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'To .Secure' Mfficieri'-y ;iud r'Icf>n<im.\' in Ooveriimeiit," 
 
 DETROIT BUREAU OF 
 GOVERNMENTAL RESEARCH, INC. 
 
 too GRISWOLD STREET 
 
 BIPOKT 
 
 ORGANIZATION AND AI- '"'"NISTi.ATION 
 of the 
 BilGINEEEIlG AKD JaFITOR^AL s:^AVIOE 
 of the 
 BOAHD OP SDUC-TICI? 
 CITY OF DETROIT 
 
 Pro-oarf^fi "by the 
 DBTRCI^'^ BUHB/.U OB u-OVBENI^ATAL SESE^ROH, 1:^3, 
 
ij 
 REPOET 
 ON • 
 ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION 
 of the 
 ENGINEERING AND JANITORIAL SERVICE 
 of the 
 BOARD OF EDUCATION 
 CITY OE DETROIT 
 
 Prcparod by the 
 DETROIT BUREAU OE GOVERNIvENTAL RESEARCH, Inc 
 ■ January ,1917 
 
^■^323-5 
 .C55 
 
 n. of D. 
 
 IVIAV 14 ]y20 
 
;^ 
 
 ^ FOREWORD 
 
 ^ This report is a study of the organization 
 
 ■^ and administration of the engineering and 
 janitorial service of the Board of Educa- 
 tion, and is not intended as an exhaustive 
 report on the effectiveness of the service. 
 Its purpose is to suggest lines of work 
 which maj/ be follov/ed in order to "bring 
 ahout more efficient and economica.! re- 
 sults in the operation of the school huild- 
 ings. 
 
 It is rtialized that the faulty conditions . 
 which have he on found in the organization 
 and administration of this branch of the ser- 
 vice arc the results of cumulative shortcom- 
 ings in management covering a long period of 
 years, and that the Board of Education, as 
 constituted at present, is not responsible 
 for the creation of those defects. 
 
 Further, in fairness to many of the present 
 members of the Board, it must bo stated that 
 they have been aware of the existence of con- 
 ditions as set forth in this report and have 
 tried to remedy thorn. Those efforts have, 
 however, for one reason or another met virith 
 little encouragement and success in the pa-st. 
 
,noi j 
 
- Contents - 
 
 REPORT ON ORGANIZATIOH AKD ADMINISTRATION OF THE 
 ENGINEERING AND JANITORIAL SERVICE OP THE BOARD OE EDUCATION 
 
 Eindlngs 'ES-ge 
 
 1. Introductory Statement 1 
 
 2. Employment of Janitors and Engineers 2 
 
 a. Appointments 2 
 
 b. Probation 3 
 
 c. Suspension and Removals 3 
 
 d. Effect of Present System of Employment 5 
 
 3. Promotions 6 
 
 4. Supervision "7 
 
 5. Size of Staffs in Elementary Schools 10 
 
 6. Size of Staffs in Elementary Schools on 
 
 a "High School Basis" 11 
 
 7. Size of Staffs in High Schools SI 
 
 a. Engineering Service 21 
 
 b. Janitorial Service 29 
 
 c. Janitorial Work in Office Buildings 43 
 
 8. Rates of pay for Engineers and Janitors 45 
 
 a; Engineers' Salaries 49 
 
 b. Salaries of Firemen and Coal Passers 55 
 
 c. Salaries Paid Engineers and Eiremen in 
 
 Commercial Buildings 55 
 
 d. Janitors' Salaries 56 
 
 e. Room a,s Unit Basis for Payment 58 
 
 9. Reduction of Staff During Summer Months 59 
 IQ Use of Coal in Schools 61 
 11 o Use of Supplies by Janitors and Engineers 63 
 12. Pay for Care of Playground 'Evenins Recreation 
 
 Centers 64 
 
 Recommendations 
 
 1. Suggested Changes 58 
 
 a. Appointment of a Chief Engineer 68 
 
 b. Appointments and Disi ir^sals 68 
 
 c. Promotions "70 
 
 d. Supervision VO 
 
 e. Size of Staff for Each School 70 
 f» Payment of Engineers and Janitors 72 
 g. Classifying, Buildings 73 
 h. School for "Engineers and Janitors 74 
 i. Book of Rules' "75 
 j. Records "75 
 k. Repair \7ork • 'i'S 
 
1. INTRODUCTORY STaT^^iiGNT 
 
 from a financial standpoint, the importance oi the 
 janitorial and engineering service of the De;-'8.rtment of 
 Education is reflected in the following tahle : 
 
 Erxi'oended Allov/ed Reouested 
 
 1915-1916 1916-1917 1917-1913 
 
 Salaries - Janitors 
 
 and En/5;ineers ?p331,386.84 ^^25,153.13 ^;]498 ,119 . 67 
 
 Sii-oplies 7,708.37 8,500.00 12,000.00 
 
 Puel 77,224.70 90,000.00 162,967.50 
 
 Totals ^Hl6,319.91 G523,653.13 (;673,087.17 
 
 Appro2:imatel,y 400 men and v;omen are employed in this 
 service, divided into the follo'wia"' giades: 
 
 Chief En,<2;ineer Engineers v/ith a first class license 
 
 employed in high schools and in ele- 
 mentary schools on a high, school "basis; 
 in charge of the heating and ventilat- 
 ing plant. 
 
 Assistant Engineer Men v^lth a first class license; work 
 
 under the Chief Engineers in high 
 schools. 
 
 Engineer- Janitor Engineers Vvrith a first class license 
 
 employed in elenexitary schools, her ted 
 hy steam; are responsihle for the en- 
 tire operation of the Isuilding. They 
 have janitors to assist them during 
 the ten months when school is in ses** 
 sion« 
 
- s - 
 
 Firemen or Coal 
 
 Passers Non-licensed; employed for the v/hole 
 
 year in the high schools and in ele- 
 mentary schools on a high school basis. 
 
 Chief Janitor In high schools and in elementary schools 
 
 on a high school basis chief janitors are 
 responsible for the cleaning of the build- 
 ing. 
 
 Janitor In schools which are heated by furnaces, 
 
 janitors are in entire charge of the build- 
 ing,- heating and cleaning. Employed 
 for entire year. 
 
 Assistant 
 
 Janitor' Work under the chief janitors; employed 
 
 for the v\fhole year. 
 
 Janitress Employed in high schools and in elemen- 
 tary schools on a high school basis, to 
 assist in cleaning; employed for ten 
 months. 
 
 2. EICPLOYI^WT OF JANITORS AH D ENGPTEERS 
 
 a. Appointments 
 
 "Engineers and janitors of primary and grammar 
 schools, janitors and janitresses of high schools 
 shall be appointed on the nominatioxi of the Super- 
 visor of School Property to the Committee on Sup- 
 plies and Janitors, and confirmed by the Board of 
 Education. " 
 
 In actual practice the appointment of janitors 
 and engineers follow a procedure which departs radically 
 from that prescribed in the by-laws. 
 
 By custom long established, the Inspectors have 
 the privilege of recommending for appointment persons for 
 janitorial and engineering positions in schools in their 
 respective wards. Such recommendations, submitted to the 
 Committee on Janitors and Supplies, are without exception 
 acted upon favorably. 
 
la^irxer;! 
 
 orioa 
 
 ;>o; 
 
 fOifif! . " 
 
 rixaaA 
 
- 3 - 
 
 The Supervisor, v/ho under the h^-laws is supjjosec" 
 to recomraend employeos for appointraent , is told v/ho:;i to 
 put to t/ork €.nd. v/here to assign t'?.em. 
 
 Even in the elementr.rj/ schools v/here the en,:^ineer- 
 janitors are given the po./er und\^r the hy-laws to hire 
 their assistants to hel- them c'-ie for the school, the In- 
 spectors make the appointments, 
 h . Pi bat ion 
 
 "All appointments of janitors and engineers shall in 
 the first instance be on probation for si:: months. 
 At the end of that time, the appointee if satisfactory 
 may be c o n f i rm e d . " 
 
 As far as can be learned the above rule is ig- 
 nored. No records are kept of "probe. tioners'' nor hcS it 
 been observed that the Comxilttee on Stipplles and. Janitors 
 demands reports upon appointees after the si:: month period 
 has e::pired. In fact the Board of Education confirms the 
 appointments of the Committee when the appointee begins 
 his service, although it is true the provision is included 
 that su.ch appointment is for a si:: months probationary 
 XDerio^» 
 c, Sus-pension and Removals 
 
 "Janitors and engineers are subject to suspension, at 
 any time, by the Committee on Janitors and Supplies, 
 said removals being reported to the Board for action 
 at its ne::t subsequest meeting. Ja.nitors ?n d engin- 
 eers shall be su.bject to removal l)y- the Board at any 
 time." 
 
 Under the rules prescribing the duties of prin- 
 cipals, the latter are reguired to report to the Business 
 
- 4 - 
 Manager any delinquency on the part of janitors c?n d en- 
 gineers. But here again practise differs fron what the 
 rules prescribe. Janitar s and engineers, being appointed by 
 the inspector of the ward, are his proteges, and it sesas 
 that a principal is loathe to incur the displeasure of an 
 inspector by registering a coraplaint against the latter' s 
 appointee. 
 
 No letter of complaint froBi principals to the 
 Secretary could be found, but according to the latter, he 
 often is apprised of the dereliction of duty by Janitors 
 or engineers, and when such is the c"se, he sur.iaons the df.- 
 linquent and the principal before the Gorxiittee, cm& has 
 the case threshed out. 
 
 The Supervisor of Property, who is in direct 
 charge of janitors and engineers, '.Iso reports delincaients 
 to the Committee which investigates the case and malces its 
 recommendations to the Bo-.rd of Education. Hov/ever , v/hen 
 a case arises against a janitor or engineer, the Inspector 
 interests himself in his appointee and tries to straighten 
 out difficulties. -/hile the Inspector v/ill not insist up- 
 on reinstatement if the case against the offender is ca-used 
 by a flagrant -iolation, nevertheless, the im.pression 
 gained v^rac that it is not a simple matter to discharge an 
 undesirable employee. This state--;ent is not based upon re- 
 cords beca^lse none are maintained covering this service, 
 but is based upon interviews with various officers of the 
 Board, 
 
Br:!& 
 
 ■"A 
 
 
 31098 
 
 •■€ 
 
- 5 - 
 d» Ef fect of Present System of Employment 
 
 The present method of a.ppointing and dismissing 
 janitors and engineers is demoralizing in its effect upon 
 efficiency, and a handicap to economic operation of the 
 school plant. 
 
 It seems inevitalole that under a system where 
 patronage is to be dispensed in the form of johs fitness 
 for the position as the primary qualifications of the ap- 
 pointee T/ill not always he demanded. Furthermore, heeav.se 
 each man on the staff owes his job to the Inspector, he 
 feels more or less secure so long as he satisfies the In- 
 spector; a condition v;hich is undesirable in a system 
 where effective work depends upon discipline. Principals, 
 as executive officers -of the schools and responsible for 
 the proper care of the buildings, also find themselves 
 handicapped in asserting their authority under the circum- 
 stances. It is an ordinary occurience for subordinate 
 janitors or engineers to enlist the aid of their Inspectors 
 in ironing out difficulties with their superiors, or for 
 the superior officers to appeal to Inspectors when finding 
 themselves in difficulties with principals or the Super- 
 visor of Property. 
 
 It is not uncommon to hear members of the Com- 
 mittee on Janitors and Supplies at their meetings, dis- 
 cussing the arduousness of the duties of certain employes 
 and condoning with them for the apparent trials which must 
 be endured by such janitors or engineers. This infer- 
 
:->a& SI' 
 
mation could only be ©"btrined t]].roac;h direct coBtact Tsetv/een 
 tlie Inspector and the emplo3Tee, and hy giving a. vi^illing ear 
 to sucii tales, the Inspector dernoralj.ses discipline, and 
 prevents effective work. It is recognized that janitors 
 and engineers may he delinGi<.ent or ma.y shirk their duties 
 and shift them to their subordinates, hut should such he 
 tiie case, the matter ought to com_e to the attention of the 
 executive officer in charge, to he remedied hy him and not 
 "by Inspectors, 
 
 Patronage does not promote economy, v."hether t ■ 
 use of its pov/er is prompted by political ambition or by 
 jphilanthropio motives 
 
 •J. PROMOTIONS 
 
 Promotions to better positions in the service are 
 
 made in the sam.e manner as are the orginal apipointraents,- 
 
 upon the recommendation of the inspector of the ward, and. 
 
 not necessariOiy urjon merit. And vacancies in large schools 
 
 are not always filled by transferring janitors and 3n';-ineers 
 
 from smaller schools to such positions. 
 
 Table Showing Appointments of 
 Chief Janitors a^nd Engineers- 
 Janitors for yea>,r Ending June 30, 
 
 1916 'Se'€ 
 
 Appoint 
 To Positions Appointments by Transfer ment.--. ^ojcal 
 
 Salary Salary Sam"e ; 
 Increased Decreased Salary 
 Chief Engineers 5 4 ''"11 10 
 
 '"Chief Janitor 1 10 11 
 
 Engineer -Janitor 7 3 4 11 31 
 Totals T3 W 8 2^ 42 
 
 ''' Inclu-des tv^ro janitors in furnace heated buildings 
 '■■' Assistant En^,ineer, Garfield. School 
 
- 7 - 
 
 i-ii analysis ox the above table shows that of cne 
 ten ;positions of chief janitor vacant, nine could have been 
 used as a means of transf erjring janitors from smaller 
 schools and advancing aasistejit janitors to janitors, thLis 
 promoting deserving men. The same is true of ten of the 
 positions of engineer- janitor and of the one new appoint- 
 ment of engineer in the Garfield Annex, 
 
 The appointment of new men to the larger scho'^: ; 
 instead of transferring employes from the smaller school::? 
 is undesirable, for tvro reasons; first, because it places 
 new and untrained men in the larger schools v/ith large re- 
 sponsibilities; and, secondly, it serves to destroy the in- 
 centive for more efficient v/orli, which, eomes from having 
 an opportunity for advancement to better positions, 
 
 4. SU?-:RYISICH 
 
 The Supervisor of :?ro;:.erty, assisted by the "boss" 
 plumber and steamfitter, has direct supervision of janitors 
 and engineers. Neither one is a technical man, altho the 
 "boss" plumber is supposed to possess a practical knowledge 
 of boilers. In fact, there is not a technically trained 
 man connected vri-th the service,- one v/ho might take charge 
 of the expensive heating and ventilating systems installed 
 in the schools and supervise it on a modern scientific basis. 
 
