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 HISTOID "^ 
 
 
 CUMBERLAND, 
 
 MARYLAND) 
 
 KK(tM THK TIME UF THK INDIAN TOWN, CAIUCTUCUC, 
 IN 1728, UP TO THE PRESENT DAY, 
 
 EMBRACING AN ACCOUNT OF 
 
 Washington's First Campaign, 
 
 AND 
 
 BATTLE OF FORT NECESSITY, 
 
 TOGETHKK WITH A 
 
 Wm OF BRADDOGK'S EIPEDITION, 
 
 &c., &c., &c. 
 
 WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 BY WILL H. LOWDERMILK. 
 
 ■ i-irtthei* up tlie F*ra<>"idts tbjit reinain." 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 •lAMKS ANGLIM, 1424 V STREET 
 
 1878. 
 
 
 % 
 
/- 
 
 
 Entered accordiug to Act of Cnnsrress, in the year 1878, by 
 ,<'- WILL H. LOWDERMILK, 
 
 in the oflSoe of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. 
 
 Will H. Lowdximilli, Printer 
 Cumberland, Md. 
 
TO 
 
 THE MEMORY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE EARLY SETTLERS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 QUEEN CITY OF THE ALLEGHANIES. 
 
 BY THE AUTHOR. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Fort Cumberland, . . . Frontispiece. 
 Plan of Fort Necessity, .... Page 76 
 Plan of Fort Cumberland. .... 92 
 
 PoRTKAlT OF BrADDOCIv. ..... 100 
 
 Mat of Braddock's Route, .... 140 
 Braddock's Grave in 1850 .... 18S 
 liRADDociv's Grave in 1877 . . . ' . 190 
 
 Cresap's Fort 254 
 
 The Old- Milestone 257 
 
 Washington's Headquarters .... 280 
 Plat of Cumberland ..... 284 
 
 The '-Narrows" S'd2 
 
 City Hall 420 
 
 Court House . . . .434 
 
 .'Vli.wjany Coi'ntv Academy .... 434 
 
i 
 
INDEX. y 
 
 P'ort Cuiiit'erlami, Indian women and jealousy 123 127 
 
 letter from Braddnek 130,135-137 
 
 Colonel Innes appointed Governor 135 
 
 Maryland militia sent to 152 
 
 arrival of the retreatint? army 174184 
 
 letter from Captain Orme 180 
 
 " Colonel Dunbar 184 
 
 Dnnhar's retreat from 185 
 
 Newspaper re)iorts from 193, 194 
 
 the wounded at 197 
 
 Indian outratjes at 198-201. 244 
 
 Governor Sharpe's opinion of it 198 
 
 the garrison is strengthened 199 
 
 troulile as to the command 202-206 
 
 letter from General Shirley 205 
 
 beseiged by Indians 207, 210 
 
 Colonel Innes' queer let r 209 
 
 Killbuck's visit 211, 212 
 
 Washington urges its ai.<tndonment 214 
 
 Diuwidtlie opposes the idea 215, 216 
 
 question referred to a council 215,216 
 
 orders to strengthen 216 
 
 ' — Colonel Stephen in command 217 
 
 memoramluni of atfairs a1 218 
 
 spies arrested at 219 
 
 I<or)l Loudon's opinion of 220 
 
 Washington's headquarters at 221, 222 
 
 Virginia troops ordered away 224 
 
 Maryland refuses to garrison ;'. 225 
 
 Washington departs from 226 
 
 Dagworthy in command 227 
 
 an Indian alarm 227 
 
 Reinforcements arriveat 227 
 
 address in Maryland Legislature regarding 229 
 
 Washington returns to 233 
 
 Indian reintbrcements at 234 
 
 scanty supplies and sickness at 242 
 
 Governor Sharpe arrives at 244 
 
 explosion of magazine at 248 
 
 Washington's command leaves ..247 
 
 a garrison of British troops 253 
 
 abandonment of 256 
 
 Fort Duquesne 232 
 
 Fort Frederick 197 
 
 Fort Mount Pleasant 83-88 
 
 Fort Necessity 73-80 
 
 capitulation of 77, 78 
 
 Fossitt, Thomas, claims he shot Braddoek 187 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin's letter to Pennsylvanians 112-114 
 
 Fry, Colonel Joshua 48.61, 71 
 
 Gage, General, letter to Governor Sharpe 256 
 
 Garrett eountv established 432 
 
 Gist, Christopher 27, 28, 41, 71, 82, 86, 152, 153 
 
 Gist, Nathaniel 167 
 
 Glass works 303 
 
 GraS', Henrv, murdered 381 
 
 Grant, Major 249-251 
 
 Hadel, Dr. .1. F. C murdered 381 
 
 Halkett, Major Francis 247, 248 
 
 Halkett. Sir Peter 95, 130, 1.35, 154, 155, 161 
 
 Harris, an exceutric character 315 
 
 Highwaymen on National Road 335 
 
 Home Industry 337 
 
 2 
 
10 INDEX. 
 
 Hotel rates esta 1)1 ishetl by law 277 
 
 Inilians, tnwns 18, 19 
 
 graves 24, 25 
 
 confcreiice at Fort C'uniberlaud ...119 
 
 iiieiirsions 207 
 
 at Fort Cumberlaml 220, 224 
 
 massacres by 198-201 
 
 wardauce 120, 126 
 
 warriors ami women 12.3, 124 
 
 ■• Will" 21, 22 
 
 " Killlnick" 211,212 
 
 Searoovaildi Ufi, 12.i, 149, 161 
 
 Tunes, Colonel Jame.s 82, 87, Wl,135, 188, 179, 197, 202, 209 
 
 .lack, Captain 109, l;«, 134 
 
 Jumonville 47, 54, 67, 69, 70, 74 
 
 La Ohoisie 176 
 
 Letters from Fort Cumberland, reporting Braddock's defeat 183 
 
 Little Meadow.s 53 
 
 Livirgstone, Major .lames, in command of Fort Cumberland 208 
 
 surpri^iC^ ibe Indian'^ 210 
 
 degrades Kiilbuek 211-212 
 
 sueceede<i by Colonel Stepiien 217 
 
 Loudon, Lord, letter to Itinwiddie 220 
 
 MacKaye, Captain 73, 79, 81 
 
 Marquette, Fatber - 35 
 
 Maryland ..Vsseml)ly 195, 196 
 
 Maryland supplies imjn anil money 232 
 
 Market House. 276,350 
 
 McLuigblio, Captain VVilliain's, com|)any iu war of 1812 296, 297 
 
 McLaugblin, Tbomas, executed 370 
 
 McSwine, Hugh's, Hight for life 223 
 
 Militia 301,309, 383 
 
 Monongabela, battle ot 159-102 
 
 nigbt before the battle 154, 155 
 
 on tlie battle field 157 
 
 the retreat 163 
 
 the killed and wounded 164-166 
 
 the vietori()us French 175 
 
 Miller, Frederick, murders two citizens 381-383 
 
 Munfoid, Robert, letter to Colonel Bland 235, 236 
 
 Neraacoliu • 29 
 
 Newspaper Reports of affairs at Fort Cumberlanil 193, 194 
 
 Newspapers 301, .306, 316, .321, 329, 357, 375, 377, .386.402, 408, 423, 429 
 
 Ohio Company, The 26-33 
 
 Old houses,.,;. 280-284, 289-291, 299,300 
 
 Ord, General E. O. C 282 
 
 Orme, Lieutenant, aid-de camp 104 
 
 letter to Washington 107 
 
 wounded 161, 164 
 
 devotion to Hravldoek 162 
 
 letter to Governor .Sharpe lSO-182 
 
 Political Campaigns 347, 366 
 
 Postollice established at Cumberland 275 
 
 Potomac Kiver 23. 312, 313 
 
 Postina^r.-i-^. Iis( of 4.S5 
 
 Postoffice, established in Cumberland 275 
 
 Powder House blown up 358, 359 
 
 Property owners in 1813 293-295 
 
 Public schools 279, 314, 366 
 
 Quantrell, .Jesse D. E 362-364 
 
 Remarkable accident 308 
 
 River transportation 311-313, 316, 333 
 
 Road, the first to the West 51 
 
 Road. Braddock's 136-154 
 
 \ 
 
INDEX. 11 
 
 Road, The National H32-334. .«6, 339, 341, 344, 366 
 
 Koads, a ooniparison of. 242 
 
 Koad betwcfn Forts Cuiuberland and Fredeiick 252,253 
 
 Koad, st-ciind tn llii- Ohio 237 
 
 Kochcblave,de l76, 218 
 
 .Settleis, eaily ul" ths town 262 
 
 Westot Fiiit Cumbfiland 263 266 
 
 Sharpe, Governor, Ills visit to Will's Creek 83 
 
 inspects the Hotornac River 103 
 
 address to the ije^islature regarding Indian outrages 150-151 
 
 visits Fort Cumberland to reassur-e the settlers 192 
 
 returns to Annapolis 252 
 
 again visits Fort Cumberland.. 244 
 
 takes command oT Fort Cumber-land 248 
 
 Shirley, CJeneraTs letter to Governor Sharpe 206 
 
 reception of" Wasllington 204 
 
 Spendelow, Lieutenant 136, 137 
 
 Stage lines 309-311, 353, 354, 369 
 
 Stanwix Colonel marches to Fort Cumberland 227 
 
 letter to Governor- Shar"pe 228 
 
 Stephens, Captain promoted 201 
 
 in command of Fort Cuirrber-land 202 
 
 letter to Governor- of Perjnsv-lvania 217 
 
 niar-ch to Uaystown 233 
 
 his obituar-v of live heroes 267 
 
 Stewart, Hon. Anrirew 188, 189, 191 
 
 St. Clair-, Sir- .hrhn, Deputv Quartermaster General 95 
 
 arrives at Fort Cumberlaird 103 
 
 ter, itlic threats of 108 
 
 purchases of transjirrrtation 106 
 
 Spottswood, Captain and party massacred 228 
 
 .Spy executed at Fort Cumberlana 219 
 
 Svvann, Koberl 373, 374 
 
 Swearlngen, George 317-319 
 
 Tanacharison, the Half-King 43, 49 
 
 Trent, Captain's mission to Indians 39 
 
 neglect of dutv 49 
 
 Van Braani, .lacob 41, 79 
 
 Vaudreville, M. letter regarding Fort Cumberland 218 
 
 Virginia troops w-ithdi-awn from Fort Cumberland 224 
 
 Waggoner, Captain 161 
 
 Walnut Bottom 258 
 
 War of 1812 295-299 
 
 Ward, Ensign 47,49 
 
 Washington's first visit lo Will's Creek -. 41-4S 
 
 journal 55-72 
 
 at Logstown 43 
 
 Lieutenant Colonel, at Will's Creek 48 
 
 letter to Governor Sharpe 59 
 
 " " the Half-King 59 
 
 at Fort Necessity 5o-S2 
 
 resignation 102 
 
 aid decamp 107, 117 
 
 I letter to his brother '. 121 
 
 " " William Fairfax 132 
 
 sick on the march 149 
 
 at the battle of the Monongahela 154, 160, 167, 168 
 
 letter to Governor Innes 178 
 
 letter to his brother 180 
 
 return to Mount Vernon 197 
 
 appointed Commander-in-Chief 201 
 
 letter to Speaker Robinson 214 
 
 " " Dinwiddle 215-217, 219-222 
 
 wants Fort Cumberland abandoned 213 
 
 plan of defense 217 
 
12 INDEX. 
 
 Washington, letter to Dinwiddle 225 
 
 march to Fort Curuherhvnd 233 
 
 letters to Colonel Bouquet 233,236, 237, 238, 240,244 
 
 men in Indian dress 234 
 
 expenses of his election 236 
 
 letter to Speaker Robinson 245 
 
 " " Mrs. Fairfax 246 
 
 return to Mount Vernon 253 
 
 Washingtontown 259 
 
 Whisky Insurrection 273-275 
 
 Will's Creek: origin of name 21 
 
 a trading post 29, 30 
 
 aflairs at 34-88 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 For yeai's past I have spent much time in gathering 
 scraps of history regarding Fort Cumberland and its 
 surroundings, having no other object than the grati- 
 fication of my curiosity as to the early events of 
 the place of my birth and that of my ancestors. 
 Becoming constantly more interested in the work, 
 and finding so much of national as well as local 
 impoi'tance clustered about the old Fort, I finally 
 determined to embody in as comprehensive a form 
 as possible, for future preservation, all that coukl 
 be learned of the place, from the time its primeval 
 forests were first disturbed by the crack of the 
 pioneer's rifie up to the close of the centennial 
 year of our nation. The task thus self-imposed was 
 i'ound to be no easy one, but was persevered in from 
 the conviction that it was a duty not to be neglected. 
 The paucity of reliable history, in every section oi" 
 Maryland, made this duty uwre apparent. The 
 difficulties to be overcome, and the obstacles to be 
 surmounted, were greater than I had anticipated, 
 since the events of many years were involved in 
 almost total obscurity, or^ left to the chances of 
 tradition, A^hich is at best uncertain. 
 
 Some of the ideas originally entertained as to the 
 scope of this work have been, of necessity, abandoned. 
 
14 mSTOET OF CTTMBEEUUTD. 
 
 Of these, I may mention the purpose of recording the 
 family history' of the first, or earlier, settlers of the 
 town. Satisfactory data as to but few of these 
 families can now be obtained, despite most strenuous 
 efforts made in that direction. Consequently this 
 purpose could not be carried out without lading the 
 author open to the charge of invidious discrimination. 
 
 To make this history perfect, the careful perusal 
 of old manuscripts and newspapers, volumes of history, 
 local and general, records of Legislative, court and 
 council proceedings, miscellaneous collections of notes 
 and memoranda, as well as private papers, became 
 necessary': and in manv instances these were so 
 imperfect as to seem to baffle the most dilligent 
 research. The labor of interviewing the oldest 
 citizens was conscientiously performed, and many 
 missing links thus obtained. Their recollections 
 form part of the chain connecting the earlier and 
 latter existence of Cumberland, and binding the story 
 of the settlement to the town's birth. 
 
 The impossibility of making such a work perfect, 
 in every detaiL must be apparent to ever)- one; and 
 is certainh" fully comprehended b)- the author. I 
 have, however, striven in good faith, and without 
 stint of labor, to lift the veU which has so long 
 shrouded the past of our city, and to give a faithful 
 and accurate record of the march of events, from the 
 traditionary period ante-dating the establishment of 
 the "King's Fort," through the jears of bloodshed 
 when the banner of England was borne over these 
 hills in the face of a savage foe, up to the present day 
 and generation. While asking for its imperfections 
 
PREFACE. 15 
 
 the most lenient judgment. I trust the reader may 
 find as much pleasure in the perusal of this volume, 
 as the writer has found in its preparation. 
 
 I am under obligations, for valuable assistance, to 
 Mr. A. R. Spoiford. the learned and indefatigable 
 Librarian of the Congressional Library; to Colonel 
 Brantz Mayer, of Baltimore; Hon. A. R. Boteler, 
 of Virginia; Mr. Lyman C. Draper, of the Wisconsin 
 Historical Library ; Mr. James Anglim. publisher, of 
 Washington ; Dr Joseph Toner, of Washington ; Mr. 
 E. D. Butler, of the Department of Maps. British 
 Museum. London; Mr. R. A. Brock, Librarian of the 
 Virginia Historical Library : Mr. James Veech. of 
 Pittsburgh ; Mr. A. C. Nutt. of Uniontown, Pa.; Mr. 
 D. Shriver Stewart, of Washington City ; Mr. Benson 
 J. Lossing. the eminent historian; Mr. John B. 
 Hurley. Assistant Secretary of the Treasury : Mr. H. 
 D. Black. of Xew York; the Librarian of the Maryltind 
 Historical Society; Messrs. Theodore Luman. Clerk 
 of the Court ; T. Leiper Patterson. Civil Engineer ; 
 L B. Millner and L. T. Dickinson, of Cumberland ; 
 the last two named for some of the sketches given. 
 
 For many of the facts recorded I have had recoiurse 
 to the pages of Spark's Writings of Washington. 
 Irving's Lite of Washington. Sargent's Braddock, 
 the Colonial RccorIs, Pennsylvania Archives. The 
 Olden Time, the Pennsylvania Gazette, the Universal 
 Magazine, Sharpe's MS. correspondence. The Monon- 
 zahela of Old. Kercheval's Historv of the Vallev. 
 Dodriddge's Notes, and others. 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
CAI-UC-TU-CUC. 
 
 1728-1751. 
 
 For nearly two hundred and fifty years after the 
 discovery of the New World had been made known 
 to the nations of the Eastern Hemisphere, by the 
 great Genoese navigator, the country lying along the 
 base of the AUeghanies was a trackless wilderness. 
 The march of civilization made but little advance 
 in its progress from the sea-shore to the mountain 
 fastnesses, and the new-comers seemed content to 
 settle down upon the coast, whence they could look 
 out upon the expanse of ocean which separated 
 them from the ideas and theories they had left 
 forever when they spread their sails to the heaven- 
 invoked breezes which were to waft them to a 
 strange but prolific world. For nearly two centuries 
 and a half had the gorgeous hues of autumn tinted 
 these boundless forests, ere the white man came to 
 behold their beauties. These mountains and valleys 
 were peopled by the Red Man, whose history was 
 dimly preserved in unsubstantial legend, and who 
 was destined to yield his possessions to the sure 
 
 encroachments of Anglo-Saxon intelligence. 
 3 
 
 / 
 
18 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 1728.] 
 
 The first attempt to penetrate this virgin wilder- 
 ness, with an idea looking to conquest and possession, 
 was made by Governor Spottswood in 1714, when 
 he, with a following of the youthful chivalry of 
 Virginia, sought to realize the golden visions he had 
 long delighted in, regarding the paradise beyond the 
 mountains. His zeal and enthusiasm led hitn to the 
 discovery of the beautiful Valley of Virginia, as well 
 as the realization of the fact that the geography of 
 the region was on a grander scale than he had 
 anticipated. The great Apalachian range still 
 separated him from the head-waters of the Ohio, 
 which he had expected to find at the western base 
 of the Blue Ridge, but the daring enterprise of 
 himself and his followers opened a charming valley 
 to the hundreds of immigrants who were then 
 arriving upon our shores. 
 
 Of the region bordering on the upper Potomac, 
 however, there is no history, either written or oral, 
 to enlighten us as to the events of an epoch earlier 
 than about 1728. At that date there was located 
 in the Province of Maryland, at the junction of 
 two streams known as the Cohongaronta and the 
 Caiuctucuc, an Indian town, which also lx)re the 
 latter name. The town of Caiuctucuc was built on 
 the ground lying between these streams, from their 
 confluence to a point some distance up the river 
 Cohongaronta, the greater portion of the town being 
 located upon the site of the west side of the present 
 city of Cumberland. Other towns were dotted along 
 the river's bank, for a distance of more than fort}' 
 miles, the most easterly being the present site of 
 
172S.] INDIAN VILLAGES. 19 
 
 Oldtown, Allegany county, Maryland. A century 
 ago the settlement at that point was called 
 •' Shawanese Oldtown, " but of late years the 
 explanatory prefix has been entirely dropped, and 
 the place is now known simply as Oldtown. Other 
 villages were scattered about between the Virginia 
 and Pennsylvania lines, two of which were not far 
 distant from Caiuctucuc. One of these was located 
 in the narrow valley, three miles westward, on the 
 banks of Braddock's Run, on what is now known as 
 the Eckles' place, and within a few yards of the line 
 of the present National Road, just where it is crossed 
 by the Eckhart Railroad. Within the memoi-y of 
 men now living there were many relics of this village 
 in existence. The ground was heavily timbered 
 throughout that valley, and a clearing of several 
 acres had been made there, in which were still to be 
 seen the remnants of the small huts used by the 
 natives. Just across the ridge, in Cash Vallej^, was 
 another village of the same character ; and still 
 another, of greater dimensions, was situated near the 
 spot on which Cresaptown stands, probably a little 
 nearer the river. 
 
 The inhabitants of this region were a portion of 
 the Shawanese tribe, a sub-division of the Algonquin 
 group, one of the most warlike combinations of that 
 period. Tlie warriors engaged in hunting and 
 fishing, and game was sufficiently abundant both in 
 wood and water to supply them with all that was 
 needed of food and furs. While the men engaged 
 in the pursuits of the chase, or went upon the war 
 path, their families were left at home to till the soil, 
 
20 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 1728.] 
 
 the rich bottom lands yielding abundant crops of 
 maize and grass. At what time the village of 
 Caiuctucuc was deserted is left to conjecture, as 
 the earliest map of this region, which was made 
 in 1751, and is now to be seen in the Congressional 
 Library, at Washington, simply marks the territory 
 designated as " Abandoned Shawanese Lands," and 
 at that time roving bands of Indians of other tribes, 
 with scattered lodges, were found here by the hardy 
 pioneers, whose venturesome spirits led them so far 
 beyond the limits of civilization; while the ShaAV- 
 anese thickly peopled the banks of the Ohio, and the 
 Monongahela, west of the AUeghanies. 
 
 The town of Caiuctucuc was of respectable dimen- 
 sions, and consisted principally of lodges built in a 
 primitive manner. Two forked posts were driven 
 firmly into the gTOund, and on these was laid a 
 ridge pole. Small saplings, cut to a length of about 
 eight feet, were laid against this pole, one end resting 
 on the ground, forming a shelter similar to the /\^ 
 shaped tents so long in use in our armies. This was 
 covered with bark and skins, and made tight enough 
 to form a satisfactory protection against both rain and 
 snow. On the floor were spread furs, which were 
 made to do duty both as seats and beds. The 
 village had its Sachems and chief men, and was 
 subject to the general form of government which 
 controlled all branches of the Shawanese family, and 
 which was well suited to their condition. A favorite 
 article of diet amongst these Indians was a cake made 
 of maize beaten as fine as the means at connnand 
 would permit. Tliis was mixed with water, and 
 
1728.] INDIAN "WILL." 21 
 
 baked upon a flat stone which had been previously 
 heated in the fire. The trappers followed the Indians' 
 example in the baking of "Shawnee cakes," as they 
 called them, and the lapse of a few years was 
 sufficient to corrupt the term into that of "Johnny 
 Cake," so familiar tliroughout the South, and in 
 common use at this day.* 
 
 The daring trappers who first came to make friends 
 of the Red Man evidently had more regard for the 
 peltries, which were exchangeable for coin, than for 
 the beauty of difficult Indian names, by which 
 mountains and streams were designated; and with 
 the merciless hardihood of their natures they ruth- 
 lessly extinguished the aboriginal titles, and cut out 
 for after generations meaningless names, which had 
 nothing to commend them beyond their ease of 
 pronunciation. Thus, we have to-day no "Caiuctu- 
 cuc," but simply " Will's Creek. " Caiuctucuc Creek, 
 and the great mountain which forms the northern 
 boundary of the city of Cumberland, were baptised 
 ))y the earliest settlers here, as "Will's Creek," 
 and "Will's Mountain." "Will" was a full blooded 
 Indian, who with his family and a few followers, 
 remained in the land of their fathers, and despite 
 the approach of the white men did not remove 
 their wigwams, but received their strange visitors 
 with a kindly greeting, and lived upon terms of 
 intimate friendship with them. His wigwam was 
 built in a little cove lying between the west side of 
 Will's Mountain and Will's' Knob, about three miles 
 from the mouth of the creek, and in the vicinity of 
 
 ■It has been generally claimed that "Johnny Cake" was a corruption of 
 "Journey Cake." 
 
22 HISTORT OF CUJrBERLANR I~-f3.J 
 
 the rock}- fonnation known as the "Devil's Ladder." 
 He had for a neightor another Indian, kno\vn[ as Eve. 
 Indian Will exercised a sort of proprietaiy rigiit over 
 all the laud in the \acinity of his lodge, and one of 
 the earliest tracts sitrveyed, by Colonel Thomas 
 Cresap, at the instance of Governor Bladen, was 
 designated " Will's To^vn," and was located along- the 
 creek from the mouth of Jennings Run, containing 
 915 acres. The claims of Will to the oA\mei>ihip of 
 pro^^erty were res]^)ected to a certain extent; that is 
 to say, when grants were obtained the settlers did not 
 fail to give him some tritle as a pretended compensa- 
 tion. In referring to this place it became customary 
 with the settlers and trap]^)ers to use Will's name as 
 the easiest method of designating it, and in a little 
 while, very naturally, they came to speak of "Will's 
 Creek." Thus the orig-inal Indian name for the 
 .stream was lost; and the momitain finally obtained 
 its name from the creek. 
 
 The date of Will's death is not defuiitely known, but 
 that event is supposed to have occurred about the close 
 of the revolutionary war, or shortly thereafter. His 
 remains were buried on the very top of Will's Knob, 
 and the place of his sepulture is still pointed out to 
 those who are curious enough to visit it. He left 
 several children, who intermarried with white settlers, 
 and their descendants lived near the Pennsylvania 
 State line, on Will's creek, as late as 1810, but the 
 last of them has now disappeared. 
 
 In the map referred to above, and which was drawn 
 in 1751, Will's Creek is marked as "Caiuctucuc Creek," 
 and at that date was known by no other name 
 
1 74 o.] THE POTOMAC. 23 
 
 jxmongst the liulinns. It was a stroam ol" no great 
 pretensions during the summer months, hut frequently 
 overflowed its hanks after he;ivy freshets, and spread 
 over much ol' the hottom land near its mouth. Its 
 shores were thickly fringed with trees and shruhhery, 
 :nid its waters flowed lazily througli the cooling 
 shadows of the "Narrows," a grand rent in the 
 mountain, a mile to the north of the junction ol' the 
 creek with the river. 
 
 The Potomac* River obtained its name doubtless 
 froni the Potomac tribe of Indians, At the time of 
 the grant of Maryland to Lord Baltimore, in 1G32, it 
 was specified as the boundary line between V^irginia 
 and Maryland, and relerred to a.'^ "(^uiriough, or 
 Potoina<!." This title was applied to llu' river only 
 as far up as the mouth of tiie .Shenandoah. From 
 the point of its confluence with that stream up to 
 the source of the North Branch it was called 
 Cohcmgaronta, or Upper Potomac, while the South 
 Branch bore the name of tiie Wappacomo or Wappar 
 tomalva. The Cohongaronta was said to have been 
 surveyed from the mouth of the Shenandoah to the 
 head s])rings, in 17;5fi, by Mr. Benjamin Winslow. 
 but it is (piite j)robable that Mr. Winslow grew 
 wear\ ol' his task, for some reason, and abandoned 
 it prematurely, as the maps of fifteen years later are 
 far from l)eiiig correct. Inasnuich as the Potomac 
 was declared the boundary line between Virginia and 
 Maryland there was much doubt ex2:)ressed on the 
 part of tlie i)roprietary of Maryland as to the justice 
 of takini:' the North Ib'anch as the main stream. 
 
 sTlic woril I'litdniac signifies the "Place of tlie burning pine," "resembling 
 a council tire." 
 
24 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 Virginia, however, claimed through her Commissioner, 
 Hon. Charles James Faulkner, in 1882, that while 
 the South Branch was the longer, the North 
 Branch was the wider and deeper, and had the 
 greater volume of water; in addition to which 
 facts the valley of the South Branch has not the 
 general direction of the Potomac, while that of the 
 North Branch has. The discussion of this matter 
 has been frequent and of long duration, the Legislii- 
 tures having on several occasions appointed "Boundary 
 Commissioners" with a view to its settlement. There 
 has been no result further than to confirm the original 
 boundary, and the matter is now, doubtless finally 
 settled. 
 
 The lands in the vicinity of Cumberland are rich 
 in Indian relics, and an interesting collection of stone 
 pipes tomahawks, rings, tablets, quoits, &c., has been 
 made by Mr. F. M. OflFutt. These were taken from 
 graves which have been opened by various persons. 
 Along the banks of the Potomac the curious may still 
 find these graves, and the wi-itor has himself assisted 
 in the exploration of a number of them. The custom 
 of the Indians was to lay their dead upon the surface 
 of the earth, and to deposit beside them their bows, 
 arrows, tomahawks, and food in jars or crocks of 
 pottery, made of clay mixed with finely crushed flint, 
 and burned. The friends then deposited such articles 
 as they chose, and the bodies were afterwards covered 
 with stones, which were laid on to a height of about 
 two feet. Usually the stones used were boulders from 
 the bed of the river. It is probable that the graves 
 thus constructed were those of parties who were on 
 
INDIAN GRAVES. 25 
 
 the war path, or traveling from one place to another, 
 as usually not more than two or three graves are 
 found together. This is rendered more probable 
 from the fact that few such graves are found in the 
 immediate vicinity of their towns. At Bi-ady's 
 Mills, a number of skeletons were unearthed some 
 years ago, by workmen who were excavating the 
 ground for the foundations of a distillery built there 
 by Mr. Samuel Brady. These were, beyond doubt, 
 the remains of Indians, and were buried in a sitting 
 posture, some depth below the surface. This was 
 doubtless the burial ground of the Indian village 
 which lay between that place and Cresaptown. On 
 the farm of Mr. Christopher Kelley, fourteen miles 
 below Cumberland, one of these stone piles was 
 opened recently, and a beautiful serpentine pipe, of 
 green tinted stone, besides rings, &c., taken therefrom. 
 In that neighborhood, and on the opposite side of the 
 river, are several other graves of a similar character, 
 while in the valley of the South Branch they have 
 been discovered in great numbers, and hundreds of 
 relics taken from them have found their way to the 
 Smithsonian Institute. The articles thus recovered 
 were all of stone, or bone, the latter being used 
 freely as ornaments. The tomahawk was of 
 sharpened stone, having a place hollowed out on both 
 sides near the head, in which the handle was 
 fastened by strong vines, or withes. The use of 
 metals was evidently unknown to those people. 
 
THE OHIO COMPANY. 
 
 Inasmuch as the Ohio Company took a most active 
 part in the early settlement of this immediate section 
 of country, and as it has been so frequently alluded 
 to in the past, and must necessarily be, in the future, 
 it is deemed expedient to embody here a brief history 
 of the Company, and its transactions. Indeed, this 
 work would be incomplete and unsatisfactory, so far 
 as the history of Cumberland is concerned, were not 
 the important operations of the Ohio Company 
 recorded. 
 
 ^ In 1748, a number of energetic Pennsylvanians had 
 succeeded in establishing an extensive trade with the 
 Indians, throughout the valleys along the Alleghany 
 and headw aters of the Ohio. These traders employed 
 in their service a class of hardy, daring backwoods- 
 men, whom they sent into the Indian villages, with 
 supplies of blankets, rum, trinkets, guns, ammunition, 
 paints, &c., which they bartered to the Red Men for 
 furs. The traffic became so profitable that in a little 
 while it attracted the attention of others, who were 
 ready to embark in an enterprise promising such 
 rich returns. Col. Thomas Cresap, who had built for 
 
1749.] THE OHIO COMPANY. 27 
 
 himself a cabin at Oldtown, and who will be more 
 particularly referred to hereafter, joined Lawrence 
 and Augustine Washington in the project of forming 
 a company for engaging in this business, and 
 they soon united with themselves Thomas Lee, 
 one of His Majesty's Council in Virginia, and 
 twelve other persons in Virginia and Maryland, 
 besides John Hanburj-, a London merchant of wealth 
 and influence. Afterwards several other English 
 gentlemen joined the company, and in 1749 the 
 British government gave them a charter, under the 
 name of "The Ohio Company," and a grant of five 
 hundred thousand acres of land, to be located between 
 the Monongahela and Kanawha Rivers, west of the 
 Alleghanies. The company originally issued but 
 twenty shares of stock, and some of this changed 
 hands in a short while, Governor Dinwiddle and 
 George Mason becoming purchasers. Mr. Lee was 
 chosen as the principal manager of the company's 
 affairs, but he died a few months later, and Lawrence 
 Washington became his successor. One of the re- 
 quirements of the charter was, that the company 
 should select a large proportion of its lands at once, 
 some two hundred thousand acres, settle upon them 
 one hundred families within seven years, erect a 
 fort and maintain a garrison against the Indians. 
 When these terms were complied with the land was 
 to be held ten years free of quit-rent. They accord- 
 ingly set about exploring the country without delay, 
 and employed in the work Christopher Gist, an 
 energetic, fearless pioneer, and a man of considerable 
 intelligence, whose home had been on the borders of 
 
28 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1749. 
 
 North Carolina. Gist"^' was instructed to examine 
 the quality of lands, keep a journal, draw plans of 
 the country, and to report in full. He came to Will's 
 Creek in October, 1749, where he made all the prepa- 
 rations necessary for his trip, and on the olst day of 
 the same month he started on his explorations, follow- 
 ing an Indian trail, which was the only route through 
 the wilderness. He was gone some months, and made 
 his way almost to the falls of the Ohio, where 
 Louisville now stands, besides pretty thoroughly 
 exploring the ground along the Miama River. He 
 succeeded in securing the friendship of the Miamas 
 and other tribes, and although Monsieur Celeron 
 de Bienville had deposited leaden plates, bearing 
 inscriptions which proclaimed that all the lands on 
 the Ohio and its tributaries were the property of the 
 king of France; and although Captain Joncaire, with 
 his eloquence and his wit, used every method that 
 art could invent to induce the Indians to take up 
 arms against the English, yet Gist, with the assistance 
 of George Croghan, a popular trader, succeeded in 
 
 ♦Christopher Gist was of English descent. Hiti srandfatlier was Christopher Gist, who died in 
 Baltimore county iu 1631. His grandmother was Edith Cro mwell, who died in 1694. They had 
 one child. Richard, who was surveyor of the Western ssiiordT and' was rme of the commisstonerB, 
 in 1729. for layin" off the town of Baltimore, and presiding magistrate in 1736. In 1705 he 
 married Zipporah Murray, and Christopher was one of three sons. He married Sarah Howard; 
 his brother, Nathaniel, married Mary Howard; and Tliomas, the third brother, married Violetta 
 Howard, aunts of Gen. John Eager* Howard. From either Netbaniel or Thomas descended 
 Geniiral Gist, who was killed at the battle of Franklin, Tenn., near the close of the late civil 
 war. ChriHlnpher had three sons, Nathaniel, Richard, and ThomaH, and one daughter. Nancy, 
 none of whom, except Nathaniel, were married. Because of his knowledge of the country ob 
 the Ohio, and his bkill in dealing with the Indians. Christopher Gist was chosen to accompany 
 Washington on )ii8 mission in 1753. and it was from liis journal that Sparks and Irving derived 
 their account of tliat expedition. With his sons Nathaniel and Thomas, he waa with Braddock 
 on the fatal field of Monou^abela, and for his services received a grant of 12,WtJ0 acres of land 
 from the King of England. Richard was killed in the battle of King's RIountain. Thomas 
 lived on the plantation, and was a man of note then, presiding in the courts till his death about 
 1786. Nancy lived with him until his death, when she joined her brother. Nathaniel, and re- 
 moved with him to the grant in Kentucky, about the beginning of this centiirv- 
 
 Nathaniel Gist, the grandfather ot Hon. Montgomery Blair, ot Maryland, married Judith 
 Carey Bell, of Buckingham county, Va., a grand-niece of Archibald Carey, the mover of the 
 Bill of Rights, iu the House of Burgesses. Nathaniel was a Colonel in the Virginia line during 
 the revolutionary war. and died early in the preyeut centuiy at an old age. He left two sons, 
 Henry Carey and Thomas Cecil. His eldest daughter. Sarah Howard, married the Hon. Jeese 
 Bledsoe, a IT. S. Senator from Kentucky, and a di-^tinguished jurist; his grandson, B. Gratz 
 Brown was tlie Democratic candidate for Vice President in 1S72. The second daughter of Col 
 Gist, Anne (Nancy) married Col. Nathaniel Hart, a brother of Mrn, Henrv Clav. The third 
 daughter married Dr. Boswell, of Lexington, Ky. The fourth daughter married Francis P. Blair, 
 and they were the parents of Hon. Montgomery Blair, and Francis P Blair, Jr. The fifth 
 daughter lOftrried Benjamin Qratz, of Lexington, Ey. 
 
1752.] TREATY AT LOGSTOWN. 29 
 
 having the Indians declare their friendship for the 
 English, afterwards, at the council held at Logstown, 
 in 1752. 
 
 In 1750 the company built a small storehouse at 
 Will's Creek, and ordered goods to the value of 
 £4,000 from London. Later on, in 1751, Colonel 
 Thomas Cresap, who still lived at Oldtown, undertook 
 to lay out the course of a good road from Will's Creek 
 to the mouth of the Monongahela, now Pittsburgh. 
 He employed, as his assistant, a friendly Indian 
 named Nemacolyi, and they together mai'ked out the 
 road to be followed by the company. 
 
 In June of 1752, Mr. Gist, as agent of the Ohio 
 Company, with Colonel Fry, and two other gentlemen, 
 commissioners from Virginia, went to Logstown,* 
 some seventeen miles below the Forks,*)" and made a 
 treaty with the Indians at that point. The Indians 
 agreed not to molest any settlements on the south 
 east side of the Ohio River, but at the same time they 
 did not concede that the English had a right to any 
 lands west of the Alleghany Mountains. After the 
 treaty at Logstown, Gist was appointed surveyor for 
 the company, and was told to lay off a town at 
 Shurtee's Creek, a little below Pittsburgh, on the east 
 side of the Ohio, and the sum of £400 was assessed 
 to pay for the construction of a fort. He, with 
 several other families, then settled in the valley of 
 the Monongahela, not far from the Creek above 
 named. 
 
 In this year, the Company concluded to make 
 
 *Log8toffD was inhabited by SbawaneBe and Pelawares until 1760, at which time tbej aban- 
 doned it. 
 tPittsburgh. 
 
30 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1752.' 
 
 Will's Creek a permanent trading post, and with that 
 object in view they erected another storehouse and 
 magazine, which became known throughout the 
 country as the "New Storehouse." The first store- 
 house built by this company was located on the west 
 side of Will's Creek, north of the river, but the New 
 Storehouse was located on the Virginia side of the 
 river, at the foot of the bluft' on which now stands 
 the beautiful residence of Captain Roger Perry, very 
 near the point occupied by the abutment of the 
 Potomac bridge. It was constructed of logs, and was 
 of sufficient dimensions not only to contain the mer- 
 chandise of the company, but to afford a home for its 
 agents, as well as a place of retreat and defense, in 
 case of a hostile demonstration on the part of 
 unfriendly Indians, which event was liable to occur 
 at any hour. 
 
 This point was regarded as a very favorable one 
 tor the future operations of the company, since Indians 
 were numerous, and the furs obtained here were of 
 excellent quality, great variety, and satisfactorily 
 abundant. A heavy consignment of goods was 
 received, and as the temper of the Indians did not 
 warrant a venture further into the wilderness 
 the merchandise was all disposed of at Will's Creek, 
 the Indians and trappers being eager buyers. After 
 the completion of the New Storehouse, a number of 
 trappers were engaged, who could be relied upon to 
 defend the post in case of savage hostility, as well as 
 to hunt and trap for their employers. The Company 
 seems to have regarded Will's Creek as a part of their 
 grant, and they evidently expected it to become an 
 
1752.] BRITISH AND FRENCH CLAIMS. 31 
 
 important point as it should be developed by immi- 
 gration and civilization. The ground was surveyed 
 on both sides of Will's Creek, and laid off into a 
 town, with streets, lanes, &c., the squares being sub- 
 divided into lots. The name of Charlottesburg* was 
 given it, in honor of Princess Charlotte Sophia, 
 afterwards wife of King George III. 
 
 The cliarter of the Ohio Company gave the 
 members thereof important advantages in trading 
 with the Indians, and as this was a grant which 
 must drive out of the market many other traders, the 
 latter, of course, felt greatly aggrieved thereby, and 
 undertook to get rid of this monopoly by inciting the 
 Indians to hostility against it, and fomenting troubles 
 of such a character as to make it unsafe for the 
 Company to send goods further west than the post at 
 Will's Creek. 
 
 The lands granted the Ohio Company were claimed 
 both by the British and French governments. The 
 former assumed to have obtained its title from the 
 Iroquois, through a treaty made at Lancastei', in 
 1744, when the British had paid these Indians the 
 sum of <£400, in consideration of which the crown 
 was to receive and hold all the land west of the 
 Alleghanies to the Mississippi River. Two things 
 tended to make this transfer rather a doubtful 
 transaction : first, the Indians were made drunk with 
 rum before the bargain was entered into; and 
 secondly, they did not rightfully own a foot of the 
 
 *A map of this Town was amongst the papers of the Ohio Company, which were in the pos- 
 scBsion of General Charles Fenton Mercer, who died at Howard, near Alexandria, in 1857. 
 Every effort was made to trace the destiny of these paper.s, but it is altogether probable that they 
 have been destroyed, as the papers of General Mercer were consigned to the care of a distant 
 relative at the time ol his deatn, and during the war the houae ol this gentleman was occupied 
 by troops. The papers weie contained in chests, and when the troops took their departure all 
 the documents had disappeared, since which time do trace ot them has been found. 
 
32 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 territory thus bartered. The tribes who were in 
 possession of the land treated the affair with 
 contempt, and asserted their rights with evident 
 determination. The French claimed all this territory 
 by right of discovery, alleging that, since Father 
 Marquette had made a voyage from the Lakes to the 
 mouth of the Mississippi, the title to all that region, 
 under the customs governing nations, was rightfully 
 vested in his sovereign. The operations of the agents 
 of the Ohio Company and of the English rulers aroused 
 the jealousy of the French, and they forthwith 
 undertook to establish their authority in the Ohio 
 valley. The country was populated entirely by 
 Indians, not a solitary settlement of whites having 
 been established. The Red Men found themselves 
 placed between two fires; and as the struggle thus 
 begun between the two nations, which were contending 
 for the supremacy over the rich valleys and plains, 
 progressed, each labored zealously to win the alliance 
 of the natives, and thus strengthen itself for the 
 great contest, which they foresaw must soon come 
 to pass. 
 
 The troubles between the French and English put 
 a stop to the movements of the Ohio Company, and 
 it seems to have done nothing further in the prose- 
 cution of its enterprise, until 1760. At that date a 
 statement of the Company's case was drawn up by 
 Mr. John Mercer, Secretary to the Board, and an 
 appeal was made to the King for such further orders 
 and instructions to the government in Virginia as 
 might enable the Company to carry its grant into 
 execution. This appeal seems to have met with but 
 
1763.] TlIK DIIIO COMPANY. B3 
 
 little attention, and the matter remained in suspense 
 for three jear.s. The Boaixl having by that time 
 grown impatient over the delay, determined to send 
 an agent to England to attend to its petition, and to 
 endeavor to secure .such action as would enable it to 
 o))tain the benefits of the grants made long before. 
 Colonel George Mercer was cho.sen for tliis important 
 duty, and went to London, where he remained for 
 the space of six years, ('(jnstantly urging the 
 Company '.s case. But all his efforts proved fruitless, 
 and it was eventually agreed to merge the Ohio 
 Company into anothei' organization, known as the 
 "Grand Company," formed under Walpole's grant. 
 The latter Company partly resulted from a ]iamphlet 
 published by Anselm Yates Baley, Es(j., in London, 
 in 1703, entitled "The Advantages of a Settlement 
 upf)n the Ohio in North America." Thus ended 
 "The Oj]iu Company." 
 
will's creek. 
 
 1751-1755. 
 
 The apparently boundless territory lying west of 
 the Alleghany Mountains was a prize well calculated 
 to excite the interest of ambitious monarchs, and it 
 is not suri)rising that the struggle between the British 
 and French for its possession soon became of the 
 most determined character. It was a grand park of 
 natural beauties, where majestic forests were watered 
 by countless streams, and rich plains lay in wait for 
 tlie plough. )-eady to yield an abundant harvest in 
 return for little labor. 
 
 Both parties proceeded upon the ground that their 
 claims were legitimate and perfect, and the rights of 
 the Indians were \vliolly ignored, as being of no 
 conseciuence whatever. England laid claim to these 
 lands upon tlie strength of her treaties with the 
 Indians, but to the most ordinary judgment it must 
 be apparent that these treaties were of no merit 
 whatever, so far as title was concerned, and the real 
 owners utterly- repudiated the British pretensions. 
 The French cited still higher authority, and based 
 their claims upon the fact of prior discover}', bj' 
 
1751.] BRITISH AND FRENCH CLAIMS. 35 
 
 Marquette, and .lolliet,* and upon the treaties of 
 Ryswick, Utrecht, and Aix-la-Chapelle. The treaties 
 of the English had been made with the Six Nations, 
 a confederacy which Ijordered on Lake Ontario, 
 ])OAverful in its nunil^ers, and upon hostile terms with 
 the French and all the tribes on the Canadian side of 
 the Lakes, who were adherents of tlie Fi-enrh. The 
 tribes of the Six Nations boasted that their ancestors 
 had, in days long past, contpiered the territory west of 
 the mountains, even to the waters of the Mississippi. 
 They persisted in this statement, in tlie face of the 
 utter denial given it by the Indians wlio dwelt upon 
 the lands, and entered into treaties with the English, 
 whereby they formally transferred all this region to 
 them, for an insignificant consideration. The English 
 consulted their own interests in the matter, and 
 chose to recognize the Six Nations as the parties 
 who alone had the power to dispose of this property. 
 The French declared that, not only was their title 
 based upon the rights secured by the discoveries of 
 Marquette, Jolliet, Lasalle, and other pioneers, but 
 upon actual settlements made south of Lake Michigan, 
 and on the banks of the Illinois River. They further 
 declared that these settlements were made many 
 3-ears before the English had crossed the Alleghanies, 
 and that their title was recognized by England in 
 various treaties made with the European powers. 
 This was rather a far-fetched fancy, doubtless, 
 
 ■•■Father James Marquette and Louis Jolliet, in a bark canoe, descended 
 from the Fox and WiseiMisiu rivers to the Mississippi, in June, 1671^. Father 
 Marquette was a native ol Laon iu Picardy ; he was a man of great sliill and 
 learning as well as of extraordinary courage, and devoted to the spread of the 
 Christian religion. Louis Jolliettwas the son of a wheel-wright, and was 
 born in Quebec in 1645. He was thoroughly educated, talented and pious, 
 and devoted to mathematics and geography. 
 
36 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1751. 
 
 inasmuch as the passage of a Frenchman down the 
 Mississippi, and the estabhshment of a few settlements 
 on that and some adjacent streams, could scarcely be 
 called, by any stretch of the imagination, a discovery 
 of the immense territory which covered at least one 
 fourth of the continent. Their claim might, with 
 equal propriety, have been made to embrace the 
 region west of the Mississippi to the Rocky Moun- 
 tains. 
 
 The proprietary of the actual inhabitants, the 
 Indians whose ancestors for ages had held these 
 lands, was wholly ignored by the intruders from the 
 Old World, and the natives questioned amongst 
 themselves how it was that they should so suddenly, 
 and without any act of their own, have all their 
 estate put in jeopardy, and be brought to the verge 
 of a homeless and landless condition. 
 
 The Six Nations occupied a position on the borders 
 between the French and English colonies, a geographi- 
 cal location giving them great influence, the importance 
 of which they were not slow to comprehend, and they 
 lost no opj^wrtunity to make the most of the 
 advantages they enjoyed. Shortly after the first 
 settlement of French on the Lakes, a warfare of 
 the most sanguinary character was waged between 
 them and the Indians of these tribes, the result of 
 which was that the Six Nations threw their interests 
 into the scale with the English. The French 
 endeavored hy every means of persuasion and bribery 
 to win the savages to their cause, and the English 
 found it necessary to be constantly manifesting their 
 friendship by the liberal distribution of such gifts as 
 
1751.] BRITISH AND FRENCH CLAIMS. 37 
 
 were most dear to the Indian heart. The ambition 
 of these tribes was hardly surpassed by that of the 
 white powers struggling for territorial aggrandize- 
 ment, and they had previously laid claim to much 
 of the land embraced in the colonial grants of 
 Maryland and Pennsylvania. This had been a source 
 of great annoyance to the Governors of these States, 
 and, as the easiest method of getting rid of the matter, 
 the Six Nations had been called to Lancaster, Pa., 
 on the 30th of June, 1744, when a treaty was made, 
 whereby the Indians relinquished all their claims to 
 Maryland territory, in consideration of the sum of 
 £300 paid them. That treaty read in part as follows : 
 "•Now, know ye, that for and in consideration of 
 the sum of three hundred pounds, current money of 
 Pennsylvania, paid and delivered to the above named 
 Sachems or Chiefs, partly in goods and partly in gold 
 money, by said commissioners,* they, the said 
 Sachems or Chiefs, on behalf of the said Nations, do 
 hereby renounce and disclaim to the right honorable 
 the Lord Baltimore, lord proprietary of the said 
 province of Maryland, his heirs and assigns, all 
 pretence of right or claim whatsoever, of the said 
 Six Nations, of, in or to any lands that lie on 
 Potomac, alias Cohongaronton, or Susquehanna 
 Rivers, or in any other place Ijetween the great bay 
 of Chesajoeake and a line beginning at about two 
 miles above the upjiennost fork of Cohongaronton or 
 Potomac on the North Branch of the said fork ; near 
 which fork Captain Thomas Cresap has a hunting or 
 
 *These commissioners were Edmund Jennings, Philip Thomas, Robert 
 King, and Thomas Colville. 
 
38 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 1752.] 
 
 trading cabin, and i'rora thence by a north course 
 to the boundaries of the Province of Pennsylvania, 
 and so with the bounds of the said Province of 
 Pennsylvania to Susquehanna River; but in case such 
 limits shall not include the present inhabitants or 
 settlers, then so many line or lines, course or courses, 
 from the said two miles above the fork, to the 
 outermost inhabitant or settlement, as shall include 
 every settlement and inhabitant of Maryland, and 
 from thence by a north line to the bounds of the 
 Province of Pennsvlvania. shall be deemed and 
 construed the limits intended by these presents; 
 anything hereinbefore contained, to the contrary, 
 notwithstanding. And the said Sachems or Chiefs 
 do hereby, on behalf of the said Six United Nations, 
 declare their consent and agreement to be that every 
 person or persons whatsoever, who now is, or shall 
 be hereaftei', settled or seated in any part oi" the said 
 province, so as to be out of the limits aforesaid, shall 
 nevertheless continue in their peaceable possessions 
 free and undisturbed, and be esteemed as brethren 
 by the Six Nations. In witness whereof, the said 
 Sachems or Chiefs, for themselves, and on behalf of 
 the 23eoj)le of the Six Nations aforesaid, have hereunto 
 set their hands and seals, the thirtieth day of June, 
 in the year of our Lord, one thousand seven hundred 
 and fortv-four." 
 
 The French Governor of Canada quickly perceived 
 the importance of establishing such strongholds as 
 would enable him to sustain the position assumed by 
 his government in regard to American territory-. He 
 had already fortifications extending along the lakes, 
 
175:!.] CAPTAIN Trent's mission. 39 
 
 uinl tlio English soon received intelligence to the 
 eftet-t that he was preparing tu erect fortifications 
 and establisli posts on the head waters of the Ohio 
 River. In fact, he had determined to construct a 
 complete chain of military works from Canada to 
 Louisiana, reaching from Lake Ontario to the forks 
 of the Monongahela and Yonghiogheny, thence along 
 the Ohio to its mouth, and from that point to 
 Louisiana along the Mississippi. 
 
 This aroused the English to action at once, and as 
 their traders had been driven away from the Ohio 
 by the French, and some of them taken off as 
 prisoners, they conclued that no time was to be lost 
 in checking the operations of their enemy. A mes- 
 senger, Captain William Trent, was sent over the 
 mountains by Governor Dinwiddie's order, in the 
 guise of a trader, with presents of fire arms and 
 auununition for the Indians, his mission being to 
 ascertain their temper and disposition, as well as to 
 learn accurately the movements and intentions of 
 the French. He was directed to extend his visit to 
 the important points along the Alleghany River, but, 
 either from intimidation or deception, his mission was 
 only partly accomplished, and he returned with little 
 information of a satisfactory character. 
 
 During Trent's absence Govenujr Dinwiddie had 
 received orders from the British Ministry to build 
 two I'orts near the Ohio River, in order to establish 
 possession, and to serve notice upon the French to 
 leave that section, as well as to cultivate the friend- 
 ship of the Indians, and to intimidate those who 
 might prove unfriendl3^ There had been, however, 
 
40 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1753. 
 
 already too much delay, and the Governor of Canada 
 had by that time established military posts throughout 
 the disputed territory. For months he had been 
 sending his troops across the lakes, to the headwaters 
 of the Ohio, while others had ascended the Mississippi 
 from Louisiana, and taken position near the falls of 
 Ohio. They were well supplied with arms, ammu- 
 nition and stores; roads had been opened, and 
 conununication established from the forks to the 
 Lakes. 
 
 Accompanying the orders of the British Ministry 
 to Governor Dinwiddie were thirty light cannon 
 and eighty barrels of powder. To carry into effect 
 the orders received, the Governor called ujion Major 
 George Washington, believing him to be particularly 
 well qualified for the delicate duties to be discharged. 
 Washington was -as 3'et barely' twenty-one years of 
 age, yet he was known to be possessed of matui'e 
 judgment, nice discrimination, undoubted abilit}^ 
 great endurance, as well as pretty accurate knowledge 
 of Indian manners and customs. He had spent much 
 time in the woods, was a good surveyor, and had the 
 energy necessary to overcome any obstacles that 
 might reasonably be expected to present themselves. 
 Washington accepted the charge offered him. He 
 was furnished with written instructions, the necessary 
 credentials, and a passport bearing the great seal of 
 the colony of Virginia. His orders were, to proceed 
 at once to Logstown, there to see Tanacharisson, 
 Scaroo^'adi, and other Indian Chiefs, and make known 
 to them the object of his visit, and after learning 
 the whereabouts of the French to request an escort 
 
 & 
 
1753.] WASHINGTON AT WILLS CKEEK. 41 
 
 of warriors to the headquarters of the French 
 commandant, to whom he was to present his 
 credentials, together with a letter IVom the Governor 
 of Virginia, and demand an answer in the name of 
 His Britanic Majestj-. He was also to inform 
 himself accurately as to the strength and position 
 of the French, what reinforcements they expected 
 from the Canadian borders, the ninnber, character 
 and location of their forts, the disposition of the 
 Indians, and such other facts as might be of import- 
 ance, including the object and intentions of the 
 enemy. 
 
 He left Williamsburg, on this perilous undertaking, 
 on the 3 1st of October, 1753, the day after receiv- 
 ing his instructions. On arriving at the town of 
 Fredericksljurg, he secured the services of Jacob 
 Vanbraam, his old fencing-master, a Dutchman by 
 birth, and John Davidson, an interpreter. He then 
 repaired to Winchester, where he procured an outfit 
 of tents, blankets, hoi'ses, and such other equipments 
 as were necessary, after which he proceeded to 
 Will's Creek. Here he found Christopher Gist, who 
 had a cabin at this place, iiiid who gave hiin a 
 cordial welcome. Gist was an intrepid pioneer, 
 versed in woodcraft, and familiar with the forests, 
 wliich he had penetrated time and again, having 
 jjrcviously rendered valuable services to the Ohio 
 Company, as a guide. Washington induced Gist to 
 accompany him, and secured, besides, four other 
 frontiersmen, with which company he set out to 
 cross the mountains. In Gist's Journal, published 
 in the Massachusetts Historical Society's collections. 
 
42 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1753. 
 
 we find the following entries regarding this matter: 
 "Wednesday, 14th Nov., 1753. — Then Major 
 George Washington came to my house at Will's 
 Creek, and delivered me a letter from the Council 
 in Virginia, requesting me to attend him up to the 
 commandant of the French fort on the Ohio river. 
 
 "Thursday, 15th. — We set out, and at night 
 encamped at George's Creek, about eight miles, 
 where a messenger came with letters from my son, 
 who was just returned from his people at the 
 Cherokees, and lay sick at the mouth of the Cono- 
 gocheague. But as I found myself entered again on 
 public business, and Major Washington and all the 
 company unwilling I should return, I wrote and 
 sent medicines to my son, and so continued my 
 journey, and encamped at a big hill in the forks of 
 the Youghioganj", about 18 miles." 
 
 Several days later they encamped at Gist's new 
 house, near the Big Yough, which he had built as 
 the nucleus of another settlement. The following- 
 night they spent at Jacob's Cabins, twenty miles 
 further on, and the following day reached John 
 Frazier's, twelve miles distairt, at the mouth of 
 Turtle creek. Frazier had long been engaged in 
 trading with the Indians, and spent a considerable 
 portion of his time in repairing the guns of the 
 trappers and savages. He had rec'ently been located 
 in the Indian village of Venango; but the French 
 had compelled him to leave, and he returned to his 
 house on Turtle creek. The season was most 
 unpropitious, the mountains being covered with 
 snow, and the streams swollen to such an extent 
 
1753.] WASHINGTON AT LOGSTOWN. 43 
 
 that tlioy could not be forded, so that the horses' 
 were forced to swim them. The roads were jioor and 
 difficult at best, but now were almost impassable in 
 numerous places, and the adventurers could take 
 themselves and their baggage across the streams only 
 by means of hastily constructed rafts. After reaching 
 Frazier's, Washington was furnished with a canoe, 
 in which he placed all his baggage, and putting it 
 in charge of two of his men, sent it down the 
 Monongahela to its mouth. He went on by land, 
 with the remainder of the party, and arrived there 
 ahead of the canoe. Washington examined the 
 ground ver^- carefully, and declared it to be an 
 admirable point for a fort, which opinion was justiiied 
 by the action of the French officers shortly afterwards, 
 when they built, on the identical spot, Fort Duquesne. 
 On the 24tli of November, Washington arrived at 
 Logstown, where Tanacharison, the Half-King had 
 his headquarters. The Half-King held a private 
 conference with Washington on the 2-5th, and on the 
 day following the Chiefs, including Shingi, the King 
 of the Delawares, met in the council house, when 
 Washington addressed them in a speech, explaining 
 the objects of his mission, telling them what 
 were the wishes of the Governor, and requesting an 
 escort of young Indians to accompany him to the 
 French commander's post. The speech concluded, 
 he presented the letter he had brought and a belt of 
 wampum, both of which were accepted by the Half- 
 King, who said the English were the brothers of 
 the Indians, that his people would return to the 
 French the speech belts that had been left with them. 
 
44 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1753. 
 
 and that tho requisite escort would be furnished. As 
 the young men wei'e absent, Washington was 
 compelled, much against his will, to wait three days, 
 at the end of which time he set out with four Indians 
 and an additional trapper. The distance to the 
 Frenchman's headquarters was only about one hun- 
 dred miles, but the inclemency of the weather, and 
 the condition of the roads, were such that seven days 
 were consumed in the journey, and it was the 4th of 
 Decemlser when the party arrived at Venango, where 
 Captain Joucaire was in command. The headquar- 
 ters, however, was some distance further on, and 
 through the worst kind of weather, Washington, 
 after two days' delay, pushed on to that point, where 
 he presented his letters to the Chevalier de St. 
 Pierre, the commandant. He was a dignified, courtly 
 gentleman, of mature age, a knight of the military 
 order of St. Louis, and affable and kindly in his 
 manners. He had Washington and his attendants 
 comfortably provided for, and promised to give his 
 immediate attention to the letter brought him from 
 the Governor of Virginia. This letter was a protest 
 against the encroachments of the French upon what 
 Governor Dinwiddle declared to be lands belonging 
 to the English ci'own; it demanded to know by what 
 right, and upon whose authority, French soldiers had 
 been sent across the lakes, to establish military posts, 
 and it concluded by insisting that they should with- 
 draw to Canada without delay. The French 
 commandant responded, by letter, that he did not 
 make the treaties and could not discuss them ; he was 
 a soldier obeying orders, and that the protests made 
 
1753.] RETURN OF WASHINGTON AND GIST. 45 
 
 should be addressed to the Governor of Canada, 
 Marquis Duquesne, under whose instructions he was 
 then acting and should continue to act. He declined 
 to retire from his position, and said he would endeavor 
 to carry into effect such orders as he might receive 
 hereafter from those whom he was serving. 
 
 The preparation of this letter occupied some days, 
 and during this time Washington made good use of his 
 opportunities, in taking observations of the fort, and 
 making a drawing of it, which was complete, showing 
 its size, shape and strength, both in men and artillery. 
 He had his men also take cognizance of everything 
 about the place, count the canoes on hand and those 
 being constructed. 
 
 On the 25th of December, Washington and his party 
 set out on their return home, from Venango, and 
 after twelve days of exposure and hardships, conse- 
 quent upon the severity of the weather, he reached 
 Will's Creek, on the 6th of Januaiy, where he spent 
 the night with Mr. Gist, and left the following day 
 for Williamsburg, at which town he arrived on the 
 IGth of January, and delivered to Governor Dinwiddie 
 the letter of M. de St. Pierre. 
 
 Washington's journal, and the letter he bore from 
 the French commandant, were submitted to the 
 council by the Governor, and after a careful considera- 
 tion of the matter it was unanimously concluded that 
 immediate steps should be taken to repel the invasion 
 of the French, by force of arms. There could no 
 longer be a doubt as to the intentions of the French, 
 since they had emphatically declared their right to 
 the territory in dispute, aiid their determination to 
 
46 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1754. 
 
 retiiin j'ossession of it, if possible. The comicil, 
 therefore, endorsed the Governor's determination to 
 send an armed force at once to the Oliio, and orders 
 were issued directing that two companies, each one 
 hnndred strong, should be raised by voluntary 
 enlistment ; in case the requisite number could not 
 be secured in that way, resort was to be had to 
 drafts from the militia. Major Washington was 
 chosen to the chief command of these trooj^s, and his 
 journal was published in all the newspapers of the 
 Colonies, with the purpose of arousing the people 
 to an appreciation of the situation. 
 
 The importance of securing the establishment of a 
 military jiost on the Ohio, before the French would 
 be able to begin oj^erations in the spring, led the 
 Governor to confer the command of one company 
 upon Captain William Trent, who had quite a 
 familiar acquaintance with the frontiers, and who it 
 was supposed could readily enlist a large force of 
 trappers and pioneers. Captain Trent enlisted about 
 seventy men, and. as time was important, did not 
 wait for more, but started with these for the Ohio. 
 ' The sum of £10,000 had been appropriated by the 
 Assembly of Virginia, for the purpose of erecting a 
 fort or forts at the junction of the Monongahela and 
 Alleghany Rivers, at which point the Ohio Company 
 had already partly constructed a fortified trading- 
 house. Captain Trent's command was supplied with 
 ten four-jjounder field pieces, and eighty barrels of 
 powder, all of which had been sent over from England. 
 In addition. Governor Dinwiddle supplied such small 
 arms and accoutrements as were necessary, together 
 
1754.] ENSIGN ward's surrender. 47 
 
 with ^thirt}' tents, and flour, pork, beef and rum, to 
 last six months. The uniform worn by these troops 
 was of the most conspicuous character, consisting of 
 a red coat, and breeches of the same color, with white 
 cross belts. Trent ai-rived Avith his company, at 
 Will's Creek, early in February, and after making- 
 such preparations as were necessary for the march 
 through the wilderness, pushed on to the Forks. On 
 arriving there he set his men to work to prepare 
 timbers and construct a fort, on the site now occupied 
 by Pittsburgh. In March, he left Ensign Ward in 
 command of his company, and returned to Will's 
 Creek, at which point he seems to have had some 
 business. On the 17th of April, during Captain 
 Trent's absence. Monsieur de Contrectieur, with a force 
 of about eight hundred men, eighteen pieces of artil- 
 lery, sixty batteaux and three hundred canoes, came 
 down the river from Venango, and demanded the 
 surrender of the fort. Ward was a young officer, 
 and had scarcelj- fifty men with him. Nothing was 
 left for him but to 3deld to the greatly superior force 
 in his front; and upon receiving permission to march 
 out with his men and their tools, he gave up the 
 fort to the French, who at once proceeded to 
 strengthen it, and add new works, soon making it 
 capable of resisting any force that was likely to be 
 brought against it. The post was then garrisoned 
 by nearly one thousand men, under such officers as 
 Jumonville, de Villiers, and La Force, and was named 
 Fort Duquesne. 
 
 Meanwhile, the Governor of Virginia had concluded 
 to increase the force destined for the Ohio to six 
 
48 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1754. 
 
 hundred men, and the command was tendered 
 Washington, but by reason of his youth, he was 
 doubtful of his own fitness for so great a responsi- 
 bihty, and therefore declined it. Colonel Joshua 
 Fry, a gentleman of English birth, highly esteemed, 
 and in every way capable, was then given the 
 command, and Washington accepted the position of 
 Lieutenant Colonel, becoming second in authority. 
 The ranks were slowly increased, by the acquisition 
 of a lot of shiftless fellows, who were destitute of 
 everything except very scanty clothing, which was 
 rather discouraging to the officers. Dinwiddle, in 
 order to encourage enlistments, issued a proclama- 
 tion, offering some two hundred thousand acres of 
 land on the Ohio, to be called "sarrison lands," 
 which were to be divided among the men who 
 should serve in the expedition. This offer led 
 hundreds of young men from the Virginia farms to 
 take up arms, with a view to securing homesteads 
 for themselves. North (Jarolina took steps towards 
 aiding Vii-ginia in the contest against the French, 
 but Maryland was inclined to do nothing at all. 
 
 Washington left Alexandria for Will's Creek, on 
 the 2d of April, with two companies of seventy-five 
 men each. Colonel Fry was to follow with the 
 remainder of the regiment, and the artillei-y. After 
 being detained a whole week at Winchester, in 
 impressing the horses and wagons necessary for the 
 transportation of stores, Washington pursued his 
 march, building the roads as he went. He arrived 
 at Will's Creek on the 20th of April, where it had 
 been arranged that Captain Trent should have a 
 
1754.] A BILL OF EXPENSES. 49 
 
 supply of pack horses ready for the use of the 
 command in crossing the mountains. Instead of 
 finding the horses, however, he found Trent here, 
 totally unprepared for him, and was utterly downcast 
 by a rumor Ijrought him to the eflect that the entire 
 command at the Forks had been captured. Trent's 
 inefficiency and incapacity had been demonstrated 
 on a former occasion, and Washington was now 
 thoroughly dissatisfied with him. The intelligence 
 from the Ohio was partially confirmed by the 
 arrival of Ensign Ward and his men at Will's 
 Creek, on the 25th. Ward was accompanied by two 
 Indian Chieftains, whom Tanacharisson, the Half- 
 King, had sent as messengers to plight his faith to 
 the Englisli, and to ask them to come on to the Ohio. 
 
 The following account was filed witli Governor 
 Dinwiddle, by Captain Trent, on account of expenses 
 incurred in the expedition made under his command, 
 showing the method of transporting ammunition, and 
 the character of presents given the Indians : 
 "The Government of Virginia to William Trent, Dr. 
 
 "For Carriage of Fourteen Horses Loaded with 
 Powder, Lead and Flints, fi'om Col. Cresaps' to Ohio 
 River, at 2 Pistoles a Load is 28 Pistoles, &c. — 
 
 "To 12 Deer Skins— For 9 Doe Bear Skins— 
 3500 Black and White Wampum — For Piece of 
 match coat to wrap powder in — 
 
 "1 Gun, 1 Pistol and Match Coat, gave to one of 
 the Six Chiefs of the Six Nations, who came down 
 from the upper Towns, — as he came upon Business 
 he brought no arms with him, he said it was hard 
 for him to go home without armes, as he should run a 
 
50 HISTOBT OF CTMBERT.AXD. [1754. 
 
 great Risque, as he was obliged to go through the 
 French to wam their People from amongst them — 
 One Case of neat Pistols • gave to the Half-King and 
 Monecatootha, and 2 fine Ruffled Shirts, and 2 plain 
 shirts for themselves and Wives" — These siven as a 
 particular Present, sent by the Governor to them — 
 &c., &c. * * ** » 
 
 "N. B. — There is no carrying out Powder without 
 Skin Wrappers. <S:c — there is no such thing as Carry- 
 ing Powder, without damaging without. 
 
 William Tbevt." 
 Washington's situation became one of the most 
 serious character, for a young officer. Will's Creek 
 was on the very outskirts of civilization. The 
 country beyond was an unbroken and almost pathless 
 wilderness; it was separated bj- man}- miles of 
 tortuous mountain roads from the settlements in the 
 East; the French were vastly superior in numbers, 
 and he was advised that their strength was daily 
 increasing, while at least six hundred Chipj^ewas and 
 Ottawas were also about to reinforce the enemy. 
 Colonel Fry had not jet arrived, and Washington 
 keenly appreciated the heavy responsibility resting 
 upon his shoulders. To add to his annoyance. 
 Captain Trent s men, never having known the 
 restraints of wholesome discipline, roved about the 
 camp at Will's Creek, in utter disregard of orders, 
 and set so bad an example for the other troops that 
 Washington feared all would become demoralized, 
 and subordination in the ranks of his own men be 
 destrojed. After spending hours in deep thought in 
 his own tent, over the situation, he concluded to call 
 
1754.] THE FIRST ROAD TO THE WEST. -51 
 
 a council of war: and summoned his oflBcers to meet 
 him at once. He notified them that he had sent 
 expresses to the Governors of Tirgioia, Maryland 
 and Pennsylvania. teUing them of his condition, and 
 asking that reinforcements be sent him at once. 
 The resolution of the council of war was promptly 
 taken, and preparations were instantly made to push 
 on boldly and vigorously into the forests, and to build 
 a road as they went. The project was. to proceed to 
 the store house of the Ohio Company, at the mouth 
 of Redstone Creek.* there to establish fortifications, 
 and wait until the arrival of reinforcements. In 
 compliance with this determination, orders were issued 
 detailing sixty men and a number of subordinate 
 oflBcers. who were directed to proceed in advance 
 and prepare the roads. The route taken from Will's 
 Creek led immediately into a virgin forest, which 
 presented innumerable obstacles. Great trees were 
 cut away, rocks removed, and bridges built. This 
 road was the same that had been blazed by Xemacolin 
 at the time he and Colonel Cresap first selected a 
 route over the mountains. It was afterwards 
 followed by a part of Braddocks army, under the 
 advice of Sir John St. Clair. The writer, in company 
 with T. Leiper Patterson. Esq., an eminent engineer 
 in Cumberland, walked over several miles of this 
 road, starting at Cumberland, in the summer of 1877. 
 and clearly traced it as far as the Six Mile House, 
 on the National Road. The route pursued on leaving 
 Wills Creek was along the valley in which Green 
 street extended now lies, the same being the exact 
 
 ^Brownsville, Pa. 
 
52 HISTORV OF CUMBERLAND. [1754. 
 
 course of the old National Pike. Aljont a hundred 
 yards East of Mr. Steele's house, and just where 
 the Cresaptown Road now leads ofl' southward, 
 the road which Washington followed bore slightly 
 to the North, and ran in almost a perfectly straight 
 line to nearly the top of Will's Mountain, involving 
 a very heavy grade, and from there descended 
 to the level of the Old Pike at Sandy Gap. The 
 ascent of the mountain is steep enough to explain 
 the slow progress made wdth heavily laden teams and 
 artillery, yet in many respects the road was admira- 
 bly chosen; it avoided the ravines so as to obviate 
 the necessity of bridges or culverts, until the valley 
 beyond was reached, and much of the distance on the 
 higher part of the mountain was smooth and 
 comparatively clear of rocks. At Sandy Gap it 
 crossed to the valley in which the present National 
 Road lies, and by an easy descent led to the base of 
 the hills. Near the Five Mile House the old road 
 can be traced, where it crosses from the left to the 
 right side of the National Road, and runs along 
 within a few yards of it, a little higher up, on the 
 hill side, until within two hundred yards of the Six 
 Mile House. The road is as plain to-day as it was a 
 hundred years ago, notwithstanding trees of more 
 than a foot in diameter are growing thickly in its 
 bed. Having been used for sixty-five years, as the 
 only road to the West, until 1818, when the National 
 Pike was built, it became well worn. The banks of 
 the road and the evidences of its having been much 
 used are surprisingly plain. The descent from the 
 highest point on the mountain is ea.sy enough for 
 
1754.] THE ADVANCE FROM WILL'S CREEK. 53 
 
 safety, and from the point of passage through Sandy 
 (xap was quite gentle. This was the first road built 
 across the mountains, and must ever possess a peculiar 
 historic interest. 
 
 Washington had sent a message to Governor 
 Dinwiddle, asking him to forward at once a sufficient 
 quantity of artillery and ammunition, while he 
 prepared the road for the heavy wagons and guns, so 
 that there might be no delay when they arrived. The 
 magnitude of the work, however, was such that not 
 more than three or four miles a day was accomplished, 
 and even this required great exertion. He left 
 Will's Creek on the 29th of April, with all of his 
 troops, except a small guard, which was to await the 
 arrival of Colonel Fry, and the next day overtook 
 the advance, near George's Creek. His whole force 
 then numbered about one hundred and fiftv men. 
 With these he arrived at Little Meadows, on the 
 "Jth of May, when a number of traders came in 
 irom the West, on their return to the settlements, 
 having been warned off by the French. These 
 traders informed Washington that the French were 
 in great strength at the Forks, where they were 
 building a fort, and that they were endeavoring by 
 the free distribution of gifts to win the Indians to 
 their standard. He recognized the infeasibility of 
 assaulting Fort Duquesne with his little force, yet he 
 was desirous of getting as near as possible to the 
 French post without provoking an attack. Shortly 
 after leaving W^ill's Creek liis store of provisions, 
 clothing, &c., had been discovered to be well nigh 
 exhausted, and now his men were in a suffering 
 
54 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1754. 
 
 condition. Notwithstanding this he pushed forward, 
 and with a determination ahnost unconquerabk- in 
 its nature he overcame every obstacle, and on the 
 23d of Ma}^ took up a position at Great Meadows, 
 where he made an entrenchment and cleared the 
 ground, so as to be able to defend himself against 
 surprise. On the 28th he, in company with 
 Scarooyadi, and a few of his warriors, who had 
 joined him, attacked a detachment of the French, 
 consisting of thirty-five men, under M. de Jumonville, 
 who w^ere in camp not far distant, and killed and 
 captured almost the entire part3^ Jumonville, who 
 was a gallant and esteemed young officer, fell at the 
 first fire. Only one of the party escaped, and he 
 proceeded at once to Fort Duquesne, where he gave 
 intelligence of the affair. The French commander 
 declared this act to be no less than murder, 
 since no declaration of war had been made; and 
 asserted that Jumonville was on a mission as a civil 
 messenger, to warn the English not to trespass on the 
 lands of the French, and that he had no hostile 
 intentions. In France it was the occasion of much 
 comment, and the government made the most of it. 
 If Jumonville was acting in the capacit}- of a com- 
 missioner, his course of procedure was such as to 
 at least subject him to suspicion as an enemy, 
 with a hostile object in view. He came in a 
 secret way, inspected Washington's camji, and then 
 retired several miles, and pitched his tent, afterwards 
 sending a courier back to Fort Duquesne, with all 
 the information he had gathered. The papers found 
 on the person of Jumonville were of such a nature as 
 
1764.] Washington's journal. 65 
 
 to indicate that the expedition was of an unfriendly 
 cliaracter. The prisoners were soon afterward sent 
 back to Winchester, to Governor Dinwiddie. 
 
 The journal of Major Washington, which was 
 evidently kept with great accuracy, will doubtless 
 prove interesting reading, and will show the facts of 
 this expedition from its beginning to its end. This 
 journal was for many years lost to the world, but 
 was eventually recovered, and gives a most interesting 
 history of the important facts of that campaign. It 
 is given below almost entire, only those parts being 
 omitted which contain matter of no sj>ecial interest: 
 Washington's journal, 1754. 
 
 "On the 31st of March I received from his honor* 
 a Lieutenant Colonel's commission, of the Virginia 
 regiment, whereof Joshua Fry, Esq., was Colonel, 
 dated the 15th, with orders to take the troops which 
 were at that time at Alexandria, under my command, 
 and to march with them towards the Ohio, there to 
 help Captain Trent to build forts, and to defend the 
 possessions of his Majesty against the attempts and 
 hostilities of the French. 
 
 "April the 2d. — Everything being ready, we began 
 our march, according to our orders, the 2d of April, 
 with two companies of foot commanded by Captain 
 Peter Hog, and Lieutenant Jacob Vanbraam, five 
 subalterns, two sergeants, six corporals, one drummer, 
 and one hundred and twenty soldiers, one surgeon, 
 one Swedish gentleman, who was a volunteer, two 
 wagons, guarded by one Lieutenant, sergeant, corporal 
 and twenty-five soldiers. 
 
 *Mr. