The tee in F is distorted, while that in G is not. If our reader will hold a piece of pipe in front of him with the end pointing toward him, that end will appear as a full circle, but if he will turn the pipe from this position gradually until it stands lengthwise instead of endwise, this circle will become an ellipse, gradually narrow- ing, until finally, when in a position lengthwise, no part of a circle or ellipse is to be seen, simply the square end be- ing seen. Perhaps this crude example will ex- plain why, in this perspective work, the circles on the fittings appear as ellipses. In making a rule for this work we can perhaps do no better than to say that the straight lines of pipe should be first put in, in their proper directions, and the fittings connecting them put "in after- ward, and as previously stated, care be- 109 110 MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS ing taken that the ellipses are square with the piping. To make an application of the work shown in Fig. 150, we give Fig. 151, which represents a heater with its piping. It Figf- 149. will at once be seen that the perspective of this work shows that it is obtained by viewing it looking downward and to- ward the left. The boiler was drawn first, with the lines V and W at 60 de- grees with the horizontal front line of the boiler. In perspective, all vertical lines appear vertical, hence ail the risers in Fig. 151 are vertical. The line of pipe S-T is at right angles to the boiler and therefore must be paral-. lei with the front line of the boiler, that is, horizontal. The lines A-B and K-L are of course parallel with the lines V and W of the boiler, and must therefore be drawn in that way, that is, at 60 degrees with the horizontal. The lines of pipe shown at C, D, M and N are parallel with S-T and E-F, and are therefore drawn horizontally with the tee square. The lines of pipe shown by G, H, P and R being on the work itself parallel to A-B and K-L are drawn parallel, that is, at 60 degrees with the horizontal. In Fig. 151 we have lines of pipe run- ning in four different directions in addi- tion to the vertical lines, and we believe that this sketch will cover the ground v"\&.\5\ Mechanical Drawing for Plumbers. Sketch Showing a Heater and its Piping. MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 111 3) A. Fiff. 150. quite thoroughly, and therefore be of spe- cial value. We might say that in perspective, the lines that run back, and away from the observer, appear to converge instead of appearing parallel, as they actually are. This is illustrated by a straight line of railway tracks. We all know that if we look along a long stretch of track, the rails appear to converge, and if the dis- tance is great enough, they seem finally to run together. To be actually correct in showing the work of Fig. 151, the lines of pipe A-B and K-L, instead of being parallel, should be somewhat closer together from B to K than from A to L, but in mechanical perspective, as we may call the work that we are now considering, this principle is not usually given any consideration. Very often on such work as shown in Fig. 151 the work as far as we have car- ried it, is shown in perspective, while the radiators, and all other work above the connections in the cellar, the work would show plain, just as we have hitherto shown it. In bringing this book to a close with the present chapter we would say that we have endeavored to eliminate as far as possible all technical matters connected with the subject, trying as far as possible to express and explain the ideas to be con- veyed in as straightforward and plain wording as possible, for it has been our aim to make the book equally as valu- able to the apprentice boy as to the welL informed master. 1911 CATALOGUE of Practical Books Published and for sale by The Norman W. Henley Publishing Company Publishers of Scientific and Practical Books 132 NASSAU STREET NEW YORK, U.S.A. All books in this Catalogue sent prepaid on receipt of price. SUBJECT INDEX PAGE Air Brakes 3, 12, 13 Arithmetics 7, 15, 20 Balloons 3 Bevel Gears 10 Boilers 3, 13, 16 Brazing 3 Cams 11 Car Charts 3 Change Gear 11 Charts 3 Chemistry 10, 17 Coal Mining 17 Coke 4 Compressed Air 4 Concrete 4, 5 Cyclopedia 4 Dictionaries 5 Dies 6 Drawing 6, 18 Drop Forging 6 Dynamo 7, 8 Electricity 7, 8, 9 Engines and Boilers 16 Flying Machines 3 Fuel 9, 12 Gas Manufacturing ' 10 Gas Engines 10 Gears 10 Heating, Electric 7 Hot Water Heating 20 Horse-Power Chart 19 Hydraulics 11 Ice Making 11 India Rubber 18 Interchangeable Manufacturing 14 Inventions 11 Lathes n Lighting (Electric) 7 Link Motion 13 Liquid Air 12 Locomotive Engineering 12, 13, 14 Machinist's Books 14, 15, 16 PAGE Manual Training 16 Marine Engines 16 Mechanical Movements 15. Metal Turning 11 Milling Machines 16 Mining 17 Oil Engines 10 Patents 11 Pattern Making 17 Perfumery 17 Pipes 20 Plumbing 18 Producer Gas 10 Punches 6 Receipt Book 18 Refrigeration 11 Rubber Stamps 18 Saws i& Sheet Metal Working 6 Shop Tools 15 Shop Construction 15 Shop Management 15. Sketching Paper o Smoke Prevention 9, 12 Soldering 3 Steam Engineering • 19, 20 Steam Heating 20 Steam Pipes 2a Steel 20 Superheated Steam 12 Switchboards 7, 8 Tapers 12 Telephone 9 Threads 16 Tools 14, 15, 16 Ventilation 20 Valve Gear 14 Valve Setting 13 Walschaert Valve Gear v 14 Watchmaking 20 Wiring ...7, 9 Wireless Telephones 9- INDEX BY AUTHORS PAGE Alexander, J. H 3 Askinson, G. W 17 Barr, Wm. M 9, 12 Barrows, F. W 17 Bauer, Dr. G 16 Baxter, Wm 7, 8 Benjamin, Park 16 Blackall, R. H 12, 13 Booth and Kershaw 9 Booth, Wm. H 20 Buchetti J 19 Byrom, T. H 17 Byrom and Christopher 4 Cockin, T. H-. 17 Colvin, Fred H . 12, 13 Colvin-Cheney 15, 20 Colvin-Stabel 16 Crane, W. E 19 Dalby, H. A 14 Engstrom, D. Ag 10 PAGE Erskine-Murray 9 Fowler ^Geo. L 3, 13 Garbe, Robert 12 Goddard, D wight 19 Grimshaw, Robert 13, 16, 18, 19 Harrison, Newton 7 Haslam, Arthur P 8 Hiscox, G. D. .4, 10, 11, 15, 17, 18, 19 Hobart, J. F 3 Horner, J. G 4, 11, 14, 16 Houghton, A. A 4, 5 Johnson, J.P 17 King, A. G 20 Kleinhans, F. A 13 Kraus, H. T. C 6 Lewis, M. H 5 Lummis-Paterson 8 Markham, E. R .'. 20 Mathot, R. E 10 Parsell and Weed 10 PAGE Perrigo, Oscar E 9, 11, 15 Pratt, H 9 Putnam, Xeno W 10 Radcliffe and Cushing 9 Richards-Colvin 6 Rouillion, Louis 11, 16 Royle, H. M 10 Saunier, Claudius 20 Sloane, T. O'Conor. . .5, 7, 8, 12, 18 Starbuck, R. M 18 Sylvester and Oberg 6 Usher, John T 15 Vandervoort, W. H 15 Walker, S. F 7 Wallis-Taylor, A. J 11 Weed, A. J 7 Wood, Wm. W 14 Woodworth, J. V 6, 14, 20 Wright, J 7 Ht^-ANY BOOK ADVERTISED IN THIS CATALOGUE WILL BE SENT PROMPTLY TO ANY ADDRESS IN THE WORLD, CHARGES PREPAID, UPON RECEIPT OF PRICE. g^~How to Remit. — Remit by Postal Money Order, Express Money Order, Bank Draft or Registered Letter. CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS BALLOONS AND FLYING MACHINES MODEL BALLOONS AND FLYING MACHINES. WITH A SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE PROGRESS OF AVIATION. By J. H. Alexander. This book has been written with a view to assist those who desire to construct a model airship or flying machine. It contains five folding plates of working drawings, each sheet containing a different sized machine. Much instruction and amusement can be obtained from the making and flying of these models. A short account of the progress of aviation is included, which will render the bock of greater interest. Several illustrations of full sized .airship and flying machines of the latest types are scattered throughout the text. This practical work gives data, working drawings, and details ■ which will assist materially those interested in the problems of flight. 127 pages, 45 illustra- tions, 5 folding plates. Price , $1.50 BRAZING AND SOLDERING BRAZING AND SOLDERING. By James F. Hobart. The only book that shows you just how to handle any job of brazing or soldering that comes along; tells you what mixture to use, how to make a furnace if you need one. Full of kinks. Fourth edition 25 cents CHARTS BOX CAR CHART. A chart showing the anatomy of a box car, having every part of the car numbered and its proper name given in a reference list 20 cents GONDOLA CAR CHART. A chart showing the anatomy of a gondola car, having every part of the car numbered and its proper reference name given in a reference list 20 cents PASSENGER CAR CHART. A chart showing the anatomy of a passenger car, having every part of the car numbered and its proper name given in a reference list 20 cents WESTINGHOUSE AIR-BRAKE CHARTS. Chart I. — Shows (in colors) the most modern Westinghouse High Speed and Signal Equip- ment used on Passenger Engines, Passenger Engine Tenders, and Passenger Cars. Chart II. — Shows (in colors) the Standard Westinghouse Equipment for Freight and Switch En- gines, Freight and Switch Engine Tenders, and Freight Cars. Price for the set . 50 cents TRACTIVE POWER CHART. A chart whereby you can find the tractive power or drawbar pull of any locomotive, without making a figure. Shows what cylinders are equal, how driving wheels and steam pressure affect the power. What sized engine you need to exert a given drawbar pull or anything you desire in this line 50 cents HORSE POWER CHART. Shows the horse power of any stationary engine without calculation. No matter what the cylinder diameter of stroke; the steam pressure or cut-off; the revolutions, or whether con- densing or non-condensing, it's all there. Easy to use, accurate, and saves time and calcu- lations. Especially useful to engineers and designers. . 50 cents BOILER ROOM CHART. By Geo. L. Fowler. A Chart — size 14 x 28 inches — showing in isometric perspective the mechanisms belonging in a modern boiler room. Water tube boilers, ordinary grates and mechanical stokers, feed water heaters and pumps comprise the equipment. The various parts are shown broken or removed, so that the internal construction is fully illustrated. Each part is given a reference number, and these, with the corresponding name, are given in a glossary printed at the sides. This chart is really a dictionary of the boiler room — the names of more than 200 parts being given. It is educational — worth many times its cost 25 cents CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS CIVIL ENGINEERING HENLEY'S ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL ENGINEERING AND ALLIED TRADES. Edited by Joseph G. Horner, A.M. I., M.E. This set of five volumes contains about 2,500 pages with thousands of illustrations, including diagrammatic and sectional drawings with full explanatory details. This work covers the entire practice of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. The best known experts in all branches of engineering have contributed to these volumes. The Cyclopedia is admirably well adapted to the needs of the beginner and the self-taught practical man, as well as the mechanical en- gineer, designer, draftsman, shop superintendent, foreman, and machinist. The work will be found a means of advancement to any progressive man. It is encyclopedic in scope, thorough and practical in its treatment of technical subjects, simple and clear in its descriptive matter, and without unnecessary technicalities or formulae. The articles are as brief as may be and yet give a reasonably clear and explicit statement of the subject, and are written by men who have had ample practical experience in the matters of which they write. It tells you all you want to know about engineering and tells it so simply, so clearly, so concisely, that one cannot help but understand. As a work of reference it is without a peer. $6.00 per volume. For complete set of five volumes, price $25.00 COKE COKE— MODERN COKING PRACTICE; INCLUDING THE ANALYSIS] OF MATE- RIALS AND PRODUCTS. By T. H. Byrom and J. E. Christopher. A handbook for those engaged in Coke manufacture and the recovery of By-products. Fully illustrated with folding plates. It has been the aim of the authors, in preparing this book, to produce one which shall be of use and benefit to those who are associated with, or inter- ested in, the modern developments of the industry. Contents: I. Introductory. II. Gen- eral Classification of Fuels. III. Coal Washing. IV. The Sampling and Valuation of Coal, Coke, etc. V. The Calorific Power of Coal and Coke. VI. Coke Ovens. VII. Coke Ovens, continued. VIII. Coke Ovens, continued. IX. Charging and Discharging of Coke Ovens, X. Cooling and Condensing Plant. XI. Gas Exhausters. XII. Composition and Analysis of Ammoniacal Liquor. XIII. Working-up of Ammoniacal Liquor. XIV. Treatment of Waste Gases from Sulphate Plants. XV. Valuation of Ammonium Sulphate. XVI. Direct Recovery of Ammonia from Coke Oven Gases. XVII. Surplus Gas from Coke Oven. Use- ful Tables. Very fully illustrated. Price $3. 