-^^^ .v^. A V " • ♦ 'o ■4 O -^^ 0^ ° ^ o 0^ .^••' ^ <>>. ^'J^ \ y>^ ^W' ^ ^"^ ^.s-/7^^•-,^ . -t. .o^\ ,-J^ .^ - ^-^ o"* '^ \^ /J^ <■'? ^o ^\'^ -^^ ,^' :y ^^ ^.C-^': '■ . A^ ■^ .-,.. >, r ^-^ ^^. 'MM^\* ^' ^ ^ ,. ,.. / <^-' ^^ •-!^^^' '^^ ^0^ c ° ' " t O^ A <5> '^> ^^ -^, -,H o^ o » o ^ ^<>' Y' ^0' ^^r:. U^^^ •<"%^ f O .0 \0 v". ' - - . ' 4 o .^^ ,\ ^' o o ^oV^ -s'^^^.- "^'■ ^;n9- O'^ --/"^-^ " v^'' ^.. % 0^ .'j:«>;% °o .,v ti-^^% -^ ', -% ^^ ^:<#M^ ^^ -^ ^^>?#^ '-^0 .^ 40, v-'-'y bK t.^0^ (f> " H O ^ N^ 40 V o A A .0- n^ ... y*. c ^^'%- ^ %^e%^. « ■?) O^ "oil* rO cP- O^ * » V'^'' >. ^ -^ ^y^%^>^^ ^ % --^ <^. '?v* \D *vT^. s* A 9W.' /\ •i- // kC ,4 o. "oV ■y V7 ,►:- -^ '•:^^^;.' „o ' \ '-mmy ^f^ "o ^;^^i^.- ^ ' % -^5!^^ j -3 ^. •^ » • • ' ;>- v*' v/^ S • _ NT'S. ',5 ■' • • 5 ^ > ^ >. t? • A -VJ V-^ ■' ft (, 5 * >■ ^ J, t' » * -'O *P-v '^^ ^ \ 4 o^, v.,^ ^i#C^\ ^p/^ =^1 V V ^^S- ^^-V AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OK THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, CIVIL, POLITICAL, AND MILITARY, FROM ITS EARLIEST SETTLEMENT TO THE PRESENT TIME, INCLUDING Historical Descriptions OF EACH COUNTY IN THE STATE, THEIR TOWNS, AND INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES. BY WILLIAM H. EGLE, M.D., M.A., Member of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND CORRECTED. PHILADELPHIA : E. M. GARDNER. 1880. NOTE TO REVISED EDITION. January 1, 1880. — The author takes pleasure in presenting a revised edition of The History of Pennsylvania, which has afforded him an opportunity of correcting a number of important errors in bringing up the general history of the State to 1880, and of adding a sketch of the new county of Lackawanna, as also the entire rewri* ijg of that of Juniata county. W. H. E. 1^ 14 i OFFICIAL COAT OF ARMS OF PENNSYLV.VNI A. Copyright, 1876, by D. C. GOODRICH o.- .^oiMPANY. Copyright, -1880, by E. M. GARDNER. ilb::f^-i,.'^rLiiP.^^,P^^^%,.4P^, ^,,^,. PREFATORY. WRITE the History of an Empire State, wliich Penns^'lvania now is, slaould properly be the work of a lifetime, since the startling events of three centuries crowd its pages. For a long period we have been collecting material for such an undertaking, in the hope that as the years sped on we might present our contribution to the bibliography of this great Commonwealth. Believing, however, that the present time is opportune for the publication of a faithful resume of the transactions, local and general, which have transpired in the Past, after several years of labor we have essayed to offer to the good people of our native State the result. While the volume may not be as comprehensive in its details as some may desire, yet for general and popular perusal and information, we trust it will supply a want felt ever^'where, containing as it does the complete storj^ of the Commonwealth and the County, briefly and simply rehearsed. Following in the footsteps of Acrelius, Campanius, Thomas, Smith, Ebeling, Proud, Gordon, Scott, Day, Burrowes, Treqo, and Sypher, whose volumes relating to the History of Pennsjdvahia are of inestimable value, and of that glittering array of local historiographers, of whom the venerable Eupp heads the list, we have endeavored to give a fair and accurate representation of thf. History, the Resources, the Progress, and the Development of the Colonies on the Delaware, of the Province, and of the Commonwealth. To the many kind friends who have aided us by their pen in the prepara- tion of this volume, we tender at this time our warm acknowledgments, and in doing so, crave their pardon in the liberty we were compelled to take in limiting their sketches. In doing so, we endeavored not to omit more impor- tant matters than those given. When it is recollected there are sixty-seven counties in the State, and that an average of ten jiagts to each would make of themselves, a formidable volume, our friends, w^e trust, will full}^ appreciate our position when we also inform them that the MSS. in our possession would have made almost thi'ice the number of pages required. As it is, the Histories of the Counties have exceeded in length by two hundred pages the space originally assigned for that portion of the work, and the volume therebj^ increased in size. The enterprising Publishers, in their determination to send fcu'th a thorough, full, and complete sketch of every count}^, notwith- standing +ohe additional expense, deserve the patronage of the reading public of Pennsylvania. In the; matter of engravings, the great difficulty has been in several Counties to secune subjects for illustration. In a few cases, after a great deal of Vi "' ■ PBEFATORY. - - trouble and expense, we have failed. It was the intention of the Publishers to fully illustrate every County, and yet, when the entire number of engrav- ings are taken into consideration, it must be acknowledged that this volume is unequalled in that respect by any historical publication ever issued. To the photographers and others who have rendered us their assistance, we can only say "thank you." The Photo-engraving Company of New York, to whose care most of the local views have been committed, have, by their (the Moss) process, given accurate representations of the photographs and designs sent us; while Messrs. Crosscup & West, of Philadelphia, to whom the portraits of the Governors have especially been confided, in the main have succeeded in their portion of the work. It may not be out of place, in this connection, to state that we have endeavored to preserve a uniformity in the orthography of the Indian namcH. The admirable work of the devoted Heckewelder has been taken as authority. Scarcely two authors write the same names alike. For instance, Moshannon is spelled Meshannon^ Mushannon, and Moshannin. In the neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Allegheny is thus written, but in the northern part of the State, it is given Allegany and Alleghany. Although Kittochtinny is undoubtedly far moro correct than Kitlatiniiy, yet the latter is so frequently used that we have adhered to it. Attention is called to the tendency there is in many instances in destroying the orthography of the names of streams, etc. Most writers call the Tonoloway creek, in Fulton county, Conolloivaij, while Qiann's run, in Centre and Clinton, is denominated Queen^s. These errors should be carefully guarded against, not only by the historian but by writers generally, [f our friends object to the alterations we have made in this respect, we can only refer them to the works of one who made the Indian language a study, and whose authority on such matters is unquestioned. It is proper to state that we have omitted the given meanings of streams in certain instances, and inserted those furnished by the Indian lexicographer referred to. In conclusion, we commit the work to the general reading public of the State of Pennsylvania. If it will give the young especially an incentive to learn more of the history of our old Commonwealth, — if it will stimulate all to search among the archives of the Past and gather up the records that none be lost, — if it enable every citizen to appreciate the greatness of the Keystone State of the Union, it will have served its purpose. The volume should be viewed as an entirety, and not simply regarded as a sketch of this or that county, but as covering the whole State; — subjects purely local giving place to facts in which tiie general reader should be properly interested. Realizing fully the responsibility resting upon him, the author has avoided in the main thrusting his opinion in preference to facts. Where, however, 'material difference as to date or intention existed, he has endeavored to diffuse light and correct error. With the objects heretofoi-e expressed, and in the hope, briefl}^ set forth, we present this contribution to the bibliography of our State to the candid appreciation of the citizens of Pennsylvania. WILLIAM H. EGLE. Harrisburg, Penn'a, July 4, 1876. .1 TABLE OF CONTENTS. GENERAL HISTORY Chapter I. FAGB The Aborigines. The Susqiiehannas. The Delawares. The Shawanese. Indian Ciiaracteristics '. 17 Chapter II. Discovery of the Delaware by Hudson. Settlement of the Dutch and Swedes. 1609-1681 28 Chapter III. The Province of Pennsylvania granted to William Penn. The Proprietary Rule, until the Death of the Founder. 1681-1718 45 Chapter IV. Proprietary Rule. Administrations of Lieutenant Governors Keith, Gordon, Logan, Thomas, Palmer, and Hamilton. 1718-1754 67 Chapter V. Proprietary Rule. French and Indian War. Braddock's Expedition. In- dian Ravages on the Frontiers. 1754-1756 80 Chapter VI. Reward for Indian Scalps. Destruction of Kittanning. Expedition of General Forbes. Pontiac's Conspiracy. Bouquet's Expedition. 1756-1763 93 Chapter VII. Indian Depredations on the Frontiers. The Destruction of the Indians at Conestoga. The so-called Insurrection of the Paxtang Boys. Bouquet's Expedition to the Muskingum. 1763-1764 107 Chapter VIII. Relations between England and the Colonies. Mason and Dixon's Line. The outset of the Revolution. Resolves and Instructions of the Pro- vincial Deputies. The Committee of Safety. 1765-1775 123 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS.- Chapter IX. PAQX The Battle-Drum of the Revolution. The Pennsylvania Navy. The Provin- cial Conference. The Declaration of Independence. The Convention of 1776, and the end of Proprietary Rule. 1775-1776 154 Chapter X. The Revolution. Battles of Trenton and Princeton. The Battle of Brandy- wine. Massacre at Paoli. British Occupation of Philadelphia. Battle of Cerraantown, and Reduction of Fort Mifflin. 1776-1777 168 The Revolution. The Cantonment at Valley Forge. The Mischianza. Philadelphia Evacuated by the British. Indian Outrages. Sullivan's Expedition. Abolition of Slavery in Pennsylvania. 1776-1780 181 Chapter XII. The Revolution. The Treason of Arnold. Revolt of the Pennsylvania Line. Surrender of Corn wallis. Declaration of Peace. 1780-1783... 196 Chapter XIII. Trouble in the Settlement of the Claims of the Soldiers. Council of Censors. Treaty at Fort Stanwix. Convention to revise the Constitution. 1783-1790 206 Chapter XIY. Administration of Governor Mifflin. The Yellow Fever in Philadelphia. The Presqu'Isle Establishment. The Whiskey Insurrection. Defence of the Frontiers. 1790-1794 213 Chapter XY. Jay's Tieaty. The Fries' Insurrection. Removal of the Seat of Govern- ment. Administrations of Governors ^T'Kean and Snyder. War of 1812-U. 1795-1817 232 Chapter XYI. Administrations of Governors Findlay, Hiester, Schulze, Wolf, and Ritner. Internal Improvements. The Common School System. 1817-1837... 242 Chapter XYII. Constitutional Convention. " Buck-shot War." Administrations of Gover- nors Porter, Shunk, Johnston, Pollock, and Packer. 1837-1861 249 Chapter XYIII. The Civil War. Establishment of Camp Curtin. Pennsylvania Troops the First to reach the National Capital. Pennsylvania Invaded b}- tlie Confederates. Constitutional Convention of 1873. Administrations of Governors Curtin, Geary and Hartranft. 1861-1876 259 Administrations of Governors Hartraut't and Hoyt. 1876-1880 277 TABLE OF CONTENTS. bj COUNTY HISTORIES. [To those marked * credit is due for revision or data.] PAGE Adams Aaron Slieely, Gettysburg 281 Allegheny Wra. M. Darlington* and Thos. J. Bigliam* 314 Armstrong A. D. Glenn, Eddy ville 330 Beaver James Patterson, Beaver Falls 340 Bedford Charles N. Hickok, Bedford 361 Berks J. Lawrence Getz, Reading 378 Blair Rev. A. K. Bell, D.D., Hollidaysburg 396 Bradford Rev. David Craft, Wyalusing 406 Bucks Joseph Thomas, M.D.,* Quakertown 438 Butler Jacob Ziegler, Butler ' 454 Cambria Robert L. Johnston, Ebensburg 461 Cameron John Brooks, Sinnemahoning 479 Carbon Robert Klotz,* Mauch Chunk 486 Centre John Blair Linn, Bellefonte 508 Chester J. Smith Futhey and Gilbert Cope, West Chester. ... 517 Clarion Rev. James S. Elder, Clarion 547 Clearfield Williajn D. Bigler, Clearfield 55T Clinton D. S. Maynard, Lock Haven 569 Columbia John G. Freeze, Bloomsburg ... 584 Crawford Samuel P. Bates, LL.D., Meadville 597 Cumberland I. Daniel Rupp and others* 612 ' Dauphin A. Boyd Hamilton, Harrisburg 636 Delaware H. G. Ashmead, Chester 654 Elk Charles R. Earley, M.D.,* and others, Ridgway 682 Erie Isaac Moorhead, Erie 692 Fayette James Veech,* Emsworth, Allegheny count}^ T24 Forest Samuel D. Irwin, Tionesta 733 Franklin Benjamin M. Nead, Chambersburg 739 Fulton James Pott, McConnellsburg "760 Greene Alf. Creigh, LL.D.,* and W. J. Bayard,* Wa3'nesburg 769 Huntingdon J. Simpson Africa, Huntingdon 775 Indiana A. W. Taylor* and J. M. Robinson,* Indiana 790 Jefferson G. Ament Blose, Hamilton 798 Juniata A. L. Guss 806 Lackawanna L. A. Watres,* Scranton • 911 Lancaster Samuel Evans, Columbia 814 X TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Lawrence Rev. D. X. Junkin, D.D., New Castle 854 Lebanon I. D. Rupp and George Ross, M.D.,* Lebanon 862 Lehigh R. K. Buehrle and E. G. Leisenring,* Allentown 811 Luzerne Steuben Jenkins* and others, Wyoming 880 Lycoming E. S. Watson, Williamsport 913 M'Kean William King, Ceres 923 Mercer'. William S. Garvin and Seth Hoagland, Mercer 931 Mifflin Silas Wright* and C. W. Walters,* Lewistown 939 Monroe William S. Rees, Stroudsburg 946 Montgomery Morgan R. Wills, Norristown 950 Montour John G. Freeze 961 Northampton Rev. William C. Reichel, Bethlehem 967 Northumberland. John F. Wolfinger, Milton 997 Perry Silas Wright, Millerstown 1006 Philadelphia Thomson Westcott, Philadelphia 1015 Pike William Westfidl, Rowlands 1049 Potter E.G. Austin, Forest House 1056 Schuylkill George Chambers, Pottsville 1064 Snyder Horace Alleman, Selinsgrove 1072 Somerset Edward B. Scull, Somerset 1077 Sullivan Edwin A. Strong, Dushore 1081 Susquehanna Miss Emily C. Blackman, Montr6se 1086 Tioga John L. Sexton, Fall Brook 1101 Union John Blair Linn 1110 Venango.- Rev. S. J. M. Eaton, D.D., Franklin 1117 Warren Samuel P. Johnson, Warren 1132 Washington Alfred Creigh, LL.D., Washington 1140 Wayne Thomas J. Ham, Honesdale 1145 Westmoreland .... Dallas Albert, Youngstown 1152 Wyoming Charles M. Lee, Tunkhannock 1163 York M. 0. Smith, Hanover 1169 GENERAL INDEX 1181 ILLUSTRATIONS. I>AGE ALLEGHENY couiity court house, nttsbuigh 315 Alleglienies, distant view of 399 Allt'giipiiu.s, scene at, on I'enusylvauia railioatl.... 401 •Amlier cascade, GlenTliomas 4H9 Antluacite coal trade, progress ot I(ifi2 Armstrong county public buildings 3:i(i Aniot, coal schutesat 11()5 Arnot, incline at 9U5 Bald Eagle's Nest, on Spring creek ;... 5ii8 Beaver college 3-18 Beaver Falls borough, view of 354 Bedfoi'd, I'ldvincial court house at 382 Bedford Springs, view at Stis Belief on te borough, view of 502 Belief on te, view of gap near 513 Berg (hill) kirche, Lebauon county 8(>" BeiUs county court house 378 JSetlileheui, first house built in 96!) Bethlehem, married brothers' and listers' house at, 993 Bethlehem, old Crown lun at 979 Bethlehem, old mill at 982 Hellilelifm, old Scliuitz house at 992 Bigler, William, portrait ot 255 Birmiugiiam Friends meeting-house 531 IJIair county court house, HoUidaysbuig 397 Bluomsburg, State Normal school at 592 Bradilock's route, 1755 84 Bi-addock surprised by the Indians 87 Bi'ookside, view near 1063 Brownsville borough, view of 724 Bucks county court house, Doylestown 43S Buckinghaui Friends meeting-house 450 Butler borough, view of 458 Butler county court house 454 Butler public school building 459 I'ampCurtin, general hospital at, 1864 268 Carbon county court house, Mauch Chunk 486 Carlisle, soldiers' monument at 628 Carpenter's hall, I'hiladelphia, 1774 141 Carrol town, church and convent at 476 Carrier female seminary at Clarion 552 Cascade, tileiiOnoko 497 Catawissa, ancient Friends meeting-house at 594 Chambersburg, before the burning, 1864 754 Chambersburg, after tlie burning, 1864 756 Chameleon falls, Glen Ouoko 485 Chester, old town hall at 655 Chester county court house. West Chester 517 Chester, first meeting-house of Friends at 661 Chester or Great valley, view of 519 Chew mansion, Germantown 178 Christ church, I'hiladelphia 1026 Clarion county court house. Clarion 547 Clarion county prison, Clarion 54!) Clearfield borough, view of 557 Clinton county court house 569 Cloud Point, view of 5U0 Columbia county courthouse, Bloomsbuig 584 Columbia borough, town hall in -831 Conemaugh, scene on, near Bolivar, renn'aU. K.. 1152 Cornwall mines, Lebanon county 864 Crawford county court house, Meadville 597 Cresson Springs, Allegheny mountains 4(i6 Crozer theological seminary at Upland C81 Cumberland county court liouse 612 Curtin, Andrew G., portrait of 259 Delaware, view on the. Inset. Delaware county court house. Media 678 Derricks, cable gioup of, at Pleasantville 1)31 Dickinson college, Carlisle 630 Derry church, Daupliin county 644 Derry cliurcli, interior view of 645 Dickinson, John, portrait of 205 Doylestown, soldiers' monument ;it 449 Drake's rioneer oil well, Veuaiigo county 1119 Economy, assembly house at .356 Emigh's Gap, 'I'yione and Clearfield rail load 564 Emporium borough, view of 479 Ephiata, brothers' and sisters' house at 835 F.rie city, view ot from the lake 692 Erie, old block-house at 693 Erie, soldiers' and sailors' monument at 720 Fall-Brook, northern view of, from the centre 1108 Findlay. William, portrait of 242 Fort Bedford house, Bedford 303 Fort, Deshler's, on Coi)lay creek 876 FortForty, 1778 902 649 Fort Hunter, near Harrisburg. Fort Lyttleton, plan of, 1755 Fort Bitt, plan of, 1760 765 Fort I'itt,' redoubt- at, l'f>^.............'...... ....'.'.'.'. 104 Forts, French and English, at Venango 1123 Franklin and Alarshall college, Lancaster 825 Fiaiiklin, Benjamin, portiait of 209 Franklin, town of, in 1840 n28 Franklin, street view, in 1876 1117 Fulton County court house 700 Gallatin, Albert, residence of 731 Geary, John W.. portrait of 273 Germantown academy u>46 Gettysburg, p!an of battle of 295 Gettysburg, national monumental 313 Gettysburg, theological seminary at 303 Girard college, l'liiia(lel])bia 1044 Glaiz mansion, York county, 1732 1172 Glen iMoneypenny, Wyomiiig countv 1166 Glen of Glenolden, Kidley park ". 668 Goi-don, I'alrick, portrait of 70 Great or Big island, map of 572 Green county court house, Wayneslnng 709 Hamilton, James, portrait of 99 Hanover church, Dauphin county 646 Hanover, York county, public fountain 1179 Haiti's church, near Wernersville 389 Harmonist church, at Economy ;i58 Harrisburg city, view of , from the west 636 Harrisburg, State Capitol at 244 Harrisburg, first German church at Ml Harrisburg, first English church at 647 Harris, John, grave of 640 Harris mansion, built 1766 637 Hartrauft, John F., portrait of 275 Hiester, Josepli, portrait of 243 Honesdale borougli, view of 1145 Huntingdon borough, seal of 779 Huntingdon borough, view of 775 Horse-shoe curve, Allegheny mountains 396 Independence Hall, 1876 1030 Independence Hall, rear view 167 Indiana county court house 790 Indian chapel at Bethlehem, 1765 967 Indian depredations on the f ion tiers 108 Indian god rock, Venango county Il2t Indian god rock, insci iptionson , 1122 Indian inscriptions on rocks at Safe Harbor 839 Indian relics found near Safe Harbor 813 Insane, State hospital foi', at Danville 964 Insane, State hospital for, at Warren 1139 Internal improvements, vignette 789 Irving female college, JMechanicsburg 632 Jack's Narrows, near Mapleton, Benn 'a railroad.... 781 Jefferson county court house. Brookville 798 Johnston, Willian F., porlraitof 2.54 Johnstown, and Cambria iron works 464 Juniata county court house, Mifflintown 806 Keith, Sir William, portraltof 65 Kiioxville borough, Cowanesque valley 1101 Lackawanna falls 884 Lafayette college, Pardee hall, Easton 966 Lancast6r county court liouse, Lancaster 827 Lancaster county court liouse, old 814 Lancaster county hospital 851 Lancaster county soldiert' monument 829 Lancaster high school 823 Lawrenre county courthouse. New Castle 854 l^eaden iilate buried by the French, 1749 318 I^ebanon borough, view of 86? Lebanon county court house, Lebanon 863 Lee's head-quarters at Gettysburg 288 Lehigh county court house, Alientowii 87J ILL US TEA TIONS. I'AGE Lehigh university, Bethlehem 9S0 Lewisburg borough, view of 1114 Lewisburg university 1115 Lewistown boiougli, view of 9-13 Lewistown narrows, Pennsylvania railroad 941 Liberty bell, Iiulepeiidence hall 556 Litiz, spring and walk at S'iS Logan, James, porlraitof 76 Lower Meilon Friends meeting-house 954 Loyal Sock, head-waters of 1081 LuUierau missionary institute, Selinsgrove 1074 Luzerne county court house, Wilkes-Baiie 881 Luzerne county prison, WilUes-iJarre 908 Lycoming county court house, Williamsport 916 M'Kean county court house, Sniethport 923 Al'Kcan cuiinrv prison, Sniethport 929 JM'Kcan, Thon'ias, pin-tralt of 234 Mansiield, Kpiscopal church at 1104 Mansli.-]d, Methodist church at 1107 Mansfield, State normal school at Inset. Meade's headquarters at Gettysburg 285 Meadville city, view of 607 Mexico, Pennsylvania monument to heroes of 274 Mifflin county court house, Lewistown 939 Miftliii, Thomas, porlraitof 213 Mint, United States, at I'hiladelpliia 404 Millersville, State normal school at 842 Military academy at Chester 672 Montgomery county court house, Norristown 950 Jloniour county court house, Danville 961 Jlontrosc liorougli, view of 1095 Aloore, AVilliam, jKirirait of 202 Moravian monumentat Wyalusing 415 Mount i'isgah inclined plane 496 Nazareth Hall, Nazareth 990 Nesi|uilioning bridge 50l New I>rij;hton, view of ." 350 Newcastle, Disciples' church at 8ilu New Castle, public school Ijuilding at 859 New Sweden, map of 43 Newiiort borougli, view of 1009 Norristown fire company 957 Onoko falls. Glen OiioUo 498 Osterhout mansion, Wyoming county 1167 I'acker, William F., portrait of 257 Paxtaug church, Dauphin county 646 Penitentiary, western, at Allegheny t.'lty 326 Penn, John, portrait of Ill Penn, Richard, portrait of 131 Penn, William, porlraitof Frontispiece. Penn's book plate 66 Penn's chair 106 Penn's residence at Chester 659 Penn's treaty with the Indians, 16S2 50 Penn's treaty monument 49 Penn's valley, from Nittany niounfain 505 Pennsylvania college at Gettysl)uig 305 Pennsylvania, map of, 1685 , 52 Feniisylvaiiia, niapof, 1730 92 Pennsylvania, niapof, showing Indian purchases. .. 2(^8 Peniis\ Ivania, university of, dei>. of science and arts, 1034 Pennsylvania, university of, medical department. .. 1036 Perry county court house, New Bloomfield.... 1007 Perry's Hag slii]) Lawrence 706 Philaileli>liia, city buildings in 1018 Philadelphia, view on the Delaware at 1043 Pliiladeljihia, old court house at 1021 Philailelphia, old navy yaid at 1('40 Pike county court house, Milford 1049 Pine street church, I'liiladi-lpliia 732 Pittsburgh city, from down the (,)lii(i 314 Pittsburgh city hall 325 Pollock, James, portrait of 256 Portage road, view on 474 Porter, David K., portrait of 250 Potter county court liouse, Coudersport 1053 I'oltstown, cottage seminary at Inset. Pottsville borougn, view of H)58 President's house, erected by Pennsylvania 232 Provincial Stateliou.se, in 1734 71 Provincial State house, in 1778 187 Pulpit rocks, Kound Island, Phila. & Erie railroad, 580 Puuxsutawney borough, view of 803 Ualslon inclined plane 922 FAOK Heading, cemetery gate at — 395. Reading, Provincial court house at 393 Reading, Trinity Lutheran church at 394 Reed, Joseph, portrait of 190 Rcnova station, Philadelphia and Erie railroad 582 Reynolds, General John, monument to 310 Ridgway borough, view of 682 Ridley park lake 666 Ridley park station .. 679 Ritner, Joseph, porlraitof 247 St. Aloyslus college, Loretto 477 St. Clai'r, General, home of, on Chestnut ridge 1156 St. Clair, monument to. at Greensburg 1161 Schuvlkill river, view on 248 Stal of Assembly, 1776 163 Seal of Committee of Safety, 1775 148 Seal of Proprietary 27 Shulze, John Andrew, portrait of '245 Shunk, Francis R., portrait of 2.52" Slate roof house, Philadelphia 1016 Snyder county court house, Middleburg 1072 Snyder mansion, Selinsgrove 1075 Snyder, Simon, porlraitof 236 Solebury Friends meeting-house 444 Somerset county court house, Somerset 1077 South-western college, California 1143 Spruce Creek tunnel, Pennsylvania railroad 786 State (Agricultural) college. Centre county 511 Stewart's block-house, Wyoming 895 Stevens, Thaddeus, grave of, at Lancaster 830 Susquelianna county court house, Montrose 1087 Susquehanna county, plan of townships in 1086 Susciuehanna river, above Milton 998 Susquehanna river, near Lewisburg 1112 Susquelianna,iunction of North and West branches, 1002 Swart hniore college, Delaware county 654 Swedes' church, Philadelpliia 1024 Taylor, Abl ih, house of, built 17'24 5'' Tionesta boiough, view of 733 To wan da borough, view of 405 Trappe, ancient Lutheran church at .. 960 Union county court house, Lewisburg 1110 Union League house, Philadelphia 25S Valley Forge, view at 955 Warren borough, view of 1133 Washington and Jefferson college 1140 AVashington female seminary .. 478 Washington's head-quarters at Bedford, 1794 371 Washington's head-quarters at Valley Forge 182 Wharton house 185 Wharton, Thomas, Jr., portrait of 170 Wa.vne, General, birth-place and residence of 640 Wa.'yne county soldiers' monument, Honesdale 11.50 Westmoreland county courthouse, Gree isburg 1153 Wicaco, First Swedes' church at 1015 Wilcox borough, view of 689 Wis.sahickon, view on 635 "Wolf, George, porlraitof 246 Wright's Ferry mansion, Columbia 833 Wyoming battle-ground, plan of 898 Wyoming county court house, Tunkhannock 1163 Wyoming, Indian irassacre at 880 Wyoming, Incident in history of Inset. Wyoming valley, first glimpse of 882 York county court house, York 1170 York, Provincial court house at 1173 York, Reformed church at 1176 Zlesberger preaching to the Indians, 1767 735 Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia, 1876. Bird's-eye view of the Centennial buildings. Inset. Memorial hall 774 Agricultural building 653 UorlicuUural hall 437 Main Exhibition building 596 Women's pavilion 813 Machinery liall 861 Exhibition medal, obvei'se 3.39 Exhibition medal, reverse 360 Eagle, Centennial— vignette 583 Eagle, National— vignette 738 PART I. GENERAL HISTORY. GOVERNORS OF THE COLONIES ON THE DELAWARE, OF THE PROVINCE, AND OF THE COMMONWEALTH. GOVEKNORS OF NEW NETHERLANDS AND OF THE DUTCH ON THE DELAWARE. Peter Minuit 1624-1G32 WouTER Van Twiller 1G33-1G38 SiK William Kieft 1638-1647 Peter Stuyvesant 1647-1664 governors of the swedes on the delaware. Peter Minuit 1638-1641 Peter Hollandare 1641-1643 John Printz 1643-1653 John Papfeooya 1653-1654 John Claudius Rysingh 1654-1655 [Captured by Peter Stuyvesant, 1655.] DOMINION OF THE DUTCIL Peter Stuya'esant, Governor of New Netherlands and of the settlements on the Delaware 1655-1664 Andreas Hudde, Commissary 1655-1657 John Paul Jacquet 1655-1657 [The Colony divided into that of the City and Company, 1657.J colony of the city. I colony of the company. Jacob Alricks 1657-1659 | Goeran Van Dyke 1657-1658 Alexander D'Hinoyossa. . . 1659-1662 | William Beekman 1658 1662 William Beekman 1663-1664 Alexander D'Hinoyossa 1663-1664 [Settlements captured by the English, 1664.] DOMINION OF THE DUKE OF YORK. Colonel Richard Nicolls, Governor , 1664-1667 Robert Carr, Deputy Governor 1664-1667 Colonel Francis Lovelace 1667-1673 [Colonies captured b^^ the Dutch, 1673.] DOMINION OF THE DUTCH. Anthony CoL^•E, Governor of New Netherlands 1673-1674 Peter Alricks, Deputy Governor of the Colonies on the west side of the Delaware 1673-1674 [Colonies re-captured by the English, 1674.] DOMINION OF THE ENGLISH. Sir Edmund Andross 1674-1681 14 GOVEBNOliS. 15 PROPRIETARY GOVERNMENT. WliiLiAM Penn, Proprietary 1681-1693 William Markham, Deputy Governor, June, 1681-Oct., 1682 William Penn, Proprietary Oct., 1682-June, 1684 The Council (Thomas Lloyd, President) June, 1684-Feb., 1688 1. Thomas Lloyd, ^ 2. Robert Turner, 3. Arthur Cook, \ Five Commissioners appointed by Penn, Feb., 1688-Dec., 1688. 4. JohnSymcock, I 5. John Eckley, j Captain John Blackwell, Deputj^ Governor Dec, 1688-Jan., 1690 The Council (Thomas Lloyd, President) Jan., 1690-Mar., 1691 Thomas Lloyd, Deputy Governor of Province, ) .Mar 1691-Apl 1693 William Markham, Deputy Governor of Lower Counties, ^ ' ' '' ' Crown of England 1693-1695 Benjamin Fletcher, Governor of New York, Governor ApL, 1693-Mar., 1695 William Markham, Lieutenant Governor Apl., 1693-Mar., 1695 William Penn, Proprietary 1695-1718 William Markham, Deputy Governor Mar., 1695-Dec., 1699 William Penn, Proprietary Dec, 1699-Nov., 1701 Andrew Hamilton, Deputy Governor (died) Nov., 1701-Apl., 1703 The Council (Edward Shippen, President) Apl., 1703-Feb., 1704 John Evans, Deputy Governor , Feb., 1704-Feb., 1709 Charles Gookin, Deputj^ Governor Feb., 1709-May, 1717 Sir William Keith, Deputy Governor May, 1717-July, 1718 John Penn, Richard Penn, and Thomas Penn, Proprietaries 1718-1746 Sir William Keith, Deputy Governor July, 1718-Aug., 1726 Patrick Gordon, Deputy Governor Aug., 1726-Aug., 1736 The Council (James Logan, President) Aug., 1736-Aug., 1738 George Thomas, Deputy Governor Aug., 1738-May, 1746 [John Penn died 1746; Richard Penn died 1771, when John Penn, his son, together with Thomas Penn, became sole Proprietaries.] 1746-1776 George Thomas, Deputy Governor May, 1746-Ma3', 1747 The Council (Anthony Palmer, President) May, 1747-Nov., 1748 James Hamilton, Deputy Governor Nov., 1748-Oct., 1754 Robert Hunter Morris, Deputj' Governor Oct., 1754-Aug., 1756 William Denny, Deputy Governor Aug. 1756-Oct., 1759 James Hamilton, Deputy Governor Oct., 1759-Nov., 1763 John Penn (son of Richard Penn), Lieutenant Governor Nov., 1763-Apl., 1771. The Council (James Hamilton, President) Apl., 1771-Oct., 1771 Richard Penn (brother of John Penn), Lieutenant Governor. Oct., 1771-Sept., 1773 John Penn, Lieutenant Governor Sept., 1773-Sept., 1776 IN THE REVOLUTION. The Committee of Safety (Benjamin Franklin, Chairman) Sept., 1776-Mar., 1777 presidents of the supreme executivh council. Thomas Wharton, Jr IMar. 5, 1777-May 23, 1778 Geo. Bryan, V. P., acting, vice President Wharton, deceased May 23, 1778-Dec. 22, 1778 Joseph Reed [ Dec 22, 1778-Nov. 15, 1781 William Mooee Nov. 15, 1781-Nov. 7, 1782 John Dickinson Nov. 7, 1782-Oct. 18, 1785 Benjamin Franklin Oct. 18, i785-Nov. 5, 1788 Thomas Mifflin Nov. 5, 1788-Dec. 21, 1790 Ig QOVEBNOIiS. VICE PRESIDENTS. George Bryan (resigned) Mar, 5 1777-Oct. 11, 1779 Matthew Smith (resigned) Oct. 11, 1779-Nov. 15, 1779 William Moore Nov. 15, 1779-Nov. 15, 1781 James Potter Nov. 15, 1781-Nov. 7, 1782 James Ewing Nov. 7, 1782-Nov. 6, 1784 James Irvine (resigned) Nov. 6, 1784-Oct. 10, 1785 Charles Biddle Oct. 10, 1785-Oct. 31, 1787 Peter Muhlenberg (resigned) Oct. 31, 1787-Oct. 14, 1788 David Redick Oct. 14, 1788-Nov. 5, 1788 George Ross Nov. 5, 1788-Dec. 21, 1790 GOVERNORS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF 1790. Thomas Mifflin Dec. 21, 1790-Dec. 17, 1799 Thomas M'Kean Dec. 17, 1799-Dec. 20, 1808 Simon Snyder Dec. 20, 1808-Dec. 16, 1817 William Findlay. .". Dec. 16, lS17-Dec. 19, 1820 Joseph Hiester Dec. 19, 1820-Dec. 16, 1823 John Andrew Shulze Dec. 16, 1823-Dec. 15, 1829 George Wolf Dec. 15, 1829-Dec. 15, 1835 Joseph Ritner Dec. 15, 1835-Jan. 15, 1839 GOVERNORS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF 1838. David Rittenhouse Porter Jan. 15, 1839-Jan 21, 1845 I'^RANCis Rawn Shunk Jan. 21, 1845-July 9, 1848 William Freame Johnston {vice Shunk, deceased) July 9, 1848-Jan. 20, 1852 William Bigler Jan. 20, 1852-Jan. 16, 1855 James Pollock Jan. 16, 1855-Jan. 19, 1858 William Fisher Packer Jan. 19, 1858-Jan. 15, 1861 Andrew Gregg Curtin Jan. 15, 1861-Jan. 15, 1867 John White Geary Jan. 15, 1867-Jan. 21, 1873 John Frederick Hartranft Jan. 21, 1873-Jan. 18, 1876 GOVERNOES under the constitution of 1873. John Frederick Hartranft Jan. 18, 1876-Jan. 21,1879 Henry Martyn Hoyt Jan. 21, 1879. LIEUTENANT GOVERNOES UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF 1873. John Latta Jan. 19, 1875-Jan. 21, 1879 Charles W. Stone Jan. 21, 1879. CHAPTER I. THE ABORIGINES. THE SUSQUEHANNAS. THE DELAWARES. THE SnATVANESE. INDIAN CnARACTERISTICS. the Moravian and Jesnit missionaries of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries we are chiefly indebted for the information we have of the aborigines who inhabited Penns3'lvania on the adv^int of the European, and in our account we shall make free use of Ilecke- wclder, Charlevoix, and others of that band of God-fearing men. At this period the territory embraced between the great lakes and the St. Lawrence to the northward, and the Chesapeake Bay and the Potomac to the southward, was occupied by two families of tribes — the Algonquin and the Huron Iroquois. Tlic former, which included the Micmacs, Mohogans, Illinois, Chippewas, Ottawas, Pottawatamies, Sacs, Foxes, Miamies, the Delawares of Pennsylvania, and many of tlie JNlaryland and Virginia tribes, surrounded the more powerful and civilized tribes, who have been called the Huron Iroquois, from the names of the two most powerful nations of the group — the Uurons or Wyandots of Upper Canada, and the Iroquois or Five Nations of New York. Besides these, the group included the Neuters, on the Niagara; the Dinondadies, in Upper Canada; tlie Erics, south of the lake of that name; the Andastogues or Sus- quehannas, on that river; the Nottaways and some other A'irginian tribes; and finally, the Tuscaroras in Nortli Carolina, and perhaps the Chcrokccs, Avhose language presents many striking points of similarity. Both these groups chiimed a western origin, and seem in their progress east to have driven out of Ohio the Quappas, called b}' the Algonquins, Alkausas or AUegewi, who retreated down the Ohio and Mississippi to the district which has proseived the name given tliem by the Algonquins. After planting themselves on the Atlantic border, the various tribes seem to. have soon divided and become embroiled in Avar. The Iroquois, at first inferior to tlie Algonquins, were driven out of tlie vallej'^ of the St. Lawrence into the lake region of New York, wliere, by greater cultivation, valor, and union, they soon became superior to the Algonquins of Canada and New York, as the Susquehannas, who settled on the Susquehanna, did over the tribes of New Jersey, iNIaryland, and Virginia. Pi'ior to 1600, says the Relation de la Nouvelle France, the Susquehannas and the Mohawks, the most eastern Iroquois tribe, came into collision, and the former nearly exterminated their enemy in a war which lasted ten years. In IGOS, Captain Smith, in exploring the Chesapeake and its tributaries, met a party of these Sasquesahanocks, as he calls them, and he states that they were still at war with the Massaw^omekes, or Mohawks. De Vries, in his Voyages^, found them in 1633 at war with the Armewamen and Sankiekans — Algonquin tribes on the Delaware — maintaining their supremacy by butchery. They were friendly to the Dutch. When the Swedes arrived in 1G38, 17— B 18 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. they renewed the friendly intercourse begun by the Dutch. According to Hazard, they purchased Lands of the ruling tribe, and thus secured their friend- ship. Southward, also, they carried the terror of their arms, and from 1G34 to 1644, says Bozman, they waged war on the Yaomacoes, the Piscataways, and Patuxents, and were so troublesome that in 1G42 Governer Calvert, by procla- mation, .declared them public enemies. When the Hurons, in Upper Canada, in 164T, began to sink under the fearful blows dealt b\' the Five Nations, the Susquehannas sent an embassy to offer them aid against the common enemy. Nor was the offer one of little value, for the Susquehannas could put into the field one thousand three hundred warriors, trained, says Proud, to the use of fire-arms and European modes of war by three Swedish soldiers, whom they had obtained to instruct them. Before interposing, however, they began a negotiation, and sent an embassy to Onondaga to urge the cantons to peace. The Iroquois refused, and the Ilurons, sunk in apathy, took no active steps to secure the aid of the friendly Susquehannas. That tribe, however, maintained its friendl}'^ intercourse with its European neighbors, and in 1652, Sawahegeh, and other sachems, in presence of a Swedish deputy, ceded to Maryland all the territory from the Patuxent river to Palmer's Island, and from the Choptauk to the north-east branch north of Elk river. Four 3'ears later, the Iroquois, grown insolent by their success in almost anni- hilating their kindred tribes north and south of Lake Erie, provoked a war with the Susquehannas, plundering their hunters on Lake Ontario. During that year the small-pox, that terrible scourge of the aborigines, broke out in their town, sweeping off many, and seriouslv enfeebling the nation. War had now begun in earnest with the Five Nations, and thougii the Susquehannas had some of their people killed near their town, they in turn pressed the Cayugas so hard that some of them retreated across Lake Ontario to Canada. They also kept the Senecas in such alarm that they no longer ventured to carry their peltries to New York, except in caravans escorted by six hundred men, who even took a most circuitous route. A law of Maryland, passed May 1, 1661, authorized the Govei'uor of that ProA'ince to aid the Susquehannas. Smarting under constant defeat, the Five Nations solicited French aid, but in •April, 1663, the ^Vestern cantons raised an army of eiglit hundred men to invest and storm the fort of the Susquehannas. This fort was located about fifty miles from the mouth of the river. The encmj- cmbaiked on Lake Ontario, according to the French account, and then went overland to tlie Susquehanna. On reaching the fort, however, they found it well defended on the river side, and on the land side with two bastions in European style, with cannon mounted and connected by a double curtain of large trees. After some trifling skirmishes the Iroquois had recourse to strategem. Tliey sent in a party of twenty-five men to treat of peace, and ask provisions to enable tlicm to return. The Susquehannas admitted them, but immediately burned them all alive before the eyes of their countrymen. The force ot the Iroquois, according to Proud and Hazard, consisted of one thousand six hundred warriors, while that of the Susquehannas only one hundred. On the retreat of the Iroquois, the Susquehannas pursued them with considerable slaughter. After this the war was carried on in small parties, and Susquehanna prisoners GENEBAL HISTORY. 19 were from time to time burned at Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca,, and Cayuga. In the fall of 1609, the Susquehannas, after defeating the Cayugas, offered peace, but the Cayugas put their amliassador and his nephew to death, after retaining him five or six months — the Oneidas having taken nine Susquehannas, and sent some to Cayuga, with forty wampum belts to maintain the war. At this time the great war chief of the Susquehannas was one styled Hochi- tagctc, or Barefoot, and raving women and craft}'- medicine men deluded the Iroquois with promises of his capture and execution at the stake, and a fimous medicine man of Oneida appeared after death to order his body to be t;\ken up and interred on the trail leading to the Susquehannas, as the only raeaT.s of saving that canton from ruin. Toward the summer of 1G72 a body of foi'ty Cayugas descended the Susquehanna in canoes, and twenty Senecas went by land to attack the enemy in their fields ; but a band of sixty Andaste, or Susque- hanna boys, the oldest not over sixteen, attacked the Senecas and routed them, killing one brave and taking another. Flushed with victor}^, they pushed on to attack the Caj'ugas, and defeated them also, killing eight, and wounding with arrow, knife, and hatchet fifteen or sixteen more, losing, however, fifteen or sixteen of their gallant band. At this time the Susquehannas were so reduced by war and pestilence that the_y could muster only three hundred warriors. In 1GT5, according to the Relations Inedit-e^ and Colden, the tribe was com- pletely overthrown, but unfortunately we have no details whatever as to the forces which eflected it, or the time or manner of their utter defeat. The remnant, too proud to yield to those with whom they had long contended as equals, and, by holding the land of their fathers by sufferance, to acknowledge themselves sub- dued, yet too weak to withstand the victorious Iroquois, forsook the river bearing their n;ime, taking up a position on the western borders of Maryland, near the Piscataways. Shortly after the}' were accused of the murder of some settlers, apparently slain by the Senecas; they sent five of their chiefs to the Maryland and Virginia troops, under Col. John Washington, great-grandfather of General George Washington, and Mnjor Thomas Truman, who went out in pursuit. Although coming as deputies, and showing the Baltimore medal and certificate of friendship, these chiefs were cruelly put to death. The enraged Susque- hannas then began a terrible border war, which was kept up until their utter destruction. Having thus followed the fortunes of the aborigines in the centre of Pennsyl- vania, we turn our attention to the two tribes residing therein upon the arrival of the Founder — and whose important connection with the subsequent history of the State deserves more than a passing notice. We refer to the Delawares and Shawanese. Tlie Lenni Lenape, or the original people, as they called themselves, inha- bited principally the shores of the river Delaware, thence their name. The Lenape were of western origin ; and nearly forty tribes, according to Ileckeweldcr. acknowledged them as their ''grandfathers " or parent stock. It was related by. the braves of the Delawares, that many centuries previous their ancestors dwelt far in the western wilds of the American continent, but emigrating eastwardly, arrived after many years on the Namceai Sij^u (the Mississippi), or river of fis!i. where they fell in with the Mengwe (Iroquois), who had also emigrated from a 20 HISTOB Y OF PENNS TL VANIA. distant counti\y, and approached this river somewhat nearer its source. The spies of the Lenape reported the country on the east of the Mississippi to be inhabited by a powerful nation, dwelling in large towns erected upon their principal rivers. This people, tall and stout, some of whom, as tradition reports, were of gigantic mould, bore the name of Allegewi, and from them were derived the names of the Allegheny river and mountains. Their towns Avere defended b}^ regular fortifica- tions or intrenchraents of earth, vestiges of whicli are yet show-n in greater or less preservation. The Lenape requested permission to establish themselves in their vicinity. This was refused, but leave was given them to pass the river, and seek a country farther to the eastward. But, whilst the Lenape were crossing the river, the Allegewi, becoming alarmed at their number, assailed and destroyed many of those who had reached the eastern shore, and threatened a like fate to the others should they attempt the stream. Fired at the loss they had sustained, the Lenape eagerly accepted a proposition from tlie Mengwe, who had hitherto been specta- tors onl}'^ of their enterjjrise, to conquer and divide the countr}-. A war of many years duration was waged by the united nations, marked by great havoc on both sides, which eventuated in the conquest and expulsion of the Allegewi, who fled b^' the way of the Mississippi, never to return. Their devastated country was apportioned among the con(]uorors ; the Iroquois choosing their residence in the neighborhood of the great lakes, and the Lenape possessing themselves of the lands to the south. After many ages, daring which the conquerors lived togetlicr in great har- mony, the enterprising hunters of the Lenape crossed the Allegheny mountains, and discovered the great rivers Susquehanna and Delaware, and their respective bays. Exploring the SheyicJibi countiy (Xew Jersey), tliey arrived on the Hud- son, to which thc\y subsequently gave the name of the MohicannillucJc river. Returning to their nation, after a long absence, they reported their discoveries, describing the country the\' had visited as abounding in game and fruits, fish and fowl, and destitute of inhabitants. Concluding this to be the country destined for them by the Great Si)irit, the Lenape proceeded to establish themselves upon the principal rivers of the east, making tlic Delaware, to which they gave the name of Lenape-ivilnltuck (the river or stream of the Lenape), the centre of their possessions. They say, however, that all of their nation who crossed the Mississippi did not reach this country ; a part remaining behind to assist that portion of their people who, frightened by the reception which the Allegewi had given to their country- men, fled far to the west of the Namcesi Sipn. They were finally divided into three great bodies ; the larger, one-half of the whole, settled on the Atlantic ; the other half was separated into two parts, the stronger continued be3'ond the Mississippi, the other remained on its eastern bank. Those on the Atlantic were subdivided into three tribes — the Turtle or UnamU^ the Turkey or Unalachtgo^ and the "Wolf or ]\Iinsi. The two former inhabited the coast from the Hudson to the Potomac, settling in small bodies in towns and villages upon the larger streams, under the chiefs subordinate to the great council of the nation. The Minsi, called by the English Monseys, the most warlike of the three tribes, dwelt in the interior, forming a barrier between their GENEBAL HISTOIIY. 21 nation and the Mengwe. They extended themselves from the Minisink, on the Delaware, where they held their council seat, to the Hudson on the east, to the Susquehannah on the southwest, to the head waters of the Delaware and Susque- hannah rivers on the north, and to that range of hills noAV known in New Jersey by the name of the Muskenccun, and by those of Lehigh and Conewago in Pennsylvania. Many subordinate tribes proceeded from these, who received names from their places of residence, or from some accidental circumstance, at the time of its occurrence remarkable, but now forgotten. Such probably were the Shawanese, the Nanticokes, the Susquehannas, heretofore referred to, the Nesharaines, and other tribes, resident in or near the Province of Pennsylvania at the time of its settlement. The Mengwe hovered for some time on the borders of the lakes, with their canoes in readiness to fly sliould the Allegewi return. Having grown bolder, and their numbers increasing, they stretched themselves along the St. Lawrence, and became, on the north, near neighbors to the Lenapc tribes. The Mengwe and tlie Lcnapr, in the progress of time, became enemies. The latter represent the former as treacherous and cruel, pursuing pertinaciously an insidious and destructive policy toward their more generous neighbors. Dread- ing the power of the Lenape, the Mengwe resolved to involve them in war with their distant tribes, to reduce their strength. They committed murders upon the members of one tribe, and induced the injured party to believe they were pcpetrated by another. They stole into the countr^^ of the Delawares, sur- prised them in their hunting i)arties, slaughtered the hunters, and escaped with the plunder. Each nation or tribe had a particular mark upon its war clubs, which, Jeft beside a murdered person, denoted the aggressor. The Mengwe perpetrated a murder in the Cherokee countrj', and left with the dead body a war club bearing the insignia of the Lenape. The Cherokees, in revenge, fell suddenly upon the latter, and commenced a long and bloody war. The treachery of the Mengwe was at length discovered, and the Delawares turned upon them with the determi- nation utterly to extirpate them. They were the more strongly induced to take this resolution, as the cannibal propensities of the Mengwe, according to Hecke- welder, had reduced them, in the estimation of the Delawares, below the rank of human beings. Hitherto each tribe of the Mengwe had acted under the direction of its par- ticular chiefs ; and, although the nation could not control the conduct of its mem- bers, it was made responsible for their outrages. Pressed by the Lenape, the}'' resolved to form a confederation ivhich might enable them better to concenti'ate their force in war, and to regulate their alfairs in peace, lliannawage, an aged Mohawk, was the projector of this alliance. Under his auspices, five nations, the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagoes, Cayugas, and Senecas, formed a species of republic, governed by the united councils of their aged and experienced chiefs. To these a sixth nation, the Tuscaroras, was added in 1112. This last originally dwelt in the western parts of North Carolina, but having formed a deep and general conspiracy to exterminate the whites, were, as stated in Smith's History of New York, driven from their country, and adopted by the Iroquois confederacy 22 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. The beneficial effects of this system early displayed themselves. The Lenape were checked, and the Mengwe, whose warlike disposition soon familiarized them with fire arms procured from the Dutch, were enabled, at the same time, to con- tend with them and to resist the French, who now attempted the settlement of Canada, and to extend their conquests over a large portion of the country between the Atlantic and the Mississippi. But, being pressed hard by their new, they became desirous of reconciliation with their old enemies; and, for this purpose, if the tradition of the Delawares be credited, they effected one of the most extraordinary strokes of policy which history has recorded. The mediators betAveen the Indian nations at war are the women. The men, however weary of the contest, hold it cowardly and disgraceful to seek reconcilia- tion. They deem it inconsistent in a warrior to speak of peace with bloody weapons in his hands. He must maintain a determined courage, and appear at all times as ready and willing to fight as at the commencement of hostilities. With such dispositions, Indian wars would be interminable, if the women did not interfere and persuade the combatants to bury the hatchet and make peace with each other. On these occasions, the women pleaded their cause with much eloquence. " Not a warrior," they would say, " but laments the loss of a son, a brother, or a friend. And mothers, who have borne with cheerfulness the pangs of child-birth, and the anxieties that wait upon the infancy and adolescence of their sons, behold their promised blessings crushed in the field of battle, or pe- rishing at the stake in unutterable torments. In the depth of their grief they curse their wretched existence, and shudder at the idea of bearing children." They conjured the warriors, therefore, by their suffering wives, their helpless children, their homes, and their friends, to interchange forgiveness, to cast away their arms, and, smoking together the pipe of amity and peace, to embrace as friends those whom they had learned to esteem as enemies. Prayers thus urged seldom failed of their desired effect. The function of the peacc-makei' was honorable and dignified, and its assumption by a courageous and powerful nation could not be inglorious. This station the Mengwe urged upon the Lenape. " They had reflected," they said, "upon the state of the Indian race, and were convinced that no means remained to preserve it unless some mag- nanimous nation would assume the character of the ivoman. It could not be given to a weak and contemptible tribe ; such would not be listened to ; but the Lenape and their allies would at once possess influence and command respect." The facts upon which these arguments were founded were known to the Dela- wares, and, in a moment of blind confidence in the sincerity of the Iroquois, tbey acceded to the proposition, and assumed the petticoat. The ceremony of the metamorphosis was performed with great rejoicings at Albany, in 1617, in the presence of the Dutch, whom the Lenape charged with having conspired witli the Mengwe for their destruction. Having thus disarmed the Delawares, the Iroquois assumed over them the rights of protection and command. But still dreading their strength, they art- fully involved them again in war with the Cherokees, promised to fight their bat- tles, led them into an ambush of their foes, and deserted them. The Delawares, at length, comprehended the treachery of their arch enemy, and resolved to resume GENERAL HISTOBY. 23 their arms, and, being still superior in numbers, to crush them. But it was too late. The Europeans were now making their way into the country in every direction, and gave ample employment to the astonished Lenape. The Mengwe denied these machinations. They averred that they conquered the Delawares by force of arms, and made them a subject people. And, though it was said the}' were unable to detail the circumstance of this conquest, it is more rational to suppose it true, than that a bravo, numerous, and warlike nation should have voluntaril}'- suffered themselves to be disarmed and enslaved by a shallow artifice ; or that, discovering the fraud practised upon them, they should unresist- ingly have submitted to its consequences. This conquest was not an empty acqui- sition to the Mengwe. They claimed dominion over all the lands occupied by the Delawares, and, in many instances, their claims were distinctly acknowledged. Parties of the Five Nations occasionally occupied the Lenape country, and wan- dered over it at all times at their pleasure. Eventually, in 1756, Tedyuscung, the noted Delaware chief, seems to have compelled the Iroquois to acknowledge the independence of his tribe, but the claim of superiority was often afterwards revived. The origin of the Sliawanese was southern. They probabl}' belonged to the Algonquins, as they spoke the same language. From the most authentic information, Harvey informs us, it appears that the basin of the Cumberland river was the residence of the Shawanese before the settlement of the Europeans on the continent, and that they connected the different sections of the Algonquin families. At the celebrated treaty of 1682, the Shawanese were a party to that covenant, and tliey must have been considered a very prominent band, from the fact of their having preserved the treaty in their own possession or keeping, as we are informed that, at a conference held many years after, that nation produced this treaty on parchment to the Governor of the Province. It was the custom with the Indian tribes who made a joint treat}' with the whites to commit the preservation of the papers containing the treaty, etc., to such of the bands as were considered most to be trusted. From the best authority, it appears that as early as 1673 upwards of seventy families of that nation removed from the Carolinas and occupied some of the deserted posts of the Susquchannas. Others of the tribe soon followed. In the year 1698, some Shawanese applied to the Proprietary Government of Pennsylvania for permission to settle on the Conestoga and Pequea creeks, under Opessah, their principal chief. Here the}' remained a quarter of a century, Avhen, with other families scttleVl on tlie Swatara, Paxtang, and the Susquehanna streams on the east, they branched off to the westward. As early as 1728 we find the Shawanese as far west as the Ohio, and by the middle of the eighteenth century the entire tribe had settled on the branches of that river. In the year 1732 the number of lighting braves of that nation in Pennsylvania amounted to seven hun- dred. The Shawanese, says Golden, were the most restless of all the Indian tribes. In 1745, he says, one tribe of them had gone to New Spain. This band of four huudred and fifty, who located themselves on the head-waters of the Mobile river, probably never returned to Pennsylvania. As it is difficult to disentangle the web of conflicting evidence respecting the nationality of the Indians who fVom time to time occupied the soil of Pennsyl- 24 TIISTOE Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. vania, we shall content ourselves with the foregoing reference to the three princi- pal nations, the most important of whom were the Delawares and Shawanese, as for almost a century and a half they were the principal parties to all treaties. The language of tlie aborigines, says Gordon, was said to be rich, sonorous, plastic, and compreliensive in the highest degree. It varied from the European idioms chielly in the conjugation of the verbs, with which not only the agent and patient were compounded, in every possible case, but the adverbs were also blended, and one word was made to express the agent, the action, with its accidents of time, place, and quantity, and the object effected by them. And, though greatly pliant, it was subjected to rules, from which tliere were few exceptions. It had the power of expressing every idea, even the most abstract. Tlie Old and New Testaments were translated into it, and the Christian missionaries had no difllcuity, as they asserted, of making themselves understood on all subjects by the Indians. As a specimen, we give the following translation of the Jubilale Deo in the language of the Six Nations : O Sewatonnharen ne Rawenniioke, nise ne Tsionwentsiagweon ; hetsisewa- wenniiostak ne Rawenniio, nok tsi eth.o nenseioaiere sewatshennonniliak ; nok gasewe tsi nonwe nihentcron, nolc tetsisewariwagwas ne Rawenniio. Agwa sewerhek ne Rawenniio raonha ne Niioh; nok raonha songwaiatison ; nok iah i-i ne tiongwe teiongwatatiatison ; nok raonha rahongweta ni-i ne tion- gweliogon. Wasene tsit honnhogaronte, etho tetsiscAvanonweraton ; nok ne rahononsagon tetsisewariwagwas: Tetsiscwanonwcraton, nok hetsisewasennanoronst nonen wesewatati. Roianere na-ah ne Rawenniio, tsiuihotennitcnraskon iah tiaichewe ; nok ne rahoriwatokenti toitkon tontatie, tsinahe tsontagawatsiratatie nongwe. A cultivated language usually denotes great civilization. But our abori- gines seem to have confined their eflbrts to the improvement of their speech. This was a consequence naturally flowing from their form of government and political institutions, in which the most absolute liberty prevailed. The public welfare was confided to the aged and experienced chiefs, whose resolutions were obeyed in full conviction of their wisdom. They had no law but public opinion, and the redress of injuries belonged to the injured. Among such a people, pai-- ticularly, eloquence is the handmaid of ambition, and all power must depend upon the talent of persuasion. To this cause we may ascribe the cultivation and the many beauties which are said to mark the Indian tongues of North America. In other respects, these tribes had advanced little beyond the rudest state of nature. The}^ had no written language, unless rude drawings may be thus con- sidered. Their intercourse with each other was regulated by a few simple rules of justice and courtesy. Their passions generally preserved an even and mode- rate tenor ; but, occasionally becoming intense, they produced enormous crimes, or deeds of heroism. In the commerce of the sexes, love, as a sentiment, was almost unknown. Marriage was a physical convenience, continued by the will of the parties, either sex having the power to dissolve it at pleasui'e. The treat- ment of the women, however, if not marked by tenderness, was not cruel. A full proportion of labor, it is true, was imposed upon them, but it was of that GENERAL HISTORY. 25 kind which necessarily falls to their lot, where the men are absent from their homes in search of sustenance for their families. It consisted of domestic and agricultural services. Children were educated with care in the knowledge of the duties and employments of their future life. Their lessons were taught in a kind and familiar manner, their attention awakened by the hope of distinction, and their efforts rewarded by general praise. Threats nor stripes were ever used. Lands and agricultural returns were common propert}^ ; peltries and the _ other acquisitions of the chase belonged to individuals. It is well known they were very much averse to European religion and customs, unless in such things as they could comprehend and clearly understand were for their real benefit. Yet, in this, sometimes, their passions prevailed over their better understanding; instance, their drunkenness, itc. Cut though the hoped and desired success did not so fully attend the labors bestowed on them, and the means used, both by William Penu himself, in person, and by divers others of the more i)ious and early settlers, whose good example was very remarkable, with the later endeavors since continued, to inform the judg- ment of the Indians in regard to religious affairs, to acquaint them with the principles and advantages of GhrisLianity^ to restrain them from some things acknowledged by themselves to be manifestly pernicious, particularly from abusing themselves with strong liquor, by law, as well as advice, ttc, so much as might reasonably have been wished or expected ; yet these YQxy labors and means were far from being useless, or entirely without good effect ; for the consequence declared that t)ic Indians, in general, were sensible of the kind regard paid them aud of the good intended thereby, which they showed and proved b}' their future conduct and steady friendship, though they generally refused in a formal manner to embrace European manners, religion, and opin- ions: "For, governed by their own customs, and not by laws, creeds, SiC, they greatly revered those of their ancestors, and followed them so implicitly that a new thought or action seldom took place among them." " They are thouglit," sa^^s William Penn, •' to have believed in a God and immor- tality; and seemed to aim at a public worship: in performing this, they some- times sat in several circles, one within another: the action consisted of singing, jumping, shouting, and dancing; wliich they are said to have used mostly as a tradition from their ancestors, rather than from any knowledge or inquiry of their own into the serious parts of its origin. "They said the great King, v/ho made them, dwelt in a glorious countr}^ to the southward ; and that the spirits of the blest should go thither and live again. Their most solemn worship was a sacriQce of the Jirst fruits, in which they burned the first and fattest buck, and feasted together upon what else they had collected. In this sacrifice they broke no bones of any creature which they ate ; but after they had done they gathered them together and burned them very care- full}^ They distinguished hetween a good and evil 3Ianito, or Spi7nt ; worship- ping the former for the good the_y hoped; and, it is said, some of them, the latter, that they might not be afiiicted with the evil which they feared ; so j-lav- ishly dark were some of them represented to have been in their understandings I But whether this last was true, in a general sense, or peculiar only to some parts, it was certainly not the case at all among the Indians within the limits of these 26 HISTOB Y OF PENNS TL VANIA. provinces, or, at least, very much concealed from the first and early settlers of them. " But in late years it was less to be admired that the Indians, in these provinces and their vicinity, had shown so little regard to the Christian religion, but rather treated it, as well as its professors, with contempt and abhorrence, when it was duly considered what kind of Christians those generally were, with whom they mostly dealt and conversed ; as, the Indian traders, and most of the inhabi- tants of the back counties of this and the neighboring provinces, who had chiefly represented the professors of Christianity among them, for many years ! viz., such of the lowest rank, and least informed, of mankind, who had flowed in from Germany, Ireland, and the jails of Great Britain, and settled next them, as well as those who fled from justice in the settled, or better inhabited parts of the country, and retired among them, that they might be out of the reach of the laws, &c., the least qualified to exliibit favorable ideas of this kind ; but it was most certain they have done the contrary- insomuch that, it were to be wished the cause of the late unhappy Indian war within the limits of these pro- vinces, did not take its rise, in no small degree, from the want of common jus- tice, in the conduct of too many of these people towards them ; for notwith- standing the general ignorance of the Indians in many things, especially of European arts and inventions, yet in things of this kind they relied more on ex- perience than theory ; and they mostly formed their judgment of the English, or Europeans, and of their religion and customs, not from the words, but from the actions and manners of those with whom they most conversed and transacted business. " For, however ignorant and averse to European refinement and wa3's of think- ing, on religious subjects, the Indians, in general, might appear to have been, yet, as in all other nations of mankind, it is most certain there wei'e some among them of a more exalted way of thinking, and enlightened understandings, who, not- withstanding the great absurdities among the generality, were not without some degree of a just sense and acknowledgment of the providential care and regard of the Almighty Creator over the human race, both in a general and particular capacity, and, even, of divine grace and influence on the human mind, and that independent of foreign information, or instruction: of this their immediate sense and understanding of mental objects, which it is most manifest many of them possessed, even of the highest nature, and very demonstrative ; besides, part at least of their traditions, from their ancestors, whose prime original, so far as it is founded on truth, must necessarily have first arisen from the divine intelli- gence, though communicated in different degree to different parts of the human race, and though much of such tradition may be mixed with imagination and absurdity." The strongest passion of an Indian's soul was revenge. To gratify it, distnnce, danger, and toil were held as nothing. But tliere was no manliness in his vengeance. He loved to steal upon his enemy in the silence of the forest, or in his midnight slumbers, and to glut himself, like a ravenous wolf, in undistinguished slauglitcr. In Avar, not even the captive was spared, unless he were adopted to supply the place of a deceased member of the capturing nation. If not thus preserved, he was destined to perish, in protracted torture, under the hands of women and chil GENEBAL HISTOBY. 27 dren. On the other hand, hospitality and respect for the property of others were their distinguishing virtues. Strangers were treated with great attention and kindness, their wants liberally supplied, and their persons considered sacred. To the needy and suffering of their own tribes they cheerfully gave ; dividing with them their last morsel. Theft in their communities was rare, and is said to have been almost unknown before their acquaintance with the whites. Such are, in brief, the peculiar characteristics of the aborigines. With the exception of a mere handful in tlie northern part of Warren county, all have disappeared from the limits of our State, and only the names of our streams and our mountains are left to remind us of the native red man, although the revenge- ful Delawares and perfidious Shawanese hold a prominent place in the history of the State for at least an entire century. PBOPKIETARY SEAIi. CHAPTEE II. DISCOVERY OF THE DELAWARE BY HUDSON, SETTLEMENT OP THE DUTCH AND SWEDES. 1609—1681. ijEVERAL years subsequent to the first settlement of Virginia, Henry Hudson, while in the service of the Dutch East India Company, made his celebrated voyage that resulted in the discov- er}' oftlie great river which most justly bears his name. lie sailed from Amsterdam in the Half-Moon, on the 4th of April, 1609, with the view of discovering a northwest passage to China. He arrived off the Banks 1G09. of New Foundland in Jul}', continued his course westwardl3', and, after some dela}', entered Penobscot Bay, on the coast of Maine. Aftei makinf some slight repairs, Hudson continued southwest along the coast until the 18th of August, when he arrived at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. Ileversing his course, on the 28th of August, 1609, in latitude thirty-nine degrees and five minutes north, Hudson discovered "a great bay," which, after bavin"- made a very careful examination of the shoals and soundings at its mouth, he entered. According to Juet, he soon came to the over-cautious con- clusion that "he that will thoroughly discover this great bay must have a small pinnace, that must draw but four or five feet water, to sound before him." To this great bay the name of Delaw^are has been given, in honor of Lord Delaware, who is said to have entered it one year subsequently to the visit of Hudson, although this has been denied by Mr. Broadhead and other historians. Coasting along the Eastern shore of New Jersey, Hudson, on the third day of September, anchored his ship within Sandy Hook. On the twelfth he entered New York Bay through the Narrows. The time between the 11th and 19th of September was employed in exploring the North River. He ascended with his ship as high as the spot on which Albany now stands. Satisfied that he could not reach the South Sea by this route, he retraced his steps. On the 4th of October he reached the ocean, and on the 7th of November following arrived on the English coast. Though an Englishman, Hudson was in the emi)loy of the Dutch, and his visit to the Delaware, however transient it may have been, is rendered important from the fact that on it principally, if not wholly, rested the claim of that Government to the bay and river, so far as it was based on the ground of prior discovery. This claim is now full}^ conceded ; for although the bay was known in Virginia .by its present nnjne as early as 1612, no evidence exists of its disc?)<'ery by Lord Delaware, or any other Englishman, prior to 1610, when it is said that navigator "touched at Delaware Bay on his passage to Virginia." Plantagenet — very doubtful authority — in his "Descrip- tion of New Albion," gives Sir Samuel Argall the credit of being the first European wlio entered its waters after its discovery by Hudson. An official Dutch document, drawn up in 1644, claims that New Netherland " was visited by 28 GENEBAL HISTORY. 29 inhabitants of that country in the year 1598," and that "two little forts were built on the South and North Rivers." This assertion, made by an interested party after the lapse of half a eentur}'-, is also to be doubted. The various names by which the Delaware River and Bay have been known, are: by the Indians — Pautaxat, Marisqueton, Makerisk-kisken, and Lenape "Wihittuck ; by the Dutch — Zuydt or South River, Nassau River, Prince Ilendrick River, and Charles River; by. the Swedes — New Swedeland Stream; and by tlio English, Delaware River. In 1G14 a general charter was granted by the States General of 1614. Holland, securing the exclusive privilege of trade during four voyao-cs with "any new courses, havens, countries, and places" to the discoverer, and subjecting any persons who should act in violation thereof to a forfeiture of their vessel, in addition to a heavy pecuniary penalty Stimulated by this edict, the merchants of Amsterdam fitted out Gvc vessels to engage in voyages, in pursuance tliereof. Among them was the Fortune, commanded by Ca[)tain Cornelis Jacobsen Mey. With more enterprise and industry than his predecessors, this naviirator visited the shores from Cape Cod to the South, or Delaware River, examining and mapping as he went along the numerous inlets and islands. Trom him tlie bay of tlic Delaware was called New Port Mey, its northern cape, Cape MeN', and the southern. Cape Cornelis. To a cape still further south he gave the name of Ilindlopen, after a town of Friesland. Returning to Holland, and making report of his discoveriea, in connection with the other skippers, the exclusive privileges of trade were granted to the United Company of Mercliants of the cities of Amsterdam and lloorn, by whose means the expedition had been fitted out. It •was limited, however, to "newly discovered lands situate in America between New France and Virginia, whereof the sea coasts lie between the fortieth and fort3'-fifth degrees of latitude, now named New Nctherland," and was to extend to four voyages, to be made within three 3-ears, from the first of Januar3-, 1G15. ItAvill be seen that the Delaware Bay is not included in this grant, a circumstance that would suggest that the discoveries in that quarter by Captain Mey had not been appreciated. To Skipper Cornelis Ilendrickson is due the credit of the first exploration of the Delaware river as higli up, probably, as the mouth of the Schuylkill, 1616. in the year IGIG. His report, furnished by his employers to the Stales Cencral, was not considered, however, as furnishing additional proof that the discoveries made b}^ him went mucli beyond what liad been previously made, for tlic application for trading privileges was refused. In anticipation of the formation of a Dutch West India Conipau}-, these privileges were not again granted under the general charter of 1614, except in a very few instances. Tlie trade to New Netherland, regarded by the Dutcii as extending beyond tlie Delaware, was thrown open, in a measure, to individual competition. This did not last long, for on the third of June, 1G21, the West India Company was incorporated. This company having, by virtue of the charter, taken possession of the country, tliey dispatclied the ship New Netherland, Avith a number of jicople, thereto, under the direction of Captains Cornelis Jacobsen Mey and Adrien Joriz 80 HIS TOR Y OF PENNS YL YANIA. Tienpont. Mey proceeded to the Delaware, or South, River, on tho 1623. eastern bank of which, fifteen leagues from its mouth, he erected Fort Nassau, at a place called by the natives Techaacho, supposed to be on the Sassackon, now Little Timber Creek, a short distance below the present town of Gloucester, in New Jersey. It was the first settlement, if it can so be regarded, on the Delaware. The administration of the affairs of New Netherland was confided by the West India Company to Peter Minuit, who arrived at Manhattan Island in 1624. He was assisted in his government by a council of five members and a 1624. "Scout Fiscal," whose duties embraced those now usually performed by a sheriff and district attorney. The autliority vested in the Director, as he was styled, and his council, was ample, being executive, legislative, and judicial, and extended to the South as well as the North River. The commencement of the Directorship of Minuit is fixed by Wassenaer, in his History of Europe, in the year 1G2G, and he assigns him two predecessors in that oflice, y\z., William Van Hulst, for the year 1625, and Cornelis Mey, for the year 1624. These men, in conjunction with Adrien Joriz Tienpont, appear, however, to have been merely directors of an expedition, and it would seem that the government of the country, of which the territory embraced within the limits of that portion of the State on the Delaware constituted a part, com- menced with the administration of Minuit. According to the authority last quoted, the effort at a settlement on the Delaware seems to have been abandoned before the expiration of a single year, in order to strengthen the colony at Manhattan. It is not remarkal)le that this policy should have been adopted, as the whole colony at that place scarcely numbered two hundred souls. The fort, therefore, at the South River, was abandoned to the Indians, who did not fail to occupy it as their occasions required ; and the country again passed into their possession as completely as it was on the day Hudson touched at the capes. In 1629, the West India Company granted, by charter, special privi- 1629. leges to all persons who should plant any colony in New Netherland. They adopted certain articles termed " Freedoms and Exemptions," under which scheme the feudal tenure of lands was to be introduced into America, south of Canada, where settlements on an analogous plan had already commenced. Thus encouraged, several of the directors of the company, among whom were Samuel Godyn and Samuel Bloemaert, resolved to make vast territorial acquisitions, and by tlieir agents had purchased a large tract of land at the mouth of the Delaware Bay. This grant was confirmed to the purchasers by Peter Minuit, the Director, and his council, on the 16th of July, 1630. 1630. The land embraced in tlio grant, thus confirmed, was "situate on the south side of tlie aforesaid bay of the South River, extending in length from cape Hinlopcn off into the mouth of the aforesaid South River, about eight leagues, and half a league in breadth into the interior, extending to a certain raarsli or valley through which these limits can be clearly enough distinguished." Samuel Godyn had previously given notice of his intention to make the above purchase, and to occupy the bay of the South River as " Patroon" on the conditions set forth in the " Freedoms and Exemptions." Meeting with GENERAL HISTORY. 31 David Pieterszen De Vries, of Ilooin, "a bold and skilful seaman," wlio liad been " a master of artillery in the service of the United Provinces," he made him acquainted with the design of himself and associates, of forming a colony. The bay of the South River was held up to De Vries as a point at which a whale fishery could be profitably established, as Godyn represented "that there were many whales " which kept before the bay, and the oil, at sixty guilders a hogs- head, he thought, would realize a good profit. De Vries, declining to accept a subordinate position in connection with the colony, he was at once admitted, on perfect equality, into a company of " Patroons," who associated themselves together on the IGth day of October, 1630. On the 12th of December following, a ship and a yacht for the South River were dispatched from the Texel, " with a number of people, and a large stock of cattle," the object being, says De Vries, " as well to carry on a whale fisliery in that region, as to plant a colony for the cultivation of all sorts of grain, for which the country is well adapted, and of tobacco." Swanendael (valley of swans) was tlie name given to the tract of land pur- chased by Godyn for his colony on the " South River, in New Netherland." From him the bay was named in the Dutch records, " Oodyn's Bay." This was in midwinter, 1630-1, but the date of the arrival of the colonists is not known. Skipper Heyes, who commanded the Walrus, for that appears to have been the name of the ship that brought out this little colony, purchased of tlie Iiulians a tract of land sixteen English miles square, at Cape Ma}', and extending sixteen miles on the bay. This document, duly reported and recorded, is still in ex- istence. A house, " well beset with palisades in place of breastworks," was erected on the northwest side of Hoorn-kill (Lewes creek), a short distance from 1631. its mouth. It was called " Fort Optlandt," and appears to have served the colon}-, which consisted of thirty-two persons, as a place of defence, a dwelling, and a storehouse. This colony, the most unfortunate that settled on the bay or river, was left under the charge of Giles Osset. Commissary Osset set upon a post or pillar the arms of Holland painted on tin, in evidence of its claim and profession. An Indian, ignorant of the object of this exhibition, and perchance unconscious of the right of exclusive i)roperty, appropriated to his own use this honored symbol. The folly of Osset con- sidered this offence not only as a larceny, but as a national insult, and he urged his complaints and demands for redress with so much vehemence and importu- nity that the harrassed and perplexed tribe brought liim the head of the olTender. This was a punishment which Osset neither wished nor had foreseen, and he ought justly to have dreaded its consequences. In vain he reprehended tlie severity of the Indians, and told them, had tliey brought the delinquent to him, he would have been dismissed with a reprimand. The love of vengeance, insepa rable from the Indian character, sought a dire gratification; and, though the death of the culprit was doomed and executed by his own tribe, still they beheld its cause in the exaction of the strangers. Availing themselves of the season in which a greater i)art of the Dutch were engaged in the cultivation of the fii-lds, at a distance from their house, the Indians entered it, under the amicable i)re- tence of trade, and murdered the unsuspicious Osset, with a single sentinel who 32 JIISTOB Y OF FUNICS YL VAKIA. attended liim. Thence proceeding to the fields, the}^ fell upon the laborers, in the moment of exchanging friendly salutations, and massacred cA'cry individual. This conduct of the Indians, Avith its extenuating circumstances, as related by themselves to De Tries, is sufficiently atrocious ; but it is neither improbable nor inconsistent with the disposition the aborigines had frequently displayed towards foreigners, that the desire of possessing the white man's wealth was as powerful a stimulant to violence as the thirst for vengeance. In December, 1G31, De Vries again arrived from Holland. He found no vestiges of his colonists, save the ashes of their dwelling and their unburied carcasses. Attracted by the firing of a cannon, the savages approached bis vessel with guilty hesitation. But having at length summoned courage to ven- ture on board, they gave a circumstantial narrative of the destruction of his people. De Vries deemed it politic to pardon what he could not safely punish ; and was, moreover, induced, by the pacific disposition of his employers, to seek reconciliation. He made a new treaty with the Indians, and afterwards, witir-a view to obtain provisions, ascended the river above Fort Nassau. He had nearly fallen a victim here to the perfidy of the natives. Pretending to comply with his request, they directed him to enter the Timmerkill (Timber Creek), which fur- nished a coavcnient place for an attack, but warned b}^ a female of the tribe of their design, and that a crew of a vessel, which had been sent from Virginia to explore the river the September previous, had been there murdered, he returned to Fort Nassau, which he found filled with savages. They attempted to surprise him, more than forty entering his vessel; but, aware of their intention, he ordered them ashore with threats, declaring that their Man! to, or Great Spirit, had revealed their wickedness. But subsequently, pursuing the humane and pacific policy which had hitherto distinguished him, he consented to the wishes the}' expressed, of forming a treaty of amity, which was confirmed with the cus- tomar}'^ presents on their part; but they declined his gifts, saying they did not now receive presents that they might give others in return. Failing to procure the necessary provisions, De Vries, leaving part of his crew in the bay to prosecute the whale fisher}-, sailed to Virginia, where, as the first visitor from New Netherland, he was kindly received, and his Avants supplied. Upon his return to the Delaware, in April following, finding tlie whale fishery unsuccessful, he hastened his departure, and, with the other colonists, returned to Holland, visiting Fort Amsterdam on his way. Thus, at the expiration of twenty-five years from the discovery of the Delaware by Hudson, not a single European remained upon its shores. Director Minuit, suspected to have favored the claims of the Patroons, having been recalled, left tlie now flourishing colony of New Amsterdam 1632. in the spring of 1G32. He was succeeded by Wouter Van Twiller, who arrived at Fort Amsterdam early the following 3-ear. The same year, Lord Baltimore obtained a grant for Maryland, under Avliich he claimed the lands on the west side of Delaware river, the fruitful source of continual controversies betvveen him and the Dutch, and later with the Pennsyl- vania proprietaries, w-Jiicl) vere not settled for more than one hundred and thirty years. After his death, iKo patent was confirmed to liis sou. The extent of the grant will be seen from the following proceedings and description, but had it not GENERAL HISTORY. 33 been for the occupancy of the Dutch thus narrated, Delaware as a separate State would have had no existence. Therefore "the vo3^agc of De Vries," says Bancroft, "was the cradling of a State. According to English rule, occupancy was necessary to complete a title to the wilderness. The Dutch now occupied Delaware, and Harvey, the governor of Virginia, in a grant of commercial privileges to Claiborne, recognised the adjoining plantations of the Dutch." "By letters patent of tliis date, reciting the petition of Cecilius, Lord Baltimore, for a certain country thereinafter described, not then cultivated and planted, though in some parts thereof inhabited by certain barbarous people, having no knowledge of Almighty God, his Majesty granted to said Lord Baltimore : " All that part of a peninsula lying in the parts of America between the occa7i on the east, and the bay of Chesapeake on the west, and divided from the other part thereof by a right line drawn from the promontory or cape of land called Watkins' Point (situate in the aforesaid bay, near the river of Wigheo), on the west, unto the main ocean on the east ; and between that bound on the soutli, unto that part of Delaware bay on the north, which lieth under the 40th degree of north latitude from the equinoctial, where New England ends; and all that tract of land between tlie bounds aforesaid ; i. e., passing from the aforesaid bay called Delaware ha}'-, in a right line by the degrees aforesaid, unto the true meridian of the first fountain of the river of Pattowmack, and from thence trending towards the south unto the farther bank of the aforesaid river, and following tlie west and south side thereof, unto a certain place called Cinquack, situate near the mouth of the said river, where it falls into the bay of Chesa- peake, and from thence by a straight line unto the aforesaid promontory and place called AVatkins' Point." It does not appear that actual steps towards the settling of the banks of the Delaware were taken until 1G38, and the authentic notices of transactions belonging to the interval which have come down to us are not of sufficient mo- ment to be chronicled in tliis place. Peter Minuit, after his return to Holland, went to Sweden and succeeded in reviving the plan of colonizing the Delaware, abandoned by Usselinx, who is supposed to have died at the Hague, in 1647. Towards the close of 1G37, Minuit, under the patronage of Queen Christina, at the head of an expedition consisting of the ship of war Key of Kalmar, and the transport Griffin, and carrying a clergyman, an engineer, about fifty settlers, with the necessary provisions, merchandise for trade and presents to the Indians, left Gottenberg, and after calling at Jamestown, in Yii-ginia, for wood and water, reached the Delaware about May, 1G38. Purchasing the soil on the western shore, from the 1638. capes to the falls of Santhikan, opposite to the present city of Trenton, from the Indians, lie erected the fort and town of Christina, on the north bank of the Minquas-kill, or Miuquas creek, almost three miles above its mouth. The Rev. Reorus Toikillus, who accompanied Minuit, was the first Swedish clergyman in America ; he died in 1043, aged 35. The establishment of the Swedes led to remonstrances on the part of Kieft,then director-general of New Netherland, which were unheeded by Minuit, whose intercourse with the Indians was of an amicable character. Minuit died at Christina several years afterwards. 34 HISTOE Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. While it is conceded that the Dutch had for a long time traded on the river, that they had there erected forts, or trading posts, one of which had been occupied from time to time since 1G24, that they had purchased lands from the Indians on both sides of the bay near its mouth, and had made an unsuccessful attempt to plant a colony at Swanendael, yet it cannot be denied tliat the colony of Minuit constituted the tirst permanent settlement on the Delaware. While the Swedish government may claim the distinction of planting this colony, it is really entitled to very little credit on account of any immcdu\te care and attention bestowed on it. "The whole number of emigrants," says Hazard, "did not exceed fifty souls, and a portion of these, according to Van der Donk, were criminals." Though well supplied in the beginning, they were left a long time without aid or succor from Sweden, and but for the experience and energy of the commander, a Dutchman, the permanency of the colony could not have been maintained. As it was, but a single day intervened between the time appointed for its dissolution, and the arrival of supplies that saved it from that catastrophe. Peter Ilollandare, a Swede, appointed to succeed Peter Minuit as Governor of New Sweden, arrived in one of the vessels sent for the relief and 1641. reinforcement of the colony at Christina. His administration con- tinued for a year and a half, when he returned to occupy a military post in his native countr}'. John Printz, appointed Governor, accompanied by Rev. John Carapanius with another colony, on board the Stoork and the Renown, arrived in the 1643. Delaware on February 15, 1G43, at Fort Chi-istina, afler a passage of one hundred and fifty days. Agreeably to his instructions, he erected on the island of Tenakong, or Tinicum, a fort called New Gottenljcrg, a hand- some residence which he named Printz Hall, and, subsequently, a church. A mill was also built on Cobb's creek. The principal inhabitants had their dwell- ings and plantations on this island. Printz's instructions acknowledged the right of soil in the Indians; directed him to confirm the contract made by Minuit; to maintain a just, upright, and amicable intercourse with them, and, if possible, also with the Dutch. Still, in case of hostile interference on their part, he was to " repel force by force." During the same year, Printz is said to have erected on or near the present Salem creek, another fort called Elftsborg, or Elsingborg, for the purpose of shutting up tlie river, a matter which greatly exasperated the Dutch, whose ships, when passing, had to lower their colors and were boarded b}' the Swedes. Rei)ort says that the latter had, however, soon to vacate the fort on account of the mosquitoes, and that they called it Myggenborg, or Mosquito Fort. Two years previous, against the anxious admonition of Director General Kleft, a company of emigrants from New Haven proceeded to the Delaware, located themselves at Salem creek and on the Schuylkill. This intrusion, in the estimation of the Dutch, was an affair of " ominous consequence," that might eventually result in the ruin of their trade on the South River; accordingly^, no time was to be lost in getting rid of these dangerous rivals. In eflfecting their removal the Swedes have the credit of lending a helping hand to the Dutch. The only measures in which the Dutch and Swedes could unite harmoniously in GENERAL UISTOBY. 35 carrying out, were such as would keep the English from gaining a footing on the river. In 1645, when Andreas Iludde, the Dutch commissary on the Delaware, made his examination of the river preparatory to making his report to the 1645. government, there were on the same side of the river with Fort Christina, and about two (Dutch) miles higher up, "some plantations," which, in the language of the report, "are continued nearly a mile; but few houses only are built, and these at considerable distances from each other. The farthest of tliese is not far from Tenakong. . . . Farther on, at the same side, till you come to the Schuylkill, being about two miles, there is not a single plantation at Tenakong, because near the river nothing is to be met but under- wood and valley lands." After Tinicura, according to Hudde, Chester, Marcus Hook, and one or two points above and below, may claim a priority of settlement to any part of the Province of Pennsylvania. Though the Swedes had erected a fort on the New Jercey side of the river they never placed so high an estimate on their title to the land on that side as to that on the western shore. As a consequence, most of their settlements were at first made on that side of the Delaware, up which, and the Schuylkill, the\^ were gradually extended. These rivers, and the numerous tide-water creeks consti- tuted the highways of the Swedish settlers, and it was in close 1646. proximity with these streams their habitations were erected. In 1046 they constructed and consecrated a church on Tinicum island. As to the social and domestic condition of the settlers on the Delaware, at the time of the arrival of Governor Printz, no satisfactory conclusion can be arrived at. The Swedes were of three classes, " The company's servants," those who came " to better their fortunes," and were called freemen ; and a third class, consisting of " vagabonds and malefactors," who were to remain in slavery, and were emploj-ed "in digging earth, thinning up trenches, and erecting walls and other fortifications." Fort Nassau was merely a militar^^ establishment to maintain a trading post- The fort was occupied by the soldiers and servants of the Dutch West India Company, and there is reason to believe that, at times, some of the latter M'ere negro slaves. But little is known of the early doings of the Hollanders under Swedish authority on the river and bay below Christina. Governor Printz possessed man}' qualifications that fitted him for tlie position he occupied. His plans were laid with good judgment, and were executed M-ith energ}'. He managed the trade of the river with the natives so as to monopo- lize nearly the whole ; yet succeeded during his entire administration in avoid- ing an open rupture with the Dutch authorities, whose jealousy was said to be excessive. The settlement of the country, however, proceeded ver}'- slowly under the Swedish dynast}'-, while trade was pushed to an extent never before known upon the river. This, as before remarked, was a source of great annoyance to the , Dutch, as the trade of the river was lost to them in proportion as it was acquired b}' the Swedes. On account of the progress made by the latter, Governor Kieft sent Iludde to keep a watch on the proceedings of Governor Printz, and to resist his supposed innovations. Iludde, at this time, estimated 36 niSTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. the -whole force of the Swedish governor at from eighty to ninety men. But the Dutch force on the river, at the same time and for some years afterwards, was uttnrlj' insignificant, even when compared witli that of the Swedes. As late as 1648 they had but six able-bodied men on the river. It was not long ere Hudde and Governor Printz got into an angry contro- versy', which, througli the negotiation of Rev. Campanius, an amicable arrange- ment was entered into between the Swedes and the Dutch about the trade of the Schuylkill. Nevertlieless the planting of a Dutch settlement on the western shore of the Delaware was now the policy of the authorities at Manhattan. To this Governor Printz entered a sharp protest. Governor Kieft having been recalled, the administration of affairs 1647. upon Dutch account on the Delaware passed into the hands of Peter Stuyvesant. Ilis administration commenced on the 27th of May, 1647. and continued till 16G4, when the American interests of the Dutch passed into the hands of the English. The disagreements between the Swedes and the Dutch continued, giving rise to a mutual hatred and jealous3\ Stu3'^vesant in a letter coipplains of the en- croachments of the former, while they in turn suggest plans to inter- 1648. fere with the Dutch to and on the North River. Each part}- steadily pursued the policy of obtaining additional grants of lands from the Indians as tlie one most likely to strengthen its claims upon the Delaware. The Swedes, however, maintained their supremac}'. Governor Stuyvesant's troubles were not nlone with the Swedes on the Dela- ware. He was constantly embroiled with his own people, and his New England neighbors gave him much uneasiness. The directors of the West India Company intended to apply to the Government of Sweden for the establishment of limits between the two colonies on the South River. Stuyvesant made a visit to the Delaware, and at once, without waiting for a personal interview with Governor Printz, conducted negotiations by means of "letters and messengers," but no sat- isfactory conclusion was arrived at. Before he left the river, he secured from an Indian sachem, by "a free donation and gift," lands he had refused to sell to the Swedes. Certain other susiticious negotiations were conducted with the Indians, by which their title to the land from Christina-kill to Bombay Hook the Dutch protended to have extinguished. Having thus acquired " a/i Indian title ^^ to the west bank of the river, Governor Stuyvesant at once determined to erect another fort, and to raze Fort Nassau, wliich "lay too higii up." This new fort, named Casimir, was ei'ccted about a league from Fort Christina, and its site was within the limits of the present town of New Castle. Governor Printz, having been accustomed to an active military life, became wearied of his position, and requested permission to return to Svreden. 1G53. Not waiting for the arrival of his successor, he sailed for his native countr}' in October, 1653, leaving his son-in-law, John Pappcgoya, in charge of tlie government. The interval between the departure of the old Governor and the arrival of the new one did not exceed live or six months, and Papi)egoya also returned to Sweden the following year. The commission of John Claudius R3-singh, the successor of Printz, bears GENEBAL HISTOBT. 37 date the 12th December, 1653. Arriving in New Sweden towards the end of Maj', on board the ship Aren, Rysingh eoramenced his administration by capturing the Dutch Fort Casimir, in direct violation of his instructions. With its capture, the authority of the Dutch on the river, for the time being, was sus- pended. The engineer, Teter Lindstrom, who constructed the first map of New Sweden, and who came to the country with Rysingh, caused this fort to be greatly strengthened. Ue also laid out the town of Christina, back of the fort of that name. On the nth of June, a great convocation of Indians was held at Printz Hall, on Tinicum, at which it was offered, on behalf of the Queen of Sweden, 1654. to renew the ancient league of friendship that subsisted between them and the Swedes, who had purchased from them the lands they occui)ied. The Indians complained that the Swedes had brought much evil upon them, for many of them had died since their coming into the country; whereupon a considerable number of presents were distributed among the Indians, which brought about a conference among themselves. The result was a speech from one of their chiefs, Naaman, in which he rebuked his companions for having spoken evil of the Swedes, and told them he hoped they would do so no more, for the Swedes were very good people. "Look," said he, pointing to the presents, "what Vaay have brouglit to us, for which they desire our friendship." " Afterwards he thanked the Swedes for their presents, and promised that friendship should be observed more strictly between them than it had been before ; that if any one should attempt to do any harm to the Indians, the Swedes should immediately inform them of it; and, on the other hand, the Indians would give immediate notice to the Christians of any plot against them, even if it were in the middle of the night. On this they were answered, that that would be, indeed, a true and lasting friendship, if every one would agree to it; on which they gave a general shout in token of consent. Immediately on this tlie great guns were fired, wliich highly delighted the natives. After advising that some Swedes should be settled at Passyunk, where there lived a great number of Indians, they expressed the wish that the title to the land which the Swedes purchased should be confirmed, on which the agreements were read to them, word for word. When those who had signed the deeds heard their names they appeared to rejoice, but when the names were read of those who were dead they hung their heads in sorrow." The recorded proceedings of this treaty with the aborigines have come down to us through Campanius, and it is conclusive evidence that the Swedes had purchased from the Indians the lands then occupied by them ; and the fact that one of the principal chiefs was a party to this transaction, renders it a certainty that the former purchase of the Swedes had been made from "the right owners," the pretensions of Stuyvesant to the contrar3\ Campanius informs us that the treaty thus so solemnly made between the Swedes and Indians " has ever been faithfully observed by both sides." The affairs of the Swedes on the Delaware were now approaching a crisis, but nothing had occurred to arouse the suspicions of the home government. The triumph of R3'singh was regarded as a re-conquest of usurped territory-, and no other means to reclaim it by the Dutch were apprehended. This was a fatal 38 HISTOB Y OF PENN'S YL YANIA. delusion ; for at the close of 1654, while estimates were being made in Sweden for the support of their colony during the ensuing year, on a peace basis, an armament was being fitted out in Holland, not only sufficient " to replace matters on the Delaware in their former position," but ''to drive out the Swedes from every side of the river." In the spring of 1655, five armed vessels, well equipped, were forwarded to Stuyvesant, with authority to charter others. The armament, when 1655. completed at New Amsterdam, consisted of seven vessels and about six hundred men. The expedition was commanded by Govei'nor Stuyve- sant in person, and arrived at the bay of South River on the afternoon of Monday, the 5th of September. The deserted Fort Elsingborg was visited the following day, but it was not until Friday that the fleet reached Fort Casimir, now christened Trefalldigheit, or Trinity. This post was under the immediate command of Sweu Schute, "the brave and courageous lieutenant" of the Swedes, while Governor Rysingh, in person, had (iharge of Christina. To prevent a communication between the two forts, Stuyvesant had landed fifty men. The demand made by the Dutch was a "direct restitution of tlieir own property," to which Commander Schute, after having had an interview with Stuyvesant, reluctantly 3delded on the following da}^, upon very favorable terms of capitula- tion. The Dutch Governor tben proceeded to Fort Christina, and, after a seige of fourteen days, it also was surrendered by Rysingh ; articles of capitulation were signed, according to which the Swedes were suffered to vacate the fort with Hying colors, and the Governor and as many persons as might choose to accom- pany him, besides being allowed their private property, were offered a free pas- sage to Sweden, whither they ultimately returned. Agreeably to special instructions from the home government, an ofi'er was made to restore the pos- session of Fort Christina to R3'singh, but he declined the offer, preferring to abide by the articles of capitulation. Thus ended, on September 25, 1655, the short career of Governor Rysingh, and with him fell the whole Swedish Colony. The hardships of the Swedes, though they were not protracted under the Dutch government, did not terminate with the cajjture of their forts. We are informed b}' Acrelius, that the "flower of their troops were piclied out and sent to New Amsterdam. Under the pretext of their free choice, the men vvere forcibly carried on board the ships. The women were ill-treated in their houses, the goods pillaged, and the cattle killed." Many improvements were made by the Swedes, from Henlopen to the Falls of Alumingh or Santhilcans. They laid the foundation of Uplandt, the present Chester; Korsholm Fort was built at Passayung; Manayung Fort was placed at the mouth of tlie Schuylkill ; they marked the sites of Nya Wasa and Gripsholm, somewhere near the confluence of the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers ; Straws VVijk, and Nieu Causeland (the present New Castle) ; and forts were erected at Kingsessing, Wicacoa (Southwark), Finlandt, Meulendael, and Lapauanel. On the eastern shore the Swedes had settlements at Swedesborough and other places. The government of the Dutcli on the river was established by the appoint- ment of John Paul Jacquet as vice-director and commander-in-chief, and Andreas Iludde, as secretarj' and surveyor, keeper of the keys of the fort, etc. QENEBAL HISTOBY. 39 As evidence that the Swedish government had been kept in ignorance of the intended conquest of New Sweden by the Dutch, was the arrival, on the 1656. 24th of March, 1656, of the Swedish ship Mercury, with one hundred and thirty souls on board, intended as a reinforcement to the colony. They were forbidden to pass the fort, but a party of Indians joined the crew and con- ducted the ship up the river, the Dutch not venturing to fire a gun against them. Although the Dutch government never yielded its assent to the landing of the immigrant passengers, they all did land, and probably most of them remained in the country. The Dutch West India companies had become greatly embarrassed by the large amount of their debts, which had been increased by the aid 1657. afforded the City of Amsterdam, towards the conquest of the Swedes on the Delaware, and to liquidate this debt, that part of the South River extending from the west side of Christina-kill to the mouth of the bay, "and so far as the Minquas land extended," was transferred to that City. The colony thus established took the name of Nieuer Amstel. The government of the City colony was organized by the establishment of a board of commis- sioners to reside in the City of Amsterdam. Forty soldiers were enlisted and placed under the command of Captain Martin Krygier and Lieutenant Alexander D'llinoyossa, and one hundred and fifty emigrants, freemen, and boors, were forth- with dispatched to settle in the new colony. Jacob Alricks accompanied the expedition as Director of New Amstel. Alricks assumed the government of the colony towards the close of April, 1657, when Hudde was appointed to the command at Fort Christina, the name of which was changed to Altona, and also of New Gottenberg. Over the Swedes and Fins, who were exclusively the inhabitants of the river above the colony of the City of Amsterdam, Goeran Van Dyck had been appointed with the title of " schout fisscal," and under him Anders Jurgen. Van Dyck suggested to Stuyvesant the necessity of concentrating the Swedish inhabitants, and procured from him a proclamation inviting them to assemble in one settlement. The invitation was not accepted. In May, 1658, Governor Stuyvesant madea\isit to South River to examine into affairs there. Finding some irregularities concerning the customs, 1658. he appointed William Beekman, with the title of commissary and vice- director, to superintend the revenue. Outside of the district of New Amstel, Beekman was charged with the administration of civil and criminal justice, and the superintendence of military affairs. Within that district the authority was vested in Alricks. The prosperous commencement of the Cit}^ colony was soon followed by evils that almost threatened its dissolution. Sickness, a scarcity of provisions and failure of crops, followed by a severe winter, spread dismay and discontent among the people. Added to these distresses were news of a threatened invasion by the English, and the arrival of commissioners from Maryland to command the Dutch to leave, or to acknowledge themselves subjects of Lord Baltimore. In regard to the latter a protracted conference ensued, in which the Dutch title to the lands on the Delaware river and bay was defended with considerable ability. The land from Bombay Hook to Cape Henlopen was secured by 40 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. purchase from the savages, and a fort erected at Iloern-kill as a further security against the English claim. It was attached to the district of New Amstel. The clashing of interests between the City and the Company, taken in connec- tion with the adverse circumstances with which he was surrounded, rendered Director Alrick's position one of great difficulty. Tovvards the close of 1659. the year 1G59 he departed this life. Previous to his death Alricks nomi- nated D'llinoyossa as his successor, and Gerit Van Gezel as Secretar3\ While the City and Company occupied the country jointly, the seat of justice of the latter jurisdiction was at Altona. The Swedes did not resort voluntarily to the court held there, preferring to settle their differences among themselves, and in one or two instances they wilfully disregarded its processes. The time had now arrived when tlie dominion of Pennsylvania was to be wrested from the Dutch, and. with the exception of a short interval, for ever. The crown of Great Britain having been restored to Charles II., he granted to his brother James, Duke of York, the territory embracing the whole of New York and New Jersey, and, by a subsequent grant, that which now comprises the State of Delaware. To secure the possession of his newl^^ acquired territory, the Duke fitted out an expedition consisting of four men-of-war and four hundred and fifty men, which he placed under the command of Sir Richard 1664. Nicolls. Associated with the commander were Sir Robert Carr, Sir George Cartwright, and Samuel Maverick, Esq., as commissioners. The expedition reached the mouth of the Hudson in the latter end of August, 1664. The formidable force and the favorable terms offered to the inhabitants disposed them to capitulate, notwithstanding the eff"orts of the Governor to excite resistance. After a few days of fruitless negotiation, during which Stuj^'esant pleaded in vain the justice of the title of the States General, and the peace existing between them and the English nation, a capitulation was signed, August 21, 1664, and, immediately afterwards, a force was dispatched to reduce Fort Orange. In honor of the Duke of York, the city of New Amsterdam received the name x)f New York, and Fort Orange that of Albany. The greater part of the inhabitants submitted cheerfully to the new government, and Governor Stuyvesant retained his property and closed his life in New York. Matters being thus arranged at New Amsterdam, the reduction of the colony on the Delaware having been determined, Sir Robert Carr, with two frigates, the Guinea, and the William and Nicholas, and the troops not needed at New York, sailed thither and accomplished his mission with the expenditure of two barrels of powder and twent}' shot. The capitulation took place on October 1, 1664, and stipulated that "the burgesses and magistrates submitting to his majesty should be protected in their persons and estates ; that the present mag- istrates should be continued in office ; that permission to leave the countrj' within six months should be given to anyone desirous so to do; that all persons should enjoy liberty of conscience as formerly ; that any person taking the oath of allegiance should become a free denizen, and enjoy all the privileges of tj-ading into an}^ of his Majesty's dominions, as freely as an}^ Englishman." The whole country being thus reduced without bloodshed. Colonel Nicolls, by virtue of a commission of the Duke of York, assumed the government of New York, and on November 3rd was commissioned by his colleagues, Cai't- GENEBAL HISTORY. 41 Wright and Maverick, to proceed to Delaware, " to take special care for the good government of said place, and to depute such officer or officers therein as be shall think fit for the management of his Majesty's affairs, both civil and military, until his Majesty's pleasure be further known." Colonel Robert Carr was appointed Deputy Governor. New Amstel was nov/ called New Castle. The capture of New York and its dependencies led to an European war between Great Britain and Holland, ending in the treaty of Breda, at which the right of the former to their iiewl3'-acquired territories in America was acknowledged. Colonel Nicolls governed for nearly three years with justice and good sense. lie settled the boundaries with the Connecticut Colonj^^ which, yield- ing all claim to Long Island, obtained great advantages on the main, push- ing its line to Marmaroneck river, about thirty miles from New York ; he prescribed the mode of purchasing lands from the Indians, making the consent of the governor requisite to the validity of all contracts with them for 1665. the soil, and directing such contracts to be entered in the public registry ; he incorporated the city of New York, under a mayor, five aldermen, and a sheriff, in 16G5, and, although he reserved to himself all judicial authorit}', his administration was so wise and impartial, that it enforced universal praise. Colonel Francis Lovelace succeeded Colonel Nicolls, in May, IGGY. By proclamation he required that all patents granted by the Dutch, for 1667. lands upon the Delaware, should be renewed, and that persons hold- ing lands, without patent, should take out titles under the English authority. Power was given to the officers on the Delaware to grant lands, and the commission of surve^^or-general, of all the lands under the govern- ment of the Duke of York, on the west side of the Delaw^are, was issued to Walter Wharton. Governor Lovelace also renewed the duty of ten per cent; imposed on goods imported by the Delaware, which had been ordained by the Dutch, and repealed hy his predecessor; but it was found so oppressive, that he also was compelled to revoke the order by which it, w^as established. In the Spring of the year 1672, the town of New Castle was, by the 1672. government of New York, made a corporation ; to be governed by a bailiff and six associates ; after the first year, four old to go out and four others to be chosen. The bailiff was president and had a double vote ; the constable was chosen by the bench. They had power to try causes, as far as ten pounds, without appeal. The English laws were established in the town, and among the inhabitants, on both sides of Delaware. The office of schout was converted into that of sheriff, for the corporation and river, annually chosen. And they were to have free trade, without being obliged to make entr}^ at New York, as before. The fears of the government of Maryland, says Gordon, lest the title of Lord Baltimore to the country on Delaware Bay should be weakened by non-claim, produced occasional irruptions of a very hostile character. An act of violence was committed at lloarkill [1672], by a party of Mar^ landers led by one Jones, who seized the magistrates and other inhabitants, plundered them, and carried 42 HISTOE Y OF PjELZOTS TL VANIA. off the booty. They were joined by one Daniel Brown, a planter of Hoarkill. Brown was soon taken, sent to New York, and there tried and convicted ; but on promise of amendment, and security given for his good behavior in future, was dismissed. Governor Lovelace wrote a letter to Governor Calvert of Maryland, on this aggression, and instructed Captain Carr, his deputy at Delaware, to resist future encroachments. Charles II. having declared war against the States General of Holland, Dutch privateers soon infested the American coasts, and plundered the inhabi- tants of New Castle and Hoarkill. With a view to repairing their losses, per- mission was granted to them by the government to impose, for one year, a duty of four guilders, payable in wampum, on each anker of strong rum imported or sold there. Wampum being the chief currency of the countr}' and scarce, the governor and council of New York issued a proclamation increasing its value, whereby " instead of eight white and four black, six white and three black should pass for a stiver: and three times so much the value in silver," This was the Indian money, by them called wampum ; bj' the Dutch, sewant. It was worked out of shells, into the form of beads, and perforated to string on leather. Six beads were valued at a stiver; twenty stivers made what they called a guilder, which was about sixpence currency, or fourpence sterling. The white wampum was worked out of the inside of the great conques. The black, or purple, was formed out of the inside of the mussle, or clam-shell. These, being strung on leather, were sometimes formed into belts, about four inches broad and thirty in length, and were given and received at treaties, as seals of friend- ship. A squadron of Dutch ships, under command of Evertse and Benke, arrived on July 80, IGYS, and recaptured New York without opposition. The 1673. commander of the fort at the Narrows, John Manning, treacherously made peace with the enemy and delivered up the fort without giving or I'eceiving a shot, and the major part of the magistrates and constables swore allegiance to the States General and the Prince of Orange. Thus New York and New Jersey came again under Dutch rule. Deputies were also sent by the people inhabiting the country as far west as Delaware, who, in the name of their principals, made a declaration of their submission, and Delaware again reverted to the Dutch in that year. Anthony Colve was appointed governor, with Peter Alricks Deputy, who held the offices until the country was restored to England b}^ the Treaty of Westminster, concluded the 19th February, 16T4. The Duke of York, says Proud, on June 29, 1G74, obtained a new royal patent confirming the land granted him in 1G64, and two days after 1674. appointed Major, afterwards Sir, Edmund Andross, governor of his territories in America, which were surrendered to him by the Dutch on October 31 following. Andross authorized Captain Edmund Cantwell and William Tomm to take possession of the forts and stores at New Castle for the Kino-'s use, and directed them to adopt measures for the establishment of order and tranquility on the Delaware. On June 24, 1G14, the Duke of York granted to John, Lord Berkley, and Sir George Carteret, " the Province of New Jersey, bounded on the east by the G ENSEAL HISTORY. 43 Atlantic ocean, on the west by Delaware Bay and river, on the north by a line drawn from the Delaware river at forty-one degrees forty minutes, to the Hudson River, in forty-one degrees northern lat'.tude." Lord Berkley, in 1GT5, sold his half of the province of New Jersey to a person named John Fenwicke, in trust for Edward Byllingc and his assigns, in conse- quence of which the former, this year, ar- rived with a number of passengers, in a ship called the Griffith, from London, on a visit to his new purchase. lie land- ed at a place, in West Jersey, situated upon a creek, or small river, which runs into the river Delaware, to which place he gave the name of Salem, a name which both the place and creek still retain. By Hinge being pecuniaril}' involved, conve3'ed his interest in the Province to William Penn, Gawen Lawrie, and Nicholas Lucas, in trust for his creditors. The trustees sold pro- prietary rights to seve- ral other persons, and having made, with Sir George Carteret, a divi- sion of the Province, . proceeded to frame a constitution for their moiety under the title "concessions and agreements of the proprietors and free-holders of West Jersey, in America." According to Gordon, in June, 1677, Thomas Olive, Daniel Wills, John Kinsey, John Penford, Joseph Ilelmsley, Robert Stacey, Benjamin 1677. Scott, Thomas Fouike, and Richard Guy, commissioners, appointed by the Proprietaries to superintend their interests in the Province, arrived at New Castle, with two hundred and thirty settlers, principally Quakers. Having explored the country for many miles along the shores of the Delaware, they made allotments of land among the adventurers at several miles distance MAP OF NEW SWEDKN. 44 niSTOB Y OF FENNS YL VANIA. from each other. But fear of the natives finally induced the emigrants to settle together, in and about a tovvn plot, laid out by the commissioners, first called Beverly, then Budlington, and afterwards Burlington. In the same 3'ear two ships arrived, bearing many families of great respectabilit}^ The quiet of the colonists was undisturbed, except by the duty again levied upon their commerce at tbc iloarkill, by the New York government. This was vexatious as a tax, and insulting to the sovereignty of the proprietaries, who remonstrated for. some time in vain with the agents of the Duke of York ; but finality, after an investigation, by commissioners appointed for the purpose, the duty was repealed. Dispensing with their executive of commissioners, the Proprietaries appointed Edward Byllinge Governor, who, soon after his arrival in the Province, commissioned Samuel Jennings as his deputy. In November, 1681, Jennings called the first Assembly, and, in conjunction with them, adopted certain articles, defining and circumscribing the power of the Governor, and enacted such laws as the wants of the colony required. Sir George Carteret, the proprietor of East Jersey, died in 1G79, having in his last will ordered the sale of that country to pay his debts. His 1681. heirs sold it, by indenture of lease and release, bearing date February 1 and 2, 1G81-82, to William Penn and eleven other persons. These twelve projirietors added twelve more to their number, and to these the Duke of York made a fresh grant of East Jersey under date March 14, 1GS2. William Penn, as one of the trustees of Byllinge, became thus intimately connected with the colonization of West Jersey, and subsequently as a pur- chaser with that of East Jersey. Under these circumstances he became familiar with the affairs of the new world, and conceived the design of founding a commonwealth on principles of perfect equalitj-, and of universal toleration of religious faith, on the west side of the Delaware. CHAPTER III. THE rnOVINCE OF PENNSYLVANIA GRANTED TO AVILLIAM TENN. THE TROPRIE TARY RULE, UNTIL THE DEATU OF TUE FOUNDERS. 1G81-1718. DMIRAL SIR WILLIAM PEXX, renowned in English history by Lis martial valor as an ofliccr of the British Navy, left to his son a claim against the government for sixteen thousand pounds, consist- s' ing to a great extent of money advanced by him in the sea service, and of arrearages in his pay. In 1G80 "William Penn* petitioned Charles II. to grant him in lien of said sum "letters-patent for a tract of land in America, lying north of iSIaryland, on the east bounded with Delaware river, on the v/est limited as Maryland, and northward to extend as far as plantable." This peti- tion Avas referred to the " Committee of the Privy Council for the Affairs of Trade and Plantations," who ordered copies to be sent to Sir John "Werden, the Duke of York's agent, and to the agents of Lord Baltimore, " to the end that they may report how far the pretensions of Mr. Penn may consist with the boun- daries of Maryland, or the Duke's propriety of New York, and his possessions in those parts." The Duke of York desired to retain the three lower counties, that is, the State of Delaware, as an appendage to New York, but his objection was finally withdrawn, being the result of an interview between him and Mr. * Wir.LiAM Penn, the founder of Ponusylvaiiia, was born in London, October 14, 1044. While a student at Oxford lie became deeply impressed by the prt^iching of a celebrated Quaker, Tlioinas Lee. He studied law at Lincoln's Inn, but in 1003 \vent to Ireland to manage an estate of his father's. He acquired military renown as a soldier at tlie siej^e of Carriclsforgus, and caused himself to be painted in militarj'- costume. Tliis is considered to be tiie only genuine portrait of the great "Apostle of Peace." He soon after jouied the Quakers, and at a meeting at Cork, in 1007, was arrested and put into prison. Released thn)u.;ii the elibrts of tlie Earl of Orrerj^ ho began to preach, and for writing " The Sandy Foundation Sliaken," was imprisoned in tlio Tower, where he wrote his celebrated work, "No Cross, No Crown." Liberated by the inlluence of liis father, he was, in 1070, arrested for street preacliing, and committod to Newgate. At the trial lie pleaded his own cause, was acfiuitteIe defence of freedom of conscience and the rights of Englishmen. In 1072 he married Guliehna Maria S[)ringett. In 1077 Penn, with Barclay and otliers, preached in Holland and Germa.-iA". In 1070 he became concerned in tiie settlenioi.t of West .lersey. In 1081 lie obtained from the king a charter for Pennsylvania. He then pn!>lislied " .\ P>rief Account of the Province of Pennsylvania," proposing the easy purchase of lands and good terms for settlers. On the 27th of October, 1082, he arrived in the Delaware. Returned to England in 1081, Secured, in lOSO, the liberation of over l,20f) imprisoned Quakers, and the passage of the "Toleration Act" in 1087. In IGSS he was tried for treason, but acquitted. In 10'.)9 made a second visit to his Province, returning in 1701. In 1708 was committed to prison for del)t, but released by the intervention of friends. Ho died of paralysis, at Rushcombe, July 30, 1718. His enduring monument iS the great State founded by him "in deeds of peace " 45 46 HISTOEY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Penn. Lord Baltimore's agent wanted the grant, if made to Penn, to be ex- pressed as " land tliat shall be north of Susquehanna Fort, also north of all lands in a direct line westward from said fort, for said fort is the boundary of Mary- land northward." After sundry conferences and discussions concerning the boundary lines and other matters of minor importance, the committee finally sent in a favorable re- port and presented the draft of a charter, constituting William Penn, Esq., abso- lute Proprietary of a tract of land in America, therein mentioned, to the King for his approbation, and leaving to him also the naming of the Province. The King affixed liis signature on March 4, 1681, naming the Province Pennsylva- 1681. nia, for reasons explained in the subjoined extract from a letter of William Penn to his friend Robert Turner, dated 5th of 1st month, 1681 : " This day my country was confirmed to me under the great seal of England, with large powers and privileges, by the name of Pennsylvania; a name the King ivould give it in honor of my father. I chose New Wales, being, as this, a pretty hilly coun- try, but Penn being Welsh for a head, as Penmaumoire in Wales, and Penrith in Cumberland, and Penn in Buckinghamshire, the highest land in England, called this Pennsylvania, which is, the high or head ivoodland^^, for I proposed, when the Secretary, a Welshman, refused to have it called New Wales, Syloania, and they added Penn to it, and though I much opposed it, and went to the King to have it struck out and altered, he said it was past, and would take it upon him ; nor could twenty guineas move the under-secretar}- to vary the name, for I fear lest it be looked on as vanity in me, and not as a respect in the King, as it truly was, to my father, whom he often mentions with praise." This eliarter, under date March -i, 1681, exists in the office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, and is written on three pieces of strong parchment, in the old English handwriting, with each line underscored with lines of red ink, tliat give it a curious appearance. The borders are gorgeously decorated with heraldic devices, and the top of the first page exhibits a finely-executed likeness of his Majesty, in good preservation. Nearly a month after the signing of the charter, the King, on the second day of April, issued a declaration informing the inhabitants and planters of the Province that William Penn, their absolute Proprietary, was clothed with all the powers and preeminences necessary for the government. A few days later, on 8th of April, the Proprietar}' addressed the following proclamation to the inhabi- tants of Pennsylvania : " My Fkiends : I wish you all happiness here and hereafter. These are to let you know that it hath pleased God, in his providence, to cast 3'ou within ni}- lot and care. It is a business that, though I never undertook before, 3'et God hath given me an understanding of xny duty, and an honest mind to do it uprightly. I hope you will not be troubled at your change, and the King's choice, for you are now fixed, at the mercy of no governor that comes to make his fortune great. You shall be governed by laws of your own making, and live a free, and, if you will, a sober and industrious people. I shall not usurp the right of any, or oppress his person. God has furnished nie with a better resolution, and has given me his grace to keep it. In short, whatever sober and free men can rea- sonably desire for the security and improvement of their happiness, I shall GENEBAL HISTOBY. 47 heartily comply with, and in five months resolve, if it please God, to see you. In the meantime, pra}' submit to the commands of my deputy, so far as they are consistent with the law, and pay him those dues that formerly you paid to the order of the Governor of New York, for my use and benefit; and so I beseech God to direct you in the way of righteousness, and therein prosper you and j-our children after you. "William Penn." Captain William Markham, a cousin of William Penn, was the deputy re- ferred to in the preceding proclamation, whose commission, bearing date April 10, 1681, contained the following directions: 1. To call a council, consisting of nine, he to preside. 2. To read his letter and the King's declaration to the inhabitants, and to take their acknowledgment of his authority and propriety. 3. To settle boundaries between Penn and his neighbors ; to survey, set out, rent, or sell lands according to instructions given. 4. To erect courts, appoint sheriffs, justices of the peace, etc. 5. To call to his aid any of the inhabitants, for the legal suppression of tumult, etc. Governor Markham carried also letters from Penn and the King to Lord Balti- more, authorizing him to adjust boundaries. lie arrived at New York on June 21, 1G81, and Lord Baltimore, being in the Province, had an interview witli Markham, at Upland, which resulted in discovering, from actual observation, that LTpland itself was at least twelve miles south of 40 degrees, and that boundaries claimed l)y Lord Baltimore would extend to the Schuylkill. This discovery ended the conference, and gave fresh incentives to Penn to obtain from the Duke of York a grant of the Delaware settlements, as without such grant he had now reason to fear the loss of the wliole peninsula. Penn soon after published an account of his Province, with the royal cliarter and other documents connected with it, offering easy terms of sale for lands, viz., forty shillings sterling for one hundred acres, subject to a quit rent of one shilling per annum for ever. Manj' persons from London, Liveipool, and Bristol embarked in his enter- prise ; and an association, called the "•Free Traders' Society of Pennsylvania," purchased large tracts of land. In the autumn of the same year Penn appointed three commissioners, viz., Wm. Crispin, John Bozar, and Nathaniel Allen, to proceed to the Province, ar- range for a settlement, lay out a town, and treat with the Indians.^ To tliese commissioners, says Wcstcott, was added afterwards William Ilaige. They set sail from London probably near the end of October, but it is not known at what date they arrived. In the beginning of the year following, Penn published his frame of govern- ment, and certain laws, agreed on in England by himself and the 1682. purchasers under him, entitled •' The frame of the government of the Province of Pennsylvania, in America; together with certain laivs, agreed npon in England by the Governor and Divers of the Free-Men of the aforesaid Province. To he further Exjolained and Confirmed there, by the first Provincial Council and General Assembly that shall be held, if they see meet.^' 48 HISTOB Y OF PENNS TL VANIA. South of the Province lay the territories or counties on Delaware, stretching one hundred and fifty miles along the bay, to the Atlantic Ocean. The posses- sor of this country, commanding the entrance and course of the river, would have power to harass the commerce, and in other respects to affect the welfare of the neighboring colony. Penn was desirous, says Gordon, to possess these territories, as well on account of the security they afforded, as of the advantages to be derived from a hardy and laborious population. The Duke of York held them as an appendage to bis government, and, though reluctant to cede them, he could not resist the solicitations of the Proprietary. lie executed three deeds to Penn in August, 1G82. The first, dated the twenty -first, releasing his right to the Province ; the others, dated the twenty-fourth, granting the town of New Castle and the land lying within a circle of twelve miles about it ; and the tract of land "beginning at twelve miles south of New Castle, and extending southward to Cape Henlopen. For the last tract, Penn cove- nanted to pay the Duke and his heirs one-half of all the rents and profits received from it. These grants conveyed to the Proprietary a fee-simple estate in the soil, but no political right whatever. Holding in socage as of the Duke's castle at New York, he owed fealty to, and was a subject of that government. Whether he ever obtained from the crown political power over this country is questionable. It is certain that, when the right he assumed became the subject of controversj^ among the inhabitants of the Province and territories, no grant of this nature was exhibited. These deeds were duly recorded in New York, and, by proclamation of the commander there, twenty-first November, 1G82, to the magistrates on the west side of the Delaware, the rights of Penn under them were publicly recognized. Penn having completed all arrangements for his voyage to America, after writin"- an afiectionate letter to his Avife and children, and another " to all faith- ful friends in England," accompanied by about one hundred passengers, mostly friends from Sussex, after a passage of about two months on board the ship Welcome, of three hundred tons burthen, came In sight of the American coast about Egg-Harbor, in New Jersey, on the 24th of October, and reached New Castle on the 27th. On the following day he produced his deeds from the Duke of York, and received possession by the solemn " delivery of turf, and twig, and water, and soyle, of the River Delaware." He was received with demonstrations of gladness by the Inhabitants, and at the Court House, at New Castle, says Clarkson, made a speech to the old magistrates. In which he explained to them the design of his coming, the nature and end of government, and of that more particularly which he came to establish. To form some Idea of the proportion of the different sorts of people, observes Proud, on the west side of Delaware, about this time, or prior to William Penn's arrival, on the lands granted hhn. It may be noted, that the Dutch then had a meeting place, for religious worship, at New Castle ; the Swedes, three — one at Christina, one at Tlnlcum, and one at Wlcacoa. The Quakers had three one at Upland, or Chester, one at Shakamaxon, and one near the lower falls of Delaware. Penn went to Upland, on the 29th of October, 1G82. On his arrival there he chano-ed its name. This was a memorable event, says Clarkson, and to be GENERAL HISTORY. 19 distinguislied by some marked cii-cumstance. He determined, thercfoi-e, to change tlie name of the place. Turning around to his friend Pearson, one of his own society, who had accompanied him in the ship Welcome, he said: " Provi- dence has brought us here safe. Thou hast been the companion of my perils. What wilt thou that I should call this place?" Pearson said, " Chester," in remembrance of the city from whence he came. William Penn replied, that it should be called Chester, and that when he divided the land into counties, one of them should be called by the same name. From Chester Penn is said to have proceeded with some of his friends in an open barge, in the earliest days of November, to a place about four miles above the mouth of tlie Schuylkill, called Coaquannock, " where there was a high, bold shore, covered with lofty pines. Here the site of the infant city of Phila- delphia had been established, and we may be assured, writes Janney, his approach was hailed with joy by the whole population : the old inhabitants, Swedes and Dutch, eager to catch a glimpse of their future governor ; and the Friends, who had gone before him, anxiously awaiting his arrival." Penn immediately after his arrival dispatciied two persons to Lord Balti- more, to ask of his health, offer kind neighborhood, and agree upon a time of meeting, the better to establish it. While they were gone on tliis errand he went to New York to pay his duty to the Duke, in the visit of his govern- ment and colony. He returned from New York tOAvards the end of November. To this period belongs the " Great Treaty," which took place at Shaka- maxon. It seems to have been a place of resort for the Indians of different nations to consult together and settle their mutual differences, and on this account it was probably selected by Markham, and Penn after him, as the place for holding their successive treaties. Thompson Westcott, whose researches have exceeded perhaps those of any other historian, says there is no evidence that a treat3'^ of peace or of purcliase of lands ever was held under the great elm tree at Shakamaxon, in 1G82, by William Penn, and yet tradition is very positive upon the subject, and such anti;iuaries as Watson and Fisher, with the graphic descriptions of earlier writers, have so fully engrafted this pleasing transaction on Penn- sylvania history, that we almost hesitate to dispel the illusion. The site of the great elm tree is marked by a monument, erected in 1 827. It contains the following inscriptions : North side. — Treaty Ground of William Penn and the Indian Nations. South side. — William Penn, born 1C44, died 1718. East side. — Pennsylvania Founded, 16S1, ^ by deeds of Peace. West side. — Placed by the Penn Societ}^, A.r>. 1S27, to mark the site of the Great Elm Tree. If the treaty was not held at the Shakamaxon, Penn undoubtedly met the D PENN TREATY MONUMENT. 60 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. representatives of the Indian tribes at other localities, for the aborigines them- selves alluded to the treaty of amity and peace held with the great and good Onas. on all public occasions — and true it is that for a period of forty, if not fifty years, it was not broken, and the Land of Penn was preserved during all that time from the reeking scalping-knife and the deadly tomahawk. WilHam Fenn, on the fourth of Doct-niber I'ullowing, eunvcned a General Assembly at Chester, of which Nicholas Moore, president of the Societ}' of Free Traders, was chosen Speaker. During a session of four days this Assembly 3nacted three laws: 1. An act for the union of the Province and Territories; 2. An act of naturalization ; and 3. The great law, or code of laws, consisting of sixty-nine sections, and embracing most of the laws agreed upon in England and several others afterwards sugirested. GENERAL HISTORY. 51 On the 19th of the same month, Penu, by appointment, met Lord Baltimore at West River, but their interview led to no solution of the vexatious question of boundary. About this time the Province and territories were divided by the Proprietary each into three counties; those of the former were called Bucks, Philadelpliia, and Chester; those of tlie latter, New Castle, Kent, and Sussex. Sherifls and other ollicers having been duly appointed for the several counties, Writs for the election of members of Council and Assembly were issued conformable with the Constitution, and on the lOtii day of the first month, 1683, Penn met the Council at Philadelphia, and the Assembly two da3'S later. The number of membei's for both the Council and Assembly was twelve for each county, viz., three for the CouiLcil and nine for the Assembly, making in all seventy-two. At this time Penn was probably I'enewing his negotiations with the Indians, as would appear from two deeds on record for laud purchased. The 1683. first, dated June 23, 1GS3, between William Penn and Kings Tamanen and Metamequan, convej's their land near Neshemanah (Nesluiminy) Creek, and thence to Pennapecka (Pennypack). The second, dated July 14, 16S3, is for lands l3"ing between the Schuylkill and Chester Rivers. During the spring or summer of this year, the Proprietary visited the interior of the Province, going as far west as the Susquehanna. The result of his trip he embodied in a letter to the " Society of Free Traders," in London, but its length precludes its insertion here. liis description of the aborigines is full and interesting. It was while on this expedition that William Penn i)lanned the founding of a great cit\^ on the Susquehanna, an idea never realizeil by himself. The controversy with Lord Baltimoi-e concerning boundaries became a subject of great anxiety to Penn, who resisted the high-handed and 1684. aggressive measures of the former with gentle and courteous firmness. In the beginning of lG8f, a number of people from Maryland made a forcible entry on several plantations in the Lower Counties, whereupon the Governor and Council at Philadelphia sent a written remonstrance to Lord Baltimore's demand, with orders to William Welsh to use his influence to rein- state the persons wiio had been dispossessed, and in case mild measures should prove unavailing, legally to prosecute the invaders. The remonstrances had, temporarily, the desired effect, bnt some inhabitants were threatened the next month with similar outrages, if they should persist in refusing to be under Lord Baltimore. The Governor issued a declaration showing Penn's title, and such other requisites as were thought most likely to prevent such illegal proceedings in future. The important interests involved in this controversy and othei- weigiity matters requiring Penn's presence in England, he provided for the administra- tion of the government. The executive power was lodged with the Provincial Council, of which Thomas Lloyd, a Quaker from Wales, was made president — to whom the charge of the great seal was specially committed. iSLarkliam was created secretary of the Province and the territories ; Thomas Holmes, surveyor- general ; Thomas Llo3'd, James Claypoole, and Robert Turner, commissioners of the land office; and Nicholas Moore, William Welsh, William Wood, Uobert 52 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. The Proprietary Turner, and John Eckley, Provincial judges for two years sailed for Europe on the 12th of June. At his departure, the Province and territories were divided into twenty-two townships, containing seven thousand inhabitants, of whom two thousand five hundred resided in Philadelpliia, which comprised already three hundred houses. Penn wrote a farewell letter to his Province, from on board the vessel, couched in the most endearing terms. After a voyage of seven weeks he reached England. Charles II. died the 12th of December following, and was succeeded by James, Duke of York, whose accession was greatly dreaded by the Protestants, who apprehended a revival of the persecutions during the reign of Mary. Penn might have taken advantage of these apprehensions to in- duce more emigrants to settle in Pennsylvania, but he was disinterested, and used his in- fluence with the King to grant liberty of conscience to all re- ligionists, and more especially to the Qaakei-s. Penn had stood high in the King's favor long before he ascended the throne, for the friendship which James entertained for the father, who had bravely fought under his flag, was on- joyed in a still higher degree b}^ the son, who by that means succeeded in obtaining from the King's Council a favorable decree in his dispute with Lord Baltimore. On the first day of the second month, 1685, the lines of separation 1685. between the county of Philadelphia and those of Bucks and Chester, were confirmed by the Council. " The county of Chester was to begin at the mouth, or entrance of Bough creek, upon Delaware river, being the upper end of Tenicum island ; and so up that creek, dividing the said island from the land of Andrew Boone and com- pany ; from thence along the several courses thereof, to a large creek called Mill creek ; from thence, along the several courses of the said creek to a west-south- west line ; which line divides tlie liberty lines of Philadelphia from several tracts of land, belonging to the Welsh and other inhabitants ; and from thence east- north-east, by a line of marked trees one hundred and twenty perches, more or less; from thence north-north-west by Haverford township, one thousand perches, more or less ; from thence east-north-east by the land belonging to John Humphrey, one hundred and ten perches, more or less;- from thence north north-west by the land of John Eckley, eight hundred and eighty perches, more or less; from thence continuing said course to tlie bounds of Sculkill river; which said Sculkill river afterward to the natural bounds." CJ&nUfM) lyF/ut,},Imtm^ac MAP OF PENNSYLVANIA— 1685. GENERAL HISTOliY. 63 The period of William Penn's absence from the Province is marked tjliielly by unhappy dillerences between the legislature and the executive, and between the members from the territories and tliose of the Province proper. Our limits, however, will compel us to give merel}^ a resume of the more important events and incidents. In 1685, the Proprietary appointed Nicholas Moore, from London a lawyer, and president of the Company of Free Traders, and a member of the Assembly, to the office of chief justice. The Assembly, jealous of its prerogatives, disre- garded the fundamental laws of the Province in enacting statutes without pre- viously publishing them as required by the constitution. Moore, by opposing some of the measures of the Assembly, and more particularly their attempt to alter the organization of the courts of justice, had incurred the enmity of the House, which proceeded to impeach him. He was charged, saj's Ebeling, with violence, partiality, and negligence, in a cause in which the Society' of Free Traders was interested. Ten articles were preferred against him, which he re- fused to answer, though frequently summoned by the Council, and he was saved from conviction by some technical obstacle in the form of proceeding. But this did not protect him from punishment. He was expelled from the Assembly, and was interdicted all places of trust by the Council, until he should be tried upon the articles of impeachment or should give satisfaction to the board. His offence was not of a heinous character, since he retained the confidence of the Proprietary; and, in noticing his punishment, it should be remarked, that ho had incurred the displeasure of the House by having entered thrice in one day his single protest upon its minutes against the passage of bills which had been introduced without the publication directed by the charter. The anger of tlio Assembly was extended to Patrick Robinson, clerk of the provincial court, who had refused to produce before them the minutes of that court. The}' voted him to be a public enemy and a violator of their privileges, and ordered him into the custody of the sheriff. When brought before the House he complained of arbi- trary and illegal treatment, refused to answer the questions put to him, and in a fit of suUenness cast himself at full lengtli upon the floor. An address was presented to the Council requesting that the prisoner might be disqualified to hold any public office within the Province or territories ; but this punishment was not inflicted, as Robinson subsequently held the clerkship of the Council and other offices. Neither Moore nor Robinson were Quakers ; they were charged with enmity to that sect, or, in the language of Penn, " were esteemed the most unquiet and cross to Friends." There were other disturbances at this time in the Province. A certain John Curtis, a justice of the peace, was charged with uttering treasonable and dangerous words against the King. He was ordered to be tried by commissioners from the Council, and, though no bill was found against him, he was dismissed from his ollice and compelled to give surety of the peace, in the sum of three hundred pounds. Charges were made against several officers of government for extortion ; and gross immoralities Avere practiced among the lower class of people inhabiting the caves on the banks of the Dela- ware. These things were reported with great exaggeration in England, by the enemies of Penn and the Quakers; they prevented emigration, and greatly affected the reputation of the Society of Friends and the Proprietary. 54 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Pcnn, however, in 1686, changed the form of executive government 1686. to a board of five commissioners, any three of whom were empowered to act. Tiie board consisted of Thomas Lloyd, Nicholas Moore, James Claypoole, Robert Turner, and Jolin Eckley. Tlie next session of the Assembly was marked by the usual want of unanimity and the objectionable act of laying on its members a solemn 1688. injunction of secrecy. This measure was not without an exhibition of undignified violence, resisted by the Council, and the lack of harmony greatly obstructed legislation. Lloyd, in consequence, requested to be released from the public affairs of government. His request was reluctantly granted, and on his recommendation, the Proprietary changed the plural executive into a single deputy, making choice of Captain John Blackwell, formerly an officer of Cromwell, under whom he had earned a distinguished reputation in England and Ireland. He was in New England when he received his commission, dated July 25, 1688. Governor Blackwell met the Assembly in the third month, 1689 ; but, by reason of some misunderstanding or dissension between him and some of the 1689. Council, the public affairs were not managed with harmony and satis- faction ; and but little done during his administration, which continued only till the twelfth month this year, when he returned to England, and the government of the Province, according to charter, devolved again on the Council, Thomas Lloyd, president. The appointment of Captain John Black- well, who was no Quaker, to be Deputy Governor, appears, by the Proprietaiy's letters to his friends in the Province, " to have been because no suitable person, who was of that society, would undertake the office." By the Revolution of 1688, which drove James from the tlirone, the Proprie- tary lost all influence at the English court. His intimacy with that unhappy monarch covered him with dark suspicion. His religious and political princi- ples were misrepresented; he was denounced as a Catholic, a Jesuit of St. Omers, and a self-devoted slave to despotism, and was charged with conspiring the restoration of James. It is now unnecessary to disprove these accusations ; for though his enemies caused him to be thrice examined before tlie piiv^' coun- cil, and to give bail for his appearance in the King's Bench, he was discharged by that court, no evidence appearing against him. Tiie ties which bound him to Europe liaving been thus broken, he prepared to revisit his Province, accom- panied by another colony of five hundred persons, which he had asseuibled by publication of new proposals. A convoy was appointed by government for his protection, and he was on the eve of sailing, when his enterprise was marred by another persecution. A wretch, named Fuller, subsequently declared infamous b}^ parliament, and pilloried, accused him, on oath, with being engaged in a cons})iracy of the Papists in Lancasliire to raise a rebellion, and restore James to the crown. He narrowly escaped arrest on his return from the funeral of George Fox, the celebrated founder of the Society of Friends. Hitherto he had met his accusers with a courage worthy of his character and his innocence, 3'et such was his diead of the profligacy of the witness who now appeared against him, that he deemed it prndent to seek retirement and privacy. His contem- plated colony failed, and the expenses of its outfit were lost. GENERAL HISTOB 1 . 55 After Blackwell's departure, in 1690, the Council elected Thomas Lloyd their president, and according to the constitution, assumed executive 1690. functions ; but, six councillors from the Lower Counties, without the knowledge of the president, formed themselves into a separate Council, ii 1G91, appointed judges for those counties, and made ordinances. The President and Council of Pennsylvania forthwith published a proclama- tion declaring all the acts of the six seceding members illegal. The latter made proposals towards an accommodation, in which they principally required that the judges and all officers of the government should be appointed by the nine council- lors from the Lower Counties. But this was not allowed them. On the other hand, Penn tried to restore a good understanding between the two sections of the Province, between whom the breach was widening, by giving them the choice of three modes of executive government, viz., by a joint council, by Ave com- missioners, or by a lieutenant-governor. The majority favored the last mode, but seven of the members for the Lower Counties protested against it, and declared for the commissioners, which form of government, in case the members for Pennsylvania should persist in favor of a lieutenant-governor, they meant to introduce into their territories until the will of the Proprietary should be known. Their principal objections against a lieutenant-governor were the expense of his support and the fear lest the officers should be arbitrarily dismissed. The eflbrts on the part of the Council of Pennsylvania to effect a good understanding proving fi'uitless, the three Upper Counties chose Lloyd for their Governor while the Lower Counties rejected him. Penn, therefore, perceiving it impossible to bring about a union, confirmed the appointment of Lloyd, and conferred the government of the lower counties on A¥illiam Markham, the former Secretary of the Province, who had joined with the protesting members. This was done by William Penn much against his will, and had the consequence he predicted, viz., that the King, as will presently appear, annexed the two colonies to the government of New York. William Penn foresaw that these dissensions -would furnish the crown a ■pretext for depriving him of his Province. His fears were soon verified. William and Mary seized with avidity this opportunity to punish him for his attachment to the late King ; and they were well pleased to clothe an act of naked power with such justification as the disorders of the Province presented. Their Majesties' commission to Benjamin Fletcher, Governor-General of New York, constituting him Governor of Pennsylvania and the territories, was notified to Thomas Lloyd on the 19th of April, 1693. There was no 1693. notice in this commission, of William Penn, nor of the Provincial con- stitution. Governor Fletcher was empowered to summon the General Assembly elected by the freeholders, to I'equire its members to take the oaths and subscribe the tests prescribed by act of parliament, and to make laws in conjunction with the Assembly, he having a veto upon their acts ; and was directed to transmit copies of such laws, for the appi'obation of the crown, within three months from their enactment. Ofllcial information of this change was not given to the constituted authorities of the Province, either by the King or Pro})rietary ; yet, on the arrival of Colonel Fletcher at Philadelphia, the govern- ment was surrcndei'cd to hltn withcjut objection; but most of tlui (.Quaker 5G BLSTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. mao;istrates refused to accept from him the renewal of their commissions. Tlie Proprietary condemned this ready abandonment of his rights, and addressed a cautionary letter to Fletcher, warning him of the illegality of his appointment, which might have restrained the latter from exercising his authority had it been timely received, as he was attached to Penn by personal favors. At the very beginning a misunderstanding arose between the Governor and ■ the Assembly, who attempted the introduction of a mode of summoning and electino- the representatives at variance with the fundamental laws of the Province, which he was bound to observe. The Assembly, consisting of members from the Upper and Lower Counties, but reduced to about sixteen in Qumber, on convening, took steps to maintain their own and the peoples' rights. The Governor, on the majority of the members refusing to take the oaths, honored their conscientious scruples in permitting them simpl}^ to subscribe, but told them that this was an act of grace and not of riglit^ which must not be used as a precedent. In this Assembly two important subjects were considered ; the confirmation of the old laws, and a grant of aid in men or money to the King for the then existing war with France. The Assembly used the latter in order to secure the former, hoping that Fletcher would jdeld this point for the sake of obtaining the other, as his Province of New York was much exposed to the Indians, who were supported by the French in Canada. Fletcher maintained a firm attitude, insisting upon the rejection of eight of the old laws, chiefly penal, as in conflict with and less rigorous than the laws of England. Long negotiations ensued, but he finally confirmed them all (one concerning shipwrecks excepted), subject to the King's pleasure. The Assembly, on their part, granted the required sub- sidy, after considerable dela}', they insisting that their grievances should first be redressed. Fletcher claimed the right of altering the new laws, even without the deliberations of the Assembly'. This was strenuously^ resisted by a party in the Assembl}^, which, though in the minority, had their protest against Fletcher's pretensions entered upon the journal of the House. The Governor threatened to annex the Province to New York, and then tlie moderate party, rather than submit to this, preferred receiving the confirmation of their rights and liberties as a favor at the hands of the Governor. Prior to his departure for New York, in 1G94, Fletcher appointed 1694. William Markham, the Proprietary's kinsman, Lieutenant-Governor. Governor Fletcher, being engaged at New York, did not meet the Assembly at its first session of this 3'ear. At the second he earnestly solicited them to make furtlicr appropriations for the public defence. He endeavored to excite their emulation by the example of New Jersey, which had freely con- tributed troops and money, and tried to engage their compassion by describing the sufi'erings of the inliabitants about Albany, from whence "fourscore families," he said, "had been driven, rather b}'^ the negligence of their friends, than by the force of their enemies." Experience having taught him that it was vain to ask men, whose religion forbade the use of arms, to organize a military force, or appropriate funds for its support, he sought to frame his demands in a less questionable shape. Putting out of Adew all warlike intentions, he solicited llieir charit3'^"to feed tlie hungry and clothe the naked," by supplying the Indian GENEBAL HISTORY. 57 nations with such necessaries as might influence them to continue their friend- ship to the Province. But even these instances proved powerless. For, althougli another tax, similar to the last, was voted, no part of it was appropriated to the war or relief of the Indians. As a considerable sum had been given to Governor Fletcher, justice demanded that the services of the Proprietary deputies should also be rewarded. The Assembly, therefore, directed two hundred pounds each should be given to Markham and Lloyd, and that the balance to be raised by the bill should defray the general expenses of the government. Fletcher rejected their bill, because the whole sum was not granted to their Majesties, witli a request that they would appropi'iate it to the use of the deputies, and to the defence of New York and Albany ; and the Assembl}^, refusing to modify it, and asserting their right to appropriate their money at their pleasure, was dissolved. The Proprietary, whose political views were rarely obscured by his religious principles, reprehended strongly this resolute refusal ; nor Avas he blind to the effects which such opposition to the wishes of the crown might have upon his particular interests. The clouds of suspicion, which had long enveloped William Penn, were at length broken. He had manj^ friends among the nobles who surrounded the King, and his true character was at last made known. He was heard before the privy council, and was honorably acquitted, and was restored to his Proj^rietary rights by patent, dated August, 1694, in which the disorders in the Province were ascribed solely to his absence. Shortly before his reinstatement, Penn lost his wife, Gulielma Maria, in the twelfth month of the preceding 3'ear. Penn appointed William Markham his Lieutenant-Governor of Penns3-lvania and territories, on the 24th of September, 1694. The restoration of the former government, however, did not bring with it contentment and a good understanding between the different branches of the legislature. Governor Fletcher was disliked because he had innovated upon the legislative forms, but the Assembly, summoned by Markham, in Sep- 1695. tember, 1695, was as much dissatisfied with him, although he had summoned them according to forms prescribed by the charter. The great bone of contention still being the subsidy to be granted to the King, Penn's letter shows that he disapproved of their conduct. Markham presented to the Assembly a new act of settlement, which was readily agreed to, but not finally adopted until the following year, because the Governor, no doubt on account of their obstinacy in refusing to pass the subsid}'- act, unexpectedly dissolved the Assembly. After a long remonstrance to the Governor had been found without effect, the proposal of a joint committee of the two branches of the Legislature was acceded to, by which it was agreed to accept the new constitu- tion, provided Penn should approve of it, and immediatel}^ a new subsidy of £300 was granted for the support of the royal government and of the suffering Indians. This was done by a tax of one penny on the pound on all assessed property. The new Constitution was more democratic than the former one. The Council, chosen biennially, consisted of two, and the Assembly, elected annually, of four members from each county. The right of the latter to originate bills, to sit on its own adjournments, and to be indissoluble during the term for which it 68 HISTOE Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. was elected, was explicitly established ; and the powers and duties of the seAxral officers were accuratel}' defined. This instrument was never formally sanctioned by the Proprietary, and it continued in force only until his arrival in the Province, in 1699, or rather until 1701, when a new and more lasting one was substituted in its place. Under it the people were content, and calmly and industriously applied themselves to the improvement of the country-. William Penn, accompanied by his second wife and children, sailed from England in the ship Canterbury in September, and after a tedious 1699. voj'age of more than three months, arrived in the Delaware on the 1st day of December, 1699. Penn was cordially welcomed, it being gene- rally believed that he had come resolved to spend the remainder of his life in the Province. Still he did not encounter that warm affection and unbounded confi- dence among the colonists which on his first visit had enabled him to lead them entirely according to his will. The Proprietary, believing everything ready for the introduction of a new form of government, free from the defects of the former ones, and 1700. calculated to impart strength and unity to the administration, called an extraordinary meeting of the Assembly in May following, which con- sisted of a larger number of members than those which preceded it, and held a session of unusual length. The new charter, although frequently discussed by the two houses jointly and separately, was not carried through at this and the next General Assembly, which was held in October of the same year at New Castle. The formation of a code of laws securing the titles to landed property, and a grant for the support of the government in addition to the new charter, were the chief objects of said Assembly. Its enactment failed to be accom- plished, chiefl}^ on account of the exacting and unreasonable conditions stipulated by the Lower Counties. The Proprietary endeavored, though unsuccessfully, to obtain additional legis- lative restrictions upon the intercourse with the Indians, in order to protect them from the arts of the whites. Nor was he more happ}' in his renewed exertions to instruct the aborigines in the doctrines of Christianity — their language, according to the report of the interpreter, not affording terms to convey its mysteries. This reason, however, was not well founded, and was the subterfuge of the agent to cover his own ignorance or indolence. The success of the venerable 1 lliot, and of the Moravian missionaries, has proven that the Indian language is compe- tent for the communication of the most abstract ideas. But, resolute to improve their temporal condition, Penn conferred frequently with the several nations of the Province and its vicinity, visiting them familiarl}^ in their forests, partici- pating in their festivals, and entertaining them with much hospitalit}' and state at his mansion at Pennsbur3\ He formed a new treaty with the tribes located on the Susquehanna and its tributaries, as also with the Five Nations. 1701. This treaty was one of peace. In the Spring of ITOl, William Penn took a -second journey into the interior of the Province. The Proprietary's situation becoming uncomfortable, in consequence ol' mis- chief to his government brewing in England, he made preparation for a si)cedy return. Since the Revolution, it had been a favorite measure of tie crown to purchase the Proprietary governments in America. Jealousy of the power of GENERAL HISTORY. 59 these governments, says Gordon, had groAvn with tlieir growtli, and a bill was now before the Lords to change them into regal ones. The friends of Penn, and others interested in the Province, had sncceeded with dihiculty in obtainino- n postponement of the bill nntil his return, which they earnestly represented to him should be immediate. Penn forthwith convened the Assembly on September 16, 1701. The comple- tion of a new constitution, and the enactment of such laws as required his special sanction, made the session important and laborious. The address of the Proprie- tar}- was most frank and conciliatory. He apologized for having summoned them before the customar}^ time, expressed his regret at being so unseasonablj' called awaj^, and assured them of his unceasing love and regard. " Think," said he, "therefore (since all men are mortal), of some suitable expedient and provi- sion for your safety, as well in your privileges as property, and you will find me ready to comply with whatever may render us happy by a nearer union of our interest." Yet actuated by his duty to the crown, he again drew their attention to the King's demand for mouc}^, and mentioned a late treaty of peace, concluded with the Indians b}^ the Governor of New York in behalf of all the Provinces, as worthy of their acknowledgments. The House replied to the address with grateful thanks, but refused the war contribution for the reasons already given. The Assembl}^ then prepared an address detailing their wants and wishes, which related particularl}^ to the appointment of a Lieutenant-Governor in his absence, the security of their land-titles, and the allowance of ten for every hundred acres connected with them, which they claimed by virtue of the Gover- nor's promise. They proposed the establishment of a patent office, and that the quit-rents should be made redeemable. The Lower Counties, in the twenty-one articles of which the address consisted, had asked much for themselves in direct opposition to the Proprietary's interest, yet he granted the most of what was asked, refusing onl}^ some unjust demands and others of a private character, with which the Legislature had no right to interfere. The Assembly, on the other hand, pressed their demands, although' Penn's complaisance went so far as to invite them to nominate his Lieutenant, which, however, they modestly declined. While they were debating on a bill to confirm the laws at New Castle, and the majority seemed to be in favor of its passage, the misunderstanding between the representatives of the Province and the Lower Counties was again revived, with more violence than ever, so that several of the members for the Lower Counties left the House. It needed all of Penn's weight of character and earnest interpo- sition to prevent an open rupture. He promised to agree to the separation of the two colonies. But then, continued the Proprietar}', it must be upon amicable terms, and a good understanding. That they must first 7-esoloe to settle the laws ; and that, as the interest of the Province and that of those Lower Counties would be inseparably the same, they should both use a conduct consistent with that relation. Matters were adjusted temporarily with the provision for a conditional separation, if they chose it, within the space of three years. The constitution, which had been under consideration for more than eighteen months, was finally adopted on the twenty-eighth of October, six parts in seven of the Asserabl}'^ having formally surrendered the previous charter granted by Penn, The new charter was as comprehensive on the subject of civil and reli- 60 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. gious liberty as the former ones. Whilst it secured, by general provisions, the most important of human rights, it left minor subjects to be detailed and enforced by the laws. Penn likewise, by letters-patent, under the great seal, established a Council of State, composed of ten members, chiefly Quakers and his intimate friends, of whom four made a quorum, who were empowered " to consult and assist, with the best of their advice, the Proprietary himself or his deputies, in all public aft'airs and luatters relating to the government." And, in his absence, or on the death or incapacity of his deputy, they, or any five of them, were authorized to execute all the Proprietary poAvers in the administration of the government. The members of the Council were removable at the will of the Governor, who might increase their numbers at pleasure. Andrew Hamilton,* one of the Proprietaries of East Jersey, and formerly Governor of East and West Jersey, having been appointed Deputy Governor, and James Logan Provincial Secretary and Clerk of the Council, William Pcnn sailed for England in the ship Dalmahoy, and arrived at Portsmouth about the middle of December. The bill for reducing the Proprietary into regal governments, pending in Parliament, was entirely dropped. King 1702. William died on the 18th of the first month, lTOl-2, and was suc- ceeded b}^ the Princess Anne of Denmark, with whom William Penn was in great favor. Governor Hamilton's administration was very brief, for he died in the month of April, 1703. His chief efforts had been unsuccessfully directed to the consummation of a union between the Province and territories. Upon his death the government devolved upon the Council, Edward Shippen being President. During this time of dispute, or endeavors for an union between the representa- tives of the Province and territories, not much other public business of impor- tance appears to have been transacted in the affairs of the government. The latter persisted in an absolute refusal to join with the former, in legislation, till it was finally, in the j^ear 1103, agreed and settled between them, that they should compose different and distinct Assemblies, entirely independent of each other, pursuant to the liberty allowed by the clause in the charter for that purpose ; which clause was said to have been there inserted by the particular and special request of the representatives of the territories, with previous full intention of the separation which ensued ; and in this capacity they had ever acted since that time. The Proprietary's choice of a successor to Governor Hamilton fell on Mr. John Evans, a young man of six and twenty years of age, and of Welsh extraction. He was earnestly recommended to Secretary Logan, under whose direction he * Andrew Hamilton was a native of Scotland. Originally a merchant of Edinburgh, ho emigrated to America in 1685; was one of the Council of Lord Neil Campbell, whom he succeeded as Deputy Governor of New Jersey, in 1686. In 1689, while on a voyage to Eng- land, was made prisoner and detained some time in France. He devised the scheme for the establishment of post-ofiices in the Colonies, and received the appointment, April 4, IG02, of Deputy Postmaster-General for all the plantations. He wasGovernorof New Jersey from 1692 to 1698, and again from 1699 to 1701, when he received the appointment of Deputy Governor of Pennsvlvania. He died while on a visit to Amboy, April 20, 1703. GENERAL HISTORY. 61 had promised to place himself. He arrived in the Province in February, and soon after increased the nnmbcr of the Council, calling to that bo;inl, with others, William Penu the younger, who had accompanied him to tlie Province. Pursuant to the instructions of the Proprietary, he earnestly applied himself to re-unite the Province and territories ; and his want of success in this n.casure produced an unfavoi*able disposition towards the former, which embittered ins whole administration. John p]vans* was a young man, uncommonly zealous and active in whatever affected the Proprietary's interests ; deficient neither in wit nor talents, he lacked experience, prudence, and tact; his private life was, moreover, high]}- offensive to the steady and quiet ways of the sober and moral Quakers. He early attached himself to the interests of the Lower Counties, and induced their Assembly to pass laws manifestly designed to produce unpleasant effects in the Province. England being then at war with France and Spain, he had been ordered by the Queen to raise an armed force in Pennsylvania, but his efforts 1706. proved unsuccessful. He affected to ti-eat the peaceful of the Quakers with contempt, and, unable to argue fhem out of their princi- ples, endeavored to gain his object by a stratagem, wliich completely failed, and tended to make him odious to the people of Philadelphia, wliich occurred almost simultaneously with an unwise and unlawful measure, greatly offending the merchants of the Province. He had authorized the Assembl}^ at Ncav Castle to erect a fort near the town, where it could be of little use to the safet}- of the two Provinces. For the maintenance of this fort, inward bound ships, not owned hy residents, were obliged to deliver their half a pound of powder for each ton measurement. The provincialists remonstrated against this abuse in vain. At length Richard Hill, William Fishbourne, .and Samuel Preston, three spirited Quakers, resolved to remove the nuisance by a method different from au}^ that had yet been attempted. Hill and his companions, on board the Philadelphia, a vessel belonging to the former, dropped down the river and anchored above the fort. Two of them went ashore and informed French, tlie commander, that their vessel was regularly cleared, demanding to pass uninterruptedly. This being refused. Hill, who had been bred to the sea, stood to the helm and passed the fort with no other injury than a shot through the mainsail. French pursued in an armed boat, was taken alone on board, while his boat, cut from the vessel, fell astern, and was led prisoner to the cabin. Governor Evans, apprized of the matter, followed their vessel by land to New Castle, and after she had passed the fort, pursued her in a boat to Salem, where he boarded her in great anger, and behaved with great intemperance. Lord Cornbury, Governor of New Jerse}', who claimed to be vice-admiral of the Delaware, being then at Salem, the priso- ners were taken before him, and having, together with Governor Evans, been severely reprimanded, and giving promise of future good behavior, was dismissed with the jeers of the captors. After this spirited action, the fort no longer impeded the navigation of the Delaware. * John Evans, though of Welsh descent, was born at London in 1G78. At the time of his appointment as Deputy Governor of the Province lie was an officer of the Queen's liouse- hold. His administration, from 1704 to 1709 was not a successful one. Of his subsequent career little is known. He returned to England, and died there about 1730. 62 HISTOIi Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. Ou the 2Tth of June, 1707, it is narrated in tlie Provincial Records, the Gover- nor, in company of several friends and servants, set out on a journe}' to the Indians, occasioned by a message from the Conestogaand other Indians, 1707. upon the Nanticokes' designed journey- to the Five Nations. He visited in turn the following places : Pequehan, on the Pequea, Dekonoagah, on the Susquehanna, about nine miles distant from Pequehan, Conestogoe, and Peix- tang, had friendly intercourse with them, and seized one Nicole, a French Indian trader, against whom heav}' complaints had been made. His capture was attended with didiculties, but he was finally secured and mounted upon a horse with his Ico-s tied. From the articles of remonstrance, addressed to the Proprietary b}- the Assembly, subsequently, it seems that the Governor's conduct among the Indians was not free from censure, it being described as " abominable and unwarrantable." The unhapp3" misunderstanding between the Governor and his secretar}', Lo America as his secretary, which he accepted, and landed at Philadelpliia in December. 1(199. By Penn he was invested with many important trusts, which ho discharged witli tidelity. Although he never received the appointment of governor of the Province, on several occasions he assumed the executive functions. He filled the offices of provincial secretary, commissioner of propertj', and chief justice. He was the warm friend of the Indians, possessed uncommon abilities, great wisdom, and moderation. He died at his country seat, near Philadelphia, October 31, 1751. He was the author of " Experimentae Meletemaue Plantarum Generatione," 1739 ; of two other Latin treatises of a scientific char- acter, published in Holland; of an English translation of Cicero's " De Souectute," 1744; and of Cato's " Distichs," besides a variety of papers on ethics. GENERAL niSTUKY. 77 that colony. Hai')pily this attention induced them to hold a treaty the ensuing spring, and to refrain from hostility in the meantime. A conference was held with the Deputies of the Six Nations at Lancaster, commencing on the 22d of June, 1744, and ending on the 4th of July following, which was attended bj'^ Governor Thomas in person, and by the Commissioners of Virginia and Maryland. All matters of dispute were satisfactorily settled, and the Iroquois engaged to prevent the French and their Indian allies from marching through their country to attack the English settlements. This conference, however, did not remove causes of future disquiet. These lay in the encroachments of the settlers and in the conduct of the traders. The attempt of Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts, to enlist the other colonies in a design for attacking the French settlements at Cape Breton, found no favor in Penns3-lvania, the Assembly refusing assistance, upon the specious plea that they had not been consulted. The plan, however, having been approved by the British Ministry, directions were sent to the Provincial: authorities to furnish men, provisions, and shipping for the expedition. The Assembly acting upon the matter, resolved to grant the sum of four thousand pounds to be expended in the purchase of bread, beef, pork, flour, wheat, or other grain. The enterprise against Louisburg terminated honorably for those who had projected and executed it. The Shawanese Indians on the Ohio, who had long shown symptoms of disaffection to the English, and subserviency to the French cause, now 1745. openly assumed a hostile character. The policy of the French had been long directed to seduce all the Indian tribes from the English interest, and their efforts at this juncture upon the Six Nations produced great alarm in Pennsylvania. Commissioners were dispatched to a convention at Albany, held in October, 1745, by the Governor of New York, and commis- sioners from the Province of Pennsylvania and Colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut, with the Indians of the Six Nations, to induce the latter, if possible, to take up the hatchet against the French and become parties in the war. The Six Nations showed no disposition to enter the contest, and the result of the conference was far from satisfactory. In Ma3% 174fi, instructions were forwarded to the Provincial Government to raise forces to attempt the conquest of Canada. Governor Thomas 1746. forthwith summoned the Assembly, who, after considerable delay, voted five thousand pounds. The Governor raised four companies of over one hundred men each, commanded by Captains William Trent, John Shannon, Samuel Perry, and John Deimer, which were forwarded at once to Albany. Though the attempt on Canada was abandoned, the troops were retained nearly eighteen months on the Hudson River, with the view of over-awing the Indians. On the 5th of May, 1747, the Governor communicated to the 1747. Assembly the death of John Penn, one of the Proprietaries, and his own resolution, on account of ill-health, to resign the government. On the departure of Governor Thomas, the executive administration devolved on the Council, of which Anthony Palmer was president, until the 1749. arrival of James Hamilton, son of Andrew Hamilton, former Speaker of the Assembly, as Lieutenant-Governor, November 23, 1749. 78 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. The cereal crops were very abundant in 1751 and 1752. An extract, translated from the German in the Chron, Ephrat., 190, is quite a curiosity: "The 3'ears 1751 and 1752 liave been so fruitful in wheat and other grain, that men in wanton carelessness sought to waste the supply ; for the precious wheat, which might have supported many poor, they used to fatten hogs, which afterwards they consumed in their sumptuousness. Besides, distilleries were erected everywherp, and thus this great blessing was turned into strong drink, which gave rise to much disorder." These years of plenty were followed b}^ a season of scarceness, covering tlie years 1753-1755, and on the heels of it came Indian hostilities. The progress of the white population, says Gordon, towards the west continued to alarm and irritate the Indians. The new settlers, impatient of the delays of the land office, or unable or unwilling to pay far their lands, or in seai-ch of richer soils, sought homes in districts to which the Indian title had not been extinguished. Especially was this the case with the Scotch-Irish, who seated themselves on the west of the Susquehanna, on the Juniata and its tributary streams, in the Tuscarora Valley, in the Great and Little Coves formed by the Kittatinny and the Tuscarora hills, and at the Big and Little Connolloways. Some of these settlements were commenced prior to 1740, and rapidl}' increased, in despite of the complaints of the Indians, the laws of the Province, or the proclamations of the Governor. An alarming crisis was at hand. The French, now hovering around the oreat lakes, sedulously applied themselves to seduce the Indians from their alleo-iance to the English. The Shawanese had already joined them ; the Dela- wares waited only for an opportunity to revenge tiieir wrongs; and of the Six Nations, the Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas, were wavering. To keep the Indians in favor of the Province required much cunning diplomacy and expensive presents. In this alarming juncture the old flame of civil dissension burst out with increased force. The presents to the Indians, with the erection of a line of forts along the frontier, and the maintenance of a military force, drew heavily upon the provincial purse. The Assembly, the popular branch, urged that the Proprietary estates should be taxed, as well as those of humble individuals. The Proprietaries, through their deputies, refused, and pleaded prerogative, charter, and law ; the Assembly in turn pleaded equity, common danger, and common benefit, requiring a common expense. The Proprietaries offered bounties in lands yet to be conquered from the Indians, and the privilege of issuing more paper money ; the Assembly wanted something more tangible. The Assembly passed laws, laying taxes, and granting supplies, but annexing conditions; the Governors opposed the conditions, but were willing to aid the Assembly in taxing the people, but not the Proprietaries. Here were the o-erms of revolution, not fully matured until twenty 3^ears later. In the mean- time, the frontiers were left exposed, while these frivolous disputes continued. The pacific principles, too, of the Quakers, and Dunkards, and Mennonists, and Schwenckfelders, came in to complicate the strife ; but as the danger increased, they prudently kept aloof from public office, leaving the management of the war to sects less scrupulous. The pulpit and the press, says Armor, were deeply involved in the discussion, and the population was divided into opposing factions upon this question. GENERAL HISTOUY. ^y The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was scarcely regarded more than a truce by the French in America. Eager to extend their territories, and to connect their northern possessions with Louisiana, they had projected a line of forts and military posts from the one to the other along the Mississippi and the Ohio. They explored and occupied the land upon the latter stream, buried in many places leaden plates with inscriptions declaratory of their claims to that river and the lands adjacent thereto. Establishing themselves at Presqu'Isle, the French proceeded southward, erected a fort at Au Bo3uf, and one at the mouth of French Creek, known as Fort Machault. This intention being communicated to Governor Dinwiddle, of Virginia, he dispatched George Washington, in the autumn of 1753, 1753. to inquire by what right these encroachments were made. Havino- performed his journey, which took about two months to accomplish, he reported the answer of Legardeau St. Pierre, the commandant upon the Ohio, dated at the fort on Le Boeuf River, which was evasive. Tlie English government having learned the designs and operations of the French, who pretended they derived their claims to the Ohio River and its appurtenances from the discovery of La Salle sixty years previous, remonstrated with the Court of Versailles, but to no purpose. Deceived, they resolved to oppose force with force. Accordingly, to combine the efforts of the colonies, if possible, a conference was ordered by the ministry at Albany, in July, 1754, to which the Six 1754. Nations were invited. Governor Hamilton, unable to be present, com- missioned Messi-s. John Penn and Richard Peters, of the Council, and Isaac Norris and Benjamin Franklin, of the Assembly, who carried with them £500 as the Provincial present to the Indians. Although not satisfactory in its results to the confederated council, the Pennsylvania commissioners secured a great part of the land in the Province, to which the Indian title was not extinct, comprehending the lands lying southwest of a line beginning one mile above the mouth of Penn's Creek, and running northwest by west " to the western boundary of the State." So far, however, from striking the western, it struck the northern boundary a little west of Conewingo Creek. The Shawanese, Delawares, and Monseys, on the Susque- hanna, Juniata, Allegheny, and Ohio rivers, thus found their lands " sold from under tlieir feet," which the Six Nations had guaranteed to them on their removal from the eastern waters. It was highly dissatisfactory to these tribes, and was a partial cause of their alienation from the English interest. In this convention, however, a plan was proposed for a political union, and adopted on the 4th of July. It was subsequently submitted to the home government and the Provincial Assemblies. The former condemned it, says Franklin, as too democratic; the latter rejected it, as containing too much prerogative. In Pennsylvania it was negatived without discussion. CHAPTER y. PROPRIETARY RULE. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. BRADDOCK'S EXPEDITION. INDIAN RAVAGES ON THE FRONTIER. 1754-1756. NSIGN WARD, while engaged in completing a stockade at the forks of the Ohio, was surprised by tlie appearance of a large French force, under Contrecosur. The Ensign was obliged to surrender his position and retreat. The driving of the Virginia troops from the Oliio and the erection of Fort Duquesne by the French force, aroused the Virginia authorities, and Governor Hamilton strongly urged the Pennsylvania Assembl}^ to organize the militia in aid of Governor Dinwiddle's preparations against the French. This body, alwa^^s factious, evaded the subject, by questioning the invasion of the Province, declaring the action of the Governor as imprudent, and adjourned. Virginia, however, raised a force of three hundred men, under command of Colonel F'ry and Lieutenant-Colonel Washington, and near the Great Meadow^s, a detachment of the French force, under Jumonville, sent to intercept the Virgi- nians, was defeated, and their commander killed. Near that point Fort Necessity was erected by Colonel Washington, who succeeded to the command by the death of Colonel Fry, being reinforced b}' two companies of regulars. Marching out with his little band to dislodge the French from Fort Duquesne, recently erected by them, the advance of a large force of the enemy compelled the 3'oung comman- der to fall back to his stockade, which they immediately prepared to strengthen. Before it was completed they were attacked by the French under M. de Villier. Notwithstanding an obstinate defence, Washington was obliged to capitulate. His courage and conduct, however, were greatly applauded. On receiving the news of Washington's defeat. Governor Hamilton convened the Assembly in special session on the 6th of August, but unpleasant altercations between the executive and legislative were produced, "and their labors were nugatory." Robert Hunter Morris* succeeded Governor Hamilton in October, the latter having requested to be relieved from his duties. A new Assembly had been elected about the time of his arrival. At its session in December, the Governor com- municated to it the roj'al order for a concert with the other colonies, commanding them not only to act vigorously in defence of their own government, but to aid the other colonies to repel every hostile attempt. This body were well aware of the progress of the French, of their completion of Fort Duquesne, and their pre- parations to occupy the country of the Twightwees with numerous settlers. The * Robert Hunter Morris was the eldest son of Lewis Morris, Cliief Justice of New York and New Jersey, born about 1699. On the appointment of his father to the governor- ship of New Jersey, in 1731, the son succeeded him as Chief Justice of that State, a position he held until 1757, when he resigned the office. He was Lieutenant-Governor of the Pro- vince of Pennsylvania from 1754 to 1756. He died the 20th of Fetiruary, 1764. 80 GENERAL JlISTOJtY. 81 Six Nation Indians, now more numerous on the western watei's tlian in their ancient seals, cold to the English cause, and divided among themselves, barely maintained their ncutralit}-. The small bod3' of English troops, collected on tho frontiers, was M^eakened b\^ desertion and corrupted by insubordination. The Indians who still adhered to the Province, and had retired before the French, were seated at Aughwick. They admired the courage of the enemy, contemned the pacific temper of the Assembly, and were scarcely kept in quiet by the liber- ality of the Province to their families, and its forbearance towards the license of their chiefs. The Assembly prepared a bill for the issue of forty thousand pounds currency, appropriating twenty thousand pounds to the use of the King, redeemable by the excise in twelve 3'ears, and the balance to supply the torn and defaced bills of former issues. But the Governor objected the loyal instructions, so often urged by his predecessor, yet conceded, that, as he might dispense with the suspending clause in extraordinar}^ cases, he would venture to sanction the bill, if the sum granted to the King were made redeemable within five 3-ears. This proposition was unhesitatingly rejected. The government of Great Britain had at length determined to oppose energetically the growing power of the French in America. Two regiments of foot from Ireland, under the command of Colonels Dunbar and Halkett were ordered to Virginia, to be there reinforced ; and Governor Shirley and Sir William Pepperell were directed to raise two regiments of a tiiousand men each to be officered from New England, and commanded by themselves. Pennsyl- vania was required to collect three thousand men for enlistment, to be j^laced at the disposal of a commander-in-chief of rank and capacity, who would be appointed to command all the King's forces in America ; to supply the troops on their arrival with provisions, and to furnish all necessaries for the soldiers landed or raised within the Province ; to provide the officers with means for traveling* for impressing carriages, and quartering troops. And, as these were " local matters, arising entirely Avithin her government, his Majesty expected the charges thereof to be borne by his subjects within the Province ; whilst articles of more general concern would be charged upon a common fund, to be raised from all the colonies of North America." Toward this fund the Governor was directed to urge the Assembly to contribute liberall}^ until a union of the northern colonies for general defence could be effected. In answer to a message of the Governor, based on these requisitions, the House referred him to the money bill they had sent him ; and, after a recapitula- tion of their arguments against his objections, they intimated an opinion, that his refusal to pass the bill was occasioned by the Proprietary instructions, which the^^ requested might be shown to them. He evaded a direct answer to this request, but assured them that his instructions were designed to promote the real happiness of the inhabitants, and contained nothing which his dut}' would not have required had they never been given. And, though it was indecorous and unprecedented for the House to demand their exhibition, still he Avould com- municate them wlien necessary for the public service ; it was sufficient now, to sa3- that he was instructed by the Proprietaries earnestly to recommend to them the defence of the Province, not only by the grant of inoney to the King, but by F 82 m^TORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. the establishment of a regular militia, the purchase of arms and military stores, and the erection of magazines. He would add, he said, to his former reasons for negativing their bill, the present state of the treasur^^, which did, or ought to, contain fifteen thousand pounds, and had an annual revenue of seven thousand per annum. With these resources, and a rich and numerous population, he deemed it unpardonable to disobey the royal instructions. The Assembly now seized on the Governor's denial of a precedent to the call for Proprietar}' instructions. The}' adverted to the right of Parliament to ask from the Crown such information as they deemed necessary, and thence inferred their own right to inspect his instructions, which they supported by examples from tlie administrations of Sir William Keith and Colonel Thomas. Then, assuming his instructions to be inconsistent with their views, they declined to proceed further in their public labors until, by a knowledge of the Proprietary designs, they might be enabled to labor successfully. The public service now required this ; and, as they were about to address the King in support of their civil and religious liberties, the Proprietary instructions, their force, and validity', would form the great burden of their petition, unless satisfied by the Governor that remonstrance on that subject was unnecessary. But this threat availed not. Mr. Morris denied their right, and persisted in his refusal. The pertinacity of the Governor, says Gordon, produced from the House a long address, in which they reviewed all the objections that had been made to tlicir money bills, and dwelt with much earnestness upon the injustice and tyranny of administering the government by Proprietary instructions, kept secret from the people, instead of their constitution. " Tiiese instructions," they said, " as they have occasionally been made a part of the public records, have been judged by Governor, council, and representatives, cither — 1, Inconsist- ent with the legal prerogative of tlie Crown, settled b}' act of Parliament ; 2, or a positive breach of the charter of privileges to the i)eople ; 3, or absurd in their conclusions, and, therefore, impracticable; 4, or void in themselves: therefore, if, after exhibition of his instructions, the Governor, finding them to be such as had licretofore been given, should find reason, notwithstanding the bonds he may have given to follow them, to disobe}' them, they would cheerfully grant such further sums for the King's use as the circumstances of the country would bear, and in a manner least burdensome to the inliabitants." But that no doubt might exist of their. disposition to obey tlie orders of the Crown in all tilings not forbidden by their consciences, the Assembly unanimously resolved to borrow, on the credit of the House, the sum of £5,000, to be ex|)onded in the purchase of fresh provisions, for the use of the King's troops on their arrival, and ai)pointed a committee to negotiate the loan. A series of long and angry messages and replies resulted in a determination on the part of the Assembly to address the King, in testimony of their loyalty and affection, and to represent to him the dilficulties produced by Proprietary instructions. On the 14th of January, Major-General Edward Braddock, Sir John St. Clair, Adjutant-General, and the regiments of Dunbar and Halkett sailed 1755. from Cork ; and they arrived early in March at Alexandria, in Virginia, whence they marched to Fredericktown, in Maryland. The place of GENERAL HISTORY. 83 debarkation was selected witlj that ignorance and want of judgment which distinguished the British ministry. The country could furnish neither provi- sions nor carriages for the army ; while Pennsylvania, rich in grain, and well stocked with wagons, could readily supply food, and the means to transport the army to any point. The Assembly, aj)preliending the General to be prejudiced against them, sent Mr. Franklin to undeceive him, with instructions, however, not to assume the character of their agent, but to present himself as Postmaster- General, disposed to make his oflice subservient to the General's plans. While Franklin was with the army the return ,of the wagons obtainable was made, from which it appeared that there were not more than twenty-five, and not all of those serviceable. Braddock, says Gordon, was surprised, declared the expedi- tion at an end, and exclaimed against the ministers for having sent them into a country destitute of the means of transportation. On Franklin expressing his regret that the army had not been landed in Pennsylvania, where such means abounded, Braddock seized eagerly on his words, and commissioned him, on liberal terms, to (jrocure one hundred and fifty wagons, and fifteen hundred pack- horses. Franklin, on his return, circulated advertisements through the counties of York, Lancaster, and Cumberland, and by an artful address obtained, in two weeks, all the wagons, two hundred and fifty pack-horses, and much popularity for himself, lie stated in his address that he found the General incensed at the delay of the horses and carriages he had expected from Philadelphia, and disposed to send an armed force to seize the carriages, horses, and drivers necessary for the service. But that he, apprehending the visit of British soldiers, in their present temper, would be very inconvenient to the inhabitants, was desirous to try what might be done by fair and equitable means ; and that an opportunity was now presented of obtaining £30,000 in silver and gold, which would snppl}^ the deficiency of the Provincial currenc}-. He expended £800 received from the General, advanced £200 himself, and gave his bonds for the pavmcnt of the value of such horses as should be lost in the service, the owners refusing to rely upon Braddock's promise, alleging that he was unknown to them. The claims made against him in consequence of this engagement amounted to £20,000, and were not settled by the government until after much delay and trouble. The Adjutant-General, immediately on the arrival of the troops, required of Governor Mori is that roads should be cut to facilitate their march and the supply of provisions. General Braddock demanded the establishment of a post between Philadelphia and Winchester, the Pennsylvania quota of men, and her portion of the general fund directed to be raised for the public service. The Assembl}', specially summoned, met on the ITtli of March, and imme- diately provided for the expense of a mail and the opening of the roads; an "clayed sugar, indigo, coflee, etc., etc., being the produce of a colon3^ not under tlie dominion of his Majest}'." On the subject of the right of the British Parliament to tax the colonies, it was asserted in the mother country " to be essential to the unit}-, and of course, to the prosperity of the empire, that the British Pai'liament should have a right of taxation over every part of the royal dominions." In the colonies it was contended " that taxation and representation were inseparable, and that they could not be safe, if their propert}^ might be taken from them, Avithout their consent." This claim of the right of taxation on the one side, and the denial of it on the other, was the very hinge on which the Revolution turned. In accordance with the policy to be observed towards America, the next year, 1765, the famous Stamp Act passed both houses of Parliament. 1765. This ordained that instruments of writing, such as deeds, bonds, notes, etc., among the colonies, should be null and void, unless executed on stamped paper, for which a duty should be paid to the Crown. The efforts of the American colonies to stay the mad career of the English ministiy proved unavailing. The Stamp Act was passed with slight opposition by the Commons, and with unanimity by the Lords. Dr. Franklin labored earnestly to avert a measure which his sagacitj^ and extensive acquaintance with the American people taught him was pregnant with danger to the British empire ; but he. entertained not the idea that it would be forcibly resisted. He wrote to Mr. Charles Thomson, " The sun of liberty is set, you m.ust light up the candles of industry and economy.''^ To which Mr. Thomson replied, " he was apprehensive that other lights would be the consequence." To Mr. Ingcrsoll, Franklin said, " Go home and tell your people to get children as fast as they can," intimating that the period for successful opposition had not yet arrived. The opposition to the Stamp Act in America was so decided and universal 123 124 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. that Parliament had only the alternative to compel submission or to 1766. repeal the act. It was repealed on 18th of March, 1Y66, but accom- panyino- it was one known as the Declaratory Act, more hostile to American rights than any of its predecessors. The act affirmed " that Parlia- ment have and of right ought to have, power to hind the colonies in all cases whatsoever.''^ The news of the repeal reached America in May following, and caused unbounded demonstrations of joy. Though the Quakers generally would not have violently resisted the execution of the law, they shared with others the joy produced by the tidings of the repeal. The French and Indian wars had been happily terminated, and the controversy with the mother country appeared now to be the only event that could again give rise to the " wars and fightings," which had already become a snare to many youthful members of the society. During the year 1767 was run the so-called Mason and Dixon's 1767. line, and that every Pennsylvanian may know the interesting history relating thereto, we give this resume of that important transaction : In 1632 Charles the First granted to Cecilius Calvert, Lord Baron of Baltimore, " all that part of the peninsula, or Chersonese, lying in the parts of America between the ocean on the east and the bay of Chesapeake on the west, divided from the residue thereof by a right line drawn from the pro- montory or headland, called Watkin's point, situated upon the bay aforesaid, and near the river of Wighco [Wicomico?] on the west, unto the main ocean on the east, and between that boundary on the south, and that part of the bay of Delaware on the north, which lieth under the fortieth degree of latitude, where New England terminates." Under this grant. Lord Baltimore and his descendants claimed the whole Peninsula, from the above-mentioned "right line" to the 40th degree of latitude; but his title, in strictness, only extended to that portion of it hitherto unsettled, or uncultivated (hactenus inculta.) — and the Dutch and Swedes had previously settled on the western margin of the Delaware. The Duke of York subsequently conquered not only the Dutch settlements east of the Delaware (now parts of New York and New Jersey), but also those on the western shore, and exercised sovereignty over them until 1682 — when he transferred his claim on the western shore and bay of Delaware to William Penn, who had early perceived the importance of owning that side of the river all the way from his Province to the ocean; and hence the annexation of the "three Lower Counties on Delaware'^ now constituting the State of that name. The title being contested, and the late owner being now King James the Second, it was ordered by a decree of his Council, in 1685, "that for avoiding further differences, the tract of land lying between the bay of Delaware and the eastern sea on the one side, and the Chesapeake Bay on the other, be divided into equal parts, by a line from the latitude of Cape Henlopen to the fortieth degree of north latitude, the southern boundary of Pennsylvania by charter — and that the one-half thereof lying toward the bay of Delaware and the eastern sea, be adjudged to belong to his Majesty, and the other half to the Lord Balti- more, as comprised in his charter." The decrees of royalty not being as debatable, just then, as they have been QENEBAL HISTOBY. 125 since, of course the recent conveyance of the eastern half of the Peninsula t( William Penn by His Majesty, while Duke of York, was regarded as entirely valid. This decree, however, did not remove the difficulty existing between the Proprietaries ; for the true situation of Cape Henlopen was still uncertain, and the middle of the Peninsula was yet to be ascertained. The occurrence of death among the parties, and the existence of a litigious spirit, protracted the dispute until the 10th of May, 1732 — when an agreemeni was entered into by the sons of William Penn and Charles Lord Baltimore, great grandson of the original patentee of Maryland. They mutually agreed " that a semi-circle should be drawn at twelve English statute miles around New Castle, agreeably to the deed of the Duke of York to William Penn, in 1682; that an east and west line should be drawn, beginning at Cape Henlopen which was admitted to be below Cape Cornelius — and running westward to the exact middle of the Peninsula ; that from the exact middle of the Peninsula, between the two bays of Chesapeake and Delaware, and the end of the line inter- secting it in the latitude of Cape Henlopen, a line should be run northward, so as to form a tangent with the periphery of the semi-circle at New Castle, drawn with the radius of twelve English statute miles, whether such a line should take a due north course or not ; that after the said northwardly line should touch the New Castle semi-circle, it should be run further northward until it reached the same latitude as fifteen English statute miles due south of the most southern part of the city of Philadelphia ; that from the northern point of such line, a due west line should be run, at least for the present, across the Susquehanna river, and twentj^-five miles bej^ond it — and to the western limits of Pennsylvania, when occasion and the improvements of the country should require ; that that part of the due west line not actually run, though imaginar}^, should be consi- dered to be the true boundar3^ of Maryland and Pennsylvania ; " . . . and "that the route should be well marked by trees and other natural objects, and designated by stone pillars, sculptured with the arms of the contracting parties, facing their respective possessions." This important document, though seemingly so free from ambiguity, was afterward the subject of much litigation; but was finally carried into complete effect, in all its parts. It accounts for the remarkable boundaries of the " three Lower Counties" — which counties, however, would not sta}^ annexed to Pennsyl- vania, and at the Revolution, became the valiant little State of Delaware. The quiet of the Provinces continuing to be interrupted by the conflicting claims of settlers along the border — both parties applied, in 1737, to the King's Council, for some order which should lessen or allay these ferments. An ami- cable temporary arrangement, however, was in the meantime effected by the parties ; and they agreed " that all the vacant land not now possessed by, or under either of them, on the east side of Susquehanna river down as far as fifteen miles and a quarter south of the latitude of the most southern part of the city of Philadelphia, and on the west side of Susquehanna, as far south as fourteen miles and three-quarters south of the latitude of the most southern part of the city of Philadelphia, should be subject to the temporary and provisional juris- diction of Pennsylvania ; and that all vacant land not possessed by or undei either, on both sides of the Susquehanna, south of the said temporar}^ limits, i26 HISTOR Y OF FENNS YL VANIA. should be subject to the jurisdiction of Maryland, until the boundaries wore finally settled — but to be without prejudice to either party." And when this Convention was reported to the Council, His Majesty was pleased to order, "that the Proprietaries of the said respective Provinces of Maryland and Pennsylvania do cause the said agreement to be carried into execution." The order was accordingly promulgated by proclamation in the Provinces, and commissioners were the following year appointed to run the temporary line: Richard Peters and Lawrence Growden, on the part of Pennsylvania, and Colonel Levi Gale and Samuel Chamberlain, on that of Maryland. These com- missioners commenced their active operations in the spring of 1739 (their place of beginning does not appear) — and after proceeding as fiir as the eastern bank of the Susquehanna, were interrupted by the departure of Colonel Gale, on account of death and sickness in his family, and the declaration of Mr. Chamber- lain, that he had no authority to continue operations without the attendance of his colleague. The Penns3'lvania commissioners, deeming their power to proceed limited to a joint operation with those of Maryland, were thereupon instructed by Governor Thomas to proceed alone. They according! 3^ did so ; and ran the line AvestAvard of the Susquehanna, "to the most Avestern of the Kittochtinny Hills," Avhich now forms the western boundary of the county of Franklin. The course ran by these commissioners formed the famous "temporary line" — so well knoAvn to the lawj'crs and earl}' settlers along the southern border of Penns3-h'ania. The controversy', nevertheless, still continued; the cause got into chanceiy, on the construction of the agreement of May 10, 1732, and was not decided until 1750. On the hearing. Lord 15altimore's counsel contended that it could not be carried into effect, by reason of its A'agueness, uncertaint}-, Sec. The Lord Chancellor (TLardAvick), hoAvcver, overcame all the objections — urged in a lono--winded argument of live days duration — and decreed a performance of the articles of agi-eement. He directed that ncAv commissioners should be appointed within three months after the decree, Avho should commence their operations in November folloAving. He further ordered that the centre of the semi-circle should be fixed as near the centre of the toAvn of Xcav Castle as may be — that it should be described Avitli a radius of tAvclve English statute miles, "so that no part of the tOAvn should be further than that distance from the pcri- pher}': and that Cape Henlopen should be taken to be situated as it Avas laid down in the chart accompanying the articles of agreement" (/. e. at FeuAvick's Island, about fifteen miles soutlnvard of the present Cape Henlopen). The commissioners Avere appointed agreeably to the decree, and met at New Castle on the 15th of November, 1750. They fixed upon the court house in New Castle as the centre for draAving the semi-circle; but Lord Baltimore's commis- sioners conjured up a new and unexpected diflicultA', by insisting that the radii of the semi-circle should be measured superficiall}', Avithout alloAving for the inequalities of the groinid — regardless of the absurd consequences resulting from such mode of measurement in creating inequalit}' in the radii, and the conse- quent impossibility of describing any thing deserving the name of a semi-circle. Yet, as the objection was persisted in, the Proprietaries of PennsA'lvania Avcre again under the necessity' of a further application to chancer}'; and, in 1751, obtained a decision in favor of horizontal measurement. GENERAL HISTORY. 12V The commissioners again proceeded in their task. Having run the semi- circle in conformity with the Lord Chancellor's decree, and marked it on the ground, they commenced their operations at the point then known as Cape Ucniopen. The fixing of the southern boundary of the "three Lower Counties" at Feu- wick's Island, requires explanation — inasmuch as the chart adopted by the Proprietaries in their agreement of 1132, gives to the cape opposite Cape Mav, at the mouth of the Delaware Bay, the name of Cape Cornelius (afterward, for a time, called Cape James), and to the point, or "false cape," at Fenwick's Island, the name of Cape Ilenlopen; while the charts of the present day trans- pose that order. IIow, or why the names become thus transposed on the charts and maps of our time, seems not to be clearly understood ; but that they have changed positions since 1732, is an unquestionable fact, As the Lord Chancellor had decided that Cape Ilenlopen should be taken to be where it had been agreed to be, nineteen years before — the ingenuity of the commissioners of INEaryland could devise no further objections in that particular; and they proceeded, in conjunction with those of Pennsylvania, to run the line across the peninsula, and to ascertain "the exact middle," as a point from whence to run the northwardly line to form a tangent with the semi-circle at New Castle. The line between the two bays, in the latitude of the Cape Henlopon of that time, was tlicn run; and after some farther dela}^, and cavilling about the distance, bj' his commissioners, Frederick Lord Baltimore — weary of the contro- versy — entered into articles of agreement with Thomas and Richard Pcnn, July 4, ITGO, which at length effectually closed their tedious and irksome altercations. B^- this agreement it was covenanted that the semi-circle, as already run, should be adopted; that the distance across the Peninsula, in the latitude of Cape Ilenlopen, should be taken to have been rightly run, at 69 miles and 2985 perches from the stone pillar east of "the mulberry tree, at Fenwick's Island," marked with the arms of the contracting parties; that the middle of such line sliould be ascertained, and a stone pilhir should be fixed at that point; that from such point a northwardly line should be run, whether the same should be due north or not, so as to form a tangent with the semi-circle at New Castle, drawn with a radius of twelve English statute horizontal miles from the court house in tiiat j)lace — and past the said point of contact further north till it reached the latitude of fifteen miles south of the most southern part of Phila- del[)liia; that from said fifteen mile point, a line should be run due west — to the utmost longitude of Pennsylvania ; that all claim should be released to the terri- tory within those limits then to be ascertained, and that the Penns should appoint commissioners to run the lines as 3'et unfinished. "The Commissioners appointed inidcr the deed of 17G0 addressed them- selves, at once, to the comi)letion of the peninsular cast and west line, and to tracing the twelve mile circle — appointing to this end the best surveyors they could obtain. Tlie mode of proceeding was to measure with the common chain, hohling it as nearly horizontal as they could, the direction being kei)t by fig'.iting along poles, set u[) in what they called vislas^ cut b}' them through the forest. . . . But the progress made was very slow ; and at the end of tlirce X28 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. years, little more was accomplislied than the peninsular line and the measure ment of a radius." This left to be ascertained and established, " the tangent, from the middle point of the peninsular line to the tangent point — the meridian from thence to a point fifteen miles south of the most southern part of the city of Philadelphia with the arc of the circle to the west of it — the fifteen miles distance and the parallel of latitude westward from its termination." It remains now, as simply and succinctly as practicable, to relate, that on the 4th of Auo-ust. 1163, the Penns, Thomas and Richard, and Frederick, Lord Baltimore then being together in London, agreed with Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, "two mathematicians and surveyors," "to mark, rvm out, settle fix, and determine all such parts of the circle, marks, lines, and boundaries as were mentioned in the several articles or commissions, and were not yet completed ;" that Messrs. Mason and Dixon arrived in Philadelphia, November 15, 1763, received their instructions from the commissioners of the two Provinces, December 9, 1763, and forthwith engaged in the work assigned to them ; that the}^ ascertained the latitude of the southernmost part of the city of Philadelphia (viz.: 39° 56' 29.1" north — or more accurately, according to Colonel Graham, 39° 56' 37.4"), which was agreed to be in the north Avail of the house then occupied by Thomas Plumstead and Joseph Huddle, on the south side of Cedar Street ; and then, in January and February, 1764, they measured thirty-one miles westward of the city (probably from the margin of the river Delaware), to the forks of the Brandy wine, where they planted a quartzose stone known then, and to this day, in the vicinage, as " the Star-gazers' Stone," a short distance west of the Chester county alms-house, in the same latitude as the southernmost part of Philadelphia (which stone is 6 miles 264 perches west of the meridian of the court house in West Chester ; and a due east line from it intersects said meridian four hundred and forty-six and one-half perches, or nearly a mile and a half south of the court house ; that in the spring of 1764, after a satisfactory " star-gazing," in the forks of the Brandywine — they ran, from said stone, a due south line fifteen English statute miles (in the first mile crossing the West Brandywine three times), horizontally measured by levels each twenty feet in length and this was re-measured in like manner nearly three years after- wards), to a post marked Weat^ ascertaining there, also, the latitude of the place (then computed at 39° 43' 18", now more exactly calculated to be 39° 43' 26.3" north) ; that they then repaired to a post, marked Middle^ at the middle point of the peninsular west line running from Cape Henlopen (Fenwick's Island) to Chesapeake Bay, and thence, during the summer of 1764, they ran, marked, and described the tangent line, agreed on by the Proprietaries. Then, in the autumn of 1764, from the post marked West, at fifteen miles south of Philadel- phia, they set ofi" and produced a parallel of latitude westward, as far as to the river Susquehanna; then they went to the tangent point, and in 1764-5, ran thence a meridian line northward until it intersected the said parallel of latitude, at the distance of 5 miles, 1 chain, and 50 links, thus and there determining and fixing the northeast corner of Marjdand. Next, in 1765, they described such portion of the semicircle round New Castle, as fell westward of the said meridian, or due north line from the tangent point. " This little bow or arc" — reaching into Maryland — " is about a mile and a half long, and its middle width GENERAL HISTOBT. 129 one hundred and sixteen feet ; from its upper end, where the three States join, to the fifteen mile point, where the great Mason and Dixon's line begins, is a little over three and a half miles ; and from the fifteen mile corner due east to the circle, is a little OA^er three quarters of a mile — room enough for three or four good farms. This was the only part of the circle which Mason and Dixon ran." The survej'ors appear to have moved about considerably, and to have repeated their operations at several points, but finally they proceeded with the intention of continuing the west line beyond the Susquehanna, to the end of five degrees of longitude from the river Delaware, in the parallel of said west line; and in the years 1*166-1 they extended the same to the distance of 230 miles, 18 chains, and 21 links, from the beginning of said line, at the northeast corner of Maryland (or 2ii miles, 38 chains, and 36 links, from the river Delaware), near to an Indian war-path, on the borders of a stream called Dunkard creek ; but were there prevented, by the aborip-inal Proprietaries, from continuing the said line to the end of five degrees of longitude (the western limits of Pennsylvania), which, in the latitude of said line, they found — and the commissioners agreed — to be 267 miles, 58 chains, and 90 links, at the rate of 53 miles, 167.1 perches, to a degree. Colonel Graham, liowever, estimates the length of the southern bouiidary of Penn- sj'lvania at 266 miles, 24 chains, and 80 links. The line thus run was subsequently (November 9, 1768) certified by the commissioners to have been marked, described, and perpetuated, by setting up and erecting therein stones at the end of every mile, from the place of beginning to the distance of" 132 miles, near the foot of a hill called and known by the name of Sideling Hill — every five mile-stone having on the side facing the north the arms of Thomas Penn and Richard Penn graved thereon, and on the south side the arms of Lord Baltimore. Those stones were imported from England, and were hewn from that variety of calcareous rock known as Oolite or Roe stone. The line thus marked is stated to have been measured horizontally — the hills and mountains with a sixteen and a half-foot level ; and the vista, cut through the forest, eight yards wide, was " seen about two miles, beautifully terminating to the e^'e in a point." The residue of the southern boundar}^ line of Pennsylvania — something less than twenty-two miles — was afterward (in 1782) run by other sur- veyors; it was not, however, completed and permanently marked until 1784. The interference of the Indians having arrested tlie further proceedings of Mason and Dixon, those gentlemen returned to Philadelphia and reported the facts to the commissioners; when they received an honorable discharge on the 26th of December, 1767, having been engaged in the service about four years. They were allowed twenty-one shillings each per day for one month, from June 21, of the last year, and the residue of the time, ten shillings and six pence each per day, for the expenses, etc., and no more until thc}^ embarked for England ; and then the allowance of ten shillings and six pence sterling per day was again to take place, and continue until their arrival in England, I 130 mSTOEY OF PENNSYLVANIA. The amount paid by the Pcnns, under those proceedings, from IT GO to 1168, was thirty-four thousand two hundred pounds, Penns^'lvania currenc}'. Dr. Maskelyne, the Astronomer Ro3'al, in an introduction to the Observa- tions of Mason and Dixon, in the Philosophical Transactions, remarks : " In the course of this work they traced out and measured some lines lying in and near the meridian, and extended, in all, somewhat more than one hundred miles ; and, for this purpose, the country in these parts {i. e., on the Peninsula) being all overgrown with trees, large openings were cut through the woods, in the direction of the lines, which formed the straightest and most regular, as well as extensive vistas that, perhaps, were ever made. Messrs. Mason and Dixon perceived that a most inviting opportunity was here given for deter- mining the length of a degree of latitude, from the measure of near a degree and a half. Moreover, one remarkable circumstance \Qvy much favored the undertaking, which was, that the country through which the lines run was, for the most part, as level as if it had been laid out by art." The astronomical observations for determining the length of a degree of latitude were begun on the 11th of October, 176G, and continued to the IGth of that month. The degree of latitude measured 363,763 feet, about 68.9 miles. Colonel Graham sa3-s, "their measurement for determining the length of a degree of latitude" was performed "in the 3'car 17G8, imder the auspices of the Koyal Societ}' of London, after thej^ had tinislied the marking of the boundar}' between Maryland and PcnnsA-Ivania, and were discharged from the service of the Commissioners." The difference of latitude, of the stone planted in the forks of Brandy wine, and the middle post, in the western Peninsular line — or the amplitude of the celestial arch, answering to the distance between the parallels of latitude passing through these points — has been found b}' sector to be 1'-* 28' 45". In 17G7 a bill passed Parliament, imposing certain duties on tea, glass, paper, and painters' colors, imported into the colonies from Great Britain. This act, with several others, re-kindled the opposition of the colonies. Again associations Avere formed to prevent the importation of British goods, and meetings called to resolve, petition, and remonstrate. The British ministers, deluded into the belief that a reduction of the tax Avould restore tranquilit}', promised that five-sixths of the taxes imposed in 17G7 should be repealed; and in 1770 all Avere abolished, save three pence per pound on tea. In Philadelphia the non-importation resolutions Averc signed b}' all of the principal merchants and business men of that cit}-. The laAvless white men on the frontiers continued to encroach ujion the Indian lands, and to provoke hostilities b}' atrocious murders of inoffensive Indians. Another savage Avar menaced the Province in 17G7-'C8, l)ut was prcA'cnted b}^ tlie timely intervention of Sir William Johnson. At his sug- gestion a great council was held at Fort Stanwix, in Ncav York, at Avhich all grievances were adjusted ; and a treaty was made, November 5, 1768. 1768, Avith the Six Nations, which convoyed to the Proprietaries all the land Avithin a boundary extending from the Ncav York line on the Susquehanna, past Towanda and Tyadagliton creek, up the AVcst Branch, over to Kittanning, and thence down the Ohio. This was then called the New Purchase, GENERAL HISTOEY. 131 and opened a wide field of adventure to the hardy pioneers of Pennsylvania. It was a vast school too, in which some of the bravest soldiers of the subsequent wars were reared. In 1769 both houses of Parliament, in an address to the King, requested him to order tlie Governor of Massachusetts to take notice of such as mio-ht be guilty of treason, that they might be sent to England and tried there. In 1771, John Penn having returned to England, Mr. James Ilamil- 1771. ton administered for a short time as president of the council, until the arrival of Richard Penn,* younger brother of John, as lieutenant-gover- nor, in the autumn of the same j-ear, Richard Penn's administration only con- tinued until the return of his brother John, in September, 1773 ; but he appears during that short term to have won the sincere affections of his fellow-citizens. The recommendations of meetings 1773. and associations to suspend the impor- tation of tea had been so strictly com- plied with, that but little had been brouglit into the country. The consequence was, that vast quantities, seventeen millions of pounds, had accumulated on the hands of the East India Com[)any. For their relief, Parliament now authorized them to export this tea to an^^ part of the world, free of duty. Conlidcnt of now finding a market for their tea in America, the East India Company freighted scveial ships with that article for the different colonies, and appointed agents -to dispose of it. The colonists resolved to obstruct the sale of that tea and to refuse the paj'ment of even three pence by way of dut}'. On the approach of the tea ships destined for Philadelphia, the pilots 1774. in the river Delaware were warned not to conduct them into harbor; and their captains, apprised of the foregoing resolutions, deeming it unsafe to land their cargoes, consented to return without making an entr}' at the custom house, the owners of goods ordered from England, on board these vessels, cheerfully submitting to the inconvenience of having their merchandise returned to Great Britain. It is stated that a large quantity of tea was destroyed on the Colianscy. The cai)tains of vessels addressed to New York wisely adopted the same resolu'.ion. The tea sent to Charleston was landed and stored, but not offered for sale; and having been placed in damp cellars, became rotten, and was entirely lost. The ships designed for Boston entered that port, EICUARD PENN. * Richard Penn was horn in England, in 1734. He was brother of John Penn, and was a mem- ber of the Provincial Council, and naval officer during the latter's administration. lie married Miss Mary Masters, of Philadelphia. lie was governor of the Province from 1771 to 1773, and such was the confidence in him that, in 1775, when lie embarked for England, he was entrusted with the sec- ond petition of Congress to the King. On his arrival in London, he was examined in the House of Lords as to American affairs. He subsequently became a member of Parliament. He died in Eng- land, May 27, ISU. 132 SIS TOB Y OF PEN'N'S YL VAITIA. and the energy of Governor Hutchinson prevented their return ; but before the tea could be landed, a number of colonists, pursuant to a concerted plan, dressed in Indian costume, entered the vessels, and, without doing other damage, broke open three hundred and fortj^-two chests of tea, and emptied their contents into the water. Such was the union of sentiment among the people, and so systematic their opposition, that not a single chest of the cargoes sent out by the East India Company was sold for its benefit. Tiiese proceedings were communicated by the King to Parliament on March 7th, 1774, and measures were speedily adopted contemplating the submission of the rebellious colonists. An act was passed called the "Boston Port Bill," by which the port of Boston was closed and the custom house transferred to Salem ; by another act the charter of Massachusetts was subverted, the nomina tion of councillors, magistrates, and other officers being vested in the Crown during the royal pleasure ; by a third act the Governor of that colony was directed and authorized to send persons indicted for murder or any other capital offence, to any other colony, or to Great Britain, for trial. A bill was also passed for quartering soldiers upon the inhabitants. The inhabitants of Boston had foreseen the present crisis, and they met it with undaunted spirit. Information of the passage of the Port Act was received on the tenth of May, and on the thirteenth, the town resolved "that, if the other colonies would unite with them to stop all importations from Great Britain and the West Indies until that act should be repealed, it would prove the salvation of North America and her liberties ; but should they continue their exports and imports, there was reason to fear that fraud, power, and the most odious oppression would triumph over justice, right, social happiness, and freedom." A copy of this resolution was transmitted to the other colonies, the inhabitants of Avhich expressed deep sympathy in the sufferings of their brethren in Boston, endured in the common cause ; and concun-ing in opinion with them on the propriety of convening a Provincial Congress, delegates for that purpose were generally chosen. Throughout the continent, the first of June, the day on which the Boston Port Act was to take effect, on the resolution of the Assembly of Virginia, was adopted "as a day of fasting, humiliation, and pra3'er, to implore the Divine interposition to avert the heavy calamity which threatened destruction to their civil rights, and the evils of civil war, and to give one heart and one mind to the people, firmly to oppose every invasion of their liberties." Tlie terms "IFAz^y" and " To/'i'es " were introduced at this time — the former to describe those in sympathy witli the cause of Boston, and arra^'ed on the side of the colonies against Parliament ; the latter to designate those whose s^MTipathies were with Great Britain against the colonies. Throughout the country, and especiall}' in Pennsylvania, the warmest interest and most cordial sympathy were manifested for the people of Boston. The committee of correspondence for the city of Philadelphia, early in June sent a circular to the principal citizens of the different counties, in which they say : " The Governor declining to call the Assembly, renders it necessary to take the sentiments of the inhabitants ; and for that purpose it is agreed to call a meeting of the inhabitants of this city and the county at GENERAL HISTORY. I33 the State House, on Wednesday, the 15th instant. And as we would wish to have the sentiments and concurrence of our brethren in the several counties, who are equally' interested with us in the general cause, we earnestly desire you to call together the principal inhabitants of your county and take their sentiments. We shall forward to you by eveiy occasion, any matters of consequence that come to our knowledge, and we should be glad you would choose and appoint a committee to correspond with us." This was signed by Charles Thomson, the clerk of the first Continental Con- gress. In pursuance of these suggestions, meetings were held in every part of the State, especially in the middle and western counties, where the Scotch-Irish took the lead. Deputies were chosen from every district in the Province who assembled at Philadelphia on the 15th of July. There were present, for the city and county of Philadelphia: Thomas Willing, John Dickinson, Peter Chevalier Edward Pennington, Thomas Wharton, John Cox, Joseph Reed, Thomas Whar- ton, Jun., Samuel Erwin, Thomas Fitzsimons, Doctor William Smitli Isaac Howell, Adam Hubley, George Schlosser, Samuel Miles, Thomas Mifflin Chris- topher Ludwick, Joseph Moulder, Anthony Morris, Jun., George Gray, John Nixon, Jacob Barge, Thomas Penrose, John M. Nesbitt, Jonathan B. Smith James Mease, Thomas Barclay, Benjamin Marshall, Samuel Howell, William Moulder, John Roberts, John Bayard, William Rush, and Charles Thomson. Bucks— John Kidd, Henry Wynkoop, Joseph Kirkbride, John Wilkinson, and James Wallace. Chester — Francis Richardson, Elisha Price, John Hart, Anthony Wayne Hugh Lloyd, John Sellers, Francis Johnston, and Richard Reiley. Lancaster— George Ross, James Webb, Joseph Ferree, Matthias Slough, Emanuel Carpenter, William Atlee, Alexander Lowrey, and Moses Irwin. York — James Smith, Joseph Donaldson, and Thomas Hartley. Cumberland — James Wilson, Robert Magaw, and William Irvine. Berks — Edward Biddle, Daniel Brodhead, Jonathan Potts, Thomas Dundas and Christopher Schultz. Northampton — William Edmonds, Peter Ivichliue, John Oakley, and Jacob Arndt. Northumberland — William Scull and Samuel Hunter. Bedford — George Woods. Westmoreland — Robert Hannah, James Cavett. Thomas Willino- was chosen chairman, and Charles Thomson, clerk. It was agreed that, in case of any difference in sentiment, the question bo determined by the Deputies voting by counties. The letters from Boston of the 13th of May were then read, and a short account given of the steps taken in consequence thereof, and the measures now pursuing in this and the neighboring provinces ; after which the following resolves were passed : " Unan. 1. That we acknowledge ourselves and the inhabitants of this Province, liege subjects of his Majesty King George the Third, to whom they and we owe and will bear true and faithful allegiance. " Unan. II. That as the idea of an unconstitutional independence on the parent state is utterly abhorent to our principles, we view the unhappy differences be- 134 HISTOE Y OF PENNS TL VANIA. tween* Great Britain and the Colonies with the deepest distress and anxiety of mind, as fruitless to her, grievous to us, and destructive of the best interests of both. " Unan. III. That it is therefore our ardent desire that our ancient harmony with the mother country should be restored, and a perpetual love and union subsist between us, on the principles of the constitution, and an interchange of good offices, without the least infraction of our mutual rights. "Unan. IV. That the inhabitants of these colonies are entitled to the same rights and liberties within these colonies, that the subjects born in England are entitled to within that realm. " Unan. Y. That the power assumed by the Parliament of Great Britain to bind the people of these Colonies, by statutes, ' in all cases whatsoever,' is uncon- stitutional ; and therefore the source of these unhappy differences. " Unan. VI. That the act of Parliament for shutting up the port of Boston is unconstitutional ; oppressive to the inhabitants of that town ; dangerous to the liberties of the British Colonies; and therefore, that we consider our brethren at Boston as suffering in the common cause of these Colonies. "Unan. VII. That the bill for altering the administration of justice in certain criminal cases within the province of Massachusetts Bay, if passed into an act of Parliament, will be as unconstitutional, oppressive, and dangerous as the act above mentioned. " Unan. VII, That the bill for changing the constitution of the province of Massachusetts Bay, established by charter, and enjoyed since the grant of that charter, if passed into an act of Parliament, will be unconstitutional and dan- gerous in its consequences to the American colonies. "Unan. IX. That there is an absolute necessity that a Congress of Deputies from the several Colonics be immediately assembled, to consult together, and form a general plan of conduct to be observed by all the Colonies, for the pui-- poses of procuring relief for our grievances, preventing future dissensions, firmly establishing our rights, and restoring harmony between Great Britain and her colonies, on a constitutional foundation. " Unan. X. That, although a suspension of the commerce of this large trading province with Great Britain would greatl}' distress multitudes of our industrious inhabitants, yet that sacrifice, and a much greater, we are ready to offer for the preservation of our liberties ; but, in tenderness to the people of Great Britain, as well as this country, and in hopes that our just remonstrances will at length reach the ears of our gracious Sovereign, and be no longer treated with contempt by any of our fellow-subjects in England, it is our earnest desire that the Con- gress should first try the gentler mode of stating our grievances, and making a firm and decent claim of redress. " XI. Besolved, by a great majority, Thatj-et notwithstanding, as an unanimity of councils and measures is indispensably necessary for the common welfare, if the Congress shall judge agreements of non-importation and non-exportation expedient, the people of this Province will join with the other Principal and neighboring colonies in such an» association of non-importation from and non- exportation to Great Britain, as shall be agreed on at the Congress. " XII. Resolved, by a majority, That if any proceedings of the Parliament, of GENERAL HISTORY. 135 which notice shall be received on this continent, before or at the general Con- gress, shall render it necessary in the opinion of that Congress, for tlie Colonies to take farther steps than are mentioned in the eleventh resolve ; in such case, the inhabitants of this Province shall adopt such larther steps, and do all in their power to carry them into execution. " Unan. XIII. That the venders of merchandise of every kind within this Pro- vince ought not to take advantage of the resolves relating to non-importation in this Province or elsewhere ; but that they ought to sell their merchandise, which they now have or may hereafter import, at the same rates they have been accustomed to do within three months last past. "Unan. XIV. That the people of this Province will break off all trade, com- merce, or dealing of any kind with any colony on this continent, or with any city or town in such colon}-, or with any individual in any such colon3\ city, or town, which shall refuse, decline, or neglect to adopt and carry into execution, such general plan as shall be agreed in the Congress. "Unan. XY. That it is the duty of every member of this committee to promote, as much as he can, the subscription set on foot in the several counties of this Province, for the relief of the distressed inhabitants of Boston. '•Unan. XYI. That this committee give instructions on the present situation of public affiiirs to their representatives, who are to meet next week in Assembl}', and request them to appoint a proper number of persons to attend a Congress of Deputies from the several Colonies, at such time and place as may be agreed on, to effect one general plan of conduct, for attaining the ninth resolve. "That John Dickinson, Doctor William Smith, Joseph Reed, John Kidd, Elisha Price, William Atlee, James Smith, James Wilson, Daniel Brodhead, John Oakley, and William Scull, be appointed to prepare and bring in a draught of instructions." The author of these instructions was John Dickinson, the chairman of the committee; and as important to a proper understanding of the principles that actuated our ancestors in adopting measures which eventually resulted in the revolt of the Colonies, and as a valuable chapter in the history of the State, we give the address in full. " Gentlemen : The dissensions between Great Britain and her Colonies on this continent, commencing about ten years ago, since continually increasing, and at length grown to such an excess as to involve the latter in deep distress and dan- ger, have excited the good people of this Province to take into their serious consideration the present situation of public affairs. "The inhabitants of the several counties qualified to vote at elections, being assembled on due notice, have appointed us their deputies ; and in consequence thereof, we being in Provincial Committee met, esteem it our indispensable duty, in pursuance of the trust reposed in us, to give you such instruction, as at this important period appear to us to be pi'oper. "We, speaking in their names and our own, acknowledge ourselves liege sub- jects to his Majesty King George the Third, to whom 'we will be faithful and bear true allegiance.' "Our judgments and affections attach us, with inviolable loyalty, to his Ma- jesty's person, family, and government. 136 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. " We acknowledge the prerogatives of the Sovereign, among which are included the great powers of making peace and war, treaties, leagues, and alliances bind- ino- us of appointing all •officers, except in cases where other provision is made, by grants from the Crown, or laws approved by the Crown — of confirming or annulling every act of our Assembly within the allowed time — and of hearing and determining finally, in council, appeals from our courts of justice. 'The prerogatives are limited,' as a learned judge observes, 'by bounds so certain and notorious, that it is impossible to exceed them, without the consent of the people on the one hand, or without, on the other, a violation of that original contract, which, in all states implicity, and in ours most expressly, subsists be- tween the Prince and subject — for these prerogatives are vested in the Crown for the support of society, and do not intrench any farther on our natural liber- ties, than is expedient for the maintenance of our civil.' "But it is our misfortune, that we are compelled loudly to call your attention to the consideration of another power, totally different in kind — limited, as it is alleo-ed, by no 'bounds,' and 'wearing a most dreadful aspect' with regard to America. We mean the power claimed by Parliament, of right to bind the peo- ple of these Colonies by statutes, 'in all cases whatsoever' — a power, as we are not and, from local circumstances cannot, be represented there, utterly sub- versive of our natural and civil liberties — past events and reason convincing us that there never existed, and never can exist, a state thus subordinate to another, and yet retaining the slightest portion of freedom or happiness. "The import of the words above quoted needs no descant ; for the wit of man, as we apprehend, cannot possibly form a more clear, concise, and comprehensive definition and sentence of slavery, than these expressions contain. "This power claimed by Great Britain, and the late attempts to exercise it over these Colonies, present to our view two events, one of which must inevita- bly take place, if she shall continue to insist on her pretensions. Either, the colonists will sink from the rank of freemen into the class of slaves, over- whelmed with all the miseries and vices, proved by the history of mankind to be inseperably annexed to that deplorable condition: Or, if they have sense and virtue enough to exert themselves in striving to avoid this perdition, they must be involved in an opposition dreadful even in contemplation. " Honor, justice, and humanity call upon us to hold, and to transmit to our pos- terity, that liberty, which we received from our ancestors. It is not our duty to leave wealth to our children : But it is our duty to leave liberty to them. No infamy, ini luity, or cruelty can exceed our own, if we, born and educated in a country of freedom, entitled to its blessings, and knowing their value, pusil lanimously deserting the post assigned us by Divine Providence, surrender suc- ceeding generations to a condition of wretchedness from which no human efforts, in all probability, will be sufficient to extricate them ; the experience of all states mournfully demonstrating to us, that when arbitrary power has been established over them, even the wisest and bravest nations that ever flourished have, in a few years, degenerated into abject and wretched vassals. " So alarming are the measures already taken for laying the foundations of a despotic authority of Great Britain over us, and with such artful and incessant vigilance is the plan prosecuted, that unless the present generation can iaterrupt GENEEAL HltiTUHY. 13T the work, while it is going forward, can it be imagined that our children, debili- tated b}^ our imprudence and supineness, will be able to overthrow it, when completed ? Populous and powerful as these Colonies may grow, they will still find arbitrary domination not only strengthening with strength, but exceeding, in the swiftness of its progression, as it ever has done, all the artless advantages that can accrue to the governed. These advance with a regularity, which the Divine Author of our existence has impressed on the laudable pursuits of his creatures : But despotism, unchecked and unbounded by any laws — never satis- fied with what has been done, while anything remains to be done for the accom- plishment of its purposes — confiding, and capable of confiding, only in the an- nihilation of all opposition — holds its course with such unabating and destruc- tive rapidit}', that the world has become its pre}-, and at this da}", Great Britain and her dominions excepted, there is scarce a spot on the globe inhabited by civilized nations where the vestiges of freedom are to be observed. "To us, therefore, it appears, at this alarming period, our duty to God, to our country, to ourselves, and to our posterit}', to exert our utmost abilit}', in pro- moting and establishing harmony between Great Britain and these Colonies, on A CONSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATION. "For attaining this great and desirable end, we request you to appoint a pro- per number of persons to attend a Congress of Deputies from the several Colo- nies, appointed, or to be appointed, by the representatives of the people of the Colonies respectively, in assembly or convention, or b}^ delegates chosen b}' the counties generally in the respective Colonies and met in Provincial Commitee, at such time and place as shall be generally agreed on : And that the Deputies from this Province may be induced and encouraged to concur in such measures as may be devised for the common welfare, we think it proper, particularly to in- form, how far, we apprehend, they will be supported in their conduct by their constituents. "The assumed parliamentary power of internal legislation, and the power of regulating trade, as of late exercised, and designed to be exercised, we are thoroughl}-- convinced, will prove unfailing and plentiful sources of dissensions to the mother country and these Colonies, unless some expedients can be adopted to render her secure of receiving from us every emolument, that can in justice and reason be expected, and us secure in our lives, liberties, properties, and an equitable share of commerce. " Mournfull}^ revolving in our minds the calamities that, arising from these dissensions, will most probabl}^ fall on us or our children, we will now lay before you the particular points we request of you to procure, if possible, to "be finally decided: and the measures that appear to us most likely to produce such a desirable period of our distresses and dangers. We therefore desire of you " First — that the Deputies 3'ou may appoint may be instructed by you strenu- ously to exert themselves, at the ensuing Congress, to obtain a renunciation on the part of Great Britain, of all powers under the statute of the 35th Henry the Eighth, chapter the 2d. Of all powers of internal legislation — of imposing taxes or duties internal or external — and of regulating trade, except with respect to any new articles of commerce, which the Colonies may hereafter raise, as silk, wine, etc., reserving a right to carry these from one colony to another — a repeal 138 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. of all statutes for quartering troops in the Colonies, or subjecting them to any expense on account of such troops — of all statutes imposing duties to be paid in the Colonies, that were passed at the accession of his present Majesty, or before this time; whichever period shall be judged most advisable — of the stat- utes giving the Courts of Admiralty in the Colonies greater power than Courts of Admiralty have in England — of the statutes of the 5th of George the Second, chapter the 22d, and of the 23d of George the Second, chapter the 29th — of the statute for shutting up the port of Boston — and of ever}' other statute particu- larly affecting the province of Massachusetts Bay, passed in the last session of Parliament. "In case of obtaining these terms, it is our opinion, that it will be reasonable for the Colonies to engage their obedience to the acts of Parliament declared to have force, at this time, in these Colonies, other than those above-mentioned, and to contirm such statutes by acts of the several assemblies. It is also our opinion, that taking example from our mother country, in abolishing the 'Courts of Wards and Liveries, Tenures in capite, and by Knights service and purveyance,' it will be reasonable for the Colonies, in case of obtaining the terms before men- tioned, to settle a certain annual revenue on his Majesty, his heirs and successors, subject to the control of Parliament, and to satisfy all damages done to the East India Company. " This our idea of settling a revenue, ai'ises from a sense of duty to our Sov- ereign, and of esteem for our mother country. We know and have felt the benefits of a subordinate connection with her. We neither are so stupid as to be ignorant of them, nor so unjust as to deny them. We have also experienced the pleasures of gratitude and love, as well as advantages from that connexion. The impressions are not A^et erased. We consider her circumstances with ten- der concern. We have not been wanting, when constitutionally called upon, to assist her to the utmost of our abilities; insomuch that she has judged it rea- sonable to make us recompenses for our overstrained exertions : And we now think we ought to contribute more than we do to the alleviation of her bur- thens. "Whatever may be said of these proposals on either side of the Atlantic, this is not a time cither for timidity or rashness. We perfectl}^ know, that the great cause now agitated is to be conducted to a happy conclusion only by that well tempered composition of counsels, which firmness, prudence, lo3'alt3^ to our Sovereign, respect to our parent State, and affection to our native country, united must form. "By such a compact. Great Britain will secure every benefit that the Parlia mentary wisdom of ages has thought proper to attach to her. From her alone we shall continue to receive manufactures. To her alone we shall continue to carry the vast multitude of enumerated articles of commerce, the exportation of which her policy has thought fit to confine to herself. With such parts of the world only as she has appointed us to deal, we shall continue to deal; and such commodities only as she has permitted us to bring from them, we shall con- tinue to bring. The executive and controling powers of the Crown will retain their present full force and operation. We shall contentedly labor for her as affectionate friends, in time of tranquility ; and cheerfully spend for her, as GENERAL HISTORY. 189 dutiful children, our treasure and our blood, in time of war. She will receive a certain income from us, without the trouble or expense of collecting it without being constantly disturbed by complaints of grievances which she cannot justify and will not redress. In case of war, or any emergency of distress to her, we shall also be ready and willing to contribute all aids within our power : And we solemnl}^ declare, that on such occasions, if we or our posterity shall refuse neglect, or decline thus to contribute, it will be a mean and manifest violation of a plain duty, and a weak and wicked desertion of the true interests of this Province, which ever have been and must be bound up in the prosperity of our mother country. Our union, founded on mutual compacts and mutual benefits will be indissoluble, at least more firm than an union perpetuallv disturbed by disputed rights and retorted injuries. " Secondly. If all the terms above mentioned cannot be obtained, it is our opinion, that the measures adopted by the Congress for our relief should never be relinquished or intermitted, until those relating to the troops internal let^is. lation — imposition of taxes or duties hereafter — the 35th of Henry the 8th chapter the 2d — the extension of Admiralty Courts — the port of Boston and the province of Massachusetts Bay — are obtained. Every modification or qualifi- cation of these points, in our judgment, should be inadmissible. To obtain them, we think it may be prudent to settle some revenue as above-mentioned, and to satisfy the East India Company. " TiiiiiDLY. If neither of these plans should be agreed to in Congress, but some other of a similar nature shall be framed, though on the terms of a revenue, and satisfaction to the East India Company, and though it shall be agreed by the Congress to admit no modification or qualification in the terms they shall insist on, we desire your Deputies may be instructed to concur with the other Deputies in it; and we will accede to, and carry it into execution as far as we can. " Fourthly. As to the regulation of trade — we are of opinion, that by making some few amendments, the commerce of the Colonies might be settled on a firm establishment, advantageous to Great Britain and them, requiring and subject to no future alterations, without mutual consent. We desire to have this point considered by the Congress ; and such measures taken as the}' may judo-e proper. " In order to obtain redress of our com raongrievances, we observe a general inclination among the Colonies of entering into agreements of non-importation and non-exportation. We ai-e full}' convinced that such agreements would with- hold very large supplies from Great Britain, and no words can describe our con- tempt and abhorrence of those colonists, if any such there are, who, from a sordid and ill-judged attachment to their own immediate profit, would pursue that, to the injury of their country, in this great struggle for all the blessino-s of liberty. It would appear to us a most wasteful frugalit}-, that would lose every important possession by too strict an attention to small things, and lose also even these at the last. For our part, we will cheerfully make any sacrifice, when necessary, to preserve the freedom of our country. But other considera- tions have weight with us. We wish every mark of respect to be paid to his Majesty's administration. We have been taught from our youth to entertain 140 HISTOBT OF PENNSYLVANIA. tender and brotherly affections for our fellow-subjects at home. The iuterrup- tion of our commerce must distress great numbers of them. This we earnestly desire to avoid. We therefore request that the deputies you shall appoint may be instructed to exert themselves, at the Congress, to induce the members of it to consent to make a full and precise state of grievances, and a decent, yet firm claim of redress, and to wait the event before any other step is taken. It is our opinion that persons should be appointed and sent home to present this state and claim at the Court of Great Britain. " If the Congress shall choose to form agreements of non-importation and non-exportation immediately, we desire the deputies from this Province will endeavor to have them so formed as to be binding upon all, and that they may be permanent, should the public interest require it. They cannot be efficacious, unless they can be permanent ; and it appears to us that there will be a danger of their being infringed, if they are not formed with great caution and deliberation. We have determined in the present situation of public affairs to consent to a stoppage of our commerce with Great Britain onl}' ; but in case any proceedings of the Parliament, of which notice shall be received on this continent, before or at the Congress, shall render it necessary, in the opinion of the Congress to take further steps, tlie inhabitants of this Province will adopt such steps, and do all in their power to carry them into execution. " This extensive power we commit to the Congress, for the sake of preserving that unanimity of counsel and conduct that alone can work out the salvation of these Colonies, with a strong hope and trust that they will not draw this Province into any measures judged by us, who must be better acquainted with its state than strangers, highly inexpedient. Of this kind, we know, any other stoppage of trade, but of that with Great Britain, will be. Even this step we should be extremely afflicted to see taken by the Congress, before the other mode above pointed out is tried. But should it be taken, we apprehend that a plan of restrictions may be so framed, agreeable to the respec- tive circumstances of the several colonies, as to render Great Britain sensible of the imprudence of her counsels, and yet leave them a necessar}^ commerce. And here it may not be improper to take notice, that if redress of our grievances cannot be wholly obtained, the extent or continuance of our restrictions may, in some sort, be proportioned to the rights w^e are contending for, and the degree of relief afforded us. This mode will render our opposition as perpetual as our oppression, and will be a continual claim and assertion of our rights. "We cannot express the anxiety with which we wish the consideration of these points to be recommended to you. We are persuaded, that if these Colonies fail of unanimit}' or prudence in forming their resolutions, or of fidelity in observing them, the opposition, by non-importation and non-exportation agreements, will be ineffectual ; and then we shall have only the alternative of a more dangerous contention, or of a tame submission. " Upon the whole, we shall repose the highest confidence in the wisdom and integrity of the ensuing Congress : And though we have, for the satisfaction of the good people of this Province, who have chosen us for this express purpose, offered to 3^ou such instructions as have appeared expedient to us, j-et it is not our meaning, that by these or by any you may think proper to give them, the QENEEAL HISTORY. 141 deputies appointed by you sliould be restrained from agreeing to any measures that sliall be approved by the Congress. We should be glad the deputies chosen by you, could, by their influence, procure our opinions, hereby communicated to you, to be as nearly adhered to as may be possible ; but to avoid difficulties wo desire that they may be instructed by you to agree to any measures that shall be approved by the Congress ; the inhabitants of this Province havino' resolved to adopt and carry them into execution. Lastly — We desire the deputies from this Province may endeavor to procure an adjournment of the Con<>-ress to such a day as they shall judge proper, and the appointment of a standing committee. " Agreed, that John Dickinson, Joseph Reed, and Charles Thomson be a committee to write to the neighboring colonies, and communicate to them the resolves and instructions. " Agreed, that the committee for the city and county of Phila- delphia, or any fifteen of them, be a Committee of Correspondence for the general Committee ol this Province." Such was the determined stand taken by the people of Pennsyl- vania, who, with loj^alty upon their lips, says Sherman Day, but the spirit of resistance in their hearts, pushed forward the Revolution. The Assembly promptly res- ponded to the " Instructions " b}^ appointing Joseph Galloway, Speaker, Daniel Rhoads, Thomas Miffiin, John Morton, Charles Humphreys, George Ross, Ed- ward Biddle, and subsequently^, John Dickinson, as delegates from Pennsylvania to the Congress to be held in Philadelphia, in Sep- tember. This body, meeting on the 5th of that month, at Carpenter's Hall, chose Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, President of Congress, and Charles Thomson, of Pennsylvania, Secretary. The declaration of rights was agreed upon. First, then, they named as natural rights, the enjoyment of life, liberty, and fortune. They next claimed, as British subjects, to be bound by no law to which they had not consented by their chosen representatives (excepting such as might be mu- Inally agreed upon as necessary for the regulation of trade). They denied to Parliament all power of taxation, and vested the right of legislation in their own Assemblies. The common law of England they declared to be their birth- right, including the rights of trial by a jury of the vicinage, of public meetings, and petition. The}' protested against the maintenance in the Colonies of stand- ing armies without their full consent, and against all legislation by councils de- pending on the Crown. Having thus proclaimed their rights, they calmly enu- carpenter's hall, Philadelphia— 1774. 142 HISTOE Y OF PEJS'N'S YL VANIA. merated the various acts whicli had been passed in derogation of them. These were eleven in number, passed in as many years — the sugar act, the stamp act, the tea act, those which provided for the quartering of troops, for tlie supersedure of the New York Legislature, for the trial in Great Britain of offences committed in America, for the regulation of the government of Massachusetts, for the shut- ting of the port of Bost^on, and the last straw, known as the Quebec Bill. On the 18th of October articles of confederation were adopted, the signing of which, two days afterwards, remarks Henry Armitt Brown, should be regarded as the commencement of the American Union, based upon freedom and cqualitj'. On the 26th of tlie same month, after adopting an address to the peoi)lc of Great Britain, a memorial to the inhabitants of British America, and a loyal address to his Majesty, it adjourned to meet in Philadelphia, on the 10th May following. The Assembly of Pennsylvania, which met on the 8th of December, was the first Provincial Legislature to which report of the Congressional proceedings was made. By this body they were unanimously approved, and recommended to the inviolable observance of the people ; and Messrs. Biddle, Dickinson, Mifllin, Gallowa}', Humphreys, Morton, and Ross were ajopointcd delegntcs to the next Congress, Mr. Rhoads being omitted, his ofTice of mayor of the city engrossing all his attention. Upon the return of Benjamin Fianklin from Lon- don, he was immediately added to the Congressional delegation, togetlier Avith Messrs. James Wilson and Thomas "Willing. Mr. Galloway having i-epeatedly requested to be excused from serving as a deput}'-, was then permitted to with- draw. This gentleman became affrighted at the length lo which tlie opposition to the parent State was carried. He drew the instructions given to the Pennsyl- vania delegates for the past and next Congress, and refused to serve unless they were framed to his wishes. Ilitheiito Governor Penn had looked upon the proceedings of the Assembly without altempting to direct or control them. lie Avas supposed to favor the efforts made in support of American principles; but now a semblance of regard to the instructions of the Crown induced him to remonstrance in mild terms against the continental system of petition and remonstrance. Li England, the proceedings of the Americans were viewed with great indignatioa by the King and his ministr}-, and the petition of Congress, although declared b}' the Secre- tary^ of State, after a day's perusal, " to be decent and proper, and received graciously by his Majesty, did not receive mucli favor at tlie hands of the minis- try, which resolved to compel the obedience of the Americans." The remon- strances of three millions of people were therefore treated, perhaps believed, as the clamors of an unruly multitude. Botii houses of Parliament joined in an address to tiio King, declaring "that they find a rebellion actually exists in the Province of Massachusetts." This was followed by an act for restraining the trade and commerce of the Now Eng land Provinces, and prohibiting them from cariying on the fisheries on the Banks of Newfoundland, which was subsequently extended to Ncav Jersey, Pennsylva- nia, ^Laryland, Virginia, South Carolina, and the counties on the Delaware. Pending the consideration of this bill, Lord North introduced what he termed a conciliatory proposition. It provided " that when an}^ colony should propose to make provision, according to its circumstances, for contributing its pro- OENEliAL HISTORY. I43 portion to the common defence, and should engage to make provision also for the support of the civil government, and the administration of justice in such colony, it would be proper, if such [u-oposal were approved by Ilis Majesty and Parlia- ment, and for so long as such provision should be made, to forbear to lev}' any duty or tax excei)t such duties as were expedient for the regulation of commerce, the net produce of the last mentioned duties to be carried to the account of such colony." This proposition was opposed as an admission of the correctness of the American views as to taxation by Parliament, and as a concession to armed rebels. The Prime Minister declared " that he did not expect the proposition would be acceptable to the Americans, but that if it had no beneficial effect in the Colonies, it would unite the people of England by holding out to them a dis- tinct object of revenue. That, as it tended to unite England, it would produce disunion in America; for, if one colony accepted it, their confederac}', which made them formidable, would be broken." This avowal of the character and tendency of the resolution was not requisite to enlighten the colonists. On its transmission to the Provinces, it was unani- mously rejected. A specimen of the manner in which it was attempted to be su})ported is found in the address of Governor Penn to the Assembly of Penn- sylvania. " Uc presented the resolution to the 'Ilouse as an indication of the strong disposition of Parliament to remove the causes of American discontents- urged them to consider this plan of reconciliation, offered by the parent Slate to her children, with that temper, calmness, and deliberation which tlie importance of the subject and the present critical situation of affairs demanded ; observed that the colonics, amid tlie complaints occasioned by jealousy of their liberties had never denied the justice of contributing towards the burthens of the mother countiy, to whose protection and care they owed not only their present opulence, but even their existence. On tlie contrary, every statement of their supposed grievances avowed the propriety of such a measure, and their willingness to comply with it. The dispute was therefore narrowed to this point, whether the redress of colonial grievances should precede or follow the settlement of that just pro- portion which America should bear towards tlie common support and delence of the whole British Empire. In the resolution of the llouse of Commons, which he Avas authorized to say was entirely approved by Ilis Maj'.;sty, they had a solemn declaration, that an exemption from any dut}' would be the consequence of a coin[)liance with the terms of such resolution. For the performance of this engagement, he presumed no greater security would be required than the resolu- tion itself approbated by His Mnjesty. And as they Avere the first Assembly to whom this resolution had been communicated, much depended upon their conduct and they would (leserve.{AL Hlk^TUUY. 161 to our own power in the Province by fixing upon a plan for calling a convention to form a government under the authority of the people. But the sudden and unexpected separation of the Assembly has compelled us to undertake the execution of a resolve of Congress for calling forth 4, 500 of the militia of the Province to join the militia of the neighbouring colonies to form a camp for our immediate protection. We presume only to recommend the plan we have formed to you, trusting that in case of so much consequence your love of virtue and zeal for liberty will supply the want of authority delegated to us expressly for that purpose. " We need not remind j^ou that you are now furnished with new motives to animate and support your courage. You are not about to contend against the power of Great Britain in order to displace one set of villains to make room for another. Your arms will not be enervated in the day of battle with the reflection that you are to risk your lives or shed your blood for a British tyrant, or that your posterity will have j^our work to do over again. You are about to contend for permanent freedom, to be supported by a government which will be derived from j^ourselves, and which will have for its object not the enrolment of one man, or class of men only, but the safety, liberty, and happiness of every individual in the community. "We call upon you, therefore, b}' the respect and obedience which are due to the authority of the United Colonies, to concur in this important measure. The present campaign will probably' decide the fate of America. It is now in 3^our power to immortalize 3'our names by mingling your achievements with the events of the year 1776 — a 3'ear which we hope will be famed in the annals of history to the end of time, for establishing upon a lasting foundation the liberties of one-quarter of the globe, " Remember the honor of our Colon}'- is at stake. Should j^ou desert the com- mon cause at the present juncture, the glory you have acquired by your former exertions of strength and virtue will be tarnished, and our friends and brethren who are now acquiring laurels in the most remote parts of America will reproach us and blush to own themselves natives or inhabitants of Pennsylvania. But there are other motives before you — your houses, your fields, the legacies of your ancestors, or the dear-bought fruits of your own industry and 3^our libert}'^ — now urge you to the field. These cannot plead with 3'ou in vain, or we might point out to you further — your wives, your children, j-^our aged fathers and mothers, who now look up to you for aid and hope for salvation in this day of calamity only from the instrumentality of j'our swords. Remember the name of Pennsylvania. Think of 3'Our ancestors and of 3'our posterity." Earl}' the same month Congress " resolved, that a Fl3dng Camp be immediately established in the middle Colonies, and that it consist of ten thousand men," to complete which number, it was ordered that the Province of Pennsylvania be required to furnish six thousand of the militia. This force was to be enlisted for six months. The Conference of Committees then in session resolved subsequently that four thousand five hundred of the militia should be embodied, which with fifteen hundred then in the pay of the Province would make up the six thousand required by Congress. The Flying Camp was accordingly soon formed. It consisted of three brigades, two of which were 162 SIS TOE Y OF PENNS YL VAN^IA. commanded respectively by Brigadier-Generals James Ewing and Daniel Rober- deau, of Pennsylvania. The other officer was from Maryland. The object in forming this body seems to have been not only to show the enemy the power of the nation they warred against, but also to render assistance to General Wash- ington in case of offensive or defensive operations. The Flying Camp is closely united with the honors and the sufferings of many men in Pennsylvania. They underwent " the hard fate of war " in the Jerseys, and are intimately connected with the glories achieved at Trenton, Princeton, and Monmouth. Toward the last of June, apprehending an immediate attack upon Philadel- phia by way of the river, the Committee of Safety continued to increase its defences, in order to be prepared for the enemy. The two tiers of chevaux-de- frize first constructed were probably defective, and in consequence two addi- tional tiers were sunk, one opposite Billingsport and the other in range with the fires of the Fort. It becoming obvious in a few da3^s that New York, and not Philadelphia, was to be attacked. Col. Miles' command was ordered to Phila- delphia, and letters were dispatched by the Committee to the colonels of the different battalions of the counties of Philadelphia, Bucks, Lancaster, and Chester, requesting they would hold themselves in readiness to march at an hour's warning. We now come to the most momentous epoch in the history not only of the State, but of the Nation. The first actual approval of independence by State authority was in North Carolina. The convention of that State, on the 22d of April, 1T16, directed their delegates to " concur with those of other States in establishing independence." Then followed the action of Virginia, the conven- tion of which resolved unanimously that their delegates in Congress should propose to that body to declare the United Colonies free and independent States, absolved from all allegiance to or dependence on the King and Parliament of Great Britain. The delegates in Congress from Pennsylvania, by their instruc- tions of the 9th of November, 1*715, were expressly commanded to resist this measure, as they had been to oppose every proposition for changing the form of the Provincial government. From this restriction they were, however, released by a resolution of the Assembly, adopted at the instance of some petitioners from the counties of Lancaster and Cumberland, authorizing them "to concur with the other delegates in Congress in forming such further contracts between the United Colonies, concluding such treaties with foreign kingdoms and states, and adopting such other measures, as, upon a view of all circumstances, shall be judged necessary for promoting the liberty, safety, and interests of America ; reserving to the people of this Colony the sole and exclusive right of regulating its inter- nal government and police." The reluctance with which the Assembly granted this authority is demonstrated by their concluding observations. " The happi- ness of these Colonies," they said, " has, during the whole course of this fatal controversy, been our first wish ; their reconciliation with Great Britain our next. Ardently have we pra3^ed for the accomplishment of both. But if we must renounce the one or the other, we humbly trust in the mercies of the Supreme Governor of the Universe, that we shall not stand condemned before His throne, if our choice is determined by that overruling law of self-preservation, which His divine wisdom has thought proper to implant in the hearts of His creatures." Ll. GENERAL HISTORY. 163 The committee which reported these instructions consisted of Messrs. Dickinson, Morris, Reed, Clymer, Wilcoclis, Pearson, and Smith. The action of the Pennsylvania Conference has been referred to. The public mind throughout the Colonies was now fully prepared for a declaration of independence. The Assembly of Pennsylvania, which displa^^ed such reluctance, now assented to the measure. On the 7th of June the proposition was made in Congress by Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, seconded by John Adams, of Massachusetts, that the " United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states ; and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved." This resolution was referred to a committee of the whole Congress, where it was daily debated. In favor of independence, Lee and Adams were the most distinguished speakers, the latter of whom has been chai'acterized as the "ablest advocate" of the measure; and their most formidable opponent was John Dickinson. Although the latter, by his political writings, had been powerfully instru- mental in preparing the people for this end, 3'et when the time came, he endea- vored to allay the undue excitement. " Prudence," he said, " required that they should not abandon certain for uncertain objects. Two hundred years of happi- ness and present prosperity, resulting from English laws, and the union with Great Britain, demonstrated that America could be wisely governed by the King and Parliament. It was not as independent, but as subject States, not as a republic, but as a monarchy, that the Colonies had attained to power and great- ness. What then," he exclaimed, "is the object of these chimeras hatched in the da^^s of discord and war ? Shall the transports of fury sway us more than the experience of ages, and induce us to destroy, in a moment of anger, the work which had been cemented and tried by time. The restraining power of the King and Parliament was indispensable to protect the Colonies from disunion and civil war ; and the most cruel hostility which Britain could wage against them, the surest mode of compelling obedience, would be to leave them a prey to their own jealousies and animosities. For, if the dread of English arms were removed, province would rise against province, city against city, and the weapons now assumed to combat the common enemy would be turned against themselves. " Necessity would then compel them to seek the tutelary powe • they had rashly abjured : and, if again received under its aegis, it would be no longer as freemen, but as slaves. In their infancy, and without experience, they had given no proof of ability to walk without a guide; and, judging of the future by the past, they must infer that their concord would not outlive their danger. Even when su[)ported by the powerful hand of England, tl;e Colonies had abandoned themselves to discords, and sometimes to violence, from the paltry motives of territorial limits, and distant jurisdictions: what, then, might they not expect, when their minds were heated, ambition roused, and arms in the hands of all. " If union with England gave them means of internal peace, it was not less necessary to procure the respect of foreign powers. Hitherto, their intercourse with the world had been maintained under the name and arms of England. Not as Americans — a people scarce known — but as Englishmen, they had obtained entrance and favor in foreign ports : separated from her, the nations would treat IG4 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. them with disdain, the pirates of Europe and Africa would assail their vessels, massacre their seamen, or subject them to perpetual slavery." As far-seeing a man as John Dickinson was, he could not fully comprehend the idea of a separate existence of the Colonies from the mother countrj^, and yet no purer patriot breathed the air of freedom. A zealous advocate of liberty, it was, as stated, his words that startled the Colonies and struck the key-note which aroused the energies of the provincialists and bade them contend for inde- pendence. Notwithstanding his over-cautiousness, nay hesitancy, the declara- tion having been determined on, Dickinson entered heartily into its support and took an active part in all the affairs transpiring in the Colonies — even wielding his sword in the cause. On the first day of July, a vote in committee of the whole was taken in Con- gress, upon the resolution declaratory of independence. It was approved by all the Colonies except Pennsylvania and Delaware. Seven of the delegates from the former were present, of whom four voted against it. Ccesar Rodney, one of the delegates from the latter, was absent, and the other two, Thomas M'Kean and George Read, were divided in opinion, M'Kean voting in favor and Read against the resolution. At the request of a colony, the proposition having been reported to the bouse, was postponed until the next daj', when it was finally adopted and entered upon the journals. Pending the consideration of this important question, a committee, consisting of Jefierson, John Adams, Franklin, Sherman, and R. R.. Livingston, was appointed to prepare a Declaration of Independence. Adams and Jefl'erson were appointed a sub-committee, and the original draft of this eloquent mani- festo was made by Jefierson. It was adopted by the committee without amendment, and reported to Congress on the twentj'-eighth of June. On the Ath of July, having received some alterations, it luas sanctioned by the vote of every Colony. Two of the members from Pennsylvania, Morris and DicKinson, were absent ; Franklin, Wilson, and Morton, voted for, and Willing and Humphreys, against it. To secure the vote of Delaware, M'Kean sent an express for Rodney, who, though eighty miles from Philadelphia, arrived in time to unite with him in the vote. The Declaration was directed to be engrossed, and, on the second of August, 1776, was signed by all the members then present, and by some who were not members .it the time of its adoption. Among the latter were Colonels George Ross and James Smith, Dr. Benjamin Rush, George Clymer, and George Tajdor, who had been elected b}^ the Penns3dvania Convention, in the place of Messrs. Dickinson, Willing, and Humphre3's, who had opposed it. On the 5th of July circular letters were sent by Congress to the Assemblies, Conventions, and Councils of Safety of the various States, requesting that the Declaration of Independence should be officially proclaimed. In Pennsylvania the Committee resolved on the latter — that the instrument should be read by the Sheriff of Philadelphia, or by some person vinder his direction, at the State House, on Monday the 8th of July. At the same time it was directed that the King's arms should be taken down from the court room and publicly burned by nine associators appointed for the purpose. GENEBAL HISTORY. Kio On the day in question, the Committee of Observation for Philadelphia marched to the lodge room, in Lodge Alley, occupied by the Committee of Safety ; from thence both bodies proceeded to the State House yard, where John Nixon, a member of the Committee of Safety, on behalf of the proper officer, read the Declaration of Independence. " The instrument," says Mr. Westcott, "was heard with attention, and received with hearty and warm applanse. In the afternoon the five battalions were mustered on the commons, and the Decla- ration was proclaimed to each of them. In the evening the King's arms were torn down, as had ])een previously arranged, and burned, amidst the acclama- tions of a large crowd of spectators. Bells were rung, bonfires were liohted, and, upon this joyful occasion, the old bell of the State House, bearing upon its sides the remarkable motto ^Proclaim Liberty throughout the Land^ unto all the Inhabitants thereof,^ was probably first rung in honor of the jo3-ful chano-e of affairs." The delegates to the Convention to frame a constitution for the new o-overn- ment consisted of the representative men of the State — men selected for their ability, patriotism, and personal popularit3^ They met at Philadelphia, on the 15th of July, each one taking, without hesitancy, the prescribed test, and organized by the selection of Benjamin Franklin, president, George Ross, vice- president, and John Morris and Jacob Garrigues, secretaries. On the 18th of the month, Owen Biddle, Colonel John Bull, the Rev. Wm. Vanhorn, John Jacobs, Colonel George Ross, Colonel James Smith, Jonathan Hoge, Colonel Jacob Morgan, Colonel Jacob Stroud, Colonel Thomas Smith, and Robert Mar- tin, were appointed to " make an essay for a declaration of rights for this State." On the 24th the same persons were directed to draAv up an essay for a frame or system of government, and John Lesher was appointed in place of Colonel jMor- gan, who was absent with leave. On the 25th of July, Colonel Timothy Matlack, James Cannon, Colonel James Potter, David Rittenhouse, Robert Whitehill, and Colonel Bartram Gal- braith, Avere added to the Committee on the Frame of Government. On the 28th of September, the Convention completed its labors by adopting the first State Constitution, which went into immediate effect, without a vote of the people. During the session of the Convention, sa^^s Mr. Westcott, it not only discussed and perfected the measures necessary in the adoption of a Constitu- tion, but assumed the supreme authority in the State, and legislated upon matters foreign to the object for which it was convened. Among other matters this body appointed a Council of Safety, to carry on the executive duties of the government, approved of the Declaration of Independence, and appointed justices of the peace, who were required, before assuming their functions, to each take an oath of renunciation of the authority of George III., and one of allegi- ance to the State of Pennsylvania. . The legislative power of the frame of government was vested in a General Assembly of one House, elected annually. The supreme executive power was vested in a President, chosen annually by the Assembly and Council, by joint ballot — the Council consisting of twelve persons, elected in classes, for a term of three years. A Council of Censors, consisting of two persons from each city and county-, 166 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. was to be elected in 1Y83, and in every seventh year thereafter, whose duty it was to make inquiry as to whether the Constitution had been preserved inviolate during the last septennary, and whether the executive or legislative branches of the government had performed their duties as guardians of the people, or assumed to themselves, or exercised other or greater powers than the^^ were entitled to b}^ the Constitution, They were also to inquire whether the public taxes had been justly levied and collected, in all parts of the Commonwealth ; in what manner the public moneys had been disposed of, and whether the laws had been duly executed. For these purposes they had power to send for persons, papers, and records, and they could pass public censures, order impeachments, and recommend to the Legislature the repeal of such laws as appeared to have been enacted contrary to the principles of the Constitution. Their powers were to continue one year, and they might call a convention to meet within two years, if deemed absolutely necessary, for amending any article of the Constitution that might appear defective, or for explaining any that might be thought to be not clearly explained, or for adding such as might appear necessary for the preservation of the rights and happiness of the people. The articles to be amended were to be published six months befoi'e election, in order that the people might have opportunity of instructing their delegates concerning them This Constitution, although defective, was not for some years remedied. The Assembly, in 1777, adopted measured looking to a calling of a convention, and an election ordered for delegates thereto by a resolution on 28th Noyember, 1778, but so highly incensed were the people of the State at what the}' consi- dered an uncalled-for action on the part of the Legislature, that body rescinded the motion by a vote of forty-seven to seven, nine-tenths of the qualified voters remonstrating. The scarcity of salt exciting serious apprehensions. Congress passed resolu- tions against a monopoly of that article, and the Council of Safety' purchased a quantity to distribute through the State. They established salt works on Tom's river. New Jersey, but some time elapsed before these works were pro- ductive. The necessities of the Continental service caused the Council of Safety to place the State battalions of Colonels Samuel Miles, Samuel J. Atlee, and Daniel Brodhead at the disposal of Congress. They were marched to Long Island, where, with the Continental' regiments of the Pennsylvania Line, viz. : Colonels Shee's, Magaw's, and Lambert Cadwallader's, they were engaged in battle on the 27th of August, which i-esulted in the defeat of the \merican forces and the evacuation of Long Island. The Pennsylvania tror. ps sustained serious loss. Lieutenant-Colonel Caleb Perry, of the musketmer^ was killed, as also Lieu- tenant Charles Taylor, of the second battalion of riflemen, and Lieutenant Joseph Moore, of the musketmen. Colonel Samuel Miles ^and Lieutenant- Colonel James Piper, of the first riflemen, and Colonel Samuel J. Atlee, of tlie third, with other officers, were taken })risoners. On the 16th of November P^ort Washington was reduced, and as in the engagement at Long Island, the Pennsylvania troops were severe sufl'erers. Morgan's, Cadwallader's, Atlee's, Swope's, Watts', and Montgomery's battalions GENERAL HISTORY 167 were taken pi-isoners. In addition to tliese severe blows to the cause of inde- pendence, General Howe's advance menaced Philadelphia. On the 28th of November a meeting was held at the State House to consider the exigency of affairs. The Assembly sent General Mifflin through the State to stir up the people. Bounties were offered to volunteers — ten dollars to every man who joined General Washington on or before December 20th, seven dollars to those who came forward before December 25th, and five dollars to all who enlisted after that time and before December 30th, on condition of their under- going six weeks service. Commodore Seymour was dispatched to Trenton with the armed boats to assist in transporting the army and stores across the Delaware, General Roberdeau was sent to Lancaster to alarm the people. In the midst of tliis general excitement and almost consternation, Congress exhibited an alarm and indecision which was exceedingly injurious to the cause. After having declared by resolution that they would not quit Philadelphia, the members, on the very next day, adjourned precipitately to Baltimore. General Washington dispatched Major-General Israel Putnam to Philadel- phia to direct the defences. He arrived on the 12th of December, and assumed military C9mmand of the city. The fort at Billingsport was of little conse- quence, and works were commenced at Red Bank, on the Delaware, New Jersey, as commanding the river. The British troops occupied Trenton towards the middle of December, and their advance threatened Philadelphi.-^ /rom the east side of the Delaware. The Council of Safety, owing to the demaud for reinforcements by the commander- in-chief, sent forth an energetic and patriotic circular, calling on every friend of his country " to step forth at this crisis." In order to render the organization of the associators more serviceable, Color.el John Cadwallader was chosen brigadier-general by the Council of Safety, and Colonel Miles appointed brigadier-general of the Pennsylvania Line. REAR VIEW Ol-' INUEI'KNDENCE HALL. CHAPTER X. THE REVOLUTION. BATTLES OP TRENTON AND PRINCETON. THE BATTLE 01 BRANDYWINE. MASSACRE AT PAOLI. BRITISH OCCUPATION OF PHILADELPHIA. BATTLE OP GERMANTOWN AND REDUCTION OP PORT MIFFLIN. 1116-1717. N Wednesday, the 25tli of December, 1116, General Washington, with his army, was on the west bank of the Delaware, encamped near Tajdorsville, then McConkej^'s ferry, eight miles above Trenton. The troops under General Dickinson were at Yardley- ville ; and detachments were encamped still further up the river. The boats on the river had all been secured when General Washington had crossed with his army on the first of the month. The Pennsylvania troops were in two bodies — one at Bristol, under General Cadwallader, and the other at Morrisville, opposite Trenton, under General Ewing. At this time the British, under General Howe, were stationed in detachments at Mount Holly, Black Horse, Burlington, and Bordentown ; and at Trenton there were three regiments of Hessians, amounting to about fifteen hundred men, and a troop of British light horse. Divisions of the British army were also at Prince- ton and New Brunswick. The plan of General Washington was to re-cross the Delaware with his army at McConkey's ferry, in the night of the 25th, and for General Ewing, with his command, to cross at or below Trenton, — that both might fall upon the enemy at the same time — Ewing at the south and General Washington at the north end of the town. At dusk the Conti- nental troops, under the commander-in-chief, amounting to 2,400 men, with twenty pieces of artillery, began to cross at the ferry. The troops at Yardley- ville, and the stations above, had that day assembled at this ferry. It was between three and four o'clock in the morning before all the artilleiy and troops were over and ready to marcli. Many of the men were very destitute as regarded clothing, but nowise despairing, they pushed on. The ground was covered with sleet and snow, which was falling, although before that day there was no snow, or only a little sprinkling on the ground. General Washington, as they were about to march, enjoined upon all profound silence during their march to Trenton, and said to them: " I hope you will all fight like men." The army marched with a quick step in a body from the river, up the cross- road to the Bear Tavern, about a mile from the river. The whole force marched down this road to the village of Birmingham, distant about three and one-half miles. There they halted, examined their priming, and found it all wet 168 I THE ASSKMBLY. 1776. GENERA L HIS TO UY. 169 " Well," said General Sullivan, " Ave must fight them with the bayonet." From Birmingham to Trenton the distance by the river road and the Scotch road is nearly equal, being about four and a half miles. The troops were formed in two divisions. One of them, commanded by General Sullivan, marched down the river road. The other, commanded by General Washington, accompanied by Generals Lord Stirling, Greene, Mercer, and Stevens, filed oflf to the left, crossed over to the Scotch road, and went down this road till it enters the Pennington road about a mile above Trenton. Scarcely a word was spoken from the time the troops left the ferry till they reached the town, and with such stillness did the army move that they were nqt discovered until they came upon the out-guard of the enemy, which was posted in the outskirts of the town, when one of the sentries called to the out-guard and asked, "Who is there?" "A friend," was the reply. "A friend to whom?" "A friend to General Washington." At this the sentinel fired, retreating. The American troops immediately returned the fire, and, marching upon them, drove them into town. The artillery, under Colonel (afterwards General) Knox, soon got into position, and enfiladed the main street. The infantry supported the artiller}', and the enemy were thrown into confusion. One regiment attempted to form in an orchard, but were soon forced to fall back upon their main bod3\ A company of them entered a stone house, which they defended with a field-piece, judiciously posted in the hall ; but Captain (afterwards Colonel) Washington advanced to dislodge them. Finding his men exposed to a close and steady fire, he suddenly leaped from them, rushed into the house, seized the oflficer who had command of the gun, and claimed him prisoner. His men followed him, and the whole company were made prisoners. In the meanwhile victorj' declared itself everywhere in favor of the American arms. General Rahl, who commanded the Hessians, was mortally wounded early in the engagement. He was taken to his headquarters, where he died of his woiinds. The number of prisoners was twenty-three ofllicers and eight hundred and eightj^-six privates. The loss of the enemy in killed was seven officers and thirty privates ; that of the Americans, two privates killed and two frozen to death. Had General Ewing's division been able to cross the Delaware as contemplated, and taken possession of the bridge on the Assunpink, all the enemy that were in Trenton would have been captured ; but owing to so much ice on the shores of the river, it was impossible to get the artillery over As it was, the victory greatly revived the drooping spirits, not only of the army, but of the Union. Before night the forces of Washington, with their prisoners and other trophies of victory, had safely landed on the Pennsylvania side of the river. After the battle at Trenton, General Putnam hastened to rejoin the army, leaving General Irvine in command of Philadelphia. Subsequently General Gates succeeded the latter. Close upon the victory at Trenton followed the action at Princeton, on the 2d day of January, HTT. In this battle the Philadelphia City Troop, 1777. under the command of Captain Samuel Morris, and Captain William Brown's company of marines, belonging to the Pennsylvania ship no HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Montgomery, distinguished themselves by their bravery. At Princeton fell the brave General Hugh Mercer, and a number of other officers and men. The members of the Supreme Executive Council, chosen under the Constitu- tion of the State, at the election in February, assembled on the 4th of March, and proceeded to an organization, and the Council of Safety was dissolved. In ioint convention with the Assembly, Thomas Wharton, Jr.,* was elected President, and George Bryan, Vice-President. To give due dignity to the executive of the new government, the inauguration took place on the following day, the 5th, with much pomp and ceremony, at the court house. On the 13th of March, the Supreme Execu- tive Council appointed a Navy Board, to whom was committed all powers necessary for the good of that service. This board entered very promptly upon the duties of its appointment, meeting with many difficulties, boats out of repair and inefficiently manned, difficulties about rank in the fleet, all of which it succeeded in overcoming. In April, when it was thought Philadelphia would be attacked, this board was invested with all powers in its department necessary to ensure the public safety, and a pro- clamation was issued forbidding the sailing of all vessels from the port without its permission. The association system failing, the Assem- bl}^ addressed itself to the task of establishing a regular and permanent mili- tia, and a Board of War, consisting of nine members, was appointed to assist in carrying out the provisions of the new militia law. Early in June, General Howe, commander of the British forces at New York, showed a disposition to advance by land across New Jersey, and to take i^osses- sion of Philadelphia. On the 14th of that month he actually made an advance by two columns, which led General Washington to believe that this was his real intention. This information being communicated to Congress, the same day that body directed " that the second-class of the militia of the counties of Philadelphia, Chester, Bucks, Lancaster, York, Cumberland, Berks, and North- ampton, be ordered to march to the places to which the first class of the said counties respectively are ordered, and that the third class be got in readiness to march, and also, that the first and second classes of the city militia be ordered to march to Bristol, and the third class hold themselves in readiness to march at the shortest notice." This order was promptly responded to by the Supreme Executive Council of the State, who issued a circular letter to the lieutenants of THOMAS WHARTON, JR., I * Thomas Wharton, Jr., was born in Philadelphia in 1735. He was descended from an ancient En^^lish family, and was the grandson of Richard Wharton, who emigrated to Pennsylvania in 1683. President Wiiarton was twice married, first to Susan, daughter of Thomas Lloyd, and subsequently to Elizabeth, daughter of William Fishbourn. He was a warm supporter of the principles of the Revolution, and on the change of government, was elected to the highest office in the State. He died suddenlj'- at Lancaster, on the 23d of May, 1778. He was buried with military honors, and at the request of the vostry, was interred within the walls of Trinity church in that city. GENEBAL EISTOB Y. 171 the counties named " to forward the first-class of militia immediately, and to hold the second class in readiness to march at the shortest notice." One hundred wagons were also directed to be sent. The militia, we will state here, was divided into eight classes. When a class was called out, many belonging to it could not or would not go. The deficiency was made up by the employ- ment of substitutes, either taken from the other classes, or from those not subject by law to the performance of military duty. These substitutes were procured by means of a bounty, which was paid by the State, to be remunerated by the fines imposed on delinquents, and varied from £15 to £50 for two months service. In some regiments the number of substitutes nearly equalled the num- ber of those regularly drafted. The system of employing substitutes at high rates was much complained of by the officers of the regular arm}^, who regarded it as a serious obstruction to recruiting by enlistments. The marching of General Howe, it seems, was intended to draw General Washington from the strong position he then occupied, and in that event to give him battle, which he declined to do, as our troops were then posted. Wash- ington wisely refused to risk his army in an open field fight, and Howe would not venture to cross the Delaware, leaving so large a force as that commanded by Washington in his rear, so that Philadelphia Avas again relieved from being attacked by the way of New Jersey. It having become apparent, therefore, that General Howe had definitely changed his plan for gaining possession of Phila- delphia, the marching orders for all the militia, except those of Chester and Philadelphia, were countermanded. Early in July, news of the embarkation of a large British force at New York very reasonably suggested the idea that the attack on the capital of Pennsyl- vania would be by way of the river Delaware, and that perchance was General Howe's intention when he sailed. Every effort w^as accordingly made for the defence of the river. On the 2'7th of July certain information was received by the Council of Safety of the approach of the British fleet towards the Delaware bay. The news produced the highest degree of excitement among the inhabitants, and induced the authorities of the State to redouble their exertions. The day following. Congress made a requisition on the Supreme Executive Council for four thousand militia, in addition to those already in service, in response to which the authorities ordered one class to be immediately called into service " to march for Chester." The different detachments of the army under Washington were also directed to repair to the vicinity of Philadelphia, while the militia of Maryland, Dela- ware, and Northern Virginia, were ordered by forced marches to join the Penn- sylvania troops. It was at this time that Washington first met Lafayette, who had recently arrived in Philadelphia. Lafa3^ette, invited by Washington, at once took up his quarters with the commander-in-chief, and shared all the privations of the camp. After entering Delaware bay. General Howe found some difficulty in the navigation of his immense naval armament. He retraced his steps to the ocean, deciding to make his approach by the way of the Chesapeake. On the 25th of August, the British army, consisting of eighteen thousand men, including a portion of the Hessian force, was disembarked not far from 172 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. the bead of the river Elk. It Avas plentifully furnished with all the equipage of war, excepting the defect of horses, as well for the cavalry as for the baggage. The scarcity of forage had caused many of them to perish the preceding winter, and a considerable number had died also in the late passage. This was a serious disadvantage for the royal troops, who, in this section of Pennsylvania, might have employed cavalry with singular effect. On the 28th, the English vanguard arrived at the head of the Elk, and the day follow- ing at Gray's hill. Here it was afterwards joined by the rear guard under General Knyphausen, who had been left upon the coast to cover the debarkation of the stores and artillery. The whole army took post behind the river Christiana, having Newark upon the rio-ht, and Pencander or Atkins on the left. A column commanded by Lord Cornwallis having fallen in with Maxwell's riflemen, routed and pursued them as far as the farther side of White Clay creek, in which the patriots lost forty in killed and wounded. The loss of. the enemy was somewhat less. The American army, in order to encourage the partisans of independence, and overaAve the disaffected, marched through the city of Philadelphia ; it after- wards advanced towards the enem3-, and encamped behind White Clay creek. A little after, leaving only the riflemen in the camp, Washington retired with the main body of his arni}^ behind the Red Clay creek, occupying with his right wino- the town of Newport, situated near the Christiana, and upon the great road to Philadelphia ; his left was at Ilockhesson. But this line was little capa- ble of defence. The eneui}', reinforced by the rear guard under General Grant, threatened with liis right the centre of the Americans, and extended his left as if with the intention of turning their right flank. Washington saw the danger, and retired with his troops behind the Brandywine ; he encamped on the rising ground which extend from Chadd's Ford, in the direction of northwest to southeast. The riflemen of Maxwell scoured the right bank of the Brandywine, in order to harass and retard the eneni}'. The militia, under the command of General Arm- strong, guarded a passage below the principal encampment of Washington, and the right wing lined the banks of the river higher up, where the passages were most difllcult. The passage of Chadd's Ford, as the most practicable of all, was defended by the chief force of the army. The troops being thus disposed, the American general waited the approach of the English. Although the Brandy- wine, being fordable almost ever}' where, could not serve as a sufficient defence against the impetuosity of the enemy, \^et Washington had taken post upon its banks, from a conviction that a battle was now inevitable, and that Philadelphia could only be saved by a victory. General Howe displayed the front of his army, but not, however, without great circumspection. Being arrived at Kennet Square, a short distance from the river, he detached his light-horse to the right upon Wil- mington, to the left upon the Lancaster road, and in the front towards Chadd's Ford. The two armies found themselves within seven miles of each other, the Brandywine flowing between them. Early in the morning of the 11th of September, the British army marched to- ward the enemy. Howe had formed his army in two columns, the right command- ed by General Knyphausen, the left by Lord Cornwallis, His plan was, that while GENEBAL HISTORY. 173 the first should make repeated feints to attempt the passage of Chadd's Ford, in order to occupy the attention of the Americans, the second should take a long circuit to the upper part of the river, and cross at a place where it is divided into two shallow streams. The English marksmen fell in with those of Max- well, and a smart skirmish was immediately engaged. The latter were at first repulsed ; but being reinforced from the camp, they compelled the English to re- tire in their turn. But at length, they also were reinforced, and Maxwell was constrained to withdraw his detachment behind the river. Meanwhile, Knyp- hausen advanced with his column, and commenced a furious cannonade upon the passage of Chadd's Ford, making all his dispositions as if he intended to force it. The Americans defended themselves with gallantry, and even passed several detach- ments of light troops to the other side, in order to harass the enemj^'s flanks. But after a course of skirmishes, sometimes advancing, and at others obliged to retire, they were finally, with an eager pursuit, driven over the river. Knyphausen then appeared more than ever determined to pass the Ford ; he stormed, and kept up an incredible noise. In this manner the attention of the Americans was fully oc- cupied in the neighborhood of Chadd's Ford. Meanwhile, Lord Cornwallis, at the head of the second column, took a circuitous march to the left, and gained unper- ceived the forks of the Brand3'wine. B_y this rapid movement, he passed both branches of the river, at Trimble's and at Jefferis' fords, without opposition, about two o'clock in the afternoon, and then turning short down the river, took the road to Dilworth, in order to fall upon the right flank of the American army. General Washington, however, received intelligence of this movement about noon, and, as it usually happens in similar cases, the reports exaggerated its im- portance exceedingly ; it being represented that General Howe commanded this division in person. Washington therefore decided immediately for the most ju- dicious, though boldest measure ; this was to pass the river with the centre and left wing of his army, and overwhelm Knyphausen by the most furious attack. He justl}' reflected that the advantage he should obtain upon the enemy's right would amplj' compensate the loss that his own might sustain at the same time. Accordingl}^, he ordered General Sullivan to pass the Brandywine with his divi- sion at an upper ford, and attack the left of Knyphausen, while lie, in person, should cross lower down, and fall upon the right of that general. They were both already in motion in order to execute this design, when a second report arrived which represented what had really taken place as false, or in other words, that the enemy had not crossed the two branches of the river, and that he had not made his appearance upon the right flank of the American troops. Deceived by this false intelligence, Washington desisted, and Greene, who had already passed with the vanguard, was ordered back. In the midst of these uncertainties, the commander-in-chief at length received the positive assurance, not only that the English had appeared upon the left bank, but also that thej'^ were about to fall in great force upon the right wing. This Avas composed of the brigades of Generals Stephen, Stii-ling, and Sullivan. The first was the most adA'anced, and consequently the nearest to the English ; the two others were | osted in the order of their rank, that of Sullivan being next to the centre. The latter was immediately detached from the main body to support the two former brigades, and, being the senior ofllcer, took the com- ] 74 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA . mancl of the whole wing. Washington himself, followed by General Greene, approached with two strong divisions towards this wing, and posted himself between it and the corps he had left at Chadd's Ford, under General Wayne, supported by Proctor's artillery, to oppose the passage of Knyphausen. These divisions, under the immediate orders of the commander-in-chief, served as a corps of reserve, ready to march, according to circumstances, to the succor of Sullivan or of Wayne. But the column of Cornwallis was already in sight of the Americans. Sullivan drew up his troops on the commanding ground above Birmingham meeting-house, with his left extending towards the Brandywine, and both his flanks covered with very thick woods. His artillery was advantageously planted upon the neighboring hills ; but it appears that Sullivan's own brigade, having taken a long circuit, arrived too late upon the field of battle, and had riot yet occupied the position assigned it when the action commenced. The British, having reconnoitered the dispositions of the Americans, immediately formed, and fell upon them with the utmost impetuosity. The engagement became equally fierce on both sides about four o'clock in the afternoon. For some length of time the Americans defended themselves with great valor, and the carnage was terrible. But such was the emulation which invigorated the eff"orts of the British and Hessians, that neither the advantages of situation, nor a heavy and well-supported fire of small-arms and artiller3r, nor the unshaken courage of the Americans, were able to resist their impetuosity. The light infantry, chasseurs, grenadiers, and guards, threw themselves with such fury into the midst of the Continental battalions, that they were forced to give way. Tlieir left flank was first thrown into confusion, but the rout soon became general. The vanquished fled into the woods in their rear; the victors pursued, and advanced by the great road towards Dilworth. On the first fire of the artillery, Washington, having no doubt of what was passing, had pushed forward the reserve to the succor of Sullivan. But this corps, on approaching the field of battle, fell in with the flying soldiers of Sullivan, and perceived that no hope remained of retrieving the fortune of the da_y. General Greene, by a judicious manoeuvre, opened his ranks to receive the fugitives, and after their passage, having closed them anew, he retired in good order, checking the pursuit of the enemy by a continual fire of the artillery which covered his rear. Having come to a defile, covered on both sides with woods, he drew up his men there, and again faced the enemy. His corps was composed of Virginians and Pennsylvanians ; they defended themselves with gallantry, and made an heroic stand. Knyphausen, finding the Americans to be lully engaged on their right, and observing that the corps opposed to him at Chadd's Ford was enfeebled by the troops which had been detached to the succor of Sullivan, began to make dispositions for crossing the river in reality. The passage of Chadd's Ford was defended by an intrenchment and battery. The Americans stood firm at first ; but upon intelligence of the defeat of their right, and seeing some of the British troops who had penetrated through the woods, come out upon their flank, they retired in disorder, abandoning their artillery and munitions to the Hessian general. In their retreat, or rather flight, they passed behind the position of General Greene, who still defended himself, and was the last to quit the field of GENEBAL HISTOEY. - 175 battle. Finally, it being already dark, after a long and obstinate conflict, he also retired. The whole army retreated that night to Chester, and the day following to Philadelphia. There the fugitives arrived incessantly, having eflfected their escape through by-ways and circuitous routes. The victors passed the night on the field of battle. If darkness had not arrived seasonably, it is very probable that the whole American army would have been destroyed. Their loss was computed at about three hundred killed, six hundred woxinded, and near four hundred taken prisoners. They also lost ten field-pieces and a howitzei'. The loss in the royal army was not in proportion, being something under five hundred, of which the slain did not amount to one-fifth. The French officers were of great utility to the Americans, as well in forming the troops as in rallying them when thrown into confusion. One of them, the Baron St. Ouary, was made a prisoner, to the great regret of Congress, who bore him a particular esteem. Captain De Fleury had a horse killed under him in the hottest of the action. The Congress gave him another a few days after. The Marquis De Lafayette, while he was endeavoring, by his words and example, to rally the fugitives, was wounded in the leg. He continued, never- theless, to fulfil his duty, both as a soldier in fighting and as a general in cheer- ing the troops and re-establishing order. The Count Pulaski, a noble Pole, also displayed an undaunted courage at the head of the light-horse. The Congress manifested their sense of his merit by giving him, shortly after, the rank of brigadier, and the command of the cavalry. If all the American troops in the action of the Brandywine had fought with the same intrepidity as the Virginians and Pennsylvanians, and especially if Washington had not been led into error by a false report, perhaps, notwith- standing the inferiority of numbers and the imperfection of arms, he would have gained the victory, or, at least, would have made it more sanguinary to the English. However this might have been, it must be admitted that General Howe's order of battle was excellent ; that his movements were executed with as much ability as promptitude ; and that his troops, British as well as German, behaved admirably well. The day after the battle, towards evening, the British dispatched a detach- ment of light troops to Wilmington. There they took prisoner the Governor of the State of Delaware, and seized a considerable quantity of coined money, as well as other property, both public and private, and some papers of importance. Lord Cornwallis entered Philadelphia the 26th of September, at the head of a detachment of British and Hessian grenadiers. The rest of the army remained in the camp at Germantown. Thus the rich and populous capital of the whole confederation fell into the power of the royalists, after a sanguinary battle, and a series of manoeuvres no less masterly than painful, of the two armies. The Quakers, and all the other loyalists who had remained there, wel- comed the English with transports of gi'atulation. Washington, descending along the left bank of the Schuylkill, approached within sixteen miles of Geinian- town. He encamped at Skippack creek, purposing to accommodate his measures to the state of things. Congress and the Supreme Executive Council of the State remained in 176 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Philadelphia during the exciting events transpiring before the city. The former adjourned on the 18th to meet at Lancaster, where it convened on the 27th, but three days after removed to York. The State government remained until the 24th, when it adjourned to Lancaster, the archives, etc., having previously been removed to Easton. A few days after the battle of Brandywine four or five hundred of the Ameri- can wounded soldiers were taken to Ephrata and placed in a hospital. Here the camp fever set in, which, in conjunction with the wounds of the soldiers, baffled the skill of the surgeons. One hundred and fift}^, a fearful mortality, proved fatal and were buried there. They were principally from Pennsylvania and New England, and a few British who had deserted and joined the American army. On the evening of the 20th of September General Wayne's division of the army was encamped on the ground at Paoli, three miles in the rear of the left wing of the British army, from whence, after being reinforced by General Smallwood's command of militia, it was his intention to march and attack the enem3^'s rear when they decamped, and if possible " cut off their baggage." General Howe having been informed by Tories residing in the neighborhood of the exact posi- tion of Wayne's encampment, dispatched General Gray, with an adequate force, to capture the whole party. Cautiously approaching in the dead of the night, and probably guided by some local enemy of the American cause, he drove in the pickets with charged bayonets, and at once rushed upon the encampment with the cry of "no quarters." Wayne instantly formed his division, and with his right sustained a fierce assault, directed a retreat hy the left, commanded by Colonel Richard Humpton, under cover of the first Pennsjdvania regiment, the light infantry, and the horse, who for a short time withstood the violence of the shock. The total loss of the Americans has been variously estimated at from one hundred and fifty to three hundred, while the British only admitted a loss of seven. Some severe animadversions on this unfortunate affair having been made in the army. General Wayne demanded a court martial, which, after investigating his conduct, was unanimously of opinion " that he had done ever3^thing to be expected from an active, brave, and vigilant officer," and acquitted him with honor. Of this court General Sullivan was president. General Howe, having occupied Philadelphia, at once took measures to secure the unobstructed passage of his fleet up the Delaware river. Colonel Sterling was sent with a detachment to attack the fort at Billingsport, as its capture would place it in their power to make a passage through the obstructions in the chan- nel, and to bring their vessels within striking distance of Fort Mifflin. This was accomplished on the 2d of October, without resistance, the small garrison, under Colonel Bradford, taking off all the ammunition and some of the cannon spiking the rest, and burning the barracks. While this was being effected by the enemy, General Washington regarded it as a favorable opportunity of making an attack on the British force stationed at Germantown. He took this resolution with the more confidence, as he was now reinforced by the junction of the troops from the Hudson and a division of Marj'land militia. The British line of encampment crossed Germantown at right angles about GENERAL HISTOEY. 117 the centre, the left wing extending on the west from the town to the Schuylkill. That wing was covered in front by the mounted and dismounted Hessian chasseurs, who were stationed a little above, towards the American camp ; a battalion of light infantry and the Queen's American rangers were in the front of the right. The centre, being posted within the town, was guarded b}^ the 40th regiment, and another battalion of light infantr}-, stationed about three- quarters of a mile above the head of the village. Washington resolved to attack the British by surprise, not doubting that if he succeeded in breaking them, as they were not only distant, but totally separated from the fleet, his victor3'- must be decisive. He so disposed his troops that the divisions of Sullivan and Wa3aie, flanked by Conwa3f's brigade, were to march down the main road, and entering the town by the way of Chestnut Hill, to attack the English centre and the right flank of their left wing ; the divisions of Greene and Stephen, flanked by MacDougal's brigade, were to take a circuit toAvards the east, by the limekiln road, and entering the town at the market-house, to attack the left flank of the right wing. The intention of the American general in seizing the village of Germantown by a double attack, was efl'ectually to separate the right and left wings of the ro.yal army, which must have given him a certain victory. In order that the lel't flank of the left wing might not contract itself, and support the right flank of the same wing, General Armstrong, with the Pennsylvania militia, was ordered to march down the Manatawny or Ridge road upon the banks of the Schu^dkill, and endeavor to dislodge the chasseurs and Hessians at Van Deering's mill and at the falls, and afterwards to get upon the left and rear of the enem}^, if the}' should retire from that river. In like manner, to prevent the right flank of the right wing from going to the succor of the left flank, which rested upon Germantown, the militia of Maryland and New Jersey, under Generals Smallwood and Forman, were to march down the old York road, and to fall upon the English on that extremity' of their wing. The division of Lord Stirling, and the brigades of Generals Nash and Maxwell, formed the reserve. General Potter, in the mean- time, was ordered to make an attack or a feint from the west side of the Schuyl- kill upon the ro^-al camp in the city, so as to keep the grenadiers in work. These dispositions being made, Washington quitted his camp at Skippach creek, and moved towards the enemy on the 3d of October, about seven in the evening. Parties of cavalry silently scoured all the roads, to seize any individual who might have given notice to the British general of the danger that thi-eatened him. Washington in person accompanied the columns of Sullivan and Wayne. The march was rapid and silent. At three o'clock in the morning, the British patrols discovered the approach of the Americans ; the troops were soon called to arms ; each took his post with the precipitation of surprise. About sunrise the Americans came up. General Conway, having driven in the pickets, fell upon the 40th regiment and the battalion of light infantry. These corps, after a short resistance, being over- powered by numbers, were pressed and pursued into the village. Fortune appeared already to have declared herself in favor of the Americans ; and certainly if they had gained complete possession of Germantown, nothing could hwe frustrated them of the most signal victor^-. But in this conjuncture 178 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Lieutenant-Colonel Musgrave threw himself, with six companies of the 40th regiment, into a largo and strong stone house, the mansion of Judge Chew, situated near the head of the village, from which he poured upon the assailants so terrible a fire of musketry that the}' could advance no further. The Ameri- cans attempted to storm this unexpected covert of the enem}', but those within ■ ' 'V " ■■■■>-i'fir.i0'-'i\T"!r,V THE CHEW MANSION, GERMANTOWN. continued to defend themselves with resolution. They finally brought cannon up to the assault, but such was the intrepidity of the English, and the violence of their fire, that it was found impossible to dislodge them. During this time General Greene had approached the right wing, and routed, after a slight engagement, the light infantry and Queen's rangers. Afterwards, turning a little to his right, and towards Germantown, he fell ui)ou the left flank of the enemy's right Aving, and endeavored to enter the village. Meanwhile, he expected that the Pennsylvania militia, luider Armstrong, upon the right, and the militia of Maryland and New Jersey, commanded b}' Smallwood and Forman, on the left, would have executed the orders of the commander-in- chief, by attacking and turning, the first the left, the second the right flank of the British ann}-. But either because the obstacles thcj' encountered had retarded them, or that they wanted ardor, the former arrived in siglit of the German chasseurs, and did not attack them; the latter appeared too late upon the field of battle. The consequence was, that General Grey, finding his left flank secure. GENERAL JllSTOliY, ^79 marched, Avitli nearly the whole of the left wing, to the assistance of the centre, which, notwithstanding the unexpected resistance of Colonel Musgrave, Avas excessively liard pressed in Germantown, where the Americans gained ground incessantly. The battle was now very warm at that village, the attack and the defence being equally vigorous. The issue appeared for some time dubious. General Agnew was mortally wounded while charging with great bravery at the head of the Fourth brigade. Colonel George Matthews, of tlie Ninth Vii-ginia regiment, who was in the advance of Greene's column, assailed the English with so much fury that he drove them before him into the town. He had taken a large number of prisoners, and was about entering the village when he perceived that a thick fog and the unevenness of the ground had caused him to lose sight of the rest of his division. Being soon enveloped by the extremity of the right wing, which fell back upon him when it had discovered that nothing was to be apprehended from the tard}^ approach of the militia of Maryland and New Jersey, he was compelled to surrender with all his part}^ ; the English had already rescued their prisoners. This check Avas the cause that two regiments of the English right Aving Avere enabled to tliroAv themselves into GermantoAvn, and to attack the Americans avIio had entered it in flank. Unable to sustain the shock, they retired precipitately, leaving a gi-eat number of killed and Avounded. Lieutenant-Colonel Musgrave, to whom belongs the principal honor of this affair, Avas then relieved from all peril. General Grey, being absolute master of GermantoAvn, flcAV to the succor of the right Aving, Avhich was engaged Avith the left of the column of Greene. The Americans then took to flight, abandon- ing to the English, throughout the line, a victory, of Avhich, in the commence- ment of the action, the}' had felt assured. The principal causes of the failure of this well-concerted enterprise were the extreme haziness of the Aveather, Avhich Avas so thick that the Americans could neither discover the situation nor movements of the British army, nor yet those of their oavu ; the inequality of the ground, Avhicli incessantly broke the ranks of their battalions, an inconvenience more serious and dillicult to be repaired for ncAv and inexperienced troops, as Avere most of the Americans, than for the English veterans ; and, finally, the unexpected resistance of Musgrave, Avho found means, in a critical moment, to transform a mere house into an impreo-- nable fortress. General Heed's proposition Avas to pursue the enemy Avhen first throAvn into confusion and turning their faces towai'ds I'hiladelphia, but General Knox opposed the suggestion as being against all military rule, " to leave an enemy in a fort in the rear." "What," exclaimed Reed, "call this a fort, and lose the happy moment!" Knox's opinion prevailed, and the result Avas as described. Thus fortune, avIio at first had appeared disposed to favor one part}', sud. denly declared herself on the side of their adversaries. Lord CoruAvallis, being at Philadelphia, upon intelligence of the attack upon the camp, flcAv to its succor with a corps of the cavalry and the grenadiers; but when he reached the field of battle the Americans had already left it. They had two hundred men killed in this action ; the number of Avounded amounted to six hundred ; and about four hundred Avere made prisoners. One of their most lamented losses was that of Brigadier-General Francis Nash, of North Carolina, besides 1 8 SIS TOE Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. Colonel Boyd, Major Sherbourne, Major White, and Major Irvine. The loss of the British was little over five hundred in hilled and wounded ; among the for- former were Brigadier-General Agnew and Colonel Bird. The American army saved all its artillerj'', and retreated the same day, about twenty miles, to Perkiomen creek. The Congress expressed, in decided terms, their approbation, both of the plan of this enterprise and the courage with Avhich it was executed ; for which their thanks were given to the general and the army. A few da^'s after the battle, the roj'al army removed from Germantown to Philadelphia. On the 17th of October the British arm}', under Burgoyne, surrendered to General Gates, the news of which enlivened the hearts of the desponding patriots, but unfortunately resulted in a clamor for a change in the commander-in-chief, substituting Gates in Washington's position. This faction was not strong, and although they excited a spirit of envy and jealousy in many officers of the Con- tinental army, yet the raidc and file bore true allegiance to tUeir illustrious commander. On the 22d of October occurred Count Dunop's attack on Fort Mercer, at Red Bank. It commenced at four o'clock, and with the first sound of the Count's cannon, the British fleet, consisting of the Augusta, a new sixty-four gun vessel, the Roebuck, forty-four guns, the Merlin frigate, the Liverpool, and several other vessels which had got through the barrier at Billingsport, attempted to make its way up the river to assist the attack. The Pennsylvania State fleet, under Commodore Hazelwood, immediatel}' engaged these vessels and drove them back ; the galleys also Avcre of great service in flanking the enemy at the fort. Going down the river, the Augusta and Merlin ran aground ; hearing of which, on tlie morning of the 23d, the commodore immediatel}' hoisted signal to engage, and the action soon became general. The Augusta took fire and blew up, and not being able to get the Merlin ofl', she was burned by her crew. Commodore Hazelwood was, b}' a vote of Congress of the 4th of November, honored with a sword for his gallant conduct in this action. Pending the reduction of Fort Mifllin, on Uog Island, the Pennsylvania fleet was activel}"^ engaged defending the pass betAveen it and the Jersey shore, took a part in the actions before the fort Avas burned and abandoned b}' our troops on the 16th of November, losing in one day thirty-eight men killed and wounded. On the 20th, Fort Mercer was abandoned by our troops, and the fleet could no longer lie in safet^^ under Bed Bank; accordingly, after holding a council of the captains of the galleys, it was determined to pass by the cit}' in the night, and take refuge in the Delaware above Burlington. At three o'clock in the morning of the 21st, the commodore got under way, and about half past four passed the city without having a shot fired at the couA'oy. It consisted of thirteen galleys, twelve armed boats, province sloop, ammunition sloop. Convention brig, an accommo- dation sloop, one provision sloop, one schooner, and two flats with stores ; the schooner Delaware, Captain E3're, was driven on shore and set on fire. An attempt Avas made to get the Continental fleet up, but failed, and its vessels Andrea Doria, Xcbex, etc., Avith the Province ships and the tAvo floating batteries, were set on fire and burned. CHAPTER XL THL' RE-VOLUTION. THE CANTONMENT AT VALLEY FORGE. THE MISCniANZA. PHILADELPHIA EVACUATED BY THE BRITISH. INDIAN OUTRAGES. SULLI- VAN'S EXPEDITION. ABOLITION OF SLAVERY IN PENNSYLVANIA. 1777 1780. ATE in November, General Washington, being now reinforced b3^ Gen- eral Gates' army from the north, encamped in a strong [josition at Whitemarsh, Montgomery county. The American army at this time consisted of about eleven thousand, of whom nearly three thousand were unfit for duty, "being barefooted and otherwise naked." Ilowe had Avith him but little more than twelve thousand fighting men. The British general made several attempts to provoke or entice Washington into the field, but the latter chose to receive the enemy in camp — each general choosing not to risk a battle without the advantngc of ground. On the 3d of December General Howe attempted to surprise the American camp, but his design was frustrated by the vigilance of the American commander. ITowe manoeuvred with the hope of drawing General Washington out to battle, but signall}' failed. The Americans remained in their own camp, with the exception of skirmishing parties sent out to annoy the enemy. Generals Potter, Irvine, Armstrong, and Reed, of the Pennsylvania troops, kept watch over the movements of the British. On the night of the 8th, General Howe marched back ingloriousl}' to Philadelphia without accomplishing his threat of '-driving General Washington over the Blue Mountains." Washington finally concluded to go into winter quarters at Valley Forge. Here this faithful band of patriots, worn out with the fatigues of the summer's campaign, and destitute of all the necessaries of life, passed a most dreary winter. They erected log huts on the plan of a village, and so far were comfortably sheltered ; but blankets, sufficient clothing, shoes, and oftentimes provisions, were but scantily provided. It was with great difficulty jind nnxiety that Washington kept his army together until spring. Yet amid all this suffer- ing, day after day, as Dr. Lossing remarks, surrounded by frost and snow, for it was a winter of great severity, patriotism was still warm and hopeful in the hearts of the soldiers; and the love of self was merged into the one hoi}' senti- ment — love of country. Although a few feeble notes of discontent wei-e heard, and symptoms of intentions to abandon the cause were visible, 3'et the great body of that suffering phalanx were content to wait for the budding spring, and be ready to enter anew upon the fields of strife for the cause of freedom. It was one of the most trying scene^^ in the life of Washington, but a. cloud of doubt seldom darkened the serene atmosphere of his hopes. He knew that the cause was just and 1101}% and his faith and confidence in God as a defender and helper of right were as steady in their ministrations of vigor to his soul as were the pulsations 181 182 HIS TOBY OF PFNI^SYLVANIA. of his heart to his active limbs. In perfect reliance upon Divine aid, he moved m the midst of crushed hopes, and planned brilliant schemes for the future. Congress, on the 10th of December, passed a resolution requesting the Legislature of Pennsylvnnia to enact a law requiring all persons at the distance WASHINGTON'S HEAD-QUARTERS AT VALLEY FORGE. of seventy miles, and upwards, from General Washington's headquarters, and below the Blue Mountains, to thresh out their wheat and other grain within as short a space of time as the Legislature should deem sufficient for the purpose, and in case of failure to subject the same to seizure by the commissaries at the price of straw only. No such law was passed, but the commander-in-chief, on the 29th, issued a proclamation from Valley Forge commanding that one-half of _J GENEBAL HISTOBY. 183 the grain in stove within seventy miles of his camp should be threshed out before the first of February ensuing, and the other half before the first of March. On Monday, the 5th of Januar3^, 1778, transpired the ever-mcmor- 1778. able event — the " Battle of the Kegs." The large number of vessels, saj's Thompson Westcott, which lay before Philadelphia, stimulated the ingenuity of the Americans to find some means to destroy them. A num- ber of kegs, or of machines that resembled kegs as they were floating, were pre- pared at Burlington by the men of the Pennsylvania galleys, and placed in a position to be carried against the shipping by the current. Unluckily the vessels, which had been in the middle of the river, were then drawn in near the wharves to avoid the ice. The kegs had spring locks which were contrived so as to explode on ■ coming in contact with any hard substance. On the day in question several of these kegs were observed floating down the river, and "an alarm immediately spread throughout the city. Various reports prevailed, filling the city and the royal troops with consternation. Some reported that these kegs were filled with armed rebels who were to issue forth in the dead of night and talce Philadelphia by surprise, asserting that they had seen the points of their bayonets through the bung-holes of the kegs. Others said they were charged with the most inveterate combustibles, to be kindled by secret machinery, and setting the whole Delaware in flames, were to consume all the shipping in the harbor ; whilst others asserted they were constructed by art magic, would of themselves ascend the wharves in the night time, and roll, all flaming, through the streets of the city, destroying every- thing in their way. Be this as it may, certain it is that all the shipping in the harbor, and all the wharves were fully manned. The battle began, and it was surprising to behold the incessant blaze that was kept up against the enemy the kegs. Both officers and men," continues the account, " exhibited the most unparalleled skill and bravery on the occasion, whilst the citizens stood gazino- as the solemn witnesses of their prowess. From the Roebuck and other ships ot war whole broadsides were poured into the Delaware. In short, not a wanderino- chip, stick, or drift log, but felt the vigor of the British arms." The entire transaction was laughable in the extreme, and furnished the theme for unnum- bered sallies of wit from the Whig press, while the distinguished author of " Hail, Columbia," Francis Hopkinson, paraphrased it in a ballad which was im- mensely popular at the time. With the exception of occasional depredations committed by British forao-ino- parties, during the winter all was quiet on the Delaware. The vigilance of Generals Potter and Lacey greatly restrained these forays. In the meantime, through Washington, with the aid of Steuben and other foreign officers in the army, the band of Amei-ican patriots were metamorphosed into a well-disciplined arm}'. General Wayne's command was encamped during nearly the whole winter and spring at ]Mount Joy, in Lancaster county, assisting in securing supplies of provisions for the arni}^ at Valley Forge. The Supreme Executive Council of the State, and the Assembly, in session at Lancaster, and the Congress at York, were principally engaged in legislating for the interests of the army, preparing for the ensuing campaign. On the Cth of March tlie Assembly passed the "act for the attainder of divers traitors," among whom were specially mentioned, Joseph Galloway, Andrew Allen, Kev. ISA niSTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Jacob Duche, John Biddle, and others. The recreant sons of Pennsylvania began to be numerous and troublesome, and severe measures were absolutely necessar}'. On the Gtli of February France openly espoused the American cause, and a treaty of alliance was negotiated at Faris, by the commissioners, Benjamin Frank- lin, Silas Deane, and Artliur Lee, who had been sent as ambassadors by Congress in September of the previous year. This joyful news reached York on the 2d of May. In compliance with this agreement, the French ministry dispatched a fleet of twelve ships and four frigates, under Count D'Estang, to the Delaware. On the 1st of May, General John I^acey, with a small force of militia ■ stationed at Crooked Billet Tavern, Bucks county, for the purpose of preventing supplies of provisions being sent to Philadelphia, were surprised by a detachment of British troops under Colonel Abercrombie. The Americans lost twenty-six killed, eight or ten wounded, and fifty-eight missing. The British bayoneted many of the prisoners after they had surrendered ; others of the wounded were " thrown in among some standing buckwheat straw, which was set on fire, whereby several were burned to death. The corpses of the killed were roasted, and the clothes burned off their bodies." The infamous wretches who committed these atrocities were the Tory soldiers of Simcoe's rangers. Among the Ameri- cans killed was Captain John Downe3\ He served gallantly at Trenton and Princeton, and was commissar}^ to Lacey's brigade. On the 7th of May, Lord Howe was superse led by Sir Henrj^ Clinton. Pre- vious to the British commander's departure a magnificent fete, called the Mischianza — "a combination of the regatta, the tournament, the banquet, and the ball," we quote from Hazard, " was given in his honor by his field officers. The principal scenes were enacted at Mr. Wharton's country-seat, in Southwark; but a splendid spectacle was exhibited on the Delaware, by the procession of galleys and barges, which left the foot of Green Street, with the ladies, knights, Lord and General Howe, General Knyphausen, &c., on board, with banners and music. The British men-of-war, the Vigilant, the Roebuck, and the Fanny, lay in the stream opposite the city ; and the shores were crowded with British trans- port ships, from which thousands of eager spectators watched the scene. Cheers and salutes of cannon greeted the procession. The principal actors in the pageant were the six Knights of the Blended Rose, splendidly arrayed in white and pink satin, with bonnets and nodding plumes, mounted on white steeds elegantly ca})arisoned, and attended by their squires. These kniglits were the champions of the Ladies of the Blended Rose, and were dressed in Turkish habits of rich white silk. To these were opposed the Knights of the Burning Mountain, dressed and mounted with equal si)lendor, and professing to defend the Ladies of the Burning Mountain. The names of the Ladies of the Blended Rose, as given b}^ one of the actors in the pageant, were Miss Auchmuty (the daughter of a British officer), Miss Peggy Chew, Miss Jenny Craig, Miss Wilhelmina Bond, Miss Nancy White, and Miss Nancy Redman. The Ladies of the Burning Mountain, Miss Beckie Franks, Miss Becky Bond, Miss Becky Redman, Miss Sally Chew, and Miss Wilhelmina Smith — only five; but Major Andre, in his account, gives it a little differently. In place of Miss Auchmuty, of the Blended Rose, he has Miss M. Shippcn ; and in place of Miss Franks, of the Burning GENERAL HISTORY. 185 Mountain, he has Miss S. Shippen, and, ia addition, Miss P. Shippen, The challenge given by the Knights of the Blended Rose was, that 'the Ladies of the Blended Rose excel in wit, bcaut}^ and every other accomplishment, all the other ladies in the world ; and if any knight or knights should be so hardy as to den}^ this, they are determined to support their assertions by deeds of arms, agreeable to the laws of ancient chivahy.' The challenge was of course accejited by the Knights of the Burning Mountain, and tlie tournament succeeded. After tlje tournament came a grand triumphal procession, through an arch ; and then a fete champetre^ with dancing, supper, &c., enlivened b}- all the music of the THE WHARTON HOUSE, WHERE THE MISCHIANZA WAS HELD. [Fac-simile of an Old Print.] arm}'. Such were the scenes exhibited in Philadelphia, while the half-naked and half-starved onicers and soldiers of the American armj' were suffering on the hills of Valley Forge. The accomplished and unfortunate Major Andre was one of the knights, and was, besides, the very life and soul of the occasion, lie, with another oflicer, painted the scenery, and designed and sketched the dresses, both of the Knights and Ladies." Six daj's after this pageant of folly, on the 24th of May, a council of war was held under Sir Henry Clinton, and it was resolved to evacuate the city, which took place on the 18th of June. This was delayed owing to the arrival, on the Gth, of the commissioners of Great Britain sent to negotiate peace and a recon- ciliation. It was too late. The treaty with France put that out of the question now, whatever might previously have been the feeling. Among other intrigues, it is stated, the commissioners secretly offered to General Joseph Reed, then delegate to Congress, and afterwards President of the Executive Council of Pennsylvania, £10,000 sterling, with the best office in the Colonies, to promote 186 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. their plans. He promptly replied : " I am not worth purchasing ; but such as I am, the king of Great Britain is not rich enough to do it." Fearing the arrival of the French fleet, news of which had been forwarded General Clinton by the British ministry, the enemy's flotilla went out to sea, or took shelter in Raritan Bay, while the army pushed across the Jerseys. Washington, apprised of the retreat of the enemy, moved his troops from winter quarters and pursued them. The brilliant action of Sunday, the 28th of June, at Monmouth, was the con- sequence. The day was excessively warm and sultry. The American troops, though much fatigued b}'' their march, fought with determined bravery, and the British were compelled to give wa3^ Taking advantage of the night, the ap- proach of which probably saved them from a total rout, they withdrew, and at daybreak had gained the heights of Middletown, having left behind them such of their wounded as could not with safety be removed. On the 23(1 of May previous, President Wharton died suddenly of an attack of quinsy, at Lancaster. His funeral, on the day following, was conducted by the State authorities, and as commander-in-chief of the forces of the State, was buried with military honors. B}^ his decease, the Vice-President, George Bryan, assumed the executive functions. Upon the re-occupation of Philadelphia by the Continental army. Major General Benedict Arnold was ordered by General Washington to take command of the city, and " prevent the disorders which were expected upon the evacua- tion of the place and the return of the Whigs after being so long kept out of their propert}^" Congress met at the State House, on the 25th of June, and the Supreme Executive Council held its first meeting the day following. It was the 9th of July ere Commodore Hazelwood reported the armed boats of the Pennsylvania navy all afloat and getting ready for service. The Conven- tion brig. Captain Thomas Houston, was ordei'ed to be fitted out as soon as possible, and it, with the armed boats, to go down into the bay ; and in a short time three of the galleys and three of the barges were fitted and manned. The rest were laid up except one galley, which was sunk in Crosswichsunk creek, near Bordentown. On the 25th the Supreme Executive Council took into consideration the case of John Gilfray, boatswain of the ship Montgomery, found guilty of deserting to the enemy, and under sentence of death. It being the first conviction of an offence of this kind in the State fleet, he was pardoned, and Commodore Hazel- wood was authorized to off"er full pardon to all deserters who returned before the 1st of September. In the beginning of this month, however. Lieutenant Lyon, of the Dickinson, and Lieutenant Ford, of the Effingham, who deserted during the attack upon Fort Mifllin, were executed on board one of the guard boats on the Delaware. Lieutenant Wilson, of the Rangers, and John Lawrence, one of the gunners of the fleet, who deserted at the same time, and were under sentence of death, were reprieved. Active measures were taken for the speedy trial of all persons accused of high treason, and the " conviction of quite a number excited an intense sensation and much alarm among the Tories and Quakers." Several were executed, notwith- standing every exertion to save them, but so bitter was the hatred of the Whigs ;!IH'/ ,!. ,/ , nil -..,/i* *»*** /f '.,, mMM Iff I ,r, >mi !//,„ ,ji 1 88 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. of the Revolution, many of whom had suffered severely at the hands of the dis- affected, that some victims were deemed necessary to mollify their animosities. " Mercy," says Thompson Westcott, " was fettered in the desire to vindicate principles, and strike terror into the souls of the Tories by some memorable examples." The Indians of the Six Nations, as well as the tribes in the western territory, had been induced by the British to talie up the hatchet against the Colonies. During the 3'car 17 IT they were principally engaged on the Northern frontiers of New York, and Pennsylvania escaped their ravages, with the exception of a few marauding parties. In 1718 the garrison at Pittsburgh was strengthened, and Fort M'lntosh was built at the mouth of Beaver. Notwithstanding the expected attacks from Indians on the north and west branches of the Susquehanna, the inhabitants of Northumberland county and of the Wyoming valley had promptly responded to the urgent calls of Congress, and left exposed their own homes, by sending nearly all their fighting men to the campaigns in the lower country. While in this defenceless situation, the dark cloud of savage warfare burst upon them. Early in July, 1778, Colonel John Butler, with a party of Tory rangers, a detachment of Sir John Johnson's Royal Greens, and a large body of Indians, chiefly Sonecas, descended the Susquehanna, and destroyed the flourishing settlements of the Wyoming valley. A few old men were hastily gathered for defence, with a few soldiers returned on a visit from the arm}' ; the women and children were sheltered in a stockade fort, wlicre their defenders ought also to have remained ; but their courage outweighed their prudence, they loved fighting from habit, and the}^ chose to go out to meet the enemy. This little handful of men fought with more than Spartan courage, but numbers over- powered them — they were routed — many were cut down in the fight, and those captured were put to death with the hatchet. Colonel Dennison, who escaped to the fort with a few others, succeeded in entering into a capitulation by which the women and children were to be preserved, and permitted to depart. Unhappily, however, the British commander either could not or would not enforce the terms of the capitulation, which were to a great extent disregarded, as well by the Tories as Indians. Instead of finding protection, the valley was again laid waste — the houses and improvements were destroyed by fire, and the country plundered. Families were broken up and dispersed, men and their wives separated, mothers torn from their children, and some of them carried into captivit}^, while far the greater number fled through the wilderness of the Pokono mountains towards the settlements on the Delaware. Some died of their wounds, others from want and fatigue, while others were lost in the wilderness or were heard of no more. Several perished in a great swamp in the neighborhood, which from that circum- stance acquired the name of The Shades of Death, and retains it to this day. For fuller details of this painful transaction, the reader is referred to the sketch of Luzerne. Colonel Hartley, with a small detachment from Muncy, soon after the battle, went up the Susquehanna, and destroyed the Indian villages at Wyalusing, Sheshequin, and Tioga. A month or two after the battle of Wyoming, a force of British, Indians, and Tories, under Colonel McDonald, made a descent on the West Branch. Fort Muncy being untenable, was abandoned on definite GENERAL HISTORY. 18<) information being received of the approacli of the enem}', as also tlie fort at the mouth of Warrior's run, and all the women and children in the neighborhood were put into boats and sent down to Fort Augusta. Four miles up from the mouth of the Warrior's run was located Fort Freeland, which at this time was commanded by Captain John L3'tle. The enemy at once laid siege to the fort. There were brave men in that fort, who would have defended it to the death ; but it was also filled with women and children, whom it was not thought prudent to expose to the cruelties that miglit result from a capture b}^ storm. When, therefore, the enemy were about setting fire to the fort, a capitulation was entered into, by which the men and boys, able to bear arms, were to be taken prisoners, and the women and children were to return home unarmed. A Mrs. Kirk, in the fort with her daughter Jane and her son William, before the capitulation fixed a bayonet upon a pole, vowing she would kill at least one Indian ; but as there was no chance for fighting, she exhibited her cunning by putting petticoats ui:)on her son " Billy " — who was able to bear arms, but had yet a smooth chin — and smuggled him out among the women. The enemy took possession of the place, allowing the women and children to remain in an old building outside of the fort, on the banks of the run. At a preconcerted signal. Captain Hawkins Boon, who commanded a stockade on Muddy run, two miles above Milton, came up to the relief of .Freeland's fort, with a part}' of men. Perceiving the women and children playing outside of the fort, he suspected no danger, and incautiously approached so near that the women were obliged to make signs to him to retire. He retreated precipitately, but was perceived by the enemy, who with a strong force waylaid him, on the Northum- berland road, at McClung's place. Boon's party fell into the ambush, and a most desperate encounter ensued, from which .few of the Americans escaped. Colonel McDonald afterwards spoke in the highest terras of commendation of the desperate bravery of Hawkins Boon. He refused all quarter — encouraged and forced his men to stand up to the encounter ; and at last, with most of his Spartan band, died on the field, overpowered by superior numbers. The border settlements of Westmoreland were also overrun in every direc- tion b}' scalping parties, and as many of the marauding parties were known to cross the Allegheny, forts were ordered to be erected at the mouth of Puckety creek, on the Loyalhanna, and on the Kiskeminitas. At the same time, General Mcintosh was sent with a small force of regulars for the protection of the frontiers. He commenced the ej-ection of a fort at the mouth of the Beaver, named after the commander. From here General JNIcIntosh went on an expedi- tion against the Sandusky towns, and erected Fort Laurens on the Tuscarawas. On the 1st of December, General Joseph Reed was elected President, and George Bryan, Vice-President, who were inducted into their oflicial stations with all the pageantry attending the first inauguration of the chief executive of the State. The main body of the American army continued at White Plains watching the movements of the enemy during the autumn of 1778, when Washington took up winter quarters in huts which he had caused to be constructed at Middle- brook, in New Jersey. Wednesday, the 30th of December, was observed, by order of Congress, as 190 IllSTOny OF PENNSYLVANIA. a day of fasting and prayer. At this period " tlie affairs of tlic colonies were in the most distressed and ruinous condition Party disputes and personal quarrels were the great business of the day, while the momentous concerns of the countr}', a great and accumulating debt, ruined finances, depreciated money, and a want of credit, which is the consequence in the wtmt of everything, were but secondar}' con- siderations, and postponed by Congress from time to time, as if their affairs wore the most promising aspect. The paper was sinking in Philadelphia daily fift}- per cent." In fact, there was an alarming supineness pervading the constituted authorities. The conduct of General Arnold, on the 3d of February, 1779, occasioned decided 1779. action on the part of the Supreme Executive Council, and the Attorney- General of the State was ordered to prosecute Arnold for illegal and oppressive conduct while in command of the militar3' at Philadelphia. A copy of the charges were presented to the General before lie left the city, but he did not care to meet them, and under pre- tence of attending to his duty, " fled from inquir}'." From the camp on the llaritan, whence he had gone, he addressed a letter " To the Public," expressing his willingness that Congress should direct a court-martial to inquire into his conduct. The accusations of the Supreme Executive Council were laid before that body, but the trial was delayed, and not until January, 1780, Avas tlie court- martial held. Arnold was then " convicted of using the i)ublic wagons for his own benefit," but he was acquitted of an}- corrupt intent, and sentenced to be reprimanded by the commander-in-chief. JOSEPH REED.* * Joseph Rkeo was bom at Trenton, New Jorsoy, August 27, 1741. lie graduated at New Jersey (College, 1757, and sliortly after entered the Inner Temple, London, as a law student. Returning in 1705, be began a successful practice at Trenton, and in 17G7 was appointed deputy secretary of New Jersey. After his marriage in England to Esther De Berdt, he settled in Philadelphia. He was a member of the Committee of Correspondence in 1774, president of the Convention of January, 1775, delegate to Congress in Mdy, and in July, .■iccompanied Washington to Cambridge as his secretary and aid-de-camp. During the campaign of 1776 ho was adjutant-general of tlie Continental army. In 1777 lie was ajipointed chief-justice of Pennsylvania, and named by Congress brigadier-general, both of wliich he declined. He served as a volunteer at Brandywine, Whitemarsh, Germantown, and Monmouth. Member of Congress in 1778, he signed the Articles of Confederation. From 1778 to 1781 he was President of Pennsylvania. Active, energetic, and patriotic, President Heed had the conlidence of his fellow-citizens, bj' whom he was respected and beloved. His memory, for almost a century, has been clouded by suspicions and cliaiges of disloyalty. Recent researches, liowever, prove their falsity, and tliat tlie American officer wiio listened to tlie siren-voice of the Eritons was a Colonel lieed, of the Burlington, N. J., militi;i. President Eeed resumed his profession at the close of liis administration, and after tiie pt-aeu visited England for liis healtii, but without beneficial result. He aided greatly liie founding of the University of Pennsylvania, favored the gradual abolition of slavery, and the doing away witii tlie Proprietary powers vested in the Penu family. He diod at Pliiladelphia, March 5, 1785. GENERA L HIS TO li Y. 191 The " scarcity of articles of food and personal necessity " was now becoming so general, that the Supreme Executive Council issued a proclamation on the 18th of January against " forestalls and engrossers." The cause of all this trouble was, as heretofore alluded to, the depreciation of the Continental money. The quantity of this money then in circulation, exclusive of the State's emissions of paper, was one hundred and thirty millions of dollars — about four times as much as was necessary for a medium of trade. The Continental money, therefore, instead of standing at almost one-fourth of the value, remarks Thompson Westcott, had depreciated in some articles so low as three thousand per cent. This was said to be due " first, to a scarcity of many articles, particularly of European goods ; second, a monopoly of many articles, particularly of West India goods, which operates the same vfay as a scarcity; third, a want of confi- dence in the credit of the money induced people to ask and give a greater sum for articles than tiie}' were worth." The Pennsylvania Assembly attempted to grapple with this subject, and adopted certain restrictions in regard to purchases, and laid embargoes on the exportation of goods. Prices Avere affixed by the local committees of inspection for certain imported articles and home produc- tions. These measures, it was hoped, Avould be of the utmost benefit, but the regulation of prices bore hard oh some of the tradesmen, and in consequence they were the first to complain. The whole difficulty was owing to the deprecia- tion of the currency, but the problem was not of easy solution. On the 26tli of May the Supreme Executive Council and the Assembl}' presented a memorial to Congress upon this subject. That body adopted "a plan for raising money by subscription, and stopping the emissions of paper currenc}'." This gave some relief, but unfortunately the loans were small. The campaign of 1*179 opened, therefore, under circumstances not brigut or cheery. Congress made no provisions for re-enlisting until late, when at the time a competent arm}- should have been in camp. The bounty then oflei'ed was so low that men could not be procured to enter the service, and the States of l*onn- s^dvania. New York, Virginia, and Ncav Jersey had to be called on in the most pressing manner, by the commander-in-chief, and ultimately b}' Congress, to increase the bounty, and use every exertion to forward their respective quotas of troops. The polic}' of waging a more decisive war against the Indians, and the Tories associated Avith them in their barbarous irruptions upon the frontiers of Penn- syh^ania and Ncav York, caused Congress, on the 25th of February-, to dii-cct the commander-in-chief to take the most effectual means to protect the inhabi- tants and chastise the savages. AVith this end in vicAv, General Washington ordered General Sullivan to carry the war into the country of the Six Nations, "to cut off their settlement, destro}' their crops, and inflict upon them every other mischief Avhich time and circumstances would permit." The plan of the campaign Avas to be commenced by a combined moA'ement of tAVO divisions, the one from PennsylA\nnia ascending the vallc}^ of the Susquehanna to the intersec- tion of the Tioga river, under Sullivan, and the other from the north under General James Clinton, Avhich Avas to descend the Susquehanna from its principal source, and after forming a junction, the whole to proceed by the course of the Chemung river into the fertile country of the Senecas and 1 92 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. Cayugas. The progress of this force was slow, and Indian precaution was used to guard against surprise. Large fltnilcing parties were flung out on either side, and riflemen and scouts were kept forward. Major Parr's rifle corps formed the advance guard, the brigades of Generals Hand, Maxwell, Parr, and Proctor's artillery forming the central column, or constituting the main body of the army, while General Clinton's division protected and brought up the rear. On the 29th, the advance fell in with the enemy near Newtown, on the Chemung. The number of Indians was thirteen hundred, of the Tories two hundred and fifty. The notorious Brant commanded the savages, while the regular troops and rangers were led by Colonel John Butler. The contest was long, and on the side of the enemy, bloody. The latter, at last, fled in the utmost precipita- tion. Eleven Indian dead were found on the field. The rest of the wounded and dead wcve borne away on the retreat. Being pushed at the point of the bayonet, they had not time to bear away all their slain, although the Indians invariably exert themselves to the ntmost to prevent the bodies of their dead from falling into the hands of their foes. The Americans lost three killed and thirty-four wounded. Sending his wounded back to Tioga, General Sullivan pushed on lys array, destroying the various Indian towns, their fields of corn and beans. The Indians everywhere fled as the American arm}^ advanced, and the whole country of the Genesee was swept as with the besom of destruction. Forty Indian towns, the largest containing one hundred and twenty-eight houses, were destroyed. Corn, gathered and ungathered, amounting to one hundred and sixty thousand bushels, shared the same fate. This terrible lesson neither intimidated the savages nor prevented their incursions. Throughout the remainder of the Avar, they stole in small parties into all the frontier settle- ments, where blood and desolation marked their track. Colonel Brodhead, about the same time, engaged in a successful expedition against the Munsey towns on the north branch of the Allegheny, destroying the villages and crops about the mouth of Brokenstraw, and above the Conewango, and a party of forty warriors cut off" who were on their way to the settlements in Westmoreland county. The successful storming of Stony Point by General Wajme on the night of July 15, one of the most daring exploits of the war, produced a great alteration in the situation of affairs, wrote Genend St. Clair, and buoyed up the hearts of the desponding patriots, as it struck terror to the Tories. Congress, on the 26th of the same month, uuanimousl}'- passed a resolution of thanks to General Wa}n}e, " for his brave, prudent, and soldierly conduct in the spirited and well conducted attack on Ston^' Point." On the 11th of October, Vice-President Bryan resigned his office, whereupon Colonel Matthew Smith was chosen to fill the vacancy, which he, too, resigned on the 29th of the month. At the annual election on the 12th of November following, William Moore was unanimousl}'^ chosen to the position. On the 27th of November, the Assembly, after careful consideration, passed resolutions annulling the Ro3'al Charter, and granting the Penns, as a compen- sation for the rights of which the}^ were deprived, £130,000 sterliug. They retained, however, their manors, real estate as private proprietoi's, their ground-rents and quit-rents issuing out of their manors, and were still the largest landed proprietors in Pennsylvania. They subsequently received GENERAL HISTORY. 193 from the British government an annuity of £4,000 for their losses by the llevo- lution. The year 1780 is memorable in the annals of Pennsylvania for the 1780. passage of the act for the gradual abolition of slavery in this State. On the 5th of February, 1179, the Supreme Executive Council, in their message to the Assembly, called the attention of that body to this subject. " We thiuk,'^ say the\, " we are loudly called on to evince our gratitude in making our fellow-men J oint heirs with us of the same inestimable blessings, under such restrictions and regulations as will not injure the community, and will imper- ceptibly enable them to relish and improve the station to which they will be advanced. Honored will that State be in the annals of mankind which shall first abolish this violation of the rights of mankind ; and the memories of thost. will be held in grateful and everlasting remembrance who shall pass the law to restore and establish the rights of human nature in Pennsylvania. We feel our- selves so interested on this point as to go bej^ond what may be deemed by some the proper line of our duty, and acquaint you that we have reduced this plan to the form of a law, which, if acceptable, we shall in a few days communicate to 3^ou." Although the subject was thus forcibly presented, the matter was dis- missed by the Assembly " as the Constitution would not allow them to receive the law from the Council." Nothing more was done until in the JS^ovember As- sembl}^, when George Bryan, formerly Vice-President of the State, having been elected a member of the Legislature, urged the passage of a bill which he had prepared. On the first of March, 1780, by a vote of thirt3^-four yeas to twenty- one nays, the act passed the Assembly. It provided for the registration of every negro or mulatto slave or servant for life, or till the age of thirty-one years, be- fore the first of November following, and also provided, "that no man or woman of any nation or color, except the negroes or mulattoes who shall be registered as aforesaid, shall at any time liereafter be deemed, adjudged, or holden within the territory of this Commonwealth, as slaves or servants for life, but as free men and free women." The servants of members of Congress, foreign ministers, and persons passing through or sojourning not longer than six months, wex*e also made an exception. To Vice-President Bryan is due the credit of originat- ing and finally urging this humane measure to a successful vote. Again the paper-money difficulties took up the attention of the State Legisla- ture. On the 20th of March, Congress, jdelding to the necessity, authorized the States to revise the laws making the continental bills a tender, and to amend them as it was thought proper. The next day, in the Assembly, a motion to sus- pend the operation of the law so far as it made the continental currency equal to gold and silver in payment of debts, was lost by a tie vote. The effort, however, to prevent a suspension of the tender laws could not be maintained very long. On the 24th of May a bill was proposed, which passed the 31st, effecting this plan for three months, and on the 22d of June the suspension was continued until the next session, and on December 22d, indefinitely. On the 1st of June, for the purpose of bringing the war to a close, the Assembly authorized the passage of an act to redeem the continental bills to the amount of twenty-five millions of dollars, by the collection of taxes at the rate of one million dollars to forty mil- lions. Every effort was made to keep the State money up to par. The mea- N 194 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. siires adopted bringing but temporary relief, the Assembly, on the 29th of May, passed resolutions authorized the borrowing of a sum of money not exceeding £200,000 sterling, pledging the faith and honor of the State for its repayment after ten 3'ears. It was deemed necessary to send an agent to Europe, but neither in Holland nor France, countries whose sympathies wei'e the strongest for the struggling Colonies, could this be effected, and he was, in July, 1781, recalled by the Supreme Executive Council. Other measures were adopted to relieve pressing necessities. The army was not only without pay but without clothing, and full short of provisions. To supply their destitute countrymen, subscriptions were instituted by the ladies, while to relieve financial embarass- ment, " The Bank of Pennsylvania " was established. The continental money, however, continued to sink in value, while efforts were made again and again to sustain it. On the 20th of March a law was passed to effect a re-organization of the whole militia sj^stem. It provided for the appointment of a lieutenant for each count}-, and two sub-lieutenants or more, not exceeding the number of batta- lions. The battalions were to be divided into classes as heretofore. Fines, however, for non-attendance on muster da3^s were fixed for commissioned officers at the price of three days' labor, and for non-commissioned officers and privates at one and a half days' labor. When called out, the pay of privates was to be equal to one day's labor. Persons called out, but neglecting or refusing to go, were liable to pay in each case the price of a day's labor during the term of service, besides a tax of fifteen shillings on the hundred pounds upon their estates. As a relief to this class, the hiring of substitutes was allowed. Pensions were promised to the wounded in battle, and support to the families of those militia men who were killed, at rates to be fixed by the courts. Considerable opposition was made to this law, from the fact that by permitting the hiring of substitutes it would relieve the disaffected and Tories. The exigencies of the times, says Thompson Wescott, led to the authorizing of some extraordinary measures. On the 28th of Ma}^ General Washington, in writing to President Reed, said : " I assure }■ ou every idea that j^ou can form of our distress will fall short of the reality. There is such a combination of circumstances to exhaust the patience of the soldiery that it begins at last to be worn out, and we see in every line of the army the most serious features of mutiny and sedition. ... I must observe to 3'ou that much will depend upon the State of Pennsylvania. She has it in her power to conti-'iM-ite, without comparison, more to our success than any other State, in the two esseutial articles of flour and transportation. . . . The matter is reduced to a point. Either Pennsylvania must give us all the aid we ask of her, or Ave luidertake nothing. ... I wish the Legislature could bo engaged to vest the Executive with plenipotentiary powers. I should then expect something from your abilities and zeal. This is not a time for formality or ceremony. The crisis is in every point of view extraordinary, and extraor- dinary expedients are necessary. I am decidedly of this opinion." In addition to the demands of our own army in the field, the expected arrival of the French troops rendered energetic and determined action. On the first of June the Assembly resolved, that during the recess of the House, " should the GENERAL HWTORT. 195 circumstances of the war render it necessary," tlie President or Vice-President in Council, should be authorized and empowered " to declare martial law," as far as the same might be " conducive to the public security and to the safety and defence of the good and faithful citizens of this Commonwealth." On the 6th, Council passed resolutions to the effect, that as it " would be necessary to make extraordinary exertions for the supply of the array, and supporting other measures that might be for the safety and security of tlie State, a discrimination should be made between citizens who had shown themselves to be friends of the country and those of a contrary charactei'. On the same day a pi'oclamaticm was issued, in which was specified the necessity of procuring supplies in so short a space of time that the usual and ordinary forms must be dispensed with. Late offensive movements of the enemy, of which certain intelligence had just been received, admitted of no delay in procuring a number of .horses and wagons to be forwarded with all expedition to camp. Furthermore, the indiscriminate admission of all strangers without examination or inquiry gave facilities to spies and emissaries of the enemy. All suspicious persons were ordered to be arrested. An embargo was laid on all outward bound vessels, excepting those in the service of France. Seizure of horses was made, especially those belonging to the Tories and Quakers. Searches for arms were also made through the houses of the latter. Sir Henry Clinton having entered the State of New Jersey with his force, seems to have caused all this alarm. A portion of the militia was ordered to join the main array, but the British commander having pushed up North river, the orders were countermanded. Shortly after, the French troops, under llochambeau having arrived, a plan was formed for an attack on New York.* In order to make this enterprise effective, the services of militia from Penns3dvania were demanded, and the several counties of the State were put under requisition for the furnishing of supplies. Flour, forage, wagons, and horses were required. Four thousand militia were ordered to be organized by the county lieutenants, to rendezvous at Trenton, New Jersey. President Reed took command of the camp in jDcrson. When strongest, it consisted of fifteen hundred infantry, two companies of artillery, with four pieces of cannon, and the City Troop of liglit-horse. ' On account, however, of the blockade of Rochambeau by the British fleet, and the non-arrival of another division of the French army, the plan failed and the camp broke up. Tlie camp at Trenton was well conducted — the tents and necessaries for field service were in good order — a regular market was held which was attended by neighboring- farmers. On the occasion of the dismissal of the troops on the 2d of September, aildresses were made to them by General Lacey, Colonel Ej're, and Colonel Wills, a committee appointed for that purpose. CHAPTER XII. THE REVOLUTION. THE TREASON OP ARNOLD. REVOLT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA LINE. SURRENDER OF CORNWALLIS. DECLARATION OF PEACE, 1780-1783. WARDS the close of September the Supreme Executive Council received intelligence of the treason of General Benedict Arnold, who had been in command of the American post at West Point. Among the people the news of the infamy of this man excited the greatest indignation. In Philadelphia, to give expression to popular feeling, a public parade took place, three da3's after the arrival of the news, in which an effigy of Arnold was carried through the streets and finally hung upon a gallows. The Council at once confiscated Arnold's estate, and his wife was ordered to depart the State within fourteen daj's. Of the arrest, trial, and execution of Major Andre, and the escape of Arnold, his reward and price of dishonor, it is not in our province to refer to in full. If the proceedings against Tories in Pennsylvania had been fierce previous to this time, the feeling aroused by the defection of Arnold produced the bitterest animosity and hatred against all who were not in full sympathy with the American Colonies. Many arrests were made, a number were tried and condemned, and one, a Quaker of Chester count}^, executed for liigh treason. The propert}^ of prominent Tories were forfeited and sold, and in fact, the most energetic measures taken to crush out whatever might be inimical to the cause of independence. The situation of the soldiers from Pennsylvania in the Continental army at this period was truly deplorable. About the 1st of December, the division of General Wayne went into winter quarters, in the neighborhood of Morristown. The soldiers were wearied out with privations, and indignant at their officers, whom they accused of not pro^Tcrly representing their situation to Congress. But the fault was in the tardiness of Congress, not in the officers. The Penn- sylvania troops had been enlisted on the ambiguous terms of "serving three years or during the continuance of the war," and the commanding officers of the arm}'- anticipated the evils that occurred. From the report to the Assembly we give the accounts which follow. It appears that considerable discontent had for some time taken place amongst the soldiers on account not only of the cause alluded to, but of deficiencies of clothing, arrearages of pay, and the depreciation of the currenc}' ; Mdiich as yet extended no further than private complaints and murmurs. Whatever real causes of discontent, in some of thesis particulars, might have been occasioned by the public necessities, owing to disappointments unavoidable in times of war and invasion, it is evident that they were greatl}^ exaggerated by the influence of too great a mixture of British deserters in the Pennsylvania Line. It is more than l)robable that this dissatisfaction would not have assumed the formidable aspect 196 OENEBAL HISTORY. I97 in which it afterwards ap^oeared had not concurrent circumstances administered the occasion. New Year's Day, being a day of customary festivity, an extra pro. 1781. portion of rum was served out to the soldiers. This, together with what they were able to purchase in the neighborhood of the Line, was sufficient to inflame the minds of men, already predisposed by a mixture of real and imaginary injuries, to break forth into outrage and disorder. As soon as niglit came on, the camp was observed to be in great confusion, and by eleven o'clock became quite tumultuous ; the troops avowedly threw off all obedience and prepared to march. In vain did General Wayne and the officers of the Line exert themselves to reduce the rnutinj^ and restore order and discipline ; the affair had gone too far to yield to their exertions, and one of the officers unhappily lost his life in the attempt. At length the Line left their camp in a most tumultuous and disorderly manner, and marched to Princeton, where they fixed their quarters. General Wayne, uncertain whether this mutiny arose from British influence and disaffection, or only from the grievances they so loudly complained of, thought it most prudent to get this disorderly body, if possible, organized into some regularit}', in which situation the mutineers might be treated with and the truth discovered. To this he was the more encouraged as they had repeatedly, and in the strongest terms, denied the least tincture of disaffection, or any inten- tion of deserting to the enemy. He accordingly recommended it to them to choose a number of sergeants, to sit as a board and represent their grievances, so that redress might be had if their complaints should appear to be well founded. In pursuance of this order, a sergeant from each regiment met General Wayne, Colonels Butler and Stewart, and mentioned the following grievances : " L Many men continued in the service after the expiration of the enlistments. " 2. The arrearages of pay, and the depreciation not yet made up, and the soldiers suffering everj^ privation for want of money and clothing. " 3. That it was very hurtful to the feelings of the soldiers to be prevented from disposing of their depreciation certificates as they pleased, without con- sulting an}' person on the occasion." Upon this representation being considered by General Wayne and the colonels, it was agreed, on their part, that one disinterested sergeant or private from each regiment should, witli the commanding officer of the corps, when an enlistment was disputed, determine on the case; also that a sergeant from each regiment be appointed to carry an address to Congress, backed by the general and field officers. This was followed by the proposals from the sergeants to General Wayne, which, Avith his answer, was sent forward. The sergeants' propositions were entitled : " Proposals from the Committee of Sergeants, now representing the Pennsylvania Line Artillery, &c." '^ 1. That all, and such men as were enlisted in the years ITIG or 1777, and received the bounty of twenty dollars, should be without any delay discharged ; and all arrears of pay, and depreciation of pay, should be paid to the said men, without any fraud, clothing included. " 2. Such men as were enlisted after the year 1777, and received one hundred and twenty dollars bounty, or any more additions, should be entitled to their 198 HISTOB Y OF PJENNS YL VANIA. discbarge at the expiration of three years from the time of said enlistment, and their full depreciation of pay, and all arrears of clothing. " 3. That all such men belonging to the different regiments that were enlisted for the war, should receive the remainder part of their bounty and pay, and all arrears of clothing. That they should return to their respective corps, and should do their duty as formerly, and that no aspersions should be cast, and no grievances should be repeated to the said men. " 4. Those soldiers who were enlisted and received their discharges, and all arrearages of pa}^ and clothing, should not be compelled to stay by any former officers commanding any longer time than was agreeable to their own pleasure and disposition ; of those who should remain for a small term as volunteers, that they should be at their own disposal and pleasure. " 5. As they then depended and relied upon General Wa3'ne to represent and repeat their grievances, they agreed in conjunction from that date, January 4, in six days to complete and settle every such demand as the above five articles mentioned. "G. That the whole Line were actually agreed and determined to support the above articles in every particular." General Wayne, having maturely considered the foregoing proposals and arti- cles presented to him by the sergeants, in behalf of themselves, the artillery and privates of the Pennsylvania Line, returned the following answer : " That all such non-commissioned officers and soldiers as were justly entitled to their discharges should be immediately settled with, their accounts properly adjusted, and certificates for their pay and arrearages of pay and clothing given them, agreeably to the resolution of Congress, and the act of the Honorable As- sembly of Pennsylvania, for making up the depreciation, and should be dis- charged the service of the United States. " That all such non-commissioned officers and privates belonging to the respec- tive regiments, artillery or infantry, who were not entitled to their discharge, should also be settled with, and certificates given them for their pay, deprecia- tion, and clothing, in like manner as those first mentioned, which certificates were to be redeemable at a short period as the nature of the case would admit, to be paid in hard cash or an equivalent in Continental money of these States, and should be immediately furnished with warm clothing, they returning to their duty as worthy, faithful soldiers. " These propositions were founded in principles of justice and honor, between the United States and the soldiery, which was all that reasonable men could ex- pect, or that a general could promise consistent with his station or duty, and the mutual benefit of their country and the Line which he had had so long the honor of commanding. If the soldiers were determined not to let reason and justice govern on this occasion, he had only to lament the fatal and unfortunate situation to which they would reduce themselves and their country." Intelligence of this aflfair was soon conveyed to New York. The enemy were highly elated on the occasion, and exerted themselves to the utmost, not abating their diligence, although the rain poured down incessantly. Four or five thou- sand troops were immediately embarked in order to make a descent on Jersey, at GEBEBAL HISTORY. I99 South Araboy, under a full persuasion that the Pennsylvania Line waited only an opportunity to join the British troops. They were confirmed in this idea by a person from Woodbridgc who went over to Staten Island and informed that such was the determination of the Board of Sergeants. On the arrival of this news at Philadelphia, the President of the State and a committee of Congress, attended by the Pensylvania troop of horse, set out for Trenton. In the meantime, the negotiations previously stated had taken place but not to any extent. General Wayne was yet in doubt as to the real desipns of the mutineers ; but a circumstance now occurred which seemed to evince the fidelity of the discontented troops. A spy from New York, attended by a guide appeared before the Board of Sergeants with a paper rolled in sheet lead, inti- mating that if the Pennsylvania Line would direct their march toward North river a large body of British troops should be ready to receive them ; and pro- mising very large emoluments to every soldier who would thus desert his country's cause. No sooner did this emissary make his errand known but the Board of Sergeants rejected the proposal with disdain, and sent the spy with his companion under guard to General Wayne, with a reserve, however, that they should be re-delivered to the Board if demanded. President Reed, having on the Gth advanced near Princeton (being also fully authorized by the Committee of Congress to make propositions), wrote a letter to General Wayne, in which he expressed some doubts as to the propriety of going within the pickets of the insurgents. This letter being shown to the sergeants, they immediately wrote to the President these words : " Your Excellenc^^ need not be in the least afraid or apprehensive of any irreo-ularities or ill-treatment, that the whole Line will be very happy, how expedient your Excellency would be in settling this unhappy affair." Encouraged by these circumstances, but without any great confidence in them more especially as the Boaid of Sergeants had demanded the spies from General Wayne and at this time had them in possession, his Excellency determined to venture among them. That the President bad no firm dependence on their pacific assurances, appears by a passage in a letter written to the Vice-President at Philadelphia, just before he went into Princeton, wherein he says: "I have but one life, and my country has the first claim to it. I therefore go with the cheerfulness which attends performing a necessar}-, though not a pleasant dutj'." Upon his entry into Princeton the whole Line was draAvn up for his reception, and every mark of military honor and respect shown him. After this interview the negotiations commenced in regular form. During the treaty, the President had the address to persuade the mutineers to advance to Trenton; for notwithstanding all favorable appearances, he still remained jealous of their situation. After a correspondence of some days, in which great tenaciousness was shown on the part of the malcontents, and equity with firmness on the part of Presi- dent Reed, articles of agreement were finally assented to and confirmed on both sides. These articles were as follows, viz. : " Proposals made to the non-com- missioned officers and soldiers of the Pennsylvania Line, at Princeton, January nh, 1781. 200 Ills TO ^ y^ OF PENNS YL VANIA. '• His Excellency, Joseph Reed, Esq., President, and the Honorable Briga- dier-General Potter of the Council of Pennsylvania, having heard the complaints of the soldiers as represented by the sergeants, informed them that they were full}' authorized to redress reasonable grievances, and they had the fullest disposition to make them as easy as possible ; for which end they propos(! 1 : " That no non-commissioned officer or soldier should be detained beyond the time for which he freel}' and voluntarily engaged, but where it appeared they had been in any respect compelled to enter or sign, such enlistment should be deemed void and the soldier discharged. " To settle who were and who were not bound to stay, three persons should be appointed by the President and Councils [this appointment was made after- wards by the Committee of Congress], who were to examine into the terms of enlistments ; where the original enlistments could not be found, the soldier's oath should be admitted to prove the time and terms of enlistment, and the soldier should be discharged upon his oath by the condition of the enlistment. " Wherever any soldier had enlisted for three years, or during the war he was to be discharged, unless it should appear he afterwards re-enlisted voluntarily and freely. The gratuity of one hundred dollars given by Congress was not to be reckoned as a bountj^, or any men detained in consequence of that gratuity. The commissioners to be appointed were to adjust any difficulties which might arise on this article also. " The auditors were to attend as soon as possible to settle the depreciation with the soldiers, and give them certificates. Their arrearages of pay should be made up as soon as circumstances would admit. " A pair of shoes, overalls, and shirt, should be delivered to each soldier in a few days, as the}' were alread}^ purchased and read}^ to be forwarded whenever the Line should be settled. Those who were discharged would receive the above articles nt Trenton, producing the General's discharge. " The President hoped that ho soldier of the Pennsylvania Line would break his bargain, or go from the contract made with the public, and they might depend upon it that the utmost care would be taken to furnish them with every necessary fitting for a soldier. In addition, the President would recommend that the State of Pennsylvania should take some favorable notice of those who were engaged for the war. The Commissioners would attend at Trenton, where the clothing and stores would be immediatel}^ brought, and the regiments should be settled with in their order. A field officer of each reginaent was to attend during the settlement of his regiment. " Pursuant to General Wayne's orders of the 2d instant, no man was to be brought to an}' trial or censure for what had happened on or since New Year's Day, but all matters were to be buried in oblivion." On the conclusion of the foregoing articles, the two emissaries were again delivered up, but his Excellency having been informed by General Wayne, that at the time they were first brought to him, he had promised the two soldiers who conducted them fifty guineas each as a reward for their fidelity, he determined to fulfil this engagement, and accordingly sent for those men, and offered them the promised gratuity. This, however, they declined accepting, saying that they only obeyed the orders of their superiors, the board of sergeants. The hundred I I GENERAL HISTORY. 201 guii.eas were then ofTered to the board of sergeants, who returned this remarkable answer ; " Agreeably to the information of two sergeants of our board who waited on your Excellency, that in consideration of the two spies, they informed the remainder of the board that your Excellency had been pleased to offer a sum of gold as a compensation for our fidelity; but as it has not been for the sake or through anxj expectation of receiving a reward^ but for the zeal and love of our country., that we sent them immediately to General Wayne, we, therefore, do not consider ourselves entitled to any other reward but the love of our coimtry, and do jointly agree that we shall accept of no other." The two spies were tried by a court-martial on the 10th, and being duly convicted, were executed on the 11th, agreeable to their sentence, near the great road leading from Philadelphia to Trenton ferry. However unjustifiable the conduct of the Pennsylvania Line was and should be deemed in the first instance, it must be acknowledged that the^^ conducted themselves in the business, culpable as it was, with unexpected order and regu- larit}', and their fidelit^^ in refusing the large ofiers made by the enemy, in deliv- ering up the spies, and in refusing the hundred guineas they had so justly merited, exhibits an instance of true patriotism and disinterestedness not to be found amongst mercenar^^ troops who bear arms for pay and subsistence onl}-, uninspired by their country's rights, or the justice of the cause which they have engaged to support. In pursuance of the articles agreed to, and the plan adopted, commissioners were appointed by Congress to settle with the discontented soldiers, man by man, their terms of enlistment carefully inquired into, their wants supplied, money advanced on account of pay, and certificates given for the remainder. About the close of February, 1781, orders were given for the rendezvous- ing of the Pennsylvania troops under General Wayne at York, previous to joining the Southern army under General Greene. The delay of the State auditors, who were appointed to settle and pay the proportion of the deprecia- tion due the troops, caused some little trouble, but b}^ the 7th of June this force, amounting to only eleven hundred, formed a junction with Lafayette. No sooner had the allied armies departed, than fears arose that the unprotected state of the country might tempt the British troops in New York to make an incursion into New Jersey, and even to approach Philadelphia. To counteract such a movement, the Pennsylvania militiamen were ordered to hold themselves in readiness for instant service. Congress recommended that three thousand men should be called out. This force rendezvoused at Newtown, in Bucks county. A watch was set at Cape May. The public records were ordered to be got ready for immediate removal. The uncertainty as to the designs of the enem}' continued for some days, but as no movement was made against New Jersey, and as embarkations were made from New York, it became probablt that the intention was to transport a body of troops southward to relie"e Cornwallis.' The camp at Newtown was therefore broken up about the middle of October, and the militia returned to their homes. The capitulation of the British array under Cornwallis at Yorktown to the American Commander-in-Chief on the 29th of October, gladdened and cheered the hearts of the patriots of the whole country. They were overpowered, says 202 BISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. We.stcott, with gratitude and gladness — while the hearts of the Tories sank wiihin them for they knew this great event was virtually a conclusion of the war. The important news was first communicated to Thomas McKean, President of Congress, on the morning of the 22d. On the 24th, when the official account of the surrender was brought by Major Tilghman, aid to Washington, the Supreme Executive Council of the State waited upon the President of Con- gress, the members of that august body, and the minister of France, who congratulated each other on this great, important, and happy event. The standard of Pennsylvania was hoisted, and at twelve o'clock a salute was fired from the artillery in the State House yard, as also from the shipping in the harbor with colors displayed. The success of the American arms before Yorktown did not lessen the ardor and energy of Congress, the State of Pennsylvania, the commander-in-chief, or the army. The end of the conflict with the mother country seemed nearer, and no eflTort was spared to secure the blessed boon for which they had struggled so many years. On the 14 th of November William Moore,* who had served as Vice-President since 1779, succeeded President Reed, whose term as coun- cillor had expired. General James Potter was chosen at the same time Vice-President. Dur- ing the entire administration of President Moore, the great question at issue in the State was that of the finances. On account of the hostile demonstrations of the Ohio Indians against the settlements in Western Pennsylvania, it was determined that a force should be raised and marched against the Sandusky Indians, who seemed the most active in keeping up a predatorj^ warfare. The requisite force was raised principally in Washington and Westmoreland counties, consisting of the ranging companies of volunteers. On the 20th of May the troops, numbering more than four hundred, assera- 1782. bled at Mingo Bottom, where they unanimously selected as leader Colo- nel William Crawford, of Westmoreland. Of the disastrous results of that expedition, the defeat, the capture, and finally the burning of Colonel Craw- ford at the stake b}'^ the savages, we can merely refer to. When the news of Crawford's unhappy fate reached the settlements, it spread a gloom on every (iountenance. During the French war he had distinguished himself for his l)rave and gallant conduct, and in the revolutionary struggle he proved himself * William Moore was a native of Philadelphia, and at the outset of the Revolution engaged in mercantile pursuits. He signed the non-importation resolutions, an I was » member of the Council of Safety, 1776, from which he was transferred by the Supreme Executive Council to the Board of War. Upon his election as Councillor in 1779 he was chosen Vice-President, and, on the expiration of President Reed's term of office, to the head of the State government. In 1784 he was elected a member of the Assembly, and, until his death, which took place in 1793, he took an active part in public affairs. Mr. Moore married Sarah, daughter of Thomas Lloyd, and was brother-in-law of President Wharton, who married Susanna Lloyd. WILLIAM MOORE. GENERAL HISTOEY. 203 not unworth}' his reputation as a soldier and a patriot. His loss was a severe blow to the frontiers. The savages soon after this, emboldened with their late success, and instiga- ted by Girty, McKce, and other white outlaws who had taken, refuge among them, determined on a grand campaign. Measures were at once adopted to defend the exposed settlements, and although there were frequent Indian incursions into Kentucky and Virginia, Western Pennsylvania was happily spared. In August a special session of the Assembly was convened b}' request of the Supreme Executive Council, to devise some means to provide funds for carrying on the government. At this session the matter of a treaty between Great Britain and the United States was taken up. In 1778, the General Assembly had passed resolutions declaring " that the man or men who should presume to make a separate or partial convention with the King of Great Britain, or with commis- missionei's appointed by him, ought to be considered as enemies of the United States; that, as a preliminar}', the fleets and armies of the British Crown ought to be withdrawn from the American territory, or the independence of the United States previously acknowledged. Resolutions were also adopted affirming the sovereignty of the State, and averring that Congress had no right or authority to do anything that might haA'e a tendency to yield up that authorit3% without the consent of the State, previously obtained." These matters were now taken up by the Council. In many particulars the condition of public affairs had changed and become modified since 1778; but the probability of peace rendered some definite action necessary. A resolution was therefore adopted on the 28th of May, by the Supreme Executive Council, re-afflrming the spirit of the resolu- tions of 1778, with the additional declaration that any propositions that might be made b}^ Great Britain in any manner tending to violate the treat}' existing between the United States and France ought to be treated " with every mark of indignit}' and contempt." At the same time, the Council declared that the benefits which Great Britain might derive from America, were she to adopt principles of moderation, wisdom and justice, " were such that a desire for the general interest of mankind and the dignity of human nature, caused some con- cern at witnessing that once powerful and respectable nation continuing to act upon principles which, if persisted in much longer, would, b}" destroying all title to the esteem and confidence of the United States, render treaties of amity and commerce between the Americans and English absolutelj' and altogether impracti- cable." This measure came up before the Assembly at the special session. A reso- lution against peace with England without the concurrence of France, against re- union with Great Britain on any terms, and against a revival of the rights of tho Proprietary famil}', was_ before the Assembly. It was supposed that, in reference to the last subject, the House was divided in sentiment. The proposition had previously' been rejected in committee b^^ a vote of seven to five. This news reached the public and caused a great excitement. The proposal was recom- mended by way of amendment to be taken up the following day. The spirit manifested by the people was such as to show the members of the Legislature what the real feeling was. It was so strong and overwhelming, that the next day, when the amendment was proposed, instead of a warm debate upon it, all opposition was silenced, and the resolutions were passed unanimously. 204 SIS TOE Y OF PEWNS YL VANIA. On ficcount of Indian incursions into tiie upper part of Northumberland during the early part of the autumn, the Council determined to send an expedition into the Genesee country, of which General James Potter, Vice-President, was to be in command. The lieutenants of Berks, Lancaster, Northampton, and Cumber- land were directed to call into service a sufficient number of troops to rendezvous at Fort Muncy on the 4th of October. At the same time militia from several of the western counties were ordered to Fort Pitt under command of General William Irvine, who had been deputed by the same authority to march on Sandusky. Both of these expeditions were on the eve of setting out, when at the request of General Washington, the orders were countermanded. This was owinr to the determined efforts required for the further prosecution of the war against the British. The alacrity with which the frontiersmen entered the service on this special call was conspicuous, and when orders came to lay aside the expedi- tions the disaffection was great, as the militia were, particularl}^ in the western counties, determined to avenge the atrocious murder of Colonel Crawford. In November, the Pennsylvanians confined on board the Jersey prison-ship, at New York, made application to the State authorities, representing their destitute condition. Tliey were cruell}- treated by the English, and were in want of clothing, blankets, and food. There were sent to them immediately afterwards, by a flag of truce, three hundred bushels of potatoes and fifty barrels of flour. As fre(juently, however, as possible, exchanges were made of prisoners, by which many of the captives at New York were released. Prior to the Revolution an angry controversy grew out of the claims of Connecticut to the Wyoming Valley lands. It was postponed to the more pressing exigencies of that important epoch, in which botli parties made common cause. The Connecticut settlers had returned soon after Sullivan's expedition of 1719. In 1778, the title of these lands had been taken from the Penns and vest- ed in the State. On the assertion of this new title on the part of the State, the controversy was opened anew, and was referred to Congress, who appointed commissioners to meet at Trenton in November, 1782. The commissioners, after hearing both parties, decided that Connecticut had no right to the land in con- troversy — and that the jurisdiction and pre-emption of all lands within the charter bounds of Pennsylvania of right belonged to that State. The settlers cheerfully acquiesced in the change of jurisdiction, but claimed that, although Connecticut had no right to the land, yet the Susquehanna Company had. The State proceeded to enforce its claims by a method very different from that of William Penn, and thereupon ensued a fierce and vindictive civil war, nearly as desolating as the previous irruptions of the Tories and savages. At length, after a series of vacillating and ill-advised legislation, the State passed a law, in 1799 and 1801, compensating the Pennsjdvania claimants b3' a grant of lands else- where, or by a paj'ment in money ; and confirming to the Connecticut settlers their titles on condition of their pa3ing the State a small price per acre, from eighty-six cents to one dollar and twent}' cents, according to the quality of their land. The New England emigrants became obedient, industrious, and valuable citizens of their adopted State ; and Wyoming, after a long train of unparalleled sufferings, enjoyed a state of repose and prosperity. At the election in November, John Dickinson was chosen President, and GENERAL HISTOBY. 205 General James Ewing, Vice-Pi-esident. Political controversy ran bigli, and neither before or since, were bitter invective and detraction of prominent citizens so freely indulged in by newspaper writers. Mifflin, Reed, McKean, Dickinson Cadwallader, and otlier influential men of the State, were assailed by a malignity and virulence unequalled. On the 12th of March, the first 1783. news was received of the signing of the treaty of November 30, 1782, acknow- ledging the independence of the United States, This was the first measure necessary in the nego- tiations for peace between all the belligerents. On the 20th of January, 1783, the preliminary treaty of peace was signed. On the 11th of April, Congress issued a proclamation enjoining a cessation of hostilities; and on the 16th of the same month, the Supreme Executive Council made public announcement of the happy event at the Court House. The State flag was hoisted, church bells were rung, and expressions of joy at the happy relief from the miseries of war, were universal. One of the first measures that was necessary on the cessation of the war was an exchange of prisoners. The soldiers of Burgoyne's army were principally in the interior of Pennsylvania, and these were put in motion before the proclama- tion, and arrived in Philadelphia on their way to New York a day or two pre- vious to the official announcement. With this joyful intelligence, the re-opening of commerce followed, and at once action was taken b}' the Supreme Executive Council, for the removal of the obstructions in the Delaware river. JOHN DICKINSON.* * John Dickinson was a native of Maryland, born November 13, 1732. He studied law in Philadelphia, and entered the Temple, London. On his return he practiced with success at Philadelphia. Was elected member of the Assembly in 1764. In 1765 he was a deputy to the first Colonial Congress, and its resolutions were drawn up by him. In 1767 he pub- lished his "Farmers' Letters to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies," which was re- printed in England and France. In 1760 the College of New Jersey conferred on him tlie degree of LL.D. In 1774 he wrote an "Essay on the Constitutional Power of Great Britain over the Colonies of America," published by the Provincial Conference of Pennsylvania. He was a member of the Congress of 1774, and was the author of those important State papers, "The Address to the Inhabitants of Quebec," The Declaration to the Armies," the two petitions to the King, and " The Address to the States." He opposed the Declaration of Independence as premature. This course made him unpopular for a time. In October 1777, he was made brigadier-general of the Pennsjdvania militia. In April, 1779, he re- turned to Congress from Delaware, and wrote "The Address to the States," of May 26. In 1781-5 he was President of the States of Pennsylvania and Delaware, successively, and mem- ber of the Convention for framing tiie Federal Constitution. In 1788 appeared his " Fabius" letters, advocating the adoption of the new Constitution. Another series over the same signature, on the relations of the United States with France, 1797, was his last work. In 1792 he was a member of the Convention which framed the Constitution of Delaware. His political writings were published in two volumes, in 1801. He was a man of elegant learn- ing and tine conversational powers. He died at Wilmington, Delaware, February 14, 1808. CHAPTER XIII. TROUBLE IN THE SETTLEMENT OP THE CLAIMS OF THE SOLDIERS. COUNCIL OF CENSORS. TREATY AT FORT STANWIX. CONVENTION 'TO REVISE THE CONSTI- TUTION. 1783-1790. N June 1783, a nnmbei" of the non-commissioned oflicers and sol- diers of the Pennsylvania Line, wearied and exasperated by the delay in the settlement of their claims, resolved to demand a redress of their grievances and a prompt settlement of their accounts. A body of them accordingly marched from Lancaster towards the city of Philadelphia, and although the Supreme Executive Council and Congress were informed of their coming, no measures were taken to check the advance of the malcontents. On the 21st of June, while the Executive Council was in session, about thirty of them armed m:trchcd to the State House, and sent in a memorial in writing that as their general officers had left them, they should have authority to appoint commis- sioned officers to command them and redress their grievances. With this demand went a threatening message that in case they were refused, the soldiers would be let in upon the Council, who must then abide by the consequences. Only twenty minutes were given for deliberation ; but so insolent were the terms, that Council at once unanimously rejected the propositions. This creating a wide-spread alarm, the President of Congress assembled that bodv in special session, and demanded that the militia of the State should be immediately called forth in sufficient f(M'ce to reduce the soldiers to obedience, disarm them and put them in the power of Congress. Prior to the assembling of Congress at Carpenter's Hall, the soldiers were at their barracks and all was quiet. A session of the Supieme Executive Council was held on the following day, Sunday, at the house of President Dick- inson. That bod_y, however, was not as much in favor of the extreme measures as Congress. The result was that the latter, dissatisfled with the indisposition of the Council, adjourned to meet at Princeton, New Jersey. The action of Congress was neither prudent nor necessar}'. It was, continues Mr. Westcott, whose account we have given, the result of too high a degree of pride, and a disposition to con- strue, an undesigned affront into a wanton insult, or it was a consequence of a pusilanimous fear, that was unjustifiable by the succession of events. The promoters of this mutiny escaped, but several of the ringleaders were ar- rested and court-martialed. Two of the sergeants of the Third Pennsylvania were sentenced to be shot, while several others were to receive corporal punish- ment. All wer3 subsequently pardoned by Congress. Congress remained during the summer at Princeton. The Assembly of Penn- sylvania, the Council, and prominent citizens of the State invited it to return to Philadelphia, and although Congress seemed pleased and satisfied at the meas- ures taken, yet they were ashamed to go back to a city they had deserted so pre- cipitately and causelessly almost, and they adjourned to meet at Annapolis. 20G GENERA L HIS TO RY. 207 During this year, a conference was held by George Bryan, George Gray, and William Bingham, commissioners appointed on behalf of Pennsylvania, and Abraham Clark, Joseph Cooper, and Thomas Henderson, on behalf of New Jer- sey, to settle the jurisdiction of the islands in the Delaware. By this body the islands were assigned to the States according to proximity. Windmill is- land. League island. Mud or Foot island, Hog island, and Little Tinicum were annexed to the State of Pennsylvania, while Petty's island and Red Bank island were assigned to New Jersey. It was further agreed that the river Delaware should be a public highwa}^, and that the two States should have concurrent jurisdiction between the shores. This treaty was ratified by an act passed 20th September. At the general election in October, members of the Council of Censors were chosen, conformable to the Constitution of 17*76, for the purpose of inspecting the acts of the Legislature and Executive branches of the Government, since the adoption of that instrument. On the 10th of November, the Council of Censors met at Philadelphia. Of this bod}^, Frederick A. Muhlenberg was chosen president. The Council continued in existence nearly a year, adjourning finally on the 25th of September, 1784. Various amendments were discussed and strong differences of opinion were mani- fested; but in their address to the freemen of the Commonwealth of Pennsylva- nia, at the close of their labors, recommended a continuance of the frame of gov- ernment. The}^ sa}', " If with heart and hand united, we will all combine to sup- port the Constitution, and apply its injunction'=i to the best use of society, we shall find it a source of the richest blessings. We would earnestly recommend this to you. Give it a fair and honest trial ; and if after all, at the end of another seven years, it shall be found necessary or proper to introduce any changes, they may then be brought in, and establislied upon a full conviction of their useful- ness, with harmony and good temper, without noise, tumult, or violence.'' The definitive treaty of peace with England was ratified by Congress 1784. on the 14th of January, 1784, and proclamation of the fact published on the 22d of that month. In celebration of this event, the Legislature of Pennsylvania erected a triumphal arch on High Street, between Sixth and Sev- enth streets. By an unlucky accident the arch took fire just as the inaugurating ceremonies were to take place. On the 9th of August, General Lafn3'cttc visited Philadelphia and was received by the citizens of the State with great enthusiasm, "amidst the discharge of artillery and the ringing of the bells." lie was waited upon by the oflficers of the Pennsylvania Line, headed by Generals Waj'ne, St. Clair, and Irvine, and an address of welcome and congratulation delivered by President Dickinson, in the presence of the Council and the Assembl}'. Since the year 17G8, the northwestern boundary of Indian jjurchases in the State ran from the Susquehanna, on the New York line, to Towanda creek; thence to the head of Pine creek ; thence to its mouth, and up the West Branch to its source; thence over to Kittanning, and down the Ohio to the west line of the State. The last treaty held at Fort Stanwix with the Indians took i)lace in October, 1784. One important feature of this treaty was the settlement of the difficulty that had existed for sixteen years between the whites, in relation to the 208 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. boundary line embraced by T3\adaghton. It was contended by some that Lyco- ming creek was the line, and by others that it was Pine creek. SHOWING THE VARSOtS PLRCHASES GREEKE At this treaty, the Pennsylvania commissioners were specially instructed to inquire of the Indians which stream was really the Tyadaghton, and, also, the Indian name of Burnett's Hills, left blank in the deed of 1768. The Indians informed them T3'adaghton was what the whites call Pine creek, being the largest stream emptying into the West Branch. As to Burnett's Hills, they called them the Long Mountains, and knew them by no other name. The commissioners at this treaty purchased the residue of the Indian lands within the limits of Pennsjdvania, and the deed, signed by the chiefs of the Six Nations, is dated October 23, 1784. Tiiis purchase was confirmed b}' the W3'an- dott and Delaware Indians, at Fort Mcintosh, by a deed executed by those nations, dated January 21, 1785. Thus, says Meginness, in a period of about one hundred and two years was the whole right of the Indians to the soil of Pennsylvania extinguished. The Legislature, at the time of this last treaty, being apprehensive that the directions given to the commissioners to ascertain the precise boundaries of the purchase of 1768, might produce some inconveni- ences, declared : " That the said directions did not give, nor ought not to be construed to give, to the said commissioners, any authority to ascertain, defi- nitely, the boundary lines aforesaid, in the j^ear 1768, striking the line of the West Branch of Susquehanna, at the mouth of Lycomick or Lycoming creek, shall be the boundaries of the same purchase, to all legal interests and purposes, until the General Assembly' shall otherwise regulate and declare the same." This last accession of lands was called by the whites the "New 1785. Purchase," and when the land office opened in 1785, settlers rapidly flocked up the West Branch. GENERAL HIS TO BY. 209 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. On tlie 4th of Jul}' of this year, the Pliiladelphia Agricultural Society, the first in the United States, was organized. On the 18th of October, Benjamin Franklin,* then on the verge of eighty, having arrived from France the previous month, was chosen President of the State, and Charles Biddle, Yice-Fresident. The controversy in relation to the test laws which the previous year had caused the dis- ruption of the Assembly, was reviewed before the Legislature, but little relief was 1786. given by the act of 4th of March, 1786, and it was not until three years after that a bill was passed repealing all laws requiring anj' oath or affirmation of allegiance " from the inhabitants of the State." The islands assigned to Pennsylvania by the treaty with New Jersey were, by an act passed at this session of the Legislature, distributed among the several counties bordering on the river. Up to this time the jurisdiction over Hog island was doubtful, but it had been exer- cised bj' Philadelphia county. By this act that island was permanently attached to Chester county. During this year considerable activity was manifested b}^ manufacturers and inventors. Applications were made to the Assembly for aid, b}' John Stephens, to enable him to prosecute to perfection his discovery of the art of making blue stone melting pots equal to black lead crucibles ; by John Fitch, the exclusive right to his invention of navigating boats and vessels by steam ; * Benjamin Fkanklin was born at Boston, Massachusetts, on the 17th of Januaij', 1706. Apprenticed to his brother James, a printer, he occasionally contributed to the newspaper published by him. The brothers disagreeing, Benjamin left him, went to Philadelphia, and established himself as a printer. He subsequently visited England, where he worked as a journeyman, returned in 172G, and in 1729 became editor and proprietor of the Pennsylvania Gazette. In 1730, married Deborah Reed ; commenced publishing "Poor Richard's Almanac," which acquired a wide celebrity. He became clerk of the Provincial Assembly in 173C, postmaster of Philadelphia, 1737, deputy postmaster, general of the British Colonies in 1753, agent of the Assenibl3' in opposition to the claims of the Proprietary Governments of exemption from taxation in England, 1757-62. In 1752 he made, by means of a kite, the great discovery of the identity of lightning with the electric fluid. This procured him the membership of the Royal Society, the Copley gold medal, and the degree of LL.D., in 1762, from Oxford and Edinburgh. In 1755 he assisted in lurnishing transportation for Braddock's expedition. He was commissioner to the Albany Congress of 1754. While in England, in 17G6, he was examined before the House of Commons on the state of affairs in the Colonies, and partly by his exertions the obnoxious Stamp Act w-as repealed. Returning to Philadelphia, in Maj', 1775, he waselected to Congress; was one of the committee to prepare, and a signer of, the Declaration of Independence. He was president of the Provincial Convention which framed the Constitution of 1776. From the close of the latter year to 1785 was ambassador to France. To him is due the principal credit of procuring the treaty of alliance with France, 1778, which secured the independence of the Colonies. With Adams and Jay, he signed the definite treaty of peace, September 3, 1783. He was President of Pennsylvania, 1785-88, and delegate to the Convention which framed the Federal Constitution of 1787. He died at Philadelphia, April 17, 1790. . / 210 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. by John Eve, manufacturer of gunpowder; by Oliver Evans, for the exclusive right to use his inventions of machines for making cotton and woolen cards, and also a machine to clean wheat and manufacture it into flour ; by Whitehead Humphreys, for assistance to prosecute his discoveries in the art of convert- ing bar-iron into steel ; by George Wall, for exclusive manufacture of a new mathematical instrument invented by him ; and by Emanuel Bantling, for a special law of encouragement for his invention of a tube-bellows for blacksmiths. In March, 1.78T, the subject of the removal of the seat of the State Govern- ment from Philadelphia to Harrisburg was introduced into the Assem- 1787. blv by Mr. Findley. The preamble stated that" the people of the State suffered great inconvenience, and were subjected to unequal burdens in consequence of the seat of Government, Land Office, Treasury of the State, Comp- troller-General's Office, and Rolls' Office being fixed at Philadelphia, at the distance of four hundred miles from the Western boundary of the State." He therefore moved that a committee be appointed to bring a bill appointing commis- sioners to erect a State House at Harrisburg, on a lot of ground belonging to the State. This motion was carried by a vote of thirty-three yeas to twenty-nine nays, but was shortly afterward reconsidered and laid on the table. In May of this year [1787], the Convention to frame the Federal Con- stitution assembled in Philadelphia. Twelve States were represented. The dele'3'ates from Pennsylvania were Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morris, Benjamin Franklin, George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, and Gouverneur Morris. General Washington was elected president, and William Jackson, secretary. The Convention sat with closed doors. It terminated its deliberations on the 18th of September, when the scheme of the Constitution was perfected. The plan had many opponents in Pennsylvania, particularly among the partisans of the State Government. A draft of the instrument was reported to the Assembly, when a motion was made to authorize the calling of a State Convention to deliberate upon its adoption. This body met on the 21st of November, and was organized by the choice of Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg as president, and James Campbell as secretary. On the 12th of December following, the final adoption of the draft of the Constitution was carried by a vote of forty-six yeas to twenty-three nays. The day after, the members of the Convention and of the Supreme Executive Council, with officers of the State, and the city of Philadelphia, and others, went in procession from the State House to the old Court House, where the ratification of the instrument was solemnly proclaimed. Twelve cannon were fired and the bells were rung. The Convention returned to the State House, where two copies of the ratification of the Constitution were signed. According to Hamilton, a motion was made that all members should sign it as an acquiescence to the principle that the majority should govern, which was strenuously objected to by the opponents of this instrument. The Federal Constitution, after its adoption by Pennsylvania, was submitted to the other States, and as State after State approved of it, the exultation of the " Federalists," as they were called, and the chagrin of the " Anti- Federalists," were displayed with more and more violence. In several States processions had taken place to celebrate the inauguration of the new era, but in OENEBAL HISTORY. 211 Pennsylviinia, says Westcott, there had been no celebrntion of this kind, the proceedings in reference to the adoption of the Constitution being hurried through so as not to allow of any public display. It was decided, however, that as soon as the ninth State acceded to it, measures should be taken for public rejoicing. Delaware, New Jersey, Georgia, Pennsylvania, Con- 1788. necticut, Maryland, South Carolina, and Massachusetts had adopted it prior to June, 1788, and when, on the 21st of that month. New Hampshire, the ninth State, ratified it, it was determined by the citizens of Philadelphia to celebrate the formation of the new Union on the ensuing 4th of July. By that time Virginia had acceded to the Constitution. This pageant was as imposing as it was possible for the authorities and people of Pennsyl- vania, in their enthusiasm, to make it, and not only in the metropolis, but in every town in the State was the occasion one of patriotism and splendor. The adoption of the Constitution, says Mr. Westcott, rendered the institu- tion of measures necessary for the election of members of Congress and electors of President and Vice President of the United States. In order to avail themselves as fully as possible of the privileges afforded, the Anti-Federalists were early at work. A few among the leading men of this party assembled in convention at Harrisburg in September, ostensibly for the purpose of recom- mending a revision of the new Constitution. Blair McClenachan was chairman of this small assembl}', and General John A. Hanna secretary. They resolved that it was expedient to recommend an acquiescence in the Constitution, but that a revision of the instrument was necessary. Among other topics enforced was the propriety of a reform of the ratio of Congressional representation, and that Senators should be liable to be superseded or recalled at any time b}' the State which elected them. Several other changes were advocated, but it contented itself by nominating a general ticket for Congress. The action of this body was immediatel}' denounced, and as the nominees were Anti-Federalists, it was said that power to enforce the new Constitutional system ought not to be granted to its opponents. A new convention was called to meet at Lancaster, which selected candidates for Congress and electors for President. The election of members of Congress took place in November, and in the State six of the nominees on the Federal ticket were elected, and two (David Muhlenberg, of Montgomer}^, and Daniel Heister, of Berks), who, although Federalists, had, with two others of the same politics, been placed as a matter of policy with the opposition ticket. On the 14th of October, Vice President Muhlenberg resigning, David Bedick, of "Washington county, was chosen to that station. On the 5th of November following. General Thomas Mifflin succeeded Benjamin Franklin, who declined a re-election on account of his advanced years. At the same time George Ross, of Lancaster, was elected Vice President. The first election for electors of President of the United States under the new Constitution was held in January. The Federal ticket was success- 1789. ful — the ten votes of Pennsylvania were given for George Washington as President, and eight votes for John Adams, and two for John Han- cock for Vice President. Eleven of the thirteen States participated in the elec- tion — two not having ratified the Constitution, and the other not having provided for the choosing of electors. General Washington received the 212 HIBTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. unanimous vote as President, and John Adams had the majority for Vice President. The Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 proving inadequate for the require- ments of a useful and effective government, its revision was demanded. On the 24th of March the Assembly passed resolutions recommending the election of delegates to form a new Constitution. The Supreme Executive Council refused to promulgate this action of the Assembly. In September following the latter body passed resolutions for calling a convention. At the election in October delegates were chosen, and on the fourth Tuesdaj"^ of November the Convention assembled in Philadelphia, electing Thomas Mifflin, President. After a long session the members adjourned in the ensuing year to meet again, when 1790. the subject of the Constitution was again taken up and concluded, and the new instrument adopted September 2, 1790. The most radical changes were made in the executive and legislative branches of government. The Assembly ceased to have the sole right to make laws, a Senate being created. The Supi-eme Executive Council was abolished. A governor was directed to be elected, to whom the administration of affairs was to be entrusted. The former judicial system was continued, excepting that the judges of the higher courts were to be appointed during good behavior, instead of for seven years. The Bill of Rights re-enacted the old Provincial provision copied into the first Constitution, respecting freedom of worship, rights of conscience, and exemptions from compulsory contributions for the support of any ministry. The recognition of God, and of a future state of rewards and punishments, was still demanded of all holding office, but a belief in the divine inspiration of the Old and New Testaments was not included. The Council of Censors ceased to have authority ; and Pennsylvania conformed in all important matters to the system upon which the new Federal Government was to be administered. In the autumn of 1790, depredations on the frontiers became of common occurrence, and as little could be done to arrest them without marching into the heart of the Indian settlements, this was determined upon, and General Josiah Harmar was ordered to march upon the towns bordering on the Miami. The result was unfortunate, owing to the ruinous plan of acting in detachments ; by this means one-half of the regular force was lost. This abortive expedition served only to encourage the enemy, and to give additional rancor to their incursions. The failure of General Harmar made a deep impression upon the American nation, and was followed by a loud demand for a greater force, under the command of a more experienced general. General Arthur St. Clair, a native of Penns^dvania, an officer of the Revolu- tion, and then Governor of the Northwestern territory, was placed in the year following at the head of a regular force of about fifteen hundred men, well furnished with artillery, and six hundred militia. Like Harmar's, this expedi- tion was a disastrous failure, ending in the total route of St. Clair's army, and the loss of many officers and men. This, in proportion to the number engaged, was enormous and unparalleled, except in the affair of Braddock. Sixt3'-eiglit officers were killed upon the spot, and twenty-eight wounded. Out of nine hun- dred privates who went into action, five hundred and fifty were left dead upon the field, and many of the survivors were wounded. CHAPTER XIY. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR MIFFLIN. THE YELLOW FEVER IN PHILADELPHIA. THE PRESQU'lSLE ESTABLISHMENT. THE WHISKEY INSURRECTION. DEFENCE OF THE FRONTIERS. 1*1^0-1194:. TIE first election held under the Constitution of the Commonwealth — that of 1190, resulted in the choice of Thomas Mifflin* for Governoi*. General Mifflin had little or no opposition, his terra of service as President being highl}^ acceptable to the people. General Arthur St. Clair, his opponent, was highly esteemed, but the popularity of Mifflin carried him in triumph, and for three terms was chosen to the chief magistracy of Penns3-lvania, and the routine of execu- tive business, says Armor, as established by him under the new Constitution, with little variation has been preserved. Several impor. tant events transpired during his administration which more than ordinarily moved the public mind. The system of internal improvements which in Pennsylvania in after years formed so great a portion of the cares of the State, and which in- volved the Commonwealth in heavy debts, dates its beginning from measures adopted during the first year of Governor Mifflin's administration. The committee appointed by the Legislature at their session in 1790, made a long and valuable report on the 19th of February, 1*191, in which the results of the 1791. examinations made in previous years by the commissioners were embodied. The members of this committee were of opinion that the * Thomas Mifflin was born in Philadelphia, in 1744, of Quaker parentage. On the completion of his education in the Philadelphia College, he entered a counting-house. He visited Europe in 17G5, and returning, entered into mercantile pursuits. In 1772, he was chosen to the Assembly from Philadelphia; and in 1774, a delegate to the first Continental Congress. He was appointed major of one of the first Pennsylvania battalions; accompanied Washington to Cambridge, as aid-de-camp ; in August, was made quarter-master general ; shortly afterwards adjutant general; brigadier general, March 16, 177G ; and major gen- eral, February 10, 1777. He commanded the covering party during the retreat from Long Island. After the battle of Germantown, he resigned his position in the army. In 1782, was elected a delegate to Congress, of which body he was president in 1783. He was mem- ber and speaker of the Legislature in 1785; a delegate to the convention to frame the Federal constitution in 1787; President of the Supreme Executive Council from October, 1788, to December, 1790; president of the convention which framed the constitution of 1790; Governor of the State from 1790 to 1799 ; and died at Lancaster, January 21, 1800, while serv- ing as a member of the Legislature. 213 THOMAS MIFFLIN. 214 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Delaware river could be an important cliannel for the introduction of the trade and produce of New York by a portage of nineteen miles, and by extending two other short portages to Lake Ontario. They estimated that a safe boat and raft navi- gation might be made to the Northern boundar}^ of the State for £25,000. In re- gard to the connection of the Delaware and Allegheny rivers, they stated various interesting facts. In 1790 it was said that one hundred and fifty thousand bushels of wheat had been brought down the Susquehanna, and passed through Middle- town for Philadelphia, a large proportion of which came from the Juniata. In 1788 a considerable quantity of flour went up the Susquehanna for the settlers of Northumberland. A further report was made in April, by which appropriations for opening the rivers were recommended, and that the Governor sliould issue a proclamation inviting proposals for undertaking the construction of canals and locks in and near the waters of the Tulpehocken and Quittapahilla ; that a canal should be made from Frankstown to Poplar run ; that proposals should be invited for clearing the Susquehanna from Wright's ferry to the Maryland line ; that the construction of a turnpike road from Philadelphia through Lancaster to the Susquehanna should be contracted for; also, other roads throughout the State. The bill was passed on the 6th of April, and in August Governor Miffiin apprised the Legislature that he had made contracts for the improvement of cer- tain streams, but that several propositions had not yet met with persons wiMing to undertake the specified work." In the meanwhile, continues Mr. Westcott, ''an association was formed for promoting the improvement of roads and inland navigation," and the Assembly was asked to pass an act of incorporation for " a company for opening a canal and lock navigation between the rivers Schuylkill and Susquehanna, or by the waters of the Tulpehocken and Quittapahilla, and the Quittapahilla and Swatara in the counties of Berks and Dauphin." The public interest was strongly aroused in favor of this enterprise, and the most sanguine ideas of its impor- tance and successful accomplishment were indulged in. It is stated that forty thousand shares were subscribed for, when the number were but one thousand. To give all an equal chance, the shares were distributed among the subscribers by lottery. This enterprise began in 1792, was completed after some years, and is now known as the Union Canal. In April, 1793, a company was chartered for the purpose of constructing a canal and lock navigation in the west branch of the Brandywine. 1793. On the same day "The Conewago Canal Company " was authorized to open and improve the navigation of the Susquehanna river, from Wright's ferry to the mouth of the Swatara. This project was an important -)bject in the great scheme for internal improvement and intercourse with the West. The remains of this canal around the Great Falls are still to be seen. During the same year the Bank of Pennsylvania was incorporated by the Legislature, the opinion being expressed that it would "promote the regular, permanent, and successful operation of the finances of the State, and be produc- tive of great benefit to trade and industry in general." The State subscribed for one-third of the entire stock — and branches were established at Lancaster, Har- risburg, Reading, Easton, and Pittsburgh. These were discontinued in 1810; in 1843 the State sold its stock, and with the financial crisis of 1857 it sunk in ruin GENEBAL HISTOBY. 215 In 1793, the affairs of the French revolution created undue excitement in America, and much sympathy was expressed by the people of the Union in that terrible convulsion which shook Europe to its centre. The appointment of M. Genet as Minister from the French Republic to the United States, raised the enthusiasm to the highest pitcli. Upon the arrival of Genet, the streets of Phil- adelphia were the scene of continual excitement. Every effort was made by the Federal and State governments to stem the tide of Gallic madness which threat- ened violence, owing to the number of English and French sailors then in the port of the capital. A British ship, the Granger, was captured in the Delaware, but being in violation of the laws of nations, was promptly released. Following this a vessel named the Sally was fitted out as a French privateer. The State government determined to make an effort to maintain the neutrality of the port, and Mr. Dallas, Secretary of the Commonwealth, was directed by Governor Mifflin to wait on M. Genet, and forbid the sailing of the vessel. In the course of the violent controversy which ensued during this interveiw. Genet said that he "would appeal from the President to the people." This expression, so severely criticised and denounced by the citizens and the press, was emphatically denied by the French minister. He gave his promise that the privateer should not leave, but in violation she did sail a few days afterward. A committee of merchants waited on Governor Mifflin and entreated him to pre- serve neutralit3\ The governor assured them that every measure would be taken ; and the Federal authorities also showed earnestness in the determina- tion to r UiY OF PENNS YL VANIA . The main lino of the public works from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh was composed of 126 miles of railroad aud about 292 miles of canal. It was completed in 1831. Several branch canals were also put under contract, and the entire ex])enditure for the improvements amounted to over thirt3'-five millions of dollars. These internal improvements were managed by a board of three canal commissioners. On the 2Sth of March, 1825, the question of calling a convention to revise the Constitution was ordered to be submitted at the next general election, but the measure was defeated by a vote of 44,470 to 59,813. Previous to 1827, says Mr. Sypher, the onl}^ railroads in America were a short wooden railroad (to Avhich we have heretofore referred), constructed at Leiper's stone quarrj^ in Delaware count}', Pennsylvania, and a road three miles in length, opened at the Quincy granite quarries in Massachusetts, in 1826. In May, 1827, a railroad nine miles in length was constructed from Mauch Chunk to the coal mines. This was, at the time, the longest railroad in America. In 1829, George Wolf,* of Northampton county, was chosen Governor OA'er 1829. Joseph Ritner. At this period there began to be a change in the political horizon of the State. A fearful crusade was made against secret societies, which were de- nounced as tending to subvert free govern- ment. Commencing in the New England States, the reported abduction of a traitor to the fi'ce-masons in New York, assisted to spread rapidly the contagion, and party lines were almost equally drawn in the State of Penns3-lvania. The Federal party lost its iden- tity, and the Anti-Masons sprung up like mush- rooms. Their candidate for Governor was defeated at the first election by seventeen thousand, and at the second by only three thousand votes out of a poll of almost two hundred thousand. When Governor Wolf came into office the financial affairs of the Common- wealth, owing to the extensive scheme of public improvements, then well progressing, were in a deplorable condition. There was but one course to pur- sue Avhich would maintain the credit of the State, and that was to push the works to rapid completion. This was done, and in a few years he with others had the proud satisfaction of beholding how far these needed improvements went towards developing the resources of Pennsylvania. GEORGE WOLF. * George Wolf was a native of Alleu township, Northampton county, where he was born, August 12, 1777. He received a classical education. Before his majority he acteil as clerk to the prothonotary, at tlie same time studying law under John Ross. President Jefferson appointed him postmaster at Easton,and shortly after Governor M'Kean commis- sioned him as Cleric of the Orplians' Court, Avhich office he held until 1809. In 1814 he was chosen member of the Legislature, and in 1824 a representative in Congress, a position he filled for three terms. From 1829 to 1835 he occupied the executive chair of the State. General Jackson appointed him comptroller of the Treasury in 1836, and President Van Buren collector of the port of Philadelphia in 1838. He died at Philadelphia, March 11, 1840. GENERAL HISTORY 247 At this peviod measures "were adopted wliicli has secured for tlic cliiklren of the Commonwealth the system of public or free education — being the levying of a tax for a school fund. The Governor, in his annual message, 1831. December, 1831, says in reference thereto: "It is cause for no ordinary measure of gratification that the Legislature, at its last session, considered this subject worthy of its deliberations, and advancing one step towards the intellectual regeneration of the State b}' loying a foundation for raising a fund to be employed hereafter in the righteous cause of a practical general education ; and it is no less gratifying to know that public opinion is giving strong indications of having undergone a favorable chai'.gc in reference to this momentous measure, and by its gradual but powerful workings is fast dispelling the grovelling fallacies, but too long prevalent, tliat gold is i)referable to knowledge and that dollars and cents are of a higher estimation than learning. ... I would suggest for your consideration the propriety of appointing a commission, to consist of three or more talented and intelligent individuals, known friends of a liberal and enlightened s_ystem of education, whose duty it should be to collect all the information and possess themselves of all the facts and knowledge that can be obtained from any qiiarter having a bearing upon or connection with the subject of education, and to arrange and embody the same in a report to the Legislature." Li compliance with this wise recommendation, a bill was eventually drawn embodying what were 1834. believed to be the best features of those s^-stems whicli had been most successful in other States, and at the session of 1834 passed both branches of 'the Legislature witli a unani- mity rarely eqn^.lled in legislation. On the 14th of April, the Legislature again passed an act for submitting the question of calling a convention, which was approved at the general election b}^ a vote of 87,5*10 to 73,166. At the next session of tlie Assembl}', March 29, 1836, an act was passed directing the convention. Li 1835, at a period of unusual 1835. political excitement, Joseph Ilitner,* of Westmoreland county, was elected Governor. Owing to a defection in the ranks of the party to whom Governor Wolf gave adherence, the vote was divided between him and Henry A. Muhlenberg, resulting in his defeat. JOSEPH RITNEU. * Joseph Ritner was born in Berks county, INIarch 25, 17S0. He was bronght up as a farmer, with little advantagesof education. About 1802 he removed to Washington county. Was elected a member of the Legislature from that county, serving six years, and for two 5''ears was Speaker of the House of Repres^entatives. In 1835 he was elected Governor of Penns5dvania, as the Anti-Masonic candidate. He was an earnest advocate of the common school system, so sliccessfull}'^ inaugurated during the administration of Governor Wolf, and also a strong opponent of human slavery. In 1848 he was nominated by President Taylor director of the mint, Phihidelphia, in which capacity he served for a short time. He died on the 16tli day of October, 1869. 248 HIS TO BY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Notwithstanding tlie perfect unanimity whicli attended the passage of the scliool law of 1834, in many sections of the State persons were sent to the Lco-islature especially to secure its abolition. It was at this time that such men as Wolf, and Ritner, and Stevens, stood up in advocacy of the common school system, and which fortunately^ resulted in preserving the law intact, except so far as to divest it of any objectionable features. In the language of Mr. BurroAves, "When the agitating divisions of the day shall have sunk into comparative insignificance, and names be only repeated in connection with some great act of public benefaction, those of George Wolf and Joseph Ritner will be classed by Pennsylvania among the noblest on her long list ; the one for his early and manly advocacy', and the other for his well-timed and determined support, of the Free School." A View on the Schuylkill. CHAPTER XYII. CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. " BUCKSHOT WAR." ADMINISTRATIONS OP GOVER- NORS PORTER, SIIUNK, JOHNSTON, POLLOCK, AND PACKER. 183Y-18G1. N the 2d of May, 1837, the convention, of which John Sergeant was elected president, assembled at Ilarrisbnrg for the purpose of revising the constitution of tlie Commonwealth. Adjournino- in Jul}-, the convention met again at Ilarrisbnrg in October, and removed in December to Philadelphia, where their labors were closed 1838. on the 22d February, 1838. The amendments were adopted b}- the people at the subsequent annual election. In conformity with the more important amendments, tlie political year commenced in January; rotation in office was secured b^' allowing the Governor but two terms of three 3'ears each, in any term of nine 3-ears ; the senatorial term was reduced to three years ; the poAver of the Legislature to grant banking privileges was abridged and regulated ; private property could not be taken for public use without compensation previously se- cured; the Governor's patronage was nearly all taken awa}', and the election 5f many oflicers heretofore appointed by him was A-estcd in the people or their repre- sentatives ; the Governor's nomination of judicial officers wasto be confirmed in the Senate with open doors ; all life offices were abolished; judges of the Supreme Court Avere to be commi^ioned for fifteen 3-ears — presidents of the common pleas, and other law judges, for ten years — and associate judges for five 3-ears — if thc3- so long behaved themselves Avell ; the right of suflrage Avas extended to all white freemen twent3'-one 3-ears old, one 3-ear resident in the State, having Avithin tAvo 3-ears paid a tax assessed ten da3's""before the election, and having resided ten days iinmediatel3- preceding in the district ; white freemen between the ages of twent3--one and tAvent3--two, citizens of the United States, having resided a year in the State and tt^ da3's in the district, could A'ote without paying any tax ; two successive Legislatures, Avith the approbation of the people at a subsequent election, once in five years, could add to the Constitution Avhatever other amendments experience may haA'c required. The amendments proposed were ratified at the general election in October 1.13^ a vote of 113,971 to 112,759. At the October election (1838) David R. Porter, of Huntingdon, Avas chosen GoA-ernor, in a hotb- contested political canvass over Governor Ritner. The defeated party issued an ill-timed and ill-advised address, advising their friends "to treat the election as if it had not been held." It Avas determined therefore to investigate the election, and to do this the political complexion of the Legislature would be decisive. The majorit3' of the Senate was Anti-masonic, but the control of the House of Representatives hinged upon the admission of certain members from Philadelphia whose seats Avere contested. The A-otes of one of the districts in that city were thrown out b}' 249 250 lUlSTOB Y OF FENNS YL VANIA . reason of fraud, and the Democratic delegation returned. The Anti-masonic return judges refused to sign the certificates, "and botli parties made out returns each for a different delegation, and sent them to the Secretary of tlie Common- wealth." The Democratic returns were correct, and should have been promptly received " without question." When the Legislature met, the Senate organized by tae choice of Anti-ma- sonic officers. In the House a fierce struggle ensued, both delegations claiming scats. The consequence was that each party went into an election for speaker, each appointing tellers. Two speakers were elected and took tlieir seat upon the platform — William Hopkins being the choice of the Democrats, and Thomas S. Cun- ningham of the opposition. The Democrats be- lieving they were in the right, left out of view the rejection of the votes of tlie Philadelphia district. However, when the returns from the secretary's otiice were opened, the certificate of the minority had been sent in, thus giving the advantage to the Anti-masons. It Avas then a question which of the two Houses would be recognized by the Senate and the Governor. At this stage of the proceedings, a number of men (from Philadelphia especially), collected in the' lobby, and when the Senate after organizatian proceeded to business, interrupted it by their disgraceful and menacing conduct. The other branch of the Legislature was in like manner disturberl, and thus both Houses were compelled to disperse. The crowd having taken possession o'f the halls proceeded to the Court House, where impassioned harangues were indulged in and a committee of safet}^ appointed. For scA'cral days all business was suspen- ded, and the GoA'crnor, alarmed for his own personal safety, ordered out the militia, and fearing this might prove insufficient, called on the United States authorities for help. The latter refused, but the militia under Mnjor-Generals Patterson and Alexander, came promptly in response. For tAvo or three days during this contest, the danger of a collision was imminent, but wiser counsels 1839. prevailed, and the Senate having A'oted to recognize the section of the House presided over by Mr. Hopkins, the so-called " Insurrection at Harrisburg " Avas virtually ended. This was Avhat is commonly known as the " Buck-shot War." DAA'ID R. PORTER.* * Daa'ID Rittenhouse Porter, the son of General Andrew Porter, of the ReA'ohition, Avas born near Norristovvn, Montgomery county, October 31, 1788. He received a gooil classical education. When his father Avas appointed surA'eyor-general, young Porter Avent as his assistant. During this period he studied laAA', but his health becoming impaired, he remoA-ed to Huntingdon county, Avhere he engaged in the manufactuie of iron. In 1819 he Avas elected member of the Assembly, serving tAvo years. In 1821 Governor Hiester appointed him prothonotary of Huntingdon county. In 1836 he Avas chosen State senator, and from 1838 to 1845 filled the office of Governor of the CommonA\-ealth. He died at Harrisburg, Avigust 6, 1867. GENERAL IIISTOIi Y. 25 1 Governor Porter in his lirst annual message to tiie Legislature held the follow- ing views, which for far-sightedness were somewhat remarkable, insomuch as as they were the subject of considerable ridicule by the press: "There are two subjects which are essentially necessary to the full fruition of the bene- fits to be derived from our main lines of canals and railroads between the eastern and western sections of the Commonwealth, as to awaken the earnest solicitude of every true Pennsylvanian. I allude to the removal of the obstructions to. steamboat navigation in the Allegheny, Ohio, and Mississippi rivers from Pitts- burgh to tlic Gulf of Mexico, and from Pittsburgh up the Allegheny as far as the same may be found practicable by the survey authorized under direction of the general government, and to the construction of a continuous i-ailroad from the city of Pittsburgh through or near the capitals of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, to some point on the Mississippi river at or near St. Louis." In 1836, the charter of the second bank of the United States expired, but the United States Bank of Pennsylvania was chartered by the State Legislature, with the same capital of $35,000,000, and, purchasing the assets and assuming the liabilities of the old bank, continued the business under the same roof. In 1837, a reaction commenced. All the banks, with very rare exceptions, sus- pended specie payment throughout the Union, A resumption was attempted in 1839, but was only persevered in by the banks of New England and New York. This new suspension, however, was not generally folloAved by contraction of the currenc}' in Penns3'lvania until 1841, when an attempt was made to 1841. resume, but it proved fatal to the bank in question and the Girard ban'k, which Avere obliged to go into liquidation; while nearly all the banks of this State, and of all the States south and west of it continued their suspension. To relieve the distressing pressure throughout the State, consequent upon the downfall of the great banks, and the general reaction of all private speculations, and also to provide temporary means for meeting the demands upon the State treasury, the banks, still in a state of suspension, were permitted, b}' a hiAV of 4th Ma}', 1841, to issue small notes, of the denominations of $1, $2, and $3, which were loaned to the State, and were redeemable in State stock whenever $100 were presented in one parcel. The treasury of the State still being embarrassed, the State stocks became depreciated (being at one time as low as $35 for $100), and the small notes depending upon it, sympathized in the depreciatioi., but not to an equal extent. An attempt to coerce the banks to specie payments, in the spring of 1842, was unsuccessful, the State having made no adequate provision for the redemption of the small notes, called 1842. relief notes. A few cit}' banks resumed; others failed; the country banks generally remained in a state of suspension, and the relief notes, at a discount of from seven to ten per cent., formed the only currency throughout the State. During this j-ear the State made only a partial payment, in depre- ciated funds, of the semi-annual interest on her stocks, and her credit, hitherto sustained with difficulty, sunk with that of other delinquent States. The legisla- tive provisions of 1842 and 1843, especially the tax law of July, 1842, tended in a great measure to replenish the exhausted treasury, and resuscitate the credit of the State. In 1843 arose a new political organization which had for its principles reform 252 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. in the naturalization laws, the reading of the Bible in the public schools^ 1843. and the election or appointment of native Americans only to office "American Republican Associations," as the societies were termed, were rapidly organized, especially in the large cities. " Beware of foreign influence," was the rallying cry of this ephemeral party, who were chai'ged with religious proscription, intolerance, and persecution. A very large proportion of the inhabi- tants of Philadelphia were of foreign extraction, if not of foreign birth. The attempt to infuse religious prejudices into political contests alwaj^s results in outrage, disorder, blood, tumult, and conflagrations. Such was the consequence in the metropolis — a series of riotous proceedings in April and May, 1844, which required at last the State authorities to check. Governor Porter 1844. issued a proclamation calling "into immediate service all the volunteer companies belonging to the first division of the Pennsjdvania militia," under the command of Major-General Patterson. Over-awed for the time by the presence of this armed force, the lawless proceedings ceased, but no sooner did the military retire, than the same spirit ftmned anew the flames of discord. The militia were again called out, and the city placed under martial law. A conflict arose between the populace and the troops, which resulted in the latter firing into an unarmed crowd of citizens. Several were killed and a number wounded. The excitement became intense. The Governor went in person to the cit^- and used cver^' exertion to quiet the turbulent and disaffected, which result- ed successfully — and thus ended the lawless pro- ceedings which disgraced the proud escutcheon of not only the city of Philadelphia but the State of Pennsylvania. Having served two terms. Governor Porter was succeeded in office by his former 1845. Secretary of the Commonwealth, Fran- cis R. Shunk,* at that time from Alle- glieny county. During his first term but little of interest transpired in Pennsylvania, the en- tire attention of the people of the State being drawn to the w^ar with Mexico, brought about b}' the annexation of Texas. Congress, on the 13th of May, 1846, announced that by the act ot 1846. Mexico a state of war existed between that government and the United States, and for the purpose of prosecuting it to a speedy and successful termination, the President was authorized to employ- the militia, naval, and FRANCIS R. SHUNK. '■'• Francis Rawn Shunk was born at the Trappe, Montgomery county, August 7, 1788. lie became a teaclier at the age of fifteen, and in 1812 received tiie appointment as clerk in the Surveyor-General's office under General Andrew Porter. In 1S14 he marclied as a private soldier to the defence of Baltimore. In September, 181G, he was admitted to the practice of the law. He filled the position of assistant and then principal clerk of the House of Representatives f)r several years; next became secretary to the Board of Canal Commissioners; and in 18;59 Governor Porter appointed him secretary of the Common- wealth. In 1842 he removed to Pittsburgh, engaging in his profession. In 1844 he was elected Governor of Pennsylvania, and re-elected in 1847. He died on the 30th of July, 1848. GENERAL llISTOliY. 253 military forces of the United States and to call for and accept the services of fift}^ thousand volunteers. In pursuance of this authority the President requested six regiments of volunteer infantry to be held in readiness to serve for twelve months, or to the end of the war. Within a period of thirty days the offer of ninety companies, sufficient to fill nine regiments, were received — manifesting an old-time pat- riotism and zeal highl}^ creJ.itable to the State. In November, 184G, orders were sent for the mustering into the service of the United States one regiment of volunteers, and on the 15th day of De- cember the first regiment was organized at Pittsburgh — six of the companies composing it were from Philadelphia, one from Pottsville, one from \Vilkes- Barre and two from Pittsburgh, under the command of Colonel Wynkoop. At the request of the President, the second regiment of volunteer infantry was mustered into service on the 5th of Januar3', 1841, at Pittsburgh. One of the companies composing this force was organized in Philadelphia, one 1847. in Reading, one in Mauch Chunk, one in Ilarrisburg, one in Diinville, two in Cambria county, one in Westmoreland count3-, one in Fayette count}', and one in Pittsburgli. Colonel Roberts was placed in command, to which succeeded Colonel Gear}-. Two additional companies were subsequently mustered into service and sent to the field. One of these was from Bedford, the other from Mifflin count}'. The record of the gallant services of these troops on the fields of ]\[cxico it is not our province now to recall. At Vera Cruz, Ccrro Gordo, Chciiultcpec, and the City of Mexico, their braver^' and valor secured the highest commenda- tions of their venerated chieftain. Just as the remnant were returning from the South with their 1848. laurels, the Executive of the State, deeply lamented, passed away, hav- ing a few days previous (July 9, 1848) issued the following: "To the people of Pennsylvania: " It having pleased Divine Providence to deprive me of the strength neces- sar}' to the further discharge of the duties of your chief mngistrate, and to la}' me on a bed of sickness, from which I am admonished liy my physicians and my own increasing debility, I may, in all human probability, never rise, I have resolved, upon mature reflection, under a conviction of duty, on this da}', to restore to you the trust with which your suflVngcs have clothed me, in oidcr that you may avail yourselves of the pro^ision of the Constitution to choose a suc- cessor at the next general election. I therefore hereby resign the office of Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and direct this, my lesigna- tion, to be filed in the office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth. "In taking leave of you under circumstances so solemn, accejjt my gratitude for the confidence you have reposed in me. ^fy prayer is that peace, virtue, intelligence, and religion moy pervade all your borders — that the free institutions you have inherited from your ancestors may remain unimpaired till the latest posterity — that the same kind Providence, which has already so signally blessed you, may conduct you to a still higher state of individual and social liap))iness — and when ihe world shall close up(jn ycu, as I feel it is soon about to close upon ■15i HIS TOE Y OF FUNNS YL VAN I A . me, that you may enjoy the consolations of the Christian's faith, and bo gathered, without a wanderer lost, into the fold of the Great Shepherd above." Governor Shunk was succeeded in office by William F. Johnston, * then Speaker of the Senate, according to the provisions of the Constitution. The vacanc}^ having occurred three montlis before the time fixed for the annual elec- tion, the acting Governor therefore issued the necessary writs for the election of a chief magistrate, which resulted in the choice of Mr. Johnston. Owing to a number of illegal seizures of fugi- tives from labor, on the 3d of March previous the Assembly passed an act to prohibit the exercise of certain powers heretofore employed by the judicial oflicers of the State, relative to the ven- dition of fugitive slaves, forbidding the use of the jails of the Commonwealth for the deten- tion of such persons, and also repealing so much of the act of 1780 as authorized the masters or owners of slaves to bring and retain such within the State for a period of six months. This act was considered in the Southern States as being inimical to the faithful observance of Pennsylvania's Federal obligations. Fidelity in the discharge of every constitutional duty has distinguished our government and people, and whatever ma_y have been the mischievous opinions then propagated beyond our borders, the}' were conceived in error of our true history. Attention having been called to the neglected and suffering condition of the insane poor of the State in 1844, the Legislature, at the subsequent session, pro- vided for the establishment of an as3'lum for this unfortunate class, to be located within ten miles of the seat of government. The citizens of Ilarrisburg, with the aid of a liberal appropriation by Dauphin county, purchased a farm adjoining that city, and in 1848 the commissioners appointed by the State began the erection of the first building erected by the Commonwealth for the reception of the insane To the individual exertions of an estimable and philanthropic lad}'. Miss Dorothea L. Dix, are we indebted for the active interest taken by the Common- wealth in these noble charities. WIULIAM F. JOHNSTON. * William Freame Johnston was born at Greensburg, Westmoreland county, Novem- ber 29, 1808. Witli a limited academic education, he studied law and was admitted to the bar in May, 1829. Removing to Armstrong county, be was appointed District Attorney, a position he held until 1832. He represented Armstrong county for several years in the Lower Honse of the Assembly, and in 1847 was elected a member of the Senate from the district composed of the counties of Armstrong, Indiana, Cambria, and Cleartield. At the close of the session of 1S4S, he was elected Speaker of the Senate for tlie interim, and on the resig- nation of Governor Shunk on July 9th following, assumed the gubernatorial functions according to tlie provisions of the Constitution. At the general election in October, ho was elected for the full term, serving until January 20, 1852. On retiring from office, Governor Johnston entered into active business life. He was appointed by President Johnson collector of the port of Philadelphia, but owing to the hostility of the United States Senate to most of that President's appointments, he was not confiruied. He died at Pittsburgh, October 25. 