 In addition to being subject to the orders of the 
 Su-pervisor of Property, the janitors and engineers, during 
 
- R " 
 school terms, are suLgeot to the orders of the Princi,jal, 
 ?v"ho is held ref.pOxisi'ble for !:he proper e rjf o re err ent of all 
 recaiirements gover;iing duties of jaBitors and engineers. 
 In case of failure on. part of the latter to perform fiieir 
 dtities properly, the principal is required to notifj^ the 
 Business Manager, Also, in cr'Se of incapacity/ to attend 
 to their duties, the engineer'-^ must notify the Principal 
 and the Business Manager tJO t>at sn.hstitutes may he supplied 
 
 Members of the Committee on Supplies and Jtmi ■ 
 to-rs majT- also receive notif icat:' :nis of enginrars n'liei, ' ;; 
 leave the boiler room in charge of assistants. 
 
 Supplies for th3. s service, both as to their pxir- 
 chase and use are controlled oy the Business Manager's 
 office. 
 
 In one way or another, therefore, janitors and 
 
 engineers are under the jurisdiction cf the 
 
 Supervisor of Projja rty 
 Principal of the School 
 Bu-Simess Manager of the Board 
 
 of 3dtica,tion 
 ComJTiittee on Supplies and Janitors 
 
 In spite of or because of this multiplicity of 
 supervision and inspection there seem.s to be no effective 
 control of this branch of the service. 
 
 The Supervisor of Property makes his roimds of 
 the schools and inspects them as to tlio care being taken 
 of them, but only as an incident to his visits to schools 
 on repairing jobs, or else upon speciel calls or for specia] 
 rc;asons. He does not make regular periodic visits to the 
 
- 9 - 
 
 schools for the sole purpose Ox follovdiig up the work of 
 the janitors and engineers, and it has been impossible to 
 lea.rn how many times during the year schools are visited 
 ami inspected thorouglily as to cleanliness and general 
 sanitary conditions. This is no criticism on the Super- 
 visor of Property, because the time recuired for supervis- 
 ing maintenance of "buildings leaves little opportunity for 
 their supervision of the operation of the buildings. 
 
 Not only is the general supervision of the jani- 
 torial and engineering staff demoralized because of the 
 manner of appointment, but the basic point of supervision, 
 that of the chief janitors and chief en^ ineers over their 
 subordinates, suffers because of the same reason. The 
 assistant janitors and engineers, apparently, feel on a par 
 with their chiefs so lon.^; as they retain the favor of the 
 inspectors. The Chairm.an of the Committee on Supplies and 
 Janitors stated that inspectors visit schools in order to 
 reprimand refractory subordinates. This does not streng- 
 then the hold of the chief on his subordinates, nor does it 
 insure effective v/orh in carin : for the schools. 
 
 Control of js.nitors and engineers by principals 
 must of necessity be negative, even under the most favor- 
 able conditions, as they can only inspect the condition of 
 the building' and report shortcomin:s in the operationo Prin- 
 cipals interviev/ed stated that they had no difficulty in 
 ^ettin; ':ood service, but the impression g;a,ined from inter- 
 vievm 7/ith officers of the Bos.rd of Education v^ras that prin- 
 ci^Dals were reluctant to report delinq^uencies because of the 
 
- 10 - 
 
 janitors" and enjineers' connections v/ith the Inspectors. 
 The point of this is that there must te positive supervision 
 ol the operation of huildinjs thru periodic visits by an of- 
 ficial responsihle lor the proper operation of school build- 
 ings; that, at best, even if principals report deficiencies 
 freely, efficiency cannot be secured in such negative manner. 
 
 No reports of any kind are submitted to the Busi- 
 ness Manajer, to the Supervisor of Pr-operty, or to the Com- 
 mittee on Supplies and Janitors to assist in the su-pervis^rir 
 of the operation of buildin_:s or to serve as an index of .br- 
 
 * 
 
 character of v;ork ]psJ^''^o^'^®<3.. 
 
 Because of the cross currents and special interest;^ 
 appearing in the janitorial aid en ;ineerin_; service, the Com- 
 mittee on Supplies and Janitors, which is responsible for 
 the economic and efficient operation of buildings, is u.nable 
 to fulfil its duties properly. An attempt was made to learn 
 how effectively this Committee controls the service, bu.t no 
 tangible information could be obtained. The impression was 
 G-ained, hovrever , from interviews, that comparatively little 
 information concernin,:; the actual operation of buiiain^^s 
 seeps thru to the Committee. 
 
 5. SIZE or STAFFS IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS 
 
 Elementary school buildings heated by steam oper- 
 ated by en'Tcineers who are responsible for the heatint;^-, 
 ventilating and cleaning of the buiiaing. They are employed 
 for the twelve months of the j?ear, and for ten months they 
 are allo\7ed $5.32 per room per month which amorjit is paid 
 
- 11 - 
 
 to a janitor whii is directly concerned ./itli the cleaning of 
 tlie iDUilding. The nayroll for the largest elementary school 
 of such type, tvventy-ionr rooms, ior operation is :;)2,805.36, 
 $127.38 per month ior tv/elve months, for the engineer, and 
 $127.68 per month per month for ten mo-.?ths, received by the 
 janitor. Undoubtedly more than one person is recjuired for 
 the entire operation of the larger elementary school build- 
 ings, but it is ^ question v;hether more than one person is 
 required to operate the heating plant and to clean buildings 
 of six, eight, ten and tvirelve rooms. 
 
 The engineers employed by the Board of Education,' 
 especially in the smaller schools^ have very little to do 
 and have considerable leisure time at their disposal. The 
 question resolves itself, therefore, into evolving a plan 
 by v;hich a full day»s work may be obtained from the engineers, 
 It is realised that the rules forbid an engineer to leave 
 the boiler room, but it is believed that by a practical ap- 
 plication of this rule, enough of the engineers' spare time 
 can be utilized daily in the smaller schools to clean the 
 entire building. 
 
 Such plan aiapears more feasible v;hen it is con- 
 sidered that one man cleans and keeps furnace heated schools 
 consisting of as many as thirteen rooms, where nine furnaces 
 and four stack heaters must be kept going, 
 
 6. SIZE Qg STAFFS IH ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OM A 
 
 HIGH SCHOOL BASIS 
 
 V/hen an elementary school building attains a cer^ 
 
- r ! - 
 
 :oo 
 
 qse^i 
 
 3c osr 
 
 A ISO cJJOOHOc; 
 
 ^I^AP. 
 
 :)Q HOH', 
 
12 - 
 
 tain size, decided arbitrarily by the Coramittee on Supplies 
 and Janitors, it is placed upon a "high school" basis for 
 purposes of operation only, Tliere are nine elementary 
 schools classed as high schools, ranging in size from twenty 
 rooms to thirty-four rooms to a school. The Garfield School 
 with thirty-four rooms is an exceptional case and will be 
 dealt with separately. 
 
 There is no definite standard for deciding v/hc: 
 an '©leraentary school should bo classed as a high schoolc 
 The smallest of these, excepting the Marr School, has 
 twenty-four rooms, but on the other hand, there are a n'oiTi- 
 ber of elementary schools not ^-on a "high school" basis 
 which also have twenty-four rooms. The Chairman of the Con- 
 mittee on Supplies and Janitors could give no standard of 
 measurement beyojid the arbitrary decision of the Commit to Oo 
 
 By placing an elementary school on a hirili school 
 basis is meant that three persons are automatically added 
 to the building operating staff - the engineer receiving 
 a fireman and the janitor an assistant janitor and cleaner, 
 the 'latter usually a woman- In addition to this, the jani- 
 tor and his assistant are employed for the tv7elve months 
 of the year, whereas the janitor in an elementary school 
 is hired for only ten months. A comparison of two schools 
 one on a high school basis and one on an elementary basis 
 with but one room difference b'etween them, will serve to. 
 show what it means in dollars and cents: 
 
- 13 - 
 
 Franklin School 
 
 25 Rooms ~ High Schcol Basis 
 
 C_q_st -:ier room per ye ar 
 
 1 Engineer 12 mos. $128.83 $1,545.95 Engineering $100.17 
 1 Pireraan " 79.85 -958,, 32 
 
 1 Janitor " 99- 02 1,197„84 
 
 Janitor " 79^85 958,32 Janitorial 107.54 
 
 1 Cleaner 10 " 53,24 552.40 .. 
 
 Total $5,192.84 §207,71 
 
 ELLIS SCHOOL 
 
 Elementary Bas is. 24 Rooms 
 
 Coat per Roc"; 
 par _y ear 
 
 1 SnA-inecr - 12 mos $127,38 $1,528.56 $63,69 
 
 1 Janitor - 10 " 127.63 1,27 6., 80 53^, 
 
 Total $2,805.36 $116.93 
 
 DilfcroncG in Cost of Engineer ing Sorvico 
 
 per room per year 1)36.48 
 
 Difference in Cost of Janitorial. Service 
 
 per room per yeaa: 5 4^30 
 
 Difference in Cost of fetal Service per 
 
 ro 'Tfl per year 90.78 
 
 Difference in cost :f to^tal service f(3r 
 
 wh^e sell', a $2,387.48 
 
 Difference in size r;}± schoi'^ls in rooms 1 Room 
 
 The above opmparison f3hov;s that altho the Franklin 
 
 School has but one room more than the Ellis School, there 
 
 is spent upon the former, for operating services, '\^^192.84 
 
 per year, while upon the latter there is spent $2,805.35, a 
 
 difference of $2,38 7,48. In other v/ords, that one additione 
 
10&1K 
 
- 14 - 
 
 room apparently costs $2,387.48 in salaries alohe, for oper- 
 ation. The fact that the Pranlclln SchoiiD.l is used as a 
 summer sch 1 d ■•es n :t m .dify the value 'f this camparison, 
 because the nine rooms occupied during the summer can easily 
 he cleaned by the engineer vifho has nothing to do during the 
 summer, and who is retained in any event .whether the school 
 is on a "high" or "elementary" basis. 
 
 Following is a table showing the difference in 
 the cost of operation per room in elementary schools and in 
 schools on a high school basis. Schools of approximatej./ 
 the same size are compared. In every instance, it v/ill be 
 noted, excessive increase in the cost of operation in the 
 schools on a high school basis. 
 
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- 18 - 
 
 »/ithout discussing the question of proper stand- 
 ards of payment for janitorial and enrjineerinR- service, it 
 seems perfectly obvious and absolutely fair to state that 
 the salary cost of operating the buildings on a "high school' 
 basis represents a great overpayment for the service re: •- 
 dered when compared to the salary cost of operating elemen- 
 tary school buildings. Certainly, it will not be denied 
 that the addition of ^2,387.48 per year to the salary co--^ ; 
 of operating the Franklin School, becaiise it containo - : 
 room more than the Ellis School is unwarranted; that \~hi" .- 
 the addition of one room increases the v/ork of operating 
 it somev/hat, such added work does not justify an 85% auto- 
 matic increase in the salary roll. In comparing a tv/enty- 
 two and a twenty-four room elementary school with a twenty- 
 four and a twenty-nine room "high school basis" building 
 respectively in Table 1, it iS found that the operating 
 salaries have been increased SG^'o in the one instance and 
 180^ in the other, while the number of rooms have increased 
 9% end ZOfo respectively. 
 
 Neither should the addition of a number of rooms 
 mean that it is necessary to empl'~y a fireman, a janitor 
 and an assistant janitor for the twelve months of the year 
 in addition to the engineer, V7hen with a fev/ rooms less it 
 is deemed apparently sufficient to employ one engineer 
 for the full year taking the janitor off the payroll for 
 the two summer months. In fact there are now sixty- seven 
 
- 19 - 
 elementary schools in v/hich the janitor is emplojred :' or 
 only ten months of the year, and the buildings do not 
 seem to suffer. 
 
 In short, the classifying of an elementary 
 school as a high school results in an automatic increase in 
 the salary cost of operating the building out of proportion 
 to the size of the building and without reference to the 
 actual amount of added help necessary to care for the 
 school properly, 
 
 GARFIELD SCHOOL 
 
 This School presents a problem which merite in- 
 dividual attention. 
 
 The Garfield School comprises two separate build- 
 ings, both elementary schools without any special features 
 in the construction of the 'buildings. One contains eigh- 
 teen rooms, the other 16 rooms. The engineering and jani- 
 torial staff of these tvro buildings is made up as follows; 
 
 Garfield School 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Per 
 
 1 
 
 Chief Engineer 
 
 $141.99 
 
 per 
 
 mo. 
 
 
 12 mos. 
 
 $1703.88 
 
 year 
 
 1 
 
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 115o65 
 
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 1387.80 
 
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 Fireman 
 
 79.86 
 
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 958,32 
 
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 Chief Janitor 
 
 ■99.82 
 
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 1197.84 
 
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 Janitors 
 
 79.85 
 
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 1516.64 
 
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 53,24 
 
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 1064.80 
 
 11 
 
 
 COST 
 
 K8229.28 
 
 Per 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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- 20 - 
 Below is given the cost of operatjnp:, two "buildiii^s 
 containing the same number of rooms as the Garfiled struc- 
 tures, and practically the same type buildings; 
 
 Beard 3choo3- - 18 Rooms 
 
 1 En.'^ineer %)11S.59 per mo. 12 mos. ^i;]1423.08 
 
 1 Janitor 95.76n " " 10 " 957.60 
 
 TOTAL COST 1-T23S0.58 
 
 Bellevue .ochool - 16 Rooms 
 
 1 SnQ;ineer 115.65 per mo. 12 mos. ^^1387.80 
 
 1 Janitor 85.12 " " 10 " _851.2 
 
 TOTAL COST o2338:0C/ 
 
 Total cost two schools -34 rooms J:54619,68 
 
 Total cost Garfield School 8229.28 
 
 Increased cost of Garfield School .§3609.60 
 
 These figiires specie for themselves. In the case 
 of the Garfield School, it costs 78^^ raoye in salaries to 
 operate the two buildings, than it does to operate the 
 Beard and Bellevue Schools. 
 
 If no advantage can be taken of the proximity of 
 the two buildings of the Garfield School, at least they 
 could be operated on the same basis as any other tv/o build- 
 ings of an equal number of rooms. It is believed, ho'wever, 
 that because of the proximity of the two buildings, one 
 engineer and a fireman could operate effectively the heat- 
 ing plants of both buildings. 
 
 Marr School 
 Altho havin^: but twenty rooms, the Bferr School 
 was put on a "high school" basis, probably because it re- 
 ceives its heat and power from the same plant v/hich supplies 
 the Northwestern High School. Apparently, to comply with 
 
-Sl- 
 its rank as an elementary school on a "ln.gh school" basis, 
 the Marr School emplo^^es a chiei janitor and tv/o viromen 
 cleaners. Compared to any of the elementary schools ol the 
 sai-ne or greater size, the t\/o cleaners are superfluous em- 
 ployes. The same is true of the Marti ndale Normal Training 
 School, altho it is slightly larger than the Marr School, 
 
 SIZ E OF STjLFFS IH HIGH SCHOOLS 
 
 i7ithout raalcing a more intensive and contin'-'" ; 
 study of the duties of janitors and engineers in high 
 school^- and of the time required to perform such duties, ic 
 is impossible to state incontrovertibly just how large a 
 staff is required, but even a general study of the situation 
 indicates that the engineering and janitorial staffs of the 
 high schools are larger than they need be for the duties to 
 be perfoimed. This conclusion v/as reached by comparing one 
 school \vith another and by comparing the staffs in the high 
 schools with the staffs in office buildings and industrial 
 plants of the c ity. 
 a. Engineering Service 
 
 A comparison of the high schools v/ith each other 
 brings oiat the fact that there is lacking: first, a stand- 
 ard for determining the number of engineers end firemen 
 required to operate the heating and ventilating plant of a 
 building; secondly, a standard for organizing the en-^ineer- 
 ing staffs. 
 

 
 Staff 
 
 Passers 
 
 375 
 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 650 
 
 1769 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 325 
 
 1015 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 285 
 
 992 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 600 
 
 2671 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 900 
 
 2959 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 - 22 - 
 
 Table comparing size of staffs 
 in High Schools i/ith heat load 
 in sq. ft, of radiation and am- 
 ount of coal handled* 
 
 #*Total Sq. ft. 
 
 in equivalent "''Equivalent Tons Coal 
 
 Hi.s;h of 2 Col, C.I, in Boiler Received Total No, of 
 
 School Radiation Horse Power 1915-16 No, on Goal 
 
 Northeastern 33,200 
 
 Cass 41,946 
 
 v/estern 42,946 
 
 Eastern 50,557 
 Northwestern 
 
 Plant 82,870 
 
 Central 98,016 
 Northern 
 Southeastern 
 
 * Data obtained from report by Messrs, Aramerman & McColl, Gonsult- 
 .".•iag Engineers, for the Board of Education, 
 
 if Inclurip '«heat required for - entilation" and "heat loss through 
 building walls" in equivalent" of 2 Col. CI, radiation. 
 
 It is significant to note in the above table that 
 the JoTthwestern Pliant which must maintain a heat load equivalent 
 to 8S,870 sq, ft. of 8 column cast iron radiation, employs seven 
 men, a number apparently suffioS^'nt to perform the worfe required. 
 On the other hand, the Northeastern High School, which has a heat 
 load equivalent only to 33^200 sq. ft. of radiation, and the Bast- 
 em Hi^h School with a heat load equivalent to 50,557 sq, ft. of 
 
 radiation also employ engineering steiffs of seven men each to main- 
 tain these much smaller heat loads. The Cass and western employ 
 0113 and tv/o men less, respectively, on their engineering staffs 
 
frieze;- 
 
 •\r 
 
- 23 - 
 
 than does the North Eastern, althou~h the heat lo^cls to ",je 
 maintained in each of the former tv^-o schools is greater than 
 that of the latter. Nor must the fact 'oe overlooked that 
 the Cass has one more eoal passer than the v/estern, sithough 
 the heat load in the latter is slightjly larger than that 
 in the Cass, 
 
 In v/hatever Waj? the aloove tahle is analyzef., .whe- 
 ther the 1,/estern or the Northwestern school is taken as a 
 basis for comparison, the conclusion that the st^ffs emviloj-ed. 
 are too large, becomes self-evid.ent. And hy this statement 
 it is not meant to imply that the North ./estern heating 
 plant is running on the minimum numher of men necessarj^ for 
 elfeotive vi;ork. 
 
 The question of economy of fuel and number of tons 
 hao-dled per coal passer is left to be taken up by the chief 
 engineer of the Board of Education throu'-.h tests and inves- 
 tigation of coal handling facilities. The latter vary with 
 the schools. In the s.bove table the problem is merely in- 
 dicated. 
 
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- 25 - 
 
 All of the high schools have a chisf eiijineer ViTho 
 is on duty diiring the day V7atch;i,e. from 6 A. la. to 5 or 4 
 P.M» The difference in the organization of the v/orlc lies 
 in the assi5:nments of the assistant engineers and the fire- 
 men. 
 
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 v?orks from 5 A.M. to 1 P.M., the other from 2 to 10 P.M. In 
 the Eastern High School, one assistant engineer v/orks from 
 6 A.M. to 3 or 4 P.M., and the other from 6 P.M. to 6 A.Mi 
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 twenty- two hours a day, ten hours for the one on the day- 
 shift 3:nd tViTelve hours for the one on the nia-ht shift, the 
 men rotating every two weeks from one shift to the other. 
 In the Gass High School and in the Northwestern aonditions 
 seem to be the same as in the i/estern and the Eastern. 
 
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 watch, from ten P.M. to 6 A.Ji, tv/o coal passers, while the 
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 to need an engineer and a coal passer on duty on this shift, 
 
 The Eastern Pligh School u.ses tvYo coal passers 
 plus the assistant engineer on the day shift from 5 A.M,, tq 
 2 P.M. the same nujnber of men as seem to he required 'by the 
 Central Hi<<:h School in a much larger plant, and one more man 
 than is required by the other } igh schools. 
 
 This apparent lack of definiteness and of standards 
 
 both in the number of men required and in the organ 'zati 
 
 on 
 
?S-1 - 
 
- 25 - 
 01 the men after the;/ are employed, indicates that the at- 
 tention which this prohlem merits has not been given it, 
 and that some hasis other than efficiency or economy in the 
 service has "been the basis for employing engineering staffs. 
 
 Wham comparod to a number of office bu-ildings 
 in Detroit, the conclusion that the staffs in the various 
 high Schools are too large becomes more obvious. For in- 
 stance, an office block which has a plant of four boilers 
 of 350 H.P, each cons-oming 10,000 tons of coal a year, 
 heating a building area of 450 ,.000 square feet - an area 
 almost tv/ice as large as that of the Central High School '- 
 is operated by a staff consisting of one chief engineer, 
 three assistant engineers, three firemen, and tv7o ash nen. 
 In other v/ords, there is one engineer 8-nd one fireman who 
 are directly concerned with the operation of the boilers 
 during each watch; and it must be remembered that this 
 plaint is in active operation twenty^four hours of the day, 
 This office block also contains fifteen elevators, which 
 a.re operated by the power generated in this building. An 
 idea of the extent of the work may be gained from the fact 
 that 105,000 Kv;. hours of current are generated by it in a 
 month. 
 
 Another office building of fifteen stories, which 
 has a boiler ;:lant of 700 H.P. capacity and consumes from 
 fourteen to fifteen tons of coal every da^ in the year, op- 
 erates its plant with three engineers and three firemen- 
 one engineer and one fireman on duty at each shift. 
 
.■oiaqrf'. 
 
 ^0£iG7'r 
 
 "fcr 
 
 ••at 
 
- 27 - 
 
 One factory in Detroit v/hicli has a iDOwer plant 
 of 2100 H.P. capacity, operated day and night, and consumes 
 60 tons of coal every day in the year, operates its plant 
 with thirteen men di strutted over tv/enty-four hours of the 
 day. 
 
 In the light of such conditions, it seems inevi- 
 table to conclude that the staffs in the high schools are 
 too large; or at least, f.:at the matter deserves intensive 
 study for the purpose of determining definitely hov/ many 
 engineers and firemen are actually needed to operate each 
 high school. 
 
 It will he conceded that it is proper to demand 
 or to expect as nearly continuous work as possible during 
 the time an engineer or fireman is on duty. Judging hy the 
 amount of v;ork heini- done every (iay in commercial buildings 
 by engineers and firemen, there is no reason to believe 
 that the heating and ventilating of a school building pre- 
 sent an unusual f^sk. Upon this basis, therefore, it is 
 believed that the maximum staff reciuired to operate a 
 school building, even during these months v;hen evening 
 school is in session.^, is five men,- tv/o engineers and three 
 firemen, A staff of this size would nob result in less 
 effective operation of the plant, but would mersly result 
 in causing the men on duty probably to v/ork more ccmtin- 
 usously. One of the engineers v/ould be designated as 
 the chief ene:ineer responsible for the pov/er plant, thus 
 eliminating the superfluous engineer who sets as chief ux- 
 der the present orc'anizaticn, There is no reason vv>..at- 
 
■ v.&io 
 
- 28 - 
 soever for the employment of a chief engineer and an assist- 
 ant engineer on the same shift. V/ith the modei'n devices 
 for handling coal, it should not be over-dif f iciilt for one 
 fireman on each shift to handle all the coal that is con-* 
 sumed in a high school plant, because experience shov/s that 
 one fireman with no better means handles more coal in com- 
 mercial buildings. The three firemen vvould be assigned to 
 the three shifts covering tvirenty-four hours, thu.s leaving 
 one on v/atch during the niTht,- a plan which seems to v/orfe 
 satisfactorily even now in the Central High School. During 
 the months of the vear when night schools are not in session 
 it seems that one engineer on the job is sufficient, and 
 three firemen would cohstitute an adequate staff for the 
 work to be performed, at least during the three months in 
 the year v/hen evening school is not in session and the two 
 and a half months when no classes are in session. This, 
 of coiirse, excluded the Cass Technical High School. 
 
 Under present arrangements chief engineers in 
 the high schools are being paid 02. 00 for every tiight tha'Q 
 the evening schools are in session, v/hich means that two 
 payments are being made for one Job, because the regular 
 hours of duty of the engineering staff include the evening 
 hours. This extra payment imj)lies extra work upon the 
 part of the chief engineer, which if performed by him 
 would eliminate the necessity of employing any assistant 
 engineers, becau-se during the fev; hours between fie close 
 of the day sessions and the' opening of the evening sessions,. 
 
■%xi3 ;}:rui 
 
 -JiXIs:*) ..i;sj£fJXC 
 
 iii^ &&iiiiio: 
 
 saosE^B': 
 
 il^iillh 
 
 sieer; 
 
- 29 - 
 
 and during the night, a man v;itli a second class license 
 eould be left in charge, 
 
 Since^ for the good of the service, a tvrelve 
 hour da,y should be disoourvts'^Gnced, it remains to employ 
 an assistant engineer for t;.\c second v/atch v/hen the even- 
 ing schools are in session and to disallow the extra pay- 
 ment of C'2,00 to chief engineers in high schools. 
 >) « Janitorial Servic e 
 
 It is impossible to state precisely, without a 
 more detailed stiidy of th; V'/orlc, the number of janitors and 
 cleaners needed to care for a high school; but from a gen- 
 eral study of the situation, comparing the high schools 
 with each other and \/ith commercial buildings, it can. be 
 said that the cost of janitorial service in the high schools 
 is higher than it should be. This is du.e partly to the num- 
 ber and kinds of persons employed, and partly to the salary 
 paid them. As the latter -question will be discussed in a 
 subsequent section of the report, the prox^osition of the 
 
 size of the staffs ivill be discussed here, 
 
 Jani- iuinual ^y- 
 
 HieOi^Sch^ql Area to rial roll for 
 
 Building Walks St aff J anitors 
 
 ^Southeastern ' 103,996 sc>ft 38,854 sc.ft. 12 |9,183.84 
 
 eastern 110,834 " ^' 18,051 " - - - ^ -^ '" 
 
 Forthwestern 116,128 " " 50,5^2 " 
 
 Cass 124,066 " " 23,294 " 
 
 Western 126,978 " " 7,954 " 
 
 -Northern 137,329 " " 27,277 " 
 
 Northeastern 139,276 " " 13,397 " 
 
 Central 255,687 " " 33,356 " 
 
 11 8,651,44 
 
 11 8,651.44 
 9 7,158.72 
 9 7,586.64 
 
 12 8,183.84 
 12 9,183.84 
 15 10,502.96 
 
 Contem-^lated staff- schools not yet opened. 
 
^9881' 
 
 -.- iDP:. 
 
- 30 - 
 
 Takiii''.- it ior granted thr.t tlic ./ork in all of 
 tho hi3;h schools 1-s in the main the scmio, j;or tae purposes 
 of this report^ the areas of the builc'. in'-;s ras/" he taken as 
 a hasis of comparison. In so doin;;:, it is ioruid that the 
 Southeastern High School './ith a htiildinn.' area of 103,966 
 sctiare feet and the Northern Hi.2:h School, w'ith an area of 
 137,329 scjuare feet, each, 'iavo a janitorial staff consist- 
 ing of t'./elvG jcn iters and cleaners, - one chief janitor, 
 five assistant janitors, and six cleaners ffomale). Det'./eon 
 the areas of the Southeastern Hi';d'a School and the ot:ier t\."o, 
 there is a difference of 33,000 and 35,000 scjuare feet re- 
 specititreljf a difference './hich er:ia,ls the size of .v.ch school 
 buildings as the j%rtindale Normal and the Harr Schools, - 
 for each of v/hich schools it seems necessary to employ a 
 janitor and tvro cleaners. Ard yet, v/ith this great differ- 
 ence in area totween t .e Southeastern and tiie other two 
 hi'i.h schools, the former has as large a staff as the other 
 tv/o schools in question, further, the Sastern High School, 
 with an area of 110,834 so., ft. , and the llorthv/estern High 
 School with an area of 116,128 sc. ft*, have a staff of 
 eleven, while the Western High School, with an area of 126, 
 978 SQ. ft,, and the Cass, with an area of 124,056 sc. ft,, 
 the latter the busiest and the most used high school in the 
 city, have each a janitorial staff ot nine persons. The 
 Central Hisii School has a staff of fifteen persons,- one 
 chief janitor, siz af.':tant janitors, and ei'-drt cleaners. 
 