50 net COMPRESSED AIR COMPRESSED AIR IN ALL ITS APPLICATIONS. By Gardner D. Hiscox. This is the most complete book on the subject of Air that has even been issued, and its thirty- five chapters include about every phase of the subject one can think of. It may be called an encyclopedia of compressed air. It is written by an expert, who, in its 665 pages, has dealt with the subject in a comprehensive manner, no phase of it being omitted. Over 500 illustra- tions, 5th Edition, revised and enlarged. Cloth bound, $5.00: Half Morocco, price $6.50 CONCRETE ORNAMENTAL CONCRETE WITHOUT MOLDS. By A. A. Houghton. The process for making ornamental concrete without molds, has long been held as a secret and now, for the first time, this process is given to the public. The book reveals the secret and is the only book published which explains a simple, practical method whereby the concrete worker is enabled, by employing wood and metal templates of different designs, to mold or model in concrete any Cornice, Archivolt, Column, Pedestal, Base Cap, Urn or Pier in a monolithic form — right upon the job. These may be molded in units or blocks, and then built up to suit the specifications demanded. This work is fully illustrated, with detailed engravings. Price $3.00 CONCRETE FROM SAND MOLDS. By A. A. Houghton. A Practical Work treating on a process, which has heretofore been held as a trade secret, by the few who possessed it, and which will successfully mold every and any class of ornamental concrete work. The process of molding concrete with sand molds is of the utmost practical value, possessing the manifold advantages of a low cost of molds, the ease and rapidity of operation, perfect details to all ornamental designs, density, and increased strength of the concrete, perfect curing of the work without attention and the easy removal of the molds re- gardless of any undercutting the design may have. 192 pages. Fully illustrated. Price $2.00 CONCRETE WALL FORMS. By A. A. Houghton. A new automatic wall clamp is illustrated with working drawings. Other types of wall forms, clamps, separators, etc., are also illustrated and explained 50 cents CONCRETE FLOORS AND SIDEWALKS. By A. A. Houghton. ' The molds for molding squares, hexagonal and many other styles of mosaic floor and side- walk blocks are fully illustrated and explained. ... 50 cents CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS CONCRETE SILOS. By A. A. Houghton. Complete working drawings and specifications are given for several styles of concrete silos, with illustrations of molds for monolithic and block silos. The tables, data and information presented in this book are of the utmost value in planning and constructing all forms of concrete silos ' . . 50 cents CONCRETE CHIMNEYS, SLATE AND ROOF TILES. By A. A. Houghton. The manufacture of all types of concrete slate and roof tile is fully treated. Valuable data on all forms of reinforced concrete roofs are contained within its pages. The construction of concrete chimneys by block and monolithic systems is fully illustrated and described. A number of ornamental designs of chimney construction with molds are shown in this valu- able treatise 50 cents MOLDING AND CURING ORNAMENTAL CONCRETE. By A. A. Houghton. The proper proportions of cement and aggregates for various finishes, also the methods of thoroughly mixing and placing in the molds, are fully treated. An exhaustive treatise on this subject that every concrete worker will find of daily use and value 50 cents CONCRETE MONUMENTS, MAUSOLEUMS AND BURIAL VAULTS. By A. A. Houghton. The molding of concrete monuments to imitate the most expensive cut stone is explained in this treatise, with working drawings of easily built molds. Cutting inscriptions and designs is also fully treated 50 cents CONCRETE BATH TUBS, AQUARIUMS AND NATATORIUMS. By A. A. Houghton. Simple molds and instruction are given for molding many styles of concrete bath tubs, swim- ming pools, etc. These molds are easily built and permit rapid and successful work. 50 cents ARTISTIC CONCRETE BRIDGES. By A. A. Houghton. A number of ornamental conoete bridges with illustrations of molds are given. A collapsible, center or core for bridges, culverts and sewers is fully illustrated with detailed instructions for building 50 cents CONSTRUCTING CONCRETE PORCHES. By A. A. Houghton. A number of designs with working drawings of molds are fully explained so anyone can easily construct different styles of ornamental concrete porches without the purchase of expensive molds 50 cents CONCRETE FLOWER POTS, BOXES AND JARDINIERES. By A. A. Houghton. The molds for producing many original designs of flower pots, urns, flower boxes, jardinieres, etc., are fully illustrated and explained, so the worker can easily construct and operate same. 50 cents CONCRETE FOUNTAINS AND LAWN ORNAMENTS. By A. A. Houghton. The molding of a number of designs of lawn seats, curbing, hitching posts, pergolas, sun dials and other forms of ornamental concrete for the ornamentation of lawns and gardens, is fully illustrated and described 50 cents CONCRETE FOR THE FARM AND SHOP. By A. A. Houghton. The molding of drain tile, tanks, cisterns, fence posts, stable floors, hog and poultry houses and all the purposes for which concrete is an invaluable aid to the farmer are numbered among the contents of this handy volume 50 cents POPULAR HANDBOOK FOR CEMENT AND CONCRETE USERS. By Myron H. Lewis, This is a concise treatise of the principles and methods employed in the manufacture and use of cement in all classes of modern works. The author has brought together in this work, all the salient matter of interest to the user of concrete and its many diversified products. The matter is presented in logical and systematic order, clearly written, fully illustrated and free from involved mathematics. Everything of value to the concrete user is given including kinds of cement employed in construction, concrete architecture, inspection and testing, waterproof- ing, coloring and painting, rules, tables, working, and cost data. Price $2.50 DICTIONARIES STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY. By T. O'Conor Sloane. An indispensable work to all interested in electrical science. Suitable alike for the student and professional. A practical hand-book of reference containing definitions of about 5,000 distinct words, terms and phrases. The definitions are terse and concise and include every term used in electrical science. Recently issued. An entirely new edition. Should be in the possession of all who desire to keep abreast with the progress of this branch of science. Complete, concise and convenient. 682 pages. 393 illustrations. Price. .... $3.00 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS DIES— METAL WORK DIES, THEIR CONSTRUCTION AND USE FOR THE MODERN WORKING OF SHEET METALS. By J. V. Woodwokth. A most useful book, and one which should be in the hands of all engaged in the press working of metals; treating on the Designing, Constructing, and Use of Tools, Fixtures and Devices, together with the manner in which they should be used in the Power Press, for the cheap and rapid production of the great variety of sheet metal articles now in use. It is designed as a guide to the production of sheet metal parts at the minimum of cost with the maximum of output. The hardening and tempering of Press tools and the classes of work which may be produced to the best advantage by the use of dies in the power press are fully treated. Its 505 illustrations show dies, press fixtures and sheet metal working devices, the descriptions of which are so clear and practical that all metal-working mechanics will be able to understand how to design, construct and use them. Many of the dies and press fixtures treated were either constructed by the author or under his supervision. Others were built by skilful mechanics and are in use in large sheet metal establishments and machine shops. Price $3.00 PUNCHES, DIES AND TOOLS FOR MANUFACTURING IN PRESSES. By J. V. Wood- worth. This work is a companion volume to the author's elementary work entitled "Dies, Their Construction and Use." It does not go into the details of die making to the extent of the author's previous book, but gives a comprehensive review of the field of operations carried on by presses. A large part of the information given has been drawn from the author's personal experience. It might well be termed an Encyclopedia of Die Making, Punch Making, Die Sinking, Sheet Metal Working, and Making of Special Tools, Sub-presses, Devices and Mechani- cal Combinations for Punching, Cutting, Bending, Forming, Piercing, Drawing, Compressing and Assembling Sheet Metal Parts, and also Articles of other Materials in Machine Tools. Price '. $4.00 DROP FORGING, DIE SINKING AND MACHINE FORMING OF STEEL. By J. V. Wood- worth. This is a practical treatise on Modern Shop Practice, Processes, Methods, Machines, Tools and Details, treating on The Hot and Cold Machine-Forming of Steel and Iron into Finished Shapes; Together with Tools, Dies, and Machinery involved in the manufacture of Duplicate Forgings and Interchangeable Hot and Cold Pressed Parts from Bar and Sheet Metal. Fully illustrated by 300 detailed illustrations. Price. . • $3.50 DRAWING— SKETCHING PAPER LINEAR PERSPECTIVE SELF-TAUGHT. By Herman T. C. Kraus. This work gives the theory and practice of linear perspective, as used in architectural, engi- neering, and mechanical drawings. Persons taking up the study of the subject by themselves will be able by the use of the instruction given to readily grasp the subject, and by reason- able practice become good perspective draftsmen. The arrangement of the book is good; the plate is on the left-hand, while the descriptive text follows on the opposite page, so as to be readily referred to. The drawings are on sufficiently large scale to show the work clearly and are plainly figured. The whole work makes a very complete course on perspective draw- ing, and will be found of great value to architects, civil and mechanical engineers, patent attorneys, art designers, engravers, and draftsmen $2.50 PRACTICAL PERSPECTIVE. By Richards and Colvin. Shows just how to make all kinds of mechanical drawings in the only practical perspective isometric. Makes everything plain so that any mechanic can understand a sketch or drawing in this way. Saves time in the drawing room, and mistakes in the shops. Contains practical examples of various classes of work 50 cents SELF-TAUGHT MECHANICAL DRAWING AND ELEMENTARY MACHINE DESIGN. By F. L. Sylvester, M.E., Draftsman, with additions by Erik Oberg, associate editor of "Machinery." This is a practical treatise on Mechanical Drawing and Machine Design, comprising the first principles of geometric and mechanical drawing, workshop mathematics, mechanics, strength of materials and the calculations and design of machine details. Specially prepared for the practical mechanic and young draftsman. It is primarily intended for the man who must study without a teacher. It is clearly written, comprehensive, and carefully arranged. Price $3.00 A NEW SKETCHING PAPER. A new specially ruled paper to enable you to make sketches or drawings in isometric perspective without any figuring or fussing. It is being used for shop details as well as for assembly drawings, as it makes one sketch do the work of three, and no workman can help seeing just what is wanted. Pads of 40 sheets, 6x9 inches, 25 cents. Pads of 40 sheets, 9 x 12 inches. 50 cents CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS ELECTRICITY ARITHMETIC OF ELECTRICITY. By Prof. T. O'Conor Sloane. A practical treatise on electrical calculations of all kinds reduced to a series of rules, all of the simplest forms, and involving only ordinary arithmetic; each rule illustrated by one or more practical problems, with detailed solution of each one. This book is classed among the most useful works published on the science of electricity covering as it does the mathematics of electricity in a manner that will attract the attention of those who are not familiar with alge- braical formulas. 160 pages. Price $1.00 COMMUTATOR CONSTRUCTION. By Wm. Baxter, Jr. The business end of any dynamo or motor of the direct current type is the commutator. This book goes into the designing, building, and maintenance of commutators, shows how to locate troubles and how to remedy them; everyone who fusses with dynamos needs this. 25 cents DYNAMO BUILDING FOR AMATEURS, OR HOW TO CONSTRUCT A FIFTY-WATT DYNAMO. By Arthur J. Weed, Member of N. Y. Electrical Society. This book is a practical treatise showing in detail the construction of a small dynamo or motor, the entire machine work of which can be done on a small foot lathe. Dimensioned working drawings are given for each piece of machine work and each operation is clearly described. This machine, when used as a dynamo, has an output of fifty watts; when used as a motor it will drive a small drill press or lathe. It can be used to drive a sewing machine on any and all ordinary work. The book is illustrated with more than sixty original engravings showing the actual construction of the different parts. Price, paper, 50 cents. Cloth $1.00 ELECTRIC FURNACES AND THEIR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS. By J. Wright. This is a book which will prove of interest to many classes of people; the manufacturer who desires to know what product can be manufactured successfully in the electric furnace, the chemist who wishes to post himself on the electro-chemistry, and the student of science who merely looks into the subject from curiosity. The book is not so scientific as to be of use only to the technologist, nor so unscientific as to suit only the tyro in electro-chemistry; it is a practical treatise of what has been done, and of what is being done, both experimentally and commercially with the electric furnace. In important processes not only are the chemical equations given, but complete thermal data are set forth and both the efficiency of the furnace and the cost of the product are worked out, thus giving the work a solid commercial value aside from its efficacy as a work of reference. The practical features of furnace building are given the space that the subject deserves. The forms and refractory materials used in the linings, the arrangement of the connections to the electrodes, and other important details are explained. 288 pages. New Revised Edition. Fully illustrated. Price $3.00 ELECTRIC LIGHTING AND HEATING POCKET BOOK. By Sydney F. Walker. This book puts in convenient form useful information regarding the apparatus which is likely to be attached to the mains of an electrical company. Tables of units and equivalents are included and useful electrical laws and formulas are stated. One section is devoted to dynamos, motors, transformers and accessory apparatus; another to accumulators, another to switchboards and related equipment, a fourth to a description of various systems of distribution, a fifth section to a discussion of instruments, both for portable use and switchboards; another section deals with electric lamps of various types and accessory appliances, and the concluding section is given up to electric heating apparatus. In each section a large number of commercial types are described, frequent tables of dimen- sions being included. A great deal of detail information of each line of apparatus is given and the illustrations shown give a good idea of the general appearance of the apparatus under discussion. The book also contains much valuable information for the central station engi- neer. 438 pages. 300 engravings. Bound in leather pocket book form. Price . $3.00 ELECTRIC TOY MAKING, DYNAMO BUILDING, AND ELECTRIC MOTOR CONSTRUC- TION. By Prof. T. O'Conor Sloane. This work treats of the making at home of electrical toys, electrical apparatus, motors, dynamos and instruments in general, and is designed to bring within the reach of young and old the manufacture of genuine and useful electrical appliances. The work is especially designed for amateurs and young folks. Thousands of our young people are daily experimenting, and busily engaged in making electrical toys and apparatus of various kinds. The present work is just what is wanted to give the much needed information in a plain, practical manner, with illustrations to make easy the carrying out of the work. Price . $1.00 ELECTRIC WIRING, DIAGRAMS AND SWITCHBOARDS. By Newton Harrison. This is the only complete work issued showing and telling you what you should know about direct and alternating current wiring. It is a ready reference. The work is free from advanced technicalities and mathematics, arithmetic being used throughout. It is in every respect a handy, well-written, instructive, comprehensive volume on wiring for the wireman, foreman, contractor or electrician. 272 pages; 105 illustrations. Price $1.50 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS ELECTRICIAN'S HANDY BOOK. By Prof. T. O'Conor Sloane. This work of 768 pages is intended for the practical electrician who has to make things go. The entire field of electricity is covered within its pages. Among some of the subjects treated are: The Theory of the Electric Current and Circuit, Electro-Chemistry, Primary Batteries, Storage Batteries, Generation and Utilization of Electric Powers, Alternating Current, Arma- ture Winding, Dynamos and Motors, Motor Generators, Operation of the Central Station Switchboards, Safety Appliances, Distribution of Electric Light and Power, Street Mains, Transformers, Arc and Incandescent Lighting, Electric Measurements, Photometry, Electric Railways, Telephony, Bell-Wiring, Electro-Plating, Electric Heating, Wireless Telegraphy, etc. It contains no useless theory; everything is to the point. It teaches you just what you want to know about electricity. It is the standard work published on the subject. Forty-one chapters, 610 engravings, handsomely bound in red leather with title and edges in gold. Price: $3.50 ELECTRICITY IN FACTORIES AND WORKSHOPS, ITS COST AND CONVENIENCE. By Arthur P. Haslam. A practical book for power producers and power users showing what a convenience the electric motor, in its various forms, has become to the modern manufacturer. It also deals with the conditions which determine the cost of electric driving, and compares this with other methods of producing and utilizing power. Among the chapters contained in the book are: The Direct Current Motor; The Alternating Current Motor; The Starting and Speed Regulation of Electric Motors; The Rating and Efficiency of Electric Motors; The Cost of Energy as Affected by Conditions of Working, The Question for the Small Power User; Independent Generating Plants; Oil and Gas Engine Plants; Steam Plants; Power Station Tariff s ; The Use of Electric Power in Textile Factories; Electric Power in Printing Works; The Use of Electric Power in Engineering Workshops Miscellaneous Application of Electric Power; The Installation of Electric Motors; The Lighting of Industrial Establishments. 312 pages. Very fully illustrated. Price 2.50 ELECTRICITY SIMPLIFIED. By Prof. T. O'Conor Sloane. The object of "Electricity Simplified" is to make the subject as plain as possible and to show what the modern conception of electricity is; to show how two plates of different metals immersed in acid can send a message around the globe; to explain how a bundle of copper wire rotated by a steam engine can be the agent in lighting our streets, to tell what the volt, ohm and ampere are, and what high and low tension mean; and to answer the questions that perpetually arise in the mind in this age of electricity. 172 pages. Illustrated. Price $1.00 HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL ELECTRICIAN. By Prof. T. O'Conor Sloane. Every young man who wishes to become a successful electrician should read this book. It tells in simple language the surest and easiest way to become a successful electrician. The studies to be followed, methods of work, field of operation and the requirements of the successful electrician are pointed out and fully explained. Every young engineer will find this an ex- cellent stepping-stone to more advanced works on electricity which he must master before success can be attained. Many young men become discouraged at the very outstart by attempting to read and study books that are far beyond their comprehension. This book serves as the connecting link between the rudiments taught in the public schools and the real study of electricity. It is interesting from cover to cover. Twelfth edition. 202 pages. Illustrated. Price $1.0O MANAGEMENT OF DYNAMOS. By Ltjmmis-Paterson. A handbook of theory and practice. This work is arranged in three parts. The first part covers the elementary theory of the dynamo. The second part, the construction and action of the different classes of dynamos in common use are described; while the third part relates to such matters as affect the practical management and working of dynamos and motors. The following chapters are contained in the book: Electrical Units; Magnetic Principles; Theory of the Dynamo; Armature; Armature in Practice; Field Magnets; Field Magnets in Practice; Regulating Dynamos; Coupling Dynamos; Installation, Running, and Maintenance of Dynamos; Faults in Dynamos; Faults in Armatures; Motors. 292 pages. 117 illustra- tions. Price $1,50 STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY. By T. O'Conor Sloane. An indispensable work to all interested in electrical science. Suitable alike for the student and professional. A practical hand-book of reference containing definitions of about 5,000 distinct words, terms and phrases. The definitions are terse and concise and include every term used in electrical science. Recently issued. An entirely new edition. Should be in the possession of all who desire to keep abreast with the progress of this branch of science. Com- plete, concise, and convenient. 682 pages. 393 illustrations. Price ..... $3.00 SWITCHBOARDS. By William Baxter, Jr. This book appeals to every engineer and electrician who wants to know the practical side of things. It takes up all sorts and conditions of dynamos, connections and circuits and shows by diagram and illustration just how the switchboard should be connected. Includes direct and alternating current boards, also those for arc lighting, incandescent, and power circuits. Special treatment on high voltage boards for power transmission. 