1872. GENETiAL IIISTOEY. 255 It was not until this year tliat tlie common school system was adopted throughout the entire State — and in the educational epoch of our history-, stands conspicuous. From this time onward rapid strides were made — improvements in the system and defects remedied. In 1849 considerable excitement existed in Pittsburgh and the western part of the State, occasioned by the erection of a bridge over the Ohio river 1849. at Wheeling, owing to the obstruction to navigation of that highway in times of high water. The Legislature was appealed to, eventually Congress, and finally the Supreme Court of the United States. Measures, however, were adopted which removed all objections. During Governor Johnston's administration, the attention of the Legislature was called to the records of the Provincial and State governments, which in their then condition were inaccessible, and that body authorized their publication Twenty-nine volumes of these documents, includins: a general index, edited by Samuel Hazard, were printed. They form almost complete details of the trans- actions of government from 1682 to 1T90 — invaluable in their importance to a full comprehension of the early history of Pennsylvania. The passage by Congress of tlie fugitive slave law was a matter of 1850. vast importance to the State. Situate on the borders of the slave States of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, wrongs Avere to be feared and disorders apprehended. For years previous the southern slave felt free whenever he touched the soil of the Land of Penn, but the enactment of the compromise measures of 1850 obliged him to flee beyond the confines of the States. The year following a serious riot occurred at Christiana, Lancaster county ; and in other localities the arrest of fugitives led to disturbances of the peace and bloodshed. William Bigler,* of Clearfield, as- 1852, sumed the functions of the chief magis- tracy January 20, 1852. During Gov- erner Bigler's term of office several verj- important measures were adopted by the Legis- lature, the principal of which were the estab- lishing the office of county superintendent of WILLIAM BKILKK. * William Bigler was born at Shermansburg, January 1, 1814. He received a fair school education. Learned printing witli his brother from 1830 to 1833, at Bellefonte. In tlie latter year he established the Clearfield Democrat, which he successfully carried on for a number of years. He subsequently disposed of his paper and entered into mercantile pursuits. In 1841 he was elected to the State Senate, chosen Speaker in the spring of 1843, and at the opening of the session of 1844. In October following, ho was re-elected to the Senate. In 1849 appointed a revenue commissioner. In 1851, elected Governor of the State, serving for tlnee j'ears. In Januarj-, 18r)o, he was elected for the term of six years to the United Slates Senate. Governor Bigler was a prominent delegate of the Constitutional Convention of 1873, and to his labors are we indebted for a number of the beneficial fea- tures of this instrument. He was one of the earliest championsof the Centennial Exposition of 1870, and represented Pennsylvania in the Board of Finance, and his efforts ministered greatly to its successful issue. His residence is at Clearfield. 256 HIS TO R Y OF PENN'S YL VA NIA . common schools, and the founding of the Pennsylvania training school for feeble-minded children. The completion of the Pennsylvania railroad from Harrisburg to Pittsburgh, in February, 1854, added a powerful impulse to the development of the 1854. resources of the State, and perfected that grand scheme by which almost a century previous the inhabitants of the metropolis sought to secure the trade of the West. With the completion of this important route, lateral roads were built, until at the present time a map of that thoroughfare presents the appearance of a gigantic tree with innumerable branches. The consolidation act of the 2d of Februar}', by which the county of Philadelphia was blotted out of existence, merging it into the city, was a notable event of the year The North Branch canal, the last of the sj's- tem of internal improvements undertaken by the Commonwealth, was completed. Owing to some mismanagement the work had been dis- continued for ten or twelve 3'cars. It o[)cncd an outlet to the inexhaustible mines of coal with which that section abounds. At the October election, 1 855, James 1855. Pollock,* of Northumberland, was chosen Governor by a large mnjoritj''. He was nominated and supported b^^ the Know- Nothing party, an organization closel}' allied to the Native American Association. At this period the subject of the introduction of slavery into the Territories was warmly agitated through- out the length and breadth of the State. By the act of the IGth of May, the main line of the public works 1857. of the State was directed to be sold. On the 25th of June following Governor Pollock caused the same to be done, and on the 31st day of Jul}^ the whole line of the public works between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh was transferred to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, at the price of seven millions five hundred thousand dollars. Following this sale, measures were taken for the disposal of the remaining divisions of the public improvements. They had failed to be a source of revenue to the State, and the application of the proceeds to the payment of the debt of the Commonwealth soon led to the removal of taxation by the State. ^•- James Pollock was born at Milton, Northumberland county, September II, ISIO. His early education was committed to the care of Rev. David Kirl burg, when numerous hospitals were improvised, and indeed during the four 3'ears of war, the entire population of the State busied themselves in providhig • such aid that the military stores did not afford, in which noble dut}' women and children vied with old and young men in contributing the utmost in their power. Governor Curtin, at the close of the war, in a special message to the Legisla- ture thus referred to the part which the people had taken in the struggle to maintain the Union and preserve the Government : " Proceeding in the strict line of dut}', the resources of Pennsylvania, whether in men or money, have neither been withheld or squandered. The history of the conduct of our people in the field is illuminated with incidents of heroism worthy of conspicuous notice; but it would be impossible to mention them in the proper limits of a message, without doing injustice, or, perhaps, making invidious dis- tinctions. It would be alike impossible to furnish a history of the associated benevolence and of the large individual contributions to the comfort of our peo- ple in the field and hospital, or of the names and services, at all times, of our volunteer surgeons, when called to assist in the hospital or on the battle field ; nor is it possible to do justice to the many patriotic Christian men who were always ready to respond when summoned to the exercise of acts of humanity and benevolence. Our armies were sustained and strengthened in the field, by the patriotic devotion of their friends at home ; and we can never render full justice to the heaven-directed, patriotic. Christian benevolence of the women of the State." With this message all operations at the various camps were brought to a close. At the great rendezvous. Camp Curtin, the ground was restored to the uses of agriculture, and to-da}'^ is partly occupied by private residences. But the scenes enacted there will never be forgotten. It was the Altar on Avhich Penns^'lvania laid her most precious offerings for the safety of the Union of which she is the Ke^^stone. The flower of her 3'outh and the robust maturity of her strongest manhood passed into and out of that camp to the field of battle — some to perish amid its carnage, others to return wounded or sickened unto death, and still others unharmed, the survivors of the great conflict, who now live to wear its honors and enjoy the fruits of the victory for Liberty and Union, which their valor helped to wdn. During the four years of war, Pennsylvania sent to the Federal or Union army 270 regiments and several unattached companies, numbering in all 387,284 men, including the 25,000 militia in service in September, 1862. 1861. — Under call of the President of April 15, 1861, for three months, 20,979; "Pennsylvania reserve volunteer corps" sent into the United States service under the call of the President of July 22, 1861, for three j'cars, 15,856; organized under act of Congress of July 22, 1861, for three 3'ears, 93,759; making 130,594. 1862. — Under call of the President of July 7, 1862, including eighteen nine- months regiments, 40,383; organized under draft ordered August 4, 1862, for nine months, 15,100; independent companies for three years, 1,358; recruits forwarded b}^ superintendents of recruiting service, 9,259 ; enlistments in organizations of other States and in the regular army, 5,000 ; making 71,100, 1863. — Organized under special authority from War Department for three 2T0 HISTO UY OF PENNS YL VANIA. 3'ears, 1,066; under call of the President of June, 1863, for six months, 4,484; for the emergenc}', 7,062; recruits forwarded by superintendents of recruiting service, 4,458 ; enlistments in regular army, 934 ; militia called out in June for ninet}' days, 25,042 ; making 43,046. 1864. — l\e-enlistraents in old organizations for three j-ears, IT, 876 ; organized under special authority from War Department for three years, 9,867 ; under call of July 27, for one year, 16,094 ; under call of July 6, for one hundred daj's, 7,675; recruits forwarded by superintendents of recruiting service, 26,567; drafted men and substitutes, 10,651; recruits for regular arm}-, 2,974 ; making 91,704. 1865. — Under call of the President of December 19, 1864, for one year, 9,645; recruits forwarded by superintendents of recruiting service, 9,133; drafted men and substitutes, 6,675; recruits for regular arm}-, 387; making 25,840; and a total of 362,234 men. To this should be added the militia called out in 1862, amounting to 25,000, which go to make up the grand total of 387, 2S4 men furnished by Pennsylvania. There is no feature so attractive in the organization and services of the regimeuts whicli Pennsylvania contributed to aid in crushing the insurrection of the people of the slave States, than that of the origin of the regimental battle flags, the actions in which they were borne, their present condition, and place of deposit. In May, 1861, the Society of the Cincinnati of Pennsylvania, an organization formed of the surviving officers of the Revolutionary war and their descendants, tendered to Governor Curtin a donation of five hundred dollars, to be used toward arming and equipping the volunteers of the State. On the 8t-h of May the Governor, in a special message to the Legislature, announced the tender of this money, and requested that he be authorized to receive and directed how to ap|)ly it. In a series of joint resolutions, the Assembly directed him to apply the money to the purchase of regimental flags to be inscribed with the arras of the State. Other resolutions were passed providing for ascertaining how the sevei'al regiments of Pennsylvania in the war of the Revolution, in that of 1812, and with Mexico, were numbered, the divisions of the service in which they were distributed, and in what action said regiments distinguished themselves; that having obtained these particulars, the Governor should procure regimental standards, insci'ibed with the numbers of those regiments respectively, on which should be engrossed such data. The standards thus were delivered to the regi- ments then in the field or forming, bearing the regimental numbers corresponding to the regiments of Pennsylvania in former wars. The Reserves secured the greater portion of the flags thus inscribed with the dates of the Revolution and succeeding wars. The Governor was also authorized to procure flags for all the regiments of the State serving in the Union army, emblazoned with the number thereof and the coat of arms of the Commonwealth. These resolutions provided for the retui'u of all the standards to the possession of the State at the close of the war, to be inscribed as the valor and good conduct of the soldiers of each regiuient deserved ; and whenever tlie country ma^' be involved in any future war, the}' are to be delivered to the regiments then formed according to their number as they may be called into service. QENEBAL HISTORY. 211 Such was the origin of the battle-flags of Pennsylvania. The Govcrnov in person presented each regiment Avith one of these ensigns, the ceremony either taking place at camps within the State or in the camps of the armies at the front to which they were assigned. Such events were alwa3's interesting — the mag- netic eloquence of the fervid Governor eliciting the spontaneous entliusiasm of the men who received their standards with vows that were zealously kept, Avhile the pledges of personal devotion which the Governor made to care for them in sickness, wounds, and death, and to provide for the widows and ori)hans of those who perished, were as religiously fulfilled. Every regiment that went into service bearing one of these flags never lost its identity with the State which contributed it to the national defence, and to that extent the fame those soldiers made for themselves on the field of battle was reflected back on the old Com- monwealth, where its lustre will long be preserved, not as an object of irritation between the sections which antagonized each other in the late civil war, but as an evidence of national devotion and personal valor which is destined in after years to be prized in grateful remembrance. Two hundred and eighteen of these flags have been returned to the State, and are deposited in a room specially arranged for their safe keeping in the Capitol at Harrisburg. They are enumerated by beginning with the 11th regiment, Colonel Richard Coulter's, to that used by the 215th, Colonel Thomas AVistar's. The condition of the standards impresses the beholder with the lun'oc through which they were carried. That of the 100th regiment now consists of only three small pieces of tattered silk. The flag of the 150th was captured at Gettysburg and afterwards recaptured among the baggage of the President of the so-called Southern Confederacy. That of the 90th has its staff shot away ; the 148th is in a similar condition, as Avell as greatly riddled by bullets. Two flags of the 51st are torn and riddled, having been carried in some of the fiercest struggles of the conflict. The original flag of the Puck-tail regiment (42d), with a portion of a buck-tail still on the top of the staff', is an object of mucli curiosit3\ The State possesses no more valuable deposit in its archives than these flags. The older they become the more valuable and more venerated they will be. Another subject growing out of the war was the adoption of the system of soldiers' orphans schools. Of the facts connected with their origin and growth we shall refer in brief terms. In the message of Governor Curtin, of January 1, 1863, he says: "In July last, I received, at Pittsburgh, by telegraph, an offer from the Pennsylvania railroad company of a donation of $50,000, to assist in paying bounties to volunteers. I declined this offer, because I had no authority to accept it on behalf of the public, and was unwilling to undertake the disbursement of the fund in ni}'- private capacity. I have since received a letter on the subject from llie company, suggesting other modes of disposing of the money, a cop}- of wliicii is annexed to this message." To Colonel Thomas A. Scott, then vice-president of that great corporation, are we really indebted for originating and suggesting the establishment of tliat system which led the way to provide for tlie edu- cation and maintenance of the destitute orphans of soldiers. At the request of the Governor, a bill was prepared by Professor J. I*. Wickersham, then ))rincip;i. of tlie State Normal school at Millersville, embodying the provisions necessary 272 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. tor carrying into effect tlie measures proposed in the message concerning tliese wards of tlie State. This bill was not acted on for want of time, but a short act was passed authorizing the Governor to accept the donation of the railroad company-, and to use it, at his discretion, for the purposes designated. In order to accomplish this, the Governor, on the 16th of June, 1864, duly com missioned Thomas H. Burrowes, Superintendent of Soldiers' Orphans. Dr. Burrowes began at once to organize the system. A number of schools will- ing to receive pupils were selected in different parts of the State, through the assistance of the patriotic and public-spirited citizens in the several counties who acted as superintending committees. By the 9tli of Februar}^, 1865, six schools and five homes had contracted to receive two hundred and seventy-six orphans. ^ The task of finding suitable institutions willing to receive soldiers' orphans, under all the circumstances attending the matter, was one of extreme difficulty; and a man less hopeful than Dr. Burrowes, one with more calculation and less faith, would not have succeeded in accomplishing it. He had but $50,000 at command, several of the Normal schools declined his request to erect additional buildings for the accommodation of such orphans as he might send to them, the prices asked for taking care of the orphans b}'' a number of boarding schools to which he applied were higher than he could pay, and, worse than all, there was a general want of confidence in the permanency of the enterprise. Still, full of faith and zeal, the superintendent labored on in his good work, and, at last, had the good fortune of seeing the obstacles that at first stood in the wa}' of his plans, in great measure overcome. The Legislature of 1865 passed an act, approved March 23, "establishing the right principle that the destitute orphans of our brave soldiers are to be the children of the State," and appropriating $75,000 to carry on the work for the year. Although this measure finally passed both Houses unanimously, it met in its progress some very strong opposition, and Dr. Burrowes saj's, "it owes its origination entirely to the wise forethought and untiring exertions of Governor Curtin." The expenses of the first year amounted to $103,81*1 67, but no one appre- ciated even then the magnitude of the S3'stem building up. For nearly ten years the number of orphans under the care of the Commonwealth have been about eight thousand annually, at an annual expense of nearly half a million dollars. "No calculation," said Governor Geary in his message of 1868, "can furnish an estimate of the benefits and blessings that are constantly flowing from these institutions. Thousands of orphan children are enjoying their parental care, moral culture, and educational training, who otherAvise would have suffered poverty and want, and been left to grow up in idleness and neglect. Mau}^ a widow's heart has been gladdened by the protection, comfort, and reli- gious solicitude extended to her fatherless offspring, and thousands are the prayers devoutly uttered for those Avho have not been unmindful of them in the time of their affliction. In making the generous disposition it has done for these destitute and helpless orphans, the Legislature deserves and receives the heartiest thanks of every good citizen, all of whom Avill cordiall}' approve a continuance of that beneficence. In shielding, protecting, and educating the GENERAL HISTOBT. 273 children of our dead soldiers, tlic Legislature is nobly performing its duty. These children arc not mere objects of charity or pensioners upon our bounty, but the wards of tlie Commonwealth, and have just claims, earned by tlie blood of their fotlicrs, upon its support and guardiansiiip, which can only be withheld at the sacriiice of philautlirop}-, honor, patriotism, State pride, and every prin- ciple of humanity." As early as 1SC4, measures were taken by the Executive and Legislature looking to the preparation of a history of tlie men who went forward in tlic armies of the country from tliis State in the groat battles for the L^nion. Subse- quently, ISGG, Prof. Samuel P. Bates 1866. was appointed to this work. Five im- perial octavo volumes of over one thou- sand pages each give a valuable history of every regiment from the State — an enduring monu- ment, not only of the bravery of the sons of Pennsylvania, but of the power and the glory of the good old Commonwealth. On the 15th of January', ISGV, Gene- 1867. ral John W. Gear^-,* of Westmoreland countj^, was inaugurated Governor of the State, a position in which, by election to a second term, he served six 3'ears. During that period the debt of the Commonwealth was re- '■ JOUN W. GEART. dticed over ten millions of dollars. It was a time of unusual activity in business, and the proper development of the indus- trial resources of Pennsylvania. During tiie war for the Union, the so-called "border counties," York, Adams, Cumberland, Franklin, Fulton, Bedford, and Perry, suffered severely, not only through the invasion of the Southern Ibi'ces, but incidentally by the marching of the Federal tioops interposing to drive thcformer from the State. The citizens who thus sustained destruction and loss of property appealed to the 1868 Legislature for aid. That body generously considered the matter and took measures to afford the citizens the necessary assistance. The Governor appointed a board of commissioners agreeably to the act of April 9, * John White Geary was born at Mount Pleasant, Westmoreland count\', December 30, 1819. He taught scliool, became a merchant's clerk in Pittsburgh, afterward studied at Jeflcrsou College ; (inally became a civil engineer, and for several years was connected witii the Allegheny Portage railro.id. He was lieutenant-colonel of the second Penusvl- vania regiment in the Mexican war; wounded at Chapultepec, and for meritorious conduct was made liist connnanderof the city of JNIexico after its capture and colonel of his regi- ment. In 1849 was made postmaster of San Francisco, soon after alcalde of that city, and its lirst mayor. In 1852 returned to Penns^-lv'ania and settled on his farm in Westmoreland county. From Jidy, ISaG, to March, 18o7, he was Governor of Kansas. Early in 18JI raised and equipped the 28th Pennsylvania volunteers ; promoted brigadier-general of volunteers April 2d, 18G2; wounded at Cedar Mountain; led the 2nd division of the 12th corps at Fredericksburg, Chaucellorsville, Gettysburg, Wauhatchie, and Lookout Mountain; com- j nianded the 2(1 division of the 20tli corps inShermaTi's march to the sea ; appointed military governor of Savannah on its cipture, December 22, 1804; elected Governor of Pennsyl- vania, 18G7, serving two terms. He died suddenly, at Ilarrisburg, on February 8, 1873. S 274 HISTOE T OF PENNS YL VA NIA. 1868, who were authorized to adjudicate the claims thereof, and although the amounts allowed were small, they served to afford temporary relief. By an act of the Ascerably adopted April 22, 1858, a monument was erected this 3'ear, on the grounds of the Capitol at Ilarrisburg, to commemorate the heroic virtues of tlic " citizens of Pennsylvania who were slain or lost their lives in the late war with Mexico." TUB rKNNSYLVANIA MONUMENT TO TUK nEKOES OF MEXICO. At the session of the Legislature of ISTO, an effort was made to take from the sinking fund of the State bonds to the value of nine and a half 1870. millions of dollars, tlie proceeds of the sales of the public improvements formerly owned by it, in aid of certain railroads. The Governor inter- posing his veto, prevented tliis contemplated outrage. In the month of Jul}', 1871, a serious disturbance of the public peace 1871. and order of the city of Williamspoi-t took place, rendering the civil authority powerless. Under this necessity a reliable militaiy force was sent forward under command of General Jesse Merrill, to protect and aid the authoiities in enforcing the civil processes. By the j)resencc of the troops the law-abiding citizens were encouraged and the lawless disheartened. This was termed at the time " the saw-dust war." GENERAL IIISTOET. 275 A Bureau of Labor Statistics and of Agriculture was established by an act of the Legislature of April 12, 1872. General John F. Hartranft,* of Montgomery count}-, assumed the office of Governor on the 21st of January, 1873. The inland fisheries of nearly all the States having toward the middle of the century shown a very groat falling off in consequence of the absence of all legal regulation, tlie New England States, commencing with Massacluisetts, took tho subject in hand in 18G5, and immediately thereafter, on the 30th of March, 18G6, the State of Pennsylvania followed her example. Colonel James AVorrall was appointed commis- sioner by Governor Curtin, to make an exami- nation of the streams of the State, the artificial obstructions to the passage of lish, and to report such measures as should be proper to re-stock and protect them. In the summer of 1868, several gentlemen of ^ ^f^, J''{^^^ W^' Ilarrisburg, to test the matter of propagating •'^' ji ;"^^ / ^^ fish from other streams, introduced the black bass of the Potomac into the Susquehanna, and through appropriate legislation tiie result has been succcssl'ul. Fish-ways were created in the dams which crossed the more important .,,,,„.,.,,,, ■ „ JOHN F. HARTRANFT. rivers — intended to lacuitate the passage of anadromous fishes up and down the streams. Tlie Legislature in 1873 1873. made ap[)ropriations for cari-ying out this object, and the Fisliery com- missioners have zealoush^ devoted themselves to this woik ; and Pennsylvania has advanced equally with tlie most energetic of the other States. The pernicious and alarming results of special legislation, with other evils connected with the working of the Constitution of 1838, demanded a refoim in that instrument. On tlie 2nd of June, 1871, the General Assembl}-, to further that object, passed a resolution to submit the calling of a convention to the people *Joiix FuKnEurcK Hartranft was born in New Hanover township, Montgomery county, Decomljer Ifi, 1S:J0. In liis seventeenth year he entered tlie preparatory depart- ment of Marslial I College, and snbserjuently was transferred to Union College, Schenectady, whei'e he gra, the President tendered him the position of colo- nel in tho regular army, which he declined. In ISOS, General Hartranft was re-elected audiioi-genoral. In 1872 he was chosen Governor of the Cominor wealth, and re-elected iu 1875 for the term of three years. 2 7 6 EISTOB Y OF PUNNS YL VAN I A. of the State. At the general election held in October following, the vote for hol'ling a constitutional convention was 328,354 to 70,205 against tlic measure The Legislature, b}' its act of April 11, 1872, made provision for tlie calling of the same, and to secure a full and free expression of opinion in the convention without party or political bias, the plan of minority representation was adopted. The delegates elected assembled at the State Capitol, Ilarrisburg, on Tuesday, November 13, 1872, adjourued from thence to Pliiladelphia on the 27th, where it assembled on the 7th of January', 1873. The draft of the Constitution having been adopted by that body, it was submitted to the qualified electors of the Commonwealth on Tuesdn}', the 16th day of December, and was approved by a vote of 253, 5G0 for, and 109,198 against the measure. As thus adopted, the new Constitution of 1873 comprises the following reforms : An increase of tlie number of senators and representatives of the General Assembly; biennial sessions of the Legislature; the election by the people of sundr\f oOieers heretofore chosen; minority representation; modifications of the pardoning power; a change in the tenure and mode of choosing the judiciary ;_a change in the date of the annual elections; prohibition of all special legislation, with other changes of vital importance to the interests of the people at large. The 1874. Constitution went into effect the first day of January, 1874. Altliough it is imperfect in certain points, the Constitution is considered a model instrument, and during the two years in which it has been in operation, given the greatest satisfaction to the people. In Marcii, 1874, owing to the seizuie of railroad trains b3' a mob at Susque- hanna depot on the Nevv York and Erie Railroad, troops were ordered forward by the Covcrnor, who succeeded in quelling the disturbance and restoring con- fidence. Disturbances in the mining regions occurred during this and the following ^xar; but by the prompt calling out of the military \)y Governor Hartranft, order and peace Avere preserved. The new constitution providing for the election of a Lieutenant-Governor who was to act as President of the Senate, in November John Latta* C'f West- moreland connt}^, was chosen for a period of four 3'ears. The year 1876 being the Centennial of American Independence, it was 1876. ushered in with demonstrations of joy in every city and town of the Com- monwealth. On the 20th day of January, Governor Hartranft re-assumed the executive functions under the Constitution of 1873, and in his message referred witli pride to the progress which a century had wrought in our State. " The popula- tion," he said, "has increased tenfold, the area under cultivation a hundred-fold, and wealth almost beyond comparison. Thousands of miles of canals and railroads inter- sect the Commonwealth. Immense mining, manufacturing, agricultural and carry- ing enterprises give employment to the toiling millions of the State. All the prod- ucts of the earth are within our reach ; fuel and provisions ni'e brought to our doors ; gas and water are in our houses, and the news of the world of yesterday are laid ou our breakfast-tables in the morning. Thousands of schools and colleges are scattered "•■■Joux Latta wns born in Unity township, Westmoreland counts', in 1S3G. He received an academic education, graduated at Yalo liaw Hcliool, admitted to the bar in ISr/i, and locateil at Greensburg. Mr. Lattu served in the Senate 1804-5, and in the House 1872-3. Klectod Lieutenant-Governor 1874. GENERAL HISTORY. 277 over the State, and the post is burdened daily with millions of letters attesting the general diffusion of knowledge. The people are more intelligent, freer and happier, more cheerful, tolerant and liberal." As early as 1870 the plan of holding an International Exhibition at Philadelphia, in commemoration of the Independence of the United States, was adopted and met with general approval. All previous exhibitions had been gotten up under the direc- tion of government, but this was an undertaking of the people at large, the co-ope- ration of Congress being really only formal. The State of Pennsylvania, in testimony of her high appreciation of the enterprise, liberally appropriated money for the erec- tion of a Memorial Hall or Art Gallery; and on the 10th of May the great Cen- tennial Exhibition was formally opened. The ceremonies, simple and dignified, were characteristic of the Republic and of the Commonwealth. The exhibition proved as successful as it was grand and imposing. On the 19th day of July, 1877, while Gov. Hartranft was on his way to 1877. visit the Pacific Coast, a general strike was inaugurated by the employees of nearly all the railroads in the United States. Within the Commonwealth all attempts of the municipal and county authorities foiled to restore traffic, and for several days the rioters, for such many proved to be, had control of affairs. In this emergency the National Guard was called out and Gov. Hartranft summoned home. The outbreak at Pittsburgh at once assumed alarming proportions, followed as it was by the destruction of large quantities of produce and merchandise contained in the impeded freight cars, and the burning of all the rolling stock and railroad buihlings of the Pennsylvania company at that point, simultaneously with an attack upon the military by an armed mob, during which several of the soldiers were killed and wounded, as also a considerable number of the rioters. The disturbances spread rapidly over the State. In Philadelphia, by the courage and activity of the municipal authorities, supported by the great body of the citizens and the press, and in Hai'risburg, through the coolness and promptness of the sheriff of Dauphin county and the mayor of the city and the public spirit of the citizens, who responded to the call of the authorities, cpiiet was soon restored. In Reading the costly railroad bridge over the Schuylkill was burned on the evening of the 22d. but on the following day the National Guard had a severe street-fight, in which many of the military were injured by stones, eleven persons were killed and above fifty wounded, the rioters were dispersed. In the Luzerne coal region the miners, under the prevailing excitement, entered upon a general strike, but the prompt support of the civil authorities by the military checked the threatened serious dis- turbance. On the 24th of July the governor reached Pittsburgh, and, in obcidience to his telegram of two days previous, the entire military force of the State was in mo- tion, together with such of the United States troops as then could be sent ft)r- ward to co-operate with the National Guard. By the prompt and decisive measures of the Commander-in-chief, quiet was soon restored, and traffic resumed its regular channels. At the general election held in November, 1878, Henry M. Hoyt,* of Luzerne, * Henry Martyn Hoyt was born in Kingston, Luzerne county, June 8, 1830. Jle remained upon liis fatlier's farm until his seventeenth year, when, having finished liis prepariitory studies under the Kev. Dr. Reuben Nelson, he entered Lafayette College. He finished his academic coui-se 278 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 1878. IIEXRY MAKTYN HOYT. was elected Governor of the State, aud Charles W. Stone,* of Warren, Lieutenant-Governor. On the 21st of January, 1879, with appropriate ceremonies, they were formally inducted into their respective offices. In his inaugural Gov. Hoyt, after alluding to the causes of the mone- tary crisis, thus spoke concerning national affairs: " The one great question yet to be solved is, shall government by tli(3 ballot be maintained in this country, with equal political rights for all legal voters? Pennsylvania's attitude on that question is known wherever her name is known. That she will insist on the enforcement of the authority of the National Constitution in every State of the National Union is as certain as that her mountain- peaks point toward heaven and her rivers roll to the sea. Under no circumstances can she ever re- cede from this position. Strong in herself, stronger in virtue of the constitutional relationship to her sister States, she will be magnanimous, conciliatory and patient." And thus at the close of another decade the Commonwealth of Penn- sylvania, founded by deeds of peace, is steadily pushing forward to the lead of empire, first in whatever may constitute the greatness of a State. at Williams College, Mass., where he graduated in 1849. Opened a higli school at Towanda, Pa., and was a Professor of ISIathematics at the Wyoming Seminary in the Wyoming conference; read law with Chief-Justice George W. Woodward, and admitted to the bar in 1853. At the outbreak of tlie Civil W^ar he was active in the raising of tlie 52d regiment, P. V., and was appointed by Governor Curtin, lieutenant-colonel. Served in Naglee's brigade, army of the Potomac, until Janu- ary, 1863, when the brigade was sent to join the land forces intended to co-ojicrate with the naval attack upon Fort Simiter under Admiral Dupont. He was engaged in the siege of Mori-is Island under General Gillmore, and was captured in a night attack in small boats across Charleston Har- bor on Fort Johnson. Upon his exchange he rejoined his command, and at the close of the war was mustered out with the rank of brevet brigadier-general. In 1867 he held the office of Addi- tional Law Judge of the courts of Luzerne county, under appointment of Governor Gearv, ^ He was elected Governor in November, 1878, and was inaugurated in January, 1879. #. * Charles Warrior Stone was born in Groton, Mass., June 29, 1843, graduated at Williams College in 1863, studied law and admitted to practice in September, 1867 ; elected county superin- tendent of common schools in 1865, member of the House of Eepresentatives 1870-1, and member of the Senate 1877-8. 1880. PART II. COUNTY HISTORIES i 280 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. ORGANIZATION OF COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. COUXTIES. Cliestpr* Bucks* I'liiladelpliia* .... J,:lll(•:l^te^ Yoik Ciiiiil)erlaiKl ]!uiks Moi'tliaiiiptoii.... lieiUiiiil Null liiiiiihHi land Wesiiiiort'lainlt.. Washington Fayette Kranklin M(>iil>;<)iiie] y Dauphin l.ii/.L'i lie llnntiimduii Allcglienv..^ J)clauaie iMitlliii Sdineiset Lycoining Ciieene Wayne Adams Centre Ariiistionjf IJiitlei- Heaver Uiawfoi'd Krie Mercer , Venango Warren Indiana Jefferson M'Kean I'otter Tioga Caniln ia Cieartield , ISradliirdt Susquehanna Sehuylkill lA'liigli lielj:iiion Cohiinlna Union I'ike I'eiiy Juiiiaia , Alonroe Clarion Clinton AVyoining Caiijon KIk JJIair Sullivan Forests Fulton I-awieiiee Montour Snyder , (Jaineron LacUawauuu FnoM WuAT Formed. Chester I^aiicaster I.aniaster 1 'h i lade) phia, 1 lucks, Lancaster r. licks (;uiiil>ei'laiid r.aneasler, Cumberland, lierks, IJedford, and Nor! Westmoreland West niorela lid ('nmlierlaiiil I'liiladelphia 1 ,aiicaste r Northumberland Hedloid Westmoreland and Washington Chester ('ninbeilaiid and >torthiimbei'luiid i:eiil 4. Mar. ]:i. April 18, Feb. 2«, ALar. 15, Aiiril 11, April 19, Alar. 2rj. ALiy :<, Mar. 2. Mar. 29, Aug. 21, 1773.. 1781.. 17S:f. . 1784.. 17H4. . 178.i. . 1781!.. 1787.. 1788.. 1789.. 1789. . 179.-). . 179fi.. 1791! . . 1798. . 18110.. 1801).. 1800.. 1800.. 1800.. 1800. . 1800. . 1800. . 1800. . 1800. . IS).?. . 181 14.. 1804.. 1804. . 1804.. 1804.. 1804. . 1810.. 1810.. 1811.. 1812. . 1813., 1SI3., 1813. , 1814., 1826., 1831., 1836., 18:J9., 1839., 1342. , 1843., 1843. , 1816. 1847. , 1848. 1850. 18.50. 18.50. 18.55. 1860. 1878.. COUXTY Towns. West Chester... Doylestovvn rhiladel]ihia Lancaster York Carlisle Heading Kasloii Hedfoid Sunbiiiy (iieeiisliurg Washington .... Unioiitown Cliambeisbiirg.. Noriistowii Ilairisbiiig Wilkes-Uarre. . Iluiitingilon .... I'ittsburgh Media Lewistown.. .. Somerset Williamsport ... Wjiynesbiirg ... , llonesdale (Jetlysbiirg Hellefonte Kitlaiiniiig Hiitler Heaver Meadville F.rie Alercer Franklin Warrei Indiana Hrookville Smethport Coiidersjiort Wellsboio' Kbeiisburg Clearfield 'I'owanda Montrose I'ottsville Alleiitowii Lebanon l!lo(jinsburg Lewisbuig Milford New Hloomfieh! Anminlown Siroudsburg Clarion Lock Haven Tiiiikhannock. .. Mauch Chunk... Hidgw^.y llollidaysburg .. Laporte Tioiiesfa AtcCoiiuellsburg New Castle Danville Middlelmrg KmiHirium SciaiitoQ ....._ N 1786 1778 1682 17;iO 1741 1751 1743 1738 1766 1772 1782 1782 1769 1764 1784 1785 1783 1767 176.5 1819 1790 1795 1796 1796 1826 1780 1795 1804 1803 1791 1795 1795 1803 1795 1795 1805 1830 1807 1807 1806 1805 1805 1812 1811 1816 1751 17.50 18t)2 1785 1800 1822 1791 1806 18:19 1833 1840 1815 1833 1812 18.50 18.52 1786 1802 1790 1800 1861 1840 •Chester, Hacks, and Philadelphia were the three original counties established at the first settlement of the Province of Pennsylvania. •t In 1785 [lart of the imrchase of 1784 was added to Westmoreland. X Previous to March 24, 1812, this county was called Ontario, but its name was changed to Bradford on that day. S Part of Venango added by act approved October 31, 1866. ADAMS COUNTY. BY AARON SIIEELY, GETTYSBURG. IWith acknotvledgments to Edward McPhcrson, D. J. Bcnner, and Joseph S. Gitt.\ DAMS count}' was originally included within the ample limits of Chestei county. Soon after the settlement of Pennsylvania by William Penn, in 1G82, the Province Avas divided by its proprietor into three counties, Bucks, Chester, and Philadelphia. Lancaster county was separated from Chester by act of ISLay 10, 1729, and was the first county established subsequent to the formation of the three original counties. The first division of Lancaster county was by act cf August 9, 1749, when York county was separated from it. York, which then included what is now Adams, was the first county prected west of the Susquehanna river, and embraced all that terri- tory bounded on the west and north by the South mountain, on the east by the Susquehanna, and on the south by Maryland. The county being very large, and the distance from the upper end to the county-seat being great, a movement looking to the formation of a new county was set on foot as early as 1790 Much feeling was soon developed in reference to this matter. Those living within easy reach of the old countj^-town manifested their selfishness l)y violently opposing the measure, while those residing within the limits of the proposed nevv county were just as active and zealous in favor of a separation. Public meetings were held, petitions for and rcmonst)-ances against the erection of a new county were industriously circulated, signers to each obtained, and presented to the Legislature. Finally, after ten years of contention and strife, the separation took place by virtue of an act of Assembly dated January 22, 1800. The new county was named Adams, in honor of John Adams, who was President of the United States from 1797 to 1801. The commissioners to mark and run the line dividing Adams from York county were Jacob Spangler, deputy surveyor of York county, Samuel Sloan, deputy surve3'or of Adams county, and William Waugh. In June, 1790, when the formation of a new count}' was first agitated, James Cunningham, Jonathan Iloge, and James Johnston were appointed commis- sioners to fix upon a site for the county seat. After some deliberation the Com- missioners selected for this purpose a tract of one hundred and twenty-five acres, in Straban township, belonging to Garret Vanasdal, and described as "lying between the two roads leading from Hunter's and Gcttys' towns to the Brick House, including part of each road to Swift run," and being in part the present site of Hunterstown. In 1791 the subject was again agitated. The Reverend Alexander Dobbin and David Moore, Sen., were appointed trustees for the new county, with full powers, for them and their representatives, to take assurances of all offers for the payment of mone}', or for the conveyance or transfer of any property in trust, for the use of public buildings to be erected in the town of Gettysburg. 281 282 HISTOBT OF PENNSYLVANIA. Adams county is bounded on the north b\' Cumberland, east by York, south by the State of Maryland, and west b}- Franklin. Its length from east to west is 27 miles, and its breadth from north to south is 24 miles. The area is 248 square miles, or about 350,000 acres. The surface of the county is greatly diversified. The South mountain, the first great chain of hills west of the sea-board, extends along the entire western and northern borders. The other principal elevations are Round, Wolf's, Spangler's, Gulp's, and Harper's hills, with Big and Little Round Top, in the central and southern parts. The principal stream is Coiiewago creek, which has its source in the South mountain, near the dividing line between Adams and Franklin, receiving in its course Opossum creek. Plum run, and Miley's run from the north ; and Beaver Dam run. Swift run. Little Conewago, Pine run, Deep run, and Beaver creek from the south, pursuing a winding north and north-east course into York count}', through which it passes, and finally finds its way into the Susquehanna near Yoik Haven. Marsh creek, the second stream in size and importance in the county, also takes its rise in the South mountain, nea,r the source of the Conewago, flows south-east to the Monococy river, in Maryland, draining the southern portions of the county and receiving in its course North Branch, Little Marsh creek, Wil- loughby's run, Rock creek, and Little's run. The entire length of this stream is about 25 miles, and in its course it furnishes excellent water power for ten grist and flouring mills, besides a large number of saw mills and several factories. Tlie first-mentioned of its tributaries, North Branch, is interesting because of its sub- terranean source in the South mountain, in Franklin township, some four miles north of Cashtown. The sound of this underground stream is first heard in a wild and rock}' ravine a short distance north of the public road leading from Hilltown to Buchanan valley, and near Black Sam's cabin, a rude hut once occupied by an old colored man, who here lived the lonely and solitary- life of a hermit. After pursuing a southerly course for about two miles, now roaring and thundering among subterranean rocks, and anon moving so slowly and quietly that its direction can only be determined by a faint gurgling and trick- ling sound, it finally appears above ground. Geologically, Adams county belongs to the south-eastern or sea-board district of Pennsylvania, and is an undulating plain of reddish, sandy-clay soil, in the northern and western portions, while in the eastern part a gra}' micaceous soil is found. The Lawrentian system, the oldest known to geologists, is represented in the South mountain. The Mesozoic, or New Red Sandstone formation, spreads itself thinly over a portion of the county. The principal minerals of importance are copper, found both in a native state and as a carbonate, in the western and central parts of the county ; and crystalline iron ore, much of it magnetic, and some hematite. The central part of Franklin township, about a mile east of Cashtown, is particularly rich in magnetic ore of superior quality The belt of country stretching from near Littlestown to Hanover, York county, near the line of the railroad, also j'ields annually immense quantities of iron. The great ore beds of the South mountain seem to lie at considerable depths oeneath the surface, and with few exceptions, have not been reached. They will undoubtedly, in the near future, become a source of great wealth to this part of ADA3IS COUNTY. 283 the State. Recent surve3-s and tests indicate tliat the iron ore of tliis count^^ is not only excellent in quality but almost inexhaustible in quantit3'. Some of the beds of magnetic iron ore are traceable for many miles, having become decom- posed along their outcrops in i)laces, thus aflbrding extensive surface mines of brown hematite. Limestone occurs in large quantities in the northern, eastern, and western parts of the county, and has become a source of great wealth to the people. Tli()usai:ds of tons of limestone ai'e annually converted into lime, which is used laigel}' by farmers all over the county in the improvement of their land. The liberal use of lime as a fertilizer by farmers has wi'ought a wondrous change in this county during the last twenty-five years. Broad stretches of worn-out lands that formerly did not produce sufficient to pay the taxes assessed against them, have been rendered fertile and productive by the generous use of this agent. Hundreds of fields that Avere once too poor to grow even briars an 1 weeds have been, by its use, made to literally blossom as the rose. Many farms that, years ago, only impoverished those who cultivated them, now ^ield the most abundant crops of grain, grass, fruits, and vegetables, enriching those who till them, and all by the judicious application of lime. The county exports annually large numbers of horses, cattle, sheep, hogs, and poultry, besides immense quantities of farm and garden products, such as wheat, corn, rye, oats, timothy and clover seed, hay, apples, peaches, grapes, strawberries, butter, and eggs. Much iron ore is also sent out of the coimty every 3ear, bringing in a good revenue. Though for a time an object of reproach for the poverty of its soil and for its limited resources, Adams county now compares favorably' "with any count}' of its size in the State in ever\'thing that is necessary to make a county prosperous and its people happy. IJetween 173G and 1740 there were early settlements made by the Scotch- Irish who had previously' been residing in the lower end of York county. Among these were William McCIellan, Joseph Farris, Hugh McKean, Matthew Black, Kobert McPherson, William Black, James Agnew, John Alexander, Moses Jenkins, Richard Hall, Richard Fosset, Adam Hall, James Wilson, John Steel, John Johnson, John Hamilton, Hugh Yogan, John McWharter, Hugh Sweeny, Titus Darle}', Thomas Hosack, some of the Allisons, Campbells, Morrisons, Edies, etc. The majority of these carl}' settlers located on an immense tract of land comprising about one-fifth of the available land of Adams county laid out for the Propiietaries' use, and named the Manor of Maske. When tlie Provincial surveyors arrived for the purpose of running its lines, the settlers upon it, not understanding or not approving the purpose, drove them off ])y force. Some of the settlers had taken out regular warrants, others had licenses, and some were there probably' without either. As a result, the lines were not run till January*, nO(J, and the return of them was made, on the 7th of April, 1768, to the land affice. The Manor, as then surveyed, is nearly' a perfect oblong. The southerly line is 1,887 perches ; the northern, 1,900 perches ; the western line, 3,842 perches ; and the eastern 3,954. It is nearly six miles wide, and about twelve miles long. The southern line is probably a-half mile north of Mason and Dixon's line, and the 284 HISTOEY OF PENNSYLVANIA. northern is about mid-way between Mummasburg and Arendtsville, skirting a point marked on the county map as Texas, on tiie road from Gettysburg to Mid- dletown, does not quite reach the Ccnewago creek. The Manor covers the towns of Gettysburg and Mummasburg, the hamlet of Seven Stars, and probably McKnightstown, all of the township of Cumberland, except a small strip of half a mile along the Maryland line, nearly the whole of Freedom, about one- third of Highland, the southeast corner of Franklin, the southern section of Butler, the western fringe of Sti'aban, and a smaller fringe on the west side of Mount Joy. Gett3'sburg is situated north of the centre, and on the eastern edge of the Manor, and is thus about five and a-half miles from the northern line and seven and a-half from the southern. The Manor is separated by a narrow strip on the west from Carroll's Tract, or " Carroll's Delight," as it Avas originally called, ond which was surve^-ed under Maryland authority on the 3d of April, 1732. It was patented August S, 1735, to Charles, Marj-, and Eleanor Carroll, whose agents made sales of warrants for many years, supi)Osing that the land lay within the grant of Lord Baltimore and in the county of Frederick. As originally surveyed, " Carroll's Delight " con- tained 5,000 acres. From the period of the organization of the county to the breaking out of the civil war, Adams county presents no striking features in her history, and not until July, 18G3, when that terrible conflict between the armies of the two sec- tions of the Union took place within her borders, are the details of sufhcient general interest. Leaving these matters, we proceed to narrate the events imme- diately preceding THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG. The month of June, 18G3, was probably the darkest period in the history of the great civil war. The conflict had been raging for more than two years with results wholly incommensurate with the means employed. Dissatisfaction with the conduct thereof was general. The conscription, which had been resorted to in most of the States, increased the popular discontent. Rumors of foreign intervention began to darken the political horizon. In the south-west, afi"airs were in a critical condition. The army of the Potomac had sustained repeated and severe reverses on tlie soil of Virginia. Such was the aspect of affairs when the enemy, flushed with victory, and his army augmented by large numbers of fresh troops, suddenly assumed the offensive by a bold invasion of the north. The Confederate army under General Lee left its position near Fredericks- burg on the 9th of June, moving in a north-westerly direction, and within a few days the valley of the Shenandoah was freed from the only opposing force by the dispersion of Milroy's command, at Winchester. On tlie 22d, Lee threw Ewell's corps across the Potomac, at Shepherdstown and Williamsport, with orders to advance upon Hagerstown, Maryland, Lee fol- lowing a few days later with the other two corps of his army, commanded respec- tivel}' by Longstreet and A. P. Hill. From Hagerstown, General Ewell, with Rodes' and Johnson's divisions, preceded by Jenkins' cavalry, marched to Chambersburg, and thence to Carlisle, where he arrived on the 27th. Early's division of Ewell's corps, which had occupied Boonsboro, moved to Greenwood, ADAMS COUNTY. 285 a point on the turnpike leading from Cliambcrsburg to Baltimore, eight miles from the former place, whence in pursuance of instructions from Lee, Early marched in the direction of Gettysburg. At Cashtovvn, eight miles from Gettys- burg, Early divided his force, sending Gordon's brigade to Gettysburs; with directions to occupy the town, whilst with the remainder of his command betook the more direct road to York by way of Mummasburg, where he encamped for the night. Soon after Gordon's brigade had taken possession of the town. Gen- eral Early, with his staff, came in from Mummasburg for the purpose of commu- nicating with the borough authorities in regard to subsistence for his troops. Pending these negotiations, it was discovered that several cars at the depot were filled with supplies for Colonel Jennings' 2Gtli regiment, P. V. M. These were at once captured and appropriated by the invaders, and thus the town was undoubtedly spared a burdensome levy. The railroad bridge across Rock creek, half a mile east of the town, was soon fired by order of General Gordon, and whilst it was in a blaze a number of cars were ignited and started down the track, but they passed over the bridge and were consumed a short distance beyond. Altogether about twenty cars were burned, belonging to the Pennsylvania, Northern Central, and Hanover Branch railroad companies, besides three or four belonging to individuals. One of the cars contained a supply of muskets for Colonel Jennings' command, and these were also destroyed, their captors pro- fessing to have no use for them. The Confederate advance consisted of White's cavalry, numbering about 150 men, and as they entered the town they charged up Chambersburg street at a rajid rate, in pursuit of a number of i)crsons on horseback wlio were hurryino out York and Baltimore streets trying to escape. A few shots were fired, and the fugitives halted. In one instance a member of Bell's cavalry was pursued out tlie Baltimore turnpike, for a distance of nearl3^ two miles, by a Confederate cavalryman, and, after being vainly halted several times, was shot and instantly killed. As early as June 11th, the War Department at Washington, as a precau- tionary measure, assigned JNIajor General W. T. II. Brooks to the DejTartment of the Monongahcla, and Major General 1). N. Couch to the Department of the Susquehanna, with the headquarters of the latter at Ilarrisburg. General Couch detailed Mnjor G. 0. Ilaller, of the Vth Regular Infantry, to duty at Gettysburg, with orders to assume command of military operations in the county. Ilis dispositions were made with promptness and energ}'. On the evening of the 20th he addressed a laige public meeting at the Adams county court house, uiging the citizens of Gettysburg to prepare for the emergency, as it was evident their homes and firesides were about to be invaded. Sunday morning, the 21st, the City Troop of Philadelphia, under command of Captain Samuel J. Randall, arrived and reported for duty. These men furnished tlicir own unifoi'ms and equipments, a most complete outfit, and gave their services without pa3\ They did excellent duty on the mountain as scouts, carefully watching and reporting the movements of the enem}-. The 2Gtb Regiment, P. Y. M., Colonel W. W. Jennings, arrived fiom Ilarrisburg on tiie morning of the 2Gth. Immediately on their arrival the regiment was sent out on a rcconnoitering expedition in the direction of Cashtown, and aftei 286 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. proceeding about three miles they were sm'priscd by White's Confederate cavalry and tliirty-six of their number cnptured. These were taken into Gettysburg as prisoners, and subsequently paroled at the Court House. The next morning, the 2Tth, one hundred more of the regiment were taken prisoners about three miles out the Mummasburg road, where six hundred of them had encamped. These were paroled at Hunterstown later in the day. Bell's cavahy, a homo company, accepted by the Governor, and formally sworn into the United States service for six months by Major llaller, on the 24 th, performed very eflicient service as scouts, frequently coming in contact with the eneni}-, making narrow escapes, and bringing in much valuable infor- mation. On Saturday, the 2Tth, the enemy left for Hanover, East Berlin, and York. Sunday, the 2Sth, at 12 M., two regiments of Federal cavahy, about 2,000 strong, commanded ly General Cowpland, entered Gettysburg from the direction of Emmittsburg. Tuesday, the 30tli, at 0^ A.M., a portion of General Hill's corps, comprising several thousand men, advanced on the turnpike from Cashtown to within two miles of Gettysburg, but being only on a reconnoitering expe- dition Ihey fell back within an hour. General Stnart, with the Confederate cavahy, did not cross the Potomac with the rest of Lee's arm}', but crossed near Harper's Ferr}-, and managed to elude every cavalry force sent after him, until he reached the town of Hanover, in Pennsylvania, Avherc, on the 20tli, he was defeated by Kilpatrick in a fierce enoraoement of ei2;ht hours, after which he moved in the direction of York. Meanwhile, on the llth and 12th of June, the Union aimy had broken up its encampment and marched northward on a line nearl}' parallel with that of the enomv. The route of the arny was ke[jt cai-efuUy concealed, and it was not even known that it had crossed the Potomac until the 2Tth, when the headquarters were at Ei'ederick cit}-, which had been abandoned by tlio enemy. On this d.iy General Hooker Avas relieved from the command of the army, which was con- ferred upon (Jeneral George G. Meade, of I'ennsylvania. On the moi'ning after assuming command, Genei'al Meade ordered the main body of his arny to march nortliward into Pennsylvania, in the general direction of Harrisburg, and on a line parallel with the route taken by Lee, but on the east side of South moun- tain. JSIajor-General lleynolds, commanding the 1st corjjs, occupied the ex- treme left of the army of the Potomac, and was instructed by Meade to feci Lee and carefully watch his movements, but not to bring on a general engage- ment unless it became imperatively necessary' to do so. On Tuesday, the SOtli, about noon, Buford's Federal cavalry, 6,000 strong, came in on the Emmittsburg road, passed through Gettysburg, and encamped in two divisions a few hundred yards beyond the borough limits, the one on the Chambersburg pike, and the other on the i\Iummasburg road, placing their artillery in i)osition. The same afternoon the 1st corps of infantry, 8,000 men, under General Reynolds, and the llth coip'«, numbering 15,000, commanded by General 0. 0. Howai'd, came from Emmittsburg to Marsh creek, five miles south-west of Gettysburg, wlieie they encamped for the night. It now became evident tliat a great battle was about to be fought in the immediate vicinity of Gettysburg, invested as it was by 29,000 Federal troops, and at least twice this number of Confederates. ADAMS COUNTY. 287 Gettysburg is situated on a beautiful plain between two slightly elevated ridges, wliicli iiave become classic by reason of the important part they were made to play in the grand drama enacted here. The elevation west of the town, a gently rising ground, is known as Seminary ridge, the Lutheran Theological Seminary being located here, and is distant just one mile from the centre of the town, which it overlooks. This ridge extends many miles in a direction almost due nortli and south from tlie Seminary, and formed the main line of Confe- derate defences during the last two dnys of the battle. It was on tliis ridge, where the Chambersburg pike crosses it, tliat General Lee establislied his head- quarters after the first day's engagement. The elevation east of tlie town is called Cemetery hill, from the ftict that Evergreen cemetery, a citizen's burying ground, occupies some eighteen acres of beau- tiful ground on its east- ern and western slopes, on the south side of the Baltimore pike, and about half a mile from the town. This ridge commences a few liundred yards north of the entrance to this cemetery, and extends far to tiie south in a line pai'allel to Seminary ridge. Big and Little Round Top are both spurs of this ridge, which formed the main line of Federal defences during the second and third day's fighliug. A short distance east of the ceme- tery this ridge curves sharply to the right, forming two rocky prominences, known respectively as Gulp's hill and Spanglcr's hill, and terminating in Wolfs hill a rough and thickly wooded knob east of Rock creek, which is a sluggish stream winding among these hills. Not only does Gett3'sburg possess many natural advantages for the fighting of a great battle in its vicinit3', but its numerous and excellent roads give it additional value in a strategic point of view, being situated at the conver- gence of ten great roids, which radiate from it like the sp:)ke3 of a wheel. The turnpike from Baltimore, by which the Gtti and 12th corj)? were advancing, comes in on the south-east; the road from Taneytown, by which the 2nd, od, and 5th were approaching, comes from the south ; that from Kmmittsburg, by which the 1st and 1 1th were advancing, comes in from the southwest ; that from llagers- town, used b}' Lee as one of his thoroughfai-es, approaches from the west; that from Chambersburg, b}^ which the corps of Longstrect and Kill were marching, comes in on the north-west; those from Mummasbuig, Carlisle, Harrisburg, and GEN'ERAT, T.KR'S IIKAn-QUARTRRS AT OKTTVSUUnO. [From a I'hotosraph br W. II. Tiiiijn i Co., Getiysburg,] 288 -^^'5 TOR T OF PEON'S TL VANIA. York, by which Ewell's troops were advancing, coming from the north and north-cast ; and that from Hanover, used chiefly by the cavalry troops of Kil- patrick and Stuart, coming from the east. THE FIRST day's BATTLE. On Wednesday, July 1st, at dh o'clock in the morning, skirmishing began be- tween General Buford's dismounted cavalry and the advancing Confederates ; and by 10 o'clock the artillery was brougiit into pla_y. Willougliby's run flows immediately west of the position occupied by Buford. Pender's and Ileth's divisions of Hill's corps, numbering 20,000 men, had moved down the Chambers- burg road, and had posted themselves along tlie line of the stream just mentioned, followed by Anderson's division of the same corps, and occupied a position near the Ilagerstown road. Skirmisliing soon brougiit on a battle, 'when sharp cannonading commenced on both sides, the gallant Buford bravely holding his ground against a superior force of the enemy. Meantime General Reynolds, on receiving intelligence from Buford of the presence of the Confederates in the vicinity of Gett^'sburg, hastily left his encampment on the Emmittsburg road at Marsh creek, live miles distant, and hurried up his corps, at the same time sending word back to General Howard, requesting him, as a prudential measure, to bring up the 11th corps as rai)idly as possible. The 11th had also been coming up the Emmittsburg road, but finding it crowded with the -wagon train of the 1st corps, the}^ started off on a by-way leading to the Tane^town road, and were still on this by-way when Reynolds' messenger reached them. When the 1st had reached the Peach orchard, two miles from Gettysburg, and while many of the men were slaking their thirst and filling their canteens with water drawn from AVentz's well, the sound of heav^' and rapid cannon firing was heard in the direction of the Chambersburg road beyond Gettys- burg. Almost at the same instant Captain Mitchell, a gallant aid upon General Re3'nolds' staff, came dashing down the road, with orders to the various division conmianders to push forward their divisions as lapidly as possible. The 1st corps consisted of three divisions, and marched in the following order: First division under General Wadsv/orth ; Second division under General Doubloday ; next came five full batteries of artillery under Colonel Wainriglit ; and bringing up the rear came the s|)lendid Third division of General Robinson. The order was given to double quick, which was instantly obeyed, the troops keeping the road until they reached the brick house to the right, on Codori's farm, where they took to the fields and marched in the direction of the ridge to the left, which they reached a short distance south of the Seminary. AVadsworth's division, composed of Meredith's and Cutler's brigades, had the advance, with Cutler on the right and Meredith on the left. Arriving at the Seminary, the near presence of the enemy became at once manifest. General Reynolds promptly ordered a battery in position, and rode forward to select ground for a line of battle. Sadly unfortunate for him and for his country, that so sorely needed his well-tried ser- vices, he fell pierced through the head by a ball from a sharp-shooter's rifle, and was borne to the rear mortally wounded. General Abner Doubledoy immedi- ately assumed command of the corps, but there was no time to wait for orders ADAMS (JOUNTT. 289 from the new commander. Instantly-, right and left, Cutler, with his veterans, and Meredith, with his famous "Iron Brigade," wheeled into line on the double quick. Cutler, having the advance, opened the attack. Meredith became engaged a few minutes later. The fighting on the right was fearful for a while, and resulted in the capture of a portion of Davis' Mississippi brigade, which had taken refuge in an unfinished railroad cut. Ou the left the struggle was, if pos- sible, still more severe and bloody. A strong force advanced from the woods on the edge of which Reynolds had fallen but a short while before, and, though volley after volley was poured into the column, the men did not waver. The proximity and strength of the enemj^ at last became so threatening that the second division was ordered to make a charge, which was successful. Many of the enemy were shot, baj'oneted, and driven to partial retreat, Archer's bri- gade of 1,500 men being captured on the banks of Willoughby's run. Our ranks suffered severely in this demonstration, and it was evident such fighting could not long continue. Wadsworth's brave men, who had been contending for two hours against a superior force of the enemy, began to show signs of exhaustion. Rodes' division of E well's corps, numbering 12,000 men, had come up on the right and was pressing the 1st corps so hard that the veterans, who had been holding their ground so long and so firmly- against large odds, began to waver. But just at the critical moment, when the sun stood at high noon, General O. 0. Howard arrived with the 11th corps, and, posting Steinwehr's division on Cemeter}^ hill as a reserve, marched directly through the town with the divisions of Schurz and Barlow, and at once formed a line of battle to the right of the Chambersburg road along Seminary ridge. A charge was soon made by the entire force in front, comprising the corps of Hill and Ewell, 62,000 strong. The shock was awful. The superior numbers of the enemy enabled them to overlap both flanks of the Union army, threatening them with capture. Finally General Howard found it necessary to order a retreat, and the bleeding and exhausted remnants of the two devoted corps retired through the different streets of the town to Cemetery hill, where the}^ took up a new position, the 1st corps to the left and the 1st and 3d divisions of the 11th corps to the right and rear of Steinwehr. The 11th corps, being heavily pressed, lost about 2,500 prisoners in the retreat through the town. General Meade received intelligence of the engagement at Gett3'sburg about noon, while he was on Pipe Creek hill, near Taneytown, Maryland, about 14 miles distant, selecting a line of battle. Shortly afterwards a second message arrived announcing the death of General Reynolds. Meade at once dictated an order to General W. S. Hancock, dated 1:10 p.m., directing him to turn his corps, the 2d, over to General Gibbon and proceed to the front, assume command of all the troops there, and make such dispositions as the exigencies of the case might require. Hancock arrived on the field at 3:30 p.m., while the retreat to Cemetery hill was in progress, and did much by his presence and influence to restore order and inspire the men with confidence in themselves and their new position. By half-past four p.m. the troops were securely posted in their new position, and the effective fire of artillery and sharp-shooters prevented further pursuit by the enemy. About 5 o'clock in the evening General Sickles arrived from Emmittsburg with the principal part of the 3d corps, and took T 290 HISTORY OF PENl^SYLVANIA. position on Cemetery ridge to the left of Howard, occupying nearly the whole of the line to Round Top. An hour later, Slocum's 12th corps came up the Baltimore turnpike and occupied the extreme right of the line, embracing Gulp's, Spangler's, and Wolf's hills. Thus ended the action of the first day THE SECOND DAY'S BATTLE. On the morning of the 2d, the following were the dispositions of the two armies, General Meade, who arrived on the battle-field about eleven o'clock the night previous, assuming the active direction of affairs : The 12th corps, General Slocum commanding, was placed on his right ; General Williams commanding the 1st division of the 12th corps took the extreme right, his right resting on Rock creek, with one brigade thrown to the east of the creek to occupy Wolf's hill, and to protect the ex- treme right flank. The remainder of Williams' division occupied an irregular line stretching from the creek to Gulp's hill, by the way of Spangler's spring. General Geary, com- manding the 2d divi- sion, occupied Gulp's hill, and joined unto the 11th corps in posi- tion on Gemetery hill. To the soutli of Gemeter^' hill were, first, the remnants of the 1st corps under Doubleday. Gontinuing the line toward the left, were the 2nd corps (Hancock's), the .3d (Sickles'), and later in the da^^, the 5th (Sykes') occu- pving the naturally' entrenched heights of Little Round Top. On the part of the Gonfederates, General Longstreet's corps had the right, with Hood's and McLaw's divisions in order; General A. P. Hill's corps had the centre, with An- derson's, Heth's, and Pender's divisions in order; General Ewell's corps had the left, witli Rodes', Early's, and Johnson's divisions in order. The 6th corps (General Sedgwick's) did not arrive until late in the day, and was held in reserve and used where its presence was most needed. Lockwood's brigade of Mary- land troops arrived on the field witli the 6th corps and was temporarily assigned to the 12th corps, and relieved one of Williams' brigades that had been protect- ing Wolf's hill. General Meade established his headquarters on the Taneytown road, a short distance to the rear of his line. General Lee had his headquarters on the Ghambersburg road, a short distance to the rear of the Seminary ridge. GENERAL MEADE'S HEAD-QUARTERS AT GETTYSBURG. [From a Photograph by 'W. H. Tipton & Co., Gettysburg.] ADAMS COUNTY. 291 Both coraruanders were thus in superior positions to communicate promptly and easil}^ with all parts of their lines. The Confederate forces were now all in posi- tion with the exception of Pickett's division, of Longstreet's corps, which had been detailed at Chambersburg to guard the wagon trains and to keep open Lee's communication with the Potomac against any flanli movement from Harrisburg, by the Cumberland Vallej'. Strategically the positions of the two armies were in accordance with the topography of the ground heretofore described ; the Federal army occupying Cemeter}' hill, as a centre, with flanks resting upon the elevated lines, on the right, to Wolf's hill, and, on the left, to Little and Big Round Tops, which ad- mirably and effectually protected the left flank of the army, as Wolf's hill and Rock creek did the right. The movements of troops on the right were fully masked by heavy timber, the left being more open. From Round Top to Cemetery hill the Union line generally faced the west, but from this hill to the extreme left the line curved back on itself so much that it faced nearly in the opposite direction. This curved line gave General Meade a great advantage in speedil}^ moving troops from one flank to the other. The Confederates, on Semi- nary Ridge, had a line of very similar form, but necessarily much longer. A comparison of the two lines shows that the Federal line was only one-third of that of their adversaries. The night, and Thursday till mid-da}^, passed in comparative silence; what little firing was done was confined to the skirmish line. But the two armies were not idle ; artillery was brought up, the heavy guns that arrived with the 2d corps were put in position, regiments and brigades marched and counter-marched from one part of the line to another, weak points were strengthened, salients were covered with double lines, mattock and spade and shovel were in useful requisi- tion, rifle pits dotted the line, wood fences were swept away and combined with stone walls to give additional strength to the temporary defences, orderlies dashed from point to point bearing orders that were as promptly obeyed ; the heavy rumble of army wagons showed that provisions and ammunition were being distributed to the men, and ambulances hurrying to and fro pointed out plainly that the work of death was soon to begin. At 3 o'clock, the artillery on the Federal and on the Confederate sides was in position ; and everything seemed ready for the work of death to commence. It was only a few minutes before 4 o'clock when a gun from Seminary ridge was fired. In an instant both lines were a blaze of artillery' and musketr}', and the action became general on the Federal left. It soon became evident that the ene- my's object here was to crush Sickles. Hood's and McLaw's divisions moved from under their cover on Seminary ridge, in solid columns, across an open space, and engaged Sickles, at the peach orchard, in a hand-to-hand fight. Ward's and DeTrobriand's brigades, of Birney's division, of the 3d corps, received the main force of the enemy's onset. The remainder of Birney's divi- sion was also hotly engaged. Gallantly the regiments and brigades met the attack — ably supported b}' a deadly artillery fire — volley for volley of the enemy was returned, inch by inch they yielded the ground, back over the ridge into the meadows of wheat and corn were they driven, but so stubbornly did the}' contest it that they had to abandon many of their wounded. A new impulse — a rally, a 292 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. cheer, and back their force was driven ; and the brigades re-occupied their first l)Osition. Fresh regiments filled up the gap made in the Confederate ranks — the shock of battle again was felt, the plain became enveloped in smoke, and the left of the 3d corps (Birney's division) was once more driven back. Cheering his men on by his words, General Sickles did all that a brave commander could do. Pass- ing towards the left of his corps, into the Peach orchard. General Sickles' foot was carried off by a cannon shot. The command of the corps now devolved on Birney. The retreat of Birney's left was accelerated by the fact that General Longstreet's right was prolonged by the interval of two brigades beyond his (Birney's) left ; and a quick flank movement of these brigades would have com- pletely enveloped his shattered troops. The right of the 3d corps fared no better. Birney's division having given way, exposed Humphreys' division and Graham's brigade on the right — still advanced to the Emmittsburg road — to the fiercest assaults of the enem}', both on flank and front. These officers saw that nothing but the best generalship could extricate their commands, as their right was separated from the 2d corps by half a mile of ground, their left was exposed by Birney's retreat, and the enemy was pressing them on all sides. Left without supports, Humphreys determined to do his best to get his command out of the dilemma. Drawing off his men by detail, reforming his line of battle, attacking the enemy at every van- tao-e o-round with overwhelming impetuosity, taking advantage of his enemy's weakness, with the skilled eye of an engineer, to increase his own chances of escape, Humphreys commenced his retrograde movement from the line of the Emmittsburg road with 5,000 men, and formed a line to the left of the 2d corps, on tlie extension of Cemetery Hill, with 3,000 men — a loss of 2,000 men bearing testimony in the language of blood to the desperation of the fight. Humphreys' division was now in the position originally contemplated for it by General Meade, in his general instructions to corps commanders. In its new posi- tion the division was still assaulted by the enemy, but its right protected by the 2d corps and its left by the timber stretching towards Little Round Top, it used its vantage of the high ground in such a manner as to repel every assault of the enemy, who at last retired beyond the Emmittsburg road. Even if the 3d corps was driven from its first position along its whole line, and the Confederates were left in possession of the field, yet one important effort had to be made before Longstreet had performed satisfactorily the work assigned him by General Lee — and that was to occupy Little and Big Round Top. This was the prize that eclipsed all others in the eyes of the Confederate commander- in-chief, and to secure it was the main object of the fight of this day on his right. It was to accomplish this that Longstreet was directed to project two of Hood's brigades beyond the left of Sickles, and, forcing back the 3d corps with the I'emaining brigades and Anderson's division, these two brigades were at the proper moment to make a dash for these hills ; and once their rocky crests in pos- session, it would have been next to impossible to dislodge them. "While these brigades were moving forward. General Meade was making such dispositions of his troops as frustrated the design of the enemy on these hills, and probably saved the army. General Meade had seen that Sickles could not maintain ADAMS COUNTY. 293 his isolated position at the commencement of the action, and immediately dis- patched aid from his reserves. General Warren, engineer-in-chief on General Meade's staff, noticing the nakedness of Little Round Top, and its importance as the key to the Federal left, hastly detached General Vincent's brigade, of the 5th corps, and ordered it into position on its summit. By a rapid movement General Vincent reached the height, and had scarcely time to advantngeously form his men on the rocky and broken summit, and construct a few hastily formed rifle-pits, before the exultant Confederates, debouching from the heavy timber into the open space at the foot of the hill, and, with a yell and a rush, attempted to scale the rocky citadel. Like the rugged, weather-beaten rocks behind whose immov- able ramparts the men fought, Vincent's brigade met the enemy's shock. But the most determined bravery must yield before overwhelming numbers, and Vin- cent and his handful of men were borne down and would have become, together with the hill, the prize, had not General Weed, fortunately at that moment, arrived on the ground with his brigade. This new enemy was too much for the Confederates, and they retired from the hill — but not before both Generals Weed and Vincent had laid down their lives in its defence. Birney's old division, which was tje first to retreat from the line of the Emmitsburg road, sought the cover of the two brigades of General Barnes' division — 5th corps — sent to its relief. These brigades joined battle with the Confederates, in the woods some distance in front of Little Round Top, and so overwhelming were they assailed — the assailants encouraged by the prospects of an easy victory — that they were soon routed. Tlien Caldwell's division — temporarily detached from Hancock's corps, to relieve the pressing necessities of this position, but slightly more to the right, by a detour along the flanks of Lit- tle Round Top, entered the low skirt of woodland, where they became at once hotly engaged. With unparalleled courage, incli by inch, from rock to rock, and from tree to tree, this division disjiuted the ground, but the impetuosity of the Confederates was irresistible — human eff'ort could not stand before it, the little advantage of one moment was swept away in the general disaster, and, broken, overpowered, the division sought safety in flight, with the loss of one-half their number, and having to lament the death of two of its brave brigade commanders — Cross and Zook, falling at the heads of their commands. General A3'ers' division — mainly composed of regulars — now took the place that had been so disastrous to Barnes and Caldwell. This division stood like a wall of adamant to the fiercest shocks of the Confederates ; and had defied every attempt to break its ranks, until being out-flanked, it manoeuvred so as to form a new front, and under this advantage covered its retreat to the defences of Little Round Top. The intermediate low ground from Round Top to the timber — the posi- tion of the Confederates — was now unoccupied. A long and hearty cheer arose from the Confederate lines, the dead in the woods behind them, the groans of tlie wounded around them, were alike forgotten in the thought that thoy had beaten the foe — that they had only to move forward to occupy the desiied summit, and then they could rest their weary frames. The line was formed; and debouching from the cover of timber, every eye sought the heights beyond ; and no wonder it is that a shudder passed over them and an involuntary " halt," for from the 294 HISTOB Y OF PEI^J!^S YL VANIA . crest of the hill, in the rays of the setting sun gleamed the brightness of an impassable wall of steel, and from every accessible crag and spur frowned down the gaping mouths of light and heavy artillery. In addition to the artillery, Genefal Meade had thoroughly garnished the hill with fresh troops from the 5th and 6th corps. But the pause was only for a moment. General Crawford's division of the Pennsylvania Reserves, with General McCandless' brigade in advance, moved quickly and in compact order down the slope of the hill ; and with a volley and an order to charge, his men rushed upon the enemy with that determination and steadiness that contributed to the decision of more than one battle field. But Longstreet's troops were too used to success during the day, and thought the Final victory too near their grasp, to yield without a desperate struggle. With words of cheer and examples of daring the Confederate officers urged on their men ; for a few moments the result was in doubt ; just then McCandless' brigade poured a destructive volley into the enemy's ranks, and the fight was decided at this point. Night was slowly settling down ; the Confederates sought the shelter of a wheat field some distance in the rear, and there passed the night. Crawford's men occupied the timber — under cover of a stone wall, that had been the scene of such bloody fighting during the day. But while the exciting scenes just mentioned were taking place in front of Round Top, while Sickles and Longstreet were massing their strength on a field that was favorable to the latter in all except the last grand struggle, it must not be thought that the remaining corps, divisions, and biigades were lying quietly on their arms uninterested spectators of the exciting scenes in their immediate vicinity. General Lee, in initiating the attack on the 3d corps, had other plans in view. The attack on Sickles and the possession of Little and Big Round Tops w^ere the most important of Lee's plans, yet it was equally important that both Hill and Ewell should so threaten the Union lines that General Meade would not be able to weaken them by sending reinforcements to his left. In succession after the attack on the 3d corps, the conflict extended along the Federal line, and the 2d corps with the left of the 1st became hotly engaged. The action was of short duration, and resulted in the repulse of the Confederates, but not before General Hancock was wounded in the thigh, and General Gibbon, upon whom the command of the 2d corps devolved after the fall of Hancock, was wounded in the shoulder. General Howard, already on the morning of the first day's fight, before the disaster to his own corps, saw the strategic importance of Cemetery and Gulp's hills, and immediately detailed for their protection Steinwehr'sdivision of his corps. As soon as General Meade arrived on the field, he at a glance saw that these two points were the keys to the Federal position, and felt the necessity of properly strengthening them by massed artillery in such positions as commanded the ap- proaches. In addition to the artillery. Cemetery hill was protected at this hour by tiie 11th corps. Gulp's hill by one brigade of General Geary's division of the 12th corps, the remaining two brigades having at an earlier hour been sent to the left of the line and having not yet returned, and General Williams' division, of the same corps, deployed farther to the right, by Spangler's hill, to cover the ap- proaches by the way of Rock creek. ADAMS COUNTY. 295 General Ewell had his whole corps by this time in position, and, in accord- ance with General Lee's plan of battle, detailed three brigades to carry the works on Cemetery hill, among which brigades were the celebrated Louisiana Tigers. Tlirough the east end of the town and across the open field they came in solid column, exposed to a murderous fire from artillery and musketry. Not a waver in their line, though under a deadly fire, up to the foot of the hill, then with a rush they charged to the very mouths of the guns. Protected as the Federals were by hastily constructed earthworks, they poured volley after volley into the advancing ranks. For a few moments there was a hand to hand fight over the very guns, the Federal cannoniers even using rammers and handspikes when they were unable to serve their pieces any longer. So nearly were the Confederates in possession of this point, that they succeeded in spiking two guns. There is no doubt that the success of the Confederates in driving back the artillerymen, and thus capturing the point,was mainly due to the fact that the support of the artillery did not act with that promptness and determination that should characterize efficient troops. These supports were the shattered regiments of the 11th corps. But just at the critical moment, when two guns were already spiked and the artillerymen were driven from more guns. General Richard Coulter's brigade, of the 6th corps, fell into a position commanding the threatened line, and at the com- mand " Charge," precipitated itself upon the enemy. The fight was renewed with increased fury ; the enemy were determined not to give up the victory so nearly won ; Coulter's men at the point of the bayonet pressed them backward inch by inch ; again they rallied ; again were they repulsed. Their reinforcements did not arrive, and at last Early and his brigades were beaten back, and sought safety in flight. Early in this attack lost one-half his men, and was compelled by the steady fire from the lately beleaguered hill, to abandon his dead and wounded where they fell. Thus the second attack on the Federal lines during the day had failed of success, tliough at one period both promised victory for General Lee. General Lee had now attacked in detail every part of the Federal line except one, and that was the position of the 12th corps, extending from Cemetery hill to Rock creek, with General Geary's division, now reduced to Greene's brigade, on Culp's hill, and Williams' division, on Spangler's hill, and Lockwood's Mary- land brigade, temporarily assigned, on Wolfs hill. Greene's position was the weakest, as he had with his brigade to cover the division front. General Geary, with the remaining brigades, not yet having returned from the left. But his men were not idle, and pick and shovel were used to so good effect, that his men were protected by a line of rifle-pits following the line of the hills to the creek. The whole line was situated in a dense belt of timber. At 8h o'clock, p.m., Johnson's division, of Ewell's corps, advanced under cover of the darkness and timber close to the Federal lines, and began a vigorous and simultaneous attack on the 12th corps from Culp's hill to Wolf's hill. The Federal batteries on Culp's Hill commanded to a certain extent an enfilading fire on the advancing enemy, and thus did admirable service from behind their earth-works in lifting the brunt of an overwhelming attack from Geary's line. Lockwood, on Wolf's hill, from among the rocky covers fought the enemj' with success. In conse- quence of tlie broken and irregular formation of the hill, the fight was more on the guerilla order, each man for himself. After several hours stubborn fighting. 2y the southern flank of Gulp's hill, a considerable Confederate force passed around the flanks of the Federal lines, and, without any opposition, reached a position a little to the east of the Baltimore road and within a third of a mile of General Meade's headquarters. Probably fearing a trap, as they saw no enemy, they with- drew bj' the same way they came and took up their quarters for the remainder of the night under cover of the very rifle pits dug by their enemy. Thus closed the second day's battle. General Meade's losses had been heavy ; Sickles had been driven back from his first line ; Caldwell's, Barnes', and Ayers' divisions had been badly cut up ; Generals Hancock and Gibbon were wounded ; Generals Vincent, Weed, Zook, and Cross were killed ; two guns were spiked, but, on the other hand, the new line of the 3d corj^s was infinitely better adapted to defence in front, and guarded by natural fortifications on its outer flank ; the enemy had failed in their assaults at all but one small gap between Greene and Williams; Meade's army was jubilant over its successes; the men felt as tliough the tide of invasion was again to be rolled back to the soil where treason first drew the sword ; his line was stronger now than at an}' previous hour of the engagement, and he felt more able to repel attack. THE THIRD DAY'S BATTLE. During the night, Pickett's division of Long-street's corps came up from Chambersburg and took position between Anderson and Heth, nearly opposite the Federal left centre. Rodes, also, withdrew the main part of his division from the town, uniting with Early's command in front of the Federal right in such a way as to take advantage, as soon as morning opened, of the break made ADAMS COUNTY. 297 in Mae right of Geary's division the evening previous. McGowan's and Daniel's brigades, of Hill's corps, were moved to the support of Johnson's line in front of Gulp's hill, while Smith's and Walker's brigades, of Longstreet's corps, were also sent to the Confederate left. At an early hour Colonel Best, who had placed his artillery on Powers' hill, an advantageous position on the Baltimore road to the rear of Cemetery hill, opened a furious cannonade, to dislodge the Confederates from their position in Geary's line. For an hour the storm of shot and shell raged. There had been WAT£l>i-SOH SC. J PLAN OF THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG. no reply 3-et from the enemy. Then General Geary, having returned from Round Top with two brigades, and General Shaler, with a brigade of the 6th corps, began the attack, and for an hour and a half the battle raged with unexampled fury in the timber of Spanglcr's hill and spring. Steadily the Fedei-als advanced, driving the enemy from point to point, taking advantage promptly of every defection in the foe's ranks, and ably supported by part of the 5th corps and Humphreys' division of the 3d corps. The ground was obstinately contested, and Geary was making slow work in dislodging the enemv, when Greene executed a flank movement so as to give liis brigade a more commanding position, and Lockwood's brigade, on Wolf's hill, being reinforced and forming an advance line, secured an enfdade Are. Assaulted now in both flanks as well as in front, the enemy were compelled to fall back, but only to take up a new line — make n last stand. Geary, now being in possession <.C u:9 298 SIS TOR Y OF P:ENNS YL VANIA. original line, made a bold dash on the new line of the enemj-, wno, failing of promised reinforcements, made but one effort to stem the tide of defeat and then sought safety in flight. Thus the Confederates were dislodged from their advan- tages of the evening before, but at a heavy loss for both sides. General Meade's line was now again intact from extreme right to extreme left, the enemy having been repulsed at every point. Thus closed the battle on the Federal right. The next act in this bloody drama was the great duel with cannon between the two armies, preparatory to Pickett's grand charge. " The movements of the enemy (Confederates)," says the Annual Encyclopedia, "thus far had been made rather to cover up his designs than as serious efforts against General Meade. The battle of the previous day had demonstrated that the issue of the struggle turned on the occupation of Cemetery hill. To get this, therefore, was the object of General Lee. Early in the morning preparations had been made by General Lee for a general attack on General Meade's whole line, while a large force was concentrated against his centre for the purpose of taking by force the ground he occupied." With this object in view and for the purpose of prepar- ing for the infantry assault, General Lee massed his artillery in a line that enveloped more than one-half of the point against which the attack was to be directed, namel}'. Cemetery Hill, and the positions of the 1st and 2d corps on the prolongation of this hill towards Round Top. " General Longstreet massed a large number of long range guns — fifty-five in number — " says the corre- spondent of the Richmond Enquirer^ writing from the battle-field, " upon the crest of a slight eminence just in front of Perry's and Wilcox's brigades, and a little to the left of the heights upon which they were to open. Lieutenant- General Hill massed some sixty guns along the hill in front of Posey's and Mahone's brigades and almost immediately in front of the heights." These parks of artiller}^ were increased by batteries in position farther towards the flanks. General Meade had not been idle during these hours. Satisfied that General Lee's intentions were to make a general assault on Cemetery hill and the lines of the 1st and 2d corps, he did what any good commander would have done, namely, strengthened this part of his position. He put his artillery in position, battery a'fter battery forming in park, until he had at least one hundred guns in line. The infantry divisions and brigades were protected hy reserve lines wherever it was thought there was the greatest danger of penetration in the anticipated charge. At 1 o'clock the signal gun was fired and the cannonading began — canno- nading that, for number of pieces, intensity of lire and duration, has ncA^er had its equal on the Western Continent and scarcely a superior in the annals of European warfare. It is thus described by a spectator in the Federal lines : " The storm broke upon us so suddenly that soldiers and officers, who leaped as it began from their tents or lazy seats on the grass, were stricken in their rising with mortal wounds, and died — some with cigars between their teeth, some with pieces of food in their fingers, and one at least — a pale young German from Penns3dvania — with a miniature of his sister in his hands. Horses fell, shrieking such awful cries as Cooper told of, and writhing themselves about in mortal agony. The boards of fences, scattered by explosion, flew in splinters ADAMS COUNTY. 299 through the air. The earth, torn up in clouds, blinded the eyes of hurrying men ; and through the branches of the trees and among the gravestones of the cemetery a shower of destruction crashed ceaselessly." From Batchelder's Illustrated Tourist's Guide, the following account of the artillery duel and the movements of Federal troops is taken : " At one o'clock the artillery fire opened, and for two hours the heaviest artillery duel ever experienced on this continent was kept up. When it closed, the infantry (Confederate) advanced and like an avalanche swept majesticall}' across the plain. It was received with a fearful hurricane of missiles, solid shot, spherical case, shrapnell, shell, canister, and ever}'^ invention known to modern warfare. Still on it came, up to the very works behind which lay the Union troops. The Union line was broken at the ' copse ' of trees, and forced back oyer the ridge ; and for a moment of terrible suspense, victory hung trembling in the balance. Hall's brigade on Webb's left (Webb being in command of the temporarily broken line) rushed to his assistance, and Hays' division rose from the stone wall and delivered a perfect sheet of flame. Woodruff's battery, in the grove to our right, was run forward, turned to the left and swept the whole valley with canister. The 8th Ohio volunteers, on the skirmish line beyond the grove and the Emmittsburg road, ' changed front forward on left company;' Stannard's brigade, on Hall's left, moved by the right flank, 'changed front forward on first battalion;' AVebb's first line united with his reserve, and all opened a converging fire of musketry, and the repulse was complete ; 4,500 men thrcM' down their arms and came in as prisoners." The correspondent of the Richmond Enquirer gives the following graphic picture of the artillery duel and Pickett's charge which followed : " The fire of our guns was concentrated upon the enemy's line on the heights stormed the day before by Wright's brigade. Our fire drew a most terrific one from the enemy's batteries, posted along the heights from a point near Cemetery hill to the point in their line opposite to the position of Wilcox. I have never 3'et heard such artillery firing. The enemy must have had over one hundred guns, which, in addition to our one hundred and fifteen, made the air hideous with most discordant noise ; the very earth shook beneath our feet, and the hills and rocks seemed to reel like a drunken man. For one and a half hours this mest terrific firing was continued, during which time the shrieking of shells, the crash of falling timber, the fragments of rock flying through the air shattered from the cliffs by solid shot, the heavy mutterings from the valley between the opposing armies, the splash of bursting shrapnell and the fierce neighing of wounded artillery horses, made a picture terribly grand and sublime, but which my pen utterly fails to describe. Now the storming party was moved up, Pickett's division in advance, supported on the right by Wilcox's brigade, and on the left b^' Heth's division commanded by Pettigrew. The left of Pickett's division occupied the same ground over which Wright had passed the day before. I stood upon an eminence and watched this advance with great interest ; I had seen brave men pass over that fatal valley the day before ; I had witnessed their death struggle with the foe on the opposite heights ; I had observed their return with shattered ranks, a bleeding mass, but with unstained banners ; now I saw their valiant comrades prepare for the same 300 SISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. bloody trial, and already felt that their efforts would be vain, unless their supports should be as true as steel and as brave as lions. Now they move forward; with steadj^, measured tread they advance upon the foe. Their banners float defiantly in the breeze, as onward in beautiful order they press across the plain. I have never seen since the war began (and I have been in all ihe great fights of this army) troops enter a fight in such splendid order as did this splendid division of Pickett's. Now Pettigrew's command emerge from the woods upon Pickett' sleft, and sweep down the slope of the hill to the valley beneath, and some two or three hundred yards in the rear of Pickett. I saw by the wavering of this line as they entered the conflict that they wanted the firmness of nerve and steadiness of tread which so characterized Pickett's men, and I felt that these men would not, could not stand the tremendous ordeal to which they would be soon subjected. These were mostly raw troops which had been recently brought from the South, and who had, perhaps, never been under fire — who certainly had never been in any very severe fight — and I trembled for their conduct. Just as Pickett was getting well under the enemy's fire, our batteries ceased firing. This was a fearful moment for Pickett and his brave command. Why do not our guns re-open their fire ? is the inquiry that I'iscs upon every lip. Still our batteries are as silent as death! But on press Pickett's brave Virginians ; and now the enemy open upon them from more than fifty guns, a terrible fire of grape, shell, and canister. On, on they move in unbroken line, delivering a deadly fire as they advance. Now they have reached the Emmittsburg road, and here they meet a severe fire from the heavy masses of the enemy's infantry, posted behind the stone fence, while their artiller}', now free from the annoyance of our artilkuy, turn their whole fire upon this devoted band. Still they remain firm. Now again they advance; they storm the stone fence ; the Yankees fly. The enemy's batteries are, one by one, silenced in quick succession as Pickett's men deliver their fire at the gunners and drive them from their pieces. I see Kemper and Armistead plant their banners in the enemy's works. I heard their glad shouts of victory. " Let us look after Pettigrew's division," continues the same correspondent. " Where are they now ? While tlie victorious shout of the gallant Virginians is still ringing in my ears, I turn my eyes to the left, and there, all over the plain in utmost confusion, is scattered this strong division. Their line is broken ; they are flying, apparently panic-stricken, to tlie rear. The gallant Pettigrew is wounded, but he still retains command, and is vainlv striving to rally his men. Still the moving mass rush pell-mell to the rear, and Pickett is left alone to contend with the hordes of the enemy now pouring in on him on every side. Garnett falls, killed by a minie ball, and Kemper, the brave and chivalrous, reels under a mortal wound and is taken to the rear. Now the enemy move around strong flanking bodies of infantry, and are rapidly gaining Pickett's rear. The order is given to fall back, and our men commence the movement, doggedly contending for ever3^ inch of ground. The enemy press heavily our retreating line, and many noble spirits who had passed safely through the fiery ordeal of the advance charge, now fall on the right and on the left, Armistead is wounded and left in the enemy's hands. At this critical moment the shattered remnant of Wright's ADAMS COUNTY. :]01 Georgia brigade is moved forward to cover their retreat, and the fight closes here." During this attaclc on General Meade's left centre, Generals Longstreet and Ewell threatened the Federal flanks, but without any ajjparent success. With the repulse of Pickett closed General Lee's aggressive movements, and from this on he acted mainly on the defensive. The Federal ammunition and provision trains had been placed in position to the rear of Round Top as a place of security. While the assault by Pickett was being made against the Federal left centre, Hood's and McLaw's divisions attempted to gain possession of these trains by executing a flank movement to the south of Round Top, by turning the flank of the Gth corps. The enemy advanced in three lines and were meeting with considerable success when General Kilpatrick, whose cavalry division had been on duty protecting the Federal left flank, made a vigorous attack on the flank of the rear line of the enem}-. This threw the enemy in confusion, and Kilpatrick moving his left rapidl}' forward, exposed the foe to the danger of being completely enveloped and cut off" from their supports. The Penns3dvania Reserves, under McCandless, pressed hotly upon the enemy in front of Round Top and drove them back in disorder, leaving part of a battery, three hundred prisoners, and five thousand stand of arms in the hands of this gallant command. At the same time General Gregg and his cavalry made an assault, in accordance with orders, on Ewell's left and Stuart's cavahy, and met with decisive success. Thus closed the battle of Gettysburg — a battle unsurpassed in desperate fighting, distinguished braverj' on both sides, and heavy losses, in any of the many battles of the war — a battle than which none was as important in ultimate results. Up to this time the general average of results was in favor of the Con- federate forces ; although defeated in numerous engagements, the troops of the Confederacy were handled in such a manner that victory resulted even out of defeat. Never had the chances of the Confederacy been so bright nor their hopes of success so apparently assured. All three of its armies were flushed with recent victories ; Lee's army with the victory of Chancellorsville ; the arm}^ of the Ten- nessee with a series of out-manoeuvres of their Federal opponents, and General Grant's hammering away at Vicksburg it was confidently predicted would result in defeat. When General Lee decided on the Pennsylvania invasion, although undertaken contrary to the advice and far-seeing counsels of discerning South- erners, including even Mr. Davis, the President of the Confederacy, he felt, and the world endorsed it, that he was at the head of an army that had never known defeat. This confidence is further indicated by General Lee changing the char- acter of the war from a defensive to an aggressive one. Although not anxious to precipitate a general engagement, and manoeuvring in such a manner as to avoid it, yet General Lee did not wish the world to understand by this conduct that he entertained any doubts of the result of such an engagement. General Lee's plan of the invasion, no doubt, included the burden of the support of both armies by the Northern States, and at the same time to so manoeuvre his army and so take position that the Federal army would have to assume the attack and thus expose New York, Pliiladelphia, Baltimore, and Washington to his control. He had fully weighed the military energy and capacities for moving large bodies 302 SIS TOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. of men with rapidity from one base to another, as shown by the previous Federal commanders ; but Meade's promptness and celerity in following him upon the east slope of the mountains completely disconcerted his calculations. When Reynolds and Hill began the fight on Wednesday morning, and Ewell's corps crushed down all opposition, so that the advantages of the day were in favor of the Southern arm}', General Lee had no idea that he was in front of the whole arm}' of the Potomac. The result of the first day's fight confirmed this theory ; and the Confederate forces were inspired with such unbounded enthusiasm at the success of Wednesday's fighting that General Lee could not doubtlessl}' have prevented an attack by his troops even when he learned that he was confronted by the whole army of the Potomac. Howard's selection and Hancock's wise defences of Cemetery hill, and the lines on elevated ground both towards the right and left which were protected by Wolf's hill and Little and Big Round Top, did much to ensure the success of the Federal forces and repel the repeated assaults of the enem}'. Notwithstanding General Lee's orders and congratula- tions to his troops shortly after the battle convinced his men even against the facts that their defeat was not so great as it was in reality, this battle was the great turning point of the war. The army of Northern Virginia, whose boast had been that it had never suffered defeat, received here a blow from which it never recovered, sustained losses which all the governmental machinery could never replace. From this date on to the close of the war, never was the Confederac}' able to put such an army into the field, and was compelled after this time to act on the defensive instead of initiating campaigns. The following is as nearly an official list of the casualties of the battles as is obtainable. The Federal losses were four thousand eight hundred and thirty- four killed, including those who died in the various general hospitals located on the field by the surgeons in charge; fourteen thousand seven hundred and nine wounded, and six thousand six hundred and forty-three missing, of whom nearly four thousand were taken prisoners, mostly from Howard's corps in the first day's fight; making a total loss of twenty-five thousand one hundred and eightj'-six. Among the killed were Generals Reynolds, Vincent, Weed, Zook, Cross, and Farns worth — the last named falling in Kilpatrick's charge on Hood's command on the extreme left, late on Friday afternoon. The list of wounded included Major-Generals Sickles, Hancock, Butterfield, Donbleday, and Birney, and Brigadier-Generals Barlow, Barnes, Gibbon, Hunt, Graham, Paul, and Willard. The Confederate loss was six thousand five hundred killed ; twenty-six thou- sand wounded ; nine thousand prisoners, and four thousand stragglers ; making a grand total loss of over fortj- thousand men, besides three guns, forty-one stand- ards, and twenty-five thousand stand of small arms. Their retreat was so hasty that man}' of their dead were buried by the Union forces, and their means of con- veyance so inadequate that several thousand of their wounded fell into the Federa. hands, an insufficient number of surgeons being left with the wounded to give them the proper surgical attention. Among the dead were Major-Generals Pender, and Brigadier-Generals Barksdale (died on the battle field), Armistead (died in Fede- ral hospital several days after), Garnett (in Pickett's charge), and Semmes ; the wounded were Major-Generals Hood, Heth, and Trimble, and Brigadier-Gene- rals Kemper, Scales, Anderson, Pettigrew, wounded in the battle field and killed ADAMS COUNTY. 303 at Falling Waters, Hampton, Jones, and Jenkins. Generals Archer and Kemper were among the prisoners taken — the former captured with the Mississippi brig- ade in the first day's fight, the latter abandoned in the Seminary hospital as mor- tally wounded on the retreat of his command. The excess in killed and wounded among the Confederates is due to the fact that General Lee was compelled, being the attacking party, to fight his men on more open ground. The numerical strength of the two armies is rather difficult to determine, but it is a safe state- ment to put General Lee's army, when it crossed the Potomac, at one hundred and five thousand men, with ninet^^-five thousand actively engaged ; the Federal seventy-five thousand, with sixty-five thousand actively engaged. Friday night passed away without any alarms — the Federals in doubt whether the fight was to be renewed on the following day, while General Lee was per- fecting his arrangements to successfully conduct his retrograde movement to the Potomac and the valley of the Shenandoah. Lender the cover of the darkness General Ewell's corps was withdrawn from its line through the town and placed in the works on Seminary ridge. At an early hour on Saturday morning strong details from both armies began the solemn work of burying the dead and collect ing the wounded into the general hospitals. The dead of both armies were interred after the usual hasty manner of such burying parties, on the field where they fell. (Afterwards the Union dead were collected together in the National cemetery, with the exception of between one thousand and twelve hundred who were removed to their homes in the loyal States. The Confederate dead remained in their hasty graves, in the cultivated fields and rock}' timber land, with very little effort made to distinguish them from each other until after the war, when the bodies as far as possible were raised, coffined, and removed to places of inter- ment among their friends in the South.) The morning was hazy, and for several hours the rain fell in torrents. From an earl}' hour General Lee was sending towards Hagerstown such of his wounded as could bear transportation or had been removed within his lines during the progress of the battle. After noon, he began withdrawing, by the roads leading through the mountain passes, his artil- lery and wagon trains, with which latter he was heavily loaded down — the pro- duct of the rich Pennsylvania farms upon which contributions had been levied right and left. By dark the whole Confederate army was in motion in the same direction, its retreat concealed and protected by a heavy rear column. Tlie route taken was by Fairfield and the Monterey mountain gap. On Monday General Lee reached Hagerstown, and took position with his arm3\ The pursuit by General Meade is thus given in his report: " The 5th and 6th of July were employed in succoring the wounded and burying the dead. Major General Sedgwick, commanding the 6tli corps, having pushed the pursuit of the enemy as far as the Fairfield pass and the mountains, and reporting that the pass was very strong — one in which a small force of the enemy could hold in check and delaj^ for a considerable time any pursuing force — I determined to lollovv the enemy by a flank movement, and accordingly, leaving Mcintosh's brigade of cavalry and Neil's brigade of infantry to continue harrassing tlie enemy, I put the army in motion for Middletown (Maryland), and orders were immediately sent to Major-General French, at Frederick, to re-occupy Harper's Ferry, and send a force to occupy Turner's Pass, in South mountain. I subse- 804 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. quently ascertained that Major-Geiieral French had not only anticipated these orders in part, but had pushed a cavalry force to Williamsport and Falling Waters, where tliey destroyed the enemy's pontoon bridge and captured its guard. Buford was at the same time sent to Williamsport and Hagerstown. The duty above assigned to the cavahy was most successfully accomplished, the enemy being greatl}^ harrassed, his trains destroyed, and many captures of guns and prisoners made. After halting a day at Middletown to procure necessary supplies and bring up trains, the army moved through South moun- tain, and by the 12th of July was in front of the enemj', who occupied a strong position on the heights near the marsh which runs in advance of Williamsport. In taking this position, several skirmishes and affairs had been had with the enemy, principally by the cavalry and the 6th corps. The 13th was occupied in reconnoisances of the enemy's position and preparations for an attack, but on advancing on the morning of the 14th, it was ascertained that he had retired the night previous by the bridge at Falling Waters and ford at Williamsport. The cavalry overtook the rear guard at Falling Waters, capturing two guns and numerous prisoners. Pi'evious to the retreat of the enemy, Gregg's division of cavalry was crossed at Harper's Ferry, and coming up with the rear of the enemy at Charlestown and Shepardstown, had a sjiirited contest, in whicli the enemy was driven to Martinsburg and Winchester, and pursued and harrassed in his retreat." " The pursuit was resumed by a flank movement," continues General Meade in liis report, " of the army, crossing the Potomac at Berlin and moving down the Loudon valley. The cavalry were immediately pushed into several passes of the Blue ridge, and having learned from servants of the withdrawal of the Con- federate army from the lower valley of the Shenandoah, the army (the 3d corps. Major General French, being in advance), was moved into Manassas gap, in the hope of being able to intercept a portion of the enemy in possession of the gap, which was disputed so successfull}^ as to enable the rear guard to withdraw by the wa}^ of Strasburg. The Confederate army retiring to the Rapidan, a position was taken with this array on the line of the Rappahannock, and the campaign terminated about the close of July." The history of this battle would be incomplete without recording the part taken in it by the raw troops organized mostly in the States of Penns^dvania and New York, and assembled at Harrisburg by orders from the War Depart- ment. General Couch, the commander of this department, did all he could to organize for active service these troops, in connection with General W. F. Smith, who was assigned to the command of the 1st division. This division took position opposite Harrisburg when General Lee's army was advancing by the Cumberland valley, and constructed a system of earth-works for defence. As soon as Lee's retreat became known General Smith advanced up the valley with six tliousand infantry, two batteries, and a small force of cavalry, and at Carlisle met General W. H. H. Lee, who expected to meet Ewell there. Lee attacked Smith with artillery, but the latter was so well posted that the attack was soon abandoned. General Sm'ith advanced towards Chambersburg, followed by General Dana with the second division of Couch's command. General Couch now transferred his headquarters to Chambersburg, but General Lee soon after ADA3IS COUNTY. 305 this withdrew Avith his whole army to the south side of the Potomac, and these two divisions saw no further service at this time. Gettysburg, a post borough and the county seat, stands on a beautiful plain mid- way between two slightly elevated ridges a little more than a mile apart — the one to the Avest being known as Seminary ridge, while the one to the south-east is called Cemetery hill — and is within easy view of the South mountain, eight miles distant, which sweeps in a majestic curve far as the eye can reach to the south and north- east. It is surrounded by a fertile and well cultivated country, which exports an- nually large quantities of farm produce. It is noted for its pure and salubrious air, and has long been esteemed as one of the healthiest districts in the State. The town was laid out by James Gettys about the year 1780, and has been named after him. It became the county seat of Adams in 1800, and incorporated as a borough in 1807. The court house, jail, and almshouse are large and commodious buildings, and are well adapted to their several uses. The private dwellings are generally built in a neat and substantial manner, while a few of those more recently erected display much taste and elegance in their architecture and surroundings. Gettysburg branch of the Hanover Junction, Hanover and Gettysburg railroad has its western terminus here, and is doing a fair business. It has changed hands several times, and is at present owned and worked by the Hanover company. It was formally ojDened to business on Thursday, December 16, 1859. A Lutheran Tlieological Seminary is located here, and is in a flourishing condition. This highly important and useful institution, established by the Gen- eral Synod, was opened for the reception of students in 1826. Dr. S. S. Schmucker, who was the first professor, served in that position for almost forty years. Over five hundred men have been students in this Seminary. It is under the control of a Board of Directors, chosen by eight surrounding synods. The present faculty con- sist of Rev. James A. Brown, D. D., professor of didactic theology, and chairman of the faculty ; Rev. Charles A. Hay, D. D., professor of Hebrew and the Old Testa- ment exegesis, German language and literature, and pastoral theology ; Rev. E. J. Wolf, A. M., professor of Greek and New Testament exegesis. Biblical and ecclesias- tical history and archaeology ; Rev. J. G. Morris, D. D., lecturer on pulpit elocution and the relations of science and revelation. Through the liberality of Rev. S. A. Holman, A. M., a lectureship on the Augsburg Confession has been endowed, and also another on " Methods in Ministerial Work," by John L. Rice, Esq., of Baltimore. The Seminary edifice is a plain but handsome four-story brick building, 40 by 100 feet, occupying a commanding eminence on a ridge about half a mile to the west of the town, of which it commands a beautiful view. A number of rooms have been furnished by congregations and benevolent individuals, by which the expenses of in- digent students are materially diminished. At a short distance on each side of the Seminary are fine, large brick houses, occupied by professors in the institution. The library of the Seminary is one of the most valuable collections of theological works in this country, containing many volumes written in all the languages of Europe, and treating of every branch of theological science. A large number of these were procured in Germany by the Rev. Benjamin Kurtz, D. D., and many others, consist- ing of the latest and best works of English and American theological literature, were subsequently obtained through the personal exertions of Dr. Schmucker. u 306 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. Pennsylvania College is charminglj^ situated in the town. It had its origin in the wants of the community in general, and in those of the Theological Seminary in particular. Some of the applicants for admission to that institution being found deficient in classical attainments, it was resolved in 182*1 to estab- lish a preparatory school, to be under the direction of the Lutheran Church, and appointed Rev. S. S. Schmucker, D.D., and Rev. J. Herbst to select a teacher and make the necessary arrangements for the establishment of the school. Rev. D. Jacobs, A.M., was chosen as teacher, and in June, 182T, the school went into operation, as a preparatory department of the seminary. From this humble be- ginning it gradually rose to importance and influence. The school building was sold for debt in 1829, and was purchased by Dr. Schmucker, who divided the price of the purchase into shares of fifty dollars each, which he induced promi- nent ministers in different parts of the country to purchase. Certain articles of agreement, which were duly executed, gave to the stockholders the management of the fiscal affairs of the school, and to the directors and professors of the Theological Seminary the selection of the teachers and the regulation of the course of study and discipline, and giving to the school the title of Gettysburg Gymnasium. Under the new management the number of pupils increased very rapidly. Rev. D. Jacobs died in 1830, and was succeeded in 1831 by Rev. H L. PENNSYLVANIA COLLI Ol , GL11\SBUKG. Baugher, A.M., as Principal. The number of pupils continuing to increase, measures were adopted a few years later by which a charter was obtained from the Legislature incorporating the institution under the name of Pennsylvania College. The college was organized, under very favorable auspices, on the 4th of July, 1832, and went into full operation in October following. Professors in the different departments were at once appointed, Drs. Schmucker and Hazelius, ADAMS COUNTY. 307 of the Theological Seminary, serving temporarily' and gratuitously, the former as professor of intellectual and moral philosophy, the latter as professor of the Latin language. Rev. H. L. Baugher and Professor M. Jacobs, who had already established a high reputation as teachers in the Gymnasium, were regularly appointed, the formerHs professor of the Greek language and literature, and the latter as professor of mathematics and the physical sciences. Through the strenuous exertions of Thaddeus Stevens, who then (1833) represented Adams county in the Legislature, fifteen thousand dollars were appropriated by the Commonwealth to this institution, payable in five years. Without this opportune succor, it is doubtful if Pennsylvania College would have become an established fact. In October, 1834, Rev. C. P. Krauth, D.D., a gentleman of ripe scholarship, became president of the college. From this time the college entered upon a career of great success and prosperity, other teachers and professors being added from time to time, as the needs of the institution required and its means justified. A large and commodious building was erected a few years ago on Carlisle Street, several hundred yards east of the college, for the use of the preparatory department, and has been named Stevens Hall, in honor of Thaddeus Stevens, a life-long friend of the college, who donated $500 for that purpose. Through the liberality of some of the friends of the college, an observatory has been erected and furnished with a full equipment of astronomical and meteorological instruments. A large equatorial telescope has been mounted, a transit instrument, an astronomical clock, and chronograph have been purchased, and are freely used for the general purposes of class instruction. A large gymnasium has also recently been erected, affording opportunity to students for exercise, recreation, and general physical culture. The students attend, under such regulations as they themselves, in their Gymnasium Associa- tion, establish, and ample time is afforded for voluntary exercise. The college library contains 7,200 valuable works. Each of the libraries of the two literary societies contains 6,000 volumes of well selected and standard volumes, to which additions are constantly made by donations and by appropriations of mone}- for that purpose. The Soldiers' National Cemetery is by far the most attractive and sadly beau- tiful of the many points of interest on the field of Gettysburg. Here, beneath the soil they defended so well, repose the brave men who, after surviving many a hard-fought engagement, came at last to die on these beautil'ul hills and i^lains. Here, under the sod which' so many of them drenched with their life's blood, rest the heroes who saved a nation, and whose noble deeds will ever merit a grateful people's remembrance. This cemetery embraces seventeen acres of gently rising ground south of the Baltimore turnpike, and adjoining Evergreen Cemetery Owing to the necessary haste with which everything had to be done during the battle, and for some days subsequent to it, many of our brave soldiers were but insufficiently buried. Indeed, many of those who fell during the first day's fight remained unburied until Monday, the sixth day following after Lee's retreat, when decomposition had so far progressed as to render anything like proper interment impossible. A few bodies received no burial whatever, and were left to be devoured by hogs and birds. In many cases the bodies were left as they fell, and were covered only by heaping a little loose earth over them. The rains 308 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANlA. soon wfisliing off this meagre covering, tlie bodies were left exposed. As a gene- ral thing the marks on the graves, where marked at all, were but temporary, and were liable to be speedily obliterated by the action of the weather. Such was the spectacle that presented itself to Governor Curtin, who, shortly after the battle, visited the hospitals in and around Gettysburg for the purpose of ministering to the wants of the wounded and dying. The Governor and a few friends, among whom was David Wills, of Gettysburg, at once conceived the idea of taking measures for collecting these remains and burying them decently and in order, in a cemetery to be provided for the purpose. Mr. Wills accordingly submitted a proposition and plan for this purpose, by letter dated July 24, 1863, to Governor Curtin. The Governor promptly approved the measure, and directed Mr. Wills to correspond with the Governors of the diffe- rent States with a view to securing their co-operation and aid. The project was seconded with great promptness by all the executives addressed on the subject. Grounds favorablj'^ situated were selected by Mr. Wills, as agent for Governor Curtin, and purchased for the State of Penns^dvania, " for the specific purpose of the burial of the soldiers who fell in defence of the Union in the battle of Gettysburg, and that lots in this cemetery should be gratuitously tendered to each State having such dead on the field. The expenses of the removal of the dead, of the laying out, ornamenting, and enclosing the grounds, and erecting a lodge for the keeper, and of constructing a suitable monument to the memory of the dead, to be borne by tlie several States, and assessed in proportion to their population." The grounds embraced in this cemeter}' are those on which the Federa. line of battle rested on the second and third days of Jul}', and constitute the most urominent and important position on the whole battle-field. They have been tastefull}^ laid out with walks and lawns, and planted with trees and shrubs. The cemetery proper is located on the central and highest portion of the grounds, next the citizens' burial-ground, and is in the form of a semi-circle, within which the bodies of the fallen soldiers are interred in sections, a large granite block with suitable inscription marking the section for each State respectivel}', with the number of bodies in each. The head-stones to the graves are all alike, and form a continuous line of granite blocks, rising nine inches above the ground, and having the name, company, and regiment, of each soldier sculptured on it. The entrance to the cemetery-grounds is on the Baltimore turnpike, through a large iron gatewa}', appropriately ornamented, with a beautiful iron fence the whole length of the front. The interments in the National Cemetery are as follows: Maine, 104; New Hampshire, 49 ; Vermont, 61 ; Massachusetts, 159 ; Rhode Island, 12 ; Connecti- cut, 22; New York, 86Y ; New Jersey, 78; Pennsylvania, 534; Delaware, 15; Maryland, 22; AVest Virginia, 11 ; Ohio, 131 ; Indiana, 80 ; Illinois, 6 ; Michigan, 171 ; Wisconsin, 73 ; Minnesota, 52 ; United States regulars, 138 ; three lots with unknown dead, 979 — total, 3,564. The care of the cemetery by commissioners from so many States being found inconvenient and burdensome, it was resolved by the board of managers, June 22, 1871, to enter into negotiations Avith the Secretary of War for its transfer to the General Government. After some correspondence and several conferences, ADAMS COUNTY. 309 the cemetery was finally transferred to the United States, and on the 1st day of May, 1872, the National Government took formal and complete possession and control of it. The National monument, so grand in conception, so happy in design, and so beautiful in execution, occupies a commanding position near the semi-circle of graves, and was erected by the several States in memory of the brave men who here offered up their lives on the altar of their country. The design of the monument is purely historical, and has been executed in a manner so strilcingly natural and truthful that anj^ discerning mind will at a glance comprehend its full meaning and purpose. The superstructure is sixtj' feet high, and consists of a massive pedestal of light gre}^ granite, from Westerl}-, Rhode Island, twent^'-five feet square at the base, and is crowned with a colossal statue of white marble, representing the Genius of Liberty. Standing upon a three-quarter globe, she holds with her right hand the victor's wreath of laurel, while with her left she clasps the victorious sword. Projecting from the angles of the pedestals are four buttresses, supporting an equal number of allegorical statues of white marble, representing respectively. War, History, Peace, and Plenty. . . . War is personified by a statue of an American soldier, who, resting from the conflict, relates to History the story of the battle which this monument is intended to commemorate. . . . History, in listening attitude, records with stylus and tablet the achievements of the field, and the names of the honored dead. . . . Peace is sj-mbolized b}"" a statue of the American mechanic, characterized by appropriate acces- sories. . . . Plenty is represented by a female figure, with a sheaf of wheat and the fruits of the earth, typifying peace and abundance as the soldier's crowning triumph. This beautiful monument and statuary were designed by J. G. Batterson, of Hartford, Connecticut, and were executed in Italy under the immediate supervision of Randolph Rogers, the distinguished American sculptor. The main die of the pedestal is octagonal in form, paneled upon each face. The cornice and plinth above are also octagonal, and are heavily moulded. Upon this plinth rests an octagonal moulded base bearing upon its face, in high relief, the National arms. The upper die and cap are circular in form, the die being encircled by stars equal in number with the States, whose sons gave up their lives as the price of the victory won at Gettysburg. This monument, as it stands, cost $50,000. The purchase of the ground, the removal and re-interring of the dead, the granite head-stones, the stone wall and iron fence, the gateway and the porter's lodge, and tlie laying out and orna- mentation of the grounds, cost about $80,000. The Re^'nqlds statue cost $10,000 — thus making the cost of the cemeteiy, and everything pertaining to it, about $140,000. The first object of special interest that presents itself on entering the cemetery is the beautiful statue erected to the memory of Major-General John Fulton Reynolds, who fell early in the first day's action. It is of bronze, of heroic size, standing on a pedestal of Quinc}^ granite. The right hand, holding a field glass, hangs loosely at his side, while the left grasps the hilt of his 310 HISTOE Y OF PENNS YL VA NIA. sword. The face is turned towards the north-west, the direction from which the enemy was advancing, and the direction in which he was looking when he received his death wound. The statue was cast at the foundry of Messrs. Robert Wood & Co., Philadelphia, from a model furnished by Mr. J. Q. A. Ward, of New York. The artist has given his subject an easy, graceful, and ''life-like attitude, and makes him look every inch the true soldier that he was. The K a t a 1 y s i n e ~ springs, which have be- come so celebrated as a resort for invalids, are situate two miles west of Gettysburg, near Wil- loughby's run, and are embraced within the area of the first day's battle- field. LiTTLESTOWN, for- merly called Petersburg, is the second town in size and importance in the county, and in 18 TO contained a population of 84t. It is on the Gettys- burg and Baltimore turn- pike, and is ten miles south-east from the for- mer place. The Frede- rick and Pennsylvania Line railroad passing through the place, has added much to its business prosperity. The town is pleasantly located, in a fertile and highly improved country, and presents a line appearance. The town was formerly a part of Germany township, having been incorporated as a borough by decree of Court, February 23, 18G4. Petersburg, or York Springs, a post borough in the northern part of the county, between Huntington and Latimore townships, was incorporated by decree of Court of Quarter Sessions, August 20, 1868. It is on the Carlisle and Hano- ver turnpike, fourteen miles from the former and sixteen from the latter place. It is also fourteen miles from Gettysburg and twenty-one from York, the State road leading to Harrisburg passing through the place. A railroad from Dills- buvg, York county, to this place has been graded but not completed. The town was laid out about the year 1803, by Peter Fleck, who, with Isaac Saddler, erected the first two houses in the place. Soon afterwards Jacob Gardner, Joshua Speakman, Yincent Pilkington, and others, added dwellings. Near by are the York sulphur springs, a favorite resort for many citizens of Philadelphia and Baltimore. Their medicinal qualities have been highly extolled. New Oxford, a post borough, and until recently embraced in Oxford town- ship, is on the railroad from Gett3'sburg to Hanover, ten miles from the former MONUMKNT TO GENERAL, REYNOLDS, GETTYSBURG. [From a Photograiih by W. H. Tipton & Co., Gettysburs.] ADAMS COUNTY. 311 and SIX miles from the latter place. It was laid out by Henry Kuhn, in 17t'2, and was erected into a borough by decree of Court, August 20th, 1874. It con- tains four churches belonging respectively to the Lutherans, the Reformed, the Methodists, and the Roman Catholics. A collegiate and medical institute was established here some years ago by Dr. Pfeiffer, but it never received sufficient patronage and support to justify its continuance. Abbottstown, or Berwick borough, is a post village on the turnpike lead- ing from York to Gettysburg, fourteen miles from either place. Two turnpikes, the one leading from York to Gettysburg, and the other from Hanover to East Berlin, intersect within the borough. The town was laid out in 1753 by John Abbott. The lirst lot sold here was purchased by Jacob Pattison, October 19, 1763. Beaver creek, a tributary of the Conewago, flows near b}^ the town, forming the boundary line between York and Adams counties. The town was incorporated as a borough in 1835. East Berlin is a pleasantly situated post town in the northern part of Hamilton township. It was laid out in 1764 by John Frankenberger, an early settler, who named it Berlin. Mr, Frankenberger, the proprietor, disposed of his interest, in 1774, to Peter Houshill, who, in 1782, sold to Andrew Comfort. In 1794 John Hildebrand became proprietor. The first house erected after the laying out of the town was built by Charles Himes, in 1765 ; the second, by James Sarbach, in 1766 ; the third, by James Mackey, in 1767, who opened the first store. The first English school taught in this part of the country was opened here, in 1769, by Robert John Chester, an Englishman. The Conewago flowing hard by and aff"ording excellent mill power, Peter Lane, a German, erected a grist mill at the west end of the town about the year 1 769, which was swept away b}' a freshet thirty j^ears afterwards. Bendersville, formerly Wilsonville, is in Menallen township, ten miles north of Gettysburg, on the State road leading from the latter place to Newville, Cumberland county. It is near the base of the South mountain, five miles from Laurel forge, and the same distance from Pine Grove furnace. It was laid out about the year 1835, but did not thrive till 1840, when an impetus was given it by the erection of some twenty houses. Nestling behind a semi-cii'cular ridge, the village presents a neat appearance. It is noted for its pure air, for its healthful location, and for its attention given to the cultivation of all kinds of fruits and vegetables, of which it has the best in the county. An association was formed here in the earl}'^ part of 1860, called the Menallen Agricultural Club, the object of which was the consideration of subjects and topics of interest to farmers and fruit growers. The meetings of the societ}' were held regularly in the public-school house, and soon created so much interest in the community that measures were adopted b}' the society, aided by the citizens, for the holding of an agricultural exhibition in the autumn of the same year. The exhibition proved so successful that it at once became permanent. After a few years the society, together with its buildings and fixtures, was mOved to Gettysburg, where its meetings and exhibitions have since been regularly held, under the name and title of the Adams County Agricultural Society. HuNTERSTOWN, formerly called Woodstock, is a post village in the central part of Straban township, on the road leading from Gettysburg to East Berlin, 8 1 2 BIS TOE Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. five miles from the former, and eleven miles from the latter place. . . Fair- field, or Millerstown, is a post town of Hamiltonban township, oh the Ilagers- town and Gettysburg road, eight miles west from the latter place MiDDLETOWN, a post village of Butler township, is seven miles north of Gett^^s- burg, on the road leading from the latter place to Bendersville. The name of its post-office is Bigler Meciianicsville, or Bragtown, is a small village in the extreme northern part of the county, distant from Gettys- burg eighteen miles. It was laid out b}^ Joseph Griest McSherrys- TOWN, a post village in Conewago township, is two miles west of Hanover, York county, on the road leading from the latter place to Gettysburg, It is one mile in length, being built chiefly along one street Hampton, a post town of Reading township, on the turnpike leading from Carlisle to Baltimore, twelve miles east from Gettysburg, six from Petersburg, and ten from Hanover, was laid out in 1814 by Dr. John B. Arnold and Daniel Deardorff. Heidlersburg, a small post town in Tyrone township, on the State road leading from Gettysburg to Harrisburg, is ten miles from the former and twenty-five miles from the latter place. The State road and the Menallen road, leading from Chambersburg to York, intci'sect at right angles at this place MuMMASBTjRG is a small village in Franklin township, at the terminus of the Gettysburg and Mummacburg turnpike, five miles from the former place. . . . . Arendtsville, a handsome and thriving post town in the north-eastern angle of Franklin township, was laid out by a Mr. Arendt about the year 1820. It is pleasantly located at the intersection of the Menallen and Shippensburg roads, eight miles north of Gettysburg Beeciiersville, a small village about a mile east of Arendtsville, on the road from the latter place to Gettysburg, contains a woolen factory, a tannery, and about a dozen dwellings . . . . New Chester, or Pinetown, so called because of a belt of pine timber contiguous to it, is a post village in Straban township, and was laid out by Henry Martzsaal in 1804. It is nine miles east from Gettysburg, within several hundred yards of one of the bends of the Big Conewago Cash- town, a fine vJllage in Franklin township, at the foot of the South mountain, is eight miles north-west from Gettysburg, on the Chambersburg turnpike. . . . . IIiLLTCWN is a small hamlet, one mile north of Cashtown, on the road leading from Mummasburg to Chambersburg New Salem^ ^t pretty village on the Chambersburg and Gettysburg turnpike, six miles north- Test from the latter place, was laid out in 1860 by John Hartman, who, in fanuary of that 3'ear, purchased of Albert Yan Dyke, administrator of the VIcKnight estate, the greater part of the ground now embraced within the limits of the village, pacing $6,000 for the same. A number of lots were soon sold, apon which improvements were commenced the following spring. The location being a good one, the village has steadil}^ grown until it has become quite a thriving place Seven Stars is a small village on the Chambers- burg turnpike, four miles from Gettysburg, where the old " Tape Worm " railroad crosses the turnpike. 313 NATIONAL MONUMENT AT GETTYSBURG. fFrom a Photograph by W. H. Tipton & Co., Gettysburg.! 5 ! ALLEGHENY COUNTY. [With acknowledgments to William M. Darlington and Thomas J. Bigham.] HE county of Allegheny was organized by virtue of the act of Asseni' bly of September 24, 1788, which recites : " That all those parts of Westmoreland and Washington counties lying within the limits and bounds hereinafter described, shall be, and hereby are, erected into a separate county; that is to say, beginning at the mouth of Flaherty's run, on the south side of the Ohio river ; from thence, by a strait line, to the plantation on which Joseph Scott, Esquire, now lives, on Montour's run, to include the same ; from thence, by a strait line, to the mouth of Miller's run, on Chartier's creek ; AliLKGHKNY COUNTY COURT HOUSE. from thence, by a strait line, to the mouth of Perry's mill run, on the east side of Monongahela river ; thence up the said river to the mouth of Becket's run ; thence, by a strait line, to the mouth of Sewickly creek, on Youghiogheny river ; thence, down the said river, to the mouth of Crawford's run ; thence, by a strait line, to the mouth of Brush creek, on Turtle creek; thence, up Turtle creek, to the main fork thereof; thence, by a northerly line, until it strikes Puckety's creek ; thence down the said creek to the Allegheny river ; thence up the Alle- gheny river to the northern boundary of the State ; thence along the same to the River Ohio ; and thence, up the same, to the western boundary of the State ; thence along the western boundary to the place of beginning ; to be henceforth known and called by the name of Allegheny county." The commissioners to run the boundary lines were Eli Coulter, Peter Kidd, and Bejanmiu Lodge. In 1789 an additional part of Washington county was annexed; and by an act of April 3, 1792, upwards of 200,000 acres on Lake Erie, purchased by the State from the general government, was declared to be part of Alleghenv county. 815 31 fi , HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. These extended limits of the count}'^ were subsequently reduced by the counties formed west and north of the Allegheny river. Allegheny eount}^ is bounded on the north by Butler ; east by Westmoreland ; south and south-west by Washington, and north-west by Beaver. The county forms an irregular figure about twenty-six miles in diameter, and contains an area of 754 square miles, or 482,560 acres. The surface of the county is undulating, and near the rivers and principal creeks, broken and hilly, many of the elevations Deing precipitous, and occasionally furrowed into deep ravines. The upland is rolling, and very little can be called flat, except the bottom lands along the streams. Within the limits of the county are comprised the ver3^ populous country around the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers with the Ohio, and of the Youghioghony with the Monongahela. Besides these navigable streams there are, tributary to them, Chartier's, Peters', Turtle, Plum, Deer, and Pine creeks, with a number of less important streams. The count}' is situated in the heart of the bituminous coal formation of the Appalachian field; and it derives its chief importance from the inexhaustible supply and enormous development of this valuable fuel. The amount of capital invested in the mines of the count}' according to the census of 1 870 was estimated at $12,109,000, and twenty-two thousand seven hundred and ten acres were under development. The value of these may be placed at $8,690,000 ; $438,000 was in- vested in cars, tools, and the articles necessary to mining. The live stock employed was valued at $287,000. Upwards of $1,200,000 were invested in houses. The various improvements, such as railway tracks, trestles, etc., cannot be less than $1,625,000. The list embraces one hundred and thirteen collieries in active operation, employing eight thousand miners. The amount of coal mined annually is upwards of one hundred million bushels. Nearly thirty million bushels are consumed in and around the city of Pittsburgh, numbers of the manu- facturing establishments consuming from one to three thousand bushels of coal per day. From fifty to fifty-five million bushels are exported by river alone annually. The amount exported by rail approaches eighteen million bushels. Upwards of twenty million bushels of coke are made annually in eight hundred and fifty-six ovens. In a review of the industrial resources of Allegheny county, we speak princi- pally of those developed in the city of Pittsburgh and the towns in its immedi- ate vicinity. No other county in the United States contains two cities of the first class. It is not in coal alone that the strength of this section is shown In those things which coal enal)les artizans of Pittsburgh to produce, is her power equally apparent. As nearly as can be ascertained, one-half of the glass facto- ries in the United States are located at Pittsburgh, where there are forty firms engaged in the manufacture of glass, who run sixty factories producing the vari- ous descriptions of green, window, flint, and lime glass, employing over four thou sand workmen, and producing between four and five millions' worth of glass. In iron and steel Pittsburgh claims and maintains to be the great market of tiie country. The exact money market of this great trade has always been dilfi- cult to arrive at. Much of the iron has been shipped by rail to the various points, and much by river. By figures we haA^e at command of the shipments of plate, bar, sheet, and rod iron and steel from Pittsburgh in the year 1875, it would seem ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 31-7 that there were exported, by rail alone, to twent3'-four different States, over 143,000 tons, and 80,000 kegs of nails between twenty different States. These railroad cxportations, it must not be forgotten, are not probably half the manu- facture. That of castings there were shipped by rail alone 5,143,008 pounds in 1874 to twenty-two different States, and that by one railroad alone there was received in 1874 into the cit}-, 107,000 tons of pig iron and blooms, exclusive of the yield of six or eight furnaces running in the city of Pittsburgh, nor the imi)orts by river and other railroads. It is estimated that of shipments made from Pittsburgh, at least as much is sent by river as by rail. There are over thirty iron rolling mills in Pittsburgh, six steel mills, and between fifty and sixty iron foundries. These figures but feebly indicate the full extent of the great iron and steel trade of the city, of which the sales alone of articles made of iron sub- ject to tax, made and returned in the city, was, from March 1875 to March 1876, over $27,000,000. In 1870 the amount of capital invested was $70,000,000, and the annual value of the products $39,000,000. Oil is another great staple, and there are in Pittsburgh fifty-eight refineries, in which is invested a capital of over $12,000,000 in buildings and machinery, and in the tanks and barges necessary to the carrying on of the ])usiness, nearly $6,000,000 more. The oil trade for the three years from January, 1873, to January, 1876, amounted to about $50,000,000, or an average of about $11,000,000 annually. During these three years the entire exportation of petroleum from the United States was 217,948,602 gallons, and the shipments east from Pittsburgh was 132,396,179 gallons, showing that Pittsburgh supplied over sixty per cent, of the whole foreign exportation of petroleum in the period cited. The history of Allegheny county presents a greater variety of startling inci- dents than almost any other portion of the State. Great Britain, France, Great Britain again, Virginia, the United States and Pennsylvania have each in turn exercised sovereignty either over the whole or greatest part of the county. Since its first settlement was captured in war, first by Contrecoeur in 1754, and by Forbes in 1758 — once beseiged by Indians in 1763 — blown up and burned by the French in 1758 — it was the field of controversy between neighboring States m 1774, and finally the scene of civil war in 1794. AVhen the w-hite man appeared in the region around the head-waters of the Ohio river, the occupants of the soil were principally Shawanese, with some roving bands of the Six Nations and scattered wigwams of the Delawares. It is more than probable that the "mound builders," whose traces were more notice- able in the Western States than in Pennsylvania, were the i^rimeval inhabitants, judging from descriptions of the remains of ancient fortifications within the limits of Allegheny county, the principal one of which was located on Chartier's creek, about seven or eight miles from Pittsburgh. From the description of a traveler who passed through the western country in 1807, we learn that it consisted of an oblong elevated square two hundred feet long, one hundred and forty feet broad, and nine feet high, level on the summit and nearly perpendicular at the sides, the centre of each of the sides towards the stream projecting, foiining gradual ascents to the top, equall}' regular and about six feet wide. Near the centre of the fort was a circular mound nearly thirty feet in diameter, and five feet high. At the corner near the river was a semi-circular parapet 318 i i w e^ •^ S > M J u > 2; I^ ^ t^ < rj »-l 5 !^ u H ;d >: 1 w^ i H -^ ;^ ^ 5 .J D U ?, ^ 0-? TtT ■■^" s ^ S-..X to''' Cii, Q(i: ly < i^ tJ Q p^ I > ^ H hr 5 S >: i^ r.T ^ < vX O .. 1^ y J w^ ., >j r. ^ E^ o o u > ^ ^ o o:> ii].> ,>J■x- ^ H ^ w p- tn— <; : "^ < v^ M .^e > o r *^ ^ W o o F^ o 0X2; ^ t£l : o !5 ^ : iz; X--^ 2 < u J :< ex <; << hJ ^ ^ ^ 'J ^ ^ V. 2 ^ -z; O O 5 > :z; S .<; ^ (i:; ): .H;:;^ gl^Su.-^ 5 w W Q U > «-n > , ex. »_, o-^ I"" h > > hJ ^ j^ (^ ti. 6i PL, 0< U <;.^4iJ= OuMv:: ALLEGHENY COUNT)'. 319 crowned with a mound which guarded an opening in the wall near by. Scarcely a vestige now remains, but we have seen it recently stated that a small mound is still to be seen on the ridge at McKee's rocks below the mouth of the same stream. It was the locality of Shingas, the famous Indian warrior. There were numerous Indian villages within the present limits of Allegheny county, but except in the historical details of one hundred and. twenty years ago, nothing remains of the royalt}^ which swayed the inhabitants of the Ohio. The principal of these was Shannopin's town. It was situated, says Mr. Darlington, on the banks of the Allegheny river, now in the corporate limits of the city of Pittsburgh. It was small, had about twenty- families of Delawares, and was much frequented by the traders. By it ran the main Indian path from the East to the West. In April, 1730, Governor Thomas, at Philadelphia, received a message from "the Chieffs of ye Delewares at Allegaening, on the main road," taken down (written) b\' Edmund Cartlidge, and interpreted by James Letort, noted traders. Among the names signed to the letter is that of " Shannopin his >< mark." The chief's message was to explain the cause of the death of a white man named Hart, and the wounding of another, Robeson, occasioned by rum, the bringing such great quantities into the woods, they desired the Governor to sup- press, as well as to limit the number of traders. Shannopin's name is signed to several documents in the archives of the State. He appeared occasionall}' at Councils held with the Governor. He died in 1740. Towards the close of the seventeenth century the French, through the adventures and discoveries of LaSalle, Marquette, and others, gained a most excellent knowledge of the country of tiie Ohio and Mississippi, and at once measures were adopted looking to the extension of the French empire, claiming the vast territory west of the Alleghenies. As early as 1719 the French began actively to erect a line of forts for the purpose of connecting Canada with the valley of the Mississippi, but it was not until 1749 that measures were taken to extend their trade with the Indians on the Allegheny. The year previous a movement had been made towards a permanent settlement on the Ohio river by the English colonies. Thomas Lee, one of His Majesty's council in Virginia, formed the design of effecting a settlement on the wild lands west of the Allegheny mountains, through the agency of an association of gentlemen. Before this date there were no English residents in those regions. A few traders w\andered from tribe to tribe, and dwelt among the Indians, but they neither cultivated nor occupied the land. Mr. Lee associated with himself Mr. Hanbury, a merchant from London, and twelve persons in Virginia and Marj'land, composing the " Ohio Land Company." One half million acres of land were granted them, to be taken principall}'^ on the south side of the Ohio, between the Monongahela and Kanahawa, and on which they were required to settle one hundred families and erect and maintain a fort. The Englishmen claimed title under a charter of Charles II., strengthened by a treaty with the Six Xations. In 1749, Captain Louis Celoron, a French officer, was dispatched by the Governor-General of New France (Canada) to take possession of the country along the Allegheny and Ohio rivers. He performed that duty, and deposited leac'en plates bearing inscriptions at the mouths of the prominent streams. Several of the plates were eventually secured. The one placed at Venango was 320 HIHTOR Y OF FENNS YL VANIA . dated 29th July, 1749,* at forks of the Ohio, 3d August, 1749, and at mouth of KanahaAva, 18th August, 1749. In 1750 Christopher Gist was dispatched by the Ohio Company to make explorations, and also an examination of the Ohio on the south side to within fifteen miles of the Falls. In June, 1752, a conference was held at Logstown, fourteen miles below Pittsburgh, on the right bank of the Ohio, with the Indian chiefs of the neighboring tribes. The commissioners, consisting of Colonel Fr}', Captain Loamax, and Mr. Patton, desired an explanation of the treaty held at Lancaster in 1744, when the Delaware Indians ceded to the English the lands on the Ohio. The chiefs objected, stating that there was " no sale of lands west of the warrior's road which ran at the foot of the Allegheny ridge." The Commis- sioners finally induced them, by the offer of presents, to ratify the treaty and relinquish the Indian title to lands south of the Ohio and east of the Kanahawa. Soon after the treaty at Logstown, Gist was appointed surve3'or of the Ohio Company, and directed to lay out a town and fort near the mouth of Chartier's creek. It seems, however, that this project was abandoned, and subsequently the location was changed to the forks of the Ohio. About this time (1753) the French, as referred to previously, were carrying out their grand scheme for uniting Canada with Louisiana, and it was decided to erect one fort at Logstown and one at the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela. In the prosecution of this scheme, and to enforce their claim to the whole country on the Ohio, they seized the storehouse at the former place belonging to the traders, with all the goods and skins, amounting to the value of twenty thousand pounds. In the fall of 1753, accounts were received that a considerable French force had arrived at Presqu'Isle, on their way to the Ohio; and in October of that year, George Washington was selected as a messenger, to proceed by the way of Logstown to the French commandant, wherever he might be found, to demand information as to the object of the French troops. Washington departed imme- diately from Williamsburg, and arrived at the forks about tlie 23d or 24th of November, 1753. He examined the point, and thought it a favorable position for a fort. He then proceeded to Logstown — and thence to the French comman- dant at Le Boeuf, from whom he received a very unsatisfactory reply. mmcdiatcly on the return of Washington to Virginia, Captain Trent, with a company of troops, was directed to proceed to the Ohio, and establish himself at that locality. In the early part of 1754 was commenced the first building on the site where Pittsburgh now stands. Of the arrival of the French convoy, the capitulation and the retiring of the English, and of the important events which transpired in this section of Pennsylvania during the expeditions of Gene- rals Braddock, Forbes, and Bouquet, we have alluded in the general history. B}' reference thereto, it will be seen that the French retained possession of Fort Duquesne from the 17th of April, 1754, to the 24th of November, 1758. This l)osition, of course, gave them an influence over the neighboring Indians, which was so used as to inflict upon the frontier settlers much distress and bloodshed. The importance of this position, in a military point of A'iew, was duly appreci- *For translation of the one at French creek, see History of Venango county. ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 32] ated ])y the English, and earl}' and energetic efforts were therefore adopted to expel the French. Upon its occupancy by General Forbes' army in 1758, the English proceeded to the erection of works for the defence of the post. A small square stockade with a bastion at each angle was constructed on the banks of the Monongahela between the present site of Liberty and West streets in Pittsburgh. This was only intended for temporary use, for in the year following, General Stanwix erected more substantial works, which in honor of the then British Premier, he named Fort Pitt. In 1764, Colonel Bouquet built a redoubt on the site of the fort which is stiL standing. It is simply a square stone building, and is located north of Penn street west of Point street, n few feet back of Brewery alley. The first town of Pittsburgh was built near the Fort, in 1760. It was divided into the upper and lower town. In a carefully prepared list of the houses and inhabitants outside of the fort, made for Colonel Bouquet, April 15, 1761, by Captain William Clapham, and headed "A return of the number of houses, of the names of owners, and number of men, women, and children, in each house, Fort Pitt, April 14, 1761," the number of inhabitants is two liundred and thirty-three men, women, and children, with the addition of ninety-five officers, soldiers, and their families residing in the town, making the whole number three hundred and thirty-two. Houses, one hundred and four. The lower town was nearest the fort, the uppei' on the higher ground, principally along the bank of the Monon- galiela, extending as far as the present Market Street. In this list of the early inhabitants are the well-known names of George Croghan, William Trent, John Ormsby, John Campbell, Ephraim Blaine, and Thomas Small. Settlements were also made along the Monongahela and its tributaries, and the inhabitants seem to have enjoyed comparative quiet, until the year 1763, when, during the Pontiac war. Fort Pitt was completely surrounded by the savage foe,' who cut off all communication with the interior of the countrj^, and greatly annoyed the garrison by an incessant discharge of musketry and arrows. The post was finally relieved by Colonel Bouquet, who in the following year retaliated by marching with a sufficient force to the Muskingum, and there dictated terms of peace to the hostile tribes of the north-west. The second town of Pittsburgh was laid out in 1765, by Colonel John Camp- bell, by permission of the commanding officer at Fort Pitt. It comprised the ground within Water, Market, Second, and Ferry streets. Campbell's plan of lots was subsequently incorporated unaltered in the survey made by George Woods for the Penns in 1784, and is known as the " Old Military Plan." Two of the houses built on lots in that plan are now standing on Water street, near Ferry. They are constructed of hewn logs weatherboarded. These, with the two on the southeast corner of Penn and Marbury (Third) street, formerly owned and occupied by General Richard Butler and his brother, Colonel William, ai"e the oldest in Pittsburgh or west of the Alleghenies. Of course the old brick redoubt of Colonel Bouquet before referred to, between the Point and Penn street, is excepted. It, however, was not originally built for a dwel- ling-house, but as an outwork or addition to Fort Pitt. From this period until the close of the Revolutionary war but little improve- V 322 HISTOB Y OF FENNS YL VANIA. meut was made at Fort Pitt. The fear of Indian hostilities, or the actua. existence of Indian warfare, prevented immigration. In 1175, the number of dwelling-houses within the limits of Fort Pitt did not, according to the most authentic accounts, exceed twenty-five or thirty. During the Revolution, the Penn family being adherents of the British government, the Assembly confiscated all their property except certain manors &c., of which surveys had been actually made and returned into the land-office prior to the 4th of July, ItTG, and also except any estates which the Proprieta- ries held in their private capacities by devise, purchase, or descent. Pittsburgh, and the country eastward of it and south of the Monongahela, containing 5,T66 acres, composed one of these manors (surve^^ed in 1769), and of course remained as the property of the Penns. In the spring of 1784, arrangements were made by Tench Francis, the agent of the Proprietaries, to lo,y out the Manor of Pitts- burgh in town and out-lots, and to sell them without delay. For this purpose he engaged George Woods, of Bedford, an experienced surveyor, to execute the work. The manor lots found a ready sale, and in 178G, Judge Brackenridge, then a young attorney in the ncAV town, estimated the number of houses at one hundred, and the population at about five hundred. Previous to this there were no buildings outside the fort, except those already noticed occupied by Indian traders and a few mechanics and soldiers' families. The inhabitants of Allegheny county took a conspicuous part in the " Whiskey Insurrection" of 1794. Liberty poles were erected and people assembled in arms and compelled the officers of the Excise to leave the country or resign. Their object Avas to compel a repeal of the law and not to subvert the govern- ment, but they unfortunately pursued the wrong course to effect their object. From 1790 to 1800, says Harris, the business of Pittsburgh and the West was small, but gradually improving. The fur trade was the most important. Con- siderable supplies of goods were received from the Illinois country by barges. On the 19th of May, 1798, the galley President Adams was launched at Pittsburgh. She was the first vessel built then competent for a sea voyage, and was constructed by order of the government of the United States, in its prepa- rations for the threatened war with France. In Jul^^, the Senator Ross was ready to launch, bat on account of low water it was not accomplished until tlic spring of 1799. In the spring of 1797, arrangements were made by James O'llara and Isaac Craig, for the erection of the first glass works in Pittsburgh, and William Eich- baum, sui)erintendent of glass works at the Schuylkill, near Philadelphia, engaged to direct the building of the works. This was the beginning of that business now so extensively carried on. So many difficulties, however, were encountered that after a few years Major Craig retired. General O'Hara persevered, and after a very large expenditure of money and labor succeeded in the manufac- ture of glass. During this year the first paper-mill west of the Alleghcnies was erected at Pittsburgh. In 1802-3 Pittsburgh and the country around it were greatly excited by the impeachment and subsequent removal of Alexander Addison, then president iudge of the judicial district. This was owing to partj' spirit which during the administration of the elder Adams ran exceedingly high. ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 323 From 1802 to 1805 four ships, three brigs, and three schooners were built at Pittsburgh, while tvvo vessels wei'e constructed at Elizabethtown. On the first day of Januar}', 1804, a branch of the Bank of Fenns3dvania was established here in a stone building on the east side of Second Street, between Ferry Street and Chancery Lane. During that year the first iron foundry was erected by Joseph McClurg. The year 1811 inaugurated a revolution in the commerce and noted an epoch in the history of Pittsburgh well worthy of commemoration. In this year the genius of Fulton and the theory of Fitch had a practical and successful test in the application of steam as a propelling power to vessels against a strong cur- rent. The year jjrevious [1810], Messrs. Fulton, Livingston, and Rossevelt, constituting a firm, organized for the purpose of testing Fulton's plan, com- menced the building of a boat, the dimensions of which were — keel, a hundred and thirty-eiglit feet ; burden, some three hundred tons, cabin below deck, port- holes, bow-sprit, &c. Forty thousand dollars were invested in this enterprise, and in March, 1811, the first steamboat ever built or run on western waters was launched at Pittsburgh, and duly christened the New Orleans. On the 24th of December this steamboat left for the Crescent city. The New Orleans arrived safel}'^ at her destination. Shortly after she went into the regular packet trade between Natchez and New Orleans, in which she continued two 3'ears, clearing $20,000 the first. Li 1814 she was snagged and lost near Baton Rouge. The second steamboat constructed at this port was the Comet, launched in 1813. In 1814 the Mississippi steamboat company built the Vesuvius and ^tna. From this time onward, for a period of fifty years, tlie number of boats constructed at Pittsburgh was immense, and the progress and development of the place was rapid. During the war of 1812, Pittsburgh sent a company into the North-western territory to join the command of General Harrison that won a lasting fame for its bravery. It was named the Pittsburgh Blues, and was under the command of Captain James R. Butler. The Blues fought at Fort Meigs and Mississineway, losing a number of their men in those contests. Pittsburgh, by an act of Assembly at the sessions of 1815-16, became a city — taking its date from March 18, 1816. At the first election for municipal ofllcers under the city charter, Major Ebenczer Denny was chosen mayor. In August 1825, a convention of the friends of internal improvements, con- sisting of delegates from forty-six counties of the State, met at Harrisburg, and passed resolutions in favor of " opening an entire and complete communication from the Susquehanna to the Allegheny and Ohio, and from the Allegheny to Lake Erie, by the nearest and most practicable route." The Juniata and Cone- maugh was reported the " most practicable route " by the commission appointed by the Governor in 1824, to explore a route for a canal from Ilarrisbuig to Pitts- burgh. The report was adopted and the work let. In the fiill of 1827 water was let into the levels at Leechburg from the " seven-mile '" or Leechburg dam, but the inexperience of the contractors and workmen who had built the canal below caused innumerable difficulties. To remed}' the evil occupied tlie balance of the fall and winter. The first canal boat ever built or run west of the mountains, was the General 324 BISTOE Y OF PENNS YL VAN I A. Abner Lacock. She was built at Apollo, Armstrong county, by Philip Dally, under the auspices of Patrick Leonard of Pittsburgh. She was intended as a freight and passenger packet, had berths and curtains, after the style of the steamboats of those days. In the fall of 1834, the Philadelphia and Columbia, and the Allegheny portage railroads were completed, giving a through line to Pittsburgh, and the same month an emigrant's boat from the North Branch of the Susquehanna, passed over the inclined planes on trucks with the family in it, was launched at Johnstown, reached Pittsburgh, was run into the Ohio, and pursued its course down that river to Cairo, and was towed up the Mississippi to St. Louis. The completion of this through route gave to Pittsburgh a fresh impetus, and tended largely toward the opening up of the mineral resources of Western Pennsylvania. The salt of the Kiskiminetas soon became an important branch of traffic and barter in the east, and gave employment to a large number of men. Blast furnaces, blooraeries, etc., sprang into existence along its line, and a general life and thrift was manifest from Pittsburgh to Philadelphia, In Pittsburgh, for a time, the forwarding and commission business absorbed all other branches of trade with capitalists. The business man who had not stock or some kind of an interest in some of the lines of boats on the canals, or the steamboats or other modes of transportation on the rivers, was not regarded as either wealthy or enterprising. In 1834, an experimental trip was made from Pittsburgh to Johnstown with a little steamboat, but not proving satisfactory for many reasons, all ideas of applying steam to canal boats was abandoned. In 1835 the Erie canal, or the greater portion of it, was put into operation, opening up another large mineral and agricultural field to Pittsburgh, where the products found a ready market, and augmented the amount of business done there. The boats reached Pittsburgh by being towed b}^ steam-tugs up the Ohio from the moulli ol" Beaver creek, twenty-six miles below the city. Soon after this a canal called the Cross-cut was built, connecting the Erie with the Ohio canal at Akron, Ohio. The junction of the Erie and Cross-cut was made at the mouth of the Mahoning river, in tlie Beaver valley, some four miles below New Castle. By this connection, long before there vvas a railroad in the West. freight could be shipped to Cleveland, Erie, Buffalo, Detroit, Portsmouth, Chillicothe, and other iaterm9diat3 points, without breakhig bulk. All these advantages, taken in connection with the fact of Pittsburgh being the head of navigation of the western and south-western waters, it is little to be wondered at that she became a nucleus for all branches of trade, and a power in the manu- facturing woi'ld. In 1836 was commenced the improving of the Monongahela by locks and dams, to meet the efforts of Marylanders east of the mountains, and opening a 'channel of commerce with Pittsburgh by way of the Potomac canal to Cumber- and, and the Cumberland pike to Brownsville. After much opposition the work was completed in 1844, and it proved to be one of the greatest features of the Iron City's success. The pools or slack water offered ample harbors for the loading of coal boats and barges, and the coal trade of the Monongahela has ever since been the source of great revenue to the company which, under the ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 325 lead of General James K. Moorhead, constructed it, to the exporters and the public generally. In 1839 the Valley Forge, the first iron steamboat made in the United States, was built at Pittsburgh. On the tenth day of April, 1845, occurred the great fire at Pittsburgh, burning over a space of fifty-six acres. The aggregate loss of property amounted to over five millions of dollars, and many families were rendered homeless. Aid came in freely from the neighboring towns and cities, while the Legislature, then in session, made an appropriation of fifty thousand dollars to relieve the distressed inhabitants, of which amount, however, only thirty thousand dollars was drawn from the Treasury. On the 29th of March, 1872, the consolidation of the Southside with Pittsburgh was effected by an act of the Assembly, which bill received the sanction of the Governor on the 2d of April, following. The Southside included eleven boroughs, having a population of 35,000 — Birmingham, East Birmingham, Ormsby, Allen- town, St. Clair, South Pittsburgh, Monongahela, Mt. Washington, Union, West Pittsburgh, and Temperanceville. Although the details herewith given are in fact the history of Pittsburgh itself, there are other matters connected with that city to which we will make reference. Pittsburgh is the second city of Pennsylvania in population and importance. It is substantially and compactly built, and con- tains many fine residences, par- ticularl}' in the east section. A large number of the principal avenues are graded and paved. Horse cars run through the principal streets and to the suburbs. Seven bridges span the Alleghen}^ river and five tlie Monongahela. From its situation, Pittsburgh enjoys excellent commercial facilities, and has become the centre of an extensive commerce with the Western States ; of its industrial resources we have referred to in full. The extent of its iron manufactories has given it the appellation of the "Iron City," while the heavy pall of smoke that constantly overhangs it, produced by burning bituminous coal in all the dwelling-houses and manufacturing establishments, has caused it to be styled the "Smoky City." Smithfield street is the principal business thorough- fare, and trade is very active in Penn and Liberty streets and Fifth avenue, which contain many handsome retail stores. Among the public buildings are the municipal hall, corner of Smithfield and Virgin streets, costing seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars, with a granite front and a massive central tower ; the Court House, a solid stone edifice, corner of Fifth avenue and Grant street, with a columned portico, and surmounted by a dome ; the custom house CITY HALL, PITTSBURGH. 326 H ISTOE Y OF PENNS TL VANIA. and post office, a commodious structure of stone, corner of Smithfield street and Fifth avenue; and the United States Arsenal, a group of spacious buildings standing in the midst of ornamental grounds in the northeast section of the city. The new and elegant building of the Mercantile Library is in Penn street ; it cost two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and contains fifteen thousand volumes and a well supplied reading-room ; the Young Men's Christian Association has a good reading-room at the corner of Penn and Sixth streets. There are in the city two theatres, an Opera House, an Academy of Music, and several public halls. The Western University, founded in 1819, has a handsome building in the south- east part of the city, near the Monongahela, and in 1876 had seventeen instructors and two hundred and fifty-two students; it has a library of twenty- five liutidred volumes, extensive philosoohical and chemical apparatus, and a WESTKRX PENITENTIARY, AI.L,EGHENY CITY. cabinet containing over ten thousand specimens in geology, mineralogy, conchology, and zoology. The Pittsburgh Female College (Methodist) is a flourishing institution. Several of the public school Vmildings are large and substantial. Among the principal charitable institutions within the limits of the city, are the City General Hospital, the Homoeopathic Hospital and Dispen- sary, the Mercy Hosjjital, the Episcopal Church Home, and the Eoman Catholic Orphan Asjdum. The Convent of the Sisters of Mercy is the oldest house of the order in America. Tiie Western penitentiary, in the ancient Norman sijde, situated on Ohio street, Sherman avenue, and West Park, Allegheny City, was erected by authority of the Legislature of March 8, 1818. It was completed for occupancy about 1827, and cost over half a million dollars. It was originally intended to be con- ducted on the solitary confinement principle, but recently the " congregate " system has been adopted. ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 327 The Western Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane is at Dixmont. It is properly a private institution, although the State has constructed the buildings,* which are capable of accommodating over four hundred patients, and otherwise aided it. The area of the grounds connected with it is three hundred and fifty acres. The buildings cost half a million dollars. Indigent insane have by law the preference of " paying " patients. The Western Reform school located at Morganza on the Pittsburgh and Washington railroad has recently been completed. It is designed for incorrig- ible or vagrant girls and boys. The ground and buildings cost half a million dollars. One main building for boys and another for girls. This institution is hereafter to be conducted on the family system. The entire arrangement when in full operation will make it the finest institution on this plan in the United States. It is managed by a board of trustees, of which Thomas J. Bigham is president — appointed by the Governor. Besides the foregoing public institutions there are several other establishments of similar character — Allegheny City poor-house at Claremont, seven miles from the cit}^ ; City farm for Pittsburgh, situated on the left bank of the Monongahela about two miles above the city limits, containing 149 acres, and extensive build- ings ; Allegheny county home, situated near Chartiers' Valley railroad about seven miles from Pittsburgh, on a farm of two hundred and five acres ; and the Allegheny count}- workhouse, situated on the right bank of the Allegheny, about seven miles above Allegheny City, at Claremont station. West Pennsylvania railroad, on fifty acres of land. The latter institution has been self-sustaining. It has been under the superintendence of Henry Cordier, who has been the most successful in managing an institution for stubborn persons. Allegheny City is situated on the west bank of the Allegheny river, opposite Pittsburgh, with which it is connected by several fine bridges. Its manufacturing interests are large, and the elegant residences of many Pittsburgh merchants may be seen here occupying commanding positions. The city has now a population of 75,000. The City Hall is on the square at the crossing of Ohio and Federal streets, and the Allegheny Library is close by. Theological Seminary (Presbyterian) was establislied here in 1827. It is situated on a lofty insulated ridge 100 feet above the river, and affords a magnificent prospect. The Theological Seminary of the United Presbyterian Church, established in 1826, and the Allegheny Theological Institute, organized in 1840 by the synod of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, are also located here. The Allegheny Observ- atory, situated on an elevated site north of the city, is a department of the Western University of Pittsburgh. The Public Park lies around the centre of the city ; it contains 1 00 acres, and is adorned with several tiny lakelets and a monument to Humboldt, On a lofty crest near the Allegheny, in the east part of the city, stands the Soldiers' Monument, erected to the memory of the 4,000 men of Allegheny county who lost their lives in the civil war. It consists of a graceful column, surrounded at the base with statues of an infantry man, a cavalryman, an artillerist, and a sailor, and surmounted by a bronze female figure of colossal size. McKeesport is laid out upon a wide plain which aflTords ample room for a large city. Situated at the junction of the Monongahela and Youghiogheny 328 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. rivers, it enjoys the business derived from the extensive coal trade on both streams, and under its influence has increased rapidl}^ in population and wealth. The town is well laid out with fine wide streets, and a large proportion of the houses are well constructed of brick. The population numbers now about 12,000; in 1842 it had only 500. It is one of the principal stations of the Pittsburgh and Connellsville railroad, and by that road and its connections its inhabitants have easy access to all the Eastern and Western cities. Surrounded on all sides by a fine basin of coal, and possessed of superior advantages by either the Monongahela slack-water or the railroad for transportation to any of the cities of the United States, it is a choice spot for the location of manu- facturers of such articles as find their market elsewhere than at the places where they are made. The near access which is had from this point to the fine iron ores and forests which abound further up the valley of the Youghioglieny, the supe- riority of the coal, its abundance and low cost, with the transportation advantages before mentioned, seem to point out this location as one in which must eventually gather a large number and variety of manufacturing in metals and wood. Perhaps no other town in Western Pennsylvania has so many elements of future growth. The close of the present century may show a city of 40,000 inhabitants. East and West Elizabeth boroughs are six miles above McKeesport — one on each side of the Monongahela river. They have in a less degree the same elements as McKeesport. Population nearly 5,000 Braddock borough is on the north bank of the Monongahela river, located upon the site of the famous battle ground of July 9, 1755, known in history as the defeat of Braddock. This town is situated eight miles above Pittsburgh and four miles below McKeesport, and receives the overflow from both points. The Pennsylvania and Baltimore and Ohio railroads both pass through it. Though only commenc-d as a village some eight years since, it has already a population of over 5,000. The Edgar Thompson steel works for the manufacture of steel rails, in successful operation, is located here The boroughs of Etna and Sharps- burgh, five or six miles above Pittsburgh on the Allegheny river, contain a population of some 10,000, chiefly engaged in the manufacture of iron. The oflSces are in Pittsburgh, but the mills are located in these boroughs. The furnaces of the Isabella company consume immense quantities of iron ore, chiefly brought from the Lake Superior region. Three rolling mills are also located here. The borough of Tarentum, twelve miles above, is also of late growing into importance. Population about 3,000 Natrona borough, some three miles above, is the result of the Pennsylvania Salt Manu- facturing company. This companj' produces several important products, and have built up a village of 2,000 inhabitants, chiefly employed in its industrial depart- ments Commencing about seven miles below Pittsburgh, on the north side of the Oliio river, the villages of Dixraont, Haysville, Sewickly, and Lutsdale, dot the line of the Chicago railway. These are the dwelling-places of Pittsburghers whose days are spent in the city and nights in these villages. They cover a space of some eight miles, and probably include a population of 10,000 Mansfield, and its suburbs on the line of the Pan-IIandle railroad, six miles south of Pittsburgh, is an important mining, and will become ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 329 a manufacturing point. The Cliartiers' Valley railroad connects this village with Washington, Pennsylvania, and the Pan-Handle railroad witli Cincinnati and St. Louis, The development of coal mines along the route of these two railroads is likely in the near future to build up a large mining and manufactu- ring population, with Mansfield as its centre. POPULATION OF PENNSYLVANIA BY COUNTIES— 1790 to 1870. Adams Allegheny Armstrong Beaver Bedford Burks Blair Bradlord Butler Bucks Cambria Cameron Carbon Centre Chester Clarion Clearfield Clinton Coluniliia Crawford Cumberland Uaupliin Delaware Elk Erie Fayetle Krankliu Fulton Forest Greene Huntingdon Indiana Jetfersou Juniata Lancaster Lawrence Lebanon Lehigh Luzeiiie Lycoming M'Kean Mercer Mifflin Monroe Montgomery Montour Northampton Northumberland I'erry I'hiladelphia Pike Potter Schuylkill Somerset Snyder Sullivan Sus(|uehanna Tioga Union Venango Warren Washington Wayne Westmoreland... ■\Vyoming York 10,309 13,124 30,179 25,401 7,562 27,937 18,243 18, 177 9,433 13,325 15,655 7,565 36, 147 4,904 22,929 24,250 17, 161 54,391 23,866 'i6,'6i8 37,' 747' Totals 434,373 602,365 810,091 13,172 15,087 2, .399 5,776 12,039 32,407 3,916 27, 496 13,609 32,093 2,346 25,386 22,270 12,809 1,468 20, 159 19,638 8,605 13,008 43,403 12,839 5,414 3,228 21,150 .30,062 27,797 81,009 10,188 1,130 233 28,298 2.562 22,726 25,643 15,152 2.5, 317 0, 143 12,168 15,746 43, 146 7,346 32,371 2,117 10,081 39,596 6,178 26,757 31,883 14,734 3,758 24,714 23,083 12,544 14,778 6,214 lUl 53,927 18,109 11,006 142 8,277 12,132 29,703 38, 145 36,327 111,210 29* "ii,"284' 1,687 3,060 827 36,289 4. 12.5 26,392 31,958 19,370 34,921 10, .324 15.340 20,248 46,275 11,554 10, 193 37,842 3,287 13,796 44,451 2,342 17,621 9, .397 23,606 21,653 14,810 8,541 27,285 31,892 15,554 20,139 8,882 561 67,975 16,975 18,895 20,027 13,517 728 11,681 16,618 35,793 31,765 15,421 11,284 135,6.37 2,890 186 11.311 13,974 9,960 4,021 18,619 4,915 1,976 40,038 4.127 30,540 38,747 1,047,507 21,. 379 50,552 17,701 24,183 24,502 53, 152 19, 746 14,581 45,745 7,076 18,879 50,910 4,803 20,0.59 16,030 29,226 25,243 17,323 17,041 29,172 35,037 18,028 27,145 14,252 2,025 76,631 20,557 22,2.56 27,379 17,636 1,439 19,729 21,690 39,406 39,482 18.133 14,261 188,797 4,843 1,265 20,744 17,762 16,787 8,978 20,795 9,470 4,697 42,784 7,663 38,400 42,859 1,348,233 23,044 81.235 28,365 29,368 29,335 61,569 32,769 22,378 48, 107 11,256 20,492 57, 515 7,834 8,323 24,267 31,724 30,953 30,118 19,791 31,344 33,574 37,793 19,147 35,484 20,782 7,253 11,080 84,203 21,872 25,787 44,006 22,649 2,975 32,873 13,092 9,879 47,241 40.996 20,027 17,096 258,037 3,832 3,371 29,053 19,650 21,195 15,498 22,787 17,900 9,278 41.279 11,848 42,699 47,010 1,7^,033 2.5,981 138,290 29,560 26,689 2:<,052 77,129 21,777 42,831 30,346 56,091 17,773 15,686 23,355 66,438 2;i,505 12,586 11,207 17,710 37,849 34,327 35,754 24,679 3,531 38,742 39,112 39,904 7,567 22,136 24,786 27,170 13,518 13,029 98,944 21,079 26,071 32,479 56,072 26,2.57 5,254 33, 172 14,980 13,270 58,291 13,239 40,235 23.272 20,088 408, 762 5,881 6,048 60,713 24,416 3,694 28,688 23,987 26.083 18,310 13,671 44,939 21,890 51,726 10,65.5 57,450 2,311,786 28,006 178,831 35,797 29,140 26,7;«) 93,818 27,829 48,734 3.5,594 63,578 29, 155 21,033 27,000 74,578 24,988 18.759 17,723 25,065 48,755 40,098 46,756 30,597 5,915 49,432 39,909 42,126 9,131 898 24,343 28,100 33,687 18,270 16,980 116,314 22,999 31,831 -3,753 ! 0,244 :7,399 8,8.59 36,856 16,340 16,758 70,500 13.053 47,904 28,922 22,793 565,529 7,155 11,470 89,510 26.778 15,035 5,637 36,267 31,044 14,145 25,043 19,190 46,805 32,239 53,736 12,540 68,200 2,906,215 30,315 262,204 43,382 36, 148 29,6:)5 106,701 38,051 53.204 36,510 64,336 36,569 4.273 28,144 34,418 77,805 26, 537 25,741 23.211 28,766 63,832 43,912 60,740 39,403 8,483 65,973 43,284 45.365 9,360 4,010 2.5,887 31,251 36,1.38 21,6.56 17,390 121,340 27,298 34.(!96 56.796 160,915 47,626 8,825 49,977 17,. 508 18,362 81,612 15,344 61,432 41,444 25,447 074,022 8,436 11,265 116,428 28,226 15,6116 fi. 191 37,523 .35.097 1.5.566 47,925 23,897 48,483 33, 188 58,719 14,585 76,134 3, 21,951 ARMSTRONG COUNTY. BY A. D. GLENN, EDDYVILLE. RMSTRONG county was formed by the act of 12th of March, 1800, from parts of Lycoming, Westmoreland, and Allegheny. It received its name from General John Armstrong, who commanded the expedition against the Indians at Kittanning in 1756. In 1802 commissioners were appointed to locate the county seat, and upon their report in 1804 the present site was laid out. James Sloan, James Mathews, and Alexander Walker were appointed the first commis- sioners to locate the county seat and organize the coun- ty, but the latter declined to serve. The county was fully organized for judicial purposes in 1805. Since the establishment of the county, its size has been considerably curtailed by the formation of Clarion. Average length, 25 miles ; breadth, 25 miles ; area, about 625 square miles. It is bounded on the north by Clarion, on the east by Jefferson and Indiana, on the south b}'' Westmore- land, and on the west by Butler. The surface of the county is diversified, but generally rolling or hill.y, particularly those parts lying adjacent to streams of water. The Allegheny river is the largest stream of water flowing through the county. It forms the eastern boundary of a narrow strip of territory belonging to Armstrong count}'', extending from above Parker to the mouth of Redbank creek, where the Allegheny river first enters the county, flowing a distance of about thirty-six miles through the county, sepai'ating it into two somewhat unequal parts, and passing out of the county at the confluence of the Kiski- minetas. It was considered by both the aborigines and the French as identical with the Ohio, and the Monongahela an afliluent. 0-hee-o in the Seneca, and Alle- yJieny in the Delaware language, having the same signification, /air water — hence 330 ARMSTRONG COUNTY PUBLIC BUILDINGS. [From a PUotograph by Sbadic, Kittanning.] ARMSTBONG COUNTY. 331 the French name, La Belle Riviere. Before the construction of the Allegheny Valley railroad, this river afforded by means of steamboats an easy and rapid transit between various towns along the river, but the days of steamboats are past on this river except those used in towing oil barges. The Kiskiminetas river forms the southern boundary of the county emptying into the Allegheny one mile north of Freeport. The Pennsylvania canal passed along this river and was fed by it, but now canal, aqueduct, and dams, are among things of the past — the use of the canal being superseded by the more rapid means of transit afforded by tlie West Pennsylvania railroad. Redbank creek forms the northern boundar}-. Mahoning creek, formerly called by the Indians Mohulbucteetain, enters the cuunt}' near Milton, separating Wayne and Redbank townships, flowing through Mahoning township separating Madison and Pine, falls into the Allegheny river ten miles north of Kittanning. Crooked creek rises in Indiana county, flows in a westerly direction and empties into the Allegheny five miles below Kittanning. It is exceedingly crooked, hence its name. Cowanshannoc, Pine, Buftalo, Plum, Sugar, and Bear creeks, all tributaries of the Allegheny, with numerous smaller streams, furnish abundant water. In addition to water transportation there are three railroads: the Allegheny Valley, which extends along the left or eastern bank of the Allegheny river ; the West Pennsylvania, which passes along the southern boundary, but on the opposite side of the Kiskiminetas river; the Low Grade Division of the AUeghen}- Valley railroad, which passes along the northern boundary, but on the north side of Redbank creek. Bituminous coal is found in all parts of the county; the usual thickness of tie vein being about four feet. Very extensive coal works are in operation in Mahoning township, about one and a half miles from the borough of New Bethlehem, in Clarion county, and the same distance from the Low Grade Division of the Alleghenj' Valley railroad, with which it is connected by a branch road constructed by the Redbank Mining Land coal company. The prin- cipal vein consists of cannel coal, with an average thickness of nine feet. Operations were commenced in 1870, but no coal was shipped until 1872. The coal is of an excellent qualit}', and is forwaided to all the eastern cities. It is said there are but four other veins of similar coal in the United States. Thirty-eight thousand tons have been shipped the last two years (1874-75). In addition to this vein of cannel coal, the company own two veins of bituminous coal, one four feet, the other three feet nine inches; all three in 70 feet perpendicular of the hill. The capacity of the works is three hundred tons per day. A somewhat similar vein to this is found on the Thompson farm in Redbank township; it is about six feet. Another extensive works the Mahoning Coal company'' is operating at the mouth of Mahoning on the AUeghen}' Valley railroad. It has bitumi- nous coal alone. Ti'on ore is found in the creeks and river hills in the northern part of the county. Caldwell's and Stewartson's furnaces on Mahoning, and Pine creek furnace on Pine creek, are now (1876) in operation. These produce pig iron, as also did Monticello at the mouth of Cowanshannoc, but it has ceased operations. That part of the county lying north of Brady's Bend and between Butler county and the Allegheny river, is included in what is generally termed "The C32 HISTOIt Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. Lower Oil Fields." The first attempt to develop the oil resources of this territory were made in 1860 by Thomas McCoimcll, W. D. Robinson, Smith K. Campbell, and Colonel J. B. Findlay, of Kittanning, but oil was not "struck" until October, 1865. The following account of the drilling of the first well at Parker's Landing is taken from Henr^^'s " History of Petroleum: " "In the winter of 1864-5 the oil excitements of the u]jper and lower Oil creek regions were at their height, and Mr. William D. Robinson very earnestly conceived the idea that oil deposits existed in the region of his third of a century's residence. He had examined and carefully noted the then generally received opinion of "surface indications," and soon reached the conviction that oil could be found there. He purchased thirty-six acres of the old homestead farm, lying on the Allegheny river and now forming a portion of Parker's Landing. This thirty-six acres of land he made the basis of a stock company. In the spring of 1865 he commenced his first well under the auspices of this company, and this was the first oil-well drilled at Parker^s Landing. The embarrassment attending the first effort to find oil at Parker's Landing may be estimated by those familiar with new territory. All the machinery for the well had to be boated from Pitts- burgh or Oil City, and there was neither derrick nor development between these two points, fifty and sixty miles from a machine shop, if a break occurred. Pittsburgh, Oil City, or Titusville, were the nearest points for repairs. It required the entire summer of 1865 — nearly six months — to complete this well. In October, 1865, the sand pump brought up the unmistakable evidence of a ' third sand ' or oil-rock. The well was tubed and started off at about ten barrels per day. It averaged the first year nineteen barrels per day, and oil was sold from it during its first two or three months' production at eight dollars per barrel. The well continued to produce for a long time, and was a source of much profit to the company." This was the beginning of the oil development, but afterwards the hills around Parker became dotted over with derricks, and a vast quantity of the oleaginous fluid has been obtained. Large wells were afterwards struck in Perry township, at Armstrong run, near Qiicenstown, and on the head-waters of Pine run. There was a burning well at the latter place. On both runs towns were rapidly built, but soon disappeared when the oil teiu'itory gave out. At Armstrong run a school-house was built for the use of the n^w town, and by the close of the first term the town had mostly been removed and the school-house itself emigrated to a different locality. In former years considerable salt was manufactured in the county, but at present nearly all the works have ceased to manufacture. Salt water at various depths is found in different sections. A vein of what is supposed to. be roofing-slate has been discovered in Redbank township. Limestone has been found in all parts of the county. According to a tradition of the Cornplanter Indians, a lead mine on the Mahoning creek was known to their fathers. So strong are they in this belief, some thirty years since they sent two of their number to find the mine, but without success. The site of Kittanning was originally occupied by an Indian village of that name. From this point a path crossed the mountains to Black Log valley, Standing Stone (now Huntingdon), and other places in the central part of the ABMSTEONG COUNTY. 333 State, along which the Indians passed to and fro. It was to this place that in September, 1Y56, the expedition of General John Armstrong was sent, the details of wliich, resulting in the destruction of the town and the overthrow of the Indians, we have previouslj^ given. Subsequently, in 1780, another fierce encounter with the natives took place within the limits of the county at Mahoning, ten miles distant from Kittanning, At this period General Brodhead was in command of Fort Pitt, and Captain Samuel Brady was frequently sent out with a scouting partj^ into the Indian country north and west of the fort to watch the movements of the savages. Captain Brady was a native of Cumberland county, born in 1758, but soon after removed witli his father to the West Branch of Susquehanna, a few miles above Northumberland. Cradled amid the alarms and excitements of a frontier exposed to savage warfare, Brady's militarj^ propensities were very earl^^ developed. He eagerly sought a post in the Revolutionary army ; was at the siege of Boston; a lieutenant at the massacre of the Paoli; and in 1779 was ordered to Fort Pitt with the regiment under General Brodhead. A short time previous to this both his father and brother had fallen by the hands of Indians ; and from that moment Brady took a solemn oath of vengeance against all Indians, and his future life was devoted to the fulfilment of his vow. His success as a partisan had acquired for him its usual results — approbation with some, and envy with others. Some of his brother officers censured the commandant for affording him such frequent opportunities for honorable distinction. At length open com- plaint was made, accompanied b}- a request, in tlie nature of a demand, that others should be permitted to share with Brady the perils and honors of the service abroad from the fort. The General apprised Brady of what had passed, who readily acquiesced in the propriety of the proposed arranij^ements, and an oppor- tunity was not long wanting for testing its efficiency. The Indians made an inroad into the Sewickly settlement, committing the most barbarous murders of men, women, and children ; stealing such propert}^ as was portable, and destroy- ing all else. The alarm was brought to Pittsburgh, and a party of soldiers, under the command of the emulous officers, despatched for the protection of the settle- ments, and chastisement of the foe. From this expedition Brady was of course excluded ; but the restraint was irksome to his feelings. The day after the detachment had marched, Brady solicited permission from his commander to take a small party for the purpose of "catching the Indians;" but was refused. By dint of importunity, however, he at length wrung from him a reluctant consent, and the command of five ynen ; to this he added his pet Indian, and made hasty preparation. Instead of moving towards Sewickly, as the first detachment had done, he crossed the Allegheny at Pittsburgh, and proceeded up the river. Con- jecturing that the Indians had descended that stream in canoes, till near the settlement, he was careful to examine the mouths of all creeks coming into it, particularly from the south-east. At the mouth of tlie Big Mahoning, about six miles above Kittanning, the canoes were seen drawn 'ui) to its western bank. He instantly retreated down the river, and waited for night. As soon as it was dark, he made a raft, and crossed to the Kittanning side. He then proceeded up to the creek, and found that the Indians had, in the meantime, crossed the stream, as their canoes were drawn to its upper or north-eastern bank. The country on both sides of Mahoning, at its mouth, is rough and moun- 334 IIi;STOm' OF P:.IiNSYLV:-NlA. tainous ; and the stream, which was then high, very rapid. Several ineffectual attempts were made to wade it, which they at length succeeded in doing, three or four miles above the canoes. Next a fire was made, their clothing dried, and arms inspected ; and the party moved towards the Indian camp, which was pitched on the second banli of the river. Brady placed his men at some distance, on the lower or first bank. The Indians had brought from Sewickly a stallion, which they liad fettered and turned to pasture on the lower bank. An Indian, probably the owner under the law of arma, came frequently down to him, and occasioned the part3' no little trouble. The horse, too, seemed willing to keep their com- pany-, and it required considerable circumspection to avoid all intercourse with either. Brady became so provolied that he had a strong inclination to toraaliawk the Indian, but liis calmer judgment repudiated the act, as likely to put to hazard a more decisive and important achievement. At length the Indians seemed quiet, and the Captain determined to pay them a closer visit. He had got quite near their fires ; his pet Indian liad caught him by the hair and gave it a pluck, intimating the advice to retire, which he would not venture to whisper; but finding Brady regardless of it, had crawled off — when the Captain, who was scanning their numbers and the position of their guns, observed one tlirow off his blanket and rise to his feet. It was altogether impracticable for Brady to move without being seen. Ue instantly decided to remain where he was, and risk what might happen. He drew his liead slowly beneath the brow of the bank, putting liis forehead to the earth for concealment. His next sensation was that of warm water poured into the hollow of his neck, as from the spout of a teapot, which, trickling down his back over the chilled skin, produced a feeling tliat even his iron nerves could scarce master. He felt quietly for his tomahawk, and had it been about him he probably would have used it ; but he had divested himself even of that when preparing to approach the fires, lest b}' striking against the stones or gravel, it might give an alarm. He was compelled, there- fore, nolens volens, to submit to this very unpleasant operation, until it should please his warriorship to refrain, which he soon did, and returning to his place wrapped himself up in his blanket, and composed himself for sleep as if nothing had happened. Brady returned to and posted his men, and in the deepest silence all awaited the break of day. When it ap]>eared, the Indians arose and stood around their fires, exulting, doubtless, in the scalps they had taken, the plunder they had acquired, and the injury they had inflicted on their enemies. Preca- rious jo}^ — short-lived triumph! The avenger of blood was beside them! At a signal given, seven rifles cracked, and five Indians were dead ere they fell. Brady's well-known war-cry was heard, his party was among them, and their guns (mostly empty) were all secured. The remaining Indians instantly fled and disappeared. One was pursued by the trace of his blood, which he seems to have succeeded in staunching. The pet Indian then imitated the cry of a young wolf, which was answered by the wounded man, and the pursuit again renewed. A second time the wolf cry was given and answered, and the pursuit continued into a windfall. Here he must have espied his pursuers, for he answered no more. Brady found his remains there three weeks afterwards, being led to the place by ravens that were preying on the carcass. The horse was unfettered, the plunder gathered, and the party commenced their return to Pittsburgh, most of them ARMSTEONG COUNTY. 335 descending in tlie Indian canoes. Tliree days after tlieir return, the first detach- ment came. They reported that they had followed the Indians closely, but that the latter had got into their canoes and made their escape. It was not therefore until the danger of savage encroachments ceased, almost the close of the century, that settlements were made within the present limits of Armstrong county. Tlie land in the neighborhood of Kittanning remained in possession of the Armstrong family; and when the estal)lishment of the county was proposed. Dr. Armstrong, of Carlisle, a son of the General, made a donation of the site of the town to the county, on condition of receiving one-half of the proceeds of the sales of lots. Robert Brown and David Rej-nolds were among tlie first who erected dwellings at the old Indian town. The former went there in 1798, with several hunters. He first settled on the opposite bank of the river. At that time there were very few settlers in the region. Jeremiah Loughery, an old frontiersman, who had been in Armstrong's expedition, lingered around the place for many 3'ears. He had no family-, and wandered from house to house, sta3'ing all night with people, and repaying their hospitality with anecdotes of his adventures. The early settlers of that day found it necessary to be alwa3'S prepared for Indian warfare, and for hunting the beasts of the forest ; indeed, their character generally throughout the surrounding region was a mixture of the frontiersman, the hunter, and the agriculturist. All woi'e hunting shirts, antl went barefoot, or wore moccasins. The earl^- pioneers were from the eastern sections of the State, many of them Germans who, through their thrift and frugality, soon transformed the wilderness into a garden of beauty. Upon the treaty- of Fort Mcintosh, peace spread her benign influence over the forests and fields of Armstrong, and the peaceable pursuits of the agriculturist gave confidence to emigration, and gradually, without any of those incidents that comprise an eventful history of a locality, Armstrong count}' has progressed in all the essentials which go to make up an influential community — population, enterprise, industry, and wealth. Until after the lapse of almost three-quarters of a centurj^, little of moment transpired within the limits of the count}' to be placed on record. Then the great civil conflict created such a powerful revulsion in popular feeling that Arm- strong county presents its history in the great Rebellion. During that struggle she performed her dut}' nobl}-. Captain William Sirwell organized a company of three months' men, and was mustered in as Comi)any B, 9th Regiment Penn- sylvania volunteers, at Ilari'isburg, April 22, 1861. In the same j'ear a camp was formed on the old fair-ground on the banks of the Allegheny river immedi- ately above Kittanning. It was named Camp Orr, after General Robert Orr, an old and prominent citizen of the count}'. There were two regiments (three-years' men) and a company' of cavalry recruited at this camp. The first regiment, 78th Pennsj'lvania volunteer infantry, under the command of Colonel Sirwell, left Kittanning on the 14th of October, 18G1, arriving in Pittsburgh that afternoon. On the 18th of October, accompanied by the TTth and 79th regiments, Pennsyl- vania volunteers, and Muehler's battery of artiller}', under command of General James S. Negley, the}' moved to Louisville, Kentucky, via the Ohio river. From Louisville they moved south along the Louisville and Nashville railroad, first camping near Xolin creek. The 78th was attached to the army of the Cumbrr- 336 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. land, and so remained till the close of its term of service, when it returned to Kittanning to be mustered out. This regiment participated in many engage- ments, and made for itself a highly honorable record. Of this regiment Companies B, F, G, I, and K, were from Armstrong county. The second regiment, 103d Pennsylvania volunteers, left Camp Orr for Harrisburg, on the 24th of February, 1862. This regiment, under command of Colonel Theodore F. Lehman, joined the army of the Potomac, but was subse- quently sent further south, suffered severely through sickness in camp, death in battle, and starvation in Southern prisons. But a small percentage of the regiment ever returned. Only one entire company (Captain Hamilton's) belong- ing to this regiment was recruited in Armstrong county, though a large number of the men in several of the other companies were citizens of Armstrong. The following fully organized companies served in different regiments : Company M, 2nd Pennsylvania cavalry; Companj'^ D, 62nd Pennsylvania infantry; Companies B and C, and part of E and F, 139th infantry; Company K, 14th cavalry; Battery No. 204 (5th heavy artillery); and Company H of the 10th, and Companies A and G, 22nd militia (1862). Besides these there were a great many of the citizens of the county scattered in different regiments of this and other States. Since that period little of moment has transpired, save the excitement and incidents due to the discovery and development of oil. Kittanning, the county seat, is situated on the left bank of the Allegheny river, forty-five miles north-east of Pittsburgh. It is pleasantly located on the bottom land adjoining the river. Kittanning was laid out in 1804, and incorpora- ted as a borough in 1821. It contains the usual county buildings, one of which — the jail — deserves special mention. The jail and sheriff's house are built together, the entire length being 114 feet by 50 feet in width. The jail is two stories in height, contains twenty-four cells, each 8x14, 13 feet in height, hall 18x68. A cast-iron balustrade three feet in width projects from the second tier of cells and extends entirely around the hall. The sheriff's house contains nine rooms, including dining-room and kitchen; flooring of 3'ellow-pine, doors four inches thick, made of oak with boiler-iron between firmly bolted together ; the windows are protected by H inches round iron. The foundations — seven feet in width — are sunk to the solid rock twenty-four feet below the surface. The entire structure, including cornice, window caps, and tower, are of fine-cut stone from the Catfish quarry in Clarion county. The sheriff's house is furnished with all the modern improvements — bath-rooms on both floors, gas, and hot and cold water throughout the building. The cupola rises 108 feet from the ground. James McCullough, Jr., of Kittanning, was the architect, and superintended the erection of the building. It was erected in 18t0-73 at a cost of $268,000. From its cost and color it has been euphoniously dubbed the " White Elephant." The court house is a plain, substantial structure. The Brady's Bend (or Great "Western, as it was formally called) iron works are situated on the right bank of the Allegheny, twenty-five miles above Kittan- ning. The rolling-mill is on the river at the mouth of the creel.\ the furnaces about a mile up the stream. Their lands and the village built thereon stretches out three or four miles up the valley of the Sugar creek and its branches. A rail- ARMSTBONG COUNTY. 337 road extends from the depot of the Allegheny Valley railroad in East Brady, on the opposite side of the river, three miles up the Sugar creek ; another runs from the furnaces to the coke yard on the summit. On the former, locomotives draw the cars ; on the latter, the empty cars are drawn to the top by horse-power, which return loaded by the force of gravitation. There was a population of about 3,000 here at one time, and about $400,000 paid out annually to employees, but for some cause — probably the reduction in price of railroad iron — -the company failed, and the works at present stand idle. The place affords, when the works are in operation, an excellent home-market for produce. The place derives its name from a large bend in the river named after Captain Samuel Brady, who had an encounter with Indians near the present site of the rolling-mill. This seems to be the southern limit of the lower oil fields, as oil has never been found south of thi!> point in the county. About a mile north of the furnaces, up a deep ravine, is the borough uf Queenstown, a smart village which has received quite an impetus from the discovery of oil within and adjoining the borough limits. Manorville, about one mile below Kittanning on the Allegheny river, with a population of 330, has an oil refinery, tannery, brick works, and an extensive lime-stone quarry Worthington is situated six miles west of Kittanning, on the Butler turnpike. Near it are the Buffalo woolen-mills, a tannery, and some minor enterprises. Parker City is situated on the Allegheny river, eighty -two miles north of Pittsburgh, and is the centre of the Armstrong, Butler, and Clarion county oil regions. During the years 1818 to 1822, when the Bear creek furnace was built, quite a flourishing town grew up in the part now known as the Second ward ; it was then, and until the incorporation of Parker City, known as Lawrenceburg. When this furnace blew out about 1840, the town rapidly disappeared until only two or three houses remained. About the year 18G9 the part known as the First ward had but two or three dwellings. In this year the oil excitement began, and a town sprung up as if by magic. These developments spread rapidly and people flocked to the place, and in 1873 the town of Parker's Landing and borough of Lawrenceburg were incorporated under the name of the City of Parker. The Parkers were the original inhabitants, and owned the greater part of the land on which the city now stands. This family gave the city its name. It contains five churches. Population about 3,500. The principal business is that of pro- ducing oil ; the traffic in petroleum is carried on at this place very largely ; the bulk of the vast product of the region is handled at this place. The first well was put down in 1865 by W. D. Robinson for the Clarion oil company, but not much was done until 1869. Parker is on the line of the Allegheny Valley railroad, and is the eastern terminus of the Parker and Karns City rail- road, a narrow gauge road running into the Butler county oil regions. Freeport, situated on the west bank of the Allegheny river at the month oi Buffalo creek, was laid out by David Todd, about the year 1800. The Penn- sj'lvania canal crossed the Allegheny about a mile above Freeport, at the confluence of the Kiskiminetas river, and passed through this town. It added much to its prosperity, but the closing of the canal gave Freeport a check, from which it has scarcely recovered. The West Pennsylvania railroad, crossing the river at the junction of the Kiskiminetas and Allegheny rivers, passes through w 3a8 HI8T0R Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. Freeport ; also the Butler Branch railroad connects with the main line at this place. These improvements have aided somewhat in restoring its former vigor. Apollo is situated on the Kiskiminetas river, about ten miles from its confluence with the Allegheny. It was laid out in 1815, by William Johnston and J. R. Speer, and named Warren, after an old Indian chief of that name — the site of the village being called Warren's Sleeping Ground. The first settlers were Isaac McLaughlin, Robert Stewart, Abraham Ludwick, and Catharine Cochran, mother of ex-Judge Cochran. In 1848 it was incorporated as a borough, and its name changed to Apollo. Until 1827 the citizens of Apollo (or, as then called, Wari'en) had to go to Greensburg, Westmoreland county, or to Kittanning, Armstrong county, for their mail matter. In that year a post office was established. Milton Dally was the first postmaster. The first store was kept by John Mcllvaine, the first hotel by Peter Risher. The cemetery is supposed to be located on an old Indian burying ground. Of the Indian chiefs who made this their stopping place the name of but one — Raughnewag — is remembered. The Pennsylvania canal passed through this town and aided much in building it up. The canal was permanently closed in 1864. The town now possesses the facilities offered for transportation by the Western Pennsylvania railroad, which passes on the opposite side of the river. The present population is about 1,600. Leechburgh is situated on the Kiskiminetas river, seven miles from its mouth. It was settled about the opening of the Pennsylvania canal. After the canal was closed it seemed at a stand-still for several years, until Rogers & Burchfield, proprietors of the iron works in Apollo, started a works in this place. This gave the town new life, and it became quite a thrifty, enterprising village. A few years since, some parties desiring to test the territory for oil, drilled a well several rods from the Westmoreland end of the bridge. No oil was found, but a heavy flow of gas. This gas ran to waste for some time, but at length Messrs. Rogers & Burchfield, conceiving it might be utilized, conveyed it by means of iron pipes from the well across the bridge to their rolling-mill, and introduced under their furnaces. It was found to work admirably, and resulted in a large saving in fuel, not only furnishing heat and light for the works, but a pipe projecting far above the roof of the establis'unent sends forth with great force a constant stream of gas, which burns night and day, illuminating the whole town. Dayton, a thriving village in Wayne township, is situated in the midst of a fine farming countr3^ The first settlers were Peter Kammerdinner, Jesse Cable, James M'Quown, Guyer & Laughlin, Dr. Goodheart, James Coleman, and Thomas H. Marshall. The town was never regularly laid out, but lots sold to suit purchasers. It was named about 1853 ; incorporated as a borough in 1873 ; present popiilation, 575. Near to the limits of the borough is the Glade Run (Presbyterian) Church, and Glade Run Academ . Glade Run and Dayton Academies were opened about twenty-five years ago. The Soldiers' Orphan school, established in 1866, is beautifully situated on a small eminence over- looking the town and surrounding country, and near to a fine grove — belonging to the school lot — of natural forest trees. Elderton borough (formerly called Middletown) is situated on a high hill ARMSTEONO COUNTY. 339 just midway on the pike between Kittanning and Indiana, containing three churches, an academj^, school liouse, bank, several stores, two hotels, foundry, etc. It has an elevated and healthy location, and contains some fine private residences Wiiitesburgii post village, a small collection of houses, is on the pike five miles west of Elderton. Blanket Hill post office is about midway between Whitesburgh and Kittanning. Rural Villacje is situated on the Kittanning and Clearfield turnpike, twelve miles east of Kittanning, in one of the healthiest and best grain-growing sections of the western part of the State. It was settled in 1835 by John Patterson, Alexander Foster, Sr., Hamlet Totten, and others, and contains a |)()imlalion of 200. ^liUDLESEX (Cowansville post oftice), is situated eight miles from Kittanning, on the Brady's Bend road, and contains twenty or twenty-five dwellings. Its first residents were William McClatch}', Solomon Bruner, and R. G. Porterfield. The post oflfice was established in 1848, through the influence of John Cowan, hence the name. The town was laid out by William McClatch^^ about 1850. Oakland (formerly called Texas) is nine miles from the mouth of Mahoning, on the Brookville road. It was settled obout 1843 by Joseph Baughman, Samuel Copenhaver, Isaac Snnderson, and AMlliam E. Sanderson, by whom it was laid out. PUTNEYVILLE was settlc suit 346 HISTOTt Y OF PENNS YL VA NIA. at law to dispossess them, and was sued for $70,000 damages, because in tlip deed of mortgage it was stipulated that one per cent, should annually be paid, OA'er six per cent., to coA'er State or municipal taxes i;pon money at interest. The census of 1860 finds the population to be 29,140. The panic of 1857 had a ver}'- bad influence upon business in the count}^, as had also the two first years 'of our late war. The great majority of the people sustained the Government in the war with great zeal and spirit, promptly furnishing volunteers and recruits for the arm}^ as required of them, and as promptly paid all taxes and income. Each borough and township was made a military district, and furnished its quota of men as they were called, and paid their recruits in cash at the time, the bounty agreed upon to each, the countj^ incurring no debt or obligation for this purpose. And owing to this fact the county has for a number of 3'ears past been free from debt. There is probably no county in the State which in proportion to popula- tion put more soldiers in the ami}' than did Beaver. An etfort was made during two sessions of Congress, in the years 1861-2 and 1862-3, to induce the government to purchase the Brighton estate, with its great water powers, for the erection of a National armor}' for making large and small guns, and for which a committee of National engineers, appointed b}' the government in 1825, had recommended it after careful examination of many sites in the West — but which, owing mainly to the opposition of the Pittsburgh " Board of Trade," which pressed for its location in Pittsburgh — was unsuccessful. Failing to induce manufacturers or capitalists from abroad to bu}- and improve the property for their own and the general benefit, the Harmony Society of Economy undertook the task to induce private manufacturers to buy lots, water powers, etc., and in that way do in a retail wa}' what Mr. Patterson had failed to do by wholesale. The Societ\", accordingly, in the year 1866, had made a new survey' of the town— Brighton — very much enlarging its boundaries, and appointed H. F. & J. Beeves, real estate agents, to oftcr for sale building lots, water lots, houses and lots, etc., etc., at low prices to improvers. The lots sold quickly under this management, and the towm grew in population and business very rapidly', and the people asked to be incorporated into a borough, and were so in the year 1870. It is now believed to be the largest manufac- turing town in this count}^, and one of the largest in Western Pennsylvania, outside of Pittsburgh. The population as per the census of 1870 was 3,112. The taxables assessed in December, 1875, were 1,104 (eleven hundred and four) ; number of children enrolled Januar}^ 1, 1876, was 782 (seven hundred and eighty-two). Tlie whole population wuU not therefore be less than 4,500. The census of 1870 makes the wdiole population of Beaver 87,612, and it is, at this time [1876] over 45,000. The population increase per cent, from 1850 to 1860 was nine (9) per cent. ; from 1860 to 1870 it was twenty-five (25) per cent. The old Pennsylvania Beaver division of the canal owned hj the Erie canal company, which for many years had been doing no good to the company O" the people, was sold, and the Harmony Societ}' finally became the owner of the title, then sold off" the dams, canal-bed, and tow-path, from the lower end of New Brighton up the river to the mouth of the Conequenessing creek — which makes the water power available for manufacturing purposes much greater at Beaver BEAVER COUNTY. 347 Falls than ever before. The P]rie canal used for passing boats very much of the water, and wasted much more needlessly, and doing little good most of the time. Much is said and often repeated of the hardships and sufferings endured by "the earl}^ pioneers" who first settled upon our frontiers to clear up the land ; and make themselves a home and a farm ; but their lives and fortunes are most happy and successful when compared with tiie lives and fortunes of those who first undertook the task of improving the natural advantages and to build up a business for their own and tlie country's best welfare in this county. The whole history and experience of those who first began the improvements on the Beaver at Brighton, from Hoopes, Townsend & Co., until Oliver Ormsby became the owner, showed nothing but a continual contest with adverse circumstances and obstructions of all sorts, and of troubles, and discords, and ojjposition from their neighbors, and while being friends were themselves very imfriendly one wdth another ; and which continued as long as most of the parties lived, and exists with some to this day. A gentleman who was one of the Ji/-ms owning and operating the works, and the best business man of them all, left Beaver count}'- with so strong a hatred and antipathy to those people and the place, that he would not put his foot ashore in Beaver county, when he came up to receive a certain sum of money from Mr. Patterson, and to deliver an important title paper which he had held. The future prospects for the county are most promising. A railroad, the Pittsburgh and Erie, has been recently located, from Pittsburgh coming down tlie Ohio through this county on the south side, crossing the Ohio at Beaver, and running up the Beaver from there through Fallston, Beaver P^alls, etc., up to the junction of the Mahoning river, be3^ond, westward and northward. In the not far distant future, the valleys on the sides of our rivers presenting the routes of iron railways built at low grades, and being made at a cheaper cost than the}' have been hitherto, will carrj' freights at all seasons, at a rate and under circumstances which shippers will prefer to any thing which could be offered even upon an improved navigation of the Ohio river. Tliis, too, would work greatly to the benefit of Beaver county, where exist so many of tlie elements required for economical manufacturing. In a short time, too, the coal now sent down southward b}^ the Ohio from Pittsburgh will not be required there, which will work much in favor of manufacturers in Pittsburgh and vicJiity. Beaver borough w\as laid out by the State surveyor and approved and con- firmed by the Assembly, March 6, 1793. The site is that upon which General Mcintosh built the fort named after him in 1118. The town was first named Mcintosh, but subsequently called after the name of the stream. General Washington, on an exploring expedition down the Ohio, A.D. 1*110, stopped at the mouth of Beaver, and speaks of the site in his diary as a fine body of land. It was also the site of a so-called French built town as early as 1154. The lots of ground as laid out were sold on the 12th da}^ of . July, by commis- sioners appointed for the purpose, viz., David Bradford, James Marshall, and Andrew Swearingen. The sale began in Washington, Pa., and continued from day to day, and finished August 12, 1193, nearly all of the lots being sold. Among the first purchasers, and who afterwards moved to the town, were James Allison, Robert '-jim^ and Char]'^« Davidson, Guion Greer, Thomas 348 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Henry, David Johnston, Samuel Johnston, Joseph Lawrence, and James Lyon. The town was formed into a borough, March 29, 1802, and originally extended east of the Beaver, including mucli of what is now Rochester and all Bridgewater. Beaver is beautifully situated on a high plateau of land, giving a arge view of the Ohio on both sides above and below the town, whicli is rarely equalled. It is favored with very good and never-failing springs of water, conveyed in pipes generally through the streets; the at-Jiosphere is pui'e and heilthy, as the county generally is proved to be ; and th3 population by the censui; of 1870 was 1,120. It has recently made rapid increase in numbers and in value of general improvements. There is no place on the river better suited as a place for a home, churches, and schools, with quiet and good order prevailing. Prior to 1829, the Presbyterian brick church, now standing;, was the only one south of Darlington and for many miles up or down the river. In this church the Rev. A. B. Quay was pastor, and alternated his labors between it and the service ol the Coloniza- tion Societ}^ as their agent, according as his health permitted. He was a scholar and Christian minister of zenl and great service to bis church and society. He died here worn out in the service, much respected and regretted. Tiie first Methodist church was erected about 1830. The present building is of recent construction. There are also United Presbyterian and Roman Catholic churches. The " Beaver ^ ^ College sid Musical In- stitute," well-known and very higjily appreciated, is located here, of which the Hon. Daniel Agnew is president and Rev. R, T. Taylor principal. At the upper end of the town is the '' Beaver Female Seminal}'," under the charge of the Rev. Tho- mas Kennedy, and is in a prosperous and promi- sing condition. Bridgewater borough was foraied from a portion of Beaver, a part of Sharon, and another small part o? Fallston, and lies along the Beaver from Fallston line down to the Ohio riv3r. The population by the census of IStO was 1,119, and it is estimated by resident citizens to have nuch increased in numbers since that time. There are three iron foundries, two saw, and one grist mill ; two wagon factories, three tanneries, and many minor industries. The first bridge across the Beavor river is at this place, and is a good, solid Pennsylvania bridge. Robert D^rragh, a very early pioneer in Beaver county, opened a store at this localit}^ He served one term as State Senator from Beaver and Washington. He d.ed a,t the advanced age ^f ninety-five. The Hon. John Dicke}^ lived in the bounds of this borough many years, and died in it. Wm. Davidson, George Hinds, and John Boles, settl< d here at an early date. BEAVER COLT,EGE AT BEAVSJR. BEAVER COUNTY. 349 The "Beaver Point," on the Ohio end of the borough, is a beautiful location at the junction of the Ohio and Beaver rivers. It was for many 3'ears a great foi- warding place for agricultural products down the river Ohio, and the landing and storing of goods from New Orleans, upwards, and from Pittsburgh, further east. The land at this point was bought earl}^ after 1803 by the Harmony Society, upon which they built a warehouse for storing goods received and shipped by the river, and which the}' sold before their removal from Butler county, \S est It was used for the same purpose as late, at least, as 1850. Upon the locks of the canal entering the Ohio, was erected the first steamboat built for carryino passengers to and from Beaver to Pittsburgh, by John Dickey and others, of a size as they calculated would pass through those locks. It did pass through once, and was found to be too tight a fit, consuming too much time in the transit. She ran for a time from below the locks, and it being found that she was too small for that trade, was sold to go down the river, and the steamboats Beaver, Falls- ton, and New Castle were subsequently^ built and put in successful operation, landing for a time at this place, and also at Rochester, where large warehouses were erected to accommodate the trade. Fallston is built on the west bank of the Beaver on a narrow bottom, at the foot of a high bluff or hill, and was as early as 1830 famous for the variety of its manufactures. It was at that time the chief and almost only point of mechanical and manufacturing industry in the county, excepting at Economy. Wool, paper, linseed oil, scythes, baskets, carpets, lasts, etc., were among the manufactures of the town in that day, but do not now exist there, and are superseded b}- larger and more important works. A road under the hills, called the " narrows," about a mile long, lies between this place and Beaver Falls. A good substantial covered bridge divides it from New Brighton, which last named place owes much of its population and wealth to the people and industries of this always busy and industrious town. About one-third of the distance between Beaver Falls and I'allston there is a dam Duilt across the Beaver for the common use of New Brighton and Fallston. The water power which this dam and the race-way affords is immense, each side being entitled to one-half thereof. A race-way is conducted down the narrows throuo-h the town to the works where it gives some seventeen or eighteen feet fall for use. It was among the first to improve the power of these water-falls for manufactur- ing purposes. John Pugh and Evan Pugh, David Townsend, Benjamin Town- send, Abel Townsend, and Thomas Thorniley, were among the early settlers. Miner, Champlin & Co., in 1828, established a factor}^ for making backets, tubs, etc., which became in time a great business, and at a later da_y under the firm of Miner & Merrick, was one of the very best managed and most successful works of the kind in this country. Owing to the nature of the enterprise and the development of the West the enterprise could no longer be made to pay, and it is dead. In 1826 a wire-works was erected and started b}^ Reese, Townsend & Co William P. Townsend & Co., the present proprietors, have in recent years built a solid and perfect stone building of large capacity for the business. A large business has been successfully carried on for some years past in making superior white lead kegs. Besides these establishments, there are the extensive saw-mills of Miner & Co. ; M. & S. H. Darragh's machine and engine works 350 HISrOBY OF PENJ^SYLVANIA. Herron & Kennedy's flour and grist-mill ; and John Tliorniley's stove foundry. Tlie town has grown and extended over the second bench or plateau, south of the water-power works. In 1831 an academy was built which was used foi educational and religions pur|)oses. The Presbyterians of the Falls of Beaver generally were organized into a cliureh body, and had children baptized in it shortly aftei- its erection by the Rev. Mr. Hughs, of Darlington, before the church building was erected in New Brighton. i'he history of manufactures in tiiis place is very suggestive, particularly in an economical view. In 1830, and for a short time before and after that period wool carding for the far- mers was a large business of the place. The far- mers would bring their wool here to be carded, and when done would take it home and spin it into yarn, and either weave it at home or bring it, which was most com- monly the case, to the woolen-mills to be made into goods for male and female wear. In a short time, howevei-, they came to believe it best to sell their wool for cash, and trade in the stores for goods for wearing apparel. This ruined the business of wool carding, and in a great degree the business of the woolen factories. New Brighton is situated on the eastern side of the Beaver, and is con- nected with Beaver Falls by a covered toll bridge built and finished by Le Barron in 1833-4, and is a solid structure. A short distance above this the iron bridge of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne, and Chicago railroad company crosses it also. In 1829 David Townsend purchased from Thomas Bradford, of lMiiladel[)hia, the tract of land, No. 93, upon which the best part of the town has been since built. Mr. Townsend had purchased this tract by articles of agreement from the latter, some considerable time previous, but paid no money on it, but was to pay 2,000 dollars on a fixed day in the summer or early autumn of 1829. As early as 1801, David and Benjamin Townsend bought tract Xo. 94. Tract No. 95 was bought by James Patterson in July, 1829, from Oliver Ornisb}', the title to the tract being then in the name of David Shields, of Allegheny county, as it had been from an early day. In 1829 the only improvement upon No. 94 was the house of W. Webster and that of the large stone flour mill, unfinished, and perhaps a small one story house near where the VIEW OF NEW BRIGHTON. [From a Photograph by H. Nosr, New Brighton.] BEAVER COUNTY. 