'Sttiteqe 
 
- 31 - 
 
 111 considering these arses, t'ls side'./allis and the 
 inner v/allcs were not taken into consideration, oecanse t':-e 
 character of t'le cleanin": recuirsd is di'xferent from that 
 required in the buildinj', and does not present an irnportarit 
 factor in the additions,! help recfaired. The greatest area, 
 of walk space is found in the Northwestern High School, 
 v/hich is 50,542 square feet, and according to authoritative 
 reports, a "v/hite v/iiig" can keep clean in a ,,^ork d-^-y , which 
 means going over it again and again, up to 225,000 sc.ft. 
 in a cit-' like V/ashington, D.C, , and up to 99,000 sc.ft, in 
 a city like St. louis, depending upon the character of the 
 street. Therefore, the sv/eeping of well paved concrete 
 walks, such as is found around the schools, should not com- 
 plicate very materially the problem of janitorial service* 
 
 Following are the rules for cleaning which govern 
 
 the \vork of janitors in the school;s: 
 
 All rooms, platforms, halls, sta'-s, water closets, 
 steps and walks in ^--ards shall he thoroughly 
 s?/ept each d:'-' after the afternoon session of 
 school; and the sideviralks must he kept free from 
 snow and ice. (100) 
 
 All walls, cornices r.nd ceilings are all oo he 
 dusted at least once m two weeks; and all xirni- 
 ture, such as desks, tables, pianos, etc. shall 
 be d-asted every day after rooms have been swept, 
 or in tim.e for the. next day's session. (101 a) 
 
 Permitted to Svveep halls, corridors and stairways 
 after t'.ie afternoon recess, and teachers shall be 
 requested to ^:ive janitors an opportunity to sweep 
 roams at 3.30 P.M. or as soon thereafter as the 
 janitor ma- be ready to commence work, all work 
 to be done subject to the discretion of the Prin- 
 cipal. (101 b) 
 
- 32 - 
 
 Hall, floors and stairs shall be scrubbed at least 
 once a week, and floor or rooms whenever directed 
 by Principal. All windows and wood?/orlc and base- 
 ments shall be kept clean. Floor of boys' wrater 
 closets shall be scrubbed ever^ day. Inkwells shall 
 be cleaned and supplied with ink as directed by 
 Priiicipal. Erasers and chalk boxes shall also be 
 kept clean. (102) 
 
 In order to obtain an idea of how the janitorial 
 staffs are organized and during what hours of the day they 
 work, a questionaire was sent to all the janitors, to which 
 very imperfect ansv/ers were received. However, the infor- 
 mation gathered was suf-f'icient to indicate: 
 
 That there is, apparently, very little difference be^ 
 tween the women's work and the men's work, although 
 Ithe difference in pay is over ^?26 a month in each 
 case. 
 
 That a reorganization of the staffs on the basis of 
 giving each person employed sufficient work for eight 
 hours would reduce the number of employees without 
 impairing the efficiency of the work. 
 
 That a study of the amount of janitorial work, possible 
 to be accomplished by one person "in eight hours, will 
 probably result in a reduction of the staff or an in- 
 crease in performance. 
 
 The following schedules from the Cass and Western 
 
 High Schools, will serve to explain the above statement: 
 
I ''Rri'.- 
 
 -od e; 
 
 ^iasJic 
 
 
 
 9V©.«9rfW QSi 
 
 
 ••^ -^C! 
 
 
 ■ ,. . 
 
 _, „ ycfneffi 
 
 Qb f^: 
 
 cfcfifio. 
 
 ■fs a^saoXo 
 
 ■ :■ C.B :' 
 
 ? ~ 
 
 
 :i 3sx: 
 
 
 
 3iliii' 3 tli 
 
 josTxe.os': 
 
 BiqXG 
 
- 33 - 
 
 western Hi^h School 
 
 A.M. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 Chief Janitor 9l/2 
 
 Smith 
 
 Schewallcer 
 
 Seidler 
 
 Vi/alton 
 
 levy 
 
 Mrs, Conlcle 
 
 Mrs, Smith 
 
 8 
 
 Mrs. Muller* 7 l/s 
 
 7:30-12:00 Unlock doors, 1:00-6:00 
 
 dust stairwray and cor- Supervision- 
 
 ridors, sv/eep corridors, Watchman 
 Super vi si on o 
 
 7:30-11:00 Dusts stair 12:00-4:30 
 rails, lockers, and Hall duty, 
 rooms. Sweeps sidBTralks Sv/eeps 5 rooms 
 and corridor. Hall duty and washes 
 
 "blackboards. 
 
 7:30-11:00 Dust stair 12:00-4:30 
 rails, wainscoting, type- Hall duty, 
 writer room, auditorium Sv/eeps 6 rooms 
 and sweeps corridor and and washes 
 sidewalks. Hall duty blackboards. 
 
 7:30-12:00 Dust stair- 1:00-4:30 
 ways, mechanical drawing (Sweeps S roor; 
 rooms, and rooms. Sweepsfand washes 
 basement. Hall duty. blackboards. 
 
 7:30-12:00 Dusts stair 
 ways, rooms. Hall duty. 
 Sweeps sidewalk. 
 
 7:30-11:00 Sweeps gym. 
 empties paper boxes. 
 Dusts. Hall duty. 
 
 '"^ v/omen alternate weekly on 7 l/Z 
 hour day. 
 
 1:00-4:30 
 Sweeping room.s 
 and v/ashes 
 blackboards. 
 
 12:00-4:30 
 Sweeps 4 rms 
 and washes 
 blackboards f 
 Charge of 
 shov/er roomr 
 
 8:00-12:00 Dusts Rooms, 1:00-4:30 
 Sweeps corridors and Sweeps 7 
 stairs. 'Charge of girl's rooms and 
 basement, Y/ashes 
 
 blackboards 
 
 8:30-12:00 Du.sts rooms, 1:00-4:30 
 Sweeps corridor and Sv/eeps ox:Cice 
 stairs. On dutj; in girl's anti-room.s 
 basement, etc, 
 
 8:30-12:00 fSane as Mrs, 1^00-4:30 
 Conkle) S^'eeps ? 
 
 rooms and 
 
 washes black 
 boards. 
 
Central High School 
 
 Morning 
 
 Afternoon 
 
 J.D. ICop-p- Chief Janitor 
 Takes care of bells, re- 
 pairs, supervises. 
 
 Assistant Janitors 
 vim, Gunz - 5:30-3:00 
 
 Goldsmith 6:30-4:00 
 
 Leatzan 6:30-3:00 
 
 Drouskovvski 6:30-3:00 
 
 Peppan 6:30-3:30 
 
 Yick 10:00- 6:00 
 
 Sweeps walk, cleans 
 two shops used during 
 night school, gathers 
 up all waste paper on 
 tv/o floors and bales 
 it, cleans v/ash bowls 
 in shops and toilet 
 room, sweeps gym. 
 
 Takes care of north- 
 west end of building 
 entrances, walks- 
 cleans tv/o shops (Tiia- 
 chine and wood turn- 
 ing, left over from 
 afternoon) empties 
 v/aste paper boxes 
 
 unlocks building, 
 helps sweep big grade 
 room; odd jobs wash- 
 ing elec'^ic lights, 
 etc. 
 
 Helps swee-p grade 
 rooms, sweeps main 
 entrance, 8:00-12:45 
 runs an elevator 
 
 • 
 
 Dusts la,vatories 
 8:00-2:30 runs an 
 elevator. 
 
 Takes care of and 
 vYatches boys locker 
 room, gymnasiujn and 
 swimming- pool 
 
 (i/orks v/ith 
 Goldsmith 
 until 2:30) 
 1:30 sweeps 
 halis on tvvro 
 floors, two 
 stairways 
 and four en- 
 trances « 
 
 1:50 starts 
 to sweep 
 (::orks ^Ith 
 Gunz) 2:30- 
 4:30 runs an 
 elevator.. 
 
 1:30 starts 
 to sweep 'c 
 corridors £uid 
 4 v/ide staiis 
 (with Drou- 
 skov/ski) 
 
 1:30 sweeps 
 (helps 
 
 Leatza^n) 
 
 2:30-3:30 
 sweeps lava- 
 tories 
 
 Sa-kes care 
 of and wa tehee-.; 
 bo7S locker 
 room, gym, 
 a,nd s'v/irm"ning 
 ■oool. 
 
-91 ,allscr 2:0 etso 8931 _ 
 .assivieq-JJa ,aij:sq 
 
 
 I, 
 
 .-jfOj-S .m'v 
 
 v:aJuoi) 
 
 OS: 3 rCBcfco-i 
 
~ 35 - 
 
 Cleaners 
 
 Hours: 9 :A.M,-5:0O-6:O0 P.M. 
 
 Stalter 
 
 Bender 
 
 Bennett 
 
 Collins 
 
 0* Grady 
 
 Dunn 
 
 Harri gan 
 
 Morning 
 
 Dusts corridors on 
 first floor and 
 basements. 
 
 Dusts main cor- 
 ridor and four 
 entrances 
 
 Dusts halls and 
 stairways, helps 
 in domestic 
 science 
 
 DustB stairways 
 and corridors on 
 third floor 
 
 Cleans auditorium 
 takes care of "base 
 raent toilet 
 
 Dusts books in 
 library in the 
 morning takes care 
 of teachers 
 toilet room 
 
 Dusts second 
 floor corridor a-nd 
 stairways 
 
 Satnrday - Men 
 work 6:30 - 11:00 
 One on to act as 
 watchman 9:00 to 4 
 5:00. i/omen v/ork 
 7:00-12:00 
 
 30- 
 
 Sunday - One man on as 
 watchman 6:00 - 2:00 
 
 Afternoon 
 
 — rt< ■■ '-■■■ - 
 
 1:30 Sv/eeps and i;usts 
 2 grade rooms; commer- 
 cial departm^ent/S big 
 rooms); drawing depart- 
 ment (3 big rooms) 
 
 Sweeps 11 recitation 
 rooms and one grade 
 foom 
 
 l;30 Sweeps and (Ssuste 2 
 grade rooms, domestic 
 science department (8 
 •.rooms), and 2 recitatio: 
 rooms. 
 
 1:30 Sv/eeps and dusts 
 all room.s on third floo: 
 (14 recitation, 1 grade 
 room and 2 cloak rooms) 
 Takes care of toilets, 
 bowls, and wash stands 
 
 Sweeps and dusts 12 
 recitation room.s 
 
 1:30 Sweeps and dusts 
 3 offices, library, 4 
 recitation rooms, bio- 
 logy department (3 
 rooms) 
 
 1:30 Bweeps and dusts 
 12 recitation rooms, 
 3 cloak rooms, 1 grade 
 room, 1 botan3^ r-oom. 
 
rxeJ-M 
 
 
 Ob -g r;, X ii/si" /j j { a oio - - 
 
 
 . aj'Tc 
 
 smoc 
 
 ;•. 10.^ it 
 
 f i f ' " ■ ' "X ■}" f"' f^ 
 
 •vTXiJSJ-S 
 
 d-crsafioS 
 
 enxXic 
 
 :i i)ftB aqsowa : rrfi/x-xod-xfijjjs subs 10 
 
 A ,^. .<- i. - .. »- 
 
 ioxd^ByjCoei 
 
 , ;.? 4^ -L-; J vi J^ V^ 
 
 •00 lOOll 
 
- 36 - 
 Eastern High School 
 
 Mr. Frede Chief 
 .ir anit or 8:00-5:30 
 Supervisor and Re- 
 pairing, 
 
 Assistant Janitors 
 McMann 7:00 - 4:30 
 
 Mo ran and Hu.nter 
 8:00 - 5:00 
 
 Longan 
 $:00 - 5:00 
 
 Zimmerman 
 9:00 - 5:00 
 
 Morning 
 
 Dusts, svveeps side- 
 v/altes, takes care of 
 tank and shov/ers, al- 
 so the lights, sv/eeps 
 tviTo large stairs, 
 cleans 'out tank twice 
 a week. 
 
 Sweep two halls, tw 
 sets of sta.irs, and 
 walks. Dusts. 
 
 ;wo 
 
 Sweeps Viral ks, odd 
 jobs dusts stairs and 
 bannisters. 
 
 Sweeps V7alks, dusts. 
 Trashes V7ind0"»ws in 
 hall doors, picks up 
 paper, etc. in school 
 yard, takes care of 
 washstand and toilet 
 
 Saturday afternoon 11:00 Q 
 Sunday 11:30 - 
 
 -:00) lien' 
 : 00) alternate 
 
 Eight School 
 6:00 
 
 Afternoon 
 
 2:30 Starts to 
 sviTeep Gyrnnasirjn 
 (track and dress- 
 ing room) type- 
 writer room, one 
 large a.nd tu'C 
 small ■ recitation 
 rooms- 
 
 2:30 St:.rts to 
 sv/eep. Two grade 
 rooms, 2 recita- 
 tion rooms, vvood 
 turning room, me- 
 chanical drawing 
 room, './ash black- 
 board once a 
 week. 
 
 12:30 Starts sweep 
 ing - Chemistry 
 laboratorj^, phasic 
 al Geographic lab- 
 oratory, toilet 
 ( e ve r y o th e r vif e ek ) 
 basement floor, 
 six flights stairs 
 boy's vestibule , 
 two long hallSs 
 
 Sv7e e p s an d ■ du s t s 
 laboratory, 4- 
 recitation rooms, 
 lunoh counter, 
 and manual train- 
 ing room 
 
 - 11:00 Rotate 
 
Oe:S" 
 
Cleaners 
 
 - 37 - 
 
 Morning 
 
 Afternoon 
 
 Sigsworth 
 11:00 - 7:00 
 
 MannelDacker 
 11:00 - 7:00 
 
 Brown 
 
 11:00 - 7:00 
 
 Kolb 
 
 9:00 - 5:00 
 
 11:00 - 2:30 Dusts 
 halls, statues, pil- 
 lars, lockers 
 
 Sweeps grade room, 
 penmanship' room, l/S 
 audi tor ixun, 5 flights 
 stairs l/2 hall 
 
 Grade room, 3 recita 
 tion rooms, commer- 
 cial room, 1/2 audi- 
 torium, 3 flights 
 stairs, I/2 hall 
 
 Girls* shov/er, toi- 
 let, laundry and 
 sewing room, takes 
 care of teachers' 
 toilets. 
 
 Sweeps a grade 
 room, libra.ry, 2 
 offices, 6 recita- 
 tion rooms, 1/2 
 big -hall, 1 flight 
 stairs. 
 
 Same 
 
 Same 
 
 2:30 Sweeps 1 recita 
 tion room, botany 
 room, domestic 
 science, girls dry 
 room, dining rooms. 
 
 No rtheastern High School 
 
 Janitorial work is not organized du.e to the fact that 
 certain rooms in the building v/ill not be opened 'u-ntil 
 February. The staff consists of a chief janitor, five 
 assistants, and six cleaners. 
 
- 38 • 
 
 U0RTIL7E::TERI HIGH SCHOOL 
 
 Morning 
 
 Mr. Bates Chief 
 
 Janitor 
 
 7:30 - 5:00 or 6:00 Supervises, repairs 
 
 Assistant Janitors 
 
 Louth 
 
 6:35 - 3:30 
 
 Driscol 
 10:00 - 6:00 
 
 Smith 
 
 7:45 - 4:30 
 
 Hans 
 
 7:45 - 4:30 
 
 Wollweber 
 7:45 - 4:30 
 
 Opens school, sweeps 
 gym, dusts lockers 
 and basement hall, 
 sweeps sidewalks 
 
 Takes care of 3 toi- 
 let rooms, glass in 
 doors, sweeps side- 
 walks , 
 
 Dusts and sweeps 
 hall, lockers, sweops 
 sidewalks, etc 
 
 Sweeps sidewalks 
 dusts etc. 
 
 Sv;eeps sidewalks, 
 dusts etc. 
 
 Afternoon 
 
 Helps Sweep 
 
 Starts to sv/sep' 
 at 12.45 (together 
 with Lriscol) "base 
 ment, 3 long 
 stairs, 3 entrance? 
 and 3 small stairo 
 
 12:45 (Sweeps 
 v;ith Louth until 
 3 : 30-4 : 30 sv7e ep s 
 vYith the gang and' 
 sweeps auditorium, 
 dressing room, 4 
 small offices and 
 washes blackboards 
 in 3 recitation, 
 rooms. 
 
 12:45, together 
 with 3 men sv/esps 
 22 rooms and 
 washes blackboards 
 ever}/ daj> 
 
 12:45 Kelps 
 sweep a-nd wash 
 ;'blackboards in 
 22 rooms. 
 
 12:45 - with the 
 gang that svveeps 
 22 rooms^ 
 
,:Uixa^G-:: 
 
 OOrS 
 
 
- 39 - 
 
 Cleaners 
 
 9:30-5:30 
 
 In the morning the duties of the se:geral cleaners are 
 similar. They dust, lockers, halls and entrances; svreep 
 where necessary, wash windows in doors; take care of 
 toilets; etc. They start to Bweep and wash blackboards 
 daily at 12:45, their schedule after that time is as 
 at'ollovvs; 
 
 Ward 
 
 7 recitation rooms, 3 grade rooms. 
 
 ^arowski 
 
 7 recitation rooms, 1 drawing room. 1 grade room. 
 
 Schueller 
 
 5 recitation rooms, 1 grade room, 1 large and 
 1 small bookkeeping room, 1 typewriter room, and 
 
 1 toilet, 
 
 Nikru^ut 
 
 5 recitation rooms, 1 grade room, 1 library, 
 
 2 offices, 1 zoology room, 2 toilets. 
 
 Saturday work 
 
 7:00 - 12:30 
 
 Sunday 
 
 6:00 A.M. to 3:00 P.M. altex-nate 
 

 c\ r: 
 
~ 40 - 
 
 Eyertt School 
 Furnace Heated School 
 
 The Everett School is and old building consisting 
 of twelve rooms, three corridors, six stairways and a base- 
 ment. There are five furnaces, two gas heaters, and one 
 stove in an office on the third iloor« Coal is carried up 
 three flights of stairs to the stove. 
 Everett School 
 
 Mr. Heft, Janitor. 
 Morning; 
 
 Arrives at 4:00 A.M. on Monday; at 5:00 the rest 
 of the week: Fires the furnace, cleans all rooms used in 
 ni<2;ht school; dusts all rooms, bannisters, desks, halls 
 etc; watch the children before school ta'.cas up. After 
 school takes up, he carries out ashes; during recess he 
 watches the children.. Following recess he flushes the 
 uriaa^S,and fires up. 
 
 11:30 to 12:00 takes lunch. 
 Mternoon. 
 
 He again fires the furnaces, after which he 
 watches the special room students, who remain for the noon 
 meal. Between the time school takes up and recess he 
 sweeps the halls, stairs, rnd two rscitatiqn rooms. At 
 recess he again acts as watchman. .From 3:30 to 5:30 he 
 swee-ps ten rooms. After he finishes firin;; it is 6:00 
 Night School 6:00 - 9:30 
 
looffoS i>9;tjB©H ©oiimul 
 
 •io-^ 
 
 ■■I'SiS-t 
 
 •xj; 
 
 ^erfoitsv/ 
 
- 41 - 
 
 Questionnaire Sent Janitors 
 
 School - Cass Technical High School 
 Janitor - John Wort 
 
 1. Give the frequency and the time of sweeping and scrubbing 
 the following: 
 
 STOEPING SCRUBBING 
 
 Frequency Time Frequency Time 
 
 Halls 9 Daily, nightly 10:00 P.M. 
 
 6:00 ...M. Once a week 
 Rooms Daily, nigiitly 10:00 P.M. 
 
 6:00 A.M. Once a i^eelc 
 Basement Daily 2:00 P.M. Daily S:00 P.M. 
 
 Toilets-8 Daily 2;00 P.M. Daily 2:00 P.M. 
 
 Sidewalks-3 Daily 9:00 P.M. Daily Morning 
 
 Under frequency state whether daily, v/eekly or monthly 
 
 Under tine give the tine of day when the above work is done. 
 
 2. How often are windov/s v/ashed? Pive to six times a year. 
 
 3. Vifhat repair vxi rk does the janitor do? Fix seats and doorL 
 
 4. Kame, position, duties and hours of each employee: 
 
 Name Hours Dt:!ties 
 
 John Nort 8 Chief Janitor 
 
 Pred Mees 8 Assistant chief janitor- five rooms, 
 
 four toilets, two halls 
 
 Ray King 8 7 rooms, 2 halls, 4 toiletS' 
 
 Frank Matusinski 8 7 rooms, 1 hall, 2 stairs 
 
 August Boike 8 6 rooms, 1 hall, 2 stairs 
 
 Eva Liske 8 6 rooms, dust all halls, stairs 
 
 Anna Meach 8 6 rooms, dust a.11 halls, stairs 
 
 Belle Heuft 8 8 rooms, two halls, 2 stairs 
 
 Pauline V/hite 8 9 rooms, 2 halls, 2 stairs 
 
 Alfred Heuft 8 8 rooms, 2 halls, 1 stair 
 VVm, Quirk ( Cass 
 
 Annex) 8 16 rooms, 2 stairs, 2 furnaces 
 
..^i:Zk, :sitQC e-Tx, ■i::tri:oi 3"i3;2iii; 
 
 ■^1 
 
 A/ U ^> X J, 
 
 :'9r. 
 
- 42 - 
 
 Examining the schedule of the Cass High it is seen 
 that the janitor in the Cass Anne^z, himself, takes aare of 
 sixteen rooms and two SEbairs in addition to firing ti/o fur- 
 naces, while the maximum work done hy any one of the other 
 men is to take care of seven rooms plus two halls and four 
 toilets. Upon a visit to the Cass High School, it v/as 
 lacraod-that one of the men had seven rooms, all of them 
 workshops, t(b each of which was allotted thirty minutes for 
 cleaning; a total of thsse and o.^.e-half hours. This leaves 
 four and ome-half hours for cleaning the two halls aad the 
 four toilets or the one hall aiad the two stairs. 
 
 Aside from cleaning and dusting rooms, halls and 
 stairs and scrubbing the toilets daily, the other work is 
 scrubbing rooms and halls from once every week to "whenever 
 it is necessary", and washing the v/indows inside and out as 
 a rule three or four times a year. Some janitors stated 
 that they washed them five or six times a year. 
 
 All the help comes on during the day, anyv/here 
 from seven to nine in the mo-^ning, v/orking until four or 
 five in the afternoon. Since most of the class rooms are oc- 
 cupied from nine in the morning until three in the afternoon, 
 the janitors and cleaners must confine their labor to the 
 halls, toilets and to the walks, and there is not enough of 
 this v/ork to keep from ei^ht to fourteen persoBS busy in a . 
 high school during these hours. The problem resolves itsel: 
 to organizing the staff so that only as many janitors as arc 
 necessary to cars for the halls, toilets and v/dks come on 
 
'BxH 83.?-' ^frxfrimoxS 
 
 9U3rsv 
 
 •"ree .&J3ff 
 
 :.n£ at; :'?9txxa 
 
 "■■'-SCO fifT^ 
 
 •iEsasoai 
 
- 43 - 
 
 early in the norning, and that the rest ro-^^ort for drtV 
 when they can work uninterru^^tedly in caring ior the class 
 rooms. An oppprtunity for continuous vvODrk will undoubtedly 
 result in a reduction of the cleaning staff. 
 
 Bearing in nir:^- that the class rooms of the 
 schools are standardized, in so far as the furniture is con- 
 cerned, and that the main part of the daily vrork is sv/eep- 
 ing and dusting, it is interesting to note the work done 
 in commercial buildings and the number of persons employed 
 to do it. 
 Janitorial i/crk in Of i ice Buildings 
 
 In one office building investigated, it was found 
 that one woman in six hours a day takes care of forty rooms. 
 It is true that these rooms are smaller than the school 
 rooms, but in size they will equal at least fifteen school 
 rooms, if not twenty. It must, hov/ever, by borne in mind 
 that every office is furnished differently; that the furni- 
 ture is more expensive than found in school rooms, and mList 
 be handled more carefully; that there are desks, and chairs, 
 and filing cases, e-nd book-cases and books and papers on 
 these desks. In addidion, many of the offices have rugs. 
 Taking care of these rooms comprises sv/eeping the floors, 
 dusting all the furniture in the room carefully, m.opping 
 the floors as often as is necessary,- an operation necessary 
 at least three times a v.'eek and very often every day, be- 
 cause traffic in the offices continues throughout the day 
 and dirt and mud from the streets accumulates. 
 
iJJBS-I 
 
- 44 - 
 
 The halls and stairs of this building,- the a.rea 
 of the former alone being 33,000 sq, ft.- are taken eare 
 of by fo^ar men,- one man being given four floors v/ith the 
 stairs in between • This means cleaning daily the \7ash 
 rooms on each floor and the toilets on every other floor, 
 washing the transoms periodically, cleaning the cuspidors 
 every day and polishing them,- over 300 - every fcwo weefcs. 
 The floors are scrubbed daily, because, as was noted above, 
 the traffic is continuous. In additiom to this v7orlc these 
 D'our men are used for moving furniture and doing all the 
 handy work necessary around the building. 
 
 For Gleaning windows special men are hired who 
 do nothing else, but one man cleans from fifty- five to 
 sixty-five windows every day, a fact v/hich gives an idea 
 of how long it v/ould take to clean the school v/indov7S. The 
 cost of janitorial service for this sixteen-story building 
 is §9,000 a year; the cost in the high schools rune from 
 ^p7,586.64 in the Y/estern to ^,^10,502.96 in the Central High 
 School. 
 
 Prom a standpoint of cost, another office build- 
 ing of 145,000 scuare feet cleanable area, virao inve:"jti» 
 gated and it was found that the cost was C>10j500 a year. 
 This included a-mong other wsDr^f., 
 
 Washing 800 windov^fs once every ten days 
 vifashing the walls once a year 
 Gleaning and dusting and mopping 120,000 
 scuare feet of offices six nights a v^eek. 
 
:{T 
 
-- 45 - 
 
 Scrubbing and mopping 85,000 square feet oi marble 
 
 corridor six nights a week 
 Washing transoras and glass doors at least once a 
 
 month 
 Rubbing and po'iishiDg wood work at least three times 
 
 a year 
 
 In addition to this there is the usual cleaning 
 and polishing of cuspidors, scrubbing toilets and wash 
 rooms, cleaning elevators, grill work, sta.l/s, etc. 
 
 Omitting consideration of the rate ol" pay and 
 thinking only of the number of persons employed and the 
 relative kinds of work done, the above comparison reveals 
 the need for a reorganization of the janitorial v/ork in the 
 schools, if it does not conclusively show that too much 
 help is being employed to take care of the high schools. 
 
 Rates of Pay for En^-ineers end. Janitors 
 
 It is not intended in this report to suggest 
 what consti tiftes an equitable rate of payment for janitors 
 and engineers. The problem of jusifc salaries and wages in 
 any line of work is one v/hich is, quite apparently, far 
 from being decided. The best that can be done here is to 
 show by compiarison whether or not the prevailing rate of 
 pay in Detroit is high or lov/, and to suggest means by 
 which an equitable salary for the services m.ay at least be 
 approached. 
 
 To compare the Detroit salaries for engineers 
 and janitors with those paid in other cities leads to com- 
 plications, because living conditions and other circuiTi- 
 
— r f',. -. 
 
 
 'iJbija nl 
 
- 46 - 
 
 stanceu which must be com^idered in fixing the salary dif- 
 fer in every city. In fact, it seems that one of the most 
 difficult problems school boards have to meet, is the de- 
 termination of proper salaries for ;janitors and engineers, 
 because no two cities have the same basis for payment, nor 
 do they apply the same procedure in the operation of their 
 buildings* In one city, all the work is done on a contract 
 basis, - each school beirjg let on an individual contract; 
 in other cities, the operation of all of the school build- 
 ings is let on one contract; still in other cities, the 
 board of education itself hires every person who is connected 
 with the operation of school buildings; while another method 
 is a combination of contract and direct labor or a semi-con- 
 tract basis. Theoratically, the Detroit Bocrd of Education 
 follows the last named course in the operation of its steam 
 heated elementary schools. The unit of operation feries in 
 every city. Althcucrh the methods in the operation of build- 
 in.o-s are bscomino: more and more standardized ever^^ year and 
 high salaried superintendents are employed in all the large 
 office buildinj^oi the country as professionally qualified 
 for the work. The idea of standardizing the care of school 
 buildings and standardizing units of payment has made very 
 little progress with the boards of education throughout the 
 country. Altho studios have been made and are being made of 
 the question in various cities of the United States, yet no 
 plan has been developed vrhich is recognized as the best or 
 
.'erebliia': ioidvf MeoctB&z 
 
 ■Qqotc 
 
 ;a 
 
- 47 - 
 
 as the standard plan. 
 
 V/hy the school building sho^ild not "oe opere-ted 
 with a,s great economy as the office building cannot "be ans- 
 wered satisfactoril,7 unles.^ it be the age-old reply ¥;hich 
 simply talces it for granted ths't cit;' business cannot be 
 done as efficiently and a/o the sane tine as econociicalli^ 
 as private business. The amount ap; -ropria.ted in operating 
 the school buildings in Detroit for the yesx 1916-1917 is 
 •15 415,153,13. At a conservative estimate, it is believod 
 that if the operation of the schools were conducted on the ( 
 principle of getting as much service for every dollar as 
 should be reasoaably received, the cost of operating Detroit 
 school buildings could be reduced by ^'375,000 a year. 
 
 Without setting up the salaries paid the janitors 
 and engineers in private office buildings in Detroit as 
 standards to be followed, but rather vi'ith a view to shew- 
 ing how such labor is rated, there vTill be given in a sub- 
 sequent section of this report the salaries paid in a few 
 of the leading office buildings of this city, for work 
 which was enumerated in the last preceding section. 
 
 The schedule employed for the payment of janitors 
 
 and engineers in the Detroit schools, follov;s: 
 
 Elementary Schools Steam Heated. 
 
 Engineer - Six-room school used as basis, - 
 
 $102.48 per month for twelve months. For 
 each room additional, ')1.46 pe r month fcr 
 tv/elve months, is added. This schedule ap- 
 parently considers a 24-room building the 
 
■'iiTsci'e Qd& 'e& 
 
 XOXiT-: 
 
 ■ jO£i.OOC 
 
 od B-n: Xoorfoe 
 
 ^■bmbciBtt 
 
 .idjjpea 
 
 -iioi 
 
- 48 - 
 
 maximum size xot e.n elsraente.ry school, as higliest 
 salary paid engineers in elementary schools is 
 $127.38 per month. 
 
 Janitor $5,32 per month per room tor ten months a year. 
 The minimum salary paid is ySO.OO per month ior 
 full time janitorial v/ork in an eight room school. 
 A cleaner for part of the day is employed in the 
 six-room school. The maximum salary jjaid under 
 this schedule is ^12(7.68 per month f o r a 24-room 
 buildiiag. 
 
 Elementary Schools on a High School Basis. 
 
 Sngineer The schedule for engineers seems to break down 
 because it is found that the chief engineer in 
 the Fairbanks School of twenty-rooms, receives 
 Ol34,68 per month, v/hile the engineers of the 
 irorvell and Jo^^^ce Schools also 2S-room buildiiJgS; 
 receive ^^130.29 per month; in the Russell School 
 of 25-rooms, the engineer receives $146.41 and 
 the engineer of the Moore School, 25 rooms, re- 
 ceives 0128.83 per month; the engineer of the 
 Bishop School, 29 rooms receives $1^6.41 
 
 riremen $79,85 per month for twelve months. 
 
 Chief $99.82 per month for t^^'/elve months. 
 Janitor 
 
 Assistant $79.86 per month for twelve months c 
 Janitor 
 
 Cleaners 
 
 { Female ) $53.24 per month for ten months. 
 
 High Schools 
 
 Chief ^ 
 
 Engin eers $126.41 per month for twelve months. 
 
 Assistant 
 
 Eng inee rs $102.48 per month for twelve months. 
 
 Firemen $79.86 per month for twelve months. 
 
 Chief 
 
 ".Miitor $99.82 -oei' month for ti;elve month:. 
 

 
 •n.S 'f- 
 
 j3:-3noe eriT is an. 
 
 'VJ.QO' 
 
Assistant 
 
 Janitor 
 
 Cleaners 
 
 (Fenmle ) 
 
 - 49 - 
 
 079,86 per month for twelve months 
 53.24 per month for ten months 
 
 ■E i'lemenuary Schools Purnace Heated 
 
 V/ha-t the "onderlyin? schedule upon which Is based 
 
 the ^ay of the janitors in these schools could not be foiind, 
 
 but follOT/ins are the salaries paid for the various sirred 
 
 schools:. 
 
 5 rooms - Q79.86 per month for tT/elve raoir'^hs 
 
 8 rooms - S8606I per month for tv;elve months 
 
 12 rooms - upl06o48 per month for twelve months 
 
 13 rooms - ^3113,13 per month for tvi/elvo months 
 
 The V/ashington School which has 24 rooms is op- 
 erated by a janitor, assistant janitor and a cleans", who 
 receive the same salaries as similar empl03res in righ schoo" 
 a. Engineers' Salaries 
 
 Obviously, more work is required to operate the 
 heating and ventilating plant of a 25 room biiilding than 
 that of a six-room building-, but irrespective of the size 0: 
 the plant, it is rea^sonable to e:irpect a fu3.1 da3;^B v/ork from 
 an employee during these hours in v/hich he is employed. Ar. 
 one acciuainted with the worlc of stationary engineers Icaows 
 that to take care of a heating plant for a si::-room buildir 
 for which there was delivered 72 tons of coal for the year 
 1915-16, does not represent a day*s work for an enp-lneer. 
 In fact the engineer does not kov; that he is \7orking. But 
 for this day's v/ork, he receives ;,'5l02,48 per month, a wage 
 
BrfcfUO 
 
 
- 50 - 
 
 consiclerecl liberal ancT one v/hich more tlmn meets the pre- 
 vailing rate of paj? for sucli la''Dor in Detroit, Even in the 
 largest of the elomentarA; schools where 500 tons of coal 
 are consumed during the year, owe stationary? engineer can 
 operate the plant without being jmposed upono Therefore, 
 to pay an engineer of a 26-roora huildinR- on i). loasis propor- 
 tionate to the salary of an engineer in a 6-room building, 
 when the salary of the latt®T in itself is more than good 
 and exceeds the prevailing ra-te paid, and ?/hen the foiTaor 
 even in his big school has no more than a day's work, is 
 carrying the schedule to an absurdity. 
 
 Summarizing the problem which confroiits the 
 Board of Education in the pa,yment of engineers in element- 
 ary schools, and this includes those schools on a high 
 school basis, it is found that: 
 
 1, At least one man m.ust be emplo-;:?ed to operate the 
 plant of even the sm.allest school 
 
 2, Under a city ordinance, an engineer v/ith a first 
 class license must be employed 
 
 3, There is a definite minimum salary for which an 
 engineer can be employed 
 
 4, There is nox sufficien'': ..'orlc in the smaller schools 
 in engineering duties alone to keep a man even 
 reasonably occupied during his hoiirs of em.ploym.ent , 
 and therefore, the salary paid seems un,fu.stif ied. 
 
 To solve this problem equitably for all parties 
 
 concerned, it is necessary first, to decide upon a fair 
 
 salary for engineers accordin-- to the prevailing rate in 
 
 Detroit, and secondly, to demand of the engineers a full 
 
 day's work for the salary paid them. In other v/ords, it 
 
- 51 -■ 
 
 means giving the engiaaers v/hat is due thsm, and aslcino; thet 
 the engineers give the Board of Education vhat is due it. 
 In deciding upon a fair v/age, those positions must he con- 
 sidered in v/hich the engineers perform a full days' s vv^ork. 
 Sufficient eicamples of this kind can be found in the office 
 build iags and industzial plants of Detroit, 
 
 There is one important difference betv;een engin- 
 eering -'orlc for the Board of Education and that for private 
 institutions. In the latter, the plants are operated on 
 full tim.e for twelve months of the year, and engineers m.ust 
 v;ork continuoLisly during those months, usually wi thout any- 
 slack season* Pov/er for the plants rauSt be furnished every 
 week in the yea-r and every day in the v/eek. In office 
 buildings there is no let up. In manufacturing plants there 
 may be some during dull periods. Under the organization of 
 the Board of Edtication, liov/ever, engineers do practically 
 nothing for the tv;o suiiimer months, and find their duties 
 considerably lightened during the early Fall a-.nd late Spring 
 months. This point is brought out because engineers refuse 
 to perform any other duties in con;uection v/ith the care of 
 the building except operating the heating plant. 
 
 Under the conditions prevailing in the Board of 
 Education where no \vo)rk is demanded of the engineers during 
 a considerable portion of the year, it is reasonable to 
 ask that during those months .;hen school is in session, en- 
 gineers perform such duties as are necessary for the proper 
 care of the building and for which thoy have time at th>yir 
 
- 52 - 
 
 disposal. With this idea in mind, it is suggested that 
 engineers in all elementary schools he made responsible 
 for the entire care of the building, and in so far as 
 their duties and the size of the building pcimits, they 
 shall themselves take care of the building. Advancing 
 gradually in the size of the buildings, the engineering 
 duties VTill increase, necessitating a reduction of the 
 janitorial functions on the part of "che engineer and the 
 employment of additional help for these purposes. The man- 
 ner by v;hich the amount of extra help necessary for a 
 school may be determined, will be discussed in later sec- 
 tions of this report* At present v/e find the cost of 
 operating school build in '^s as follows; 
 
^' ! -s '^ . ■■■' ■ -■ . ■ ' •■ . :rxvr asi;J^K# 
 
 'st .p.c .See 
 
 /.a-t.^a/iJi; en'vt jdaxdw %( 
 
 ■ ''•:^ i c\c--' rs-ii 
 
 oorioa scii jBi9<jo 
 
- 53 - 
 
 Tcble Shov/iiig Monthly 
 Costs of Operating Ele- 
 mentary School Buildings 
 of Vcrious Sizes. 
 
 No. of Rooms 
 
 Engineers' Salaries Janitors' Salaries 
 
 6 
 
 ^|5102.4 per month 
 
 $31.94 
 
 8 
 
 105.41 ' 
 
 
 50.00 
 
 8 
 
 105o41 ' 
 
 
 60.00 
 
 10 
 
 108.30 ' 
 
 
 53.24 
 
 12 
 
 109.88 ' 
 
 
 63.84 
 
 14 
 
 112.72 ' 
 
 
 74.48 
 
 16 
 
 115.65 ' 
 
 
 85.12 
 
 18 
 
 118.59 ' 
 
 
 94.70 
 
 20 
 
 121.51 ' 
 
 
 106.40 
 
 22 
 
 124.44 ' 
 
 
 117.04 
 
 24 
 
 127.38 ' 
 
 
 127.68 
 
 per mo 
 
 .ith 
 
 No. of 
 
 Table Showing Cost of 
 Operating Elementary School 
 Buildings on a "High School 
 Basis" 
 
 SALARIES Ass't. 
 
 Rooms 
 
 Engineers 
 
 X 
 
 Firemen 
 
 Janitor 
 
 Janito'r 
 
 Cleaner 
 
 24 
 
 $128.83 
 
 
 
 $79.86 
 
 $ 99.82 
 
 
 $79.86 
 
 $53,24 
 
 25 
 
 128,83 
 
 
 
 79.86 
 
 99.8? 
 
 
 79.80 
 
 53 . 24 
 
 26 
 
 130.29 
 
 
 
 79.86 
 
 99.82 
 
 
 79.86 
 
 53.24 
 
 26 
 
 134.68 
 
 
 
 79.86 
 
 99.82 
 
 
 79.86 
 
 53.24 
 
 29 
 
 146.41 
 
 2 
 
 © 
 
 79.86 
 
 99.82 
 
 2@ 79.86 
 
 2© 53c24 
 
 Fresh 
 
 Air School 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 $145.41 2 @ $79.85 
 
 $99.82 2© 79.86 2© 53.24 
 
 If the replies to a questionnaire sent engineers 
 is to he taken as authoritative, it is only in a few in- 
 stances that any janitorial work is done hy engineers. In 
 all schools, full provision is made for janitorial service 
 hy hiring janitors, and from the smallest elementary school 
 to the largest, they are pa.id for every room in the huild- 
 ing, leaving engineers free from, this work. 
 
v rrr;trfoM 
 
 X3V lo 
 
 ?B_ "^s ■?:!=> en ,c:q'^C^ gn^of^H lo .oTT 
 
 61 
 
 A .C 
 
- 54 - 
 
 There appears to be c strong conviction among the 
 Board of Education officials that it v/ill "be impossible to 
 obtain engineers who v;ill be v/illing to perforn any janitor- 
 ial duties during such time of the day as can be spared 
 from the operation of the heating and ventilating plant. 
 This matter has never been forced to a.n issue by the Detroit 
 Board of Education, but there is no reason for believing 
 that the Board cannot obtain engineers who will be ready to 
 accept positions in which permanent a.nd even life employ- 
 ment with good pay is assured whether times are prosperous 
 or dull; in which the amount of work in the boiler roon 
 during the warm weather is reduced to nil, liberal vaca.- 
 tions allowed, full time vrork only five days a v;eek, and 
 in which no more th-an an average of eight hours work a day 
 under these conditions are required. It is only just to 
 demand that enp:ineers under the a>.forementioned circujnstances 
 perform whatever duties are required to care properly for 
 a building. If the present employes of the Board are averse 
 to extending their functions, it is believed that sufficient 
 willing candidates can be secured. 
 
 Chief engineers in high schools, responsible for 
 big plants, should of course receive more money than engin- 
 eers in the elementary schools, but for this money they 
 themselves should be directly in charge during one shift 
 doing actual work, thereby eliminating one of the assis- 
 tant engineers v/ho is superfluous while the chief engineer 
 is on duty. 
 
'Od ic 
 
 
 ■-niajis i9XjriO 
 
 ijncxxiri) 
 
 rtr sros: onjsrnefi 
 
 cr 's^ia 
 
 ■ vlssmaricf 
 
- 55 - 
 
 "b. Salaries of Firemen and Coal Passers 
 
 The monthly salary of $79.86 per month paid fire- 
 men or coal passers, seems high because these men have no 
 license and are therefore practically unskilled day laborers. 
 For the amount paid them, men with a second class license, 
 who must understand the mechanics of a boiler, can be secured 
 and it is suggested that this be done because they can be 
 left, with safety, in the engine room during the little time 
 that the engineer spends in making his rounds of the build- 
 ing. 
 
 c. Salaries Paid in Commercial Buildings 
 
 Salaries paid In. private buildings are, in pro- 
 portion to the labor and responsibility involved, lower 
 than the salaries paid by the Board of Ediication. 
 
 The cnief engineer of one high pressure plazit of 
 750 H.Po rujining 24 hours of the day, seven days a week, 
 and consuming fifteen tons of coal daily, receives sASC per 
 month; the assistant engineers $100 and firemen s?80. Coal 
 passers receive less. 
 
 In another plant of 1400 H.P. which conswaes 
 10,000 tons of coal a 3/ear and where' is produced over 
 100,000 kilowat hours of power a month, the chief engineer 
 receives {:.200 per mont? , conceded to be c.ii exceptional sal- 
 ary. The assistr.iit en£:ineers are pr.id .,.'10^ ^''^^'- firemen 
 
 ^80«00. 
 
 A third plant for one of the large manufacturing 
 establishments, where there is a boiler capacity of 2100 HoP. 
 operated every day in the year, 24 hours a day, or where 
 
sixty tons of coal ere consumed clGil^, the cliiof engineer 
 receives $150 per month. 
 
 In all of these plants the men work every day in 
 the Vi^eeli and every week in the year. There are no slack 
 periods as are found in the schools. 
 
 It is not being urged that engineers be worked to 
 the limit of their energy, nor that they be paid less than 
 a fair living v;age , but it is urged that the Board of Edu- 
 cation should not pay wages greatly in excess of the pre- 
 vailing market rate for vifork to be iperformed. In passing, 
 the opinion is noted that the organized community should 
 be the most liberal employer, demanding hov/ever, that the 
 employe give service commensurate v/ith his pay. 
 
 d. Janitors' Salaries 
 
 There seems to be grea.ter discrepancy between the 
 salaries paid for janitorial service in the schools and 
 those paid in private buildings, than there is for engineer- 
 ing service. In office buildings, male janitors are paid 
 from $50 to $60 a month for eight hours work, sir; days a 
 week, and women are paid from $30 to $40 a month for six 
 hours work a day, sis dsys a \7eek. For these salaries, as 
 was stated in the preceding section, foiir men in one build- 
 ing take care of thirty-three thousand square feet of actual 
 hall area, besides stair- "ays, toilets and washrooms , clean- 
 ing and polishing of cuspidors, and general handiwork aboxit 
 the building. In short, there is sufficient work to keep 
 them busy eight hours a ds,y. The women, in sis hours a day 
 take care of at least eic-ht thouss.nd squavs feet of actual 
 
- 57 - 
 
 office area, sv/eeping, dusting and mopping. The Board of 
 Education, on the other hand, pays the assistant janitors 
 |79,86 and the women $53,24 a month. 
 
 The salaries paid in private institutions are not 
 proposed as standards, hut they give an idea of the kind of 
 wages paid by the Board of Education for the work which does 
 not seem as arduous as that necessary in office buildings. 
 V/hether $5.32 per month per room for janitors in the ele- 
 mentary schools is excessive cannot be stated definitely, 
 but it is certain that paying this rate for janitor ser-'.^ice 
 in addition to the liberal salaries paid engineers in the 
 same schools, brings the rate of pay for operation of a 
 building up to a point which is excessive. 
 
 There is in the school system itself a basis of 
 comparison which indicates hov/ much v;ork can be obtained 
 for salaries paid. The janitors in furnace heated schools, 
 in addition to cleaning the buildings, take care of from 
 three to nine furnaces, depending upon the size of the school, 
 It is interesting to compare in the folloviring table, the 
 rate of pay for operating those schools with the amount 
 paid to operate steam heated schools containing the same 
 number of rooms; 
 
:.hA 
 
3 
 
 Custer 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 Eagley 
 Bellefontaine 
 
 6 
 
 Potter 
 
 8 
 
 Brovmson 
 
 8 
 
 Roberts 
 
 - 8 
 
 HublDard 
 
 8 
 
 Jackson 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 Clay 
 Dickinson 
 
 8 
 
 Preston 
 
 12 
 
 Everett 
 
 IS 
 
 Wilkins 
 
 12 
 12 
 
 Jerry 
 Williams 
 
 IS 
 *24 
 
 Berry 
 Vlashlngton 
 
 - 53 - 
 
 Table Comparing- the Salary Cost 
 for Operating Purnace Heated Schools 
 with the Salary Cost of Operating 
 Steam Heated Schools of tho Same Si^e. 
 
 Total Salaries 
 Wo. of Total Salaries for Operation 
 
 Rooms School for Operation per Month in 
 
 per Month Steam Heated Schoo : 
 
 f53.24 
 
 79.86 ^134,43 
 
 79.86 
 
 79.86 
 
 86.51 155.41 
 
 86.51 
 
 86.51 
 
 86.51 
 
 86.51 
 
 86.51 
 
 86.51 
 105.48 173.22 
 
 106.48 
 
 106.48 180.00 
 
 106,48 
 113.13 
 232.92 255.05 
 
 *Janitorfc', assistant janitors, and cleaners. 
 
 e. Room as Unit Basis for Payment 
 
 To use the room as a unit for paying ;ian iters 
 results in equitable salaries for this work in different 
 schools. Neither are e.ll the rooms in the same school nor 
 the rooms of any number of schools equal in size, nor is 
 the average room of different schools the same size. 
 Furthermore, there arises always the question of what is 
 to be considered a room for payment, as various types of 
 rooms and offices are added from time to time. Another 
 factor which is overlooked under this method of payment, 
 is the general condition of the school itself, and the 
 neighborhood in which it is located. Schools which are 
 in residential districts and away from factories and rail- 
 roads would appear to gather less dirt than schools located 
 
^{i 
 
- 5C - 
 in smoky districts. Also schools located in the sec- 
 tj.ons where there are bad street conditions would appear 
 to be more difficxilt to keep clean hecaiise of the mud 
 and dirt which the children bring in v;ith them. In 
 other words, every school is a problem in itself, and 
 it shoiild be determined how much time and labor is nec- 
 essary to keep each school clean. 
 
 9. REDUCTION OF STAFF DURING THE SUMIER MONTHS 
 
 At the present time, the full comiolement of 
 janitors and engineers is employed during the vacation 
 period with the exception of the Janitors in the steam 
 heated elementary schools and the vjomen cleaners in the 
 high schools and in the elementary schools on a high 
 school basis. Apparently, the elementary schools in 
 v;hich janitors are laid off for the summer do not suf- 
 fer because of this practice. It is reasonable to sup- 
 pose, therefore, that the larger schools would not suffer 
 if at least a part of the superfluous staff during these 
 months, when no work is done, would be laid off. Refer- 
 ence is here made to the assistant janitors, assistant 
 engineers, and firemen in the high schools and elementary 
 schools on a high school basis. It is desirable to retain 
 those persons who are responsible for the operation of the 
 buildings, as the engineers in elementary schools, jani- 
 tors in furnace heated schools and chief janitors and 
 chief engineers in high schools, hut the other employes 
 who work under the orders of the before mentioned persons 
 and who constitute a class of 1 ,bor which can be obtained 
 
whenever necessary, caan be laid off, it seems without detri- 
 ment to the schools a.nd with the resxilt of large savings 
 which can he applied directly to the school facilities of 
 which Detroit seems to be in such urgent need. Last sujumer ■ 
 the Supervisor of Property used firemen and coal passers 
 for vv'ork on school property for which otherwise a^dditional 
 help would have been needed, thus saving the Board of Edu- 
 cation over s^60 a dr . This saving, of course, was effected 
 beca,use the fireman and coal pa.ssers v;ere being paid v/heth- 
 er they v;or'ked or not. In those instances where men are 
 given special work during the summer, it is suggested that 
 the pay be governed by the work done and not by the salary 
 received at the regular jobs. 
 
 If it is fair to discontinue the services of 
 professional employes who receive, after a training of 
 years, an initial salary of only ^50 a month for the months 
 employed,- it seems fair to lay off, without pay, ordinary 
 laborers. 
 
 The lollov/ing shows the difference between tlie 
 
 actual payroll of the summer of 1916 and the proposed 
 
 payroll - i.e, discontinuing for two months the services 
 
 of all assistant engineers, e.ssistant janitors and firemen, 
 
 and chief janitors in elementary schools on a "high school 
 
 basis" junior high schools: 
 
 Paj^roll - summer 1916 (Us, 676.44 
 Proposed payroll .■....,., 27,769,48 
 
- 61 - 
 
 1_0 . ^]Jse o_i Coo.l in Schools 
 
 One rc-.ctor which aids largely in moasiTin.^ the 
 efficiency' of an engineer is the cjaount of coal he uses in 
 maintaining hes-t and power in the school. The most effi- 
 cient engineer is he who maintains the required standard 
 of heat fJid power v;ith the minimum consujiiption of coal. 
 While the construction and condition of the huildin?: is a 
 factor to he reckoned v;ith in keeping it heated 'fit the re- 
 quired tem.perature , the coal deliveries to the various 
 schools during 1915-15 set forth in the follov/ing tahle , 
 indicate that the matter of coal consumption needs close 
 inspection and supervision in order to reconcile the 
 apparent inequalities in the amiounts of coal consumed hy 
 the various schools. 
 
 Tahle Showing Coal Received hy Schools com- 
 pared to heat load of the school measured in 
 equivalent of sq. ft. of radiation. 
 
 Tons Coal 
 Total Sq.Pt.in equiva- ':Rece-ivaa 
 
 lent of 2 Col. G.I. Radiation 1915-16 
 
 Wo. 
 
 
 Rooms 
 
 School 
 
 18 
 
 Barstow 
 
 17 
 
 Beard 
 
 18 
 
 Burton 
 
 20 
 
 Clippert 
 
 *16 
 
 Dwyer 
 
 16 
 
 Field 
 
 16 
 
 Gillies 
 
 15 
 
 McGraw 
 
 19 
 
 Ifercy 
 
 18 
 
 Owen 
 
 18 
 
 Palmer 
 
 23 
 
 Webster 
 
 31 
 
 Fairbanks 
 
 8 
 
 Br own son 
 
 8 
 
 Jackson 
 
 8 
 
 Everett 
 
 *12 
 
 Dickinson 
 
 14,135 
 14,291 
 13,320 
 13,385 
 13,635 
 13,090 
 18,185 
 11,400 
 13,320 
 8,182 
 14,220 
 19,705 
 25,022 
 
 Fixrnace Heated S chools 
 3,110 
 3,458 
 3,995 
 3,268 
 
 223 
 187 
 223 
 187 
 172 
 205 
 104 
 172 
 143 
 167 
 311 
 277 
 512 
 
 103 
 
 113 
 
 9^: 
 
 ^Evening school cessions held in tliese schools. 
 
- 62 - 
 
 The Business Manager made a TDeginiilng in the con- 
 trol of the use of coal by having submitted to him period- 
 ically the amount of coal secured by each school. Full bene- 
 fits from such reports could not be derived unless the in- 
 formation furnished was followed up by an engineer capable 
 of making a study of each case and finding out the reasons 
 for such conditions as are set forth in the above table. 
 
 Basing a comparison of coal consumption upon the 
 "heat loads" of the various schools as computed scientifi- 
 cally by the consulting engineers of the Board of Ediication, 
 it is found that large discrepancies exist in the coal used. 
 For purposes of illustration, the elementary schools listed 
 in the above table were chosen. Among the most striking 
 facts in the table is the Palmer school which has a heat 
 load equivalent to 34, ESQ sq.. ft. of radiation, but re- 
 ceived three times as much coal as the Gillies school 
 which has a heat load equivalent to 18,185 sq. ft. of rad- 
 iation. No less glaring is the fact that nine of the listed 
 schools v/ith heat loads varying from 44 to 77% of the heat 
 load in the Gillies School received from 26 to 300^^ more 
 coal the<n the latter. The Dwyer School, in spite of a heat 
 load larger then the Burton, Clippert, Field and McG-ra-w 
 Schools, in spite of the use of coal for e veiling school, re- 
 ceived less coal than the first three mentioned and the scsae 
 amount as the McGraw. Note that the heat load of the McGraw 
 is Bbfo that of the Dwyer. IVhen compared to a school as the 
 V/ebster, which seems to have a liberal amount of coal to 
 its credit, the annual tonnage of the Faii'banks school 
 
,.loo<i^op, -dot:- -. ) } ^'csx^-ofr^.'. 
 
 P!l",-V 
 
 rr c> fff 9 i ft Af i .1' 
 
 cJtisIj. 
 
 ori.oc; 
 
 JAV rQio 
 
 :oo to fBTecfi"! « s*'?rjft.-. ^-xe-'+Bc'gv 
 
- 63 - 
 
 appears excessive, and v;hen compared to the Gillies School, 
 the sho"v7ing of the Fairbanks looks exceedingly poor. 
 
 Among the four furnace heated schools chosen as 
 illustrations in the fcrregoing table, apparent discrepancies 
 in coal received as compared to the heat load of the build- 
 in^:, also manifest themselves. 
 
 To v/hat causes should he attributed such discre- 
 pancies in coal consumption cannot be stated merely by a 
 study of figures. It is sufficient to note here that there 
 is an apparent waste in the use of coal, and that this pro- 
 blem is of sucii import as to iperit an intensive study by 
 a qualified engineer. In no other way does it seem possible 
 to eliminate the causes of excessive coal consumption, 
 
 11. USE OP SUPPLIES BY JANITORS AND ENGINEERS 
 
 In the year 1916-17, ^8500 was appropriated for 
 janitor and engineers' su]pplies. The amoiint of janitorial 
 supplies usiod by the individual schools for the year 1915-16 
 on a room basis varied from § .35 to ^plO.l? per room per 
 year. The average consumption tms 03.46; 43 elemenlBry 
 schools went above this while 66 schools spent less than 
 this amount. 
 
 This wide variation in consumption of janitors' 
 supplies indicates that a more careful control may reduce 
 the quantities of supplies used. The Business Manager has 
 inaugurated a control of the use of implements, such as 
 brooms, shovels, etc., by refusing n©w ones unless the old 
 
" Ed -* 
 
 39iXi 
 
 ■afigeo. rne'XBqqs: 
 
- 64 - 
 
 ones are returned and are found to bo ./orthless. 
 
 In the use of sv/eeping compound alone more than a 
 few hundred dollars might be saved if it is found practic- 
 able for the Board to buy the sav;dust and to prejjare its ovm 
 compound. At the present time ^^1. 33-1/3 per hundred v/eight 
 is being paid for a prepared compound, of v;hich it is es- 
 timated 1185 cent will be needed during the present year, 
 costing $1580, A possible saving of 7^ has been estimated 
 by the Superintendent of one of Detroit's office btiildings, 
 if the sweeping compound is prepared by the Board of Sduca.- 
 tion. 
 
 12. PAY FOR car:] OF SmftER PI.AYGROUTOS ?c E^/ENING 
 RECREATION CENTERS 
 
 During the summer of 1915, the Recreation Comi'nis- 
 sion maintains playgrounds on school property. Last summer 
 there were 38. The daily sessions of these iDlaygroimds are 
 held from 12 to 8 P.M., during- which time the basements of 
 the schools v/ero opened for convenience of the children at- 
 tending the playgrounds. In order that the school property 
 might be guarded propierly, an employee of the Board of 
 Education, usually the en^dneer of the school, remains i"" 
 the building until 8 P. M, and locks the buildi:ag for the 
 niRht. It is the duty of this caretaker merel,^,^ to see that 
 the children do not violate school property. The regular 
 hours of the engineers in these schools is from 8 A.M. to 
 4 P.M., therefore, necessitating four hours overtime on the 
 part of the engineers. For these four hours, they were paid 
 
- 65 - 
 
 |l.§0 a day for 60 days v;hich comprised the playground sea- 
 son, the total amount of salaries paid out last summer for 
 this purpose being 03,585. Upon the resolution of the 
 Board of 'Edudation, which was passed near the end of the 
 summer 1916, the Recreation Commission will he obliged to 
 pay for 1917 $2.25 a day for the four hours overtime, total- 
 ing $5,255, if the same number of playgrounds are maintained 
 during the summer of 1917, 
 
 It is not intent here to pass judgement upon che 
 justice of rjaying |pl,50 or $2,25 for four hours of watching 
 the building, altho it may be noted thatb ^2.25 for this 
 work is more than reasonably good. It is intended, however, 
 to comment upon an expenditure of $5,255 v;hich could be 
 saved to the citj'' v/ilihout injustice to anybody concerned. 
 It is true that the money paid engineers for this purpose 
 does not some from the funds of the Board of Sducation, but 
 ■it is also true that the fimds come frogi the city taxes, 
 the same source from the Boarc of Education derives its 
 funds. This fact would seem to inspire the same care for 
 economy in the expenditure of this money in the members of 
 the Board of Education as seems to be felt by them, in ex- 
 pending the funds appropriated directly to the Board. 
 
 Luring the summer, the engineers in the schools 
 
 have absolutely nothing to do, and with no duties , there 
 seems to be no need for their attendance at the school at 
 any specific eight hours during the, (v.ay. The interests of 
 
.a Bdi 
 
- 66 - 
 the Board of Education would be just as well guarded and 
 preserved if the engineers were present at the school build- • 
 ing from 12 to 8 P.M. daily, instead of from 8 A.M. to 4 P.M. 
 daily. By having engineers commence their day at noon dur- 
 ing the summer they v/ould "be present during the eight hours 
 v/hen the playgrounds are in session, thus, obviating the need 
 for four hours overtime, and the resultant extra pay. 
 
 In this connection, it is espGdially interesting 
 to note that in the following schools,- Bishop, Garfield, 
 Norvell, Russell, and Northwestern High, where playgrounds 
 are maintained, the Board of Education retains a staff of 
 janitors and engineers in each of the schools of at least 
 four persons, and as many as thirteen on full pay during 
 the summer months without any work to do. This is not stat- 
 ing it too strongly, because all of these schools are eleraen 
 tary schools on a high school basis, or high schools where 
 chief janitors and chief engineers and assistant janitors 
 and assistant engineers are employed for t./elve months a 
 year. 
 
 A somewhat similar dondition exists in the even- 
 ing recreation centres. The Recreation Commission maintainr 
 25 play centres in 25 schools v;here the Board of Education, 
 at the same time, conducts evening schools. The Engineers 
 in these schools receive S2.00 per night from the Board of 
 Edxication for their service until 9 P.M. and as the play 
 centime is open un^il 10 P.M. and additional dollar is paid 
 engineers by the Recres^ticn Commission for thi'-. extra ho':r. 
 
i£iXyRirG< 
 
 -OO 
 
- 67 - 
 
 It seems that for the §2.00 received ''oy the en- 
 gineer he may reasonably he expected to remain in the build' 
 ing untiT TH x^.M. This extra hour^s pay costs the city 
 of Detroit approximately ;)2400 3. year,. 
 
- 68- 
 
 1. SUGGESTED CMWGES 
 
 a« Appointment of a Chief Engineer 
 
 For building up an efficient corps of engineers 
 and janitors who will properly talce care of the expensive 
 plants of the Board of Education, to derive the ma:;:imum hene- 
 fits from the modern heating and ventilating systems in the 
 schools, the primary requisite is the appointment of a chief 
 engineer who will be responsilDle for this branch of the ser- 
 vice . 
 
 It is recommended that for this purpose a mechan- 
 ical engineer be secured v/ith experience in heating and ven- 
 tilation. If as his assistant, when one is necessary, a 
 young sanitary engineer could be secured, the operation of 
 buildings would be in charge of a \rell-rounded executive 
 staff who should be able to give proficient direction to 
 the heating, ventilating, and general sanitary conditions 
 of the schools. 
 
 b. Appointments and Dismissals 
 
 For the present and immediate future no new men 
 need be appointed, because a reorganization of the service 
 and a reassignment of duties will probably result in creat- 
 ing a considerable number of superfluous engineers and jani- 
 tors, who can be appointed to new schools. But when new 
 men are required, it is recommended that the candidates for 
 all positions in this branch be selected from lists pre- 
 pared by the Civil Service Commission, which acta as the 
 employment agent of the city, assuming that the Civil Ser- 
 
- 69 - 
 
 vice CommiSGion can and does revise its •jolicy of certify- 
 ing only one name for appointment. This will .erve the two* 
 fold purpose of relieving Board of Education officials from 
 the continue>l pressure brought to bear upon them to appoint 
 persons to jobs, and will free the administrative officers 
 from the task of looking for candidates. 
 
 The above recommendation is made vvith the reserva- 
 tion that the chief engineer will have the right to refuse 
 undesirable candidates sent him or to dismiss them any time 
 during the probation period without restrictions, beyond 
 filing reasons for dismissal. It is extremely important 
 that the Board of Education have an opportunity to pass 
 upon the personal qualifications of its janitors and en- 
 gineers beca.uEe of the contact vvith school children and 
 teachers had by these employes. In fact, good character 
 is the foremost requirement in hiring engineers and ja.ni'-!-. 
 tors for school buildings. The direct method of employ- 
 ment is suggested because the Board of Education can in 
 this way pass upon all of the candidates, from chief en- 
 gineers to cleaners. 
 
 In order to prevent future inconveniences in the 
 service and complications for the Board of Education, it 
 is desirable that employes be required to prove their 
 physical fitness to do the work by submitting to ?. medical 
 examination. Not long ago one of the janitors developed 
 a heinia, claimed to be caused by his duties; whether he 
 suffered from this before he entered the. service was a 
 qu'.ation important to uociclc. 
 
- 70 - 
 
 c» Promotions 
 
 Promotion to Isetter jobs can be used by the Board 
 of Education as a means for increasing and maintaining ef- 
 ficient service. By transferring men from smaller to larger 
 schools as vacancies occur and by promoting assistants to 
 higher jobs, an incentive for doing good work will be created. 
 Such incentive is lacking now because only in rare instances 
 do promotions come to the existing staff. As a rule new men 
 are recruited for. vacancies and for the new schools, whether 
 the vacancy is in a high school or in a small elementary 
 school. 
 
 d. Supervision 
 
 It is recommended that the chief engineer be the 
 executive head of this division of the Board of Education 
 and that he and his assistant direct the work of engineers 
 and janitors. This will include supervision thru instruc- 
 tion and thru regular visits to the schools. 
 
 Principals, as executive heads of the schools and 
 responsible for the proper care of the buildings, can super- 
 vise in a negative way only - i.e. by inspecting the build- 
 ing and seeing that the rules governing the duties of engin- 
 eers and janitors are carried out. Violations of the rules 
 should be reported to the chief engineer. 
 
 8. Size of Staff for Each School 
 
 An effort was made in foregoing sections of the 
 report that the number of persons employed in individual 
 schools was too large, that there was no standard foym of 
 
■'.i z^oK 
 
 .cno- 
 
 •i)3*.f 
 
 ■,n'i3?c^.- 
 
 XQll 
 
 '^t 01 e 
 
 :;noq8 9's: 
 
 ^J-Troqe's 
 
~ 71 - 
 
 of organization, and that the present organization of the 
 work is such as t> result in much unused time during cer- 
 tain portions of the day and a consequent excess of help 
 for the amount of actual labor involved in operating a 
 building not of the best. It was also suggested that a 
 reorganization of the staffs in the schools and a reassign- 
 ment of duties could result in a reduction of the nioraber of 
 persons employed without detriment to the proper care of 
 building. As a basis for this reorganisation it is recom- 
 mended that a study be made by the chief engineer, to de- 
 termine 
 
 The maximum amount of work an engineer can do 
 in eight hours is. operating a heating and venti- 
 lating plant, measured in teims of coal handled, 
 attention given to the plant, ai-.d such other basis 
 as the chief engineer may deem practical 
 
 How many hours, actually, need be spent by engin- 
 eers in operating the plants ir various sized 
 schools 
 
 Hovi-' many hours a day an engineer can give to 
 other duties such as cleaning. This of course 
 presupposes sufficient time de%'oted to the 
 heating and ventilating plant 
 
 How much area the engineer can clean during these 
 hours not devoted to the boiler room 
 
 How many hours of additional help the engineer 
 V7ill require to clean the building 
 
 How extensive an area of class room, hall, side- 
 walk and windows one man can clean in a qork day; 
 one woman - restricted to irdoor work 
 
 During how many months of the year engineers la 
 tfie-'- larger schools need firemen to assist in the 
 operation of t];.e heating plant 
 
- 72 - 
 
 During what hours of the day clecnin,3: can be done 
 in the schools; v/hether cleaners shall he on d-i^ty 
 from 8:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M„, or shall come on duty 
 in the aiternoon, so that the amount of time lost 
 in waiting for classrooms to hecome vacant he elim- 
 inated ■ 
 
 For this study it is suggested that an 8, 14, and 
 86 room huilding he taken as a basis, and that a test crew be 
 used consisting of an engineer, janitor, and janitress of 
 average ability.. 
 
 It is further suggested that t ore be made a dis- 
 tinct differentiation between the character of vorlz to be 
 performed b^^ m.en, and that to be demanded of v^oraen; that 
 wherever women can be usod, it be done , It is •.economical 
 to p£iy men §79.86 per month for practically the same work 
 the women are doing novv in most insta^aces for 053 = 24 per 
 month . 
 
 It is believed that a m.a::imiira of five men is suf- 
 ficient to operate the hea,ting and ventilating plants of any 
 of the high schools, if the staff is organized as per the 
 
 following suggestion: 
 
 Mornin^?; watch-6;0C A.M. -2:00 P.M. 1 Engineer,! Fireman 
 Aiternoon " -2:00 P.M. 10:00 P-M. 1 " 1 '' 
 Wight " 10:00 p. M. -6:00 A. Mo 1 " 
 
 f . Payment o f Enginee rs and Janitors 
 
 It is not intended here to state wha.t the rate of 
 pay should be except tliat a fair vrage be paid for the aaoimt 
 and nature of work to be done. 
 
 K This rate, it is S'.ig':6Si-.ed, be decided after 
 tests have been made of the amoiint ox labor involved in oper- 
 
^.^il.V »' 
 
 oaol amx^ 'ic 
 
- 73 - 
 
 ating a building and of the character of the v/ork essential 
 to operate it properly- A suggested unit of payment is the 
 heat load for the engineers and the square foot area for 
 janitors. It raa.y be found advisable or even necessary to 
 vary the rate of pay for cleaning a square foot with the 
 character of the building, determined by the age, construc- 
 tion and location of the school. Some schools are more 
 difficult to keep clean than others, because of any or all 
 three of these factors. 
 
 While the salaries paid in commercial buildings 
 are not presented as standards of remuneration for such 
 work, yet they may be taken as a guide in deciding how such 
 labor is valued in Detroit , .Another factor which enters 
 into the situation of fixing a salary schedule at this time 
 is the condition of the labor market in Detroit, in which.,: 
 as it happens, desirable common labor is scarce. 
 
 Paying $2.00 per night to engineers in the high 
 schools during those months when evening school is in ses- 
 sion should be discontinued because the regular hours of 
 duty include night work, and for this one salary is already 
 being pa, id* 
 
 g, CXasGifying Buildings 
 
 For purposes of operating it is recommeiided that 
 classifying schools as high or elementary be discontinued. 
 Every building should be judged as so much space to be 
 heated, vexitiU-.ted and cleaned, and the number of engineers 
 and janitors should be hired on the required amount of work 
 
■•^nT',''.f?c 
 
 '.rft xtBV 
 
- 74- - 
 
 to be done. 
 
 Such classification vt-ill preclude an automatic 
 increase of lOO/^o in the staff of an elementary school, just 
 because it has been classed as a high school, and not be- 
 cause 1005^ increase in the staff is a necessity. 
 
 In this connection, it is recommended that all 
 the elementary schools on a "high school basis", be re- 
 duced to the same basis as the other elementary schools 
 and that only the amount of help necessary to operate 
 them be retained. This action v/ill save over $20,000 with- 
 out detriment to the schools in question. 
 
 '*'.. School f or Enj^ine ers & Janitors 
 
 There is a most efficient and a most economical 
 method of cleaning and heating a building. It is recom- 
 mended that such desirable methods be ado'-.ted as standards 
 and that they be taught the engineers and janitors. 
 
 The plan of instruction may take the form of or- 
 ganizing the engineers and janitors in respective groups 
 and teaching these groups the best way to do their work. 
 Or else such instruction may be given by the Chief Engin- 
 eer and his assistant to individual engineers and janitors 
 when visiting the schools. The group method seems prefer- 
 able because of the value to be derived from collective 
 thought and suggestions when a number of individuals in the 
 same line of work get together. 
 
 In the City of Kew York, the Department of Street 
 Cleaning has established a school for its recruits and em- 
 
■tBr;r , loc . .-SBeioni 
 
- 75 - 
 
 ployes, and it was surprising to find how much wasted ef- 
 fort was being used even by the oldest employes in so 
 apparently simple an operating as hand "brooming. 
 
 1. Book of Rules 
 
 It is recommended that a book of rules be pre- 
 pared outlining in detail the duties of engineers and jani- 
 tors, and as far as is expedient furnishing instructions 
 as to the manner in which they should perform their work, 
 Not only will such book of rules be a guide to the engin- 
 eers and .janitors themselves, but it v'll serve as an aid 
 to principals in seeing that their schools are properly 
 cared for. Theynwill know just what to expect of an engir- 
 eer or a .janitor and the latter will know just what is ex- 
 pected of them- Printed rules and instructions leave no 
 opportunity for arguments. 
 
 k. Records 
 
 The following records to be kept in the Chief 
 Engineer's office are suggested: 
 
 Daily report from engineers as to amount of coal 
 consumed, heat maintained, etc. 
 
 Individual history card for each employe, upon 
 which will be recorded a history of his service, - 
 the favorable and unfavorable incidents. 
 
 Monthly report from, storekeeper on amount of sup- 
 plies issued to each school. This report in use now. 
 
 1. Repair Work 
 
 lb is su'^geated r,hat at some future date, after a re- 
 organ is cit ion has b- en affected, that plans be worked 
 out by which the spare tirae of employes during school 
 vacation periods be utilized on repair work. 
 
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