190 pages. Illustrated. Price L $1.50 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION, WIRING, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE. By W. H. Radcliffe and H. C. Cushing. This book gives the principles of construction and operation of both the Bell and Independent instruments; approved methods of installing and wiring them; the means of protecting them from lightning and abnormal currents; their connection together for operation as series or bridging stations; and rules for their inspection and maintenance. Line wiring and the wir- ing and operation of special telephone systems are also treated. Intricate mathematics are avoided, and all apparatus, circuits and systems are thoroughly described. The appendix contains definitions of units and terms used in the text. Selected wiring tables, which are very helpful, are also included. 100 pages, 125 illustrations. $1.00 WIRING A HOUSE. By Herbert Pratt. Shows a house already built; tells just how to start about wiring it; where to begin; what wire to use; how to run it according to Insurance Rules; in fact just the information you need. Directions apply equally to a shop. Fourth edition 25 cents WIRELESS TELEPHONES AND HOW THEY WORK. By James Erskine-Mtjrray. This work is free from elaborate details and aims at giving a clear survey of the way in which Wireless Telephones work. It is intended for amateur workers and for those whose knowledge of electricity is slight. Chapters contained: How We Hear; Historical; The Conversion of Sound into Electric Waves; Wireless Transmission; The Production of Alternating Currents of High Frequency; How the Electric Waves are Radiated and Received; The Receiving Instruments; Detectors; Achievements and Expectations; Glossary of Technical Work. Cloth. Price $1.00 FACTORY MANAGEMENT, ETC. MORERN MACHINE SHOP CONSTRUCTION, EQUIPMENT AND MANAGEMENT. By O. E. Perrigo, M.E. The only work published that describes the modern machine shop or manufacturing plant from the time the grass is growing on the site intended for it until the finished product is shipped. By a careful study of its thirty-two chapters the practical man may economically build, efficiently equip, and successfully manage the modern machine shop or manufacturing estab- lishment. Just the book needed by those contemplating the erection of modern shop buildings, the re-building and re-organization of old ones, or the introduction of modern shop methods. time and cost system. It is a book written and illustrated by a practical shop man for practical shop men who are too busy to read theories and want facts. It is the most complete all around book of its kind ever published. It is a practical book for practical men, from the apprentice in the shop to the president in the office. It minutely describes and illustrates the most simple and yet the most efficient time and cost system yet devised. Price $5.00' FUEL COMBUSTION OF COAL AND THE PREVENTION OF SMOKE. By Wm. M. Barr. This book has been prepared with special reference to the generation of heat by the combus- tion of the common fuels found in the United States, and deals particularly with the condi- tions necessary to the economic and smokeless combustion of bituminous coals in Stationary and Locomotive Steam Boilers. The presentation of this important subject is systematic and progressive. The arrangement of the book is in a series of practical questions to which are appended accurate answers, which describe in language, free from technicalities, the several processes involved in the furnace combustion of American fuels; it clearly states the essential requisites for perfect combustion, and points out the best methods of furnace construction for obtaining the greatest quantity of heat from any given quality of coal. Nearly 350 pages, fully illustrated. . . . $1.00 SMOKE PREVENTION AND FUEL ECONOMY. By Booth and Kershaw. A complete treatise for all interested in smoke prevention and combustion, being based on the German work of Ernst Schmatolla, but it is more than a mere translation of the German treatise, much being added. The authors show as briefly as possible the principles of fuel combustion, the methods which have been and are at present in use, as well as the proper scientific methods for obtaining all the energy in the coal and burning it without smoke. Considerable space is also given to the examination of the waste gases, and several of the representative English and American mechanical stoker and similar appliances are described. The losses carried away in the waste gases are thoroughly analyzed and discussed in the Ap- pendix, and abstracts are also here given of various patents on combustion apparatus. The book is complete and contains much of value to all who have charge of large plants. 194 pages. Illustrated. Price $2.50 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS GAS ENGINES AND GAS CHEMISTRY OF GAS MANUFACTURE. By H. M. Royles. This book covers points likely to arise in the ordinary course of the duties of the engineer or manager of a gas works not large enough to necessitate the employment of a separate chemical staff. It treats of the testing of the raw materials employed in the manufacture of illuminat- ing coal gas, and of the gas produced The preparation of standard solutions is given as well as the chemical and physical examination of gas coal including among its contents — Prepa- rations of Standard Solutions, Coal, Furnaces, Testing and Regulation. Products of Car- bonization. Analysis of Crude Coal Gas. Analysis of Lime. Ammonia. Analysis of Oxide of Iron. Naphthalene. Analysis of Fire-Bricks and Fire-Clay. Weldom and Spent Oxide. Photometry and Gas Testing. Carburetted Water Gas. Metropolis Gas. Miscellaneous Extracts. Useful Tables $4.50 AGRICULTURAL GAS ENGINES. By Xeno W. Putnam. The gas engine within the past few years is being so much used on the farm to simplify work, that the publication of this practical treatise will prove of greatest value. The author takes up first, and treats in detail the working of the engine, then the transmission mediums are treated, as well as traction engines and their application. Price $1.50 GAS ENGINE CONSTRUCTION, OR HOW TO BUILD A HALF-HORSE-POWER GAS ENGINE. By Parsell and Weed. A practical treatise of 300 pages describing the theory and principles of the action of Gas Engines of various types and the design and construction of a half-horse power Gas Engine, with illustrations of the work in actual progress, together with the dimensioned working drawings giving clearly the sizes of the various details; for the student, the scientific investigator and the amateur mechanic. • This book treats of the subject more from the standpoint of practice than that of theory. The principles of operation of Gas Engines are clearly and simply described and then the actual construction of a half-horse power engine is taken up, step by step, showing in detail the making of the Gas Engine. 300 pages. Price $2.50 GAS, GASOLINE, AND OIL ENGINES. By Gardner D. Hiscox. Just issued, 18th revised and enlarged edition. Every user of a gas engine needs this book. Simple, instructive, and right up-to-date. The only complete work on the subject. Tells all about the running and management of gas, gasoline and oil engines, as designed and manu- factured in the United States. Explosive motors for stationary, marine and vehicle power are fully treated, together with illustrations of their parts and tabulated sizes, also their care and running are included. Electric ignition by induction coil and jump spark are fully explained and illustrated, including valuable information on the testing for economy and power and the erection of power plants. The rules and regulations of the Board of Fire Underwriters in regard to the installation and management of gasoline motors is given in full, suggesting the safe installation of explosive motor power. A list of United States Patents issued on gas, gasoline, and oil engines and their adjuncts from 1875 to date is included. 484 pages. 410 engravings Price . . $2.50 net MODERN GAS ENGINES AND PRODUCER GAS PLANTS. By R. E. Mathot, M.E. A guide for the gas engine designer, user, and engineer in the construction, selection, purchase, installation, operation, and maintenance of gas engines. More than one book on gas engines has been written, but not one has thus far even encroached on the field covered by this book. Above all Mr. Mathot's work is a practical guide. Recognizing the need of a volume that would assist the gas engine user in understanding thoroughly the motor upon which he depends for power, the author has discussed his subject without the help of any mathematics and without elaborate theoretical explanations. Every part of the gas engine is described in detail, tersely, clearly, with a thorough understanding of the requirements of the mechanic. Helpful suggestions as to the purchase of an engine, its installation, care, and operation form a most valuable feature of the work. 320 pages. 175 detailed illustrations. Price , . . $2.50 GEARING AND CAMS BEVEL GEAR TABLES. By D. Ag. Engstrom. A book that will at once commend itself to mechanics and draftsmen. Does away with all the trigonometry and fancy figuring on bevel gears and makes it easy for anyone to lay them out or make them just right. There are 36 full-page tables that show every necessary dimen- sion for all sizes or combinations you're apt to need. No puzzling figuring or guessing. Gives placing distance, all the angles (including cutting angles), and the correct cutter to use. A copy of this prepares you for anything in the bevel gear line. 66 pages. . $1.00 IO CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS CHANGE GEAR DEVICES, By Oscar E. Perrigo. A practical book for every designer, draftsman, and mechanic interested in the invention and development of the devices for feed changes on the different machines requiring such mechan- ism. All the necessary information on this subject is taken up, analyzed, classified, sifted, and concentrated for the use of busy men who have not the time to go through the masses of irrelevant matter with which such a subject is usually encumbered and select such infor- mation as will be useful to them. It shows just what has been done, how it has been done, when it was done, and who did it. It saves time in hunting up patent records and re-inventing old ideas. 88 pages. $1.00 DRAFTING OF CAMS. By Louis Rouillion. The laying out of cams is a serious problem unless you know how to go at it right. This puts you on the right road for practically any kind of cam you are likely to run up against. 25 cents HYDRAULICS HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING. By Gardner D. Hiscox. A treatise on the properties, power, and resources of water for all purposes. Including the measurement of streams; the flow of water in pipes or conduits; the horse-power of falling water; turbine and impact water-wheels; wave-motors, centrifugal, reciprocating, and air- lift pumps. With 300 figures and diagrams and 36 practical tables. All who are interested in water-works development will find this book a useful one, because it is an entirely practical treatise upon a subject of present importance, and cannot fail in having a far-reaching influence, and for this reason should have a place in the working library of every engineer. 320 pages. Price $4.00 ICE AND REFRIGERATION POCKET BOOK OF REFRIGERATION AND ICE MAKING. By A. J. Wallis-Taylor. This is one of the latest and most comprehensive reference books published on the subject of refrigeration and cold storage. It explains the properties and refrigerating effect of the different fluids in use, the management of refrigerating machinery and the construction and insulation of cold rooms with their required pipe surface for different degrees of cold; freezing mixtures and non-freezing brines, temperatures of cold rooms for all kinds of provisions, cold storage charges for all classes of goods, ice making and storage of ice, data and memoranda for constant reference by refrigerating engineers, with nearly one hundred tables containing valuable references to every fact and condition required in the installment and operation of a refrigerat- ing plant. Price $1.50 INVENTIONS— PATENTS INVENTOR'S MANUAL, HOW TO MAKE A PATENT PAY. This is a book designed as a guide to inventors in perfecting their inventions, taking out their patents and disposing of them. It is not in any sense a Patent Solicitor's Circular, nor a Patent Broker's Advertisement. No advertisements of any description appear in the work. It is a book containing a quarter of a century's experience of a successful inventor, together with notes based upon the experience of many other inventors. Price $1.00 LATHE WORK MODERN AMERICAN LATHE PRACTICE. By Oscar E. Perrigo. This is a new book from cover to cover, and the only complete American work on the subject written by a man who knows not only how work ought to be done but who also knows how to do it, and how to convey this knowledge to others. It is strictly up-to-date in its descriptions and illustrations, which represent the very latest practice in lathe and boring mill operations as well as the construction of and latest developments in the manufacture of these important classes of machine tools. 424 pages. 314 illustrations. Price $2.50 PRACTICAL METAL TURNING. By Joseph G. Horner. This important and practical subject is treated in a full and exhaustive manner and nothing of importance is omitted. The principles and practice and all the different branches of Turn- ing are considered and well illustrated. All the different kinds of Chucks of usual forms, as well as some unusual kinds, are shown. A feature of the book is the important section de- voted to modern Turret practice; Boring is another subject which is treated fully; and the chap + er on Tool Holders illustrates a large number of representative types. Thread Cutting is treated at reasonable length; and the last chapter contains a good deal of information relating to the High-Speed Steels and their work. The numerous tools used by machinists are illustrated, and also the adjuncts of the lathe. In fact, the entire subject is treated in such a thorough manner as to make this book the standard one on the subject. It is indis- pensable to the manager, engineer, and machinist as well as to the student, amateur, and experimental man who desires to keep up-to-date. 400 pages, fully illustrated. Price $3.50 ■_ CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS TURNING AND BORING TAPERS. By Fred H. Colvin. There are two ways to turn tapers; the right way and one other. This treatise has to do with the right way; it tells you how to start the work properly, how to set the lathe, what tools to> use and how to use theru, and forty and one other little things that you should know. Fourth edition 25 cents LIQUID AIR LIQUID AIR AND THE LIQUEFACTION OF GASES. By T. O'Conor Sloan e. This book gives the history of the theory, discovery, and manufacture of Liquid Air, and contains an illustrated description of all the experiments that have excited the wonder of audiences all over the country. It shows how liquid air, like water, is carried hundreds of miles and is handled in open buckets. It tells what may be expected from it in the near future. A book that renders simple one of the most perplexing chemical problems of the century. Startling developments illustrated by actual experiments. It is not only a work of scientific interest and authority, but is intended for the general reader, being written in a popular style — easily understood by every one. Second edition. 365 pages. Price $2.00 LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERING AIR-BRAKE CATECHISM. By Robert H. Blackall. This book is a standard text book. It covers the Westinghouse Air-Brake Equipment, in- cluding the No. 5 and the No. 6 E. T Locomotive Brake Equipment; the K (Quick-Service) Triple Valve for Freight Service; and the Cross-Compound Pump. The operation of all parts of the apparatus is explained in detail, and a practical way of finding their peculiarities and defects, with a proper remedy, is given. It contains 2,000 questions with their answers, which will enable any railroad man to pass any examination on the subject of Air Brakes. Endorsed and used by air-brake instructors and examiners on nearly every railroad in the United States. 23d Edition. 380 pages, fully illustrated with folding plates and dia- grams $2.0O AMERICAN COMPOUND LOCOMOTIVES. By Fred. H. Colvin. The only book on compounds for the engineman or shopman that shows in a plain, practical way the various features of compound locomotives in use. Shows how they are made, what to do when they break down or balk. Contains sections as follows: — A Bit of History. The- ory of Compounding Steam Cylinders. Baldwin Two-Cylinder Compound. Pittsburg Two- Cylinder Compound. Rhode Island Compound. Richmond Compound. Rogers Compound. Schenectady Two-Cylinder Compound. Vauclain Compound. Tandem Compounds. Bald- win Tandem. The Colvin- Wight man Tandem. Schenectady Tandem. Balanced Loco- motives. Baldwin Balanced Compound. Plans for Balancing. Locating Blows. Break- downs. Reducing Valves. Drifting. Valve Motion. Disconnecting. Power of Compound Locomotives. Practical Notes. Fully illustrated and containing ten special "Duotone" inserts on heavy Plate Paper, show- ing different types of Compounds. 142 pages. Price $1.00 APPLICATION OF HIGHLY SUPERHEATED STEAM TO LOCOMOTIVES. By Robert Garbe. A practical book. Contains special chapters on "Generation of Highly Superheated Steam; Superheated Steam and the Two-Cylinder Simple Engine; Compounding and Superheating; Designs of Locomotive Superheaters; Constructive Details of Locomotives using Highly Superheated Steam; Experimental and Working Results. Illustrated with folding plates and tables. Price $2.50 COMBUSTION OF COAL AND THE PREVENTION OF SMOKE. By Wm. M. Barr. This book has been prepared with special reference to the generation of heat by the combus- tion of the common fuels found in the United States, and deals particularly with the condi- tions necessary to the economic and smokeless combustion of bituminous coals in Stationary and Locomotive Steam Boilers. The presentation of this important subject is systematic and progressive. The arrangement of the book is in a series of practical questions to which are appended accurate answers, which describe in language, free from technicalities, the several processes involved in the furnace combustion of American fuels; it clearly states the essential requisites for perfect combustion, and points out the best methods of furnace construction for obtaining the greatest quantity of heat from any given quality of coal. Nearly 350 pages, fully illustrated. . . . $1.00 12 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS LINK MOTIONS, VALVES AND VALVE SETTING. By Fred H. Colvin, Associate Editor of "American Machinist." A handy book for the engineer or machinist that clears up the mysteries of valve setting. Shows the. different valve gears in use, how they work, and why. Piston and slide valves of different types are illustrated and explained. A book that every railroad man in the mo- tive power department ought to have. Contains chapters on Locomotive Link Motion, Valve Movements, Setting Slide Valves, Analysis by Diagrams, Modern Practice, Slip of Block, Slide Valves, Piston Valves, Setting Piston Valves, Joy-Allen Valve Gear, Walschaert Valve Gear, Gooch Valve Gear, Alfree-Hubbell Valve Gear, etc., etc. Fully illustrated. Price 50 cents LOCOMOTIVE BOILER CONSTRUCTION. By Frank A. Kleinhans. The construction of boilers in general are treated, and following this, the locomotive boiler is taken up in the order in which its various parts go through the shop. Shows all types of boilers used; gives details of construction; practical facts, such as life of riveting, punches and dies; work done per day, allowance for bending and flanging sheets, and other data. Locomotive boilers present more difficulty in laying out and building than any other type, and for this reason the author uses them as examples. Anyone who can handle them can tackle anything. Contains chapters on Laying Out Work; Flanging and Forging; Punching; Shearing; Plate Planing; General Tables; Finishing Parts; Bending; Machinery Parts; Riveting; Boiler Details; Smoke Box Details; Assembling and Calking; Boiler Shop Machinery, etc., etc. There isn't a man who has anything to do with boiler work, either new or repair work, who doesn't need this book. The manufacturer, superintendent, foreman, and boiler worker — all need it. No matter what the type of boiler, you'll find a mint of information that you wouldn't be without. Over 400 pages, five large folding plates. Price $3.00 LOCOMOTIVE BREAKDOWNS AND THEIR REMEDIES. By Geo. L. Fowler. Revised by Wm. W. Wood, Air-Brake Instructor. Just issued. Revised pocket edition. It is out of the question to try and tell you about every subject that is covered in this pocket edition of Locomotive Breakdowns. Just imagine all the common troubles that an engineer may expect to happen some time, and then add all of the unexpected ones, troubles that could occur, but that you had never thought about, and you will find that they are all treated with the very best methods of repair. Walschaert Locomotive Valve Gear Troubles, Electric Headlight Troubles, as well as Questions and Answers on the Air Brake are all included. 294 pages. Fully illustrated „ $1.00 LOCOMOTIVE CATECHISM. By Robert Grimshaw. The revised edition of "Locomotive Catechism," by Robert Grimshaw, is a New Book from Cover to Cover. It contains twice as many pages and double the number of illustrations of previous editions. Includes the greatest amount of practical information ever published on the construction and management of modern locomotives. Specially Prepared Chapters on the Walschaert Locomotive Valve Gear, the Air Brake Equipment and the Electric Head Light are given. It commends itself at once to every Engineer and Fireman, and to all who are going in for examination or promotion. In plain language, with full complete answers, not only all the questions asked by the examining engineer are given, but those which the young and less experienced would ask the veteran, and which old hands ask as "stickers." It is a veritable Encyclopedia of the Locomotive, is entirely free from mathematics, easily understood and thoroughly up-to-date. Contains over 4,000 Examination Questions with their Answers. 825 pages, 437 illustrations and three folding plates $2.50 NEW YORK AIR-BRAKE CATECHISM. By Robert H. Blackall. This is a complete treatise on the New York Air-Brake and Air-Signalling Apparatus, giving a detailed description of all the parts, their operation, troubles, and the methods of locating and remedying the same. 200 pages, fully illustrated $1.00 POCKET RAILROAD DICTIONARY AND VADE MECUM. By Fred H. Colvin, Associate Editor "American Machinist. The Railroad Pocket Book is of value to every man on the road, as it contains valuable Rail- road Data, Master Car Builders' Standards, Tests, Proportions of Locomotives and Boilers and various other Rules and Tables. As a record of recent practice in all sections of railway work it stands alone, giving facts and figures from actual . experience on such matters as Acetylene Lighting, Air Brakes, Axles, Bearings, Boilers, Cars, Costs of repairs and other items, Counterbalancing, Curves, Driving Wheels, Equalizers, Flues, Grades, Grates, Heating surfaces, Injectors, Locomotives, Main- tenance of way, Oils, Power of Locomotives, Rails, Rods, Shops, Speed, Tires, Turntables, Valve Motions, Water, etc., etc. Second Edition. Price . $1.00 13 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS TRAIN RULES AND DESPATCHING. By H. A. Dalby. Every railroad man, no matter what department he's in, needs a copy of this book. It gives the standard rules for both single and double track, shows all the signals, with colors wher- ever necessary, and has a list of towns where time changes, with a map showing the whole country. The rules are explained wherever there is any doubt about their meaning or where they are modified by different railroads. It's the only practical book on train rules in print. Over 220 pages. Leather cover. Price $1.50 WALSCHAERT LOCOMOTIVE VALVE GEAR. By Wm. W. Wood. If you would thoroughly understand the Walschaert Valve Gear you should possess a copy of this book, as the author takes the plainest form of a steam engine — a stationary engine in the rough, that will only turn its crank in one direction — and from it builds up — with the reader's help — a modern locomotive equipped with the Walschaert Valve Gear, complete. The points discussed are clearly illustrated: two large folding plates that show the positions of the valves of both inside or outside admission type, as well as the links and other parts of the gear when the crank is at nine different points in its revolution, are especially valuable in making the movement clear. These employ sliding cardboard models which are contained in a pocket in the cover. The book is divided into four general divisions, as follows: I. Analysis of the gear. II. De- signing and erecting the gear. III. Advantages of the gear. IV. Questions and answers- relating to the Walschaert Valve Gear. This last division contains sixty pertinent questions with full answers on all the features of this type of valve gear, which will be especially valuable to firemen and engineers in prepar- ing for an examination for promotion. Nearly 200 pages. Price $1.50 WESTINGHOUSE E— T AIR-BRAKE INSTRUCTION POCKET CATECHISM. By Wm. W. Wood, Air-Brake Instructor. Here is a book for the railroad man, and the man who aims to be one. It is without doubt the only complete work published on the Westinghouse E-T Locomotive Brake Equipment. Written by an Air Brake Instructor who knows just what is needed. It covers the subject thoroughly. Everything about the New Westinghouse Engine and Tender Brake Equip- ment, including the Standard No. 5 and the Perfected No. 6 Style of brake, is treated in de- tail. Written in plain English and profusely illustrated with Colored Plates, which enable one to trace the flow of pressures throughout the entire equipment. The best book ever published on the Air Brake. Equally good for the beginner and the advanced engineer. Will pass any one through any examination. It informs and enlightens you on every point. Indispensable to every engineman and trainman. Contains examination questions and answers on the E-T equipment. Covering what the E-T Brake is. How it should be operated. What to do when defective. Not a question can be asked of the engineman up for promotion on either the No. 5 or the No. 6 E-T equipment that is not asked and answered in the book. If you want to thoroughly understand the E-T equipment get a copy of this book. It covers every detail. Makes Air Brake troubles and examinations easy. Price $1.50 MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE AMERICAN TOOL MAKING AND INTERCHANGEABLE MANUFACTURING. By J. V. WOODWORTH. A "shoppy" book, containing no theorizing, no problematical or experimental devices, there are no badly proportioned and impossible diagrams, no catalogue cuts, but a valuable collection of drawings and descriptions of devices, the rich fruits of the author's own experience. In its 500-odd pages the one subject only, Tool Making, and whatever relates thereto, is dealt with. The work stands without a rival. It is a complete practical treatise on the art of American Tool Making and system of interchangeable manufacturing as carried on to-day in the United States. In it are described and illustrated all of the different types and classes of small tools, fixtures, devices, and special appliances which are in general use in all machine manufacturing and metal working establishments where economy, capacity and interchangeability in the production of machined metal parts are imperative. The science of jig making is exhaustively discussed, and particular attentign is paid to drill jigs, boring, profiling and milling fixtures and other devices in which the parts to be machined are located and fastened within the contrivances. All of the tools, fixtures, and devices illustrated and described have been or are used for the actual production of work, such as parts of drill presses, lathes, patented machinery, typewriters, electrical apparatus, mechanical appliances, brass goods, composition parts, mould products, sheet metal articles, drop forgings, jewelry, watches , medals, coins, etc.. 531 pages. Price $4.00 HENLEY'S ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL ENGINEERING AND ALLIED TRADES. Edited by Joseph G. Horner, A. M. I., M. E. This set of five volumes contains about 2,500 pages with thousands of illustrations, including diagrammatic and sectional drawings with full explanatory details. This work covers the entire practice of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. The best known experts in all branches of engineering have contributed to these volumes. The Cyclopedic is admirably well adapted to the needs of the beginner and the self-taught practical man, as well as the 'mechanical en- gineer, designer, draftsman, shop superintendent, foreman, and machinist. The work will be found a means of advancement to any progressive man. It is encyclopedic in scope, thorough and practical in its treatment of technical subjects, simple and clear in its descriptive matter, 14 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS and without unnecessary technicalities or formulae. The articles are as brief as may be and yet give a reasonably clear and explicit statement of the subject, and are written by men who have had ample practical experience in the matters of which they write. It tells you all you want to know about engineering and tells it so simply, so clearly, so concisely, that one cannot help but understand. As a work of reference it is without a peer. $6.00 per single volume. For complete set of five volumes. Price ... $25.00 MACHINE SHOP ARITHMETIC. By Colvin-Chbney. This is an arithmetic of the things you have to do with daily. It tells you plainly about : how to find areas of figures; how to find surface or volume of balls or spheres; handy ways for calculating; about compound gearing; cutting screw threads on any lathe; drilling for taps; speeds of drills, taps, emery wheels, grindstones, milling cutters, etc.; all about the Metric system with conversion tables; properties of metals; strength of bolts and nuts; decimal equivalent of an inch. All sorts of machine shop figuring and 1,001 other things, any one of which ought to be worth more than the price of this book to you, and it saves you the trouble of bothering the boss. 131 pages. Price 50 cents MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS, POWERS, AND DEVICES. By Gardner D. Hiscox. This is a collection of 1,890 engravings of different mechanical motions and appliances, accom- panied by appropriate text, making it a book of great value to the inventor, the draftsman, and to all readers with mechanical tastes. The book is divided into eighteen sections or chapters in which the subject matter is classified under the following heads: Mechanical Powers; Transmission of Power; Measurement of Power, Steam Power; Air Power Appliances; Electric Power and Construction, Navigation and Roads; Gearing; Motion and Devices; Controlling Motion; Horological; Mining; Mill and Factory Appliances; Construction and Devices; Drafting Devices ; Miscellaneous Devices, etc. llthedition. 400 octavo pages. Price $2.50 MECHANICAL APPLIANCES, MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS AND NOVELTIES OF CON- STRUCTION. By Gardner D. Hiscox. This is a supplementary volume to the one upon mechanical movements. Unlike the first volume, which is more elementary in character, this volume contains illustrations and descrip- tions of many combinations of motions and of mechanical devices and appliances found in different lines of machinery. Each device being shown by a line drawing with a description showing its working parts and the method of operation. From the multitude of devices de- scribed, and illustrated, might be mentioned, in passing, such items as conveyors and elevators, Prony brakes, thermometers, various types of boilers, solar engines, oil-fuel burners, condensers, evaporators, Corliss and other value gears, governors, gas engines, water motors of various descriptions, air ships, motors and dynamos, automobile and motor bicycles, railway block signals, car coupes, link and gear motions, ball bearings, breech block mechanism for heavy guns, and a large accumulation of others of equal importance. 1,000 specially made engrav- ings. 396 octavo pages. Price $2.50 MODERN MACHINE SHOP CONSTRUCTION, EQUIPMENT AND MANAGEMENT. By Oscar E. Perrigo. The only work published that describes the Modern Machine Shop or Manufacturing Plant from the time the grass is growing on the site intended for it until the finished product is shipped Just the book needed by those contemplating the erection of modern shop buildings, the re- building and reorganization of old ones, or the introduction of Modern Shop Methods, time and cost systems. It is a book written and illustrated by a practical shop man for practical shop men who are too busy to read theories and want facts. It is the most complete all-around book of its kind ever published. 400 large quarto pages. 225 original and specially-made illustrations. Price $5.00 MACHINE SHOP TOOLS AND SHOP PRACTICE. By W. H. Vandervoort. A work of 555 pages and 673 illustrations, describing in every detail the construction, operation, and manipulation of both hand and machine tools. Includes chapters on filing, fitting, and scraping surfaces; on drills, reamers, taps, and dies; the lathe and its tools; planers, shapers, and their tools; milling machines and cutters; gear cutters and gear cutting; drilling machines and drill work; grinding machines and their work; hardening and tempering; gearing, belting and transmission machinery; useful data and tables. 5th edition. Price .... $3.00 THE MODERN MACHINIST. By John T. Usher. This is a book showing, by plain description and by profuse engravings, made expressly for the work, all that is best, most advanced, and of the highest efficiency in modern machine shop practice, tools, and implements, showing the way by which and through which, as Mj. Maxim says, "American machinists have become and are the finest mechanics in the world." Indicating as it does, in every line, the familiarity of the author with every detail of daily experience in the shop, it cannot fail to be of service to any man practically connected with the shaping or finishing of metals. There is nothing experimental or visionary about the book, all devices being in actual use and giving good results. It might be called a compendium of shoD methods, showing a vari- ety of special tools and appliances which will give new ideas to many mechanics, from the superintendent down to the man at the bench. It will be found a valuable addition to any machinist's library, and should be consulted whenever a new or difficult job is to be done, whether it is boring, milling, turning, or planing, as they are all treated in a practical manner. Fifth Edition. 320 pages. 250 illustrations. Price. . ... ...... < $2.50 r 5 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS MODERN MILLING MACHINES: THEIR DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND OPERA- TION. By Joseph G. Horner. This book describes and illustrates the Milling Machine and its work in such a plain, clear, and forceful manner, and illustrates the subject so clearly and completely, that the up-to-date machinist, student, or mechanical engineer cannot afford to do without the valuable infor- mation which it contains. It describes not only the early machines of this class, but notes their gradual development into the splendid machines of the present day, giving the design and construction of the various types, forms, and special features produced by prominent manufacturers, American and foreign. Milling cutters in all their development and modernized forms are illustrated and described, and the operations they are capable of producing upon different classes of work are carefully described in detail, and the speeds and feeds necessary are discussed, and valuable and useful data given for determining these usually perplexing problems. The book is the most compre- hensive work published on the subject. 304 pages. 300 illustrations. Price . . $4.00 MODERN MECHANISM. Edited by Park Benjamin. A practical treatise on machines, motors and the transmission of power, being a complete work and a supplementary volume to Appleton's Cyclopedia of Applied Mechanics. Deals solely with the principal and most useful advances of the past few years. 959 pages contain- ing over 1,000 illustrations; bound in half morocco $4.00 " SHOP KINKS." By Robert Grimshaw. A book of 400 pages and 222 illustrations, being entirely different from any other book on machine shop practice. Departing from conventional style, the author avoids universal or common shop usage and limits his work to showing special ways of doing things better, more cheaply and more rapidly than usual. As a result the advanced methods of representative establishments of the world are placed at the disposal of the reader. This book shows the proprietor where large savings are possible, and how products may be improved. To the employee it holds out suggestions that, properly applied, will hasten his advancement. No shop can afford to be without it. It bristles with valuable wrinkles and helpful suggestions. It will benefit all, from apprentice to proprietor. Every machinist, at any age, should study its pages. Fifth Edition. Price $3.50 THREADS AND THREAD CUTTING. By Colvin and Stabel. This clears up many of the mysteries of thread-cutting, such as double and triple threads, internal threads, catching threads, use of hobs, etc. Contains a lot of useful hints and several tables. Price 25 cents TOOLS FOR MACHINISTS AND WOOD WORKERS, INCLUDING INSTRUMENTS OF MEASUREMENT. By Joseph G. Horner. The principles upon which cutting tools for wood, metal, and other substances are made are identical, whether used by the machinist, the carpenter, or by any other skilled mechanic in their daily work, and the object of this book is to give a correct and practical description of these tools as they are commonly designed, constructed, and used. 340 pages, fully illustrated. Price $3.50 MANUAL TRAINING ECONOMICS OF MANUAL TRAINING. By Louis Rouillion. The only book published that gives just the information needed by all interested in Manual Training, regarding Buildings, Equipment, and Supplies. Shows exactly what is needed for all grades of the work from the Kindergarten to the High and Normal School. Gives item- ized lists of everything used in Manual Training Work and tells just what it ought to cost. Also shows where to buy supplies, etc. Contains k 174 pages, and is fully illustrated. Price $1.50 MARINE ENGINEERING MARINE ENGINES AND BOILERS, THEIR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. By Dr. G. Bauer, Leslie S. Robertson, and S. Bryan Donkin. In the words of Dr. Bauer, the present work owes its origin to an oft felt want of a Condensed Treatise, embodying the Theoretical and Practical Rules used in Designing Marine Engines and Boilers. The need for such a work has been felt by most engineers engaged in the con- struction and working of Marine Engines, not only by the younger men, but also by those of greater experience. The fact that the original German work was written by the chief engineer of the famous Vulcan Works, Stettin, is in itself a guarantee that this book is in all respects thoroughly up-to-date, and that it embodies all the information which is necessary for the design and construction of the highest types of marine engines and boilers. It may be said, that the motive power which Dr. Bauer has placed in the fast German liners that have been turned out of late years from the Stettin Works, represent the very best practice in marine engineering of the present day. This work is clearly written, thoroughly systematic, theoretically sound; while the character of its plans, drawings, tables, and statistics is without reproach. The illustrations are care- ful reproductions from actual working drawings, with some well-executed photographic views of completed engines and boilers. 722 pages. 550 illustrations. . . . $9.00 not 16 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS MINING ORE DEPOSITS, WITH A CHAPTER ON HINTS TO PROSPECTORS. By J. P. Johnson. This book gives a condensed account of the ore-deposits at present known in South Africa- It is also intended as a guide to the prospector. Only an elementary knowledge of geology and some mining experience are necessary in order to understand this work. With these qualifications, it will materially assist one in his search for metalliferous mineral occurrences and, so far as simple ores are concerned, should enable one to form some idea of the possi- bilities of any they may find. Among the chapters given are: Titaniferous and Chromiferous Iron Oxides — Nickel — Cop- per — Cobalt — Tin — Molybdenum — Tungsten — Lead — Mercury — Antimony — Iron — Hints to Prospectors $2.00 PRACTICAL COAL MINING. By T. H. Cockin. An important work, containing 428 pages and 213 illustrations, complete with practical de- tails, which will intuitively impart to the reader, not only a general knowledge of the princi- ples of coal mining, but also considerable insight into allied subjects. The treatise is posi- tively up to date in every instance, and should be in the hands of every colliery engineer, geologist, mine o'perator, superintendent, foreman, and all others who are interested in or connected with the industry $2.50 PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF MINING. By T. H. Byrom. A practical work for the use of all preparing for examinations in mining or qualifying for colliery managers' certificates. The aim of the author in this excellent book is to place clearly before the reader useful and authoritative data which will render him valuable assistance in his studies. The only work of its kind published. The information incorporated in it will prove of the greatest practical utility to students, mining engineers, colliery managers, and all others who are specially interested in the present-day treatment of mining problems. Among its contents are chapters on: The Atmosphere; Laws Relating to the Behavior of Gases; The Diffusion of Gases; Composition of the Atmosphere: Sundry Constituents of the Atmosphere; Water; Carbon; Fire-Damp; Combustion; Coal Dust and Its Action; Ex- plosives; Composition of Various Coals and Fuels; Methods of Analysis of Coal; Strata Ad- joining the Coal Measures; Magnetism and Electricity; Appendix; Useful Tables, etc.; Miscellaneous Questions. 160 pages. Illustrated $2.00 PATTERN MAKING PRACTICAL PATTERN MAKING. By F. W. Barrows. This is a very complete and entirely practical treatise on the subject of pattern making, illus trating pattern work in wood and metal. From its pages you are taught just what you shouk know about pattern making. It contains a detailed description of the materials used bi pattern makers, also the tools, both those for hand use, and the more interesting machine tools"; having complete chapters on the band saw, The Buzz Saw, and the Lathe. Individual patterns of many different kinds are fully illustrated and described, and the mounting of metal patterns on plates for molding machines is included. Price $2.00 PERFUMERY HENLEY'S TWENTIETH CENTURY BOOK OF RECEIPTS, FORMULAS AND PROCESSES Edited by G. D. Hiscox. The most valuable Techno-chemical Receipt Book published. Contains over 10,000 practical receipts, many of which will prove of special value to the perfumer, a mine of information, up- to-date in every respect. Price, Cloth, $3.00: half morocco , $4.00 PERFUMES AND THEIR PREPARATION. By G. W. Askinson, Perfumer. A comprehensive treatise, in which there has been nothing omitted that could be of value to the Perfumer. Complete directions for making handkerchief perfumes, smelling-salts, sachets, fumigating pastilles; preparations for the care of the skin, the mouth, the hair, cos- metics, hair dyes and other toilet articles are given, also a detailed description of aromatic substances; their nature, tests of purity, and wholesale manufacture. A book of general, as well as professional interest, meeting the wants not only of the druggist and perfume man- ufacturer, but also of the general public. Third edition. 312 pages. Illustrated. . $3.00 l 7 CATALO G UE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS PLUMBING MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS. By R. M. Starbuck. A concise, comprehensive and practical treatise on the subject of mechanical drawing in its various modern applications to the work of all who are in any way connected with the plumbing trade. Nothing will so help the plumber in estimating and in explaining work to customers and workmen as a knowledge of drawing, and to the workman it is of inestimable value if he is to rise above his position to positions of greater responsibility. 150 illustra- tions. Price $1.50 MODERN PLUMBING ILLUSTRATED. By R. M. Starbuck. This book represents the highest standard of plumbing work. It has been adopted and used as a reference book by the United States Government, in its sanitary work in Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippines, and by the principal Boards of Health of the United States and Canada. It gives connections, sizes and working data for all fixtures and groups of fixtures. It is helpful to the master plumber in demonstrating to his customers and in figuring work. It gives the mechanic and student quick and easy access to the best modern plumbing practice. Suggestions for estimating plumbing construction are contained in its pages. This book represents, in a word, the latest and best up-to-date practice, and should be in the hands of every architect, sanitary engineer and plumber who wishes to keep himself up to the minute on this important feature of construction. 400 octavo pages, fully illustrated by 55 full-page engravings. Price $4.00 STANDARD PRACTICAL PLUMBING. By R. M. Starbuck. A complete practical treatise of 450 pages covering the subject of Modern Plumbing in all its Branches, a large amount of space being devoted to a very complete and practical treatment of the subject of Hot Water Supply and Circulation and Range Boiler Work. Its thirty chapters include about every phase of the subject, one can think of, making it an indispensable work to the master plumber, the journeyman plumber, and the apprentice plumber. Fully illus- trated by 347 engravings. Price $3.00 RECEIPT BOOK HENLEY'S TWENTIETH CENTURY BOOK OF RECEIPTS, FORMULAS AND PROCESSES. Edited by Gardner D. Hiscox. The most valuable Techno-chemical Receipt Book published, including over 10,000 selected scientific, chemical, technological, and practical receipts and processes. This is the most complete Book of Receipts ever published, giving thousands of receipts for the manufacture of valuable articles for everyday use. Hints, Helps, Practical Ideas, and Secret Processes are revealed within its pages. It covers every branch of the useful arts and tells thousands of ways of making money and is just the. book everyone should have at his command. 800 pages. Price $3.00 RUBBER RUBBER HAND STAMPS AND THE MANIPULATION OF INDIA RUBBER. By T. O'Conor Sloane. This book gives full details on all points, treating in a concise and simple manner the elements of nearly everything it is necessary to understand for a commencement in any branch of the India Rubber Manufacture. The making of all kinds of Rubber Hand Stamps, Small Articles of India Rubber, U. S. Government Composition, Dating Hand Stamps, the Manipulation of Sheet Rubber, Toy Balloons, India Rubber Solutions, Cements, Blackings, Renovating Varnish, and Treatment for India Rubber Shoes, etc.; the Hektograph Stamp Inks, and Miscellaneous Notes, with a Short Account of the Discovery, Collection, and Manufacture of India Rubber are set forth in a manner designed to be readily understood, the explanations being plain and simple. Second edition. 144 pages. Illustrated $1.00 SAWS SAW FILINGS AND MANAGEMENT OF SAWS. By Robert Grimshaw. A practical hand book on filing, gumming, swaging, hammering, and the brazing of band saws, the speed, work, and power to run circular saws, etc. A handy book for those who have charge of saws, or for those mechanics who do their own filing, as it deals with the proper shape and pitches of saw teeth of all kinds and gives many useful hints and rules for gumming, setting, and filing, and is a practical aid to those who use saws for any purpose. New edition, revised and enlarged Illsutrated Price . . ....... . . $1.00 18 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS ._ STEAM ENGINEERING AMERICAN STATIONARY ENGINEERING. By W. E. Crane. This book begins at the boiler room and takes in the whole power plant. A plain talk on every-day work about engines, boilers, and their accessories. It is not intended to be scien- tific or mathematical. All formulas are in simple form so that any one understanding plain arithmetic can readily understand any of them. The author has made this the most prac- tical book in print; has given the results of his years of experience, and has included about all that has to do with an engine room or a power plant. You are not left to guess at a single point. You are shown clearly what to expect under the various conditions; how to secure the best results; ways of preventing "shut downs" and repairs; in short, all that goes to make up the requirements of a good engineer, capable of taking charge of a plant. It's plain enough for practical men and yet of value to those high in the profession. Has a complete examination for a license $2.00 EMINENT ENGINEERS. By Dwight Goddard. Everyone who appreciates the effect of such great inventions as the Steam Engine, Steamboat, Locomotive, Sewing Machine, Steel Working, and other fundamental discoveries, is interested in knowing a little about the men who made them and their achievements. Mr. Goddard has selected thirty-two of the world's engineers who have contributed most largely to the advancement of our civilization by mechanical means, giving only such facts as are of general interest and in a way which appeals to all, whether mechanics or not. 280 pages. 35 illustrations. Price . $1.50 ENGINE RUNNER'S CATECHISM. By Robert Grimshaw. A practical treatise for the stationary engineer, telling how to erect, adjust and run the prin- cipal steam engines in use in the United States. Describing the principal features of various special and well-known makes of engines: Temper Cut-off, Shipping and Receiving Founda- tions, Erecting and Starting, Valve Setting, Care and Use, Emergencies, Erecting and Ad- justing Special Engines. The questions asked throughout the catechism are plain and to the point, and the answers are given in such simple language as to be readily understood by anyone. All the instructions given are complete and up-to-date; and they are written in a popular style, without any technicalities or mathematical formulae. The work is of a handy size for the pocket, clearly and well printed, nicely bound, and profusely illustrated. To young engineers this catechism will be of great value, especially to those who may be preparing to go forward to be examined for certificates of competency; and to engineers general'y it will be of no little service, as they will find in this volume more really practical and useful information than is to be found any- where else within a like compass. 387 pages. Seventh edition. Price. • . . . . $2.00 ENGINE TESTS AND BOILER EFFICIENCIES. By J. Buchetti. This work fully describes and illustrates the method of testing the power of steam engines, turbines and explosive motors. The properties of steam and the evaporative power of fuels. Combustion of fuel and chimney draft; with formulas explained or practically computed. 255 pages, 179 illustrations $3.00 HORSE POWER CHART. Shows the horse power of any stationary engine without calculation. No matter what the cylinder diameter of stroke; the steam pressure or cut-off; the revolutions, or whether con- densing or non-condensing, it's all there. Easy to use, accurate, and saves time and calcu- lations. Especially useful to engineers and designers 50 cents MODERN STEAM ENGINEERING IN THEORY AND PRACTICE. By Gardner D. Hiscox This is a complete and practical work issued for Stationary Engineers and firemen dealing with the care and management of boilers, engines, pumps, superheated steam, refrigerating machin- ery, dynamos, motors, elevators, air compressors, and all other branches with which the modern engineer must be familiar. Nearly 200 questions with their answers on steam and electrical engineering, likely to be asked by the Examining Board, are included. 487 pages. 405 en- gravings. Price $3.00 STEAM ENGINE CATECHISM. By Robert Grimshaw. This unique volume of 413 pages is not only a catechism on the question and answer princi- ple; but it contains formulas and worked-out answers for all the Steam problems that apper- tain to the operation and management of the Steam Engine. Illustrations of various valves and valve gear with their principles of operation are given. Thirty-four Tables that are indispensable to every engineer and fireman that wishes to be progressive and is ambitious to become master of his calling are within its pages. It is a most valuable instructor in the service of Steam Engineering. Leading engineers have recommended it as a valuable educa- tor for the beginner as well as a reference book for the engineer. It is thoroughly indexed for every detail. Every essential question on the Steam Engine with its answer is contained in this valuable work. Sixteenth edition. Price .... $2.00 J 9 ' CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS STEAM ENGINEER'S ARITHMETIC. By Colvin-Cheney. A practical pocket book for the steam engineer. Shows how to work the problems of the engine room and shows "why." Tells how to figure horse-power of engines and boilers; area of boilers; has tables of areas and circumferences; steam tables; has a dictionary of engineering terms. Puts you on to all all of the little kinks in figuring whatever there is to figure around a power plant. Tells you about the heat unit; absolute zero; adiabatic expansion; duty of engines; factor of safety; and 1,001 other things; and everything is plain and simple — not the hardest way to figure, but the easiest 50 cents STEAM HEATING AND VENTILATION PRACTICAL STEAM, HOT-WATER HEATING AND VENTILATION. By A. G. King. This book is the standard and latest work published on the subject and has been prepared for the use of all engaged in the business of steam, hot water heating, and ventilation. It is an original and exhaustive work. Tells how to get heating contracts, how to install heating and ventilating apparatus, the best business methods to be used, with "Tricks of the Trade" for shop use. Rules and data for estimating radiation and cost and such tables and information as make it an indispensable work for everyone interested in steam, hot water heating, and venti- lation. It describes all the principal systems of steam, hot water, vacuum, vapor, and vacuum- vapor heating, together with the new accelerated systems of hot water circulation, including chapters on up-to-date methods of ventilation and the fan or blower system of heating and ventilation. 367 pages. 300 detailed engravings. Price $3.00 STEAM PIPES STEAM PIPES: THEIR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. By Wm. H. Booth. This book fills in a deep gap in scientific literature, as there has been very little written on the practical side of steam pipe construction. Steam piping to-day is such a costly item, and the successful operation of a large plant depends so much upon it, that the problem of minimum cost and maximum efficiency becomes very important. The work is well illus- trated in regard to pipe joints, expansion offsets, flexible joints, and self-contained sliding joints for taking up the expansion of long pipes. In fact, the chapters on the flow of steam and expansion of pipes are most valuable to all steam fitters and users. The pressure strength of pipes and method of hanging them is well treated and illustrated. Valves and by-passes are fully illustrated and described, as are also flange joints and their proper proportions, ex- haust heads and separators. One of the most valuable chapters is that on superheated steam and the saving of steam by insulation with the various kinds of felting and other materials with comparison tables of the loss of heat in thermal units from naked and felted steam pipes. Contains 187 pages. Price $2.00 STEEL AMERICAN STEEL WORKER. By E. R. Markham. This book tells how to select, and how to work, temper, harden, and anneal steel for everything on earth. It doesn't tell how to temper one class of tools and then leave the treatment of another kind of tool to your imagination and judgment, but it gives careful instructions for every detail of every tool, whether it be a tap, a reamer or just a screw-driver. It tells about the tempering of small watch springs, the hardening of cutlery, and the annealing of dies. In fact there isn't a thing that a steel worker would want to know that isn't included. Price $8.50 HARDENING, TEMPERING, ANNEALING, AND FORGING OF STEEL. By J. V. Wood- worth. A new work treating in a clear, concise manner all modern processes for the heating, annealing, forging, welding, hardening, and tempering of steel, making it a book of great practical value to the metal-working mechanic in general, with special directions for the successful hardening and tempering of all steel tools used in the arts, including milling cutters, taps, thread dies, reamers, both solid and shell, hollow mills, punches and dies, and all kinds of sheet metal working tools, shear blades, saws, fine cutlery, and metal cutting tools of all description, as well as for all implements of steel both large and small. In this work the simplest and most satisfactory hardening and tempering processes are given. The uses to which the leading brands of steel may be adapted are concisely presented, and their treatment for working under different conditions explained, also the special methods for the hardening and tempering of special brands. A chapter devoted to the different processes for Case-hardening is also included, and special reference made to the adoption of machinery steel for tools of various kinds. Price . $2.50 WATCH MAKING WATCHMAKER'S HANDBOOK. By Claudius Saunier. This famous work has now reached its seventh edition and there is no work issued that can compare to it for clearness and completeness. It contains 498 pages and is intended as a workshop companion for those engaged in Watch-making and allied Mechanical A rts - Nearly 250 engravings and fourteen plates are included. Price . .... '. . $3.00 20 DEC 3 1^° One copy del. to Cat. Div.