351 Novelty Works now are, and back east of the rising ground. Benjamin Town- send had then built the house where E. P. Townsend now lives. Tiie town, as it now stands, covers the western end, or part of the two " benches," of them, Nos. 95, 94, 93, 92, and 91. The manufacturing business of the counties was then mainly done in Fallston, and the owners of the works lived there. After the purchase of No. 93, David Townsend laid it out as the streets, etc., are now ; the No. 94 was previously laid out as it is now. The first improvements, except the stone mill, were begun on No. 92. This town has its water powers under the control of a water company, as has the Fallston owners their water powers ; and they both joined a short time ago in building a strong and safe new dam, and made also improvements in their race-way and head-gates. They have now under good and safe command a very large water power of about eighteen feet fall. There were built and started many works upon this race-way for various kinds of manufacture. Circumstances have changed the character of many of them ; fire destroyed some, and for A^arious reasons the business in others has been altered. When David Townsend died, his executors sold the lots at public sale, and many of them were purchased by business men in Fallston, who built and improved upon them and themselves occupied them. By the progress of the canal to completion and when completed, through the town, a great impulse was given to its growth. The establishment of the U. S. Branch Bank here also helped it greatly, but the finishing of the Ohio and Pennsylvania railroad to the town, with the great partiality of the engineers and officers shown to it, made a wonderful addition to its business and advancement. To all these good influences may be added the fact, that large tracts of land, north-west of New Brighton, owned by the heirs of Benjamin Chew, Senr., were put into market and sold rapidly to good, industrious settlers, who cleared the lands and improved the markets and business of the town ; to this also was added the same effects caused by the sales of large tracts of land owned by Thomas Bradford, by his grandson, B. R. Bradford, as agent resident in Beaver count}'. New Brighton suffered severely, as did the whole of the count}', by the fail- ure of the United States Bank. Adversities from various causes were visited, and fell upon some individuals and business firms ; but the general course of the town has been very successful, much more so than usual with young towns in a new country. There lived, and yet are living, in this town numbers of persons who deserve to be mentioned and gratefully remembered for their influence upon tlie indus- tries and growth of this town, Fallston, and the county generally, prominent among whom was John Pugh. He was a professional miller, and did much, in his purchase of wheat for his mills in Fallston, to promote the agricultural inte- rests of the county ; and as a president of the Branch Bank, in co-operation with the cashier. Dr. W. H. Denny, did much to promote business at the Falls and in the county generally. Kobert Townsend was a model business man, and a friend to the Falls. David Townsend, William Townsend, Benjamin Wilde, John Miner, Silas Meriick, W. T. Kennedy, and others, both living and dead, were most influential. 352 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. The town is now lighted by gas, and is steadily improving, and is altogether a delightful place of residence, and destined to a much larger growth. The industries of New Brighton are deserving of special notice in a descrip- tion of the town, but our limited si)ace forbids. In 1842, the Keystone woolen mills was established for the manufacture of cloths and cassimei'es, by William Wilde, who for a pei'iod of over thirty years successfully managed the enterprise. It is now owned by Mr. Bancroft, of New York, who proposes to devote the manufacture chiefly to flannels and water-proof. In addition to these works, there are the Novelty Works, employed in the manufacture of knitting machines, three large flouring mills, the Pennsylvania bridge and machinery works of White & Sons, Merrick's grate and front works, and the Pioneer flax mills of Bently & Gerwig, all giving employment to a large number of persons, and by their success adding much to the prosperity of this enterprising borough. There are nine churches of as many denominations. The site upon which Brighton and Beaver Falls was in part first laid out had the first improvements made upon it in the summer of 1801 by David Hoopes & Co., who had made the purchase previously referred to, but were obliged to pur- chase again from the occupant fift^^ acres, and some time thereafter another fifty acres, on which the erection of a grist and saw mills, forge, charcoal furnace for pigs, hollow-ware, stoves, etc., was commenced and put into successful operation. In 1806, Isaac Wilson & Co., now the owners, had surveyed and laid out a plot of a town and sold lots to improvers, built dwelling-houses, etc., and a large business was done, to the great benefit of the county, by the four or five firms which succeeded each other as owners in quick succession. Tliey called the new town " Brighton." Oliver Ormsby kept the works in operation, under the super- intendence of James Glen and John Dickey, until about 1818, when, owing to the general depression in business, caused by the peace of 1814 with England, which removed all let and hindrance to English and other foreign iron and other manu- factured goods flooding our country, to the ruin of home industry and all values, and to other causes, it suspeufled. Thus this place and its work, for so many years the chief and almost the only point of manufacturing industry in the county, remained dead in ruins, until the year 1829, when it was purchased b}- James Patterson, long a citizen of Philadelphia, from Mr. Ormsby, and under his labors and expenditures it again was rebuilt, and became a point from which considerable money was spread abroad through the county and country around in the' payment of labor, wheat, wool, etc., for twenty years and more. Mr. Patterson had great difficulty in consummating the purchase with Ormsby, in consequence of he and the other owners of Gen. Brodhead's title to the land, having brought in a bill of $10,000 damages against the General for money they had been obliged to pa}' to. those in possession for wool, ores, land, etc., which they held against the balance due the General for the original purchase from him — he not having given them possession, as he was bound to have done. The General's heirs would not make deed without the balance due being paid them. Mr. Pat- terson, to avoid law suits and trouble, agreed, finally, to pay the amount due the General's hpirs. Notwithstanding all this, he was destined to contend at law through man}- vexatious and costly damaging suits, to make good his titles and become free from liis opponents, who were many and influential. BEAVER COUNTY. ' 353 The suits growing out of the disputed parts of the two portions of land sold by General Brodhead to David Hoopes & Co., in 1801 — and which the former began in the United States Court in Pliiladelphia in 1812, and obtained a judg- ment in his favor and had the United States marshal dispossess the occupants — were, unfortunately, not terminated finally until about the year 1865 or '6, when the United States Supreme Court in banc decided the last of them in favor of James Patterson, which made General Brodhead's title good ; after there having been in his favor one verdict in Beaver County Court, affirmed in the State Supreme Court, and twice in the United States District Court of Pennsylvania. It was the same case in which, when one of the lawyers was pleading before Judge David Green, for a new trial, a verdict liaving been rendered for Mr. Patterson, the judge on the bench said to him, " that in all his experience, which whether as a surveyor, a lawyer, or a judge, in Pennsylvania State, county, and in the United States courts, he had never known a case of land ejectment come into court so weak in every respect as this one which he was attorne}^ for, nor one so strong and clear as that of the plaintiff, Mr. Patterson." These suits were costly and more vexatious and very injurious to the best interests of the country, and were prosecuted not by the original settlers, or claimants, but by neighboring proprietors, who,whileimproving their own properties, were tempted to disregard " party lines" in doing so, owing to the absence and neglect of the owner of the Brighton estate. In the year 1830 Brighton had no post olRce. In 1831 James Patterson was appointed postmaster, when by law it was entitled to a mail by horse twice a week. The postmaster carried it at his own expense daily for many years from Beaver town. There are now thirty-eight post offices in the count}^, and Beaver Falls receives two mails daily from the East b}'- rail and one from the West. Lease & Robertson, paper makers, made agreement with Mr. Patterson to build a paper mill in Brighton, in 1831, to be driven by steam power, for which, and heat- ing purposes, the latter agreed to supply the coal from his coal banks, delivered at tlie mill, for ten 3^ears time for four and a-half cents per bushel. Experience proved the fact to Mr. Robertson, after running his mill by steam power some years, that he could make paper much more economically by water power than b}' that of steam, even with coal costing under four and a-half cents per bushel, when he bought land and water-power at the head of the Falls, and built a paper mill, which he operated successfully many _years, allowing his steam mill to go to decay and ruin, after removing such paper machinerj' as he could use in his new mill. Mr. Robertson, in the manufacture of paper and wall paper, gave employment to many, thereby aiding in promoting the general interest. Having failed in his last efforts to make sale of the whole property to the United State government, for an armory and foundry for big cannon, Mr. Patterson surrendered the property to the Harmony Societ}', who undertook the task of inducing private parties to buj-- by retail lots for dwellings, water lots for mills, etc. They revised the plot of Brighton, very much enlarging it, extend- ing it along the Beaver nearly if not quite, three miles, over ground remarkably well suited by nature for a town or city, and changed its name from Brighton to that of Beaver Falls. One reason for this change was that the place had been known by the name of Beaver Falls in the county in its earliest days ; and 354 HISTOE Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. another reason, that New Brighton having, under the influences of the canal passing through it, and afterwards by the Ohio and Pittsburgh railroad stopping in it and passing through its streets and much favoring it, grown much larger than "Brighton'' — people were in the habit of dropping "New" and calling tlieir town Brighton, and calling Brighton proper " Old Brighton." This made confusion, and the people of Brighton were willing to adopt a name about which there could be no other " claimant " — at least in the county. r , {. ■* VIEW OP BEAVER FALLS. [From a Pencil Sketch, by Uobjohns.] Beaver Falls has now grown to be one of the most important and well-estab- lished manufacturing and successful business towns, not only in the county, but in Western Pennsylvania. In the census of 1870 the population was found to be 3,112, which at present exceeds 4,500. There has been built upon a triangular lot, surrounded by sixty-feet streets — the gift of the Society — a large, three- story school-house, at a cost of somewhere near $30,000, for the public schools. The town begins south of the toll bridge across the Beaver, connecting Beaver Falls with New Brighton, and just at the mouth, or northern end, of the road called the " narrows," on the banks of Beaver, between Fallston and Beaver Falls, the hills bearing to tiae north-west for some distance, and then turning to bear north-eastward, and the Beaver shore bearing from the bridge north-east- wardly for some distance, and then bending north-westward, makes the plot of the town and valley much in the shape of a pear — the narrows being the stem. In it is the toll bridge — the bridge of the Pittsburgh and Chicago railroad. The width of the Beaver where this railroad bridge crosses the river is five hundred BEAVER COUNTY. S55 feet. The first Jam above this bridge across the Beaver is seven liundred and forty feet long, giving a fall of water for mill purposes of about twenty feet, flowing the water back nearly two miles, near to another dam across that stream, affording a fall of about the same value, and flowing a pool of water back about seven miles to the mouth of the Conequenessing creek. The town extends north of this dam for a considerable distance. These two dams can and will at a very early day be made to give jointly not less than forty feet of fall, with a much greater suppl}^ of water than was ever at command for mill and manufac- turing purposes. In the hills lying west of the town are veins of very good bituminous coal. Those mostly now worked are a little over three feet thick. The hills also on the east bank of the river have the same veins with a greater thickness. The Pittsburgh and Chicago railroad runs at the foot of the hills on the west side of the town. There is a gas company, which supplies the borough with gas for the town lamps, etc., etc. There is also a water company, which may be said at present to consist of the Harmony Society, which has put up water works, pumping the water for general use from a very large supply under the rocks underlying the town, by improved machinery and great power. Pipes are laid through most of the streets, and many houses supplied thereby. The industries of Beaver Falls are on such a large scale and of such vast importance that although it would be desirable to describe them fully, we can merely allude to them, to show how extensive are the manufacturing facilities of the town, a very Pittsburgh in miniature, and rapidly growing in wealth and consequence. Steel works of Abel Pedder & Co., started in 1875 ; Beaver Falls cutler}^, one of the first enterprises built in the town, giving employment to over three hundred persons, including one hundred Chinese brought from the Pacific in 1873; the Pittsburgh hinge compan3' and Western file company have large and extensive works ; the axe and hoe works of Joseph Graff" & Com- pany ; Beaver Falls company's operative foundry ; saw works of Emerson, Ford & Co.; Economy stove and hollow ware works; shovelworks, H. M. Meyers & Co.; and the Beaver Falls flour mills. In addition to the foregoing extensive manufiicturing establishments, there are quite a number which, although of minor importance, in the aggregate employ many hands, such as planing mills, casket works, machine shops, foun dries, paper mill, carriage and glass works; and beside all these industries, there are several coal mines — the whole going to make up such varied manu- facturing enterprises, that show the active means of the prosperity of Beaver Falls. Economy. — The site of this town of economy and industr}^ was purchased by Rev. George Rapp for the Harmony Society, then living in New Harmony, Indiana, and to which the Society removed in the year 1825, having lived ten years, increasing in numbers and wealth during their residence there, although previously, as a Society, living in Harmon}-, Butler county. Pa., ten years prior to their moving to Indiana. This site, upon which they built their new town of Economy, is one of the most beautiful anywhere upon the banks of the Ohio or elsewhere. It is on elevated ground, sloping gently back 356 lUiiTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. from the river. Their number then above seven hundred souls ; und at once began the erection of dwellings, mills, and factories, such as are usually necessar}' for so large a population in a busy manufacturing town. Rev. George Rapp, as spiritual head, '' Father," and Frederick Rapp, as temporal business manager, were still with them as in Butler county and in Indiana State. Their thus coming again into Pennsylvania had very great influence upon the general interests and prosperity of this count}', which continued to increase by their enterprise and their power for good to all. They built an extensive --f* ^■^-.jllljlJi'll If I ili^. ASSEMBLY HALL AT ECONOMY. woolen factor}', where a very large quantity of wool was manufactured into blankets, sattinets, etc., for which they purchased large quantities of the wool raised in the count}' ; they erected a cotton factory, spinning coarse cottons for sale, and weaving much of it into sheetings, shirtings, and many other branches of manufactures ; and cleared and cultivated many acres of good lands. Everything went on prosperously until the appearance in the society of a man calling himself Count Leon — an enthusiast and impostor, as he finally proved himself to have been — when, under his influence and that of the women and others brought with him, discord and ill-feelings arose, which ended in a division of the society, about one-third of their number leaving the Society with Count Leon, under the wise counsels of Father Rapp, by a compromise, paying them in cash one hundred and five thousand dollars ($105,000) to leave the place altogether, which they did. They purchased and formed a new society, under Leon, at what is njow known as Phillipsburg, on the Ohio, opposite Beaver. The Society, after the departure from among them of the discontented, lived prosperously and happy under the lead of" Father Rapp " until his death, which occurred on the 7th of August, 1847. He was a most remarkable man in BEAVER COUNTY. 35t many respects. " He made and left his impress on the Society, which still exists as he left it, only with diminution in numbers." And it may be further said, that this impression was even more remarkable upon those of the Society who left it with Leon, after having been long years under his training and spiritual influences— that while going out with Leon and into the world to do for them- selves, as many did from the time of first leaving, and all of them afterwards, each and all of them continued witliout exception to conduct themselves as good citizens, moral and upright, and many of them to-day are among the best people of the county. The influence of the Society was all good and influential in all the country around them, in econom}'-, gardening, farming generally, sheep raising, etc. Upon the death of George Rapp, R. L. Baker and Jacob Henrici were formally elected trustees of the society, and took charge of all temporal interests. Under their administration, as the numbers of the society decreased naturally, and their factories ceased to be operated at home, they extended their attention, under the special care particularly of Mr. Jacob Henrici, to outside enterprises, as had not been done during the lifetime of Father Rapp, and with great and marked benefit to the interests of the Society and to the objects and neighborhoods where this attention and influence were directed. During the lifetime of Mr. Baker, the reputation and respect for these trustees as good business men, of large and liberal views, were generally very much increased. The influence of the Society, under their trusteeship, extended far and wide. They showed them- selves ready and willing to aid every good work which promised to promote the public welfare. Though conscientiously non-combatants, they were most zealous and hearty supporters of the government during the war, and not only contri- buted money for the relief of the soldiers, but paid large bounties for sub- stitutes for any who were drafted for the arm}', or called for from their military division of the country. Under their direction the Darlington cannel coal field was developed, and a very superior railroad made, some six or seven miles long, from tlie mines extending to New Galilee, connecting with the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne, and Chicago railway. Their means and enter- prise were mainly instrumental in making the Little Saw-Mill railroad, which brought and brings yet out such lai'ge quantities of good coal of so much benefit to the many rolling mills and other interests in that neighborhood and for export. But in the midst of this beneficial labor, R. L. Baker, that faithful trustee and good Christian man, died, much beloved and regretted in and out of the Society. He lived devoted to what he believed to be religious dutj', self- denying, and faithful to all duties. After the death of their beloved " Baker," the Harmonists elected Jonathan Lenz as a trustee with Jacob Henrici — the latter as senior and spiritual leader. Mr. Lenz had been one of the first in the Society, and was greatly respected. Beaver Falls had made much progress in the development of its natural advan- tages, under the care and nursing of Baker and Henrici, in which Mr. Baker had taken great interest, and to whom it owes its name of Beaver Falls ; and this efficient care and interest have been since extended, to the immense benefit of the town and its various interests, and to the whole count}', and with a good and •-•ertain prospect of valuable pecuniary benefits, in the near future, of the Society. 358 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. And it is firmly believed tliiit " Beaver Falls " will prove to be in all time, as it is now, the most material monument in the memor}^ of the ''Harmony Society " and its trustees, of any other which they may or can leave of the good they have or may do on earth. The members of the Society are now all old or elderly men and women, with quite a number of persons, mainly young, who live with them. They are the same economical, industrious, frugal people they ever were. Their church is a fine _ building, which has a — ^ '^^r-=~ large clock in the steeple, with bells ; and during the whole of the existence of this church and the societ}^ at Economy it would have been and would now be a good lesson of how Christian people should conduct themselves in entering the " House of God," while they re- main there, and for their departure. In this church, upon the bell ringing, the people en- ter, and in a very short time all are quietly seated, are grave and soberly attentive during the services, and after, depart orderly, none entering or departing during the time of worship. The trustees, Messrs. Henrici and Lenz, are fully and actively occupied in the discharge of all their various and special duties and cares. Their and the Society's whole lives have been examples worthy of study, and, in almost all things, of imitation. Rochester borough is situated on the east side of the Beaver river, at the junction of that stream with the Ohio, and contains about 2,500 inhabitants. It has an extensive front upon the Ohio river, with a very good landing for steamboats to load and unload freights and passengers. It is favorably situated for manufacturing, Avhich is now being carried on to a considerable extent. The Rochester Tumbler company's glass works is located here, and doing a large business ; also the Rochester casket manufactory ; the Rochester foundry ; Pen- dleton & Bros.' fire-brick works; Scott, Boyle & Williams' lumber yard and saw mill company ; L. H. Oatman's lumber yard, saw and planing mills ; Monroe Miller & Co.'s planing mills, sash and door factory ; William Miller's planing mill and sash and door factory ; Whitfield & Co.'s planing mill and sash and door factory ; which, together with other minor works, give emplo3nnent to a large number of employees. The advantages of shipping to all points of the country are unsurpassed. In addition to the Ohio river, there are the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago railroad, the Cleveland and Pittsburgh railroad, the CHURCH OF THE HARMONISTS, ECONOMY. BEAVEB COUNTY. 359 Erie and Pittsburgh railroad, the Mahoning Yalley railroad, the New Castle and Franklin railroad, all passing and stopping here each way. The attention of capitalists was lirst attracted to this point about 1835. Ovid Pinney came here about that time and purchased a large amount of land, and laid out a town, but owing to the crash of 1838 to 1840, a damper fell on the place, from which it did not recover till 1850, when the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago railroad and the Cleveland and Pittsburgh railroad were com- menced, and a new impetus given to the place. Tlie early pioneers here were the Rev. Francis Peno, and his sons Lewis and William, Atlas E. Lacoc-k, William Porter, George Hinds, Sylvester Dunham, Samuel and John Stiles, Wilson Frazer, John Boles, Charles and John M. Lukens, Hamilton Claik, Clark Parks & Co., James A. Sholes, Frederick C. H. Speyerer, George C. Speyerer The proprietors of the tumbler glass works deserve much credit, for in their enterprise and public spirit, have drilled wells for gas for manufacturing uses at their .works, which they have succeeded in obtaining. Philipsburg is situated on the south side of the Ohio river, opposite the mouth of tl)e Beaver river, and was occupied and improved as a boot yard for building steam boats, keel boats, etc., for quite a number of years before 1832, when they sold the lands and improvements, as stated, to Count Leon. Their purchase included some eight hundred acres of land, which were purchased for the scceders from the Economy Society and others. They changed their name to New Pliiladelphia Societ^^. and their town New Philadelphia. They erected a hotel, factories, etc., and pioposed to rival Economy in manufacturing. They organized a societ}', and Count Leon as president, and a board of twelve managers, which lasted some eigliteen montiis, and then dissolved and the property divided. Those that remained after the dissolution of the society formed a company, and carried on a woolen and grist mills for eight 3'ears, and tlien dissolved. Count Leon with his followers went southward. The large buildings were sold to Dr. Ackei', wlio opened a water cure, which was higiily successful for years. He sold to Dr. Baels, who also met with success. Here for ten years has been located one of the State's Soldiers' Orphan schools — Pennsylvania's great charity — under the superintendence of Rev. W. G. Ta3'lor, D. D. This school has been considered among the best and most suc- cessful of the schools in the State. The school building is 40x44 feet, three stories, with wings 30x36 feet. The dwelling is 110x44 feet, four stories. The arrangement and adaptation of these buildings are complete. There are two hundred and ten acres of ground connected with tlie school. The buildings and grounds were furnished at the private expense of Dr. Taylor. The present popu- lation of the village is about six hundred, of which two hundred are in the Orphans' Home. Philipsburg is a fine site for manufacturing, and will no doubt be so im.proved if the railroad from Pittsburgh comes down on the south side and crosses the Ohio from there to Beaver. Freedom borough is situated on tlie north-west bank of the Ohio river above Rochester and adjoining it. It was founded in 1832, by Stephen Philips and Jona- than Betz, who entered into partnership for steamboat building, for which the place was deemed well suited, and where a great many good and large and small boats have been built by this firm and that of Philips and Graham. By the 360 JIISTOIiY OF PENNSYLVANIA. census of 1870 the population was six hundred and thirty-four, and as the place is prosperous and growing, the present number raa^^ be estimated at eight hun. dred. The chief business of the place is steamboat building. The Excelsior Oil Company is located here and do a large business. There is a saw mill, lath, shingle, sash, and door factory, five brick works, and other minor industrial establishments. Darlington is a village nine miles north-west of Beaver, and was a thriving place in stage coach times and before railroads. Since then it has barely held its own. It was many years well and favorably known for its church and academ}^, where many received from the Rev. Mr. Hughs and other teachers a good education. It is situated on tlie Little Beaver, in the midst of a thriving country and mining district. There is on the Ohio river, above Freedom, the town of Baden, through which passes the railroad, and also Remington; and below Beaver, on the Ohio and the Cleveland and Pittsburgh railroad, the large and prosperous town of Industry, and another equally so. Smith's Ferry, at the mouth of Little Beaver, up which creek there are in operation one hundred and fifty producing oil wells, total production of oil being one hundred and ten ban-els per da}^ A pipe three and a half miles long with a branch brings the oil to Smith's Ferrj'. There are three refineries, tAvo at Smith's Ferry. A growing town. New Galilee, is on the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne, and Chicago i-ailwa}^, some seven miles north-west from Beaver Falls, and near to Darlington. Above Beaver Falls on the Beaver and the railroad to Erie and the West, there are Homewood, Clinton, etc. In fact it may be said that along the Ohio through the county and on the railroads, population and towns are almost, and ultimately Avill be, continuous ; and so in the county up and on the Beaver iIa'cf, from its mouth to the Lawrence line. A thriving town near the Washington county line should be mentioned. — Frankfort, near which is the Frankfort Springs, a favorite resort for health and recreation in the summer months. CENTENNIAL MEDAL — REVERSE. BEDFORD COUNTY. BY CHARLES N. HICKOK, BEDFORD. [In consenting to furnish a synopsis of tlie early history of Bedford county, the writer anticipated difficulties in producing a full and reliable paper, but until he had fairly commenced the work, he had not the most remote idea of tlie many obstacles there were in the way of a conscientious performance of this duty, and nothing but the fact that his word had been given to his friend, the general Editor of this work, prevented the relin- quishment, at an early day, of a task, to say the best of it, very discouraging. The data, rendered by the lapse of time obscure and meagre, could be found, even for this short sketch, only after much and laborious search. Circumstances, the occurrence of which were evident, required sometimes weeks of patient labor to establisli as facts by the records, and others were substantiated only by incidental and collateral proofs, almost as legendary as the occurrences themselves. While what has been here recorded as history is, we think, reliable, many things interesting, if only they could have been proven true, have been rejected, because the author was not sure upon which side of the doubtful line that divides romance from history they were located. In the labor incurred, the writer gratefully acknowledges the aid of the following named friends, without whose kind co-ope- ration he is conscious his efforts must have proved abortive, viz.: William P. Schell, John Cessna, Samuel L. Russell, John Mower, John P. Reed, Joseph W. Tate, and Samuel Ket- terman. Esquires, and others.] HE county of Bedford was created March 9, ITYl, by an act of the General Assembly of the Province of Pennsylvania, entitled "An act for erecting a part of tlie county of Cumberland into a separate county;" and the commissioners appointed to "run, mark out, and distinguish the boundary lines between the said counties of Cumberland and Bedford," were Robert McCrea, William Miller, and Robert Moore. The reason assigned for the erection of the new county was " the great hardships the inhabitants of the western parts of the county of Cumberland lie under, from being so remote from the present seat of judicature and the public offices." The boundary lines were defined as follows, "that is to say, beginning where the Province line crosses the Tuscarora mountain, and running along the summit of that mountain to the gap near the head of Path valley ; thence with a north line to the Juniata ; thence with the Juniata to the mouth of Shaver's creek ; thence north-east to the line of Berks county ; thence along the Berks county line north-westward to the western boundaries of the Province ; thence south- ward, according to the western boundary of the Province, to the south-west corner of the Province ; and from thence eastward with the southern line of the Province to the place of beginning," embracing, as the reader will perceive, the entire south-western portion of the State, from the West Branch of the Susque- hanna and the Cove, or Tuscarora mountain, westward to the Ohio and Virginia line. The lines thus set forth, by the act passed " in the eleventh year of the present reign " (George III.), not being considered sufficiently explicit, a subse- quent act was passed, March 21, 1712, in which the limits were more definitely explained, "to the end that the boundaries of the county of Bedford may be .3(il 362 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. certainly known," and George Woods, William Elliott, Robert Moore, and Robert McCrea were appointed to carry the order of the General Assembly into effect. The area of this county, once so immense, has been gradually restricted, by the erection of Northumberland county, in 1112, Westmoreland in 1113, Hun- tingdon in 1181, Somerset in 1195, Cambria in 1804, Blair in 1846, and Fulton in 1850 ; and tlie one jurisdiction has, in time, been divided and sub-divided, until some twenty counties, or portions of counties, now occupy the territory of the original county of Bedford. The name it bears was evidently given to it from the fact that the town of THE PROVINCIAIi COURT HOUSE AND JAIL AT BEDFORD. [From a Sketch by John Mower, Esq., taken from memory.] Bedford was selected as its county seat. The town was doubtless so called from the fort of that name there located. In fact, this name was assigned to the town by Governor John Penn, when, by his order, it was laid out in 1166, although it was commonly so designated as early as 1159 or 1160, and there is some reason for believing at a still earlier period. The reasons for thus naming the fort are, so far as we can learn, only traditionary. It is more than probable, however, that the tradition, in one instance, is correct, viz. : That the fort erected at Raystown, during the latter part of the reign of George II., received its name in honor of one of the dukes of the house of Bedford, in Enuland. Various other reasons are assigned, but they are, to say the least, questionable. The reasons the writer of this paper has for concluding that the defence known as Fort Bedford was erected toward the close of the reign of King BEDFOED COUNTY. 363 George II., viz., not earlier than 1T55 nor later than 1759, are as follows: There is circumstantial and incidental evidence almost as conclusive as positive proof, that protective and defensive works of some kind existed at Raystown (Bedford) for several years prior to General Braddock's expedition in Itof). The earliest traditions are very obscure as to the date of the first settlement of che locality. One Rea, whose previous or subsequent history is unknown, settled there in 1751, and the hamlet and the branch of the Juniata on whose banks it was built, doubtless derived their name from him, but there are intima- tions that there were settlements in the vicinity earlier still, and that fully a decade before Forbes' expedition in 1*1(58, it was a defended settlement, or there was there a defence of some kind to which the settlers, scattered within an area of thirty or fort}'^ miles, could fly for protection against the incursions of the savages. Always, prior to that year (1758), so far as we can discover, all letters and official papers were dated at " Rays- town," " Camp at Raj^s- town," or "Fort at Rays- town." General Forbes, while encamped there when on his expedition for the relief of the gai'- rison at Fort Duquesne, dates his letters from " Camp at Raystown." In 1759 and thereafter, these dates change. In August of that year. General Stanwix, on his way to the borders of the Province on Lake Erie, dates his official papers at " Bedford," and " Fort Bedford." This is the earliest mention we have discovered of " Fort Bed- ford." In July, 1755, immediately after Braddock's disaster. Colonel James Burd proposed cutting a road from Fort Cumberland to " Ra3^'s Town," and suggested erecting a fort at that place, " to shut up the other road and save the back inhabitants." While this proposition of Colonel Burd's might, as isolated evidence, be considered as indicating that no work of defence was in existence at Raystown at that time, there is ample collateral evidence that a fort of some kind was then standing, but from lack of size, or strength, or from decaj', it was insufficient for the exigencies of the time, and hence his proposal to build. A fort, such as he suggested, must have been erected prior to 1759. In fact, the " Old Fort House," a view of which we present to our readers, and which is still standing (1876) in good condition, and a large and commodious building for the period in which it was erected, is known to have been THE OLD FORT BEDFORD HOUSK. [From a Photograph by T. R. Gettys, Bedforcl.] 364 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. the officers' quarters in the fort before that time, and was designated as the " King's House." The act of 1171, providing for the erection of Bedford county, also contained the following clause, to wit : " That it shall and may be lawful to and for Arthur St. Clair, Bernard Dougherty, esquires ; Thomas Coulter, William Procter, and George Woods, gentlemen ; or any of them, to purchase and take assurance to them and their heirs of a piece of land situate in some convenient place in said town (Bedford), in trust and for the use of the inhabitants of the said county, and thereon to erect and build a court house and prison, sufficient to accommo- date the public service of said county, and for the use and conveniency of the inhabitants." In pursuance of the foregoing, a purchase was made and the deed recorded as the " Deed of James McQashlin to Arthur St. Clair, Bernard Dougherty, George Woods, and William Procter, esquires ; and Thomas Coulter, gentleman, trustees appointed by the General Assembly of the Province tp erect a jail and court house in the county of Bedford, for lot No. 6, bounded partly by the public square, dated November 10, ItTl, consideration one hundred pounds." The lot No. 6 referred to, is that now occupied by the residence of Mrs. Samuel H. Tate, on the north-east corner of the square. Why the public buildings were not placed there, as at first intended, and were built instead in the north-west quarter of the square, is not now and probably never will be known. There was, however, so I am informed by several old citizens, a log structure on the corner of this lot (No. 6) temporarily occupied as a court house, and probably built to be used for that purpose, while the more permanent one was in the slow process of erection, and between this building and the north line of the lot, and standing back from Juliann street, to the rear of where H. D. Tate's law office now is, was, in the recollection of many of the present citizens, a low, one-story log house that was built for and used as a jail for several years. A letter we have just been shown by Chief Burgess Sansom, written many years ago by his uncle. Rev. James Sansom, speaks of his father (Rev. James) having delivered the logs for the first court house. The permanent " court house and prison," built on the portion of the square in front of where the Lutheran church now stands, was an unusually extensive and substantial building for that day, being massively constructed of the blue limestone of the vicinity. It was demolished about the year 1838, by order of the court, it having been declared a nuisance, after a greater and much less excusable nuisance had been perpetrated in the erection of the present public structure on the opposite quarter of the square ; thus, so long as it shall be permitted to stand, deforming what is otherwise one of the most beautiful town parks in the Commonwealth. The engraving of the old provincial buildings is a reproduction of a pencil sketch, by John Mower, Esq., the oldest living member of the Bedford bar, and the only individual, who was contemporary with it, whose fine artistic taste and skill could have been brought to bear to rescue it from oblivion. A number of the old citizens who remembered the building, but could not recall it in detail, pronounce this sketch perfect. The jail, with its dark dungeon for convicts, its cell for ordinary criminals, and its debtor's prison with the grated window, BEDFORD COUNTY. 365 occupied the lower storj' to the left of the centre door. The balance of the first floor, on the right, was the jailor's residence, in the wings of which, in early daj's, the elections were held. The court room comprised the entire second story, and was entered by the stair-case from without. In one corner of the court room a flight of steps led to the third story, or attic, under the hi^h roof, in which were the grand jury and other jur3^ rooms. The early courts of the county were not held as now by " men learned in the law," but by "justices nominated and authorized by the Governor for the time being, by commissions under the broad seal of the Province." The first "court of quarter sessions of the peace and jail delivery" was held April 16 1771, "before William Procter, Jr., Robert Cluggage, Robert Hanna, George Wilson, William Lochery, and William McConnell, Esquires, justices of our Lord the King, to hear and determine divers felonies and misdemeanoi's com- mitted in said county." The other justices appointed and commissioned by George III., with the above, were John Frazer, Bernard Dougherty, Arthur St. Clair, William Crawford, James Milligan, Thomas Gist, Dorsey Penticost, Alexander McKee, and George Woods. The first commissioners were Robert Hanna, Dorsey Penticost, and John Stevenson. The first grand jur3' were James Anderson, Charles Cessna, James McCashlin, Thomas Kenton, Allen Rose, George Milliken, John Moore, Robert Culbertson, George Funk, John HuflT, Rinard Wolfe, Valentine Shadaccr, Thomas Hay, Samuel Drennin, Edward Rose, Samuel Skinner, William Parker, Christopher Miller, Thomas Croj^al, Adam Sam, Jacob Fisher, and David Rinard. William Procter was the first sheriff". Arthur St. Clair was appointed first prothonotar^^, recorder, and clerk of court, by Governor John Penn, March 12, 1771, and deputy register for the probate of wills, 18th of same month, b}' Benjamin Chew, Reoister General. The first deed recorded in the archives of the county is that of Geor^-e Croghan to John Campbell, Esq., merchant of Fort Pitt, dated 29th November, 1770. It recites, that " Whereas Johonoissa, Scanayadia, and Caseantinica, chiefs or sachems of the Six Nations of Indians, did by the deed duly dated August, A.D. 1749, sell to the said Croghan in fee a certain tract of land on the south side of the Monongahela river, beginning at the mouth of Turtle creek, and thence down the said river to its junction with the Ohio, computed to be ten miles," etc. The second paper recorded is an aflSdavit of James Pollock, on the 4th April, 1771, that he lost a note for three pounds. The third paper recorded is a "mortgage made 14th January, 1771, between Francis Howard, now of Fort Pitt, ensign in his Majesty's 18th reg't of Foot, and Edward Hand, of the same, surgeon mate in said reg't, on both sides of Chartier's creek, for 1636 acres of land. Acknowledged before Charles Edmunston, Capt. 18th Reg't. commanding." The next record is of the deed heretofore mentioned of lot No. 6, to the com- missioners. Then comes a deed of John Hardin, dated 15th February, 1772, to John Hardin, Jr., " in consideration of natural love and aflJection, for his lands this side of Laurel Hill, negroes, stock, and other substances, moveable and immoveable." The last paper we shall mention as throwing some vague light upon the early 366 HISTO BY OF PENNS YL VANIA. settlement of Bedford county, is a deed of the Indians to Garrett (Gerrard?) Pendero-rass. We give a copy of the deed in full, as interesting, not alone from the fact that it is a conveyance of the ground on which Allegheny City now stands, then in Bedford county, but also that this conveyance was in lieu, as the reader will sec, of the ground on which Bedford is built, and which having belonged to Pendergrass at a very early day — he was evidently dispossessed of previous to the settlement of Ray at the place. This is one of a number of the incidental proofs which justify the reader in believing that the early settlement of Bedford was even earlier than we have been accustomed to suppose. The deed is as follows, viz : " Know all men by these presents, that whereas a certain Garrett Pender- grass, Senior, of Bedford settlenaent, in the Province of Pennsylvania, and County of Cumberland, was settled some number of years past by leave of the chiefs and deputy's of tlie Six Nations of Indians, on a Tract of Land where Bed- ford is now situate, while the said land was yet the property of us and our said Chiefs and deputy's. Said Pendergrass being dispossessed of said lands In the time of the war between the French and English, and before Said Pendergrass could saifly return to live on said land it was Entered upon by people who have from time to time and yet continues to keep said Pendergrass from the enjoyment of said tract of Land, and said Pendergrass, at the last treaty held at Fort Pitt with the representatives of the Six Nations, informed our said chiefs or their representatives or deputj^'s that he was deprived of the above tract of land as above mentioned, whereupon us and our said deputy's did then at the said treaty, give him, the said Pendergrass, our leave in writing under our hands to settle on a tract of land called the Long Reach near the mouth of the Yau- ghyagain, but the said last mentioned tract being at the time of the said treaty, or before it, impi'oved by some other person or persons, contrary to our expec- tations, for which reason the said Pendergrass has not obtained possession of the latter mentioned tract and cannot quietly enjoy neither of the two above mentioned Tracts ; Know ye, therefore, that we the under or within bound subscri- bers, who have hereunto caused our names to be set, and have put our marks, the first of us assigning being one of the chiefs and the other two deputy's oflf the said Six nations, do give and grant to the said Garrett Pendergrass, his heirs and trustees forever, our full leave and liberty of us, and for and in behalf of the said Six Nations to settle on a tract of land on the north side of the Aligania River opposite to Fort Pitt, in form of a Cemi Circle from said land- ing ; hereby granting to him and his heirs, trustees, and assigns, full liberty to build houses, make improvements, and cultivate the said tract of land or any part thereof, and that he, the said Pendergrass may the more quietly enjo}' the said land, and any benefit that him, his heirs, or assigns shall make or can make thereb}'-, we do for ourselves and in behalf of the said Six Nations discharge all people whatsoever from molesting or disturbing him the said Pendergrass, his heirs, trustees, or assigns, in the possession or quiat enjoyment of the said land, or any part thereof, and we do by these presents, firmly engage and promise to answer all objections that any Indian tribe or tribes may have to the making of the above settlement. " In witness whereof we have caused our names to be subscribed, and have BEDFOED COUNTY. 367 hereunto set our marks, in the month of February, in the year of our Lord God one thousand seven hundred and seventy. Anonguit, (mark), a turtle. Enishsheha, or Captain Henry Mountare, (his | mark). CoNNEHRACA-HECAT, or the White Mingo, (his marlc), a circle, 0. " Signed and agreed to before James Elliott. " Garrett Pendergrass, Jr." "Bedford, ss. " Came before me, the subscriber, one of his Majesty's justices of the peace of said county, the within named Indians, viz. : Anonguit, Enishshera, or Captain Henry Mountare, and Connehraca-hecat, or the White Mingo, and acknowledged the within instrument of writing, or bill of sale, to be their act and deed, and desired the same might be recorded as such. Given under my hand and seal in the month of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and seventy. " James Elliott. " Recorded 19th September, 1772." The first attorney sworn in was Robert Magraw, at the first session of the courts of the county, April 16, 1771, on motion of Bernard Dougherty, one of the justices, there being no attorney to make the motion. Afterwards, at the same session, on motion of Robert Magraw, the following were admitted to practice, viz. : Andrew Ross, Philip Pandleton, Robert Galbraith, David Sample, and James Wilson, and at the ensuing term, July 16, 1771, David Grier, David Espy, and George Brent were admitted. The names recommended to the Governor for license as tavern-keepers in 1771, were Margaret Frazer, Jean Woods, Frederic Naugel, George Funk, John Campbell, Joseph Irwin, John Miller, and Samuel Paxton. The old inns, or tavern-houses of Frederic Naugel and George Funk are still standing on West Pitt Street, and were famous in their day as synonyms of good cheer for " man and beast." That of George Funk was the aristocratic inn (hotels were un- known at that day), and the headquarters of the judges, lawyers, and military officers. The last of the Funk family died about fifteen years ago, and the descendants of Frederic Naugel are still with us, one of them (Frederic) still living on the farm, adjoining the town, owned by his ancestor. The first judge "learned in the law " appears to have been James Riddle, who died in Cham- bersburg in 1838, leaving an honorable record. The members, from Bedford county, of the convention which adopted the State Constitution of September 28, 1776, were Benjamin Elliott ; Thomas Coulter, ancestor of Judge Coulter of Westmoreland ; John Burd ; John Wil- kins, father of Judge Wilkins ; Joseph Ilhoads ; John Cessna, great-grand- father of Hon. John Cessna of Bedford ; Thomas Smith, and Joseph Powell. The members of the State Constitutional Convention of February 5, 17^^ were Joseph Powell, and John Piper, afterward member of the House of Ro) e- sentatives of Pennsylvania, of whom it is recorded that he made a leap across the open circle beneath the dome of the State House at Harrisburg, while it was unfinished as to the railing around it. From numerous traditions he was a remarkable athlete. It will hardly be considered an unpardonable digression to mention here a 368 mSTOliV OF PENNSYLVANIA. number of names intimately associated with the history of Bedford county, in its ;-ts and offices, who, at various periods, have become prominent in State and cour VIEW AT BEDFORD SPRINGS. National alfairs, viz. : Hon. Thomas Smith, who held several appointments of trust under the government, and was afterwards judge of the Supreme Court; Hon. Jonathan Walker, judge of the court, father of Hon. Robert J. Walker, BEDFORD COr^NTY. 8fi9 United States Senator from Mississippi, and Secretar3' of the National Treasni-}'. wlio resided liere in his boyhood, and received his early education lie re ; lion. Charles Huston, judge, afterwards supreme judge ; Hon. John Tod, judge, after- wards supreme judge, lived and died here ; Hon. Jeremiah S. Black, judge, afterwards supreme judge, Secretary of State of United States, Secretary of War, and Attorney General United States; Hon. William Wilkins, judge, United States Senator, Minister to Russia, and Secretary of War of United States, lived in early life with his father in the house one mile north of Bedford, on the Holli- daysburg road, now occupied by Samuel Carney ; Hon. John S. Carlisle, United States Senator from West Virginia, is the son of a Bedford lawyer ; General Arthur St. Clair, of Revolutionary fame, was the first prothonotary and register of Bedford county ; Hon. David Mann, father of William F. and D. F. Mann, a gentleman of sterling worth, was appointed prothonotary in 1809 by Governor Snyder, and reappointed by Governor Findlay, serving twelve years, was State senator in 1821, and Auditor-General under Governor Shulze, 1824-'27. Hon. Job Mann, nephew of the above, was prothonotary for twelve years, afterwards State Treasurer of Pennsylvania and representative in Congress ; Hon. Alexander Thompson, judge, and member of Congress, a man of remarkable uprightness, purity, and simplicity of character; Hon. James M. Russell, nephew of the first law judge of the county (Riddle), was a lawyer here for over fifty years, a repre- sentative in Congress, and a member of the Constitutional Convention of 183T- '38 ; Hon. S. M. Barclay, a prominent lawyer and senator of the State ; Hon. Alexander King, judge of the district and State Senator; Hon. Francis Jordan, Secretary of State of Pennsylvania, is a native of Bedford county, studied law, was admitted and practiced in early life at the Bedford bar ; Hon. Alexander L. Russell, son of James M., member of the Bedford bar, afterwards Secretary of State and Adjutant- General of Pennsylvania; Hon. Samuel L. Russell, brother of the above, a member of the Bedford bar, and member of Congress, and of the Constitutional Convention of 1872-'73 ; Hon. John Cessna, member of the bar, speaker of the Pennsjdvania House of Representatives in 1851 and 1868, member of the forty-first and forty-third Congress, and filled many other important public and party offices; Hon. William P. Schell, auditor-general of Pennsylvania; Hon. William Maclay Hall, president judge of the court ; Avith many others whom Bed- ford might claim, who have had honorable influeuce in public afiairs, but we are re- stricted by want of space to the above mentioned. The original townships, several of which will be recognized as now belongino- to other localities, were Ayr, Bedford, Cumberland, Barree, Dublin, Colerain, Brother's Yalley, Fairfield, Mt. Pleasant, HempQeld, Pitt (now Allegheny county), Tyrone, Spring Hill, Rosstrcvor, Armstrong (now Armstrong county), and Tullileague. The present townships are Bedford, Broad Top, Colerain, Cumber land Valley, Hopewell, Harrison, Juniata, Londonderry, Liberty, Monroe, Napier, East Providence, West Providence, East St. Clair, West St. Clair, Southampton, Snake Spring, Union, Middle Woodburj-, and South Woodbury. The early record of Bedford county abounds in the fearful incidents usual to wild and perilous border life, which if narrated here would make this sketch, albeit veritable histor}-, seem a romance. Our space, however, is limited, and we must forbear. Often and terrible were the visitations of the savages to the Y 370 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. homes of the early settlers, and the obliterations of entire families, and the dispersion or destruction of settlements were of not infrequent occurrence. One incident of the kind — the massacre of the Tuli family — is an illustration of the remark, and we allude to it to the exclusion of others as thrilling and dire, because the circumstance has been perpetuated in the memories of the inhabitants from the locality, having ever since borne the name of the fated family. Every school child in the county knows of or has heard of " TuU's Hill." It lies on the Pittsburgh turnpike, six miles west of Bedford, and has its name from the murder in 1777 by the Indians of a family of that name, consisting of the parents and nine children. The writer many years ago saw an old citizen, who when a young man of nineteen years, passed the smouldering ruins of the Tull cabin the da}' of the massacre, and saw the mutilated remains of the victims. He made his escape to Fort Bedford. We give the following extract of an account of this massacre, which was written by John Mower, Esq., some thirty years ago. "There were ten children, nine daughters and a son; but at the time referred to the son was absent. At that time tlie Indians were particularly troublesome, and the inhabitants had abandoned their improvements and taken refuge in the fort ; but Tull's familj' disregarded the danger and remained on their im- provements. One Williams, who had made a settlement about three miles west of Tull's, and near where the town of Schellsburg now stands, had returned to his farm to sow some flaxseed ; he had a son with him, and remained out about a week. The road to his improvement passed Tull's house. On their return, as they approached Tail's, they saw a smoke, and coming nearer, discovered that it arose from the burning ruins of Tull's house. Upon a nearer approach, the son saw an object in the garden, whicli by a slight movement had attracted his atten- tion, and looking more closely, they found it was the old man just expiring. At the same moment, the son discovered on the ground near him an Indian paint- bag. They at once understood the whole matter, and knowing that the Indians were still near, fled at once to the fort. Next day a force went out from the fort to examine, and after some search, found the mother with an infant in her arms, both scalped. A short distance in the same direction, they found the eldest daughter also scalped. A short distance from her, the next daughter in the same situation, and scattered about at intervals, the rest of the children but one, who, from circumstances, they supposed had been burned." The following extract from the Pennsylvania Gazette of August 30, 1764, incidentally explains the perilous state of affairs at that time, and this continued to be the condition of things, at intervals, until 1780. The extract is as follows: " All appears quiet at present along the frontier, except about Bedford, where there are, according to intelligence from thence, some of the savages lying in wait for opportunity of doing mischief. They attempted, very lately, to take a man that was fishing, but he got off. The people are returning over the hills to their places, which we are afraid is too soon." General Bouquet writes to Governor Penn, August 25, 1764, as follows: "A party of thirty or forty Indians have killed, near Bedford, one Isaac Stirable, an industrious inhabitant of Ligonier ; taken some horses loaded with merchants' goods, and shot some cattle, after Colonel Reed's detachment had passed that post." BKDFOTiD COUNTY. 3tl We learn, also, from Rev. Dr. Dorr's Historical account of Christ and St. Peter's churches, Philadelphia, that in July, 1163, the "back inhabitants," Bedford, with other points, were in such distressed condition from the " inroads of the savages," that the congregations of Christ and St. Peter's Episcopal churches of Philadel- phia, at the instance of their Rector, Rev. Richard Peters, contributed the sura of £662 3s. for their relief, and after corresponding with the minister and war- dens of the Episcopal church, at Carlisle, for information, sent "supplies of flour, rice, medicine, and other necessaries, together with two chests of arms and half a barrel of powder, four hundred pounds of lead, two hundred of swan shot, and one thousand flints," The inhabitants of Bedford county have alwa^'s been with the advance of their fellow-citizens of other localities in furnishing brave men for the defence of the rights of their country. Reference to the archives and records of the Commonwealth shows that in the early French and Indian wars, the war of the Revolu- tion, the late war with Eng- land, the Mexican war, and the recent civil war, Bedford county has always furnished, never less, and often more, tnan its full quota of those who voluntarily gave their services, in the camp and in ttie field, to their country. We are indebted to Hon. William P. Schell for the data of the following geographical and geological description of the county : All of the geological strata within the limits of Pennsyl- vania, from the Trenton or lower limestone up to and in- cluding the coal formation, are found in the county. The great Apalachian chain of mountains have their tread north-east and south- west through the county. The western boundary is formed by the Great and the Little Allegheny mountains, which abound in coal, iron ore, and flre-clay. The eastern boundary is formed by Ray's Hill and Broad Top moun- tains. They contain a very superior coal, known as the Broad Top, serai-l)itu- minoiis, and also iron. The central portion of the county is traversed by several mountain ranges — Terrace, Tussey's, Dunning's, Evit's, Will's, and Buffalo mountains, all of which contain one or more valuable seams of fossil iron ore, excepting the first named, which contains an excellent red hematite ore. There are over two hundred square miles of fossil iron ore within the limits of the county. Embosomed in these ESPY HOUSE — WASHINGTON'S HEAD-QUARTERS, 1794. [From a PbotograpU by T. R. Gettys, Bedford.] 372 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. mountain ranges are some of the most beautiful and fertile limestone valleys to be found anywhere. Many of them are of the same geological formation as Lebanon valley, the great Cumberland valle}'^, and the limestone land of Lancas- ter county. Morrison's cove is some eight miles in width, and extends some twelve miles in this county and through Blair and Centre counties. The land is as fertile and as well improved as any part of the " garden spot of the State " — Lancaster county. Snake Spring valle}-, Friend's cove, and Milligan's cove are also composed of the Trenton or lower strata of limestone. These valley's are generally underlaid with a very rich brown and red hematite iron ore. There are also several very beautiful and fertile valle}' s of the upper or Hilderberg limestone formation, to wit: Bedford, Cumberland valley, Dutch Corner, St. Clair, and Will's Creek valleys. Chestnut ridge, near Schellsburg, is also of the same formation. Within a distance of ten miles, on an east and, west line, may be found every geological stratum within the SCate, except those beneath the Tren- ton limestone. Bedford county is, without doubt, one of the richest iron counties in the State, as it contains almost every variety of ore — the fosjil, the hematite, and the carbonaceous ores. Iron can be made at lower rates than elsewhere in the Slate, as coal, iron ore, and limestone are found in great abundance in close proximit}^, and these are all intersected by a railroad running diagonally north- east and south-west, through the entire length of the county. The natural scenery of Bedford count}'^ is perhaps unsurpassed for pictu- resqueness and variety. The wild mountain views alternate with rare rural scenes. The valleys especially attract the attention of tourists, and some of the landscapes are pronounced, by persons traveled in this and other lands, as beautiful as an}' the sun shines upon. The climate is pure and healthful. The manufacturing facilities of the county are as yet comparatively unde- veloped. There are several extensive iron furnaces, some of which have been nearly a century in operation. One, the Bloomfield furnace, in Morrison's cove, furnishes iron of such peculiarly excellent and tenacious quality that it was exclusivel}'^ used during the recent war for the manufacture of the' immense cannon used by the government. There are several manufactories of woolen goods, planing mills, and a large number of extensive steam tanneries, but in all these industries, especially the iron interest, the reserve supply of material untouched is simply inexhaustible. The town of Bedford was laid out in June, 1766, by order issued by Governor John Penn to the Surve3'or-General of the Province, John Lukens, and it was incorporated as a borough, by act of Assembly of the State, 13th March, 1795. The original plan of the town, which has been enlarged by sub- sequent additions, was similar to all the old towns of the Penns, having equally sized squares, divided by streets intersecting each other at right angles, and a central park or square. It had three streets running east and west, viz., Penn, Pitt, and John, the two latter being on the north and south, and each sixty feet in width, and the first named being central, between the other two, and eighty feet in width. These are crossed at regular intervals b}'^ six other streets, running north and south, named respectively, Juliann, Thomas, Richard, Bed- BEDFORD COUNTY. 373 ford, East, and West streets, each of the width of sixty feet. The personal names, feminine and masculine, perhaps more home-like than euphonious, which some of these streets bear, were given (so says tradition) by John Lukens in honor of members of the Governor's family. The limits of the borough have been gradually enlarged, until to-day it covers an area of one mile from east to west, by one and a quarter miles north to south. At the time of the surve}^ by John Lukens, the streets of Raystown, viz., the road from the east to Fort Pitt and the path south to Fort Cumberland, entered the hamlet on lines parallel with the Old Fort, or King's house. The survey of Lukens changed these courses, for his orders were to " lay out the streets parallel with and at right angles with Colonel Bouquet's house." This house is the large limestone mansion known as the " Woods house," that stands on Pitt street, directly opposite the Old Fort house, and is now the residence of A. B. Carn. It is, even for the present day, a spacious, elegant mansion, massive and durable in style, and unless it should be removed to make way for business houses, will be as strong and secure a century hence as it is now. Wh_y it was called Colonel Bouquet's house is not now known, unless it being his head-quar- ters in 1758, when he remained some time at Bedford with his force of 7,850 men, and his again occupying it temporarily in 1763, associated his name with it. It is sure he never owned it, nor had his permanent residence in Bedford. The house was built prior to 1758, tradition says by a Captain Klem, a Scotch- man, and at an early day came into the possession of George Woods, Esquire, one of the King's justices, and was for several generations the residence of himself and descendants, having passed out of the family within the last thirty years. The only buildings contemporary, or nearly so, with it now standing are the Old Fort or King's house ; the Funk and Xawgel taverns, on West Pitt street ; the old Barclay house in the south-east suburb, known as the " Grove ;" the " Espy house," a picture of which is given, interesting as Washington's head- quarters in Octobei-, 1794, when he came to Bedford on his expedition to the western counties during the Whiskey Insurrection. It is also a matter worthy of note that General Arthur St. Clair had his first prothonotary's office, in 1771 and 1772, in the basement of the rear building of the Espy house. The Old Fort, or " King's house," stands at an angle eccentric from the town lines, facing a private square at the intersection of Pitt and Juliann streets. It is a somewhat singular circumstance, in this land of change, that this property is now owned by a descendant (David F. Mann) of one of the first home officers commissioned in the war of the Revolution, Captain Andrew Mann, father of the late lion. David Mann. The old house is built of oak logs, and is yet substantial and in good pre- servation. It had a smooth clay floor on the first story, still to be seen under the modern flooring, and split logs flooring the second story. The building is now covered with weather boarding, but the clap-boarding of the gable ends is still to be seen from the inside, fastened with immense wrought-iron spikes. In the old Nawgel tavern, the old split oak floor, nailed with the same huge home- made spikes, is to be seen. Lying to the eastward of the King's house, and sloping downward to what is now East street, was thf» " King's orchard," some fifteen acres planted in apple 374 HISTO R Y OF PEJ^BS YL VANIA. trees, the last one of which was standing as lately as about 1855, having sur- vived its companions many years. This orchard seems to have been used in early times as a burial-place for the settlers and soldiers of the fort, the graves being scattered without regard to order all over the space alluded to, some singly, others in small clusters, as evidenced by the frequent exhumation of human remains, from the early years of the borough to the present time, in excavating for buildings and other purposes. These remains are still occasion- ally brought to the surface in the ordinary work of cultivating the gardens in the compactly built portion of the town which was once the King's orchard. But a dozen years ago, in digging the cellar for the brick house on the north side of Penn street, immediatel}^ east of the Presbyterian church, the workmen discovered what were evidently the remains of two adult persons in early man- hood and womanhood, probably man and wife, who had, from indications shown by the appearance of the bones, met deaths of violence. In the forehead of the female skeleton was the perforation made by the leaden bullet which was found in the cavity of the skull. After the town was surveyed in IIGG, the interments seem to have been principally confined, for some thirty years, to the Episcopal burial-ground on Penn street, east of Richard, also a part of the King's orchard, which, at the laying out of the town, was donated by Governor Penn to " the Church for a burial-place." In removing the remains of the dead from this old graveyard to the new cemetery, some ten years since, remains of several, sup- posed to be British officers, were among those taken up. In the grave of one, thought b}' the old inhabitants to be that of a Colonel Campbell, were found, besides the massive coffin handles, a breast-pin containing a lady's miniature, and a pair of very rich, old fashioned, gold linked sleeve-buttons. The remains of Justice Bernard Dougherty, Judge Scott, and others of the early pioneers, were deposited in this ground. In the old graveyard on Juliann street, south of the original borough line, also donated by order of Governor Penn to the " Lutherans and Ciilvinists of the town," commonly known as the Presbyterian graveyard, also lie the remains of many of the first settlers. It is in this ground that John Tod, judge of the Su- preme Court, is buried. There is also another tomb in this enclosure, around which cluster interesting memories — it is that of Colonel Levin Powell, of Virgi- nia, who died in Bedford while visiting the springs for his health in 1810. He was the Colonel Powell in connection with whose name the following characte- ristic anecdote is narrated. Colonel Powell was a candidate for Congress in the district in which Washington resided, and they were not on amicable terms, although of the same party. As the General aliglited from his horse and walked up to the polls to announce his vote, as was the custom of the time in Virginia, the crowd, curious to know how he would vote, under the circumstances, followed him. Washington observing this, exclaimed, in words that have passed into a proverb: "Gentlemen, I vote for principles, not men," and then directed the clerk to record his vote for Colonel Levin Powell. The early settlers of Bedford were principally English, also the Scotch-Irish, and tlie German element were largely represented. The descendants of a number of the pioneers still reside here, and many of them are among our first citizens. For many years the society of the town was characterized by English customs BEDFORD COUNTY. 375 and hospitality, and like Carlisle, Chambersburg, and some other of the colo- nial towns, was intelligent, select, refined, and aristocratic. The town is beautifully situated on the Raystown branch of the Juniata, in the midst of a most charming landscape, in a valley the beauties of which have formed the theme of many a poet's verse and tourist's praise. For health- fulness of location, exquisiteness of scenery, and salubrity of climate, it has few rivals. It is well built, has wide streets well paved, and is much remarked upon for the beauty and number of its shade trees. Its public edifices, court house, churches, and school buildings, are handsome and in good architectural style, and its private residences are uniformly good, and some of them quite beautiful j these are for the most part brick and stone. The town stands upon what for many years was the great thoroughfare between the East and West — the turnpike leading from Philadelphia and Baltimore to Pittsburgh and Wheeling; and until the completing of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad on the south, and the Penn- sylvania Central on the north, the entire road, from Chambersburg to Pittsburgh, was teeming day and night with coaches, Conestoga wagons, and private convey- ances, and every interest of the town and country was prosperous. After the opening out of the railroads above mentioned, the old place was figuratively " laid on the shelf," until the completing, in 1S72, of its railroad connecting the Penn- sylvania and Maryland railroads, since which time its prosperity has been on the increase. Its population has since then doubled, its inhabitants now numbering 2,500. The Bedford and Bridgeport railroad runs on the north side of the river, about two hundred yards from its main street, with which it is connected by two bridges, one of them an iron bridge of remarkable durability and beauty. There is considerable wealth concentrated here, and there is little of povert3% The citizens, as a class, are industrious, moral, and prosperous. It has one of the finest graded schools in the State. Its churches are, the Presbyterian, Catholic, Reformed, Lutheran, Episcopal, Methodist, and two African Methodist. Everett, formerly Wajaiesburg and Bloody Run, the second in size of the towns of Bedford county, is a thriving borough of twelve hundred inhabitants, situated on the Raystown branch of the Juniata, and the Chambersburg and Bed- ford turnpike, eight miles from the latter place. The Huntingdon and Broad Top railroad, which connects with the Bedford and Bridgeport railroad at Mount Dallas, one mile west of the town, has a depot here. The town is handsomely built, and improving rapidlj-, and is inhabited by a moral, energetic, intelligent, and hospitable people. The private residences are principally built of brick and frame. Colonel Joseph W. Tate writes to me concerning its early history : " In reference to the borough of Bloody Run, now Everett, I find the facts to be as follows: In a deed dated 7th March, 1787, from John Musser, of Lancaster, Penn- sylvania, to Michael Barndollar, of Frederick county, Md., there was conveyed four hundred acres of land. This was comprised in two warrants, one in the name of William Thompson, for 250 acres, the otlier in name of James Elliott, for 150 acres, which includes the creek or brancli called Bloody run. On the first day of February, 1800, under articles of agreement, Michael Barndollar conveyed eighty aci-es of the western part of the above warrants unto Samuel Tate, of Shippensburg, Pennsylvania. The above eighty acres included the Juniata river 376 HIS TORY OF PENNS YL VANIA. and the stream Bloody run, from its mouth to a survey ui the name of Robert Culbertson, On 13th October, 1800, Samuel Tate was by Michael Barndollar constituted attorney to procure patents for the above described lands." This was the beginning of the hamlet of Bloody Run, which finally grew into a village, and afterward was incorporated as a borough. The name was changed, a few 3'ears ago, for one perhaps more euphonious — Everett, which at times has caused some embarrassment to tourists who were in search of tlie historic battle- ground of Bloody Run. Colonel Tate goes on to remark that " the battle with the Indians, from which the old town derived its name, was fought on the Culbertson tract, a short dis- tance east of the steam mill, and south of Spring's. Traces of the old road can yet be seen on Culbertson's hill, west of where J. W. BarndoUar's railroad ware- house now stands. The first Methodist church and grave^'ard were on the boundary of R. Culbertson's survey. Prior to building the Methodist church, the graveyard was west of the old stone church, and near the old log school- house. There was another graveyard at an early da}', on the point west of where Blooly run empties into the Ra3'stown branch." There are various and conflicting accounts as to the affair which gave the name of Bloody run to this stream and for many 3'ears to the town. The follow- ing, published in a London (England) paper in 1765, is perhaps as authentic as any other, viz. : " The convoy of eighty horses, loaded with goods, chiefly on his Majesty's account, as presents to the Indians, and part on account of Indian traders, were surprised in a narrow and dangerous defile in the mountains by a body of armed men. A number of horses were killed, and the whole of the goods carried away by the plunderers. The rivulet was dyed with blood, and ran into the settlement below, carrying with it the stain of crime upon its surface.'''' The foregoing is as explicit as a report borne across the Atlantic from the wilds of the west at that day could well be. It was not in a mountain defile, however, that the melee occurred ; it was in a hollow among the hills, near the river, and not far from the base of the mountain, and the truth, as far as we can gather, is about this : The traders above referred to were doing, as some are doing in our western border to-day, gratifying their passion for lucre at the sac- rifice of the public good, viz., surreptitiously furnishing the savages with the implements and materiel of war, by which they were enabled to carry on more readily their predatory and murderous attacks upon the settlers and their fami- lies. It were well, perhaps, if there were now, as then, stern men wlio, on their own individual responsibility, would correct the evil by visiting summary ven- geance upon the sordid knaves. ScHELLSBURG. — I am indebted to John P. Reed, Esq., grandson of the founder of Schellsburg, for the following sketch : "Schellsburg, ' the loveliest village of the plain,' is situated on the eastern slope of Chestnut ridge, one of the foot- hills of the Allegheny mountains, nine miles west of Bedford, on the turnpike leading to Pittsburgh. It was laid out by John Schell, a native of Goshenhoppen, Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, in the year 1810, who was forced to leave his early home on account of the ' alien and sedition law,' and his ' liberty pole ' proclivities. He came to Bedford county about the year 1800, and stopped at 'Nine Mile town,' west of Bedford, and bought the tract of land patented as BEDFORD COUNTY. 377 'Nine Mile town,' and an adjoining tract patented in tlic name of ' Pekin,' about five hundred acres, from Samuel Davidson and John Anderson, of Bedford, in 1801, and on these lands, on the road leading from Bedford to Fort Titt, he laid out the village of Schellsburg. It grew apace, and the Legislature, by act of 19th of March, 1838, made it a borough. It is a beautiful and substantial village of about five hundred inhabitants, situated near the foot of a picturesque ridge, sur- rounded by beautiful meadows and fields, forming quite an extended plain, with a fine view of the distant Buffalo ridge and the Wills mountains. John Schell donated several lots for church and educational purposes, and some ten acres of level land, on the summit of the ridge, for a church and cemetery. Here was built, mainly through his efforts, the first church (a union church of the German Reformed and Lutheran denominations) in that part of the count}'-, which remains to-day a relic of the labors of the pioneers of this section, and is used now only as a mortuary chapel of the beautiful burial-ground that surrounds it. In the village, the Reformed, Lutheran, Methodist, and Presbyterian people are rej^re- sented by churches, and a creditable brick school-house supplies the wants of the villagers in that regard. A town hall is now also in process of erection. At an early day the town was the centre of business for thirt}' miles in a westerly and northerly direction ; now the business is more diffused." The other boroughs of the county are Woodbury, in Morrison's cove ; St. Clairsville, ten miles north of Bedford, named in honor of Arthur St. Clair ; Rainsburg, in Friend's cove, nine miles south-east from Bedford ; Saxton, on the Huntingdon and Broad Top railroad, in the north-east end of the countj^ ; Coaldale, on Broad Top mountain ; Pleasantville, in the north-west section, where are located a large steam tannery and grist mills ; and Bridgeport, at the junction of the Bedford and Bridgeport with the Pittsburgh and Connells- ville railroad. The medicinal springs of Bedford are so widely and justly celebrated, that no sketch of this locality can be complete without some reference thereto. These springs rank foremost in Penns^dvania on account of their mineral pro- perties and medicinal effects, and their mountain elevation and scenery. The}'^ are a mile and a half from the town of Bedford, from Avhich they derive their name. Besides the mineral spring, as it is called, there are found in close proximity a chalybeate spring, a powerful limestone one, a sulphur, and two sweet springs. The discovery of the remedial virtues of the Bedford waters only dates half a century back. In the year 1804, a mechanic of Bedford, Jacob Fletcher, when fishing for trout in the stream near the principal fountain, wad attracted by the beauty and singularit}' of the waters flowing from the bank, and drank freely from them. They proved purgative and sudorific. He had suffered many years from rheumatic pains and formidable ulcers on the legs. On the ensuing night he was more free from pain, and slept more tranquilly than usual ; and this unexpected relief induced him to drink daily of the waters, and to bathe his limbs in the fountain. In a few weeks he was entirely cured. The happy effect which they had on this patient led others, laboring under various chronic diseases, to the springs. In the summer of 1805, many valetudinarians came in carriages and encamped in the valley, to seek from the munificent hand of nature their lost health. Since that period the springs have become widely famous. BERKS COUNTY. BY J. LAWRENCE GETZ, READING. EIIKS county (named after Berkshire in England, where the Penn family held large landed estates) was originally formed from parts of Philadelphia county east of the river Schuylkill, and from parts of Chester and Lancaster west of the same river, by an act of the General Assembly, approved March 11th, 1752, by the Hon. James Hamilton, Governor of the Province. By the same act, Edward Scull, of Philadelphia county, Benjamin Lightfoot, of Chester, and Thomas Cookson, of Lancaster, were appointed commissioners to run the boundary lines. Its subdivisions at that BERKS COUNTY COURT HOUSE, READTNO. [From a Photograph bj Saylor, Reading.] time consisted of sixteen townships, of which Albany, Alsace, Amity, Colebrook- dale, Douglass, Exeter, Hereford, and Oley, were taken from Philadelphia county; Bern, Bethel, Caernarvon, Cumru, Heidelberg, Robesou, and Tulpe- hocken, from Lancaster county ; and Union township from Chester county. Berks was reduced to its present limits by annexing the extreme northern part to Northumberland, 1772 ; and by the erection of Schuylkill county out of an additional northern part of its territory, 1811. It is bounded on the north by Schuylkill ; on the north-east by Lehigh ; on the south-cast by Montgomery and Chester ; and on the south-Avcst by Lancaster and Lebanon. Average length, 32 miles ; breadth, 28 miles ; area, 927 square miles, embracing 593,280 acres. By the petition which was presented to the General Assembly, February 4th, 378 BEBKS COUNTY. 379 1752, asking for the ei-ection of 11 county to be called Berks, the population of the territoiy included within the then proposed limits was estimated at seven thousand. By the several decennial censuses of the United States government, taken from 1790 to 1870, inclusive, the population of the county was enumerated as follows : 1790, 30,179 ; 1800, B^iOl ; 1810, 43,14G ; 1820, 46,275 ; 1830, 53,152 ; 1840, 64,569; 1850, 77,129; 1860, 93,818; 1870, 106,701; 1876 (estimated), 120,000. The topographical features of the county are diversified. Broad fertile plains and valleys intermingle with rough hills and mountains incapable of culti- vation by the plow. But as compensation for the sterile surface of the latter, many of them contain enormous mineral wealth in the shape of iron, which awaits development, and will yet become the source of incalculable profit to the future inheritors of the soil. The southern portion of the county is traversed in a south-westerly course by the South mountain range, here and there broken into irregular spurs. In the northern part there are several elevated ridges. The Kittatinny or Blue mountain forms the boundary line between Berks and Schuylkill. The principal stream in Berks county Is the river Schuylkill (" hidden creek "), so named by the Dutch, who were the first explorers of this region, and who, it is said, in their explorations of the Delaware river, passed the mouth of the Schuylkill without perceiving its existence. The Indian name of the river was Man-ai-unk. It rises in the carboniferous highlands of Schuylkill county, and flowing in a south-easterly direction, breaks through the Blue ridge at Port Clinton, and flows down by Hamburg, and passing Reading, becomes the dividing line between the counties of Montgomery and Chester a few miles above Pottstown. Several of its large tributaries flow through Berks count}', the principal one of which is the Tulpehocken creek, rising in Lebanon county, and flowing E.S.E., empties into the Schuylkill near Reading. The Maiden creek, another tributary, rises in the north-eastern part of the county, and flows into the Schuylkill six miles above Reading. The Manatawny rises in the south-eastern part of the county, and empties into the Schuylkill at Pottstown. There are several smaller streams in the county, viz. : Saucony, a branch of the Maiden creek ; Northkill, which empties into the Tulpehocken near Bernville ; Cacoosing and Spring creeks, which are branches of the Tulpehocken ; and Allegheny and Monocasy creeks, emptying into the Schujdkill below Reading. The Little Swatara rises at the foot of the Blue mountain, and flows in a south- westerly direction, through Lebanon county, and unites with the Great Swatara near Jonestown. These streams furnish ample water power for mills, furnaces, forges, and other manufactories. The agricultural resources of Berks are very large, and the county ranks in this respect as the third in the State, being excelled only by Chester and Lan- caster. The soil generally (with the exceptions noted on a preceding page) is of good quality, and under thorough culture. One-third is fertile limestone land, very productive in wheat and other cereals. In the southern part the red shale formation prevails. Well cultivated flelds in every section testify to both the fertility of the soil and the persevering industry of the large rural popula- tion which is principally engaged in agricultural pursuits. In 1870 the total 380 EISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. estimated value of all farm productions, including betterments and additions to stock, was $9,150,789. The surplus agricultural products are sent principally to the markets of Philadelphia, New York, and the Schuylkill coal regions. The chief mineral wealth of Berks consists in iron ore, which occurs in various parts of the county. At Mount Pleasant, in Colebrookdale township; in Oley township ; at Boyertown ; at Moselem, in Richmond township; and at several other points, beds of good quality of ore are profitably worked. The products of these mines form the principal supply for the numerous furnaces in the county. An approximate idea of the extent and productive value of the various manufactories of iron in Berks county is given in the following table, compiled from the census of 1870, which contains the onl}'- reliable data accessible to the writer : MANUFACTORIES. o o 3 19 2 3 1 17 15 6 3 a> Capital. Wages. Value of materials consumed. Products. Bloomeries Foraed and rolled . . . Bolts, nuts, etc. . . . Nails and spikes . . . Wrought tiibes .... Pig iron Castings, all kinds . . . Machinery (not specified) Engines and boilers . . 16 1,027 26 140 241 1,244 492 68 112 $62,500 2,199,659 110.000 180,000 750,000 2,378,000 626,500 72,990 95,500 $5,133 581,260 13,564 66,250 108,410 332,945 211,623 23,090 40,600 $40,415 2,196,684 52,309 288,472 437,206 1,415,166 403,890 14,480 42,350 $59,220 2,983,755 71,000 383,500 569,634 2,041,025 718,559 68,750 107,640 Total 69 3,366 $6,475,749 $1,382,875 $4,890,972 $7,003,083 PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES OF THE COUNTY OTHER THAN IRON. MANUFACTORIES. Canal boats .... Boots and shoes . . Bricks Carriages and wagons Clothing Cotton goods . . . Flouring mill products Hats and caps . . . Leather tanned . . . Do. curried . . . Malt liquors .... Sash, doors, and blinds Cigars Woolen goods . . . td 3 11 29 54 59 5 63 16 38 39 5 6 38 13 5W o s 121 177 386 185 307 341 154 432 118 7^ 66 130 282 227 Capital. $59,500 70,900 191,160 67,950 88,375 198,400 557,550 391,188 180,765 111,525 421 ,000 56,500 89,500 197,780 Wages. $46,470 60,150 81,416 40,846 54,647 77,450 29,555 177.460 26,191 15,777 36,720 61,417 49,910 57,473 Value of materials. $106,401 89,622 97,915 44,064 137.143 175,574 1,127,265 458,299 281,499 250,961 150,715 112,852 86,198 158,795 Products. $155,801 170,417 260,110 137,233 228,801 299,550 1 ,308,233 951 .880 348'564 314,831 257,679 211,861 196,543 285,435 BERKS COUNTY. 381 The number of manufacturing establishments of all descriptions in Berks county, as returned by the census of 1870, was 1,440. Total number of hands employed, 8,991 ; capital invested, $11,182,603 ; wages paid annually, $2,711,231 ; materials consumed, $10,646,049; value of products, $16,243,453. Estimated value in 1875, being 50 per centum added, $24,365,179. It has been the fashion with writers for the press, for the most part unac- quainted with the history and character of the inhabitants of Berks county, to represent them as an ignorant people, inimical to education. To such an extent has this misrepresentation been carried, that, up to a very recent period, the " Dumb Dutch " of Berks had become a by-word of reproach against this people indiscriminately. Nothing could be farther from the truth. In every settlement of Berks county, from the earliest dates, the school house was reared contempora- neously with the church; secular education went hand in hand with religious instruction, and the schoolmaster was regarded as second only to the pastor in the importance of his functions. It is true that the Germans of Berks county, with their cliai'acteristic jealousy of all innovations upon their establislied customs and institutions, were slow to adopt the provisions of the common school law of Pennsylvania, which they looked upon with suspicion, as an attempt by the State to usurp authority in a matter which they believed to belong exclusively to themselves as a local and domestic regulation of which they were best qualified to have the control. Whether right or wrong in this view is no longer a question of practical importance. Suffice it to say that, when the school system came to be fairly understood, it was readily accepted and faithfull}^ administered, and in no county in the State do its operations and results to-day present a more gratifying exhibit. Exclusive of the city of Reading, the county is sub-divided into fifty school districts, with four hundred and twenty-five schools, which are kept open upon an average of six months in the year. The number of teachers employed during the school year just closed was 430; average number of pupils in attendance, 12,374. The annual taxation of the people for the support of these schools amounts to nearl}' $105,000, and no tax is more willingly paid. The school houses are all substantially built, and many of them have been constructed after the most improved models of school architecture. The earliest internal improvements which brought Berks county into direct communication with other sections of the State were the three great turnpike roads, namely, the Reading and Perkiomen, from Philadelphia to Reading, fifty- two miles ; the Centre, an extension of the former, from Reading to Sunbury, eight3^-two miles; and the Berks and Dauphin, from Reading to Harrisburg, fifty-two miles. These highwaj'S have been preserved in good repair at a very small annual expenditure, and attest the wisdom and engineering skill of the old surveyors by whom they were constructed. The turnpikes were succeeded by the canals, of wdiich the Union canal is the oldest, having been projected in 1821, and opened to navigation in 1826. It commences at Middletown, on the Susque- hanna, and enters the Schuylkill at Reading. The Schuylkill canal, although projected at a later date, was completed about the same time. It extends from Port Carbon, in the Schuylkill coal region, follows the course of the river down through Reading, and terminates at Fairmount, Philadelphia. Its whole length 382 HISTOEY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Is one hundred and eight miles. It is now operated, under lease, by the Reading railroad company. The county is intersected by railroads in almost ever}' direction, chief of which is the main line of the Philadelphia and Reading railroad, completed through from Philadelphia to Pottsville, ninety-three miles, in 1842. All the other lines of railway, with one exception, although constructed by independent companies, have now passed under the control of that great corporation, either by consolidation or lease. The Lebanon Valle}' branch, from Reading to Harris- burg, fifty-four miles, connects with the Penns3dvania railroad at the latter cit3\ The Ease Pennsylvania branch, from Reading to Allentown, thirt3'-six miles, connects with the Lehigh Valley railroad at that station, and forms a link in what is known as the Allentown route from New York to the West. The Read- ing and Columbia, and Lancaster branch, forty miles, connects at Columbia with railways to York and Port Deposit. The Berks and Lehigh branch, fort^'-three miles, from Reading to S!atington, connects at that point witli the Lehigh Valley railroad. The other branches are the Colebrookdale, twelve miles, from Pottstown to Barto, and the Kutztown, four and one-half miles, from Topton to Kutztown, which are elscAvhere noticed. The exception referred to is the Wilmington and Reading railroad, sixty-four miles, connecting with the Pennsylvania railroad at Coatesville, and with the Philadelphia, Wilming- ton, and Baltimore railroad at Wilmington. The South Mountain and Boston railroad, now under construction, and a portion of the Pennsylvania division of which has been graded, passes in a direct line from east to west, through the northern portion of Berks county, along the fertile valley of the Tulpehocken. This road will extend from the Susquehanna river, near Ilarrisburg, on the south-west, in a north-easterly course to the Hudson I'iver, opposite Poughkeepsie, New York. When completed, it will form a connection with Reading by means of the Straustown branch, twenty miles in length, from the main line which takes Straustown in its route. This branch passes through the borough of Bernville. The first settlements within the present limits of Berks county were made between the j'ears 1704 to 1Y12, by some English members of the Society of Friends, French Huguenots, and German emigrants from the Palatinate, in Wahlink, or Oley, a name which signifies, in the Indian tongue, "a tract of land encompassed by hills." Among the Friends who first domiciled here were Arthur Lee and George Boone, the ancestor of Daniel Boone, the famous pioneer of Kentucky. Prominent among the first German settlers at or near Oley was Hans Keim, the ancestor of the Keim family of Reading. The Huguenots who settled in Berks first endeavored to find a home in New York. Abraham De Turck, of Ole}', one of their descendanls, in a letter dated March, 1844, to I. D. Rupp, author of the " History of Berks Count}'," wrote: " My ancestor, Isaac Turk, or De Turck, lived in France, and being a Huguenot, was obliged to flee to Frankenthal in the Palatinate. He emigrated to America in the da^'s of Queen Anne (1109), settled in the State of New York, in the neigliborhood of Esopus, and removed to Oley 1712. The patent of my land is dated 1712." About 1714 or 1715, a few Swedes settled in Amity township. There still BERKS COUNTY. 383 stands a relic of this settlement — a two story house, built of the native sand- stone, on the east bank of the Schuj'^lkill, at the village of Douglassville, in the front wall of which there is a stone bearing the initials and date " I, M. I., 1716." A settlement was begun in Tulpehocken, in 1723, by some Germans who bad fled from the Palatinate in 1708 or 1709, and taken refuge in England at the invitation of Queen Anne. In December, 1709, three thousand of these refugees embarked at London in ten ships for New York. Nearly one-half of them perished on the voyage. The survivors arrived at New York in June, 1710, and settled at various points on the Hudson. In the winter of 1712-13, about fifty families took up lands and established their homes on the Scoharie, within the limits of the present count}'^ of Scoharie. Others soon joined them there, and after encountering the various trials and hardships incident to the immigrant for several years, they brought much of the land under culture, and founded flourishing hamlets in the midst of rich fields of corn and productive gardens. But while rejoicing in the prospect of peace and prosperity, they were suddenly notified that the lands which they had improved belonged to the State, and that they must relinquish them to the lawful claimant. Submitting patiently to adverse fate, the}^ sadly left their homes on the Scoharie for Pennsylvania, where they found an asylum among the Indians. Piloted by a friendly Indian, in the spring of 1723, the^'^ finally reached the head of the Tulpehocken creek, and settled on Indian lands about eighteen miles west of Reading. Having pro- vided temporary shelter for their wives and children, their next care was to send deputies to Lieutenant-Governor Keith, to ask permission to settle on the Tulpe- hocken creek. He granted their petition on condition that they would, as soon as possible, make full satisfaction to the Proprietary or nis agent, for such lands as should be allotted them. A few years later, fifty other families removed from the Scoharie to Tulpehocken. This new accession aroused the hostility of the natives. At a council, held June 5, 1728, in Philadelphia, in the presence of a large audience, one of the chiefs, Allummapees, otherwise Sassoo- nan, king of the Delawares, plaintively alluded to the encroachments upon his people which had been made by the Germans. In addressing James Logan, president of the council, he said : " I am now an old man and must soon die ; my children may wonder to see their father's lands gone from them, without receiving anything for them, and they left with no place of their own to live on. This may occasion a difference between their children and us hereafter. I would willingly prevent any misunderstanding that may happen." In 1729 there was another accession of Palatines, prominent among whom was Conrad Weiser, who afterwards played an important part in the colonial history of Berks county. To quiet and fully satisfy the Indians, Thomas Penn, son of the Proprietary of Pennsylvania, purchased the lands in this region from the Indians in 1732, and from him the settlers derived valid titles to the lands they occupied. But the attempts to preserve peace between the German settlers of Berks county and the Indians were all unavailing. To relate in detail all the atrocities committed by the natives from 1744 to 1764, would exceed the iorapass of this limited sketch. In 1144, when war was declared between Great 384 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVAmA. Britain and France, the latter easil}^ succeeded in exciting the hostility of the Indians against the English, and the French found them not only willing but eager to join them in their acts of plunder and rapine. Soon after Braddock's defeat at Fort Duquesne, in July, 1755, the Indians made marauding incursions into Berks county from the direction of the Blue mountain. They devastated, by fire and slaughter, many parts of the county. Hundreds of houses were laid in ashes, hundreds of persons were scalped and slain, and many, without distinction as to age or sex, were taken captives by the savages, and subjected to tortures from which death was a blessed release. Conrad Weiser, who was then commander of the Provincial forces in Berks, wrote numerous letters which are still in existence, to Lieutenant-Governor Morris, giving thrilling accounts of the deplorable condition of the settlements. In one letter, dated the latter part of 1755, he wrote : " This country is in a dismal condition. It can't hold out long. Consternation, poveit}', confusion everywhere." Alarms of this kind continued in Berks and other counties till 1778, when the Indiana were finally driven beyond the Allegheny mountains. Although the first settlers of Berks county were chiefly Germans, the colonial records show that emigrants of other European nationalities also sought and found homes here. Reference has been made to the settlements of Friends and French Huguenots in Oley, and of Swedes in Amity. Besides these, there were settlements of Huguenots in Alsace township, contiguous to Reading, and in Greenwich, on the border of Lehigh county ; in Bern, of Swiss ; in Brecknock, Caernarvon, and Cumru, of Welsh; in Maiden Creek, of Friends; in Robeson, of Friends, English, and Welsh ; and in Union, of Swedes, English, and Welsh. A few Dutch families settled in Pike township, about 1730, and their descendants still reside there upon the ancestral estates. John Pott, a descend- ant of one of these families, built the first furnace in Pottsville, and gave the name to the town, which has since become the great depot of the Schuylkill coal region. He is also credited with having been the discoverer of the utility of anthracite coal. Hereford township, in the extreme eastern corner of the county bordering upon Montgomery and Lehigh, was settled principally by " Schwenkfolders," a religious sect founded by Kaspar von Schwenkfeld, a nobleman of Silesia. His adherents were persecuted by both Roman Catholics and Protestants, and in 1734 a considerable number of them emigrated to Pennsylvania, and settled on contiguous lands in Berks, Montgomery, and Lehigh. Their descendants in these counties still number about three hundred families and eight hundred members, and have five churches and school- houses. The inhabitants of Berks, being for the most part composed of immigrants, and the descendants of immigrants, who had cither been driven from or voluntarily left their native country to escape from civil oppression or religious persecution, it was natural that they should have been among the first to espouse the cause of the Colonies in resisting the usurpations of the British Crown. In June, 1775. after the first blood had been shed for American freedom in the battles of Lex- ington and Bunker Hill, the Assembly, in session at Philadelphia, recommended to the commissioners and assessors of Berks county "to immediately provide four hundred firelocks with bayonets, cartridge boxes with twenty-three rounds of BERKS COUNTY. 385 cartridges in every box, and knapsacks for the immediate use of drafted soldiers." This recommendation was promptly adopted. At a meeting held at Reading, January 2, 11 7 6, Edward Biddle, Jonathan Potts, Mark Bird, Christopher Scliultz, John Patton, Sebastian Levan, and Baltzer Gehr, were appointed delegates to a convention, held at Philadelphia, January 22, 1716, to devise measures for effectual resistance to the mother coun- tr}' ; and Edward Biddle, Jonathan Potts, William Belirer, Christopher Witman, and Mark Bird, were constituted a committee of correspondence. When, on July 4, 177G, the delegates of the "Associators of Pennsylvania " met at Lancaster, to choose two brigadier-generals to command the battalions and forces of Pennsyl- vania, Berks county was represented by Colonels Bird, Patton, and Levan ; Majors Gabriel Hiester, Jones, Lindemuth, and LocfTler ; Lieutenants Cremer, Lutz, Rice, and Miller; Adjutant S. Eby ; Captains Keim and May; and pri- vates Ilartman, Filbert, Morgan, Tolbert, Spohn, Wenrich, Moser, Seltzer, Win- ter, Lerch, Wister, and Smack. While tliis convention was being held, the representatives in Congress unani- mously declared the thirteen Colonies free and independent States. This act gave an impetus to the struggle which induced the patriots of Berks to make common cause with their brethren already in arms, by enlisting for active service "whenever their country should call them into the field. During the winter of ni6-'77, when the British were in possession of Phila- delphia, Reading was the resort of many fugitive families from the metropolis, and it is related that, notwithstanding the gloomy prospects of the arm}' under Washington, the little town became the scene of much gaiety. The society of the refugees received accessions of visitors from time to time — officers of the army, and others, who found relief from the contemplation of the common suffer- ing in card parties, balls, sleighing excursions, and kindred pleasures. General Mifflin (afterwards Governor of the Commonwealth) held a country-seat named "Angelica," three miles south-east of Reading, which subsequently became the property of the county, and is now occupied by the alms-house and county hos- pital buildings. He was out of command in the army at this time, and was residing here. It was during this dark interval of the war that Reading became the head-quarters of the "Conway Cabal," which had for its object the deposi- tion of Washington as Commander in-Chief, and the substitution of General Gates. General Mifflin was, for a time, a leading spirit among these malcontents, but subsequently regretted the step he had taken, apologized for his conduct, and was restored to favor. During the same period, a body of Hessian prisoners, who had been captured at Trenton in December, 1776, together with some British, and the principal Scotch Royalists who had been captured in North Carolina, were brought to Reading, and confined in a sort of rude barracks on Penn's Mount, cast of the town, where they remained some time. To protect themselves against the incle- menc}' of the winter, they built huts from the stones which they found there in great abundance, the ruins of which may still be traced by the curious antiquary. These prisoners were under the command of Captain Philip Miller, of Reading, who fought in the battle of Trenton. At the beginning of the year 1777, the number of available efficient men in z 386 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Berks was reported at about four thousand. On the 5th and Gth da3-s of May, in that 3'ear, they met at convenient places to elect field officers, and formed themselves into companies and classes, agreeably to law. July 28, 117T, the Council of Safety at Philadelphia, in the exigency of affairs, when the invasion of Pennsylvania by the British was apprehended, ordered Colonel Jacob Morgan, of Berks, forthwith to embody one class of the militia of the county and send them to Chester. The command was promptly complied with, the militia exhibiting the warmest zeal in the cause upon which the future fate of the American States depended. Some of the inhabitants, however, here as elsewhere, were not equally zealous, assigning as a reason for not responding to the call, that they were unprovided with arms, ammunition, and other necessaries. In August following, a second class of the militia of Berks wei'e ordered out, the force, including officers and privates, aggregating six hundred and fifty-six " hearty and able men." In November, the fifth and sixth classes were notified to appear at Reading, with all the arms, accoutrements, and blankets thc}^ could procure. There was at this time a great want of arms and ammunition. In this exigenc}'^, proper persons were appointed by the commissioners to go from house to house to collect arms, blankets, and whatever could be made available for the service, and forward them to the commissioners. in July, 1780, a requisition was made upon Berks to furnish, monthly, six hundred barrels of flour, six hundred tons of forage, two hundred horses, and twent}'' wagons. The last order from the Council of Safety was issued September 11, 1181, for three classes of the militia of Berks county. This, as well as the several previous requisitions, both for men and munitions of war, as well as for supplies for subsistence, were promptly complied with. During the entire period of the Revolutionary struggle, from 1775 to 1783, Pennsylvania furnished 29,555 "effective men." Of these, 7,357 were militia, and 22,198 were regular Continental troops. Of this number Berks county furnished its full quota. In the Whiskey Insurrection of 1794, the town of Reading furnished a com- pany of volunteers to aid in subduing the malcontents in the west. In the war of 1812-14, Berks county furnished two full regiments of militia and volunteers, which constituted the Second Brigade Pennsylvania Militia, under command of General John Addams, of Reading. Jeremiah Shappell and John Lotz were Colonels of the First and Second regiments respectively. The captains of the several companies were : George Zieber, Jacob Marshall, Tho- mas Moore, John Mauger, George Marx, George Ritter, Jonathan Jones, Henry Willotz, John May, John Christian, Gabriel Old, Daniel De B. Keim, and William Hain. These troops marched to the defence of Baltimore in the fall of 1814, when that city was threatened by the British, and remained in camp there until the conclusion of peace. When war was declared between the United States and Mexico (1846) three companies of volunteers were recruited in Reading and the vicinity, and tendered their services to the government. Only one of them was accepted, the Reading Artillerists, Captain Thomas S. Leoser, which became Company A of berk:s count r 387 the Secoad Peunsylvania regiment, and did gallant service under General Scott in all the engagements from Vera Cruz to the capture of the city of Mexico. In the late war of the rebellion Berks county attested her devotion to the cause of tlie Union by sending into the field forty-eight full companies of volun- teers, who served in various regiments, chiefly in the Army of the Potomac, and many of these gallant men, officers and privates, yielded up their lives a willing sacrifice upon the altar of their country. In every sanguinary engagement of the campaign their names were found in the list of killed, wounded, and prisoners. The future historian will do justice to their memories. The drafts of 1863, which were obnoxious to the people of many districts and resisted in some, met with no obstacles to their enforcement here, and two full regiments of drafted men were obtained, who willingly submitted to the decrees of war, and faithfully served out the term for which they were recruited. It deserves to be noted here that the Ringgold Light Artillery of Reading, Captain James McKnight, was the first company that reported at Harrisburg in response to President Lincoln's proclamation of April 15, 1861, calling for 75,000 men, and was one of the five Pennsylvania companies that first arrived at Washington for the defence of the Capital. ' The territorial subdivisions of Berks consist of the city of Reading, eight boroughs and forty-one townships. The following table gives the date of formation, population, and valuation of taxable property of each : 4 |0 o DiSTKICTS. c-t- o' ►3 Valuation Districts. — m fa 00^ o' Valuation Albany, 1752 1,510 $1 ,048,365 Jefferson, 1851 1,133 858,405 Alsace, 1752 1,294 882,273 Kutztown (bor.), 1815 1,045 572,643 Amity, 1752 1,640 1,465,158 Longswamp, 1759 2,910 1,310,366 Bern, 1752 2,124 1.501,092 Maiden Creek, 1752 1.615 1,803,966 Bern, Upper, 1821 2,008 1,774,227 Marion , 1843 • 1,440 1,641,957 Bernville (bor.). 1850 457 220,053 Maxatawny, 1752 2,531 2,863,344 Betliel, 1752 2,285 1,898,955 Muhlenberg, 1850 1,547 1,626,228 Birdsboro (bor.). Boyertown (bor.), 1872 * 1,000 660.066 Oley, 1752 1,986 2,875,161 18GG 090 602,619 Ontelaunee, 1850 1,339 1,382,259 Brecknock, 1752 813 534,990 Penn, 1841 1,515 1,243,998 Caernarvon, 1752 927 797,125 Perry, 1849 1,680 1,282,035 Centre, 1842 1,529 1,405,590 Pike, 1813 925 480,177 Colebrookdale, 1752 1 ,000 1,107,981 Reading, 1783 33,930 34,700,000 Cumru, 1752 2,573 1,785,877 Richmond, 1752 2,874 2,067,936 District, 175'J 724 503,358 Robeson, 1752 2,458 l,260,u37 Douglass, 1752 1,072 813,555 Rockland, 1759 1,451 967,170 Earl, 1781 1,022 510,1351 Ruscomb Manor, 1759 1,408 682,974 Exeter, 1752 2,239 2,076.834 i Spring, 1850 2,253 2,217,398 Fleetwood (bor.), 1873 *600 326,871 1 Topton (bor.), 1876 *400 Greenwich, 1759 2,151 1,462,620 Tulpehocken, 1752 2,013 1,431,669 Hamburg (bor.). 1803 1,590 773,106 Tuipeliocken, U., 1820 1,196 845,865 Heidelberg, 1752 1,193 1 ,601 ,625 Union. 1752 2,165 1.109,625 Heidelberg, Lo'r, 1842 2,480 1 2.302.926 Washington, 1839 1,609 1,483,221 Heidelberg, N'th, 1842 979 772.660 \\'indsor. 1759 1,211 683,094 Hereford, 1752 1,2G0. 1,277,904 Womelsdorf (bo.), 1837 1,031 531,699 * Estimated population, 1876. Hamburg was settled as early as 1720, by emigrants from the free State of 388 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. Hamburg, Germany, and hence when incorporated as a borough, it was appro- priately so named. It is beautifully situated on the east bank of the Schuylkill river, sixteen miles north-east of Reading, and has become one of the principal stations on the Philadelphia and Reading railroad between Reading and Potts- ville. The projected South Mountain railroad will span the Schujdkill at this point, and run through the northern i)ortion of the town. It has considerable trade and manufactures, and contains many fine buildings, including five churches and three large school houses. KuTZTOWN was settled by Germans about the year 1733. It is situated on the old post road between Reading and Easton, seventeen miles north-east of Reading. It is now connected with the East Penns3dvania branch of the Phila- delphia and Reading railroad at Topton station, by a branch of the (uncom- pleted) AUentown railroad. Since 1860 Kutztown has increased rapidly in population and business. It is now the most flourishing borough in the county. The Keystone State normal school is located upon a commanding site over- looking the town, and is one of the finest educational institutions in the country. It consists of a central building of simple, but imposing, architectural propor- tions, crowned with a tower land flanked by wings, the whole presenting a front of two hundred and forty feet. The surrounding grounds have been beautifully improved with parterres (5f grass and shrubbery, with walks shaded by numerous trees. The main building was originally the " Maxatawny seminar \'," which was enlarged to its present dimensions during the 3^ears 1865-'66. September 13, 1866, the school was oUlcially recognized as the State Normal School of the Third District of Pennsylvania. It has boarding accommodations for three hundred, and school accommodations for four hundred, students. The number of students enrolled in the catalogue of 1875 was five hundred and sixteen, of whom four hundred and seventj'-one were males. The whole cost of the build- ing« and grounds was about $85,000. WoMELSDORF was Settled in 1723, by some of the German families who had originally found homes in Scoharic count}^, New York, but were obliged to surrender their lands there in consequence of defective titles. It was laid out as a town by John Wommclsdorfl", from whom it derived its name. It is situated near the Tulpehocken creek, on the Berks and Dauphin turnpike road, fourteen miles west of Reading. Conrad Wciser settled near Womelsdorf in 1729, and his remains were interred there in the family burying-ground, which is still preserved intact as a venerated spot. Up to the date of its incorporation as a borough, Womelsdorf was included in Heidelberg township. The Bethany Orphans' Home, founded by the Reformed church, is situated in a beautiful grove of eighty-eight acres of land, near Womelsdorf station on the Lebanon Valley branch of the Philadelphia and Reading railroad, about half a mile south of the borough. The building is large and commodious, and is abundantly sup- plied with the purest water from the South Mountain spring. Previous to the purchase of the property for the Home, in 1868, it was known as " Manderbach's Springs," and was much frequented by strangers as a summer resort. There is a tradition among the inhabitants of Womelsdorf that Washington tarried there over night, in October, 1794, on his way to take command of the troops who had rendezvoused at Carlisle to march to suppress the Whiskey Insurrection in BERKS COUNTY. 389 Western Pennsylvania, and that, on this occasion, accompanied by General Joseph Hiester and other persons of note, he visited the grave of Conrad Weiser. BiRDSBORO, formerly included in Robeson township, is a flourishing manu- facturing town on the Schuylkill, eight miles south-east of Reading. It is an important station on the main line of the Philadelphia and Reading railroad and the Wilmington and Reading railroad. The extensive iron woiks of Messrs. E. & G. Brooke, consisting of furnaces, rolling mill, and nail factoiy, are situated here, and make it the centre of a large trade. It has several fine churches and many elegant private residences. BoYERTOWN, set off tVom Colebrookdale township, is situated on the Cole- brookdale railroad, about eight miles from Pottstown, where the latter connects with the Philadelphia and Reading road. Its inhabitants are prin- cipally interested in the rain- ing of iron ore, large deposits of rich magnetic ore lying in the immediate vicinit}', some of the veins of which extend under a portion of the ground on which the town has been built. The Colebrookdale iron works, two miles distant, are engaged extensively in the manufacture of castings of va- rious kinds, principally wagon- boxes and sad-irons. Boyer- town contains two large aca- demies and boarding schools, and is a favorite summer re- sort for Pliiladelphians. Fleetwood, set off from Richmond township, is a sta- tion on the East Pennsylvania branch of the Reading railroad, eleven miles east of Reading, and since the completion of that road in 1858, has grown into a thriving manufacturing town. Bernville is situated on the Union canal, fourteen miles north-west from Reading. It has an industrious population, and several manufacturing establish- ments of note. The South Mountain railroad, now in process of construction, will pass through the borough, which will give a new impetus to the business of the vicinity. ToPTON, the youngest borough in the county, set off from Longswamp town- ship, February 12, 18T6, is situated eighteen miles north-east of Reading, on the Fast Pennsylvania railroad, at its junction with the Kutztown brancli. THE OLD HAIN'S CnURCH, NEAR WERNERSVILLE. [From a Photograph by Leaman * '-ill liiiiJiHiiiiiEHaiiiiaiaiJiiiisa 519 520 HISTOBT OF PENNSYLVANIA. to south, and twenty-one miles from east to west, and contains about seven iiundred and sixty square miles. The county embraces every variety of soil and surface. The northern part is rugged ; the Welsh mountain, a sandstone chain of considerable elevation, belonging to the lower secondary formation, forms the north-western boundary. A Avide belt of red shale and sandstone, and a considerable area of gneiss rock, lies to the soutli of the mountain, and to this succeeds the North Valley hill. The " Great Valley," or Chester Valley, as it is now generally called, of primitive limestone, forms a most distinguishing feature of the county, and constitutes one of its greatest sources of wealth. This valley, which is generally from two to three miles wide, crosses the county a little north of the centre, in a south-east and north-west direction. It is shut in on both sides by parallel lulls of moderate elevation, generally densely wooded, and from either of these the whole width of the valley may be comprehended r.t. one glance, presenting, with its white cottages and smiling villages, one of the most lovely scenes in the United States. Its numerous quarries furnish great abundance of lime, to fertilize the less' favored toAvnships of the count3^ It received its name of " Great " in the earlier days of the Province, when the greater limestone valleys of the Cumberland and Kittatinny, and those among the mountains, were yet unknown. Compared with these, it is rather diminutive. This valley yields marble of all shades, from black and dark blue to nearly pure white, one of the most extensive deposits of which is at Oakland, between the Penns^dvania and Chester valley railroads, now owned by Dr. George Thomas. It was from this quarry that the marble for building Girard College was, in a great measure, procured. The Corinthian capitals and other sculptured work arc constructed from it. The stone stands the exposure of years without the ler. ^t appearance of disintegration, and retains its color without stain or blemish. In these respects it differs from the greater part of the marble found in this couutry. An analysis of it shows no talc, and but little earthy matter; that it is composed of nearly pure carbonate of lime, and with considerable silex* and althougli hard to work, it fiuishes smoothly. These characteristics render it valuable for monumental purposes. To the south of the Chester Valley' lies an extensive primitive formation of gneiss and mica slate, covering the greater portion of the southern section of the county, and forming a gently undulating country, with occasionally a few abrupt elevations. In this formation there occur frequent beds of serpentine, hornblende, trap-dykes, and deposits of pure feldspar. Limestone is found in A^arious parts of the county besides the Chester valley, particularly along the line of the Philadelphia and Baltimore Central railroad, and an extensive trade in the article is carried on. In former times, when wood was abundant, the farmers, generally, had large kilns on their farms, and hauled the stone from the quai'ries and burned it themselves, but this practice has for many years been almost wholly abandoned, and the business of lime-burning is now carried on by the proprietors of the quarries. The State of Delaware is largely supplied with lime from the quarries of Chester county. In the south-western part of the count}', the mineral known as ''chrome " is extensively found, both in the rock and sand, and is dug and shipped to Europe, where it commands a high price. For many years this trade was under CHESTEE COUNTY. 521 the almost exclusive control of Isaac Tyson, of Baltimore, who procured from the farmers the right to dig and remove the minerals found on their plantations. He amassed a fortune from this trade. The soil is generally very sterile where this mineral appears, and almost valueless for agricultural purposes. Plumbao-o or graphite, of a superior quality, and in apparently inexhaustible quantities, is found in Upi)er Uwchlan and adjoining townships, near the line of the Picker- ing Valley railroad. Works have been recently erected with the view of turning it to account, and the prospect of a large annual production is flatterino-. In Charlestown and Schuylkill townships are deposits of lead and copper. The existence of these minerals in this locality has long been known. As early as 1683, mining was done b}^ Charles Pickering and Samuel Buckley, and the productions used in the manufacture of coin. In that year these men were tried before William Pxiun, for debasing the coin, and convicted. It was not, how- ever, until about 1850, that mines were regularly opened. Before that time the operations were confined chiefly to the surface. Since 1850 considerable quanti- ties of lead have been taken out, chiefly by Charles M. Wheatley. The mines opened by him are now owned by the New York and Boston silver-lead mining company. Copper is found, but not in sufficient quantities to render its pro- duction profitable. The greater portion of the serpentine or green stone, now so popular in Philadelphia as a building material for the outer walls of houses and which has been used in the construction of the University of Pennsylvania and many churches and other buildings, comes from this county. An extensive quarry is situated in Birmingham township, about four miles south of West Chester, from which large quantities are shipped to Philadelphia and other points. It is owned by Joseph H. Brinton. Fine building stone is to be found in every part of the county, and it is extensivelj' used in the erection of buildings. Frame houses are* very rare. In New Garden township is a hill several miles in length, bearing the Indian name of Toughkenamon, signifying Fire-brand Hill — which contains inexhaustible quantities of stone. Con- siderable deposits of clay formed from the decomposition of feldspar, and known in the market as "kaolin," are found in New Garden, Pennsbury, and other townships, and used in the manufacture of china-ware, porcelain, and fire-brick. In Newlin township is an extensive deposit of the rare and valuable mineral known as " corundum," where large operations are carried on. . In the vicinity of Coates- ville is an excellent quality of sand, which is shipped to Pittsburgh, and used in the manufacture of glass. Valuable deposits of iron ore are found in almost every section of the count}^, but especially in the northern hills and in the Chester valley, and its preparation for the market is a source of large profit to the owners. There arc extensive iron works in different parts of the count}', but especiallv at Phoenixville and Coatesville. The Phoenix Iron company is one of the largest establishments in the United States. It is engaged, among other things, in the manufacture of railroad iron and in the construction of bridges, and gives employment, when in full operation, to about fifteen hundred men. During the war the celebrated Griffen Avrought iron cannon were manufactured by this company, and about twelve hundred of them were supplied. The new Girard Avenue bridge in Philadelphia was erected by it, as well as bridges in various GHESTEB COUNTY. 523 parts of this country and of Canada. At Coatesville, Parkesburg, and Thorn- dale, on the line of the Pennsylvania railroad, are a number of large rollino- mills, owned by Charles E. Pennock & Co., Huston & Penrose, Hugh E. Steele, Horace A. Beale, William L. Baile}', and others, which do an extensive business in the manufacture of boiler plate. At Spring City, on the Schuylkill river, is a large manufactory of stoves and hollow ware. At West Chester, spokes and wheels are extensively manufactured. Woolen and cotton factories, paper mills, and flour and saw mills, are numerous on the various streams which flow through the county. These streams furnish excellent water power, which is extensively utilized. Agriculture is the great business of the county, and a more intelligent, industrious, thrifty, and orderl}^ set of farmers are not to be found in the State. They are largely the lineal descendants of the early Welsh, English, and Scotch- Irish pioneers, who came over in the time of the Proprietaries, and of the Germans, who came in at a somewhat later date. In former years stock grazing and feeding was extensively engaged in, but latterly this branch of business has fallen ofl" very much, owing to the high price of stock-cattle compared with their value when fatted for the market, and the farmers are now turning their atten- tion largely to the business of dairying and furnishing supplies for the Philadel- phia market. Large quantities of milk and butter are transmitted on the various railroads leading to that citj-. The farm buildings are generally of a ver}'^ supe- rior character, and indicate the thrift and intelligence of the people. The old system of what are called worm fences is gradually giving way to fences made of posts and rails ; stone is used for fencing to a A^ery limited extent. What is known as the Eastern Experimental Farm is situated in Londongrove township, in the southern part of the county, near the line of the Philadelphia and Baltimore Central railroad, and contains about one hundred acres. It is now under the care and superintendence of John I. Carter, a gentleman in ever}' way suited to the position. The experiments carried on at this farm have already been of gi-eat benefit to the farming community', and its means of useful- ness will increase as its operations become more extensive. A club is maintained at the farm, at which a large number of intelligent farmers meet monthly, to read essays and discuss matters pertaining to the business of agriculture. The farmers of Chester county are a reading people, and scarcely a house will be found, however humble, -to which the daily newspaper and the monthly magazine do not find their way. Their tables will vie with those of the inhabitants of the towns in the elegance of their appointments, and the grace and dignity Avith which they are presided over. There are a number of extensive nurseries and greenhouses in the countj^, the productions of which are forwarded to various parts of the country ; notabl}- among these are the establishments of Hoopes, Brother & Thomas, Otto & Acheles, and Joseph Kift, of West Chester, and of Dingee & Conard, of West Grove. The growing of evergreens with Hoopes, Brother & Thomas, and of roses with Dingee & Conard, are specialties. The surface of the county is almost wholly susceptible of cultivation. There is scarcely any broken land. Each farm has usually a proportion of woodland sufficient for the uses of the farm — generally about eight acres in the hundred. 524 EISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. The principal streams are the Octorara, Brandywine, Elk, White Clay, Red Clay, Chester, Pocopson, Ridley, and Crum creeks, flowing southwardly, and the Pickering, Valley, French and Pidgeon creeks, tributaries of the Schuylkill. There are a large number of other smaller streams, and the county is remarkably well watered. Nearly all the farms have running water on them, many of tliem in every field. The Octorara creek forms the western boundary of the county, and the Schuylkill river skirts it on the east. The Brandywine, at its upper end, is composed of two branches, called the east and west branches, The Pennsylvania railroad crosses the east branch at Downingtown, and the west branch at Coates- ville. They unite at a point nearly west of West Chester. The Brandj'wine has been generally supposed to have derived its name in consequence of the reported loss of a vessel in its waters, laden with brandy — in the Dutch language, brand-wijn. This, however, is shown by recent investigation to be a mistake. It most probably derived its name from one Andrew Braindwine, who, at an early day, owned lands near its mouth. It was very common in the olden time, in the lower counties — now the State of Delaware — to name streams after the dwellers upon their banks. This creek is shown by the old records to have been known as the Fish-kill, until the grant of land to Andrew Braindwine ; immediately after which it is referred to, on the records, as Braindwine's kill or creek, and the name was eventually corrupted into its present form of Brand^'^wine. The Indian name of the Brandywine is not certainly known. It is spoken of by tradition, both as Suspecough and Wawassan. Octorara and Pocopson are of Indian origin, the latter signifying rapid or brawling stream. Excellent public roads cross the county in every direction. These are usually sold out by the supervisors to the lowest bidder, to be kept in repair for a term of years, the farmers in the vicinity being generall}'' the purchasers. There are also a number of turnpike roads, the principal of which are the Philadelphia and Lancaster, West Chester and Wilmington, and Downingtown, Ephrata, and Harrisburg. The Schuylkill canal traverses the eastern part of the county, near the Schuylkill river. The county is well supplied with railroad facilities, almost every part being Avithin convenient reach of this mode of travel. The Pennsylvania railroad passes across the centre of the county from east to west, and the Reading and Wilmington railroad from north to south, while the Philadelphia and Baltimore Central railroad traverses the entire southern part of it. The West Chester and Philadelphia railroad connects West Chester with Philadelphia, and the West Chester, with the Pennsylvania railroad, at Malvern station, near Paoli. The Pennsylvania and Delaware railway runs from the Pennsjdvania railroad at Pomeroy station to Delaware City ; the East Brandywine and Waynes- burg railroad, from Downingtown to Waynesburg ; the Chester Yalle}^ from Downingtown to Norristown, and the Pickering Valley, from Uwchlan to Phoenixville. The Wilmington and Western connects Wilmington with the Pennsylvania and Delaware railway at Landenberg ; the Reading railroad passes along the eastern boundary of the county, and the Perkiomen railroad connects with the Reading railroad, between Phoenixville and Valley Forge. The Peach Bottom railroad — a narrow gauge — is in process of construction from Oxford to York, several miles of which, from Oxford, westward, have been constructed, CHESTER COUNTY. 525 and are in operation. Tliese thirteen railroads have about two hundred miles of track within the limits of the county. The territory now included in Chester county was honorably purchased of the Indians by William Penn, and was conveyed in several distinct deeds. The first, bearing date June 25, 1683, and signed by an Indian called Wingebone, conveys to William Penn all his lands on the west side of Schuylkill, beginnino- at the first falls, and extending along and back from that river, in the language of tlie instrument, " so far as my right goeth." By another deed of July 14th, 1683, two chiefs granted to the Proprietary the land lying between the Chester and Schuylkill rivers. From Kikita{)an he purchased half the land between the Susquehanna and Delaware, in September, and from Malchaloa, all lands from the Delaware to Chesapeake bay, up to the falls of the Susquehanna, in October. And by a deed of Julj'- 30th was conveyed the land between Chester and Pennj^- pack creeks. Another conveyance was made on the 2d of October, 1685, for the greater portion of the lands constituting the present county of Chester. This last instrument is a quaint piece of conveyancing, and will show the value attached b}' the natives to their lands : " This indenture witnesseth that we, Packenah, Jackham, Sikals, Portquesott, Jervis, Essepenaick, Felktrug, Porvey, Indian kings, sachemakers, right owners of all lands from Quing Quingus, called Duck cr., unto Upland, called Chester cr., all along the west side of Delaware river, and so between the said creeks back- wards; as far as a man can ride in tioo days toiih a horse, for and in consideration of these following goods to us in hand paid, and secured to be paid by William Penn, Proprietary of Pennsylvania and the territories thereof, viz. : 20 guns, 20 fathoms match coat, 20 fathoms stroud water, 20 blankets, 20 kettles, 20 pounds powder, 100 bars of lead, 40 tomahawks, 100 knives, 40 pair of stockings, 1 barrel of beer, 20 pounds of red lead, 100 fathoms of wampum, 30 glass bottles, 30 pewter spoons, 100 awl blades, 300 tobacco j)ipes, 100 hands tobacco, 20 tobacco tongs, 20 steels, 300 flints, 30 pair of scissors, 30 combs, 60 looking glasses, 200 needles, 1 skipple of salt, 30 pounds of sugar, 5 gallons of molasses, 20 tobacco boxes, 100 jews-harps, 20 hoes, 30 gimlets, 30 wooden screw boxes, 103 strings of beeds — do hereby acknowledge, &c. &c. Given under our hands and seals, at New Castle, 2d of the 8th month, 1685." The title of the particular Indian chiefs to the lands claimed by them was not always very clear, but it was the policy of the Proprietary government to quiet all claims which might be made, by purchasing them. Accordingly, purchases were made from time to time, of claims made by chiefs, which they alleged had not been extinguished. The Indians, after the sale of their lands, continued to occupy them until needed by the settlers, and gradually abandoned them as the whites advanced and took possession. They were an amiable race, and when they left the burial places of their fathers, in search of new homes, it was without a stain upon their honor. Considerable numbers, however, remained in the county, inhabiting the woods and unoccupied places, until the breaking out of the French and English war in 1755 ; about which time they generally removed be^^ond the limits of the county, and took up their abode in the valleys of the Wyoming and W3'alusing, on the Susquehanna. At the making of the treaty of St. Marv's, in 1720, there 526 HISTOR T OF PENNS YL VANIA. were present some chiefs of the Nanticokes, one of whom, who had withstood the storms of ninety winters, told the commissioners that lie and his people had once roamed through their own dom.ains along the Brandywine. At the close of the Revolutionary war, the number of Indians resident in the county was reduced to four, who dwelt in some wigwams in Marlborough township. After the death of three of them, the remaining one, known as Indian Hannah, took up her abode in a wigwam near the Brandywine, on lands of Humphrey Marshall, or as she considered it, on her own lands. During the summer she traveled through different parts of the county, visiting those who would receive her with kindness, and selling her baskets. As she grew old she quitted her wigwam and dwelt in friendly families. Though a long time domesticated with the whites, she retained her Indian character to the last. She had a proud and haughtj- spirit, hated the blacks, and did not even deign to associate with the lower order of the whites. Without a companion of her race — without kindred — she felt her situation deso- late, and often spoke of the wrongs and misfortunes of her people. She died in the year 1803, at the age of nearly one hundred years — the last of the Lenni Lenape resident in Chester county. The early settlers of the county were of various nationalities. The Swedes, who came first, established themselves along the banks of the Delaware and Schuylkill. The Welsh — who settled in considerable numbers — occupied the eastern townships, and extended up the Great Yalley and into the northern and north-western parts of the county. The English — principally of the Society of Friends — settled all the central portion of the county, and extended into the south and south-west, some of them taking up lands bordering upon the Mary- land line. The Scotch-Irish gradually spread over the whole of the western part of the county, from the Mar3'land line to the Welsh mountain, while the Dutch and Germans filled up the north-eastern townships. It is a singular fact that the white races in Pennsylvania are remarkably unmixed, and retain their original character bej^ond that of an^^ State in the Union. These distinctly marked races are the English, Scotch-Irish, and German. Emigrants from other countries contributed to swell the population, but their numbers were small compared with the races just mentioned, and their peculiar characteristics, through admixture with the people of other nationalities, and the mellowing influence of time, are scarcely recognizable. These different peoples have impressed their peculiar characteristics upon the portion of Chester county in which they settled. While to the e^^e of the stranger this may not be apparent, yet to one long resident in the count}', and familiar with its inhabitants, the difference is quite perceptible. Throughout all the eastern, central, and a portion of the southern part of the count}', the plain language of the Society of Friends is still largely used, their meeting houses are numerous, and the descendants of the early settlers have inherited their simple manners and style of living. The western part of the county is largely peopled by the descendants of the Scotch-Irish settlers, and the peculiarly energetic, positive, enterprising, and intellectual character of this people has descended from genera- tion to generation. They are chiefly Presbyterian, and a large number of churches of that denomination are scattered over this region. In the north- eastern part of the county, any one familiar with the peculiar expressions of the CHESTER COUNTY. 527 English speaking Pennsylvania German, would know that he was amono- the descendants of that race, although scarcel}- any of them speak the German language. They possess the thrift and industry of their forefathers, and are an orderly and law-abiding people. The first court after the granting of the Province to William Penn was held at Upland, on the 13th of September, 1681. This was the day to which the court, at its last session under the government of the Duke of York had adjourned. The records of the county from that time to the present have been preserved, and are all in the public offices at West Chester. When the county seat was removed to West Chester, in 1786, these records were removed there from Chester. Delaware county, although having the old county seat, was a new county, and its records date from its erection in 1189. A portion of these old records having become much worn and difficult to decipher, were, by an order of the court made in 1821, copied into a large book, labelled " Old Court Records," which is now in the office of the clerk of the court of quarter sessions. They contain much curious and interesting matter. The first entries are of two cases of assault and battery, and appear to have been what are in these days called cross-prosecutions. As a specimen of court proceedings in those early days, these first entries are given : " Province of Pennsylvania, at the court at Upland, September 13th, 1681. Justices present : Mr. William Clayton, Mr. William Warner, Mr. Robert Wade, Mr. Otto Ernest Cock, Mr. William Byles, Mr. Robert Lucas, Mr. Lasse Cock, Mr. Swan Swanson, Mr. Andreas Bankson. " Sheriff, Mr. .John Test ; clerk, Mr. Thomas Revell. " An action of assault and battery. Peter Erickson plaintiff; Herman John- son and Margaret, his wife, defendants. " Jurors : Morgan Drewitt, William Woodmansen, William Hewes, James Browne, Henry Reynolds, Robert Scliooley, Richard Pittman, Lassey Dalboe, John Ackraman, Peter Rambo, Jr., Henry Hastings, and William Oxle}^ " Witness : William Parke. The jury find for the plaintiflT, give him 6d. damages and his costs of suit. " An action of assault and battery. Herman Johnson and Margaret, his wife, plaintiffs ; Peter Erickson, defendant. " Jurors, the same as above. Witnesses : Anna Coleman, Richard Buffington, Ebenezer Taylor. The jury find for the plaintiflTs, and give them 40s. damages and their costs of suit." In a case tried at the next court, it is recorded that " Katharine Winch- combe's evidence was rejected as a lie." The title Mr., which had theretofore been appended to the name of the justices and officers of the court, was at this court omitted, and does not ajopear to have been thereafter used. Soon afterwards, the manner of calling the names of the days of the week and month, was changed to the style used by the Friends, the Assembh' having directed " that ye da3's of ye week, and ye months of 3'e year shall be called as in Scripture, and not by heathen names (as are vulgarly used), as ye first, second, and third days of ye week, and first, second, and third months of ye ^-ear, beginning with ye day called Sunday, and ye month called March." This style was continued for a considerable period of time. Corporeal 528 HISTOE Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. punishment for crime was quite common, and the whipping post, stocli:s, and pillory are frequently mentioned in these old records. The first sentence of this character recorded is that "J — M — , being convicted of stealing money o':t of the house of William Browne, was ordered twelve stripes on his bare back, well laid on, at the common whipping post, the fourth instant, between the tenth and eleventh hours in the morning." This system of punishment appears to have continued until after the middle of the eighteenth centurj', wlien it fell gradually into disuse, and punishment by fine and imprisonment became general. The •grand jury frequently presented persons for being intoxicated, for selling liquor without license, and for keeping disorderly houses, and the disposal of such pre- sentments occupied much of the attention of the court. The following are extracts of earl}' cases : " James Sanderlaine was fined 5s. for suffering Robert Stephens to be drunk in his house. " Neil Juist paid 5s. for being drunk at Chester." Margaret Matson, of Chester county, was tried before William Penn, at Philadelphia, in February, 1G84, for witchcraft. It is recorded that "the jury went forth, and upon their return brought her in guilty of having the common fame of a witch, but not guilty in manner and form as she stands indicted." The proceedings are given at length in the first volume of the Colonial Records, pages 93-96. The first court after the removal of the county seat to West Chester, was held on the 28th of November, 1186, the following justices being present: William Clingan, William Haslett, John Bartholomew, Philip Scott, Isaac Tay- loi', John Ralston, Joseph Luckey, Thomas Cheyne}^, Thomas Lewis, and Richard Hill Morris. It will be remembered that in those days the ordinary county courts were held by the justices of the peace. At August term, 1791, they sat for the last time, and at November term following, the judges appointed under the constitution of 1790 took their seats. The following is a chronologi- cal list of the president judges who have occupied the bench in West Chester, viz.: William Augustus Atlee, from November, 1791, to August, 1793 ; John Joseph Henry, from February, 1794, to February, 1800; John D. Coxe, from May, 1800, to May, 1805 ; William Tilghman, from August, 1805, to February, 1806 ; Bird Wilson, from April, 1806, to November, 1817, when he left tlie bench for the pulpit; John Ross, from February, 1818, to Ma}', 1821, when the judicial district was divided, and he accepted the new district composed of Bucks and Montgomery; Isaac Darlington, from July, 1821, to his death, in Maj^, 1839; Thomas Sloan Bell, from Maj', 1839, to October, 1846, when he was appointed to the bench of the Supreme Court, and Henry Chapman, the last of the appointed judges, from April, 1848, to November, 1851. Townscnd Haines, elected by the people, occupied the bench from December, 1851, to December, 1861, when he was succeeded by William Butler, who has presided flora that time to the present. Between the resignation of Judge Bell, and the appointment of Judge Chapman, John M. Forster, of Harrisburg, and James Nill, of Chambersburg, occupied the bench for a time, by appointment of Governor Shunk, but were not confirmed by the Senate. The influence exerted in this county by the example of the Society of Friends GHESTEB COUNTY. 529 is very marked. The simple affirmation taken by tlieir members as witnesses and in judicial proceedings is now genei-ally used b}- those of all creeds, and of no creed. Even the Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, who formerly always took the oath with uplifted hand, now generally follow the example. The long period of ninety years that elapsed between the settlement of the county and the war of the Revolution was a peaceful era, unfruitful of incident. During all that time the settlers were left to pursue their peaceful occupations, uninjured and unmoved by the commotions that shook the rest of the world. They plied the arts of commerce, brought now lands into culture, established schools and churches, and advanced with uniform progress towards a state of opulence and refinement. The contests which occurred within this period had little effect on the settlers here. They were largely Friends, took no active part in military concerns, and were not molested by them. The cloud, however, which had so long been gathering and rumbling on the horizon, had at length spread itself over the land, and the moment arrived when it was to burst. The citizens of Chester county were now to see their fields crossed by hostile armies, and made the theatre of military operations, while they themselves, throwing aside the implements of husbandry and forgetting the employments of peace, were to mingle in the general strife. When the difficulties between the Colonies and the mother countiy became serious, a large meeting of the inhabitants of the county was held at the court house at Chester, in December, 1114, to devise measures for the protection of their rights as freemen, in pursuance of the resolution of the Continental Congress. A committee of seventy was chosen, at the head of which stood Anthonj'' Wayne, and among his colleagues were such resolute men as Francis Johnston, Richard Riley, Hugh Lloyd, Sketchley Morton, Lewis Gronow, Richard Thomas, William Montgomeiy, Persifor Frazer, John Hannum Patterson Bell, Richard Flower, and Walter Finne3\ The object of this com- mittee was to aid in superseding the Colonial government, and to take charge of the local interests of the county. The first military force raised in the county was a regiment of volunteers. commanded by Colonel Richard Thomas, of the Great Yalley. In the beginning of the year 1*716, a regiment was organized, commanded by Anthony Wayne as colonel, and Francis Johnston as lieutenant-colonel, and consisting of eight companies, with the following named captains : Persifor Frazer, Thomas Robison, John Lacey, Caleb North, Thomas Chui'ch, Frederick Yernon, James Moore, and James Tajdor. All these officers were citizens of Chester county, except John Lacey, who then resided in Bucks county, and Thomas Church, who resided in Lancaster county. Another regiment was subsequently raised and officered, principally by the inhabitants of Chester county. Samuel J. Atlee, of Lancaster, was appointed colonel, and Caleb Parry, of Chester county, lieutenant- colonel, and among the captains were Joseph McClellan and Walter Finney. Among the citizens of Chester county who rose to eminence as military men during the revolution, were Anthon}^ Wayne, Richard Tliomas, Francis Johnston, Jacob Humphrey, Caleb Pariy, Joseph McClellan, Walter Finney, Richard Humpton, Persifor Frazer, Benjamin Bartholomew, William Montgo- mery^, Allen Cunningham, James McCuUough, John Harper, Stephen Cochran, 2 I ' 530 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VAIflA. Robert Smith, and Andrew Boyd. The last two were lieutenants of the county, and had charge of the raising and equipping of the militia levies. Among the civilians who rendered efficient service, were John Morton, Thomas M'Kean, William Clingan, Thomas Cheyney, John Hannum, Samuel Futhey, John Jacobs, Dr. Joseph Gardner, John Beaton, Caleb Davis, William Gibbons, Richard Riley, John Ralston, Stephen Cochran, and Reverends John Carmichael, William Foster, and David Jones. It will thus be seen that Chester county not only contributed a full propor- tion of men for the service, but evinced a spirit scarcely to be expected among a people, so many of whom were opposed in principle to the practice of war. It is to be remembered, however, that when the Revolution dawned upon us, the Scotch-Irish element had become very strong — almost the whole of the western part of the county was peopled by them and their descendants — and they became a powerful element in the contribution of the county to the cause of liberty. As an instance of their devotion, it is stated that in the region known as Brandy- wine Manor, in the campaign of 17 7 Y, not a man capable of bearing arms remained at home, and the farm labor devolved upon the old men, women, and children. Among the most active in promoting the cause, were the Rev. John Carmichael, of Brandywine Manor, and Rev. William Foster, of Upper Octo- rara, Presbyterian clergymen, and the Rev. David Jones, of the Great Valley, a Baptist clergyman, the effect of whose preaching was to send many a valuable recruit into the arm3^ The Welsh element was generally favorable to indepen- dence, and contributed to swell the ranks of the patriots. The British, on their route from the head of Chesapeake bay to Philadelphia, in September, 1777, entered Chester county in the lower part of New Garden toAvnship. They rested the night of the tenth at Kennett Square, and on the next morning formed in two divisions, one under General Kn3-phausen, pursuing the direct road eastward to Chad's ford, and the main body, under General Corn- wallis, and accompanied b}^ the commander-in-chief, taking a circuitous route, crossiiig the west branch of the Brandywine at Trimble's ford, and the east branch at Jefferis' ford, and approaching Birmingham meeting house from the north. The object of this movement was to hem in the American forces between the two divisions of the British army. In this they were successful, and the Americans, after a brief but severe struggle, were routed and compelled to seek safety in flight. The particulars of the battle of Brandywine are given in the general sketch, and need not be repeated here. The question has been frequently mooted, whether the fact that the British nad divided their forces, should not have been discovered sooner than it was, and the disastrous defeat which took place have been prevented ? The writer, from a knowledge of the entire section of country near where the battle was fought, entertains the opinion that there Avas somewhere the most culpable and inexcusable negligence, in not having sooner definitely ascertained the move- ments of the British army. The fords of the Brandywine, where the British were at all likely to cross, were all comparatively near to the Americans, and were easily accessible ; the country was open, and the roads were substantially the same as now, and with proper vigilance, the movements of the BriMsh could GHESTEB COUNTY. have been easily discovered in time to have enabled General Washington to have disposed of his troops to the best advantage. It is now known that small bodies of the British light troops crossed at Wistar's and at Bufflngton's fords, which are between Jefferi's ford and Chad's ford, some time before the main body of the army crossed at Jefleris' ford, and yet no information of these movements appears to have been communicated to the commander-in-chief. The first reliable information which he received was from Thomas Cheyney, an intelligent and patriotic citizen, whose residence was a few miles distant. He had passed the night at the residence of John Hannum, where the present village of Marshalton stands, and the two set out on the morning of the eleventli to visit the American army. As they descended towards the west branch of the Brandywine near Trimble's ford, they discovered, coming down from the hills opposite, a numerous body of British soldiers. This very much surprised them, and they moved round the adjacent hills, in order to observe the direction taken by them. Finding they were going towards Jefferis' ford, and believing them to constitute the main bod}^ of the British army, they resolved at once, and at some personal risk, to proceed with the intelligence to General Washington. Cheyney being mounted on a fleet hackne}'', pushed down the stream until he found the commander-in-chief, and communicated the tidings to him, but the information came so late that there was not time to properly meet the emergency. It has been usual to attribute the loss of the battle to this want of timely intelli- gence of the movements of the enemy, but it is problematical whether the Ameri- cans could have been successful under any circumstances. The British army was well appointed and highly disciplined ; a large part of the American army, at that time, was a mere militia levy, and this superiority of the British troops over the Americans would probably have enabled them to gain the day under any circumstances. The meeting-house at Birmingham had been taken possession of by Washington some days previously, with a view to its occupancy by the sick of the American army, but before it was in readiness for that purpose the battle was fought, and it was used by the British as an hospital for their wounded officers. There is a tradition which has long been current, that a member of the House of Northumberland, named Percy, was killed in the engagement, and buried in the graveyard at Birmingham meeting-house, and the supposed place of inter- ment has been pointed out to the Avriter. This tradition, which we see occcasion- ally given as history, is unqestionably a myth. We have no reliable evidence of its truth. Very few officers of conspicuous rank, in either army, were slain in the OLD BIRMINGHAM MEETING HOUSE. 532 HISTOEY OF PENNSYLVANIA. battle of Branclywine, and if it were true that a " Percy of Northumberland " had fallen there, General Howe assuredly was not the person to ignore the death of a companion in arms who could trace his family name back to the days of Chevy Chase. Hugh, Earl Perc}^, afterwards second Duke of Northumberland, was in tliis countrj^ in the earlj- period of the Revolution, and commanded some forces at the battle of Lexington, but he left America previous to the battle of Brand^'wine. The British arni}^ remained some da3-s in the neighborhood of the field of battle, and during this time had a cattle pen, where they collected large numbers of cattle and other animals, and slaughtered and preserved them for the use of the arm}'. Nearly all the live stock in the country for a considerable distance around was taken from the inhabitants. In some instances payment was made in British gold, but generall}^ no compensation was given. On the 16th 6f September they proceeded northward towards the Great Yalley, by what is known as the Chester road. Washington, after resting his army, marched from Philadelphia up the Lancaster road, with the view of again offering battle. On the 17th the armies met in Goshen township, about four miles north-east of West Chester ; skirmishing began between the advanced parties, and a sanguinary battle would probably have been fought, but a rain storm of great violence stopped its further progress, and rendered it impossible for either army to keep the field. A few soldiers were killed in the conflict. The Americans retired to the Yellow Springs, where, discovering that their ammunition had been greatl}'' damaged by the rain, and that they were not in a condition to engage in a conflict, the march was continued to Warwick Furnace, in the present township of Warwick, in the northern part of the county, where a fresh supply' of arms and ammunition was obtained. After a detention of two days on account of the weather, the British moved down the Great Yalley into Tredyffrin township. A detachment under General Wa}' nc was dispatched by Washington to the rear of the British army, to harass and annoy it, and endeavor to cut off the baggage ti'ain, and bj'^ this means to arrest its march towards the Schuylkill, until the Americans could cross the river higher up and pass down on the east side, and intercept the passage of the river by the British. On the night of the 20th of September, the command of Wayne, who were encamped in what is now known as the Paoli Massacre ground, in Willistown township, was surprised by General Grey, and many of his men slain. Informa- tion of the whereabouts of the forces of Wayne had been given to the British commander 'by Tories residing in the neighborhood, by one of whom General Grey was guided in his cowardly midnight assault. The dead were decentl}' interred by the neighboring farmers in one grave immediately adjoining the scene of action. After the aflfair at Paoli, the British army moved down the valley, intending to cross the Schuylkill at Swedes' ford, but finding it guarded, they turned up the river on the west side, for the purpose of effecting a passage of some of the fords higher up. The American army, in order if possible to prevent the British from passing the river, had in the meantime moved from Warwick Furnace and crossed the Schuylkill at Parker's ford, at or near the present village of Lawrenceville, in this county, and moved southward CHESTER COUNTY. 533 on the east side. They were unable, however, to prevent the passage of the British, who crossed in two divisions — at Gordon's ford, now Phoenixville, . " - - England, who was one of the first purchasers of land from William Penn. John Salkeld, a noted Quaker preacher, who came from that part of England, bought the right of Lanco lot Fallowfield, and took up land in this township in 1714, and may have sug- gested the name. The township was erected about 1724. In 1743 it was di- vided into East Fallowfield and West Fallowfield, the stream called Buck I'un BIRTH PLACE AND RESIDENCE OP GENERAL WAYNE. [From a Photograph by A. W. Taylor, West Chester.] being the dividing line. At this time we find among the inhabitants of the eastern part, the names of Bentley, Dennis, Filson, Fleming, Mode, Hannum, and Hayes; and in the western part, the names of Adams, Cochran, Moore, Parke, and Wilson. In 1853 Highland township was formed from the eastern part of West Fallowfield. Franklin was formed from the eastern part of New London in 1852. Goshen was included in the original survey for the Welsh, but many surveys were made there for other purchasers, owing to delay on the part of the Welsh to settle the land. It was organized as a township in 1704. Among the early settlers were Robert Williams, Ellis David (or Davies), George Ashbridge, and Mordecai Bane. Griffith Owen had a house here, at which Friend meetings were held as early as 1702. This meeting was probably the first within the present limits of the county. It was also held at the house of Robert Williams for a time, previous to the ei'ection of a meeting house. Tradition says that he was called the king of Goshen, and that on one occasion when his fire went out, he was obliged to go several miles to get it renewed. George Ashbridge, a son of the settler of the same name, was a member of Assembly from this county from 1743 till his death, in 1773, a period of thirty years, probably the longest CHESTEB COUNTY. 54 1 terra the office was ever held b}^ one man. Men of experience weie sought after in those days to fill public positions. The Haines, Matlack, and Hoopes families became numerous here. In 1817 tne township was divided into East Goshen and West Goshen. The borough of West Chester was taken from this township in 1788. Goshen Friends meeting house, still standing, was erected in 1736. IIiGnLAND was formed from the eastern part of West Fallowfield in 1853. It lies between West Fallowfield and East Fallowfield. Among early settlers were the names of Adams, Boggs, Boyd, Cowpland, Futhey, Glendenning, Gibson, Haslett, Haraill, and Wilson. HoNEYBROOK was formed from West Nantmeal in 1789. The name Nant- meal (or Nantmel, as originallj' spelled), which is Welsh, signifies Honeybrook, and the translated name was given to the new township. Among the early residents were tlie families of Ralston, Buchanan, Macelduff", Talbot, Trego, Suplee, and Long. Kennett (originally spelled Kennet), is first mentioned on the court records as a township in 1704. It is thought the name was suggested by Francis Smith, who came from Wiltshii-e (where there is a village of that name), and took up land in 16SG, at the month of Pocopson creek. Pennsbury and Pocopson were originally included in Kennett, while the greater part of what now bears the name was included in a survey made about 1700, for William Penn's daughter Letitia, and called Lctitia's Manor. The land was sold to settlers hy her agents. London Britain. — A considerable part of this township was included in the survey made for the London corapan3^ Settlements were made at an early date by Welsh Baptists, in the southern part of the township, and a church was estab- lished amongst them. The oldest tombstone in the grave-yard bears date 1729. John Evans, from Radnoishire, about 1700, was prominent among these settlers, and his son of the same name, who died in 1738, held large tracts of land, together with fulling mills and grist mills, on White Clay creek. An Indian village was formerly on the creek, near Yeatman's mill. Londonderry derived its name from Londonderry, Ireland. Nearh^ all the early settlers were Scotch-Irish. The gi'eater pai't of the present township was in Sir John Fagg's Manor, and the large Presbyterian church of Fagg's Manor is in this township. It was separated from Nottingham in 1734. Oxford was taken off in 1754, and further divided in 1819, and the southern part called Penn. London Grove was organized in 1723. In 1699, William Penn sold to Tobias Collet and three others, among other lands, sixty thousand acres, not then located. These persons admitted others into partnership with them, and formed a com- pany, generally known as the London companj-, for the improvement of their property, the number of shares eventually reaching eight thousand eight hundred, and the shareholders several hundred. As a part of the sixty thousand acres, a survey was made of seventeen thousand two hundred and eighteen acres in Chester count}', including all the present township of London Grove, and a large part of Franklin (formerly New London) and London Britain. A large number of the settlers in London Grove were Friends, and among them were the names of Chandler, Jackson, Lamborn, Lindley, Allen, Morton, Pusey, Scarlet, 642 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. Starr, and Underwood. The villages of Avondale and West Grove are in tliia township. Marlborough was named from Marlborough, in Wiltshire. The eastern pan was laid out about 1701, in right of purchases made in England. As first designed by Penn, the eastern part was to be rectangular — the "Street" road passing through the middle, and the land on the north, was described as in Ben- salem township, but afterwards added to Marlborough. The township was divided, in 1729, into East Marlborough and West Marlborough. Among the early settlers were Joel Baily, Thomas Jackson, Caleb Pusey, Francis Swayne, John Smith, and Henry Hayes. In West Marlborough. Joseph Pennock was among the first settlers, and there he built "Primitive Hall," which is still stand- ing. His descendants are very numerous. Cedarcroft, the home of Bayard Taylor, is in Eust Marlborough, less than a mile north of Kennetl Square. The name Hilltown was originally applied to West Marlborough and lands to the westward, probably from its topography. Nantmeal is a Welsh name, and the early settlers were chiefly from that countr}'. The township was divided in 1740 into East Nantmeal and West Nant- meal. The signatures to the petition for division indicates the character of the population at that time. On this petition are the Welsh surnames of Pugh, David, Roger, Williams, Stephens, Griffiths, Rees, Edward, Jones, INIeredith, Roberts, and Philips. There are also the names of Frayley, Marsh, Kirk, Savage, and Speary. New Garden was named from New Garden, in the county Carlow, Ireland. This township was included in a survey made about 1700, for William Penn, Jr., being part of 30,000 acres surveyed for him and his sister Letitia, part of which lay in New Castle county. It was largely settled from 1712 to 1720, by Friends from Iieland, one of whom, John Lowden, is supposed to have suggested the name, in remembrance of his former home. Thomas and Mary Rowland settled in the valle}^ near Toughkenamon, in 170G, being, perhaps, the first settlers who purchased land in the township. Among the early settlers were John Miller, Michael Lightfoot, Joseph, John, and Nehemiah Hutton, Joseph Sharp, Benjamin Fred, Robert Johnston, and the Starr f^^mil3^ The township is now intersected by three railroads. Landenberg, in this township, is the seat of extensive woolen mills, and at Toughkenamon is a large manufactory of spokes and wheels, and one of hard rubber goods — also a large boarding school. Newlin, formerly called Newlinton, was named in honor of Nathaniel New- lin. This township was surveyed in 1688, for the Free Society of Traders. It was purchased in 1724, by Nathaniel Newlin, who sold parts of it, and the remain- der was divided among his heirs in 1730. An Anabaptist congregation held meetings at the house of John Bentley, prior to 1747, with Owen Thomas as tlieir minister, and a meeting house was erected some years after, on land of the Bentleys. New London was probably so named because it contained land of the London company's purchase. A survey was made for Michael Harlan, in 1714, at a place called Thunder Hill, while near it, on Elk creek, a large tract called Pleasant Garden, was taken up under a Maryland right. About 1720, a survey was made for Susanna M'Cain, who was doubtless the grandmother of Governor Thomas CHESTER COUNIY. 543 M'Kean. The names of Hodgson, Macke-y, Scott, Moore, Cook, Finney, John- son, and Allison, were among the early settlers. The most of these were Scotch- Irish Presbyterians. Nottingham. — In 1702 a survey of eighteen thousand acres was made by direction of Penn's commissioners, and divided amongst several persons who took an interest in the settlement, except three thousand acres, which was reserved for the Proprietary. This settlement received the name of Nottingham When the line between the Provinces of Pennsylvania and Maryland was finally settled, all of the original survey fell into Mai-yland, except one thousand three hundred and forty-five acres. Prominent among those who settled upon these lands, were the names of Brown, Beeson, Beal, Churchman, Gatchell, Job, Rey- nolds, Ross, and Sidwell. The township was divided into West Nottingham and East Nottingham, about the year 1720. The celebrated Hugh Williamson was born in West Nottingham, in 1735. Oxford was formed by a division of Londonderry, in 1754. A survey of five thousand acres was made in the eastern part of this township for William Penn, Jr., and afterwards known as Penn's Manor. Between this and the Octorara creek, surveys were made from 1730 to 1750 and later, as desired by settlers. Those who had seated themselves on the Manor did not get title until 1747, and afterwards. The township also included a portion of Fagg's Manor, which lay to the east of Penn's Manor, and on this the settlers were also seated a consider- able time before getting titles to the land. A majority of the early settlers were Scotch-Irish. It was divided into Upper Oxford and Lower Oxford in 1797. Penn was formed by a division of Londonderry in 1817. The greater part of it was originally included in Fagg's Manor, and the settlers were largely from Ireland. Pennsbury was formed from the eastern part of Kennett, in 1770, and com- prised the earliest settled part of that township. There were few settlements made until after 1700. The names of Smith, Peirce, Way, Hope, Harlan, Few, and Bentley, were among the first to take up land, and after these came the Ilarveys, Mendenhalls, Webbs, and Temples. John Parker, an eminent minister among Friends, was settled there in the time of the Revolution. At the battle of Brandy wine, Kn^-phausen's forces were posted in this township, at and near Chad's ford, until the fighting commenced with the forces under Cornwallis, at Birmingham meeting-house, when he crossed the Brandywine and attacked the forces under General Wayne, who were guarding the ford. PiKELAND was granted by William Penn to Joseph Pike, by patent made in 1705. It contained over ten thousand acres. By various devises and convers- ances, it became the property of Samuel Hoare, of London. He, in 1773, con- veyed it to Andrew Allen, and took a mortgage on it for sixteen tliousand pounds sterling. Allen sold parcels of it to over one hundred persons, and received the purchase moneys. The mortgage not being paid, it was sued out, and the entire township sold by the sheriff in 1789, and re-purchased by Samuel Hoare. The persons to whom Allen had made sales, and whose titles were divested by this sheriflT's sale, generally compromised with Iloare and received new deeds from him. It was divided into East Pikcland and West Pikcland in 1838. 5i4 HISTOR Y OF P ENNS YL VANIA. PocopsoN, named from the stream which flows through it, was formed in 1849, from parts of four adjoining townships. It is bounded on one side by the Brandywine. Benjamin Chambers took up a large quantity of land on the Brandywine, which he sold to settlers. Joseph Ta3dor purchased from him in nil, and afterwards built a mill on Pocopson creek. The Marshalls settled the northern part, and were succeeded by the Bakers. The name Pocopson is Indian, and signifies rapid or brawling stream. Sadsbury was a township as early as 1708. That part of it lying in the Great Yalley w^as taken up at an early date in right of purchases made in England. The erection of Lancaster county, in 1729, took off the part of it west of the Octorara. The early settlers were a mixture of Friends from England, and of Scotch-Irish Presb34erians. The families of Boyd, Cowan, McClellan, Marsh, Moore, Parke, Truman, Williams, Hope, Gardner, and Richmond, were here earl}-. Upper Octorara Presbyterian church, which dates from 1720, is in this township. Schuylkill was formed from Charlestown in 1826. In the southern part was Lowther's Manor of Bilton, -which was surveyed very early for (it is supposed) the children of Margaret Low^ther, who was a sister of William Penn. The land in the northern part was taken up by David Lloyd, and settled by the Buckwalter, Coates, Starr, Longstreth, and other families. Thornbury was named from Thornbury in Gloucestershire, England. It comprises but about one-fourth of the original township, the greater part being in Delaware count3^ This was all surveyed in right of the "first purchasers." Thornbury, Birmingham, and Westtown are the only townships within the present limits of the county which were organized before the year 1704. Tredyffrin is situated in the Great Valley, in the most easterly part of the countj', and was part of a large tract surve^'ed for the Welsh, and principally taken up by them. The name is Welsh, and signifies valley-town, or township Tre or tre.f is the Welsh for town or township, and Dyffrin is a wide cultivated valle}'', hence the compound, Tredyffrin, the town or township in the vallej^ This township was sometimes called Vallej^-town or Valleyton, in old writings, an evident effort to anglicize the name. It has been said by some writers to signify stony valley, but this is not correct. UwciiLAN was principally settled by Welsh Friends about 1715 and later, under the auspices of David Llo^^d. A Friends meeting was established, and a house erected, in which the preaching -was in Welsh. Among the early settlers were John Evans, Cadwalader .Jones, James Pugh, Robert Benson, Noble Butler, John Davis, Griffith John, and Samuel John. The latter two were preachers, and sons of John Philips, taking their father's christian name for their surname, as was the custom among the Welsh. The present inhabitants are largely the descendants of the early settlers. The name is Welsh, and signifies upland, or higher than or above tlie valley. The township was divided in 1858, and a new township formed, to which the name of Upper Uwchlau was given. Yalley was formed in 1852, from parts of four adjoining townships, and was reduced in size by the formation of Cain in 1868. The greater part of the present township was formerl^'^ in Sadsburj'. Vincent. — On the earliest map of Pennsylvania this township is given in CHESTER COUNTY. 545 the names of Sir Matthias Vincent, Adrian Yreosen, Benjohan Furloy, and Dr. Daniel Cox. French creek, which passes through the township, was sometimes called Yincent river, and the tract of land was most frequently described as Cox & Company's 20,000 acres. The earliest inhabitants were supplanted by the Germans, whose descendants still, to a considerable extent, enjoy the lands of their fathers. Garret Brombae — now corrupted into Brownbaclc — established in this township the first tavern north of the Lancaster road, in a house of rude construction, where he performed the duties of host many years. He was a merry German, and accumulated considerable means. The township was divided into East Yincent and West Yincent in 1832. Wallace was formed in 1852, by the division of West Nantmeal. The name given to it by the court was Springton, but the Legislature changed it the next year to Wallace. The Manor of Springton, laid out about 1129, and containing ten thousand acres, included nearly, if not quite all, the lands in this township, and it is to be regretted that the name given b}'' the court was not retained. Wallace post office is a prominent point in the township. Among the names of earl}' settlers are Murra}-, Henderson, Starret, Parker, and McClure. Warwick, named from Warwick iron works within its limits. The name came originally from the county of Warwiclv, in England, and was conferred on the works by Samuel Nutt, who was from that county. This townsliip was formed b^y the division of East Nantmeal, in 1842. The Warwick iron works were originall}^ erected in 113(5, b}^ Samuel Nutt. During the Revolution, they were in constant operation for the government, and cannon were cast there. In 1857 they produced T59 tons of boiler plate iron, from the ore of the neigh- boring mines. These works have been owned by the Potts family for over a century, by one of whom, David Potts Jr., they were carried on successfully for more than fifty 3'ears. Westtown was organized about 1100. The early settlers were Daniel Hoopes, Aaron James, Benjamin Hickman, James Gibbons, and John Bowater. The Gibbons tract, of six hundred acres, was purchased by the Society of Friends in 1194, and there was established the well known Westtown boarding school, in which, at the present time, are about 220 pupils of both sexes. WniTELAND was organized about 1104. This is the north-western part of the original Welsh tract of forty thousand acres, which was laid out to them in 1684, with the expectation that they should be a separate Baronj^, with liberty to manage their municipal affairs in their own way. It appears they also desired to retain their own language, but the tide of subsequent events rendered this impracticable. The north and west lines of this survey are still chiefly retained, but the others are obliterated. Richard Thomas was one of the early settlers, and took up five thousand acres of land, in right of a i^urchase made by his father, Richard ap Thomas, of Whitford Garden, in Wiltshire, North Wales, in 1681, the greater part of which was located in this township. One of his descendants. Colonel Richard Thomas, was an officer during the Revolutionary war, and occupied a prominent position, both in civil and military affairs. Tiie township is situated almost wholly in the choicest part of the Great Yalley, and was divided into East Whiteland and West Whiteland in 1165. WiLLiSTOWN was organized in 1104. A large part of this tract was within the 2 K 546 HllSTOJiY OF PENNSYLVANIA. lines of the Welsh tract, but many surve3^s were made for other pei'sons, espe- cially in the southern parts. The families of Hibberd, Massey, Smedley, Thomas, and Yarnall, were among the earliest and most numerous. A tribe of Indians, called the Okehockings, held lands in this township, by special grant from the Commissioners of Property. ANNUAL VALUE OP PRODUCTS OF AGRICULTURE IN PENNSYLVANIA- 1870. COUNTIES. Adams AlleKlieny.. ..... Ann strong Heaver Bedford Beiks Blair Bradford. . Bntler Backs Caniiiria Oaineion Carl)i)n Centre Chester Claiinn Clearfield Cliiiloii Coliinibla Cravvloiil Cunilierland Daniiliin Delaware Elk Erie Fayette , Franklin Fulton Forest Greene Hnntinydon Indiana JellVr.son , Juniata Lancaster l..awreiice Iyel)an(in Ijeliigli I.'izei lie l>ViMiiiijiig iM'Kean JNIeiciu- iMiniiii iMoiiioe MoiitKoniery MoMiiinr Morilianipton .. . Norilniinlierland Perry I'liiladeliihia I'ike I'otter Schuylkill Somerset Snyder Suilivaii Sus"i7 52, 020 0!).S75 9,(iH2 2, -187 ]2,fili7 lO.iai .3.->7 20.245 ]ri.iW7 14, 70S 16. 155 200 50 l,5.i0 80,075 ]-l,f)i)7 3S,5(ifi 4S ]4,n<« 14,507 ],4r,fi 24,,S7I) :<.51S 21.5S(i 32 S:!(i 17.879 6,750 2.378 3II.708 1,172 4.804 19..528 18,585 41(1,(125 2U273 1,08!) 12.003 1,804 2,446 1,271 1,787 10.843 5,075 .581 10.230 182,780 3.007 30,033 0,758 18,244 13,813 13,915 4,708 4,432 3.2.55 10.202 12, 103 14.072 at, f4flS..545 472,704 304.227 343, 100 250, 303 1,203.040 187.071 752,712 1,151,045 5I8.0(iS 173.344 12. .520 42, 3! 10 354.2117 2,181.709 311.002 24S,42(i 120.217 282.016 7K5.UI0 555, 7n7 475. 470 4i(i.020 34.S.i6 650. -JiO 6115.707 23, 700 570,7iiO 100,006 30.S. 572 242.017 45'>.014 101,075 1.50,332 2,371,860 209,706 477,381 457. 083 410,612 135, !M0 84.57!) 710.626 140.804 1,208,321 116,453 435.2!ll 300,067 260,014 03,067 .50,346 !)5.l(i4 2)!I,2!I5 170,035 202.306 80, .501 572. 6S8 323.737 230.230 217. 4SI 185,!I01 870. 401 272.5.58 675,021 174,000 982.874 171,703,301 I 1,503,737 I 28,413,110 1,722,010 3,01.5,224 1,01.5.1.50 1,. 576, 277 1.2! 18. 205 4,.514.4!)0 7!»8.164 4.202,095 4,357.108 2,467,001 833. 301 73.220 2li2,!,74 1,332,5.55 .5.102.517 1,. 31 7. 708 !)31,661 5.30, 1.52 1.064.008 3.712.266 ],!)O0,461 1.660. .572 1.60.5,6.57 206.706 2.930,1.50 2,l:!»5,444 127,114 2,270.161 474,654 1,875.272 1,434, ('48 2. 174, .542 !I41.012 035,850 G. 044. 215 1.373.251 1,620,335 1,949,157 2.056.0(i3 1.244. !I00 372. 102 2,784.612 808.039 677,047 3.8:!.5.237 419.0(6 1,900,042 1,113.983 948, 088 059.695 3n9,0!l0 072.201 051,070 051,113 1,666.233 35l.!H1l 3.277.763 2,074,117 058.911 1.1.50,1.53 1,063, 503 3.038.33.5 1.731.0.55 3,028.081 822,811 4.013,452 310,240 400,734 323,082 318.178 152.451 901.761 101,877 1,262, .561 1,054,315 483,176 145,733 16,421 28, 332 174,5-.2 1,078.463 188.5.56 150,971 74.139 1.56,886 804,2.57 2!tO,317 208.il03 512.642 .30.311 688, .520 231,516 21,0.55 301,249 .57, 390 253,554 1.5.5,717 368.415 166,018 100.122 844,002 241.389 2!)2,9.57 320,650 372,904 150,176 69,942 535,840 140,811 99, .583 1,340,112 65,027 297, 104 164.815 12,583 12.5, '86 .55,101 160. .548 131,289 80.421 448.180 76,083 869, .500 562,619 88.684 172.0.52 2.55,916 395. 060 336.231 407.951 1.50,992 596,781 21,542,289 513,148 1.54,237 63,(34 210,0.53 30, .3.52 5.429 9,833 61.126 8.759 112,110 23,772 1,064 615 26,724 1.5.888 44, .398 28,536 13, .574 11.163 11.5,332 14.060 4,981 .500 3,5.54 8.5,412 143.376 3.307 15.581 10.220 222,244 27,055 62,995 28,310 8,469 10,046 134,063 2,003 4,384 19,277 12.902 14,008 123,310 10,228 6,019 2,804 3,378 7.135 7,879 10,224 1.50 1,608 26.2.30 3.342 4,683 40.0,88 10,608 .54,2!l2 44 894 4,269 46,283 25,403 931,376 24,763 89,325 9,807 19, 547 54,. 567 3!t.:«2 6,861 17,030 8,086 12,817 3. 643 40,521 10,040 11,046 7, .522 1,315 234 363 12.147 3,3.58 3.012 1.880 4,. 531 20,234 5. 526 8,384 227 .501 18, .539 48,816 1,179 3,949 1,184 47,8(43 4,211 6, 059 4,730 1,007 24.867 7.979 6.475 15,203 10,246 4,624 .5.103 21.022 1,465 2.936 7,049 401 6, !X13 2,1.52 1,935 905 1,300 12, 484 7,772 1,3.S4 89, .5.50 251.703 1.5.275 30. 636 3,391 4,406 8,140 19. 637 .5.713 19. 1 48 9, .502 22. 192 56,381,438 8,286,117 5,210,686 4.2.33,7.50 3,664,407 22.917.824 2, ,549. 685 11,119.310 12,092,823 6, .571, 626 2,274,812 .305,919 567, .538 4.516.420 14. 320, .527 3,441.690 2.740,962 1,816,485 3.31.5.873 9.315.821 11.325,491 5.277.294 3,! 132, 6.53 493. 920 8,203,393 5, 4,87, .51 6 333,4.50 7, 17ii,770 1.277,748 4,078.723 4.030.290 5,69.3.811 2. .594, 3.50 2.228,431 19.061.772 3. 764. 08 n on -s ^ ^> tt> -,'"3 ?,=> r 3 Jj = 2?iga S <^ C."5 P ~ Err P-r 2 Eg g2 ct c^ ^?s ^ — . — — — iS m 3 " ^ £'S ~ ^- S'^ o E2, • rt- K O 1 B •3 s c D B 1 s 4.:«7.:i57 CO fi..5(l«,(;35 00 Armstrong 230.!I15 126. 155 13.081.426 Heaver 5(KI 4.024.n,s:t 00 0,(13(>,124 00 Heaver 176.861 71.!I74 14. I!I8.7I3 Hedloid »i!) 1.087. 021 00 2, 380.. 530 (10 Hedl'ord PI7.2.50 211., 527 9.4!)5. 119 JJeiks J, -114 l(i,24:i.4:>:i 00 24.305, 170 00 ISerks 374.. 560 97. 448 43.6:W.465 }5laii- 4M) 6.428.;«ili 00 9.K42..54(I 00 Ulair 98.285 .52. ,500 8.0!I8. 146 Jliadfoid 5:tl 2. 7:t.S. 3!l.i 00 4,107,.5!I2 00 Hradford .366.851 226.464 25.1,58.245 Uiicks 7:«t 4.7:<2. 118 00 7,0!I8, 177 00 lincks 31 5. 8.33 48.7,s6 40. 2.80. 213 Jiiitlei 3.S7 ].:«O.032 00 1,!)!I5.048 00 lintler 273.1.58 ],57.,S,S3 18.2:{0.848 Caiiiliiia S7:i 8,041.813 CO ]2.!102.71l) 00 Camhria 93.438 136.457 4,8:<4.076 Cameron •1-1 8!)li.SI0 00 1.345.215 00 Cameron 6.485 62. 777 ],:i:<2. 188 Cailioii ini 2.n5r,,7.S.1 00 4.433.074 00 Carbon 25. 782 34.62(1 ],4.S4.210 C-iitie ai2 3.047,K74 00 4. .571, 511 00 Centre 1.52.238 90. 362 13..505. |!)8 C'liesier ii'ii; ]1,4!H,543 00 17.241.814 (0 Chester 374.7.5!) 68.15-1 46. 737. 688 Clarion 2711 ],35."),5lf! 00 2.1133.25!) 00 Clarion 162.747 111.317 7.7,'<4. 127 Cleartield 2-1 "i 3.10(1. 405 00 1,0114.1(17 OO Clearfield 116.218 1.56.955 .5.931.360 Clinton 2-11 3.040 52B 00 5, 40!). 780 00 Clinton 54., 852 72.51!) 4.797,040 Coliimliia 2:>.s 2.7cfi.2ii0 00 4.0.50.435 00 Columbia 136.710 0.S.445 !).015.460 Crawford 7-):i 10. I57.(!0n 00 15. ■-'35. 513 00 Crawford 328, .5.55 107.6,^5 21.905.661 Ciiml)crland ■l-lii 3.24il.032 00 4. 873, .5 18 00 CnmberlaiKl 23!),7,S4 4!), 7.58 22. 4 7 4.. 577 i)aui)liin 5S7 13.514. loli 00 2". 27 1.231 no Danphin ] 72. ,586 61.240 l!l. 0-53. 433 Delaware ai-i 11.041.054 CO ]li..5fi2.4H4 00 Delaware 8:i,4:i8 11.316 10,2.s8.727 Elk 81 1.524. 3! 12 0(1 2.2.SI)..5S8 00 Elk 16. 124 28. 73!) 1,019,820 Krie 82.S !).(i!l7.!lS7 00 ].li4(i.!ISll 00 Kiie 27!). 868 134.8,89 23. !)!)!, 607 Kayeite 402 3,527,41)4 (K) 5.2!II.1C(> 00 Fayette 235.006 145.066 18,2.50,9.58 Korest :j7 303. nil 00 .5S!l.7.sfi 00 Forest 10.800 37. 256 619.393 Franklin 52!) 3, 02', 34! 1 00 5,4.32.(23 00 Franklin 26,5,517 92,703 2-3,77-5.174 Kiilloii (1.1 512.4:« 00 7(18. 040 00 Knlloii 8fi,9<)5 117.902 2. .565. 042 Oreene 102 573.(150 00 8511, .575 00 Greene 230.594 1(17,748 13.-5,54.374 lluiillMgdon 321 2,31!M62 00 3.478.728 00 Huntingdon ](W.S18 186.076 9,445.678 Indiana 47.S I,3!l3.4r8 00 2,000.112 00 Indiana 250.023 172.164 12. 94,5, 069 Jefferson 2:i2 1.2X8, 013 00 1.8.57.010 00 Jefferson 104.220 1,3,5.722 5. 362. 623 J uniala 2m 07S. 345 00 1.0 17. .522 00 Jnniata 97. ,509 66.. 5-57 6.351.175 Lancaster l,Gir. 14.(134.180 00 21,051.270 00 Lancaster 462.833 76.8,58 70.724.908 J.awivnce . . LSI 3,43!l,7(0 00 5. I. 5!!.. 5.50 (HI l-awrence .. 148. .50!) 50.665 11.614,044 l.elianon 481 4. 1()I1.I184 00 0.240,12(1 00 Lebanon 130,481 43.883 19, 01 6, ,808 l-eliiijli G!H 15. 480. 8 4S 00 23.221,272 00 Leliigh ]81,0!17 ,30,217 23. ,5.55, 476 Lnzei lie SWi 17.4!13,4H3 OC 2(1.2:!i),U!)4 (0 Luzerne 1!)4,1I5 174.381 21.. 565. 724 J-ycoininjj; 6i^ y,a8l.40ti 00 13,022,100 00 Lycoming 163,8!i2 143,291 11,212,366 ArKiran ■A 358. iW 00 538.076 00 M'Kean 28. 164 50.689 1 .566,250 Jlener 4.-)8 6.544,277 00 9.816.4:5 00 iMHicer 260.10!) 12!), 0,56 22.048,2!i9 JMiniin 1.1 1 2.-1 1,on:i 1,C1C.!!85 00 2,232,53!) 00 16,!)33,703 00 2,42.5.477 00 3,348,808 00 25. 400, .5.54 00 Alifllin 97,687 8,5,663 256,909 60,763 110.311 27,8-7 9,133.277 4.4.59.114 40,902.050 Jlonrot; , Monroe MoiitKoiiieiy Alontgomery Montour i:-8 4..S.57.fil2 00 7.286,403 00 IMontonr 53,182 16 4s3 4.61.5.6-55 Noriliaiii|)ton Gm 12.n."(l.s:!() 00 18.706.25! 00 Noiilianipton 170.062 lc,404 20. i)9 1,169 NorthiimlierluiHl 42-1 4 ai7..sr..5 00 6.311.282 0(1 Nortluimberland.... 147,120 46.4,52 ]2.430.!)87 I'errv 2.'i2 •J.412.0':6 00 3.618.!)30 00 Ferry 136.809 126,2:5 S.750.8!)5 I'liiladelpliia 8,184 322,004.517 00 483.006,775 00 I'liiladelnhia 37.518 2, 786 18.945.000 I'ike (i7 (!!I2.313 00 1,0.38.460 00 I'ike 27.303 88.450 2,213,:!25 I'otier 41 24!1. 724 00 374. .586 00 I'otter 56.307 111.727 2.942,348 Bcliu\lkill 844 9.580,114 00 14.370.171 00 Schuylkill 100. 135 7,5.318 8.643,6,55 Snyder 4!ili 1,240.071 00 1.861.000 00 Snyder 92. .580 4,5,313 5. 769, 403 Somerset 1)8 5!)1.41ll 00 887. 173 00 bomerset 24!), 615 2-54,442 12,043.715 Sullivan 8:! 300, 877 00 ■586,315 00 Sullivan .36.0,89 60,353 1.65.8,109 Suscineliaiuia 371! 3.225.0.54 00 4,837.581 00 Susquehauna 2011,907 1,50,016 16,707.011 Tioga 282 2.100.852 00 3.286.278 00 Tioga 187,305 166.798 10,!I23. !I25 Uni ,11 11 Ki 1.288,(i!r2 00 1,933.0.38 00 Union 70,7-52 1!).075 7,891,977 Venango 278 4,51(),56li 00 0,774,849 00 Venango 122.874 98. 340 7.211.006 Warrei , 450 3.224,763 00 4.837,1.52 00 Warren 83,762 134.508 0.976.674 Washington 4(C 2!)1 2,037.441 00 3,714,075 00 3.0.56.101 CO 5, ,571, 112 00 AVashingtou 409,863 110.718 114,(04 2(K),S80 3!). 11 1,5, (106 8.816.220 Wayne Wayne ','.'.'.'. Westmoreland 390 2..5!)2.487 00 3,888,730 00 Westmoreland 342,083 144,014 28.210,826 Wyoming 1!)4 1,111 1.013..S31 00 7,028. !134 00 1,. 520, 746 00 10.. 543. 401 00 Wyoming 87,9,53 411,341 72.212 133, 181 6.6;«.160 30.:i58.464 York York 711.8!)4.234 (10 1, 067,841, .'i-Jl 00 11,515,905 6,478,235 1,043,4.M,582 f)f;8 CLINTON COUNTY. BY D. S. MAYNARD, LOCK HAVEN. jiREVIOUS to March 11, 1752, the territory embraced within the present limits of Clinton county was a portion of Chester, one of the three original counties into which the Province of Pennsylvania was divided by William Penn ; but on that date Berks county was formed, taking that part of Chester whicli contained wliat is now Clinton. By act of March 21, 1772, Northumberland county was taken, in part, from Berks, including the present Clinton. When Lycom ing county was cut off from Northumberland in 1795, it also comprised all the area now in Clin- ton, a portion of which was taken in the forma- tion of Centre in 1800. Therefore, when Clinton was organized by the act of 1839, it took portions of Centre and Lycoming. The townships of Bald Eagle, Lamar, and Logan were stricken from Cen tre, the others from Ly- coming. The first section of the act organizing the county is as follows : " That all those parts of the counties of Ly- coming and Centre, and lying within the following boundaries, viz., beginning at Pine creek, where the north line of Lycoming county crosses said creek ; thence a straight line to the house of William Herrod ; thence following the Coudersport and Jersey Shore turnpike, the several courses and distances thereof, to the middle of Pine creek; thence down the said creek, the several courses thereof, to its junction with the West Branch of the river Susquehanna ; thence a straight line to the north-cast corner of Centre county ; thence to include Logan, Lamar, and Bald Eagle town- ships, in Centre county ; thence along the Lycoming county line to the south- west corner of said county ; thence by the lines of Clearfield, M'Kean, Potter, 569 CLINTON COUNTY COURT HOUSE, LOCK HAVEN. [From a Photograph by O. Malloy, Lock Haven.] 670 EISTO E r OF PENNS YL VANIA. and Tioga counties to the place of beginning; and tlie same is liereb}- created into a separate county, to be called ' Clinton,' the seat of justice to be fixed by commissioners hereinafter appointed." Clinton count}', as well as Lock Haven, the county seat, owes its origin to the indefatigable exertions of an exceed ingl^^ eccentric individual, the irrepressible and indomitable Jerr}^ Church, a "York State Yankee," Avhose name (if not face) was once familiar to ever}^ citizen of the county. The efforts made b^^ this man to organize the county were strenuously opposed by leading citizens of both Centre and Lj^coming counties. In a unique and amusing book called "Travels of Jerry Church," published in 1845, that worthy gives his own account of the organization of the county as follows : " I now undertook to divide the counties of Lycoming and Centre, and make a new county to be called Clinton. I had petitions printed to that effect, and sent them to Ilarrisburg, to have them presented to the Legislature, and then went down myself to have the matter represented in good order. M3' friend John Gamble was our member from Lycoming at that time, and he reported a bill. The people of the town of Williamsport, the county seat of L3'Coming, and Bellefonte, the count}' seat of Centre county, then had to be up and be doing something to prevent the division ; and thc}^ commenced pouring in their remon- strances, and praying aloud to the Legislature not to have any part of either count}- taken off for the purpose of making a new one, for it was nothing more or less than some of Jerry Church's Yankee notions. However, I did not despair. I still kept asking every year, for three successive 3'cars, and attended the Ijcgislature myself every winter. I then had a gentleman who had become a citizen of the town of Lock ILaven, by the name of John Moorhead, who harped in with me — a ver}' large, portly looking man, and rather the best borer in town; and, b}' the bye, a very clever man. "We entered into the division together, AVe had to state a great number of facts to the members of the Legis- lature, and perhaps something more, in order to obtain full justice. We continued on for nearly three 3'ears longer, knocking at the mercy-seat, and at last we received the law creating the county of Clinton. In the ^'car 1839, the county was organized by the Hon. Judge Burnside." " Eagle" was the name originally selected for the ncAV count}', but after several unsuccessful attempts to get the required legislation, that name was dropped and " Clinton" substituted as a ruse^ intended to mislead the opponents of the new county movement. As the opposition in the Legislature had been so long and vigorously made against the forming of Eagle county, when that name, which had become familiar to every member, ceased to be presented, and Clinlon appeared, the required act was passed, before many of the legislators knew that the name belonged to the same territory they had been voting against for several successive winters. Immediately after the county was organized, three commissioners. Colonel Cresswell, Major Colt, and Joseph Brestel were appointed to locate the county seat. After viewing and considering various locations, Lock Haven Avas chosen as the most desirable and appropriate place. Accordingly a site was selected for the public buildings near what is now tlie lower end, at that time the centre of the town plot, three squares from the river; and sufficient land for the purpose CLINTON COUNTY. 671 donntcd by Jerry Church. Soon after, the building of the court house was> commenced by Jolin Moorhead, Robert Irwin, und George Ilower, and com- pleted in 1842, at a cost of twelve thousand dollars. In the meantime the courts were held, and other business of the count}^ transacted in the public house of W. W. Barker, a i)ortion of which was rented for " county pur[)oses." Barker's tavern, as it was called, was located upon Water street, a short distance below the present court house, on the lot now occui)ied by the residence of John Quiglcy, Esq. Clinton count}- is located near the centre of the State, and is bounded as follows : on the south b}^ Centre, the central county of the State ; on the west b}' Cleai'fiold and Cameron ; on the north by Potter and L^'coming ; and on the east by Lycoming and Union. The county was originally divided into twelve townships: Allison, Bald Eagle, Chapman, Colebrook, Dunstable, Grove, Lum- ber, Limestone, Lamar, Logan, Pine Creek, and Wayne. The subsequent for- mation of several new townships, among others, Grugan from Chapman and Colebrook, in 1855; and Keating from Grove, in 18G0; and the taking of Lum- ber and the balance of Grove in the formation of Cameron county; the organi- zation of Noyes from Chapman, in 1875 ; the division of Keating into East Keating and West Keating, the same year, and the absorbing of Allison b}' Lock Haven city and Lamar township, in 1870, makes the entire number of townships in the county at the present time nineteen, as follows: Bald Eagle, Beech Creek, Chapman, Colebrook, Crawford, Dunstable, Gallauher, Greene, Grugan, East and West Keating, Lamar, Leid}', Logan, Noj'es, Pine Creek, Porter, Wayne, and Woodward. This county is of irregular shape, being nearly sixty miles long and twenty wide, and contains nearly one thousand square miles. Its surface is varied by mountains, hills, and valleys, which were at one time entirely covered with a heavy growth of timber, consisting mainly of pine and oak, interspersed with chestnut. Avalnut, hemlock, maple, ash, hickor}^, etc. There are several beautiful and highly' productive valley's within the limits of the count}-, the most important being the West Branch, the northern terminus of which is just above Lock Haven ; the Bald Eagle, through which the Bald Eagle creek finds its way to the river ; Sugar, lying parallel with and near to the line of Centre county, and Nittany, which lies between the Bald Eagle and Sugar valleys, and might truthfully be called the garden of Clinton county. Tlie principal stream in the county is the West Branch of the Susquehanna, which flows nearly the entire length of its territory-, a distance of over fifty miles, and at the lower end "breaks through the AUeghen}- mountain, which at this point seems to lose much of its loftiness, as if in courtesy to the beautiful stream." Tiie Indian name of this stream was Otzinachson. In flowing through the county the West Branch takes a south-easterly course ; in passing Lock Haven, however, it runs almost due east. The other streams are the Sinnemahoning creek, which takes its rise in Potter county, and empties into the West Branch at Keating station ; Kettle creek and Young woman's creek, both of which also rise in Potter and join the river, the former at Westport, the latter at North Point ; Pine creek, which also originates in Potter, and after flowing through Tioga and Lycoming, forms the boundary for a short 512 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. MAP OF THE GREAT OR RIG ISLAND. distance between the latter and Clinton, and reaches the river at the point where it enters Lycoming ; then the Bald Eagle, which flows from Centre county and unites with the river just below Lock Haven; Beech creek, also originating in Centre, flows into the Bald Eagle at Beech Creek borough; Fishing creek, having its source in the extreme eastern end of Sugar valley, near a point where the corners of Clinton, Centre, Lycoming, and Union counties meet, flows the entire length of said valley, breaking through the mountain at the western end, thence into Nittany valley, losing itself in the waters of Bald Eagle creek, at Mill Hall. The principal mountain in the county having a name and distinctive features, is tlie Bald Eagle or Muncy mountain, which extends diagonally across the entire width of the county. This mountain is the continua- tion of a range which, in almost a straight line, runs from Blair county in a north-easterly direction along the Bald Eagle creek, to the West Branch of the Susquehanna. It takes its name from the noted Indian chief Bald Eagle, who long years ago roamed in its fastnesses. The first important public improvement made in Clinton county was the West Branch canal, which was completed to Lock Haven in 1834, and the Bald Eagle branch extended to Bellefonte in 1846. This great enterprise did away with keel-boat navigation. After its construction the canal became the great thoroughfare, not only for freight, but passengers as well, who considered them- selves higlily favored when they had the privilege of riding in a packet boat drawn by horses or mules, at the rate of five or six miles per hour. When the Sunbury and Erie railroad (now Philadelphia and Erie) was com- pleted to Lock Haven, in 1859, a great impetus was given to all branches of industry in the county. It was the beginning of a new era in the march of enter- prise. It greatly enhanced the value of real estate, the price of which has been steadily advancing ever since. On the opening of the Bald Eagle Valley rail- road, in 1864, a new impetus was given to the growth and prosperity of the count3% especially that portion lying along the Bald Eagle creek. Very few realize the extent to which the manufacture of lumber has been carried on in this county during the past twenty years. It is estimated that the average per year since 1860 has been one hundred million feet, making an aggre- gate of over fifteen hundred millions up to the pi'esent time, tlie value of which was not far from twenty-six million six hundred thousand dollars. The cost of cutting and manufacturing this has been not less than eleven dollars per thou- sand, amounting in the aggregate to the sum of fifteen million four hundred thousand dollars. Besides the lumber estimated, there has been great quantities of lath, pickets, and shingles manufactured. In addition to the vast amount CLINTON COUNTY. 573 manufactured in the county, the value of the logs and square timber cut and run down the river to various points has been as much more. This immense busi ness lias given emploj'ment to several thousand men each year. The mineral wealth of this county consists of coal, iron ore, fire-clay, potter's cla}', and an abundance of sand, suitable for tlie manufacture of glass ; also an inexhaustible supjily of limestone, all of which exist, to some extent, in nearly every township. The north-western portion of the county is especially rich in mineral deposits. It lies within the limits of the Clearfield coal basin, and contains bituminous seams, belonging to that region, aggregating a thickness of not less than thirty feet. The quality of this coal, as is well known, is superior. In various other parts of the county, coal, for many years, has been known to exist, and for more than forty years has been more or less extensively mined, principall}' on Lick and Queen's [Quinn's] runs, and Tangascootac creek. Iron ore (mainly hematite) is quite plentifuU}^ distributed throughout the county. It has been found of various degrees of purity, yielding from fifteen or twenty per cent, to sevent^'-five or eight}^ of metallic iron through the furnace. The manufacture of iron from native ore has been to some extent engaged in during the past thirty years; even as long ago as 1829 a man by the name of Friedley erected a furnace near the cast end of Sugar valley, where there was plenty of ore of a good qualit}', but owing to the want of capital he suspended operations in a few years, after having made large quantities of good iron. A furnace was constructed, and iron also manufactured at Farrandsville, near the mouth of Lick run, in 1832 or 1833, but the woi'ks were allowed to go to ruin. About the same time Washington furnace, on Fishing creek, about eiglit miles from its mouth, was built, and has been in operation most of the time since. The ore used at this furnace is of the variety known as " pipe," and obtained in the immediate vicinit3\ The iron produced is of a very fine quality, being espe- cially adapted to the manufacture of boiler plates, etc. In 1831 George Dressier, in company with Messrs. Ilarvej', Wilson, and Kinney, erected a furnace at Mill Hall, near tlie mouth of Fishing creek. The ore was procured from tha Bald Eagle mountain, near at hand. The undertaking proved unsuccessful, and after passing through a number of diflTerent hands, the works were abandoned. The manufacture of fire brick has been an important branch of industr}^ in this county for many years, extensive works having been constructed at Queen's [Quinn's] run and Farrandsville. Only the ones at the latter place are now in operation. The material, both clay and coal for fuel, is obtained near by Extensive beds of potter's clay have recently been found on the north side of the West Branch, nearly opposite Lock Haven. This cl;iy has been thoroughly tested, and found to be of superior quality for the manufacture of stoneware, and is now being used for that purpose at an establishment in operation at Lock Haven. Lime of a good quality has for some time been manufactured in this county and shipped to other points at a distance. Marble of diflTerent degrees of fineness and various hues exists on Fishing creek, in Sugar valley, and also in Nittany valley, but as yet no extensive eflTort has been made to ascertain its extent and real value. Ab compared with other sections of the State, it cannot be claimed that 574 IIISTOE Y OF PEN'JVS YL VANIA. Clinton is an ngricultural county. In directing tlieir attention to the lumber interests, the citizens of this region have unfortunately lost siglit of the fact that beneath the surface of the " broad acres " of Clinton there is more wealth than ever existed upon it. As a general thing the soil of the count}-, both on the highlands and in its valleys, is sandy, and, to a great or less extent, intermixed with loam, this being especially tlie case along the streams. Probably there is not a single acre of mountain land in the upper West Branch region, that is not more or less strewn with sandstone, and the soil composed to a considerable degree of sand, as a result of disintegration; yet this land is nearly all suscep tible of a higli state of cultivation, as has been demonstrated by occasional clearings, some of which arc at a height of more than a thousand feet above the AVest Branch, and produce fine crops of wheat, oats, corn, buckvvheat, and hay. Of such lands, now in market at from live to ten dollars per acre, there are many thousand acres in tlic count3\ Tlie lirst actual settlement within the present limits of Clinton county was made previous to 1TG9, of which Mcginness, in his " History of the West Branch Yalley," s[)eaks as follows: "The earliest settlement, of which I have any account, that was made up tlie river on the south side was by a man named Clai'ey Campbell, from Juniata. His caliin stood on the river, in the upper part of Loclc Haven. In 1T7G a tiial took place between him and William Glass, who claimed his land. Charles Lukens, deputy surveyor, of Berks count_y, being a witness, testified as follows: 'When I went up in March, ITGO, to make the ollicer's surveys, I found Clarey Campbell living on this land with his famil_y.' " The other principal cail\' settlers of the region were John ^NlcCormick, John Fleming, William Heed, Colonel Cockscy Long, and John M^ers, who all settled near the site of Ijock Haven; and Alexander and Bobert Hamilton, William McElhatton, and the Proctors and Baiids. who located a few miles further down the river; and William Dunn, the oiiginal owner and settler of the Great Islnnd, which lies about two miles below Lock Haven. These persons mostly came from the lower counties of the State, and were principally, if not all, of Scotch or Irish descent, and possessed intelligence and cnerg}'. At the time the}' located on the West Branch, Avhich was between the years 1TG8 and 1785, the country all around was a dense wilderness, and, as ma}' be supposed, infested with wild beasts and wilder Indians. A favorite route taken bv predatoiy bands of red-skins in their descent upon the frontier settlements lay along the Sinnema- lioning creek and the Susfjuehanna river, and during the early days of the settlement, on many occasions, the hardy " squatters " were aroused from their midnight slumbers and forced to II3' to their arms in defence of their homes, oflimes being compelled to leave them to be plundered and destro3'ed by the merciless snvages. One of the most impoitant events of pioneer life in the West Branch Yalley was what is known as "the big runaway," which occurred in June, ITTS. At that time " Beed's Fort," located where Lock Haven now stands, was garrisoned by a " fearless few," under command of Colonel Long. It is said that William Heed and his live sons constituted one-third of the fighting strength of the fort, and that the Heeds and Flemings were a majority of the whole number. During the }'ear 1T7T, the Indians became very troublesome, and killed a CLINTON COUNTY. 5t5 number of the settlers. From various indications it ■n'as evident that a general invasion of the white settlements was imminent, and accordinglj', preparations were made to repel ai^y attack that might be made. Considering the scarcity of fire-arms and military equipments generally-, and the thinly settled condition of the countr}', it is a wonder that the inhabitants entertained the least hope of successfully opposing a horde of blood-thirsty savages ; but strange as it may appear, a number of the settlers, among them the Flemings, held out to the last against abandoning the fort. Early in 1718, a lone Indian appeared on tlie bank of the river opposite the fort, lie made A'arious signs for some one to come with a canoe and take him over. The occupants of the fort being suspicious that his object was to entice some of the whites across the river for the purpose of betraying them into tlic hands of confederates who might be concealed near at hand, hesitated to comply witli his request, still he insisted, and waded some distance out into the stream, to show that his intentions were honoral)le. It has been said that at this juncture INIrs. Reed, wife of William Heed, "seeing that none of the men would venture, jumped into a canoe, crossed over alone and brought him witli safety" to the fort. It is now stated, on the best autliorit}', that it was not Mrs. Reed who took the Indian over, but a son of Job Chillaway, a friendly Indian, who, with his famil}', was at the time under the protection of the garrison. On being taken into the fort, the strange Indian proved to be friendl}', and had come a great many miles to warn the settlers of the ai)proach of a large nnd powerful band of warriors, who were " preparing to make a descent upon the valley, for the purpose of exterminating the settlements. Being very much fatigued after his long journe}', and feeling perfectly' secure in the hands of tliose to whom he had just rendered such important service, the Indian laid down to rest, nnd soon fell asleep." In giving an account of this occurrence, jNIeginness says: "A number of men about the fort were shooting at a mark, amongst whom was one who was slightly intoxicated. Loading his rifle, he observed to some of them that he would make the bullet he v»-as putting in kill an Indian. Little attention was paid to the remark at the time. He made good his word, however; instead of shooting at the mark, he fired at the sleeping Indian, and shot him dead. A baser act of ingratitude cannot well be conceived. The murder was unprovoked and cowardly', and rendered doubly worse, from the fact that the Indian had traveled many miles to inform them of their danger. The garrison were so exasperated at this inhuman and ungrateful act, that they threatened to lynch him on the spot; when, becoming alarmed, he lied, and was sulfered to escape." Immediately after being apprised of their danger, a "council of war" was held by the garrison, when it was decided to evacuate the fort, and with all the inhabitants of the neighborhood go to Fort Augusta (now Sunbui'y) for protec- tion. Accordingly prei)arutions were made to dei)art; live stock, and sup[)lies genernll}', were placed upon rafts hastily constructed from Avhatever availal)le material could be obtained. Many articles, sucli as household utensils, etc., that were considered too cumbersome to take along, and too valuable to lose, Avere hidden with the hope of getting them again when peace should be restored. Among other things that were thus secreted was a stone crock filled with sand for scouring tinware, etc.; this was buried by the thoughtful Jane Reed, daughter 576 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. of William Reed, under the floor of her father's cabin. There was not much time to spare in arranging preliminaries; whatever was done had to be performed quickly, and in a few hours the settlers bade adieu to their homes, and began their flight to a place of safety, and the setting sun of that memorable day in June, 1778, shed its rays upon their deserted dwellings. In their flight; down the river the people from Reed's Fort and vicinity wei'e joined by the other inhabitants of the valley, and all found refuge, as before stated, at Fort Augusta. After being driven from their possessions, the Reeds, Flemings, McCormicks, r>and perhaps others, returned to their former homes in Chester county, remaining there till after tlie declaration of peace, in 1783, Avhen again, five 3'ears after their flight, and ten 3'ears from the time they first settled on the West Branch, they returned to take possession of their homes, where they remained, most of them, to the end of their lives, never after having occasion to flee from the tomahawk and scalping knife. Daring the five 3'ears' absence of the settlers, their buildings, though left to the "tender mercies" of tlie savages, were not destro3'ed, with the exception, perhaps, of one or two; and when tiieir owners came to inspect them they were found to be in a tolerable state of preservation. After their return the people went to work with a will to fit up their homes, and it seems that the house of William Reed, being probably the most substantially built, had withstood the action of the weather better than any of the others, and was therefore the first to be put in order. While engaged in repairing the floor, some of the men discov- ered what they pronounced hidden treasures — a crock of silver. The I'csult was quite an excitement among the people for a time, till Jane "put in an appear- ance" and claimed her "pewter sand," as it was called, which she had deposited under the floor five years previous. Tliat identical crock, now over one hundred 3-ears old, is still in possession of the Reed family. During times of comparative peaco the settlers were often visited by the Indians, whom they always treated kindl3', giving them food, etc., whenever the3^ came around. Time after time Miss Jane Reed (who seems to have been chief cook not only for her father's famil3', but also of the garrison) exhausted her entire supply of bread in feeding bands of visiting red-skins. As it alwa3's gave offence to the Indians if they were not all treated alike, Jane was often at her wits' end to know how to make her bread reach around if she happened to have a scanty supply on hand when the3' made their appearance. On one occasion the young lady was trying on a hat which she had just purchased, when suddenly a band of savages entered the cabin, and gazed with astonishment at what they, no doubt, considered a new fangled head dress. At length one of them, who was more bold than the rest, deliberatel3'' walked up to Miss Jane, and took the hat from her head, and after giving it a tliorough examination, handed it to his companions, b3^ each of whom, in turn, it Avas closely scrutinized and then replaced upon the head of its owner, after which the band departed without having the least apparent inclination to appropriate the singular looking article. It seems that Miss Jane had not a very exalted opinion of the Indians, at least as far as their stomachs were concerned, for one morning she found a mouse drowned in her cream pot, and exclaimed, Avith a twinkle in her e3'e, that she would give the cream to the Indians, for it was good enough for them. Accord CLINTON COUNTY. 577 ingly she made it into butter, and the next time the scamps paid her a visit, she had the grim satisfaction of seeing them feast on butter and buttermilk to their hearts' content. Many of the early settlers of the county rendered valuable service to the country during the Revolutionary and Indian wars ; in fact, during those times nearly every able-bodied man was a soldier. Living on the extreme western border of civilization, as the pioneers of Clinton then did, it may be supposed that they had their full sliare of duties to perform in protecting their homes and their lives from invading Indians. Consequently, as long as danger threatened their own families and firesides, very little fighting material could be spared to join the Continental troops in their various campaigns against the British. After the close of the Revolution, quite a number of persons who had taken part in that struggle settled within the present limits of the county. Among them was Major John P. De Haas, who located on Bald Eagle creek, about nine miles above its mouth, and Thomas and Francis Proctor, who acquired possession of a large tract of land on the river just below the mouth of the same stream. Thomas Proctor was captain of the first Continental company of artillery raised in Philadelphia. He was subsequently promoted to the rank of colonel, and his brother Francis, who was lieutenant of the same company, became captain. William Dunn, the owner of the " Big Island," also served some time as a soldier of the Revolution, participating in the battles of Germantown and Trenton. Mr. Dunn, with Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Hughes, were appointed a Committee of Safety at the beginning of the Revolution for Bald Eagle township (then Northumberland county). Immediatel}" after the restoration of peace, in 1783, a number of families, in addition to those who had been driven away by the Indians, came to the West Branch and settled. The lands lying between the river and Bald Eagle creek, being especially desirable, owing to their fertility and favorable location, particularly attracted those seeking frontier homes, and by the beginning of the year 1800 quite a settlement had there sprung up. To give the reader something of an idea how the land where Lock Haven now stands appeared seventy years ago, it may be stated that all of the territory, comprising about two thousand acres, lying in the angle formed by the junction of Bald Eagle creek and the Susquehanna river, was then covered with a vigorous growth of pine and oak, with the exception of about a dozen cleared patches of a few acres each, scattered here and there over the tract. Fifteen hundred acres of said angle was granted to Dr. Francis Allison, in 1769, by the Proprietaries of the Province of Pennsylvania. A few years after receiving his patent, Dr. Allison sold his purchase to John Fleming, who took possession in 1773, and located on the lower end of the tract, where he died in 1777. In accordance with the provisions of his will, the estate after his death was divided among his heirs. About the j'ear 1800, Dr. John Henderson, of Huntingdon, married Margaret Jamison, one of the Fleming heirs, and through her came into possession of a portion of the original " Allison tract," as it was called. The completion of the West Branch division of the Pennsylvania canal from Northumberland to Dunnsburg, opposite Lock Haven, in 1834, was the beginning of a new and important era in the history of the West Branch valley. For 2 >i 5 T 8 HIS TO U Y OF PENNS YL VANIA . several 3'ears the work of building the canal had progressed, and final]}' culmi- nated in the construction of the Lock Haven dam. During the construction of these works, a large number of adventurers from various parts of the country visited the locality ; some of them remained and took an active part in the affairs of the community for years after. Several of the Irish laborers located on lands in the vicinity, and made industrious, law-abiding citizens. Of the specu- lating spirits who were attracted thither by the prospect of a bright future, Jerry Church was the most original, enterprising, and venturesome, and although the region round about and above the mouth of Bald Eagle creek had been looked upon for many years, by the settlers and others, as desirable for agricultural pur- poses, and destined to become populous, productive, and wealthy as a farming district, it remained for the energetic Jerry to conceive and consummate the idea of laying out a town on that beautiful plain. Accordingly, in October, 1833, he purchased Dr. Henderson's farm of two hundred acres, for which he paid twenty thousand dollars, and immediately proceeded to lay out the tract into lots, streets, and alle3's. On the 4th of November, 1833, a public sale of lots took place, when quite a number were disposed of to the "highest and best bidders." The first lot sold was the one on which the Montour House is now located. It was bought by Frank Smith, Esq. The name Lock Haven was given to the town because of the existence in its vicinity of two locks in the canal, and a raft harbor or hacen in the river. It was not long after Lock Haven was laid out before it assumed the propor- tions and characteristics of a thriving town. The impulse given to its growth by the building of the public works soon caused it to rank among the enterprising and prosperous inland villages of the State. The circumstances attending its origin were such as to render its inception almost an absolute necessity, and after viewing the location and its surroundings, it did not take the shrewd Jerry Church long to realize that such was the case. The influx of strangers to the neighborhood, in consequence of the building and opening of the West Branch canal (and the extension to .Bellefonte), at once created a demand for business places of various kinds. Hotels became necessary, to accommodate those con- nected with and having charge of the works ; stores were needed to furnish boatmen and others with supplies. In fact notliing but some providential calamity could have prevented the springing up and development of a flourishing town just where Loclc Haven is situated. The location itself has natural attrac- tions suflicient to justif}^ the assertion that, aside from its acquired advantages, a more desirable sight for a large town could not well have been found within the confines of the State. A healthful climate, fertile soil, grand and romantic scenery, pure air and water, all conspire to render the location especially desirable as a place of residence. Nature is accused of partiality in the distribution of her favors. She is charged witli scattering them with a lavish hand in some places and parsimoniously withholding them in others. Wliether this charge is true or false, it is indisputable that the region of which Lock Haven is the geographical centre has received a full share of her richest bounties, of which fact Jerry Church and his coadjutors were not unmindful when Clinton county was orga- nized and Lock Haven made the seat of justice. The formation of Clinton county, and the selection of Lock Haven as a site for the public buildings, was CLINTON COUNTY . 579 the consumtnatioii of a wish clear to the heart of Jerry Church. From the time he made the purchase of Dr. Henderson he had exerted himself to the utmost to bring about tliat result. After the building of the court-house, the next important event in the history of Lock Haven was the construction of the West Branch boom, in 1849, concern- ing which H. L. Deifleiibach, Esq., formerly editor of the Glinlon Democrat^ says : " From this period the rapid growth of Lock Haven commenced. Property doubled, trebled, and quadrupled in value, and soon the fields aroun: M^iajM'iiLairisiima'ij '^.. x^miwm m - MAIN EXHIBITION BUILDING — 187G. CRAWFORD COUNTY. BY SAMUEL P. BATES, LL.D., MEADVILLE. HE first representative of English speaking people in America to traverse the forests, then unbroken by the hand of cultivation, which afterwards became Crawford county, was George Washington, then a major of the Virginia militia, destined to be largely instrumental in the establishment of the American name and nation, and create for himself undjdng renown, in the first years of Eui'opean colonization upon this conti- nent, two nations played important parts, the French and the English. In point CRAWFORD COUNTY COURT HOUSK, MEADVILLE. [From a Photograph by J. D. Dunn.] of numbers and power they were, for a time, quite equally matched. While the English held the seaboard, from Massachusetts ba}' to Georgia, the French laid claim to Canada and the Mississippi valle^^ stretching away to the Gulf. About the middle of the seventeenth century', the French Jesuits showed great zeal in their attempts to prosel3'te the Indians, and to spread the French name and power. In 16t9, Robert Cavalier de la Salle constructed, beneath the sombre shades of the forest which fringed the northern shore of Lake Erie, a craft of sixty tons burden, which he named the Griffin, and, setting sail, ploughed 597 598 HIS TOE Y OF PENIfS YL VAIflA. the waters of the great lakes, hitherto unvexed by the keel of civilized man. Moving up Erie, Huron, and Michigan, and crossing over to the Mississippi, he descended the Father of Waters to the Gulf, and laid claim to all the territory' which the river drains, even to its remotest tributaries, the French maintaining that the right to the mouth of a river governs its sources. Had this claim been vindicated, Pennsylvania and Virginia would have been despoiled of the balf of their heritage. Against this pretension the Governors of both States loudly protested, and prepared to defend their rights. In Virginia was formed the Ohio company, organized to promote emigration and settlement in its western territory' ; and so eager were its hardy pioneers to possess the choicest lands, that they pushed far into the boundaries of Pennsylvania, though suppos- ing they were still on Virginia soil, and commenced building a fort at the junc- tion of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, which afterwards became fort Duquesne, now the very midst of the city of Pittsburgh. The French in Canada, learning of this occupation by the Ohio companj^, sent an armed force, which dispossessed the Virginians and continued the fortifications on French account. By the treaty of Utrecht, of 1713, Louisiana was confirmed to the French, but it was provided "that France should never molest the Five Nations, subject to the dominion of Great Britain." The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which con- cluded a four 3^ears' war between France and England, in 1148, confirmed the rights of Great Britain, But the boundaries of the Five Nations — now become the Six Nations — were indefinite, and the French were determined to hold the entir.e A'alley of the Mississippi. To tliat end they built a line of forts, commencing with Prcsqu'Isle, near the city of Erie, and continuing it at Le Banif, now Waterford — at Venango, near Fi-anklin — at Duquesne, now Pittsburgh, and so on down the Ohio, and planted plates of copper or lead along the route, on which were inscribed their claims. To ascertain Avhat Avas the temper and what the purposes of the French, Lieutenant-Governor Dinwiddie, of Virginia, sent Major Washington, in 1153, to confer with the French commandant at Le Boeuf. It was 'a tedious journey, made in mid-winter, and required nerve and resolution to accomplish it. On arriving, he was politely received, but referred to the chief in command in Canada. It was evident that the troops in possession would yield to no argument but force, and Washington ascertained, in the progress of a conversa- tion with a subordinate officer, that it was the intention to maintain their occupation of this territory. Virginia, intent on defending the interests of the Ohio Company, sent a force of militia, under Major Washington, who surprised a body of French at the Great Meadows, on the morning of the 28th of May, 1754, and routed it completely; but on the 4th of July following, having been confronted at Fort Necessity by a superior force, was obliged, after nine hours of severe fighting, to surrender. Early in the spring of 1765, General Braddock, with a body of regulars brought direct from Ireland, accompanied with a force of militia under Washington, again marched against the French. But when nearing Fort Duquesne, he was attacked by French and Indians lying in ambush, and his little army completely routed. Again, in July, 1758, General Forbes, with a force accompanied with militia under Colonels Bouquet and Washington, advanced upon the foe on the Ohio, and, after severe fighting in GBAWFOBD COUNTY. 599 frojt of Fort Dnquesne, the French were driven out, and, henceforward, no more encroached upon the territory of the colonies. But the western portion of Pennsylvania was still subject to the savages, having never been acquired by either treaty or purchase, and so it remained till after the close of the Revolution, and, consequently, was not open to white occupancy. In October, 1184, a treaty was concluded at Fort Stanwix, with the Six Nations, whereby the authorities of Pennsylvania gained by purchase all the territory, not before acquirecl, within its chartered limits, and this purchase was confirmed b}" a treat}' concluded by the Wyandots and Delawares, in Januar}^, 1185, at Fort Mcintosh, situated at the mouth of the Beaver river. But though the Six Nations were quieted by treaty, the Indian tribes along the Ohio were still intent on preserving, in their own right, the lands to the north of that river and east of the Allegheny', to which they may have been prompted b}^ the emissaries of the French, who still held Louisiana. Hence, all visitors from the colonies upon the territor}^ in question, for the purpose of settlement, were met by roving bands of these Indians who maintained a hostile front. To overawe and subdue them, military expeditions were undertaken by Mcintosh in 1118, by Brodhead in 1180, by Crawford in 1182, by Harmar in 1189, by St. Clair in 1191, and by Wayne in 1192, which resulted with varying fortune. During all this time the frontier was lit up by the blaze of savage warfare, and the tomahawk and scalping knife were busy with their fell work. Finally, the campaign, conducted by General Anthony Wayne with his characte- ristic energy and skill, ended in triumph in 1195, and the treaty, bj^ him concluded, for ever put an end to this sanguinary struggle, wherein neither helpless infancy nor trembling age was exempt, and Avhich was accompanied by ever}' crime which debases manhood and effaces from the human character every trace of its heaven-born attributes. Hence, though the purchase was fairly made in 1185, it was ten years later before the territory could be said to be fairly open to settlement. It was well known, however, that the lands west of the Allegheny were of excellent quality, and naturally tempted the cupidity of the adventurous, even though still subject to savage sway. Washington, in passing up the Venango river (French creek), on his journey to Le Boeuf, in 1153, made this entrj' on the 1th of December: "We passed over much good land since we left Yenango (Franklin), and through several extensive and very rich meadows, one of which I believe was nearh' four miles in length, and considerably wide in some places." There is no doubt that these expressions of Washington, " much good land," and " extensive and very rich meadows," were recurring in the minds of man}^ and caused them to look with longing e3'es towards this goodly countr}^, even during the long and gloomy years of the Revolution. When that war came to an end in 1183, and in 1185 these lands were purchased of the Indians, the disposition to acquire titles to them was active. Three separate companies, with large capital, each sought to secure vast stretches of this territory. The}'' were the Holland Land company, the Population compan}^, and the North American Land company. By the act of 1192, titles could onl}' be perfected by actual settlement for the space of five 3'ears, which must be begun within two 3'ears from the date of its location. But an important proviso was attached, that if settlers Avere prevented 600 SIS TO Ji Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. by armed enemies of the United States from settlement, the title was to become valid the same as if settled. This left the question open and indefinite, and gave rise to endless litigation, the Holland Land company' contending that, Indian hostilities having prevented actual settlement for the space of two years, thej' could then perfect their titles without actual settlement, and without waiting for the end of the five years. It was decided p7^o and con in the lower courts repeatedly, and taken up on appeal, until it finally reached the Supreme Court of the United States, when Chief Justice Marshall delivered an opinion in favor of the compan}^, Mr. Justice Washington declaring : " Though the great theatre of the war lies far to the north-west of the land in dispute, yet it is clearly proved that this country during this period was exposed to the repeated irruptions of the enemy, killing and plundering such of the whites as they met with in defenceless situations. We find the settlers sometimes working out in the da3^-time in the neighborhood of forts, and returning at night within their walls for protection ; sometimes giving up the pursuit in despair, and returning to the settled part of the countr}^ ; then returning to this countr}^ and again abandoning it. We sometimes meet with a few men daring and hardy enough to attempt the cultivation of their lands ; associating implements of husbandry with the instruments of war — the character of the husbandman with that of the soldier — and yet I do not recollect any instance in which, with this enterprising, daring spirit, a single individual was able to make such a settlement as the law required." Such "daring and hardy" men as are here referred to by Judge Washington, were those who first settled Crawford county. In ITST, David Mead, in com- pany with his brother John, sons of Darius Mead, of Hudson, New York, having taken up land in the Wyoming Valley, and been dispossessed through the conflicting claims of Connecticut and Pennsylvania, made their way through the forests, and across mountains to the mouth of the Venango river, and thence up that stream till they reached a broad valley, nearly five miles in length, on whose bosom now reposes the citj- of Meadville, and the one, undoubtedly, referred to by Washington. Two years previous, at the instance of the general government, a party of engineers, headed by William Bowen under military escort, made a survey of a large body of land in this corner of the State, embra- cing the sixth, seventh, and eighth sections, which had been set aside for the payment of bounties to soldiers of the Revolution. Having had some experience in selecting lands for settlement, these two pioneers made a thorough examination of the territory, and chose this valley for their future habitation. They found the flats above the confluence of the Cussa- wago with the Venango river cleared, and covered with luxuriant grass, having been previously cultivated by the natives, and perhaps by the French, who had a fort on what is now Dock street, Meadville. Returning to the Susquehanna, in the spring of the following year, they came again, accompanied by Thomas Martin, John Watson, James F. Randolph, Thomas Grant, Cornelius Van Horn, and Christopher Snyder. With the exception of Grant they all selected lands on the western side of the river, now Valonia, and the tracts above. Grant chose the section on which is now Meadville, and made his home at the head of Water street. Soon tiring of the frontier, he transferred his tract to David CBAWFOBB COUNTY. 601 Mead, who thus became the proprietor and real founder of the cit}- -which took his name. In the spring of the following year came the families of some of these men. Sarah Mead, daughter of David, was the first child born within the new settlement. Subsequently came Samuel Lord, John Wentworth, Frederick Haymaker, Frederick Baum, Robert Fitz Randolph, and Darius Mead. These were the pioneers ; but as the report of fine lands upon the Yenango spread, settlers came in great numbers. There were a few families of Indians inhabiting the neighborhood, who became the fast friends of the white men, prominent among whom were Canadochta and his three sons, Flying Cloud, Standing Stone, and Big Sun, and Half-town, a half brother of Cornplanter, Strike Neck, and Wire Ears. To the beginning of 1791, few disturbances from hostile Indians occurred, and little danger was apprehended ; but the defeat of the army under General Harmar, and subsequently that led by St. Clair, left the hostile tribes of Ohio and western Pennsylvania free to prosecute their nefarious schemes of murder, arson, and fiendish torture, upon the helpless frontiersmen. Early in this year, Fljnng Cloud, the ever faithful friend of the whites, gave notice that the savages were upon the war path. For safety, the settlers repaired to the stockade fort at Franklin. It was seed time, and these provident men were loath to let the time pass for planting, and thus fail of a crop for the sustenance of their families. Accordingly, four of them, Cornelius Van Horn, William Gregg, Thomas Ray, and Christopher Lantz, returned with their horses, and commenced ploughing. Vengeful Indians came skulking upon their track, and, singling out Van Horn, when the others were away, seized him and his horses, and commenced the march westward. Eight miles away, near Conneaut lake, they stopped for the night, where Van Horn managed to elude them, and made his way back, when he found that Gregg had been killed, and, as subsequently ascertained, Ray was made cap- tive and led away to Detroit. Hostilities continued during 1792 ; but General Anthon}^ Wayne, who had now been placed at the head of the troops sent against the savages, gave them sufficient employment. Early in the j^ear, a company of twentj'-four men, under Ensign Bond, was detailed from Wayne's army to protect this settlement, and was quartered at Meadville. But as the campaign became active, it was sum- moned away, and the families of the settlers again retired to the stockade at Franklin. The numbers had considerabl}' increased by 1794, and a militia com- pany was formed for self-protection, Cornelius Van Horn being elected Captain, and a block-house was erected near the head of Water street. On the 10th of August, James Dickson, a resolute Scotchman, was fired upon by Indians in con- cealment near the outskirts of the settlement, and severely wounded in the hand and shoulder. B}^ dexterous management with his gun, of which he held the fire, he baffled the endeavors of his assailants to capture him, and, though bleeding profusely, reached the block-house. The alarm was given, and pursuit promptly made; but the wily foe escaped. Ten da^'s later General Wa^'ue inflicted a crushing defeat, and Indian warfare in this part of the State was at an end, though occasional depredations were committed by isolated parties for some time, James Findley and Barnabas McCormick having been murdered in cold blood, in June of the following year, six miles below Meadville, on the river valley. 602 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. The tide of settlement now began to set strongly towards this portion of the State, stimulated, no doubt, by the organized efforts of laud companies to gain titles to the best lands, and by the settlers themselves to perfect their claims. What afterward became Meadville, Mead, Rockdale, and Vernon, were settled simultaneous!}^ in 1181; East Fallowfield, Greenwood, Hayfield, Oil Creek, and Titusville, in 1190; Fairfield and Woodcock in 1191 ; Venango in 1194 ; Bloom- field, Cussawago, Randolph, Richmond, South Shenango, and Spring, in 1195; Cambridge and West Fallowfield in 1191 ; Conneaut, North Shenango, Pine, and Sadsbury, in 1198; Athens, Beaver, Rome, and Summit, in 1800. The remain- ing townships, with the exception of Wayne, have been subsequentl}'^ erected from the territory of other townships, Sparta, Summer Hill, and Tro}^, in 1830; Steu- ben in 1861; West Shenango in 18(53, and Union in 1861. The opening of the year 1195 marked a new era in the histor}^ of these settle- ments. During the three preceding years the pioneers had labored under great depression and discouragement. At times, when the labors of the husbandmen should be performed, their work was interrupted, and they were driven with their families for safety to the common fort. But a better day seemed now dawning, and a reasonable prospect that the fierce sounds of savage warfare would be no longer heard, and that the sons of the forest would cease from their trade of blood. Buildings erected were of a more permanent character, and the settlement, though far away from the sunny abiding places where clustered their early asso- ciations, began to be looked upon as home. A saw-mill was constructed near the block-house as early as 1189, from which the settlers were supplied with lumber, and the surplus was rafted to Pittsburgh; but as late as 1195 grain was ground by hand-mills or broken in a mortar. The thought of establishing the location of a town which should serve as a centre for distribution and supply, early occupied the minds of the settlers, and none seemed more fit than this goodly valley, where three considerable streams, two fi-om the west, the Cussawago and Watson's run, and one. Mill run, from the east, poured their currents into the Venango, leaving in their tracks fertile val- leys and easy grades for highways to lead out in all directions. Though the earliest settlements had been chieflj' made on the west side of the river, above the mouth of the Cussawago, doubtless on account of the lands having been previously cleared and cultivated, and because there was a deep alluvial soil pro- ducing fine crops with little labor, yet the site for the town was chosen on the opposite side, probably on account of the surface being higher, and not liable to overflow, as had been the sad experience on the right bank, and also, it may be, because the will of David Mead, who had established himself here, was more imperious than those of his companions. In 1192 the part immediately upon the river was laid out, lots offered for sale, and the embryo city was named MeadA'ille. Through the exertions of Major Roger Alden, a soldier of the Revo- lution, and the first agent of the Holland Land company, and Doctor Kennedy, the plan of the town was greatly enlarged and improved in 1195. Only a small portion of the valley, along the river front, was at that time cleared, all the lower part being covered by a dense hemlock forest, the covert of the deer, and the more elevated portions, where are now some of the finest residences, had a massive growth of oak, and beech, and chestnut. CliAWFOBD COUNTY. 603 The thought, of these hardy pioneers was early given to provision for the edu- cation of their children, and a school was established in the block-house, to which allusion has been made, situated on the triangular lot at the corner of Water street and Steer's alley. It was originally built for defence, was of logs, two- stories in height, surmounted by a sentry box ; the second-story projecting over the first, and was provided with a cannon. This building stood until 1828. The lot was donated by the founder for school purposes. David Mead was tlie first justice, and the Governor having failed to provide him with one, he acted as his own constable. He had served as justice in the Wyoming settlement, and con- tinued to hold that oflSce until 1199, when he was made associate judge. Prior to the year Itt.S, all this section of the colony, held under the charter of King Charles II., though not yet purchased from the Indians, formed a part of the county of Bedford. At that date the county of Westmoreland was orga- nized, and this portion of the State, by that act, was embraced in its limits. In September, 1188, the count}'^ of Allegheny was organized, which was made to embrace all the territory north and west of the Ohio and Allegheny rivers. Till the end of the century it remained thus. By an act of the Legislature of the 12th of March, 1800, the county of Crawford was erected and was made to embrace all the north-western portion of the State, including Erie, Warren, Venango, and Mercer, with the county seat at Meadville, Erie became a separate county on the 2d of April, 1803, and Yenango and Warren, April 1, 1805. It was named for the unfortunate General William Crawford, who was burned by the Indians at Sandusky, on the 11th of June, 1782. What finally became Crawford county was entirely surrounded by the parts thus stricken oflT, with the exception of its western boundary, where it meets Ohio, Erie forming its northern limit, Warren and Yenango its eastern, and Yenango and Mercer its southern. Its length from east to west is forty-one miles, and its width twenty-four, and contains nine hundred and seventy-four square miles, nearly as much arable land as the entire State of Rhode Island. Its surface is for the most part heavily rolling, the State road, running from the south-western corner to the north-eastern, crossing nearly at right angles what seem an interminable series of earthy billows, at nearly regular intervals of eight or ten miles. The soil is unsurpassed for grazing, for corn and oats, and, along the rich valley's, for wheat. Copious springs of pure water are everywhere abundant, and shade, grateful to flocks and herds, has been left in profusion on hillside and vale. In some portions are dense forests, still the lurking places of the deer. Its principal stream is the Yenango, meandering through it from north- west to south-east, which is fed by the Conneautee, the Cussawago, and the Con- neaut outlet on its right bank, and by Muddy creek. Woodcock creek. Mill run, and the Sugar creeks on its left. The sum of four hundred pounds was appro- priated by Congress, in 1791, to improve the navigation of this stream; and, before obstructed by mill dams, was navigable to Waterford, for boats of twenty tons burden at certain seasons of tlie year, and is still employed for rafting lum- ber. Extensive lumber and flouring mills are situated upon it at intervals of a few miles. The western portion is watered by the Shenango, a considerable stream running south and emptying into the Beaver, and by the Conneaut creek, which runs north and empties into lake Erie. In the east is the Oil creek, which 604 EISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. empties into the Allegheny at Oil city, six miles above the mouth of the Yenancro. The great water-shed, which divides the waters that descend to the gulf fi'om those which flow to Lake Erie, and marks the boundary between the Mississippi basin and that of the great lakes, cuts into the western portion, and upon its summit, where are dead flats of considerable extent, is Conneaut lake, a sheet of five miles in length by two in breadth, and the Conneaut marsh and Pymatuning swamp. The lake is the largest body of water in the State. The Pymatuning swamp undoubtedly at one time formed the basin of an extensive lake, but was partially drained, by the deepening of its outlet, and has been filling with sediment and the annual accumulations of rank growths of vegeta- tion. In cutting trenches through it, fallen timber and the stumps of trees are found in perfect preservation. It is now mostly covered by a growth of tamaracs, where, in the autumn, vast flocks of pigeons make their roosting place. In the eastern part are Sugar and Oil Creek lakes, smaller but picturesque sheets. The slates and shales of the Chemung and Portage groups underlie its sur- face, but it is destitute of calcareous I'ock, with the exception of a bed of marl, of over thirty acres in extent, situated near the head of Conneaut lake, from which, by burning, a dark gra3'ish lime is made, and also a deposit of similar marl in the Pymatuning swamp. Sedimentary flag stone abounds in most parts, though as j-et no quarr}^ of the best quality has ever been opened. Red and yellow sand- stone, yielding and easily wrought when first taken from the quarry, but which hardens by exposure to air and light, are found in abundance. Iron ore exists in the southern section, as also bituminous coal. From the earliest knowledge of the valley of the Oil creek, an exceedingly volatile substance was known to exist, which, when floating upon the surface of the water, reflected in the sunlight the most beautiful and variegated colors. In the extensive flat lands upon this stream are found many acres of pits dug in the soil and lined with split logs, doubtless constructed for the purpose of collecting this fluid, as the water which rises in them is found to be covered with it. By whom they were constructed is not known ; but it must have been long ago — as no traces can be discovered of the stumps where the timber used in lining them was cut, and huge trees are growing in the very midst of the cradles — and by an intel- ligent people, as much skill, involving the use of eff'ective tools, is shown in their construction. The French of a generation or two before its settlement may have fashioned them. They were certainly not the work of the nomadic Indians of our day. The more probable view is that they must be referred to the mound build- ers of a much earlier period. The composition of this substance is believed to be akin to that of the bituminous coal of the flelds below. It was used by the natives as a medicine and in their strange worship. Assembling at certain points, having drained the waters of the streams on which it floats, quantities by this means having collected, they applied the torch, and while sheets of flame were ascending heavenward, uttered demoniac 3'ells. It was known to the Frencli two centuries and a half ago, their missionaries and military explorers having been led to the springs by the natives. Joseph Delaroche Daillon, in a letter of the 18th of July, 1627, published in Sagard's " History du Canada " describes it. Charlevoix, an agent of the French government, in his journals of 1720, makes mention of it, and Thomas Jefferson, in his Notes on Virginia, very minutely de- CBAWFORD COUNTY. 605 scribes it as taken from the earth in the Kanawha valley. Considerable quantities were collected of the surface oil, and it was sold for medicinal purposes and for lighting ; but it was never an article much consumed till 1859. In tliat year Mr E. L. Drake commenced drilling, with the expectation of finding it in quantities He was not disappointed, and the current which he thus diverted has been united with similar ones, till the volume would equal a considerable stream steadily flowing. It is used chiefly for illumination, but largely for lubrication and in the mechanic arts. In a single year nearly seven million barrels have been produced. Tlie act of the Legislature authorizing the formation of the county, empowered the commissioners to fix the county seat at Meadville, provided the people of that place would contribute $4,000 towards the establishment of an institution of learning. This sum was speedily raised, and the commissioners had no further discretion. The school, as has been noticed, was commenced in the block-house ; but in 1802 an act of the Legislature was passed incorporating the institution. David Mead and, six others were appointed trustees. Grounds were subse- quently acquired on the south-w^est corner of Chestnut and Liberty streets, and a one story brick building with two rooms was erected thereon. In the fall of 1805 the Meadville Academy was opened under the charge of the Rev. Joseph Stockton, who, in addition to an extensive scientific course, taught also Latin and Greek. This building remained for twenty years, and at successive periods Cary, Kerr, Douglas, Reynolds, and De France taught therein. It was finally purchased, and gave i^lace to a private residence, and the building now used for the public high school was erected. McKinney, Leflfingwell, and Donnelly, among others, were at its head, the latter for a period of seventeen years. It received donations from the State at various times, and had a small endowment fund that was used for keeping the building in repair. In 1852 it entered upon a sphere of enlarged usefulness as a county academy, being attended by over three hundred pupils annually for several years. In 1861, by act of Assembly, the property and funds were given into the hands of the board of control of the city of Meadville for the use of a public high school, to which pupils from the county may be admitted. During the early history of the county, and until 1834, when the iree school law was enacted, schools were established as the settlers could unite for the pur- pose, and were supported by their patrons. In sparse settlements it was impossible to accommodate all in this way. Some few of the indigent were taught at the expense of the county under the law of 1809, which provided for the " instruction of the poor gratis." But most parents were too independent to report themselves too poor to pay for the tuition of their children. There were in various sections men of great learning who gave instruction in the languages, notable among whom were Mr. Gamble, of the Shenangoes, and David Derickson, of Meadville. In 1838 the free school system began to go into operation, and rapidly the whole school-going population was gathered in. In 1854, upon the revisal of the law, a regeneration of the schools occurred ; new buildings were erected, with improved furniture and appliances, and teachers were held to a strict examination and accountability. With opportunities so meagre as were afforded in that early period, it is a matter of congratulation that education was 80 general and so good as it was. 606 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Especially is it a subject of pride that the early settlers entertained so exalt- ed an idea of higher education, which led them early to make provision for an academy, making it a condition of securing the county seat; but also, not many years after, and while yet the county was new and the means of realizing money were few, to found a college and make it the seat of the most advanced culture of the period. On the evening of Thursday, the 20th of June, 1815, at a public meeting held at the court house in Meadville, at which Major Roger Aldcn presided, and John Reynolds acted as secretary, it was resolved to establish a college, which should be called Allegheny-, from the river which drains all this region ; that Timothy Alden, a brother of the major, a native of Massachusetts, a graduate of Harvard Universit}-, and an eminent teacher at Boston, and also at New York, should be president, and the Rev. Robert John- son, a learned Presb^'^terian divine, should be vice-president. A committee was appointed to ask the Legislature for a charter, another to prepare rules for its government, and a third to open books for receiving subscriptions. The sum of six thousand dollars was subscribed, and a charter was obtained on the 17th of March, 1817, with the following named persons as the Board of Trustees: Roger Alden, William McArthur, Jesse Moore, John Brooks, William Clark, Henr}^ Hurst, Samuel Lord, Samuel Torbett, Ralph Martin, Patrick Farrelly, Thomas Atkinson, John Reynolds, David Burns, William Foster, and Daniel Perkins, and two thousand dollars, which were subsequently increased to seven thousand, were appropriated. The site for a building was selected upon the hillside, a mile to the north of the town, which it overlooked, a most delectable spot, commanding a view of the charming valleys, which approach from every point of the compass, and the beautiful hills, half covered with forest, which tower up on all sides and kiss the sky in seeming nearness. A plot of five acres, subsequently enlarged to ten, and lately to twent}', was contributed by Samuel Lord, upon which a substantial and imposing structure of brick, with fine cut freestone trimmings, w\as erected, and the infant institution was fairly launched. The president, Dr. Alden, was a man of versatile talents, a prodigy in lingual acquirements, to whom difficul- ties and seemingly insurmountable obstacles w^ere meat and drink. He orga- nized, he taught, he visited the cities of New York and New England soliciting aid. His plans were successful. The institution took form beneath his plastic hand. To the plea of the necessities of his dear college, valuable private librar- ies dropped into its alcoves. That of the Rev. Wm. Bentlcy, D.D., of Salem, Massachusetts, was especially rich in lexicons, theological books, and such treasures of the Latin and Greek fathers as few colleges in the United States possessed ; and those of Isaiah Thomas, LL.D., of Worcester, Mass., and James Winthrop, LL.D., of Cambridge, Mass., comprised the best miscellaneous writings, making the entire collection in the different departments of literature and science " most rare and valuable." Contributions were also made to cabi- nets in natural histor}^ and apparatus for chemical and philosophical experi- ments. But though fortune seemed to smile upon the earl}^ labors of its founders, 3'et the period of growth was one beset by many hardships. Money was difficult to command, and few of the sons of the frontiersmen could spare the time or secure CBAWFORD COUNTY. 607 the means requisite to compass a liberal education. A proposition was made to found a German professorship with a view to enlisting that element of the popidation ; hkewise one to have a mathematical professorship endowed by the Masonic fraternit}'', to secure their active co-operation; and finall}', to change it to a military school. But none of these projects were successful, and in 1833, its management was assumed by the Erie and Pittsburgh conferences of the Metho- dist Episcopal Church, under which it has remained to the present day. At this date Dr. Alden gave place, as president, to Martin Ruter, D.D., who was suc- ceeded by Homer J. Clark, D.D., in ISSV ; John Barker, D.D., in 1847 ; George Loomis, D.D., in 1860; and Lucius 11. Bugbee, in 1815. Its alumni number over five hundred, among whom are men adorning all the learned pi-ofessions. MEADVILE, FROM THEOIiOaiOAI. SEMINARY, LOOKING NORTH-WEST. [From a Photograph by J. D. Dunn, Meadrille.] In 1851, a large building, designed for chapel, library, laboratory, and cabinets, was erected, and in 1864 a boarding hall, capable of accommodating one hundred students was added. The cabinets in the various departments of natural history, mostly collected under the administration of Dr. Loomis, are equalled in few institutions of the United States. The Meadville Theological school was established mainly through the influence of the late H. J. Iluidokoper, a native of Holland, who succeeded Major Alden iu the agency of the Holland Land company, and was one of the most influential and intelligent of the early settlers. It was opened in 1844, under the [jresidency of Bufus P. Stebbins, D.D., and in 1854 a commodious and substantial building was erected on an elevated site to the east of the town, commanding a beautiful 608 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA . view of the Cussawago valley and the dark pine forests which skii't its mouth. It was principally endowed by the Unitarian denomination, though the Society of Christians extended some aid. It has a productive endowment fund of over one hundred thousand dollars, and property in buildings and library amounting to over thirty thousand dollars. Rev. Oliver Stearns, D.D., became president in 1856, and the Rev. A. A. Livermore, D.D., in 1864. The school has a library of over twelve thousand volumes, and numbers over one hundred and fifty graduates. It is a circumstance for which it may claim credit that nearly all the periodical and newspaper publications of the Unitarian denomination are imder the edito- rial charge of its alumni. On the 2d of January, 1803, was issued at Meadville the initial number of the Crawford Messenger^ the first paper published in this portion of the State, and for a long series of years held its place as the most respectable. It was founded by Thomas Atkinson and W. Brendle. In an editorial of September, 1828, Mr. Atkinson makes the following interesting record: " In two months more, twenty-five years will have elapsed since we arrived in this village with our printing establishment, being the first, and for several subsequent years, the only one north-west of the Allegheny river. How short the period, y^t how fruitful in interesting events ! Our village at that time consisted of a few scattered tenements, or what might be properly termed huts. It is now surpassed by few, if any, in West Pennsylvania, for its numerous, commodious, and in many instances, beautiful dwelling houses, cliurches, academy, court-house, with a splendid edifice for a college ; all affording pleasing evidence of the enterprise, the taste, and the liberality of its inhabitants. Then we were without roads, nothing but Indian paths, by which to wend our way from one point to another. Now turnpikes and capacious roads converge to it from every quarter. Then the mail passed between Pittsburgh and Erie once in two weeks — now, eighteen stages arrive and depart weekly. Then we had not un frequently to pack our paper on horsback upwards of two hundred miles ; on one hundred and thirty of this distance there were but three or four houses — now, however, thanks to an enterprising citizen of the village, it can be had as conveniently as could be desired. Our country is marching onward." Since the time when Mr. Atkinson congratulated himself and his readers on the great changes which had occurred, a half centuiy has elapsed, and the progress which has been made far out-reaches the contrasts of that early day. There are at present published in Meadville, the Crawfoi'd Journal, weekly ; the Crawford Democrat ; the Crawford county Post (German), weekly ; the Meadville Republican, daily and weekly ; in Con- neautville, the Conneautville Courier, weekly ; in Titusville, the Herald and Courier, both daily and weekly, and the Sunday Press ; in Cambridge, the Index, weekly ; and in Linesville, the Linesville Leader, weekly. As we have noted, David Mead was the first commissioned justice, which ofldce he continued to hold until 1799, when he was made a judge, and in 1800 was held the first court. Judges Mead and Kelso presiding. At the session of April, 1801, Alexander Addison presided as president judge, and David Mead having resigned, William Bell was commissioned in his place. Judge Addison has been succeeded in the office of president judge by Moore, Shippen, Eldred, Thompson, Church, Galbraith, Derickson, Brown, Johnson, Vincent, and Lowrie. GBAWFOBD COUNTY. 609 By an act of the Legislature of March 5th, 1804, the commissioners were directed to erect a court-house upon the public square. The present edifice was com- menced on the 10th of September, 1861, and was completed in October, 1869. It occupies a commanding location, is constructed of pressed brick, with red sandstone trimmings, and is one of the most pleasing pieces of architecture, of the renaissance style, which the State, outside of Philadelphia, can boast. The contrasts of twenty -five years in the means of travel and communication as depicted by Mr. Atkinson, convey some conception of the difficulties experi- enced. It was not uncommon for salt to be carried on pack horses, and even on the backs of men, long distances in that early day. But in 1828, the Beaver and Erie canal was constructed, stretching from Lake Erie, near the village of Girard, to the mouth of the Beaver river, on the Ohio, and thence to Pittsburgh, which greatly improved the means of transportation. The summit between these two points is Conneaut lake, which, as we have seen, is upon the divide which separates the Mississippi river system from that of the great lakes. Boats were accord- ingly locked up from Pittsburgh to the Conneaut lake, and from there down to Lake Erie. Conneaut lake was hence made the reservoir for feeding the canal in both directions. To make it at all times serviceable, its mouth was dammed and its surface raised eleven feet, greatl}^ increasing its size, and to feed it the water was taken from the Yenango river, two miles above Meadville, conducted by the left bank to Shaw's landing, seven miles below, where it was led across the stream by an aqueduct, high above its natural level, and thence forward to the lake. This feeder gave Meadville all the adA^antages of the main line which followed the valleys of the Shenango and Conneaut creeks, leaving Meadville twenty miles away. In its day it served an important purpose. But the hour was rapidly approaching, then little dreamed of, when this vast public work, witli its miles of solid masonry, executed with vast labor, would be thrown aside as a cast-off garment. As late as 185*7 there was not a mile of railway within the borders of the county. In less than ten years from that date it had more miles than any other county in the State. The Erie and Pittsburgh railroad follows substantiall}^ the course of the canal, traversing the whole length of its western border, and was completed in 1858. The Atlantic and Great Western, with broad gauge to cor- respo4id to the Erie, was constructed in 1861-2, and passes in a somewhat circuitous course from north-east to south-west through the central part, having large and substantial shops of brick and stone at Meadville. At about the same time the Oil Creek and Allegheny Valley road, extending through the whole length of the eastern part, was built, and likewise the Franklin branch of the Atlantic and Great Western, reaching from Meadville to Oil City. Subsequently the Union and Titusville was constructed, giving complete rail communication with every part. The two most important were projected before oil was discovered, and hence independently of the necessities which it created. The others were the outgrowth of the surprising development of that wonderful fluid. Though considerable manufacturing in iron and wood and wool has, from an early day, been carried on, to which may now be added those of oil, and the wants which the production of oil has given rise to, yet it cannot be properl}^ termed a manufacturing county. Conneautville, a village in the western part, on the line 2 610 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. of the canal, was for many years the rival of Meadville in enterprise and business capacity, and far outstretched Titusville, the principal village of the extreme east ; but upon the discovery of oil in 1859, the latter suddenly sprang into importance, and shot forward until it had surpassed Meadville in population, and is still a place of much wealth and business, though, since the subsidence of oil, has fallen behind its more staid and sedate neighbor. Mosiertown, Harmons- burg, Evansburg, Linesville, Espyville, Hartstown, and Adamsville, in the west, ai'e all villages long settled, and the centres of a prosperous population. In the centre are Cambridge, Yenango, Saegertown, Geneva, and Cochranton, and in the east Spartansburg, Riceville, Centreville, Townville, Tryonville, and Oil Creek, which share in the general prosperity. The population of the county in 1800 was 2,346 ; in 1830 it had increased to 16,030 ; in 1870 to 63,832. The early settlers were chiefly German, Scotch-Irish, and emigrants from New England and New York, and such, substantially, the population has continued to be. Wheat, corn, rj-e, oats, barley, and hay were the staple products of the soil, of which in the early settlement more was pro- duced than consumed. From the first, however, the soil seemed better adapted to grazing than to grain, and to within a recent period the chief product for export was stock, though not in a profitable way. Immense numbers of cattle were raised, but they were not usually' kept until they were more than three years old. They were then sold for a price that barely covered the cost of production, and were driven away to the luxuriant meadows of Lancaster and Chester, where they attained great weight, and were sold at high prices for the Philadelphia market. That custom has now almost entirely ceased. Some twenty years ago a great impetus was given to stock breeding by the introduction, especially in the western portion, of fine blooded horses, cattle, sheep, and swine, and the county fairs held at Conneautville and Meadville, served to stimulate competition and local pride in securing perfection. The agents of Louis Napoleon bought horses here for the imperial stables, and many of the proudest stepping animals that make their appearance on Broadway and Chestnut street were gathered from the rich pasturage of Crawford. A limited number of farmers in different sections of the county made excellent butter, which did not sufl"er by comparison with the noted Orange county makes of New York. But the true sphere of the farmers had not yet been reached. To. raise enough buckwheat for home consumption, to fatten a few bullocks and swine and sheep, and to furnish a few pounds of butter carried to market on cabbage leaves, was not putting the rich grasses of its hillsides and intervals to their most profitable and natural use. It was not until 1870 that any considerable concert of action was secured in cheese-making at factories. Since that period this business has rapidly increased, until now nearly every section in its broad domain is covered by it. The great increase in the amount of money realized from the dairy products has stimulated production, and now the pure water, the fine shade, and the excellent grass are utilized in the production of milk Already the Meadville cheese exchange rivals that of the famous Little Falls. During the year 1875 there were sixty nine factories in operation, giving an aggregate product of ten million pounds, valued at one million dollars. A large number of the early settlers had served in the Revolutionary army, CRAWFOED COUNTY. 611 of whom Major Roger Alden, mentioned before, was one of the most pro- minent. They were among the best citizens, and showed by their sober and industrious habits that the fortunes of the camp and the battle-field had not destro^'ed their capacity for usefulness in private life. In 1812-15, the war was brought near to our borders, and when Perry prepared his fleet at Erie, he found among the most useful and resolute of his mechanics, men from this county, and when he set sail to meet the foe, that those same brawny arms were skillful and ready in handling the musket. Seeing that this part of the State was exposed to invasion from its near contiguitj'^ to Canada, and reflecting upon what the con- sequence might have been had the British fleet been victorious instead of the American, the Legislature of Pennsylvania ordered the erection of an arsenal at Meadville, and concentrated there several powerful batteries of artillery ; this location being just far enough away from the border to be secure from sudden seizure, and near enough to be of service should an enemy attempt invasion. In 1855, through the influence of Senator Darwin A. rinne}"^, the necessity for keep- ing a military depot at this point having passed away, on account of the im- proved means of rapid transit, the Legislature donated the property which had now become centrally located, to the cit}^ of Meadville for school purposes, and in 1868 a beautiful structure was erected thereon. But it was the war of Rebellion which called out the military strength and powers of the county, and illustrated the nerve and stern qualities of which its citizens are composed. In the three months' service the Erie regiment was largely made up of volunteers from its borders. In the three years and veteran service the Ninth and Tenth Reserves, the Fifty-seventh, the Eight3'-third, the One Hundred and Eleventh, the One Hundred and Forty-fifth, the One Hundred and Fiftieth, One Hundred and Sixty-third (Eighteenth cavalry), and One Hun- dred and Ninetieth regiments were composed largely of its hardy sons. Colonel Henry S. Huidekoper, of the One Hundred and Fiftieth, lost his right arm at Gettysburg; Major A. J. Mason, of the One Hundred and Forty-fifth, was killed in the battle of Fredericksburg, and numbers of others of various ranks were killed or wounded, there being few townships throughout its borders but have some graves of soldiers to cherish and decorate. Company K, of the One Hun- dred and Fiftieth regiment, better known as the Bucktails, was selected on its arrival at Washington for the body guard to Mr. Lincoln, which oflSce it faith- fully performed for two years, winning the respect and confidence of the Presi- dent and his family, and served as escort at his funeral. No troops won a more enviable reputation in the great army of the Union than the Bucktails, and to wear its significant emblem was a proud distinction. CUMBEELAND COUJS^TY. BY I. DANIEL RUPP. [With acknowledgments to E. S. Wagoner and J. A. Murray, D.D.] UMBERLAND county was named after a maritime county of England, bordering on Scotland. The name is derived from the Keltic, Kimbriland. The Kimbrie, or Keltic races, once inhabited the County of Cumberland in England. Cumberland count}' was, when erected, the sixth county in Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Bucks, and Chester having been established in 1682, Lancastei PhHc i^"} )f 1682-3, 662 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. and is said to have made his home in an old building that was standing until within thirty odd years, a short distance below the creek, on the east side of the King's highway. In early days it was a noted tavern, known throughout the colony as the " Black Bear Inn." Penn was in Chester on the 10th of March, 1683, two days before the Assembly met in Philadelphia, at which the jjIow was designated as the official seal of the county of Chester. In this year the noted ChestcrMills, the first ever erected by English settlers, were constructed on the site of the present village of Upland. The frames and machinery had been brought from England in the Welcome. By the verbal agreement of the ten share- holders iu the enterprise, Caleb Pusey was appointed agent and manager for the interest of all. This selection was most happy, for Pusey showed energy in con- tending with unlooked-for difficulties in carrying out the project. Lewis states that William Penn was present when the first log was laid in the first dam on Chester creek. The best information respecting these mills is furnished in an old deed, dated December 19th, 1105, by which Samuel Carpenter of Philadel- phia transferred his half interest in the mill property to Caleb Pusey. It is stated therein that in 1683 Pusey did erect, at the joint charge of all the owners, acorn mill and dam near his new dwelling, still standing at Upland in excellent preservation. After the mill and dam were swept away by a flood, Pusey, with the consent of the share-holders then in the Province, erected another mill and dam further up the creek, but that was swept away also, and he constructed a third one at a considei'able distance beyond the others, and a race was made to convey the water to the mill. The expense attending these constant repairs was so great tluat the outlay far exceeded the earnings of the mill, and as the parties i-efnsed, with the exception of Penn and Pusey, to pay their proportions of the costs, suit was brought, and the interest of the remaining share-holders sold to Samuel Carpenter, in satisfaction of the judgment obtained. Thus he became a partner, and a rude iron vane in commemoration of that circumstance was placed on the building. It bore the initials W. P. (William Penn), S. C. (Samuel Carpenter), C. P. (Caleb Pusey), and the date 1699. This ancient relic now sur- mounts the building of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania in Philadel- phia. In 1105, Carpenter sold his interest to Pusey, and the interest of Penn seems to have become a charge upon the land, which was recognized until the Revolution extinguished the title of the ''Chief Lords of the Fee." About 1145, a new mill was built by Joseph Pennell, the then owner of the property, the old structure having been injured by fire, and a dam-breast was erected in 1152, by Samuel Shaw. That stone mill stood until 1858, when it was totally de- stroyed by an accidental fire. The circumstances connected with this old mill- s'te have been given with some fullness, because it was the second enterprise of that character in the colonj', the first being the Swede's mill on Cobb's creek, ot which little is known, and whose exact site cannot now be ascertained. In 1684, four years before the Salem witch-craft delusion exhibited itself in New England, an old woman, Margaret Matson, residing near the mouth oi Crum creek, in the present township of Ridley, was indicted for witch craft, and was tried before Governor Penn, his council, ajid a jury, sitting as a Superior Court at Philadelphia. The accused pleaded not guilty. The evidence was of a similar character to that which was presented in all such cases — general rumor DELAWABE COUNTY. 663 and absurd circumstances. The verdict of tlie jury was that the prisoner was " Guilty of haveing the Common fame of a Witch, but not Guilty in manner and forme as Shee Stands Indicted." She was subsequently discharged, upon enter- ing bail for her good behavior for six months. The last Indian title to lands in Delaware county was extinguished in Octo- ber, 1085. The peaceful process by which Penn strove to obtain the actual and undisputed possession of the territory comprised in his charter from the Crown, has been much commended by historians, and while it is proper that he should receive just credit for that course, it should not be forgotten that the Swedes, Dutch, and other settlers in this locality, had pursued that policy for two and thirty years before a member of the Society of Friends is known to have been a resident of Pennsylvania. In 1688, a rumor prevailed that the Indians had con- spired to destroy the entire white inhabitants, which plot had been discovered by a Dutch settler near Chester. On the day designated as the one appointed for the massacre, about ten o'clock at night, a man rode hastily into Chester and reported that three families about nine miles distant had been murdered by the savages. Three persons went to those places and found the houses deserted, but no signs of violence were present. Rumor stated that five hundred warriors had gathered at Naaman's creek, and a scout from Marcus Hook reported that such an assemblage had actuallj' taken place, but it was seven miles further down the Brandywine, and that the aged Indian king, who was lame, the women and children, had been removed to a place of safety. When this report was brought to Philadelphia, one of the council — Proud says it was Caleb Pusey, but Dr. Smith shows that Pusey was not at that time a member — volunteered to proceed to the Indian town, without arms, to learn the truth, provided five others would accompany him. The party rode to the town, were received in a kindly manner by the Indians, learned that no hostilities were contemplated, and the report was without foundation. A recent writer in the Peiin llonthhj declares "that Caleb Pusey going out unarmed into the forest to meet a threatened attack of the savages, is a more heroic figure than blustering Miles Standish, girt with the sword he fought with in Flanders." The records of the courts of Chester county, before the eastern section became Delaware count}^, abound with interest, but we cannot devote much space to the history that lies recorded within those age-discolored documents and papers. In 1689, a jury of women, the first ever empanelled in Pennsylvania, was called to examine a female convict and report whether she could physically undergo the corporal punishment the court had ordered. In 1690, Robert Roman, of Chi- chester, was indicted for practicing geomanc}^, pled guilt}^, and was ordered by the court to pay five pounds fine, the costs, and promise never to practice that art, but behave himself well for the future. From 1714 to 1759, the punishment for most oflTences seems to have been confined to public whippings. In 1722, three persons at one time were under sentence of death at Chester, and the Governor was petitioned in their behalf. Two of these culprits, of whom one was a woman, were respited, but the other, William Battin, who had been convicted of "divers horrid, complicated crimes," was ordered to be executed " and hung in chains." The progress of Chester county, including that portion which subsequently became Delaware county, up to the Revolutionary war, was steady but not rapid. 664 HISTOB Y OF PENNS TL VANIA. which may be accounted for by the system of land starving, practiced in early times, by which the soil became so much exhausted that it would not return the cost of planting, and many of the inhabitants were compelled to seek other loca- lities where the ground would yield bountifull}- until it was in turn robbed of its strength. The history of the county until the cloud of war began to threaten the colonies, is of but little interest, and that confined almost exclusively to its own localit3\ In 1748, a regiment of soldiers, called the " Associators," were orga- nized to resist the depredations of French and Spanish privateers, of which Andrew McDowell was commissioned colonel, but whether they ever saw active service is not known. Certain it is, that a military organization with a similar name was in existence in Pennsylvania in 1176. The time was hastening on when the patriotic spirit of tlie people was to be earnestly aroused. When the passage of the Boston Fort bill was announced, messengers were dispatched from Philadelphia to the surrounding counties, urging tliem to take active steps to pro- tect their liberty. On the 4th day of July, 1774, a public call was issued to the people to assemble at the court house, in Chester, on the 13th, and at that meeting Anthony Wayne was appointed on the committee to act for the county. In December following, Wayne was chosen chairman of the committee then appointed, and on September 25, 1775, he published an address, in which he declared that " the abhorrent idea of separating from the mother country was per- nicious in its nature." In the fall of 1775, chevaux-de-frize were thrown across the main channel of the Delaware, nearly opposite the Lazaretto, and two tiers of the same obstruction were sunk near Marcus Hook. In April, 1776, the recruits of Chester county assembled in cantonment at Chester and Marcus Hook, and in May of that year the first powder mill in the Province, for the use of the colo- nists, located by Dr. Pv^obert Harris "on Crum creek, about three miles from Ches- ter," began operations, and was expected to deliver one ton of powder on the first of June, " and the same quantity weekly," thereafter. When Howe was menacing Philadelphia, in August, 1777, by the Delaware, a camp of instruction was formed at Chester, and on the 16th of that month, a thousand troops are mentioned as being present, who were forwarded as rapidly as expedient to the front. A private letter states that on the 29th of August, 1777, eighteen liundred of these men, indifferently drilled, had been ordered away. Recruiting and organizing were continued until the eve of the battle of Brandy wine. It is unnecessary to refer to that disastrous battle in this sketch, its story has been told elsewhere in this volume, and the more its details are examined the more it becomes evident that " somebody blundered " outrageously on the part of the American commanders, but to whom the blame rightly attaches is not so clear. In that confiict the Marquis de Lafa3^ette was wounded. Washington, in his letter from Chester on the night of the defeat, repoited liim as wounded in the leg, but the Marquis, when on his visit in 1824, stated that his wound was in the left foot. Wounded as he was, the brave Frencliman stationed a guard at Chester bridge to arrest stragglers, and return them to their several commands. The army appears to have been much demoralized, and extended even to those divisions that preserved some order as they fled to Chester by different routes, and arriving at different hours of the night. On the second day following the battle, an encampment of the British army was made in Delaware county, and BELAWAEK COUNTY. 665 General Howe established his head-quarters in an old stone house still standing in Village Green, in Aston township. While the army lay there in cantonment, three Hessians entered the dwelling of Jonathan Martin, in Middletown town- ship, and compelled the inmates to point out to them where articles they desired were secreted, and one of them inflicted a slight wound on the hand of one of the Martin daughters. From thence they visited the house of Mr, Cox, in Chester township, and appropriated trinkets, money, and other valuables belonging to the family. Miss Martin and Miss Cox next day called at Howe's head-quarters and personally complained of these outrages. He ordered the soldiers to form in line, when the girls pointed out the three men that had been to their houses. Various evolutions were resorted to so that the positions of the men might be changed, but at every trial the same men were indicated. They were then searched, and part of the stolen property was found upon them. A court-mar- tial sentenced two of them to be hung, while the third man was to act as executioner, the choice to be decided by lots. This sentence was carried out full}'. Two of the men were hung on an apple tree in Ashton, and when the British army moved away the bodies were left still suspended from the fatal limb. On the 23d of October, 1777, when the English fleet sailed up the river, the frigate Augusta, which subsequently was destroj-ed by an explosion of her maga- zine in the attack on Fort Mifflin, opened fire on Chester as she sailed by, several of her shot telling on the houses still standing, which marks are now shown with pride by the owners of the buildings. After the capture of Philadel- phia by the British, the frigate Vulture lay oS Chester, and was used as a prison ship. One day while the American array was encamped at White Marsh, Montgom- ery county, Samuel Levis, of Upper Darby, an aged Quaker and a sterling Whig, met a party of American soldiers who were reconnoitering the English lines. The old man, who would not take an active part in the war for conscience sake, volunteered to aid them in learning the movements of the enemy. With that object he fastened his horse to a tall hickory tree which grew on the dividing line of Upper Darby and Springfield townships, and began ascending the tree. His hat was in the way as he clambered np. Tossing it to the ground, he mounted to the topmost branches, and with a telescope began to scan the coun- try in the direction of the city. While thus employed, a scouting party of British dragoons appeared, and noticed Friend Levis perched in the tree, so intent on his observations that he was unaware of the approach of the enemy. He was compelled to descend to become a prisoner, and he was refused permis- sion to recover his hat. He and his horse were taken to Philadelphia, where he was thrown into jail, detained several days, and finally discharged, but he never succeeded in recovering possession of his horse or hat. With the evacuation of Philadelphia the war cloud lifted from Delaware county, and from that time the feet of hostile armed troops have not trodden its soil. The town of Chester was the seat of justice until 1786. After the Eevolu- tionary war had closed, strong eflbrts were made to remove the county buildings to a more central locality. In 1784 an act of Assembly was procured to remove the county seat to the Turk's Head, since West Chester, and buildings for that purpose were being erected under the supervision of Colonel Hannum. That act 666 HIS TOBY OF PENNS YL VAJSTIA. was afterwards repealed, and a number of citizens of the borough of Chester determined to demolish the buildings in course of construction. Major Harper commanded this force, which, with a field piece, marched directly upon the objec- tive point. At the General Greene tavern, a few miles eastward of West Chester, they quartered for the night, determined to begin the work of demolition the C.jllowing morning. Colonel Hannum was apprised of the meditated attack, and (luring the night made preparations. Arms and ammunition were collected, loopholes cut in the walls for musketry, and men collected in the building. In the morning Harper advanced, placed his artillery in position, and was about to open fire, when wise counsel prevailed, and hostilities were suspended. Amicable relations were established, and the cannon was repeatedly fired in honor of the peace that had been made between the rival factions. In 1^86 another removal act was passed, and under its provisions the transfer of the seat of justice was fully consummated. In 1789 the county of Dela- ware was created, and the old town of Chester be- came the county seat, and remained such for sixty- two years, when the old argument that its position was too far eastward was urged against it. In 1847 the Assembly enacted a law providing for the removal of the seat of justice, should the people of the county at the October election, to whom the question was to be left, decide for such change. The removalists obtained a majority of seven hundred, and in 1851 the courts and county offices were removed to Media, the present seat. On Saturday, the 5th of August, 1843, a furious rain storm, followed by a tornado, visited Delaware county. The largest trees were uprooted, fences torn away, and crops levelled to the ground ; rain fell in torrents for hours ; the small streams in all parts of the county were immediately swollen, and in several cases horses were drowned in attempting to ford them. About six o'clock in the evening the several creeks rose to an unprecedented height, and the water rushed with irresistible force to the Delaware, carrying everything before it. Houses, bridges, stacks of ha}', trees, carriages, carts, furniture, and cver3'thing was swept before the mighty torrent. The water rose in Chester creek, at Chester, in one hour, twenty-two feet, and the rise was much greater in the creeks farther up the stream. In Chester the damage exceeded thirty-five thou- sand dollars, while the loss throughout the county exceeded a quarter of a million. Nineteen persons were drowned, and travel on the railroads and high- ways was greatly impeded. The military histor}^ of Delaware county in the Revolutionary war has been BICLEY PARK LAKE, DEL AW ABE COUNTY. 661 given elsewhere in this sketch. During the whisltey insurrection a company of infantry, in command of Captain William Graham, marched with the army under Governor Lee to the scene of the outbreak. In the war of 1812 the Delaware County Fencibles, eighty-seven men, commanded by Captain James Serrill, and the Mifflin Guards, Captain Samuel Anderson, volunteered for the war, but being sent into cantonment, they with others were ordered to defend the Delaware from General Ross and Admiral Cockburn's threatened attack in the summer of 1814. During the civil war her record is most honorable. Under President Lincoln's first call for volunteers, the Union Blues, seventy-eight men, commanded by Captain Henry B. Edwards, were mustered into the 9th Pennsylvania, and were actively engaged. Company K of the 26th Pennsylvania, Colonel W. F. Small, was re- cruited in the county and commanded by Captain William L. Grubb. The Dela- ware County Fusiliers, Captain Samuel Litzenberg, became company B of the 1 24th Pennsylvania Volunteers, while Gideon's Band, Captain Norris L. Yarnall, became company D, and the Delaware County Volunteers, Captain James Barton, Jr., became company H of the same regiment. Slifer Phalanx, Captain Samuel A. Dyer, became company F of the First Pennsylvania Reserves, or the thirtieth of the line. In July, 1861, Captain W. L. Laws recruited a cavalry company in this count}', which was mustered into service as company I, 60th Regiment Third Pennsylvania cavalry, William K. Grant being substituted as captain. Thirty- two other men recruited by Laws were distributed in other companies in the same regiment. Besides these organizations, there were emergency companies that responded previous to the battles of Antietam and Gett3^sburg. Companies B, C, D, E, F, and H of the Sixteenth Pennsylvania militia, were recruited in this county ; as were also Company I of the Twent^'-fourth, G of the Twent}'- eighth, A of the Thirty-seventh, A of One Hundred and Ninty-seventli Regi- ments. Chester Guards also responded to the call. Among the officers from the county who attained the command of regiments by promotion were Brevet Brigadier-General William Cooper Talley, Colonel Samuel A. Dyer, Colonel Charles L. Leiper, and Lieutenant-Colonel William C. Gray. In the other branch of the public service Delaware county furnished to the regular navy Admiral David D. Porter, Rear-Admiral Frederick Engle, Commander William D. Porter, and Captain Pierce Crosby. Under the provisions of the Constitution of IStS, Delaware county became a separate judicial district, and in 1874 Governor Hartranft appointed Hon. John M. Broomall president judge. At the ensuing election, in November, Thomas J. Cla^yton, Esq., was elected to that position, and took his seat in January, 1875. We append in a concise form an account of the various townships in the county, setting forth their formation, with other local information appertaining to each. Aston was organized into a township in 1687, and is sujaposed to have derived its name from the town of Aston in Berkshire, in old England. At Village Green, in this township, during the Revolution, General Howe was encamped for several days, and it was there that the incident of the execution of the Hessian marauders, heretofore recorded, occurred. The manufacturing villages of Rockdale, Cooperville, Llewelljm, and Lenni, are also located in this township, and are thrifty, bus}' places. The West Chester and Philadelphia 6G8 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. railroad, and the Baltimore Central railroad, traverse this township, the stations of the former being Lenni and Pennelton, and on the latter Morgan's, Knowlton, Glen Riddle, and Baltimore junction. There are a Presbyterian, Episcopal, Catholic, and two Methodist churches, and six public schools in Aston. Bethel, the smallest township, except Tinicum, is believed to have been organ- ized in 1694, before which time it was a part of Concord. Its name is supposed to have been derived from the second letter of the Hebrew alphabet, Beth, with the termination el, signifying the " house of God." Bethel Hamlet, Dr. Smith states, is spoken of at a very early date, and it was probably built closely together by the early settlers to contribute to their safety from attacks by the Indians. The first road in the township was laid out in 1686, and was known as the Concord and Chichester road, a name it still retains. Booth's Corner, and Chelsea, thriving villages, are located within its borders, each of which contains a Methodist church. There are three school houses in the township. Birmingham was among the earliest of the townships designated by the Pro- prietary government, but the precise date of its settlement cannot now be ascer- tained. Mr. Lewis states that it was originally called Burmagham, and that it so appears upon a map, entitled " A map of the improved parts of Pennsyl- vania," a work which was commenced by the order of William Penn, in IfiSl, although the date of its publication must have been several years later. This valuable relic was in the possession of Mrs. Deborah Logan, of Stenton, where Mr. Lewis saw it while writing his histoiy of Chester county, in 1824. Dr. Smith places the date of its foimation into the township as probably about 1686, whei-e Friends' meetings are spoken of at William Brainton's (Brinton's) residence, and as he migrated from the vicinity of Birmingham, England, that name was given to the new township in commemoration of his early home. In 1718 a Friends meeting-house, said to have been constructed of cedar logs, was built on or near the site of the present edifice, and the old grave-yard was dedicated some eight years previously. About 1762, the present structure, one of the scenes of the duplex battle of Brandy wine, was erected, and the grave-yard enclosed with a stone wall. After the battle the meeting-house was made an hospital, and during the conflict the American riflemen are said to have used the cemeterj'- wall as a breast work, and within its enclosure a number of the killed of both armies were interred. Dark spots on the oaken floor are yet pointed out as the stains made by the blood of the wounded. In 1717, the Brandywine Baptist church, the first regularly Baptist religious congregation established "^'«^!!^^S^^^^^^V^^<^ GliEN OF GIjENOLDEN la Ridley Township. DELAWAEE COUNTY. 669 permanently in Delaware county, was located in this township. From a remote date the Brandywine, at a point on the property of Francis Chadslej-, was fordable, and was known as Chadsley's ford. In 1137 public travel had become of such consequence that John Chads (the name had then been changed) entered into a contract with the commissioners of the county to maintain a ferry boat there, and it seems to have been continued until witliin a short time before the outbreak of the Revolution. The old houses where Lafayette and Washington had their head-quarters are still standing near the ford. In 1789, the line divid- ing Delaware from Chester county was run so as to include about two-thirds of the original township within the limits of the former county. Near the site of the battle field, the village of Chad's Ford has been erected, and manufacturing interests are being rapidly developed in that vicinity. The Baltimore Central railroad traverses the township from east to west, with stations on Brandywine Summit and Chad's Ford. The city of Chester has been heretofore mentioned in this sketch. It is believed to have been settled in 1645, and in the early times was a place of considerable importance. The main prominent events connected with its history have been related, and under the present head the purpose is to refer especially to its antiquities, its torpor, and its recent marvelous growth. Friends grave- 3'ard, on Edgmont avenue, above Sixth street, was laid out in 1683, and is the most ancient memorial of former times in the city. Within this ancient " God's acre," the remains of many of the most active men in the colony are interred. Among these are the bodies of David Lloyd, chief justice of the Province from 1717 to 1731; Caleb Cowpland, an associate judge of the supreme provincial court; Henry Hale Graham, who was appointed president judge of this district, but who died in January, 1790, while a delegate to the convention that framed the first constitution of the State, and before taking his seat on the bench ; Davis Bevan, a gallant and brave soldier of the Revolution ; John Salkeld, a noted Friends preacher, nearly a centurx'- and a half since; Dr. Preston, the founder of Preston's Retreat, in Philadelphia, and other personages of considerable local renown. The Yeates or Logan House, on Second street, near Edgmont, built by Jasper Yeates, in 1700, is the oldest structure in the city, and in former j'ears its pictured tiled chimney-places were much admired. At the foot of Welsli street, and now the pyrotechnic works of Professor Jackson, stands the Greenbank mansion-house. This noted memorial of the past was erected in 1721, by David Lloyd, the ablest man in the colony at that time, and the date of the building, and his own and his wife's initials, are cut upon a large stone in the gable end of the house. Many years afterward the estate passed into the possession of Commodore David Porter, and here Admiral David D. Porter, and Commander William Porter, whose capture of Forts Donaldson and Henry in the late war made him famous at the cost of his own life, were born. Here, too, Admiral Farragut and other distinguished naval officers spent their boy- hood years as inmates of the Porter household. In 1724 the present city hall, formerly the court house of Chester, and afterwards of Dela- ware county, until the removal of the seat of justice in 1850, was built, and it is at this time one of the most substantial structures in the city. About 1735 John fJTO HISTOEY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Salkeld built the house on Norris street, near the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore railroad, which was for many years used as the tenant house on the Kenil worth estate. In 1736 the present Friends meeting-house, below Market square, was erected. Chester contains several hostelries that exceed in age any others to be found in the State. The present City hotel, at Third and Edgmont streets, was conveyed by William Preston to Solon Hanley, in 1750, by the title of " Blue Anchor Tavern." The Washington house, opp'osite the city hall, was built previous to 1755, and the exact date of the erection of the Columbia hotel is not known, but before and during the Revolution it was kept by Mrs. Mary Withey, and it is said during her lifetime to have been the best kept tavern in America. The Steamboat hotel, at the foot of Market street, is one of the old landmarks. When the ill-fated British frigate Augusta passed up the river in 1777, she opened fire on the town, and a cannon ball passed through the upper story of the building. At the north-east corner of Market and Second streets stands an ancient house that in former days was known as the " Blue Ball Inn," from its peculiar sign, and is believed to have been erected about the middle of the last centur}'. A peculiar incident connected with the structure are the holes where the scaffolding fitted into the walls while building have never been filled in, owing to the fact that in former times, when masons were not paid for their work, they refused to fill in these holes, and no others of the same trade would do it until the builders had been paid their claim. In the old house at the corner of Third and Edgmont streets, Lafayette was taken after the battle of Brandywine, and therein his wounds were dressed. In the old mansion, built by Major Ander- son, a Revolutionary officer, in 1803, at the corner of Fifth and Welsh streets, Lafayette was entertained during his visit to Chester in 1825. The service of china used on that occasion is still in the house in excellent preservation. St. Paul's Episcopal church-yard is one of the most noted points in the ancient borough. The present edifice is comparatively a recent structure. The old building, which was opened and dedicated on St. Paul's day, July, 1702, was taken down in 1850 and the present one substituted. The church organization have still in their possession two silver chalices, one bearing the inscription, " Annae Reginae," and the other a gift from Sir Jefferis Jefferies. They were both presented in 1702. In the vestibule of the present chui'ch is inserted in the wall a memorial stone — the first known to have been used in the colony — to James Sanderland, which in early times formed the front part of the Sanderland pew, having been placed on its edge for that purpose. The slab is gray sand- stone, six feet high, four wide, and about six inches in thickness. The emblems upon it are clearly cut and executed with much artistic skill. Along its border, in large capital letters, are the words : " here lies interrd the bodie of james SANDELANDES, MERCHANT, IN UPLAND, IN PENNSYLVANIA, WHO DEPARTED THIS MORTAL LIFE APRILE 12, 1692, AGED 56 YEARS, AND HIS WIFE ANN SANDELANDES." The face of the stone is divided into two parts, the upper bearing in cypher the initials I. S. and A. S. and the arms of the Sandelandes family. Around the border, and dividing the upper from the lower half, are many emblems of mortality, the tolling bell, skull and cross bones, the empty hour glass, an upright coflin, bear- ing on its side the words : " Memento mori, tempus Deum," and in either corner crossed a sceptre and mattock, and a mattock and spade. An old stone, now DEL AW ABE COUNTY 671 for safe keeping in a closet in the Sunday-school rooms, states : " Here lyeth the bod}- of Charles Brooks, who Dyed [no date], also Frances Brooks, who Dyed August ye 9th, 1701, aged 50. "In barbarian bondage and cruel tyranny Fourteen years together I served in slavery ; After this, money brought me to my country fair, At last I was drowned in the river Delaware." In the old church-yard is a slab to the memory of Paul Jackson, A.M., who died in 1767. He was the first person who received a degree (A.M.) in the Col- lege of Philadelphia (University of Pennsylvania), and was a surgeon in the Braddock expedition. Major William Anderson also reposes in this ancient en- closure. He was a captain during the Revolutionary war, participating in many of the most important battles, and was present at the siege of Yorktown. After the formation of the Constitution he represented this district in Congress for many years. His daughter became the wife of Commodore David Porter, and mother of Admiral David D. Porter and Commander William Porter. But the most important memorial is the obelisk to John Morton, the signer of the De- claration of Independence, who was the first of those men to die, his death oc- curring in April, 1777. It is not necessary to transcribe the inscriptions, except that on the east side of the shaft, which is as follows : " In voting by States upon the question of the Independence of the American Colonies, there was a tie until the vote of Pennsylvania was given, two members from which voted in the affirmative, and two in the negative. The tie continued until the vote of the last member, John Morton, decided the promulgation of the glorious diploma of American Freedom." Unfortunately there is no contemporaneous historical account to establish these facts, and this stone, erected sixty odd years after the event, can hardly be accepted as of much authority. An interesting incident con- nected with " Old Chester," is that in 1739 George Whitefield preached there to about seven thousand people, and was accompanied thither from Philadelphia by almost one hundred and fifty gentlemen on horseback. Chester was for many years a place of but little importance and without any indications of future pros- perity. When it was determined to remove the county seat, it was believed it would become of much less consequence. About 1850, several enterprising men who saw its capability as a manufacturing site, purchased large farms in the vicinit}', laid out streets, solicited manufacturers to locate, offering them induce- ments to do so, until in 1876 it is one of the most flourishing cities of its size in the Union. Chester and South Chester borough, which are divided from each other by Lamokin run, and must within a few years be united, form busy hives of industry, are estimated to contain a population of thirteen thousand people, and have within their incorporated limits twenty-five cotton and woolen factories, six ship yai'ds — one of them the mammoth establishment of John Roach & Son, from whence was launched the City of Peking and City of Tokio, the largest steamships, with the exception of the Great Eastern, ever built in the world — one rolling mill, one planing mill, one car shop, one sugar refinery, one brass foundry, three carriage factories, one axe factory, and lesser industrial establishments. There a,re two National and one State bank ; five 672 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Methodist, three Presbj-terian, two Baptist, two Episcopal, two Catholic, and one Friends meeting house, and a young men's Christian and several literary associations. The Chester Library company, organized in 1769, still exists, but with little, except its old age, to attract attention. It has eight hundred or a thousand volumes upon its shelves. The Pennsylvania Military academy was located in this city in 1868 by act of Assembly. The buildings, which are spa- cious and attractive, are located in the north ward, nearly at the edge of the city limits. Colonel Theodore Hyatt is President of the academy. It is a popu- lar institution, and is well supjilicd with apparatus, and a librar}'^ of fifteen jfTi jT XaTra~a~sn'!ara[a B jjiiil a a 3 a : a a 9 h ]! a i a ! i ! s s 3 9 1 9 li i p r, - 1 s D 3 ; 3 ; 9 :> CHESTER MILITAKY ACADEMY. hundred volumes. Chester has been a mausoleum of newsi)apers ; more journals have been born, died, and buried there than in any city of a like size in the State. At the present time there are five weeklies and one daily paper pu'-ilished in this city, and they are edited with good taste and much ability. The Dela- ware County Republican^ founded by Y. S. Walter, in 1833, and owned and edited by him ; the Delaware County Democrat^ owned and edited by Colonel W. C. Talle}' ; Delaware County Advocate^ owned and edited by John Spencer ; Weekly Mail, by Joseph Desilver & Company ; Democratic Pilot, by William Orr; The Public Pret^s, by Higgins & Simpson; The Delaware County Paper, edited and published by Ashmead & McFeeters, and Daily News, by William A. Todd. There are twenty-eight public schools in the city of Chester. The borough of South Chester was incorporated by act of As- sembly in 1870, and is an active progressive borough, containing one Metho- dist and one Baptist church, six public schools, and a population now estimated at DELAWARE COUNTY. 673 about sixteen hundred. The Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore, the Reading, and the Chester Creek railroads, afford access to Chester from every section of the countr}', and its communication with Philadelphia is close, by reason of the constant trains going to and coming from that cit}'. North Chester borough was incorporated by act of Assembly, March 14, 1873. It includes within its area the villages, of Powhattan, Waterville, and Shoemakerville. It has a Baptist chapel, Friends meeting, and four public schools. Chester rural and the Catholic cemetei'ies are located within it. In the former the Delaware county soldiers' monument — a handsome bronze figure of a soldier standing at ease — has been placed. Chichester township, comprising Upper and Lower Chichester, was among the most ancient settlements in the county. The name first appeared in 1682, when the inhabitants of Marcus Hook petitioned Governor Markham to change the name to Chicliester, after the ancient city in Sussex, England, and although the request was complied with, the ancient settlement is known to this day as Marcus Hook. The " old King's highway " passes through both these town- ships, as does also "the road from Concord to Chichester," laid out in 1686, and the road from Birmingham to Chester, laid out in 1G87. In 1722 the separa- tion of the original township into Upper and Lower Chichester had taken place, but the exact date of the establishment of the separate townships is not known. Lower Chichester contains the borough of Marcus Hook, which was "taken up by a company of six persons, under a patent granted b}^ Sir Edward Andros." In 1701 it was created a borough by William Penn. The first Friends meeting was established there in 1682, and in 1685 James Brown conve3'ed two acres of ground to the Friends, upon which to build a meeting-house and lay out a burial place. In 1702 St. Martin's Episcopal church congregation occupied an old frame building on the site of the present edifice, when the Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts sent over Rev. Henr^^ Nichols as missionary. The frame building was used as a church until 1746, when the present structure was erected. The ancient borough has now and then shown a disposition to throw off the sluggishness that has retarded its progress, but it fails to effect much material growth, and the principal business is fishing, although at no distant day it must become an active thrifty community. There are three churches in the borough — a Baptist, founded in 1789; St. Martin's, in 1702; and a Methodist. The population of Marcus Hook is about one thousand. CoNCORP, the largest township in the county, was organized in 1683, and received its name from the harmonious feeling that had been noticeable among the settlers there. The first road laid out in Concord was that from Birmingham to Chester, constructed in 1687. Friends meeting was established there in 1684. In 1697 John Mendenhall leased to trustees land for a meeting-house and grave- yard at an annual rent of " one pepper corn yearly for ever." The meeting-house that Avas erected thereon stood until 1728, when a brick one took its place, which was in turn in 1788 partiall}- destroyed by fire. St. John's Episcopal church was built originally in 1727, but the present edifice by that name was erected in 1833. In 1730 the first Roman Catholic church in the covint}- was located at Iv}^ Mills, by the Jesuit society from Maryland, and for a century and a quarter religious 2 s 674 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. services were held at the residence of the Wilcox family, until the present church structure was erected. One year before this, in 1*129, Thomas Wilcox purchased a tract of land and built the second paper mill in the Province of Pennsylvania, although at this time most of the business of the Messrs. Wilcox has been removed to Glen Mills. The small old, ivy-covered mills, in which the bank notes, papers for the covmtry, including much that was used for the Conti- nental currency, was made, is yet standing, and paper is still made there by hand. The Baltimore Central traverses the county from east to west, with stations at l\y Mills, Woodland, and Concord. Darby and Upper Darby, included in one township, was settled in 1682, and the name is doubtless derived from Derby, in England. In 1741 the townships were practically divided by an agi'eement made in town meeting, in 1*786, that division was confirmed by the court, and the present line of demarcation indicated. That portion lying to the north of the line was designated as Upper Darby. Darby was one of the oldest settlements in the Province, and here, about 1695, the Darby mills were erected. A deed in 1697 mentions " three water grist mills and fulling mills," the latter believed to have been the first erected in the State. The present borough of Darby was one of the most ancient settlements. In 1684 Friends meetings were first held there, in 1688 a meeting-house of logs was erected, and in 1699 the present structure was built. In 1743 the Darby Library company was founded, and in 1871, the company, then one hundred and twenty- eight 3^ears old, erected a commodious hall and librar}'- room. This association, after lingering along for more than a century, began to develop considerable strength, and it has now a valuable collection of books, which in all probability will constantly increase in numbers. In 1777 five thousand militia were ordered to rendezvous at Darb}^, and after the battle of Brandywine the American army marched through the town on its way to Philadelphia. On March 3d, 1853, the ancient settlement was incorporated, since which time it has been making steady and rapid growth. It contains a Friends meeting-house, one Methodist and two Presbyterian churches. The Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore railroad traverses the township. Upper Darby is much the larger portion of the ancient township. The principal village is Kelleysville, located on Darby creek, and was name.d in honor of the late Charles Kelley, to whose exertions its pros- perity is mainly due. The town contains six cotton and woolen, two paper mills, and three churches. The West Chester railroad passes through the village. Clifton, which is in close proximity to Kellej^sville, is also constantly increas- ing in importance. In Upper Darby is Clifton Hall, a private insane hospital. The Friends have a meeting-house, the Methodists have several churches, and there is also a New Jerusalem church, the only one in Delaware count3^ The Burd orphan asylum, also located in this township, was founded by Mrs. Eliza Howard Burd, who bequeathed in trust to the rector, warden, and vestrj^ of St. Stephen's Church, in Philadelphia, a large estate to be applied to the establishment of an asylum for poor white female orphans, who should be baptized in the Episcopal church. The building was dedicated in 1866, and is built in the form of a Cross, in plain English Gothic architecture. Edgmont is believed to have been organized into a township in 1687, and the name is supposed to have been given it in memory of the place of the same name DJELAWAEE COUNTY. 6t5 HI Sliropshire, England. Dr. Smith relates the following tradition respecting the laying out of the road from Chester to Edgmont : " Henry Hollingsworth, the surveyor, caused an apple tree to be planted at the end of every mile. The sur- veyor happened to be at variance with Richard Crosby, who then resided in Middletown township. It so happened that one of the miles ended on Richard's lands, but instead of planting an apple-tree, the surveyor took an axe and bent two saplings so as to cross each other at the spot, saying at the time, ' Richard Crosby, thee crosses me, and I will cross thee.' " Some of these apple-trees were standing within a quarter of a century since. A curious upheaval of rocks, known as Castle rock, occurred in Edgmont, and is often visited by tourists. The town- ship contains the villages of Howellville and Edgmont. Haverford township is wholly located in what was known in earl}^ colonial days as the " Welsh Tract," and its name is derived from Haverford West, Pembrokeshire, South Wales. The first settlement was made there in 1682, by three families, and they appear to have suffered much from the Indians, who slew their hogs. In 1684 a burial-ground was located at Haverford, and in IVOO, Haverford Friends meeting-house was built. The original structure, although it has been enlarged at its north end, still stands, and in that old building William Penn preached to Welsh Friends, who sat quietly listening to an address from the Proprietary, of which they did not understand a word. The timbers of which this house of worship were built are heavy, and show the marks of the saw and axe upon them to this day. A number of chestnut boards, which were the first lining of the building, are still doing service. It was in going to this meeting that Penn, overtaking a little girl, Rebecca Wood, walking in the same direction, caused her to mount behind him, " and so rode away upon the bare back, and, being without shoes or stockings, her bare legs and feet hung dangling by the side of the governor's horse." The road from Haverford to Darby was laid out in 168*1, and upon it are still some of the old mile-stones, bearing the Penn arms, that were brought over from England by order of the Proprietary^ " Clifton Hall," a manor-house erected in the township by Henry Lewis, in 1682, was noted in early colonial times for its sumptuousness, is still standing, although modernized. It is now known as " The Grrange," and owned by John Ashhurst. Cooperstown is a small and the only village in this township. Haverford College was established in 1832, by the orthodox branch of the Society of Friends. The buildings are large and commodious, and its reputation as an institution of learning is deservedly high. It possesses a well-selected library of ten thousand volumes. Marple became a township early in the year 168-4. The derivation of this name is not known. Dr. Smith informs us that in many of the ancient records the name is spelt Marpool ; but Holmes, the first surveyor-general, in his map gives it the modern spelling. About 1833 the Presbyterians erected a church in Marple village, which was the first religious body organized in the township, since which time a colored Methodist church has been built there. Several whetstone quarries are located in this township, as are also chrome mines. Middletown, which appears on the old map mentioned by Mr. Lewis, as Mid- dle township, and derived its name from its supposed central location, was orga- 6 1 6 BISTOR T OF PENNS YL VANIA . nized at au early date, but Dr. Smith has failed to find anj^ notice of it, as such, previous to 168*7. The Edgmont great road, which was formerly known as the road from Edgmont to the King's Highway in Chester, was laid out in 1681, The old Middletown church, as it is affectionately termed, the first Presbyterian church organized in Delaware count}', is located in this township ; the precise date of its erection is, however, not known. In 1736, Dr. Isaac Watt&, the poet, presented a copy of Baxter's Directory to this church. According to the instructions of the donor, which are written on the inside of the cover, it is " intrusted to jo. care of Protestant Dissenting Ministers who preaches there, and to his successors, to be used by him or them in their weekly studys, when they please, and to be secured and devoted to the use of this Congregation on ye Lord's days." This volume is yet preserved as a sacred relic. The earliest inscription in the old church- yard is dated 1724, but the most noticeable is a stone to the memory of Dr. Barnard Yan Leer, a prominent man of his daj^, who died in 1790, aged 104 years. After he had become a centenarian, he rode thirty miles on horseback in one day, and, when 102 years old, was cruell}'^ beaten hy burglars, because of his refusal to disclose where he had secreted his money. From these injuries he never recovered. The Friends have also two meeting-houses in the township, and the Methodists a church. The Pennsylvania Training School for Feeble- minded Children is located in Middletown. This institution was organized in May, 1853, and located on School lane, near Germantown. It being cramped, the Legislature authorized its removal, and the present site was purchased and building erected at a cost of $140,000. In the fall of 1859 the new institution was opened, and its importance became so manifest that liberal bequests to it by individuals, and generous appropriations by the State, were made to it. Dr. Isaac N. Kerlin is the superintendent, and as each year rolls by, its impor- tance as a noble charity becomes more and more apparent. The county house for Delaware county is also located in Middletown. The West Chester and Philadelphia railroad and the Chester Creek railroad traverses this township. On the former are stations at Greenwood, Glen Kiddle, Lenni, Baltimore Junction, Pennelton, and Darlington, while on the latter are Knowlton, Presbyterian Ford, Glen Eiddle, Lenni, and Baltimore Junction. The site of Knowlton, says Dr. Smith, until " 1800 was a wilderness." Near the head gates of the mill there were formerly the marks of a grave, the occupant of which tradition named " Moggey," and from that circumstance the crossing of the creek was named Moggey's ford. As Moggey had the reputation of making her appear- ance occasionally, it required no little courage in the traveler in early times to cross the ford at night. Lenni, located near the centre of the township, contains a general store, school-house, and other evidences of thrift; it is the only village entirely within the township, although parts of Glen Riddle and other manufac- turing places extend into its borders. Newtown was organized in 1686. Its original settlers were Welsh emigrants. Dr. Smith states that it was laid out in what was called a townstead in the centre, and the first purchases of land in the "town" ship were entitled to a certain number of acres in the townstead or village, and from that fact the name of the township is probably derived. The Goshen road, which traversed the township from east to west, was laid out in 1719. When St. David's Episcopal church was DEL A WA BE COUNTY. 67 T establisl.ecl is not definitely known, but tradition records that a log churcli was erected, and towards the latter part of the seventeenth century the settlers gar- risoned themselves against the Indians within it. The present foundation of the brick church edifice was laid in May, 1715, and finished during that year. In the niche of the north wall of the church is this inscription: "a.d. 1717." The stone was placed there many years after the church was built, in a vacant place caused by the fall of a stone bearing a similar date. That date is an error, since documentary evidence shows conclusively that the churcli was finished two j^ears prior to that, and is the oldest church edifice in Delaware count}'. The oldest tombstone in the 3'ard is to Edward Hughes, the rector, who was interred on the 16th of December, 1716. On the 4th of July, 1809, the Pennsylvania State Society of the Cincinnati removed the remains of General Anthon}^ Wayne from Presqu'Isle to this old grave-yard, and erected a plain marble shaft to his memory. Friends meeting was establislied in the township in 1697, and a meeting-house erected in 1710 ; also, in 1832, a Baptist church was built. Newtown Square, Newtown Centre, originally the "townstead," and Cen- tre Square, are thrifty villages located on the West Chester and Philadelphia turnpike. Providence was settled among the earliest of the tier of townships, back of and immediately along the river side. It is first mentioned in the records of the October court, 1683, when "the inhabitants of Providence make application for a highway to the town of Chester." In 1686 Upper Providence was recognized as a separate township, and in contradistinction, the lower part of the municipa- lity was designated as Nether Providence. In the former is located the borough of Media, the county seat of Delaware county, to which circumstance it owes its past and present importance. After the removal act was passed the commission- ers purchased fortj^-eight acres of land from Sarah Briggs, at a cost of $5,760, upon which the future town was plotted. It was first proposed to designate the inchoate seat as Providence, but, although its location was a special dispensation to those persons having land to sell in the vicinity, the name of Media was adopted. It was incorporated as a borough, March 11, 1850, and, owing to the removal of all the county offices there, grew rapidly for a few years, since which time it has increased slowly, both in population and private improvements. The Delaware County Institute of Sciences, located in the borough, has a commodious hall, which was erected at a cost of $10,000. This society was organized in 1838, and has become since that time an active body, which has done and is still doing much to popularize scientific and historical knowledge among the people of the count3\ The library contains many costly books, together with a number of valuable MSS. and papers relating to the history of the county. The museum has a number of interesting and curious articles, and specimens illustrative of the natural sciences. In 1855 the first number of the Delaware County American was issued from the county seat, by Vernon & Cooper, since which time it has grown until it is one of the largest papers pub- lished in the State. There are one Episcopal, one Presbyterian, and a Methodist church in the borough. The population of Media in 1870 was 1,045, and the assessed value of real and personal property in 1875 was $1,114,975. The popu- lation of Upper Providence, independently of the borough of Media, in 1870, 6T8 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. was 758 ; the uumber of public schools three, and the assessed value of real and personal property was, in 1875, $693,795. Nether Providence township was organized in 1686, as heretofore mentioned. A portion of Media and an addi- tion to it, designated South Media, is located in this township. There are also Briggsville, Hinkson's Corner, Waterville, the extensive woolen mills at Walling- tbrd, Bancroft's Bank, and the Lenni paper mills. The West Chester and Phila- delphia railroad passes through both the Providence townships. Radnor was said to have been settled by emigrants from Radnorshii-e, Wales, about 1683, although no documentary evidence of a prior settlement can be found by Dr. Smith before 1685. Almost the entire land included within the DELAWARE COUNTY COURT HOUSE, MEDIA. boundaries of the township was patented in 1681, to Richard David or Davies, but it nowhere appears that the owner of the estate of five thousand acres ever saw his purchase. In 1688 the Welsh inhabitants of Radnor and Haverford refused to recognize the validity of the line that located them within Chester oounty, and in 1689 they cast their vote for members of Assembly with the (iHinty of Philadelphia, but the poll was rejected by the Governor and Council, and a new election ordered so far as related to the members for whom they had voted was concerned. In 1693 a Friends meeting-house was built in Radnor, and in 1718 the present Radnor Friends meeting-house was erected. In the grave-j^ard attached to the meeting-house the first body interred was that of Gwenllian, wife of Howell James, 11th mo., 31st, 1686. Yillanova College, named in honor of St, Thomas of Villanova, was founded in 1846, by the Augus- tinian Fathers, and incorporated in 1818 by the State, with power to confer DEL AW ABE COUNTY. &19 degrees in the arts and sciences. It employs twelve professors, and its average attendance of students is about one hundred. The college building is capacious, and in connection with it is a hall capable of seating four hundred persons. The Methodists early made a lodgment in this township, and the congregation of that denomination in Radnor is one of the oldest in the county. The Penn- sylvania railroad touches Delaware county only in this township, and the sta- tions on that road are Yillanova, Upton, Radnor (otherwise Morgan's Cor- ner), and Wayne, where a pretty village, called Louella, has sprung up around the station. The Baptists have a church in the township, their place of wor- ship Radnor Hall, having been constituted in 1841. Ridley, whicli was named in honor of Ridley, who died at the stake in 1554, originally under the government of the Duke of York, em- braced the neck of land known as Oal- koen's Hook (Tur- key Point), Ammas- land, and Tinicum. Jn 1686 Calkoen's Uook was annexed to Darby, and in the following year Rid- ley township was or- ganized. At Leiper- ville, Thomas Lei- per, a man of posi- tion and a brave soldier of the Revo- lution, constructed, in October, 1809, the second railroad ever laid in the United States, the first being that laid at Beacon Hill, Boston, hy Silas Whitney, in 1801. It has been said that the Leiper road was con- structed in 180G, but subsequent investigation h:is demonstrated that date to be erroneous. The old Darby Creek ferry-house, which for many years was used as a hotel, is still standing, and on one of the mantles are the figures 1 698, which is believed to be the date of the erection of the building. Leipervillc, which was laid cut by Thomas Leiper, and named after him, is the only village of any size in ll.e township, although Ridley Park, Prospect Park, and Norwood are rapidly gathering together a number of ornate, and in some instances, imposing suburban dwellings. There are one Baptist, one Presbyterian, and one " Bible Christian " churches located in Ridley. The Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore rail road traverses this townshi]), and has stations at Crum Lynne, Ridley Park, and RIDLEY PARK STATION, P., W. AND B. R. R. 680 HISTOB Y OF PJENNS YL VANIA. Moore's. At Ridley the number of school-houses are five. The population in 1815 was one thousand one hundred and forty-two, and the assessed value of real and personal property in 1815 was $1,616,840. Springfield township is believed by Dr. Smith to have been regularly organ- ized in 1686, but two years previous to that time Robert Taylor, one of the earlv settlers of the county, was appointed supervisor " from Chester creek to Croome creek " early in 1684. In 1688 the Ammasland road was laid out. On the left- hand side of the road leading from Springfield meeting-house to Chester stands the house in which Benjamin West was born, on the 10th of October, 1138. In 1814 the upper part of this building was injured by fire, but the room in which West was born was untouched by the flames. The old structure has been reno- vated as when first constructed, and is now occupied as a residence by two of the professors of Swarthmore College. There is a tradition that a picture from the youthful pencil of West could be seen on the breast of one of the chimneys in one of the attics, but the story is as apocryphal in its character as the oft-told narrative of West drawing in ink, at seven j^ears of age, the portrait of the child who he was instructed to watch in the cradle. The old Springfield meeting-house, built in 1138 and taken down in 1850, was the scene of the inquiry among the good Friends of that day, whether the society would permit Benjamin West to paint. Swarthmore College, under the management of the Hicksite branch of the Society of Friends, is located in this township. It was founded in 1866, and is now in a flourishing condition. The building is spacious and imposing, and the institution has a creditable museum, the nucleus of a librar^^, and a depository of relics connecting with and relating to George Fox and William Penn. The board of managers consists of thirty-four members, who must be members of the Society of Friends. Professor Edwai'd H. Magill is president of the college. Dr. Smith relates an extraordinary instance of the freaks of electricity that occurred in this' township on the 3d of November, 1168. The lightning struck the house of Samuel Lewis, and, among other remarkable things, tore the lower part of the apparel entirely from ofi" his daughter Margaret, rent her garters into a number of pieces, tore the upper leather of her shoes into frag- ments, and melted part of one of her silver shoe-buckles, withovit materially injuring the 3'Oung lad3\ In 1810 " Indian Nelly," the last native known to have resided in Delaware countj^, made her home in Springfield. Wallingford, Hay- ville, and Beatty's Hollow, are manufacturing places of considerable importance. The West Chester and Philadelphia railroad passes through the southern section of this township, and has stations at Morton, Oakdale, and Swarthmore. The population of the township in 1810 was one thousand two hundred and sixty- seven, and the assessed value of real and personal property in 1815, $1,015,120. Thornbury was organized as a township in 1681, and derived its name from Thornbury, Gloucestershire, England. When Delaware was set apart from Chester county the line of division was such that one-fourth of the old township was retained in the latter county. About forty years since the township was enlarged so as to include a portion of Aston, in which Glen mills, the estab- lishment of Mark & James Wilcox, the manufacturers of all the paper used by the Government in legal tender and National bank notes, is located. There are consi- derable settlements around the manufacturing localities of Glen mills, Cheyney's DELAWABE COUNTY. 681 shops, and Thorntonville. The Philadelphia and West Chester railroad passes through the township, with stations at the two former mentioned places. An old road in the western part of the township is laid out, and follows the course of an old Indian trail. TiNicuM, the smallest municipality in the county, was n.ade a separate town- ship on the petition of thirty-three of the inhabitants, by order of the August court of Chester county in 1781. During the Revolutionary war, when it was thought that General Howe was menacing Philadelphia by water, a temporary fortification was located at the mouth of Darby creek, on the present island of Tinicum. In 1782 the Supreme Council confiscated a large tract of land in this township, belonging to Joseph Galloway, who had taken part with the mother CKOZER THEULOOIOAL SEMINARY AT UPLAND. country. The Lazaretto was established at Tinicum, and spacious buildings were erected to meet the requirements of a post which, when the quarantine was located, held the commercial supremacy of the nation. Upland was created a borough by the Court of Quarter Sessions, February 22, 1869. The borough is the site of the noted Chester mills. The greater part of the property is owned by John P. Crozer's family. It is a busy manufac- turing place, neat and attractive. It contains four public schools, a Baptist church, and the Crozer Theological seminar}' ; the seminary receiving an endowment fund of $390,000 from the Crozer famil}', and they are constantly aiding to its usefulness. The Pearl library, a gift of a daughter of John P. Crozer, contains between six and seven thousand volumes, many of which are rare and original, although composed almost exclusively of theological works. ELK COUNTY. [ mih acknowledgments to C. R. Earley, M.D., Jesse Kyler, Erasmus Morey, and Lyman Wilmarth.l ROM 1835 to 1842 applications were annually made to the Legislature for a new county, to be formed out of portions of Jefferson, M'Kean, and Clearfield ; and in the spring of 1843 the bill passed creating the countj' of Elk, and was organized for judicial purposes the year following. The commissioners to fix the county site, and to perform other duties in the organization of the county, until the proper officers could be elected b}^ the VIEW OF THE BOROUGH OF RIDGWAY, ELK COUNTY. [Prom a Photograph by C. R. Slade, Eidgway.] people, were Timoth}' Ives, of Potter, James W. Guthrie, of Clarion, and Z. H. Edd}', of Warren. They received offers of land sufficient in quantit}'^ for all the public buildings from persons in different parts of the county. Matthew MoQuoin offered one hundred acres at the forks of the road leading to Brandy Camp, four miles east of Ridgway, now known as Boot Jack, and in addition would give a year's work toward the erection of the public buildings. Reuben Winslow promised that the expense of the buildings would be provided for, if the 682 ELK COUNTY . 683 commissioners would fix upon his place at the mouth of Trout run. The citizens of Ridgway, aided by a donation from John J. Ilidgwaj^, guaranteed the expense of erecting the buildings, also giving ground, with a never- failing spring attached, which offer the commissioners accepted, and located the seat of justice at Ridgway. Tliey laid out the site for public buildings, and entered into a contract with Edward Derby for the erection of the court-house. This action of the commissioners was, however, violently opposed, and delays were created in the erection of the county buildings. Finding their efforts unavailing, the oppo- sition for a while ceased. The county seat having been fixed by the commissioners, the buildings com- pleted, and the courts in regular session, it was supposed that the time for disturbing the county by its removal was past. It was doomed otherwise. At the session of the Legislature in 1848-49, A. I. Wilcox was the member in the House, and Timothy Ives in the Senate, Will. A. Stokes, a lawyer of Phila- delphia, was interested in selling lands around St. Mary's to actual settlers, at a profit of some seven or eight hundred per cent., which sales would be accelerated by having the county seat at St. Mary's, where his political aspirations had led him to settle. He therefore procured the introduction, in the Legislature, of a bill to remove the county seat to St. Mary's ; but the people from Ridgway and other parts of the county entered such a vigorous protest that the plan failed. The name of the county was derived from the ''noble animal which, upon the arrival of the first settlers, in large droves had a wide range over this forest domain." The encroachments of civilization, and the wanton destruction of these creatures, have completely- exterminated them. The first court in Elk county was held at Caledonia, December 19, 1843. The first officers of the county were James L. GiJJjs^ and Issac Horton, associ- ate judges ; W. J. B. Andrews, prothonotary ; Reuben Winslow, Chauncey Brockway, and — Brooks, commissioners. The first attorneys at this court, at which little business was done, were Benjamin R. Petriken, George R. Barrett, and Lewis B. Smith. The second court was held at Ridgway, in the schswl- house, on Februar}' 19, 1844. Present — Alexander McCalmont, president judge ; Isaac Horton, associate ; and Eusebius Kincaid, sheriff. The resources of the county consist in the main of coal and lumber. The fourth coal basin, according to Rogers, extends through the county from the north-west to the south-east, embracing perhaps fifty thousand acres, and passing near the centre of the county. On the Little Toby creek the aggregate thickness of the veins of bituminous coal that have been discovered has been found to average twenty-eight feet, and are seven in number, and two vems of cannel coal, averaging each about three feet in thickness. There are also two beds of lime, one of eight and one of four feet. The former is of excellent strength, being of a fossil- iferous character, though dark in color. There are several deposits of iron ore, containing from thirty to forty per cent, of metallic iron, being the ores of the carboniferous regions. In the western portion of the count3^, and also in the eastern portion, are found the fifth and third basins respectivel3\ The veins of coal and minerals compare favorably, as reported by Professor Rogers. The developments of the coal fields of the county are as follows: the St. Mary's coal company and the Benzinger coal and iron company, in the vicinity of St. Mary's 684 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. They are shipping coal of good quality, but, from the fact of the slight covering over the veins worked, the coal has a rusty and stained appearance. The North-western mining and exchange company own about thirty-three thousand acres of land, mostly underlaid with coal, situate in Fox and Horton townships. Elk county, and Snyder township, Jefferson county. This company include, with their former lands, also the properties of the Daguscahonda improvement compan}'^ and the Shawmuk coal company. They are now operating quite largely at the old works of the Daguscahonda company, shipping their pro- duction by way of the Eai'ley branch of the Pennsylvania and Erie coal and rail- way company. This latter corporation is formed by a consolidation of several railroad companies whose lines are at present built, or to be constructed. One line, leading from the i'liiladelphia and Erie railroad to Earley, six miles in length, also the Shawmuk branch, about seventeen miles of track, both in this county, are under its control. The lumber and tanning business forms an active industry. There are three large tanneries (one said to be the largest in the world), employing many men, and the numerous saw mills in the various parts of the county contribute greatly to the prosperity of its inhabitants. A large body of land, containing about one hundred thousand acres, lying in what is now Benzinger, Fox, Horton, and Houston townships, the latter in Clear- field county, was patented to Samuel M. Fox, and was offered for sale and settle- ment by his heirs. Their agent, William Kersey, opened a road from the State road (now Bellefonte and Erie turnpike) to what is called the Burned Mill, alongside of the Daguscahonda railroad, thirty-three miles in length. These lands lay in what was then Jefferson, M'Kean, and Clearfield counties, most of it in the latter, which at that time could not poll over one hundred and sixty or one hundred and seventy votes, and* was attached to Centre county. It had but one township, called Chiuklacamoose. Amos Davis was the first actual settler. He resided, prior to 1810, some two or three years, on the tract north of Earle_y, where the steam saw mill stands. In the spring of the above 3^ear, John Kyler, who lived in Centre count}^, came to see the country, and located his place at Kyler's Corners, on Little Toby creek. That year and the summer following he packed his provisions on a horse to do him while clearing some land and putting up a cabin, and the last of May or first of June, 1812, moved his family to the country. Elijah Meredith had moved in a few days previous, and Jacob Wilson, Libni Taylor, and Samuel Miller at the time Kyler came. Miller located at Earley, and the year following Jonah Griflflth located on a farm where Centreville no^v is. Miller and Griffith both left the succeeding 3-ear. The flaming hand-bill of the land-owners, in 1811, is a curiosity. From it we learn, "Within ten miles of the tract, and immediately upon the Sinnema- honing, salt works have been erected by a company who are interested in the property, and considerable quantities of salt have been already manufactured. Ir(m and coal may be had in the neighborhood, adequate to the most enlarged system of operations. . . . It is confidently believed that, taking into con- sideration the situation, soil, and general advantages that belong to this tract, there seldom has existed a more favorable opportunity for industrious and enter- prising men to acquire a handsome property upon more liberal terms. . . . The proprietors, duly estimating the advantages, both in a private and a national ELK COUNTY. 685 view, from a system of education and the encouragement of moral and religious habits, have resolved upon appropriating one hundred and fifty acres of land, nearly in the centre of the tract, for the promotion of tliese salutarj?^ purposes. This tract will be granted to a church and school, the use of it remaining in tlie clergyman and preceptor who may be of competent abilities and approved of by the proprietors. , . . The subscribers purchased the propert}' after a full and complete inspection of the soil and other local advantages, and a satisfactory investigation of the title. It is intended for the present to sell to actual settlers at two dollars per acre, at a credit of five years, two years without interest. A large companj^, who may be desirous to fix themselves permanently upon the tract, will meet with liberal encouragement from the proprietors." Settlers from the New England States and New York were informed that the most direct route to these lands was from "Chenango Point to Dr. Willard's, at Tioga, thence to Ellis's, on tlie State road, b}^ the way of Crooked creek, thence through Couder's Port to the Canoe Place on the Allegheny, seventeen miles west of Couder's Port, from whence a road is opened by the Portage branch of the Sinnemahoning, about twenty-three miles in a southern direction to the tract." In the spring of 1812, quite a number of settlers, induced bj' the very favor- able and flattering terms of Messrs. Sliippen, McMurtrie & Co., land owners, located on Bennett's Branch of the Sinnemahoning, having been preceded by Dr. Daniel Rogers, the agent, in the autumn i^revious. The more prominent were Leonard Morey, who selected land one mile below Caledonia, on Bennett's Branch, the year following, settled in Medoc run ; Captain Potter, who chose a flat oppo- site the mouth of the Medoc run; Elder Jonathan Nichols and Hezekiah Warner, at Caledonia. Captain Potter finding no mill in the locality, burned out one end of a hickory log and made a mortar, fastened a pestle to a spring pole, and in that manner, to use his expression, " pounded our corn and made our ' Johnu}- cake.' " In 1813 Clearfield was divided into two townships — one Lawrence, in honor of the gallant commander of the Chesapeake, and the other Pilce, after General Zebulon M. Pike, killed at York, Canada, in April, 1813. The latter township comprised all what is now Elk count}'-. By this division the township of Chink- lacamoose became extinct. During this season one of the proprietors came into the county, and made provision for cutting roads and erecting a mill. It was not, however, for two years after that the latter was built. It was the second, or old Kersey mill, now known as Conner's, superintended by William Fisher, from Centre county. Settlers from various sections began to find their way into the wilderness. Some made improvements, intending to locate, but never brought their families, or left soon after, if they did, discouraged at the prospects of '• life in the woods." Among the permanent settlers in 181*7-18. were William McCauley, James Reesman, James Green, Smitli Mead, and Consider Brockway. The latter was the best pi-epared to make improvements of any family at that time, having a large famil}' of bo3'S, and of some means. He settled about four miles west of Kersey run. Between the years 1818 and 1823, Conrad Moyer, Libni Taylor, John Keller, Joel and Philetus Clark, Isaac Coleman, Uriah and Jonah Rogers, Colonel Webb, Milton Johnson, Anson Vial, and Isaac Horton, 686 HISTOE Y OF PFNJfS YL VANIA. were added to the settlement, and remained permanently. The latter located on Brandy Camp branch of Little Toby, now Horton township, and the following named, Dr. William Hoyt, John J. Bundy, James R. Hancock, Chauncey Brock- way, James Iddings, and Robert Thompson, remained a number of years and then left ; but all have some of their descendants living here. The first settlement nearest to Ridgway was at " the forks," where the east and west branches of the Clarion river unite, and was made by a Mr. David Johnson, from Salem county, New Jersey. This was long before Ridgway had a habitation or a name, and long previous to the organization of Potter, M'Kean, and Jefferson counties for judicial purposes. It was laid down upon the maps as Coopersport, named after a well-known and large land-holder, by which name it was called until within a few years, when it was changed to John- sonburg, in honor of its first founder. From 1825 to 1845, the plan of Fourier — that of communities with a union of labor and of capital, and working under fixed rules — was actively put into opera- tion in this section of Pennsylvania. On the main I'oad, from Ridgway to Smethport, are the remains of Teutonia, once a large community, but jealousies grew up, and the members dispersed among the people at large and became industrious and useful citizens. The sudden advent and exit of this community had its prototype within half a mile of Teutonia. The mouldering wood and growth of trees of half a century mark the spot where was laid out the town of Instanter. Its plot is duly recorded in M'Kean county. Mr. Cooper, a large land owner, was the instigator if not the forerunner of the settlement. As the streets were marked out the buildings went up like magic ; but Madam Rumor spread a report that the land title was unsound, and on investigation such was found to be the fact. Work suddenly ceased, and the settlers left. Jacob Ridgway, of Philadelphia, was the owner of a large body of land in M'Kean county, the centre of which was about thirty miles from the York State line, also another large body of lands in Jefferson (now Elk county), the centre of which was near Montmorency, six miles north-east of Ridgway. To com- mence and carr}- out his improvements in M'Kean was not so difficult as in Jefi'erson. The former location was only eight miles from the established seat of justice in the county, and settlements had been pushed to within four miles of his location on that side, and within two or three miles of settlements on Potato creek. Mr. Ridgway selected high ground long since known as Bunker Hill, though it was first known as Clermontville, under which cognomen its post office was established. Mr. Ridgway here, as well as at Montmorency, selected elevated ground on which to make his improvements. That at Bunker Hill is probably three hundred feet above the waters of Potato creek, and Montmorency about four hundred and fifty feet above the Clarion at Ridgway. The superintendence of the work on Bunker Hill was confided to Paul E. Scull, and the settlement progressed rapidly under his supervision and the abundant resources of Mr. Ridgway. The latter, in turning his attention to his lands in Jefferson county, found that the selection of a location was a more difficult undertaking, from the fact of its remoteness from all human companionship. It was twenty-five miles from Bunker Hill, and twenty-three miles from Judge Bishop's, through a dense and heavy timbered wilderness. The nearest settlement ±:LK county. 68T on the south-east was Mr. Reesman's, a distance of sixteen miles. Mr. Ridgway secured James L. Gillis, a relative by marriage, as his agent. This was in 1821, when he entered upon the arduous task of carrying out the designs of the pro- prietor, and commenced what was called Montmorency. Mr. Gillis was a native of Washington county, New York, He served in a cavalry company in the war of 1812, and was at the battle of Lundy's Lane. He was taken prisoner in a scout- ing expedition and sent to Quebec, and finally exchanged. From the close of the war until 1821 he held various oillcial positions in Ontario county, whither he had removed at the age of nineteen. Such, in brief, was the history of the indi- vidual who, in 1821, commenced what was called the Ridgway settlement. From 1822 to 1824, Gillis had pushed his work rapidly on, with ample means, and by his herculean efforts nearly four hundred acres were cleared, a saw and grist mill erected on Mill creek, three miles west of Montmorency, and a carding machine was also put in operation. By great watchfulness and folding the sheep at night, and warned by their watch dogs, the settlers in Kersey contrived to raise sufficient wool to clothe themselves, A carding machine might heretofore have been considered a convenience, rather than an article of necessity. It was surely not from any profit expected to be derived, that prompted Gillis to such an expense. From the fact that the grist and saw mills were placed upon Mill creek, Gillis and Ridgv^ay expected that settlements would tend towards that quarter. The Olean road from Armstrong count}^ to tlie New York State line crossed Gillis' road west from Mill creek, at right angles, some three miles west of the mill, where the land was highly favorable for cultivation. The laying out of the Olean road was a State work, and the land owners and settlers were quite enthusiastic with regard to it. It was never used except by returning lumbermen on foot from Pittsburgh to Allegheny and Cattaraugus counties, New York, for a number of years, and until the underbrush precluded all pedestrianism no teams passed over it. The failure of this road in stimulating- settlement, suggested the gigantic project of that day and age, of opening the county by the construction of a turnpike, under the direction of a stock companj', from Bellefonte to the New York State line, near Olean, a distance of one hundred and twenty miles — any and every mile of which was denominated'a wilderness. In the winter of 1824 Mr, Gillis drew up a petition to the Legislature for a charter, his Kersey neighbors signed it, and with his sleigh and horses he crossed the Bennett's Branch near Morel's settlement, and thence to Karthaus, the first team that ever was driven through that twenty-three miles of wildei'ness. At Belle- fonte his petition was signed by a few. He then proceeded to Harrisburg, Judge Burnside was then Senator, and General John Mitchell a member of the House — both were from Centre county. The bill granting the charter passed that winter and became a law, but gave no help. Before the next meeting of the Legislature the feasibility of making the road was more apparent, and Mr. Gillis succeeded in obtaining a subscription of twenty thousand dollars from the State to its stock. After innumerable difficulties, the road was finally completed. In the winter of 1832 and 1833, Messrs. L, Wilmarth, Arthur Hughes, and George Dickinson purchased of J. L, Gillis and Mr. Aylworth land and water power requisite for a lumbering establishment. At this period there were not exceeding seven families in Ridgway, to wit : Mr, Alyworth and Caleb Dill, on 688 HIS TO BY OF PElSfJ^S YL VANIA. the west side of the creek; Enos Gillis, J, W. Gallagher, H. Karns, Thomas Bar- ber, and Joab Dobbin, on the east side. The commencement of building mills, etc., b}' Hughes & Dickinson, and the settlement by Colonel Wilcox this same year, tended much to encourage these denizens of forest life, and matters began to wear a more lively aspect. The Messrs. Gillis had. succeeded in having several mail routes established which centered, at Ridgway, as follows : from Kittanning via Brookville to Ridgway, from the south ; from Bellefonte via Karthaus to Ridgway, from the east ; from Ridgway to Smethport and Olean, and from Ridgway to Warren, each weekly. The year 1833 was an era in Ridgway's history marked b}'' the commence- ment of the Wilcox settlement, the building of the mills, etc., alluded to. Mill- wrights and others advised putting the mills on the banks of the streams, but experience had demonstrated its dangers. James L. Gillis built a saw mill in 1824 at the windfall, a mile and a quarter above the present village, and the first or second ice flood gorged and carried it away, and he was opposed to further trial of that sort. Although settlement commenced at Montmorency in 1822, and at Ridgway in 1825, yet not a single death occurred during that whole period of time to 1833, eleven years. Whilst grubbing for the race one workman from Armstrong county was killed by the falling of a tree, and within the period of six months thereafter there were four deaths. There were no otlier deaths until about the year 1840 or '41. Whilst the surveys of the Sunbury and Erie (now the Philadelphia and Erie) railroad were in pi-ogress in 1836-37, there were no houses nor clearing between Shippen and Ridgway, and with the exception of a cabin at Johnsonburg, there were none between Ridgway and Tionesta waters. St. Mary's settlement was commenced a year previous to the organization of the county of Elk. It is now a large town, and a prominence is given to it as well as all other towns which are on the line of a railroad. Had it, however, not been for the church, headed by Father Alexander, St. Mary's settlement would have been deserted, and the clearings that were first made would have grown up to briars — the carnival ground of bears and foxes, a second edition of Instanter. Early in the summer of the year 1842, a number of Glermans in the cities of Philadelphia and Baltimore associated themselves to form a German settlement on the community plan, and appointed John Albert, Nicolaus Reimel, and Michael Derleth, a committee to select a suitable place for such a settlement This committee came to Elk county during the summer of the same 3'ear, and selected thirty-five thousand acres of land — the site where the borough of St. Mary's and part of the settlement now is — and made a contract with Mr. Kings- bur}' for the purchase of them. In October of the same 3'ear the firso instalment of the intended settlement from Philadelphia came out and took up their residence at John Green's, in Kersej'. A few da3's after the instalment from Baltimore came and joined tlie other part}^ at Kersey. From Kerse}' these men opened a path to where the borough of St. Mary's now is, and, late as the season was, put up some log shanties along where now is St. Marj^'s street. Late in December of the same year, as the^' had built enough shanties, they took their families in, and began to cut down trees along St. Mary's road. All the work done was made in common, so also had they a common store where ELK COUNTY. (589 they drew their rations. Tiie clearing and tlie work in general progressed slov \-. The community plan of working proved a failure, and during the first year only » few town lots were cleared, although in the spring of 1843 the number of colonists was increased by the second instalment from Philadelphia and Baltimore. In the fall of the year 1842, Father Alexander, from Baltimore, came to the colony by invitation. This gentleman, a man of great learning and experience, and a lover of rural life, became soon convinced tliat the community plan Avould not woik, and that the settlement was bound to break up, and the labor and mone}' alread}^ spent in the undertaking lost. He conceived another plan to save it, but this could only be carried out by some person of influence and VIEW OF WILCOX, EI.K COUNTY. [From a Photograph by D. W. Baldwin, Ridgway.] means. He, therefore, after consultation with the colonists, went back to Balti- more, and laid his plans before Colonel Matthias Benzinger, a man known for his kindness, enterprise, and experience. He prevailed on Colonel Benzinger to come and look at the settlement. Late in the fall of 1843 Colonel Benzinger came to the colony, and after examination concluded to buy the lands. The Community society had their contract annulled with Mr. Kingsbury, and Colonel Benzinger then bought the colony lands, with some others adjoining, making about sixty-six thousand six hundred acres. The following year, as soon as the season was favorable, part of the lands were laid out in farms of twent}'- five, fifty, and one hundred acres, as also part of the village of St. Mary's, and 2 T 690 HISTOR 7 OF P EWl^SYL VAmA. gave each of the colonists of the Community society that remained twenty-five acres and one town lot free. Now each one was for liimself, and the worlc and improvement went on well from that time. In the fall of 1844, George Weiss came to the colony. In the following spring he built his store-house and store on the north side of Elk creek. About the same time Colonel Benzinger engaged Ignatius Garner as agent and general director of the colony, and early in the year 1845 Mr. Garner went to Europe and came back in July with a good number of substantial settlers. From that time the colony made rapid progress ; settlers came from Europe and all parts of the United States. A large three- story log building was built on the south of Elk creek, with twenty-four rooms, where the colonists found shelter until they could build houses for themselves. At the same time a neat church was built, and also the large saw-mill on Elk and Silver creeks by Father Alexander, who made his residence here, and by his good example, cheerfulness, and liberality, contributed largely'' to the success of the colony. RiDGWAY, the county seat of Elk county, is situate upon the Philadelphia and Erie railroad, at the junction of Elk creek with the Clarion river. It is sur- rounded by hills where the largest and best springs of pure cold water exist, which is conveyed to the houses in pipes, supplying every dwelling and public building in the town with the very best water known. It is one of the oldest and most flourishing towns in the county, being laid out in 1833. The town was named in honor of Mr. Jacob Ridgway, who at the time owned a large amount of land in that locality. Among the leading business enterprises may be men- tioned two large tanneries and a machine shop and foundry. It contains four churches, court house, and county buildings, and a splendid public school build- ing in which is held a graded school. St. Mary's borough is situated in Benzinger township, on the line of the Philadelphia and Erie railroad, and where the Centreville road crosses, leading to Williamsville. It was incorporated into a borough, March 3, 1848. The principal business enterprises are coal mining, lumbering, etc. Among the prominent buildings may be mentioned three churches — two Roman Catholic and one Presbyterian, monastery of the Benedictine society, convent of the Benedic- tine Sisters, also a seminary under their direction, public school and town hall. The first Roman Catholic church under the management and direction of the Benedictine society, is a handsome stone edifice. The town has also two machine shops and foundries, a tannery, and planing mill. Wilcox is situated on the line of the Philadelphia and Erie railroad, fourteen miles west of Ridgway. The village was named after the Hon. A. I. Wilcox, and is a flourishing town, settled by energetic and enterprising citizens. It is the location of the Wilcox tanning company, said to have the largest tannery in the world. It is expected that the Pennsylvania and Erie coal and railway company's road, soon to be built, will pass through this place, which upon completion will add greatly to the prosperity of the town and its citizens. Williamsville is situated in Jones township, near the M'Kean county line, and on the Milesburg and Smethport turnpike. It was the old residence of the late Hon. William P. Wilcox, and is one of the oldest post oflSces of the county. WiLMARTH is situated on the line of the Philadelphia and Erie railroad. ELK COUNTY. 691 nine miles west from Ridgway, and is near the old site of Johnsonburg or Coopers- port. It was established and built up by Lyman Wilraartb, Esq., for whom it was named. The principal business is lumbering. Arroyo is situated in Spring Creek township, on the Clarion river, ten miles below Ridgway. It was located by Thomas Irwin, Esq., wlio yet resides there. The principal business engaged in is lumbering. Benezette is situated in Benezette township, on the line of the Low Grade division of the Allegheny Valley railroad, sixteen miles west of Driftwood, on the Bennett's Branch of the Sinnemahoning. It was founded by Reuben Winslow, a very enei'getic and enterprising man, who lost his life in a collision of trains upon the Philadelphia and Ei*ie railroad at Westport. Caledonia is situated in Jay township, on the Bennett's Branch of the Sinne- mahoning creek, twenty miles east of Ridgway, upon the Milesburg and Smeth- port turnpike, and was among the earliest settled portions of the county. Among the first settlers were Zebulon and Hezekiah Warner. Earley is situated on the Milesburg and Smethport turnpike, and at the terminus of the Daguscahonda railroad, eight and one-half miles east of Ridg- way, and one and one-half miles west of Centreville. It was laid out in 1865 by Dr. Charles R. Earley, an enterprising physician who came from Allegheny county, New York, to Elk, in 1846, after whom it is named. It is a mining town, and contains at present a depot, engine-house, tannery, stores, and a Pres- byterian church, in which other denominations are allowed to worship when not in use by the society. IIellen is situated in Horton township, on the road leading from Ridgway to Brookville, and upon Little Toby creek, one-half mile below the junction of Brandy Camp creek with Little Toby. Among the first settlers were the Clarks, Daniel Oyster, Brockways, and others. Kersey post office is situated at the town of Centreville, Fox township, and where the road from St. Mary's to Brookville crosses the Milesburg and Smeth- port turnpike. It was established by settlers of the old Kersey land company, and laid out in November, 1846, by John Green. The mail in olden times was carried on horseback from Milesburg to Smethport, once a week and return, a distance of one hundred and forty-five miles, by Conrad Caseman. Raugiit's Mills is situated in Millstone township, on the Clarion river, seven miles below Arroyo. Principal business engaged in is lumber. Weedville post office is at the mouth of Kersey run, on the Low Grade I'ail- road. The first settler was John Boyd, who came there in 1816. He bought several tracts of the company's land, and built a saw-mill. In 1817, Frederick "Weed and Captain Weed, the father of Judge Charles Weed, of Ridgway, purchased Boyd's improvements. On the organization of the county, in 1843, the townships then formed were Benzette, Benzinger, Fox, Gibson, Jay, Jones, Ridgway, Spring Creek, and Ship- pen. Gibson and Shippen were subsequently absorbed by the formation of Cameron count}^ Highland and Horton were formed April 8, 1850, and Mill- stone, March 9, 1870. i 692 ERIE COUNTY BY ISAAC MOORHEAD, ElllE. HE first occupants of the lan:l embraced in oui- favored count}', of whom we have an}- knowledge, were the Erie or Cat Indians. The Eries occui)ied the land on the south shore of Lake Erie, eastward to the foot of the lake. Yer}' early in the seventeenth century, we find the Neutrie Nation and the Eries spoken of by the French piiests, and we know that Jean Brebeuf and Jos Marie Chaumonot were on the south side of Lake Erie. Ketchurn, in his History of Buffalo, says "from their (the Iroquois) own traditions, confirmed by the earliest records of history, their most powerful enemies and rivals wei-e the Jlries or the Cat Nation, livino- upon the south side of the lake which bears their name." The Eries were anni- hilated as a nation by tlui L'oquois in 1655 or thereabouts, in a terrible battle of the former's own seeking. east of the Genesee river, while en route to fight more particularly with the Senecas. Jealous of the power of the confederac}' of the Five Nations, they staked all in one desperate battle on the soil of their enemies, and lost. Tradition has it that a fragment of the tribe escaped to the far west, and long years thereafter, according to Ketchum, ascended the Ohio, crossed the country, and attacked the fc-'enecas. A great battle was fought near Buffalo, in which the Eries were again defeated and slain to a man, and their bodies were burned and the ashes buried in a mound, which is still visible near the old Indian Mission Church, a monument at once of the indomitable courage of the terrible Eries and their brave conquerors, the Senecas, La Salle and his party, in their journey through the region lying south o( Lake Erie, in the winter of 1680, encountered the wolves in such numbers as to be in danger of being overpowered by them. The extraordinary quantity- of game of all kinds upon the south shore of Lake Erie is spoken of b}' several of the early travelers from 1680 to 1124, and is accounted for by the fact that since the terrible war between the Eries and the Iroquois no one resided there. " It was not considered safe to even pass through the countr3^" From " Documents relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York," 693 OLD BLOCK HOUSE AT ERIE. (From a Painting by Dr. Tliomas H. Slnart.) <394 ERIE COUNTY. I note the following, a portion of the deposition of Stephen Coffen, who was taken prisoner b}^ the French and Indians of Canada, at Menis, in the year 1747: "... In September, 1752, the Depon't was in Quebec, and endea- voring to agree with some Indians to convey him to his own country, New- England, which the Indians acquainted the Gov't of, who immediately ordered him to Goal, where he lay three months; at the time of his releasement the French were preparing for a march to Belle Riviere or Ohio, when he offered his service, but was rejected by the Gov'r, General Le Cain ; he, the said General, setting out for Montreal about the 3rd of January, 1753, to view and forward the Forces, Deponent applyed to Major Ramse^^ for liberty to go with the army to Ohio, who told him he would ask the Lieutenant De Ruo\', who agreed to it, upon which he was Equipped as a soldier, and sent with a Detachment of three hundred men to Montreal, under the Command of Mons. Babeer, who sett off imme- diately with said Command by Land and ice for Lake Erie; the}^ in their way stopt a couple of days to refresh themselves at Cadaraghqui Fort, also at Taranto, on the North side of Lake Ontario; then at Niagara Fort 15 days; from thence set off b^' water, being April, and arrived at Chadakoin [now Port- land, Chatauqua county, N. Y.], on Lake Erie, where they were ordered to fell Timber and prepare it for building a Fort there, according to Govr's instructions; but Monsr. Morang coming up with 500 men and 20 Indians, put a stop to the erecting of a Fort at that place, by reason of his not liking the situation, and the River of Chadakoins being too shallow to carry any craft with provisions, ettc, to Belle Riviere. The Deponent says, there arose a warm debate between Messrs. Babeer and Morang thereon, the First insisting on building a Fort there, agree- able to his Instructions, otherwise on Morang's giving him an Instiument in writing to satisfy the Gov'r in that point, which Morang did, and then ordered Monsr. Mercie, who was both Commissary and Engeneer, to go along said Lake and look for a good situation, which he found, and returned in three daj's, it beino- 15 Leagues to the S. W. of Chadakoin ; they w^ere then all ordered to repair thither ; when they arrived there were about 20 Indians fishing in the Lake, who immediately quit it on seeing the French. They fell to work and built a square fort of Chestnut Loggs, squared and lapt over each other to the height of 15 foot ; it is about 120 feet square, a Log-house in each square, a Gate to the Southward and another to the N. ward ; not one port-hole cut in any part of it ; when finished they called it Fort la Briske Isle. The indians who came from Canada with them, returned very much out of Temper, owing, as it was said among the army, to Morang's dogged behaviour and ill usage of them, but they, the Indians, said at Osw^ego, it was owing to the Frenche's misleading of them, by telling ' hem falsehoods, which they said they had now found out, and left them. As soon as the Fort was finished they marched southward, cutting a waggon Road through a fine, level country, twenty-one Miles to the River of Boetf (leaving Capt'n Depontency with a hundred Men to garrison the Fort la Briske Isle), they fell to work cutting timber boards, etc., for another Fort, while Monsr. Morang ordered Monsr. Bite with 50 Men to go to a place called by the Indians Ganagarali'hare, on the Banks of Belle Riviere, where the River Boeff empties into it. In the meantime Morang had got 3 large Boats or Battoes made to carry down the Baggage and provisions, ettc, to said place; Monsr. Bite on ERIE COUNTY. 695 coming to said Indian place was asked what he wanted or intended ; he upon answering, it was their Father the GoA'r. of Canada's intention to build a tra- ding house for their and all their Brethren's conveniency, was told by the Indians that the Lands were theirs, and they would not have them build upon it ; the said Mr. Bite returning met two Englishmen traders, with their horses and goods, whom they bound and brought prisoners to Morang, who ordered them to Canada in irons ; the said Bite reported to Morang the situation was good, but the wate[r] in the River Boefl" too low at that time to carry down any Craft with provisions, ettc. A few days after, the Deponent says, that about [one] hundred Indians called by the French Loos, came to the Fort La Riviere Boeff to see what the French were adoing ; that Mons. Morang treated them very kindly, and then asked them to carry down some stores, ettc, to the Belle Riviere on horseback for payment, which he immediately advanced them on their undertaking to do it ; they sett off with full loads, but never delivered them to the French, which incensed them very much, being not onl^^ a loss but a great disappointment. Morang, a Man of very peevish, choleric disposition, meeting with those and other crosses, and finding the season of the year too far advanced to build the Third fort, called all his officers together, and told them that as he had engaged and firmly promised the Govr. to finish the three Forts that season, and not being able to fulfill the same, was both afi'raid and ashamed to return to Canada, being sensible he had noAV forfeited the Gover- nour's favour for ever ; wherefore* rather than live in disgrace, he begged they would take him [as he then sat in a carriage made for him, being very sick sometime] and seat him in the middle of the Fort, and then set fire to it, and let him perish in the flames ; which was rejected by the officers, who, the Deponent says, had not the least regard for him, as he had behaved yevy ill to them all in general. The Deponent further saith that about eight days before he left the Fort La Briske Isle, Chev: Le Crake arrived express from Canada, in a birch canoe, worked by 10 men, with orders (as the deponent afterwards heard) from the Governour Le Cain to Morang to make all the preparation possible again the spring of the 3'ear, to build then two forts at Chadakoin, one of them by Lake Erie, the other at the end of the carrying place at Lake Chadakoin ; which carrying place is 15 miles from one Lake to the other ; the said Chevalier brought for Mons. Morang, a cross of St. Louis, which the rest of the officers would not allow him to take until the Govr. was acquainted of his conduct and behaviour ; the chev: returned immediately to Canada, after which the Deponent saith when the Fort la Riviere Boeff was finished [which is built of wood stockadoed triangularwise, and has two Logg Houses in the inside] Mons. Morang ordered all the party to return to Canada, for the winter season, except three hundred men, which he kept to garrison both forts and prepare materials ag'st the spring for the building other Forts ; he also sent Jean Coeur, an Officer and Interpreter, to stay the winter among the Indians at Ohio, in order to prevail with them, not only to allow the building Forts on their Lands, but also persuade them if possible to join the French interest against the English. The Deponent further saith that on the 28th of October inst. he sett off for Canada under tiie command of Captn. Deman, who had the command of 22 Battoes Avith 20 men in eacli Battoe ; the remainder being *760 men, followed in 696 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. a few days, the 30th arrived at Chadakoin where they staid four days, duvin"- which time Monsr. Peon with 200 men cut a Waggon Road over the carrving place from Lake Erie to Lake Chadakoin [Chautauqua] being 15 miles, viewed the situation, which proved to their liking, so sett off November 3d for Niagara, where we arrived the 6th ; it is a very poor, rotten, old wooden Fort with 25 men in it ; they talked of rebuilding it next summer. We left 50 men here to build Battoes for the Army again the spring, also a Store House for provisions, stores, ettc, and staid here two days, then sett off for Canada ; all hands beino" fatigued with rowing all night, ordered to put ashore to breakfast within a mile of Oswego Garrison, at which time the Deponent saith, that he with a French- man slipt off, and got to the Fort, where they both were concealed until the Army passed ; from thence he came here. The Depnt. farther saith that besides the 300 men with which he went up first under the command of Mons. Babeer and the 500 men Morang brought up afterwards, there came at different times with stores, ettc, TOO more, which made in all 1,500 men; three hundred of which remained to garrison the two Forts, 50 at Niagara, the rest all returned to Canada, ar^l talked of going up again this winter, so as to be there the begin- ning of April ; they had two 6-pounders and 1 four-pounders which they intended to have placed in the Fort at Ganagarah'hare, which was to have been called the Govr's Fort, but as that was not built, they left the guns in the Fort La Riviere Boeff, where Morang commands." The instructions to General Braddock, before setting out on his fatal expedi- tion, were, after reducing Duquesne, to proceed by way of Forts Le Boeuf and PresquTsle, to Niagara. In a letter from Lieutenant-Governor De Lance_y, of New York, to Secretary Robinson, dated August T, 1755, we find that " The third method of distressing the French is by the way of Oswego. To go thither we pass, as I observed before, through the country of our friendly Indians. We pass by water, a much less expensive carriage than hj land. From Oswego we may go westward by water through the Lake Ontario to Niagara. If we become masters of this pass, the French cannot go to reinforce or victual their garrisons at Presqu'Isle, Beeve river, or on the Ohio, but with great difficulty and expense, and by a tedious long passage. From the fort at Niagara there is a land carriage of about three leagues to the waters above the falls, thence we go into the Lake Erie, and so to the fort at Presqu'Isle, and if we take that, the French can carry no supplies of provisions nor send men to the head of Beeve river, or to the fort DuQuesne, on the Ohio, and of course the forts will be abandoned. The same Battoes which carry the train, provisions, ettc, for the army to Oswego may carry them to Niagara, and being transported above the falls, the same may carry them to PresquTsle, the fort on the south side of Lake Erie, so that it will be practicable to bring the expense of sucli an expedition into a moderate compass, far less than the expense of wagons, horses, etc, which are necessary in an expedition by land from Virginia to the Ohio ; besides that, proceeding from Yirginia to fort DuQuesne, if it be taken, is only cutting off a toe, but taking Niagara and Presqu'-Isle, j^ou lopp off a limb from the French, and greatly disable them." The New York colonial papers contain a letter addressed to the Marquis de Vaudreuil, from which we read, " PresquTsle is on Lake Erie, and serves as a EBIE COUNTY. 691 depot for all the others on the Ohio ; the effects are next rode to the fort on the River au Boeuf, where they ai"e put on board pirogues to rnn down to . . . The Marquis de Yaudreuil must be informed that during the first campaigns on the Ohio, a liorrible waste and disorder prevailed at the Presqu'Isle and Niagara carrying places, which cost the King immense sums. We have remedied all the abuses that have come to our knowledge by submitting tliose portages to com[)o- tition. The first is at forty sous the piece, and the other, which is six leagues in extent, at fift}'. . . . Hay is very abundant and good at Presqu'Isle. 'Tis to be observed that the quantity of pirogues constructed at the River au Boeuf has exhausted all the large trees in the neighborhood of thai post ; it is very important to send carpenters there soon to build some plank bateaux like those of the English. . . . M. de Vaudreuil has read in the letter of Sieur Benoist, the commandant at Presqu'Isle, the dangers the people are exposed to by this cursed traffic in brandy, which is maintained and protected, and whose source he will soon ascertain." Thus we see that the French, with the unceasing activity peculiar to their countrv, had, in the first half of the eighteenth century, established no less than four forts within the present bounds of Pennsylvania — two of them within the borders of what is now known as tlie county of Erie, and known respectively as Presqu'Isle and Riviere au Boeuf From a letter of William Smith, D.D., of Pennsjdvania, to a friend in London, printed in that city in HSS, I quote: "The French, well apprised of this defenceless and disjointed State, and presuming on the religious Principles of our ruling People, have, the Year before last, invaded the Province, and have actually three Ports now erected far within the Limits of it. Justly, therefore, may we presume that, as soon as war is declared, they will take Possession of the whole, since they may really be said to have stronger Footing in it than we, having three Forts in it supported at Public Expense, and we but one Small Fort, supported only by private Gentlemen. 'Tis true our Neighbors, the Virginians, have taken the Alarm, and called on our Assistance to repel the com- mon Enemy, knowing that if the French hold Footing in Pennsylvania, their Turn must come next. In like manner, the several Govei'uors, and ours among the rest, have received his Majesty's gracious Orders to raise Money and the armed Force of their respective Governments on such an Emergency ; and had these orders been complied with last Winter, the French would neither have been able to drive the Virginians from the Fort they had begun in the back Parts of Penn- sylvania, nor yet to get Possession of one-third Part of the Province, which they now have undoubtedly got thro' the Stubborness and Madness of our Assemblies." The principal employment of the Quakers of the lower counties of Penns3-1- vania, at this time, was getting gain, keeping themselves in the offices of trust and profit in the Province, and shutting their eyes to the condition of the defence- less people in the border counties. With great tact they had pushed the Palatines and other Germans into the country just west of their own, and still beyond them ; close upon the savages, they had placed that hardy and historic race, the Scotch-Irish, whose hands were as deft in the use of fire-arms as the plough or the loom. The border line of settlements were lighted up with the burning cabins of the people, and nearly every household counted its member 698 HISTOE Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. slain or carried into captivity. Tlie Scotch-Irish appealed in vain to Philadel- phia for help of men and arms, but the peaceful Assembly turned a deaf ear to the frontiers of their Province, and left the people to battle alone for their homes. They were not dismayed, for they had grown with the neglect and persecution of the government in their old home, and had still the arms of defence in their hands which they had used in the bitter wars of religious persecution beyond the sea. But Virginia had shown more care of her borders than we, and Robert Din- widdle, the Governor of that Province, sent Major George Washington, late in 1753, with a letter to the commandant of the French forces on the Ohio, desiring to be acquainted "by whose Authority and Instructions you have lately marched from Canada with an armed Force ; and invaded the King of Great Britain's Ter- ritories," and requiring his peaceable departure. Washington, when he arrived at Fort La Riviere au B(cuf on the 11th of Decem- ber, remained until the 16th, and returned to Governor Dinwiddle with the answer from Le Gaideur de St. Pierre, the commandant whose absence detained Washing- ton, in which he said, "I shall transmit your Letter to the Marquis Duquisne. His Answer will be a Law to me ; and if he shall order me to communicate it to you. Sir, you may be assured I shall not fail to dispatch it to 3'ou forthwith." And so the white lilies of France continued to wave over Presqu'Isle. The batteaux and canoes of silver birch, laden with French soldiers and their savage allies, came from and departed to Montreal with great regularity. At Presqu'Isle, after their long and wearisome voyage of six hundred miles, by water, the soldiers and the officers, many of them graj^-haired veterans, decorated with numerous and brilliant orders of distinction, gathered around the elevated cross, while their self-denying priests (who were always with them) chanted praises to Him who is over all, for protection vouchsafed in the journey past, and supplicating Divine favor and assistance to them as they entered the wilderness on their march to La Belle Riviere. In 1759 Burinol commanded at Presqu'Isle, and had one hundred and three men, exclusive of officers, clerks, and priests. During this year the avail- able forces were drawn from the Pennsylvania forts for the defence of Niagara, which was besieged and taken by Sir William Johnson, who promptly sent word to Presqu'Isle, and the other forts, ordering the departure of the French. In 1760, Major Rodgers, of the English army, took possession of Presqu'Isle, and in 1763 a treaty of peace was signed at Paris. In 1763 Pontiac's grand scheme of destro3'ing all the English forts was completed, the attack to be made simul- taneously upon the 4tli of June. Henry L. Harvey, editor of the Erie Observer^ gives the following account of the attack upon Fort Presqu'Isle: " The troops had retired to their quarters to procure their morning repast ; some had already finished, and were sauntering about the fortress or the shores of the lake. All were joyous, in holida}^ attire, and dreaming of nought but the pleasures ot the occasion. A knocking was heard at the gate, and three Indians wei'e announced in hunting garb, desiring an interview with the commander. Their tale was soon told ; thej^ said they belonged to a hunting party who had started to Niagara with a lot of furs ; that their canoes were bad, and they would prefer disposing of them here, if they could do so to advantage, and return EBIE COUNTY. 699 rather than go further ; that their party were encamped by a small stream west of the fort, about a mile, where they had landed the previous night, and where they wished the commander to go and examine their peltries, as it was difficult to bring them, and they wished to embark from where they were if they did not trade. " The commander, accompanied by a clerk, left the fort with the Indians, charging his lieutenant that none should leave the fort, and none but its inmates be admitted until his return. Well would it probably have been had this order been obeyed. After the lapse of sufficient time for the captain to have visited the encampment of the Indians and return, a party of the latter — variously estimated, but probably about one hundred and fifty — advanced toward the fort, bearing upon their backs what appeared to be large packs of furs, which they informed the lieutenant that the captaiii had purchased, and ordered to be deposited in the fort. The stratagem succeeded, and when the party were all within the fort, the work of an instant, threw off the packs and the short cloaks which covered their weapons — the whole being fastened by one loop and button at the neck. Resistance at tliis time was useless or ineffectual, and the work of death was as rapid as savage strength and weapons could make it. The shortened rifles which had been sawed off for the purpose of concealing them ander their cloaks and in the packs of furs were ooce discharged, and of what remained the tomahawk and knife were made to do the execution. The history of savage war presents not a scene of more heartless or blood-thirst}' vengeance than was exhibited on this occasion, and few its equal in horror. The few who were taken prisoners in the fort were doomed to the various tortures devised by savage ingenuit}^, until, save two individuals, all who awoke to celebrate tliat day at this fort, had passed away to the eternal world. " Of these two, one was a soldier who had gone into the woods near the fort, and on his return, observing a party of Indians dragging away some prisoners, he escaped, and immediately proceeded to Niagara. The other was a female who had taken shelter in a small building below the hill, near the mouth of the creek. Here she had remained undiscovered until near night of the fatal day, when she was drawn forth, but her life, for some reason, was spared, and she was made prisoner, and ultimately ransomed and restored to, civilized life. She was subsequently married and settled in Canada, where she was living since the commencement of the present century. From her statement, and the informa- tion she obtained during her captivity, corroborated by other sources, this account of the massacre is gathered. Others have varied it so far as relates to the result, particularly Mr. Thatcher, who, in his Life of Pontiac, says : ' The officer who commanded at Presqu'Isle defended himself two days, during which time the savages are said to have fired his block-house about fifty times, but the soldiers extinguished the flames as often. It was then undermined, and a train laid for an explosion, when a capitulation was proposed and agreed upon, under which a part of the garrison was carried captive to the north-west. The officer was afterward given up at Detroit.' He does not, however, give any authority for his statements, while most writers concur that all were destroyed. The number who escaped from Le Boeuf is variously estimated from three to seven. Their escape was effected through a secret or underground passage, 700 HISTOB T OF PENNS YL VANIA. having its outlet in the direction of the swamp adjoining Le Bccuf lake. Tradition, however, says that of these only one survived to reach a civilized settlement." So ailroitly was the whole campaign managed, tliat nine of the garrisons received no notice of the design in time to guard against it, and fall an easy conquest to the assailants. These were, besides the three already named, Sandusky, Washtenaw, on the Wabash river, St. Josej^h's, on Lake Huron, Mackinaw, Green Bay, and Miami, on Lake Michigan. Niagara, Pittsburgh, Ligonier, and Bedford, were strongly invested, but withstood the attacks until relief arrived from the eastern settlements. The scattered settlers in their vicinity were generally murdered or forced to repair to the forts. Depredations and murders were committed as far east as Carlisle and Reading, and the whole country was generally alarmed. Colonel Bradstreet, in 1764, at the head of three thousand men, arrived at Presqu'Isle in five days from Niagara. He was on his way to Detroit. Colonel Bouquet at the same time was moving westward from Carlisle, b\' way of Fort Pitt, in a parallel line. Both armies were under orders from General Gage. Colonel Bouquet tells us that while he was at Fort Loudoun, dispatches came to him from Colonel Bradstreet, dated at Presqu'Isle, August 14th, announcing the completion of a treaty at that place with the Delawares and Shawanese. Bouquet knew the Indian character better than Bradstreet, comprehended at once the treacherous plans of the savages, declined to observe Bradstreet's treaty, and reported to General Gage that he sliould push ahead in the execution of his work. One of Bradstreet's messengers to Bouquet was killed by the Indians, between Presqu'Isle and Fort Pitt, and his head stuck upon a pole beside the path. General Gage cordially approved of Bouquet's plans, and notwithstand- ing the utter failure of good results from Bradstreet's operations, Bouquet con- quered the Indians everywhere on his route, and far awa}'- " in the forks of the Muskingum" dictated terms of peace, received a large number of persons who had been carried into captivit}-- from Pennsylvania and Virginia, and on his return was everj'where hailed as a deliverer by the people, and received the hearty thanks and congratulations of " the Representatives of the Freemen of the Province of Pennsylvania," and " the Honourable members of his Majesty's Council, and of the House of Burgesses for the Colony and Dominion of Virginia." The Indians everywhere sued for peace and brought in their prisoners and promised good conduct in future. Pennsylvania at first had but four miles of territory on Lake Erie, which was at the west end of the countj^, and adjoining the State of Ohio. There was much trouble concerning that portion of Erie county known as the triangle, until finally the claims of the Six Nations, Massachusetts, and New York, became merged in the United States. In March, 1792, Pennsylvania bought the celebrated triangle for about one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, giving her near fifty miles of frontage on the lake, and more tlian two hundred thousand acres of additional land, which is now embraced in Erie county. In April, 1795, the legislature authorized the laying out of a town at Presqu'- Isle and at Le Boeuf (Erie and Waterford). The Governor appointed commis- EBIE COUNTY. 701 sioners to lay out sixteen hundred acres for town lots, and thirty-four hundred acres for out-lots at Erie, the town lots to contain about one-third of an acre, and the out-lots to contain five acres. In addition, sixty acres were reserved for the use of the United States near the entrance of the harbor, for forts, etc. Upon completion of the surveys, the Governor was authorized to offer at auction one-third of all the lots, conditioned upon the building upon the lots within two years a house with a stone or brick chimney. The Indians still being troublesome, troops were employed to protect the surveyors. Miss Sanford, in her admirable History of Erie County, says : "Thomas Rees, Esq., for more than half a century a citizen of Erie county, made a deposition in 1806 as follows : Thomas Rees, of Harbor Creek township, in Erie count}^ farmer, being sw^orn according to law, etc. I was appointed deputy survej'Or of District No. 1, north and west of the rivers Ohio, Allegheny, and Connewango creek, now Erie county, in May, 1192, and opened an office in Northumberland county, which w^as the adjoining. The reason of this was, all accounts from the country north and west of the rivers Ohio, Allegheny, and Connewango creek, represented it as dangerous to go into that country. In the latter part of said year I received three hundred and ninety warrants, the property of the Penn Population company, for land situated in the Triangle, and entered them the same year in my book of entries. In 1793 I made an attempt to go ; went to the mouth of Bufl"alo creek to inquire of the Indians there whether they w^ould permit me to go into my district to make surveys. They refused, and added that if I went into the country I would be killed. At the same time I received information from diff"erent quarters wdiicli prevented me from going that year. In 1794 I went into district No. 1, now Erie county, and made surveys on the three hundred and ninety warrants mentioned above in the Triangle, except one or two for which no lands could be found. Among the surveys made on the warrants above mentioned, was that on the warrant in the name of John McCuUough. Before I had completed I was frequently alarmed b}' hearing of the Indians killing persons on the Alleghen}^ river, in consequence of which, as soon as the surveys were completed, I removed from the country and went to Franklin, where I was informed that there were a number of Indians belonging to the Six Nations going to Le Bojuf to order the troops off" that ground. I immediately returned to Le Boeuf. The Indians had left that place one day before I arrived there. I was told by Major Denny, then commanding at that place, that the Indians had brought General Chapin, the Indian agent, with them to Le Boeuf; that they were very much displeased, and told him not to build a garrison at Presqu'Isle. There were no improvements made, nor any person living on any tract of land within my district during the year 1794. "In 1795 I went into the country and took a number of men with me. We kept in a body, as there appeared to be great danger, and continued so for that season. There was no work done of any consequence, nor was any person, to my knowledge, residing on any tract within my district. In the course of the summer the commissioners came on to la\'^ out the town of Erie, with a company of men to guard them. There were two persons killed within one mile of Presqu'Isle, and others in different parts of the country. Such were the fears that though some did occasionally venture out to view the lands, many wou.d 702 EISTOB T OF P ENNS YL VANIA. not. We all laid under the protection of the troops. I sold, as agent of the Penn Population company, during that season, seventy-nine thousand seven hundied acres of land, of which seven thousand one hundred and fifty acres were a gratuity. The above quantity of land was applied for and sold to two hundred persons. That fall we left the country. "In the spring of 1796 a considerable number of people came out into the country, and numbers went to the farms that they had purchased from the Population company. The settlements during this year were very small." Captain Martin Strong, of Waterford, said to William Nicholson, Esq., of Eric, " I came to Presqu'Isle the last of July, 1195. A few da3^s previous to this, a company of United States troops had commenced felling the timber on Garrison hill, for the purpose of erecting a stockade garrison ; also a corps of engineers had arrived, headed by General Ellicot, escorted by a company of Pennsylvania militia commanded by Captain John Grubb, to lay out the town of Erie. We all were in some degree under martial law, the two Rutleges having been shot a few days before (as is reported) by the Indians near the site of the present rail- road depot. Thomas Rees, Esq., and Colonel Scth Reed and family (the only family in the Triangle) were living in tents and booths of bark, with plenty of good refreshment for all itinerants that chose to call, many of whom were drawn here from motives of curiosity and speculation. We were then in Allegheny county. In 1195 there were but four families residing in what is now Erie county. These Avere the names of Reed, Talmadge, Miles, and Baird. The first mill built in the Triangle was at the mouth of Walnut creek ; there were two others built about the same time in what is now Erie county ; one by William Miles, on the north branch of French creek, now Union ; the other by William Culbertson, at the inlet of Conneauttea lake near Edinboro." The " two Rutleges " spoken of by Captain Strong were a father and son, settlers here, who came from Cumberland county. The father was shot dead. The son was badly tomahawked, and was taken to Fort Le Boeuf, where medical aid was afforded, but died seven days thereafter. Persons in captivit}^ at this time in Detroit said that these murders were committed by the W3'andotts and Pottawatamies, who reported at Detroit that they lay in ambush and watched the movement of the troops while building the fort at Presqu'Isle. July 25, 1196, the Ilarrisburg and Presqu'Isle company was formed "for the settling, improving, and populating the country near and adjoining to Lake Erie." The company consisted of Thomas Forster, John Kcan, Alexander Berryhill, Samuel Laird, Richard Swan, John A. Ilanna, Robert Harris, Richard D'Armond, Samuel Ainsworth, and William Kelso, and each one paid in to the company's treasury £200 in specie, save Thomas Forster, who subscribed for three shares of £200 each. The agents of the compau}' attended the land sales at Carlisle upon the 3d and 4th of August, 1196, and purchased a large number of lots in Erie, Waterford, and Franklin. The prices ranged from $3 to $260 per lot; |3 was paid for lots on 8th street near Parade, and $260 for lot corner of 2d and German. Corners on Market square sold for $152, $10, and $112. The price paid for out-lots averaged $50. Robert Ilarris was elected treasurer, and John Kean secretary. The purchases at Carlisle amounted to £2,583. Thomas Forster was appointed agent of the company, and repaired to Presqu'- I EUIE COVNTY. 703 Isle, with power to build mills upon Walnut creek, etc. Thomas Duncan, of Carlisle, was called upon for legal advice ; then it was deemed necessary " to have a law character engaged in Harrisburg to put the affairs of the company in a proper train," and William Wallace of Harrisburg was engaged. The exist- ence of this company and its operations so early in our county brought us that large and sterling emigration from the county of Dauphin and vicinity. In August, 1795, Augustus Porter, Judah Colt, and Joshua Fairbanks, of Lewiston, came from the foot of the lake, in a row boat of Captain William Lee, to Presqu'Isle, and found surveyors laying out the village now called Erie, and a military company under the command of General Irvine, sent by the Governor of the State to protect the surveyors from the Indians. Colonel Seth Reed was there with his family, living in a bark house, having just arrived. They report having seen Thomas Rees at Erie, who was the agent of the Pennsylvania Popu- lation company. These facts we glean from " The Holland Purchase." In 1797 the Mr. Rees before named entertained Louis Phillipe and party for some days at Erie. They had much admiration for the beauties of Presqu'Isle bay and the lake region. Mr. Rees sent a guide with the party to Canandaigua. They visited one of the Robert Morris family of Philadelphia at Canandaigua, and went from thence to Elmira on foot, following the Indian trail for seventy miles. Mr. Tower, of that place, fitted up an ark and conveyed the party to Harrisburg. General Anthony Wayne, having broken up and defeated the Indian tribes in the West, was sent by Government to conclude a treaty with them in 1796. This he accomplished, and embarked in a schooner at Detroit for his home in Chester county. He was taken ill with his old complaint, the gout, and landed at Erie in great physical distress. Dr. John C. Wallace, an army surgeon of much skill, was absent at Pittsburgh. An express was started for him in haste, but before the arrival of Dr. Wallace, General Wayne was dead. He died in the Block-house, December 15, 1796. " Bury me at the foot of the flag-staff, boys," he ordered, and his command was obeyed. A stone, marked with his initials, was placed over his remains, and a neat railing surrounded his grave. Thirteen years later his son came and carried his remains to the family home in Chester county. The body was found in a wonderful state of preservation. March 12, 1800, the territory, as it exists to-day, was set off as Erie county, and Erie named as the place for holding courts of justice, but it was not organized judicially until April, 1803, when Judge Jesse Moore held the first court near French and Third streets. The county contains 460,800 acres. A ridge running parallel with the lake, rising gradually from its banks (which are about fifty feet in heiglit) and extending back for ten miles, makes a summit, which divides the water courses. The 4, 6, 12, 16, and 20 mile creeks, together with Mill creek. Walnut, Elk, and Crooked creeks, flow into Lake Erie, and French and Le Bceuf creeks flow southwardly to the Allegheny. North of the ridge the land is warm and gravelly,. producing wheat, rye, corn, barley, etc., in great luxuriance. Apples are abundant and of excellent quality. All the other fruits of the climate abound, and grapes, particularly, are abundant and superior in quality and flavor. The original townships were sixteen in number, viz.. North-east, Harbor 704 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. Creek, Mill Creek, Venango, Greenfield, Union, Broken Straw, Conneauttee, Waterford, Le Boeuf, Fairview, Springfield, Conneaut, M'Kean, Elk Creek, and Beaver Dam. The names of some were subsequently changed. Beaver Dam, Broken Straw, and Conneauttee are now unknown, and to the other names men- tioned are added Amity, Concord, Wayne, Girard, Washington, Greene, Frank- lin, and Summit. Mill Creek is divided into East and West Mill Creek. Settlers continued to arrive from New York and New England, but the greater number came over the mountains from the lower counties of Penns3dvania. The first court house was erected in 1807. This building was destroyed by fire in 1823, and with it were destroyed the valuable records and papers of the county, a sad loss for the people, and a sore annoyance to our local historians. Another building was at once erected similar to the old, and placed in the western part of the public square. In 1852 the corner-stone was laid for the present court house on West Sixth Street. THE BATTLE OF LAKE ERIE. In June, 1812, war was declared b}^ the United States against Great Britain, and unusual anxiety was felt at Erie, being unprotected, lying within sight of Canada, and easy of access by the lake. In this county, as in other portions of the land, there was a strong party opposed to the war, and this opposition was manifested by indifTerence to the preparations made, and expressions of contempt for the character of the men sent here to build and organize a fleet for the defence of the lakes. Perry was but twentj'-seven 3'ears old, was a stranger from Rhode Island, and arrived in Erie the evening of the 27th March, 1813, in a sleigh, having come up on the ice from Buffalo. It was the good fortune of Perry to find a man in chai'ge of the building of the fleet of wonderful energv and executive abilit}-, a man thoroughly acquainted with the country and the whole chain of lakes. We allude, of course, to Captain Daniel Dobbins, who had come out to Erie from what is now known as Bradford county, in 1795. Captain Dobbins, by his determined spirit, had successfully overcome the opposition of Lieutenant Elliot, of the navy, to the building of the fleet at Erie, and having been appointed a sailing master in the navy, and empowered to commence building the fleet, he engaged the master carpenter, cut the first stick of timber with his own hands, and with all the discouragement attendant upon the drawing of workmen, supplies, and material, from the seaboard and from Pittsburgh, and the trans- portation of the same through the wilderness of a new country with horses and oxen, he drove the work rapidly forward. The difi'erences existing among the people in regard to matters in dispute, concerning the battle on Lake Erie, in 1813, are many and apparently insur- mountable. In printed books we have the histories of Cooper, Mackenzie, Elliot, and others, and without adopting the theory of either, we prefer to print the account fui-nished by a gentleman of Erie, who has had unexampled facilities for information, and writes without prejudice or favor. It is here inserted: At the time war was declared with Great Britain, in 1812, the Canadian frontier was in advance of us in commerce and agriculture. A goodly portion of our supplies of merchandise, particularly groceries, came to us from Montreal. In regard to agriculture, the Tory emigration from the United States during the EBIE COUNTY. 705 Revolution, had done good work in this line, assisted by emigration from the old country and the Canadian French. Then their military posts were well kept up, and having something of a navy in the way of several heavily armed vessels, classed by the British Government as a " Provincial Nav}^," and not regular. These vessels also transported passen- gers and merchandise. In another point of view, they were well prepared, viz. : " They were on the best of terms with the numerous tribes of Indians, not only in Canada, but many on this side of the line, as the British government pursued a course calculated to attach the Indians to their interests. Their treaties with their red brethren were always strictly kept, and no Indian agent was allowed to defraud them ; consequently, their supplies were of the best. For one hundred 3'ears they have had little or no trouble with the Indians, although the British possessions are full of them. There the trader was safe at his post in the wilder- ness, and the Roman Catholic priest on his mission through their midst. . . . On the American side of the line, sa}- from the Black Rock, on the Niagara river, to Sault St. Mary's river, the outlet of Lake Superior, things were in a poor condition to go to war with our neighbor. . . , To show how deficient we were in the way of postal communication, the first news of the declaration of war along the frontier west of Black Rock, N. Y., was through Canadian dis- patches to their several posts. When Mackinaw was taken, the first notice of the declaration of war was a heavy force of British and Indians landing upon the eastern and uninhabited poition of the island in the night, and capturing the post without the firing of a gun " In July, 1812, Captain Daniel Dobbins was at Mackinaw, in command of a merchant vessel named the Salina, belonging to himself and a merchant of Erie named Rufus S. Reed, who was also on board, and was taken at the surrender of that post. His vessel and one other of the captured were made cartels to convej' the prisoners and non-combatants to Cleveland, Ohio. Upon their arrival at Detroit, they were taken possession of by General Hull, and again fell into the hands of the enemy on the surrender of that post. Captain Dobbins obtained a pass, through an old friend in the British army, and accompanied Colonel Lewis Cass, who was in charge of wounded prisoners, in boats to Cleveland. He worked his way to Erie, and on arrival there, was sent with dispatches to Washington, by General Mead, who was there in command of that post, and gave the first in- formation of the surrender of Mackinaw and Detroit, at the seat of government. A cabinet meeting was held, to whom he gave a full account of matters, including the situation of the frontier, and a most suitable point for a naval depot upon the upper lakes. He recommended Erie, which was adopted. lie was then solicited to accept a sailing master's position in the navy, which he accepted, and was at once ordered to Erie, with instructions to immediately commence the con- struction of gun boats, which work he speedily began in October following. To give some idea of the difficulties encountered in this early work, I will state that there were no ship carpenters to be had, although he managed to secure one at Black Rock, whom he appointed the master carpenter, the balance being a few house carpenters and laborers; other mechanics were equally scarce. The iron had to be brought from Pittsburgh, a distance of 150 miles, over the worst of roads, and all else of a like character. 2 V 706 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Three gunboats were nearly completed, and by orders from Commodore Chauncey, through Henry Eckford, who visited Erie on a tour of inspection dur- ing the winter, the keels laid for the two large vessels, when Commodore Perry arrived in March, 1813, preceded by Noah Brown, the master shipwright, by a few days. The task of transporting heavy cannon and other armament from Black Rock, including naval stores, on the ice, and over the worst of roads dur- ing the spring, and by way of boats as soon as the lake was clear of ice, was a work calling forth the best energies of Sailing-master Dobbins, who did the most of it. Gangs of carpenters, blacksmiths, riggers, and sail-makers, soon arrived from Philadelphia and New York, and the work went bravely on. In May the gunboats were launched, the Lawrence on or about the 25th of June, and the Niagara on the 4th of J uly. Such haste was manifested that the schooner Ariel was perry's flag ship "LAWRENCE," As slie appeared when raised in Misery Bay, Erie Harbor, September 17, 1875. [From a Photograph by Viers & Dunlap, Erie.] built and afloat inside of two weeks. The government had also purchased some merchant vessels at Black Rock, all of which Commodore Periy managed to get to Erie, despite the vigilance of the British fleet to intercept them. On the 3d of August, the squadron being ready, moved down to the bar at the entrance of the bay. Then commenced the heavy work of getting the heavy vessels over into deep water, which was done with large scows, called camels, to lift them. By the evening of the 5th the}^ were all over, and re-arraed, the guns of the larger vessels having been removed to lighten them. The British fleet frequentl}'' showed them- selves in the offing, whicli made the task more hazardous, fearing an attack, although prepared for such an emergency. Perry at once sailed for the Canada coast, to encounter them before they were joined by their new and large ship Detroit, then being fitted out at Maiden. Not finding them, they having sailed for the head of the lake, he returned to Erie, where he was joined by Lieutenant J. D. Elliot, with a draft of officers and men from Lake Ontario. On the 12th of August Perry sailed with the squadron for EBIE COUNTY. 707 the head of the lake, in search of the enemy. On the 17th they anchored off Sandusky, and were visited by General Harrison and staff, with other officers and some Indian chiefs. On the 22d the schooner Ohio, Sailing-master Dobbins, was dispatched to Erie for additional armament and stores. On the 23d they sailed for Put-in-Bay, and subsequently reconnoitered Maiden to see the condition of the enemy, and his disposition t(? come out and try the result of the fight. While at Sandusky, Perry received a reinforcement of one hundred men from General Harrison, to serve as marines on board the vessels. Some were lake and river men, but most of them were Kentucky militia. Much sickness prevailed in the squadron at this time, rendering this reinforce- ment the more valuable. The Ohio, having returned to the squadron, was again dispatched to Erie on the 6th of September, the supply of meats having become unfit for use, and sickness prevailing in consequence. Perry now rendezvoused at Put-in-Bay, with look-out vessels watching the movement of the enemy, until the moi'ning of the 10th. The evening of the 9th September, 1812, was one of those beautiful autumnal nights peculiar to the lake regiqn. The moon was at its full, the gentle land breeze was rippling the waters of the beautiful haven, and rustling the leaves of the surrounding forest. Occasionally was heard the hum of voices at the camp fires on shore, accompanied by the peep of the frogs in Squaw harbor, a small inlet on the west side of Put-in-Bay. Heaven appeared to smile upon those here gathered for the deadly strife of the succeeding day. The officers were saunter- ing around the quarter-deck, enjoying social converse, or canvassing the probable result of the coming fight, which they knew must be near at hand. In the circle on board the Lawrence, none was more jovial, none more gay, than the gifted and gallant Brooks. Ever noted for his genial spirit, fine social qualities, as well as manly beauty, he was a favorite wherever he went, and yet alas, so soon to be sacrificed upon the altar of his country ! At the other end of the ship, Jack was enjoying himself, seated upon a gun- carriage, hatch-combing, or upon the forecastle, cracking jokes, spinning yarns, or discussing the prospects of prize-money. Shortly the scene was changed, the announcement " eight bells," and the sharp note of the boatswain's call, " All hands stand by your hammocks," was followed by the shrill note of the fife and tattoo on shore. The " watch below " were soon quietly sleeping in their hammocks, dreaming probably of distant dear ones and quiet homes, or mayhap, the booming of cannon, slaughter, and carnage were fretting their slumbers. Alas! many now sleeping so quietly, ere the same hour of the subsequent night, would be resting with mangled bodies upon the bottom of Lake Erie, wrapped in the same hammocks they were now enjoying. As the sun rose on the beautiful morning of the 10th of September, " Sail, ho I " was shouted by the look-out at the mast head of the Lawrence. "Where away?" responded Lieu- tenant Forrest, the officer of the deck. " To the northward and westward, in the direction of Detroit river," replied the look-out. The news was immediately communicated to Perry, and all were astir on board. Soon the enemy's vessels lifted one by one above the horizon until six were counted. Immediately the signal " under weigh to get," was flying from the mainmast head of the Lawrence, and in half an hour the whole squadron was beating out of the narrow passage, 708 BISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. with the wind light at southwest. Rattlesnake island, lying immediately in front, Perry was endeavoring to weather it, and keep the weather gage. Much time was taken up in this effort, and Perry, becoming impatient, had given the order to bear up and go to the leeward, as he " was determined to fight the enemy that day," when the wind shifted suddenly to the southward and east- ward, which enabled them to clear the island to windward, and secured the wind of the enemy. About this time, 10 a.m., the enemy seeing our squadron clearing the land, hove to, in line on the port tack, with their heads to the westward, the two squadrons being now about eight miles apart. The American squadron had been formed with the Niagara iu the van, as it was expected the Queen Charlotte would lead the enemy. It was now discovered the enemy's line had been formed differently from what had been expected. Perry now ordered the Niagara to heave to until the Lawrence came up with her, when Perry held a conversation with Captain Brevoort, the acting marine ofTicer of the Niagara, who was well acquainted with all the vessels of the enem}', except the Detroit, and gave the names and force of eacli vessel. The line of the enemy had formed as follows, viz. : schooner Chippewa in the lead ; next barque Detroit, then brig Queen Charlotte, brig Hunter, schooner Lady Prevost, and sloop Little Belt, in the order named. Perry now changed his line, which was the work of only a few moments, and arranged it as follows : Lawrence to lead in line with the Detroit, with the Scorpion and Ariel on her weather or port-bow — they being good sailors — to act as dispatch vessels, and to support any portion of the line, should it be required ; the Caledonia next, to meet the Hunter, the Niagara to meet the Queen Char- lotte ; the smaller vessels, viz., Somers, Porcupine, Tigress, and Trippe, in line as named, to engage as they came up, without naming their particular opponents. There was a three-knot breeze at this time, 10:30 a.m., and the line being formed, they all bore away for the enemy in gallant style. Perry now brought forth his " Battle Burgee " or fighting flag, previously named, and having mustered the crew aft, unfolded it, and mounting a gun slide, addressed them : " My brave lads, the inscription on this flag is the last words of the late gallant Captain Lawrence, after whom this vessel is named ; shall I hoist it?" "Aye, aye, sir," was the unanimous response, when away it sped to the main- royal mast-head of the Lawrence; and when the roll was broken, and the folds given to the breeze, three hearty cheers went up for the flag, and three more for their gallant commander, the spirit of which was taken up b}' the crews of the different vessels, as tlie flag was descried, and one continuous cheer along the line was the response to the motto, " Don't give up the ship." As the ordinary dinner hour would find them in the midst of deadly strife, Perry ordered the noon-day grog to be served, when the bread bags and kids were produced for a lunch. Perry now visited every portion of his vessel's deck, and examined each gun and fixture. For every man he had a pleasant and encourag- ing word, the Constitutions, the Newport bo3'S, and the hunting-shirted Ken- tuckians, each were kindly and encouragingly greeted. For a time a death-like silence prevailed, and the men appeared to be deeply absorbed in thought. The lake was smooth, and the gentle breeze wafted the EBIE COUNTY. 709 vessels along without apparent motion. This lasted for an hour and a half, as our squadron gradually approached the enemy, steering for the head of their line on a course forming an acute angle of fifteen degrees. All necessary arrange- ments had been made for the coming strife ; the decks had been sprinkled and sanded, to give a good foot-hold when blood began to flow ; and this season of stillness was occupied mostly in arranging and the interchanging of friendship's offerings in case of death, disposing of their effects among their friends, distant and present, and such like kindly offices for the survivors to execute. As our vessels moved along and neared the enemy, all eyes were upon them. The British vessels at this time presented a fine appearance. Their line was compact, hove to with their heads to the westward. They had all been newly painted, their sails were new, and their bright red ensigns were tending to the breeze — all looking splendidly in the bright September sun. Their appearance and movements showed that a seaman and master spirit held them in hand. At half-past eleven, a.m., the wind had become very light, though all our lead- ing vessels wei'e all up in their stations, viz., within a half cable's length of each other, but the gunboats were somewhat distant and scattered. The Trippe, the last of the line, was nearly two miles astern. At this moment the mellow sound of a bugle was heard from the Detroit, the signal for cheers along their line, and which was followed with "Rule Britannia" by their band. Directly a shot from one of the Detroit's long guns was thrown at the Lawrence, but fell short, the distance being about a mile and a half. Thus the long silence was ended. A few minutes later a second shot from the Detroit, which took effect upon the Law- rence, and then a fire was opened with all the long heavy guns in their squadron upon the Lawrence ; they being in compact order, were within range of that vessel and the two schooners. Perry now ordered Lieutenant Yarnall to hail the Scorpion and order her to commence fire with her heavy gun, which was instantly complied with, and was soon followed by a shot from the Ariel. Finding these shots took effect, the Lawrence opened with her chase-gun forward, which was followed up by a dis- charge from the Caledonia. The long guns of the enemy began to tell heavily upon the Lawrence, when Perry brought her by the wind, and tried a broadside with the carronades. It was at once discovered they fell short. At this moment Elliot ordered the Caledonia to bear up and make room for the Niagara to pass to the assistance of the Lawrence. Perry now bore up and ran down within half musket shot, when the Lawrence was brought by the wind on the port tack, with her main-topsail aback, taking her position abreast of the Hunter, and equal distance between the Detroit and the Queen Charlotte. The Caledonia having followed the Lawrence, was closely engaged with the Lady Prevost, with the Scorpion and the Ariel on the weather bow of the Lawrence, using their heavy guns to good advantage. The Niagara, however, instead of following the Lawrence into close action, kept her wind, with her main-topsail aback, using her two long twelves, being completely out of range with the carronades, her broadside battery ; conse- quently the battle for a time was mostly the Lawrence, Caledonia, Scorpion, and Ariel fighting the whole British squadron, assisted only by the two twelves of the Niagara, and the distant random shots from the headmost gunboats. 710 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. At this juncture, the Queen Charlotte, finding her carronades would not reach the Niagara, ordered the Hunter to make room for her to pass and close with the Detroit, from which position she could use her short guns to advantage upon the Lawrence, which vessel was within range. In this situation the Lawrence sustained the fire of these three vessels, as also most of that from the others, for over two hours, and until every gun was dismounted, two-thirds of her crew either killed or wounded, and so badly cut up aloft as to be unmanage- able. The gallant Perry, finding he could do nothing more with the Lawrence, ordered the only boat left alongside, and leaving Lieutenant Yarnall in com- mand to surrender her to the enemy if necessary, took his " Fighting Burgee " under his arm, and pulled for the Niagara, then passing her weather beam, to gain the head of the enemy's line. In the meantime the enemy, seeing they had rendered the Lawrence 7ior-.s- de combat, and in the act of striking her colors, filled away with their heads to the westward, cheering along their line, and feeling certain the day would be theirs, the while temporarily repairing damages, evidently with the design of getting their vessels on the other tack, and gaining the weather gage, or if not that, to wear and bring their starboard broadsides, which was comparatively fresh, to bear upon our vessels. Perry, on reaching the Niagara, was met at the gangway by Elliot. He was somewhat despondent and out of humor at the gunboats not getting up in time. Elliot spoke encouragingly, and anticipating Perry's wish, oflfered to take the boat, pull astern, and bring the gunboats up into close action, which proposition was thankfully accepted by Perry, when Elliot started immediatelj'^ on his mission. A breeze at this time, half-past two, springing up, both squadrons graduallv drew ahead, the Lawrence dropping astern and out of the line. By apparent consent of both parties, for a few moments, there was a general cessa- tion of firing ; and as it would appear, both preparing for the desperate and final strugo:le. Under the freshening breeze the Niagara had obtained a commanding position abreast of the Detroit, the Queen Charlotte following immediately in the wake of the latter vessel. In the meantime the gunboats, by using every exertion, were getting up within good range with their heavy guns, using round shot, grape, and canister upon the enemy's two heavy vessels, having been ordered by Elliot to cease firing upon the smaller ones, and taking command of the Somers, the headmost one, himself. At fortj'-five minutes past two, the gunboats having got well up, the Cale- donia in a good position on the Niagara's lee quarter, and all ready for the final eflTort, Perry showed the signal for "close action" from the Niagara ; then, under fore-and-aft mainsail, fore-and-main topsails, top-gallant sails, foresail, and jib, bore up for the enemy's line under the freshening breeze, reserving his fire until close aboard, wore round just before reaching the Detroit, which vessel bore up rapidly to prevent being raked. The enem}^, in the meantime, having discovered the intention of Perry to break through their line, the Queen Charlotte bore up to pass the Detroit to leeward, and meet the Niagara broadside on, the Detroit to bearup and follow. However, the Queen Charlotte had not taken room enough, and lay becalmed I EEIU COTJNTY. 711 under the lee of the Detroit, which vessel in paying oft' fell foul of the Queen Charlotte. While they were in this predicament, the Niagara came dashing down, pouring her starboard broadside into these two entangled vessels, within half pistol shot, and her port broadside into the Lad}' Prevost, which vessel had got to the head and leeward of their line, and the Chippewa ; then rounding to on the starboard tack under their lee, with her main-topsail to the mast, kept throwing her broadsides into them. In the meantime, the gunboats and Caledonia were raking them with their heavy guns. So fierce was this contest, and the destruction so great on board these two vessels particularly, that in fifteen minutes after the Niagara bore up, an officer appeared on the tafi"rail of the Queen Charlotte with a white handker- chief fastened to a boarding pike, and waved it as a symbol of submission. They had struck. The Detroit followed — the hail was passed from vessel to vessel, and the firing ceased. Two of their smaller vessels, the Little Belt and Chippewa, attempted to escape, but were promptly pursued and brought to by the Scorpion and Trippe. As soon as the smoke cleared away, the two squadrons were found to be intermingled to some extent. The Niagara la}' close under the lee of the Detroit, Queen Charlotte, and Hunter; the Caledonia, Trippe, and Scorpion, near the Niagara — having followed that vessel through the enemy's line — with the Lady Prevost and Chippewa at a little distance to the westward and leeward, and the Somers, Porcupine, and Tigress abreast of the Hunter. The shattered and disabled Lawrence was some distance to the eastward, drifting like an abandoned hulk with the wind. At this juncture the gallant Perry wrote his laconic notes, so renowned in history, to General Harrison and Hon. William Jones, Secretary of the Navy, dated on board the Niagara, at four p.m., and dispatched a schooner with them to the mouth of Portage river, distant ten or twelve miles. And now was to be performed the proud but melancholy duty of taking possession of the captured vessels. On board the Detroit, Commodore Barclay was found to be severely wounded, and her First Lieutenant Garland, mortall}', as also Purser Hoff"meister, severely. On board the Queen Charlotte, Captain Finnis, the commander, and Lieutenant Gordon of the marines, were killed, with First Lieutenant Stokes and Midshipman Foster, wounded. On board the Lady Prevost, Lieutenants Buchan and Roulette ; and on the Hunter, Lieutenant Commandant Brignall and Master's Mate Gateshill were wounded. On the Chippewa, Master's Mate Campbell, commanding, was wounded. The Little Belt had little or no casualties. The Detroit and Queen Charlotte were much shattered in their hulls, as also badly cut up aloft, and the Lady Prevost had her rudder shot away. The list of killed and wounded on board of each vessel was never given to the public, onl}' in sum total, viz. : forty-one killed and ninety-four wounded, as per Commodore Barclay's report to Sir James Yeo. In our own fleet, on board the Lawrence, twenty-two were killed and sixty- one wounded. John Brooks, lieutenant marines, Henry Laub, midsliipman, Christian Mayhew, quartermaster, were among the killed ; and John J. Yarnall, first lieutenant, Dulane}' Forrest, second lieutenant, William N. Tayler, sailing master, Samuel Hamilton, purser, Thomas Claxton and Augustus 712 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. Swai'twout, midshipman, etc., etc., were among the wounded. On board the Niagara, two were killed, and twenty-five wounded. Among the latter were Lieutenant p]dwards. Acting-master Webster, Midshipman Cummings. On the Caledonia three wounded. On the Somers two wounded. ^ The Ariel had one killed, three wounded. The Trippe had one wounded, and on the Somers, Midship- man John Clark was killed, as also one landsman. The vessels were all anchored and made as secure as circumstances vvould permit ; the wounded of both squadrons cared for to the extent of the surgical force, and temporary repairs made upon such of the vessels as were necessary upon emergency. " The battle o'er, the victor}^ won," Perry returned to the Lawrence. In the words of Dr. Parsons, the surgeon of the Lawrence, " it was a time of conflict- ing emotions when the commander returned to the ship. The battle was won and he was safe Those of us who were spared approached him as he came over the ship's side, but the salutation was a silent one — not a word could find utterance." During the dav Perry had worn a round jacket ; he now resumed his undress uniform to receive the officers of the captured vessels, in tendering their swords. Lieutenant O'Keefe, of the Forty-first Regiment, was charged by Commodore Barclay with the delivery of his sword. It was said that the lieutenant was in full dress, and made a fine appearance on coming aboard the Lawrence. The officers picked their way among the wreck and carnage of the deck, and on ap- proach, presented their swords to Perry, who, in a bland and low tone, requested them " to retain their side arms." Perry then inquired with deep concern in re- gard to the condition of Coraodore Barclay and the wounded oflflcers, and offered every assistance within his reach. In the course of the evening, Perry visited Barclay on board the Detroit, and tendered him every sympathy, promised to assist in procuring an early parole, as Barclay was anxious to return to England as soon as possible on account of his health. It being deemed inadvisable to try and save the killed, more particularly those on board the Lawrence, for burial on shore at nightfall, they were all lashed up in their hammocks, with a thirty-two pound shot for a companion, and committed to the waters alongside, the Episcopal burial service being read over by the chaplain, Thomas Breeze. "Thus they sank without a moan, Unknelled, uncoffined, and unknown." On board the British vessels the dead had been disposed of, tney naving been thrown overboard as they fell and died. At 9 A.M. on the morning of the 11th, the combined squadrons having made temporary repairs, weighed anchor and stood into Put-in-Bay, where they were all anchored again. After safely mooring the vessels, preparations were made for the interment of the officers who had fallen in battle. The morning of the 12tli was clear and calm. All arrangements beino: complete, at 10 a.m., the colors of both nations being at half-mast, the bodies were lowered into boats, and then with measured stroke and funeral dirge, moved in line to the shore, the while minute-guns being fired from the shipping. On landing, a procession was formed in reversed order, the corpse of the youngest and lowest in rank first, EEIE COUNTY. 713 and so on, alternately American and British, the body of Captain Finnis coming last. As soon as the several corpses were taken up by the bearers and moved on, the officers fell in line, two Americans and two British, and marched to the solemn music of the bands of both squadrons. On reaching the spot where the graves were prepared, they were lowered into the earth in the order in which they had been borne, and the beautiful and solemn burial service of the Episcopal church gone through with by the chaplains of the respective squadrons. " Earth to earth, ashes to ashes, dust to dust," the volleys of musketry followed, and all was over. The Ohio was at anchor in the roadstead at Erie, taking in additional arma- ment and stores on the day of the battle, and Sailing-master Dobbins distinctly heard the cannonading, wind light at south-west. On the 13th she returned to Sandusk}^, and found the squadron absent. Mr. Dobbins felt certain a battle had taken place, and of course was anxious to know the result, as also how to shape his future course. Soon a couple of boats were discovered in shore of him, and chase was made for them. He succeeded in cutting one off, which proved to be American, and from the men on board learned that there had been a battle, but no details other than that the Americans were supposed to be victorious, as all the vessels had been taken into Put-in-Bay. Mr. Dobbins immediately bore up for that place, where he found the squadron at anchor with their prizes. The arrival of the Ohio with fresh supplies was a godsend to the sick and wounded, which was followed by the arrival of a boat from Cleveland and another from Sandusky with vegetables, adding much to the comfort of the afflicted, as also the able-bodied. In noting the incidents of the battle, I will be as laconic as a statement of facts, fully corroborated by impartial testimony and the circumstances, will permit. Shortly after the victory a spirit of crimination and recrimination sprung up, which culminated in a most bitter feud between Perry and Elliot and their adherents, and which probably would have resulted in a duel between those gentlemen had not Perry been ordered to sea, in command of a special expedition to Venezuela, composed of the sloop-of-war John Adams and schooner Nonesuch. Perry died during the cruise of yellow fever. To begin. In the first place, the line with the Niagara in the van was changed for manifest reason, as before stated. Much stress has been placed on this by some of the friends of Elliot, without cause, as I believe, the vessels being a long distance from the enemy at the time. When the Lawrence was first brought by the wind to try the carronades, the shot of which were found to fall short, the Niagara was in her allotted position, and when the order was given " Engage as you come up, each vessel against her opponent," the Niagara did not follow the Lawrence when that vessel bore up to further close with the enemy, though Elliot had ordered the Caledonia out of her place to make room for the Niagara to close up with the Lawrence within the prescribed distance, " half- cable's length," but kept her wind, using the two long 12-pounders to advantage, having shifted the port gun over to the starboard side. I would ask, was this not breaking the lines ? . The Lawrence was the commanding and leading ship, and it was the duty of in HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. the Niagara to follow her and engage the Queen Charlotte, her opponent. The excuse " that there was little or no wind " is not admissable. It there was wind enough for the Lawrence to close, there was certainly enough for the Niagara to follow. The Caledonia, on the other hand, when ordered to bear up for the Niagara to pass, kept on down, in companj^ with the Lawrence, and engaged at close quarters. The Scorpion and Ariel also bore up with the Lawrence, and kept their places on the weathei'-bow of that vessel. Circumstances show that the Niagara must have kept this long-shot position for nearly or quite two hours. The Lawrence was closely engaged for over two hours with her main-topsail aback, as were also the three heavy vessels of the enemy she was engaged with. The last hour she must have been so cut up aloft as to be unmanageable, conse- quentl}'^ she must have remained in nearly the same position. When Perry left the Lawrence for the Niagara, the latter vessel was but just passing the Law- rence's beam to windward, the distance being variously estimated at from thirty yards to a quarter and a half mile ; the Niagara having but a short time before filled away in order to reach the head of the enemy's line, they having filled away and were standing to the westward on a wind. Elliot said, in consultation with Purser Magrath, that he suspected the contemplated manoeuvre of the enemy was " to stand to the westward for room enough to get their vessels on the starboard tack, thereby securing the weather gage," and therefore filled away so that he could keep company with them and prevent it. At the same time he concluded that the senior officer (Perry) was killed, as the Lawrence was silenced, and no signal was made from her. This, as to time. I will now show as to position. The Queen Charlotte retained her allotted position abreast of the Niagara for some time, and until Finnis found that vessel was not disposed to place herself within reach of his 24-pound carronades, and being unable to close with her, as she was to windward, ordered the Hunter to make room for the Queen Charlotte to pass up to the Detroit, and open his battery upon the Lawrence. The range of 24 and 32 pound carronades is the same, the only diff'erence being the weight of metal thrown. Consequently, if the Queen Charlotte's shot would not reach the Niagara, those of the Niagara would not reach the Queen Charlotte. However, in the meantime, Elliot was using his long 12's briskly as he got out of shot and sent Purser Magrath, with a boat, down to the Law- rence for an additional supply'. Elliot might have excused himself for not immediately closing with the enemy, by claiming that Perry was impetuous in rushing into close action with only a portion of his force available. In fact, it was claimed by several skillful nautical warriors that "no commander ever went into battle in a worse shape, and came out of it better." It was the opinion of such that Perry should have held ofi" at long-shot until his vessels were all up, and then in a compact line have borne up and engaged at close quarters — that he should, in some measure, have imitated his adversary, whose experience was with squadron as well as single ship engage- ments. As some backing to this opinion. Perry had twelve long guns on board the leading vessels, with which to battle with the enemy until the gunboats could get up. In the meantime the gunboats could be using their long 32, 24, and 18 guns as they approached within range. But Perry, like all young warriors of the ERIE COUNTY. 715 rigbt metal, became impatient when tlie shot of the enemy began to tell upon his ship. However such excuse does not exculpate Elliot from remaining aloof, and allowing the Lawrence to be cut to pieces by an overwhelming force without bearing down to her assistance. The gunboats lagging astern may be deemed by some as dilatory. It is well known to all nautical men, that fore-and-afters have not the advantage of square rigged vessels in light winds, as the latter have their heavy sails aloft, and, besides, have more light canvas. The Scorpion and Ariel were fast sailors, and were thus enabled to keep up with the larger vessels. For instance, the Trippe, which was the last vessel in the line, although quite a good sailor, could not keep her place in consequence of the lightness of the wind, but as soon as she got a breeze, passed several of the other vessels, and was the first of the boats to close with the enemy. The trip of Periy from the Lawrence to the Niagara, it appears to me, is not properly comprehended, or rather the act is eulogized instead of the motive. " If a victory is to be gained, I'll gain it," said Perry, when he left the shattered Lawrence. Such was his intention, and therein was the merit. The mere pass- ing from vessel to vessel was nothing but what had been frequently done where squadrons had been engaged, and which had been done that same da}^ Elliot took the same boat and crew, and twice traversed the entire length of the line, then stepping on board the Somers, which vessel he took command of in person. It was an error that Perry took his 3'oung brother with him on board the Niagara. The fact is, when the victorious commodore returned on board the Lawrence after the battle, search was made, and the youngster was found quietly sleeping in his hammock, being worn out with the excitement and fatigues of the day, as also having received a severe slap from a hammock which a shot had thrown against him. There is some discrepancy in the various accounts as to the sail the Niagara was under, and the additional canvas which Perry ordered set after he got on board of her. I have the statements of one of the Niagara's main-top men — Benjamin Fleming. He says, " When Commodore Perry came on board, we were under fore-and-aft mainsail, fore and main topsails, and jib, the courses were hauled up and the top-gallant sails furled. When Perr}^ came over the side, Elliot met him, and they shook hands. They then had some conversation, which I could not hear from the top. Captain Elliot then went over the side into the same boat, and pulled astern in the direction of the gunboats. Some little time after he left, and when the gunboats had got pretty well up, as we were now getting a breeze, Commodore Perry set the signal ' close action,' and immediately gave the order, 'Loose top-gallant sails, board the fore-tack, haul in the weather-braces, put the helm up, and keep the brig off.' I helped to loose the main top-gallant sail myself. We bore up gradually, at first, with the wind on our quarter. Just before we got abreast of the Detroit, to the best of my memory, we were before the wind — jibed the fore-and-aft mainsail and brailed i+. up at the same time, settled the top-gallant sails, hauled the foresail up, and fired our starboard broadside into the Detroit and Queen Charlotte as the}' lay foul of each other, and our larboard guns into the Lady Prevost and another schooner, and then coming by the wind on the starboard tack, with our main 716 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. top-sail to the mast, under the lee of the Detroit and Queen Charlotte, liept up a brislc fire until they struck." In regard to the British vessels, it is conceded by all that they were gallantly fought, though laboring under several disadvantages, the two most important of which were, the loss of the services of the first and second commanding officers. Commodore Barclay being severely, and Captain Finnis mortally wounded, as also the executive officers of both ships. Lieutenant Garland of the Detroit, mortally, and Lieutenant Stokes of the Queen Charlotte, severely wounded — both regulars — leaving the command of the Detroit to Lieutenant Ingles, and the Queen Charlotte under Lieutenant Irvine, a provincial ; and then the American squadron had the weather-gage. It was also stated by the officers of the Detroit that her gun carriages were imperfect, and some were dismounted with the discharge. Their last evident manoeuvre was well conceived, and could they have carried it out, the battle would have at least been prolonged. But the sudden, bold, and daring dash of Perry with the Niagara, frustrated and confused them. The manoeuvre was — when they noticed by the movement of the Niagara, that Perry was determined to break through their line — the Queen Charlotte was to bear up, pass to the leeward of the Detroit, and meet the Niagara, broadside on, as she passed, the Detroit to bear up on the approach of the Niagara, and follow. Then as the Niagara and Queen Charlotte passed down before the wind, exchanging fires at pistol-shot range, the Detroit to haul up, shoot athwart the stern of the Niagara, and give her a raking fire from the starboard broadside ; then taking position on the quarter of the Niagara, keep up this raking fire, while the latter was engaged witli the Queen Charlotte, a vessel of equal force — all three going off" before the wind, and separating from the smaller vessels of both squadrons. The Queen Charlotte did not bear up in time to keep from being becalmed by the sails of the Detroit, and that vessel bearing up in haste, to keep from being raked, fell athwart the bow of the Queen Charlotte, as the latter vessel lay becalmed under her lee. The day after the battle an incident occurred worth relating. Some of the British officers inquired, " What has become of the two Indians ?" Search was made, and they were discovered snugly stowed away in the cable tier. Some questions were asked, and in reply they said, "No more come with one armed Captain (Barclay) in big canoe. — shoot big gun too much." This sort of warfare did not suit them. They were evidently taken on board as sharp-shooters, to pick off" the officers, and were stationed in the main-top of the Detroit. When the bullets began to fly aloft, they thought they were all aimed at them, and hastily retreated to the deck, where they found it no better, and then to the hold. I think they were sent to Maiden with some paroled British officers who had families tliere. As the Lawrence was so much injured that she would require extensive repairs to make her fit for serAdce, Commodore Perry transferred his pennant to the Ariel, and made her the flag-ship for the time being. The Lawrence was repaired temporarily, converted into a hospital ship, and dispatched to Erie, under the command of Lieutenant Yarnall, with the badly wounded of both squadrons. The chief medical officers were Dr. Parsons, of the American, and Dr. Kennedy, of the British fleet. The Lawrence arrived at Erie on the 23d, ERIE COUNTY. 717 Laving lost but t^o of the invalids on the passage. All the prisoners able to march were landed at Sandusk}', and sent to Ciiillicothe, under the supervision of General Harrison. Commodore Barclay and other wounded British officers remained on board the Detroit and Queen Charlotte, which vessels were safely moored in Put-in-Bay for the time. It has been claimed by the Perry men that the conduct of Elliot in not hastening to the rescue of the Lawrence manifested cowardice. Now, it should be borne in mind that the previous and subsequent conduct of Elliot, both on Ontario and Erie, as also in A^olunteering to bring up the gun-boats, does not manifest cowardice. The writer was told by an admiral of our navy that " it was a mistake in regard to Elliot being a coward." I will give his language as near as may be. " I made a cruise with Elliot some years since, and think I know him like a book; cowardice is the last sin that could be laid at the door of old Jesse. He was somewhat egotistical and austere, yet a good officer and a thorough seaman. He was no coward, I assure you." Commodore Perry stated in a letter to Captain Elliot, 1 9th September, at Put-in-Bay, in answer to a note from the latter of the previous day : . . . " I am indignant that any report should be in circulation prejudicial to your character, as respects the action of the 10th inst. It affords me pleasure that I have it in my power to assure 3^ou that the conduct of ^^ourself, officers, and crew was such as to meet my warmest approbation. I consider the circumstan- ces of 3'our volunteering to bring the smaller vessels into close action as contri- buting largely to our victory. I shall ever believe it a premeditated plan of the eneni}^ to disable our commanding vessel b}'^ bringing all their force to bear upon her ; and I am satisfied, had they not pursued this course, the engagement would not have lasted thirty minutes. I have no doubt if the Charlotte had not made sail and engaged the Lawrence, the Niagara would have taken her in twenty minutes." This showed at least Commodore Perr37's kindness of heart. "There was glor}'- enough for all," said he, and particularly requested the officers to refrain from making remarks in any way prejudicial to the character and conduct of Captain Elliot. A joint letter of all the officers of the Niagara gives great credit to Captain Elliot for his meritorious conduct throughout the action. These letters are not without weight. They are given on the honor of brave and honorable men, and it is not for a moment to be supposed that they would shield cowardice and treaeher^^ on the part of their commander. After all, it is a mooted question. We know the Niagara did not bear up and engage the Queen Charlotte at close quarters, and by so doing keep the weight of her fire from the Lawrence. Again, when Elliot saw the Lawrence was silenced and no signal shown, he presumed the "commanding officer was killed," and filled awaj^ for the head of the British line, no doubt with the inten- tion of assuming command. Commodore Perry having received dispatches from the Navy department that he had been promoted, and giving him a leave of absence to visit his family, sailed with the schooner Ariel for Erie. General Harrison and General Gaines accompanied him. On their way they stopped at Put-in-Bay, where Commodore Barclay was, on board the Detroit. Finding him able to travel, he and his surgeon accompanied them. On their arrival at Erie, October 22d, the rejoicing 718 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. of the citizens was unbounded, as this was the place from which Perry sailed, and now he returned a conquering hero. In regard to the force of men in each squadron, that of the British could be justly computed at five hundred, all fresh and in health, while that of the American could not bo estimated at more than four hundred available men, as one hundred and sixteen were on the sick list the morning of the battle. Of these about one hundred in all had been obtained from the Pennsyh^ania militia at Erie. They were enlisted as landsmen or marines. Of this number was the unfortunate James Bird, of whom there has been so much said and sung. Although Bird had behaved gallantly during the battle, yet he' commited crimes which were considered unpardonable by the government, and was executed at Erie, in October, 1814, although an eflTort was made by the officer in command, and the court that tried him, to get his sentence commuted. Jesse D. Elliot succeeded Perry as commanding officer of the naval station at Erie, and in succession was followed by Arthur Sinclair, Daniel S. Dexter, David Deacon, and George Budd. In 1825 it ceased to be a naval station. It has been for many years, and is still, the home of a revenue vessel. The present one is of iron, a steamer, and commanded by Captain Douglas Ottinger. About 1842, a United States naval steamer of iron was built here, named the Michigan, and Erie has always been her home. Daring the summer of 1875 the hull of Perry's flag ship, the Lawrence, was raised from the bottom of Presqu'Isle bay, and numerous battle relics were found therein. Erie county was fully represented in the army and the navy during the war of the rebellion. April 21st, 1861, Captain John W. McLane issued a call for volunteers, and in four daj^s twelve hundred men had hurried to camp at Erie. McLane was chosen colonel, and ordered to accept but ten companies of eighty men each. They reached Camp Wright, Pittsburgh, 29th April. They returned home at the time of the receipt of the news of the battle of Bull Run. Colonel McLane proceeded to organize another regiment, which was known as the Eighty-third. They were mustered out of the service about July 1st, 1865, at Harrisburg. The Erie county companies were C, D, E, I, K. The 111th regiment was organized at Erie in the fall of 1861, by M. Schlau- decker, who went with the regiment as colonel. It was mustered out, July 10th, 1865. The 145th regiment was organized at Erie in September, 1861, Hiram L. Brown, of Erie, colonel, and were mustered out 31st May, 1865. Companies A, B, C, D, I, K were recruited in Erie county. A battery of artillery was put in the service from Erie county by the liberality of William L. Scott, Esq. The county also sent a company of cavalry, and many hundred men, who enlist- ed for the navy at the naval station in Erie. The census returns for 1870 showed a population of 59,655 in Erie count3\ The city of Erie had a population of 19,646 ; the city of Corry, 6,809. In 1874 Erie city numbered 27,000. The Erie canal, from Erie to Beaver, was opened December, 1844. The first train of cars came into Erie, from the east, January, 1852. The same year the cit}^ was connected by rail with the west. In Novem- ber, 1853, the gauge of the road to the New York State line was changed to con- form with the road westward from Erie, and was the occasion of bitter EBIE COUNTY. Y19 controversy among the people, which permeated all classes of society. The Philadelphia and Erie road was finished in 1864, The Atlantic and Great Western road passes through the city of Corry. The harbor of Erie has long been known as one of the best on the northern lakes, and government has repeatedly recognized the fact in the reports of its officers and in its liberal appropriations for its preservation and improvement. It has erected three light-houses at Erie, one on the main land, near the eastern end, one at the channel or entrance from the lake to Presqu'Isle bay, and the third on the north side of the peninsula. The harbor is about five miles in length, by one in breadth, the peninsula or island starting, so to speak, from the main land at the west end, and running out into the lake about a mile, and then running parallel with the main shore, in an easterly direction, four or five miles. The island is from one half to one mile in width, and is covered with timber, and belongs to and is pro- tected by government. When the French first came to Erie they found Indians fishing in Presqu'Isle bay, and from that time until the present it has been a noted fishing ground. Great quantities of Mackinaw trout, white fish, black bass, etc., etc., are sent every year from Erie to all parts of the adjacent country. The trade of tlie port is immense, and consists in part of coal, iron, lumber, petroleum, etc., etc. The Philadelphia and Erie, and the Pittsburgh and Erie railroads have branches extending to their extensive docks at the harbor ; and here, in season, may be seen vast fleets of vessels discharging iron ore from Lake Superior for the Pennsylvania furnaces, and lumber from Canada and Michigan, and freight- ing back with anthracite and bituminous coal from Pennsylvania mines, to all the ports on the western waters. A magnificent line of iron propellers, owned by the Pennsylvania company, leave their docks regularly for all the principal ports on the western lakes, carrying many passengers, and vast amounts of machinery and manufactured articles, the products of the skill of the mechanics and manufac- turers of Erie. Within a few years the price of real estate has greatly advanced in Erie, owing to her extraordinary increase in manufactures, a simple enumera- tion of which our limited space precludes. The Pennsylvania compau}^ own and operate two first-class grain elevators of great capacity. There is also a dry dock and ship-yard at the harbor. The bay is a place of great resort in the summer season, and abounds in pleasure boats and yachts of sail and steam, and parties are evei'y hour in the day passing and repassing from the island, from the groves of Massassauga Point, the wreck of Perry's ship, the Lawrence, and other points of interest. The buildings of the city, both public and private, are stately and elegant, among which may be mentioned the custom-house of white marble ; the Reed House, which has thrice been destroyed by fire and as often re-built ; Scott's block, which has no superior in any western city; the court house, the marine hospital, St. Paul's Episcopal and Central Presbyterian churches, which are of stone ; the First Presbyterian church, the German Cathedral, the Opera house, etc., etc. The churches are some twenty-five in number. Erie has two fine parks in the centre of the city, known as Perry and Wayne. They are orna- mented with maple and elm trees of about thirty-five years' growth. A hand- some fountain stands in the centre of each park. In the west park, and near State street, there was erected, in the fall of IStS, a monument to the memory of 720 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. the brave soldiers and sailors of the county who died in defending the union of the States. The Erie Dispatch gives the following description of the same : •'The monument in the west park, erected by tbe voluntary contributions of the people of Erie county, in memory of our departed heroes, was completed on Saturday. It consists of a granite base, on the top of which stand bronze statues of a soldier and sailor united in defence of the flag. The soldier wears a regulation cap and overcoat, and with his right hand grasps the flag, while a rifle in the left trails along his side. The sailor wears the low cap, loose shirt, "and baggy trowsers of the navy; his left foot presses a coil of rope, and both of his hands rest on a cut- lass. Each figure is one and a half times the size of life, and they are quite fair I'epresentations of the two classes of our country's defenders in the late war. On the east and west side of the pedestal are inscrip- tions — the first stating the object of the monu- ment, and the other being an extract from Lincoln's speech at Get- tysburg. The monument cost a])out ten thousand dollars, and is the most showy for its purpose in the western part of the State. For this tribute to our dead soldiers we are indebted to the perseverance and patriotism of Mrs. Isaac Moorhead, Miss Helen Ball, and Miss Sarah Reed. They have labored incessantly for a num- ber of years to raise the needed amount, and deserve to have their services kindly remembered." Erie is well supplied with educational facilities. The Erie Academy, early endowed b}'^ the State, and in which many of her most prominent citizens received their education, and numerous fine buildings used by the common schools of the city. The city is well lighted with gas, and supplied with water in inexhaustible quantities from the bay, by the Erie water works. The Eric cemeter3' has seventy acres of wooded ground, in the south part of the city, and is a beautiful and quiet resting place for the dead. It was incorporated in 1850. The Young Men's Christian Association have a reading-room, which is free, and a fine library. There is a home for the friendless, supported by contributions from the public, and occupying elegant buildings and grounds donated by Hon. M. B. Lowry ; and the Roman Catholics have an orphan asylum, a Sisters' school, and an academy. i SOLDIERS A^D S VILOTS MONUMENT, ERIE [From a Photograph by W Iber & Ba<;<=ett Fne ] SBIE COUNTY. 721 Many of the streets of the city, which are all at right angles, are well paved with Medina stone and Nicholson pavement. Street cars run from the lake to Federal Hill, a distance of two miles. The geographical location of Erie, its proximity to coal, iron, lumber, and petroleum — the extended railroad connections, unbounded water communication, and consequent cheapness of freights, the thorough drain- age of the city, and above all, the healthfulness of the region, all combine to make a future of great promise to this peculiarly favored city. Many of th* business establishments and dwellings are lighted and heated by the natural gas springs which are abundant in and about the city. They were discovered many years since in boring for oil, and although but little oil was found, yet an abund- ance of the more valuable gas was discovered in the bowels of the earth, to tlie great advantage of the adventurers. Many of our manufacturing establishments drive their engines, in whole or in part, with this comparatively inexpensive fuel. We turn a small wheel, and drive our machinery, heat and light our buildings, and cook our food, as the result. North East township and borough are on the Lake Store railroad. The township adjoins the lake and the New York line. The land is good and pecu- liarly adapted to the growth of the grape and small fruits, as are all the town- ships on the lake shore. The borough has a population of about two thousand eight hundred, and is growing more rapidly than any other borough of the county. The seminary is a large and handsome building of brick, and is in a flourishing condition. The place is well supplied with churches and banks. A fine ceme- ter}^ in wood land is situate at the western end of the village. There are exten- sive industrial establishments located here. The South Shore wine company have between one and two hundred acres in grapes, and mau}'^ thousands of gal- lons of wine are annually made. GiRARD township and borough are also on the Lake Shore railroad. The township adjoins Springfield and Lake Erie. It was named for Stephen Girard, who had large landed possessions in its limits. The borough is finely situated. It has an academy, several churches, numerous very tast}^ grounds and residences. There is a monument of white marble in a prominent street of the village erected by Dan Rice to the memory of the Erie county volunteers in the civil war. Lock- port borough is in this township,. and is a place of considerable manufacturing business and trade. The City of Corry, in the south part of the county, and in Wayne township, was not incorporated until 18GG. It is at the junction of the Atlantic and Great Western, Philadelphia and Erie, Oil Creek and Buffalo, Cleveland and Pittsburgh railroads. There is no beauty of location, and the place naturally grew because of railroad crossings and proximity to the oil wells. Fifteen years ago it was a ragged and tangled forest of hill and swamp. It was named for a farmer living in the locality. It has a population of about eight thousand. The oil works and refining facilities of Corry are upon a grand scale, and embrace the manufacture on the premises of everything connected with the carrying, refining, ban-eling, and packing of oil. Union township and Union City is at the junction of the Philadelphia and Erie, Atlantic and Great Western, and Union and Titusville railroads. Union City is a stirring and active borough. 2 V 7-22 HISTOET OF PENNSYLVANIA. Wattsburg borough is in Yenango township and on French creek. The water power is good, and the village contains several manufacturing establish- ments. Two miles from Wattsburg is the ruins of old Middlebrook Presbj'te- rian church. It is of logs, was built in 1801, and the first church building erected in Erie county. Waterford township and borough was formerly known as Fort Le Boeuf, and the condition of the place in early times has been spoken of in this article. Waterford is situated on the Philadelphia and Erie railroad, and immediately adjacent to Le Boeuf creek and a little lake of the same name. It is an old borough, was laid out in 1*195, and was settled by the hardy Scotch- Irish race from the Susquehanna valley. It has been rather noted for the early culture and courtesy of its people. Michael Hare died here in 1843. He was more than one hundred and fifteen years old, was in the French and Indian war, and with Braddock at his defeat. He had been scalped by the Indians in some fight in the West near the close of the century. Prior to 1820, Waterford was busy in the salt tsade, which was wagoned from Erie and put in the Le Boeuf warehouses and thence taken down the river in broadhorns and batteaux. Erie county did herself credit in honoring many of the citizens of Waterford with places of trust. Of judges we have had from Waterford two of the name Vin- cent, Judge Smith, Judge Hutchins, and Judge Benson. The Kings have filled important county offices, and Judges John P. Yincent, Wilson Smith, and Samuel Hutchins, have represented us in the Legislature. The Waterford aca- demy was organized about 1820, and was endowed by the State. The existence of this institution explains in a measure the prominence of Waterford men in our city and county. General Strong Yincent, who fell gloriously at the head of his brigade at Gettysburg, was a native of Waterford. Washington township is east of Waterford, and adjoining Crawford county. The chief village is Edinboro, which has a State Normal school in flourishing condition. It was settled very early, and was known by the name given to the beautiful lake upon its borders " Conneauttee." M'Kean township is north of and adjoining Washington. Among the early settlers were the Sterretts from Cumberland and Fayette counties, and the Dunns from Ireland. Mill Creek township adjoins the city of Erie, and lies upon the lake shore, and is divided into East and West Mill Creek. The Reeds, Russells, McNairs, Caugheys, McCrearys, Grubbs, Nicholsons, McClellands, Saltsmans, Browns, Riblets, Weiss', Millers, etc., were among the first settlers. Their names indi- cate their origin. It is a township rich in good farms and good men. Captain N. W. Russell, the able county historian, is a resident of Belle Yalley, a pleasant village in this township. Future generations of our people will honor his memory, for the exertions made and unpaid labor he has expended in saving from destruction countless historical details of every town in the county. Harbor Creek joins Mill Creek on the east, and lies upon the lake shore. The Prindles, Elliots, Moorheads, Jacks, Aliens, Backus', Hintons, etc., were some of the early settlers. We have from Miss Sanford's history the record of the first Sabbath school in the county. It was established in a log school-house, at Moorheadville, in 1817, by Colonel James M. Moorhead and Rev. Mr. Morton EBIE COUNTY. 723 Fairview township and borough joins Mill Creek on the west. It is one of the best townships of land in the county. Among the early settlers were the McCrearys, Moorheads, Caugheys, Arbuckles, Reeds, Sturgeons, Batons, Swans, Vances, Ryans, Farges, Baers, etc. It was almost wholly settled from Dauphin and Lancaster counties. The first pastor to settle here was the Rev. Johnston Eaton, from Franklin county, and his was the first church. It belonged to the Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, and was situate near the present village of Manches- ter, near the mouth of Walnut creek, and within sight of the waters of Lake Erie. It was built of hewn logs, about 1807, and was the mother church of all in this region. Fairview borough, Swanville, and Manchester are all with- in the township of Fairview. Springfield township was one of the original townships of the county — is celebrated for its first-class farms. It joins the Ohio line on the west, and Lake Erie on the north. The Lake Shore railroad passes through the township. The Millers, Rees', Hollidays, Eagleys, and Dunns were among the early settlers. East and West Springfield are its villages. It contains a moral, intelligent, and enterprising population, and is noted for its tasty and substantial homes and surroundings. Conneaut township occupies the south-west corner of the county. The Pitts- burglv and Erie railroad passes through the eastern portion of the township. It was earlj' settled, many of its inhabitants coming from New York and the Eastern States. The borough of Albion is in this township. Elk Creek township joins Conneaut on the east. It was settled chiefly by eastern people. Wellsburg borough and Cranesnille are villages in this town- ship. The Cranes and the Coltons were among the early settlers. Greenfield township is south of North-East, and joins the New York line. It was settled in 1195, by Jadah Colt. It attracted much attention early in the century, but has not kept pace with the lake townships in growth, not having the advantages of soil and situation. Amity township is in the south-east portion of the county, south of Venango, and is known as a good grazing township. Concord township is bounded by Warren and Crawford counties on the east and south. The Pittsburgh and Erie railroad passes through the township. William Miles and William Cook came into this township as first settlers. Franklin townsliip is comparatively new, and was formed from portions of M'Kean, Elk Creek, and Washington about 1844. It is chiefly a dairy township. Greene and Summit townships were made from what was known as Beaver- dam township. The Browns and Phillips were early settlers. The Coovers came from the Susquehanna valley in an early day; the Grahams about 1802. The townships are extensively engaged in the manufacture of cheese. Le Bceuf township is south of and adjoining Watcrford, and is the only one in the county retaining the name of the first occupants, the French. The Pitts- burgh and Erie railroad passes through it. The Kings and the Blacks were among the early settlers. It contains the best quarries of stone in the count3^ Wayne township joins Warren county and New York. It is well watered and adapted to the dairy business. The Smiths, Grays, and Kincaids were among its first settlers. i FAYETTE COUNTY. [With acknuwledgmetits to James Veech, Emsworth, Allegheny county.'^ AYETTE COUNTY was erected out of Westmoreland, by act of Assembly of September 26, 1783, as to the part south-west of the Youghiogheny, to which the part north-east of that river was added by act of February IT, 1784. It was named in honor of the distin- guished Frenchman who had been so largely instrumental in securing our independence. When first began to be settled (lYGT), and until March 9, 1171, it was within Cumberland county. From that date until March 28, 1773, it w - VIEW OF THE BOROUGH OF BROWNSVILLE. [From a Photograph by E. K. Abrams & Co., Brownsville.] part of Bedford county ; thence, until its separation as above, it was part of Westmoreland. The burning of Hannastown (the old county seat of Westmore- land) by the Indians, July 13, 1782, led to the erection of Fayette. Into its territory' the Indians, except in connection with the French in 1754 and 1755, seldom came for mischief. The settlement, in 1779 and 1780, of the boundary dispute with Virginia, occasioned the formation of Washington out of territory chiefly acquired from that State. "Virginia, as related heretofore, began in 1752 to assert a claim to all of south-west Pennsylvania, and actually maintained a divided sway over most of it from 1774 to 1780. In 1776 she erected out of what was before her West Augusta district, three counties, Monongalia, Yohogania, and Ohio. 724 FAYETTE COUNTY. 725 Fayette was partly in each of the two first named, the line of division over its territory being Dunlap's road, of which hereafter. The county seat of Monon- galia was for a while on the " plantation " of Theophilus Phillips, near New Geneva. Woodbridgetown, b}^ the name of Mifflintown, was laid out for its count}^ seat. The county seat of Yohogania was on the west bank of the Monon- gahela, near the line of Washington and Alleghen}^, a little above Elizabeth. There was really no township division of Fayette territory while it was in Cumberland county. It, however, had two justices of the peace, appointed May 23, 1770 — Colonel William Crawford and Thomas Gist. The earliest land office titles within bear date April 3, 1769. Surveys began August 22, 1769. In the residue of that year, 1770, official surveys were made within its limits. In 1770, eighty; in 1771, twelve; in 1772, fourteen; in 1773, eleven ; in 1774, seven ; in 1775, two. Then none until 1782 and 1783, in each of which there were three. Then none until 1784, when there were twenty; in 1785, two hundred and fifty- eight; in 1786, one hundred and fifty, decreasing in rapid ratio until 1792, after which the}^ somewhat increased. Many settlers took up their lands under Virginia, she selling them as low as ten shillings per one hundred acres, while the Penns sold at five pounds sterling. B}^ the boundary compromise, Pennsyl- vania recognized these Virginia titles, if the oldest, being therein governed generally by certificates issued by a Virginia commission, which sat to adjust land titles in her three western counties, in 1779 and 1780, at Red- stone Old Fort (Brownsville), and Cox's fort, which was on Buffalo creek, in Donegal township, Washington county. While part of Bedford county, so much of Fayette territory as is north- west of a straight line from the mouth of Big Redstone to the mouth of Jacob's creek (on the Youghiogheny) was part of Rosstrevor township, which included all between the rivers below that line. All of the count}^ south-east of that line was Tyrone and Spring Hill, except that part lying north-east of the Youghiogheny between Chestnut ridge and Laurel hill seems to have been included in Fairfield townsiiip. Between Tyrone and Spring Hill the line was from the mouth of Redstone up (fourteen and one-fifth miles) to where it was crossed by Burd's road (at Vance's mill), thence b}'- that road to Gist's (Mt. Braddock), by what is still the line of North Union and Franklin and Dunbar. The other bounds of Tyrone were Jacob's creek, the line of Fairfield to the Youghioghen}^, and along the foot of Laurel hill to Gist's. Spring Hill took in the mountain region south- east of the Youghiogheny, and reached indefinitely south and west, " as far as the Province extended," covering Greene and part of Washington. LTpon becoming part of Westmoreland, in April, 1773, Tyrone and Rosstrevor remained imaltered. Menallen was formed out of the .-.outhern part of Spring Ilill by a line due east from the mouth of Brown's run to the top of Laurel hill, and west " as far as the Province went." And in July, 1783, a few weeks befoi-e Fayette was erected, Wharton was formed out of all of Spring Hill east of the top of Laurel hill to the Youghiogheny river. At the first court for Fayette, December, 1783, the then count}^ was divided into nine townships, viz. : Washington, Franklin, Menallen, Luzerne, German, Spring Hill, Georges, Union, and Wharton. Their bounds arc defined in the minutes of that court. The addition to the county, by the act of 1784, confined 726 HISTO R Y OF PENITS YL VANIA. Tyrone to all of the county north-east of the Youghiogheny, including the Fair- field part. In March, 1784, however, BuUskin was taken from Tyrone. In Decem- ber, 1797, Redstone was taken from Mcnallen, and Saltlick from Bullskin ; from which also. Connellsville township was taken in October, 1822. In 1793, that part of Dunbar which is east of Laurel hill was taken from Wharton and added to Franklin; and in December, 1798, Dunbar was erected out of Franklin, including that part of old Wharton. In November, 1817, Brownsville township was taken from Redstone. Henry Clay was taken from Wharton in Januar}^, 1823 ; Perry from Tyrone, Franklin, and Washington, in March, 1839 ; Jefferson from Washington, in June, 1840 ; Nicholson from Spring Hill, Georges, and Ger- man, in June, 1845 ; Youghiogheny from Saltlick in DeceiBber, 1847, but its limits changed in December, 1848, when Springfield was erected. Stewart was erected out of parts of Wharton, Henry Clay, and Youghioghenj-, in November, 1855, and what was left of Youghiogheny was annexed to Springfield, and like its Virginia county namesake, it became a " lost pleiad." Union was divided into North and South by the National road, by act of Assembly'' of March 11, 1851. Minor alterations have been made in the lines of several of the townships since their original formation. The first general election ever held within the county limits was at Spark's Fort (near Burns' Ford on the Youghiogheny), July 8, 1776, for members of the convention to form the Constitution of 1776. Until 1790, all general elections were held only at the court house in Uniontown. At the first election, November, 1788, for eight members of Congress (general ticket), sevent^'-nine votes were polled. By act of March 3, 1790, the county was divided into four election dis- tricts, as follows : 1. Union, Franklin, and Wharton, to vote at court house, Uniontown ; 2. Spring Hill, German, and Georges, to vote at Nicholas Riffle's, in German ; 3. Luzerne, Menallen, and Washington, to vote at Fort Burd (Browns- ville) ; 4. Tyrone and Bullskin to vote at Samuel Hicks', in Bullskin. Not to notice the old Indian forts, of which there were many in Fayette ter- ritory, nor, here. Fort Burd or Fort Necessity, we enumerate as settler's forts, for refuge from apprehended Indian aggression, the following: Minter and Stevenson's fort, on John Minter's farm, late Ebenezer Moore's, near Pennsville, in Tyrone. Cassell's fort, on the old William Goe farm, just above mouth of Little Redstone. Gaddis' fort, on Thomas Gaddis' farm, nowBazil Brownfield's, in South Union. Pearse's fort, on the Jones land in North Union. Swearin- gen's fort, in Spring Hill, near Mount Moriah church. Lucas' fort, on the old Brown farm, now William Parshall, in Nicholson township, near frame meeting- bouse. McCoy's fort, in South Union, near W. H. Bailey. Ashcraft's fort, on Mrs. Evans Wilson's farm, in Georges township. Morris' fort, in Pres- ton county. West Virginia, just outside the line of Wharton township. Fayette county, as shown by a map, has in large extent prominent natural boundaries. There were many Indian paths which traversed Fayette county as well before as after the advent of the white man. The majority of these have become entirely eff'aced, and can be known only from references in early travel and ex- ploration. The great Catawba war-path, running north and south, entered the county from the south, at the State line, at the mouth of Grassy run, thence northward b}^ Ashcraft's fort, along by the Diamond Spring, crossing Redstone FAYETTE COUNTY. 727 creek at Uniontown, proceeding by Pearse's fort to Opossum run, down it to the Youghiogheny, crossing it wiiere Braddock crossed (Stewart's crossing), tlience it bore on througli Westmoreland and Armstrong counties up the Allegheny to the headwaters of the Susquehanna into western New York, the domain of the Six Nations. Braddock's road, the most important of all the old roads to Fa3'ette and the "early west" was originally an Indian trail from Old Town by the mouth of Mill's creek (Cumberland, Md.}, across the mountains to the head of the Ohio (Pittsburgh). This was the case also with Colonel Burd's road, which was in great part originally an Indian trail, from the Great Rock, on Laurel hill, where many old roads converged, to the mouth of Redstone. The first white settlement made in Fayette county was under the auspices of the Ohio Land company, to which reference has already been made. Soon after the treaty at Logstown, in 1752, Mr. Gist made a settlement and built a cabin on the tract of land since called Mount Braddock, and induced eleven families to settle around him on lands presumed to be within the company's grant. His dwelling stood a few paces from" the elegant mansion of the late Colonel Meason, distinguished as an enterprising proprietor of iron works at an early day in Fayette county. The Ohio company appears to have erected a storehouse at the mouth of Redstone creek, and to have made a small establishment at the Forks of the Ohio, but the disturbed state of the frontier prevented them from bring- ing any large amount of goods beyond the Alleghenj^ mountains. The French war interrupted their operations entirely ; and the company was afterwards, in 1770-72, mei'ged in a more extensive one, in which Thomas Walpole, Dr. Frank- lin, Governor Pownal, and others, were concerned. The Revolution breaking out about that time, put an end to both companies, and the title to their lands was never perfected. Of the subsequent events transpiring in this localit}^ the journey of Washing- ton as messenger of the Virginia governor to the French commandants at Le Boeuf, the defeat of Jumonville, followed by the French victories, and subse- quently their overthrow, accounts are given elsewhere. Dunbar's camp, and the scene of Jumonville's defeat are near the Laurel hill, between the present National road and the gorge of the Youghioghenj^ about five miles east of Uniontown. After the disastrous termination of General Braddock's expedition, Fayette county I'emained a desolate wilderness unoccupied by civilized men until 1759, when Colonel James Burd was sent by Colonel Bouquet, then at Carlisle, to con- tinue the cutting of Braddock's road where incomplete, as far as the mouth of Redstone creek, the present site of Brownsville, The opening of Colonel Burd's road afforded facilities of communication for pioneers, and previous to the Revolu- tion, a considerable number were established throughout the county. Colonels Crawford, Paul, and Cresap, were among the more distinguished. The courts of Monongalia and Yohogania caused several roads to be laid out on Fayette territory. The records of those ordered by Monongalia are lost ; those by Yohogania are yet in being, but they have long since been abandoned or superseded by roads made under authority of Pennsylvania. The very first road petition acted upon by the court of Westmoreland, after its election, was in April, 1773, b}^ inhabitants of Spring Hill township, west of the Monongaheia. for a road from opposite the mouth of Fish-pot run (half-way 728 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. between Ten Mile and Redstone),* " to the forks of Dunlap's path and General Braddock's road on the top of Laurel Hill." A year afterwards, inhabitants of Tyrone, Menallen, and Spring Hill, asked for a road " from near liedstone Old Fort to Henry Beeson's Mill, and thence to intersect Braddock's road near the forks of Dunlap's road, and said road on the top of Laurel Hill ; " giving as a reason that " we, who at present live on the west side of the Monongahela, are obliged frequently to carry our corn twenty miles to the mill of Henry Beeson, near Laurel H'U, and in all probability at some seasons of the year will ever have to do so ! " This mill was a tub mill, between the court house, at Uniontown, and the Don jer tan yard. Its " pit " is yet visible. Old Henry Beeson was a blacksmith, and made his customers dig his race, while he made or sharpened their plough irons, etc. It was the second mill in the county ; Philip Shute's on Shute's run, being the first. From these ancient pack-horse highways we turn to a road of more modern and enduring structure, the National or Cumberland road. This once grand highway between the east and the west was constructed by the United States, in pursuance of a compact with Ohio upon its admission as a State into the Union, by which, in consideration that Ohio would not tax lands sold by the United States within it for five 3'ears after sale, they would apply two per cent, of the proceeds of those sales to making a road from the navigable waters emptying into the Atlantic, to the Ohio riv6r opposite that State. Hence the National road through Zanesville, Columbus, etc. The road from Cumberland to Wheeling was undertaken under an act of Congress, passed March 29, 1806, the early execution of which was under the favorable control of President Jetferson until 1809, and of Albert Gallatin, secre- tary of the treasury, until 1815. It was projected and constructed on a much more grand and expensive scale than the compact required, or than the two-per- cent, fund justified. The importance of easy intercourse with the West, in which the nation had its great landed interests magnified b}'^ incipient secession proclivi ties in Kentuck}^, Tennessee, and Southern Ohio, so alarmingly developed hy the Burr and Wilkinson " conspirac}^ " of 1806-7, conduced much, if not chiefly, to the magnitude in structure and expenditure upon this great bond of union. The commissioners appointed to select the route of the road were Eli Wil- liams and Thomas Moore of Maryland, and Joseph Kerr of Ohio. They, in 1806, readily adopted the route, but not invariably, the precise location of Brad- dock's road to Gist's, and thence Burd's road to Brownsville. From Cumberland to Brownsville, or rather to Sand}"- Hollow, the route as to the principal points, and the location, subject to minor changes, was determined in 1807. This was the eastern division; thence to Wheeling, the western, some of which was not settled until 1817. The road, when completed, was opened sixty-six feet — road bed from thirty to thirty-four feet — paved twenty feet wide, eighteen inches deep in the middle to twelve inches at the edges. The lower stratum, or bed, was in parts of the road a pavement of stone closel}^ set verticall}^ and in other parts of stone broken to go through a seven-inch ring; all covered six inches with a stratum of stone broken lo go through a three-inch ring. The maximum grade of the eastern division was five degrees ; of the western, four and a half. FAYETTE COUNTY. Y29 In 1832-35 the road was thoroughly repaired by the United States, and sur. rendered to the States through which it passed upon terms the most important of which provided for keeping it in repair by tolls. It is a monument of a past age ; but like all old monuments it is venerable. It carried thousands of popu- lation and millions of wealth into the west ; and more than any other material structure in the land, served to harmonize and strengthen, if not to save the Union. The borough of Union, popularly known as Uniontown, is the capital of the county. It is twelve miles distant from Brownsville. The town was laid out about the year 1769, by Henry Beeson, a member of the Society of Friends, who emigrated from Berkeley county, Virginia, and settled upon the tract of land now occupied by the town, his cabin located at the spot near which formerly .stood the residence of Mr. Veech. As late as 1794 the place was called Bee.son's town. The first court house and market house were erected in 1796. In February, 1805, the first newspaper was established, called the Oenius of Liberty, which, after the lapse of seventy-on^ years, is still published. Through a long series of years Uniontown appears to have been a prosperous inland village. Lying upon the great thoroughfare from the east to the west, called in the early day Br-addock's road, and afterwards the National road, her mercantile interests prospered under the demands of the masses of emigration passing through the borough, and the wants of the rich agricultural country around her limits. During the time of the great stage-coach lines from east to west, upon the National road, the name of the town became as a "household word" in the mouth of every traveler, and population gathered rapidly within her borders, and caused further increase in business and the development of some classes of manufactures. The diverting of travel from this route, by stage coach, caused by the various lines of railway, occasioned for several years a partial stagnation in the previously bustling place, during which, supported by the business derived from her populous and produc- tive back country, she held her own with greater success than could have been expected under the circumstances. The construction of the Fayette County railroad, however, re-linked the town to the busy, bustling world, and business has not only regained its olden vigor, but as the terminus of this railroad, the borough has become the shipping point of a large and extremely rich mineral and agricultui-al country, as well as a gathering point for travel. This railroad, thirteen miles in length, runs through a fine agricultural section of Fayette county, connecting with the Pittsburgh and Conuellsville railroad at Connells- ville, and thence by the various connections of the latter road with all the eastern and western cities. It is one of the few railroads in the country whose construction has hampered no corporate body with bonds. It was built entirely for cash, at a cost of one hundred and thirty thousand dollars, raised solely from individual subscription. Among the natural curiosities of the neighborhood is Delaney's cave, nine miles south-east of the town. The well-known Fayette springs are also near, being in Wharton township, eight miles from the borough. Madison College, originally established as an academy, in 1808, is located here. It became a college in 1825, and was incoi-porated as such in 1827. It took its name from President Madison, who gave it a liberal donation. CoNNELLSViLLE is situated on the right bank of the Youghiogheny, about 730 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. fifty miles above its junction with the Monongahela at McKeesport. The town was laid out by Zachariah Connell, in 1790. Its incorporation as a borough was in 1806. The first settler in this locality was the unfortunate Colonel William Crawford, who was burnt by the Wyandotts, at Sanduskj^, in 1782. Colonel Crawford visited this locality in 1767, and fixed upon the plateau on the left side of the river, opposite the lower end of Connellsville, as a site for a settlement, to which he removed in 1768, erecting thereon a log cabin. He was one of the bravest men on the frontier, and saw much service, not only as a leader of the rangers, but as an officer in Forbes' expedition, and as a colonel in the army of the Revolution. In 1782 he accepted, much against his wishes, the command of the expedition against the Wyandotts, the result of which we have already referred to. Connellsville is situated in the heart of a mineral district, abound- ing in the finest iron ores and bituminous coal, and her recent marvelous growth is due to this fact. As a manufacturing town Connellsville is an important adjunct to that great centre, Pittsburgh, with which it is connected by the Pittsburgh and Connellsville railroad. Brownsville, a thriving manufacturing town, is situated on the Monon- gahela, sixty-three miles, by the river route, above Pittsburgh, at the point where the great National road crosses the river. There are three boroughs located at this point, and although separately incorporated, they are one com- munity in interests. The corporate titles of these are Brownsville, Bridgeport, and West Brownsville. The two first lie upon the right bank of the river, in Fayette count}', divided by a small creek, the latter on the left bank, in Wash- ington county. Brownsville first appears in history by the construction of Fort Burd, in October, 1759. This fort became more widely known as " Redstone Old Fort," from its location ; and in the incidents of Western life and adventure, the latter name is used as designating Brownsville instead of its proper military title. Colonel Burd's fort continued long to be the favorite rendezvous for those hardy men who kept watch upon the movements of the Indians inhabiting the head-waters of the Ohio. The brave Colonel Michael Cresap made this fort his favorite rallying-place for the men under his direction, and at an early day secured a Virginia title to several hundred acres, embracing the fortifications, by " a tomahawk improvement." Not content with this claim to a location, in 1770 he built a house of hewn logs, with a nailed shingle roof, which is believed to be the first shingled house west of the mountains erected in that section of the county. This title he retained for some years, and then disposed of it to two brothers by the name of Brown, who came from Maryland, one of whom, Thomas, died in 1797, and was buried in the old grave-yard, with the inscription : "Here lies the body of Thomas Brown, who was once the owner of this town, who departed this life March, 1797, aged 59 years." Brownsville was laid out in 1785. For many years, and really until the completion of the Pennsylvania canal, it was a point of much celebrity among emigrants to the Western and Southwestern States, where, wearied by their journeying by land, they could take water and float down to their destination, and a brisk business was carried on, especially in the construction of flat or keel boats. With the building of railroads this enterprise passed away. Brownsville had many natural advan- tages, and these, its agricultural and mineral resources, continued to increase its FAYETTE COUNTY. 731 prosperity, and it has grown to be one of the most important towns in Western Pennsylvania. It has many beautiful private residences, and its churches, pic- turesquely located, are creditable specimens of architecture. It contains varied industrial establishments which, with the large deposits of the finest quality of bituminous coal, add to its importance as a manufacturing town. New Haven is a thriving borough on the left bank of the Youghiogheny, opposite Connellsville. It was laid out by Colonel Isaac Meason, in 1796. Its close proximity to the latter borough, and it sexcellent water-power privileges, have added greatl^^ to its prosperity. New Geneva is situated on the Monongahela. thirty-five miles above Brownsville. It is especially celebra- ted as being the residence of Al- bert Gallatin, and named from his native place, Gen- eva, in Switzer- land. Mr. Gallatin purchased his plantation in 1185, and built a log house, which sub- sequently gave place to a stone structure, yet standing. New Geneva is noted as the location of the first glass house in Western Pennsylvania, which was put into operation by Mr. Gallatin, in con- junction with John Nicholson and two Messrs. Kramer, Germans. Bellevernon was laid out in 1813 by Noah Speer. It is on the Monon- gahela, forty miles above Pittsburgh. The land upon which the town is laid out is rich in minerals, partaking of the general characteristics of the surrounding country. The top of the hill, on which a portion of the town is built, is two hun- dred and fifteen feet above the river, twenty- two feet below which lies a strata of glass sand. At the height of one hundred and thirty feet above the river is the base of a bituminous coal strata, between which and the base of the glass sand strata lies a fine strata of cannel coal, as also a strata of iron ore from ten to fourteen inches. At the height of one hundred and twelve feet there is a strata of sandstone, between which and the base of the bituminous coal strata lies a strata of limestone. These strata really underlie the whole neighborhood, yet the ease with which these are entered upon from the face of the hill at Bellevernon adds importance to the town for manufacturing purposes. It is a thriving flourishing place. Fayette City, fourteen miles below Brownsville, on the Monongahela, was settled in 1794. It was laid out by Colonel Edward Cook, and named Freeport, subsequently changed to Cookstown, and by act of incorporation Fayette City. It is an enterprising and flourishing town. RESIDENCE OF ALBERT GALLATIN. 732 HISTOBT OF PENNSYLVANIA. Perryopolis is situated about three-quarters of a mile from the Yougliio- gheny, and opposite Layton's station, on the Pittsburgh and Connellsville rail- road. The tract of land on which it was built was originally patented by General Washington, of whom it was purchased by Lewis Seares, who sold it to Thomas Hursey. The latter, in connection with Thomas E. Burns, laid out the town, and the first lot sold in the spring of 1814. The town contains several manufacturing establishments. There are a number of other prosperous towns and villages in Fayette, the principal of which are Masontown and McClellandtown, in German town- ship ; Falls City, on the Youghiogheny ; and Dawson, a station on the Pitts- burgh and Connellsville raiload. OLD PINK STKEET CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA. FOREST COUNTY. BY SAMUEL D. IRWIN, TIONESTA. HE county of Forest, as first organized for judicial purposes, consisted of but four townships, viz., Jenks, Barnett, Millstone, and Tionesta, afterwards changed to Howe, and was formed from parts of Jefferson and Venango, April 11, 1848. Of this territory, Marion, a small village or hamlet, situated about the centre, was made the county seat. It was VIEW OP THE BOROUGH OF TIONESTA. called Blood's Settlement for many years, and was founded by Colonel Blood, who cleared up a large farm in the very heart of the wilderness. As to the village, there was more in the name than the place; a common frame two-story building was, after the judicial organization of the county, pressed into service as a court house. That portion of the county to this day is called " Old Forest," to distinguish it from that territory added by act of Assembly, approved October 31, 1866, whicli consisted of the townships now known as Tionesta, Kingsley, 733 734 HIS TOR Y OF PEJ^iXS YL VANIA. Green, Hickory, and Harmony. This addition gave Forest county an area of four hundred and forty-five square miles, being just about double its former dimensions, and increasing its population more than fourfold. In November, 1866, the commissioners named in the act, Jacob Ziegler, James A. Leech, and Cornelius Fulkerson, ran out the county lines, and made Tionesta the judicial seat of the county as reorganized, it being the centre of population, though not the geographical centre ; they also selected a site for the county buildings. A court house and jail were built within two years. Forest county is traversed by many streams ; the hills along the borders of these streams are usually from five hundred to eight hundred feet high; the valleys are deep, and often the slopes of the side hills steep and precipitous. The Allegheny river enters the county near White Oak schute, and runs from thence nearly due south to Tionesta, where it receives Tionesta creek, it then takes nearly a Avest course until it leaves the county limits ; its average width in this section is about seven hundred feet. The principal tributaries of the Tion- esta are Salmon creek, the Branch, Lamentation, and Blue Jay. Large portions of the land of the county are worthless and unfit for cultiva- tion, otliers are adapted to the growth of timber, while the high elevations are excellent for agriculture ; especially is. this the case at Neillsburg, Dutch Hill, and that portion of Jenks near Marion. This is true also of the alluvial flats along the streams, which are generally of unsurpassed fertility. In the oil excitement of 1860, many of the best farms went into the hands of oil companies, that burned up the fences and made the country look as desolate as if an army had marched over it. Valuable farms were, for a while, exposed as commons, thistles and briars showing evidence of neglect. Fertile fields, signs of thrift and industry, are rapidly annihilating these waste spots. Three-fourths of the country remains uncultivated and unsubdued. The hills, though steep and useless to the farmer, are clothed with the original forest trees. With regard to the mineral resources, little can be said, as naught has yet been done to develop them. Bituminous coal has been found in Howe, Jenks, and Kingsley townships. Cannel coal also exists. Burr stone, well calculated for mill-stones, is found in various parts of the county. Iron ore, in abundant quantities, can be shown in almost every township, yet to-day not a forge or furnace exists in the county. Beds of good iron ore exist along the hills of Coon creek, and also Little Hickory. As early as 1828 a bloomery or small furnace was located at Tionesta, but it was a primitive affair, and the metal had to be transported in canoes down the river. On the Wentworth place, near Tionesta, and also on the west side of the river, beds of potter's clay, of excellent quality, exist. Petroleum exists in the county. New oil fields having been discovered in M'Kean county, and there being oil in Warren and Venango, Forest county is in the centre of the oil basin. Successful, regular {)aying wells, in the neighborhood of Fagundas, in Harmony township, have been in operation since I8t0. That Moravian apostle to the Indians, Rev. David Zeisberger, was without doubt the first white man that ever entered the wilds of Forest county. This was in the autumn of 1767. Goschgoschiink had then a history of two years, having been founded by Monseys from Machiwihilusing and Tioga, in 1765, and com- prising three straggling villages. The middle one, at which Zeisberger arrived. 7o6 736 HISTOBT OF PENNSYLVANIA. lay on the eastern bank of the Allegheny, near the mouth of the Tionesta. Two miles up the river was the upper village, and four miles down, the lower. The latter, located on what is now known as Holeman's Flats, went by the general name Goschgoschiink, the upper one Lawuuakhannek. Barbarism had full sweep, and their general reputation among the various Indian tribes was bad. Zeisberger had been warned by the Senecas not to attempt his visit to Goschgoschiink, but as the mission had " resolved upon an exploratory journey, in order to ascertain whether anything could then be accomplished for the Saviour," accompanied by two Christian Indians as guides through the impenetrable forests, the devoted missionary reached his destination on the 16th of October, 1167, where they were entertained by the friends of one of his Indian guides. After resting from the fatigues of his journey, religious services were appointed for the evening. The Indians flocked together and seated themselves on the ground to hear the great teacher from Machiwihilusing. The wildest of the Indians were there — sorcerers and murderers, and some who had been engaged in a late massacre. It was a rough crowd even for Zeisberger to address b}^ the light of the fire. The sub- stance of the sermon is set forth in his journal, and is a type of propriety. Attention is an Indian virtue, so they were good listeners. He told them in his bold style that " the Gospel was made for men, whether white or black or brown," and proclaimed with force eternal life. It is said no one knew better how to address Indians. He says himself of this scene : " Never yet did I see so clearly depicted in the faces of the Indians both the darkness of hell and the world- subduing power of the Gospel." The next day all the three villages met. AUemewi, a blind chief, was there, and Wangomen, an Indian preacher. Zeisberger preached most of the day, and in the evening all went to their homes. He soon saw that the innate wickedness of these Monseys had not been overdrawn ; Wan- gomen was full of blasphemy, the young people were full of excesses, pow-wows, and sorceries, and Zeisberger writes, " I have never found such heathenism in any other parts of the Indian country. Here Satan has his stronghold — here he sits on his throne. Here he is worshipped by true savages, and carries on his work in the hearts of the children of darkness." The apostle soon saw he was in a den of paganism, and was in danger of being murdered, and after seven days he returned to Friedenshlitten. The Monse^^s the next year sent for Zeisberger to come back, and he was a missionary ciuring the j^eai's 1168-1769. He came back in the latter part of the spring, accompanied by Senseman, and on June 30th put up a log cabin at Goschgoschiink, twenty-six by sixteen feet. The place had changed. Many of the worst Indians had gone, yet still there were sorcerers who juggled and per- formed feats of magic. In 1769 the Senecas claimed the land on which the mission had been started, and wanted the Monseys to leave. Soon a mj-sterious message came — a string of wampum, a stick painted red, and a bullet, accom- panied the message : " Cousins, you that live at Goschgoschiink on the Allegheny downward, and you Shawanese, 1 have risen from my seat and looked around the country. I see a man in a black coat. I warn you avoid the man in the black coat ; believe him not ; he will deceive you." A grand coun- cil was held. The Indians were divided. The second attempt was made on his life. Soon after there was an emigration. FOREST COUNTY. 73Y From there Zeisberger went to Lawanukhannek (or Meeting of the Waters, Beaver and Hickory), Forest county, and was there during 1769. Over two thousand deer were killed, and some Indians converted. He says in liis journal : " For ten months I have now lived between these two towns of godless and malicious savages, and my preservation is wonderful." And here is what he says about oil in that same journal : " 1 have seen three kinds of oil springs, such as have an outlet, such as have none, and such as rise from the bottom of the creeks. From the first water and oil flow out together, in the second it gathers on the surface a finger's depth, and from the third it rises to the surface and flows with the current of the creek. The Indians prefer wells without an outlet. It is used, medicinally, for tooth-ache, rheumatism, etc. Sometimes it is taken inter- nally. It is of a brown color, and burns well, and can be used in lamps." It was on the 11th April, 1770, that the missionary with the converts left Lawanukhannek in fifteen canoes. In three days they reached Fort Pitt, and subsequently on the Beaver river founded Friedenstadt, whither eventually many of the Monseys from Goschgoschiink followed. Eli Holeman, father of Hon. Alexander Holeman, was the first permanent settler in Forest count3\ He located on the site of the Indian Goschgoschiink, then called b}^ Cornplanter " Cush-cush," now named Holeman's Fiats. Shortly after Holeman settled, came Moses Hicks, a squatter, who left in a boat in 1805. The first pioneer on the east side of the river was John Range, a lieutenant in the army of the Revolution, who took up the tract on which Tionesta now stands. About 1816 he built on the land, although he had taken out a warrant as early as 1785. That place was then called Saqualinget, or " place of the council." William Middleton moved on to what is now known as Jamieson Flats, and built a large house near the Allegheny, about the year 1803, He afterwards sold to Quinton Jamieson, from Scotland, whose descendants still occupy it. Ebenezer Kingsley settled at an early day on Tionesta creek, at Newtown Mills. He was from Genesee count}'. New York, came down the Allegheny on a raft, but stopped by the winter, he located first about three miles above Tionesta, at what was called by the settlers. Old Town, the site of an Indian village. Kingsley was a man about six feet in height, well proportioned, possessing good judgment, yet lacking education; was kind and hospitable to every stranger that came to his cabin. He was a hunter by instinct, training, and desire, a regular Pennsylvania " Leatherstocking." His adventures, if written, would read like Daniel Boone's, leaving out Indians, and would furnish the basis of a romance for the pen of a Cooper. Among the other prominent earl}^ settlers were : Rev. Hezekiah May, who died in 1843, at Tionesta ; he was widel}^ known in this section of 'the State; James Hilands and Mark Noble, a surveyor, who settled at the mouth of Tionesta creek ; Cyrus Blood, who was the first associate judge who lived at what was afterwards called Marion, the former county seat; Poland Hunter, who settled on the west side of the river, opposite Tionesta, and who died in 1838, many of whose descendants now reside within the limits of the county; Hicks Prather, who settled at the mouth of Hickory creek, on the site of the old Indian town of Lawunakhannek, who, like Kingsley, was a mighty hunter; Henrj^ Gates, who came from Lancaster county, was the first settler on Tionesta creek ; he died in 1807, at the place he 2 w 738 HISTOEY OF PENNSYLVANIA. first located. Among those who came later was Herman Blume, one of the founders of the German settlement on " Dutch Hill," east of Tionesta, a native of Hesse Cassel, in Germany. Many of his countrymen followed. They bought up lands and formed a prosperous settlement. These German settlers are noted for their industry, thrift, and economy. Tionesta, the county seat, was organized as a borough, April, 1852, while it was within the limits of Yenango county. It more than doubled in population after it was made the county seat of Forest in 1866. It is a place of considerable trade. Hickorytown is an old settlement at the mouth of Hickory creek. Newtown mills is a small village commenced about thirty years ago. Ball- town, on Tionesta creek, is a small lumber village commenced about 1840. Nebraska, on the Tionesta, at the mouth of Coon creek, was formerly called Lacytown. It is a small village. Marionville, the old county seat, is a hamlet of five or six houses ; it is marked on most of the State maps, yet there never were ten families living in it. Neillsburgh, in the extreme north-west corner of the county is a thriving village. It is situated in the midst of a fine agricultural sec- tion, has two churches, an academy, etc. It was founded by W. T. Neill, about 1830. Clarington, on the Clarion river, is a large village. Tionesta township was in Allegheny township until June, 1825, and as Judge John A. Dale quaintly remarks, " was then supposed to embrace all the civilized world as far east as Balltown, in then Jefferson county, a distance of some twenty- five miles." Hickory was organized for township purposes in April, 1848, out of a part of Tionesta. Kingsley was organized in the fall of 1848, out of Tionesta. Harmony was formed out of that part of Hickorj^, in 1852, that lay on the west side of the river Allegheny. Green was organized out of parts of Tionesta and Hickory, February 28, 1872. Barnett was made a township January 8, 1854. Howe township was called Tionesta originally in 1852, and the name was changed to Howe by the Court of Quarter Sessions in 1869. Jenks township was erected January, 1852. The last three were originally taken from Jefferson county. FRANKLIN COUNTY. BY BENJAMIN M. NEAD, CHAMBERSBURQ. X the 27th of January, 1759, Lancaster county was divided by act of Assembly, and the southern division thereof erected into a new county, to which the name of " Cumberland " was given, with the town of Carlisle as the seat of justice. For a quarter of a century the county of Cumberland thus constituted, remained intact, when the wants of the steadily thriving " dwellers on Conococheague," the inhabitants of the south- western portion of Cumberland, led them to petition the General Assembl}' of 1784 that their territory might be named a new county, with concomitant privi- leges, setting forth in glowing terms the hardships they were compelled to endure in traveling the long distance from their homes to' the seat of justice in Carlisle ; the trouble they had in collecting their debts ; and the license given to " felons and misdoei'S " by the difficulties in the way of conveying them and their accusers to the seat of justice. In compliance therewith, the General Assembly, on the 9th of Sept., 1784, passed an act allowing certain the southern and western portions of Cumberland, marked by the following metes and bounds, to be erected into a new county, to be named " Franklin," in honor of Benjamin Franklin : "Beginning on York county line in the South mountain, at the inter- section of the line between Lurgan and Hopewell townships, in Cumberland county ; thence by line of Lurgan township (leaving Shippensburg to the eastward of the same) to the line of Fannet township ; thence by the line of the last men- tioned township, including the same to the line of Bedford county (now Fulton) ; thence by line of same county to Maryland line ; thence b}- said line to line of York county (now Adams) ; thence by line of the same county along the South mountain to the place of beginning." In 1790, some doubt arising as to the correct boundary between Cumberland and Franklin counties, the Assembly, by an act dated the 29th of March in that year, re-adjusted the lines by running a new one so as to leave the entire tract of land owned by Edward Shippen, and upon which Shippensburg stands, in Cum- berland county. On the 29th of March, 1798, a portion of the then county of Bedford, known as the " Little Cove," was detached from that county and annexed to Franklin, to be a part of Montgomery township. The county thus erected has for its greatest length, from north to south, a distance of 38 miles ; from east to west, 34 miles, containing an area of 734 square miles, or 469,730 acres, with a population, in 1790, of 15,655; and in 1870, of 45,365, being an increase of population in eighty years of nearly 30,000. By the terms of the act establishing the county of Franklin, James Maxwell, James McCalmont, Josiah Crawford, David Stoner, and John Johnston were appointed trustees on behalf of the count}^, and were directed to take assurance 739 UO HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. of and for two lots of ground in the town of Chambersburg, or Chamberstown, in the township of Guilford, within the said county of Franklin, for seats of a court house and of a count}^ gaol or prison for said county. For the purpose of constructing these buildings the county commissioners were directed to levy a tax and raise a sum not exceeding one thousand two hundred pounds, said sum to be paid over to the trustees of the county, upon their giving sufficient secnritj'-, and by them to be expended for the purpose named. The court house erected at this time was " a two-storied brick building, surmounted by a tall conical cupola and a spire. In the belfry was suspended a small bell of Spanish make — an ancient storied bell. Long 3'ears before it reached the exalted position which it occupied on the court house, full many a time had it waked laz}' monk and drowsy nun to their matin prayers, or attuned its silver}' notes to the sound of tlieit vesper hymn as it rose on the quiet air, and died awa^^ in musical cadence through the shadow^' valle^ys around some old convent. . . . The whole of the ground floor of this building was occupied by the court hall — a rather spacious room, paved with brick, well lighted, but poorly ventilated, heated by ten-plate stoves, so large that uncut cord wood was used as fuel. The judges' bench was at the north side of the room, flanked on the right by an elevated box, where the grand jury sat, and on the left hj the traverse jur}^ box. In front a railing enclosed a space which was reserved for the members of the bar. In the upper portion of the building were several rooms used as offices." B}^ the same act the establishment of courts of common pleas and quarter sessions was also regulated. They were to meet " the Tuesday p-receding the Fa3'ette count}^ coi;rts." The court of quarter sessions was to sit three days onl}^, at each session, and no longer. All suits begun in Cumberland county were to be disposed of in that county, just as though no division had been made. The first court of Franklin county was held on the 15th of September, 1'784, in the stone house erected on the north-west corner of the " Diamond," or public square, in the borough of Chambersburg, in It 10, by J. Jack — an old landmark up to the destruction of the town by confederate cavaby on the 30th of July, 1864, when it was burned, and with it the bodies of two Confederate soldiers, who met their fate within its walls at the hands of the then owner. This court was held before Humphrej^ FuUerton, Thomas Johnston, and James Findley, Esqrs. Edward Crawford, Jr., commissioned September 10th, 1Y84, was prothonotary and clerk. The second court was held on the 2d of December, n84, in the same building, above stairs, before William McDowell, Humphre^^ Fullerton, and James Findley, Esqs. Jeremiah Talbot, commissioned October 20th, 1784, was sheriff". The following named persons sat as a grand jury : James Poe, Henry Pawling, William Allison, William McDowell, Robert Wilkins, John McConnell, John McCarny, John Ray, John Jack, Jr., John Dickson, D. McClintock, Joseph Chambers, and Joseph Long. — ^ On the nth of March, 1809, the counties of Cumberland, Bedford, Franklin, Huntingdon, and Adams, were erected into the southern district of the Supreme ^ Court, and the term was held at Chambersburg during the first two weeks of October annuall3\ The annual session was limited to two weeks, but power was granted to the court to hold adjourned sessions, if necessary. At the time of FB AN KLIN COUNTY. 74 1 the organization of this district, William Tilghman was chief justice of the Supreme Court, and Jasper Yeates and Hugh H. Brackenridge, associate justices. The first general election was held in Franklin county on the second Tuesday of October, 1784, when the independent freemen of the newly formed county of Franklin met in the town of Chambersburg and cast their votes for a councillor ; three representatives to serve in the ninth general Assembly of Pennsylvania, to meet in Philadelphia, on Monday, the 25th of October, 1784; a sheriff and a coroner. James McLean was chosen councillor; James Johnston, Abraham Smith, and James McCalmont were selected representatives; Jeremiah Talbot, sheriff; and John Rhea, coroner. The difficulties incident to having but one election district were remedied by an increase of districts as circumstances required. By act of Assembly of the 13th of September, 1785, the county was divided into two districts. The township of Fannett was one, and the remainder of the county the other. The votes of Fannett township were polled at the house of the " widow Elliott," and the rest of the county at the court house in the borough of Chambersburg. On the 10th of September, 1787, four districts were formed ; the first district comprised the townships of Guilford, Franklin (?) Hamilton, Letterkenny, Lurgan, and Southampton, voting at the court house ; the second, the township of Fannett, voting at the house of the wddow Elliott; . the third, the townships of Antrim and Washington, voting at the house of George Clark in Green Castle ; the fourth, the townships of Peters and Mont- gomery, voting at the house of James Crawford in Mercersburg. In 1807 the county of Franklin contained eight election districts, and was entitled to three members of the House of Representatives, and one senator. At present writing, 18*16, the county has twenty-eight voting districts, and has a representation of three members of the house, and in conjunction with Huntingdon county, one State senator. The principal part of Franklin county lies in the Cumberland Valley proper, between the South and Blue mountains. The western portion of the count}' is divided into three small but highly cultivated valleys by il e Blue, the Dividing, and the Tuscarora mountains. Rogers gives the following description of these valleys ; Burns' valley is a small area lying between the "Round Top" and the Dividing mountain, enclosed to the north-east by the union of these and opening into Path valley to the south-west. It is separated from North Horse valley (in Perry county) by a knob of Round Top, which, ending south of Concord, the two vallej^s unite into one, and are called, from this point south-westward, " Path valley." Path valley, a pleasing valley, is bounded on the north-west by the Tuscarora mountains. Its north-east extremity for six or seven miles is bounded on the south-east by the Dividing mountain, which separates it from Amberson's valley. The Dividing mountain is synclinal, and ends five miles north-east of Fannetts- burg, where the two valleys unite under the name of Path valley. From the union of Amberson's valley with it, it is bounded on the south-east by a high straight mountain of the Levant sandstones, without name, which terminates near Loudon, in Jordon's Knob. This mountain and the Tuscarora mountain gradually converge, so that the south-west extremity of Path valley is narrow where it opens into the great Appalachian vallc}^, about Loudon. The length of 742 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. Path valley is twenty-two miles. Between the Dividing mountain and the Tus- carora it is nearly three miles wide, and south-west of the end of the Dividing mountain it is wider. Toward the south-west it is much narrower, the distance between the mountain bases being about a mile and a half. The waters draining Path valle}^ pass out in opposite directions to the Conococheague and Tuscarora creeks. The main portion of Amberson's vallej'^ lies between the Dividing mountain and a mountain called the Kittatinny, which is a prolongation of the south-east dipping strata of Bower's mountain. Two synclinal knobs of the Levant sand- stone stand forward into the north-eastern end of Amberson's valley, and three subordinate little valleys, like so many fingers from a hand, extend between and on either side of the knobs. They are without names. In a line with the more south-eastern of the two knobs, and four miles south-west of it, is a mountain summit called Clark's Knob. A narrow and unnamed vallej^ extends between Clark's Knob and Kittatinu}^ or Bower's mountain. By the presence of Clark's Knob the south-west portion of Amberson's valley is much narrowed between that knob and the Dividing mountain. The width of Amberson's valley, between the Kittatinn}^ and Dividing mountain, is a mile and a half, and between the latter and Clark's Knob and the mountains extending from this south-westward, it is onl}' half a mile wide. It opens into Path valley by the ending of the Dividing mountain, being eight or nine miles in length. On the east side of the county, the South mountain extends for many miles. Portions of this range are nine hundred feet above the middle of the valle}^ It consists principally of hard, white sandstone. The mountain ranges in the north and north-west are composed of the gray and reddish sandstone. The valley between the mountains presents a diversified aspect. The greater part is lime- stone land. The soil here is unsurpassed in fertility, and highly cultivated farms, improved wath neat and elegant buildings, are to be seen on ever}" hand. Franklin county is well supplied with water. The streams are numerous but not large, fed by copious and never failing mountain runs, they afi'ord abundant motive power for the many mills and manufactories, the forges and furnaces which utilize the products and hidden wealth of tlie county. The Conodogwinit, rising by several branches in the north-east of the county, flows eastward through Cumberland. The Conococheague, Indian name Gu-ue-uk-is-schick, meaning " Indeed a long wa^'," the main branch of which rises in the South mountain, running a north-western course to Chambersburg, thence southward through Maryland, receiving several smaller tributaries, empties into the Potomac at Williamsport. The west branch of Conococheague rises near Path valley, flowing southward by Fannettsburg and Loudon, turning south-eastward, empties into the main branch two miles north of the State line. Antietam creek, con- sisting of two main branches, both rising in the south-cast part of the count}', passing througli Maryland, empties into the Potomac. There are many smaller streams in the county, viz.. Falling Spring, Black creek. Brown's run. Rocky spring, Dicke3^'s run, Campbell's run. Marsh run. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania boasts no more productive region within its borders than the Cumberland Valley, and no section of this valle}- under the shadow of its sentr^^ mountains is richer in agricultural, mineral, and manufac- FRANKLIN COUNTY. 743 turing resources than the fertile fields, rugged hills, and busy towns of Franklin. The productions of an agricultural character are such as are common to the counties of the Cumberland Valle}^, viz., wheat, rye, corn, oats, etc. Veiy little wheat is exported, most of it being manufactured into flour, which finds a ready market in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and New York. The mineral resources have been moderately well developed. Iron ore of good quality abounds in different parts of the county, principally along the base of the South mountain, supplying not only the furnaces of Franklin, but many of those along the line of the Reading railroad, and at other points. In the western part of the county, Franklin, Carrick, and Richmond furnaces are in active operation. In the eastern part of the county, Mont Alto furnace, the property of George B. Wiestling, is situated on a branch of the Antietam creek, about eight miles from Chambersburg, near the foot of the outer sandstone ridge of the South mountain. This furnace is supplied from extensive excava- tions lying about a fourth of a' mile north-east of it, on a declivity of the first sandstone ridge. The ore occurs, as in other similarly situated mines, in the lofJ'se soil of the mountain side in nests and irregular la3'ers, varying greatly in their dimensions, but the whole deposit seems to be of prodigious magnitude. The progress and development of the mineral interests of the county have been very marked during the past decade. Railroad branches now join Richmond and Mont Alto with the main line of the Cumberland Valley, and trains laden with ore and manufactured metal, daily wend their way to market. Franklin county, strictly speaking, is an agricultural and not a manufacturing county, but in preparing her own products for market, manufactories have sprung up and rapidly increased, and their ixi'esent prosperous condition gives fair promise for the future. Of flouring and grist mills the county contains one hundred ; saw mills, one hundred and twenty ; fulling mills, eight ; woolen factories, ten. Straw boards are manufactured at the mills of Heyser & Son, in Chambersburg, and a good qualit}^ of printing paper at the Hollywell mills, near that town. Since the completion of the Cumberland Valley railroad in 1834, and its branch roads later, the facilities for the transportation of the produce of the county to the most distant markets have been unsurpassed. This railroad spans the valley from the Susquehanna to the Potomac, and forms the connecting link between the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore and Ohio railroads. Its shops are situated in Chambersburg, and are among the most noticeable industries of the town, aff'ording labor to a large number of workmen. As late as 1748 there were "man}'^ Indians" within the limits of Franklin county, but these were ^' well disposed and very obliging, and not disinclined towards Christians when not made drunk by strong drink." So wrote Rev. Michael Schlatter, but it is doubtful if there were any save strolling bands of natives from the Ohio at the time of the organization of Cumberland county two years later. The first settlers of Franklin county were Scotch-Irish, many of whose descendants yet remain, but the larger proportion migrated west or south, giving way before the German element coming from the eastern counties of the State. Among the early pioneers of the former class are the names of Allison, Armstrong, Alexander, Brown, Baird, Campbell, Crawford, Culbertson, Caldwell, Chambers, Dunbar, Duncan, Douglas, Davies, Dickey, Findley, Graham, 744 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Hamilton, Henderson, Irwin, Jack, Johnston, Kirkpatrick, Magaw, McKibben, McCoy, McDowell, McLanahan, McBride, Murray, Patterson, Pauling, Rey- nolds, Keed, Semple, Stevens, Scott, and Stoner. These located here between the years 1728 and 1Y40. So steadily did this settlement increase, that at the period of the French and Indian war it is estimated that no less than three thousand people were located within the limits of the present Franklin county. It seems to be a matter of dispute at what time the Chambers settled on the Conoco- cheague. It is not probable that Joseph and Benjamin Chambers located at the Falling Spring earlier than 1730. They had previously built at Fort Hunter, on the Susquehanna, but an accidental fire consuming their mill on the Fishing- creek, they wandered westward, finally locating at the point named, erecting a log house, and eventually a saw and grist mill. It is stated that Benjamin Chambers had, when living east of the Susquehanna, been, attracted to the spot by a description he received from a hunter, who had observed the fine waterfall in one of his excursions through the valley. From his acquaintance with the art and business of a millwright, and the use and value of water-power, his atten- tion was directed to advantageous situations for water-works. He maintained a friendly intercourse with the Indians in his vicinity, who were attached to him ; with them he traded, and had so much of their confidence and respect that they did not injure him or otfer to molest him. On one occasion, being engaged in haymaking in his meadow, he observed some Indians secretly stalking in the thickets around the meadow. Suspecting some mischievous design, he gave them a severe chase, in the night, with some dogs, across the creek and through the woods, to the great alarm of the Indians, who afterwards acknowledged they had gone to the meadow for the purposg of taking from Benjamin his ivatch, and carrying ofi" a negro woman whom he owned, and who, they thought, would be useful to raise corn for them ; but they declared that they would not have hurt the colonel. He used his influence with his acquaintances to settle in his neighbor- hood, directing their attention to desirable and advantageous situations for farms. As the western Indians, after Braddock's defeat in 1755, became troublesome, and made incursions east of the mountains, killing and making prisoners of many of the white inhabitants, Colonel Chambers, for the security of his family and his neighbors, erected where the borough of Chambersburg now is, a large stone dwelling-house, surrounded by the water from Falling Spring. The dwelling-house, for greater security against the attempts of the Indians to fire it, was roofed with lead. The dwellings and the mills were surrounded by a stock- ade fort. This fort, with the aid of fire-arms, a blunderbuss and swivel, was so formidable to the Indian parties who passed the country, that it was but seldom assailed, and no one sheltered by it was killed or wounded ; although in the country around, at different times, those who ventured out on their farms were surprised and either slaughtered or carried off prisoners, with all the hon-ors and aggravations of savage warfare. From this time onward the Indian depredations were liorrifying, and the record of the three or four subsequent years is one of death and desolation. Benjamin Chambers, writing from Falling Spring, on Sabbath morning, November 2, 1755, to the inliabitants of the lower part of the county of Cumberland, says : " If you intend to go to the assistance of your neighbors, you need wait no longer for the certainty of the news. The FBANKLIN COUNTY. -[45 Great Cove is destroyed. James Campbell left his company last night, and went to the fort at Mr. Steel's meeting-house, and there saw some of the inhabi- tants of the Great Cove, who gave this account, that as they came over the hill they saw their houses in flames." A few days after Great Cove had been laid waste, and forty-seven persons of ninety-three settlers were killed or taken captive, the merciless Indians burnt the house of widow Cox, near McDowell's mill, in Cumberland (now Franklin) county, and carried off her two sons and another man. In February, ItSG, two brothers, Richard and John Craig, were taken by nine Delaware Indians, from a plantation two miles from McDowell's mill. In February, 1156, a party of Indians made marauding incursions into Peters township. They were discovered on Sunday evening, by one Alexander, near the house of Thomas Barr. He was pursued by the savages, but escaped and alarmed the fort at McDowell's mill. Early on Monday morning, a party of fourteen men of Captain Croghan's com- pany, who were at the mill, and about twelve other young men, set off to w'atch the motion of the Indians. Near Barr's house they fell in with fifty, and sent back for a reinforcement from the fort. The young lads proceeded by a circuit to take the enemy in the rear, whilst the soldiers did attack them in front. But the impetuosity of the soldiers defeated their plan. Scarce had they got within gun-shot, they fired upon the Indians, who were standing around the fire, and killed several of them at the first discharge. The Indians returned fire — killed one of the soldiers, and compelled the rest to retreat. The party of young men, hearing the report o'f fire-arms, hastened up ; finding the Indians on the ground which the soldiers had occupied, fired upon the Indians with effect ; but conclud- ing the soldiers had fled, or were slain, they also retreated. One of their number, Barr's son, was wounded, would have fallen by the tomahawk of an Indian, had not the savage been killed by a shot from Armstrong, who saw him running upon the lad. Soon after soldiers and young men being joined. by a reinforcement from the mill, again sought the enemy, who, eluding the pursuit, crossed the creek near William Clark's, and attempted to surprise the fort ; but their design was discovered by two Dutch lads, coming from foddering their master's cattle. One of the lads was killed, but the other reached the fort, which was immediately surrounded by the Indians, who, from a thicket, fired many shots at the men in the garrison who appeared above the wall, and returned the fire as often as they obtained sight of the enemy. At this time, two men crossing to the mill, fell into the middle of the assailants, but made their escape to the fort, though fired at three times. The party at Barr's house now came up, and drove the Indians through the thicket. In their retreat they met five men from Mr. Hoop's, riding to the mill — they killed one of these and wounded another severely. The ser- geant at the fort having lost two of his men, declined to follow the enemy until his commander, Mr. Crawford, who was at Hoop's, should return, and the snow falling thick, the Indians had time to burn Mr. Barr's house, and in it consumed their dead. On the morning of the 2d of March, Mr. Crawford, with fifty men, w^ent in quest of the enemy, but was unsuccessful in his search. In April following (1756), McCord's fort on the Conococheague, was burnt by the Indians, and twenty-seven persons were killed or captured. William Mitchell, an inhabi- tant of Conococheague, had collected a number of reapers to cut down his grain ; T46 EISTOBT OF PENNSYLVANIA. having gone out to the field, the reapers all laid down their guns at the fence, and set in to reap. The Indians suffered them to reap on for some time, till they got out in the open field, they secured their guns, killed and captured every one. On Jul}' 26, 1756, the Indians killed Joseph Martin, took captive John McCul- lough and James McCullough, in the Conococheague settlement. August 21, 1756, there was a great slaughter, wherein the Indians killed thirty-nine jDersons, near the mouth of the Conococheague creek. Early in November following, some Indians were only a few miles from McDowell's mill, where they killed the following named soldiers: James McDonald, William McDonald, Bartholomew McCafi'erty, and Anthony McQuoid ; and carried off Captain James Corkem and William Cornwall. The following inhabitants were killed : John Culbertson, Samuel Perry, Hugh Kerrell, John Woods and mother-in-law, and Elizabeth Archer. Persons missing : Four children belonging to John Archer; Samuel Neily, a boy ; and James McQuoid, a child. The following are the names of persons killed and taken captive on the Con- cocheague, on the 23rd of April, 1757 : John Martin and William Blair were killed, and Patrick McClelland wounded, who died of his wounds, near Max- well's fort; Maj"^ 12, John Martin and Andrew Paul, both old men, were cap- tured ; June 24, Alexander Miller was killed, and two of his daughters, from Conococheague ; July 27, Mr. McKissen wounded, and his two sons captured, at the South mountain ; August 15, William Manson and his son killed near Cross's fort ; September 26, Robert Rush and John McCracken, with others, killed and taken captive near Chambersburg ; November 9, John Woods, his wife and mother-in-law, and John Archer's wife were killed, four children taken, and nine killed, near McDowell's fort; May 21, 1758, Joseph Gallady was killed, his wife and one child taken captive. In 1763, the upper part of Cumberland (Franklin county) was invaded by savages, who murdered, set fire to houses, barns, hay, and corn, and everj-thing combustible. Most of the inhabitants fled, some to Shippensburg, some to Carlisle, some fled into York county with their families, and with their cattle. On the 26th of Jul}', 1764, the Indians murdered a school master, named Brown, about three miles north of Green Castle, and killed ten small children, and scalped and left for dead a young lad, Archibald McCullough, who recovered, and lived for many 3-ears. Bard, in his " Narrative of Captivity," says, " It was remarkable that, with few exceptions, the scholars were much averse to going to school that morning. And the account given by McCullough is that two of the scholars informed Mr. Brown that on their way they had seen Indians. The master paid no attention to what had been told liim. He ordered them to their books. Soon afterwards two old Indians and a boy rushed up to the door. The master seeing them, prayed the Indians only to take his life, and spare the children ; but unfeelingly, the two old Indians stood at the door, whilst the boy entered the house, and with a piece of wood in the form of an Indian maul, killed the master and the scholars, after which all of them were scalped. On the 4th of August, 1843, several citizens repaired to the farm of Christian Kozer, abqut three miles north of Green Castle, in Antrim township, to the spot where Brown and his scholars were buried in one grave. Digging down to the depth of four feet, they found some human bones, buttons, and what appeared to be an iron tobacco box. » FBANKLIN COUNTY. 747 The foregoing are but a few of the instances of savage cruelty which for a period of ten years reigned over this section of country — scenes at wliich we in the present days of peace and prosperity shudder to contemplate. At one period nearly the entire country was depopulated, the treacherous and blood-thirsty Indian satiating his vengeance in the lives of the settlers and in the destruction of their property. The successive expeditions of Bouquet, to which we have refei-red, finally brought quiet to this section, and with the emigration further west, the frontiers were extended beyond the Alleghenies, Settlers, therefore, filled in rapidly, and when the thunder-tones of the Revolution of lt76 awoke a new nation to life, this portion of the then Cumberland county had many strong arms to strike for liberty. Captain Huston organized a company in West Conococheague, and when about marching to the front, Rev. Dr. King addressed the compan}^ An extract from his address shows the spirit of the man and of the citizen : " The case is plain ; life must be hazarded, or all is gone. You must go and fight, or send your humble submission, and bow as a beast to its burden or as an ox to the slaugh- ter. The King of Great Britain has declared us rebels — a capital crime. Sub- mission, therefore, consents to the rope or the axe. Liberty is doubtless gone ; none could imagine that a tyrant king should be more favorable to conquered rebels than he was to loyal, humble, petitioning subjects. No ! no ! If ever a people lay in chains, we must, if our enemies carry their point against us, and oblige us to unconditional submission." Other companies were organized, and out of a population of about three thousand, within the present limits of Frank- lin county, at least five hundred troops were furnished to the army of Wash- ington. So, too, when the war of 1812-14 was declared, Franklin pla^^ed an important part. Eight companies of soldiers in all were organized in the county ; Cham- bersburg fui-nished four, Green Castle, Mercersburg, Path Valley, and Waynes- boro, each one. One company. Captain Jeremiah Snider's, marched to the Canada frontier, and wintered at Buffalo, 1812-13. Capain Henry Reges' com- pan}' marched to Meadville in September, 1812. The companies of Captains Samuel D. Culbertson and John Findley marched to the relief of Baltimore in 1814. We now come to a period in wliich Franklin county bore an important part, as being the theatre of the several invasions of Pennsylvania by the Confederate forces in the war for the Union. To each of these we shall make special reference. STUART'S RAID— 1862. Although tying almost within the confines of secession, Franklin county was, during the late war between the North and South, lo3'al to the Union. No braver soldiers breathed the air of battle on a Southern field than wei'e her sons who went, to swell the ranks of the Army of the Potomac and the Cumberland, many of them never to return to mark upon their own hearthstones the deso- lating touch of the hand of war. After the war was fully inaugurated, it became patent to every one that tlie Cumberland Yalley, and by its geographical situation, the county of /rankl.Uj 748 HISTOB Y OF PUNNS TL VANIA. would be the objective point in the event of an inroad of the Southern army into Pennsylvania. Easy of access from the Potomac, with her mountain fastnesses affording safe hiding-places, and her fertile fields fresh foraging ground for guerrilla cavalry, it was not long until a successful raid right into the heart of the county confirmed into a dreadful fact that which before was scarcely recog- nized as a possibility. Pen cannot portray the feelings of the people of Frank- lin county from that time until the close of the war. The inhabitants, especially of the rural districts, lived in almost constant dread of the approach of some raiding party. Business of all kinds was paralyzed. Military companies for home protection were formed on every hand, and the trying ordeals to which the people were subjected were met with a bravery and a cheerfulness of spirit which, to any one acquainted with the facts, gave the lie to certain unauthenticated statements in the press of sister States in the North, that the people of Franklin county were cowards and Southern sympathizers and unworthy of govern- mental support. The military situation of the border, in general, and the then unprotected con- dition of Franklin county favoring, the first Confederate raid into Pennsylvania was planned and successfully executed on the 10th of October, 1862, by Generals J. E. B. Stuart and Wade Hampton, with a following of about two thousand men. Crossing the Potomac river, this force, by hurried marches, penetrated into Pennsylvania, reaching the vicinity of Chambersburg, the county seat of Frank- lin county, on the 10th of October, near evening. With the fall of night came a shower of drizzling rain, in the midst of which the sound of a bugle was heard on " New England Hill," heralding the approach of a squad of officers under a flag of truce, who rode into the public square, or " Diamond," and demanded the surrender of the town in the name of the Confederate States of America. There beino- no representative of military authority in the town to treat with the visitors, and withal no warrant for resistance, the civil authorities, represented by the burgess, formally delivered up the place into their custody, and in an incredibly short time the streets of the town were filled with their first, but by no means last, instalment of gray-coated soldiery ; the tramp of their horses, the rattling of their sabres and spurs, and the dull thud of their axes busied with the demolishment of store doors, and the felling of telegraph poles, made sorry music for the pent-up inhabitants, who had betaken themselves within doors when the presence of their Southern visitors became an established fact. Cham- bersburg could scarcel}^ have been in a worse condition for a raid than it was at this time. Entirely divested of any military protection, with a large quantity of military stores within its confines, it lay at the mercy of the foe. The work of the raiders during the night was confined to the ransacking of stores, and the demolishing of the shops and office of the Cumberland Valley railroad and the office of the Western Union Telegraph company. The coup de gr>-ace of the expedition — the attack upon the military stores — was reserved for the next morning. These stores, which were placed in the large brick warehouse of Messrs. Wunderlich & Nead, near the northern end of the town, consisted of a large quantity of ammunition, spherical and conical shells, signal rockets and lights, and small arms of every description, which had a short time before been captured from the Confederate General, Longstreet ; and in addition about two FRANKLIN COUNTY. 749 hundred stands of navy revolvers and cavalry sabres, entirely new, which had been stored there by the Federal government, to equip two companies of cavalr}'' which were then being raised in the county. Daylight discovered to the raiders the whereabouts of the government stores. An entrance into the warehouse was easily effected. All moveable property', such as pistols, sabres, etc., was quicklj^ transferred to the saddles of their horses, ready for transportation, when the work of destroying the remainder immediately began. New lumber was taken from a yard near b}^, cut in pieces, saturated with kerosene oil, and fii'ed. The flame soon reached the powder, when explosion after explosion took place like a quick cannonading, alarming the country for miles around, and impressing the affrighted farmers with the belief that a battle was in progress in town. The warehouse was blown to atoms ; the adjoining buildings were fired, when the raiders took a hasty departure, cutting across the country in a south-easterly direction to the Potomac river and thence into Virginia, taking with them a large quantity of spoils, including some twelve hundred horses. The inhabitants of Chambersburg were left in a terri- fied condition, many of them seeking in their cellars safety from the flying shells, and others endangering their lives to save their property from burning. The fire, however, in the main, was restrained to the neighborhood of the warehouse and the depot buildings, lying contiguous, where the damage done did not fall far short of $150,000. LEE'S INVASION— 1863. The summer of 'sixtj^-three brought a critical period in the existence of the Southern Confederacj'. The star of secession was at its culmination. Lee's army was never in better spirits, and on the other hand the memory of the fateful field of Chancellorsville was still fresh in the minds of Hooker's men, whose ranks were daily being decimated by the departure of the short-term regiments. For- getful of the disasters of the Maryland campaign, the southern press and people clamored unceasingly for a coup de main that would transfer the seat of war to free soil, and thereon, whilst the starving legions of the south revelled in the plenty of the rich fields of Pennsylvania, conquer a peace. Wooed by this siren song, in the face of his better judgment, Lee planned his northern campaign, and by a military movement that has scarcely an equal, transferred his whole army across the border, only to meet his Waterloo at Gettysburg. At the inception of the movement, the surprised and baffled Hooker stood aghast, and the affrighted Halleck, in the midst of his cogitations over a change in the leader- ship of the army of the Potomac, stopped and trembled, while the smouldering excitement of the inhabitants of the southern border of Pennsylvania grew into a mighty panic, Avliich shook the Capitol City of the Keystone State with fear, and rang the alarm bells of her metropolis until old Independence Hall re-echoed with their sound. Hasty preparations for the defence of the invaded State were at once made b}' the National, assisted b}^ the State authorities. A new department, named the " Department of the Susquehanna," was formed, and General D. N. Couch assumed command on the 12th of June, with headquarters at Chambersburg, Y50 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. Franklin county. A proclamation calling upon the citizens to turn out in defence of their State was issued by Governor Curtin, and troops were enrolled and equipped as rapidly as possible. Then in rapid succession, followed on the 13th the fight at Winchester between the forces of General R. H. Milroy, the only barrier to Lee's approach, and the rebel General Ewell ; the retreat of Milroy ; the occupation in succession of Martinsburg and Hagerstown by the rebel General Rodes on the 14th, and the climax of the excitement in Chambers- burg on that memorable Sunday evening, when General Couch removed his headquai'ters to Carlisle. The following description of the occupation of Chambersburg by the Con- federate General Jenkins, the advance guard of Lee's army, is taken mainly from the Franklin Repository of June, 1863 : " On Monday morning, June 15th, the flood of rumors from the Potomac fully confirmed the advance of the rebels, and the citizens of Chambersburg and vicinity, feeling unable to resist the rebel columns, commenced to make prompt preparation for the movement of stealable property. Nearly every horse, good, bad, and indifferent, was started for the mountains as early on Monday as possible, and the negroes darkened the different roads northwai'd for hours, loaded with household eff"ects, sable babies, etc., and horses and wagons and cattle crowded every avenue to places of safety. About nine o'clock in the morning the advance of Milroy 's retreating wagon-train dashed into town attended by a few cavahy and several aff"righted wagon-masters, all of whom declared that the rebels were in hot pursuit ; that a large portion of the train was captured, and that the enemy was abqut to enter Chambersburg. This start- ling information coming from men in uniform, who had fought valiantly until the enemy had got nearly in sight, naturally gave a fresh impetus to the citizens, and the skedaddle commenced in magnificent earnestness and exquisite confusion. " On Monday morning the rebel General Jenkins, with about one thousand eight hundred mounted infantry, entered Green Castle, Franklin county, a town five miles north of the Maryland line, and ten miles south of Clfambersburg, in the direct route of the rebels. After a careful reconnoisance, this town being defenceless, was occupied and rapidly divested of everything moveable, contra- band and otherwise, which struck the fancy of the freebooting visitors. " Evidently under the impression that forces would be thrown in their way at an early hour, the rebels pushed forward for Chambersburg. About eleven o'clock on Monday night they arrived at the southern end of the town, and again the streets of Chambersburg resounded to the clatter of rebel cavalry, and a second time the town fell their easy prey. This visit continued three days, and was marked by a general plundering of the town and vicinage. Horses seemed to be considered contraband of war, and were taken without pretence of compensation ; but other articles were deemed legitimate subjects of commerce, even between enemies, and they were generally paid for after a fashion. True, the system of Jenkins would be considered a little informal in business circles, but it was his way, and the people agreed to it perhaps, to some extent, because of the novelty, but mainly because of the necessity of the thing. But Jenkins was liberal — eminently liberal. He did'nt stop to higgle about a few odd pennies in making a bargain. FBANKLIN COUNTY. 751 " Doubtless our merchants and druggists would have preferred greenbacks to Confederate scrip, that is never payable, and is worth just its weight in old paper; but Jenkins had'nt greenbacks, and he had Confederate scrip, and such as he had he gave unto them. Thus he dealt largely in our place. To avoid the jealousies growing out of rivalry in business he patronized all the merchants, and bought pretty much everything he could conveniently use and carrj-. Some people, with the antiquated ideas of business, might call it stealing to take goods and pay for them in bogus money; but Jenkins called it business, and, for the time being, what Jenkins called business, was business. In this way he robbed all the stores, drug stores, etc., more or less, and supplied himself with many articles of great value to him. " Jenkins, like most doctors, did not seem to have relished his own prescrip- tions. Several horses had been captured by some of our boys, and notice was given by the Confederate commanding that they must be surrendered or the town would be destroyed. The city fathers, generally known as the town council, were appealed to, in order to avert the impending fate threatened us. One of the horses and some of the equipments were found and returned, but there was still a balance in favor of Jenkins. We do not know who audited the account, but it was finally adjusted, by the council appropriating the sum of nine hundred dollars to pay the claim. Doubtless Jenkins hoped for nine hundred dollars in 'greenbacks,' but he had flooded the town with Confederate scrip, pronouncing it better than United States currency, and the council evidently believed him ; and desiring to be accommodating with a conqueror, decided to favor him by the payment of his bill in Confederate scrip. It was so done, and Jenkins got just nine hundred dollars worth of nothing for his trouble. He took it, however, without a murmur, and doubtless considered it a clever joke. " Sore was the disappointment of Jenkins at the general exodus of horses from this place. It limited his booty immensely. Fully five hundred had been taken from Chambersburg and vicinity to the mountains, and Jenkins' plunder was thus made just so much less. But he determined to make up for it by steal- ing all the arms in the town. He, therefore, issued an order requiring the citizens to bring him all the arms they had, public or private, within two hours, and search and terrible vengeance were threatened in case of disobedience. Many of our citizens complied with the order, and a committee of our people was appointed to take a list of the persons presenting arms. Of course very many did not comply, but enough did so to avoid a general search and probable sacking of the town. The arms were assorted — the indifferent destroyed and the good taken along. " The route of Jenkins was through the most densely populated and wealth- iest portion of the county. From this point, on the 18th of June, he fell back to Green Castle and south of it, thence he proceeded to Mercersburg, from where a detachment crossed the Cove mountain to McConnellsburg, and down the val- ley from there. The main body, however, was divided into plundering parties, and scoured the whole southern portion of the county, spending several da3'S in and about Green Castle and Waynesboro', and giving Welsh Run a pretty inti- mate visitation." On Tuesday, the 23rd of June, Chambersburg was again re-occupied by the T52 HISTOBT OF FEKINSYLVANIA. rebels under General Rodes, and the national troops, under the command of General Joseph Knipe, fell back toward Harrisburg, The forces of General Rodes were the vanguard of Lee's whole array, which was coming to pay more than a passing visit to the soil of Pennsylvania. Says an eye witness (Rev. B. B. Bausman), in his graphic description of the passage of the army : " For six da^'s and five nights the legions of the south kept pouring through Main street. Columns and divisions of soldiers provokingly long, and immense lines of guns of various calibre, and arm}^ trains that seemed almost endless, passed before us like a weird, dream-like panorama. None but those who have witnessed such a migration have a correct idea of the vastness of an arm}- of seventy thousand or eight}' thousand men, with all their means of living and munitions of war. It was literall}' an out-pouring of Southern life and power, of the flower as well as of the dregs of their population. Some divisions were composed of noble warriors, able-bodied, of a fine bearing and presence, hosts of them educated, refined gentlemen, serving in the private ranks. Others rough, rude, insulting men, such as the 'Louisiana Tigers,' and the Texans, who howled and whooped through the streets likenvild beasts. But for the rigid rule of Lee's army, these fellows would have made our streets run with blood. Every day we expected the last to pass through, and still they came. " On Friday, the fourth day, he (Lee) came. Up to that time we knew not which way his army would turn — towards Gettysburg or Harrisburg. ffitherto they had turned both ways. He stopped in the Diamond, where the two roads fork. A single glance revealed him to be a man of mark, a leader of the host. Around him were gathered his generals, all on horseback, the two Hills, Long- street, and others. Young looking men they were aside of the veteran, none of those named more than thirty-five or forty years of age. They had preceded him a day or two. Approaching their leader, they gracefully saluted him by faintly raising their hats or caps. The form of greeting was free and familiar, hardly such as we might have expected due to their great chief. He had the poorest horse, the commonest and cheapest garments, the most unassuming, unmilitary exterior of the whole group. The poorest rider, too, he seemed to be. Rode as if very tired, as if riding of this slow plodding kind was a great burden to him. No wonder that an old man of his age should seem thus. His generals looked like earnest men, but perfectly at their ease, calm and collected, as if the}^ were consulting about a proposed summer tour in the north. Their conversation was in a suppressed tone of voice. The horses seemed to feel the importance of the occasion, trying to stand very still and seemingl}^ listening to every word that was said. It is a novel scene, w^iich would furnish a fine subject for a painter. The central figure everybody scans with intense interest. Somehow, in spite of his unpleasant, his rebellious mission, I feel kindly towards the man, and cannot suppress a sense of admiration for his military genius. Thei'e he sits unarmed, and unsuspecting of personal peril. From many an open window a deadly ball might be sent through his heart. From this mixed crowd of southern and northern people, how easily a loyal enthusiast might lay the head of the Southern Confederacy low in death ! He seems not to think of such a possible event. The whole group apparently is unconscious of any presence but their own. FBANKLIN COUNTY. 753 " With almost bated breath we watch for the close of their interview. Which way will he take his army ; which way turn his sleepy-looking sorrel horse ? Now his head is turned toward Harrisburg. At length the venerable rider and his generals salute ; they retire to their divisions; he gently pulls the rein, turns his horse to the right toward Gettysburg, followed by his staff. Part of Lee's army went around by Carlisle and York. He tarried a day or two near Cham- bersburg. The best regulated armies are encumbered with plundering strag- glers. Such hung on to Lee's army and took all they could lay hands upon. Hats were snatched from dignified heads, and boots pulled from feet unused to walking home unbooted." Such was Lee's army on the way to Gettysburg. How diflerent their return. Where they demanded before, they begged now. Franklin county saw but little of the army on its retreat, comparatively speaking. Chambersburg was left to the right for prudential reasons, and cutting across tlie south-eastern portion of the county, Lee made good his escape into Mar3dand. McCAUSLAND'S FORAY AND BURNING OF CHAMBERSBURG— 1864. The deliberate sacking and burning of Chambersburg by the forces of McCausland and Johnston, on the 30th of July, 1864, is one of the darkest stains upon the pages of the record of the late rebellion. The cause assigned by the perpetrators of the act was that it was done in retaliation for property de- stroyed by Union troops in the valley of the Shenandoah. Yet it has been hinted that this was not the true cause of the act. That in the minds of certain Southern leaders there lurked an ill-suj3^)ressed hatred of the inhabitants of Chambersburg and vicinity, a feeling that did not extend to other towns in Pennsylvania, on account of an erroneous idea that Chambersburg and neighborhood had given tacit aid to John Brown, of Harper's Ferry notoriety, in his fanatical attempt at inciting the slaves of the South to insurrection against their masters. It will be remembered that for a short time Brown had hovered around Chambersburg, and had used the mountains in the vicinity as a sort of base of operations for the collection of arms, etc., but without the knowledge of the inliabitants, as is evi- denced by the fact, tliat as soon as it was discovered, b3'an unlooked-for accident to one of the packages, that the goods being shipped to "Brown & Co.," in the " Cove mountain," contained arms, prompt notice was given to the State autho- rities. At a council held by the rebel officers outside of Chambersburg on the night of the 29th of July, the proceedings of which were overheard by a Union scout, it transpired that the town of Chambersburg had been specifically and irrevocably marked out for destruction by order of the rebel General Early, who was then miles away. The question under discussion by these officers Avas not whether the town should be destroyed — that was settled — but whether it shoukl be burned that night or the following morning. A spark of humanity still glimmering in the breasts of his subordinate officers, caused a slight infringe- ment of Early's peremptory order of destruction, and the town was sacked and burned by daylight, and the ill-fated inhabitants were spared the additional hoi'rors of such an event shadowed by night. 2 X 754 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. How terrible an event this was for the people of Chambersburg may be gathered from the following account, condensed mainly from the Franklin Repository : The defeat of Crook and Averill, near Winchester, when pursuing the retreating rebels, was the first intimation given the border of another invasion, and even then little danger was apprehended, as Hunter's army was known to have been brought to Martinsburg and rested and reorganized, and the sixth and nineteenth corps were also known to be on the line of the Potomac. General Couch had no troops — not even an organized battalion — on the border. He had organized six or seven regiments of one hundred days men, but as fast as they were officered and armed they were forwarded to Washington, in obedience to orders from the authorities. He was left, therefore, with no force whatever to defend the border. On Thursday, the 28th of July, the rebels re- crossed the Potomac at three different points — Mc- Causland, Johnston, and Gilmor, with three thou- sand mounted men and two batteries — below Hancock, and moved towards Mer- cersburg. They reached Mercersburg at six p.m., where they met Lieutenant McLean, a most gallant young officer in the regu- lar service, with about twenty men. His entire command numbered forty- five, and he had to detach for scouting and picket duty more than one-half his force. So suddenly did they dash into Mercersburg, that they cut the telegraph wires before their movements could be telegraphed, and it was not until ten o'clock that night that Lieutenant McLean got a courier through to General Couch, at Chambersburg, with the information. The rebel brigades of Vaughn and Jackson, numbering about three thousand men, crossed tlie Potomac about the same time, at or near Williamsport. Part of the command advanced on Hagerstown ; the main body naoved on the road leading from Williamsport to Green Castle; another rebel column of infantry and artillery crossed the Potomac simultaneously at Shepherdstown, and moved towards Leitersburg. General Averill, who commanded a force reduced to about two thousand six hundred, was at Hagerstown, and being threatened in front by Vaughn and Jack- CHAMBERSIJURG BEFORE THE FIRE — 18G4. [From a Photograph by Bishop Bros., Chambersburg.) FRANKLIN COUNTY. 755 son, and on his right by McCausland and Johnston, who also threatened his rear, and on the left by the column which crossed at Shepherdstown, he therefore fell back to Green Castle. General Averill, it is understood, was under the orders of General Hunter, but was kept as fully advised by General Couch, as possible, of the enemy's move- ments on his right and on his rear. General Couch's entire force consisted of sixty infantry, forty-five cavalry, and a section of a battery of artillery — in all less than one hundred and fifty men. At three o'clock, a.m., on the morning of the 30th of July, Lieutenant McLean reported to General Couch that he had been driven into town at the west- ern toll-gate, and urged the immediate movement of the train containing array stores, etc. As the stores were not yet all ready for shipment. Major Maneely, of General Couch's stafiT, took one gun with a squad of men, and planted it on the hill a short distance west of the Fair Ground. As it was yet dark, his force could not bereconnoitered by the enemy, and when he opened on the rebels, tliey halted, until daylight showed that there was no adequate force to oppose them. By this gallant exploit, the rebels were delayed outside of town until the stores were all saved, and General Couch left the depot as the rebels entered the western part of the town. Lieutenant McLean and his command, and Major Maneely being well mounted, escaped before the rebels got into the main part of the town. Major Maneely killed one rebel and wounded five by the first fire of his gun. The rebels being interrupted in their entrance into the town until daylight, they employed their time in planting two batteries in commanding positions, and getting up their whole column fully three thousand strong. About six a.m., on Saturday, they opened with their batteries, and fired some half a dozen shots into the town, but they did no damage. Immediately thereafter, their skirmish- ers entered by almost every street and alley running out west and south-west, and finding the way clear, their cavalry, to the number of about four hundred and fifty, came in, under the immediate command of General McCausland. Soon after his occupation of the town. General McCausland gave notice that unless five hundred thousand dollars in greenbacks, or one hundred thousand dollars in gold, were paid in half an hour, the town would be burned. He was promptly told that Chambersburg could not, and would not pay any ransom. He had the court house bell rung to convene the citizens, hoping to frighten them into the payment of a large sum of money. No one attended. Infuriated at the determination of the people, the notorious Major Harry Gilmor rode up to a group of citizens : Thomas B. Kennedy, William McLellan, J. McDowell Sharpe, Dr. J. C. Richards, W. H. McDowell, W. S. Everett, E. G. Etter, and M. A. Foltz, and ordered them under arrest, telling them he would hold them for the payment of the money, and if not paid, he would take them to Richmond as hostages, and also burn every house in the town. While thus parleying with them to no purpose, his men commenced the work of firing. No one was taken as a hostage. The main part of the town was enveloped in flames in ten minutes. No time was given to remove women, children, the sick, or even the dead. The}' divided into squads, and fired every other house, and often every house, if there was an}/ 756 HIS TO BY OF PENNSYLVANIA. prospect for plunder. They would beat in the door, smash up furniture with an axe, throw fluid or oil upon it, and ply the match. They rifled drawers of bureaus, stole mone}', jewelry, watches, and any other valuables ; would often present pistols to the heads of inmates, and demand money or their lives. No one was spared. In a few hours three million dollars of property was sacrificed, three thousand human beings left homeless — many of them penniless — without so much as a pretence that the citizens of the doomed town, or any of them, had violated any accepted rules of civilized warfare. Such is the deliberate, vol- untary record made by General Early, a corps commander in the insurgent army. The scenes presented on that terrible occasion beggar description. Says the Rev. Joseph Clarke : " The aged, the sick, the dying, and the dead were carried out from their burning homes; mothers, with babes in their arms and surrounded by their fright- ened little ones, fled through the streets jeered and taunted by the brutal soldiery ; indeed, their es- cape seemed almost a mir- acle, as the streets were in a blaze from one end to the other, and they were compelled to flee through a long road of fire. Had not the da}^ been perfectly calm many must have pe- rished in the flames. . The moment of greatest alarm was not reached un- til some of the more hu- mane of the rebel ofldcers warned the women to flee if they wished to escape violence." Says another, J. K. Shryock : " For miles around the frightened inhabitants fled they knew not whither, some continuing their flight until the}' dropped to the ground with exhaustion. Pocket books and watches were taken by whole- sale, bundles, shawls, and valises were snatched out of women's and children's hands, to be thrown avva3^ Cows and dogs and cats were burned to death, and the death cries of the poor dumb brutes sounded like the groans of liuman beings. It is a picture that may be misrepresented, but cannot be heightened." Chambersburg, the seat of justice of Franklin county, is fifty miles south- west of Harrisburg, and seventy-seven miles north-west of Baltimore, and was founded in n('>4 by Benjamin Chambers, whose name it bears. The intercourse with the western country being then very limited, and most of the trade and travel along the valley toward the south, he was induced to lay his lots in that direc- tion, and the town did not extend beyond the creek to the west. Some of the CHAMBEKSBURCf AFTER THE BURNING. [From a Photograph hy Bishop Bros., Chambersburg. J FRANKLIN COUNTY. 757 old trees of his orchard were standing until recently on the west of the creek. The increasing trade with the western country, after the Revolution, pro- duced an extension of the town on the west side of the creek, which was located by Captain Chambers, son of the Colonel, about 1791. The first stone house erected in the town was at the north-west corner of the Diamond, built by J. Jack, about 1770. The first courts holden in the county were in this house, up stairs ; and, on one occasion, the crowd was so great as to strain the beams and fracture the walls, causing great confusion and alarm to the court and bar. During the French and Indian wars of 1755 and the Revolution, and the in- termediate wars, " Chambers settlement" was a small frontier village, almost the outpost of civilization. A considerable trade was carried on with the most remote settlements on the Pittsburgh road by means of pack horses. The old town of Chambersburg grew rapidly in trade and population. Its destruction by rebel cavalry, on the 30th of July, 1864, has been previouly noted. The public buildings of Chambersburg are numerous, and present an attrac- tive appearance. The court house has been but recenth' rebuilt, and is the third structure of the kind which has been erected on the site it occupies. The offices all have either fire-proof vaults or safes for the protection of the public records. The court hall is a prettily finished and furnished room. The cupola of the building, in which there is a handsome clock with illuminated dials, is sur- mounted by a statue of Benjamin Franklin, after whom the county is named. The Chambersburg Academy buildings are situated on an eminence commanding a view of the surrounding country, with the North, South, and Blue mountains in the distance. The first charter for this school was obtained from the State in 1797, and the institution has been in existence ever since. It is now in a flour- ishing condition. Wilson Female College is situated a short distance north of Chambers- burg. It is one of the most promising institutions in the country. It was handsomel_y endowed by its founders and is rapidh' acquiring a reputation of which its friends may well be proud. Young ladies from all parts of the countr}' are in attendance. The buildings are commodious, well ventilated, and com- fortable, while the ample grounds which surround it are laid out in artistic style. There are twelve churches in the town — Presbyterian, Lutheran, Methodist, and Reformed, each two; Protestant Episcopal, United Brethren, Church of God, and Roman Catholic, each one. Besides a large woolen factory, which manufac- tures some of the finest goods in the country, Chambersburg boasts a straw board mill, a paper mill, a powder mill, an axe factory, numerous saw, planing, and grist mills, and quite a number of other industries. Mercersburg borough is situated in the south-western part of the county, near the Cove mountain, on an elevated site commanding a view of picturesque scenery. At this yjoint, in the year 1729, James Black built a mill, which was the first foot-print of civilization, and the nucleus of the settlement there. In the ye'Av 1780, Willi;im Smith became the owner of this mill, and in 1786, his son, William Smith, Jr., laid out a town, which at its inception Avas called " Smith's settlement," but subsequently Mercers-burgh, in honor of General Hugh Mercer, who was killed at the battle of Trenton. In early days Mercersburg was an important point for the trade carried on amongst the Indians and frontier settlers. 768 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. Governor William Findlay, who filled the executive chair of Pennsylvania in 1817, and who died in Harrisburg, November 12, 1846, was born in Mercers- burg, June 20, 1768. About three miles above Mercersburg is a wild gorge in the Cove mountain, and within the gorge an ancient road leads up through a narrow, secluded glen encircled on every side by high and rugged mountains. Here, at the foot of a toilsome ascent in the road, which the traders of the olden time designated as the " Stony Batter," are to be seen the remains of a deca^'ed orchard and the ruins of two log cabins. Many years ago a Scotch trader dwelt in one of these cabins, and had a store in the other, where he drove a small but profitable traffic with the Indians and frontiermen, who came down the moun- tain, by exchanging with them powder, fire-arms, etc., for their " Old Mononga- hela," and the furs and skins of the trappers and Indians. Here, on the 23d of April, 1791, to this Scotch trader was born a son, and " Jamie," as he called him, was cradled amid the wild scenes of nature and the rude din of frontier life. The father, thriving in trade, moved into Mercersbvirg, and after a few 3''ears was enabled to send his sou to Dickinson college, at Carlisle, where he graduated in 1809. ''Jamie," of "Stony Batter," was James Buchanan, fif. teenth President of the United States. Mercersburg was incorporated into a borough in 1831, and up to their removal to Lancaster was the seat of Marshall college, and the Theological seminary of the German Reformed Church. Mercersburg college, a young but thriving institution, took the place of Mar- shall. During the late war, the rebels paid hostile visits to Mercersburg, in the forays of 1862, '63, and '64. Loudon village lies at the terminus of the Southern Pennsylvania railroad, and on the turnpike from Chambersburg to Pittsburgh, fourteen miles from the former place, at the base and in the shadow of the mountain. Near Loudon stood one of the line of torts erected during the French and Indian wars. This town played a somewhat important part in the events transpiring between the years 1755-1776. Green Castle is a flourishing borough on the line of the Cumberland Yalley railroad, midway between Hagerstown and Chambersburg. It was laid out in 1782, and was first settled by the Irwins, McLanahans, Watsons, Crawfords, Nighs, Clarks, McCullohs, Davisons, Grubbs, Lawrences, McClellands. It is in the midst of a fertile and highly cultivated country, and it possesses excellent school advantages. Its public buildings consist of a town hall, large public school, Presbyterian, Lutheran, Methodist, and German Reformed churches. The inhabitants of this place and region round about were exposed to the incursions, of marauding merciless parties of Indians from 1755 to 1765. Near Green Castle, at the farm of Archibald Fleming, in 1863, AVilliam Reels, the first Union soldier killed on Pennsylvania soil, fell in a skirmish with rebel cavahy. WA.YNESBURG, incorporated into a borough with the name of Waynesboro', in 1818, was laid out about the year 1800, by Mr. Wallace, whose name it bore for some years. It lies near the base of the South mountain, on the turnpike leading by way of Green Castle and Mercersburg across the Cove mountain to McConnellsburg. It is a flourishing town in the midst of a region of country of great faitility. It boasts of manufactories of no mean character, notably, the " Geyser Company," for the manufacture of agricultural implements. FRANKLIN COUNTY. 759 Marion, a post-village, midway between Chambersburg and Green Castle, contains between twenty-five and thirty dwellings. The Cumberland Yalley railroad passes within sight of the village. Near Marion is the point where the Southern Pennsylvania railroad joins the Cumberland Valley railroad, of wliich it is a branch. It passes through Mercersburg to Loudon, a distance of twenty- one miles, and was built principally for the transportation of the iron ore which abounds in the neighborhood of Loudon. Snow Hill or Schneeberq is on the Antietam creek, near the South jnountain. Its situation is pleasant, Avith charming surroundings. It is princi- pally a German Seventh Day Baptist settlement. A branch of the original society of Ephrata was established many years ago at Snow Hill, under the eldership of Peter Lehman and Andreas Schneeberg. St. Thomas, a thriving post village, seven miles north-west of Chambersburg, was laid out b}'' the Campbells more than three-quarters of a century ago. When General Stuart, during the raid into Pennsylvania, mentioned elsewhere, passed through St. Thomas en 7'oute for Chambersburg, General Wade Hampton, one of his party, was fired upon by a zealous denizen of the place, and great difficulty was experienced in restraining the troops from destroying the town. Upper Strasburg is a post village on the old " Three mountain road," twelve miles in a direct line north-west of Chambersburg. It lies in a secluded spot at the base of the mountains, and in the olden time was a favorite resting place for teamsters hauling goods from Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. Scotland, on the line of the Cumberland Yalley railroad, five miles north- east of Chambersburg, is one of the oldest towns in the valley. The Conoco- cheague creek flows by it, and is spanned by a railroad bridge which was destroyed by rebels under General Jenkins, in June, 1863. The old wooden bridge has been replaced by a substantial iron one. Fayetteville, a post-village on the turnpike from Chambersburg to Gettj's- burg, is seven miles from the former, and eighteen miles from the latter place. This town lay within the line of the rebel communications with Richmond during the invasion of July, 1863, and the enemy's mails were carried through the place. On one occasion a mail was captured by some of the citizens. This act of temerity so incensed a force of rebel cavahy near the place as to cause them to arrest a number of innocent citizens, who experienced considerable difficulty in regaining their libert3% Mont Alto is a post office, and the seat of Mont Alto furnace, at the termi- nus of the Mont Alto railroad, which was built for the transportation of the ore mined and the iron manufactured at that place. The homes of the miners and furnace men make quite a village. Mont Alto park is a favorite place of summer resort. It is seventeen miles from Chambersburg b}' rail. Other important towns are Funkstoavn, in Quinc}'' township ; Upton, four and a half miles from Green Castle ; Bridgeport, three miles from Mercersburg ; Orrstown, laid out by John and William Orr, in 1834 ; Fannetsburg, Dry Run, and Concord, in Path valley ; Roxbury, lying at the opening of a precipi- tous mountain pass into Path and Amberson's valleys ; and Green Village, five miles east of Chambersburg. FULTON COUNTY. BY JAMES POTT, M'CONNELLSBURG. ULTON COUNTY was erected out of that part of Bedford county lying east of Ray's hill, which, in the main, forms its western boun- dary ; being bounded on the north by Huntingdon county; on tlie east by the North and Tuscaiora mountains, and on the south bv the Maryland line, having an average length of about twentj^-six miles and breadth of seventeen miles, with an area of four hundred and twenty square miles. It was organized under act of April 19, 1850, which designated Andrew J. Fore, David Miinn, Jr., and Patrick Donahue as commissioners to fix the bounda- ries, etc. Popula- tion in 1870,9,360. The county re- ceived its name through the ca- price of Senator Packer, of Lj-co- ming county, who was unfriendly to- wards the new county, though not absolutely hostile. In the pe- tition asking for the new county, the name " Liber- FULTON COUNTY COURT HOUSE. ty was desiof- nated. 'I'he success of the measure in the House of Hepi-osentatives was largely due to the efforts and personal popularity of Hon. Samuel Robinson, then one of the representatives from Bedford county. In the Senate its passage depended on the action of Senator Packer. A citizen of the proposed county, a personal friend of Senators Packer and Frailey, both of whom were opi)osed to the bill, waited on those gentlemen, requesting them to forego their objections. Mr. Frailey readily yielded. Mr. Packer was more tenacious, but finally agreed to support the bill, on condition he should be permitted to name the new county. This was accorded him, and when it came before the Senate, Messrs. Packer and Frailey moved to amend, by substituting " Fulton," wherever " Liberty" occurred, and its passage was secured. 160 FULTON COUNTY. 761 The county is mouiitaiiious and hill\'. The North, or Kittatinny, and Tus- earora mountains, rise like a huge barrier on its eastern bound.uy, while Ray's hill, scarcely of less magnitude, forms its western rampart. Between these, and nearly jiarallel with them, range Big and Little Scrub ridges, Sidelino- hill Town hill, and a number of other mountains of lesser magnitude, but all rano-jno- in the same general northeasterly and southwesterly direction, prominent among which are Dickey's mountain, Tonoloway, and Stilwell's ridges, Negro mountain, Black-log mountain. Shade mountain, and Broad Top mountain. Sidney's Knob rears its head aloft in the nortlieasterly corner of the county, formed by a junction of Scrub ridge and Cove mountain, while in the south- easterly quarter Lowry's Knob, being the northerly terminus of Dickey's mountain, but separated therefrom by a gorge, raises its sugar-loaf peak high above the adjacent valley. The county is well watered with numerous streams, fed in large part by splendid limestone springs. Prominent among the streams are Cove creek, Licking creek, Big and Little Tonoloway creeks, running southwaid, and emptying their waters into the Potomac ; Aughwick creek, Woodenbridge creek, and Sideling Hill creek, running northward, and emptying into the Juniata. The valley's formed by these mountains, and watered by these streams and their numerous tributaries are, in the main, fertile and romantic. The moun- tains and uplands, and much of the arable lands, are yet covered with luxuriant forests of timber of all the varieties indigenous to this State. The Chambersburg and Pittsburgh turnpike passes through the centre of the county, and going westward, crosses successively North mountain. Scrub ridge, Sideling hill, and Ray's hill, affording to the traveler ever-varying and delightful landscape views. The turnpike was built about LSI 4-1 5. The chief industry of the county, at present, is agriculture. All the cereals and fruits common to this latitude flourish well, and yield remuneratively under careful attention of the husbandman. Limestone soil of great natural fertility largely predominates in the Big Cove, Pigeon Cove, Brush Creek valley. Wells' valley, and the Aughwick valley, and the productiveness of these sections is evidenced in the splendid farm improvements. The red shale lands along the old State road, in Licking Creek valley, on Timber ridge, in Whips' Cove, and in Buck valley, are scarcely less productive, under careful tillage, than the richer limestone soils. The county being mountainous, there is naturally much rough and broken land, considerable of which is thin and light, and yields but a poor return for the labor bestowed upon it. Next to agriculture, the^ principal industry is the manufacture of leather. There are a number of extensive tanning establishments in the county ; the two principal ones are located, respectively, at Emmaville in the w^estern part of the county, and the other in the eastern part of the county, eight miles south of M'Connellsburg, known as Big Cove tannery. These are establishments of large capacit}^, and rank among the first in the State. Besides these, there are a number of others doing a large business, prominent among which is the Saluvia tannery, near the centre of the count}' ; Wells' tannery, in Wells' valley, and one at Franklin Mills, in the southern part of the county, all of which are 762 SISTOB T OF PENNS YL VANIA. scarcely'' inferior to the first two mentioned, and all doing a large business, and using only oak for tanning. Three iron foundries and machine shops, for the manufacture of agricultural implements, are located two in McConnellsburg and the other in Fort Littleton. Grist mills, lumber mills, and woolen mills comprise, in the main, the remainder of the manufacturing industries of the county. The great element of the future wealth of this county lies in its vast store of minerals, as yet scarcely developed further than to demonstrate its existence. Iron ore, in many varieties and of great abundance and richness, is found in almost every mountain, hill, and valley, and bituminous coal in the north-western part of the countj^, where the Broad Top coal basin extends within the borders of the county to a considerable extent. Both iron ore and coal remain practically undeveloped by reason of the absence of railroads, but several railroad projects are now pointing in this direction, attracted by the rich mineral fields. Iron ores abound everywhere in great profusion — hematite, fossil, pipe, spec- ular, and others — but the richest veins and deposits exist in the eastern portion, from the Maryland line to the northern end of the county, while in all parts are found rich deposits of the different varieties. The dense forests of timber which cover the mountains and dot the valleys can supply charcoal, and the bituminous coal fields in the northern part of the county the coke, for smelting the ores, in un- limited abundance. Dickey's mountain, in the south-eastern part of the county, is exceedingly rich in both hematite and fossil ores, while Lowry's Knob, at the northern terminus of Dickey's mountain, six miles south of McConnellsburg, is a mass of richest hematite ore, and the same is found in different parts of the contiguous valley and surrounding hills. In early times, beginning as far back as 1827, and coming down to 184t, there were iron works, known as "Hanover Iron Works," located in this vicinity, at a point nine miles southward of McConnellsburg, where exists the best water power in the count}'. These were considered extensive works in their day, consisting of two furnaces and two forges. The ore for the use of these works was the hematite, mined, mainly, out of Lowry's Knob, about one mile from the works. It was not until about 1841 that the fossil ore in Dickey's mountain, near the works, was discovered. But the iron business was then languishing, and no extensive mining was done in this field, though enough to demonstrate both its quantity and quality. The utter depression and destruction of the iron business was completed in 1846-7, at which time operations at these establishments were suspended, and the works finally abandoned — the result of the free trade tariff of 1846, and not from want of either ore or fuel. For more than twenty years iron ore was mined from Lowry's Knob in immense quantities, and yet scarcely an impression has been made, so vast is the body in that locality. The ore used in the Hanover furnaces was, in greater part, obtained by surface mining, though the main body was pierced, b^^ shafting, to the depth of eighty feet in solid ore, with no indication of its limit being reached. In 187 1, a practical miner and geologist made a scientific examination of the iron ore deposits and veins in this localitj^, and in his report of the hematite in Lowry's Knob, he says: " The lay, or deposit, extends for a distance of about six hun- dred yards; the quality of the ore is very good, and would yield above fifty per FULTON COUNTY. t63 cent, in furnace. The old openings in the Lowry's Knob bank indicate the lay to be about forty feet thiclc or wide, and there is no telling how deep it may go, without shafting. In the former workings it had been shafted to the depth of about eighty feet in solid ore, with no indications of 'bottom.' " Of the Dickey's mountain formation he says : " It contains the Montour's Ridge or Danville ore measures ; one of these strata, called fossil ore, I consider one of the best and most reliable veins of ore, outside of the primitive formation, in Pennsylvania, and always of nearly uniform character. This ore, whenever used, even with inferior ores, makes the best of iron, it being free from sulphur and phosphorus, and generally yields from fifty to sixty per cent, metallic iron. The block ore is also found in these measures, as also other irregular seams. There is an abundance of good limestone, for smelting purposes, near by." In the vicinity of Fort Littleton and Burnt Cabins, in the northern end of the county, is an immense field of the richest quality of iron ore. Its proximity to the Broad Top coal fields will eventually make this a great centre of iron manufacturing when railroad facilities shall have opened it to market. The final survey of the People's Freight railway passes through the heart of this iron ore field. From the old Hanover iron works, the whole belt of country between the North mountain and Scrub ridge (including these mountain ranges), to the northern end of the county, is interspersed with valuable and extensive iron ore veins and deposits, awaiting only the hand of enterprise and public spirit to develop and utilize the crude material and reap a rich reward. Of many other parts of the county the same can be said. It is asserted, and with much show of truth, that no territor}'^ of equal extent, in this State, is so rich in iron ore and of so many varieties, as is Fulton count3\ That part of the Broad Top coal basin l^dng within the borders of this county remains undeveloped (except several openings, worked on a limited scale to supply local demand), for want of railroad outlet. But the iron track of the East Broad Top railroad is pointing thitherward, and in due time will reach and develop the coal and iron in that interesting region. Dr. H. S. Wishart owns and operates the principal coal mine for local traffic. Strong indications of coal exist in other parts of the county, southward of Broad Top, along Side- ling hill, Scrub ridge, and Dickey's mountain ; but no systematic effort has yet been made to demonstrate its existence or non-existence. Many years ago, antedating 1770, and before any roads were made through that section (other than, perhaps, " bridle paths," over which no bulky material could be conve3fed), a mine was opened by some adventurous spirits, in a gap of Sideling hill, some eight or ten miles south of where the Chambersburg v^d Pittsburgh turnpike now crosses that mountain. The oldest inhabitant has no knowledge of the time when this was done, other than what lie has heard told by his ancestors, and they knew only what they had received b}'^ tradition, which said that silver had been mined there. Some of the earliest surve3'S of lands in that locality refer to " an old mine," as a permanent and well established land- mark. The "mine," as found by the earliest settlers, consisted of a deep shaft, carefully cased with timber which was then in a decayed condition. Certain it is that somebody, long before the feet of white settlers trod that locality, found, Y64 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. or expected to find, something there that had value in less bulk than iron or coal, because there was then no use for these, so remote from the habitation of man and no facilities for transporting such bulky materials. The story of gold and silver is traditional only, but that a mine of many feet in depth and skillfully timbered existed there before that section was settled by whites, is a fact for which there is unquestionable evidence. The earliest settlement within the territory now comprising Fulton county is somewhat shrouded in uncertainty. Among the first settlements within what is now Franklin county, was that made about 1 730 by Benjamin Chambers, who rapidly gathered around him a prosiDerous colony of Scotch-Irish on the Conoco- cheague. From thence radiated out toward the west some of the most daring and adventurous pioneers, who were not long in discovering the fertility, resources, and attractiveness of the Great Cove west of the North or Kittatiuny mountain. When these venturesome and intrepid Scotch-Irish first set their stakes in this valley is not exactly known, but it was somewhere between 1730 and 1740. The oldest of- fice title to land in this valley is believed to be a Proprietary warrant dated November 6, 1749, granted to David Scott, but the laud was not surveyed until 1760, though it was settled upon previously. The laud west of the Kittatiuny mountains w'as not purchased from the Indians till 1758, nine years after the issuing of the warrant to David Scott. These earl}^ settlers were subjected to forays by predatory bands of Indians, who, besides plunder, secured scalps and made captives from among them fre- quently. But there is no record of any complaint on the part of the Indians against the whites for trespassing on their lands until 1742, when the}' formally lodged complaint to the authorities against this invasion of their domain by the settlers in the Great Cove, on the Aughwick and on Licking creek. The Gover- nor of the Province, on this complaint, issued a proclamation warning these settlers off the lands of the Indians, but the proclamation was not heeded. At that time the territory was included in Lancaster county, if it was included under any authority at all. Cumberland county was organized in 1750, and it was not until then that the Provincial authorities interposed legal force to eject the set- tlers. They found one Carlton, and a few other settlers on the Aughwick ; a number in the Great Cove, and some on Licking creek, " near the Potomac." The number of settlers found at these points at this time (1750) numbered sixt}'- two. These were expelled by the oflficers of the Provincial government, with the aid of the magistrates and sheriff of Cumberland county. They were ejected "with as much lenity as the execution of the law would allow, and their cabins were burnt." But the restless spirit of adventure impelled these ejected pioneers t(^'eturn to their desolated homes, and with them came others, willing to risk the dangers of extreme frontier life. Again they were harrassed by the Indians and again ejected by the Provincial authorities, and again they returned, fol- lowed by others, their numbers steadil}^ increasing. After the defeat of Braddock by the French and Indians, in 1755, the weight of savage ferocit}^ fell heavily on the sturdy frontiersmen, and the pluck oflhese pioneers was sorely tried, and in many instances they paid dearly for their temerity in pushing oS into the wilderness to carve out homes for themselves and their posterit3\ A terror to the wild Indians of this region was " Half FULTON COUNTY. 765 Indian," who, with a company of picked men, scoured the frontier, awed the Indians, and saved the lives of many of the settlers. It is recorded that in 1156, " Half Indian," with his company, left the Great Cove, and the Indians taking advantage of this, murdered many and carried others into captivity. This dis- quietude was, however, in a large measure, settled by the purchase from the Indians of the land west of the Kittatinny mountains, known as the " Purchase of 1758." In the spring of 1757, as we learn from a certificate of Governor Denny, "the savage Indians came and attacked " the house of William Linn, residing on TonoUoway creek, in Ayr township, "killed and scalped his eldest son, a man of twenty-three years of age, took another son away with them of seventeen years of age, and broke the skull of a third son of twelve years of age, and scalped him and left him for dead, of which he after- ward recovered. . . . That the enemy Indians repeating their attacks, the inhabi- tants living in those parts were obliged to desert their plantations, and leave their effects behind." The settlements on the Aughwick and in the Great Cove were composed mainly of Scotch-Irish, while those " on the Licking Creek hills, near the Poto- mac," came mostly under Maryland rights, were of different nationalities, and more cosmopolitan in their character. The Provincial boundary line had not then been extended by survey beyond the summit of the Kittatinny mountain, and much uncertainty existed as to how much of the Licking Creek hills and the Great Cove were within the jurisdiction of Penn- sylvania, and the difficulty was not settled until the survey of the line by Mason and Dixon in 1767. The first general bloody and murderous slaughter of defenceless settlers and their families on this uncertain jurisdiction was made by the Indians and their French allies in 1755. A private stockade was erected in early days on the farm now owned by James Kendall, Esq., and on the spot occupied by his dwelling, two miles south of McConnellsburg ; and another in the southern end of the county, on the farm now owned by Major George Chesnut, for a refuge from Indian ferocity ; while Fort Littleton, in the northern end of the county, one of Jhe chain of govern- ment forts from the east to Fort Pitt, served the same purpose in that locality. Neither record nor tradition cites any other posts for defence or securit}' within the limits of this county. Among the very earliest who settled in this county were Scott, the Kendalls, and the Coyles, with a few others whose names have passed from the memory of the oldest living descendant of the early pioneers. The widow Margaret Ken- A.^oadloTortLaiidomi. IlJIrll. J)-Iii'irracki. M-OUkcrs Quarters. PLAN OF FORT L.YTTLBTON — 1755. 766 HISTOBT OF PENNSYLVANIA. dall, with her sons John and Robert, were among the earliest, and she was the first white person who died a noiural death in the Great Cove, which occurred in 1150. Her posterity is numerous, and occupies a large portion of the best lands in the valley. Closely following these, came the Owens, Taggarts, Patter- sons, Sloans, McConnells, McCleans, Alexanders, McKinleySj Wilsons, Beattys, Brackenridges, Hunters, Rannells, Gibs, etc., all unmistakable Scotch-Irish names. From among these the names of Kendall, Scott, Taggart, Sloan, Patter- son, and Alexander still live in the valley in their posterity of the third, fourth, and fifth generations. The tract of land on which McConnellsburg is located was granted to William and Daniel McConnell, by warrant dated 1762, though there is record evidence that the land was settled some j^ears earlier. The land granted to David Scott by Proprietary warrant in 1749 adjoins this McConnell tract, and adjoining the Scott tract is one warranted to James Galbraith in 1755. The settlement of the valleys of the Big and Little Tonoloway creeks, in the soutliern part of the county, was nearly or quite cotemporaneous with the earliest settlements elsewhere. Here, as on Licking creek, jurisdiction was uncertain, and claims were made and subsequent warrants for land obtained under both Pennsylvania and Maryland authority, and often covering the same ground, which, in later years, gave rise to vexatious and expensive litigation, involving titles to lands. Among the earliest settlers on Licking creek and the Tonoloways appear the names of Brown, Evans, Mills, Truax, Gillj^Jand, McCrea, Linn, Stilwel], Leech, Mann, Slaughter, Critchfield, Yeates, Shelby, Gordon, Comb, Breathed, and Graves ; and on the Aughwick, Henry, Burd, Wilds, and Thompson figure among the earl}^ pioneers. The settlement of Wells' valley and along the east base of Sideling hill, began only after Braddock's defeat and the purchase of 1758. The first settler in Wells' valley was a Mr. Wells, in 1760, as a hunter. In 1772 the first perma- nent settlement was made by Alexander Alexander, but he was driven out b}'' the Indians several times, and returned finally only after the close of the Revolu- tionary war, and remained until his death, in 1815. Among the earlier settlers who followed Alexander into Wells' valley, were Hardin, Wright, Stevens, Woodcock, Moore, Edwards, Wishart, and others. Doctor David Wishart was the first resi- dent physician in Wells' valley. He was a Scotchman from Edinburgh, first loca- ted at Hagerstown, Maryland, whence his practice extended to the Broad Top countrj'^, and when the settlement of Wells' valley had begun in earnest he removed and settled there. Among the first settlers along Sideling hill, and around the head waters of Tonoloway and some of the westerly tributaries of Licking creek, were Francis Ranney, the Mortons, the Crossans, and the Mel- lotts. Of the latter it can almost be said that their progeny is "as the sands of the sea shore." Little is known or recorded of the part taken by the settlers of this county in the Revolutionary war, other than that a number of them joined their brethren of the Cumberland Valley in that struggle. Of the veterans of the war of 1812, some still remain to tell the young soldiers of the present times of the days when they went soldiering and how it was done in those days. In the late war for the suppression of the rebellion, this county, though small in numbers, contributed FULTON COUNTY. 767 more than its quota to the armies of the Union. The majority of the townships were poor in taxable property, and could not afford to pay local bounties, while the wealthy counties of the State could offer tempting inducements, and so attracted large numbers of the young men, leaving the quota demanded to be filled from what was left. By this process the county furnished not only its own quota to the Union armies, but contributed much material toward filling the quotas of some of the wealthy eastern counties, and in this way it is that this county contributed, in proportion to its population, more men to the service, for the suppression of the rebellion, than any other in the State, and was drained of its arms-bearing men more closely than any other community. McCoNNELLSBURa borough, the county seat, is pleasantly located in the heart of the Great Cove, and is surrounded by fertile and well cultivated farms. The town was laid out in 1786, by McConnell, and was incorporated into a borough, March 26, 1814. The court house is a commodious structure of brick, and sur- passes similar buildings in many of the older and wealthier counties of the State. The Presbyterian, Reformed, Lutheran, and Methodists, have neat and com- modious church buildings. Fort Littleton and Burnt Cabins are prosperous villages, situate on the old State road, and in the midst of a fertile iron and agricultural district. The former derives its name from one of the frontier forts, located near that place, and the latter obtained its name from the circumstances of the burning of the cabins of some of the early settlers, near that spot, by the Provincial authorities. New Grenada is a brisk village, situated in the gap of Sideling hill, near the coal fields, from which it drives a considerable trade. Harrisonville, Knobsville, Hustontown, Speersville, Dublin Mills, Water Fall Mills, Akersville, Gapsville, Emmaville, Needmore, War- FORDSBURG, Franklin Mills, Webster Mills, Big Cove Tannery, and WeLls Tannery are all post villages of some pretensions, and centres of trade for the surrounding country. The formation of Ayr township is nearly coeval with the date of the erection of Cumberland county (of which it was then a part), which occurred in 1750. But no record of the date of the formation of Ayr township can be found in the Cumberland county records. At the time of the formation of this township it comprised all the territory from " Provincial line " (Maryland) northward to and embracing part of what is now Huntingdon county, and westward to, or even beyond, Sideling hill. After the erection of Bedford county, in 1771, it embraced all the territory of what is now Fulton county, and also that of (now) Warren township, Franklin county, which was part of Ayr township prior to the erection of that county, in 1784. At April court of Bedford count}^, in 1771, when the new county was divided into townships, it is recorded " Air township as fixed by the Cumberland county court," but before this the Cumberland county court had formed Dublin township, out of the northern part of Ayr. Ayr township was most likely formed and organized in 1758, immediately after the purchase of that year of this territory from the Lidians. Bethel township, formed January 12, 1773, was the first township, now wholly within Fulton county, that was organized under Bedford county juris- diction. It embraced the Tonoloway settlements, and extended westward 768 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. along the Provincial line to the present line between Bedford and Fulton counties. The first record of Belfast township in the Quarter Sessions of Bedford county, is in the Docket No. 3, in 1195. It was then an organized township- Docket No. 2, which contains date of organization, could not be found, though diligent search was made. Brush Creek township was formed out of part of that East Providence which was separated from Bedford county in the erection of Fulton, but no record of the date of its organization can be found. It was subsequently enlarged by the annexation of a part of Bethel township. Dublin township, erected out of a part of Ayr, was organized by the Cum- berland county court, but, like Ayr, search in the Cumberland county records reveals nothing as to date, and, as in the case of Ayr, the Bedford county records of April 16, 1771, say: "Dublin, as fixed by the Cumberland county court." Like the names of Ayr, Bethel, and Belfast, the name of this township indicates with unequivocal exactness that the Scotch-Irish element prepon- derated in the early settlements. Licking Creek township was formed September 21, 1837. Taylor was formed November, 1849. The name of this township is derived from the then President of the United States — General Zachary Taylor. Thompson was formed February 12, 1849, and named in honor of Judge Thompson. ToD formed March 20, 1849, and named in honor of Judge Tod. Union formed January 9, 1864, out of part of Bethel during the late war for the Union, and as the sentiment of the people — Republicans and Union Demo- crats being largely in the ascendant — was against disunion and secession, they expressed their feelings in the name of the new township. Wells township was organized September 1, 1849, under the name of "Augh- wick," while yet in Bedford county. Subsequently the name was changed to " Wells," but there is no reccn-d of the change, either in the Bedford or Fulton courts, nor is the motive of the change recorded. The valley composing the prin- cipal part of the township, and the principal stream running through it, are named " Wells," from the first white settler in there. GREENE COUNTY. [With acknowledgments to Alfred Creigh, LL.D., and W. J. Bayard.] REENE county was erected into a county on February 9, 1196, being taken entirely from the southern portion of Washington county, whicli at that time constituted five townships, viz., Franklin, Greene, Morgan, Cumberland, and Rich Hill. It was named after Nathaniel Greene, whose military abilities were appreciated by General Washington, and whose counsel and advice in all cases of doubt and difficul- ty were adopted. He was appointed a major-general on August 26, 1775, and was a prominent actor in the heart-thrilling scenes of the Jievolution, but more particular! 3' in the southern iepartment of the United States. David Gray, Ste- phen Gapin, Isaac Jenkin- son, William Meetkirk, and James Seals were ap- pointed the commissioners by the Legislature to or- ganize the count3^, attend to the la3'ing out of its boundaries, and procure land within five miles of the centre of the county upon which should be erected the court house, prison, and other county buildings. The act also provided that until the court house was erected, the courts should be held at the house of Jacob Kline, Esq., on Muddy creek. Greene count}^ is the south-western county of the State of Pennsylvania, being bounded on the east by the Monongahela river (which has a front of twenty -five miles), north by Washington country, west and south b}' West Virginia. Its length east and west is thirt^'-two miles, and its breadth nineteen, having, therefore, an area of six hundred square miles. Its central latitude is 39° 50' north, longitude 3° 15' west, from Washington City. The act. of 2y 769 GREENE COUNTY COUBT HOUSE, WAYNESBURG. [From a Photograph bj S. 0. Rogers, Wajnesburg.] 770 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. Assembly of February 9, 1796, thus defines its boundaries: "Beginning at the mouth of Ten Mile creek, on the Monongahela river ; thence up Ten Mile creek to the junction of the North and South forks of the said creek; thence up said North fork to Colonel William Wallace's mill ; thence up a south-westerly direction to the nearest part of the dividing ridge between the North and South forks of the Ten Mile creek ; thence along the top of the said ridge to the ridge which divides the waters of Ten Mile and Wheeling creeks ; thence in a straight line to the head of Enslow's Branch of Wheeling creek ; thence down said branch to the western boundary of the State ; thence south along the said line to the river Monongahela ; and thence down the said river to the place of beginning." This boundary continued in existence until 1802, when the Legislature of Pennsylvania changed the lines between Washington and Greene counties as follows : " Beginning on the present line on the I'idge that divides the waters of Ten Mile and Wheeling creeks near Jacob Bobbett's ; thence in a straight line to the head-waters of Hunter's fork of Wheeling creek ; and thence down the same to the mouth thereof, where it meets the present comity line." The same act declares that so much of the county of Greene as lies west of the road called Ryerson's road, is hereby annexed to Findley township, and that part wliich lies east of the said road is hereby annexed to Morris township. Governor M'Keail had authority to appoint commissioners to run and mark the aforesaid line, tha expense to be equally divided between Washington and Greene counties. The county is well watered. The principal stream is the Monongahela river, which affords navigation the entire year, and is^ considered very safe. It rises in the western spurs of the Appalachian range of mountains, and receives many small streams before it reaches Pennsylvania, and flows along the eastern side of the county. Ten Mile greek rises in Rich Hill township, flows east through the whole count^^ several miles beyond Clarksville, and empties into the Monongahela. Dunkard's creek is a considerable stream, and flows along the south boundary of the State (sometimes deviating into Virginia), the whole length of the county, to the Monongahela. Whitel}- creek has a source of about fifteen miles, and flows into the Monongahela. The remaining streams are Muddy, Ruff's, Bates', Brown's, Bush, and Gray's Fork, etc.. Wheeling and Fish creeks ; the two latter in the western part of the county, and flowing into the Ohio river. The valleys of the foregoing streams are among the most delightful in the State, and where the forest has not yet been cut down, every variety of timber, of the largest growth, stands to beautify the scenery. The intervening ridges, running east and west, are also overshadowed by luxuriant forest trees. The northern sides of the hills have a deep rich soil adapted to corn and grass, and the south, though generally less fertile, produces wheat and rye abundantly. Within the county are 38.9,120 acres of land, of which 230,594 are improved, and the balance unimproved. The improved land is divided into 2,310 farms, rang- ing in size from three to five hundred acres. Greene county belongs to the great secondary formation of the State of Pennsylvania, and has a due proportion of the three minerals, coal, iron, and salt. Bituminous coal is found almost everywhere, in inexhaustible quantities, and in many instances along water courses within one, two, or three feet of the surface. Whitely creek has for its bed strata of coal in some places for miles a BEEN E COUNTY. 771 which, during the summer months when the water is low, is taken for the supply of the surrounding country. The labor of digging and transporting it constitutes the entire cost. There are extensive beds of iron ore on Dunkard and Ten Mile creeks. Formerly a forge and furnace wei'e in operation on Ten Mile creek, but they have been long idle. Salt licks are known on Dunkard creek, near the south-east corner of the county, but no salt works have been erected. Until recentl}^ Greene county had no railroad facilities, but the construction of the narrow-gauge I'oad from Washington to Waynesburg will open up to the citizens of the county a cheap mode of transportation, whereby they will be enabled to send their produce to market. The benefits which the borough of Waynesburg will receive will be incalculable, resulting in increase of population, erection of new buildings, and the impetus given to trade and the development of its industrial resources. Greene county was originally settled by adventurers from Maryland and Vir- ginia while yet in the possession of the Indians. As early as 1754, David Tygart had settled in the valley which still bears his name in north-western Virginia. Several other families and individuals came into the region in the course of five or six years afterwards. These early adventurers were men of iron nerves and stout hearts — a compound of the hunter, the warrior, and the husbandman ; they came prepared to endure all the hardships of life in the wilderness ; to encounter its risks, and defend their precarious homes against the wily natives of the forest. For some ten or fifteen j^ears the possession of the country was hotlj' contested, and alternately held and abandoned by the English oh the one hand, and the French and Indians on the other. Families were frequently murdered, cabins burnt, and the settlements thus for a time broken up. Stockade forts were re- sorted to b}' the inhabitants for the protection of their families in time of inva- sion. One of these, called Garard's fort, was situated on Whitely creek, about seven miles west of Greensburg. Settlements were made at a very earl}^ date by the Rev. John Corbly and his family, and others, on Muddy creek. From a letter of the latter, under date of July 8, 1785, he states : " On the second Sab- bath in May, in the year 1782, being my appointment at one of m}' meeting- houses, about a mile from my dwelling house, I set out with my dear wife and five children for public worship. Not suspecting any danger, I walked behind two hundred yards, with my Bible in my hand, meditating ; as I was thus em- ployed, all on a sudden, I was greatly alarmed with the frightful shrieks of my dear family before me. I immediately ran, with all the speed I could, vainly hunting a club as I ran, till I got within forty yards of them ; my poor wife see- ing me, cried to me to make my escape ; an Indian ran up to shoot me ; I then fled, and by so doing outran him. My wife had a sucking child in her arms; this little infant they killed and scalped. They then struck my wife several times, but not getting her down, the Indian who aimed to shoot me, ran to her, shot her through the body, and scalped her; my little boy, an onlj- son, about six years old, they sunk the hatchet into his brain, and thus dispatched him. A daughter, besides the infant, they also killed and scalped. My eldest daughter, who is yet alive, was hid in a tree, about twenty yards from the jDlace where the rest were killed, and saw the whole proceedings. She, seeing the Indians all go off, as she thought, g X up, and deliberately crept out from the hollow trunk ; 7T2 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. but one of them espying her, ran hastily up, knocked her down, and scalped her; also her only surviving sister, one on whose head they did not leave more than an inch I'ound, either of flesh or skin, besides taking a piece of her skull. She and the before-mentioned one are still miraculously preserved, though, as you must think, I have had, and still have, a great deal of trouble and expense with them, besides anxiety about them, insomuch that I am, as to worldly circum- stances, almost ruined. I am yet in hopes of seeing them cured ; they still, blessed be God, retain their senses, notwithstanding the painful operations they have already and must yd pass through." Many incidents of pioneer life occurred in this locality. The warrior, with his gun, hatchet, and knife, prepared alike to slay the deer and bear for food, and also to defend himself against and destroy his savage enemy, was not the only kind of man who sought these wilds. A very interesting and tragic instance was given of the contrary by the three brothers Eckarl3\ These men, Dunkards b}'' profession, left the eastern and cultivated parts of Pennsylvania, and plunged into the depths of the western wilderness. Their first permanent camp was on a creek flowing into the Monongahela river, in the south-western part of Pennsyl- vania, to which stream they gave the name of Dunkard creek, which it still bears. These men of peace employed themselves in exploring the country in every di- rection, in which one vast, silent, and uncultivated waste spread around them. From Dunkard's creek these men removed to Dunkard's bottom, on Cheat river, which the}- made their permanent residence, and, with a savage war raging at no considerable distance, they spent some 3-ears unmolested, indeed, it is probable, unseen. In order to obtain some supplies of salt, ammunition, and clothing. Dr. Tho- mas Eckarly recrossed the mountains with some peltr3\ On his return from Winchester to rejoin his brothers, he stopped on the south branch of the Poto- mac, at Fort Pleasant, and roused the curiosity of the inhabitants by relating his adventures, removals, and present residence. His avowed pacific principles, as pacific religious principles have everywhere else done, exposed him to suspicion, and he was detained as a confederate of the Indians, and as a spj' come to exa- mine the frontier and its defences. In vain did Dr. Eckarly assert his innocence of any connection with the Indians, and that, on the contrarj', neither he nor his brothers had ever seen an Indian since their residence west of the mountains. He could not obtain his liberty until, by his own suggestion, he was escorted by a guard of armed men, who were to reconduct him a prisoner to Fort Pleasant, in case of an}' confirmation of the charges against him. These arbitrary proceedings, though in themselves very unjust, it is probable, saved the life of Dr. Eckarly, and his innocence was made manifest in a most shocking manner. Approaching the cabin where he had left and anxiously hoped to find his brothers, himself and his guard were presented with a heap of ashes. In the yard lay the mangled and putrid remains of the two brothers, and, as if to add to the horrors of the scene, beside the corpses lay the hoops on which their scalps had been dried. Dr. Eckarly and the now sympathizing men buried the remains, and not a prisoner, but a forlorn and desolate man, he returned to the South Branch. This was amongst the opening scenes of that lengthened tragedy which was acted through upwards of thirty years. QBEENE COUNTY. 773 The more permanent and peaceful settlement of the county was not made until after the close of the Revolution and when all fears of Indian depredations had passed. From that period onward Greene county began gradually to fill up with settlers from the eastern portion of the State, and also of a due proportion of the foreign immigration. Although not favorably located, and yet with abun- dant resources, Greene county has kept her place in the march of progress. The population in 1800, which was 8,605, increased to 25,787 in 1870, and since then has steadily augmented. Waynesburq, the county seat of Greene county, was laid out in 1796, on land purchased by the commissioners from Thomas Slater. It was named after General Anthony Wayne, the hero of Stony Point. It was incorporated as a borough, January 20, I8I6, and is situated nearly in the centre of the county, in a fertile valley, on the banks of Ten Mile creek, eleven miles from the Mononga- hela river, forty-six miles south of Pittsburgli. The public buildings consist of a fine brick court house, the dome surmounted by a full-length statue of General Greene, and contains the county offices. On the same lot the prison is erected. Within the borough limits'is a Presb^'terian church, a Cumberland Presbyterian church, a Baptist church, a Methodist Protestant church, a Methorlist Episcopal church, a Roman Catholic church, and an African church, Waynesburg College, and a union school-house for the education of the children of the people. Waynesburg College was organized in 1851, to provide the means for a liberal education of both sexes, and received a charter from the Legislature, which empowered the college authorities to confer all the degrees usually conferred by colleges and universities. It has seven male and four female teachers, with three literary societies, halls, and libraries. The trustees are engaged in the erection of another college edifice, which, while it will be an ornament to the ancient borough, will add greatly to the comfort and convenience of professors and students. It presents a front of one hundred and fifty feet in length and eighty feet in breadth, built of brick. Jackson's fort is near the eastern limits of the borough, and was built by the early settlers as a protection against the incursions of the Indians, who at that time prowled about the settlement. Carmichaels borough is situated on Muddy creek, twelve miles east of Waynesburg, in a rich ■ and beautiful valley. On March 20, 1810, Greene academy was incorporated, and two thousand dollars were given to it on condi- tion that not exceeding six poor children should be educated therein. The town was originally named New Lisbon, and is one of the oldest in the county. Greensboro' is a thriving town on the left bank of the Monongahela river at the head of the slackwater navigation of that stream. It was laid out in 1791 , by Elias Stone, from a tract of land called "Delight," patented b}^ Stone and others in 1787. The original town plot consists of eighty-six lots, of half an acre each, and is laid out upon pleasant bottom lands and high banks, which extend to a second bench rising at a very gentle slope, back into the countrv, affording an eligible site for a large town. It is the shipping point of a fine district of back country. Contiguous to the town are large deposits of fire-clay, superior to an3' west of the mountains. There are a number of industries which add largely to its material wealth and prosperity. Rice's Landing, in Jeff"erson township, is a brisk village on the Monongahela. 774 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. It was settled the latter part of last century by a Mr. McLane, who kept for many years a hostelry at that point. It has considerable trade with the sur- roundino- towns. Jefferson is a flourishing borough. It is the seat of a college in successful operation, under the patronage of the Baptists. Mount Morris, in Perry township, is located on Dunkard creek, near the Virginia line. It is a thriving village. The original townships, which were struck off from Washington to form Greene county, were Cumberland, Franklin, Greene, Morgan, and Rich Hill. These have had an existence since July 15, 1T81, when the metes and boundaries of the townships of Washington were laid out. From them 'have since been formed, from time to time, as the wants of the people required, Aleppo, Centre, Dunkard, Gilmorc, Jackson, Jefferson, Monongahela, Morris, Perry, Spring Hill, Washington, Wayne, and Whitely. MEMORIAL HALL, CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. HUNTINGDON COUNTY. BY J. SIMPSON AFRICA, HUNTINGDON. I HE entire valley of the Juniata was included in the connty of Cum- berland. From this county Bedford was formed in 1771. Hunting- don was erected from Bedford by an act of Assembly, passed on the •iOtli day of September, 1787. By this act, Benjamin Elliott, Thomas Duncan Smith, Ludwig Sell, George Ashman, and William McElevy, were ai)[)ointed trustees, who, or any three of whom, were directed to take assurances VIEW OF THE BOROUGH OF HUNTINGDON. [From a Photograph by L. B. Kline, Huntingdon.] of ground in the town of Huntingdon for the site of a court house and jail. By an act passed on the 2d day of April, 1790, Andrew Henderson and Richard Smith were added to fill vacancies that occurred by the death of one and the removal from the co^inty of another of the original trustees. The immense territory of the county, stretching from the line of Franklin county over the Alleghen}' to the West Branch of the Susquehanna, was cur- tailed by the erection of Centre county, February 13, 1800 ; Clearfield and Cam- 775 776 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. bria counties, March 26, 1804; Blair county, February 26, 1846, and by the annexation of a small corner to Mifflin county. This county lies wholly within the central mountainous region, comeequently its surface is xery much broken. On the south side of the Juniata there occur, in passing from the east toward the west, ranged in almost parallel lines, Tusca- rora, Shade, Black Log, Jack's, Sideling Hill, Terrace, and Tussey's mountains ; and on the north side, Jack's, Standing Stone, Broad, Bare Meadow, Greenlee, Tussey's, and Canoe mountains. Intervening between these mountains are numerous ridges of less elevation, called : Pine, Sandy, Saddle Back, Blue, Owen's, Chestnut, Rocky, Clear, Allegrippus, Pine}^, Warrior's, Shaver's Creek, Bald- Eagle, and man}^ others of minor importance. Broad Top mountain is situated at the southern line of the count}^, between Sideling Hill and Terrace mountains. Its broad summits tower above the adja- cent mountains. The existence of semi-bituminous coal in this mountain was known a hundred years ago. Mines were opened for the supply of blacksmiths and others, and the products hauled in wagons to Huntingdon, Bedford, Cham- bersburg, and other towns, and carried from Riddlesburg in arks to towns along the Juniata and Susquehanna. Two railroads, the Huntingdon and Broad Top, and the East Broad Top, are now employed in the transportation of the coal. The entire county^s drained by the Juniata. Its chief tributaries are : Ra3^s- town branch. Little Juniata river, and Tuscarora, Aughwick, Hare's, Mill, Stand- ing Stone, Vineyard, and Shaver's creeks. Other branches of these streams are called : Black Log, Shade, Little Aughwick, Sideling Hill, Three Springs, Trough, James, Shy Beaver, Sadler's, and Spruce creeks. These streams afford numerous and valuable water-powers, many of which are utilized in driving manufactories of various kinds. Between the mountains are a corresponding number of val- leys of every variety of shape and soil. Some of these contain as fertile land as is found in the State. The rich soil of the river flats and the valleys attracted the settler, and long before the final expulsion of the hostile Indians flourishing settlements of indus- trious farmers dotted the territory of the county. Of the 575,360 acres of land estimated to be included within its boundaries, not more than one-third are under cultivation. By the census of 18T0, the farms were valued at 9,445, 6t8 dollars. About the close of the war of the Revolution the abundance and superior quality of the iron ores of the county began to attract attention, and a furnace was built on ground now within the limits of the borough of Orbisonia. It was named Bedford, after the county that then embraced its site. A good article of iron was manufactured, and the success of this enterjjrise induced the erection of Huntingdon, Barree, Union, Pennsylvania, and numerous other iron works. " Juniata iron " soon became famous throughout the country, and it con- tinues to be a popular brand. The melting of the forests before the woodman's axe, rendering charcoal expensive and scarce, the increase in the price of labor, and competition with foreign iron and with that at home more cheaply made from anthracite coal and coke, rendered many of these furnaces and forges unprofitable, and the}' have been permitted to decay. A few only are now being worked. Extensive and valuable iron mines are worked in many HUNTINGDON COUNTY. 771 localities. From Woodcock valley large quantities of ore have been carried by rail to Danville, Johnstown, and other points. The abundance, variety, and value of the ores, the rich and convenient deposits of limestone, contiguity of the Broad Top, Allegheny, and Cumberland coal fields, and facilities for transporta- tion by rail and canal, combine to indicate that by the judicious employment of the necessary capital this county can take a more advanced place in the future than it has ever done in the past in the manufacture of iron. The experience of the Kemble iron company's furnaces at Riddlesburg, on the Huntingdon and Broad Top railroad, and those of the Rockhill coal and iron company at Orbi- sonia, on the East Broad Top railroad, all run on Broad Top coke, has demon- strated its economy and value in the smelting of iron ores. Several quarries of " Meridian " sandstone are being worked in the vicinity of Mapleton. The sand rock is crushed and pulverized in mills or crushers erected for that purpose, and is transported in. large quantities to the glass works of Pittsburgh and other cities. Mines that give promise of excellent ochre and umber are being opened in the vicinity of Mapleton. It is to be regretted that an accurate census of the manufacturing establish- ments has never been taken. There are in the county furnaces, forges, rolling mills, jfOundries, car, and industrial works, water and steam flouring and saw- mills, water and steam sand-crushers, tanneries, furniture, chair, carriage, broom, shoe, and woolen manufactories, planing mills and numerous other industrial establishments. The first highways were Indian paths which ti'aversed the county in many directions. Along these the traders and pioneers found their way. They were only bridle paths, and did not admit the passage of a wheeled conveyance. After farms were opened and mills built, necessity prompted the opening of a wagon road along the Juniata. This was followed by the cutting of roads in other directions from "Standing Stone." The river was used for floating arks and keel-boats, laden with the products of the county, to various points as far south- eastward as Baltimore. A turnpike was constructed from Lewistown to Hunt- ingdon about 1817, and was extended by the Huntingdon, Cambria, and Indiana company to Blairsville, a distance of seventy-seven miles, soon thereafter. The Pennsylvania canal extended through the county from Shaver's Aque- duct below Mount Union to the line of Blair county above Water Street. This improvement was completed to the borough of Huntingdon in November, 1830. It is now abandoned above the Huntingdon dam. The line of the Pennsylvania railroad enters the county below Mount Union and following the Juniata and Little Juniata, finally leaves the county between Birmingham and Tyrone. On the 6th day of June, 1850, the road was completed to Huntingdon. The opening to Pittsburgh of this great highway of travel and tralfic marked an important era in the history of the Commonwealth, and has materially increased and facilitated the development of the resources of the valley of the Juniata. In 1853 the construction of the Huntingdon and Broad Top railroad was com- menced. The main line from Huntingdon to Hopewell, a distance of thirty-one miles, was opened for business in 1855. It has since been extended to Mount Dallas, where it connects with the Bedford and Bridgeport road, running to 1 778 HISTOR Y OF PENJiS YL VANIA. Maryland line, and connecting there with roads entering the Cumberland coal region. Over four million dollars were expended in the construction and equip- ment of the Huntingdon and Broad Top railroad. The length of the main line is forty-five miles, and of the branches fourteen miles. During the last fiscal year it carried over three hundred and eighty thousand tons of bituminous coal and forty-six thousand tons of iron ore. The East Broad Top railroad (three feet gauge) extends from Mount Union to Robertsdale in the Broad Top region, a distance of thirty miles, and cost about one million dollars. It was opened in 18*73, and during the last fiscal year car- ried sixt^'-three thousand tons of coal. The earliest permanent settlement effected within the limits of the county was at the Standing Stone (now Huntingdon). The compiler was informed some years ago by one of the old citizens that the Indians living at Standing Stone had cleared land and cultivated corn. In 1754, Hugh Crawford was in possession of the land, and continued to hold it until the first day of June, 1760, when he conveyed the tract, containing four hundred acres, to George Croghan, who, on the 10th day of December, 1764, obtained a warrant from the Proprie- taries, authorizing a survey and return thereof to the land office. In 1754 Peter Shaver commenced a settlement at the mouth of Shaver's creek. In 1760 or 1761, James Dickey commenced an improvement on the south-east side of Shaver's creek, near Fairfield. Other improvements were made along Shaver's creek, and on the upper branches of Standing Stone creek, as early as 1762. The bottom lands along the Juniata, the Raystown branch, and the Augh- wick creek, and the fertile lands of Tuscarora, Black Log, Germany, Kishico- quillas, Plank Cabin, Woodcock, Hart's Log, Canoe, Spruce Creek, and War- riors' Mark valleys, were dotted with improvements in 1761-2, In 1748 Conrad Weiscr was sent on a mission from the Provincial govern- ment to the Indians at Ohio, His route was through this county, and in the journal of his trip, the Black Log sleeping-place, the Standing Stone, and other points are mentioned. John Hai-ris, the founder of Harrisburg, in an account of the road from his ferrj^ to Logstown on the Allegheny, taken in 1754, mentions localities on his route, now in this county, as follows : Cove Spring, Shadow of Death, Black Log, Three Springs, Sideling Hill gap, Aughwick, Jack Armstrong's narrows, Standing Stone, and Water Street, The Cove Spring is supposed to be what is now known as the Trough Spring in Tell township ; the Shadow of Death was applied to the water gap in the Shade mountain, now called Shade Gap ; the Black Log was near Orbisonia ; the Three Springs are in the vicinity of the borough of that name ; Aughwick was on the site of Shirleysburg ; Jack Armstrong's narrows, now curtailed to Jack's narrows, designates the narrow passage cut by the Juniata through Jack's mountain above Mount Union ; and the Water Street to a gorge between the mountains, through which the waters of the Juniata pass, above the village bearing that name. The Standing Stone stood between Allegheny street and the Juniata, above Second street in the borough of Huntingdon, and was described by John Harris in 1754, as being fourteen feet high and about six inches square. It was erected HUNTINGDON COUNTY. 779 ^^f^c^mssustn ^MIIUIHIIUIS^** by the Jmliaus, a braiicli of the Six Nations, and was covered l)y their hierogly- phics. The natives, who seem to have regarded this stone with great veneration, after the treaty of 1754, by which their title to the lands of the valley of the Juniata was relinquished to the Proprietary government, migrated, and as it is generally supposed, carried the stone with them. Another stone, erected soon after by the white settlers, was covered with the names of traders, residents, and colonial officials. It was broken by a carelessly thrown " long bullet." A part of it, bearing numerous interesting inscriptions, is in the possession of Mr. E. C. Summers. Although Dr. Smith, after laying out the town in 1167, changed the name to Huntingdon, the old appellation, " Standing Stone," continued for many years thereafter to be used by the residents of the valley. That name is still borne by the creek, valley, ridge, and mountain in the vicinity, and its Indian equivalent, " Oneida," has been applied to a township through which the creek flows. The seal of the borough has as its central figure a representation of the stone. Soon after the treaty of the 6th of July, 1754, settlers commenced improvements in choice spots throughout the present count}', and early in the next year a number of warrants were granted by the land office, authorizing the survey and appropriation of tracts applied for. The Indian troubles following the defeat of Braddock prevented the making of any official surveys in pursuance of these warrants earlier than 1762. Three Proprietary manors, Shaver's Creek, Woodcock Valley, and Hart's Log, and a part of Sinking Valley are included in this county. The following list contains the names of early settlers in various localities in the county. The figures following the names respectively indicate the earliest year in which those persons are known to have resided in the county. Many of them may have settled still earlier. Dublin and Tell lownahips. — James Coyle, John Appleby, James Neely, James Morton, Samuel Morton, and John Stitt, 1778; Samuel Finley ; George Hudson, 1786. Cromivell townifhq^- — James, Gavin, George, Robert, and Thomas Cluggage, 1766 ; Thomas Cromwell, 1785 Shirley township James Carmichael, 1762; James, Robert, and Patrick Gal- braith, 1771; James Foley, 1772; Charles Boyle, 1773; William Morris, 1780; Bartholomew Davis, 1774. Clay township. — John and Abraham Wright, 1776; Henry Hubble, 1786; George Ashman, 1779; John Hooper, 1785. Springfield township. — John and Robert Ramsey, 1778; Hugh Madden. Trough Creek valley. .^Fetev Reilley, Law. Swope, 1779 ; Richard Chilcott, 1784 ; Samuel Lilly, 1788; Thomas H. Lucket, Richard Howling, 1785 ; Thomas Cole, 1784; Peter Thompson, John Dean, 1784. Plank Cabin valley. — Eli McLain, 1784; George Knoblehoff, 1785; Edward Dormit, 1784. Raystown branch. — John and George Weston, 1766; Samuel Thompson; Martin Kisling, 1791; William Corbin, William Shirley, George Buchanan; Sebastian Shoup, 1775. Broad Top moun- tain.— Anthony Cook, 1786; Walter Clark, 1775; Gideon Hyatt, 1787; John Bryan. Mapleton Jacob Hare and Gideon Miller, 1762. Brady township — 780 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. Peter Van Devander, 1*175; David Eaton, 1775; Joseph Pridmore, 1781 ; Caleb Armitage. Henderson township. — John Fee, 1775; John Borland; Joseph Nearon, 1781 ; Daniel Evans, 1778 ; Benjamin Drake, 1785. Huntingdon — Hugh Brad}^, 1766; Michael Cryder, 1772; Benjamin Elliott, Adam Bardmess, Abra- ham Haines, 1776; David McMurtrie, 1777; John, Matthew, and Robert Simp- son, 1789; Alexander MeConnell, 1786; Rev. John Johnston, 1790; Michael Africa, 1791; John Cadwallader, Andrew Henderson, Peter Swoope, Frederick Ashbaugh, Ludwick Sells. West township. — Peter Shaver, 1754 ; Hugh Means, 1773; George Jackson, 1772; Thomas Weston, 1772; Henry Neff, 1780; Alex- ander McCormick, 1776 ; Nicholas Grafius, 1778 ; Patrick Maguire, James Dear- ment, 1779; Samuel Anderson, James Dickey, 1760 or 1761. Jackson township William McAlev}^, 1767 ; O'Burn. Barree toiunship. — Gilbert Chancy, 1786 ; George Green ; Richard Sinkey, David Watt, Matthew Miller, John For- rest, William Hirst, Chain Ricketts. Qjieida __township . — William Murray, Nathaniel Gorsuch, 1787. Hart's Log valley — David and Charles Caldwell, 1767 ; John Mitchell, 1774; Peter Grafius, 1778; John Canan, John Spencer, 1779; Moses Donaldson, Jacob and Josiah Minor. Woodcock valley. — Henry Lloyd, Joshua Lewis, George Reynolds, 1774 ; Nathaniel Garrard, 1776 ; James Gibson, 1781 ; Solomon Sell, 1785; Elder; Hartsock. 3Iorris township. — John Bell, Edward Beatty, 1779. Franklin township. — Benjamin Webster, Absolem Gray, 1779; Alexander Ewing, 1786; Abraham Sells, 1785; James Hunter, 1784. Warrioi^'s Mark township. — Thomas Ricketts. The following list contains the names of the owners, location, and date of erection, as nearly as can be ascertained, of the early grist-mills of the county. Robert Cluggage's, Black Log creek, Cromwell township, before 1773 ; Bartholo- mew Davis', Shirley township, before 1774 ; Michael Cryder's, Juniata river, Walker township, about 1773 ; Abraham Sell's, Little Juniata, Franklin town- ship, about 1776; Sebastian Shoup's, Shoup's run, Hopewell township, 1787; Huntingdon, Juniata river, Huntingdon borough, about 1793; N. Garrard's, Vineyard creek. Walker township; William McAlevy's, Standing Stone creek, Jackson township ; Joseph Pridmore's, Mill creek, Brady township ; McCormick's, Shaver's creek, West township ; Little's, Laurel run, Jackson township ; Minor's, Little Juniata, Porter township ; Crum's, Trough creek, Toa township. At least two of the companies sent from Bedford county for the defence of the colonies during the war for independence were composed of men who lived within the present limits of Huntingdon county. One of these, attached to the first battalion, was commanded by Captain William McAlevy, afterward known as Colonel and General McAlevy, and was in the service in January, 1777. After faithful service in the defence of American liberty, Captain McAlevy returned to his home in Standing Stone valley, where for many years he was an active and influential citizen, and until his death enjoyed the universal respect of his neigh- bors. His name is perpetuated in that of the village called McAlevy's Fort, located upon the tract of land where he resided. Thomas Holliday was ensign of his company. Thomas Cluggage, afterwards known as Major Cluggage, was appointed captain, Hugh Means first lieutenant, and Moses Donley second lieutenant, of a 781 782 ■ HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. compan}" of rangers organized in 1TT9. This company among other duties was engaged in defending the settlements on the Juniata. In October, 1779, when Captain Cluggage occupied Fort Roberdeau, in Sinking valley, he reported that his company had been reviewed and passed muster with three officers and forty- three rank and file ; one of the latter " killed or taken." A company, commanded bj' Captain Cluggage, was in the Continental service in New Jersey in 1776-7, and formed a part of the battalion under Colonel John Piper. In 1781, Dublin, Shirle}^, Barree, Hopewell, Frankstown, and Huntingdon townships, then embracing the whole of the counties of Huntingdon and Blair, composed one of the battalions of Bedford county. This region was too far removed from the Atlantic coast to be the scene of an}' conflicts with the British invaders, save detached parties sent out on maraud- ing expeditions, or for the purpose of encouraging the Indians and Tories. From these the inhabitants constantly suffered. Peo[)le were murdered or car- ried into captivity, buildings burned, crops destroyed, cattle driven off, and all manner of injury perpetrated by roving bands of the enemy. Many of the fami- lies were I'emoved to the eastern counties. Those that remained were compelled during the darkest hours of the conflict to seek protection within the walls of the forts. These were situated as follows : Standing Stone, east of Third and south of Washington street, in the borough of Huntingdon. It was built of stockades, and it included dwellings and magazines. A blacksmith shop that stood at No. 205 Penn street, was con- structed of oak logs from the fort, probably a part of a magazine. In 1778 the inhabitants were much alarmed at a threatened assault by a band of Tories and Indians, variously estimated at from three hundred to one thou- sand in number. General Roberdeau wrote from Standing Stone, under date of April 23d, 1778, confirming the reports of the alarm of the inhabitants, and recommended that the militia be called out and sent forward to meet the enemy. In July, Colonel Brodhead's regiment, then on a march from the east to Pitts- burgh, was directed to stop here, and three hundred militia from Cumberland, and two hundred from York county, were ordered to join them. On the 8th of August, the council informed Dr. William Shippen, director-general, that there was a body of five hundred men at Standing Stone that would require a supply of medicine. Anderson's was near the mouth of ShaA^er's creek, and near the borough of Petersburg. McAlevy's, on Standing Stone creek, in Jackson township, seventeen miles north-east of Huntingdon. Hartsock's, in Woodcock valley, between McConnellstown and Marklesburg. Shirley was one of the cordon of Provincial defv_nces erected during the French and Indian troubles that followed the defeat of General Braddock. It was built about 1755, on the bluflf at the northern end of the borough of Shir- leysburg, on or near the site of the Indian town of Aughwick, often mentioned in colonial annals. In the autumn of 1756, the royal forces evacuated the fort, and it does not appear to have been afterward used for defensive purposes. On the 4th day of Ma}', 1812, the "Huntingdon volunteers" tendered their services to President Madison, in the war with Great Britain, and on Monday^ HUNTINGDON COUNTY. 783 the 7th day of September following, under Robert Allison, captain, and Jacob Miller, first lieutenant, they marched to Niagara. On the 2d of October they arrived at ButTalo. Other companies from Huntingdon county were commanded by Captains Moses Canan, William Morris, aud Isaac VanDevander. Dr. Alexander Dean, of the borough of Huntingdon, was chosen surgeon of the Second Pennsylvania regiment. When war with Mexico was declared, a number of patriotic citizens, probably equal in number to a full company, separately volunteered their services and were attached to different companies formed in neighboring counties. They, with- out exception, behaved gallantly ; and most of them, after having participated in many battles of the war, returned home at the close of the contest. The avidity shown by the sons of " old Huntingdon," in rallying to the support of their country in the rebellion of 1861, exhibited a patriotism not less commendable than that of the sires of '76. On the 13th or 14th of April, 1861, one or two days after the telegraph had flashed the intelligence throughout the Commonwealth that " war had com- menced," the Standing Stone Guards, of the borough of Huntingdon, tendered their services to Governor Curtin. Official notification of their acceptance was received by the company on the 19th, and on the 20th, Saturday, numbering over ninety men, proceeded to Harrisburg, and after discharging all but seventy-seven, were mustered in as Company D of the 5th Regiment Pennsylvania volunteers. The company was officered as follows : Benjamin F. Miller, captain ; George F. McCabe, first lieutenant; James D. Campbell, second lieutenant. The field officers of the regiment were : R. P. McDowell, of Pittsburgh, colonel ; Benjamin C. Christ, of Schuylkill county, lieutenant-colonel; R. Bruce Petriken, of Hunt- ingdon, major. The count}'' was represented in other Pennsylvania regiments as follows : 34th Regiment, 5th reserves — mustered into service, June 21, 1861 ; mustered out June 11, 1864; Geofge Dare, promoted from major to lieutenant-colonel, August 1, 1862; killed at Wilderness, May, 6, 1864; Frank Zentmyer, promoted from captain, Company I, to major, August 1, 1862; killed at Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862; James A. McPherran, promoted from captain, Compan\^ F, to major. May 7, 1864, mustered out with regiment; Company G, commanded successively by Captains A. S. Harrison, John E. Wolfe, and Charles M. Hilde- brand, and Company I by Captains Frank Zentmyer and James Porter. 41st Regiment, 12th reserves — mustered into service, August 10, 1861 ; mustered out June 11, 1864; Company I, commanded by Captain James C. Baker, who died July 7, 1862, and was succeeded by Captain C. W. Hazzard. 49tli Regiment — John B. Miles, captain of Company C, mustered into service, August 5th, 1861 ; promoted to major, October 16, 1862 ; to lieutenant-colonel, April 23, 1864 ; killed at Spottsylvania, May 10, 1864; Company C, commanded successively by Captains Eckebarger, Hutchinson, and Smith, and Company D, commanded successively Dy Captains James D. Campbell, Quigley, and Russell ; were mustered out July 15, 1865. 53d Regiment — Company C, commanded successively by Captains John H. Wintrode and Henry J. Smith ; mustered inbo service, October, 17, 1861 ; mustered out, June 30, 1865. 7'7th Regiment — Company C, mustered out, December 6, 1865. 92nd Regiment, ninth cavaby — Company M, commanded 784 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. successively by Captains George W. Patterson, James Bell, Thomas S. McCahan, and D. A. Shelp ; mustered out, July 18, 1865. 110th Regiment — Isaac Rodgers, promoted from captain, Company B, to major, December 21, 1862 ; to lieutenant- colonel, December 5, 1863; wounded at Spottsylvania, and died May 28, 1864; Compan}' B, commanded successivel}^ by Captains Seth Benner, Isaac Rodgers, and John M. Shelly ; and Company D, by Captains Samuel L. Huyett and John B. Fite ; mustered out June 28, 1865. 125th Regiment, John J. Lawrence, major — Company C, Captain iVilliam W. Wallace; Company F, Captain Wililam H. Simpson ; Company H, Captain Henry H. Gregg; Company I, Captain William H. Thomas. 149th Regiment, George W. Speer, major — Company I, commanded successively by Captains George W. Speer, promoted to major; Brice X. Blair, lost an arm at Gettysburg, July 1, 1863; Samuel Diffen- derfer, discharged May 4, 1864; David R. P. Neely, who was mustered out with the compan3^ June 24, 1865. 185th Regiment, 22d cavahy — Company A, com- manded by Captain John D. Fee, nine months' service ; Company K, com- manded by Captain John H. Boring, three j'ears' service. 192d Regiment, one year's service, William F. Johnston, major — Company B, commanded by Captain Thomas S. Johnston. 195th Regiment, one hundred days' service — John A. Willoughby, quartermaster. Company F. 202d Regiment, one year's service — Company K, commanded by Captain A. Wilson Decker. 205th Regiment, one year's service — Company D, commanded b}' Captain Thomas B. Reed. 3rd Regi- ment, militia of 1862 — William Dorris, Jr., colonel ; Company F, commanded by Captain George W. Garrettson. 12th Regiment, Henr^'^ S. Wharton, major — compau}^ D, commanded b}'' Captain Edward A. Green; Company I, commanded by Captain George C. Bucher. Rev. George W. Eaton was born in Brady township, July 3, 1804, and died at Hamilton, New York, August 3, 1872. He graduated at Union College in 1829 ; was professor of ancient languages in Georgetown College, Kentucky, from 1831 to 1833. Became connected in 1833 with Hamilton Theological Insti- tute, incorporated in 1846 as Madison Universit}-, and was successively profes- sor of mathematics and natural philosophy, of civil and ecclesiastical history and of theology. Was president of the college from 1856 to 1868, and president of the theological seminarj^ from 1861 to 1871. John Canan settled in Harts Log vallej' during the Revohitionar}^ war. On the 3d Februar}^, 1781, he was commissioned as one of the justices of Bedford county. In 1787 he was one of the members of the Assembly for that county at the time of the separation of Huntingdon county. The same j^ear he was appointed deputy surveyor for the county of Huntingdon, and held that office until 1809. Joseph Saxton, born in the borough of Huntingdon, March 22, 1799 ; died at Washington, D. C, October 26, 1873. He learned, in youth, the trade of watch- making. He was the inventor of numerous mechanical machines, and was widely known and highly esteemed for his scientific acquirements. In 1843 he became a resident of Washington, and was employed in the Coast Survey oflftce, where he designed and superintended the construction of the apparatus used in that department. He remained in the service of the government until his death. HUNTINGDON COUNTY. 785 Rev. John Johnston, born at or near the city of Belfast, Ireland, 1750 ; died at Huntingdon, December, 1823. In November, 1Y81, he was installed as pastor of the Hart's Log and Shaver's Creek Presbyterian congregations. In 1789, his pastoral relation to the Shaver's Creek congregation was dissolved, and in 1790 he accepted a call from the Huntingdon congregation for one-half of his time. From this date until tli£ year of his death — a period of thirty-three j-ears he continued as pastor of the two congregations. Hugh Brad}^, a brigadier-general in the United States arm}^, was born at Huntingdon, in 17G8. He entered the service in 1792 as lieutenant; served under Wayne in his campaign against the Western Indians, and in the war of 1812 was distinguished for his gallantry and braver3\ The township of Brady was named iu honor of the general. Alexandria is situated on the north bank of the Juniata, seven miles north- west of Huntingdon. It is surrounded by the fertile and well cultivated lands of the valley of Hart's Log, a name derived from a log hollowed out and used by John Hart, an Indian trader, in feeding his pack-horses. It was laid out in 1798, and incorporated as a borough April 11, 1827. It contains three churches and three public schools. BiRMiNGUAM, on the north bank of the Little Juniata, on the opposite side from the Pensylvania railroad, seventeen and a half miles north-west of Hunting- don, laid out by John Cadwallader, of Huntingdon, and called after the city of the same name in England, was incorporated April 14, 1838. It is the site of Mountain seminary, and has Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, and United Brethren churches. Broad Top City, near the summit of Broad Top mountain, and near the eastern terminus of the Shoup's Run branch of the Huntingdon and Broad Top railroad, 27.5 miles south-south-west of Huntingdon, was incorporated August 19, 1868, and contains the Mountain house, a well-kept summer resort, a Baptist church, and an Odd Fellows hall. Cassville, in Trough Creek valley, 17.5 miles south of Huntingdon, was incorporated March 3, 1853, and has Lutheran, Methodist Episcopal, and Metho- dist Protestant churches, two potteries, and was, until recently, the site of the Cassville Soldiers' Orphan school. CoALMONT, on the Shoup's Run branch of the Huntingdon and Broad Top railroad, twent^^-eight miles by rail south-south-west of Huntingdon, was incor- porated November 22, 1864. Huntingdon is situated on the north bank of the Juniata, at the mouth of Standing Stone creek, two hundred and two and a half miles west of Philadel- phia. The Pennsylvania railroad and canal pass through the borough, and it is the northern terminus of the Huntingdon and Broad Top railroad. Although settled as earl^' as 1754, and widely known to traders and the Provincial auUiori- ties as "Standing Stone," it was not regularl}'- laid out as a town until 1767, when Rev. Dr. William Smith, the proprietor, at that time and for many years thereafter, provost of the University of Pennsylvania, called the town '• Hunt- ingdon," in honor of Selina, countess of Huntingdon, in England, a ladj^ of remarkable liberality and piety, who, at the solicitation of Dr. Smith, had made a handsome donation to the funds of the University. 2 z 786 HUNTINGDON COUNTY. 787 During the troublesome times following the defeat of General Braddock, in July, 1755, until the peace with Great Britain in 1783, this place and its vicinity was the scene of many important incidents. In 1787, io became tlie county seat, on the erection of Huntingdon county, and on the 29th day of March, 1796, it was incorporated as a borough. Before the completion of the canal this place commanded the principal trade of the county. This improvement compelled Huntingdon to share the business, of which it had almost a monopol}', with several smaller towns, and for many years there was no material increase of business or population ; but a marked improvement followed the completion of the Pennsylvania, and Huntingdon and Broad Top railroads, until it has become, with a single exception, the most flourishing and populous town in the valley of the Juniata. The error committed by Dr. Smith of making the streets too narrow and omitting alleys, has been avoided in the plans of lots since laid out. The public buildings are nearly all, and the residences erected within the last decade are generally, built of brick. The streets are lighted with gas, and the sidewalks in all of the built portions of the town paved with brick. The view from the adjacent hills, taking in the town, the Juniata and Standing Stone creek with their bridges, the railroads, canal, cemetery, and the surrounding scenery, is grand. The cemetery, located on an eminence having an elevation of about one hundred and fifty feet above the river, the nucleus of which was a small plot of ground donated by the proprietor of the towai, and enlarged from time to time, embraces an area of about twelve acres, is used as a jDlace of sepulchre by all religious denominations save one, and as a place of resort during pleasant weather by the entire population. It is owned and controlled by the borough authorities. The borough contains the court house, jail, eleven churches, an academy, incorporated March 19, 1816, three public school buildings, accommodating fourteen schools with eight hundred and ninety-six scholars. The industrial establishments are numerous and varied. The population, according to the census of 1870, was 3,034; it is now (1876) estimated to be 4,100. The local government consists, besides the usual borough officers, of three burgesses and nine councilmen, one-third of whom are chosen annually for a term of three years. These officers constitute the town council, and meet statedl}^ on the first Friday of each month, the senior burgess acting as chief burgess and presiding at the meetings. This town occupies a pretty location. It contains numerous public and private buildings, having the appearance of elegance and comfort, is well and economically governed, has about a fair admixture of the conservative and "young America" elements ; few, if any, towns in the interior of the State excel it in wealth, or in the intelligence, hospitality, and social qualities of its people ; and with the great natural advantages it possesses, should become, by a judicious combination of the capital, enterprise, and energy of its citizens, one of the most populous and flourishing boroughs of central Pennsylvania. Mapleton, situated on the Juniata river and Pennsylvania railroad, eight and one-half miles south-cast of Huntingdon, was incorporated August 18, 1866. 788 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. The ground upon which the prhicipal part of this borough stands was owned and occupied by Jacob Hare, a notorious Tory of the Revolution. This, with all his other real estate, was confiscated and sold. Marklesburg, on the Bedford road, in Woodcock valley, and near the station of the same name on the Huntingdon and Broad Top railroad, twelve miles south-west of Huntingdon, was incorporated November 19, 1873. Mount Union, on the Penns^dvania canal and railroad, eleven and one-half miles south-east of Huntingdon, was incorporated April 19, 1867. It is the second town in the count}' in population, and has a Methodist, Presb^'terian, and United Brethren churches. Odd Fellows hall, etc. Orbisonia, on the Black Log creek and East Broad Top railroad, was incorporated November 23, 1855. The borough limits include the site of old Bedford furnace. Winchester and Rock Hill furnaces were located on the creek, a short distance east of the borough, and the two coke furnaces of the Rock Hill coal and iron company, now producing thirty-five tons of pig metal per day, are on the southern side of the creek. The population of the town has greatly increased since the construction of the railroad. Petersburg, on the Pennsylvania railroad, at the junction of Shaver's creek with the Juniata river, six and one-half miles north of Huntingdon, was incorpo- rated April 7, 1830. It contains a Lutheran, Methodist, and Presbj^terian churches, Juniata forge, a flouring mill, etc. Stages run to Williamsburg and McAlevy's Fort. Shade Gap, in Dublin township, thirty miles south-east of Huntingdon, was incorporated April 20, 1871. There is in the borough a Methodist and near its limits a Presbyterian church. Saltillo, on the East Broad Top railroad, twent3'-three miles south of Huntingdon, was incorporated November 10, 1875. Shirleysburg, on the East Broad Top railroad, twent}^ miles south-east of Huntingdon, was incorporated April 3, 1837. This borough is located upon the site of the Indian " Aughwick old town,'' and the Provincial Fort Shirle3\ From the latter it derived its name. It contains Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyte- rian churches. Three Springs, on the East Broad Top railroad, twentj'-five miles south of Huntingdon, was incorporated November 10th, 1869 ; has Baptist, Methodist Episcopal, and United Brethren churches. Beside these boroughs the following villages may be named : Barnet, on Huntingdon and Broad Top railroad, in Carbon township, at the Barnet mines j Coffee Run, on the same railroad, in Lincoln township ; Dudley, on same rail- road, in Carbon township; Eagle Foundry, in Tod township; Ennisville, in Jackson ; Franklinville, in Franklin ; Fairfield, in West ; Grafton, on Hunt- ingdon and Broad Top railroad, in Penn ; Graysville, in Franklin ; Manor Hill, in Barree ; Mill Creek, on Pennsylvania railroad in Brad}'' ; McAlevy's Fort, in Jackson ; McConnellstown, in Walker ; Nossville, in Tell ; Newburu, in Tod ; Robertsdale, on East Broad Top railroad, in Carbon ; Shaffersville, in Morris ; Saulsburg, in Barree ; Spruce Creek, on Penns3-lvania railroad, in Franklin and Morris ; Water Street, in Morris ; and Warrior's Mark, in the township of the same name. HUNTINGDON COUNTY. 789 Townships. — At the time of the erection of Huntingdon county in ITST, the territory within its present limits was included in six townships, to wit : Barree, Dublin, Hopewell, Shirley, Frankstown, and Huntingdon. Fraukstown, much reduced in area, is now one of the townships of Blair county, and in the division of Huntingdon, in 1814, one end was called Porter and the other Henderson. There are now twenty-five townships in "the count3^ Twenty-one were formetl since the erection of Huntingdon count}'-, as follow: Franklin, March, 1181), from Tyrone; Springfield, December, 1790, from Shirley; Union, June, 1191, from Hopewell; Morris, August, 1794, from Tyrone; West, April, 179G, from Barree; Warrior's Mark, January, 1798, from Franklin; Tell, April, 1810, from Dublin ; Porter, November, 1814, from Huntingdon ; Henderson, November, 1814, from Huntingdon; Walker, April, 1827, from Porter; Cromwell, January, 1836, from Shirley and Springfield; Tod, April 11, 1838, from Union; Cass, January 21, 1843, from Union ; Jackson, January 15, 1845, from Barree; Cla}^ April 15, 1845, from Springfield; Brad}^, April 25, 1846, from Henderson; Penn, Novem- ber 21, 1846, from Hopewell; Oneida, August 20, 1856, from West; Juniata, November 19, 1856, from Walker; Carbon, April 23, 1858, from Tod; Lincoln, August 18, 1866, from Hopewell. INDIANA COUNTY. [With acknowledgments to A. W. Taylor, India^ia, and J. M. Robinson, Saltsburg.l fNDIANA county was created by act of Assembl}- of 1803 out of jjarts of Westmoreland and Lycoming counties. That part south of the purchase line was taken from Westmoreland county, and that north of the purchase line from Lycoming count}-, consisting then of two townsliips, Armstrong and Wheatfield. The county derived its name from its first denizens. Indiana county was by the same act annexed to Westmore- land county for judicial purposes, and the courts of Westmoreland were to levy and collect the taxes. By the act of 1806 it was de- clared a part of the Tenth judicial district, then com- posed of the counties of Somerset, Cambria, In- diana, Armstrong, and Westmoreland. The area of the county is seven hun- dred and seventy-five square miles. Indiana count}' is bounded on the north by Jefferson county; on the east by Clearfield and Cambria ; on the south by Westmoreland, and on the west l)y Armstrong. It lies between 40° 23' and 40° 56' north latitude; and 1° 49' and 2° 14' west longitude, from Washing- ton City. The Conemaugh river (called Kiskiminetas from its junction witli Loyalhanna creek) flows along the entire southern boundary of the count}- from east to west. The West Branch of the Susquehanna river touchi s the county on the north east. Some of the spurs of the Allegheny mountnins run into the county on the north- east. Laurel hill is on the east. Chestnut ridge enters on the south, and runs in a northerly direction, about half the length of the county. The dividing ridge, or water-shed, in the north-eastern part of the county, divides the waters of the 790 INDIANA COUNTY COURT HOUSE, INDIANA. [From a Photograph by B. B. Tiffany.] INDIANA COUNTY. Y91 Susquehanna that flow into the Chesapeake ba}^ from the streams emptying into the Conemaugh and Allegheny rivers flowing southward into the Gulf of Mexico. The lowest part of this water-shed is one thousand three hundred feet above tide. The county is well watered by numerous small streams and creeks — the largest of them Black Lick, Yellow creek, Two Lick and Black Legs, emptying into the Conemaugh ; Crooked creek, Plum creek, Little Mahoning, and Canoe into the Allegheu}^ ; Cushion and Cush-Cush into the Susquehanna. Those streams flow- ing into the Conemaugh have a fall of from twenty to thirty feet to the mile ; tliose flowing into the Allegheny from ten to fifteen feet to the mile, and those into the Susquehanna, from thirtj'-five to forty feet to the mile. Inundations are very rare. Owing to the rolling character of the surface there is but verj^ little marsh lan«(. It is cut into small valleys and hills by the numerous small streams. The principal eminences are called "round tops," which rise from three to Ave hun- dred feet above the general surface of the county. Doty's Round Top, on the line of Grant and Canoe townships, is the highest point in the county. Oakes Point, highest peak of Chestnut ridge, is one thousand two hundred feet above the Conemaugh river at its base. In about one quarter of the county (the eastern part) the timber is princi- pally white pine, spruce, and hemlook. The balance of the county is covered with white oak, black oak, chestnut oak, red oak, poplar, chestnut, hickory, sugar maple, walnut, cherry, locust, cucumber, etc. The principal minerals are bituminous coal, salt, iron ore, and limestone. The soil in the eastern part of the county is loam and sand, as far as the pine timber extends. In the balance of the county the soil is loam and slate, with claye}-^ admixture in spots. The subsoil is clay and slate. The subjacent rock in the low lands is a peculiar hard blue micaceous sandstone. In the higher table lands it is variegated blue and red. In the Conemaugh valley there are several salt wells, from which are manu factured an excellent quality of salt. About the y^ar 1812 or 1813 an old lady named Deemer discovered an oozing of salt water at low- water mark on the Indiana side of the Conemaugh river, about two miles above the present site of Saltsburg. Prompted by curiosity, she gathered some of the water to use for cooking purposes, and with a portion of it made mush, which she found to be quite palatable. This discovery very sliortly led to the development of one of the most important business interests in the county. About the year 1813 Wil- liam Johnston, an enterprising young man from Franklin county, commenced boring a well at the spot where Mrs. Deemer made the discover}', and at the depth of two hundred and eighty-seven feet found an abundance of salt water. The boring was done by tramp or treadle, the poles being connected with open mortice and ton-gue, fastened with little bolts. The salt was manufactured by boiling the water in large kettles, or graimes, using wood for fuel. Until with the opening of additional wells, some fifty or sixt}' acres of wood land had been consumed for this purpose. Originally the pumping was done by blind horses, and the salt sold at five dollars per bushel retail, but as the wells multiplied the price came down to four dollars. With the increase of the trade, came new machinery and appliances in the manufacture of the salt. The unwield}' kettles 792 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. were dispensed with, and large pans of half-inch iron, some twenty feet long, ten to eleven feet wide, and eight inches deep, were used instead ; coal was used as fuel, and the blind horses were put aside, and the steam engine introduced for both boring and pumping. The place was called the Great Conemaugh salt works, from the name of the river upon which they were located, and a post office with that name was established there. The following is an enumeration of the Salt wells now or formerly in opera- tion in that region : Alonzo Livermore, one mile above Saltsburg (a dry well churning up) ; next Sugar Camp well ; Andy Stewart well (salt in limited quan- tity) ; Dick Lamarr well (good prodvicing well, but gas in it) ; next Lamarr well (the water pumped through logs under the river by two men on each side to Samuel Reed's well and works ; after some time works erected there) ; next Dick Lamon and S. Reed's well and works (a good producing well) ; the John- ston & Reed well in the river (this was the first well, two hundred and eight}'^- seven feet, and is now near one-third across the river) ; the Levi Hillery (one of the oldest wells), works still in blast — the well about eight hundred feet; the Barker & McConnell well, some fifteen rods from the river (a new well, but not a success) ; Joe Black & Christian Latshaw well (an old and good producing well) ; James R. Porter well (an old and rich producing well, the best No. 1 salt on the river for curing meat) ; J. R. Porter well, on a hill side some twenty rods from the river, and cut off from the canal by the West Pennsylvania rail- road buildings ; the furnaces and chimneys of the works are up, but further operations are dela3'ed in consequence of a law-suit with the railroad compan}'^ ; the John McKowan well (a good well in its time) ; the S. Waddle well, not old, but only a well ; next, forty.rods distant, the Edward Carlton, now Samuel Waddle, well and works ; next, the McParland well and works, which twenty years ago produced much salt. For the three last mentioned wells, three small engines pump the water into one set of pans, which, when in blast, produce a large amount of salt. Four miles on the Westmoreland side of the river, ar.e the James McLanahan & Andy Boggs well (an old well, producing a great deal of salt down to about 1858, when it was abandoned) ; next, the Samuel Reed well, (fed in part by hand pump) ; the M. Johnston & A. Stewart ; next, the Nathan M. D. Sterritt & David Mitchell wells (both good ; the latter not abandoned until about 1855) ; the Deep Hollow, Pete Hammer well (forty rods from the river, rather new, and not paying, was abandoned) ; the Walter Skelton well made a great quantity of salt while in blast ; the Winnings and Morrison works are of recent date, and produce a small amount of good salt. Of the twenty-four wells, and say twenty-one set of works, we have mentioned above, only three are now in blast, viz. : the Hillerj', owned by Harry White, and leased to Johnston, Boyle & Son ; the Waddle group, owned and run by Samuel Waddle ; and the Wlneings, owned by Wineings. We should state here that the wells enumerated are named after their original owners ; and that the twenty-one set of works attached to the wells, had at least two, and some of them five, proprietors. The most of these were excellent men, but with the exception of Samuel and William Waddle, who ran the Porter works for many years, not one who survive, or their families, live in affluent circumstances. The seven wells along the river on the Westmoreland side were all put down prior to 1820 and 1822; and from that INDIANA COUNTY. 793 date till 1830, tlie group of hills on both sides of the river was like a great bee- hive; yet the expenses of production in many instances exceeded the income The coal and machinery had to be hauled from Pittsburgh by wagon, or brought by the river in keel-boats — both expensive means of transportation. The western division of the Pennsylvania canal once passed through the Conemaugh valley, but the completion of the Pennsylvania railroad to Pitts, burgh, in 1852, rendered it useless, and it has gone to decay. The Western Pennsylvania railroad was completed in 1864. The Indiana branch, connecting with the Pennsylvania, was built in 1856, through the exertions of some of its prominent citizens. The lirst attempt at making a settlement within the limits of Indiana county was made in the year 1169, in the forks of the Conemaugh and Black Lick. The country had been explored as early as 1766-7, and the explorers were particularly pleased with the countr}^ It was clear of timber or brush, and clothed in high grass — a sort of prairie. In the spring of 1772, Fergus, Samuel, and Joseph Moorhead, and James Kelly, commenced improvements near the town of Indiana. Moses Chambers was another earlj^ settler. Having served several years on board a British man-of-war, he was qualified for a life of danger and hardship. Moses continued to work on his improvement till he was told one morning that the last johnnycake was at the fire. What was to be done ? There was no possibility of a supply short of the Conococheague. He caught his horse and made ready. He broke the johnnycake in two pieces, and giving one-half to his wife, the partner of his perils and fortunes, he put up the other half in the lappet of his coat with thorns, and turned his horse's head to the east. There were no inns on the road in those daj's, nor a habitation west of the mountains, save, perhaps, a hut or two at Fort Ligonier. The Kittanning path was used to Ligonier, and from thence the road made by General Forbes' army. Where good pastures could be had for his horse, Moses tarried and baited. To him day was as night, and night as the day. He slept only while his horse was feeding; nor did he give rest to his body nor ease to his mind until he returned with his sack stored with corn. Moses Chambers was not the only one who had to encounter the fatigue and trouble of procuring supplies from Franklin county. All had to do so, such was the condition of this country, and such the pros- pect of settlers after the peace of 1763. A scarcity of provisions was one of the constant dangers of the first settlers, and, to make their case worse, there were no mills, even after they began to raise grain. The first year some Indian corn was planted. It grew, and in the form of " roasting ears " was gladly gathered for food. I can almost see the hardy dame, with her home-made apron of " lye color and white " pinned round her waist, stepping cautiously between the rows of corn, selecting the finest, that is to say, the best, ears for dinner, ay, and for breakfast and supper too. About the year 1773, William Bracken built a mill on Black Lick, which was a great convenience to the settlers. They marked out a path, by which they traveled to Bracken's mill. Around and near him gathered John Stewart, Joseph McCartne}^, John Evans, Thomas Barr, and John Hustin. About the year 1774, Samuel Moorhead commenced building a mill on Stony run, but before it was completed the settlers were driven off by the Indians. They fled to what was then called the Sewickley settlement. This 794 RISTOB Y OF FINN'S TL VANIA. was during the Dunrnore war. However, they returned in the fall to their im- provements, and Moorhead completed his mill. Along and near Crooked creek located Andrew Sharp (killed by the Indians in 1794), Benjamin Walker, Israel Thomas, James McCreight, Jacob Anthony, David Peelor, and John Patison. Among the early settlers along the Cone- maugh river. Black Lick creek, and its tributaries, and in the southern part of the county, were Charles Campbell, Samuel Dixon, John McCrea, John Harrold, Philip Altman, Patrick McGee, Archey Coleman, George Repine, Malachia Sut- ton, William Loughry, Jonathan Doty, Jacob Bricker, James Ewing, James Ferguson, Peter Fair, James McComb, Samuel McCartney, John Neal, Alexan- der Rhea, William Robertson, Daniel Repine, John Shields, Robert Liggot, David Reed, William Graham, Ephraim Wallace, George Mabon, the Hices, Hugh St. Clair, James McDonald, and William Clark. The northern part of the countj^ in the early days called " the Mahoning countr}'," was settled at a more recent date. Among the early settlers were the Bradys, the Thompsons, William Work, Hugh Cannon, John Leasure, William McCall, John Park, William McCrery, the Pierces, Robert Hamilton, Joshua Lewis, and John Jamison. In addition to those named, among the early set- tl(!rs, in the central portion of the county, were Andrew Allison, Thomas Allison, Gawin Adams, George Trimble, Alexander Taylor, John Lytle, Daniel Elgin, Conrad Rice, Thomas Wilklns, Daniel McKisson, James Mitchell, Andrew Dixon, John Agey, Blaney Adair, Thomas McCrea, Thomas Burns, William Lowry, John Wilson, Robert Pilson, John Thompson, Patrick Lydick, James Simpson, Christopher Stuchal, and William Smith. Little is known or recorded concerning the adventures of tlie settlers during the war of the Revolution, and the subsequent campaigns of Harmar, St. Clair, and Wayne. It is probable their residence here was precarious and unsettled. Every settler was a soldier, and preferred, indeed, occasionally the use of the rifle to that of the axe or the plough. John Thompson was one of the very few who remained here. He erected a block-house six miles north-east of Indiana borough, where he resided throughout all the troubles of the frontier. After Wayne's treaty in 1795, the settlei's again returned to their homes, and resumed the occupations of peace. The early settlers of Indiana county came from the eastern counties of the State, in great part from the Cumberland valley. They were mostly of Scotch- Irish descent; in faith, Presbyterians. They came with their Bibles, their Confession of Faith, their catechisms, and their rifles. They were a brave, determined, self-denying race, by no means deficient in education and love of learnino-. It is a notable fact that in spelling, penmanship, and accuracy of style and manner, the early records of the townships and county will compare favor- ablv with those of more recent date. As early as 1790, Rev. John Jamison, a minister of the Associate Reformed Presbyterian (or Seceder) church, settled on a farm on Altman's run. He was a Scotchman by birth and education, and was the first minister of the gospel who settled in this count}^, coming here from Cumberland county. He had an organized congregation near his residence, and another at Crete, now in Centre township, and much of his time, for a number of years, he preached from settlement to settlement, in the cabins, or barns, or INDIANA COUNTY. 795 in tents in the woods — a sovt of missionaiy. The first Presbyterian minister settled in the county was Rev. Joseph Henderson, who was installed pastor of the congregations of Bethel and P]benezer in ItOS, and had charge of these congregations for many years. The first Presbyterian minister located in the town of Indiana was Rev. James Galbraith, from 1809 to 1816, when he removed to Huntingdon county. Rev. John Reed succeeded him. In 1818 he was placed over the congregations of Indiana and Gilgal, and for a number of years he also taught the classics in the Indiana Academy. Among the early settlers were a number of Lutheran families, who, from the first, managed to have occasional preaching. Rev. M. Steck, of Greensburg, commencing in 1798, for several years rode through the wilderness, once in three months, to preach to his brethren in Indiana county. Then followed Rev. J. G. Lambright, Rev. Scliultz, Rev. Reighart, and others. Rev. N. G. Sharretts was the pastor at Indiana and Blairsville from 1821 till his death, on the last day of 1836. Tiie first Catholic church in the county was located at Cameron's Bottom, in 1821, under the charge of Rev. T. McGir. The first Baptist church was organized in 1824, in a settlement in Green township, mostly of Welsh origin. At a very early day there were a number of Methodist families here. Half a century ago, when Robert Nixon was the only Methodist in the town of Indiana, and when that good old Methodist minister, Rev. James Wakefield, occasionally came over from Wheatfield township to preach in the old court-house, with his white hat, plainly cut garments, and plain earnest manner of preaching, he was something of a curiosity, and attracted the attention of old and young, never failing to draw a full house. Indiana, the county seat, comprising the separate boroughs of Indiana and West Indiana, is near the geographical centre of the county. It was laid out in 1805, by Charles Campbell, Randall Laughlin, and John Wilson, trustees appointed for the purpose. The " fork" of Two Lick and Yellow creeks, near the present site of Homer City, was a competitor for the honor of being the county seat. This site was not without its advantages, among which were its abundance of water, its water power, and the near proximity of coal. But George Clymer, of Philadelphia, with the view of enhancing the value of his adjacent londs, ofi'ered the present site of two hundred and fifty acres as a gift. This, with the beauty of the situation and its central position, turned the scale in its favor. The main street, running east and west, was named " Philadelphia street," in honor of the residence of George Cl^^mer. He was further honored by naming the principal street running north and south " Clymer." Originally the public grounds, where the court house stands, extended from Philadelphia street to Water street, and from Cleaner street to Sutton alley, nearly three acres. The square upon which the Lutheran, Presbyterian, and United Presbyterian churches stand, originally extended from Clymer street to Vine street, and from Church street to the then southern limit of the town, embracing about two acres and a half. Unfortunately, many j'ears ago, building lots were sold off" these public squares, to saA'e the county a pittance of taxes ; and thus was the beauty of the town marred and the comlbrt of the inhabitants impaired. This was worse than a crime — it was an unpardonable blunder. The proceeds of the sale of the town lots were applied to the erection of the county buildings, and thus the old court 796 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. house (a most creditable building in its day) and the old jail were built without taxation and without cost to the people. The court house was built in 1808-9. The present court house, a substantial and beautiful structure, was completed in 1871. As early as 1814, the people of the county manifested their interest in the cause of education, by taking steps to erect an academy. The building was erected of stone, at the southern edge of the town of Indiana, and was completed in 1816. In 1818, it was opened for pupils under the direction of Rev. John Reed. Recently the State Normal scliool has been completed, and is now in successful operation. It is the largest building of the kind in the State, and unequaled in the comfort and convenience of its appointments. Indiana was incorporated as a borough March 11, 1816. The town of Indiana, with its beau- tiful and healthful location, its wide streets and side-walks, its churches, superior schools, excellent markets, railroad, and telegraph, is a home that should satisfy the most fastidious. Blairsville, the principal town of the county, is situated on the Conemaugh, seventy miles from Pittsburgh by river and fifty-seven by railroad. It was laid out in 1819. James Campbell was the original owner, but in the latter part of the year 1818 sold a portion of the land to Andrew Brown, when they at once proceeded to la}^ out a town, which they named in honor of John Blair, of Blair's Gap. It began to fill up rapidly, and upon the completion of the western divi- sion of the Pennsylvania canal, in 1828, to this point, it came to be an important depot, and the town was full of bustle and prosperity. It had previously (March 25, 1825) received corporate honors. It has retained its supremacy as the lead- ing town, by the thrift and enterprise of its citizens. It being the terminus of the West Pennsylvania railroad, the oflflces and shops of that corporation are located here, giving employment to a large number of men. It contains several handsome churches, two flourishing schools, and a number of industrial estab- lishments. Saltsburg is on the right bank of the Conemaugh, near the site of an old Indian town. It derives its name from the many salt works there located, to which reference has been made. While in the full tide of the salt business in 1817, Andrew Boggs laid out the town. It was incorporated a borough April 16, 1838. Notwithstanding the abandoning of the State canal, which added greatly to its prosperity, the town is in a flourishing condition. Armagh is an old village, settled by several Scotch-Irish families about the close of the last century. It is located in the centre of a fine farming country. Was incorporated as a borough April 9, 1834. Among other prominent towns in the county are Smicksburg, Shelocta, Marion, Mechanicsburg, and Homer City, the latter place once a competitor for the county seat. Formation of Townships Armstrong was formed soon after the organiza- tion of Westmoreland county. It was settled shortly after the close of the Revolution. . . . Banks was formed from Canoe, in 1869. . . . Black Lick from Armstrong in March, 1807. . . . Brush Valley from Wheat- field in 1835. . . . Burrell from Black Lick in 1854, . . . Buffing- ton from Pine in 1868. . . . Canoe from a part of Montgomery in 1868. INDIANA COUNTY. Y97 . . Cherry Hill from Green and Pine in 1855. . . . Centre from Armstrong in 1801. . . . Conemaugii from Armstrong in March, 1801. . . East Mahoning, West Mahoning, North Mahoning, and South Mahoning were formed by tlie division of Mahoning townsliip in 184G. . . . Grant from Montgomery in 1868. . . . Green from Wheatland in 1834 Montgomery from Green in 1835. . . . Pine from Wheatficld in 1850. . . . Rayne from Washington and Green in 1841. . . . Washington from Armstrong in 1823. . . . Wheatfield, one of the original townsliips at the formation of the county. West Wheatfield was formed from it in 1861. . . . White, formed three miles ai'ound the borough of Indiana, in 1848. . . . Young from Black Lick and Conemaugh in 1834. JEFFERSON COUNTY. BY G. AMENT BLOSE, HAMILTON. EFFERSON COUNTY was organized from a part of Lycorauig county, by an act erecting parts of Lycoming, Huntingdon, and Somerset counties into separate county districts, approved Marcli 26, 1804, by Thomas M'Kean, then Governor of the State. By the 13th section of the same act it was placed under the jurisdiction of the courts of Westmoreland county-. An act passed in 1806 authorized the commissioners of Westmoreland county to act for Jefferson county. In the session of 1806 it was annexed to Indiana county for judicial purposes. On the 1st of April, 1843, a portion of the territory was taken from the northeastern part of the county to form a part of Elk county ; and on the 11th of April, 1848, all that part of the county north of Clarion river was formed into Forest county. Jefferson county is bounded on the north by Forest and Elk coun- ties ; on the east by Elk and Clear- field ; on the south by Indiana ; and on the west by Armstrong and Clarion. The original length of the county is said to have been 46 miles; breadth, 26 ; and its area, 1,203 square miles. The present length of the county is 33 miles ; width, in narrowest part, 21 miles, in the broadest part, 25 miles; area, 412,800 acres — 645 square miles. No mountains lift their lofty heads within the limits of Jefferson county ; but hills — many of them steep and rugged — line the water courses of every stream. In many places the larger streams flow through deep and narrow valleys, bordered by high and precipitous hills, the combination of which furnishes many of the elements of the beautiful in natural scenery. The land on the elevations is level, or, usually gently undulating. There are some flue pieces of valley land along a few of the large streams. The greater portion of the county is well watered. Big Mahoning creek Hows in a 798 JEFFERSON COUNTY COURT-HOUSE. (From a Photograph by E. Clark Hall.) JEFFERSON COUi\TY. 799 slightly southwesterly direction, through almost the entire width of the extreme southern portion of the county. Little Sandy creek flows in a westerly direction, through the west middle portion of the southern half of the county. Sandy Lick creek flows in a northwesterly direction through the central part. Mill creek, rising in the northeastern part, takes a southwesterly direction, and empties into Sandy Lick near its confluence with North Fork. North Fork, from the extreme northern part of the county, flows in a southwesterly course to join the Sandy Lick a few miles northwest of the central part. By their union Red Bank creek is formed, which pursues a southwestern course, leaving the limits of the county about 8^ miles from the southwestern corner. Little Toby creek flows in a northwesterly direction through the northeastern corner of the county ; and Clarion river forms a great portion of the northwestern boundar}'. Many smaller streams flow through different parts of the county. All those named are highways on which the lumber of the county is carried to market. Farming and stock raising is followed in nearly every settled locality in the county. The soil in many places is very fertile, and yields rich crops of wheat, rye, buckwheat, oats, corn, potatoes, and hay. In other parts, the soil is sterile and unproductive. The land in the pine and hemlock lumber districts is usually very hard to clear, but when cleared, and the pine stumps removed by their powerful stump-machines, it makes fine farming land, and is very productive. Along the streams are some bottom lands that contain excel- lent soil for corn raising and gi'azing purposes. Bituminous coal underlies nearly every hill in the county. The veins range from two to twelve feet in thickness. A vein eleven feet in thickness is said to have been found in the vicinity of Troy, at a depth of about one hundred and twenty feet below the surface. The veins in the western and northwestern part of the county have a thickness of from two to four feet. The veins in the vicinity of Punxsutawney are from six to eight feet thick. Those in the neighborhood of Reynoldsville are from six to twelve feet in thickness, and cover an area of about twenty miles long b}^ five wide. The veins around Reynoldsville and Punxsutawney are easily accessible by opening a drift in the side of a hill. The coal is obtained in this way, at the pi-esent time, all over the county. Sandstone, suitable for building and other i^urposes, is abundant. A good quality of limestone is found in many localities. Salt water can be reached at a depth of five or six hundred feet below the surface. Iron ore has been discovered; but whether or not it is of such a quality and in such quantities as will pay for working it, has not yet been tested. Man}'^ large saw mills have been built on the numerous streams for manu- facturing boards and other sawed lumber ; and planing mills for the preparation of lumber for building and other purposes. The lumber trade is carried on extensively during the winter season in the northern, eastern, southeastern, and central parts of the county. Foundries, chair factories, and shops for the manufacture of other kinds of furniture, have been erected in various localities throughout the count3\ A few woollen factories, also, have been built, and are in successful operation. 800 HISTOEY OF PENNSYLVANIA. For man}' years after its establishment tliis county was little more than a hunting ground for whites and Indians. Large bodies of land in the best loca- tions were held for years by rich proprietors at a distance, who would neither improve their lands nor sell them at a fair price to those who would. For several years the lumber business was the chief occupation of the citizens, but re-actions in commercial affairs at different times have caused them to devote attention to farming. The speculations in the State of Maine gave to the lumber trade an impulse that had its influence upon this State. The Yankees, with their proverbial shrewdness, had discovered that vast bodies of pine-lands were l3'ing around the sources of the Allegheny river, not appreciated at their full value by the pioneers who lived on them. They had learned to estimate it by the tree. " The Penn- sylvanians still reckoned it by the acre." Between the 3'ears 1330 and 1837 individuals and companies from New England and New York purchased large tracts of land on the head-waters of Red Bank creek and Clarion river, from the Holland Land company and other owners of extensive sections. They pro ceeded to build saw-mills, and to conduct the lumber trade in the most approved manner. This caused quite a fermentation among the lumbermen and land- holders of the county. " More land changed owners ; new water-privileges were impi'oved ; capital was introduced from abroad ; and during the spring floods every creek and river resounded with the prepai'ation of rafts and the lively shouts of the lumbermen." This new impetus to emigration increased the population threefold in ten years. The land in the county has mostly passed from the hands of the large land-owners, and is held by farmers who till it and those engaged in the lumber interests. Large tracts have been bought up for the coal and other minerals from farmers and owners in the vicinity of the coal region about Reynoldsville, by P. W. Jenks, Esq., and othei's, between 1865 and 1875. The Low Grade division of the Allegheny Valley railroad was completed in 1874. It passes through the county along Red Bank and Sandy Lick creeks, and connects the Allegheny Yalley railroad, at the mouth of Red Bank, with the Philadelphia and Erie railroad at Driftwood. Along the line of the railroad the county is rapidly filling with settlers. The first white settler in Jefferson county was Joseph Barnett. lie served during the Revolution under General Potter, on the West Branch, and was in the State service against the Wyoming boys. It is stated in a sketch of the county, found in an old book, that Andrew Barnett, Jr., Esq., said Joseph Barnett set- tled at the mouth of Pine creek, in Lycoming county, after the close of the war ; and perhaps was one of the Fair-play boys, and that he lost his property by the operation of the common law, which superseded the jurisdiction of fair play. However this may be, Joel Spyker, who is still living, and has paid a great deal of attention to the history of the count}^, and was well acquainted with Joseph Barnett, relates that Mr. Barnett told him that he brought his fiamily here from Linglestown, Dauphin county, in 1797, penetrating the wilderness of tlie upper Susquehanna by the Chinklacamoose path, and passing between the sources of the Susquehanna and the Allegheny, he arrived on the waters of Red Bank, then called Sandy Lick, where he had bought lands of Timoth}^ Pickering & Co. JEFFERSON COUNTY. 801 Barnett pitched his tent on Sandy Lick creek, and called the place Port Bamett. It is on the Susquehanna and Waterford turnpike, at the mouth of Mill creek. Here he built a saw mill. His brother Andrew and his brother-in-law, Samuel Scott, accompanied him on this occasion. Nine Seneca Indians of Cornplanter's tribe assisted him to raise the mill. They worked verj^ well until they got a good dinner ; after dinner they did nothing, it being the custom of the Indians not to work when their stomachs were full. He soon learned this and treated them accordingly. Leaving his brothers to look after the mill, he returned to his family, for the purpose of bringing them out. But Scott soon followed him with the melancholy news of the death of his brother, who had been buried by Scott and the friendly Indians. He was discouraged for a time by this news, but in 1799 he moved his family out, again accompanied by Mr. Scott, and a j^oung man by the name of Graham, if the information is authentic, was brought with them, some of whose descendants are still in the count}'. " They sawed lumber and rafted it down to Pittsburgh, where it brought twenty-live dollars a thousand in those daj's." The adventures and hardships attending frontier life were felt by the early settlers. Mr. Barnett once carried sixty pounds of flour on his back from Pittsburgh, a distance of nearly one hundred miles ; and man}^ times had to canoe from Pittsburgh, flour, salt, and other necessaries for his family. The nearest grist mill was on Black Lick creek, in Indiana count}'. Mr. Barnett knew nothing of the wilderness south of him. and was obliged to give an Indian four dollars to pilot him to/ Westmoreland. The nearest house on the path eastward was Paul Clover's (grandfather of General Clover), thirty- three miles distant, on the Susquehanna, where Curwensville now stands ; west- ward. Fort Venango was distant forty-five miles. These points were the only resting places for, the travelers through that unbroken wilderness. The Senecas of Cornplanter's tribe were friendly and peaceable neighbors, and often extended their excursions to these waters, where they encamped, two or three in a squad, to hunt deer and bears. They took the hams and skins, piled up in the form of a hay stack, on rafts constructed of dry poles, to Pittsburgh, and traded them for trinkets, blankets, calicoes, weapons, and such things as suited their use or pleased their fancy. They were always friendly, sober, and rather fond of making money. During the war of 1812, the settlers were apprehensive that an unfavorable turn of the war on the lakes might bring an irruption of savages upon the frontiers through the Seneca nation. A Muncy Indian, called Old Captain Hunt, had his camp for several years on Red Bank, probably within the present limits of the south-western part of Brookville. He obtained his living by hunting, the results of which he enjoyed in drinking whiskey, of which he was excessively fond. One year he killed seventy-eight bears. He expended nearly all the price of the skins, which was probably about three dollars each, for his favorite beverage. Samuel Scott remained in the county till 1810, when, having gathered together by hunting and lumbering about two thousand dollars, he went down to the Miami river, and bought a section of land. About the year 1802 or 1803, John, William, and Jacob Yastbinder, 'a family from New Jersey, came and settled on Mill creek, three miles north-east 3 A 802 HIISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. of Barnett. John Matson, Sr., came in 1805 or 1806. The Lucases, also, came into the county among the first settlers. Joseph Barnett's descendants have all left the county. John Bell settled in the southern part of the count3', one mile north of the present site of Perry sville, about 1809 or 1810. He came here from Indiana county, to where he had moved about two year? previously from Sewickley settle- ment. When he came into the county it was an unbroken wilderness for miles around him. Panthers, bears, and wolves roamed the woods undisturbed ; deer traveled about in droves, and flocks of wild turkeys were numerous. Archie Haddan came into the county about 1811 or 1812, and settled a mile south-east of Bell. About 1814 or 1815 Hugh McKee settled half a mile east of Perrysville. In 1818 John Postlethwait, Sr., came from Westmoreland county with his family, and settled a mile and a half north-west of Perrysville. Near the same time a family by the name of Young settled about two miles west of Perrysville. Soon after 1816 people began to settle in the vicinity of where Punxsutawney stands. Abram Weaver is said to have been one of the first to settle there. About 1817 or 1818 Rev. David Barclay, Dr. John W. Jenks, and Nathaniel Tindle, families from New Jersey, settled in Punxsutawney. Charles C. Gaskill and Isaac P. Carmalt came some time later. Hon. James Winslow and others were among the first settlers in the neighborhood. Jesse Armstrong and Jacob Hoover settled near where Clayville now is, some time near 1822 or 1823. Adam Long came with them, but he removed to a place near Punxsutawney in 1824. James McClelland and Michael Lantz came into the present limits of Porter township, in the south-western corner of the county, previous to the year 1820. A Mr. Baker settled across the creek, east of Whitesville, about 1822; John McHenry, James Bell, and others moved into the Round Bottom, near Whites- ville, somewhere near the year 1822. In the year 1822 David Postlethwait purchased a right of settlement to land from Benjamin McBride and William Stewart, who had settled in the Round Bottom, west of Whitesville, about a year before, and cleared a few acres. About 1820 or 1821 Lawrence Nolf settled on Pine run, about two miles south of Ringgold. He made no improvement ; and about 1828 sold out to John Mil- ler, who opened up a farm. In 1822 David Postlethwait and his brother John settled on Pine run, about two miles south-east of where Ringgold now stands. It was then Perry township. The same year Samuel Newcom settled about a mile up the run from Postlethwait. About 1818 or 1819 David, John, and Henry Milliron settled on Little Sandy ; and near the same time Henry Nolf settled on Little Sandy, where Longville now stands, and erected a saw-mill. James Stewart settled in the county, three miles north west of Perrysville, about 1821. Alexander Osborn, John Mcintosh, John McGhee, Henry Keys and his brother, Matthew and William McDonald, Andrew Smith, William Cooper, William McCullough, and John Wilson were some of the first settlers in the north-eastern part of the county, in what is now Washington township. The one first named settled in 1824. John Wilson, without any means but his work, built a grist mill. He borrowed a " pair of country mill-stones " from Alexander Osborn, extemporized a blacksmith shop to make the irons, exchanged work with John McGhee, who was a millwright, received some assistance from JEFFERSON COUNTY. 803 the neighbors, and got it into successful operation. Bears were plenty, and several stories are related of persons chasing bears off their hogs with axes and clubs. Nancy McGhee, wife of John McGhee, and their hired man, had an adventure of this kind once, when Mr. McGhee was away from home. Mrs. Ann Smith, one of the early settlers, left Ireland at the age of ten, never went to school in America, was married at the nge of sixteen, yet in her old age she taught school. When her husband was discouraged in the backwoods, she was so anxious to build up a home for her children in the country that she offered him one years' work if he would remain. For twelve months she went out to the fields to work as regularly as he did. About 181 fi, Lewis Long and his son William shot five wolves without changing their position. Tlie first shot killed VIEW OF THE BOROUGH OF PUNXSUTAWNEY. the leader, and they called the rest back by imitating their bowling. Jackson Long, a son of William, shot a panther in its den, about 1850. The Indians, probably, never made this part of ilie county much of a resort. The Seneca Indians, from their reservation in Warren county, sometimes came to hunt and make sugar. The eai'ly settlers could see where they had made sugar. They had troughs that would hold about two (^uaits, in which to catch the sap. This they collected into a large trough, and dipped hot stones into it to boil it down. This sirup, no doubt, had a singed taste, and could not have been very clean; but they relished it. In the year 1831, George I31ose moved his family from Westmoreland county, and settled half a mile east of Perry sville. He subsequently moved into the present limits of the village. In the fall of 1834, his son, George Blose, Jr., came into the county and settled near his father; but in the spring of 1836 he moved two miles west of Perrys- ville, and settled permanently. At tliat time the wolves were so numerous and 804 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. 80 bold that they would come within a few rods of tlie house at night and howl. That was about all they did, except to scare the children and kill one or two sheep. Soon after this a number of German families settled a mile or two north of Blose. J. McAnulty, a Mr. Barr, William B. Slack, A. Slack, William Love, and J. Aidry were among the first settlers near where Corsica now is. Frederick Kalile settled three miles west of Sigel, in 1833; Jacob Beer, David Silvis, George Wolford, Thomas Callen, George Catz, James McNeal, and others came into tiie same vicinit}^ later. It was some place along Mill creek, a stream three or four miles from Sigel, that a Mr. Long and two of Kahle's boys, John and Jacob, caught eight young wolves in a den. John, the older, on going in the ninth time, as he done before, armed with a torch, a stick four or five feet long with a hook in it to fasten it into the wolves, and a rope tied to his foot to pull him out, caught the old one. They thought she was out. He pulled the rope and they drew him out ; but he was unable to take her with him. When he told Long, he tried to hire him, for ten dollars, to go in again, but he would not. Long then tried to hire his brother, and he would not go in. Then Long whet his knife, fixed his gun and started in, but came back before getting out of sight. At about the foui-th trial he came out, and said he had seen the wolf; they did not shoot her, however. John Fuller settled near Reynoldsville about 1822, Andrew McCreight about 1831, Tilton and William Reynolds about 1832, Thomas Reynolds about 1835. William Best and Jacob Smith were among the first settlers in Paradise settle- ment. Joshua Vandevort settled near Mayville, in Warsaw township, about 1825 ; Byron Gibbs and others, in 1834 ; Elihu Clark and Isaac Temple, in 1835 ; James Moorhead settled in the vicinity of Richardsville, in 1835, and John Humphrey about the same time ; William Richards came in 1837, and built a saw mill, grist mill, and woolen factory; James and Alonzo Brockway came into the county and settled on Little Tobey creek, within the limits of the present town of Brockwayville ; Dr. A. M. Clark built a grist mill and saw mill at the same place in 1828 or 1830; Jacob Shaffer, Joel Clark, and a Mr. Wash- burn settled about two miles above Brockwayville, in 1825. At one time Pine Creek township was the only one in the county. It was established by act of Assembly in 1806, and named in honor of so many pine trees in its boundaries, and water enough to float them. Perry, the second township, was organized from Pine Creek in 1818, and named after Oliver Hazard Peri-y. Young, the third township, was organized from Perry in 1826. Rose, the fourth township within the present limits of the county, was taken from Pine Creek in 1827. Barnett was formed from Rose in 1833, and named after Joseph Barnett, the first white settler in the county. Snyder was erected from Pine Creek in 1835, and named after Governor Simon Snyder. Eldred was orga- nized in 1836 from Rose and Barnett, and named after Nathaniel B. Eldred, president judge of the district. Washington was formed from Pine Creek in 1836, and named after General Washington. Porter was taken from Perry in 1840, and named after David R. Porter, who was then governor. Clover was formed from Rose in 1841, and named after Levi G. Clover, who was then pro- thonotary. Gaskill was organized from Young in 1842, and named in honor of Charles G. Gaskill. Warsaw was taken from Pine Creek in 1843, and named by JEFFERSON COUNTY. 805 the people after a city of Poland. Winslow was formed from Washington, Pine Creek, and Gaskill, in 1846, and named after Hon. James Winslow, an associate judge. Heath was taken from Barnett in 1841, and named after Elijah Heath, once an associate judge. Ringgold was organized from Porter in 1848, and named in honor of Major Ringgold, wlio was killed on the eighth of Ma}', 1846, at Palo Alto. Union was organized in 1848 from Rose and Eldred, and named from a Union of the citizens to form the township. Beaver was formed from Clover and Ringgold in 1850, and named after a run that flows through it. Polk was organized from Warsaw and Snj'der in 1851, and named after James K. Polk, Oliver was formed from Perr^- in 1851, and named after Oliver H. Perry. Knox was taken from Pine Creek in 1853, and named after Hon. John C. Knox, the president judge. Bell was organized from Young in 1857, and named in honor of James H. Bell, an old resident, and once an associate judge. McCal- mont was formed from Young in 1857, and named after John S. McCalmont. Henderson was organized from Gaskill in 1857, and named after Hon. Joseph Henderson, an associate judge. Three townships, Ridgway, Jenks, and Tion- esta, and parts of Barnett, Heath, and Snyder, were taken from the count3^ Brookville, the county seat, is situated on the line of the Allegheny Valley railroad — Low Grade division — forty miles from the mouth of Red Bank, the western terminus, and sixt3'-six miles from Driftwood, the eastern terminus. By an act passed, and approved by Governor J. Andrew Sliulze, in April, 1829, the Legislature appointed John Mitchell, of Centre county, Robert Orr, Jr., of Arm- strong, and Alexander McCalmont, of Venango, commissioners, to meet on the first Monday in September, 1829, at the house of Joseph Barnett, to fix a proper site for the county seat of Jeff'erson. The inducement to locate on the ground where it now stands was on account of its being on the Susquehanna and Water- ford turnpike, and at the confluence of Sandy Lick and North Fork creeks. Lots were sold in June, 1830, and building was begun. It was organized as a borough in 1843. The population in 1870 was 1,942. PuNXSUTAWNEY is the oldest town in the county. It had a store long before there was one in Brookville. Rev. David Barclay laid out the town in 1818 or 1819. It was organized as a borough in 1851. The population in 1870 was 553. Punxsutawne}' is situated on Big Mahoning creek, eighteen iriles south-east of Brookville. Corsica is on the Waterford and Susquehanna turnpike, seven miles north- west of Brookville. The Olean road from Kittanning to Olean passes through the place. The town was laid out in August, 1847, b_y John J. Y. Thompson and J. McAnult}'. It was organized as a borough in 1859. The population in 1870 was 372. 7\t present it is about 500. On the 2d of June, 1873, nearly the entire town was consumed by fire. All the business places and hotels in the town were destroj'ed. The estimated loss was $125,000. It was not more than two or three hours in burning. The place has tln-ee public schools and an academy. Clayville became a borough in 1864. The town was laid out by William and James Gillespie. Population in 1870 was 189. It is one mile west of Punxsutawney. JUNIATA COUNTY BY A. L. GUSS. |UNIATA COUNTY was formed by an act of Marcli 2, 1831, to take effect ou the 1st of September following, and to embrace the portion of Mifflin County south-east of the intervening mountain-ranges. The name is taken from the river which bisects the county, and is derived from the original people who lived in this region and were obliterated by the Iroquois jorior to JUNIATA COUNTY COUKT-HOUSE AND SOLDIERS' MONUMENT. [Prom a Photograph by Joseph Hess, Miffliutown.] the advent of the white man. The root of the word means "a stone." They were the people of some kind of a stone, and the term " Standing Stone," lonir applied to 806 JUNIATA COUNTY. 807 the locality of Huntingdon, may be regardecl as a translation of Onojutta-Haga, or the Juniata peo])le, a name found on maps as early as 1659. There was a large mound of bones two miles above Academia, and near by the re- mains of an Indian fort, concerning which there has been much speculation, and absurd accounts are numerous. The writer regards the fort as the seat of a town of the ancient Juniata peoi)le, and the barrow as the ordinary deposit of their collected bones. A large part of the Tuscaroras being driven out of Carolina in 1713, resided in this region until their final adoption into the Iroquois Confederacy ten years later ; and in fact some of them had a village in the valley, to which they gave their name, until after its purchase in 1754. The first settlers were mostly Scotch-Irish. Germans came into the east end also soon after the purchase of 1754. All who came prior to this date were of course intruders on the unpurchased lands of the Indians. None seemed to have been found here in 1750, when the Provincial authorities drove out the trespassers and burnt their cabins, of which "Burnt Cabins" is a memorial to this day. The set- tlers were repeatedly driven out and many of them killed or captured by the Indians. This was notably the case in 1756 and in 1763, but our accounts of these raids are not very complete. Robert Hogg, Samuel Bigham, James Gray and John Gray are given as the first settlers. They came as early as 1749, cleared some land in Spruce Hill and Tuscarora townships, and built a fort known as Bigham's Fort. They were joined, i^rior to 1754, by George Woods, Francis Innis and others. When the land- office opened, February 3, 1755, settlers came over the Tuscarora in increased num- bers. Quite a number of land-warrants are dated at this period. They show how vigilant the settlers were in preventing others from "jumping their claims." But the war soon caused a suspension in issuing land-warrants. Braddock's defeat, July 9, 1755, emboldened the savages and alarmed the settlers. During the relentless war that followed the whole Juniata region w'as overrun by bands of marauding sav- ages. In October an Indian trader and two other men were killed by Indians in Tuscarora Valley, and their houses and goods burned. On the 27th of January the Indians came upon the settlers " within three short miles of this fort (]\Iexico) down the river," and killed Adam Nicholson, wife and son, and took a daughter and two sons prisoners; killed William Willock and wife, and carried off his five children, and James Armstrong's wife and two children. Betty Armstrong, having escaped, came wading across the river to Fort Augusta, June 26, 1757, her husband being then a soldier in that fort. April 12, 1759, at Canojohary, the Iroquois delivered Elizabeth Armstrong, a girl about four years old, taken by seven Delawares and a squaw. February 20, 1756, Capt. Patterson was out with a scouting-party, and re- ports the woods between Juniata and Shamokin full of Indians seeking for plunder and .scalps, and found houses burning and grain destroyed. March 29, 1756, the Indians took Hugh Mitcheltree, while foddering his cattle in the morning, Avithin sight of Patterson's fort, and from an opposite hill fired six guns, a bullet from one of which struck the guard-house. Mitcheltree called to the garrison that the Indians were but six in number, and desired to be rescued, but no one ventured, and he was carried off. The same party, passing Pomfret Castle, fired upon it. Nothing was done for the border settlers here except that on April 7, 1756, a quarter of a cask of powder and seventy-five pounds of lead were sent Sanuiel Big- ham, in Tuscarora, for the fort. On June 12, 1756, John Gray and Francis Innis, 808 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. having been to Carlisle for salt, were returning over the Tuscarora ^Mountains, when Gray's horse scared, threw him off and ran away. While he was catching his horse and gathering his pack and plow-irons, Innis anxiously pressed homeward to the fort, where he, his wife and three children, George Woods, Mrs. John Gray and her little daughter Jane and others were carried off by the Beaver king of the Tur- key tribe of the Delawares. The Pennsylvania Gazette says of the capture of Big- ham's fort, that " George Woods, Nathaniel Bigham, Robert Taylor, his wife and child, and John M'Dounel, were missing. Some of these, it was supposed, were burnt, as a number of bones were found. Susan Giles was found .dead and scalped. Alex- ander McAlister and wife, James Adams, Jane Cochran and two children were missed. McAlister's house had been burned, and a number of cattle and horses had been driven off." Loudon, in his Narratives, published in 1808, says that the man- ner of the taking of the fort he could not tell, foi- he never heard of any one that ever returned, and yet he quotes Woods' account of the tortures inflicted on the poor captives. The same book says, " The same party who took Granville at Lewistown next attacked Bigham's Fort in Tuscarora. This they also burned, killing and cap- turing all that were in it. About the same time tliey killed Robert Cochran on his farm, and bore off his wife and son." If this be so, the fort was not burned at the time Innis was taken. In the face of all the above, there were still " a number of settlers in three valleys beyond the mountains " north of Carlisle. In an effort to cover reapers in Tuscarora and Sherman valleys. Fort Granville was weakened, and almost without ammunition, being inhumanely neglected by the authorities, was taken and burnt August 1, 1756. After this "many murders were committed, and the affrighted inhabitants deserted their homes." During September, Col. Armstrong made his expedition against Kittanning, in which a number of the Juniata refugees participated, and Andrew Douglass was wounded. Francis Innis and wife " were bartered away for French goods, etc.," and returned home by way of Canada. While running the gauntlet Mrs. Innis was severely wounded by a splint run into her breast. The Indians threatened to burn Mr. Innis for refusing to work on Sunday. While in Montreal their son James was born. On their return Mrs. Innis walked to Philadelphia to have a settler removed from their land, and got the warrant for their land, June 3, 1762. In December, after their capture, while on their way to Canada, their youngest child being sick from the exposure, was put under the ice by the Indians. Early in 1763, before the second war, the parents petitioned the governor to exercise his " wonted care in inquiring for their other two children." These they recovered among those delivered to Col. Boquet late in 1764. The old homestead, a little east of McCoysville, is still in pos- session of the descendants by his son James, who was a Revolutionary soldier. All those taken at Bigham's Fort were marched to Kittanning, and then to Fort Du Quesne, where they were parcelled out and ado])ted by the Indians after their usual custom. Woods was a remarkable man. He purchased his own ransom. He had fallen to the lot of an old Indian called John Hutson, with whom he pretended to be neither ornamental nor useful ; and having no relatives to pay his redemption. Hut- son liberated him on condition of the yearly payment of ten pounds of tobacco, which was regularly called for and paid until the massacre of the Bedford scout, when Woods' son recognized Hutson's son among the murderers ; after which old Hutson never called for the ransom annuity. Woods was a surveyor, and followed JUNIATA COUNTY. 809 that business iu Juniata, Bedford aud Allegheny counties. lie assisted in laying out Pittsburg, and one of its principal streets is named after him. One of his daughters ^vas married to James Ross, once a candidate for governor. John Gray joined Col. Armstrong's expedition against Kittanning, hoping to re- capture or gain some intelligence of his family ; but failing in this, he became broken iu health aud spirit, returned to Bucks county, and made his will and died. Bv the terms of the will he gave his sister, Mary Gray, one-half of his plantation iu Tusca- rora Valley on condition that she pay his nephew, John Gray, five pounds and make no demand for thirteen pounds of borrowed money. The other half he willed to his wife and daughter. In case either of them should not return it was to go to the one that did return , and in case neither returned it was to go to his sister, Jane McDonal. Mrs. Hannah Gray, after a year's captivity, aided by some traders, made her escape and reached home in safety. Her child, Jane, remained with other Indians, to her unknown. In 1765 a number of captive children, surrendered to Col. Boquet in Ohio, were taken to Philadelphia for identification, and it was charged that Mrs. Gray was induced to take an unclaimed child of the same age, after failing to find her own, in order to get possession of the whole property. The provisions of the will, however, did not require this. The story, as commonly given, is therefore not coi-rect. The child taken grew to womanhood. The estate descending to her, she married a Mr. Gillespie, Avho disposed of it to a Mr. McKee, a Seceder clergyman. In the meantime the children of James, brother of John Gray, became heirs of the sister Jane, called in question the idenity of the returned captive, and brought suit for the land, now greatly enhanced in value. The half of the land given Mary Gray also came into law, as she had receipted to the administrators of Hannah Gray for the thirteen pounds, and was thus regarded as not accepting under the will. This phase of the case is set forth by the Supreme Court in 10 Sergeant & Rawle, p. 182. The lands were in law at Carlisle, Lewistow'n and Mifflintown from 1789 to 1834, assuming many complicated phases. It is commonly stated that the case was finally decided against the identity of the child, but on the authority of H. T. McAlister, Esq., one of the twelve on final trial, it must be stated that the case was solely determined on the ground of twenty-one years' peaceable possession, and that every man on that jury believed the child claimed by Mrs. Gray was really her own daughter. Capt. James Patterson settled at Mexico some say as early as 1751. He came from Lancaster county, and was probably the son of the Indian trader of the same name. He has been represented as holding the Penn family in supreme contempt, and refusing to purchase his lands from the Proprietaries. That all this story is groundless is shown by his warrant dated next day after the laud-office opened, and the fact that he had the first tract patented in the county. He and Major Burd were ordered to erect Pomfret Castle at Richfield. He was a captain in the Indian wars, 1755-64, and his company helped erect Fort Augusta. He was a bold, fearless, energetic man, and endowed with great strategic cunning. Some say he had a wood- en cannon with which he, and in his absence his wife, used to create fear in the cow- ardly red-skins. Others relate that he kept a well-riddled target against a tree at a great distance from his house. When Indians came about he would blaze away, but stop when they came near. They would examine the target, survey the distance, shrug their shoulders and conclude that he was what they termed him, " Big Shot." He had a log house pierced with loopholes, spoken of in the Provincial Records as 810 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Pattersou's Fort. He was the most illustrious of our pioneers. His son William was also an officer in the Indian wars, and settled opposite Mexico, where he had a block- house twelve feet square, eight logs high, covered with slate to guard against fire. In 1767 he marched twenty men, at his own expense, from his home to Middle Creek, and arrested Stump and Ironcutter for the mui-der of the White Mingo and ten other Indians, and lodged them in Carlisle jail, for which service the "young captain " was made aijustice of the peace. During the calm prior to the Pontiac War, quite a number of settlers came within the limits of the present county, besides those above named, among whom were AVil- liam Arbuckle, James Armstrong, William Anderson, John Beale, Robert Camp- bell, William Cunningham, John Collins, James and William Christy, William Graham, John Eardy, Charles Hunter, Robert Houston, James Irwin, Charles Ken- ny, John McClelland, George McConnell, Robert Moore, Jacob Pyatt, Hugh Quig- ley, Alexander Robison, William Rennison, Ralph Sterrett, John, William and James Scott, James, John and John (Hunter) Williams, John Wilson in Lack Township,, and Alexander Armstrong, William Curran, James Cramptou, Andrew Douglass, James Gallaher, William Henderson, George Hays, Hugh McAlister, William Mc- Alevy, Hugh McCormick, Samuel Mitchell, Robert Nelson, John Reed, William Redmond, John Sturgeon, William Stewart and William White, in Milford township. Enterprising settlers were dotting the county with their improvements. The first assessment was made in 1763. Some depredations at Bedford on June 13th caused the alarmed settlers to flee to Carlisle ; but not being followed up, it was attributed to personal spite and to hatred of the forts and roads, and not a sign of war, so that the settlers returned to cut their harvests. On Sunday morning, July 10, 1763, "Shamokin Daniel, with eighteen Indians," having come " to view the roads and see what troops were marching up, and finding none, proceeded to Juniata to kill and scalp." At the house of William White, ad- joining Patterson's at Mexico, up the river, there were four men and a boy. White, on going to the door to see what the noise meant, was shot dead. Seeing the Indians trying to set fire to the house, the rest tried to get out at the door, but the first one that stepped out was shot down. After which, attempting to escape by a window, an- other was shot through the head and the lad John Riddle wounded in the arm. The remaining man, William Riddle, broke through the roof, frightened the Indian guard, and escaped. The house, with the dead bodies, was burned. The lad, who had escaped by the window and hid in a rye-field, was discovered and captured. A man named McMahen, unsuspectingly coming there, was shot in the shoulder, but escaped. The lad John Riddle was recovered some years after near Lake Erie, having become so infatuated with Indian life that his father had great difficulty in getting him home. The same party of Indians passed from White's, a mile and a half across the river, to the house of Robert Campbell at the mouth of Licking Creek. Six men were in the house, and they were at dinner. Three Indians rushed in at the door and fired on them, wounding some and tomahawking one of the men. George Dodds sprang into the back room, took down a rifle and shot an Indian through the body just as he was in the act of presenting his piece at Dodds. The Indian let his gun drop and staggered out, and was carried off by three others. There being an opening in the loft, Dodds and two others sprang up there and broke through the roof by the chimney. They saw Stephen Jeffries running slowly, being wounded in the breast. JUNIATA COUNTY. 811 ■and followed l)y an Indian, by whom lie was killed. The lirst one that emerged from the loft was fired at and drew back ; the second was shot ilead ; and of the six, Dodds only escaped, and carried the news to Sherman's Valley. The Indians then passed up the valley to now Nourse's farm, near Sprnce Hill, where they killed "Wil- liam Anderson in the dusk of the evening. The old man was seated at the table Avith the open Bible in his hand, supposed to be about worship, when he was shot. His son and an adopted daughter were tomahawked and scalped. His danghter Mary was the mother of William Patton, a Revolutionary soldier. William and James Christy and William Graham, living above Anderson's, hearing the firing of guns, Avere alarmed and fled, reaching Sherman's Valley at midnight. The reports spread terror among the settlers. In order to save John Collins's and James Scott's families, who lived farther up the valley, twelve men went over on jNIonday morning at Bigham's Path. When they came to Collins's they found the Indians had been there, broken a wheel, emptied a bed, taken flour and made Avater-gruel. Thirteen bark spoons were counted. They tracked them down to Scott's, where they had killed some fowls. Passing down to Graham's, they found the house burned down to the joists. Here they seemed to have been joined by another band, making now about twenty-five. They had killed four hogs and had eaten at leisure, fearing no moles- tation. The Indians having crossed the mountain, the white men also went over by the Run Gap; both paths met at Nicholson's, where the Indians lay in wait and killed five and wounded one of the party of twelve. About half of these men were settlers in Juniata. Their leader, Robert. Robinson, Avrote a brief narrative of these events (see page 1010). Ralph Sterrett, an Indian trader, had rebuilt Bigham's Fort about 1760. He owned land in Lack township, on "Hickory Lake." His son William, born in the fort, was the first white male child born in the county. It is related that he once gave a weary Indian bread, meat, rum and tobacco, a circumstance which had passed from his mind until, in 1763, the Indian came one night in advance of the scalping- party and warned, him of his danger. The white people fled, but the Indians burned the fort. John McClelland, who lived where Patterson is now located, William Cun- ningham, at the Partner place on Licking Creek, and others not found on that fatal Sunday, escaped in safety. The east end contained few settlers at that day. Lost Creek Valley is said to have been penetrated by Indian traders about 1742, and a subsequent effort to find the stream proved unsuccessful, and hence the name. Others say it arose from the first settlers being unable to find their improvements on its banks when they returned to harvest their crops. By the time of the Revolutionary War there had been many additional families settled in the county, among whom we may name in Lack, William Brice, David Beale, John Crawford, George Gooshorn, Amos Hoopes, John Harvey, Christopher Irwin, William Kirk, John Mclntyre, William Neely, Thomas Patton, John Stuart, Esq., David Wallace, William Walker; in Milford, Thomas Beale, Esq., William Bell, Esq., Matthew Borland, George Grain, James Chambers, Aaron Cotter, John Dillon, John Elliott, John Harris, Clement Horrell, John and William Henderson, John Hamilton, Epenetus Hart, William Irwin, Thomas Jeffi-ics, Benjamin Kepner, Samuel Lyon, Esq., Theophilus McDonald, James McLaughlin, William McCor- mick, Joseph McCoy, James Radman, Philip Strouse, tJeorge Stewart, Robert Tay- lor, Thomas Turbett, Samuel Wharton, Thomas Wilson ; in Fermanagh, James 812 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Banks, Aquilla Burchfield, James Bouuer, Widow Bryson, Church Cox, Esq., Joseph Cookson, James Clendeunin, James Dickey, James Gibsou, John Hamilton, John Harris, Esq., Nathaniel Hart, John Kiplar, Christian Lintner, Abraham Lukens, William McCay, Robert McTeer, James Maclin, David Martin, James Miteheltree, James Purdy, William Riddle, Thomas Rankin, William Rea, William and Hugh Sharon, Jacob Sellers, James Taylor, Esq., John Tinnis, John and Robert Thomp- son, Thomas Wiley and John Wood. When the British closed the port of Boston subscriptions were taken among these frontier mountains for the suffering brethren ; and among those from this region who were in Capt. Hendricks' company in front of Boston, and were sent with Arnold's unfortunate expedition against Quebec, were Lieut. John McClelland, son of the pioneer at Patterson, John Hardy, Benjamin Lyon and others. The gallant and noble lieutenant perished in the wilderness. (See Judge Henry's narrative.) Hardy was a brother of Hugh, often erroneously called the first settler on Licking Creek. He took the oath of allegiance to the Crown at Quebec, and in after years fled to Canada. Lyon died in after years at Shirleysburg. The next soldiers were two companies of eighty men each, besides officers, commanded by Capt. Purdy and Capt. Gibson. They served two months early in 1776. Afterwards the troops marched agi-eeably to their drafts, except a company raised by Maj. Hugh McAlister and John Hamilton at a meeting held at Sharon's, and sent for the relief of Wash- ington at Trenton. Col. Thomas Turbett during the war distinguished himself especially in marching against the Indians. In the war of 1812 a company of 100 men, rank and file, was raised under Capt. Matthew Rodgers, but about half his men belonged above the Narrows. During the rebellion six or eight companies were raised in the county. A forge was erected on Licking Creek in 1791 by Hon. Thomas Beale and Wil- liam Sterrett, Esq. In 1796 it was assessed to Edward Cahill, and 1000 acres of land to the Freedom Forge Company. During this year the property, including " a forge and two hammers," was sold at sheriff's sale to Thomas Cromwell of Huntingdon county. The buildings were subsequently destroyed by fire. The pig- metal was brought from Cornwall and from Centre Furnace, Centre county, being hauled over the Seven Mountains to Lewistown, and thence flatted down. A paper- mill was erected on Licking Creek, seven miles west of Mifflintown, in 1817, by James Norton and William Selheimer, who were succeeded by William Kirk and Absalom Selheimer. It was run until 1831. Writing-paper, printing-paper and brown wrappings were made. Mifflintown, the county-seat, was laid out in 1791 by John Harris, and named in honor of Gen. INIifflin, then governor of the State. It was incorporated March 6, 1833 ; limits extended April 29, 1868. The struggle for the new county was long and strenuously opposed. The lower end being the seceding portion, it received the new name. Thus Mifflintown is not in Mifflin county, much to the confusion of strangers. It is connected with Patterson by a toll bridge, where the depot is sched- uled Mifflin. The town improved slowly until after it became the county-seat, for which honor it had a lively rival' in a town called Mifflinburg, laid out by James Taylor, Esq., a mile farther down the river, and which once had a number of houses, all of which have disappeared except one. The court-house was built in 1874-75, and is a fine, large brick structure. In the courtyard is a monument erected in I JUNIATA COUNTY. 813 1870, eighteen feet high, crowned with a spr^'ad eagle and l)earing this inseiiplion : " In Memory of the Soldiers from Juniata County, who died in the War of the Great Eebellion, in defence of the Union of their Fathers." The town has suffered twice terribly from fires — first on Januaiy 1, 1871, and again August 28, 1873. Patterson was laid out in 1849 by Mr. Fallon of Philadelphia, and named in honor of William H. Patterson, former owner of the ground It was incoi-))orated March 17, 1853. The portion along the railroad was filled up, having formerly l)een a vast pond. Its prosperity has been checked by the removal of the railroad-shops. Port Royal, formerly long known as Perrysville, was laid out by Henry Groce in 1815, and incorporated March 17, 1843. It is at the mouth of Tuscarora Creek, across which there is a cluster of houses, formerly called Tammany. Thompsons- town was laid out by William Thompson in 1790, incorporated February 7, 1868, and is at the mouth of Delaware Run. Mexico was laid out by Tobias Kreider, Sr., in 1804, at the mouth of Capt. James Patterson's "DO Run," so called from the resemblance of its course to those letters. As early as 1767 Patterson is taxed with a grist and saw-mill here. McAlisterville was once changed to Calhouns- ville by admirers of the South Carolina statesman, but it soon returned to the higher honor of its founder, Maj. Hugh McAlister. The Academy, in charge of Col. Geo. F. McFarland before the war, has been changed to a Soldiers' Orj^hans' School. Richfield, East Salem, Vanwert, Oakland Mills east of the river, and Walnut (Johns- town), Academia, McCoysville, Waterford, Waterloo, and Peru Mills west of the river, are small villages. Organization of Townships. — The first townships organized by the Cumberland county Court on the new purchase were Ayr, Fannett, Tyrone and Lack, October session, 1754. Ferbianagh is named as early as 1762. Greenwood (all between Juniata and Susquehanna), in the spring of 1767 ; and at July sessions the bound- aries of Fermanagh, Peuns, Gi'eenwood and Derry were fixed. Lack was divided November 7, 1768, foi-ming Milford. Thus the territory stood until the formation of Mifilin county in 1789, when a small portion of Greenwood fell into the new county and became " Upper." Greenwood. In 1792 this was enlarged by annexing part of Fermanagh, the line passing through McAlisterville and Thompsonstown. While in Mifilin county, Turbett was formed from Milford, November 22, 1815 ; Walker from Fermanagh, April 17, 1822 ; Tuscarora from Lack, Aug. 17, 1825. Since the formation of Juniata county there have been formed Fayette from Greenwood and Fermanagh, December 4, 1834 ; Delaware from Walker and Greenwood, February 3, 1836 ; Beale from Milford, February 8, 1843 ; Susque- hanna aad Monroe from Greenwood, July 28, 1858; Spruce Hill from Turbett, September 10, 1858. Black Log Valley, part of Lack, is a separate election district. Fermanagh was named after a county in Ireland ; Lack is a corruption of lake or lick ; Greenwood ])robably named after Joseph Greenwood ; Milford from the ford at the middle mill on Licking Creek; Turbett from Col. Thomas Turbett ; Walker from Hon. David Walker ; Beale from Hon. John Beale ; Black Log from an In- dian trader's "sleeping place" in the gap near Oi'bisonia. The "Fort Granville Road " was a path from Carlisle by way of Jenny's Gap, Licking Creek Valley and the Granville Gap. The first laid-out road in the county was confirmed in jMay, 1768, on " a petition of inhabitants of Kishecoquelas, Jack's Creek, Lost Creek, Juni- ata, Tuscarora, etc., for a road from Sherman's Valley to Kishecoquelas Valley." LANCASTER COUNTY. BY SAMUEL EVANS, COLUMBIA. HE rapil increase of the settlements on the frontiers of the Province by the immense immigration into Pennsylvania made it necessary to have a county talien off the back parts of Chester county, and a num- ber of petitions praying to have the division made having been sent to the Governor, they were presented to council on the 6th of February, 1729. On the 20th day of February, 1729, the Grovernor issued an order to run the line between Chester and the proposed new ccunty. The following persons were named in said order as viewers to run said division line, and make report to the council — they were assisted by John Taylor, the surveyor of Chester county— to wit: Henry Hayes, Samuel Nutt, Samuel Hollingsworth, Philip Tay- lor, Elisha Gatshal, and James James, all of whom resided within the present limits of Chester county, and John Wright, Tobias Hendricks, Samuel Blunston, Andrew Cornish, Thomas Edwards, and John Musgrave, all of whom resided within the lim- its of the new county. The last six persons occupied very prominent and honorable positions in the new county for many years. They were evidently selected on account of their intelligence and worth. On the 2d day of May, 1729, the order was returned to council, and on th% lUth day of May, 1729, the Assembly and council established the new county, which com- prised " all the Province lying northward of Octorari creek, and westward of a line of marked trees, running from the north branch of the said Octorari creek, north-easterly to the river Schuylkill." The county has since been reduced to its present limits by the erection into separate counties of York, Cumberland, Berks, Northumberland, Dauphin, and Lebanon. It owes its name to John Wright, who was a native of Lancashire, in England. The first justices appointed for the county were John Wright, Tobias Hen- dricks, Samuel Blunston, Andrew Cornish, Thomas Edwaixls, Caleb Peirce, Thomas Reid, and Samuel Jones, Esquires. A majority of them held commis- 814 THE OLD COURT HOUSE AT LANCASTER. [Torn down in 1853.— From au OIJ Print.] LANCASTER COUNTY. 815 sions of the peace for Chester county, and resided at the time within the limits of Lancaster county before the division. The present boundaries of Lancaster county are, north by the counties of Dauphin, Lebanon, and Berks ; east by Chester ; south by Cecil county, Mary- land ; and south-west by the Susquehanna river. Its length is thirty-three miles, and breadth twenty-eight ; area, nine hundred and twenty-eight miles. The general surface of the county, witli the exception of a few hills named below, is that of a gently undulating plain. The South mountain, generally known as the Conewago hills, forms the northern boundary ; to that succeeds a broad belt of red-shale and sandstone. South of this, and occupying the central townships, is a wide tract of the finest limestone lands In the State. Chicques hills and Welsh mountain are protruded thi'ough the limestone. A broken sand- stone range, composed of Mine ridge, Martic hills, and Turkey hill, crosses south of the limestone. There is no finer agricultural land in the world than Pequea valley. The limestone land in Donegal, Hempfield, and Manor is equally fertile. There is no county in the State possessing such an amount and variety of the sources of natural wealth, and none where these resources have been more industriously developed. For many years the noble Susquehanna was the channel upon whose bosom immense quantities of produce, flour, grain, whiskey, and lumber found their way from northern and central Pennsylvania to Baltimore and other cities. The river is improved on both sides by canals, on the east side to Columbia, and from thence on the west side to the mouth of the river. In 1828 the Conestoga was made navigable, by a series of slack-water pools, with dams and locks, extending from Reigart's landing, in Lancaster cit}', eighteen miles, to Safe Harbor, at the mouth of the creek. Since the wonderful improvement in rail- roads, the navigation was suffered to run down some 3'ears ago ; and the dams are alone used as a power to drive various mills and factories. The first canal packet boat built in the State was a small craft called the " Red Rover," erected at Lancaster in 1828. On the 10th day of May, 1833, it was taken up the river to Columbia, and run as a packet between that place and Middletown by Thomas King, of Columbia. The Conestoga, Pequea, Conowingo, Octoraro, Chicques, and Conewago creeks, together with their various branches, afford splendid water power, which has been utilized. Before the era of railroads this county had long been prover- bial for excellent turnpikes and stone bridges. One of the earliest, if not the first, turnpike of any considerable length m America was the one constructed between Philadelphia and Lancaster, in 1792-4, at an expense of $465,000. In a few years thereafter a turnpike was built between Lancaster and Harrisburg, and to " Anderson's Ferry " (Marietta), Columbia, and to Morgantown. There was also one running from Chester county, through Ephrata, in the north-east- ern part of the county, and one from Newport, Delaware, to one mile west of Gap. Within a recent period turnpikes have been made diverging from Lancaster city to Millersville, Litiz, Manheim, Ephrata, Horse Shoe, Willow Street, and Dan- ville. Similar roads have also been built, diverging from Columbia to Chestnut Hill ore bank, Washington borough, and Marietta, and from Marietta to Mount Joy and Maytown. There are also many excellent common roads. 816 HISTOR Y OF PUNNS YL VANFA. At the close of the Revolution, Pennsylvania took measures to make ber priticipal rivers navigable, and to ascertain the feasibility' of the measure, a convention was called to meet at Lancaster, and a committee, selected from the counties bordering along the Susquehanna river, was appointed to examine the rapids at Conewago, and report, etc. Afterwards the Legislature appropriated several thousand dollars towards their improvement, as well as the Delaware and Schuylkill. After the era of turnpikes, artificial communications by water was urged, and the State was not slow to adopt the system. After the canals came the era of railroads, the first having been constructed between Columbia and Philadelphia in 1832-4. In 1857 the State trans- ferred her public improvements to the Pennsylvania railroad company. Their road traverses the entire breadth of the county, from east to west, passing through the principal towns in the county. The Reading and Columbia railroad traverses the county from the south-west to the north-eastern part. There is a branch road running from the "junction " on the above road to Lan- caster, palsing through Petersburg. A new road has been built running from Lancaster to Quarry ville, and a narrow gauge road from Oxford to Peach Bottom, as also a railroad extending from Waynesburg, Chester county, to New Holland, have been recently completed. There are several other branch roads which are in contemplation to build, or are now in course of erection. In a few years they will permeate every section of the county, and aflTord every one the means of transportation for themselves or their produce to market. It is now tlie largest grain and tobacco producing county in the State, and only excelled in those productions of the soil by three or four counties in the United States. Before the county was organized, iron and copper ores had been discovered. It is supposed that Kurtz was the first to establish iron works, as early as 1726, within the limits of the county. It is said that his iron works were situated on the Octoraro, and it is possible that they were thrown upon the Maryland side of the division line when it became permanently established. Peter Grubb fol- lowed him in 1727, at the Cornwall ore banks. He was the son of Ilenrj^ Grubb, who emigrated from Wales at an early day. As was the case with other promi- nent iron masters in the county who came from Wales, were workers in iron in that country. Peter Grubb died in 1745. His sons, Curtis and Peter, inherited his estate. In 1783, they had Cornjvall furnace, Hopewell forge, and Union forge, on the Swatara, at the foot of the Blue mountains. Peter and Curtis Grubb were both colonels in the Revolutionary army. Their furnaces sup- plied the Continental army with salt-pans and cannon. Curtis was also a member of Assembly for 1775, 1777, 1778, 1782. The descendants of Peter and Curtis own their estate, and have added largely to it, and are now some of the most extensive iron manufacturers in the State. Benezet & Co., of Philadelphia, carried on the Elizabeth iron works, under the management of Baron Henry William Steigel, before the Revolutionary war. lu the year 1753, Lynford Lardner, an Englishman, and church warden of Bangor Episcopal church (Churchtown), erected an iron forge upon the Conestoga creek, known as Windsor forge, which afterwards came into the possession of Mr. Branson, of Philadelphia, who sold it to David Jenkins, from whom it descended to his son Robert and grandson David. In 1850, the property passed out of the hands of LANCASTER COUNTY. 817 the family. Pool forge, which was about a mile further clown the creek, was built in 1793, by James Old, who also built one in the adjoining township, west of Caernarvon. He became a wealthy and successful iron master. He was a member of the Legislature in 1791, 1792, and 1793. He came over from Wales and worked as a puddler in Windsor forge. Cyrus Jacobs married a daughter of James Old, and came into possession of Mr. Old's furnace property, and built others. He was even more successful than his predecessor, and became very wealth3% A portion of the property still remains in possession of his descen- dants. Robert Coleman emigrated from Ireland, and found employment with Peter Grubb, the proprietor of Hopewell forge. It was but a very short time before Mr. Grubb discovered his capacity for business. He was gradually pro- moted from one subordinate position to another. From manager of Elizabeth furnace he became part owner, and finally owner of the entire property. In fact, by his energ}^ and perseverance, he became the most successful iron master in Lancaster county. He married the daughter of Robert Old. His descendants retain much of his property, and are reputed the richest iron-masters in the country. Large deposits of iron ore were discovered in the south-eastern section of the county at an early day, and as a consequence a number of iron worlds were erected. Probably the first furnace erected in that section was in Martic town- ship, which stood within five hundred yards of the road leading from Lancaster to Port Deposit. Martic forge was built by Robert Coleman and Edward Brynn ; Pine Grove forge on Octoraro creek, in Little Britain township, was built by Jonathan Webb, in 1800, and in a few years thereafter he erected a rolling mill and flouring mill. He died in 1824, after which it was carried on by his heirs, who sold the works to William and Enos Pennock. These works were on the Octomro, about one mile below the junction of the east and west branches of that stream White Rock forge was about four miles above, on the west branch, and owned for some years by Spraul, Alexander, and Irwin. Black Rock fui-nace and, forge, four miles further up the same branch, was owned and worked by J. Caldwell, and built by Judge Clarke. Sadsbiiry forge, on the east branch, was also owned by Mr. Spraul. Mount Eden furnace, about the head-waters of the west branch aforesaid, was established by John Withers ; Michael, John, and George Withers erected Conowingo furnace ; Conowingo rolling mill was built by Neff" and Kendrick; Conowingo furnace passed from Withers to Good and Jenkins, and from them, in 1828, to James Hopkins and Samuel Orrick, then to James M. Hopkins and Charles Brooks; the works were owned and conducted for many, years and are now owned by James M. Hopkins. These furnaces and forges have gone to decay, and are fast becoming relics of th^ past — many of them are numbered with the things that were. Whilst these charcoal works have gone down, others of more importance in various sections of the county have sprung up since the introduction of anthracite coal in the manufacture of iron. Immense beds of iron ore have been developed and worked, the Chestnut Hill iron ore bank, near Columbia, having furnished several million dollars worth of ore alone. The copper mines near the Gap were discovered by a German named Tersey, prior to 1733. They were worked with varying success until the water over- 3 B 118 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. flowed the mines. After the introduction of machinery, driven by steam, they were again opened and worked. At the present time there are six thousand tons of niclvel ore talcen out annual!}^ ; two hundred men are employed. Eleven shafts have been sunk, ranging from one hundred and ten feet deep to two hundred and forty feet deep, connected by tunnels. Four immense engines are employed at the smelting works, and to keep the mines from overflowing with water. The works are owned by Josei^h Wharton, Jr., of Philadelphia, and conducted by Captain Cliarles Doble. This is said to be the most productive nickel mine in the world. An extensive lead mine is being worked near Petersburg, in East Herapfield township. Valuable slate quarries are worked at Peach Bottom. In Little Britain there are large beds of magnesite, which is extensively manufactured into sulphate of magnesia, from which one million eight hundred thousand pounds of Epsom salts are manufactured annually. Chrome is found in large quantities in Fulton township. Granite is quarried very extensively near Falmouth, Conoy township. Red and gray sandstone are found north of Ephrata, which are used for building pur- poses. Persons have traced the gold vein from North Carolina, through Virginia, and to Drumore town- ship, in this county ; but small quantities of the precious metal have been found, and the search for it has been abandoned. As early as 1608, there seems to have been three tribes of Indians who had a settlement along the east bank of the Susquehanna river, within the lim- its of the county as it was first organized.'* The largest and most powerful of these tribes were the Susquehannocks. Recent discoveries have thrown much light upon the location of these Indian towns. During the present year, Prof. S. S. Haldeman made a very valuable discovery in a cave near his house, of several hundred pieces of pottery, arrow-heads, stone hatchets, etc., which he has arranged and classified. In the fall of 1813, Jacob Staman, of Washington borough, found in a single grave near his dwelling, Indian relics, consisting of an iron helmet, a skull, the principal bones of the legs and arms, a large iron axe, iron hoe, an iron instrument that might have been used for a sword, and a large clay pot, broken into a number of pieces ; and moie recentl}', cannon balls about two and one-fourth inches in diameter, some of iron, others of stone, have been found upon Mr. Wittmer's farm. These are interesting discoveries, and have some historical value. It is known that the Susquehannocks had settlements for several hundred years upon the banks of our principal river, two days' journey above the first falls in that river, and that their town was fortified by stockades to protect it from sudden attacks of the Iroquois, to which especial reference has been made in the General History, and also of the result of the terrible battle which took place between the Five Nations and the Susquehannocks. Miss INDIAN KELICS FOUND NKAR WASHINGTON. [From a Pbotogroijh by L. JI. Williams.] LANCASTER COUNTY. 819 Barber, in her valuable jourual, locates the battle at " Patton's hill " just below the dam at Columbia. As to that point she is probably mistaken. Messrs. Staman's and Wittmer's farms are upon a knoll, around the base of which winds a stream of never-failing water. Upon the top of these knolls large quantities of mussel shells have been ploughed up, and upon the north front great numbers of stone and iron hatchets have also been unearthed. The relics above men- tioned evidently belonged to an Indian warrior who was probably killed in this battle. In the bed of the run, at the east base, there is a flat stone about three feet in diameter, with deep, smooth grooves, like the letters IIY. The single grooves are two feet long, the others about one foot. This may have been a sign to designate the western boundary which divided the hunting-grounds between the Susquehannocks and a tribe located at Paxtang creek. The figure Y may represent Chicques creek, east and west branch, and the grooves to the left of it, Conoy and Conewaga creeks, or the one at Shock's mill and Conoy. Mr. Bender, who left Mount Joy in 1839, and took up his residence in Wisconsin, writes, that when at the head of Rock river, an old Indian prophet, hearing that he was from the land of Penn, sent for him. lie styled himself the XY Prophet in succession. He said his ancestors and predecessors in office lived upon the Susquehanna river, at the mouth of Arrauqas, which, according to his map, is Swatara creek. From that point, one day's journey down the river in a canoe, was another tribe. From his chart he described the principal creeks flowing into the Susquehanna river from the east. Chicques creek he described accurately, and stated that a battle had been fought in the angle of the east and north forks of tliat stream, in which seven hundred warriors were engaged. There were several other tribes of Indians, who settled in the county after the arrival of William Penn, who offered an asylum alike to the red man of the foi'est as well as to the white man from civilized Europe. A remnant of the Shawanese, from the Potomac, settled along the Pequea creek. At this time all of the French Indian traders were under suspicion on account of their Catho- licism, there being a pending war in Europe between the Protestants and Catholics. This suspicion was not well grounded, for every one of the French Indian traders within the Province proved to be lo3'al to Governor Penn and the English. Claiborne, who had a trading post at the mouth of the river, bartered with the Indians along the river previous to 1G31. Before that time the Cana- dian French traders found their way among these tribes. After the arrival of Penn, Peter Bezalion, who finally located among the Paxtang Indians ; Martin Chartiere, whom Governor Penn gave a tract of land, extending from the mouth of Conestoga creek, along the Susquehanna river, to the run at the foot of Turkey Hill ; Joseph Jessop and James Letort, who first lived upon the Cones- toga, near the Indian town, in 1686; from thence he went to Donegal, and from thence to the Springs, west of the river (now Carlisle). They all became valuable citizens, and were of great assistance to Penn in his intercourse and dealings with the Indians. Edmund Cartlidge and his brother John, while trading with a tribe upon the Potomac, killed a drunken Indian who made an attack upon them. This was the cause of the first trouble between the Proprietaries and the Indians. The}' were both thrown into prison in Philadelphia, but after a fall investigation they 820 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. were liberated. Edmund was commissioned as a justice of tlie peace for Chester county, before this county was laid off, and he took up his residence upon the banks of the Conestoga, near the Indian town, "where he resided for many years. Several councils held with the Indians were held at his house. Although he seems to have been in disfavor on account of the above affair for some time, he regained the full confidence of the whites and Indians. Another affair took place at the trading house of John Burt, at Snaketown, on the 11th day of September, 1127, between the Indians and whites, which caused more trouble, and is the first recorded murder of a white man by the Indians in the Province after the first arrival of Penn. It seems that Thomas Wright and several others were drinking at Burt's, and while the former was singing and dancing with the Indians, Burt filled his hands with his own dung and threw it among the part}', and otherwise abused the Indians whom he made drunk. This caused a disturbance, and Wright fled to a hen-house and endeavored to secrete himself, but the Indians pursued aifd killed him. Burt made his escape, and is next heard of at the forks of the Ohio. This affair was also settled without much difficulty. From the year 1710 to the organization of the county, there was a large inflow of Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, and Germans from the Palatinate. The former settled along Chicques creek, and the latter at Tulpehocken and Pequea. The Germans generally selected one of their principal men, who made all necessary arrangements with William Penn or his agents before they left the old country, for their settlement in Pennsylvania, and as soon as they arrived in Philadelphia were naturalized, and received patents for their land. The Scotch-- Irish were a different race, and had other views and aims. They were out- spoken and independent, and could not brook the leadership of any one person. Having accepted Penn's invitation to settle in his Province, they came in great numbers, and pushed out beyond the Germans to the extreme frontier of civiliza- tion. They generally selected the highest ground, which at that time was covered with lighter timber than the bottoms, and was more easily cleared. They gradually worked from Chicques creek to the Swatara and Paxtang creeks. The land upon which they settled was not placed in the market for sale or settle- ment by Penn. They refused to pay any quit-rents to the Proprietaries, who declined to issue any patents for their land. Many of them lived in Donegal fifteen j^ears before they received a title for their land. 'They were a law unto themselves, and often proceeded in a summary w^ay to enforce the squatter law. The following extract taken from the minutes of the Council, held February 2, 1727, gives a very good idea of the manner in which disputes among neighbors were settled : " Upon a Representation to this Board, that in remote Parts of this Province, where Lands have not been regularly Surveyed or granted, divers Persons not only Enter & Settle the Proprietors' Lands without any Grant or Permission, but sometimes have proceeded to Acts of Violence in forcibly ousting of others, a remarkable Instance of which has lately happened in or near the Township of Donnegal, on Sasquehannah, where one John Scott being with his Wife and Children in peaceable Possession of a House, which he had built, were not only ousted by Force but their house was pull'd down before their Eyes, to the very great Breach of the Peace & Terror of the King's peacable LANiJASTEli COUNTY. <^2l Subjects ; To which Proceedings, unless a timely Stop be putt, & an effectual Discouragement given, the Country and the Publick Peace thereof may very deeply suffer thereby." Notwithstanding the turbulent spirit manifested among the Scotch-Irish who were beyond the reach of the law, a large majority of them united them- selves together for mutual protection and improvement, and built churches. On the 18th day of February, 1730, John Wright, Caleb Pierce, Thomas Edwards, and James Mitchell, were appointed by the Governor, and empowered to select and purchase a convenient piece of land, whereon to build a court house and prison. They selected the present site. Previous thereto a temporary court was held at Postlewhait's, in Conestoga, which lay along the route of travel between New Castle and the Indian town destroyed in PZGS, and the principal settlements further west. Robert Barber Avas appointed sheriff when the county was erected. He owned a fine tract of land upon the Susquehanna, within the present limits of Columbia, and had a hope that the permanent county seat might be located upon his land, or in the vicinity, and erected a log prison near his dwelling. If he really had a design of securing so valuable a prize, he was com- pletely thwarted. There was unquestionably much discussion, and efforts made by various land-holders to secure the county seat, which would insure to the successful competitor a fortune. The history of every new county records a conflict between individuals and rival communities, as to the location of the county seat. In the light of the present day, with the limits of the county as they now exist, no more central or available place could be selected to accom- . modate all her citizens than the one chosen in 1730, thus vindicating the judg- ment of those men who, in after life, filled a prominent position in the history of the county. The first political conflict between the Quakers (who belonged to the ruling class) and the Scotch-Irish took place in 1732. Andrew Galbraith, who resided on Chicques creek, offered himself for the suffrages of the people for a seat in the Legislature. The contest between him and John Wright, the fore- most Quaker in the count}', was so close that it was only decided in Mr. Gal- braith's favor by the Assembly throwing out a few votes cast for Mr. Wright, which were informal. This seems to have ended the political rivalry between the Scotch-Irish and Quakers for many years. The former rendered prompt and valuable aid to the latter during " Cresap's war." The next important period in the history of the county was the conflict between the Mar^danders and Pennsylvanians, in 1732-7, to get control of the land west of the Susquehanna river, north of the 40th degree of latitude. Conestoga township was originally organized about 1712. Prior to 1719, it was divided into East and West Conestoga. David Ferree was the first con- stable of East Conestoga, and James Hendricks of West Conestoga. The west- ern boundaries of the latter were not defined until 1722, when Donegal was erected, and Chicques creek made its eastern boundary. Pequea township seems to have been to the north-east of Conestoga, with not very well defined bounda- ries, and was probably erected about the year 1720. John Wright and Samuel Blunston, in a joint letter to the Governor, October 30, 1732, from Herapfield, gives the following (among other matters, to be noticed in another connection). 822 HISTOE Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. "Ill the year 1729, when the Governor was pleased to Issue an order to divide this part of the Province from Chester County, and for Erecting tlie Same into a Distinct County, and Appointed Magistrates and Oflicers for the Conserva- tion of the Peace, the more Easy Administration of Justice, and better Securing the Sober and Quiet Inhabitants in these remote parts of the Province from the thefts and Abuses Comited by Idle and Dissolute persons, who resorted hither to Keep out of the hands of Justice ;" which experience has continued in more modern times, in the settlement of new sections of the country. The dis- pute between these rival governments waxed warm, and culminated in war and bloodshed, and was not settled finally until 1163. Lord Baltimore selected a pliant and bold adventurer for his agent, named Thomas Cresap, aged twenty-six years, a carpenter by occupation, and in religious faith a Catholic, to go to Conejohela valley and settle, where he established a ferry, March 16, 1130. Tobias Hendricks, who was a magistrate in the Manor for several years before Cresap's arrival, states in an affidavit made before Wright and Blunston, December 29, 1732, " That before the year 1729 he had been in the Commis- sion of the Peace for the County of Chester for several Years, and During that time, Edward Parnel, Paul Williams, and some others, I-lxed on the lands now possessed by Thomas Cressop," John Low, and their associates, " and that Parnel, et al, were removed froln thence by order of the Governor of Pennsylvania, at the request of the Conestoga Indians." In a joint statement made by Wright and Blunston, to the Governor, October 30, 1732, they give some historical data of interest. The}' say, " About two years Since, Thomas Cressop, and some other people of Loose Morals and Turbulent Spirits, Came and disturbed the Indians, our friends and Allies, who were peaceably Settled on those Lands from whence the said Parnel and others had been removed. Burnt their Cabbins, and destroyed their Goods, And with much threatening and Ill-usage, drove them away ; and by pretending to be under the Maryland government (as the}^ were got far from their Laws, Sought to Evade ours). Thus they proceeded to play booty. Disturbing the Peace of the Govern- ment, Carrying people out of the Province by Violence, Taking away the Guns from our friends, the Indians, T3ang and making them Prisoners, without any oflTence given ; And threatening all who should Oppose them; And by Underhand and Unfair practices, Endeavoring to Alienate the minds of the Inhabitants of this Province, and Draw them (from Obedience) to their party. Their Insolence Increasing, they Killed the horses of Such of our people whose trade with the Indians made it Necessary to Keep them on that Side of the river, for Carr^-ing their Goods and Skins ; assaulted those who were sent to Look after them." Cresjqj's house was a convenient refuge for runaway servants and debtors. Samuel Chance, a runaway debtor of Edward Cartlidge, an Indian trader, who lived in the Manor, took up his abode with him, and assisted Cresap to row the ■ ferry-boat over to the Blue Rock. A son of Cartlidge laid a plan to capture Chance, by decoying him to the east side of the river, where a gun was fired off" (the usual signal for Cresap to come to the east side for passengers), on the last day of October, 1730. Cresap and Chance got into their boat and rowed over to the Blue Rock, where they found Edward Beddock, Rice Morgan, and a negro LANCASTEB COUNTY. 823 servant of Mr. Cartlidge. After being taken into the boat, and rowed out into the stream a few 3'ards, Beddock and Morgan threw Cresap into the river, and toolc Chance to slaore with them. Cresap made his escape to an island near by, where lie remained until after dark, when he was discovered by an Indian and rescued. Cresap made complaint to the Mar3dand authorities, and a sharp correspondence between the Governors of the two Provinces about the matter was the result. It must not be forgotten that a large number of settlers lived on the west side of the river, south and north of Conejohela valley, previous to Cresap's arrival, and afterwards. Lord Baltimore forced the settlement of Marylanders as fast as possible, and in a short time the adherents to Baltimore's cause were quite numei^ous, and many of the German settlers went over to his side. Cresap was commissioned as a justice of the peace for Maryland in l'T32. James Patterson, an Indian trader who settled in the Manor upon the farm now owned by Jacob B. Shuman, in 1711, also owned some land in Conejohela valley, upon which he let his pack-horses range, and which were used to carry furs, etc., from the Indians along the Potomac. Cresap and Lowe shot eight of these horses. Procuring a warrant from Wright and Blunston for the arrest of Lowe, James Patterson placed it in the hands of Charles Jones, constable of Hempfield, who proceeded to the house of the Lowes in the night of November 26, 1132, accompanied b}'' James Patterson, James Patterson, Jr., Alex. McCay, John Capper, John Hart, John Patton, James Patton, John Trotter, William McManname, and John Bayley, and arrested two of the Lowes, and, after consi- derable resistance, took them across the river on the ice and before Wright and Blunston, who bound them over for their good behaviour. This affair caused an angr}^ and acrimonious correspondence between the Governors of Pennsyl- vania and Maryland. In the fall of 1133, Cresap came up to Wright's ferry and commenced to build boats and erect a house. Wright and Blunston had placed a number of men in the ferry house, who sallied out and took Cresap's men prisoners. On the 29th day of January', 1134, John Emerson, a lawyer, who lived in Lancaster, and was appointed ranger and keeper of Conestoga manor, and owned a ferry at Blue Rock, Knowles Daunt, and five others, went down to Cresap's house to arrest him. Cresap shot Daunt (Emerson's servant) in the leg, from the effects of which he died. Ci'esap made frequent raids into Kreitz valley with bands of armed men, dispossessing the German settlers of their property. He carried Joshua Minshal, a prominent Quaker, who resided two miles west of Wright's ferry, to Annapolis jail. In July, 1135, when John Wright was superintending the reaping of his grain upon his plantation, on the west side of the river, Cresap came with twenty persons, men, women, and lads, armed with guns, swords, pistols, and blunder- busses, and drum-beating, towards the said field. Mr. Wright approached Cresap and wanted to know what all this military display meant, and was told that the}^ came to fight tlie Pennsylvanians. He drew his sword, and cocked his jiistol at Mr. Wright's breast, but who, by his courage and knowledge of the law, completely cowed Cresap, who had brought wagons with him to carry off his grain, but which were now used to haul it to the east side of the river by the ver}' persons he brought with him in martial array. Surve3'ors were sent up from Maryland, with an armed escort of thirty men, but were forced to return 824 SIS TOE Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. by the men employed by Wright and Blunston, who made a fort of the ferry house on the west side of the river. Cresap returned to Maryland and had a conference with Governor Ogle, who called out the militia of Harford and Baltimore counties, to muster under the command of Colonels Hall and Rigby. Suspecting that this movement meant mischief to Pennsjdvanians, John Wright engaged Benjamin Chambers (who married a daughter of James Patterson aforesaid) to go to this muster and ascertain, if possible, the designs of the Marylanders. Mr. Chambers gives a minute detail of his trip in Pennsylvania Archives, Yol. IV., page 535. He was taken prisoner as a suspected spy, but made his escape to Wright's ferry, and made a full report. From thence he went to Donegal at a house raising, and collected a number of Scotch-Irish (who would as soon fight as eat), and went to Wright's ferry, where they repelled two or three hundred ai-med men under Colonel Hall. Cresap built a fort (at the mouth of the creek, where Leber's mill stands), from which emanated bands of armed men, who raided through Kreitz's valle}^, destroying houses, maltreating the women, and taking the men prisoners to Maryland. Joshua Minshal and John Wright, Jr., were the only two men left in that valley. Cresap had foi'ty tracts of land surveyed, which was owned and occupied by the Germans. The state of affairs had become so critical, and Wright and Blunston having exhausted all the means within their power to quell the disturbance, the Council finally concluded to have Cresap arrested for the murder of Knowles Daunt. On the 23d day of November, 1136, a warrant was placed in the hands of Samuel Smith, sheriff, who resided in Donegal. He called upon John Kelley, Benjamin Sterratt, Arthur Buchannan, Samuel Scott, David Priest, John Sterratt, John Galbraith, James, John, and Alexander Mitchell, James Allison, and nineteen others, to assist him. On the night of November 24, 1736, they surrounded Cresap's house, in which he had a number of armed men, who fired upon Sheriff Smith and party, and finally killed Laughlin Malone, one of their own party. John Capper, of the sheriff's party, was shot in the shoulder. Finding that Cresap would not surrender, Smith's men set his house on fire, which caused Cresap to get out of it. He was overpowered, and carried in triumph to Philadelphia and placed in prison. Colonel Hall and Captain Higgenbotham came to Cresap's fort with three hundred armed men, and at difierent times marched into Kreitz's valley in martial array. In January, 1737, a company made an attack on Cresap's fort and were repulsed, losing eight men. The Governor of Maryland offered £100 reward for the arrest of John Wright, Samuel Blunston, Samuel Smith (sheriff), and John Ross. Rewards were also offered for Michael Tanner, Joshua Minshal, and Charles Jones (constable). The last three persons were arrested and taken prisoners to Annapolis jail. Captains Higgenbotham and Hall brought as many as three hundred armed men into the valley to attack the Pennsylvanians. The Marylanders were finally driven back to their State, and all eflforts to colonize that part of Penns3dvania with Marylanders was abandoned in 1738. In 1736 Governor Ogle gave Cresap a deed for the " Isle of Promise," opposite Washington borough, for which he was to pay at the city of Saint Mary's, at the two most usual feasts in the year, LANCASTER COUNTY. 825 to wit: the feast of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint Michael the Archangel, by even and equal portions of the rent of four shillings sterling, in silver or gold, annually. The next important historic period in the history of Lancaster county was the colonial war between England and Prance, in 1154-55-56. Before actual hostilities broke out between those countries, the Freix;h commanders in the forts along the great lakes were busy with the Indians to induce them to take sides with the French against the English. Celeron, the commander at the foil at Detroit, offered a reward of one thousand pounds for the arrest of Colonel George Croghan and James Lowi'ey, an Indian trader of Donegal, because of their great influence with the Ohio Indians. On the 2Gth day of January, 1753. when Alexander McGinty, Jabez Evans, Jacob Evans, .^= s^^^ ^^^^^^^z ^ZZZ^^ 0^- ^'.4.i. David Hendricks, William Powell, Thomas Hyde, and James Lowrey, all Indian traders, and all from Lan- caster county, were return- ing from trading with the Cuttawas, a tribe of Indians in Carolina, and when on south bank of " Cantucky " river, twenty-five miles from Blue Lick town, were at- tacked by the Coghnawagos, a French tribe or Indians who lived upon the St. Lawrence river in New York. James Lowrey made his escape and returned to Donegal. The others were taken prisoners to Canada and sold. Jacob Evans and Thomas Hyde were taken prisoners to France. They all endured great suffering, but finally returned to their homes. In July, 1754, when Washington with his little array were moving forward to take possession of the forks of the Ohio, Lancaster county men were again the first to suffer. English John, a Mingo chief, when moving east to intercept and harass Washington, made an attack upon Lowrey 's traders at Gist's. They took Andrew McBriar, Nehemiah Stevens, John Kennedy, and Elizabeth Williams prisoners. They all lived in Donegal. The Indians killed four others. Kennedy was shot in the leg. The rest were taken to Canada. The English fur traders, who mostly lived in Donegal, were the first to suffer from the fury of the savages. England declared war against Prance, and both of those countries sent European armies over to America, where they soon met in confiict vipon the battle-field. The French had greatly the advantage, because most of the savages adhered to them. Braddock came with an armj^, and met with a terrible defeat near the Ohio, July 9, 1755. James Ewing, James Burd, and a number of others from this county were with Braddock's army. This FRANKLIN AND MARSHAL COLLEGE, LANCASTER. [From a Protograph by Wm. L. Gill.] 826 HISTOE Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. caused a panic among the back settlements, as they were exposed to the fnry of the savages, who commenced murdering them indiscriminately. The Irish and Scotch-Irish sprang to their arms to protect themselves. Their undaunted courage checked the progress of the soulless savages. A chain of stockades and forts were built from the Delaware river at Easton to Bedford. The torch and tomahawk of the Indians were not idle ; they murdered in cold blood several hundred of the frontier settlers. In 1758, another army, under the command of General Forbes and Colonel Bouquet, marched to the Ohio and chastised the Indians, and in 1763, during the Pontiac war. Colonel Bouquet again defeated the Indians at Bushy run, a few miles east of Braddock's battle-field. Colonel Alexander Lowrey of Donegal was Colonel Bouquet's guide during his march and at the battle of Bushy run, as he was also for General Forbes' army in 1758. In the same j'ear the Hurons made an attack upon the camp of twenty-two Indian traders, four miles east of Fort Rays. They destroyed goods of the value of more than eighty thousand pounds, and killed several persons. William Trent, Joseph Simons, Alexander Lowrey, and perhaps two or three other of these traders were from Lancaster county. Durino- these campaigns Lancaster county furnished several battalions. Burd, Shippen, Jamison, Ewing, and several others commanded companies from the county. The county enjoyed but a brief period of quiet. During that time a continu- ous influx of emigration poured into the country, and the settlements west of the Susquehanna were extended beyond the mountains. Everything indicated unusual prosperity and lasting peace. Furnaces and forges, and manufactures of domestic goods increased rapidly. This prosperity aroused the cupidity of the mother country, whose debt was enormously increased by the recent wars, and she sought to impose unjust duties upon glass, paper, printers' colors, and tea imported into the colonies. Tea was a luxury — the impost duty upon it was so large that it was only in the power of the wealthy to purchase it. The people in Boston were the first to resist this wrong, and in 1773, when a cargo of tea arrived at that port, they boarded the vessel and threw the tea overboard. When the news was carried back to England, the King sent General Gage with a number of troops to Boston, to " dragoon the Bostonians into compliance." They associated themselves together and refused* to comply with the unjust demands of the King. Committees of correspondence were appointed, and Penn- sylvania was one of the first to oflfer aid to the brave men of Boston ; and in response to a call from Philadelphia, a meeting was held in Lancaster borough, on the 15th day of June, 1774, where resolutions were passed concurring with the patriotic citizens of Philadelphia, who sustained the action of the Bostonians. At this meeting Edward Shippen, George Ross, Jasper Yeates, Mathias Slough, James Webb, William Atlee, William Henry, Esquires; and Messrs- Ludwig Lauman, William Bausman, and Charles Hall, were appointed on a committee to correspond with a committee in Philadelphia. With the united efforts of all the committees throughout the colonies, they failed to procure from the King or parliament a redress of their grievances. On September 4, 1774, a Continental Congress convened at Philadelphia, which passed resolutions approving the course of the people of Massachusetts. At a meeting held in LANCASTER COUNTY. 827 Lancaster borough, on the 0th day of Jul^-, 1774, at which George Ross presided, the following persons were chosen a committee to meet and consult with the committees of the other counties of this Province, at Philadelphia, on the 15th instant, to wit: George Ross, James Webb, Matthias Slough, Joseph Ferrce, Emanuel Carpenter, and William Atlee, Esquires; Alexander Lowefy and Moses Erwin. The deputies from every county in the Province met in Philadelphia, July 15, 1774, and passed numerous resolutions condemning the King and Parliament for their unjust treatment of the Bostonians, and proposed to stand by and aid the latter. Open and decided hostilities eventuated in bloodshed at Lexington, April 19, 1775, followed by the battle of Bunker Hill, June 17th. To meet the emergency, meetings were held everywhere, and the patriotic citizens associated themselves together and formed military companies. Lancaster county was one of the first to respond to these patriotic calls. The inhabitants of Lancaster and adjacent counties met at Lancaster borough, Jul3''4, 1776. The meeting consisted of the officers and privates of fifty- thi'ee battalions of the associa- tions of the colony of Pennsvl- vania, to choose two brigadier- generals to command the bat- talions and forces of Pennsj-l- vania. Colonel George Ross was president of the meeting, and Colonel David Clymer, secretary. Colonel Daniel Ro- berdeau of Philadelphia was chosen first brigadier-general, and James Ewing of York count}', second brigadier-gene- ral. These brigadier-generals drafted from the associators of each county a certain number to meet in confer- ence. They met June 18, and adjourned to June 25, 1776. The delegates to this conference from Lancaster were William Atlee, Esq., Ludwig Lauman, Colonel Bertram Galbraith, Colonel Alexander Lowrey, Captain Andrew Graaf, William Brown, John Smiley, Major James Cunningham, and Major David Jenkins. At the time this meeting was held in Lancaster, the convention met in Phila- phia, and passed a declaration of independence. After this the magistrates in the county who held appointments under the royal authority declined to serve longer. The business of the courts was suspended for some time. Although there was a hearty and prompt response to the patriotic call for troops among a majority of the citizens, yet there was a large element among the Quakers and Gern\ans who were opposed to bearing arms, and some Episcopalians who LANCASTER COUNTY COURT HOUSE, T.ANCASTER. 828 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. adhered to the English cause, who gave Lieutenant Galbraith a great deal of trouble. They refused to enlist in the militia or pay taxes. On the 25th day of October, 1177, an order was passed by the council reciting these facts, and appointing Curtis Grubb, Esq., William Ross, and Simon Snyder, sub-lieuten- ants of the county to enforce the militia law. Large numbers enlisted in the Continental armj^, and participated in all of the principal battles. Three battalions of Lancaster county militia participated in the battle of Brandy wine, and some of them at that of Germantown. Large barracks were erected in Lancaster borough to secure the Hessian prisoners taken at Trenton ; other prisoners were also confined there. The prisoners at one time numbered over twelve hundred. Ephrata and Lancaster took charge of our own wounded. Congress repaired to Lancaster from Philadelphia in September, 1777, and on the 11th of the same month re- moved to York, where it remained until June 27, 1778. In the war of 1812, and the late rebellion, Lancaster county furnished its full quota of men, and some of the most distinguished officers in both wars. Much of the history of the county is so closely identified with that of the towns and townships, mention will be made of such facts as our limited space will justify. Des- cription of a number of towns will be found under a notice of the adjoining townships. Lancaster City was laid out by Governor Hamilton as a town in 1730. In 1734 the seat of justice was re- moved from Postlethwaite's to Lan- caster. In 1742 it was incorporated as a borough. In 1734 the first Lutheran church was built; in 1736, a German Reformed ; in 1744, St. James Episcopal church organized ; and two years following the Roman Catho- lics built a log church. In Provincial times, during the Revolutionary period and since, Lancaster has been and is one of the most important places in the Union. It is situated in the heart of the finest agricultural region in the country, and there is not another county which can boast of as many wealthy and well-to-do farmers. They all pay tribute in some measure to the county seat. The numerous turnpikes and roads and railroads are convenient channels over which the vast produce of the country is laid in her lap. Her large and elegant stores attract hundreds of the wives and daughters of our farmers daily to tlieir counters. There are ten bank- ino; liousGS where the business men can be accommodated. The hotels are LANCASTER CITY HIGH SCHOOL. [From a Photograph by Wm. L. Gill.] LANCASTEB COUNTY'. 839 numerous and well kept. It is not an unusual cii-cumstance on special occasions to see from five to ten thousand country people in the city. It has four public libraries, with an annual circulation of fifteen thousand volumes. It has six cemeteries; six cotton mills, employing over two thousand operatives; a watch factor}^, employing fifty hands ; six machine shops for the manufacture of railroad and stationary engines, boilers, castings, bolts, agricultural imple- ments, etc. It has several scientific associations, the most prominent of which is the Linnrean Society of Natural History, in the establishment of which Professor S. S. Rathvon was mainly instrumental. One of the most attractive objects to the visitor is the beautiful monument erected in Centre Square to the memory of the brave heroes who fell in defence of their country in the late rebellion. The monument was dedicated on the 4th day of Jul}', 1874. The space occupied by the whole structure is thirty-five feet each wa3% the base occupjdng seven teen feet in height, and the central shaft forty-three feet — a correct representa- tion of which is given. The names of the leading battles inscribed thereon are " Antietam," " Gettys- burg," "Yicksburg," "Mal- vern Hill," " Wilderness," "Chaplin Hills," "Peters- burg," " Chickamauga." The cost of the structure was about twenty-three thousand dollars. Great credit is due to the monn- mental association who carried to successful completion under many difficulties this grand structure. In 1872 a board of trade was organized, which is now composed of more than one hundred of the business men of the place, which is destined to advance the interests of the city and count3\ • The newspapers are many, several of which are conducted with great ability, and have a marked effect in moulding a healthy public sentiment. The bar is justly celebrated as one of the ablest in the State. In times past it was the home of some of the greatest lawyers and statesmen in the country. Such men as Chew, Smith, Ross, Shippen, Atlee, Yeates, Porter, Montgomery, Hubley, Ellmaker, Rogers, Slaymaker, Buchanan, Hopkins, Champneys, Parke, Franklin, Reigart, Hays, Frazer, Fordney, Burrowes, Green, Bryan, Jenkins, Mathiot, Stevens, Kline, Dickey, North, Hood, Reynolds, Nauman, Livingston, I'atterson, LANCASTKK COUNTY SOI.DIERS' MONUMENT, LANCASTER. From a Photograph bj-Wrn, L. Gill, Lancaster. 830 HISTOEV OF PENNSYLVANIA. are selected from a large number of the great legal lights whose talents havo shone with splendor. The Lancaster city water works are very extensive. Water is pumped from the Conestoga, a short distance above the poor-house. They were first erected in 1836. There are two basins at the eastern end of Orange and King streets, with a capacity of seven million gallons. A movement has lately been made to increase the supply of water, which will probably fail on account of the large expenditure required for the purpose. A few years ago a large " home " was erected in the south-eastern section of the city for the instruction of orphan children. There are several hundred in the institution. There are no institutions of any kind within the county which present a higher claim to the sympathies of the be- nevolent and charitable. In fact it is almost sustained by the daily contributions of the citizens of Lancaster city and the farmers of the county, who furnish provi- sions when called upon. Columbia, the leading and representative Quakers, who figured so prominently in the early history of the count}^, settled within the present limits of Columbia. In the spring of 1726, Rob- ert Barber, a Quaker of Chester, came to the banks of the Susquehanna river, and selected one thousand acres of land. Returning to Chester for his family, he was joined by John Wright and Samuel Blunston and their families, all of whom traveled to the Susquehanna in the summer or fall of 1726. Blunston selected five hundred acres adjoining the hill, on the north side of the^town; John Wright took two hundred and fifty acres adjoining on the south ; and Robert Barber two hundred and fifty acres between Wright's and the hill, south of the town. Barber's was considered the choicest tract, on account of the fine timber with which it was covered and a stream of water flowing through it. Mr. Barber came from England when a lad, and was bound to his uncle Robert Barber, a cordwainer, who died in 1708, leaving a farm upon "Crum Creek," adjoining Chester, to his nephew Robert, who married Hannah Tid- marsh of Philadelphia, He was elected coroner for Chester county in 1721, and MONUMENT OF THADDEUS STp:VENS, LANCASTEK. I From a Photograph by Wm. L. Gill ] I LANCASTER COUNTY. 831 was oue of the county assessors in 1725. He was probably thirty-six years of age at this time. When the county was organized he was appointed sheriff, and he erected a log jail within a few yards of his dwelling. He was disappointed in not having the permanent seat of the county located upon his farm. [Sir Jarae.-- Annesley was confined in this prison. His history was a ronumtic one, but for want of space we are compelled to omit a more lengthy notice of him.] He was county commissioner in 1740. He occupied several positions of trust, and rendered valuable aid to the Proprietaries in their controversy with the Mary- landers. He died in 1749, leaving a widow, who survived him many years, and nine children. Samuel Blunston was the son of John Blunston, a Quaker preacher, who came over to Ame- rica with William Penn and settled upon Darby creek. He was a meiTiber of council for many years, also speaker of Assembly. He was I'egarded as a person of great abili- ty and probit)''. He died in 1723, leaving a widow, Samuel, and daughters, Sarah Fern and Catharine Rhoads, ' surviving him. Samuel Blunston wa>; probably born at Darb}'. He re- ceived the best edu- cation the schools of that day afforded. He was a practical land surveyor. He married the widow of Samuel Bilton, who kept a ferry over the Schuylkill river. It was afterwards known as " Blunston's Ferry." He was the wealthiest o the three, and was one of the first justices appointed in the count}', and was also the first register of wills, a position he held until within a 3-ear of his death. He was appointed by Thomas Penn, in 1736, while on a visit to his house (in Columbia), to survey and issue tickets to the settlers on the west side of the river, who procured their patents of the proper officer when they werr-, presented. He had been agent for the Penns several years before that. He was remarkably energetic, and showed great wisdom in circumventing the Tiachinations of Cresap and other Marylanders. He employed men and VIEW OP TOWN HALL AND LOCUST STBKET, COLUMBIA. [From a Photograph by L. M. Williams, Columbia.] 832 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. armed them. The Governor of Marj'land offered one hundred pounds reward for his arrest. A plot was arranged to waylay him while he was returning from the funeral of Mrs. James Anderson in Donegal in 1Y36. He got wind of the matter and took another route home. He was consulted invariably when any repairs or alterations were made to the prison or court house. He was fre- quently appointed to confer with different Indian tribes, and surveyed a reserva- tion for them in Cumberland county. He built the little stone mill ("corn mill ") upon Shawnee run, afterwards owned by James Wright. His correspondence with the Governor, James Logan, and council, display talent equal to or superior to that of any of bis contemporaries. He died in September, 1746, leaving no children. His estate was large. A portion of the dwelling of Samuel B. Heise was his residence, where he also had his office. The property is now owned by the Heises and Mifflins, collatei'al heirs. John Wright was a noted man in his time. He was a native of Lancashire, England, born in 1661; came to America in 1714, and settled at Chester. He was soon after elected a member of the Assembly, and in 1720 appointed a justice of the peace for Chester county. Removing to the Susquehanna, con- tinuing to represent the county in the Assembly, he ardently advocated the erection of a new count)^ out of the western part of the former, and he had the honor of naming it after his native county in England. With one exception, he was annually returned to the Assembly, and continued to be selected until physical disability prevented him from taking his seat. He was one of the trustees of the general loan office in 1733-4. The governor of Maryland offered a reward of £100 for his arrest. He died in 1751, aged eightj'-four years. He left five children surviving him, Susannah, Patience, Elizabeth, John, and James. The descendants now living in Columbia come from James. Susannah Wright, John's daughter, was a remarkable personage. She was educated in England, and was the subject of much attention by the cultured men and women of her time. Samuel Blunston left her a life estate in six hun- dred and fifty acres of land, most of which is now within the limits of Columbia. She was born in 1700, and died a.d., 1785. She corresponded with James Logan and other dignitaries. Her advice and counsel were frequentl}^ sought by them in relation to disputed questions about land titles and other matters. She wrote poetry, painted landscapes, gave advice and administered medicine to the sick ; was frequently called upon to act as arbiter to settle disputes between neighbors. She drew up legal papers, some of which are still in existence. She spun silk and sent large quantities to England to be woven into dresses, samples of which are now in the Philadelphia Historical societ}^ This attracted so much attention in Europe that it was a subject of correspondence between Benjamin Franklin, while in England, and herself. James Wright was also a prominent personage. He was for many 3'ears a member of Assembl}'^, and was actually elected when he was too feeble from age to attend the sessions. He was one of the Loan Commissioners, and was selected by the Proprietaries to furnish the Indians within the county with supplies, etc. The grain was ground at the little stone mill upon Shawnee run. From the same mill he also furnished flour for Braddock's army, in 1755, which was carried in kegs upon pack-horses to Raystown. During the panic among the settlers I LANCASTER COUNTY. 833 caused by that defeat, the women and children were sent to l'hiladeli)hia, and James Wright fortified his house on Second street, where the able bodied men took refuge. During the campaign of General Forbes in 1158 against the Indians, several hundred troops were raised in the eastern and south-eastern section of Lancaster county, and from the Scotch-Irish settlements in the south-western part of Chester county. They assembled at Lancaster, but refused to go any further until they were furnished with supplies, etc. James Wright, son of John, agreed to keep the troops clear as lar as Harris' ferr}^, and the}' moved forward. He died about the year 1774. In 1787, his son Samuel Wright laid out Columbia, and the lots were sold by lottery. It is the second town in popula- tion, and the first in importance in the manufacture of iron and as a railroad centre, it being the ter- minus of several rail- roads and two canals. The town is beautifull}' located upon the left bank of the Susque- hanna river, twenty- nine miles below Har- risburg and ten miles west of Lancaster city. One-half of the place occupies the slope of a hill which rises gen- tly from the river. The magnificent river in front, dotted with is- lands and rocks, and a bridge spanning it, more than a mile long, with diversified hills presented to the view upon every side, is a scene which every lover of nature cannot help but be enraptured with. The town spread rapidly, and a number of the first business men in the State located in it. Before canals and railroads were built, Columbia was, as it is now, one of the most important inland towns west of Philadelphia. The collapse in business which followed the wild speculations of 1815, somewhat checked the rapid progress of the place for fifteen years, when a new impetus was given to the trade of the town by the completion of the Pennsylvania canal and the railroad to Philadelphia. An immense traffic was also carried on upon the shores of the river. Over fifty million feet of lumber were piled upon the shore annually, and great quantities of produce were received in keel-boats and arks, and re-shipped for eastern markets. Although Columbia was first settled by Quakers, who were the ruling class in its earl}' history, it can boast of some of the best blood of the revolutionarj' period. Thomas Boude was commissioned second lieutenant, January- 5, 17 7C, in Captain James Ta^dor's company of Colonel Anthony Wayne's battalion. He 3 c Mj-" ' G WRIGHT'S FERRY MANSION, COLUMBIA. [From a Photograph by L. M. Williama.] 834 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. was on detached duty on recruiting service for Colonel Wayne's battalion during a portion of the year 11*76. He was with Wayne, at Paoli, in 1111, where his brother Samuel was killed. He led one of the three volunteer squads of twenty, of the forlorn hope, which made an attack at midnight upon the fort at Stony Point, upon the Hudson. The fort was taken at the point of the bayonet, and Lieutenant Boude was the second man to enter the fort throvigh a sally poi't. This was July 16th, 1179. For gallant conduct upon this occasion he was promoted to a captaincy in the First Pennsylvania Regiment. There was no braver or more accomplished officer in the army. In 1*784 he married Betsy Wright, sister of the founder of Columbia. She lived but a year thereafter. Several years subsequently he married a daughter of Colonel Samuel Atlee. He was a member of the Legislature for the years 1794-5-6, and a member of Congress in 1801. He was an honored and valued citizen. He died about the year 1819. The late Stephen Smith was purchased by him from the Cochrans, of Paxton, when he was six years old. Dr. John Houston served as surgeon for seven years during the Revolution, and was in a number of battles. He was appointed a j.iistice of the peace by Governor Thomas Mifflin after the Revolution, which position he held until his death, in 1806. Francis Ottoman Ziegler, a native of France, came over with Baron de Steuben, as aid-de-camp, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He served with great gallantry throughout the Revolutionary war, after which he settled in York, thence to Lancaster, thence to Columbia, where he died in 1800. The Friends had the first place of worship. In 1809 or 1810, the Presby- terians erected a meeting-house at the corner of Fourth and Locust streets, the first pastor being Rev. Stephen Boyer. They were quickly followed by the Ger- man Reformed, Methodist, Catholic, Lutheran, English and German Episcopal, and United Brethren, in succession. The colored people also have two places of public worship. In 1819, 1820, and 1821, several hundred emancipated slaves from Virginia settled in the place. Their locality, commonly known as " Tow Hill," was a great resort for fugitive slaves, and was the scene of many a conflict between them and their masters. February 25, 1814, the borough was incorporated, having a population of 1,500. The same year the bridge across the river was built, at a cost of $231,771, and a bank established with the surplus capital, the present " Co- lumbia National Bank " having grown out of it. The bridge was swept away with an ice flood in February, 1832. It was re-erected, and destroyed by fire, June 30, 1863, to keep the rebel army from crossing the river into Lancaster county. Samuel Wright generously donated the river front, when he laid out the town, for the use of the inhabitants of the place. The property has become ■saluable, and a large fund has been accumulated, from which has been erected a fine large school building, near Locust and Fifth streets. A beautiful park of several acres surrounds the premises. In 1874, it was leased to the School Board for twenty j-ears, for a high school. There are four furnaces and two lai'ge rolling mills within the limits of the borough, and a large number of other industries. In 1787, Columbia came within one vote of being selected as the permanent seat of the National Government. The measure was only finally defeated in LANCASTEll COUNTY. 835 THE BROTHERS AND SISTERS HOUSES At Fphnita. Congress by delay and a combination between the Soiitliern members and a few from New England. Mr. Wright set apart several acres of ground between Second and Third streets, and upon Cherry street, for the capitol buildings of the State, in 1812, with the expectation that the State capital would be located at Columbia. Ephrata is an irregular enclosed village, lying in a triangle formed by the turnpike, the upper, or old Reading road, and the Cocalico creek, and belongs entirely to the Seventh Day Baptist Society. It contains a monastery and several other buildings for the accommodation of the society, to which is attached and belonging to the same about one hundred and forty acres of land, and a grist mill and saw mill. The post office which bears this name is a half- mile from the original village. Ephrata, in former times, was known better among the German population by the name of Kloster (Cloister), or Dunkerstown — a ~ \ ' ~^i nick-name, from the word Dunker or Tunker, corruptions of Taueffer^ Baptist. The Society of Ephrata, however, are a distinct sect from the denomination tha;t now bears the name of Bunkers, with whom they have alwaj^s been confounded. In the year 1708, Alexander Mack, of Schriesheim, Germany, with seven others, formed a society of First Day German Baptists. Meeting with persecution, they emigrated to America in 171i), and located at Germantown, Skippach, Olcy, Conestoga, and elsewhere. Soon after a church was established at Mill Creek, Lancaster county. Of this community was Conrad Beissel, who, with a number of adherents, left it in 1725, settling near each other in solitary cottages. In the year 1732, the solitary life was changed into a conventicle one, and a monastic society was established as soon as the first buildings erected for that purpose were finished, May, 1733. The haljit of the Capuchins, or White Fi'iars, was adopted by both the brethren and sisters, which consisted of a shirt, trowsers, and vest, with a long white gown and cowl, of woolen web in winter, and linen in summer. That of the sisters differed only in the substitution of petticoats for trowsers, and some little peculiarity in the shape of the cowl. Monastic names were given to all who entered the cloister. Onesiraus (Israel Eckerlin) was constituted Prior, who was succeeded by Jaebez (Peter Miller) ; and the title of Father — spiritual father — was bestowed by the society upon Beissel, whose monastic name was Friedsam ; to which the brethren afterwards added Gottrecht — implying, together. Peaceable, Ood-right. In the year 1740 there were thirty-six single brethren in the cloister, and thirty-five sisters ; and at one time the societ}^, including the members living in the neighborhood, numbered nearly three hundred. The first buildings of the society of any consequence were Kedar and Zion — a meeting-house and convent — which were erected on the hill called Mount Zion. They afterwards built larger accommo- dations, in the meadow below, comprising a sisters' house called Saron, to wliich is attached a large chapel, and " Saal," for the purpose of holding tho 836 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. agapas, or love feasts ; a brother's house, called Bethania, with which is connected the large meeting-room, with galleries, in which the whole society assembled for public worship in the days of their prosperity, and which are still standing, surrounded by smaller buildings, which were occupied as printing office, bake-house, school-house, almonry, and others for different purposes, on one of which, a one-story house, the town clock is erected. The buildings are singular, and of very ancient architecture — all the outside walls being covered with shingles. The two houses for the brethren and sisters are very large, being three and four stories high ; each has a chapel for their night meetings, and the main buildings are divided into small apartment^ (each containing between fifty and sixty), so that six dormitories, which are barely large enough to contain a cot (in eari}^ days a bench and billet of wood for the head), a closet, and an liour-glass surround a common room, in which each sub-divisioo pursued their respective avocations. On entering these silent cells and traversing the long narrow passages, visitors can scarcely divest themselves of the feeling of walking the tortuous windings of some old castle, and breathing in the hidden recesses of romance. The ceilings have an elevation of but seven feet ; the passages leading to the cells, or " Kammern,^^ as they are styled, and through the different parts of both convents, are barely wide enough to admit one person, for when meeting a second, one has always to retreat ; the doors of the Kammern are but five feet high, and twenty inches wide, and the window, for each has but one, is only eighteen by twenty-four inches ; the largest windows affording light to the meeting rooms are but thirty by thirty-four inches. The walls of all the rooms, including the meeting room, the chapels, the saals, and even the kammern or dormitories, are hung and nearly covered with large sheets of elegant penmanship, or ink-paintings — many of which are texts from the Scriptures — done in a very handsome manner, in ornamented gothic letters, called in the German Fractur-schriften. Many of the brethren being men of education, they established, at a very early period, a school, which soon gained for itself an honorable reputation, many young men from Philadelphia and Baltimore being sent here to be educated. A Sabbath-school was instituted about 1189. The building in which this school was held was used during the Revolution as a hospital. A few days after the battle of Brandywine had been fought, September 11, 1711, says Rupp, four or five hundred of the wounded soldiers were taken to Ephrata, and placed in the hospital. Doctors Yerkel, Scott, and Harrison, were the attending surgeons and physicians. The wounds and camp fever baffled their skill ; one hundred and fifty of the soldiers died here ; they were principally from the Eastern States and Pennsylvania, and a few British who had deserted and joined the American army. The first of those who died were buried with the honors of war ; with a funeral sermon, preached by one of their own number appointed for that pur- pose. This practice was continued for some time, till they began to drop off too rapidly to allow time for the performance of the ceremony, when everything of the kind was dispensed with. The place where they rest is enclosed ; and for many years a board with this inscription: ^'- Hier Ruhen die Gebeine vieler Soldalen,'^ was placed over the gate of the enclosure. The board with the inscription is no more LANCASTER COUNTY. 837 At an early period a printing office was established at Ephrata, one of tlie first German presses in the State, which enabled them to distribute tracts and hymns, and afterwards to print several large works, in which the views of tlie founders are fully explained. Many of the'se books have been lost and destroyed. In the' Revolutionary war, just before the battle of Gerraantown, three wagon loads of books, in sheets, were seized and taken away for cartridges. They came to the paper mill to get paper, and not finding any there, they pressed the books in sheets. When Congress left Philadelphia, and for safety met at Lancaster and York, the Continental money was printed at Ephrata. LiTiz is a beautiful Moravian village, eight miles north of Lancaster. In 1757, it was laid out by the Rev. Nathaniel Seidel and Mr. John Renter, who were sent from Bethlehem for that purpose, and the name of Litiz was given to it in memory of a village in Bohemia, from which the forefathers of the United Brethren had emigrated. It is not saying too much, if we state, that it is probably the neatest and cleanest village in Lancaster country. Its location is nearly east and west, extending in that direction about three-fourths of a mile. There is not only pavement before all the houses through the whole village, but the difierent paths leading to the church, schools, etc., are well paved with bricks or limestone slabs. The square, around which are located the educational institu- tions, the church and parsonage, is, perhaps, not surpassed in beauty by any other spot in the county ; such is its splendor in the summer season, that it frequently occurs that travelers stop in their journey to give it a closer examination than a mere transient notice. It is enclosed with a white fence, and lastcfuU}' laid out in gravel walks. Around it is an avenue of locust and cedar trees, and the interior is adorned with linden, cedar, and balm of Gilead trees, and a very great variety of shrubbery. The present church was consecrated on the 13th August, 1787. In 1857 the church, after having stood seventy years, underwent a thorough repair, and man}- alterations were made, so that its internal and external appearance became more modern. It is sixty-six feet in length, and fifty feet in depth, built of limestone, and has a very fine appearance. The mason work in its front is generally considered a master-piece of workmanship. It is ornamented with a neat spire, and has a town clock. It has two galleries, and is provided with an excellent organ. Originally there was no pulpit in tlie church, but merely a table, covered with black cloth, at which the minister officiated. In 1837 various alterations were undertaken, and among others, also that of placing a pulpit in the place oJ the table. In 1759, the brothers' house at Litiz was erected — which, however, is not used for its original intent at present. It is built of limestone, is three stories high, sixty feet in length, and thirty-seven feet in depth. In the year 1817 it was found proper to discontinue the brothers' house at Litiz, and after that period it was for a time occupied by several families, and at present is used for school purposes. During the Revolutionary war it was for a short period used as a hospital for invalid soldiers, a number of whom died there, and were buried a short distance eastwardly from the village. The sisters' house was erected in 1758. It is likewise built of limestone, three stories high, ninety feet in length, and thirty-seven in depth. The internal arrangement is similar to that of the brothers' house. At this time it is not occupied for its original purpose, but it is used in connection with Linden Hall for school purposes. 838 njSTO It Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. The Litiz Spiiiig, which is visited by so many persons, is situated on the land of the Moravian society, about one-half mile westwardl}' from the village, and is probably one of the largest springs in Pennsylvania. There are two fountains from which all the water, which forms a considerable stream, is discharged, and has water sufficient for some of the largest merchant mill^ in the county. From its head to the Conestoga, into which the stream " Carter's creek " empties, it is six miles, and in that distance there are seven mills. The water is the pure limestone, and verj- fresh. In former times, it formed a large pond, around which Indians resided, of which the number of Indian arrow-heads, hatchets, and stones used for throwing in their slings, give ample proof. About the 3-ear 1780. some of the inhabitants of Litiz began to improve it by enclosing it with a circular wall and filling up part of the pond, and in later years the re- maining part was filled up, and where was formerly a considerable body of water, there is at this time a beautiful park of trees. Various improvements were undertaken from time to time ; but at no period was it found in such an improved state as at this time. Around it are a number of seats, and on the hill, from under which it has its source, are hand- somely laid out gardens, arbors, and ornamental shrubbery. From the spring to the village is an avenue of linden and maple trees, winding alon;^' the stream, the path of which is parti}' covered with gravel, and partly with tan, which renders access to it eas3' in wet as well as in dry weather. The population of Litiz is about six undred. Formerly there was an extensive chip hat and bonnet manufactory carried on by Mr. Matthias Tschudy, which gave employment to man}'. He was the only person in the United States that under- stood the art of manufacturing them, and supplied nearly all the cities and country with his hats. The palm leaf and straw hats coming into fashion, they were preferi-ed, and consequently the factory was discontinued. Organs were also built in Litiz in former times, which, for tone and excellent workmanship, are very celebrated. A number of the best organs in Philadelphia, Baltimore, SPRING AND WALK AT LITIZ. [From tt Photograph by Wm. L. Gill.] LANCASTER COUNTY. 839 and Lancaster are specimens thereof; and among others, the large and beautiful organ in the Lutheran church at Lancaster, In former times, the augurs which were sent from England had no screw, serving as a point, as we have them in our day. The invention of this screw was first made at Litiz, by John H. Ranch, Sr,, during the last century ; the pattern was then sent to England by Judge Henry, after wliich the screw point was generall}^ introduced. Safe Harbor is an important place at the mouth of the Conestoga. There that stream is connected with the Tide Water canal on the opposite bank of the river, but the dam has been suflFered to go down. Splendid rolling mills and furnaces, unfortunately not worked at present, are located here. Most of the iron used on the Pennsjdvania railroad when first constructed was manufac- tured at this place. The scenery is very fine and picturesquely grand. A short distance below Safe Harbor are several rocks with Indian picture-writing, a flic simile of which is herewith given. From a report made by Professor Thomas C. Porter to the Linnaean Society of Lancaster countj' we learn that in Sep- tember 1863, the existence of figures chiseled out by the red men of our stone period on certain rocks in the Susque- hanna became known to that society, who soon thereafter obtained casts of the figures in plaster. Drawings of these casts were made by Jacob Stauffer, the distinguished naturalist. The upper ones belong to the larger rock, and those under to the smaller one. The Susquehanna river below the dam at Safe Harbor is filled with a multitude of rocks and rocky islets, various in size and extent, between which, the fall being considerable, the water rushes, forming a series of I'apids and eddies, navigable only by channels. Among these rocks are the two in question. The larger one lies a full half-mile below the dam, in a line nearly due south from the mouth of the Conestoga, while the smaller one is situated about 250 yards further up, in the same line, at a distance of some 400 or 500 3'ards from the eastern shore. Each rock is composed of several masses overlying each other at an angle of 45° down stream, the lines of division running east or west, the southern crest being the highest. They consist of gneiss, which is rather friable within, but hard on the outside. The larger rock measures through the centre, from north to south, 82 feet, and from east to west 40 feet. It slopes gradually upward from north to south ; the lowest part being 9 feet, and the highest 16 feet above low-water mark. This rock is said to be the high- est in the river near Safe Harbor, and from its flat summit the prospect is exten- sive and beautiful. The lower rock measures, from east to west, on the north side, 20 feet ; on the south side, 29 feet 8 inches ; from north to soutli, on the east side, 12 feet 9 inches; on the west side, 8 feet 6 inches. The hei rhr of the west side, above low- water mark, is 6 feet; of the east side, 12 feet 9 inches. INSCRIPTIONS ON ROOKS AT SAFE HARBOR. [From a Photogiaijh by Wm. L. Gill.] 840 HIt:i TOR V OF PENNS YL VANIA. The two rocks contain in all upwards of 80 distinct figures, and a number more almost obliterated. They are much scattered, and seem to have been formed without regard to order, so that it is not possible for an unskilled observer to say that they bear any necessary relation to each other. They are probably symbolical, but it is left to those who are versed in American antiquities to decipher their meaning. Some points, however, are clear. They were made by the aborigines, and made at a large cost of time and labor, with rude stone implements, because no sharp lines or cuts betray the use of iron or steel. This, in connection with their number and variety, proves that they were not the offspring of idle fancy or the work of idle hours, but tlie product of design toward some end of high importance in the eyes of the sculptors. Donegal Church, one of the most interesting Scotch-Irish Presbyterian settlements in the county, Avas planted upon the banks of the " Shecassalungo " creek, as early as 1714. The settlement grew very rapidly. Among them, there were a number of Scotch-Irish of a turbulent and independent nature, which leavened the whole. Many of them became restless, and changed their resi- dence, moving further into the wilderness, and pushing back the frontiers, like a resistless wave, beating against the red man of the forest, and forcing him to retreat or be overwhelmed. Thus from this parent settlement in Donegal many others were established, all having the same characteristics. It was a most for- tunate circumstance for the welfare and independence of the country that these men fostered independence among themselves, and would brook no oppression from any quarter. When Great Britain first sought to impose unjust burthens upon the people of Massachusetts Bay, and they resisted and called upon their countrymen for help, a ready echo was sent back from these Scotch-Irish settle- ments. They burnished their arms and were the first to strike for liberty wlien the time came. Our country owes them a debt of everlasting gratitude. Although worship was had at various private houses for ten years, I am not able to learn that any building was erected as a place for public worship before 1722. On or about that year a log church was erected a few j'ards east of the present structure. The pulpit was supplied by New Castle Presbytery, the Rev. David Evans being the first, in the 3'ears 1721-24. The Rev. Adam Boyd, of Octoraro church, was the supply in 1724-25. In September, 1726, the Rev. James Anderson, of New Castle, was called to preach at Donegal, and was on trial until August, 1727, when he was installed. He died at Donegal, July 16, 1740. During his pastorate the present stone meeting-house was erected. It was built with loose stone gathered up in the woods thereabout. A ground plan, as drawn by Bertram Galbi'aith on the 25th day of December, 1766, is in the possession of the writer. The church is about seventy-five feet long, by fort}'- five in width. There were no doors at the end. The windows were narrow, and the aisles were of earth. There were no pews for many years after its erection. Benches of the homeliest construction were used. At the close of the Revolution the church was remodeled by Mr. Paden. The windows were widened, a door- way placed at each end ; a new pulpit, with sound- ing board over it, with space paneled off in front for the clerk, was built with walnut boards cut from a tree on John Bayley's farm, now owned by John Graybill ; new pew backs of walnut and yellow pine, paneled, which were as LANCASTER COUNTY. 841 high as the head of an ordinary person, with corner boards curved out to fit the back. Sloping shelves along the three rows of pews in front of the pulpit were used for hymn-books. The aisles and pews were paved with brick. The church was crowded on Sunday, and on Communion Sabbath service was held in the morning and afternoon, the congregation returning to the woods between sermons to take a lunch. The Rev. Joseph Tate followed Mr. Anderson. He died Octo- ber 10, 1774, aged sixty-three. In the year 1732, the Presbytery of New Castle was divided, and the Presbytery of Donegal formed from the western portion of its territory. The Presbytery of " Carlisle " and " Old Redstone," and perhaps another, were taken from Old Donegal. For some reason, fifty years ago, the name of Donegal Presbytery was changed to New Castle, but again resumed in a few years. Recently the name has been again changed to " Westminister," to the everlasting disgrace of a few ministers who are not capable of appreciating the grand historical renown which is indissolubly connected between that church and her patriotic sons of Revolutionary memory. In 1775, after a sermon by that good man Colin McFarquhar, who but a short time before came from Scotland, and whose family were there and did not arrive in America for ten 3'ears there- after, urged a conciliary course between the colonists and Great Britain. After the congregation adjourned, they met under the large oak tree which stands in front of the north-eastern end of the church. The men joined hands and vowed allegiance to the cause of the colonies, and pledged their faith to each other, that they would give their lives and fortunes to establish liberty. Then and there measures were immediately taken to form an association to defend their rights. They loved their pastor, and the reader can easily imagine the moral courage required to act so promptly and decisively against the wishes of their preacher. Mi'. McFarquhar preached in Donegal for more than thirty years. He outgrew his early predilections in favor of the mother country, and became a great favorite. He died in Hagerstown in 1821. He was followed by Rev. William Karr, who preached in Donegal for fourteen years, and died September 22, 1822. Rev. Orson Douglass, followed by T. M. Boggs, each of whom preached fourteen years. Ten years ago the church was again remodeled by plastering the outside walls, closing the west and south doors, putting in a board floor, and, in fact, made the whole structure conform to modern ideas of a church building. No person who had not seen tlie building for forty j^ears would recognize it. It is fortunate that the old Scotch-Irish luive entirely disappeared from the neigh- borhood, or there might be another rebellion in Donegal. Bart township was taken from Sadsbury township, in 1744. It was settled mostly by Scotch-Irisli Piesbyterians as early as 1717. Copper and iron ore mines of great value exist in this township. The villages are Georgetown and Bartville. The surface of Brecknock township is very hilly, and until a recent period but little progress was made in agriculture. The soil is red gravel. The town- ship is well supplied with water. The only village in the township is Bowmans- VILLE. Caernarvon townshi[) is one of the original townships. The Conestoga creek flows througli it from east to west. The Downingtown and Harrisburg turnpike crosses tlie southern angle, and the Morgantown turnpike centrally 842 MISTOE Y OF FENNS YL VANIA . from east to west. Churcbtown is beautifully situated ypon a ridge along this turnpike. A view is had from the town of the Conestoga A'alley and surrounding- country". It is nearly in the centre of the township. The surface of the town- ship is generally hill}', the soil is red shale, and land in the valleys ver}' rich, and under a good state of cultivation. A railroad is now being built through the southern corner. The settlement was made several years before the organi- zation of the county. In the list of taxables for 1725 will be found the names of James Llo}^!, Gabriel Davis, Philip David, George Hudson, David Jenkins, Edward Davies, and John Davis, all of whom settled in the township, along the Conestoga. In 1730 twenty-four families, all Welsh, came from Radnor town- STATE NORMAL, SCHOOIi AT MILLERSVILLE. [From a Photograph by Wm. L. Qill.l ship, Chester county, and settled at Churchtown. They erected a log church the same year, and gave it the name of " Bangor Episcopal Church." Since that time the third church has been erected upon or near the same spot as the original one. Large beds of iron ore wei^e discovered, and the first forge was erected in 1753, as stated elsewhei-e. For one hundred years thereafter the iron business was controlled in that township by the Olds, Jenkins, and Jacobs, all of whom became very wealthy and owned all of the best, land in the township. A number of slaves were owned by these ironmasters, and several of them were imported directly from Africa. Of the latter "Quasha," and " Cooba," his wife, became great favorites, and could be seen every Sunday following their master to church in a " gig." These Welsh settlers were nearly all members of the Episcopal Church. Robert Jenkins married Catherine M., daughter of Rev. John Carmichael, a celebrated Presbyterian divine. When Mr. Jenkins first LANCASTEB COUNTY, 843 came to the valley he erected and lived in iV block-house as a protection against the Indians, many of whom roamed about the neighborhood hunting and fishing for many years after these Welsh settled there. Churchtown was a village before the Revolution. East Cocalico joins Berks county and the townships of Brecknock, Earl, Ephrata, and West Cocalico. It has five grist mills. The Cocalico creeks crosses the township in a south-easterly direction. The most important towns are Adamstown, Reamstown, and Swartzville. Adamstown was laid out and settled at the close of the Revolutionary war. The road from Lancaster to Reading passes through the place. There are several extensive manufactories of woolen hats, which give employment to a large number of men. " The People's railroad," when built, will pass through the place. Reamstown was laid out upon the road leading from Lancaster to Reading about ITSS. West Cocalico joins the latter township. The Reading and Columbia rail- road, passes through its south-east section, and the Cocalico creek and its tribu- taries travei'se the township. Its villages are Cocalico, Reinholdsville, Schoeneck, Stevens, and Reinhold's Station. The neighborhood of Reinholdsville was settled between 1735 and 1710 by Germans, among whom Hans Beelraan, Hans Zimmerman, and Peter Schumacher, were large landholders. CoLERAiN was settled by Scotch-Irish Presbyterians. The main branch of the Octoraro creek bounds it on the east, and the west branch of the same stream on the west. Its surface is rolling, and soil, gravel and clay. Clonmell, Colerain, Kirk wood, Octoraro, and Union are thriving villages. CoNESTOGA lies on the Susquehanna. The Conestoga creek flows along the west boundary, and the Pequea creek along the east. On both there are several mills. CoNOY is the westernmost township in the county. Its most important place is Bainbridge, situated at the mouth of Conoy creek, on the site, it is supposed, of the ancient Dekawoagah, a Conoy or Ganawese settlement. John Harris, the founder of Harrisburg, settled first in this neighborhood. John Haldeman, an early pioneer, built one of the first mills in the county at Locust Grove, near Bainbridge. Bainbridge was the home of Bartram Galbraith, and the town was laid out by his son Samuel Galbraith. Clay township was taken from Elizabeth township in 1853. It joins Lebanon county and the townships of West Cocalico, Ephrata, and Elizabeth. It is largely settled by Germans, who are industrious and have well cultivated farms. Durlach and Newtown are small hamlets. Indian run flows for about a mile, and suddenly disappears and re-appears, after running beneath the ground for a mile, and then takes the name of Trout run. Great quantities of white and red sandstone are found upon the top of the ground, from which door and window sills are made. Thex'e are six grist mills on Middle creek, which traverses the township in a southerly direction. Marietta is situated on the left bank of the Susquehanna river, three miles above Columbia. The place was originally known as " Anderson's ferrj^," it having been established but a few years later than Wright's ferrj^, in 1733. Tlie ground occupied by the borough was owned, from the ferry house at the upper station to Elljow Lane, b}' James Anderson, and from Elbow Lane to a line 844 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. running parallel thereto, near the public school-house, on the Lancaster turnpike, by David Cook. Jacob Grosh and others laid out the town below Cook's, above Anderson's land and the " green lane," which formed the boundary. Frances Evans sold one hundred and sixty acres of land to James Mehaffey, John Paden, and James Duffy, at the commencement of the war of 1812. They laid out a town, which is well built up, and is really a part of Marietta, but it was nick- named " Irish Town," which it retains at the present time. On account of taxes, and perhaps for some private reasons, it never was included in or incorporated with Marietta borough, but belongs to East Donegal township. The part laid out by Anderson, in 1805, was called "New Haven," and that laid out by David Cook, in 1806, was named "Waterford." The charter for the turnpike from Lancaster made " Waterford " the terminus. Neither Anderson or Cook could agree upon a common plan for their towns, and their difterences led to much incon- venience on the part of the public. In 1812 the two places were incorporated in one charter, and Marietta, a compound name, made up from the Christian name of Mrs. Anderson and Mrs. Cook. During the war of 1812 Marietta gi'ew very rapidly, and was the scene of the wildest speculation for the first five years of its history, which ended in disaster, the extent of which but seldom, if it ever, occured in the history of the State. Tlie place did not recover from the shock until the completion of the Pennsylvania canal, and the location of the railroad in 1851. It has been gradually improving, and, at the present time, is one of the most important business places in the rural districts. Its population is nearly four thousand. From the energy and business tact of many of its leading- citizens, it is destined to be an important city at no distant- day. During the war of 1812, and the more recent ones. Marietta furnished her full quota of soldiers, many of whom rose to distinction by reason of their valor. Maytown is situated two miles rorth-west of Marietta, in the heart of a fine agricultural district. It was laid out by John Doner, in 1155, and was one of the first and most important places west of Lancaster borough. The back settlers came maiiy miles to purchase tea and coffee at a store kept by James Eagan, those luxuries not being for sale at any other place west of Lancaster. He was also the first person west of Lancaster to keep ironmongery for sale. During the Revolution Ma3^town was a lively place, and furnished a number of soldiers for that and the subsequent wars. It does not, however, occupy the important position it did one hundred years ago. Falmouth is at the mouth of Conewago creek, which is here crossed by a canal aqueduct. The famous Conewago falls are in the neighborhood. The descent of the river, within a distance of little more than a mile, is probably not less than seventy feet ; forming rapids, whirlpools, snags, and every conceivable obstruction to the passage of a raft. The passage of this water}^ ordeal is a terror to the universal rafting community. Their frail platforms, creeping like snakes over the rocks, plunge, creep, and bend in every direction ; the high waves rolling and splashing frightfully, renders the adventure at once exciting, novel, and perilous. Many old river-men make a livelihood by piloting rafts through these terrible falls. At an early day, says Professor Haldeman, the Conewago falls limited the boat navigation of the Susquehanna, so that the keel- boats unloaded at Falmouth, whence their cargoes (chiefly of grain) were LANCASTER COUNTY. 845 transferred to wagons and distributed. This caused the construction of a turn- pike road fi'om Falmouth to Elizabethtown, which was superseded by Hopkins' canal, a disastrous speculation, which was a continual drain on the resources of Mr. Hopkins, a distinguished lawyer. The turnpike being thus rendered useless, grass grew upon it, and sometimes the stalk of a pumpkin would wander over it from an adjoining field, which caused it to be named " The Pump- kin-vine Turnpike." After being a constant expense to Mr. Hopkins, his canal was in turn superseded by the Pennsylvania canal, when he might have recovered a part of his losses by selling out to the State, but he asked too high a price, and the State canal was located independently. The workmen on the canal, during its construction, about two miles east of Bainbridge, came upon one end of an old Indian burial ground. A great many articles of use and ornament were discovered ; there were crocks, hatchetsL tomahawks, arrow heads, bullets, buck shot, thimbles, beads, pipes, etc. '~"~ Donegal township was settled several years before its organization in 1122, by a number of Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, who deserve more than a passing notice. Many of them occupied a prominent position in colonial times, and the records of the Revolutionary war and that of 1812 fully establish their claim to the purest patriotism and love of country. Whatever is said to their credit equally applies to the Scotch-Irish who settled in the south-eastern section of the county and the back settlements beyond Donegal. Of those who first settled in the township, and were there at the time of the organization of the count}^, and were brought into public notice, the Galbraiths deserve the first attention. James (probably the father), John, James, Jr., and Andrew Galbraith, came over to America with William Penn, from Queenstown. The family of Galbraiths are of the remotest antiquity. Its name is derived from the Celtic, and it originally belongs to the Lenox of Scotland. It was in the parish of Baldernoch chiefs of the name had their residence. The Gal- braiths of the Isle of Ghiga descended from those of Baldernoch, having fled there with Lord James Stewart, youngest son of Murdoch, Duke of Albany, from the Lenox, after burning Dumbarton, in the reign of James the First of Scotland. They continued to hold that island un^il after a.d. 1500. Tiie following lines, from the Scotch, show the estimation in vvhich the name was held : '* Galbraiths from the Red Tower, Noblest of Scottish surnames." There is now a small island in Scotland called " Inch (Island) Galbraith." Upon it is the ruin of a stone tower, one of the strongholds built by the clan when war was the rule. A circumstance occurred a few years ago, while one of .the Galbraith fam- ily was traveling in Scotland, which clearly establishes the origin of the family of tliat name in America. Hearing that a family of that name resided where he stopped for a few days, Mr. G. called upon them and showed them a coat of arms of the family in America. He was greatly surprised when they produced a precise counterpart of it. Three bears' heads muzzled, on a shield surmounted by a knight's helmet and crest, with the motto, "Ab obice saevior" (stronger from oiDposition), seems never to have been forgotten by the Gall)nuth.s. When 846 HISTOB Y OF PEN^S YL VAJSflA. the county was organized, Andrew Galbraith was appointed th«^ first coroner. The first jury drawn he was a member of, as well as his brother John, txnd several others from Donegal. In 1730 Andre-w was appointed one of the justices of the peace and of the common pleas court, which position he held with honor until 1745, when we lose sight of him entirely. He also was elected a member of Assembly in 1732, after an animated contest, in which his wife conducted tke election in person, she having mounted her mare " Nelly " and rode among the Scotch-Irish, who followed her to Lancaster,' at the polls, where she addressed them most efl'ectually. He was afterwards re-elected without opposition for several terms in succession. He resided upon Little Chicques creek, a short distance below the point where the Mount Joy and Marietta turnpike crosses Donegal run. John Galbraith was elected sheriflf in 1731. He resided at the crossing above Andrew Galbraith, where he built a grist mill. He owned large tracts of land along the river and at his residence. He died in 1754. Janet, his widow, and James Galbraith, of Lancaster, his executors, sold the mill property in 1757 to John Bayley. James Galbraith, first spoken of, removed to Swatara creek, and had pro- bably been dead for some years before this. James Galbraith, Jr., was elected sheriff in 1742 and '43. He married Elizabeth, the only daughter of the Kev. William Bertram, who lived upon the Swatara, and removed there in 1757. From thence he removed to Pennsborough township, in Cumberland county, in 1760. He was a justice in Lancaster county for many years, and took an active part to protect the settlers in Derry, Paxton, etc. from the savage fury of the Indians during the French war of 1755. During the Revolution he was ap- pointed lieutenant for Cumberland county. Being too advanced in years to do active duty, he was consulted by others in matters pertaining to his county. The Galbraiths of Cumberland county all come from James Galbraith, Jr. Every one of his sons became prominent in the Revolutionary war on the side of the patriots. Bertram Galbraith, first lieutenant in Lancaster county, was his son, and did noble service in the cause of his countr3\ Robert Buchannan, another of ti.ese early settlers in Donegal, was elected sheriff for the years 1732-'3-'4, and 1738-'9-'40. He rendered valuable aid to the Penns in the conflict with the Marylanders. His brother Arthur was nearly killed by them. He was also in the Revolutionary army. He emoved to Cumberland county from Donegal. Samuel Smith, another of the first settlers, was sheriff in 1735-'7. He resided upon the farm adjoining John Galbraith, on little Chicques. It was he, assisted by the Sterrats and twenty-four others of his neighbors, who went down and stormed Cresap's fort, and took him a prisoner to Philadelphia. John Sterrat was elected sheriff in 1744. His son James was elected to the same office, in 1745-'6-'7 and '8. John resided further up Chicques creek on the east side, and James on the farm north of John Galbraith's. The family have always occupied a prominent position in public affairs. Their descendants are numerous in Tuscarora and Kishicoquillas valleys. Judge Sterrat of Pitts- burgh comes of this stock. George Stewart, Esq., who resided upon the banks of the river three miles LANCASTEli COUNTY. 841 above Wright's ferry, was a prominent man. He was a justice, and resided tliere fifteen years before tlie count}^ was organized. It was he who died in 1'732, after being elected a member of the Legislature, and for which vacancy John Wright was elected after being ousted by Andrew Galbraith. The Allisons, Fultons, and several other prominent persons intermarried into his family. Ephraim Moore settled about a mile north-west from Donegal spring. His son Zachariah was an officer in the Revolutionary war, and was at the battles of Brandy wine and German town. James Mitchell was a land surveyor and a justice of the peace. He lived in the township before 1722. John French (of Delaware), Francis Worley (of Manor), and James Mitchel, surveyed Springets-bury Manor, containing seventy- five thousand five hundred acres, in 1722. July 12, 1722, he and James Letort held a council with the chiefs of the Conestogoes, Shawanese, Conoys, and Nanticoke Indians at Conoytown, in Donegal. He was elected sheriff of the county in 1741 ; member of Assembly in 1727, and in 1744-'5 and 1746. He was one of the trustees of Donegal church ; Penns issued a patent to them in 1740. John and Thomas Mitchell were active men. Gordon Howard lived on Chicques creek near Sheriff Smith. He was a prominent Indian trader ; was county commissioner in 1737. He was intermarried with James Patterson's (the Indian trader in Hempfield) family. The family removed from Donegal before the Revolution. The Hays, Kerrs, Hendricks, Dunlaps, Chambers, Cunningliams, Works, Clingmans, Wilkins, all come from this early stock in Donegal. There is a possible President among the descendants of the above. Andrew Work was sheriff in 1749-'50; Thomas Smith, sheriff in 1752-'3-'4; John Hay, sheriff in 1762-'3; William Kelly in 1777-'8; Joseph Work in 1779-'80-'81 ; Thomas Edwards in 1782-'3-'4; John Miller in 1785-'6-'7. It is likely two or three others filled that office from Donegal before the Revolution. The Quakers seem to have conceded the post of sheriff to the Scotch-Irish and Irish of Donegal, who, by virtue of their office, had to perform disagreeable and dangerous duties. The Irish and Scotch-Irish of Donegal were the first to follow the old French Indian traders in the traffic with the red man of the forest. Edmund Cartlidge (of Manor), Jonas Davenport, and Henry Baly, of Donegal, were the first to cross the Allegheny mountains and trade with the Indians along the Ohio and its branches. This was in 1727. At the first court held at John Postlewhaite's, James Patterson, Hemphill (now Manor), Edmund Cartlidge, and Peter Chartier (of Manor), and John Law- rence, Jonas Davenport, Oliver Wallis, Patrick Boyd, Lazarus Lowrey, William Dunlap, William Beswick, John Wilkins, Thomas Perrin, and John Harris, all of Donegal, were licensed by the court to trade with the Indians. Eight of them were licensed " to sell liquor by the small." The Wilkins lived on Chicques creek. John Harris settled at an early date at the mouth of Paxtang creek. Lazarus Lowrey lived upon the farm now owned by Mr. Cameron, between Donegal church and Marietta. Dennis Sullivan lived next to L. Lowrey; Simon Girtee, Paxtang ; David Hendricks, Manor ; John Galbraith, Donegal ; Fran(;is Waters, Donegal; Peter Corbie, Donegal; Thomas Mitchell, Donegal; James 848 HISTOR Y OF FINN'S YL VANIA. Demi}', Donegal ; James, John, Daniel, and Alexander, sons of Lazarus Lowrey, all of Donegal ; Hugh Crawford, Donegal ; George Croghan and John Frazier lived further up the river, and Joseph Simons of Lancaster borough, and William Trent, all of whom were well known throughout the Province. Many of them became wealthy. John Burt, John Kelly, and several others from Donegal, traded with the Indians often without taking out an annual license. They made the Indians drunk, and when in that state abused and took advantage of them, which caused no little trouble to the Governor and council. Of these traders Harris, Letort, Croghan, Hendricks, Davenport, Crawford, Simons, Trent, and the Lowre3's were the most famous. In 1750 a drunken Indian set fire to a keg of powder, at the forks of the Ohio, which exploded and killed John Lowrey. A curious incident grew out of the affair. A French Indian trader was arrested and placed in irons at a fort between Detroit and the Pict's country. He made his escape to the Picts, who took him for a spy and were going to kill him. After consultation they gave him over to Lowrey's hands, who brought him a prisoner to Donegal, to be held as a hostage by James Lowrey until the Indian that killed his brother John was given up by the French. So writes William Trent to the secretary, from Lancaster? August 18, 1750. Lazarus Lowrey married twice. His last wife was the widow of Thomas Edwards (who was a member of Assembly in 1729-'32, n35-'36, and 1739). He died in Philadelphia, in 1755. James Lowrey removed from Donegal before the Revolution, as did also Daniel his brother. Alexander Lowrey remained. He purchased his father's and brothers' land in Donegal, and at the close of the Revolution was one of the largest landholders in the State. He was one of the twenty-two traders attacked by the Indians at Bloody run in 1763, and came very near losing his life there. He was guide to General Forbes' expedition in 1758, and to Colonel Bouquet's expedition in 1763, and was at the bloody battle of Bushy Run. He was one of the first and most active of the patriots in 1774 ; same year was on committee of correspondence and to confer with those of other counties, in Philadelphia ; member of Assembly in 1775 and 1776 ; elected colonel of 3d battalion of Lancaster county militia in 1776 ; was senior officer and commanded the Lancaster county militia at battle of Brandywine, September 11, 1777 ; a member of Assembly in 1778 and 1779 ; also a member of the Senate. In 1784, at the important treaty with the Indians at Fort Mcintosh, the government appointed him messenger to go to the different Indian tribes and gather them to the fort. He was also chosen by the govern- ment to bring in the Indians to Fort Detroit at a treaty. In a few weeks after leaving the fort, he returned to it at the head of several hundred Indians. These feats are somewhat remarkable when we come to consider that he was over sixty years of age. Governor Mifflin appointed him a justice of the peace for Donegal, Mount Joy, and Rapho townships. He retired to his farm at Marietta. He was honored and respected by every one. He died in January, 1805. Bertram Galbraith (son of James G., Jr.) resided at Conoy creek (Bain- bridge). He was appointed lieutenant for the county, and performed the most trying and difficult duties during the gloomy period of the Revolutionary war. LANCASTER COUNTY. 849 John Bayley lived upon the farm now owned by John Graybill, in Donegal, and was a member of the Council. James Bayley, Esq., was his brother, and lived on Donegal run, at the crossing of the Mount Joy and Marietta pike. He was wagon-master for the count}' during the Revolution. The constable was Walter Bell, of Maytown, who was at the battle of Brandywine. James Cunningham lived near Mount Joy ; was lieutenant-colonel in Colonel Lowrey's battalion ; was member of the Legislature for several terms, also surve3'or-general of the State for the eastern section ; was a large landholder. He died in Lancaster. John, David, and Robert Jameson, who lived near Elizabethtown, were officers in the Revolution, and were at the battle of Brandywine. They were large landholders. One of them left six pounds to Donegal church annually, so long as they should have a " pasture." Jacob, Jolui, 'and James Cook were officers in the Revolution. In fact, every officer and soldier in Colonel Lowrey's 3d battalion were from Donegal and Raplio and Mount Joy townships. There are not half a dozen descendants of these patriotic forefathers who now reside in Donegal. They are scattered through the west and south-west, and have planted colonies everywhere. Old Donegal church must not be for- gotten. She was the centre around which these Presbyterians were Avont to congregate. Upon one occasion, in the early stages of the Revolution, after the close of religious service, they met under the shade of a giant oak which stood a few 3^ards from the north-east end of the church, around which they joined hands and pledged their faith to each other, and to stand by the patriotic cause until the shackles of the despot were riven asunder. Chicques, abridged from Chicquesalunga, the name of the creek which receives a short distance north of this pla(3e the Little Chicquesalunga, and forms the south-east boundary of the township, is a romantic spot with a magni- ficent river view, and is the residence of Professor S. S. Haldeman, the distin- guished naturalist and philologist. West Donegal joins Dauphin county and the townships of East Donegal and Conoy. The village of Newville, commonly called Eutstown, is near the north-western extremity of the township. Drumore is on the Octoraro creek, which forms its north-east boundary, while Muddy creek forms part of the north-west line. Conowingo creek crosses it, and upon this stream there is a forge, and Fishing and Fairfield creeks flow from it into the Susquehanna river. Earl, including East Earl, contains 31,31T acres. It comprises the villages of New Holland, Vogansville, Laurel Hill, Hinkletown, and Amsterdam. The Welsh mountain protrudes into the south-eastern extremity of the township. It is traversed by the Conestoga creek at the northern boundary in a westerly direction, and by Mill creek in the same direction near the southern boundary. East and West Earl townships are traversed by the Conestoga creek. The prominent villages of the former are Fairville and Toledo ; of the latter, Brownstown, Earlville, and Fairmount. Eden township adjoins Strasburg. At Quarryville is the terminus of the Lancaster and Quarryville railroad. This has given the town a wonderful start, and within the 3-ear numbers of dwellings have been erected, and gives great promise of future success. 3 D 850 HISTO EY OF PUNNS YL VANIA. Elizabeth township was formerly included in Warwick township. Robert Old, to whom reference has been made, named this township in honor of Queen Elizabeth. Its surface is hilly ; the soil, limestone, gravel, and red shale at the northern boundary. Hammer creek traverses the township in a south-easterly direction, and derives its name from the forge hammers erected on it at an early date. This township is divided from Clay by Middle creek, so called from its course, which is midway between the Cocalico and Hammer creeks. Hopewell and Speedwell forges and Elizabeth furnace are located in this township. Ephrata township is ti-aversed by Trout creek, which, entering the township it the north boundary, flows into Cocalico creek. A small section of its eastern extremity is watered by Muddy creek, on which is located the village of Hinkle- town. The central portion of the township is hilly, Ephrata ridge being a prominent point where, at an altitude of twelve hundred and fifty feet above tide-water, from an observatory over sixty feet high, a very extensive and beautiful view may be enjoyed. The observatory forms part of the Ephrata Mountain springs, a celebrated and much frequented watering-place, established about 1848. The water, sandstone and slate, is very pure and soft, and varies in temperature from 49° to 52° Fahrenheit. Fulton township, named in honor of Robert Fulton, who was born within its limits. The Conowingo creek crosses the township. Hempfield township occupied a very prominent position in colonial times, and furnished many historical personages, several of whom have been mentioned under the head of Columbia. Thomas Ewing (the father of General James Ewing) lived in the valley adjoining the Shellabargers, two miles east of Columbia. He was a member of Assembly from 1739 to 1Y42. Professor S. S. Haldeman, whose fame is world-wide as one of the most accomplished scientific and linguistic scholars upon the continent, resides at Chicques Rock. He is an enthusiast, and follows with ardor his specialties, and is constantly making new discoveries and giving the world the benefit of them. It will richly repay any person to visit his hospitable mansion, and inspect his vast collection of beads, stone implements, etc. Hugh Paden lived upon Chicques creek, and was a captain in the Revolutionary army. West Hempfield is a rich agricultural district, and can boast of some of the finest farms in the county. The farmers are wealthy and industrious. The township was divided in August, 1818. It contains an area of 13,700 acres ; its greatest length is eight miles, greatest breadth, five miles. Hempfield Manor, belonging to Governor John Penn, was laid out upon Chestnut Hill. Chestnut Hill is very thickly settled, which presents to the eye of the beholder the appearance of a continuous town from the Columbia and Marietta turnpike to Mountville on the Lancaster turnpike. Within this semi- circle are embraced the villages of Kinderhook, Ironville, and Heistandville, the latter of which was laid out by John Heistand, in 1804. Mountville is the principal village in the township. It is beautifully located upon a ridge four miles east of Columbia. The Lancaster turnpike runs through its length. The town is growing rapidly ; several large tobacco ware- houses have been built along the railroad at the station. It is a very desirable location for retired wealthy farmers, many of whom are moving into it and LANCASTER COUNTY. 851 erecting comfortable dwellings. There are three furnaces, several mills, school houses, and churches in the township. In looking over General Ewing's papers, I find a deed from John Gardner, who owned six hundred acres of land on the south side of " Shecassalungo creek," for which he received a warrant as early as 17 16. John Ross, whose name appears frequently among the Scotch-Irish, who resisted Cresap, deeded two hundred acres of the same tract of land to Thomas Ewing (father of General Ewing), March 1, 1137. The name of the creek referred to above has suffered many mutations, but I believe the above ought to be adhered to. The principal villages in East Hempfield are Petersburg and IIempfield, commonly called Roiirerstown, after its founder. Both places were laid out during the speculative times of the war of 181 '2. Landisville is also a thriving place. The Methodist Episcopal church cam p-m e e t i n g grounds lie in the close vicinity. East Lamp- eter is traversed centrally by the Pennsylvania rail- road, with a sta- tion at Bird-in hand. This name is said to have originated in the sign of an inn, displa3-ing a man with a bird in his hand, and point- ing to two other birds on a tree, and pictorially il- lustrating the proverb " that a bird in the liand is worth two in the bush." Lancaster township is the smallest township in the county. Maniieim township joins Lancaster city and township. The Little Cone- stoga flows in a southerly course along the western, and the Conestoga in a south-western direction along the eastern boundaries of the township. The Pennsylvania railroad crosses the southernmost extremity, and after passing through Lancaster city, traverses the south-western part of the township, form- ing a bifurcation at Dillerville. Manheim borough was laid out about 17G0 or 1761, by Wilhelm Heinrich Steigel, an eccentric German, who for many years had managed the Elizabeth iron works. He bought two hundred acres of land from Messrs. Stedman, of Philadelphia, built a large brick house, which the simplicity of the times described as a great castle, remaining to this day, with Dutch tiles in the fire- places, and a coarse kind of German canvas tapestry hanging on the walls. It was built of imported brick, and contained a pulpit in the salon. Steigel was, in THE NEW LANCASTER COUNTY HOSPITAL. [From a Pliolograph by Wm. U Gill.] 852 HISTOB Y OF P ENNS YL VAJSflA. turn, ironmaster, glass manufacturer, a preacher, and teacher, and died in the latter capacity ver}' poor, a special act for his relief having been passed December 24, 1774. Manheim is improving very rapidly. Its business is extending, and it is destined at no distant day to be" a city. Manor township contains the borough of Washington, on the Susquehanna river, the village of Millersville, where is located the State Normal school, and the most interesting historical locality in the county, the famous Indian town of Conestoga, about seven miles distant from Lancaster city. Not a vestige of its Indian character remains, but the early annals of the county assign to it a prominence altogether unique. It is better known in history as Indian Town, because of the treaties held there and the extermination of the Indians, which is given in full in the General History. Its history dates but a few years back of the arrival of William Penn, in 1682. The largest and oldest settlement of Indians was upon the farm of Jacob Staman, extending along down the river beyond the farm of Jacob Wittmer, in Washington borough. In 1608, their town numbered over two thousand souls. For more than one hundred j^ears, implements of various kinds belonging to the stone age have been ploughed up upon the site of this town. Many of these relics have been preserved, others given away to friends in distant parts of the country, and great quantities have been thrown away as objects of no interest. In the spring of 1876, while making some investigation as to the location of the town, b}'- the writer, he awakened an interest in the matter, in consequence of which the boys have been hunting upon Mr. Wittmer's farm for Indian relics, and have been rewarded for their curiosity by finding more than one thousand beads of various kinds, some of which are similar to those used by the Phoenicians many centuries ago. They also found a number of stone implements and heads of animals carved in stone. A rich field is opisned up to the archaeologist. Our space will not permit a more extended notice of these valuable discoveries. Martic township is well watered by the Pequea creek along its northern boundary. Muddy creek on the south-east, and the Tucquan creek crossing it centrally. This township is very hilly, with fine river scenery, especially near Mc Call's ferry. Mount Joy township lies between the Conewago creek and the Little Chicquesalunga. From December, 1777, to Ma}--, 1778, General Anthony Wayne, with over two thousand troops, were encamped about one mile north- east of the borough of Mount Joy. One-third of the army were entirely desti- tute of shoes, stockings, shirts, or blankets. In consequence, their sufferings were terrible. Mount Joy borough was laid out by Jacob Rohrer, in 1812, and the lots dispos'ed of by lotterj^ The adjoining village of Richland, not part of the borough, was laid out a year or two later by several persons. Mount Joy is a thriving place, containing several churches, a female seminary, and a bo3's' school. The latter has been converted into a successful soldiers' orphan school, under the superintendency of Professor Jesse Kennedy. Paradise township is on the south side of, Pequea creek. Kinzer's, Leaman Place, and Paradise are the prominent towns. The latter was originally settled by Mr. Abraham Wittmer, who built a mill there. When in 1804, it was made a post-town, and needed a name, Mr. Wittmer remarked that to him it was a LANCASTER COUNTY. 853 paradise, and thus it obtained its pleasant name. It contains se^'eral churches, and, at present, a soldiers' orplian school. Penn township lies on the east side of the Big Chicquesalnnga. The Reading and Columbia railroad crosses the southern section of the township. Pequea and Providence are adjoining townships. The Conestoga flows along the northern, and the Pequea along the southern border of the former, while the Big Beaver flows along the north-eastern boundary of the latter, uniting with the Pequea, which forms its north-west boundary. New Provi- dence and Smithville are prominent villages. Rapho township borders on Lebanon county. The Little Chicquesalunga creek flows along its western boundary in a southed}^ direction, and joins the Big Chic- quesalunga, which runs along the eastern and southern boundaries of the town- ship, near Musselman's mill at its south-western extremity. Mastersonville, Mount Hope, Old Line, and Sporting Hill, are thriving villages. Sadsbury township borders on Chester county. The Octoraro creek rises near and flows along the eastern bound ry, and gives motion to three forges within the township, and one immediately below its southern line. Mine ridge runs along the northern boundary, at the foot of which, on the Wilmington and Lan- caster turnpike road, is a post-office called the •' Gap." Salisbury township, adjoining the foregoing, is centrally distant east from Lancaster about sixteen miles. It is drained by the Pequea creek, upon the branches of which are several mills and one forge. The Welsh mountain runs along the north, and Mine ridge upon its south boundary. Strasburg township is on the Pequea. It contains the borough of Stras- BURG. It is an old German settlement. A Mr. Sample, ancester of an old Lan- caster county family, was the first and only English settler at the time of the Revolution. The place was formerly' known as Bettelhausen, Beggarstown. The logs for the first house were hauled by a Mr. Hoffman. The first house in Stras- burg was erected in 1733. The ancient road from Lancaster to Philadelphia ran through this place, and from it was called the Strasburg road. The old King's highway ran through Strasburg to the mouth of the Conestoga. It contains several churches, and a branch railroad connects with the Pennsylvania Central railroad at Leaman Place. The town was laid out before the Revolution. Warwick township received its name from Richard Carter, one of the first settlers, and first constable appointed in 1739. On the farm of Simon Hostetter, part of the old Carter tract, is a lake two hundred feet in circumference, of great depth, which at one time was erroneously supposed to be bottomless. Rocks come up to the water's edge on one side, and if large stones are rolled over the rocks into the water, they may be heard for several seconds to bound from rock to rock in their descent. Its more prominent towns are Litiz, Rothsvillc, and Brunnersville. Washington borough was formed by the consolidation of Washington and Charleston, both places having been laid out between 1800 and 1810. Before the completion of the public improvements it was a place of great importance, and immense stores of grain and whiskey were sent down the river from the rich country back of it. The Columbia and Port Deposit railroad passes through the place. It is the site of an Indian town many hundred years old. LAWRENCE COUNTY. BY D. X. JUNKIN, D,D., NEW CASTLE. AWRENCE county was erected out of portions of Beaver and Mercer, by an act of Assembl}^, approved the 20tli day of March, 1849, the organization to take place September 1st of the same j'ear. William Evans, of Indiana county, William F. Packer, of Lj^coming, and William Potter, of Mifflin, were appointed commissioners to run and mark the boundary lines. Mr. Packer did not attend, and his place was supplied by James Potter, of Centre county. Henry Pearson, Esq., of New Castle, was the survej'or who performed the work of running the boundaries. The count}^ is bounded nortli and south by the counties from which it was taken, Mercer and Beaver, cast by Butler, and west by the Ohio line. New Castle was selected as the county seat, but without prescription to the borough lim- its, for the site for the court house was selected upon a hill east of the borough, and outside of its boundaries. It is now, since New Cas- tle has been incor- porated into a city, in the first ward of the Chty. 'l"he county was named after Perry's flagship in the battle of Lake Erie, whicli was named in honor of Captain James Lawrence, U. S. N., whose 854 LAWKENCE COUNTY COURT HOUSE, NEW CASTLE. [From a Photograph by A. ^\'. Phipps, New Castle.] / L A WEEN CE CO UNTY. 855 brilliant imval career was terminated by bis obstinate defence of the frigate Chesapeake against the British ship Shannon, in which conflict Lawrence was mortally wounded, and heroically uttered, as they carried him below, the memorable words, "Don't give up the siiipI" When the Commonwealth constructed her lines of canals and railroad from Philadelphia to Lake Erie, the Beaver division connected Pittsburgh with New Castle, by river navigation to the mouth of Beaver, and by canal and slack- water navigation up that river to New Castle, and thence, ultimately, by a similar improvement to Lake Erie, near to the city of the same name. This great improvement passed through the heart of Lawrence county, and con- tributed largely to the development of her resources. And although the canal is now disused, having given way to railroad transportation, it was of immense benefit to this county. Previous to the construction of the public works, com- paratively little of the staple products of the country could reach a remunerative market. Some flour and grain were sent to New Orleans ; whiskey could some- times bear expensive transportation ; hides and peltry yere exported to some extent ; but the chief dependence of these counties for purchasing dry goods, groceries, and other articles of necessity or of luxury, were cattle and horses, which could transport tliemselves. Many "droves" of these were annually taken to eastern markets. At first the merchants were generally the purchasers of cattle and horses, exchanging their goods and other commodities for them, then driving them east, selling them and bringing back merchandise in return. This process rarely brought money to the country, and it was consequently very scarce ; and for a long time, if you inquired the price of a commodity in a store you would be told " so much in cash" and "so much in trade" — the latter being a heavy percentage higher than the former. The writer remembers when freightage per wagon was ten dollars per hundred-weight from Philadelphia to any point in Lawrence county. Now it is less than a dollar. Lawrence county was originally covered with dense forests of oak, chestnut, hickory, poplar, pine, and other trees. To "clear" the ground ready for the plow was a herculean task. To get rid of the timber, it was "deadened" by girdling the sap wood — cut up, rolled into "log-heaps" and burned. Sometimes pot-ash was made out of the ashes ; but oftener it was wasted or plowed under. The early settlers seemed to look upon forest trees as a sort of enemies tliat ought to be extirpated. Hence their slaughter of the forest was inconsiderate and blame-worthy. The present inhabitants deplore this destruction of the timber. So long as the wood for fuel was abundant, little effort was made to discover otlier material for that purpose. But, in the progress of years, rich deposits of bituminous coal were discovered and developed, and now it is the chief fuel used in the county, and vast quantities are used in furnaces and large quantities exported. Iron ore, rich and abundant, also exists, and beds of limestone inexhaustible, and the county has become a large manufacturer of iron. On Slippery Rock, at Wampum, on the Beaver, and at New Castle, smelting furnaces have been long in blast ; and in the latter place rolling mills, nail and nut factories, and other forms of manufacturing iron in bars, rails, and sheets, have been introduced. Like most of the counties west of the Allegheny river and north of the Ohio, 85 6 HISTOE V OF PEXNS Y L VANIA. it was settled chiefly by the Scotch-Irish, or the descendants of that race, who migrated from the older counties of Western Pennsylvania, the eastern counties, and some directly from Ireland itself. Cumberland, Franklin, Westmoreland, Fayette, and Washington furnished the greater number ; but some came from other counties, and a few from the States of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. A considerable German element also was early introduced, and constituted a valuable portion of the population, whilst a few of English and Dutch ancestry came from New Jersey. The territory of this county, at the time of the battle of Miami Rapids, and of Wayne's treaty with the north-western Indians, was occupied b}^ remnants of the Delaware Indians, with some admixture of Senecas, and it may be a few sporadic families of the Shawanese and other tribes. The Delawares, as the white population rolled around them, left the country lying between the Susquehanna and Delaware rivers, came further west and occupied the lands along the Allegheny river, and between that river and the lakes on the north, and the Muskingum o» the west. The names, Neshannock, Mahoning, and the like, applied to streams in this county, identify the tribes giving these names to them with the Delawares, who applied the same and similar names to Neshanick in New Jersey, and Mahoning in eastern Pennsylvania. After the ratification of Wayne's treaty, and the extinguishment of the Indian claim to the region between the Ohio and the lakes, the white inhabitants began to settle on the north side of the Ohio, and to occupy the lands now composing Lawrence county. But long before this, a measure of civilization and the Christian religion had been introduced within the bounds of this county, by the godly and indefatigable labors of the Unitns Fralrum^ usually called Moravian Brethren. David Zeisberger and Gottlob Senseman were the first white men who dwelt within the boundaries of Lawrence county. The story of their migration from what is now Bradford county, first to a site on the Allegheny river, in Forest county, and thence to the banks of the Beaver, within the present bounds of Lawrence county, is one of thrilling interest, and is briefly alluded to in the sketch of Forest count3^ While these devoted men were toiling in that wild and unpro- mising field, they were visited by Glikkikan, a captain and principal counsellor of Packanke, a chief whose tribe was settled within the bounds of Lawrence county. Glikkikan was renowned as a warrior, and celebrated amongst the natives as a man of peculiar eloquence. He made a journey to Lawunakhannek for the purpose of refuting the doctrines of Christianity. On his way up he disputed successfully with the French Jesuits at Venango (Franklin), and was very confident that he could put the Moravian missionaries to confusion. This distinguished chief and orator was escorted, with great pomp, by Wagomen and the heathen Indians, to the Christian village. Zeisberger was absent, but Anthony, a native convert and assistant, received them courteously, and made so impressive a speech, setting forth the Christian doctrine of a godhead, of creation, of the fall, of revelation, of the incarnation and death and resurrection of Christ, and of salvation through him, as astonished the visitors. And Zeisberger, coming in at the time, confirmed^ his words, and such was the effect upon Glikkikan, that, instead of delivering the elaborate speech which he had prepared against Christianity, he replied, "I have nothing to say; I believe LAWRENCE COUNTY. 35^ your words." And when he retm-ned to the heathen town, instead of boastino- of a victory over the missionaries, he advised his fellow savages to go and heaT- the gospel. Shortly after this event there was a famine along the Allegheny, and Zeisberger and Senseman had to go to Fort Pitt for supplies, and were instrumental in preventing an Indian war, by convincing the authorities there that certain devastations and murders had been committed, not by the Indians on the Allegheny, but by a roving band of Senecas on their way South. Soon after their return, Glikkikan made them another visit, and informed them that he had determined to embrace Christianity, and invited them in the name of his chief Packanke, to come and settle on a tract of land on the Beaver near Kaakask'unk^ which he offered for the exclusive use of the mission. The result was that Zeisberger, Senseman, and their Christian Indians accepted the offer of the chief Packanke, and removed to the valley of the Beaver. On the 17th day of April, 1770, they left Oil creek in fifteen canoes, after a friendly parting with their former persecutors, Wangomen and his people. In three days they reached Fort Pitt (now Pittsburgh), formerly the French Fort Duquesne. Proceeding down the Ohio to the mouth of the Beaver, they ascended that river, carrying their canoes around its rapids, and arrived at the locality on which they had determined to fix their settlement. It was two miles below the conflu- ence of the Shenango and the Mahoning, which form the Beaver river and about five miles below the present city of New Castle. They first settled and began to build on the east bank of the Beaver, where the hamlet of Moravia now stands ; but not long after, deeming that site unhealthy, they selected another on the ridge west of the river, where they built their town and church. The site is close by, but a little north by west of the Moravia station on the Bcave r Valley railroad. As the immigrants passed up the Beaver, they found an Indian village, which stood near to or upon the site of the present town of New- port. It was inhabited by a community of women, all single, and pledged never to marry. About a mile above this point was their first encampment, where they built bark huts — the first site above mentioned. Thus encamped, they scut an embassy to Packanke, whose capital stood near or upon the site of the pre- . sent New Castle,* at the junction of the Neshannock creek with the Shenango. This town was called New Kaskaskiink. Old Kaskaskiink, the former capital, was near the junction of the Shenango and Mahoning, where two railroads now meet. Abraham, a native convert, and Zeisberger were at the head of the deputation, and were received by the venerable chief at his own house. They thanked him for his grant of land and his kind tender of a home, and in re- sponse, he bade them welcome to his country, and pledged them protection. They soon began to build more substantial houses, to clear land and to plant, and by the close of autumn were prepared for the rigors of winter. The Indians from distant localities soon began to visit the town ; to which Zeisberger had given the Indian name of Languntouteniink — (Friedensstadt — in English, City of Peace). Monseys from the former location of Goschgoschiink were first to come and cast in their lot with the Christian Indians. Glikkikan soon after came from * Dr. Schweinitz, the biographer of Zeisberger, to whom the writer is indebted for most of the above details, tliinksit was at the junction of tlie Neshannock and Shenango; others think it was vip the Mahoning, where Edinburg now stands. I tliinli it was tlie former. 858 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Kaskaskiink, and became a decided Christian; and continued so until he was slainby ColonelWilliamsou'smcnatGnadenhutten on the Muskingum. The conversion of his bravest warrior and most eloquent counsellor exas- perated the chief Packanke. He reproached Glikkikan and denounced the mis- sion. He taunted Glikkikan with deserting him and his counsel — with a desire to turn white, and other reproaches. " Do you expect to get a white skin ? Not (jne of 3'our feet will turn white. Were 3'ou not a brave man, and a good coun- sellor ? . . . And now you despise all this. You think you have found something better. Wait ! you will soon find how much 3'ou have been deceived." To which the converted warrior only replied, "You are right. I have joined the Brethren. Where they go I will go : where thej' lodge I will lodge ; their people shall be my people, and their God my God." A few days afterward he was so affected under the preaching of the gospel as to sob aloud. " A haughty war captain," writes Zeisberger, "weeps publicly in the presence of his former asso- ciates ! It is marvelous !" Packanke made opposition for some time, but an event soon after occurred which reconciled him. This was the adoption into the Mensey tribe of Zeis- berger. This ceremony took place on the 14th of Julj', 1170, at Kaskaskiink; and the missionary was invested with all the rights and privileges of a Monsey. This proved the complete triumph of the missionary, and was the source of much influence for good among the red men. The new and larger town, on the west side of the Beaver, was laid out by Zeisberger, late in July, and was rapidly ?juilt. About the same time, John George Jungmann and his wife arrived atthe mission, and Senseman returned to eastern Pennsylvania. Mr. Jungmann understood the Delaware language thoroughly, and was of much assistance to Zeisberger in preaching and teaching. A great revival followed. Many were converted. Glikkikan was baptized, together with Gendaskund, on Christmas day, and soon others ; so that by the beginning of 1171 the number of Christian professors in the town was seventy- three. On the 20th of June, 1771, a log church was dedicated, and the church .members had increased to one hundred. It would be interesting to trace the history of this town and settlement of Christian Indians up the time that they removed from the bounds of Lawrence county to the new settlements of Chris- tain Indians on toe Tuscarawas, in what is now Ohio, but it would exceed the space allotted to this sketch. Through Zeisberger's agency in exploring the country and recommending the enterprises, missions had been established by the Brethren on the Tuscarawas, in the Muskingum valley, Ohio. Zeisberger took active part in the enterprise, and left the care of the mission at Friedens- stadt in the hands of Jungmann and others. Meanwhile difficulties began to sur- round the mission. Drunkenness was introduced among the heathen Indians by traders ; and they would come from Kaskaskiink, and other towns, to Frei- densstadt, and howl along the streets in a drunken and threatening manner ; and sometimes use violence to the Christian inhabitants. In view of these troubles Zeisberger called the Christian Indians to join him at Gnadenhiitten and Schdnbrun in Ohio; and in the spring of 1773, the migration was effected, the "City of Peace" was deserted, their sanctuary levelled with the ground, and the people migrated to the Muslvingum. All that remains of this once pleasant LAWRENCE COUNTY. 859 Christian town is the name Moravia, applied to a hamlet and to the railway station. When the white settlers began to pour in, after Wayne's treaty of Greenville, 1795, there were still some families of the Indians lingered in the territory now embraced within Lawrence county ; and a few hunters were now and then found straying through the forests as late as 1814 ; an Indian village was located at Harbor bridge, but after the close of the war of 1812-'14 they disa])- peared. To Lawrence belongs a part of the history of that \\ ar ; lor a large proportion of her able-bodied young men bore a part in the conflict. After Hull's surrender, a call was made for troops, and two large compa- nies of volunteers were gathered from the sparse population of Mercer county, and a similar force from Beaver, a large proportion of whom were drawn from those parts of these counties now constituting Lawrence. One of these companies (the Mercer Blues), numbering eight3'-four rifles, was commanded by Captain John Junkin, and another by Cap- tain Matthew Dawson. Of the for- mer, quite a number went from what is now the north part of Lawrence, and of the latter a still larger proportion. They did good service under the gallant Harrison, in the North-western army, and were distinguished alike for gallant- ry and morality. It is a remark- able fact, that in Captain Junkin's company family worship was kept up by the mess in every tent but two, when not interrupted by mili- tary necessity. These men were the ancestors, to a considerable extent, of the " Roundhead " and the " Bucktail " regiments, which did such efiective service i)i tie late war for the Union. Quite a number of the sons and grandsons of the men of 1812 filled the ranks of the regiments of 18()2-'64. But one of those old soldiers survives — Henry Jordan, of Lawrence county. New Castle is the county- seat, and is one of the most flourishing towns west of Pittsburgh in the State, it was laid out in 1802, by a Mr. C. Stewa t, who came to this locality from the neighborhood of New Castle, in Delaware, and the name was probably' given in honor of that old Swedish town ; suggested, it may have been, by the resemblance of the name of the Indian town which occupied the same site, New Kaskaskiink. It continued a small and unimportant village until after the construction of the public works, when it began to grow in population and increase in business. It is located in a deep basin, and upon the encompassing hills at and around the confluence of the Shenango and the PUBLIC .SCHOOL, BUILDING, NEW CASTLE. [From a Photograph bj A. W. Pbipps.] 860 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. Neshannock. It was incorporated as a city in 1867. Its census has not been taken since 18T0, but it probably now is between ten and twelve thousand. It contains a court-house, a jail, a market-house, with a spacious opera hall above it; four Presbyterian churches, two Methodist Episcopal, one Episcopal Pro- testant, one Disciples, one Baptist, one Lutheran, two African, and one Primiti-s'e Methodist churches. The number of furnaces is seven, and rolling mills three. Excellent window glass is also manufactured within the city limits. There are two large and elegant buildings for public school purposes, one in the first and the other in the second ward, besides five or six other edifices that are used for school purposes, one of which is "the New Castle one study college." The Roman Catholics are about completing a large and handsome building for their schools, which are now kept in rented rooms. The first courts in the county were held in the edifice of the First Methodist Episcopal church, pending the erection of a court house. The Hon. John Bredin, of Butler, was the first presiding judge, and after him Hon. Daniel Agnew, now of the Supreme Bench ; Hon. Lawrence L. McGuflin, and now the Hon. James Bredin (son of the first judge), and the Hon. Ebenezer McJun- kin, who preside alternately. There are several thriving villages in the county. Harlansburg on the east, nine miles from the county seat ; Chewton, Wampum, and Newport, on the south ; Mount Jackson, south-west from New Castle;' Edinburg, west; Pulaski on the Shenango, north-west. New Bedford, three miles south of the latter, and New Wilmington, tlie seat of Westminster college, a flourishing institution, controlled by the United Presbyterian church. Fayette, East- BROOK, Wittenburg, Princeton, and Clinton, are smaller villages. Lawrence county sent to the front in the late civil war many and very excellent soldiers. The celebrated '■ Roundhead " regiment, One Hundredth Pennsylvania volunteers. Colonel Daniel Leasure, which rendered such effective service, was recruited chiefly from this county. Battery B, one of the most eflTective in the service, commanded by Captains H. T. Danforth, J. Harvey Cooper, William McClelland, was from this county, and parts of other regimentg were recruited here. There are five weekly newspapers published at the county seat. Lawrence county is traversed by the Pittsburgh and Erie railroad, and by the Lawrence Transportation, and the New Castle and Franklin railroads, whilst others are projected ; and one approaching New Castle from Allegheny City is now under construction. Some years ago, the county made heavy sub- DISCIPLES CHURCH, NEW CASTLE. I From a Photograph by A. W. Phipps. I LAWBENCE COUNTY. 861 scrii^tions to railw.ays that were never constructed, and lost her investments which adds considerably to her taxes, down nearly to the present time, ISTG. Perhaps no countj^ in the Commonwealth possesses a larger amount of the elements of wealth, both of surface and mineral resources, in proportion to its area, than Lawrence County. In the construction of Lawrence county several townships of the same name were thrown into it, as Mercer county and Beaver had each a Mahoning, a Slip- pery Rock, and a Shcnango township. The Slippery Rock of Mercer county was for a time called North Slippery Rock, and the other Slippery Rock, both after the stream of that name. The original townships of Lawrence county were Bio- Beaver, Little Beaver, North Beaver, Mahoning, Neshannock, Pulaski, Shenango, Slippery Rock, Wayne, Perry, and New Castle borough. Hickory was formed out of Neshannock in 1859 ; Pollock out of Shenango and Neshannock, in 1858; Scott by dividing Slippery Rock in 1853; Taylor out of Shenango and North Beaver the same 3'ear; Union out of Neshannock and Mahoning, in 1858; Wilmington borough, in 18 — ; Plain Grove out of Slippery Rock in 1855; and Washington out of Plain Grove and Scott in February 15, 1859. Pollock township became the first ward of the city of New Castle at the time of the charter of that city The old borough of New Castle is the second ward. MACHINERY HALL, CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. LEBANON COUNTY. {With acknowledgments to I. D. Rupp and George Ross, M.D.'\ EBANON county was formed from parts of Lancaster, but mainly from Dauphin county, by an act of Assembly, passed February 16, 1813. By an act passed February 2, 1814, Thomas Smith, of Dauphin, Levi Hollingsworth, of Lebanon, and Jacob Hibshman, of Lancaster county, were appointed commissioners to run and mark the boundary lines between Lancaster, Lebanon, and Dauphin counties. The agricultural resources of Lebanon from her well cultivated farms are estimated at over three million dollars in value an- nuall3\ The surplus pro- duce finds an ample market in the coal regions of Schuylkill. The agricul- tural skill of the county has all that German indus- try'- and perseverance can giA'C it — there is no higher encomium for it. Nowhere in the United States are the farms in such highly improved condition. Barns, almost like castles in their magnitude, and magnificent in their beauty and adorn- ment, out-buildings, fences, etc., all show the same dis- regard of expense, and on many the barn alone will far exceed, in expense and attractions, the entii'e establishment of a well-to-do New York or New England farmer. Orchards and meadows show the same thrift and prosperity. It is, however, as a producer of iron that Lebanon county stands among the foremost. At Cornwall is found the most remarkable and valuable body of iron ore in the world. It consists of three hills of solid ore, called respectively the Big Hill, Middle Hill, and Grassy Hill, better known abroad as the Cornwall ore banks. Big Hill is over four hundred feet high, and the base covers more than forty acres. In shape it is like a cone, and around its sloping sides a spiral railway has been constructed, ascending to the summit on a grade of two hundred feet to the mile. The ore is mined in breasts, along which the cars are backed, 863 4* Xar/ird j= " ' -j^^^iMbitc. LEBANON COUNTY COURT HOUSE, LEBANON. 864 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. find the ore shoveled into thera. There are no shafts sunk as in mining coal, but all the work is done in daylight, and in the open air. For mau}^ years the several owners of these ore hills mined just as much as each one needed to supply his furnaces, but with the growth of the trade, and the construction of numerous furnaces in all parts of the State, came a demand for this ore. The ore is a mngnetic oxide, containing a great deal of iron pyrites which, under atmospheric influences, changes into a soluble sulphate, and is washed away by the rain. The nearer it lies to the surface the freer it is of sulphur. Middle Hill is about two hundred yards from the Big Hill, and has an altitude of two hundred feet above the water level, and covers about thirty-five acres. The ore is the same as that mined at Big Hill. This hill shows the most perceptible impression made by years of steady mining, though amid the surrounding mass it al- most escapes notice. It has been constantly worked for a period ante-dating the Revo- lution. In the days of 1Y76 cannon and munitions of war were furnished the colonists by the proprietors of Corn- wall. The Grassy Hill lies south-west of the Middle Hill, about one hundred 3'ards awa3\ It has been worked for more than twenty 3^ears. This hill is about one hun- dred and fifty feet high, and coA'crs thirty acres. Exami- nations have been made to ascertain to what depth these great bodies of iron ore ex- From their appearance the supply CORNWALL MINES, MIDDLE HILL, THROUGH CUT. fProm a PLotograph by J. H. Keim ] tend, but that has not 3'et been determined would seem to be inexhaustible for centuries 3'et to come. With such immense bodies of iron, the establishments for their conversion into metal located around them have made a reputation unequaled by any in the country. The famous charcoal furnace, the oldest in existence, which has sup- plied the iron trade for so many 3'ears, is still in blast. It was this furnace which supplied tlie iron for the cannon and ball made in the da3's of the Revolution. The old anthracite furnaces have been in continuous blast for a period of more than twent3'-five years. The furnaces recently built, and especially Bird Cole- man, modeled and constructed by A. Wilhelm, Esq., the attorney of the Coleman hoifs since 1857, is the most admirably equipped furnace in the world. It is the wonvier and admiration of the visitor. Belonging to this vast estate are no less than eight furnaces, nearly all of which are in blast. The entire Cornwall estate, its huge bills of valuable ore, its iron producing establishments, its magnificent LEBANON COUNTY. S65 farms and improved stock, are uneqnaled in the world, and are far more worthy a visit tlian famed Niagara. Other iron furnaces have been constructed in different parts of tlie countj^, some of which, particularly the Lebanon furnaces owned by Hon. G. Dawson Coleman, are justlj'' celebrated. Rapidly the county has been developing, and the next decade will show the marked progress of Lebanon county in population, wealth, and material resources. The first settlements made within the present limits of the county, in the western part, were in Derry township, by Scotch-Irish. Derry was located prior to 1T20. About three-fourths of the county was originally settled by Germans, some of whom had come to New York in 1710 and 1711, and removed in 1723- 1729 to Tulpehocken and Quitapahilla; others emigrated from Germany and set- tled in the eastern part of Lebanon county, extending their settlements westward into Dauphin county. In August, 1729, some seventy-five families, Palatines, arrived in Philadelphia, most of whom settled on the Quitapahilla. There was an early settlement of German Jews in the neighborhood of Sheafferstown. They were so numerous at one time as to to have a synagogue and a rabbi, a doctor of the law, to read the Scriptures to them. As early as 1732 they had a cemeter}'^, or necropolis, around which there was a substantial wall built, nearly the whole of which is yet standing. The cement or mortar used must have been very adhesive, made of a larger proportion of lime than is usually taken, for it is even now as compact and solid as limestone. The cemetery is about half a mile south of Sheafferstown, one hundred yards east of the Lancaster road. A lew hundred yards south is ThurmBerg, or Tower Hill, an elevated point on which the famous Baron Stiegel erected a castle or tower. The one at Sheaffers- town, like that at Manheim, was mounted with cannon, for the express purpose of firing a salute when he made his appearance at either place. Residing princi- pally at Philadelphia, he occasionally invited his friends there into the country with him, to enjoy his baronial hospitality. The incidents of border and Indian wars, incursions, and massacres, are so completely merged in the sketch of the adjoining counties, that not much of interest, separately considered, remains to be noticed. Little, indeed, has been preserved, by tradition or record, of the Indian incursions into the parts embraced within the present limits of the county. We shall only give such incidents as are of undoubted authenticity. In August, 1757, John Andrew's wife, going to a neighbor's house, was surprised by six Indians, had her horse shot under her, and she and her child carried off. At the same time, in Bethel township, as John Winklebach's two sons, and Joseph Fischbach, a soldier in the pa}'' of the Province, went out about sunrise to bring in the cows, they were fired upon by about fifteen Indians. The two lads were killed ; one of them was scalped ; the other got into the house before he died, and the soldier was wounded in the head. The same morning, about seven o'clock, two miles below Manada Gap, as Thomas McGuire's son was bringing some cows out of a field, a little way from the house, he was pursued by two Indians and narrowly escaped. Leonard Long's son, Avhile ploughing, was killed and scalped. On the other side of the fence, Leonard Miller's son was ploughing, who was made prisoner. Near Benjamin Clarke's house, four miles from the mill, two savages surprised Isaac Williams' wife and the widow Williams, killed and scalped the former in 3 E 866 HISTOEY OF PENNSYLVANIA. sight of the house, she having run a little way after three balls had been shot through her body. The latter they carried away captive. A letter from Hanover township, dated October 1, 1757, says that the child- ren mentioned as having been carried ofl' from Lebanon township, belonging to Peter Wampler, were going to the meadows for a load of hay, and that the Indians took from the house what they thought most valuable, and destroyed what the}^ could not take away, to a considerable value. On the 19th of June, 1757, nineteen persons were killed in a mill on the Quitapahilla creek. In Sep- tember, Christian Danner and his son, a lad of twelve years, who went out into the Conewago hills to cut timber, were attacked by the Indians. The father was shot and scalped, the son taken captive, carried off to Canada, and kept there till the close of the war, when he made his escape. Following these and other outrages by the ruthless savages, many of the inhabitants fled to escape being murdered. When the danger was over nearly all returned to their desolated homes. Some few sought other localities for a settlement. A brief description of the two forts erected during the French and Indian wars, within the present limits of Lebanon count}'^, ma}' prove acceptable as interesting : Fo7^t Henry was near the base of the Blue mountain, erected in 1756, at a pass through the mountain called Tolihaio or Hole. This fort was erected by Captain Christian Busse, by order of Governor Morris, who named it Fort Henry. Governor Morris ordered, in January, 1756, Captain Busse "to proceed as soon as possible with the company under his command to the gap where the Swatara comes through the mountains, and in some convenient place there to erect a fort, of the form and dimensions herewith given, unless 3'ou shall judge the stockade already erected there conveniently placed, in which case you will take possession, and make such additional work as you ma}^ think necessary to make it sufficiently strong." During 1757 and 1758 Fort Henry was well garri- soned by eighty or ninety soldiers doing duty there. Fort Smith was located, about 1738, three-fourths of a mile north of Union Forge. The land on which the fort was erected was owned several years since by the widow Shuej'. It is related that on a certain occasion the Indians appeared in great numbers, and nearly all the neighbors being in their own houses, Peter Heydrich gave immediate notice to the people to resort to the fort, and in the meantime took his drum and fife, marched himself in the woods, now beating the drum, then blowing the fife, giving at the same time the word of command as if he was giving it to a large force, though he was the only one to obey orders. By this sleight of war, it is stated, he succeeded to keep the savages away, and col- lected his neighbors securely. In the war of Independence many of the citizens of Lebanon county were in the ranks of the patriot army. Immense supplies were sent from this locality for the brave men at Valley Forge and Whitemarsh. After the battle of Trenton a large number of Hessians were confined in the Lutheran church at Lebanon. Among the principal men at tliat eventful period M^ere Colonel Greenawalt and Major Philip Marsteller. The latter served as commissary of purchases almost during the entire war — a position by no means a sinecure. He was active and energetic, and his correspondence, much of which is found in the records of the Revolution, is highly creditable. LEBANON COUNTY 807 As early as 1762 David Rittenliouse and Rev. William Smith, D.D., were appointed commissioners to examine into the feasibility of a canal to connect the Schuylkill river with the Swatara running into the Susquehanna. The events preceding and connected witii the war for Independence caused public interest to die away, and nothing more was done until the year 1794, when operations were commenced and pushed with more or less vigor, and frequent cessations, in spite of discouragements, until 1837, when the Union canal was completed, and the first boat, the "Alpha" of Tulpehocken, passed Lebanon on its way westward. Although the construction of the different railroads in the county have in a o-reat measure superseded this maritime highway, yet it can in truth be said that the projectors of the Union canal have done more to develop the resources, and add to the material prosperity of Lebanon county, than all other enterprises. The main line of the canal is seventy-nine miles in length, with a navigable feeder of seven miles. It extends from Middletown on the Susquehanna to Reading, where it connects with the Schuyl- kill canal. Lebanon borough was laid out in the 3ear 1750, by George Steitz, by whose name the village was known for manj^ 3'ears, especially among the German settlers. In the Provincial records the town is designated, as early as 1759, "Lebanon town, in Lancaster count3\ and Lebanon township." The name is a scriptural one. It was incorporated as a borough, February 20, 1821. Upon the comple- tion of the Union canal a town began to be built along its line, Avhich was called North Lebanon. Both towns prospered and grew in friendly rivalry, and when, in 1856-7, the Lebanon Valley railroad was completed, the line of that road being located between the two towns, and a depot erected thereon, improve- ments and manufacturing establishments sprung up, covering the intervening space. The two towns thus having grown together, were consolidated in 1869. Beside the communications referred to, Lebanon is connected with the coal fields of Schuylkill by a railroad to Tremont, while there are in contemplation a con- nection in the near future with roads in Lancaster county towards the north, aiicl by the South Mountain railroad with the south. With these A'arious communications, and her great industries, Lebanon is becoming one of the most important cities of Penns3dvania. Four miles north-west of Lebanon stands the Hill Church (Berg-Kirche), built in 1733, and in which Lutherans and German Reformed worshipped jointly. " Im Jahr, 1754, und spaeter." says Rev. George Lochman, "zur zeit die Indianer noch haeuflge Einfaelle machten, man nahm oefters die Flinte mit zur BERG-KlRCHE"— HILL CHURCH— LEBANON COUNTY. [From a Photograph by J. H. Keim.] 868 HISTOB Y OF P ENNS YL VAJSTIA. Kirche um sich unterwegs gegen die Indianern zii vcrtliei digen, und wcnn man Gottesdienst hielte, warden oefters Maenner mit gcla denen Gewehrcn auf die Wachfc gestellt." [In the year 1754, and later, when the Indians made frequent incursions, people often took guns with them to defend themselves against the Indians. During divine service, men with loaded guns were placed at the door as sentinels.] On the outskirts of Lebanon, at the Moravian station called Hebron, stands, quite near to their burial ground, an old stone church, built in 1750. The first meeting-house was a log one, erected in 1747, and in which a Moravian synod was held by Bishop John Nitschman, in 1751. But as the Indians were trouble- some, the stone one was built as a place of refuge in times of danger. The organization was first called the '• Congregation at the Quitapahilla," and afterwards Hebron. The lower story of the church contained four rooms and two kitchens, each kitchen having a huge fire-place and chimney. The second story contained the audience room, with the pulpit on the south side, in the centre, the males sitting on the west side and females on the east. Vestibules were at both ends, on the first and second stories, from which stairs ascended to the garret, it being built precisely like a dwelling house, to be used by two families, the second floor being used as a church, the minister using part of it as a parsonage, and keeping school in it too. After the battle of Trenton many of the Hessian prisoners were brought here, and the building was used as a military prison and hospital. It was used for church services until 1848, at which time the new church was built at Lebanon. It was then abandoned. It is now used for a barn. Annville is a thriving village five miles west of Lebanon. It was laid out about 1765 by Messrs. Miller, Ulrich, and Reigel. It was settled perhaps twenty years previously. For many years it was called Millerstown, after one of the orio-inal owners. Near the railroad depot is yet standing an old house which was used during the Indian troubles as a fort, to which the settlers took refuge in times of danger. Lebanon Valley college, under the auspices of the United Brethren, is located here. It is in a prosperous and flourishing condition, and promises to tnke a high rank among the many educational institutions of the State. Jonestown was laid out in 1761, by William Jones, on part of one hundred and fourteen acres of land granted him by the Proprietaries of Pennsylvania Lots were sold with the proviso that purchasers, ortheir heirs or assigns, "shall make, erect, and build upon said lot or lots, one substantial dwelling-house, of the dimensions of 20 feet by 16 -at least, with a good chimney of brick or stone, to be laid in or built with lime and sand, to be finished and tenantable on or before the 20th day of October, 1762." The yearly quit-rent of lots of one-half acre was seven shillings and sixpence sterling. The precaution as to the mate- rial used in building the chimney was necessary, as the general practice was to make chimneys of slabs of wood daubed over both inside and out with mortar made of cla}-. The town was originally called Williamstown. It is situated in the forks of the Big and Little Swatara, one half-mile above the junction, twenty- four miles east of Harrisburg, five miles north of Lebanon, on elevated ground, affording a picturesque view of the country south of the Blue mountain, six miles north of the borough. The town was incorporated August 20, 1870. One LEBANON COUNTY. 869 mile south of Jonestown is an eminence eallM Bunker hill, the highest point of the trap-rock hills. Upwards of thirty years ago, Judge Rank, on whose farm it is, suggested Bunker hill as a desirable point on which to erect a suitable edifice as an academy or school of advanced standing, believing as he did, greatly needed for the neighborhood. In August, 1858, the corner-stone of Swatara Collegiate Institute was laid, not on Bunker hill, but on an eminence immediately north of Jonestown. The institute was soon organized, with 1. D. Rupp as principal, until 18G0. In the spring of 1815 the building was destro3'ed by fire. It was rebuilt, however, and is now owned and conducted by Rev. E. J. Koons, A.M., principal. Jonestown, by its position at the inter- section of the South Mountain with the Lebanon and Tremont railroad, is des- tined to become a town of considerable importance. Myerstown, on the Lebanon Yalle}^ railroad, seven miles from the county- seat, was laid out b}^ Isaac Myers, about 1768. It is situated in one of the most enchanting valleys of Penns^dvania, near to mountain scenery of great celebrity, in the midst of a region unsurpassed for fertility of soil. Palatinate College, chartered in 1868, invested with full collegiate poAvers, is located here. It is under the auspices of the Lebanon classis of the Reformed Church. Rev. George W. Aughinbaugh, D.D., is president of the faculty. The college is highly' prosperous. Palmyra, called in early days Palmstown, is ten miles west of Lebanon. It is an old settled town, and about the commencement of the century was consi- dered a thriving village. Owing to its location on the line of the Lebanon Valley railroad, it has recently taken a fresh start, and may in time again become an important town, situated as it is in the midst of a fine agricultural region. The Downington, Ephrata, and Harrisburg turnpike, once a great thoroughfare, passes through the town. On this road, three miles south, is Campbellstown, settled in the past centur3\ The early pioneers in this section were Scotch-Irish — the Campbells, Semples, Pattersons, Mitchells, and others, few of whose descendants remain. Sheafferstown was laid out about the year 1741, by Mr. Sheaffer, after whom it was named. The inhabitants are of German descent. The town is pleasantly situated in a highly cultivated region. It contains an academy. Fredericksburg, formerly known by the name of Nassau, and Stumpstown, after the notorious Frederick Stump, who laid out the town in 1758, is situated ten miles north-east of Lebanon, on the line of the South Mountain railroad. In 1783 it contained twenty houses. In 1827 it was almost wholly- desta-oyed by fire. Newmanstown, in Mill Creek township, is a thriving village. Organization of Townships. — North and South Annville were originally both included in one township, named Annville until 1845, when they were formed by its division. Annville was formed at the time of the organization of the county in 1813, from portions of Londonderry and Lebanon. The Scotch- Irish were the first settlers in the eastern part of the township, which then belonged to Lebanon. Cold Spring lies between the Blue or Kittatinny or Second mountain on the south, and the Fourth mountain on the north, with the Third mountain in the centre. It was established by act of Legislature in 1853, from a portion of 8-70 BIsrOEY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Union and East Hanover to\vnslii{3*!. In Cold Spring township is a celebrated cold spring, from which the township takes its name. East Hanover was settled b}^ Scotch-Irish, ami was a part of Hanover town- ship, Dauphin county. It originally included Union, Cold Spring, and a part of Swatara,in Lebanon county. Hanover was erected about n36-'7, from Peshtank or Paxton, and for several succeeding years was divided into the East and West End. The latter is mostly embraced at present in the limits of Lebanon county. Hetdelberq originally comprised, beside the present township, the three Heidelbergs in Berks county, and part of Jackson township in Lebanon county. The first division was made at the time of the formation of Berks count3^ in 1752, when the larger part was incorporated with that county. Bethel was, until 1739, a portion of Lebanon township, and when it was cut oft" included much more territory than at present. It has since been reduced, in 1752, b}' the taking off" of Bethel, Berks county, and again in 1813, by the taking off" of what now forms a portion of Jackson and Swatara. Among the early settlers in this locality were Grove, Oberholtzer, Sherrick, Weaver, and Schneberly. North and South Lebanon and Cornwall were originally settled b}- Germans, about 1720, east of where Hebron now stands; and in 1723 several families had located within the eastern limits of North and South Lebanon, as they at present extend. Londonderry was formed from Derry township, which was organized in 1729. As then bounded, it embraced all within its limits known as the West End and the East End of Derry, or as subsequently called, Derry and London- derry. Derry was settled prior to 1720. Swatara was originally included in Bethel and Hanover townships. Its boundaries have been changed since 1830, by erecting Union township. The surface is diversified ; the north and south are hill}^, and the central part level. Some of the soil is limestone, but the greater portion is gi-avel and slate, yet generally well improved. It is well supplied with water power, mills, etc. The Big Swatara is the dividing line between Swatara and Union townships their entire length. The Little Swatara crosses the townships a little south of the borough of Jonestown, and in its course across the township it propels two grist-mills and one saw mill. Union became a separate township organization in 1842. Since then its boundaries, which then extended to the northern limit of the count}', have been reduced by the erection of Cold Spring. Mill Creek was formed from Jackson and Heidelberg, in 1844. The Muel- bach, or Mill Creek, a beautiful stream of considerable size which flows through from west to east, gave to the township its name. On this stream, as early as 1720, the Dunkards had a settlement. Besides the Mill creek there are several other streams of smaller size. The South mountain, or Conewago hills, are in the southern part of the township. Jackson township was one of the very first settled in the present county of Lebanon. It was formed from a part of Bethel and Heidelberg, in 1813. LEHIGH COUNTY [With acknowledgments to H. K. Buehrle and E. D. Leisenring, Allentown.'\ EHIGH county was separated from Northampton, by act of Assem- bly, .March 6th, 1812. The act defines the boundaries as follows: "That all that part of Northampt:^^* STOCKADES^ % '^S >usquEnAN^*^ ^.N^i^i The 3'ear 17*78 brought great distress and fear to the frontier generally, but particularly to Wyoming. The defeat and surrender of Burgoyne, at Saratoga, in October, IVTT, had left the British without suflicient available force in America to carry on a regular campaign for this 3'ear, and as the war was to be continued, the only resource left to the British government and commanders in America, was to employ the Indians and Tories almost exclusivel}', in carry- ing on a war of desolation on the frontier. This was their declared polic}', and it was at once suspected and feared that Wyoming would be among the first to be attacked, for who were so hated and exposed as the people at Wyoming ? They had been amongst the first to declare against British usurpations, and had been the most earnest in suppl^^ng men and means to support their declaration. In this state of afl'airs the people of the frontiers appealed to Congress for forces for their protection. The people of Wyoming, in particular, represented to Congress the threatening situation of affairs in their local- ity, and made an earnest appeal for aid. Moved by their urgent entreaties, Congress came to the rescue of W3"oming in the follow- ing remarkable resolution: "March IG, 1778. Resolved., That one full corapan}' of foot be raised in the Town of Westmoreland, on the East branch of the Su^uehanna, for the de- fence of the said Town and the settlements on the frontier in the neighborhood thereof, against the Indians, and the enemies of these States; the said company to be re-enlisted to serve one year from the time of their enlisting unless sooner discharged b}^ Congress, and that the said company find their own arms, accoutrements, and blankets." It would not be diflTicult to estimate how much this resolution of Congress added to the efi'ective force at Wyoming. It was just equivalent to a suggestion of this sort : W3'oming has appealed to us for help ; Wyoming needs help undoubtedly. Let Wyoming help herself; she has our permission to do so, provided she builds her own forts, and furnishes her " own arms, accoutrements, and blankets." This, however, was not satisfactory to the people of Wj^oraing. Immediately upon receiving intelligence of the action of Congress, they again informed Congress of the threatening danger, and their exposed and defenceless condi- tion, and prayed that the two Wyoming companies of Durkee and Ransom be returned home to guard and protect them through the impending peril. They felt that there should be no difficult}' about this demand being complied with, as those companies had been raised for the express purpose of defending their homes. When called upon, however, to go on the distant service of the Republic, and leave their homes defenceless, they marched with the utmost alacrity. Not a murmur was heard, for every man felt that the case was one of imperious necessitj^, and not one of them entertained a doubt but that the moment affairs were in proper condition to permit it, the pledge " to be sta- THE WYOMING BATTLE GROUND. ^ LUZERNE COUNTY. 899 tioned in proper plnces to defend their homes," would be regarded in good faith, and they be ordered bacli to the valley. Independent of a just regavd for the pledge noticed, and without considering specially the interests of her people, policy would seem to have dictated the taking of early and ample measures to defend Wyoming. General Schuyler wrote to the board of war on the subject. The officers and men earnestly plead and remonstrated that their families, left defenceless, were now menaced with invasion, and adverted to the terms of their enlistment. History affords no parallel of the pertinacious detention of men from their homes under such cir- cumstances. Treachery is not for a moment to be lisped, and yet the malign influence of the policy pursued, and the disastrous consequences, could not have been aggravated if they had been purposely withheld. Nothing could have been more frank and confiding, more brave and generous, than the whole conduct of the Wyoming people from the beginning of the contest, and it is saying little to aver that they deserved at the hands of Congress a different requital ; but mercy, justice, and policy plead in vain. Wyoming, says Moore, seems to have been doomed by a selfishness or treachery which cannot be designated except by terms which respect forbids us to employ. The return of Lieutenant Jenkins, and the intelligence he brought, confirmed the worst suspicions of the people, and they became at once actively aroused to the true danger of their situation. He informed them that the great mass of the Indians and Tories up the river and in New York had wintered in Niagara, that they had been abusive to him there while in captivity, and had threatened to go to Wyoming in the summer, drive off the settlers, and take possession of the country' for themselves ; that a plan of this kind had been concerted before he left there. This was the first reliable information the settlers had received of the threatened invasion of Wyoming, although it was well known much earlier that an invasion of the frontiers somewhere was to be made from Niagara by the combined force of British, Indians, and Tories that wintered at that place, and although not certainly known, it 'was very strongly suspected that Wyoming and its neighborhood was the objective point. An express was immediately sent to the commander-in-chief and to Congress to inform them of the certainty of the threatened invasion, and to demand that the companies of Durkee and Ransom be immediately sent to Wyoming, together with such additional force as could be spared for the occasion. Captain Dethick Hewitt, who had been appointed to enlist and command the new company, raised under the resolution of Congress, which has been given, and who were to furnish their own arms, accoutrements, and blankets, was immediately sent up the river on a scout. On the 5th of June there was an alarm from the Indians and six white men, Tories, coming in the neighborhood of Tunkhannock, about twenty-five miles up the river from Wyoming, and taking Wilcox, Pierce, and some others prisoners, and robbing and plundering the inhabitants of the neighborhood. News of this incursion was brought to the valley on the night of the Gth of June, and on the Tth, although Sunday, the inhabitants began to fortifj^ The same day an alarm came up from Shawney. For a week or more after this there appeared to be a lull in the storm at Wyoming, but it was raging with great fierceness in other quarters. 900 EISTO BY OF PENNS YL VANIA. The force that -svintered at Niagara and in western New York, in pursuance of orders issued by Colonel Guy Johnson, assembled at Kanadaseago or Seneca Castle, early in May, and from this point sallied forth in divisions to carry on their hellish work. Although the objective point was Wj^oming, yet they were to divide their force into parties and attack different points, lay them waste, spread teiTor, consternation, and death on every hand, that their ultimate desti- nation might not be positively known, and no force of sufficient size to offer successful resistance be concentrated against them ; and by dividing their force and sending it into different localities, they would be the better able to learn the strength and direction of any force that might be sent to oppose them. Captain Joseph Brant, or Thayendenegea, with his Mohawks, some Senecas, Schoharries, and Oquagoes, went by yvay of the outlet of the Seneca and Cayuga lakes, and the head-waters of the Mohawk, and arrived in the vicinity of Cherry valley about the 25th of May. He secreted his forces on Lady Hill, about a mile east of the fort, to await a favorable opportunity to strike the fatal blow and sla}'' or capture its inhabitants. A compau}^ of boys happened to be training as Brant was looking down from his hiding place upon the devoted hamlet. Mistaking these miniature soldiers for armed men, he deferred the attack for a more favorable oppoi-tunit}^ After killing Lieutenant Wormwood, a promising young officer from Palatine, who had left the fort but a few minutes before on horseback, and taking Peter Sitz, his comrade, prisoner. Brant directed his course toward Cobelskill. On the first of June, 1178, was fought the battle of Cobelskill. The Indian forces, commanded by Brant, amounted to about three hundred and fifty. The American forces, commanded by Captains Patrick and Brown, amounted to about fifty. Of the latter force, twent3'-two were slain ; among them. Captain Patrick. Six were wounded, and two made prisoners. The enemy had about an equal number killed. The battle was fought mostly in the woods, and both parties fought in the Indian st3de, under cover of trees. From here Brant, after committing further depredations in that quarter, led his forces to Tioga, where he joined the main body of the enemy marching to the invasion of Wyo- ming. Mnjor John Butler, commonly known as Colonel Butler, with the British and Tories amounting to about four hundred, and a party of Indians under Guiengwahto and Gucingerachton, both Seneca chiefs, amounting to about four hundred, passed up Seneca Lake and proceeded to Chemung and Tioga, at which point they engaged in preparing boats for transporting themselves and their baggage down the North-east Branch of the Susquehanna. A considerable body of the Indians, about two hundred, under Gucingerachton, were detached at Knawaholee or Newtown, and sent across the country to strike the West Branch of the Susquehanna, and lay it waste, while Guiengwahto and Brant assisted in preparing tlie boats. Gucingerachton with his force swept the West Branch as with the besom of destruction. Consternation seized the people, and they fled in wild despair before the invading host, but death and desolation pursued them. Forty-seven were slain, and twent^'-one taken prisoners. Wyoming is now becoming the gathering point of all these scattered parties. LUZERNE COUNTY. 901 A glance a< ihe situation shows tliat the storm is forming dark and fearful in that direction, boding death and destruction through all its borders. On the 12th of June, William Crooks and Asa Budd went up tlie river to a place some two miles above Tuukhannock, formerly occupied bv a Tory named Secord, who had been absent at Niagara since the fall before. Crooks was fired upon by a party of Indians and killed. On the ITth, a party of six men. in two canoes, went up the river to observe the movements of the enemy. The party in the forward canoe landed about six miles below Tunkhannock, and ascended the bank. They saw an armed force of Indians and Tories running toward them. They gave the alarm, returned to their boats, and endeavored to get behind an island to escape the fire of the enemy which was being poured in upon them. The canoe in which were Mina Robbins, Joel Phelps, and Stephen Jenkins, was fired upon, and Robbins killed and Phelps wounded. Jenkins escaped unhurt, althougli his paddle was pierced and shattered by a bullet. In the party that fired upon this canoe was Elijah Phelps, the brother of Joel and brother-in-law of Robbins. Captain Hewitt, with a scouting part}', went up the river on the 26th, and returned on the 30th of June with news that there was a large party up the river. At Fort Jenkins, the uppermost in the valley, and only a mile above Wintermoot's, there were gathered the families of the old patriot, John Jenkins, Esq., the Hardings, and Gardners, distinguished for zeal in their country's cause, with others. Not apprised of the contiguity of the savage, on tlie 30th of June, before Captain Hewitt's return, Benjamin Harding, Stukely Harding, James Hadsall, and his sons James and John, tlie latter a bo}', Daniel Weller, John Gardner, and Daniel Carr, eight in all, took their arms and went up the river, five miles into Exeter, to tiieir labor. Towards evening they were attacked. That they fought bravely was admitted by the enemy. Weller, Gardner, and Carr were taken prisoners. Benjamin and Stukely Harding, James Hadsall, and his son James were killed. John Hadsall, the boy, threw himself into the river and lay concealed under the willows, his mouth just above the surface. He heard, with anguish, the dying groans of his friends. Knowing he was near, the Indians searched carefully for him. At one time they were so close he could have touched them. He lay until late in the evening, then got out and went to the fort. Colonel Zebulon Butler, of the Continental army, then at home, assumed command of the settlers. On the 1st of July, Colonel Nathan Denison and Lieutenant-Colonel George Dorrance, with all the force gathered at that time, marched from Forty Fort to Exeter, a distance of eleven miles, where the murders of the preceding day had been perpetrated. The two Hardings, it appeared, must have contended to the last, for their arms and faces were much cut, and several spear holes were made through their bodies. All were scalped and otherwise mutilated. Two Indians who were watching the dead, expecting that friends might come to take away the bodies, and they might obtain other victims, were shot — one where he sat, the other in the river, to which he had fled. The bodies of the Hardings, says Miner, were removed and decently interred near Fort Jenkins, where, many years afterward, Elisha Harding, 902 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. thcii' brother, caused a stone to be raised to their memory, with this inscription : "Sweet be the sleep of those who prefer liberty to slavery." The enemy, numbering about two hundred British provincials, and about two hundred Tories from Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York, under the command of Major John Butler, and Captain Csjldwell, of Sir John Johnson's Royal Greens, and about five hundred Indians, commanded by Guiengwatoh, a Seneca chief, and Captain Joseph Brant, Thaj'endenegea, a Mohawk, descended the Susquehanna river in boats, and landed near the mouth of Bowman's creek, where they remained a short time waiting for the West Branch party to join them. This party, as before stated, consisted of about two hundred Indians under the command of Gucingerachton. The whole force, after the junction, VIEW OF FORTY FORT IN 1778. rProm Stewart Pearce's Aonals of Luzeine.] numbered about eleven hundred, and these moved forward to the invasion of Wyoming. They left the largest of their boats at this place, and with the lighter ones passed on down to the " Three Islands," five or six miles below, and about fifteen miles from the valley. From this point they marched overland, and encamped, on the evening of the 30th of J une, on Sutton's creek, about two miles from where the Hardings were killed. The Hadsalls were taken to this place and put to death, with the most excruciating tortures, which furnished nearly an hour's pleasant pastime to the demoniac crew. On the 1st of Juh', while the settlers were marching up the river to bring down the dead bodies of the Hardings, and if possible chastise their murderers, the enemy were marching toward the valley by a route back of the mountain LUZEBNE COUNTY. 903 which lay between them and the route the settlers took in marching up and returning. They arrived and encamped on the mountain bounding the valley on the north-west, at a point directly opposite Wintermoot Fort. Parties from the enemy passed in and out of Wintermoot Fort the same evening. On the morning of the 2d the gates of Wintermoot Fort were thrown wide open to the enemy and possession was taken by them. The inmates of the fort con- sisted chiefly of Tories, who treacherously surrendered it to the enemy, " The evening of the same day," says Miner, " a detachment, under the com- mand of Captain Caldwell, was sent to reduce Jenkins' Fort. Originally the garrison consisted of seventeen, mostly old men, four of whom were slain and three made prisoners, as narrated above, so that no means of resistance being left, the stockade capitulated on honorable terms." During this ancj the following day the settlers were engaged in gathering all the force they had at Forty Fort. This stood a short distance below the site of Fort}^ Fort church at Kingston, about eighty feet from the river. It covered half an acre of ground. Its shape, says Stewart Pearce, was that of a parallelo- gram fortified by stockades, which were logs set in the ground and extending twelve feet above, sharpened at the top. Its joints were covered by other stockades, which rendered the barrier of nearl}^ double thickness. There was a gateway at each end and a sentry-box at each corner. The whole American force consisted of about three hundred, exclusive of the train band and boys. Colonel Zebulon Butler happened to be at W3'oming at the time, and though he had no proper command, by invitation of the people he placed himself at their head, and led them to battle. There never was more courage displayed in the various scenes of war. History- does not portray an instance of more gallant devotion. There was no other alternative but to fight and conquer, or die ; for retreat with their families was impossible. Like brave men, they took counsel of their courage. On the 3d of July they marched out to meet the enemy. Colonel Zebulon Butler commanded the right wing, aided by Major Garret. Colonel Dennison commanded the left, assisted by Lieutenant-Colonel George Dorrance. The field of fight was a plain, partly cleared and partly covered with scrub-oak and yellow-pine. The right of the W3^oming men rested on a steep bank which descends to the low river-flats ; the left extended to a marsh, thickly covered with timber and brush. Opposed to Colonel Zebulon Butler, of Wyom- ing, was Colonel John Butler, with'bis Tory rangers, in their green uniform. The enemy's right wing, opposed to Colonel Dennison, was chiefly composed of Indians. It was between four and five o'clock in the afternoon when the engagement began, and for some time it was kept up with great spirit. On the right, in open field, our men fired and advanced a step, and the enemy was driven back. But their numbers, nearly three to one, enabled them to outflank our men, especially on the left, where the ground, a swamp, was exactly fitted for savage warfare. Our men fell rapidly before the Indian rifles ; the rear as well as the flank was gained, and it became impossible to maintain the position. An order to fall back, given by Colonel Dennison, so as to present a better front to the enemy, could not be executed without confusion, and some misunderstood it as a signal to retreat. The practised enemy, not more brave, but, besides being more numerous, familiarized to war in fifty battles, sprang forward, raised theii 904 IIISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. horrid yell from one end of the line to the other, rushed in with the tomahawk and spear, and our people were defeated. They deserved a better fate. One of the men yielding a little ground, Colonel Dorrance, a few minutes before he fell, with the utmost coolness, said, " Stand up to your work, sir." After the enemy was in the rear, " See I " said an officer to Captain Hewitt, " the enemy is in force behind us ; shall we retreat ? " " Never ! " was his reply ; and he fell at the head of his men. "We are nearly alone," said Westbi'ook ; " shall we go ?'' " I'll have one more shot first," replied Cooper. That instant a savage sprang towards him with his spear. Cooper stretched him on the earth, and reloaded be- fore he left the ground. When the left was thrown into confusion, our Colonel Butler threw himself in front, and rode between the two lines, exposed to the double fire. " Don't leave me, my children," said he ; " the victory will be ours." But what could three hundred undisciplined militia cfl^ect against eleven hun- dred veteran troops ? The battle was lost ! Then followed the most dreadful massacre — the most heart-rending tortures. The brave but overpowered soldiers of Wyoming were slaughtered without mercy, principallj^ in the flight, and after surrendering themselves prisoners of war. The plain, the river, and the island of Monockonock were the principal scenes of this horrible massacre. Sixteen men, placed in a ring around a rock, were held by stout Indians, while they were, one by one, slaughtered by the knife or tomahawk of a sqaw. One individual, a strong man, by the name of Hammond, escaped by a desperate efl'ort. In another similar ring, nine persons were murdered in the same way. Many were shot in the river and hunted out and slain in their hiding-places (in one instance by a near, but adverse relative), on the now beautiful island of Monockonock. But sixty of the men who went into the battle survived ; and the forts were filled with widows and orphans (it is said the war made one hundred and fifty widows and six hundred orphans in the valley), whose tears and cries were sup- pressed after the surrender, for fear of provoking the Indians to kill them, for it was an Indian's pastime to brandish the tomahawk over their heads. A few instances will show how universal was the turn-out, and how general was the slaughter. Of the Gore family, one was away with the army, five brothers and two brothers-in-law went into the battle. At evening five lay dead on the field, one returned with his arm broken by a rifle ball; the other, and only one, unhurt. From the farm of Mr. Weeks, seven went out to battle ; five sons and sons-in-law, and two inmates. Not one escaped — the whole seven pe- rished. Anderson Dana went into battle with Stephen Whiting, his son-in-law, a few months before married to his daughter. The dreadful necessity of the hour allowed no exemption like that of the Jewish law, by which the young bridegroom might remain at home for one year, to cheer up his bride. The field of death was the resting-place of both. Anderson Dana, Jr. — then a boy of nine or ten years old— was left the only protector of the family. They fled, and begged their way to Connecticut. Of the Inman family, there were five present in the battle. Two fell in the battle, another died of the fatigues and exposure of the day ; another was killed the same year by Indians. About two-thirds of those who went out fell. Naked, panting, and bloody, a few, who had escaped, came rushing into Wilkes-Barrd fort, where, trembling with anxiety, the women and children were gathered, waiting the dread issue. 4 LUZERNE COUNTY. 905 Mr. Ilollenback, who had swam the river naked, amid the balls of the enemy, was the first to bring them the appalling news — ^^ All is lost!" They fled to the mountains, and down the river. Their sufferings were extreme. Manv widows and orphans begged their bread, on their way home to their friends in Connecticut. In one party, of near a hundred, there was but a single man. As it was understood that no quarter would be given to the soldiers of the. line, Colonel Zebulon Butler, with the few other soldiers who had escaped, retired that same evening, with the families, from Wilkes-Barre fort. But — those left at Forty Fort ? During the battle they could step on the river b^ik and hear the firing distinctly. For a while it was kept up with spirit, and hope prevailed ; but by and by, it became broken and irregular, approaching nearer and nearer. "Our people are defeated — they are retreating !" It was a dreadful moment. Just at evening a few of the fugitives rushed in, and fell down exhausted — some wounded and bloody. Through the night, every hour one or more came into the fort. Colonel Dennison also came in, and rallying enough of the wreck of the little Spartan band to make a mere show of defend- ing the fort, he succeeded the next day in entering into a capitulation for the settlement, with Colonel John Butler, fair and honorable for the circumstances; by which doubtless many lives were saved. This capitulation, drawn up in the handwriting of Rev. Jacob Johnson, the first clergyman of the settlement, stipulated : " That the settlement lay down their arms, and their garrison be demolished. That the inhabitants occupy their farms peaceably, and the lives of the inhabi- tants be preserved entire and unhurt. That the Continental stores are to be given up. That Colonel Butler will use his utmost influence that the private property of the inhabitants shall be preserved entire to them. That the prisoners in Forty Fort be delivered up. That the property taken from the people called Tories, be made good; and that they remain in peaceable possession of their farms, and unmolested in a free trade through this set- tlement. That the inhabitants which Colonel Dennison capitulates for, together with himself, do not take up arms during this contest." The enemy marched in six abreast, the British and Tories at the northern gate, the Indians at the southern, their banners flying and music playing. Colonel Dorrance, then a lad in the fort, remembered the look and ccmduct of the Indian leader — all eye — glancing quickly to the right, then glancing to the left — with all an Indian's jealousy and caution, lest some treacheiy or ambush should lurk in the fort. Alas! the brave and powerful had fallen; no strength remained to resist, no power to defend 1 On paper, the terms of the capitulation are fair, 1 ut the Indians immediately began to rob and burn, plunder and destroy. Colonel Dennison complained to Colonel Butler. " I will put a stop to it, sir ; I will put a stop to it," said Butler. The plundering continued. Colonel D. remonstrated again with energy, reminding him of his plighted faith. "I'll tell you what, sir," r^Dlied Colonel Butler, waving his hand impatiently, " I can do nothing with them ; I can do nothing with them." No lives, however, were taken by the Indians ; they confined themselves to plunder and insult. To show their entire independence and power, the Indians came into the fort, and one took the hat from Colonel 906 SIS TOB Y OF PENNS YL YANIA. Dennison's head. Another demanded his rifle-frock, which he had on. It did not suit Colonel D. to be thus stripped ; whereupon the Indian menacingly raised his tomahawk, and the colonel was obliged to yield, but seeming to find difficulty in taking off the garment, he stepped back to where the women were sitting. A girl understood the movement, and took from a pocket in the frock a purse, and hid it under her apron. The frock was delivered to the Indian. The purse, containing a few dollars, was the whole military chest of Wyoming. Colonel Butler is represented as a portly, good-looking man, perhaps forty- five, dressed in green, the uniform of his rangers. He led the chief part of his armj^ away in a few days ; but parties of Indians continued in the valley, burning and plundering, until at length fire after fire arose, east, west, north, and south. In a week or ten days it was seen that the articles of capitulation aflbrded no security, and the remaining widows and orphans, a desolate band, with scarcely provisions for a day, took up their sad pilgrimage over the dreary wilderness of the Pokono mountains, and the dismal " Shades of Death." Most of the fugitives made their way to Stroudsburg, where there was a small garrison. For two or three days they lived upon whortleb erries, which a kin Providence seems to have furnished in uncommon abundance that season — the manna of that wilderness. Soon after the battle, Captain Spalding, with a company from Stroudsburg, took possession of the desolate valley, and rebuilt the fort at Wilkes-Barrd. Colonel Hartley, from Muncy Fort, on the West Branch, also went up the North Branch with a part}"^, burned the enemy's villages at Wyalusing, Sheshe- quin, and Tioga, and cut ofl" a party of the enemy who were taking a boat-load of plunder from Wyoming. In March, 1779, the spring after the battle, a large body of Indians again cjarae down on the Wyoming settlements. The people wei*e few, weak, and ill prepared for defence, although a body of troops was stationed in the valley for that purpose. The savages were estimated at about four hundred men. They scattered themselves abroad over the settlements, murdering, burning, taking prisoners, robbing houses, and driving away cattle. After doing much injury, they concentrated their forces and made an attack on the fort in Wilkes-Barr^; but the discharge of a field-piece deterred them, and they raised the siege. Most of the settlers had fled after the battle and massacre, but here and there a family had remained, or had returned soon after the flight. Skulking parties of Indians continued to prowl about the valley, killing, plundering, and scalping, as opportunity ofiered. In the summer of 1779, General Sullivan passed through Wyoming, with his army from Easton, on his memorable expedition against the country of the Six Nations. As they passed the fort amid the firing of salutes, with their arms gleaming in the sun, and their hundred and twenty boats arranged in regular order on the river, and their two thousand pack-horses in single file, they formed a military display surpassing any yet seen on the Susquehanna, and well calcu- lated to make a deep impression on the minds of the savages. Having ravaged the country on the Genesee and laid waste the Indian towns. General Sullivan returned to Wyoming in October, and thence to Easton. But the expedition had neither intimidated the savages nor prevented their incursions. During the LUZEENE COUNTY. 907 remainder of the war they seemed to make it their sjoccial delight to scouro-e the valley ; they stole into it in small parties, blood and desolation marking their track. In March, 1784, the settlers of Wyoming were compelled again to witness the desolation of their homes by a new cause. The winter had been unusually severe, and on the breaking up of the ice in the spring, the Susquehanna rose with great ripidity ; the immense masses of loose ice from above continued to lodge on that which was still firm at the lower end of the valley ; a gom-e was formed, and one general inundation overspread the plains of Wyoming. The inhabitants took refuge on the surrounding heights, many being rescued from the roofs of their floating houses. At length a gorge at the upper end of the valley gave way, and huge masses of ice were scattered in every direction, which remained a great portion of the ensuing summer. The deluge broke the gorge below with a noise like that of contending thunderstorms, and houses, barns, stacks of hay and grain, cattle, sheep, and swine, were swept off in the rushing torrent. A great scarcity of provisions followed the flood, and the sufferings of the inhabitants were aggravated by the plunder and persecution of the Penna- mite soldiers quartered among them. Governor Dickinson represented their sufferings to the Legislature with a recommendation for relief, but in vain. This was known as the ice flood ; another, less disastrous, which occurred in ItST, was called the pumpkin flood^ from the fact that it strewed the lower valley of the Susquehanna with the pumpkins of the unfortunate Connecticut settlers. After the peace with Great Britain the old controversy on the subject of land titles was renewed, and soon grew into a civil war. This war, like the old one, was marked by sieges of forts ; capitulations, made only to be broken ; seizures by sheriffs ; 13'nching — in which Colonel Timothy Pickering suff'ered some ; petitions, remonstrances, and memorials. Captain Armstrong, after- wards General, and Secretary of War, figured as commander of one of the forts or expeditions on the Pennsylvania side. The opposite parties in that war were known by the nicknames of Pennamites on one side, and Connecticut boys or Yankees on the other. Affairs were eventually amicably settled — and from that time onward peace dawned over the land. Many of the descendants of the original Connecticut pioneers remain in the beautiful country their ancestors preserved " against foes without and foes within." In the Whiskey Insurrection of 1794, Captain Samuel Bowman's company represented Luzerne in that expedition. Owing to the state of feeling in Northumberland count}^, these troops were stationed at Sunbury for some time, but eventually joined the main body of the army at Bedford. In the war of 1812--'14, there were from this localit}'-. Captain Samuel Thomas' artillery com- pany, attached to Colonel Hill's regiment ; Captain Joseph Camp, 45th regi- ment ; Captains Frederick Bailey and Amos Tiffany, 129tli regiment ; Captain George Hidley, 112th regiment; Captain Peter Hallock, 35th regiment; besides the " Wyoming Blues," and a detachment under Captain Jacob Bittenbender. In the war with Mexico, Company I, First regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, Captain Edmund L. Dana, saw good service. They participated in all the battles from Vera Cruz to the City of Mexico, and won for themselves honor 908 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. and glory. In the war for the Union, Luzerne county furnished her full quota. Iler dead lie on almost every battle-field of that great civil conflict, and many of her sons won imperishable renown. Wilkes-Barre, the capital of the county, was so named in honor of John Wilkes and Colonel Barre, distinguished advocates for liberty and the rights of the colonies. It was laid out by Colonel John Durkee, in 1772, and embraced two hundred acres. It was originally laid out in eight squares, with a diamond in the centre. The Siiiares were subsequently divided into sixteen parallelo- grams, by the formation of Franklin and Washington streets. The first dwelling built within the town-plot v/as in 1769. Wilkes-Barre was incorporated a borough in 1806, and in 1871 a city. Including a por- tion of the township which has been added to the city limits, it contains a population of nearly twenty-five thousand inhabitants. It is situated on the east side of the Susque- hanna, about the centre of the Wyoming valley, connected Avith the bo- rough of Kingston and the Lackawanna and Bloomsburg railroad by a bridge over the river and a street rail- road. The Lehigh Valley, and the Lehigii and Susquehanna railroads pass through the town, as also the Susquehanna canal. It contains a large and commodious court house, situated in the public square, erected at a cost of $150,000 ; the county prison, on the Pennsylvania system, of cut stone, costing $250,000 ; a city hospital, situated in a lot of five acres, in a healthy, airy location ; a home for friendless children, commodious, well ventilated, to accommodate one hundred children; twent3'-five churches of various denominations; five large public school buildings; an academy under the auspices of the Sisters of Mercy, and a fine public hall. The city is supplied with the purest spring water from Laurel run, the principal streets are paved, lighted with gas, with side-walks neatly " flagged." Of industrial manufactories, there are three large foundries and machine shops, wire-rope works, steam flouring mills, etc. Located in the centre of the Wyoming coal field, Wilkes-Barre is surrounded by numerous coal works belonging to the Lehigh and Wilkes-Barre coal company, Delaware and Hudson canal company, Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western coal company, together with a number of private operators. The Wyoming Athenaeum has a fine library, while the Wyoming Historical and Geographical Society's collection is large and valuable. The city government consists of a mayor and a council of twenty-one members. There are well organized paid fire and police departments. Few towns in the LUZERNE COUNTY PRISON, WILKES-BARRE. [From a PUotograph by E. W. Beckwith, Plymouth.] LUZERNE COUNTY. 909 State have increased in population and wealtli equal to Wilkes-Barrc within the past ten j-ears, owing chiefly to the development of coal mines and the construc- tion of the numerous railroads centering within it. IIazleton is situated in the southern part of Luzerne count}', near the middle of the Lehigh coal field, and at tlie intersection of tlie Lehigh and Susquehanna turnpike with the public road leading from Wilkes-Barre to Taniaqua. Its distance from Tamaqua is fourteen miles ; from Mauch Chunk sixteen miles ; from Berwick seventeen miles, and from Wilkes-Barre t\venty-six miles, reckoned by the old stage routes or wagon roads. It is the principal town in the populous and wealthy coal region in which it is located, and is the chief marketing centre for the highly cultivated agricultural region Ijdng to its north and west. The leading industry of IIazleton is tlie mining and shipping of anthracite coal. The IIazleton coal basin lies in a gentle depression on the summit of the water-shed, which separates the river basins of the Lehigh and the Susquelianna. The discoverer of coal in this region was John Adam Winters, a native of Berks county, who moved into this vicinity in 1812. At a "deer lick" near the spot where the old Cranberry school-house afterwards stood, the deer had pawed up some coal which Mr. Winters found in 1818. This place is about three-fourths of a mile west of the present town of IIazleton, and near this spot the mining of coal was commenced by a drift above water level. The formation of the IIazleton coal company, March, 1836, was the forerunner of a prosperous future for Hazleton. A steady increase in population and wealth throughout the region followed. Active work for the construction of the Hazleton railroad was pushed forward in the early summer of 1836, under Ario Pardee, as engineer in chief, and J. G. Fell, principal assistant. The business of the road for some years was the coal-carrjdng trade exclusively, which at first was done in connec- tion with the Beaver Meadow railroad and Lehigh canal. This was confined to the summer season until the building of the Lehigh Yalley railroad connecting with fhe New Jersey Central and North Pennsylvania railroads gave the Hazleton railroad its first opportunity of continued work throughout the year. Great numbers of hazel bushes once grew in the vicinity of Hazleton, giving name to the stream, and hence the name of the place. The present spelling Hazleton, which it is likely to retain, came through an orthographical mistake of the clerk in transcribing the act of incorporation of the compan}'. Hazleton was laid out by the Hazleton coal company in 1836, immediately following the organization of the company, and the erection of buildings was then commenced. It was then in Sugar-loaf township, from which Hazle township, with an area of forty-nine square miles, was formed in 1839. It was incorporated as a borough August 7, 1856. The population of the borough in 1860 was 1,107, and 4,317 in 1870. In 1876 the population is estimated at 7,000. It contains ten church edifices, a school under the charge of the Sisters of Charity, and several private schools. The Lehigh Valley railroad company have large machine and car shops with foundry. There are also two steam flouring mills, three planing mills, and other important industries. There is a flne public library established by the liberality of Ario Pardee, Sr., a resident of Hazleton, whose liberal dona- tions to Lafayette College are matters of history. Kingston township was laid out March 2, 1774, the first settlers liaving 910 HISTORY OF PJJNXSYLVANIA. arrived four ^years previous, in ITTO. Within the township are evidences of ancient fortifications of pre-historic races, which show a state of civilization far in advance of the Indian tribes found here by our fathers. This township is not entirely unknown in the history of the Revolution. Here are the remains of Forty Fort, which was surrendered July 4, 1778, after a brave defence b}^ a few poorly armed men. The ground upon which the battle was fought on the day preceding, lies mostly within this township, and is often pointed out to the stranger. A plain substantial monument rises above the bones of the patriots who fell by the combined force of the British troops and their cruel Indian allies. There is another relic of a past generation here — the old Forty Fort church, built in 1807, near the fort of the same name. The old church j^et stands with the interior the same as when our fathers listened within its walls to the preach- ing of Lorenzo Dow, Philip Embury, and Francis Asbury, the pioneer bishop, and is well worth}^ a visit from those interested in the history of the past. In this township are two villages, Kingston and Wyoming. Kingston is the most important of the two villages, and was doubtless so named by the early inliabitants in honor of the reigning king. These villages grev/ up from the early days of our country, but within the last ten or fifteen years they have been incor- porated, and attention has been given to a systematic laying out of the streets. The chief industry is the mining of anthracite coal, of which there are vast quantities. In Wyoming there are factories of terra cotta and shovels. In the village of Kings- ton are situated the shops of the Lackawanna and Bloomsburg railroad, which employ a large number of men. Here is also located the Wyoming Seminary, of Avhich the Rev. R. Nelson, D.D., was for twenty-eight years the successful principal. In 1872, Rev. D. Copeland, Ph.D., succeeded him, under whose administration the school maintains its high position. PiTTSTON, although settled as early as 1762, only contained, up to the year 1838, eight or ten houses. At that period the establishment of Butler & Mallory's colliery gave an impetus to the town. It was incorporated as 9> bor- ough in 1853, and in the year following its boundaries were enlarged. Within a radius of two and a half miles there is a population of twenty thousand, most of whom are more or less directly interested in the coal trade. The most extensive collieries are owned by the Penns3'lvania coal company. On the east side of the river there are many other collieries belonging to various parties. Beside these vast interests, there are a number of mechanical and manufacturing establishments located here. It is one of the busiest towns in Luzerne. It is situated on the Susquehanna river, where that stream enters the Wyoming valley, and is well connected with railroads running in all directions. White Haven borough, incorporated in 1842, derives its name from Josiah White of Philadelphia. The town is delightfully located on the Lehigh river and canal, twenty miles south-east from Wilkes-Barre. Until the destruction of the canal by a freshet, in 1862, it was at the head of slack-water navigation, and a shipping point of great activity. The principal business now is that connected with the lumber trade, of which it is the chief depot on the Lehigh. It contains a large number of saw mills, whose production amounts to upwards of thirty millions feet of lumber. In addition to these establishments, there is a large, foundiy and machine shop, with several smaller manufactories. LACKAWANNA COUNTY. [ With acknoiv/cdgments to L. A. Watres, So-mUon.] OR. a period of at least thirty years streuuous efforts were made to divide tlie county of Luzerue by the erection of a new one to be called Lackawanna. This was successfully resisted by the citizens of the old county until the act known as the "New County Law," passed under the provisions of the Con- stitution of 1874, was approved by Governor Hartranft on the 17th day of April, 1878. Although a general law, it was applicable to only two counties of the State, one of which was Luzerne. Immediately after the approval of the act an application for the division of Luzerne, signed by over one thousand citizens, and sworn to by J. O. Kiersted, E. Himrod, J. E. Barrett, E. Merrifield, D. M. Jones and A. I. Ackerley, was filed in the office of the Secretary of Internal Affairs at Harrisbui'g. On the 14th day of May David Summers of Susquehanna county, William Griffis of Brad- ford county, and Richard H. Sanders of Philadelphia were appointed Commissioners to fix a boundary line, report population, etc. A survej^ was in due time completed under the charge of James Archbald and P. Blewitt, Esqs., and on the 29th day of June, 1878, the Commissioners filed their report recommending the establishment of Lackawanna county. On the 8th day of July the Governor issued his proclamation ordering an election to be held August 13, 1878, upon the question of the new county. On the 15th of August the Commissioners, in pursuance of the law and the proclama- tion, met at Washington Hall in the city of Scran ton, and computed the votes that were cast, and certified the result to the Governor as follows: For the new county, 9615. Against the new county, 1986. Majority in favor, 7629. On the 21st day of August, 1878, the Governor issued his proclamation declaring that from thenceforth the county of Lackawanna shall be and is establislied with all the rights, powers and privileges of other counties of this Commonwealth, and during the ensuing week appointed and commissioned the first set of officers for the new county. The county of Lackawanna, as thus officially recognized and constituted, comprised the townships of Buck, Benton, Carbon, Clifton, Covington, Fell, Greenfield, Jeffer- son, Lackawanna, Madison, ISTewton, North Abington, Old Forge, Ransom, Roaring Brook, Scott, South Abington and Spring Brook. Besides the cities of Scranton and Carbondale there are ten incorporated boroughs within its limits, viz. : Archbald, Blakely, Dunmore, Dickson City, Glenburn, Gouldsboro', Yermyn, Olyphant, Waverly and Winton. The population of the county is estimated at 85,000 within an area of 440 square miles. As much relating to its early and recent history is incorporated with that of the county of Luzerne, which is therein treated of in full, it is superfluous to refer to it in this place. Lackawanka embraces in its area the northern limit of the anthracite coal meas- ures, together with large quantities of valuable farming and timber lands. Its industries are mostly connected with the iron and coal business of the country, and 911 912 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. are of .sucli character and proportious as to reflect great credit on the enterprise of its citizens, ScRAKTON, a city of the third class, is the county-seat. The region now occupied by it was called Capouse, from a peaceful tribe of Indians whose wigwams disap- peared in the summer of 1771. As the skin-clad red men withdrew from them with sullen reluctance, the whites began their clearings at Capouse. The Wyoming mas- sacre in 1778 left no living soul upon the grounds now occupied by this city. The first cabin that rose from the banks of the Nayaug, or Deep Hollow, now the site of Scranton, was built in May, 1788, by Philip Abbott, who erected a primitive grist- mill or corn-cracker. In 1799 Ebenzer and Benjamin Slocum purchased the pro])- erty, enlarged the mill, erected a distillery, started a forge, and built two or three houses, Avhen the appellation of Slocums, and then Slocum Hollow, was given it. A post-office was established here, but like the forge and distillery, was abandoned, and the village of five brown houses relapsed into silence from which it was aroused by AVilliam Henry and the Scrantons in 1840. It was named by them at first Harrison, then Lackawanna Iron Works, then Scrantonia, lastly Scranton, from Col. George W., Selden T. and Joseph Scranton, who were the real founders of it. It is now the third city in the State in size, population and importance. It is the southern termi- nus of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company's railroad, which extends to Mon- treal ; the northern termini of the Lackawanna and Bloomsburg Railroad, and of the Lehigh and Susquehanna division of the Central Railroad of New Jersey. The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad passes through it. A street railway diverges to four portions of the city. Scranton is a place of vast mining and manu- facturing interests, deriving its prosperity from its immense rolling-mills, furnaces, forges, its great steel-woi'ks, its locomotive, brass and iron mauufiicturing establish- ments, and its numerous miscellaneous manufacturing of wood, sheet iron, stoves, silk, edge tools and leather. Besides these industries, under the control of twenty incor- porated companies, representing many millions of dollars, there are thirty-four churches, a large opera-house, a public library, the largest collection of Indian stone relics in America, a city hospital, and a home for the friendless. Scranton contains a population of fifty thousand inhabitants. Caebondale was the first incorporated city within the limits of Luzerne county, the act of Assembly creating it bearing date March 15, 1851. In 1850 it contained less than five thousand inhabitants. On the 15th of December of that year the greater portion of Carbondale was destroyed by fire, and as previously there had been no municipal regulations, a meeting of the citizens was held, and a suggestion to apply for a city charter rather than one for a borough was carried unanimously, and measures were at once taken to secure it. From that time onward, located as it is in the midst of valuable coal-mines, the city increased rapidly, and contains at present about fifteen thousand of a population. Apart from its coal interests, the city con- tains several manufactories. It has a court-house and several fine structures. LYCOMING COUNTY. BY E. S. WATSON, WILLIAMSPORT. YCOMING county was formed from Nortluimberland in acoordance with the act of April 13th, 1195. Thomas Forster, John Ilanna, and James Crawford were the first commissioners. On the first day of December, of the year mentioned, they met iu open court of general quarter sessions and took the oath of office, and on the fifteenth day of the same month met and appointed John Kidd to be treasurer of taxes. At that time a vast area of territory was embraced within the limits of tlie county, comprising all the north-western portion of the State be^'ond Mifllin, Iluntingdon, and Westmoreland counties, and extending to the Allegheny river. Gradually its limits were contracted by the formation from it of Armstrong, Centre, Indiana, Clearfield, Jefl"erson, M'Kean, Potter, Tioga, and Clinton counties, until, at the |)resent time, it contains 1,080 square miles, or 091,200 acres. Probably in no county of the Commonwealth is the handiwork of nature more prominently displayed than in Lj^coming, made more Impressive by the contrasts presented the tourist. Mountains rising to an altitude of 1,500 or 2,000 feet extend across the northern and central sections, ranges of the Allegheny and Laurel hill, while at the base is a sparse population, owing to the narrow valleys. But this wild, sterile region is offset by the beautiful valley of the West Branch, the subordinate limestone valleys to the south, and on the east the fertile and picturesque Muncy valley, with a dense and prosperous agricultural population. The West Branch valley is bounded on the south by a bold continuation of Bald Eagle mountain, while beyond, like a beautiful picture, lies Kippenose and White Deer Hole valleys, the White Deer mountain forming the southern boundary of the county. Nippenose valley presents a curious formation. It is an oval limestone basin about ten miles in length, surrounded by high hills, the streams from which, after descending a short distance towards the centre of the valle}', lose themselves under the surface of the limestone rocks. Nippenose creek collects its waters from springs bursting up from the rocks on the north side of the valley, and conveys them to the West Branch of the Susquehanna. The course of this stream is through the southern portion of the count}', and the volume of water is increased by receiving PiuOj Larr3^'s, L3'coming, Loyal Sock, and Muncy creeks from the north, and on the south or right bank, Nippenose, Black Hole, and White Deer Hole creeks. There are valuable beds of bituminous coal and iron ore in the county, but agriculture and lumbering form the principal occupations. There are rolling mills, factories, tanneries, and a general variety of manufacturing branches, but the}' do not come up to the standard of what might be called prominent branches of industr}'. In the ^-ears 1836 and 1843, Professor Rogers made a geological survey of Lycoming county, but being at such an early day it was not so complete 3 n 913 914 HISTOB Y OF FENNSYL VANIA. as to furnish a full knowledge of the mineral productions lying beneath the surface, as at that time there were little or no developments, and the country being heavily timbered rendered the points accessible very limited. His report, however, shows the location of several good bodies of coal and iron ore, such as the Mclntyre, Frozen Run, Pine Creek, Hogeland Run coal basins which present indications of value for the future exploration and development. The Mclntyre mine has been run very successfully for the past five years, commencing with a tonnage of 1^,808 tons in 1870, 106,130 tons in 1871, 171,427 tons in 1872, 212,462 in 1873, and 138,907 tons in 1874. This coal is semi-bitumincus. Fossil iron ore was mined and shipped from Cogan station, on the Northern Central railroad, as early as 1858, and has continued with varying amounts from 100 to 1,000 tons, shipped to Danville, Bloomsburg, and Pottsville. The use of this will be increased as its value as a good fluxing ore becomes known, and as the price of iron will warrant its transportation to such points as needed. The numerous limestone quarries located below Williamsport and Muncy turn out a fair quality of building lime, and for fertilizing the soil, making quite an important local trade of value to builders and to the farmers of the county. In Mosquito valley there has been a quarry of black marble opened, which promises to become quite an important addition to the marble of the State when developed, so as to secure perfectly sound marble (as the best black marble is imported from Belgium at quite a high figure). As the county becomes cleared up and better opportunities are atforded for fresh explorations, new discoveries may be looked for, and capital invested at such points whei'e there is reasonable expec- tation of success. The new survey ordered in the State will doubtless more fully develop the mineral resources, as from the geological position of the county there is room for careful examination. Among the minerals found are good commercial black oxide of manganese, seventy per cent. ; silver copper ore ; gray carbonate of iron, fifty per cent., containing five to seven per cent, manganese. There are basins of good fossil iron ore, stoneware and fire clays, and some very fair outci'op specimens of zinc ores. From a specimen of rich copper mass, it is evident there must have existed some source where either the early French settlers or Indians procured their copper, for an inspection of old excavations on the edge of copper formations discloses remains where fire had been used at quite a depth below the present surface. Among other useful products that may have in the future a commercial value, are several quarries of good flag stone in diflFerent parts of the county ; also a very fair quality of pencil slate, and at four or five points a number of shades of good mineral paints. Originally the population of the county was composed of Scotch-Irish and Quakers, who moved in from the lower counties of the State. Their descendants still own lands along the valleys, but Germans and others from Pennsylvania and New York have located in such large numbers as to throw into obscurity, almost, the nationality of the original settlers. Previous to 1768 the valley was occupied by bands of Shawanese and Mousey Indians, from the lower valley of the Susquehanna, and the way for settlement by the whites was not opened until the 5th of November of the year above mentioned, which was efi'ected by the treaty of Fort Stanwix — called the " new LYCOMING COUNTY. 915 purchase " — by tht Proprietary government. Soon after this purchase, a difference arose between the government and the settlers whether the stream Tyadaghton, mentioned in the treaty, was Lycoming or Pine creek when trans- lated into English. For sixteen 3'ears it remained an open question, until the second treaty at Fort Stanwix, in 1784, when the question was settled by the Indians, who decided that the name mentioned in the treaty meant the Pine creek. In regard to the early settlement, nothing could be more clear than the following, from volume 2 of Smith's Laws: " There existed a great number of locations of the 3d of April, 1769, for the choicest lands on the West Branch of Susquehanna, between the mouths of Lycoming and Pine creeks ; but the Propri- etaries from extreme caution, the result of that experience which had also produced the very penal laws of 1768 and 1769, and the proclamation already stated, had prohibited any surveys being made beyond the Lycoming. In the meantime, in violation of all laws, a set of hardy adventurers had from time to time seated themselves on this doubtful territory. They made improvements, and formed a very considerable population. It is true, so far as regarded the rights to real propert}^, they were not under the protection of the laws of the country, and were we to adopt the visionary theories of some philosophers, who have drawn their arguments from a supposed state of nature, j\'e might be led to believe that the state of these people would have been a state of continual warfare ; and that in contests for property the weakest must give wav to the strongest. To prevent the consequences, real or supposed, of this state of things, they formed a mutual compact among themselves. They annually elected a trijjunal, in rotation, of three of their settlers, whom they called fair-play men who were to decide all controversies, and settle disputed boundaries. From their decision there was no appeal. There could be no resistance. The decree was enforced by the whole body, who started up in mass, at the mandate of the court, and execution and eviction were as sudden and irresistible as the judo-- ment. Every new comer was obliged to apply to this powerful tribunal and upon his solemn engagement to submit in all respects to the law of the land he was permitted to take possession of some vacant spot. Tlieir decrees were however, just; and when their settlements were recognized by law, and fair play had ceased, their decisions were received in evidence, and confirmed by judgments of courts." In those early days, as now, the white man was pushing the Indian back in spite of the proclamation of Governor Penn, notifying all persons not to settle on lands not purchased of the Indians and unsurveyed, and warning those that had settled to make haste and leave. But they did not vacate, and in the enforce- ment of their "fair-play" code, it became necessary to adopt rigid measures. Any person resisting the decrees was placed in a canoe, rowed to the mouth of Lycoming creek, and there set adrift. Subsequently a law was passed, allowino- the settlers between Lycoming and Pine creeks a pre-emption right to not over three hundred acres of land each, upon satisfactory proof being presented that they were actual settlers previous to 1780. For seven years after the purchase, the pioneers swung the axe, felled tiie giant trees, builded their cabins, and tilled their fields unmolested ; but just when they began to enjoy the comforts of their cabin homes, and reap the rewards of 916 HISTORY OF PEl^N SYLVAN lA. their industrj^, the cry of revolution was heard, ancpend upon being treated as their baseness and want of public spirit will most justly deserve. " I am, sir, your most obedient servant, " George Washington." A number of companies of militia of the county, upon this requisition, immediately marched, and were engaged in the battles at Trenton, BrandyAvine, and Germantown. One of the earliest of those to take the field was a com- pany, Captain Hays, enlisted in the Craig settlement in Allen township. The Rev. John Rosborough, the then pastor, accompanied the patriots of his flock in the capacity of chaplain, and with them reported for duty on the banks of the Delaware, near Coryell's Ferry, in Bucks count3\ Having taken part in the capture of the Hessians at Trenton, the first action in which they participated, the next morning, Mr. Rosborough, while in a farm house near the village of Pennington, was surprised by a scouting party of British horse, and cruelly put to death. He lies buried in the graveyard of old " Trenton First Church." In the so-called Whiskey Insurrection, Northampton county was represented by two companies. One of them was commanded by Captain John Arndt, of Forks township. Although both were absent several months, they failed to see service, in as far as on their arrival at Carlisle, the status of the insurrection no longer demanding troops, they were ordered to return to their homes. In the war of 1812, Northampton county responded to the call made upon her, and sent forth her sons to repel the aggressor with an alacrity and hearti- ness worthy of her character and fame. The borough of Easton mustered several companies ; Hanover township sent out Captain Fry's riflemen, and the Drylands, Captain Henrj' Jarrett's troop of light horse. These rendezvoused at Marcus Hook, but never saw service. There were no companies organized in this county for the war with Mexico, although recruits were enlisted at Easton and other points. Northampton county, in the late war of the rebellion, recruited the 153d regiment of Pennsj^l- vania volunteers, entire ; furnished five companies of the 1st regiment, four of the 129th — altogether some twenty-five companies at difl"erent times, and for different arms of the service. The original limits of Northampton county were gradually reduced. A portion was yielded to Northumberland on its erection in March of 1712; a second to Wayne, in March of 1193. In erecting Schuylkill, in March of 1811, William Penn and Rush townships were lost to old Northampton. In March of 1812, Lehigh ; in April of 1836, Monroe, and in March of 1843, Carbon counties, respectively and in succession, were concerned in further reducing the county, leaving it with an area at present of about 370 square miles, and upwards of 976 RISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VAIflA. 230,000 acres of land. This territoiy is divided into seventeen townships, and has within it eight boroughs, whose history will now be considered. Lower Saucon township (so named from the Saucon creek, a Delaware Indian word signifying " outlet of a stream") was erected in 1743, when still within the limits of Bucks. The surface of the eastern half of the township is hilly, being traversed by successive and parallel outliers of the South mountain ; the western section, on the other hand, is level, has a fertile limestone soil, and may not be surpassed anywhere for the fineness of its farms. The Saucon creek, which rises in Upper Milford township, in Lehigh county, with its east branch, or Laubach's creek, drains the rich valleys of old Saucon. Both these streams afford excellent water-power, and their banks have been the sites of mills from the eai'liest times. Old deeds and records go to prove that large tracts of land were taken up by speculators in Philadelphia, such as the Aliens, Wistars, and Graemes, prior to 1730, and then sold out in smaller parcels to the first settlers, who were principally Germans, among them some German Baptists and Men- nonites. These may have entered the lower part of the township as early as 1720. Many of the present inhabitants are descendants of the first settlers. Such are the Riegels, the Lerchs, the Labachs, the Hellers, the Boyers, the Beilims, the Bachmans, the Beils, the Lawalls, the Oberlys, the Stubers, the Ruchs, the Hesses, the Leidys, the Weitknechts, etc. In the year of the town- ship's erection its population was estimated to be 300. Prior to the year 1737, Nathaniel Irish, sometime an agent for William Allen in the sale of lauds, was seated near the mouth of the Saucon creek, on a tract of two hundred and ninety acres of land, to which he subsequently added five hundred acres. Here he built a grist and saw-mill. This property, in 1743, passed into the hands of George Cruikshank, a sugar planter from the island of Montserrat, and in 1769 to John Currie, Esq., late of Reading. Currie subsequently got a patent for a ferry over the Lehigh, just above the site of the present Freemansburg bridge. In 1809, William Currie conveyed a portion of the estate to Jacob Sheimer, for whom the present village of Shimersville is named. John Knecht's grist-mill, a foundry near by, a store, and a blacksmith shop, with a few dwellings, mark the site of the old Irish settlement. Higher up the Lehigh, and immediately below the site of the Bethlehem Iron company's buildings, Isaac. Ysselstein, a Hollander from Esopus, settled about the same time as did Nathaniel Irish. The Moravians, who began to build Bethlehem in 1741, took up lands in Saucon, opposite their town, as early as 1743, and in 1745 built the Crown Inn The " Crown " was the first public-house on the Lehigh. Adding purchase to purchase, the Moravians eventually acquired upwards of fourteen hundred acres in one contiguous body in this township. Here they laid out large farms, which materially aided them for years in the prosecution of their enterprises as a society and a church. The present borough of South Bethlehem occupies the site of the Moravian farms. The first church erected in the township was a log building, that stood as late as 1816, near the site of the present Lower Saucon church, which superseded its venerable predecessor in that year. It is not positively known when the old meeting-house was erected ; certain it is, that three years after his arrival in the I NOllTHAMPTON COUNTY. 977 country, in the autumn of n42, the Rev. Henry M. Muhlenberg, the well known founder of the Lutheran church in Pennsylvania, preached to the Germans of this section in the Saucon church. The first regular supply, however, was the Rev. Rudolph H. Schrenk, who began his pastoral labors in 1749. The second largest town in Saucon is Hellertown, since 1873 a borough. It receives its name from one of the Hellers, the dominant family of early settlers in this section ; lies in a fruitful valley near Saucon creek, and on a road which was the first one into this county from Philadelphia, having been laid out in OLD CROWN rNN, BETHLKHEM. 1737. It is a brisk and growing place. A grist mill on the borough limits, stands on the site of an older one, near which the first proprietor, one Stoffel Wagner, kept a well-known public-house as early as 1759. The discover}^ of ores of zinc in Upper Saucon township, by W. Th. Roepper, of Bethlehem, in 1845, led, in 1853, to the erection of the Ijchigh zinc com- pany's works, on the south bank of the river, opposite the borough of Bethlehent. Here was next laid out the town of Augusta, which, changing its name several times, eventually developed into South Bethlehem, which was incc rporated a borough in August of 1865. Zinc white, spelter, and sheet zinc, are the products of the afore-mentioned company's industries. The eraploj'ces 3 M 978 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. arc principally foreigners, Belgians, Germans, and Irish. The capacity of the oxide works is 2,000 tons per annum ; that of the spelter works, 3,600 tons. The annual yield of the mines is estimated to be 17,000 tons of ore. The Bethlehem Iron company, a portion of whose works lie within the LEHIGH UNIVERSITY, AT BETHLEHEM. precincts of the borough of South Bethlehem, erected their first stack in 1861, and in January of 1863 the first blast was fired. A mill for the rolling of iron rails was in operation in September of the same year. Rolling mill No. 2, ouilt in the shape of a Greek cross, has an extreme length of 931 feet, and covers NOBTEAMPTON COUNTY. 979 upwards of four acres of ground. This is exclusively a steel mill, has two eio-ht- ton Bessemer converters, with a capacity of 125 tons of steel ingots per day. The rolling department is able to turn out 1,100 tons of steel-rails per week. Seven stacks, a spiegeleisen furnace, a foundry, and a machine-shop, complete the company's works, which, at the present time, consume annually 70,000 tons of Pennsylvania hematites and New Jersey magnetic oxide, and from 70,000 to 75,000 tons of coal. Upwards of 2,000 men are employed in this magnificent enterprise, one of the largest of its kind in the country. Tiie borough of South Bethlehem is well laid out, principally on level ground. The Union depot of the Lehigh Valley and the North Penn railroads occupies the site of the old Crown Inn. The western part of the borough lies high, and consists of residences, many of which are conspicuous for the beauty of their architecture. St. Luke's Hospital, under the control of the Protestant Episcopal church, incorporated in 1872, has recently occupied the buildings of the Hydro- pathic Institute, on the slope of the Lehigh mountain, a short mile west of the Union depot, on the western line of Saucon township. Due south of the borough of South Bethlehem, on the ascent of the moun- tain, stands the Lehigh Uuiversit}^, founded by the Hon. Asa Packer, of Mauch Chunk, in 1865. The main building. Packer Hall, is built of native sandstone, 213 by 70 feet, in the architectural style of the Renaissance, and is a magnificent structure. Handsome residences for the President and the professors, and Christmas and Saucon halls, with a woodland park of sixty acres of gi'ound, con- stitute the noble gift which their benefactor presented to the young men of the , country when he endowed the institute originally, with $500,000, since supple- mented by large annual donations. The Lehigh University, with its schools of civil, mechanical, and manufacturing engineering, of chemistry, architecture, and construction, is governed by a board of trustees, of which the bishop of the diocese of Central Pennsylvania is the president ex officio. The Rev. John M. Leavitt, D.D., is the present President of the University. The faculty consists of nine professors and six instructors. Through the generosity of the founder, the trustees were enabled, in 1871, to declare tuition free. The mineral resources of this township are iron ore of the brown hematite variety, and limestone, much of which latter is burned to lime. Williams township, by the erection of Lower Saucon, at the March sessions, 1743, of Bucks county court, held at Newtown, contained the remaining portion of the lands in Northampton lying south of the Lehigh. A survey was accordingly deemed unnecessary. For a number of j^ears the county records mentioned the name of this township as Williamston, a name which is presumed to have been given it for John Williams, an early and promi- nent settler. Settlements were made as early as 1725. When Easton was being commenced in 1752, William Parsons, in December of that year, remarks, ''that most of the provisions supplying the infiint town are brought from Williams and Saucon townships, which contain a considerable number of inhabitants." John Williams, Melchior Hay, Nicholas Best, George Best, Michael Shoemaker, George Raub, and Martin Lehr, were some of tiie early German settlers. The Richards were English. Nearly the whole surface of the township is covered by the Lehigh hills or South mountain, which are principally composed of gneiss and other 980 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. primary rocks, and overlaid by limestone in some of the narrow valleys. Mag- netic iron ore is found in localities, and large quantities of the best of brown hematite, such as borab-sliell ore, etc. The soil in the valleys, especially next to the river, is rich, well cultivated, and very productive of wheat, corn, and grass. Fry's run, which by its tributaries receives the waters from the north and the south, and affords excellent power for grist and saw-mills, drains the greater portion of the township. There are several lesser water-courses. Hexen Kopf (witches' head or knob), an isolated prominence on one of the ridges of the South mountain, in the interior of the township, affords an exten- sive view of the surrounding country, and having been regarded by the first German settlers with superstitious awe as the scene of the witches' revelries, has become a place of resort for pleasure parties As early as 1743, there was a church, or meet- ing house, with- in the limits of this township, situate on the load that led f 1 om David Martin's ferry, o^cr the Dela- waie (erected in 1737), to the so called great load from Phil- adelphia to Na- thaniel Irish's mill, at the mouth of the Saucon, not far from the farm- house of Barnet Walter. In 1752, the Eev. Rudolph Sclirenck, one of Muhlen- berg's associates, preached at this olden-time church. Subsequent to 17G3, the congregation purchased a house of worship in Easton. Tliere are two boroughs within the limits of Williams township — the borough of Glendon, and that of South Easton. The borough of Glendon, incorporated in 18G7, has grown up around the Glendon iron works, situate along the right bank of the Lehigh, one and a half miles above South Easton, which were begun to be erected in 1843, by Charles Jackson and others of Boston, under the superintend- ence of Wm. Fermstone, the present acting manager. The first furnace was forty- five feet high, twelve feet at the boshes, and was at the time and for several years afterwards, the highest anthracite furnace in the United States. There are at present three stacks, and a fourth one in South Easton, belonging to this com- pany's works, which has the reputation of producing the best anthracite pig iron in the country. The ores principall}- used are hematite varieties, mined at the foot of the South mountain, near the junction of the limestone and gneiss, in the adjoining township. Magnetic oxide, from Morris county, N. J., is added to THE OLD MILL AT BETHLEHEM. — BUILT 1751. i ■ NOBTHAMPTON COUNTY. 981 their producing a most desirable mixture. Uhler's furnace, and the Kej'stone Iron Company's furnace, each one stack, lie within the limits of the borough of Glendon. It was incorporated in 186Y. Glendon is a station on the Lehigh Valley railroad, and lying on the Lehigh canal, has excellent conveniences for reaching market with its products. A short distance above Glendon, on the Lehigh, is the Lehigh Coal and Naviga- tion company's dam, called the " chain-dam," because by means of a chain supported on piers in the pool of the dam the boatmen are enabled to cross with their craft without danger of being swept over the breast. Coleman's island is at this point of the river. The borough of South Easton, so named because of its contiguity to Easton, situate on the right bank of the Lehigh, just above the junction of this river with the Delaware, was laid out in 1833 by the Lehigh Coal and Navi- gation compan}^ and incorporated a borough in 1840. It comprises part of three hundred acres of land owned by Melchior Hay, who, in 1750, assisted William Parsons and Nicholas Scull in laying out and surveying the county town of the projected county of Northampton. Lower Mount Bethel township was settled about 1728 or 1730 by emi- grants from the north of Ireland, of Scotch descent, and hence called Scotch- Irish, or Ulster Scots. They belonged to the same immigration which entered Allen township, and in contradistinction to the Craig settlement, called their settlement Hunter's settlement, for Alexander Hunter, the most influential of their number. At first they seated themselves near the mouth of Martin's creek, on land then heavily timbered and well adapted for farms. Others of these pioneers were the Lyles, the McCrackens, the Sillimans, the Nelsons, the Crawfords, the Campbells, the Lairds, the Galbraiths, and the Boyds. With that instinctive love of border life which has alwa3'S characterized the Scotch- Irish element of our population, these original settlers, after having made some im- provements, moved farther into the interior of the Province, many to the Susque- hanna, and were succeeded by Germans, or descendants of this industrious people. Lower Mount Bethel was separated and organized a township in 1746. The face of the country is diversified, the upper portion hilly; a level tract of land, however, extending from the Plainfield line to the Delaware river, at Belvidere, from one to two miles in width, forming a part of the Kittatinny limestone formation and excellent farming land. The soil in the northern part of the township is slate and gravel. The township is drained b}' Mud run, Martin's creek and its branches, and Richmond creek, or the Oughquoghton, all of whifh furnish power for grist and saw-mills. There is an iron ore deposit near the Delaware river, about two miles below Belvidere, and at Martin's creek, near the Delaware, the hydraulic cement stone makes its appearance. Washington township was formed from the upper part of Lower Mt. Bethel in 1871. As to the face of the country, there is a level marshy tract of several miles in width, running along the foot of the Blue mountain, in which are the springs of Martin's creek ; the remainder of the township is of the slate forma- tion, and decidedly hilly or rolling. It is well drained by said creek (written in old deeds by the Indian name of Moiawuquotenk) and its branches. All these aflford water-power. 9S2 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Bangor, in the upper part of the township, on Martin's creek, an outgrowth of the slate industry, which between 1803 and 1870 was dominant throughout the upper tier of townships in Northampton county, was incorporated a borough in 1875. It is a lively and growing toAvn. Just within the borough limits are the Bangor Slate company's well-known quarry. The surface of Upper Mount Bethel township is hilly and rolling, cxcept- ino- the belt of flat and marshy land that skirts the base of the Blue mountain ; the soil is either a slaty gravel or limestone, and yields well in the valleys underlaid by the latter rock. In 1752, when Northampton county was erected, there were but few farmers residing in this portion of what was then simply Mount Bethel; a few Low Dutch and a few Scotch-Irish — such as the Van Ettens, the Middaghs, and the Nelsons. In 1787 Upper Mount Bethel was formed into the township as we have it at present. Forks township adjoins the borough of Easton on the south. Prior to 1857, in which year old Forks, west of the Bushkill, was formed into Palmer, Forks had for its metes and bounds the same that were given it when in 1754 it was erected from the so-called Forks of Delaware ; hence, too, its name. The surface of this township is generally level ; the soil, limestone, well cultivated, and very productive. The first settlers were Germans, descendants of whom still occupy the paternal acres. Palmer township, until 1857, was a part of old Forks. It was named after George Palmer, a well-known deputy surveyor in the county in the last quarter of the last centur}', who resided sometime at Easton, and sometime in the Craig settlement, where he died. He is buried in the old graveyard of the Allen township Presbyterian church. Most of the surveying done in upper North- ampton, subsequent to the Revolution, was done by George Palmer and his assistants. The face of the county and the quality of the soil in Palmer resemble those of the Forks. The Bushkill, or Lehietan, which is at the upper end of the township forks (the most easterly branch, formerly being known as Tateray's creek) has, from the earliest settlement, been famous for its mills. A number of these are still active in converting the products of this rich grain-growing township into bread. Some of the first settlers were John Lefevre, John Van Etten, Robert Lyle, Garret Moore, and John Newland, from the " Hunter's settle- ment" on Martin's creek. These took up lands in the northern corner of the township. The Moravians made a settlement and built a mill on the west branch of Bushkill in 1752. In the spring of 1756, during the French and Indian war, this improvement, called by the brotherhood " Friedensthal," was stockaded, and afforded a place of refuge for many of the neighbors and refugees from the upper parts of the county and transmontane Northampton. On several occasions it was threatened by the savages, in the course of their predatory incursions. " Our dogs," writes one of the Moravians under date of January 22, 1756, "make a great noise every night till twelve o'clock, and run towards the island above the mill. I expect it is not without a good reason." This old mill was demolished some thirty years ago. Near its site stands one of more recent structure. Tlie Proprietaries' Manor of Fermor, or the Dry- lands, one of the two manors in Northampton, invaded the western limits of NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 983 Palmer, and belonged to what was locally at an earh' day called barren land or barrens. Easton, the seat of justice of Northampton county, is situated at the conflu- ence of the rivers Delaware and Lehigli (therefore in the very forks of Delaware), extending from the mouth of the latter along the former nearly half a mile to the Bushkill. It is therefore surrounded by water on three sides. For advan- tages of position as well as beauty of scenery it is unsurpassed b}' any inland town of Pennsylvania. Its site was selected, by order of the Proprietaries, by Nicholas Scull, Surveyor General, and it was laid out by William Parsons in the spring of 1752. Mr. Parsons was called by Thomas Penn from Lancaster to superintend the erection of the proposed new town ; was at first invested with all the offices, proved an energetic agent for his employer, and died in December, 1757. He lies buried within the limits of the beautiful place over which he watched so faithfully in its infancy. There is ever}' reason to believe that there was a cluster of dwellings in the forks of the Delaware when the site of Easton was selected, as David Martin, of Trenton, as early as 1739, had been granted a patent for ferrj'ing over Delaware at this point. The panic created throughout the country by the sacking of the Moravian mission at Gnadenliiitten, in November of 1755, which preceded the invasion of cis-montane Northampton, struck terror into the inhabitants of Easton. It was during the continuance of hostil- ities between the Indians and their white neighbors that Easton, between 1756 and 1762, at various times, was the point selected by the former to treat with the latler in reference to their grievances. There is no place in Pennsyl- vania as rich in historical associations touching the original proprietors of the soil as is the borough of Easton. For it was built in the garden spot of the red man, in a spot which was dear to him by reason of its beauty and by reason of its cherished ancestral memories. " I will treat with you no where but in the Forks," were the words of the Delaware King, Teedyuscung, as often as the governors sought to meet him in conference. And hither the governors and their counsellors were compelled to come at the bidding of the haughty warrior. Parsons lived to see the completion of tlie jail, which was commenced in 1752 and completed early in 1755, at a cost of about £400. The next gi'eat undertaking was the erection of a bridge over the Bushkill creek, at a cost of £226 to the count}'. A church and school-house, built of logs, was erected in the last-mentioned year, and paid for by private subscription. The first courts, from June, 1752, to March, 1766, were held in different taverns. The plan of the court-house, which was not completed until the last- named 3'ear, was taken from Carpenter's Hall, in Philadelphia. It was built of limestone, stood in the public square, was graced by a whipping-post and pillory, and cost $4,589. The bell which is used at the present day was cast by a Moravian at Bethlehem, in 1768. This olden time building was demolished in 1861. The streets of the new town were well laid out, and bore the names of pro- minent persons, of members and friends of the Proprietaries' family, such as Pomfret, Fermor, Julianna, Hamilton, etc. These, unfortunately, have been exchanged for modern ones, which are entirely devoid of historical association. 984 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. George Taylor, the representative in Congress from Northampton in 17*76, and one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, a native of the north of Ireland, was a resident of Easton between 1764 and. 1769. He died at this place in February of 1781. A beautiful monument Vjf Italian marble has been erected to his memory in the Easton cemeter3% Easton was incorporated a borough September 23, 1789, and received the second charter of incorporation in 1823. It is at present divided into seven wards, and has a population rising of 13,000, being one of the largest boroughs in the Commonwealth. The first impulse given to business in this important town, independently of its character as the seat of justice, which circumstance will always ensure for it a laro-e rural trade, was the discover}' of, and the transportation of coal from the anthracite region of the upper Lehigh. The Lehigh slack-water navigation from Mauch Chunk to Easton, was opened in June of 1829 ; the Delaware division of the Pennsylvania canal, two years later ; and the Morris canal somewhat earlier. Thus the place was destined to become an entrepot of the coal trade, which posi- tion it still holds. Connected with the great emporiums of the Atlantic border, by the New Jersey Central railroad, the Morris and Essex division of the Dela-, ware, Lackawanna, and Western railroad, and the Belvidere and Delaware railroad ; and with the anthracite region of Penns3dvania by the Lehigh Valley railroad, and the Lehigh and Susquehanna division of the Central railroad of New Jersey, there are few places favored as is Easton in these important aids to trade and factors of prosperity. Easton is compactly and well built, with beautiful residences and handsome and spacious stores. There are nineteen churches and a public library. The present court house was erected in 1860 and 1861, at a cost of $53,000. Near it stands the county prison, a Avell-built and well-appointed structure, both as to exterior and as to its interior arrangements. The public and high-schools of the borough, under a special superintendent, are among the best in the State. Lafayette College, located at Easton, having taken front rank among the educa- tional institutions of the United States, if not of the world, and one, too, of which every Pennsylvanian should feel proud, deserves a fuller notice than our limits allow. It was chartered March 29, 1826, during the administration of Governor Shulze, him- self an ardent and staunch friend of popular education. It was about this time that the Marquis de Lafayette visited America, receiving everywhere a national ovation, and the college was named in his honor. It was at first intended that military tactics should occupy a large place in the instructions of the college, but this was found inexpedient, and the project soon abandoned. The Rev. George Junkin, D. D., was elected the first president of the college in 1832, and the year following, July 4, 1833, the corner-stone of the then main building laid. Dr. Junkin remained with the institution until 1841, when he accepted the presidency of Miami University, but returned in 1844 to Lafayette, which he again resigned in 1848 to accept the presi- dency of the now Washington and Lee University of Virginia. During the interim 1841 to 1844, Rev. J. W. Yeomans, D. D., was at the head of the college. During the presidency of Rev. D. V. McLean, D. D. (1851 to 1857), a vigorous effort was made toward a permanent endowment of $100,000, by the sale of scholarships ; but this financial relief was only temporary. Rev. George W. McPhail, D. D., assumed XOR Til A MPTOX CO UNTY 985 the presidency in 1858, when renewed efforts were nitide in behalf of Lafayette. The breaking out of the civil war of 1861-65, however, had a depressing effect upon the institution ; many of the students of the college enlisted in the army, and the pres- sure of the times so much diminished the number of new students that at one time it was feared that all the classes would be discontinued. Dr. McPhail resigned in 1863, but at this critical juncture Rev. William C. Cattell, D. D., was called to the head. A new vitality was at once infused, and new vigor from that period forward characterized the work of the college, both in its inner life and in the more remote points of contact with the patronage and public. Under this administration Lafay- ette has risen to her present commanding eminence, embracing departments of instruction widely different in specific scope and aim, yet brought into stimulating contact, and so into unity of a harmonious progress. The endowment of the chair of mathematics by Mr. Ario Pardee in August, 1864, was the beginning of those tvf ld.r PAKDEE HALL, LAFAYETTE COLLEGE. earnest efforts by noble men whose munificence has placed Lafayette College where it stands to-day. The college-grounds include about thirty-three acres, beautifully located, over- looking the city of Easton. The old college-buildings have been completely trans- formed, while there have been erected during the past twelve years the Jenks Physi- cal Hall, the Astronomical Observatory, founded by Dr. Traill Green of Easton, and the Pardee Hall, named for its munificent founder. This magnificent structure cost nearly $300,000. It consists of one centre building five stories in height, 53 feet front and 83 feet deep, and two lateral Avings, one on each side of the centre building, measuring 61 feet in length and 31 feet in width ; four stories in height, including a mansard roof, the whole terminating in two cross wings 42 feet front and 84 feet deep and four stories in li^ight. The entire length of front in a straight line is 256 feet. The material is Trenton brownstone, with trimming of light Ohio sandstone. The building is'heated throughout by steam and lighted by gas. The first floor is mainly devoted to the study of mining and metallurgy ; the second contains the geological and mineralogical cabinets, a spacious auditorium, and smaller lecture- rooms, reading-rooms, and professors' studies. The third floor is devoted to the engi- neers. The right wing is occupied by the mining engineers. A large drawing-room 986 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. occupies the lateral wing, while the cross wingembraces rooms for models and various professional purposes. The left wing is occupied by the civil engineers. The lateral wing comprises a drawing-room, and the cross wing is divided into rooms for lectures, working-models, collections, and the like. On the fourth floor the same ample pro- vision has been made for the chemists. The centre building is divided into large rooms, one for technical collections and the other an assistant's room. The lateral wings are intended for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The cross wings at the extremity of the building are occupied by additional laboratories, lecture-rooms, and professors' studies. The fifth floor of the centime building is mainly occupied by laboratories for original researches. In determining what rooms were needed and the best arrangement of them, similar buildings in Europe, as Avell as in this coun- try, were carefully studied, and liberal provision has been made in all the depart- ments of instruction for every aid whi«h has been devised for the most thorough and attractive teaching, and also for the prosecution of original researches. The old standard curriculum of under-graduate studies has been adhered to throughout with a judicious regard for the interests of classical culture. Changes have occurred, it is true, and important additions have been made to this course, but only such as have seemed necessary in view of the just demands of changing times. In her recent remarkable growth, however, Lafayette has far exceeded the limits of this single course, and has, indeed, by her various schools or departments of instruc- tion, advanced to the rank of a university. We have no less authority than a lead- ing English review for stating that " the studies of a philological character carried on at Lafayette College are not surpassed in thoroughness by those which we are accustomed to associate with German universities." The schedules now offer seven distinct courses of study leading to degrees, as follows : I. The Classical Course — the graduates receiving the usual degree of Bachelor of Arts. ... II. The General Scientific Course — graduates receiving the degree of Bachelor of Science ; or for those taking an elective course in Latin, Bachelor of Philosophy. . . . III. The Course in Civil Engineering — the graduates receiving the degree of Civil Engineer. . . . IV. The Course in Mining and Metallurgy — the graduates receiving the degree of Mining Engineer. ... V. The Course in Chemistry — the graduates receiving the degree of Analytical Chemist. . . . VI. Post- Graduate Coxirses — designed for grad- uates of colleges or scientific schools ; those completing a three years' course in these post-graduate studies receiving the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. . . . VII. The Department of Law — graduates receiving the degree of Bachelor of Laws. The gen- eral scientific course offers a system of thorough liberal culture based upon the study of the natural sciences, modern languages, and mathematics. Its design is to fur- nish a system of instruction fully equivalent in general information and scholarly culture to the classical course, but ivithout the ancient languages. Anglo-Saxon, Ger- man, and Erench are therefore substituted for Latin and Greek. These languages are pursued in the light of modern philology, with the systematic thoroughness which we are accustomed to associate with classical studies. If, however, the surest test of sub- stantial progress is the number of students, in this there has been » remarkable ad- vance. In 1863 there were thirty-nine students, now there are nearly four hundred ; while the Faculty, consisting of nine members at that period, now numbers twenty-eight, Allen township was formed on the petition of thirty-seven signers (most of whom were Scotch-Irish) to the Court of Quarter Sessions of the county of NORTHAMPTON COU^ITY. 987 Bucks, held at Newtown, in June, 1748. It included the present townships of Allen, East Allen, and Hanover, besides that portion of Lehigh county which invades the forks of Delaware. The Scotch-Irish were the first settlers in this part of the county, and the thirty-seven afore-mentioned signers were doubtless all the taxables in the year 1748. Allen township received its present bounds and metes when, in 1752, its adjacents to the north were formed into Lehigh township, and when, in 1845, East Allen was cut off. The Aliens of the present day retain the name given to old Allen, in honor of Chief Justice William Allen, of Philadelphia, who, subsequent to 1740, became the largest proprietor of lands in this section of the county. The upper half of the township is hilly and rolling, and the soil of the slate formation ; the lower portion is more level, limestone, well cultivated, with as fine farms as the yeoman's heart may desire. The mineral products are hydraulic cement, slate, and iron ore. Slate was prospected for and worked in small quantities on the bank of the Hockendauqua as early as 1832. The township is drained by the Hockendauqua, Dry run, and the Catasauqua, which afford power for a number of grist and saw mills. The Scotch-Irish entered this part of old Allen soon after their first settle- ment on the head-waters of the Catasauqua. Few of their descendants, however, may be found on the ancestral acres, most of these having passed into the hands of strangers, principally Germans. The course taken by the walkers, Marshall and Yeates, in September of 1737, in their effort to ivalk out as much land as possible for Thomas Penn, ran from near the south-eastern to the extreme north-western corner of this township ; and it was not far from Howell's grist-mill, on the Hockendauqua, where the walkers and their attendants passed the night of the 19th of September, prior to resuming the walk for six additional hours, on the morning of the 20th. When excavating a cut for the bed of the Lehigh and Susquehanna railroad in 18G7, the workmen, not far from this .point, came upon the remains of an Indian burial ground, which was probably the place of sepulture for the village, where the Indians, we are told, passed that memorable night in a wild caniico. East Allen was separated from Allen in 1845. The surface is generally level ; the soil limestone, and highly productive of wheat, rye, and Indian corn. The principal water-courses are tlie west branch of the Menakasy creek, and the springs of the Catasauqua or Caladaqua. It was within the limits of East Allen that the Ulster-Scot pioneers of Northampton county made their settlements as early as 1728. The}'- seated themselves upon one of the richest limestone* sections in the countj^, hewed out noble farms from the primeval forest — farms which are the admiration of the traveler to the present day — built churches and school houses, and for generations were a distinctive element in the popula- tion of the county. The first church was built in 1746 ; it was superseded by a second, and they in turn by the one which stands to the present day, near where are interred the remains of the first of those hardy yeomen who exchanged the comforts of home in the old world for the uncertainties of border life in an A-merican wilderness. Both church and buruil ground are near Weaversville. As has been stated earlier, this settlement of Scotch-Irish, which was long 988 HISTOBY OF PENNSLYVANIA. known by the name of "the Craig settlement," extended from the Menakasy on the east, to the Hockendauqua and the Lehigh on the west. Hugh Wilson erected a gristmill on the Hockendauqua creek as early as 1740. He and the Craig brothers were the most influential among this people. Names of other prominent individuals have been given on a previous page. David Brainerd preached occasionally for the settlers here during his mission in the Forks of Delaware. During the French and Indian war, in January of 1756, immediatel-v after the disaster which befell Captain Hays' company of Scotch-Irish at Gnadenhiitten (now Weissport), where he and his men were ambushed by the Indians and well nigh cut to pieces, the settlers fled from their farms and sought refuge among the Moravians at Bethlehem and Nazareth. " Soon after my arrival here," writes Franklin from Bethlehem, to Governor Morris, under date of January 14, 1756. " the principal people of the Irish settlement, such as Wilson and elder Craig, came to me and demanded an addition of thirty men to Craig's compan^^, or threatened they would immediately, one and all, leave their country to the enemy." Captain Hays, mentioned above, resided on the site of Weaversville. On the 8th of October, 1763, the bloody affair at Stenton's public-house anew struck terror into the settlement, and its inhabitants for the last time were com- pelled to flee from their homes. The panic, however, was of short duration. In the Revolutionary war the Scotch-Irish of Northampton were among the first to take up arms in defence of their adopted country's liberties, and Captain Hays' company saw service at the battle of Long Island and at Trenton. General Robert Brown and General Thomas Craig, both officers in the Continental army, were natives of the Irish settlement. Immediately subsequent to the Revolution, when the estates of loyalist land- holders throughout the Commonwealth were conflscated, a number of inhabitants of the Aliens (whose lands were then held in the name of James Allen, a son of William Allen the original proprietor), in order to avoid litigation, removed from their farms ; some to the Genesee country, some to the Redstone country, and some to the Susquehanna ; and tiius it has happened that the names of the original settlers, save a few, such as the Homers, the Clydes, and the Hemp- hills, have become extinct. German farmers now hold the bulk of the farms first tilled by the Scotch-Irish. Not far from Odenwelder's tavern, in the centre of East Allen, George Wolf, the seventh Governor of Pennslyvania, was born in August of 1777. It was at the academy, established by the Presbyterians of his neighborhood, in 1791, that he received the rudiments of a classical education ; and what was taught him *here may have influenced him, later in life, to become the great advocate of a system of popular education. Bath, situated on the West Branch of the Menakasy, since 1856 a borough, was laid out several years prior to the Revolution, and named after Bath in England. It was in the last decade of the last century the seat of the land office, and in its vicinity resided George Palmer, the surveyor. The slate trade and the proximity of the Chapman quarry, have of late years given a decided impetus to its growth. Bath is a station on the Lehigh and Lackawanna division of the Central railroad of New Jersey. Siegfried's Bridge, a post village on the Lehigh river, and a station on NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 989 the Lehigh and Susquehanna division of the Central railroad of New Jersey (which road skirts the western boundary of Allen township in its entirety), gradually grew up about a feriy for which John Siegfried had a patent as early as 1714. In 1824 a bridge superseded the ferry. This was one of the many bridges which were swept away in the great freshet of January, 1841, when the Lehigh valley suffered iuoalculable loss of property, and also loss of life. Sieg- fried's Bridge is come to be a brisk and growing place. Kreidersville is named for one of the German families who settled here about 1*765. It lies on the old King's road to Fort Allen, laid out by order of the court in 1747 ; and which, until 1756, was the road by which the Mission- aries of Bethlehem were wont to travel to Gnadenhiitten (Lehighton), and others to the Healing Waters of the Aquanshicola. Hanover township was a portion of old Allen until the j^ear 1798. In 1812, on the erection of Lehigh county, full two-thirds of Hanover was assigned to that county. It lies between East Allen on the north, and Lower Nazareth and Bethlehem on the west. The surface is level, except at points along the Menakasy creek, and the soil is limestone. This little township is a continuous scene of agricultural prosperity, being in the highest state of cultivation, and in the hands of sturdy German farmers. The farms average about one hundred acres each. The early histor}^ of Hanover is included in old Allen. The mineral products are lime and iron ore. The latter, within the past twenty-five years, has been dug at numerous points, and is a superior quality of brown hematite. Getz's mine has yielded untold wealth continually for forty years. The Moravians were next in order to the Ulster Scots, to enter the Forks of Delaware, and settle within the limits of Upper and Lower Nazareth and Bethlehem townships, as they are constituted at present. In the spring of 1740, the well-known Peter Boehler (sometime an intimate friend of the Wes- ley brothers) left Georgia with a handful of Moravians of Herrnhut, who had ineffectually attempted to establish a mission among the Creeks. On arriving at Philadelphia the}'- were employed by George Whitefleld, to erect for him a large stone house he proposed to use as a school for negroes, on a tract of five thou- sand acres of land (the present Upper Nszareth township) which he had pur- chased of William Allen. Here tlie Moravians worked for the remainder of the year; and having disagreed with Whitefield, and being dischai'ged, were com- pelled to seek a new home. This they found when their Bishop David Nitschman secured a tract of five hundred acres at the confluence of the Menakasy creek and the Lehigh river, on which, in March of 1741, they began to build Bethlehem. This eventuall}' became their principal settlement in the Province, and continues to be the seat of government of the Moravians of the church north. Upper Nazareth township lies in the very heart of Northampton, and has virtually the same metes and bounds as liad the original Whitefield tract — which tract its proprietor named Nazaretli. The tract was held by William Allen in right of Letitia Penn, and was invested with the privileges of court-baron. In 1762 the tract, in its entiret}^, fell into the hands of the Moravians, and was held by them intact till towards the beginning of the Revolution ; subsequently they disposed of all save a few hundred acres. The township is well watered by the 990 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. numerous branches of the Menakasy, has partly slate-gravel and partly limestone soil, is productive, and boasts the very best of farms. Most of the inhabitants are of German descent. During the tenure of this noble domain by the industrious Moravians, they made, between 1743 and 1152, several improvements, to wit:. Old Nazareth, Gnadenhiitten, Christian's Spring, and New Nazareth, the present borough of Nazareth. Nothing of Old Nazareth, save its ruins, remains. Near it stands the Whitefield house, one of the most interesting monuments of the olden time in this country extant. This staunch structure was recently purchased by a friend of the Moravians, remodeled, converted into a home for retired mis- NAZARETH HALL,, AT NAZARKTH. sionaries, and donated in trust to that people. The Moravian Historical Society has it rooms on the upper floor. But little of Christian's Spring — of its mills, and workshops, and great stone barns — is left to tell of the early days. The Gnadenhiitten farms were sold to the county commissioners in 183G, and on the site of the Moravian dwellings is erected the count}^ almshouse, The so-called Indian graveyard — an old Moravian burial-place a short mile west of the borough of Nazareth — contains the remains of several of the settlers who were killed by the savages in 1756. In 1755 the Moravians erected a spacious stone mansion west of the old Nazareth settlement, which they designed for the residence of Count Zinzendorf, who was expected to return to the country. Failing to do so, the house was converted into a school, and here, in October of 1785, was established that well NOBTHAMPTON COUNTY. 991 known and popular boarding school of the American Moravian church, Nazareth Hall. During the French and Indian war, in 1756, several of the manor farms were stockaded, and afforded places of I'efuge to the fugitive inhabitants of the upper tier of townships. Provincial troops were stationed at these stockades. In ITGO, a fifth settlement was made by the Moravians one mile north of Nazareth. It was called Schoeneck. In the spring of 1771, New Nazareth was laid out around Nazareth Hall. This became the principal place on the barou}'-, and when it ceased to be a close denominational settlement, grew apace, and in 185G was incorporated a borough. The borough of Nazareth is eligibly situated, and although destitute of the advantages which railroad connection invariably affords, is a thriving town. It contains four churches, the largest of wliich is the Moravian, a beautiful brick structure, and several industrial establishments. Nazareth Hall and the White- field house are in the borough. The Hall has now for upwards of ninety years sustained its reputation as an excellent institution of learning — having in that time sent out upwards of three thousand alumni. It has been presided over by fourteen principals. The Rev. Eugene Leibert is the present incumbent. Cottage Home is a charmingl}'- situated family school, in charge of the Rev. E. II. Reichel. Nazareth is the seat of the fair grounds of the Northampton Count}' Agricultural Society, incorporated in 1855. Upper Nazareth was until 180G a part of Nazareth township, which latter was separated from Bethlehem in 1788. The mineral products arc slate, lime- stone, and iron ore. Lower Nazareth township was formed from Bethlehem township in 1788. Totally different from its sister township of the same name, in the matter of being well watered, a great part of its border, along with portions of Palmer and Bethlehem, were at an early day denominated barrens, or dr^dands, twelve thousand acres of which region, between 1736 and 1770, constituted the Pro- prietaries' Manor of Fermor or the Drylands. The soil is heavy, limestone, and producing plentifully of wheat, r^-c, and Indian corn. The mineral products are limestone and hematite ores. Bethlehem township, as at present constituted, is a portion of old Bethlehem township, which, when laid out in 1746, embraced within its limits all of Upper and Lower Nazareth, together with what bears its name at present. It is bounded on the north by Lower Nazareth, on the east by Palmer, on the south by the Lehigh river, and on the west by Hanover and Lehigli county. The western part of Bethlehem is drained b}' tlie Menakasy creek ; the south by small water- courses that empty into the Lehigli. A part of this township is so called dr}-- land ; its surface is generall}- rolling, the soil rich heavy limestone, producing excellent crops of the staple cereals. The Moravians were the first settlers, and at one time held some two thousand acres of land next to the town of Bethlehem. The Drylands were settled twenty years subsequent to the beginning of that place. Bethlehem the oldest and principal town of the Moravians in this country-, and until 1844 a close denominational settlement, was begun to be built in March of 1741. Its founder was Bishop David Nitschman, a native of Moravia. 992 HIS TOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Between 1741 and 1762 the Moravians in the Province were united in an economy, or quasi communism, of which Bethlehem was the central part and seat of government. Tliis place at an early day arrested the attention of travelers, who never failed to be struck with the industry and intelligence of its people. The society received many accessions from the mother country, and was thus enabled to prosecute a mission among the Mohicans of New York and the Delawares of Pennsylvania. There are upwards of sixty of these dusky con- verts buried in the old Moravian graveyard at Bethlehem. During the Indian war of 1756 the place was at points stockaded, and afforded shelter to hundreds of settlers from the upper parts of the county. Count Zinzendorf was here in 1742, and Bishop Augustus G. Spangenberg, one of the revered fathers of the American branch of the church, superintended its concerns at Bethlehem for about twenty years. " Since 1844 the place has grown rapidly. The completion of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation company's canal in 1829, the sale of the Moravian farms on the south side of the Lehigh, the ei'ec- tion of zinc and iron mills, and the opening of three railroads, have in turn stimulated old Bethlehem, in- fusing into it the life of rejuvenescence, so that from a business point of view it is behind none of its sister towns in enterprise and thrift. In 184,') the place was incorporated a borough. It is well built, on high ground that skirts the north bank of the Lehigh. The houses are brick, and without exception, slate roofed ; the stores are beautiful and commodious, and many of the private residences elegant and luxurious. It has ten churches, two large public schools (one recently erected at a cost of $80,000), and a well appointed fire department. The Moravians have a commodious four-story building occupied as a denomina- tional day school. The Moravian seminary for young ladies, established in 1785, enjoys a high reputation to the present day, having sent out during the past ninety years of its existence upwards of six thousand alumni. It has been presided over by seventeen principals. The present incumbent is the Rev. Francis Wolle. The Revolutionary experiences of this old town were peculiarly exciting; and although its inhabitants as a people scrupled to bear arms, and may not be THE "SCHNITZ HOUSE," AT BETHLEHEM. NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 993 reckoned among the patriots of the camp — nevertheless they contributed freely of their substance to the common cause, and ministered, twice in the course of the great struggle, to hundreds of sick and wounded of the Continental army. Such was the case for the first time, when, in December of 1776, following the success of the British arms on Long Island, the removal of the general hospi- tal from Morristown to points in the interior, became an imperative necessity. Bethlehem then received for its quota upwards of eight hundred of the two thousand in hospital. One hundred and ten of these lie buried on the borders of the present borough. With the beginning of September of 1777, opened the most eventful period in the Revolutionary history of Bethlehem. For scarcely had the excitement incident on the arrival of two hundred prisoners of war (one hundred of these 5^ jn^X^riCCi v^T n» ^^?5:Xp^^icr, ^5^^^^^^^ .V-' iy l^i=^ai= ©. « 6>-(D o.9-(^.^.e-«.9-e-^ ^"^^ ^^ ^^.^ .X*. ^^.;&:p^; I iilllllilll. ifllllll!! il 111! ill ^Jl«(>\"' ^'^ ^Hfi a ^)^ 1036 rHILADELPJIIA CITY AND COUNTY. 1037 steam vessel which ever navigated the ocean. Lines were established and other steamboats built, and all the predictions of poor John Fitch of the value of his invention were realized, and the profits obtained b}'^ others. In 1805, the first land carriage moved by steam in the world was exhibited by Oliver Evans, who having made a machine for cleaning out docks, built upon a scow to be operated by steam, placed it on wheels with such machiner}^ as propelled the carriage by steam from Market street and Broad to the Schuylkill, where, being launched and paddles affixed, the vessel was navigated down the Schuylkill and up the Delaware. Evans offered at this time to make a steam carriage that would run on land, and laid his proposals before the Lancaster turnpike compan}'. In 1809, a very serious quarrel arose between the United States government and the government of Pennsylvania, which by prudent management only was prevented from breaking out in absolute hostilities. The difficulty was caused by a legacy from the time 9f the Revolution, and originated in the misconduct of Benedict Arnold, when he was military governor of the cit}^ At that time he purchased the claims of some sailors in a prize taken b}' the Pennsylvania State ship and another vessel. The Pennsylvania Admiralty Court made a decree in favor of the State. Arnold procured a decree from Congress ordering the whole sum to be paid into the United States Treasury. The State of Pennsylvania resisted. The question finall}^ got into the United States courts, which decreed against the State. The money originally was in the hands of David Rittenhouse, State Treasurer, who held it for self-protection. lie was dead at this time, and his estate represented by his daughters, Mrs. Sergeant and Mrs. Waters. The State passed an act forbidding them to pay the money, and agreeing to hold them harmless. This promise was carried out by the calling out of troops, under General Michael Bright of the city militia, which were posted around the dwell- ing of Mrs. Sergeant and Mrs. Waters, at the north-west corner Seventh and Arch streets. The United States marshal made the attempt to serve the writ, but he was repulsed by the State troops. For twent^^-six daj's the troops were on guard, and although the marslial called out a pos.se comilatuH of two thousand men, which, if led by him, might have precipitated a bloody collision, he suc- ceeded by strategy in entering the house and serving his writ. Subsequentl}', the State ordered the money to be paid. General Michael Bright was tried, convicted, and sentenced for high treason, but was pardoned b}^ the President. Thus ended an affair whicli gave to the old mansion the appellation of " Fort Rittenhouse." The war between Great Britain and the United States, wiiich broke out in 1812, was sustained in Philadelphia with great patriotism. Volunteer companies were formed ; the forts on the Delaware were strengthened ; gun-boats were built for the defence of the Delaware river. In Ma}^, 1813, three companies from the cit}', under Colonel Lewis Rush, were stationed on the peninsula between the Delaware and Chesapeake bay, and remained two months. In July, the gun-boat flotilla, built and equipped in Philadelphia, and commanded by Captains Angus and Sheed, attacked the British sloop of war Martin, and the frigate Junon, near Crow shoals on the Delaware, and did them considerable damage. In 1814, after news was received of the capture of Bladensburg, entrenchments were thrown iij) by 1038 SIS TOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. the volunteer labor of citizens, near Gray's Ferry and on the Baltimore road. Twent3'-one companies of volunteers and four companies of militia were in service at the camps in Kcnnett Square, Chester county; Bloomfield, Shellpot, and Dupont, in the State of Delaware. They were embodied in the advance Light Brigade, under command of Brigadier-General Thomas Cadwalader, and were encamped for some months. The treaty of Ghent, of which news was received in 1815, put an end to further military operations. Tlie first turnpike road from Philadelphia to Lancaster was built and openei in 1195. The first railroad built in the city was constructed in 1832, and led to Germantown, six miles. The Columbia railroad, a portion of the State work, was finished shortly afterward. The Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore, and the Camden and Amboy railroad to New York, followed in a year or two. The Beading railroad was opened February 10, 1842. The Pennsylvania railroad, chartered April 13, 1846, was in operation for a portion of the route in 1848. The Philadelphia and Trenton, North Pennsylvania, the West-Chester and Phil- adelphia, the Philadelphia and New York, Camden and Atlantic, West Jersey, and many others followed. The building of canals thi'ough Pennsylvania and other States, to facilitate commerce, was a matter of interest and concern as early as 1791, when the Schuylkill and Susquehanna were proposed to be united. The first practical result Avas the finishing of the Schujdkill navigation in 1825, the Union canal shortly afterward, the Delaware and Raritan, the eastern division of the Pennsylvania canal from Easton to Bristol, the Delaware and Chesapeake, and many other works. Lafaj'ette, the " nation's guest," was received with a grand parade and enthusiastic ceremonies, ending with a general illumination of the city, Septem- ber, 1824. He remained several days, during which time he received many courtesies, dined Avith the corporation of the city and with the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, visited places of interest, was waited upon by deputations of citizens, representing occupations, societies, and bodies of various kinds. After his departure, having traveled over the United States, he returned to the city in the succeeding 3'ear, and remained a few days. During the time of his first visit the idea of erecting a monument to the memory of Washington, the corner-stone to be laid b}^ Lafaj^ette, was originated, and subscriptions were received. But the amount collected being insufficient, nothing was done practicall}^ at that time toward the erection of the monument. In 1832 the centennial annivei'sary of the birthday of Washington was cele- brated, on the 22d of Februarj^, by the most magnificent procession which had ever marched through the streets of the city. Trades and occupations were largely represented, not only by the presence of persons interested in them, but by practical exhibitions of method of manufacture displayed upon stages and moving platforms, upon which artisans were at work. Associations and socie- ties, fire companies and their apparatus, and other organizations assisted, rendering this the most splendid pageant which had ever been seen in the city. The feeling in favor of an erection of a monument to Washington was again kindled. Further efforts were made, so that on Februar3' 22, 1833, the corner-stone of the proposed monument was laid in Washington square, after PHILADELPHIA CITY AND COUNTY. 1039 having been conveyed there in a grand procession, and solemnly deposited with appropriate ceremonies. In 1832 the Asiatic cholera, which had been progressing with fearful devasta- tion over the face of the globe, broke out in the city on the 5th of ^\\\y. Pro- gressing steadfastly^ westward from India across the continent of Europe, its coming was expected and prepared for. Medical commissions had been sent out by cit}^ councils to study the character of the disease, and ascertain the best means of prevention and cure. Public hospitals were established, and when the epidemic made its appearance, the communit}^ were ready to meet the misfor- tune. On the 4th of October the last case was reported. While the disease prevailed there were 2,314 cases, and 935 deaths. The ratio of cases to popula- tion in the city proper was one in *70 ; and deaths, one in 172 and a fraction. This being the most thickly built portion of the territory, showed less favorable results than in other districts where the population was sparse and the sanitary condition better. Between 1834 and 1844 a spirit of turbulence, riot, and disorder seemed prevalent throughout the United States'. Philadelphia felt the influence, which first manifested itself in outrages against the blacks, in August, 1834, when a meeting-house, near the Wharton market, was torn down and many colored people were assaulted and beaten, and their houses broken into. In October occurred "the Robb's row riot," in the district of Moyamensing, a row of houses on Christian, west of Ninth, opposite the Moyamensing Commissioners' Hall, be- ing burned and several persons injured. This disturbance was created by heated political antagonism. Another riot, in which the blacks snffered and their houses were burned, occurred in July, 1835. In 1838, May 1*7, took place the Pennsylvania Hall riot, during which a large and elegant building dedicated to purposes of public discussion by the Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery, only three da3'S before, was attacked, broken into, set on fire, and totally destroyed. The Kensington railroad riots took place in 1840, a manifestation of opposition against an attempt by the Philadelphia and Trenton railroad company to la}^ their tracks on Front street, in the built-up part of the city. In this dis- turbance the rails were torn up, houses burned, and persons injured. Another riot, in which blacks were victims, took place in the summer of 1842, during which Smith's Beneficial Hall, a building erected by a colored man for the meet- ings of colored people, was attacked and burned. The most terrible riots known in the histor}^ of Philadelphia took place in 1844, and resulted from political and sectarian prejudices which were aroused into activity by the formation of the Native American party and a spirit of great animosity to the Roman Catholic religion. The movement for the formation of the Native American party took place in the early part of this 3^ear. On the 6th of May a Native American meeting was called, which was intended to be held on an open lot at the south-east corner of Second and Master streets. Before the proceedings were finished, some difficult}' arose between the persons holding the meeting and others on the outskirts supposed to be Catholics, which resulted in the latter making an attack in such force that the participants of the meeting were dispei-sed. The}' rallied, and proceeded to a market house near by, on Washington street, above Master. The meeting was re-organized, but the dis- 3 Q 1040 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. turbances were soon renewed, and fire-arms were used by the assailants. This unfortunate affiiir took place in a portion of the city where the majority of the inhabitants were Roman Catholics, and although there was nothing to show that the latter were combined for purposes of outrage, the feelings of the persons assailed led them to a bitter extremity. They obtained arms ; an attack was made on the buildings in the neighborhood of the market, which were defended ; muskets were used on both sides. Several persons were killed, but the American party being triumphant, set fire to and destroyed the obnoxious houses. These excesses led to an attack on the Catholic church of St. Michael, at Second and rHILADELPHIA CITY AND COUNTY. 1041 Jefferson streets, not far from the place of outbreak. It was broken into, set on fire, and totally destroycl, as was also a female seminary under charge of sisters of a religious order. On the same evening the Roman Catholic church of St. Augus- tine, Fourth below Vine street, was attacked by a mob, set on fire, and totally destro3'ed, with the priest's house adjoining. Troops had been called out before this time, and such measures were taken as prevented further outrage. In July these disturbances were renewed. The Native Americans celebrated the 4th of July with a large and showy procession which quietly marched through the streets, and ended the da}^ with a grand display of fireworks on the line of the Columbia railroad, be^'ond Fairmount, when the participants dispersed, everything being apparently peaceful. Some of the Catholics misinterpreted this pageant as a method of concentration for a general attack on the Catholic churches, a supposition entirely unwarranted by the circumstances of the case. But it so happened that it was discovered, on the evening of tlie 6th of July, that muskets had been taken into the Catholic church of St. Philip De Neri, on Queen street, for its defence. This building was situated in a strong Native American district, and indignation was expressed at the conduct of the church authori- ties, who had countenanced the formation of a military company among the members for the defence of the church. There was excitement, and crowds assembled in the neighborhood of the church. The sheriff's posse was early on the ground. Military appeared afterward. Great excite- ment was caused by an arrest of a member of the posse by military order, he having protested ngainst an order issued by the officer having com- mand of the troops, directing that the citizens who were slow in retiring before the troops should be fired upon if they did not move more quickly. The pro- testing citizen was prompt!}' arrested, taken to the church, and detained there — a piece of policy' which greatly inflamed the people, who looked upon the prisoner as a martyr to their cause. lie was kept in confinement during the remainder of the niglit and until next day. The mob, determined to release him, procured cannon, Avhich were loaded with slugs and other missiles, and fired at the rear of the church, doing but little damage. It was then brouglit to the front, but further trouble was prevented by efforts of citizens of the district. The prisoner was released, wiiich somewhat allayed the excitement. A volun- teer company of Irishmen, placed in the church to guard the prisoner, was, on marching out, chased and dispersed. Knowledge of these transactions being noised through the city drew great crowds to the neighborhood. In the course of the afternoon the church was broken into, and hundreds passed through the building, more from curiosity than from any other purpose. The excitement was subsiding. A committee of citizens, the greater number of whom were pro- minent Native Americans, was oiganized for the protection of the church. According to every probability the disturbance had ceased without prospect of renewal. Under these circumstances the military again made their appearance on the scene. Tiie force had been organized in Independence Square, and marched down with rnusic playing, drawing with it a crowd of idlers, for the day was Sunday. Upon reaching the ground elforts were made to clear the streets by soldiers with fixed bayonets. The crowd retired slowly. An altercation is said to have taken place between some of the soldiers and the citizens, during which 1 04 2 HISTOE Y OF P ENNS YL VAN'IA. a brick was thrown, striking one of the voluntcoi's. The captain commanding this company gav^e orders to his men to fire, and two volleys were fired into the crowd. The street was full of men, women, and children. Several persons were killed instantly and others wounded. The anger of the populace at this dreadful occurrence was intense. The excitement was renewed in more furious manifes- tation than before. The rioters, principal among whom were sailors and water- men, procured four pieces of artillery, and with muskets attacked the soldiers. The latter responded. The battle continued during the night of the Yth and the morning of the 8th of Jul v. Two soldiers were killed and several wounded. Seven citizens were killed and several wounded. The situation of the military was perilous. They were without food, and were beleaguered by an infuriated populace. It was evident that if they remained until the next night the}' would all be massacred. Under these circumstances, the commissioners of Southwark undertook to ensure the safety of the church and the peace of the district, if the troops were withdrawn. They left the scene on the morning of the 8th. There was no difficulty afterward, and thus ended the most dreadful riot which ever took place in Philadelphia. The occurrence was the last of this kind, as there has been no serious disturbance since. The practicability of using gas for illuminating purposes was shown as early as 1817, at Peale's Museum, in the State House, the article being manufactured by Dr. Charles Kugler. The Masonic Hall adopted that process of lighting soon after- ward, and the Chestnut Street theatre followed. In March, 1835, the Philadel- phia gas company was created b}'^ councils, with capital stock of $125,000, the right being reserved to the city to purchase the works at a specified rate within a certain time. On the 8th of February, 1836, the first public use of gas was made, there being forty-six public lamps and only nineteen private applicants for the use of the gas. The city bought out the rights and property of the gas company, July 1, 1841, for $113,000, and took possession of the works. Gas companies were afterwards established in various districts, the rights of which were subsequently bought out by the city, except in the single case of the gas works of the Northern Liberties. The consolidation of the city with the adjoining districts, in 1854, has been proved to be a measure of importance by enlarging the sphere of municipal action. Great improvements have taken place, and the increase in the number of houses, the addition to the population, the extension of the manufacturing interests, and the enlargement of commerce has been remarkable. For seven years after consolidation no public event of great importance occurred until the breaking out of the war of the rebellion in 1861. At that time the sympathies of the greater portion of the population was strong in support of the United States government. The news of the fall of Sumter was followed by volun- teering for the defence of the Union, which resulted in the formation of several regiments almost immediately. During the continuance of the war there were raised in Philadelphia and went into service, six regiments for three months' service; for three years' service, thirty-five infantry regiments, three artillery, eight cavah'y; for one j^ear, five regiments of infantry; for nine months, four regimen'is of infantry; for one hundred days, three regiments; for emergency during invasions, three regiments of infantry and two of artillery ; drafted I04;i 1044 HIS TOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. militia for ninety days, ten I'egiments ; independent battalions, five. Of these troops the Union League raised nine regiments of infantry and one battalion of "cavalry ; the Corn Exchange, two regiments. During the continuance of the war the Union and Cooper-Shop Volunteer refreshment saloons, which were main- tained by subscription, in the neighborhood of the landing-place used by the Baltimore, the New York, and the Pennsylvania railroads, on the Delaware, near Washington street, received, fed, and refreshed nearly one million of soldiers, most of whom came from the North and East, or passed in that direction on their return home. In 1863, a fair for the benefit of the United States Sanitary Commission was held in Logan Square — the proceeds being appropriated for the benefit of sick and wounded soldiers. The receipts amounted to $1,5G5,377 15. GIRARD COLLEGE, PHILADELPHIA. On the 10th of Ma}', 1876, the International Exposition in honor of the cen- tennial anniversary of American independence was opened in Fairmount Park, in an enclosure of tvip hundred and thirty-six acres, ceded for that purpose by the Park Commission. The preparation for this great event was enormous. Thcbuildings erected upon the grounds for various purposes connected Avith the .Hsplay were nearly two hundred. Among these were structures devoted to pur- poses of the exhibition, as illustrated by raachiner}', manufactures, horticulture, agriculture, and for the accommodation of foreign nations and the various States of the Union which participated, beside every arrangement for the comfort of visitors. The foreign nations which took part in the display were European, Asiatic, African, and North and South American. There Avere thirty-five separate foreign departments, and the United States was abundantly represented in manu- facture, invention, science, art, horticulture, agriculture, mining, and every con- ceivable form of industry. This great display exceeded anything Thich had PHILADELPHIA CITY AND COUNTY. 1045 occurred in tne workl, and was a fitting triumph of a century of progress in the essentials to the prosperity of manliind. Philadelphia, having been for more than a century the scat of the Provincial and the State government, and during the Kevolutionary war, the meeting-place of Congress and capital of the Confederac}^, and during the administrations of Washington and Adams, the capital of the Federal government, has had in it, connected with public events, man}^ buildings of historic note. The oldest memorial of the shadowj' past still existing, is the cottage of William Penn. The date of this house goes back to 1682-3. The slate-roofed house, old Swedes' church, Christ church, the State Ilouse, and several other buildings, yet remain. Man)^ other buildings of historic note or architectural beaut}' adorn the metro- polis, principall}^ among which are Girard College, founded through the benevo- lence of Stephen Girard, the Masonic Temple, the public buildings, and the Uni\ersity of Pennsylvania. In 1798 the University bought a house in Ninth street, below Market, which had been built for the use of the President of the United States by the State of Penns^'lvania. A medical department or college had been created in connection with the college before the llevolution, but had occupied separate buildings. In 1807 a building for the department was erected on Ninth street. In 1829 the original buildings were torn down and two buildings erected for the use of the departments of literature and medicine. In 1874 this property was sold to the United States government, for the purpose of erecting thereon a post oflice, and the Universit}' removed to the elegant site on Locust, between Thirty-third and Thirty-fourth, which was granted by the cit3\ Here are separate buildings for the departments of literature and science and medicine, together with the Universitj' hospital. The material of these buildings is green stone, with gray stone ornaments. The stj-le is collegiate gothic, with towers, gables, buttresses, pinnacles, bay and oxal windows. The corner-stone of the building of science and arts was laid June 15, 1871, and it was finished and opened October 11, 1872. It is two hundred and fifty-four feet long, one hundred and twenty -four feet wide at the centre, and one hundred and two feet two inches deep at the wings. The medical department stands west of th€ main building, and is fitted up for purposes of medical instructions. There are accommodations for six hundred students, with class rooms, lecture rooms, and every convenience. The hospital is south of the main building, on Spruce street. When finished the front will be two hundred and fifty feet six inches, and the central building and two parlors each one hundred and ninet3'-eight feet in depth. Councils granted the ground for this lu spital, $200,000 was subscribed by the State of Pennsylvania, and $350,000 from private subscriptions. There is a splended medical and surgical staff", and the hospital is entirely free to all who, needing its services, are residents of Pennsylvania. [Communicated by William Travis, A.M.] Germantown, although now incorporated in the City of Philadelphia, de- mands a separate notice. It is included, with Mount Airy and Chestnut Hill, in the Twenty-second ward of the city. Its situation has always been regarded as most picturesquely beautiful. It occupies a grand slope of country, extending 104fi PHILADELPHIA CITT AND COUNTY. 1047 from the old Logan estate, below Fisher's Lane, between two and three miles in a north-western direction to Mount Airy. This inclined plane is remarkably diversified with greater and less elevations, separated by ravines that begin near the Germantown avenue, or Main street, and widens into little vales, pursuing meandering courses, deepening as they go, until those on the east combine with the beautiful valleys that extend down to the Delaware river ; whilst those on the west soon terminate in the Wissahickon, the western boundary of the slope, and help to form the scenes of enchanting beauty and loveliness of that world- renowned drive in Fairmount Park. These ravines are coursed by streams of water, supplied by multitudinous springs, constituting the most perfect natural drainage possible. The ground rises still higher through the village of Mount Airy, and the summit is reached at Chestnut Hill, about two miles beyond the northern limits of Germantown. It was such a diversified region of country that arrested the attention of the learned and enterprising Francis Daniel Pastorius, the friend of William Penn, given his place in the celestial sphere by the poet Whittier as the " Penn- sylvania Pilgrim." He took up the site of Germantown, as the agent of the Frankfort Companj^, in 1683 ; but Chestnut Hill, and the region between that and Germantown, were taken up for himself and a friend. The Germantown tract comprised between 5,000 and 6,000 acres, which was soon surveyed and laid out in 57 town lots, 27^ on each side of Main street. Each lot facing on Main street, together with back lots, comprised about 50 acres of land. These were divided among the settlers by casting lots ; and soon a thrifty town sprung up along this winding street. The settlers were mostly from Germany and Holland, and religiously of the Quaker, Mennonite, and Tunker persuasion. Specimens of the unique and substantial structure of their houses still remain. All the first settlers came here evidently for a religious asylum. Among them was quite a number of hermits, who dwelt in caves in the near vicinity. The town never had any organized government, except during a period of about fifteen years, commencing in 1691, Pastorius himself being the first bailiff. The town lost its charter because the religious scruples of the people would not permit them to take the oath of qualification for office. In 1735, Christopher Sower established the first tj-pe foundry in this country at Germantown. In 1739, he commenced the publication of a quarterly news- paper, having manufactured his own type and ink. In 1743 he issued an edition of a quarto German Bible, the first published in this country. His son continued his father's business and greatly enlarged it, publishing many books, in addition to two editions of the Bible. The newspaper became a monthly, and as the stirring times of the Revolution approached, it was issued weekly, obtaining a cir- culation of some twelve thousand, it is said becoming a power in the land. It is expected that such a people would be interested in the education of their children. For this, the citizens of Germantown were particularly distinguished at a very early day. In 1760, after frequent meetings and discussions, held at the house of Daniel Mackinet, the popular tavern of the day, a movement was organized, that combined all the wealth, enterprize, and intelligence of the place, toward the speedy erection of a large and commodious school building, with two smaller buildings as wings for residences of the masters, in a large beautiful lot 1048 SIS TOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. on Bensill's, now School lane. They called the main building The Union School House, a name at once typical and very suggestive. The fact that the language of the people was divided about equally between the German and Eng- lish, must have been a great obstacle in the way. This was met by malting it a German and English school; and there were at once enrolled seventy German and sixty English pupils. Tiie contributions to these buildings and grounds, during the first two years, amounted to about twelve hundred pounds. The board of trustees at first became the great organized body of tlie town, a seat in which was the object of every aspiring man's ambition. These trustees were elected by the contributors, until 1830. The institution was chartered by the Legislature in 1786, as "The Public School op.Germantown," but for more than half a century it has been known as The Germantown Academy. The academy has always had considerable celebrity, and is still an object of the deepest interest and pride of the citizens, many of whom have been educated here. It was during the prevalence of yellow fever in Philadelphia, in 1793, that the salubrity and healthfulncss of the place became so much prized. No case of that terrible scourge was ever known to originate here. The members of both the National and State governments made this town their place of secure retreat. Tiie United States Bank was for a time located here. The academy was offered as a place of meeting to both Congress and the State Legislature ; and it was for a time occupied by two of the banks of Philadelphia. After the removal of the National government to Washington, and the withdrawal of the distinguished men who had become accustomed to make this their summer residence, German- town became isolated and exclusive for a long period. The steam railway con- necting with the cit3^, for this reason among others, was for a time a non-produc- tive undertaking, and became almost an entire failure. The aristocratic and exclusive inhabitants and owners of the land refused to shai-e their little para- dise with the outside world. But manufactories, especially of hosiery and fine woolen goods, grew up very rapidly, that have already' gained a national reputa- tion, and both operative and operator demanded dwelling places for themselves. For some years past a spirit of noble enterprise has attracted to the place greatly increased population and multiplied wealth. The old churches, of rather Quaker plainness, have given place, in many cases, to large and commodious structures, adorned according to the style and taste of modern church architecture. Everywhere there is evidence of thrift, enterprise, and increasing wealth, all of which are made to contribute to the comfort, ease, and elegant living of the people. PIKE COUNTY. BY WILLIAM WESTFALL, ROWLANDS. m-i-^ IKE count}' was taken from Wayne by the act of Marcli 2Gth, 1814. One or more terms of court was held at a little hamlet called Will- sonville, on the east bank of the Waullenpaupack, at the extreme '• On the 22d day of July, 1779, near what is now the little town of Lacka- waxen, was fought one of the fiercest Indian battles on record. Although this massacre took place in the State of New York, nothing but the pure waters of the Delaware separate the battle-ground from Pike county, and a brief history of that dreadful day's proceedings may not be ought of place in this sketch. Early in July, Captain Brant, the half-breed Indian chief, left the Susquehanna with some four hundred warriors, to make an incursion into the Delaware valley. The settlers received timely warning, and threw out scouts to watch the approach of the invaders. The wily Indians turned a short corner, struck for the upper Delaware, crossed near Mast Hope, at a place known as Grassj'^ Brook, "ilambered over the mountains, and by forced marches reached the little town of Minisink, where the thriving village of Port Jervis now stands. The inhabi- tants saved themselves by flight, but the town was sacked, the horses and cattle PIKE COUNTY. 105 driven away, and the buildings reduced to a mass of smoking ruins. Flushed with success, the invaders moved slowly up the Delaware with their plunder, keei)ing the York State side. While these scenes were transpiring, the people of Orange count}' raised about one hundred and fiftj' men, and put them on the trail of the savages. On the night of tlie 21st the Indians encamped at the mouth of Beaver brook. The pursuing partj' lay four or five miles further down the river. On the fatal morning of the 22d, both parties were early in motion. Brant had reached the ford at the mouth of the Lackawaxen, and a good part of his plunder was safe in Pike county. The whites held a short consultation at the Indian encampment, and the more prudent urged a return. The delibera- tions were cut short by a Captain Meeker, who boldly stepped to the front, exclaiming, " Let brave men follow me." This had the desired effect, and nearly the whole party were once more in hot pursuit. Two short miles brought them to the ford. A large body of the enemy could be seen upon the opposite shore. A few shots were fired, and one Indian was seen to roll down the bank towards the river. About this time a heavy volley was fired into the whites from the high hills in the rear, which awakened them to a sense of their danger and the fatal mistake the}' had committed of leaving the only avenue of escape in the hands of the enemy. The ofificers in command ordered a rush to be made for the high ground. The Indians fell back, and chose their own position ; the pursued recrossed the river, and this brave but doomed band of patriotic whites were cut off from water, and surrounded by their merciless enemies. The sun poured out its fierce heat, and all through that long sweltering July day the battle raged with unmitigated fury. When night closed around the combatants, some twenty-five or thirty made a dash for the river, headed by Major Wood, who, through mistake, made the grand masonic hailing sign of distress as he approached the spot where Brant was standing. The Indian, true to his obligations, allowed the party to pass. They swam the river and made their escape into the wilds of Pike county. A few more escaped under the cover of darkness, and the rest lay upon the hillside cold in the arms of death. In the year 1822, the bones of friend and foe were picked up, put in boxes, taken to Goshen, in Orange county, given decent burial, and a beautiful monument, erected by a public-spirited citizen of the place, marks the spot where the bones of the heroes, lay who fought what is known as the Battle of the Minisink. The details of this terrible disaster to the early settlers of this region have been gathered from the descendants of those who were living at that day. The Delaware and Hudson canal crosses the Delaware river at Lackawaxen by a fine suspension aqueduct, aud passes along the west bank of the Lackawaxen river to Honesdale. The Honesdale and Hawiey branch of the Erie railroad is located upon the eastern bank, and over these two works a large portion of the coal mined in the Wyoming valley finds its way to a market. In this part of the county are a number of beautiful lakes, where the disciples of Isaak Walton spend many a pleasant hour. The famous Ijidian fighter, Tom Quick, was well acquainted with this part of the country in his day, and skulked around the ponds or lakes to slay what he called one of the accursed race. Like the Wandering Jew, he had no abiding place, but was continually on the move to fulfil the oath he had made when a young man to kill one hundred Indians during his lifetime. 1052 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. It is stated that before his mission was accomplished he was taken seriously ill, and was supposed would not recover. He prayed continually for life and health to carry out his project. He eventually recovered, the number of Indians were slain, when his old and trusty friend, the rifle, was oiled up and laid away never more to be handled b}' its owner, lie left his old haunts, and died shortl}^ after. He is sleeping his last sleep on the banks of the Delaware, between Shohola and Milford. The first settlement made at Millford was about the year 1779, by a Hollander named Yanderraark, who gave the name to the creek north of the town. He also took up and i)atented a tract of land, which is still outside of the corporate limits of the village. In the year 1800 there were but two houses and a blacksmith shop on the site. The whole plain at that time was thickly grown over with pine, stunted oak, and bushes, with dense forests of hemlock skirting the moun- tain streams. The plateau, upon which the town is built, rises some three or four hundred feet above the waters of the Delaware river, which is the eastern boundary of the town. In the year 1814 it became the county seat, and was laid out with broad streets, crossing at right angles. In 1870, a new court-house was erected, at an expense of some forty-five thousand dollars. In 1874, the act of incorporation was passed. DiNGMAN, eight miles down the Delaware river, is a small hamlet noted as a favorite summer resort. Busiikill, still further down the river, is a quiet village. Matamoras, eight miles above Milford, lies on the bank of the Delaware river; it is a thriving, growing town. Lackawaxen, twenty miles further up the riv^er, derives its name from the stream which here empties into the Delaware; it is a bus3', bustling place. Mast Hope, five miles above on the river, is built upon the bank of the stream from which it derives its name. Rowlands, Millville, and KiMBLES, are post towns on the Ilawley and Honesdale branch of the Erie railway. At each place there is a thriving, industrious population, the princi- pal occupations being lumbering and stone quarrying. Pike County was so named in honor of the brave Zebulon M. Pike, killed at the battle of York, near Ontario, Canada, April 27, 1813. Organization of Townships. — Blooming Grove was erected December 17, 1850, from parts of Lackawaxen and Palmyra; Dingman, April 17, 1832, from Upper Smithfield; Green, April 24, 1839, from Palmyra; Lehman, August 19, 1829, from Delaware; Milford, April 17, 1832, from Upper Smithfield; Porter, December 16, 1851, from parts of Delaware and Lehman; Shohola, September 25, 1852, from parts of Lackawaxen, Westfall, and Milford ; Westfall, January 31, 1839, from INlilford. Pike count3', at its organization, comprised the town- ships of Middle Smithfield, Delaware, Upper Smithfield, Lackawaxen, and Palmj'ra. POTTER COUNTY. BY E. 0. AUSTIN, FOREST HOUSE, HE territory comprised within the bounds of the county of Potter was formerly a portion of Dunstable township, Lycoming county. The lands comprising it were mostly patented, and the district lines with preliminary surveys made and established about 1790. The owners of these lands, looking to their future occupation, caused the initial steps to erect it into a county to be taken in 1803. On the 26 Lh of March, 1804, an act of the Legislature was passed, naming the county and defining its boundaries, but still leav- ing it attached to Lycom- ing county for all execu- tive and judicial purposes. On the 3d of February, 1806, the powers and duties of the commissioners of Lycoming were extended over Potter, providing that separate accounts should be kept of the monies col- lected, and also separate books for the recording of deeds therein. It was named in honor of General James Potter, an officer of the Revolution, and a dis- tinguished citizen of Penn- sylvania. Sampson Craw- ford, Hugh White, and Robert McClure were ap- pointed trustees to receive the donation from John Keating, one of the principal land owners in the county, of certain lands for the use of the county. These lands comprised two-thirds of the squares of the town, to be located and surve3'ed for the county seat, one public square for the county buildings, one square on which to erect an academy, and a certain quantity of land to be held for its use. The county seat was to be located at some place not more than seven miles from the geogra- phical centre of the county. On the 4th of March, 1807, the site was fixed at the forks of the Allegheny river, within tlie prescribed distance from the centre, and 1053 POTTER COUNTY COURT HOUSE, COUDERSPOUT. [From s riiotograph in posseasion of il 3. Thompson.] 10{)4 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. named Coudersport, in honor of Judge Couder, a particular friend of the patron, Mr. Keating. Potter, M'Kean, and Tioga counties all formed a portion of Lycoming count}' until 1804, when the steps before mentioned were taken. This state of things continued until 1833, when Potter and M'Kean were organized in conjunction as a separate judicial district, the courts being held at Smethport, M'Kean county, with provisions, however, anticipating an early organization of Potter, under which the records of each territory were kept separate, those per- taining to Potter being subsequently transferred to Coudersport. In 1835 it (Potter) attained its full organization, the first judges and sheriff being commissioned by Governor Wolf in 1835 and '30. Potter county is a portion of a large tract of high rolling table-land, lying in the northern central portion of the State, including the counties of Tioga, Potter, M'Kean, Elk, Cameron, etc., comprising considerable of the great bituminous coal basin, and rich in iron ore, with traces of silver, copper, and lead: It is bounded by the counties of Steuben and Allegheny, in New York, and Tioga, Clinton, Cameron, and M'Kean, in Pennsylvania. The northern half is rolling, and generally settled and improved. The southern half is much broken up with deep and narrow valleys, and high abrupt ridges, all heavily timbered, and con- taining most of the minerals yet discovered. Most of the larger branchoe of the West Branch of the Susquehanna, Allegheny, and Genesee rivers ^vke their rise here. A peculiar feature of the formation of the county is seen in the elevation of the Allegheny basin over that of the Susquehanna. The altitude of the AUe- ghen}', as compared with an}' similar point on the Susquehanna within the county, is about three hundred and seventy feet greater. The mean elevation of the count}'- is about 1,200 feet above Lake Erie, and about 1,900 feet above the sea. The northerly and easterly slopes of the ridges are very abrupt and precipitous, while the southerly and westerly are long and of gradual ascent. The county is 37 miles long, from north to south, and 30 in breadth from east to west. Its population in 1840 was 3,371, and in 1870, 11,265, on an area of 710,000 acres. The resources of the county are mainly such as pertain to an agricultural dis- trict. Every section of the county is devoted to farming, the northern half almost exclusively. All the crops adapted to the Middle States come to maturity. Oats, buckwheat, and potatoes yield very abundantly and of the best quality. The production of wheat will compare favorably with any similarly situated county, while in the valleys corn is a staple crop. The hardier fruits thrive well, and some orchards on the high-lands are nearly always exempt from frosts and blights. But grazing and dairying are the chief resources of the people. The best varieties of the grasses thrive luxuriantly. The sward is not of that closeness and fineness seen in the best grass regions of New York, but may be ranked with the second best in the country. At the present time cheese factories are rapidly multiplying, and while a system of mixed farming will undoubtedly prevail in the future, dairying will ultimately be the principal business of the people. Of the mineral resources of the county it is as yet too early to speak with certainty. Bituminous coal is found in many places, but remains almost entirely undeveloped. On Pine and Kettle creeks it is known to exist in con- POTTER COUNTY. IO55 siderabie quantities, and on the Allghen}^ river several mines liave been partially developed, indicating that they may be worked to advantage when thoroughfares shall be constructed for taking the coal to market. Indications of iron arc often met with, and several veins of some extent are known, but all as yet unworked. Traces of other metals are often met with, but it is not known whether they exist in sullicient quantity to pay for mining. The county is practically without lime, the Avriter of this knowing of but one or two places where it exists at all, and not then in quantities and of a quality to admit of its being worked. The manufacture of lumber has always been, and must continue to be, a leading interest for 3'ears to come. A large portion of the logs and timber consumed in the mills at Williamsport and Lock Haven arc lloatcd down the streams of this count}'. Indeed, the establishment of the booms at those i)laccs, and the associa- ted S3'stem of business carried on there, was tlie hardest blow at the prosperity of the count}^ it has ever received. The drain upon the material of wealth has been immense, without one particle of return, as the lines of barren hills and hillsides, and great number of decaying saw-mills, unmistakably evidence. If we except the lumber mills, there are but few manufactories, and these of no great importance. Woolen cloth is manufactured in small quantities, altogether for home use, and leather to some extent, but most of the wool, and immense quantities of tan bark, are shipped to neighboring localities and the cities. The first and only railroad built within the bounds of the count}' — the Buf- falo, New York, and rhiladeli)hia railroad — was opened in the winter of 1872. It passes only a short distance through Keating township, but the impetus it gave to business in its vicinity was very great. The only railway station at present in this county is Keating Summit, on the above-mentioned road. A rail- road is in process of construction between .Jersey Shore, in Clinton county, and Port Alleghen}', in M'Kcan county, connecting the Buffalo road with the Phila- deli)hia and Erie. It runs diagonally thiough the centre of the county, and great expectations arc entertained of the very beneficial eflects it cannot fail to produce. Desirous of introducing settlers and establishing an agency in the county of Potter, John Keating, to whom allusion has been made in the sketch of jM'Kean county, caused ten acres of land to be cleared, and the bod}' of a log house to be erected at what was long known as the " Keating Farm," in the town of Sweden, in the summer of 180t. In the fall of the same year, William Ayres, wi'.h some help, came up from King's settlement, covered, chinked, and mndded the house, preparatory to its habitation in the spring. In March, 1808, he moved in with his family, consisting of his wife and three children, George, Nancy, and .Tame?, and a negro boy. Asylum Peters. For two years this family was alone, and, ex- cept a visit from the proprietor and a few journeys to Big JNIeadows, or King's settlement, for supplies, no person was seen, if we except now and then some Indians who occasionally passed that way on their hunting excursions. About two years after IsVr. Ayres established himself on the Keating farm, Mnjor Isaac Lyman located at Lymansville and assumed the agency of the Keat- ing lands in this section. His family consisted of John, Burrel, Laura, Henry, Isaac, Otis, and Charles. The Lymans were followed by others, which soon gave 3 R 1 056 HISTO BY OF PENNS YL VANIA. the little colony the appearance of prosperity, and established a society rude but kindly. John Peet and family were the next to locate within the boundaries of tlie county, about one mile below Coudersport, on the Allegheny river. Benjamin Burt was the next settler, locating in Roulette townsliip, on the Allegheny, where he has lived the greater part of the time since. He is still a hale old man, residing in Coudersport. John K. Burt, the first male child born in the limits of Potter county, lives on the farm his father Benjamin first settled on. Other accessions to their numbers followed in time. Messrs. Harry Campbell, Sherman, and Walker settled in Roulette, at what is now called Dutch town. Obadiah Sart- wcll, a blacksmith, built a house and lived for some time on the site of the borough of Coudersport, but becoming disgusted with the situation, removed to the lower part of Roulette, at the mouth of a creek which now bears his name. Roads were now opened to the nearest and mo5t necessary points, and facilities were offered for opening settlements in other parts of the country, which were rapidly improved. [n the war of 1812, and the Mexican war, the population of the county was too sparse to afford many recruits ; but in the war of the Rebellion it furnished its full share. We find, by actual count, more than twelve hundred credited to the county. One out of seven of the whole population were engaged in their country's service, many of whom were distinguished for their capacity and ability as soldiers. The celebrated Bucktail regiment of the Pennsylvania Reserves was largely recruited in this county. Among the sharpshooters none were superior to those from Potter, and the memory and services of the gallant dead have been commemorated by the erection of a durable monument, suitably inscribed, at Coudersport. An episode in the history of the county was the attempt of the celebrated Ole Bull to plant a colony of his countr3'men within its limits. In 1853, he bought of John F.'Cowen, 11,144 acres of land lying within the present limits of Abbott township, for which he paid the sum of ten thousand dollars, on which tract he settled a considerable number of Norwegians and Danes. His scheme attracted the attention of many distinguished men, from whom he received contributions of machincr}', stock, etc. Among those who thus coun- tenanced his efforts was the sage of Ashland, Henry Clay. His presents con- sisted of blooded horses and cattle, the descendants of which are among the best grades of stock in the county. Mr. Bull did not seem to be adapted to the work of founding a colony, and having fallen into the hands of sharpers, was ultimately obliged to abandon his project with almost the total loss of his life- long savings. Most of the colonists migrated west, a few, however, remaining in the vicinity. On the 21st of March, 1834, a terrible hurricane passed through the entire length of the county, in the manner of a whirlwind, destroying everything in its course, and to this day are traces of the devastation to be seen along the northern frontier. Luckily there were but few buildings in its path, its fury being spent on the timber. At Lymansville it found the only buildings in its whole length, all of which it destro3^ed or greatly damaged. In Harrison, this county (Pot- ter), and West Union, Steuben county, N. Y., thirty miles distant, boards and shingles were found, which came, unmistakably, from these buildings. POTTER COUNTY. 1057 CouDERSPORT, the couiity seat, situated on the Allegheny river, about fourteen miles from its source, is a thriving town, containing three churches, a tannery, machine shop, several saw and grist mills, a large and excellent graded school building, and the county buildings, consisting of brick court-house, a stone jail, and sheriff's residence. Lewisville borough, situated near the head of the east branch of the Genesee rive-r, is a thriving town, second in importance in the county. Organization of Townships. — Eulalia was set off from Dunstable town- ship, Lycoming county, by order of the court of Lycoming, December 5, 1810, embracing all of Potter county ; deriving its name from Eulalia Lyman, the first child born within its limits. . . . Roulette was set off by the same court, from Eulalia, January 29, 18 IG, embracing the territory now composed of Roulette, Clara, Pleasant Valley, and Sharon townships. . . . Harrison, February 6, 1823. Benjamin Burt, Reuben Card, and Jacob Streeter were appointed, by same court, commissioners to divide Eulalia township; the new township to be called Harrison, running from north-east corner of the county south nine miles and ninety-nine perches ; west eight miles and twenty-eight perches, embracing Har- rison and parts of Hector, Ulysses, and Bingham. . . . The south-west part of the county, under the name of Wharton, was erected May 3, 1826, containing within its limits the present townships of Wharton, Sylvania, and Portage, and parts of Summit, Homer, and Keating. ... In 1828 the north half of the county was divided by a decree of the court into townships six miles square, which were surveyed ten years later by L. B. Cole. The survey commenced at the north-west corner of the county, on the State line. The townships were named in the following order: First tier — Sharon, Chester, Loudon, Bingham, Hariison ; Second tier — Milton, Hebron, Denmark, Ulj^sses, Hector ; Third tier — Roulette, Eulalia, Sweden, Jackson, Pike. . . . Sweden was organized Feb- ruar}^, 1828, with Jackson, Pike, and Ulysses attached thereto. . . . Sharon organized December, 1828, with Chester and Milton attached. . . . The name of Chester was subsequently changed to Oswaya, the Indian name of a branch of the Allegheny river, which runs through it. The name of Milton was changed to Clara. Bingham was organized in 1830. Loudon organized in 1830, and the name changed to Genesee, a river by the name running through it. At the same time Denmark was changed to Allegheny. Hector erected in 1830, and the election appointed to be held at Benjamin Wilber's. Pike organized January, 1832, with Jackson attached. Hebron erected in 1832; election to be held at the house of Asa Coon. Ulysses erected December, 1832; election to be held at the house of Stephen Brace. Allegheny erected September, 1835. Clara divided in 184*7, the western half to be called Pleasant Valley. Abbott erected in 1851. Homer, Stewartson, West Branch, Summit, erected in 1853. Keating, Sylvania, erected in 1856. Portage — in the erection of Cameron county, in 18G0, the inhabited portion of Portage township was set off to that county ; it was re-organized in 1871, a part of Sylvania being attached to it. 1058 SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. BY GEORGE CHAMBERS, TOTTSVILLE. HE territory now embraced within the limits of Schuylkill county is a portion of tliat which was purchased from the Six Nations for £500, by the treaty of August 22d, 1749, at Thiladelph a. The preceding treaty of October Uth, 1736, which was made with the Five Nations, had only conveyed the land on the south-eastern side of the Kittatinny or Blue mountain. It gave the white man a title to the fertile soil now possessed by the farmers of Berks county, and encouraged him to settle on the Tulpehocken creek, and to ascend the Schuylkill river to the gap where Port Clinton now is located, but beyond that point he ventured at his peril, and without even the shadowy safeguard of an Indian compact to protect him from the tomahawk. Yet, as to-day the frontier-man presses forward into the Black Hills where the dusky warrior has warned him not to trespass, and enters the " gold country" regardless of tie Sioux — so in earlier days the pioneers of civili- zation pushed on in advance of treaties, and sought new lands where the farmer might till a fertile soil. Tempted by visions of future farms, in the beautiful valley which stretches on both sides of the Schuylkill river, and from the Blue mountain on the south to the Second mountain on the north, a number of men of German nationality ventured to locate within it at a very eai'ly period. Exactly how soon the first had come, it is now impossible to ascertain. "We know, however, that as early as 1747, George Godfried Orwig, with his wife Glora, had emigrated from Germany, and taken up their residence at Sculp Hill, about one mile south of where Orwigsburg now stands, and that they were not alone, but that a number of families resided in the same neighborhood. The children of George Godfried Orwig and Glora his wife were four in number: George, Peter, Henry, and a daughter — the latter of whom went to the West. About 1773, George Orwig married Mary Gilbert, and removed to the place now called Albright's Mill, near where Orwigsburg afterwards was located, and he there built, prior to 1790, a house and a mill o:i Pine creek. A family by the name of Yeager had removed from near Philadelphia to this valley about 17G2. One of the children, Conrad, had been left in what is now Montgomery county. All of the family, except Conrad, were massacred by the Indians, and afterwards Conrad learned of their fate from a bo}^ who had been living with them, but who had been captured at the time of the massacre and had escaped from his captors. Subsequently, Conrad Yeager removed to the Game region, and about 1809 one of his daughters married Isaac Orwig, a son of George Orwig. Peter Orwig, son of George Godfried Orwig, founded the town of Orwigsburg, which was laid out in 1796. Among the early settlers, Thomas Reed had located in the same valley, in 1750, if not sooner, and Martin Dreibelbis had, previously to the Revolution, built a grist mill and saw mill 1059 1060 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. where Schuylkill Haven now appears. Other families had selected other locations in the same valley, and a number of different places are still pointed out as the scenes of Indian murders. The savage warriors came down from the mountains to make bloody forays on the peaceful farms, and the same sad story so often written of almost every valley of our State, can be heard from the lips of old residents in the neighborhood just described. The Fincher family were killed by the Indians about where the round house at Schuylkill Haven afterwards stood, the only member being a son, who reached the house of Thomas Reed above mentioned. Another family in the neighborhood of the place now called Friedensburg were massacred about the same time. In 1756, in the eastern end of what has since become Schuylkill count}^, had been built Fort Franklin, which was on Lizard creek. And further westward. Fort Bohundy (also called Fort Lebanon and Fort William) had been erected on Bohundy creek, in 1754. The territory now comprising Schuylkill county had been divided between the county of Berks, erected March 11th, 1752, and the county of Northampton, erected upon the same day. During the years which elapsed prior to the beginning of the present century, the rocky hills now forming the coal districts of Schuylkill county were not considered a desirable place of residence. Upon their rugged surface no dwelling seems to have existed except the Neiman House, which was located within the present limits of Pottsville, and in which the Neiman family were murdered after the Revolution. We can trace no other dwelling in this uninviting region prior to the year 1800, although an isolated saw mill had appeared here and there, and a few attemps to dig and utilize the coal had already been made. A saw mill had already been built where Pottsville now is seen, and George Orwig had placed another near the present site of St. Clair. The Orwig family, it is known operated the latter mill by carrying with them to it a week's provisions, and thus sawino- all the lumber they wished without establishing a residence at the mill, and it is probable that other parties took a similar method at other saw mills north of Sharp mountain. In the year 1800, Reese and Thomas sent men to the present location of Rottsville to make a dam and race, preparatory to building a furnace and forge. Amono- the workmen w^as John Reed, a son of Thomas Reed, above named. John Reed built for himself a small dwelling, and in it, in the same year, 1800, was born Jeremiah Reed, afterwards sheriff of Schuylkill county, and who was, as far as tradition states, the first child born within the limits of the present town of Pottsville. Reese and Thomas built, prior to 1804, a very small char- coal furnace on the Physic tract, where Pottsville is now situated, and in that year the place was bought by John Pott, Sr. In 1807 the old Greenwood furnace and forge was erected at that place, by John Pott, Sr., through his managers, John Pott, Jr., and Daniel Focht. In 1810 John Pott, Sr., removed to the new place with his family, and in the same year he built a large stone o-i-ist mill, which is still standing. Houses were erected in the neighborhood, and in 18 IG John Pott, Sr., laid out the town of Pottsville. The county of Schuylkill having been erected in 1811, Orwigsburg became the county seat, and thus was advanced in importance. At this time settlements had been made at many different points within the SCHUYLKILL COUNTY, 1061 district now Ibrminj? Schuylkill county, but although the turnpike from Ecading to Sunbury had been opened through, it was in a very imperfect condition. The canal had not yet been made, and communication with the market centres of the large towns was very difficult, and the coal trade had not j-et begun. In his "Miners' Journal Coal Statistical Register" for 1870, Mr. Benjamin Bannan said : " In 1811 Schuylkill county was cut off from old Berks. They said, let her go, she is so poor that it is only an expense to us. Then the population was from 6,000 to 7,000." Before this time the north-western portion of the cbunt}', then called " the Mahantangos," had become of importance, and in succeeding elections, tlie people nearer the county seat could not ascertain what candidates had been elected until " the Mahantangos " had been heard from. At this time, however, Schuylkill county was not so large as it is now, as the portion which afterwards formed the original Union township was not taken from Columbia and Luzerne counties until March 3, 1818. The present area of the county is about seven hundred and fift}^ square miles. Though in part out of chrono- logical order, it may be well to state, at this point, the names and dates of formation of the toAvnships into which the county is now divided. Brunswig township was formed 1811; East Brunswig township was formed out of Brunswig township, 1834; West Brunswig township was formed out of Brunswig township, 1834; Barry township was formed out of Norwegian township, 1821 ; Branch township was formed out of Norwegian township, 1888 ; BIythe township was formed out of Schuylkill township, 1846 ; Butler township was formed out of Barry township, 1848; Cass township was formed out of Bi-anch townsliip, 1848 ; Eldred township was formed out of Upper Mahantango township, 1849; Frailey township was formed out of Lower Mahantango; IJi-anch, Barrj', and Porter townships, 1847 ; Foster township was formed out of Cass; Butler and Barrj' townships, 1855 ; Hegins township was formed out of Lower Mahantango township, 1853 ; Hubley township was formed out of Lower Mahantango township, 1853 ; Kline towniship was formed out of Rush township, 1873; Manheim township was formed 1811; North Manheim township was formed out of Manheim township, 1845 ; South Manheim township was formed out of Manheim township, 1845; Upper Mahantango township was formed 1811 ; Lower Mahantango township was formed 1811; Mahanoy township was formed out of Rush township, 1849; Norwegian township was formed 1811; East Norwegian township was formed out of Norwegian township, 1847 ; New Castle township was formed out of Norwegian township, 1848; Pinegrove township was formed 1811; Porter township was formed out of Lower Mahantango township, 1840; Rush township w^as formed 1811; Reilly township was formed out of Brancli and Cass townships, 1857; Rahn township was formed out of West Penn township, 1860; Ryan township was formed out of Rush and Mahanoy townships, 1868; Schujdkill township was formed 1811; Tremont township was formed out of Pinegrove township, 1848 ; Union township was formed out of Columbia and Luzerne counties, 1818 ; North Union township was formed out of tJnion township, 1867 ; East Union township was formed out of Union township, 1867 ; West Penn township was formed 1811 ; Wayne township was formed out of Manheim and Pinegrove townships, 1827 ; Washington township was formed out of Wayne and Pinegrove townships, 1856. \ 1062 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. c ^ g'= 3.720 6.951 11.108 34.893 00 oe iooi.3Dcci-.tc 1- --'T tt T rf :r. -T .^^ » c o cc-1 C-. 00 o: -T ^ ^Mouj 0-. cc e-1 — « T £ TT K> K 1-— = cc -r : 1. i^rj^'^tD m^'cc g'^r c; cc'od t; j^'ccfc ^ :.:' ^'cic: Ti » =o 2? ic cTcc i^-r o'qo « .^ ic s£'^.^ ^2? ""Z? ^' £ ^«c 'O d ... ^ r^ ^i c-^c4^^ cocc .^.T icco CD :c «:'cD woot> t^To^o o; c^i circ cc •-.: 1..; c; o; 00 a 43.000 &1.000 84.000 111,777 43.700 90. (XK) 103.861 115.:«7 78. -207 122.300 148.470 192.270 2-52. .599 285.605 36.5.911 451.836 548,389 583,067 685. 196 7;e,9io 827.823 156,167 284, .500 475,732 603,478 771.511 972, .581 9.52,603 186,094 731, -2.36 941,817 05.5,140 14.5,770 759,610 960,836 2.54,519 736.616 32.5,000 990,813 06S. .369 8-2.5. 1-28 6,S2. 31 2 81-2. !Mn 047.241 290.910 „ ,1 rt .-1 — — — N M N m m M m CO .«• u5 lo » t» to oo o o> S>2 |p ill M ; : : : : o" : : i : ^ cS : : : :■« ^ J i I i J cot^5>t-»07r«^" !?!? -.<:co^;cr--ro»o --ooioiooococr. t-^ u?>coMi^cocooc:iM'-'i-ioc>f?cic-aciG — ^rr^oweiwTCc-iQeie-i^Tf-'t'.-faic: -roce-^oooor^io^i'.receii^cj'-" ec« — " c-i ^- 1- '^ 1^ r- lO cc ic CO 1-1 CO OS c; r- c-i i^ cc t'- lo o Ci o: a. ;c t- rH JO ^ Oi t-- —■ •^ '^ c^ c^ d cS CD c^ iz- «>i T^ T^ io t^ T^ \d yt? r^ ■'f d^ '^ fi-'i -COiiCOi'-i'-'^-rcoi'-r-'cDuoooccfec^iO'-HOcr. -r cD:Di-iiooceir-tcer>r-tcoi'.Qocc-^ci«o c4^w CO CO CO CQ eo eo CO CO CO CO -TT -^lOifl lo irTv «o«s wTio i-> C^j o OS CO — ri o i(t' — 3 ^ . o Q began sinking the Saint Clair sliaft, but failed to complete it down to the Mammoth vein, although, by a bore hole, he had reached the Primrose at a depth of 122 feet. Subsequently, in 1851, E. W. McGinness commenced operations at the same shaft, and his determined efforts were rewarded by the distinction he gained when he reached the Mammoth vein. The Mammoth vein was struck at the depth of 438 feet from the surface. • A deep boring made in Crow Hollow, in 1852-'o, under the direction of P. W. Sheafer, cut the Mammoth vein at a depth of 385 feet. The next shaft in the same vicinity sunk to the Mammoth vein was that of the Hickory coal company, at Wadesville. Its location and direction, which involved difficult and delicate scientific work, were successful!}' performed by P. W. & Walter S. Sheafer, civil and mining engineers. In miner's phraseology the Mammoth vein was "won" at tlie depth of 619^ feet, the engineers estimate having been 607 feet, a wonder- fully accurate calculation. The Pottsville collieries of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company are on the most extensive scale yet hazarded in this country. The shaft, located by General Henry Pleasants, chief engineer of the company, is the deepest coal shaft in the United States, and bears strong testimony to the scientific knowledge and skill of General Pleasants. From it coal is now hoisted vertically 1,584 feet. The Pottsville collieries have two hoisting shafts, but can be worked practically as one collier}-, and will, when complete, prepare 2,000 tons daily, or practically about 500,000 tons per annum. The East shaft and boring developed the veins as follows: Litt'e Tracy vein, cut at a depth of 216 feet ; Trac}', 413 feet; Little Diamond, 690 feet; Diamond, 830 feet; Little Orchard, 1,065 feet; Orchard, 1,099 feet; Primrose, 1,558 feet; Holmes, l,e;51 feet; Four Ft., 1,874 feet; Seven Ft., 1,909 feet; Mammoth, 1,'j54 feet. Tiie shaft is sunk to the depth of 1,592 feet. The depths below the Primrose were tested by the Diamond drill. The Orchard and Primrose veins are unusually far apart here, owing to the folding of the measures. The machinery for the Pottsville collieries is very heavy. For them the Colliery iron works at Potts- ville are now building a pair of engines, working in conjunction, with forty-five 1070 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. inches cylinder dianaeter, and five feet stroke. These engines develop actually about 1,800 horse power, and are capable of developing, if required, 5,000 horse power being under the same circumstances about one-fourth more powerful than the great Corliss engine which drove the machinery in Machinery Hall at the Centennial Exposition. The Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron company own 162,992 acres of land, 2,2G2 acres of which will be worked through the Pottsville collieries. In comparison with this establishment it may be stated that in 1835 the annual production of a first-class colliery was about 10,000 tons. Tlie railroad above described, as made by Mr. Abraham Pott, was from a point in Black valley to the Schuylkill river, and was about half a mile in length. It was begun in 1826, and completed in the spring of 1821, and, therefore, could claim to be ahead in point of time of the well-known railroad from Summit Hill to the Lehigh river, Maucli Chunk, built in 182T. In 1829 and 1830, a number of rail- roads in Schuylkill county were projected and partly or entirely built. To-day we may ride over railroads dating back to those years. The Pottsville and Dan- ville railroad, completed not much later, was used but for a short time and then abandoned. A net-work of railroads now extend* into all parts of the coal reoion. In 1870, the number of miles of railroad underground, in Schuylkill county, was estimated at 339. The East Mahanoy tunnel is 3,411 feet in length, and the Little Schuylkill tunnel, 892 feet. It is impracticable in this work to give a history of the part taken by Schuylkill cohnty men in the military operations of the country. The American army of the war of 1812 had entered upon its rolls the names of brave soldiers from this re^iments Pennsylvania volunteers, and the 39th Pennsylvania militia, and 194th Regiment of one hundred days men, and also as Brigadier-General commanding the Second Division of the Ninth Army corps. When the rebellion began, two companies from Schuylkill county were among the first defenders who reached Washington, April 18, 1861, and as is said in the " Memorial of the patriotism of Schuylkill county :" " Schuylkill, with three sister counties of Pennsylvania, wears the distinguished honor of being first in the field for the defence of Washington." During the progress of the war several regiments and a number of independent companies marched to the front from Schuylkill county, and her soldiers fought with the bravest, and won laurels in battle. But it is impossible here to give an account, including the names and deeds of each, and it would be invidious to mention only a few. The lands in Schuylkill county, devised by Stephen Girard to the city of SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 1071 Philadelphia, in trust, have become immensely valuable. The whole number of acres of the Girard estate in Schuylkill and Columbia counties is 18,333, which is worth from fifty dollars to one thousand dollars per acre, and we learn from a recent report of Heber S. Thompson, of Pottsville, the efficient engineer and agent of the Girard estate for Schuylkill and Columbia counties : '^ The coal lands, which are (6,592 acres) about one-third of the whole area of the estate, comprise some of the most valuable tracts of the anthracite region, the total thickness of coal in seams of three feet or over, amounting in places to one hundred feet of regular measures." The same report states the capital invested in colliery improvements on the Girard estate by the lessees, exclusive of the interest of the estate in the same, is $2,711,788, and estimates the amount of the coal still remaining in the ground of the estate, exclusive of waste, at 174,000,000 tons. After a spirited contest Orwigsburg was compelled to relinquish her position as the county seat of Schuylkill county, and the first court held at Pottsville was of December term, 1851. In the census of 1870 the population of Schuylkill county is fixed at 116,428, but when that census was taken many of the miners were working out of the county, and the census does not give an accurate statement. In 1876 the population has reached 125,000 at least. Of the most prominent towns of the county, the census of 1870 gives the number of inhabitants as follows : Pottsville, 12,384 ; Ashland, 5,714; Mahanoy City, 5,533; Shenandoah, 2,951; Minersville, 3,699 ; Schuylkill Haven, 2,940 ; Port Carbon, 2,251 ; St. Clair, 5,726. 3 s SNYDER COUNTY. BY HORACE ALLEMAN, SELINSQROVE. NYDER county was formed out of the southern half of Union county, by act of March 2(1,^855. The commissioners under said act to organize were William G. Ilerrold, James Madden, Thomas Bower, James McCreight, and Isaac D. Boyer. The name was given to the county in honor of Governor Simon Snj'der, who was elected from this section, and who occupied the gubernatorial chair for three consecu- tive terms, commencing in the year 1808 and ending in the year 1817. This county has an area of about two h u n d r e d square miles, along the northern part of which, ex- tending from east to west, is Jack's mountain, whilo toward the southern pait, and running parallel with Jack's mountain, is Shade mountain. Between these mountains lie beautiful and fertile valle3's, formed by the rolling land. It is bounded on the north by Union county, on the east by the Susquehanna river, which is part of Northum- berland county, on the south by Juniata county, and on the west by Mifflin county. The pri n c i p a 1 streams are the Susque- hanna river. Middle creek, and Penn's creek. These creeks furnish an excellent water power, which has been utilized for years in the manufacture of flour, lumber, etc. The population of the county, according to the last census, is about 16,000, of which nine-tenths are of German descent. The principal products are wheat, corn, lumber, and iron. It is one of lOl-J SNYDER COUNTY CUUKT HOUSE, MIDDLEBURG. [From a Photograph by the Keystone Company, Selinsgrove. iSNYDEB COUNTY. 1073 the finest wheat growing counties in the State, the crops scarcely ever failing. The timber grown is excellent, and consists of walnut, chestnut, pine, hemlock, etc., much of which is here prepared for market in the numerous mills and sash factories. Though Snyder county is still an agricultural district, the day cannot be far distant when a new field of labor and advancement will open up. Recent prospecting and researches have developed the f:ict, that in addition to the iron ore already taken out, and used, there exists in other sections of the county ore of superior quality and in abundance. This ore is principally of the fossiliferous variety. It is easy of access, and convenient for trans- portation. The Sunbury and Lewistown railroad traverses the count}^ from east to west, forming a connecting link between the Pennsylvania railroad at Lewis- town and the Northern Central at Selinsgrove station, in Northumberland county. The Pennsylvania canal also passes along the eastern border of the county. The townships of the county are, Adams (formed from Beaver township in 1874), Beaver, West Beaver, Centre, Chapman, Franklin, Jackson, Middle Creek, Monroe, Penn's, Perry, West Perry, Washington, and Union (formed from Chapman in 1869). Selinsgrove, the centre of business for the county, is pleasantly situated on the west bank of the Susquehanna, in a most picturesque section of the State. Through this town flows Penn's creek, and within its limits passes the Penn- S3'lvania canal. The population of the place is 1,G00. Selinsgrove was laid out by Anthony Selin, hence its name. Selin was a Swiss, and bore a captain's com- mission in the Pennsylvania Line of the Revolution. He was also a member of the Society of the Cincinnati. The exact date of the laying out of this place is unknown, but it is- doubtless a centennial town, as it was already known by its present name in 1785, when Simon Snyder, afterwards Governor, settled here. Many thrilling and interesting anecdotes are narrated concerning the earlv history of the place and its inhabitants. On the northern boundary of the county one of the most cruel and treacherous murders was perpetrated. This was in October, 1755. The Indians, seeing the gradual encroachments of the whites upon their favorite hunting grounds, became distrustful and envious. The result of this antagonism soon manifested itself a short distance from tlie mouth of Penn's creek, by an attack upon the settlers, consisting of twenty-five persons. In this onslaught all were either killed or carried away prisoners, except one, who escaped, though being dangerousl}' wounded. The scene of this massacre has been described by some of the neighboring settlers, who came to bur}- the dead, in the following words : " We found but thirteen, who were men and elderly women. The children, we suppose, to be carried away prisoners. The house where we suppose they finished their murder we found burnt up ; .the man of it, named Jacob King, a Swisser, lying just by it. He lay on his back, barbarously burnt, and two tomahawks sticking in his forehead. . . . The terror of which has driven away almost all the inhabitants, except the subscribers, with a few more, who are willing to stay and defend the land ; but as we are not at all able to defend it for the want of guns and ammunition, and few in numbers, so that without assistance, we must flee and leave the country to the mercy of the enemy." These words were addressed to his Honor, Robert II. Morris, then 1074 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Provincial Governor. The terror and consternation caused by tliis cruel outrage soon became general. About one week after the events above described, John Harris (the founder of Harrisburg), in company with a party of forty-five, started up the Susquehanna in search of the savages. A number of the mangled corpses were still found, which they buried, and then proceeded to find the Indians, for the purpose of making a peace-treaty with them. Their visit was by no means satisfactory. During the night a number of the Indians, suspecting that the}" were to be murdered, started to summon their friends. On the following morning Harris and his party made presents to the Indians, but their conduct LUTHERAN MISSIONARY INSTITUTK, SELINSGROVK. had been so suspicious, that they were anxious to get away where they would be better protected. They started southward, and had proceeded as far as the head of the Isle of Que, where Penn's creek, prior to the construction of the Pennsylvania canal, emptied into the Susquehanna. Here they were surprised and attacked by some thirty savages, who had laid concealed. Rising suddenly, the Indians opened fire upon the whites, four of whom fell mortally wounded. Harris and his men immediately sought the shelter of the trees, and opened fire in return, killing four of the Indians and losing three additional men. The place of this fight was marked by a wedge driven into a linden. It is narrated of John Snyder, brother of the Governor, and one of the early settlers in this place, that while sojourning at Lancaster, a short time before the SNYDER COUNTY. 1075 Revolutionary war, a British officer expressed bis opinion of the Americans in gross and insulting language, whereupon John repelled the insult to the accom- paniment of a sound flogging. This treatment of their superior so incensed the soldiery, that they pursued John with fixed bayonets in hot haste. He, however, effocted his escape, being strong and active and swift of foot. Opposite Selinsgrove, in the Susquehanna, are a cluster of beautiful and fertile islands. These were first settled and improved by an old man, known by the name of Jimmy Silverwood. These islands at that time afforded several excellent shad fisheries, as high as three thousand being caught at one haul of the seine. Silverwood, the owner of the islands, realized quite a handsome income from these fisheries, but having, in common with his sons, spent it carelessly and with a lav- ish hand, they soon found that their expenses ex- ceeded the income, and as an inevitable result died poor. Selinsgrove at the present day is a pleasant and attractive town. On the night previous to the 22d of February, 1872, and on the evening of October 30, 1874, this place was visited by large conflagrations in the lieart of the town. Many valu- able buildings and much property were destroyed by each of said calami- ties. Since these fires, modern and ornamented brick d^vellings and business places have taken the place of those destroyed. At this town the Missionary Institute of the Evangelical Lutheran church, a flourishing institution of that denomination, is established. It was founded in the year 1858, by the late Rev. Benjamin Kurtz. D.D., of Baltimore, and is now under the superintf ndcnce of Rev. II. Ziooler, D.D., and Rev. Prof. P. Born. The home of Governor Snyder was at Selinsgrove, and his remains are buried in the old Luthern grave-yard of the town, with but a simple marble slab to mark his resting place. His mansion, of which a representation is given, he built and occupied. In this building he breathed his last. It is a substantial stone house, with ornamental grounds attached, and is now the residence of Samuel Alleraan, Esq. Though the building has received some modern improve- ments since occupied by its present owner, yet in the main structure, and in the interior, the original remains. Freeburq is a pleasant village, situate five miles south-west of Selinsgrove, in a fertile valley, and is a neat and prosperous place. Its inhabitants are SNYDER MANSION, SELINSGROVE. [From a Photograph by the Keystone Company, SelinsgroTe.] 1076 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. greatly given to music, in which they display much natural talent. There is an academy established here, which has been in successful operation for at least twentj^ years, and is preparator}'^ in its course. It is under the superintendence of Professor Daniel S. Boyer. MiDDLEBURQ is situatc ten miles west of Selinsgrove, in Middle Creek vallej', and is the county seat. Its location is central, and hence was selected as the seat of justice. It was laid out by Albright Swineford, and the German name of the place is Schwinefords-stettel. It contains a population of 370. Not far from Middleburg is Beaver Springs, an old town formerly known as Adamsburg, near which resided Ner Middleswarth, who for one-third of a cen- tury occupied a prominent place in the councils of the State and nation. The future of Sn3-der county is encouraging. Its agricultural and mineral wealth is becoming fully known and appreciated. Capitalists have turned their attention in this direction, and a strenuous effort is being made for the comple- tion of the Selinsgrove and North Branch railroad, which is to connect probably with the Lackawanna and Bloomsburg at Northumberland, and the Baltimore and Ohio railroad at Hancock, Maryland. Passing through the eastern and southern part of the countj', it intersects with the Sunbury and Lewistown railroad at Selinsgrove, and the Pennsylvania railroad at Mifflintown. SOMERSET COUNTY. BY EDWARD B, SCULL, SOMERSET. HAT part of Pennsylvania now inclnded within tlie limits of Som- erset count}^, was formerly part of Bedford count}-, from which it was taken by an act of Assembly, dated April IT, 1795. It contains within its borders an area of 1,050 square miles. Situated as it is, between the Laurel Hill and Allegheny mountains, the country is one of remark- able beauty. It is of an undulating character, consisting of high hills, fertile valleys, and grassy glades. Owing to its elevated position, the climate is liable to great and sudden changes. The soil of its glades and valleys, and even on some of the mountain sides, is very rich and productive, and will compare fa- vorably with the best farming lands in Lancas- ter and other eastern counties. The county is bounded on the north by Cambria, on the east by Bedford. The southern border is the Maryland State line, and the west- ern border is composed of Fayette and Westmore- land counties. The low- est grade over the Alle- gheny mountains is to be found in this county, by way of the Deeter Gap. This gap is formed by a small stream, known as the Deeter's run, forcing its way through the mountains. It has its source within a few hundred rods of the summit of the mountain, and is one of the streams that form the head-waters of the Raystown branch of the Juniata river. The county is almost a solid bituminous mountain, at least two-thirds of the entire area containing coal, one-half iron-ore, one-half limestone, and full one-third contains all three in juxtaposition. Fully one-half of its area is clothed with forests, numbering among their growth almost ever}' variety of timber known to a mountainous country. Among the principal coal veins are those of the North Fork, Elk Lick, and Buffalo basins, the average depth of the seams being about eight feet. The agricultural products are principally wheat, rj'C, oats, buck- wheat, and potatoes. A large amount of the land is devoted to grazing and dairy farms, and "Glades butter" enjo3's an enviable reputation in the Balti- 1077 SOMERSET COUNTY COURT HOUSE, SOMERSET. 1078 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. more, Philadelphia, and other eastern markets. The amount of maple sugar manufactured forms no small item in the yearly products of most of its farms. The manufacturing interests are not very numerous, and are mainly confined to woolen goods, lumber, whiskey, and leather. A large fire-brick manufactory has been established on the line of the Pittsburgh branch of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, a short distance east of Meyersdale. The development of the county was very backward until the completion of the Pittsburgh division of tlie Baltimore and Ohio railroad, in the fall of 1870. Since that time it has been quite rapid. There are now seven lines of railroad being operated in the county ; the Pittsburgh division of the Baltimore and Ohio, the North Fork, Somerset and Mineral Point, Buffalo Valley, Salisbury, and the Keystone. The point at which the first settlement was made is a matter of doubt, and one about which there has been considerable dispute. There is a tradition founded on what seems to be good authority (which will be given as we proceed further with this history), that the first settlement was made at Turkej'foot, prior to the Chester settlement, but the oldest settlement of which we have been able to gain any accurate knowledge appears to have been made in the Glades, near the centre of the county, the present site of the town of Somerest, and in Brother's Yalley. A number of hunters located in the Glades, near the centre of the county, where the present town of Somerset now stands, about the year 1765. Their names were Sparks, Cole, Penrod, White, Wright, and Cox. -The latter appears to have been the leader of the party, and gave his name to the creek which flows through the Glades. A number of them afterwards removed their families to their claims, and became permanent residents. In the spring of 1773 the num- ber of settlers was greatly augmented by the arrival of people from the eastern side of the mountains, and continued to grow rapidly in numbers and prosperity until the beginning of the Revolution. As early as 1762, a party of settlers had located along the old Forbes road, which had been opened up by Colonel Bouquet, on his expedition to Fort Pitt in 1758. His command constructed a small fort where Stoystown now stands, and it is probable that they threw up the earthworks (known as Miller's breast- works), at the forks of the road in the Allegheny mountains. In the fall of the year 1758, General Forbes marched his command over this road. A very small force of men were regularly stationed at the fort at Stoystown until the memor- able invasion by Pontiac in 1763, when they were called in to the assistance of the garrison at Bedford. This road continued to be the only avenue of communica- tion between Pittsburgh and Philadelphia for nearly forty years after. The set- tlers spoken of above settled along the direct line of the road, and were stopping places of notoriety among the traders and packers. Among them were Casper Stetler, near the summit of the mountain ; John Miller, on the top of the moun- toin ; and John Stoy, where Stoystown now is. Mr. Husbands, in his "Annals of the Early Settlement of Somerset County," says, "about the year 1780 a colony of fifteen or twenty families from New Jersey arrived at Turkeyfoot and spread over the adjacent hills, from which it received the name of Jersey settlement." These persons were mostly Baptists. Benedict's history gives the date of the SOIIERSST COUNTY. 1079 first organization of a cliurch at this point at 1175. The Redstone Association, to which this church belongs, was established in 1776. The news of the stirring events that were being enacted in the East during the spring and summer of 1776, did not reach this settlement till fall, owing to the imperfect line of communication they were enabled to keep up with the out- side world. The news of Lexington and the signing of the Declaration of Inde- pendence awakened the enthusiasm and patriotism of the settlers, and a company of riflemen was enlisted b_y Captain Richard Brown, and marched east to the scene of hostilities. This company, after participating in the battle of Long Island, was ordered to Charleston, South Carolina, and served in nearly all of the battles of the Revolution, fought in the Southern campaign, and but few of their number ever returned to the settlement. The absence of such a large number of its able-bodied men left the settlement in rather a precarious and defenceless condition. The Indians, instigated by the British, commenced to become troublesome ; and after the massacre at Hannastown, Westmorland county, in September, 1782 (the nearest settlement to the west of the Glades), the con- sternation became so great that the settlement was almost entirely abandoned. In the spring of the following year, a number of them returned, and after the treaty of peace with Great Britain, nearly all the old settlers and a large num- ber of new ones joined the settlement. From that time on their numbers increased rapidly, and on the 21st of December, 1795, the first court was held. The court was held in a room in John Webster's tavern, by Alexander Addison, Esquire, Judge, and James Wells, Abraham Cable, and Ebenezer Griffith, jus- tices of the peace. In 1776, the order book of the county commissioners shows that John Campbell and Josiah Espy received the sum of two hundred and seventy dollars seventy-five cents and one-half cent, for the erection of a temporary jail in Somerset town. The sessions of court continued to be held in different rooms about the town, rented for the purpose, until the year 1800, when the com- missioners had a stone court house erected. The contract for the erection of the building was awarded to Robert Spencer. A jail was erected in 1802. These buildings remained until about 1852-'3, when they were torn down to make room for the present ones. During the Whiskey Insurrection the citizens of this county took but little part with the malcontents. A liberty pole was raised in the public square, and one night a party of masked men, supposed to be from Westmoreland county, took the collector from his house and compelled liim to swear that he would not enforce the odious laws. Mr. Husbands and Mr. Philson were taken to Philadelphia and thrown into prison on a charge of having been connected with the insurrection. After enduring an imprisonment of eight months, Mr. Husbands died, and Mr. Philson was released. In 1833, Somerset was almost totally destroyed by fire. From Main Cross street into West street every building was consumed. This was the work of an incendiary. Again, on the 9th of May, 1872, the town was visited by fire. The number of buildings destroyed was one hundred and seventeen, of which fifty-one were dwelling houses. After the fire of 1872 the town was rebuilt in a thorough and beautiful manner, and now contains a number of buildings that would l5e a credit to any town in the State. The Somerset and Mineral Point railroad 1 080 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. connects the town with the outer world. The population is about twelve hundred. Berlin, or the Brother's Valley settlement, was originally made by a few German families in 1769. After the Indian title to this territory had become extinct by reason of the treaty and purchase at Fort Pitt, a number of Menno- nite families moved into the neighborhood. The newly-arrived emigrants resolved to establisli a town, and secured a tract of land on the head spring of the Stony creek, known as Pious spring, and laid out the town of Berlin thereon. The first deed on record in the county is for " Pious spring." It conveys in trust to Jacob Keffer and Peter Glassner, and their successors, a reserved interest on all the lots in the town of Berlin, to be paid as an annual ground- rent on each lot of one Spanish milled dollar, for the use of the Lutheran and Calvinistic churches, and for schools for ever. Reference is made in this deed to a warrant dated 1784, and a patent dated 1786. The town of Berlin is situated on a ridge tliat forms the dividing line between the natural water basins of the county. The waters on the east flow to the Atlantic through Will's creek and the Potomac, and the Juniata and Susquehanna, and on the west to the Gulf of Mexico, through the Casselman and Monongahela rivers, and through the Stony creek, Conemaugh and Allegheny rivers. It is a neatly built little town, and has been increasing slightly since the completion of the Buffalo Yalley railroad. Meyersdale. — The early history of Meyersdale begins with the j'ear 1785, when Andrew Berndreger took up the tract of land upon which the greater part of the town is situated, and secured it by a patent from the government. He immediately commenced clearing the land, and in 1789 built a small grist mill on tlie Flaugherty. The mill was what is known as a tub mill, and was the first built in the county. In 1791, the land was sold to Jonathan Harry, a land speculator from one of the eastern counties, who sold it to Michael Buechley in 1792. During the same year the adjoining land, known as the " Olinger property," was patented by John Olinger, a farmer from York county. Mr. Olinger moved his family to his claim, and erected a house on it. In 1793 that part of the town known as " Buechley lands " was patented, and improvements commenced by John Berger. In 1815, John Buechley sold his interest to Jacob Me^^ers, Si*., a farmer of Lancaster county, who in turn sold it to his son Jacob. The latter moved on the land, and immediately erected a fulling mill and a grist mill, and rapidly put the land in a state of cultivation. About the time of Mr. Meyers' settlement and the founding of the town of Meyers' Mills, five of his brothers — Christian, Rudolph, Henry, Abraham, and John — also emigrated and settled on the adjoining lands. In 1831 Peter and William Meyers started the first store in the village. In 1871 the name of the borough was changed to Meyersdale. After Somerset, it is the largest town in the county. It is pleasantly situated on the Casselman river, at its junction with the Flaugberty, and is surrounded by hills filled with almost inexhaustible quantities of coal. It lies in a rich agricultural section, that is widely noted for its valuable farms, and is increasing rapidly in wealth and population. SULLIYAN COUNTY. BY EDWIN A. STRONG, DUSIIORE. ULLIYAN county was formed by act of Assembly of 15th March, 1847, and contains 434 square miles, or 27*7,760 acres. It was taken entirel}^ from L3'coming county. It lies between 41° and 42° north latitude, and one-half degree east of the longitude of Washington. The whole territor}^ lies between the North and West branches of the Susque- hanna river, on what might be termed the "highlands." It is bounded its entire length on the north by Bradford county, on the east by Wyoming, HEAD-WATEBS OF THE I^OYAIi SOCK. Luzerne, and Columbia, on the south by Columbia and Lycoming, on the west by Lycoming. The county is well watered by the Big and Little Loyal Sock and Muncy creeks, and their tributaries. The two branches of the Loyal Sock, which unite at the village of Forksville, traverse the whole length of the county, and drain the townships of Colley, Cherry, Hills-Grove, Forks, Fox, and Elkland, and a portion of Laporte and Shrewsbury. The head-waters of the Big Loyal Sock ai'e found near the boundaries of Sullivan and Wyoming counties. The Little Loyal Sock rises in Cherry township. Muncy creek, the next stream of importance, rises in the mountainous portions of Davidson township, and running 1081 1 082 HISTO BY OF PENI^S YL VANIA. south-west through Davidson into Lycoming county, empties into the "West Branch a short distance above Muncy. Muncy creek, in addition to the tribute paid to it by many considerable streams as it passes through Sullivan county, receives, in addition, the surplus waters of Lewis' and Hunter's lakes. The East and West branches of Fishing creek — the largest creek in Columbia county — rise in Davidson. After the confluence of the waters of the Big and Little Loyal Sock at Forksville — by which the creek from that point loses the distinctive designation of " Big " and " Little " — it passes on to Hills-Grove, as the dividing line between Forks and Elkland townships ; then passing through the whole length of Hills-Grove township, receiving on its way several streams, the largest of which is Elk creek, it moves on in majestic grandeur, widening and deepening, until, increasing its waters to the dignity of a river, it empties into the West Branch about one mile below Montoursville. The Muncy creek, by a series of dams, to accumulate waters for the purpose of what is termed " flooding " or " splashing," is made available from a point in Laporte township, to its terminus, for the purpose of floating logs, which has proven to be a success. The franchises of this highway are secured by corpo- rate letters and powers, thus cutting off individual enterprise, save as provided by the act of incorporation, allowing others than the corporate company to float logs upon the payment of a toll fixed by law ; in fact, the whole stream as well as its principal tributaries, is a monopoly. The Little Loyal Sock is navigable during high water for rafts from a point about three miles above its junction with its larger brother. The Big Loyal Sock, by the assistance of large dams which flood its banks during the ebbing of high waters, is made the medium by which millions of feet of hemlock logs are floated to Montoursville and intermediate points, for a distance of at least fifty miles from its mouth. From Hills-Grove rafts can be run during an ordinary freshet with ease and safety. The small rafts thus taken to the West Branch of the Susquehanna are united into larger ones suited for river navigation, and then floated to the mouth of the Susquehanna and intermediate points. At a point three or four miles below the coming together of the Sock creeks, a company incorpo- rated have erected what is called Wolf Trap dam, for the purpose of swelling the waters of the creek, thus facilitating the floating of logs below. This artificial assistance materially increases and improves the capacity of the waters of the creek for many miles as a floating stream ; but it is bitterly complained of by private individuals who wish to run rafts from points above, by reason of the obstruction to this kind of navigation, and the imposition of tolls allowed to be charged by the act under which it is incorporated. Mehoopany creek, and some of its larger tributaries in Sullivan county, forms an outlet for getting logs to the North Branch of the Susquehanna, for a small portion of the northern and eastern territory of Colley and Cherry townships ; but as yet no considerable amount of lumber is taken to market in that way. The creek just referred to runs through the whole wudth of Colley from west to east, and through about one-fourth of Cherry in the same direction. Sullivan county contains within its borders several lakes of real, and some of historic, importance. The principal, Lewis', or as it is now called, Eagle's Mere, is located in Shrewsbury township, at an altitude of nearly 1,900 feet above the ISULLIVAN COUNTY. 1083 level of the sea; its greatest length is one and a quarter ralies, and its width one-half mile. The waters of this lake are clear and placid, with slight undula- tions toward the east. The depth has never been definitely determined. The western shore is lined with large quantities of the finest glass sand, which is not surpassed by any in the State. The lake is evidently fed by subterranean waters, whether streams or springs has not been discovered. An examination of the surroundings of the lake shows that it is not fed by visible waters. This lake covers an area of nearl}^ six hundred acres, is well filled with fish of various kinds. Recently its waters have been well stocked with California salmon, and gives promise of success. The salubrity of the air, and the natural enchantment of the surroundings of the lake, draw to its environs each 3'car many visitors. In the earl^- part of the present century, a wealthy Englishman by the name of Lewis was attracted to the place, and discovering the value and quantity of the sands on the shores of the lake, he built what was then regarded as extensive glassworks, cleared up and cultivated many acres of the surrounding forest, and built several houses, among the rest a large stone mansion, and for some time carried on successfully and extensively the manufacture of glass. The war of 1812 intervening, and the distance from commercial centres being so great, with no means of transportation but the cumbersome convej'ances of that day, and the country surrounding the works being supplied with the wares manufac- tured, business gradually decreased, and the works were finally abandoned ; and now in their dilapidated condition the thriving glass works of 1810-'12 trace but a faint resemblance of the symmetrical grandeur and utility of their precedent. Like their enterprising projector, the cosy cottage and stately mansion, together with the fruits of ingenuity and skill, have passed away. The lake property comprises some five thousand acres. It is now called " Eagle's Mere Chasse," and will, at no distant day, become a noted summer resort. Hunter's Lake is also situated in Shrewsbury township, about four miles soutii of Lewis' Lake. Its altitude is somewhat less than that of Lewis' Lake. This lake also is fed by subterranean waters. It discharges a large quantity of water, sufficient to drive the machinery of a large lumber manufactory. Its form is long and irregular, contains large numbers of mountain cat fish and pickerel, and is a great fishing resort. It covers an area of three hundred acres. Robinson's, or Long Lake Pond, is situated in the south-eastern corner of Colley township, near the Susquehanna and Tioga turnpike. As its name indicates, it is a long sheet of water less pure than either Lewis' or Hunter's Lake ; its inlet and outlet are of nearly equal capacity. The lake is well supplied with fish. Some two years since the waters were stocked with black bass, which has been attended with favorable results. The surroundings are of a wild, weird character, and it no doubt was among the chosen localities where the camp-fii'es of the aborigines were often lighted. Lopez Pond, Pickerel Pond, and Grant's Lake are favorite resorts for fisher- men. They are of but little note otherwise, except as the source of the Lopez branch of the Big Loyal Sock and the East branch of Mehoopany creeks, respec- tively. The only remaining lake worthy of note is Elk or Merritt's, lyi^g in the northern Dart of Elkland, at one time a favorite resort for elk, many of which were fouTW in that portion of the county when first settled. It is also of some 1084 -HIS TOE Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. note bjf reason of the secretion of a murdered body in its waters, the victim of the onl\' murderer executed in the county. The waters are shallow and sluggish, and of small area. The only mines of note opened in the county are those at Bernice, in Cherry township, at the terminus of the State Line and Sullivan railroad. (The pro- jected Muncy Creek railroad is to connect with the State Line and Sullivan at this place.) The State Line and Sullivan railroad company own some five thou- sand acres of land in one body at this localitj', much of which is first-class coal land. The present operating capacity of the mines is about three hundred tons per day. The coal is semi-anthracite, possessing the leading qualities of the anthracite, but less dense and compact; it is said to be very superior as a gene- rator of steam ; it is also used largely for fuel, makes a pleasant, healthful fire, free of gases and sulphur; but is not so lasting as the Luzerne or Schuylkill coal. The immense body of coal known to exist at this place, together with the fact that an underlying vein is proven to assimilate more closely to the pure anthracite, will at some future day render this coal deposit as valuable as some in the anthracite region. Copper has been found in promising quantities in the south-eastern portion of the county, but as yet no smelting works have been erected, nor any con- siderable portion of the ore taken to market. Lead in small quanties, supposed to have been known to the Lidians, has been discovered, but no mine or any extensive deposit has yet been revealed. Iron ore is abundant in many portions of the county, and at some future day is destined to add largely to the wealth of the countv. Limestone of the gray variety is found in various parts of the county. Iron ore, limestone, and coal being abundant, the onl}' obstacle in the way of the manufacture of large quantities of iron is the want of facilities to market it. The manufacture of leather is the principal industry in the county. There are four large tanneries, besides three or four smaller ones. The largest tannery is that located at Thornedale, about five miles east of Laporte. This tannery has the capacity to tan forty thousand hides per annum. It consumes about five thou- sand cords of bark during the year, and is one of the most complete, in all its arrano-ements, of any in Pennsylvania. Leather tanned at this place enabled the proprietors to take the premium for best hemlock leather, at Vienna, in 1874, Laporte tannery, located four and one-half miles east of Thornedale, owned by the same firm, is of nearly the same capacity. A large tannery is located at Hills-Grove, capacity unknown ; also a smaller one south-west of Sonestown. At Dushore are three small tanneries in operation. The fact that in the aboriginal period game and fish must have been abundant, is sufficient evidence to presume that the whole territory was occupied by these dusky denizens ; however, no marks or traces of their occupancy now remain. Only one stream in the county bears an Indian name, that of Muncy creek, taken from " Money," the name given to the tribe of Indians that inhabited the West Branch country near Muncy, in Lycoming county, and no doubt in their predatory excursions reached the territorj^ of what is now Sullivan, if they did not abide there. The path to Fort Stanwix north must have passe^through Sullivan. SULLIVAN COUNTY. 1085 The fact that Sullivan contains no stream of importance, either historic or otherwise, and lies some distance from either branch of the Susquehanna, give it by internal location an isolation in the known history of tlie ancient Province of Pennsylvania, with no redeeming incidents to bring it to public notice. Its territory lies entirely within the purchase of the Indians made at Fort Stanwix in 1768, and the last purchase of tiie Penns. The first settlements in the county were made between the years IT 84 and U94. Messrs Ogden, Ecroyd, and Griffey located in what is now called Hills- Grove. Captain Brown, Strong, and Miller settled in Forks township The celebrated Dr. Priestly purchased a large tract of land about the forks of the Loj-al Sock, and laid out roads and made many improvements. About the year 1800, one Henderson, Robert Taylor, and George Edkin, settled near Muncy creek. G. Phillips and one Richarts established a settlement quite early in Davidson township, known as the North Mountain settlement. About the same time, another settlement was made in what is now Cherry township. Among the first settlers of Cherry township were Messrs Zaner, Graifley, Huff- master, King Col ley, Yonkin, Bahl, and others. A curious epoch in the history of the county is what is known as the " Wind Fall," whereby the forest for a width varying from twenty rods to one-fourth mile, through the whole extent of the county running in a north-easterly direction, was entirely uprooted by a gigantic hurricane. Not one tree was left standing in the whole line of this belt of destruction. This occurred about fifty years ago. But little is known of the early history of Sullivan county, except as connected with that of Lycoming, from which it was taken. Laporte, the county seat, was laid out in 1853. It contains the public buildings of the county. The court house (jail, sherifTs dwelling, and public oflices, all under the same roof) is a brick edifice, about fifty feet square, three stories in height, with cupola and belfry, in which is a bell of unsurpassed sweetness of tone. Laporte is located near the centre of the county, and at an altitude of nearly 1,900 feet above the level of the sea ; contains two churches, Methodist and Presbyterian, a public school building, and two newspapers. DusiiORE, one of the oldest towns in the county, was not incorporated until 1859. It is located near the centre of Cherry township, about nine miles north- east of Laporte, and contains between 400 and 500 inhabitants, is growing in trade, and increasing in numbers rapidly. It takes its name from one of the French refugees who took up his residence here at an early day. It covers an area of about 400 acres, and contains three churches — Catholic, Methodist Episcopal, and Evangelical — several manufactories, etc. It is located on the Little Loyal Sock, and is intersected by the State Line and Sullivan railroad, and the Susquehanna and Tioga turnpike. It is surrounded by the most fertile farming land in the county. The church of St. Basil (Catholic) is, in architec- tural strength and interior beauty, one of the finest edifices in Northern Penn- sylvania. FoRKSViLLE, at the junction of the Big and Little Loyal Sock creeks, is a flourishing village, surrounded by a good productive country. It contains the finest school building and Protestant church in the county. The inhabitants are a thrifty^'industrious people, hospitable and enterprising. SUSQUEHANNA COUNTY. BY EMILY C. BLACKMAN, MONTROSE. USQUEHANNA county was set off from Luzerne by an act of Legis- lature, passed February 21, 1810, but it was not fully organized with count}' officers elected, until the fall of 1812. Bradford count}-, erected at the same time, was its western boundary; Wayne, its eastern ; and its southern, Luzerne (now Luzerne and Wyoming). The length of Susquehanna county on the State line of Pennsylvania and New York is generally quoted from the sixth to the fortieth milestone, but a recent survey by Hon. J. W. Chapman, proves that it extends "from 120 perches west of the sixth milestone on the New York State line to the fortieth, and is consequently 33| miles in length by about 24^ miles average width ; the east line being 24| miles precisely, and the west about 24|^ ; the true polar course of the east line being N. 2;^° W., and the north line due west, embracing an area of about 824 square miles" — b}' last report of census, 797 square miles. The following diagram gives the southern line as ordered, and is accompanied by a list of the townships in the order of erection : TOWNSHIPS. 1. Willingbo- rough,Gt.lJend 2. Nicliolsoa 3. Lawsville 4. Braliitrlm 5. Rush 6. Cliffora 7. Bridgewater 8. New Milford 9. Harford 10. Harmony 11. Silver Lake 12. Gibson 13. Choconut 14. Middletown 15. SpringvlUe 16. Water ford, (Brooklyn) 17. Jackson 18. Merrick SUSQUEHANNA COUNTY, 1876. 19. Dlmock 20. Thomson 21. Frankllu 22. Forest Lake 23. Lathrop 24. Jessup 25. Apolacon 26. Ararat 27. Oakland BOROUGHS. M. Montrose X). Dundaflf F. FriendsvlUe S. Susquehanna Depot L. Little Mea- dows N. New Milfororough, description of, 347. Beaver college, 348. Beaver county, sketch of, 340; resources of, 341; histori- cal review of progress of, 343. Beaver B'alls, description of, 353; view of, 354. Bedford borough. Provincial court house at, 362; ■Wash- ington's head-quarters at, 1794, 371; description of,372. Bedford county, sketch of, 361; historical review of, 362; towns of, 372. Bedford Springs, view at, 368; medicinal properties of, 377. Beekman, William, Dutch Governor, 39. Bellefonte, view of, 602; description of, 507; view of gap north of, 513. Benner, General Philip, 515. Berg (Hill) Kirche, 867. Berks county, sketch of, 378; resources of, 379; historical review of, 382; formation of townsliips in, 403. Bethlehem, old Indian chapel at, 967; lirst house erected in, 969; old Crown Inn at, 979; Lehigh university at, 980; old mill at, 982; notice of, 991; Schnitz house at, 992; married brethren and sisters' hou.se at, 993. Berlin, or Brothers' valley, notice of, 1080. Berwick, notice of, 595. Bethany, notice of, 1150. Biddle, Lieutenant James, 239. Big Island, map of, 572. Bigler, William, Governor, 255; biographical sketch of, 255. Birmingham Friends meeting house, 531. Birney, General U. H., at Gettysburg, 289, 290. Black or French (Jockade worn, 23:J. Blackwell, Captain .John, Deputy Governor, 54. Blair county, sketch of, 397; resources of, 397; towns of, 400; formation of townships in, 403. Blairsville, notice of, 796. Bloeinart, Samuel, 30. Hlonil's settlement, 733. I!lO()d,\- Run, now Everett, 375. Bluiinisburg, Slate Normal school at, 592; notice of,593. Ulun.ston, Samuel, 831. Boone, Captain Hawkins, 189, 1003. Border counties, claims of. 273. Boston, Pennsylvania sends relief to, 99. Boston Port Bill, 132. Bouquet, Ciilduel Henry, expedition of 1763, 103; reaches Fort Pitt, 106; expedition to tlie Muskingum, 122, 626. 826. Brackenridge, Judge Hugh H., 225, 226, 231. Biaddock, General Edward, arrives in America, 82; map of route of, 84; jovirnal of, 85; surprised by an ambus- cade, 87; death of, 88; consternation caused by defeat of, 89. Biadilock's Fields, meeting of insurgents at, 226. Brailt'ord county, sketch of, 405; resoui-ces of, 408; his- torical review of, 409; towns and townships in, 429. Bradford, David, 225, 226, 228, 231. Brady, Captain John, killed, 918. Brady, Captain Samuel, adventures of, 333, 457, 553. r.rady. General Hugh, 785. Brandywine, battle of, described, 172, 531,664. Bright, General Michael, 1037. Bristol, notice of, 450. Brodhead, Colonel Daniel, 166. Brooks, General W. T. H., 265, 383. Brookville, court house at, 798; notice of, 805. Brown, John, raid of, into Virginia, 257. 753. Brownsville, view of, 724; notice of, 730. Buchanan, James, President of the United States, 753. Bucks county, sketch of, 438; resources of, 440; historical review of, 440; towns of, 451; formation of townships in, 4.53. Buckingham Friends meeting house, 450. " Buck-shot War," 249. Butler borough, courD house at, 454; view of, 458; notice of, 458; pulilic school building in, 459. Butler county, sketch of, 4.54; resources of, 455; historical review of, 456; towns of, 460. Cadw.\llader, General John, 167. Cambria county, sketch of, 461; resources of, 463; his- torical review of, 467; roads in, 473; towns of, 475. Cambria Iron works, 464. Cameron county, sketch of, 479; historical review of, 4S0; formation of townships in, 484. Cameron, General Simon, Secretary of War, 260. Campauius, Rev. John, .34. Camp Curtin, establishment of, 200, 263; Western troops quartered at, 264; troops organized at, 264; view of general liospital at, 268. Canon, John, 784. <;anonsburg, notice of, 1143. (lanton, notice of, 432. Capital of the Nation, removal of, 233. Capital of the State, removal of, 233. Carlisle, court house at, 612; notice of, 623; soldiers' monument at, 028. Caipenter's Hall. Philadelphia, 1774, 141. Carbondale, notice of, 911. Cai bon county, sketch of, 486; resources of, 488; histori- cal review of, 490; towns in, 499. "Carroll's Delight," 282. Carrolltown, church and convent at, 476. Carr, Sir Robert. Di-imi v-Governor, 41. ^ Cascade, Glen Onoko, 4y7. Calawissa, notice of, 593; ancient Friends meetlng- honse at, .594. Cattish camp, near Washington, 1142. (,'ayugas— See Irocpiois. (Censors, council of, 207. Centennial exhibition, 1876, 1044: main building for, 596; medal-obverse, 339; medal— reverse, 360. Centre county, sketch of, 502; historical review of, 503; towns of, 507; formation of townships in, 512. 1181 1182 QENEEAL INDEX. Chanibi'isbiiig, burning of, 267, 753; view of, before tlie tire, 754; after tlie lire, 756; notice of, 756. Chambers, Colonel James, 154, 620. Cliameleou falls, GlenUnoko, 485. Chester county, sketch of, 517; resources of, 520; histori- cal review ot, 525; educational institutions in, 534; towns and townships in, 554. Chester, old town hall at, 655; first meeting-house of Friends at, 661; notice ot, 669. Cliester valley, view of, 519. Chevaux-de-trize in the Delaware, 156. Cliew mansion, Uermantown, 178. Christ cbULch, I'hiladelphia, 1026. Church, Jerry, a70. Clarion county, sketch of, -547; resources of, 550; educa- tional interests in, 551; historical review of, 552: towns of, 554. Clarion, court house at, 547; prison at, 549; Carrier , seminary at, 552; notice of, 554. Clarke, (ieneral Gleorge, troops enlisted for expedition of, 1142, 1158. Clayton, Colonel Asher, 110. Clearfield county, sketch of, 557; resources of, 559; his- torical review of, 563; towns of, 564. __ Clearfield borough, view of, 557; notice of, 564. Clinton county, sketch of, 569; resources of, 571; his- torical review ot, 574; towns of, 579. Clinton, Sir Henry, succeeds Lord Howe, 184; evacuates Fhihidelphia, 185. Cloud i'oint, Lehigh valley, 500. Cluggage, Captain Kobert, 154. Cincinnati, Society of, 270. Coaches, first throngli line to Pittsburgh, 236. Coal, use and discovery of, 487, 834, 1063, 1146. Coatesviile, notice of, 536. Cockade, State, adopted, 235. Colve, Anthony, Dutch (Governor, 42. Columbia borough, notice of, 830; view of town hall and Locust street in, 831. Columbia county, sketch of, 584; historical review of, 585; towns of, 593; formation of townships of, 596. Committee of Safety, appointment of, 148; seal of, 148; new appointment of, 154. Conestoga Indians, treachery of, 107; removal of re- quested, 111; murderous Indians harbored by, 112; de- stroyed by the faxtangboys, 112. Conemaugh, view on the, 1152. Conewago canal company, 214. Connecticut, claims of, 2U4, 420, 887, 1111, 1149. Connellsville, notice ot, 729. Connolly, Dr. John, agent of Virginia, 144, 1154. Coushohocken, notice of, 959. Constitutional Convention of 1776, 165; of 1690, 212; of 1837-S, 249; of 1873, 275. Continental Congress, delegates from Pennsylvania, 141. Convention of Deputies, 159; address to Congress, 160; address to the Associators, 160. Cook, Colonel Edward, 225, 227. ^ Cook, Blartha Walker. 615. \ Corbly family killed, 771. ^^ Cornwall mines, notice of, 864. ^ Corry. notice of, 721. Couch, General D. N., 265, 283, 302, 749. Coudersport, court house at, 1053; notice of, 1057. Coulter, General Richard, at Gettysburg, 293. Counties and county towns, 278. County histories, 277. Cove, Great, massacre by Indians in, 745. Covenhoven's narrative, 917. Crawford county, early history of, 597; education in, 605; i-esources of, 609. Crawford, Colonel William, expedition and fate of, 202, 1154, 1157. Cresap, Thomas, agent of Lord Baltimore, 822. Crooked Billet, surprise at, 184, 959. Crozer theological seminary at Upland, 681. Cumberland county, sketch of, 612; first settlers in, 615; Indian incursions in, 617; resolves of inhabitants, 1774, 618; rebel invasion of, 1863, 622; towns of, 633. Curtin, Andrew G., Governor, 259; biographical sketch of, 2.59; inaugural declarations, 259; comprehends the magnitude of the rebellion, 260; his care for the troops, 268. Curwensville, notice of, 564. Danville, court house at, 961; notice of, 962; insane hospital at, 964. Dauphin county, sketch of, 637; early settlement of, 640; in the Revolution, 642; town of, 649; formation of town- ships, 653. Davis, Jefferson, President Southern Confederacy, 279. Decatur, Commodore Stephen, 2.39. De Haas, Colonel John Philip, 156. Declaratory act of the British Parliament, 124. Delaware county, sketch of, 655; first settlement in, 656; towns and townships in, 667. Delaware Indians, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23. Delaware river, discovery of by Hudson, 28; names known by. 29. Delaware Water Gap, 949. Dennv, William, Deputy Governor, 93; biographical sketch of, 93. Derry church, description of, 644. Deshier's Fort, sketch and notice of, 876. DeVries, David Pieterszen of Hoorn, 31, 82. D'Hinoyossa, Alexander, 39. Dickinson, John, course of at the outset of the Kevolu- tion, 163; elected president, 204; biographical sketch of, 205. Dickinson college, Carlisle, 629, 630. Dix, iMiss Dorothea L., the philanthropist, 254. Doanes, the outlaws, 446. Donegal iiiui<'li, noiiceof, 840. Doubleday, (it-iifrul Abner, at Gettysburg, 286. Doudle, (aiiuiiu .Michael, 154. Downingtown, notice of, 536. Doylestown, notice ot, 449; court house at, 438; soldiers monument at, 449. Drake's pioneer oil well, 1119. Duel between John Binns and Samuel Stewart, 1004. Duncan's island, description of, 651. Dunniore, Lord, Governor of Virginia, 144. Dunmoie's war of 1774, 1155. Duquesne Fort, erection of, 80; burning of, 98. Early, General Jubal, at Gettysburg, 293, 294; orders the burning of Chambersburg, 753. JSaston, grand Indian council at, 1756, 95; second coun- cil at, 1758, 98; historical summary of, 985. Eaton, Rev. George W., 784. Ebensburg, notice of, 475. Economy, description of, 356; assembly house at, 357; church of the Harmonists at, 35S. Education, of the poor, 2.35; liberal system of adopted, 243; public or free system adopted, 247; advocates of, 248. Elder, (;olonel John, 109, 114; letter of to Colonel Burd, 120. Elftsborg or Elsingborg, Swedish fort, 34. Elliott, Commodore Jesse Duncan, 240. Elk county, sketch of, 682; resources of, 683; early settle- ments in, 6S4; towns of, 690; formation of townships in, 690. Emigirs Gap, Tyrone and Clearfield nailroad, 567. Emporium, view of, 479; notice of, 483. England, policy of, 123. Eplirata, wounded at Brandywlne taken to, 176; notice of, 835; brothers' and sisters' house at, 835. Erie city, view of from the lake, 692; old block-house at, 693;, notice of, 719; soldiers and sailors' monument at, 72iJ. Erie county, sketch of, 693; early history of, 693; towns and townships in, 721. Erie, lake, account ot battle of, 704, 934. Evans, John, Deputy Governor, 60; biographical sketch of, 61. Evans, Oliver, inventions by, 210, 236. Ewell, General Robert, at Gettysburg, 282, 286, 288, 293, 299, 300, 302; at Carlisle, 622. Ewing, General James, 162. Excise laws, summary of, 218. Pair Play men, notice of, 919. Fall Brook, notice of, 1107; view of, 1108. Fallston, notice of, 349. Fayette county, sketch of, 724; roads laid out in, 727; historical summary of, 727; towns of, 729. Federal constitution, convention to frame, 210; adop- tion of, 211. Feeble-minded children, training school for, 256. Fell. Judge . I esse, burns anthracite coal in a grate, 884. Findhiv, William, Governor, 242; biographical sketch of, 242; iiotbeof, 758. FiiuUey, William, 229, 231. Fisheries, inland, 275. Fitch, John, invention by, 209. ^ Five Nations Indians, 21. Fletcher, Benjamin, Governor, 55. Forts— Ashcraft's, 726; Augusta, 999, 1001; Bedford, 362; Bosley, 586; Burd, or Necessity, 726; Casiniir, 36; Cas- sell's, 726; Christina, 34; Cresap's, 824; Deshier's, 876; Forty, 902; Franklin, 1126; Freeland, 189, 1001; Gad- dis', 726; Granville, 942; Hamilton, 948; Henry, 866; Hunter, 649; Jenkins', 586; Le Boeuf, 102, 698, 1126; Lucas, 726; Lyttleton. 765; McClure's. 586; McCoy's, 726; Mcintosh, 188; Macliault, 1122; Meninger, 1001; Mercer, 180; Mifliin, 180; Miller's, 1078; Minter's, 726; Morris", 726; Muncy, 188, 1001; Nassau, 35; Norj-is, 948; Oplaiidt, 31; Pearse's, 726; Penn, 948; Presqu'Isle, 102, 694, 1126; Rice, .586; Stevenson's, 726; Smith. 866; Swearingen's, 726; Venango, 102, 1126; Washington, 166; Wheeler, 586. Fort Bedford house, 363. Fort Pitt, erection of, 98; plan of, 98; redoubt at, 104. Fort Stanwix, treaty of 1768, 130; second treaty at, 1784, 207. Fort Sumter, firing on, 259. Forest county, sketch of, 733; resources of, 734; early set- tlements in, 737; towns and townships in, 738. Forbes, General John, expedition of, 97; erects Fort Pitt, 93. Frame of government, 47. Franklin and Marshall college, 825. Franklin, Benjamin, establishes Philadelphia library, 71; publishes historical review of Pennsylvania, 98; po- litical pamphlet written by, 120; letter to Lord Kames relative to, 120; elected president, 209; biographical sketch of, 209. GENERAL INDEX. 1183 Franklin, view of Liberty street in, 1117; view of in 1840, 1128; notice of, 1129. Fraiililin county, sketcli of, 739; resources of, 742; lils- torical review of, 743; towns of, 756. "Freedoms and Exemptions," 3i). Fieidensliutreii, Moravian monuniciit at, 415. Freiicli and Eni,'lish toils at Venaiik'o, plan of, 1123. Frencli auU Imlian war. station ot iiuups during, 95. Frencli, designs of, 71 ; erection of lorts by on tne OlJio, 79, 319. Frencli neutrals, 1025. Frencli refugees, 424. Fries Insurrection, 233. Frontiersmen, niardi of to Philadelphia, 115; present tlieir grievances, 115; Governor I'enn's opinion of, 121. Fulton county, sketch of, 760; resources of, 761; histori- cal review of, 7B4; towns and townships in, 787. Fugitive slave law, passage of, 255. CtALBRAITHS of Doneg.Tl, 84.'). Gallatin, Albert, 227, 2:il; residence of, 731. Gallitzin, missionary piirst, 469. Gas, first Introducti.jn of. 1042 Geary, Geneial John \V., at Gettysburg. 288, 293, 295; elected Governor, 273; biographical sketch of, 273. Genet, M., violates the neutrality laws, 215. Germantown, bat tie of, 177. Germantown, notice of, 1045; academy at, 1046. Gettysluu-g, l)attle of, 282; General Lee's head-quarters at, "285; the first day's battle, 286; General Meade's head-quarteisat, 288; the second day's battle, 2S8; the third day's battle, 294; plan of tiie battle of, 295. Gettysburg boiough, d>-scription of, 303; Lutheran theo- logical seniinaiv at, 3u3: Pennsylvania college at, 305, soldiers' national cein.'tery at, 306; national monu- ment at, 308; monuini-nt to General Reynolds at, 310. Gibbon, General, at Gettysburg, 292. Gibson, James, 115. Gilbert family, capture of. 493. Girard college at Philadelphia, 1044. Glatz mansion, erected 1732, 1172, Glen Money penny, 1166. Glen of Glenoldeii, 668. Gnadenhutten, notice of, 491. Granville, fort, captured, 942. Great Island, map of, 572. Great Meadows, Jumonvitle defeated at, 80. Greeley, Horace, charges of against Pennsylvania dis- proved, 266. ' Greeucastle, notice of, 758. Greene county, sketch of, 769; historical summary of, 171; towns of, 773; townships in, 774. G. oensburg, court house at, 1153; notice of, 1160. Gregg, Andrew, 515. Grove, Peter, adventures of, 482. Godyn, Samuel, 30. Gookin, Charles, Deputy Governor, 62; biographical sketch of, 62. Goidon, General John B., at (Gettysburg, 283. Gordon, Patrick, Deputy Governor, 70; biographical sketch of, 70; death of, 74. Gyantwachia, orCornplanter, 1135; monument erected to tiy Peniisj Ivania, 1135. " Half Shake " men, 421. Haiti's church near Wernersville, 389. Hamburg, sketch of, 387. Hamilton, Andrew, Deputy Governor, 60; biographical sketch of, 60. Hamilton, James, Deputy Governor, 77; biographical sketch of, 97. Hampton, General Wade, at Chambersburg, 748. Hancock, General \V. S., at Gettysburg, 287, 292. Hannastown. sketch of, 1154; destruction of, 1158. Hanover church, view of, 646. Hanover, Dauphin county, resolntions in 1774, 641. Hanover, York county, notice of, 1180; public fountain at, 1179. Harmony Society at Economy, 355. Harrisburg, seat of government removed to, 238; view of State Capitol at, 244; insurrection at, 250; view of, 636; first German church at, 647; first English, 647. Harris, John, notice of, 639; grave of, 640. Harris mansion, 637. Hartley, Colonel Thomas, expedition against the Indian country, 183, 418. Hatboro', notice of, 959. Hazleton, notice of. 909. Heckewelder, 17, 19. Hebron cliurrh. Lebanon, notice of, 868. Hendricks, Captain William, 1.54. 620. Hendrickson, Cai)tain Cornells, 29. Heth, General, at Gettysburg. 288, 297, 300. lliester, Joseph, Governor, 243; biographical sketch of, 243. Hill, General A. P., at Gettysburg, 282, 286, 283, 292, 296, 300. Hochitagete or Barefoot, 19. HoUandare, Peter, Swedish Governor, 34. Holland land company, 1133, 1134. Hollidaysbuig, Blair county, court house at, 397; skec of, 400. Hood, General, at Gettysburg, 288, 289, 300. Hooker, General Joseph, 284. 3 Z Horse Shoe Curve on Pennsylvania railroad, 396. Horticultural Hall, Cetileiinial Exposition, 437. '• Hot Water" war, 233. House tax, imposition of, 233. Howard. General O. O., iit Gettysburg, 284. Howe, General, marches on Philadelpllia, 171; defeats the Americans at Braiidywine, 173; entrance into Pliiladelpia, 175. Hudde. Andreas, Dutch commissary, 35, 38 Hudson. Henry, discovers the Delaware, 28 Hnmplireys, Whitehead, invention by, 210. Humphiev. General A. A., at Gettysbuig, 290, 295.' Huntingdon countv, sketch of, 775; resources of, 776; history of, 777; early settlers in, 779; towns of, 785; for- mation of townsbips in. 789. Huntingdon borough, 775; seal of, 779; notice of, 785. Immigrants into Pennsyivania. 69. Indiana borough, notice of, 795, 796. Indiana county, sketch of, 790; resources of, 791; early settlements in, 793; towns of, 795; townships in, 796. Indian battle at Lacliawaxen, 1050. Indian God Hock, view of, 1121; inscriptions on, 1122. Indian iuenisions, 1794, 216. Indian marauds, tears of, 78; on the frontiers, 90. 107. Indians. pur( bases trom, 1682, 442; 1683, 525; 1762, 888; 1768, .501, 11)85; map sbovving, 208. Indian relics found near Safe Harbor, 818. Indian scalps, rewards tor, 93. Indian walk, 74, 443, 967. Independence Hall, 1876, 1030. liulei)endeiice prop .sed, i(;2; declared, 164; signed, 164; l)ublicly read in riiilaileli)liia, 165. Insane poor, first State hosihtal erected, 254. International Exposition, 1044. Internal iinproveinents, measures taken for, 213; vig- nette, 789. Iroquois, the, 17, 18, 19, 22. Irvine, General William. 157; commissioner to western insurgents, 227. Irving Female College, Mechanicsburg, 632. Jack, Captain, sketch of. 615. Jack, Captain Matthew, 1158. Jack's Narrows, Pennsylvania railroad, 781. Jacquett, John Paul, Dutch Governor, 38. Jay's Treaty with (ireat liritain, 232. Jeiinings, Colonel William W., 264, 283. Jenkins' cavalry. Confederate, 282, 622, 750, 751. Jefferson county, sketch of, 798; resources of, 799; his- torical review of, 800; towns of, 805. Jersey prison ships, 204. Jersey Shore, notice of, 921. Jesuit missionaries, 17. Johnson, General, division at Gettysburg, 282, 293. .lohnsloii. Rev. John, 785. Johnston, William F., Governor, 254; biographical sketch of, 2)4. Johnstown, view of, 464; description of, 475. Jubilate Deo. in language of Six Nations, 24. Juniata county, sketi'h of, 806; early settlements in, 807; towiii of, 8U"; townships in, 813. Kaskaskunk, 857. Keith, Sir William, Deputy Governor, 64; biographical sketch of, 64: meets the Indians at Albany, 68. Key of Kalniar, ship of war, 33 Keystone Slate, I'ennsylvania first called, 2*5. Kieft, Sir William, Director-Genenal, New Netherlands, 34. Kilpatrick, General, at Gettysburg, 299. King, Francis, 925. Ivittaniiing borough, notice of, 336. Kiltanning, Indian town of, destroyed, 95. Killanning path, 472. Kirkpatrick, Major Abram, 225. Kivasuta, Seneca Chief, conspiracy of, 101. Kn"lpe, General Joseph, 622, 752. Knoxville, view of, 1101; notice of, 1108. Kingston, notice of, 910: Wyoming seminary at, 911. Kut'ztown, notice of, 388. Lafayette College, Pardee Hall, 966; notice of, 986. Lafayette, General, wounded at Brandywine, 175; visit to i'ennsylvania, 245, 533, 670. 1038. Lancaster city, old court house at, 814; court lio\is.. at, 827; high school. 82S; soldiers' monumeul at. s-i: county hospital at. S'.l. Lancaster, conference with Six Nations at, 77; Supreme Executive Council at, 176, 183. . „ . Lancaster countv, when formed, 70: sketch of, 814; re- sources of, 815; early settlements in, 820; towns and townships in, 811. Lancasterian system of education, 243. Ivancaster land eoinpatiy, 11.33. ,. „ Lands iinprovc'd and unimproved in Pennsylvania, 5b;. Laporte, notice of. 1085. Latta, John, Lieutenant-Governor under Constitution of 1873, 276. , „.^ , . Lawrence countv, sketch of, 854; resources of, 8o5; his- torical review of, 856; towns of, 859. Leaden plate deposited l)y the French in the Ohio, 319; translation of inscriiition on, 1122. Lebanon borough, view of, 892; county court house at, 863; notice of, 867. 1184 QENEHAL INDEX. Lebanon county, sketch of, 863; resources of, 864; his- torical review of. 865; towns of, 867. Lee. Governor Henry, In command of Western army, 2'y Lee. General Robert E., at Gettysburg, 288, 296. 299, 300, 301; at Clianibefshurg, 7-19, 752. f/ee's invasion of Pennsylvania, 869. lieiiigh coal, discovery ot, 487. Lehigh county, sketch of, 871: resources of, 873; histori- cal review o'f, 874; towns of, 877; townships in, 879. liehigU navigation company, 487. Lehigh university, at Bethlehem, 980, 981. Lehightoii, notice of, 499. Lemke, Rev. I'eter Henry, 470. Lenape— see Delawares. Lewisburg, court house at, 1110; view of, 1114; univer- sity of, 1116. Lewislown borough, view of, 943; notice of, 944. Lewis' lake, notice of, 1082. l.,ewistown narrows, Pennsylvania railroad, 941. Liberty bell. Independence hall, 556. Library company of Philadelphia established, 71. Lincoln university, 535. Lindstrom, Peter, 37. Litiz, notice of, 537; spring and walk at, 838. I.ogan Guards of Lewistown, 261. Logan, James, Provincial secretary, 60, 64, 74; bio- graphical sketch of, 76. Logan, the .Mingo chief, 940. Log coll.-ge, 444. Long Lslaud, liattleof, 166. Longstreet, General, at Gettysburg, 282, 295, 299. Loretto, St. Aloysiii.s college at. 477. Lovelace, Colonel Francis, English Governor. 41. l.,owdon. Captain John, 154. Lower Meiion Friends meeting-house, 954. Lowreys, of Donegal, 843. Loyal Sock, head-waters of, 1081. Lutheran theological seminary at Gettysburg, 304. Luzerne county, sketch of, 881; resources of, 884; early history of, 885; towns of, 909. Lycoming, sketch of, 913; resources of, 913; historical summary of, 915; towns of, 919; townships in, 922. Lykens, notice of, 652. McCANDLESS, General William, at Gettysburg, 292, 299. McCausland's foiay, 753. McConnellsburg, court house at, 760; notice of, 767. ilcFarlane, Captain James, 225. M'Kean county, sketch of, 923; resources of, 934; early settlements in, 925. APKcaii, Thomas, couimissioner to western counties. 227; elected Governor. 234; biogr.apUical sketch of , 234. SIcKeesport, description of, 327. Machault Fort, 1122. Machinery hall. Centennial E.xhibition, 861. Magaw, Colonel Robert, 157. Manor of Maske, 281; Pennsbury, 441; Springettsbury, 1171; Suct'olh, 503. Manstield, Episcopal church at, 1104; Methodist church at, 1107; State normal school at, notice of, 1106, 1107. Marietta, notice of. 843. Markliain, William, Deputy (governor, 47, 56, 57. Mautli ('liuiik, description of, 496. Maryhiml intruders, lis. 72, 822, 1169. Mason and Dixon's line, historical resume of, 124; run- ning of, 129. Meade, General George G., at Gettysburg, 284, 287, 288, 296; report of, 301. Meadville, court house at, 597; county seat fixed at, 605; view of, 607. Mechanicsburg, notice of, 632. Media, court house at, 678. Memorial Hall, Centennial Exhibition, 774. Mengwe— .see Iroquois. Mercer borough, notice of, 938. Mercer county, sketch of, 931; historical review of, 932; towns of, 9:i6. .Merrill, General Jesse, 274. Mey, Captain Cornells Jacobsen, 29, 30. Meyersdale, notice of, lOSO. Midilleburg, county court house at, 1072; notice of, 1076. Miopiilation of by counties, 329. Pennsylvania railroad, completion of, 256. I'eiinsylvania reserves, organization of, 260, 265; at Get- tysburg. 292, 299. Pennsylvania troops, first to reach the Federal capital, ' 1861, '262; thanks of Congress to, 263. Pennsylvania soldiers in the Kevolution, deplorable con- dition of, 196; revolt ot, 197; their grievances, 197; set- tlement with, 201; claims ot, 206. Perry county, sketch of, 1006; early settlements in, 1007; towns of, 1012; townships in, 1014. Perry, Oliver Hazaid, gold medal to, 240; victory on Lake Erie, 704; flag ship Lawrence, 706. Petiigrew, General, at Gettysburg, 297, 298. Philadelphia city and county, sketch of, 1015; liistorical summary of, 1015; towiisliijis of, 1019; consolidation of, 1022. Philadelphia raptured bv the British, 1031; yellow fever in, 1035; old slate-roof lionse at, 1016; new city hall in, 1018; old court house au 1021; old navy yard at, 1040; view of Delawaie fron^ 1043; United States mint at, 404; old I'ine street church in, 732. Pickeiing, Colonel Tirnotliy, conference at Tioga, 422. Pickett, General, at Gettysburg, 289, 294, 297, 298. Pike county, sketch of, 1049; liistorical review of, 1050; towns of, 1052. Pittsburgh, vi w of, looking up the Ohio, 314; laying out of town of, 321; progress of, 322; descriptiou of, 325; city luill at, 3J5. Pittstoii, notice of, 912. Pit Hole city, description of, 1131. Pleasantville, gr'>np of oil derricks at, 1131. I'lunkett, Dr. William, e,xpedition of, 1000. I'ollock, James, Governor, 256; biographical sketch of, 2.56. Pontiac, Ottawa chief, conspiracy of, 101. Portage road, view on, 474. Porter, David R., Governor, 249; biographical sketch of, 2-30. Porter, General Andrew, 957. Potter, General .lames, 516. Potter county, sketcli of. 1053; resources of, 1054; settle- ments in, 1055; townships ill, 1057. I'ott, .John, iiurns anthracite coal, 1065. Pottsville, view of, 10.58. I'resideiit's liouse built by Pennsylvania, 232. Prequ'lsle, Indians opposed to establishment at, 216; town laid out at, 216. I'riestly, Dr. Josejih, 1004. I'lincetoii, battle ot, 169. Piintz Hall, Indian convocation at, 37. Piintz, John, Swedish Governor, 34. Proprietary goverumeiit, relative to, 122. Provincial conlerence, proceedings of, 133. I'rovincial convention, proceedings of, J44. Public works, sale of, 256. Pulpit rocks, near Round Island, 680. Pumpkin flood, 907. Punxsutawney, view of, 803; notice of, 805. QUAKERTOWN, description of, 451. Quappas. driven from the Oliio, 17. (Jueiiec, capture of by General Wolfe, 93; Arnold's expe- dition agaiust, 154. RAlt.noAD, first, in America, 246. Ralston iiicliut- plane, 922. Randolph, Peyton, of Virginia, 141. Ivajii), Rev. Gi'org(-, founder ot the Harmonists, .355. Reading, county court liouse at, 378; Trinity Lutheran church at, 394; cemetery gate at, 395. Redick, David, elected Vice-1'resident, 211. Redstone old fort, meeting of insurgents at, 221, 288. Reed, General Joseph, President, 190; biographical sketch of, 190. Reed, General William, Adjutant>-General, 238. Relief notes, issue of, 251. Renova station, Philadeljjhiaand Erie railroad, 682. Reynolds, General John F., at Gettysburg, 265, 284, 286, 30<1; monument to, 310. Ridgway, view of, 682; description of, 090. Ridley Park lake, 6ii6. Ridley Park station, 679. Ringgold light artillery of Retiding, 261. Ritiier, Joseph, Governor, 247; biographical sketch of, 247. Riots In Pliibulelphin. 1039. Roberdeau, Daniel, apiiointed brigadier-general, 162. Rome, de>cii)itlou ol, 433. Rosborough, Rev. John, murdered by the British, 977. Ross, George, elected Vice-President, 211. Ross, Captain James, 154. Rouse, Henry R.. 1119, 1137. Runaway, the brig, .575. Rysingh, John Claudius, Governor of New Sweden, 36. Safe Harbor, notice of, 839; Indian relics found near, 818; inscri])tion on rocks at, 839. St. (;iair. General Arthur, comniandof in the Revolution, 1.57; defeat of by the Indians, 212; home of on Chestnut Ridge, 1166; monument to. 1161. St. Mary's, description of, 690. Saltsburg, discovery of salt springs at, 791 . Salt works established by Pennsylvania on Tom's river, 106. "Saw-dust" war, 274. Saxton, Joseph, 784. Scliellsburg, notice of. 376. Schuylkill coal and navigation company, 245, 1063. Sclinylkill county, sketch of, 1059; early settlements in, 1059; townships of, 1061; coal development in, 1065. Schuylkill river, view on, 945. Scianton, description of, 909. Scotch-Irish, the first settlers in Korthampton county, 970. " Scout Fissral," office of, 30. Scull, Nichola.s, map of, 974, 1063. Seal of Assembly— 1776, 168. Seal of Committee of Safety— 1775, 148. Seal of Huntingdon borough. 779. Seal, Proprietary, 27. Seller, Captain George A. C, forms Camp Curtin, 263. Seigfried, Colonel John, 976. Selinsgiove, notice of, 1073; Snyder mansion at, 1075; Lutheran missionary institute at, 1074. Senecas— See Iroquois. ••Shades of JJeath," 188. Shakaiiiaxon, supposed treaty at, 49. Shamokin, now sunbury, 998. Sharon, notice of, 936. Shawaiiese Indians. 23, 585, 885. Sliaw, Margaret, bravery of, 1159. Shee, ('ol(.ii.-l John, 157. SheshiMnianuuk. site of, 412. Slieyichbi country, 20. Sliikellimy, notice of. 998; residence of, 1110. Sliippensburg, description of, 631. Shrewsbury, notice of, 1180. Shunk, Francis R.. Governor, 2-52; biographical sketch of, 2-52; faiewell address to peojile of Pennsylvania, 253; deatll of, 2.53. Sliuize, John Andrew, Governor, 245 ; biographical sketch ol, 245. Sickles, General, at Gettysburg, 288, 290, 292. Six Nation Indians, 21; conference with at Lancaster, 77; treaty with at Fort Stanwix, 130; take sides with the British, I8S. Slavery abolished in Pennsylvania, 193. Snyder county, sketch of, 1072; towns and townships In, 1073. Snyder, Simon, Governor, 236; biographical sketch of, 236; mansion of, at Selinsgrove, 1075. Sniethiiort, county court liouse at, 923; county prison at, 929; notice of, 9.30. Smith, iMattliew, lays before Provincial authorities the grievances of the frontiers, 115; commands in the Revolution, 154; elected vice-president, 192; resigns, 192. Soldiers' National cemetery, 306. Soldiers' Orphans' schools, origin of, 271, 272. Solebury Friends meeting-hou: e, 444. Somerset borough, county cou' t house at, 1077; notice of, 1079; fires in, 1079. Somerset county, sketch of, 1077; resources of, 1077; early settlements in, 1078; towns of. 1080. South-western college, California. 1143. Siiringettsbiiry manor. 68, 1169, 1171. S|nuce Creek tunnel, Pennsylvania railroad. 78G. S. amp act, passage of, 123; opposition to, 123; repeal of, 1-24; effect of, 1027. Standing Stone, 778. State college, Centre county, 611. State house. Provincial, erection of, 71; in 1778, 1S7. Sieiihens. John, invention bv, •2;i9. Stevens, Th.iddi'us, grave of, 830. Stewart, Captain La/.arus. expedition to Wyoming, 110; coniinaiiils the Paxiang boys, 111; threatened arrest of, 120; goes to Wvoiniiig, 120. Stewart. Conuiinddie Charles, 241. Stewart's blnek-liouse, 895. Slinson family, murder of, 109. Stroudsburg, notice of, 949. Siuart, Gen. J. E. B., at Getlysburg,284; raid of in 1862, 747. Stuyvcsant, Peter, Governor of New Netlierlands, 36. Sullivan county, sketch of, 1081; lakes in, 1083; resources of. 1084; lowiisof, 1085. Sullivan, General John, expedition of, 191, 906. Sunbury, notice of, 1004. Sus(iuehanna county, sketch of, 1086; plan of townships 111, 1U8G; historical summary of, 1088; towns of, 1092. .SMS(iuelKuina Indians, 17, 18, 19. Sns(iuelianna river, view near Milton, 998; junction of North and West P.ranobesof, 1002; View on from Col- lege hill, Lewisbiirg, 1112. ns6 GENERAL INDEX. Swanendael, 31. Swaitliiiiore college, 654. Swedes church, 1024. Swedish settlements on the Delaware, 33, 656. Sykes, General, at Gettysburg, 288. Talox, Omkr, French refugee. 424. Taniiehill, General Adamsoii, 238. Taxation without representation, 123. Taylor, Abiah, house built by, 1724, 539. Taylor, George, signer of Declaration of Independence, 986. Tea ships not allowed to land at Philadelphia, 131. Teedyuscung, Delaware chief. 23, 95, 119. Tliannawage, IMoliawk chief, 21. Tlionias, Sir George, Deputy-Governor, 75; biographical skelch of, 75. Thompson, Colonel William, commands the first regi- ment of ilio "Arinv of 1 he Continent, " 154. Thomson, Cliarles, 123, 141. Tienpoiit, Captain Adrien Joriz, 30. Tionesta, view of, 733; notice of, 738. Tinicum island, 35. Tioga county, sketch of, 1101; resources of, 1102; towns of, 1106; townships in, 1109. Torkillus, Rev. Reorus, Swedish minister, 33. Towanda, view of, 405; description of, 435. Trappe, ancient l^niheran chui(^li at, 9G0. Tieaty between Swedes and Indians, 37. Trefalldiglieit, or Fort Trinity, 38. Trenton, liattle of, 168, 169; decree of, adverse to Con- necticut, 420. Troops called out to quell the Whiskey Insurrection, 227. Tuukbamiock, county court house at, 1163; description of, 1167, 1168. Turnpike roads, first, 1038. Tuscarora valley, settlement of, 807. Tyrone city, notice of, 402. ITNALACnTGO, or Turkey tribe, 20. Uiuimis, or Turtle tribe, 20. Union canal, 245. Union county, sketch of, HIO; historical summary of, nil; towns of, 1114. Union League House, Pliiladclphia, 258. UniontowM, description of, 729. University of Lewlsburg, view of, 1115. University of Pennsylvania— Department of Arts and Siiencfs, 1034; Department of Medicine, 1036; sketch of, 1045. University of Pennsylvania, purchase of the president's house for, 232. Upland, now Chester, 657. Usselinx, William, 33. VALr.EY Forge, cantonment at, 181 ; Washington's heail-(|uarters at, 1S2; view of, 955. Van tlanipeu, narrative of, 587. Van pyck, Goeran, " scout tisscal," 39. Van Hulsi, William, 30. Van Twillei-. Wouter, Dutch Governor, 32. Venango county, sketch of, 1117; French occupation of, 1122; towns of. 1129. Vincent, General, killed at Gettysburg, 291, 300. Virginia, pretensions of relative to western boundary, 144, 1154. WaLICING PUUCHASE, 443, 968. Wall. George, 210. Ward, Ensign Edward, 80 War for the Union, 259; «• ,al)lishment of Camp Cnrtin, 260; first troops to reach me Federal capital from Penn- sylvania. 261; first Invasion of the State, 265; last inva- sion, 267; troops raised for, 269. War of Independence, troops raised for, 148. War of 1812-14, 237; enthusiasm of the people, 238. War with Mexico, 252. Warren borough, view of, 1133; State hospital for insane at, 1138; notice of, llb9. Warren county, sketch of, 1132; land claims in, 1133- resources of, 1136; incidents in liistoryof, 1138. Warren, General, at Gettysbuig, 291. Washington and Jefferson college, 1140. AVashington artillery, of Pottsville, 261. Wasliington liorough, notice of, 1142. AV'asliington county, sketch of, 1140; early settlement of , 1141; resources of, 1141; towns of, 1143. Washington female seminary, 478. Wasliington, President, pioclamatlons issued by, 222, 227; proceeds to the western counties, 229; letter to General Seigfried, 976. Wayne county, sketch of, 1145; resources of. 1146; his- torical summary of, 1148; towns of, 1150; townships in, 1151. Wayne, General Anthony, birth place and residence of, 540; in the Revolution, 157, 176; revolt of forces of, 197; victory over the Indians, 231; death of, 703. Waynesburg, county court house at, 769; notice of, 733. Weed. General, killed at Gettysburg, 300. Weissport, notice of, 499. AVellsboio', notice of, 1105. Welsh, Colonel Thomas, in command of Camp Curtin. 204. Welsh settlement, 952. M'est Cliester, county court house at, 517; notice of, 537. Westtnorelaiul county, sketch of, 1153; historical review of, 1154; Revolutionary resolves of, 1156; Centennial celebiation of, 1162. Western counties, opposition'to excise in, 221; hardships of tlie people, 220; President AVashington's proclama- tions to, 222, 227; turbulent proceedings in, 222; State commissioners to, 227; Federal commissioners to, 227; march of troops to, 229. ^ Wharton, Thomas, Jr., elecffd President, 170; bio- graphical sketch of, 170; sudden death of, 1S6. Wliarton house, where the mischiauza was held, 185. *' Whigs" and "Tories," terms first used, 132. White Marsh, Washington's liead-qnarteisat, 181. AVhiskey Insunection, historical summary of, 222. Wicaco, first church at, 1015. Wilcox, view of, 690. Will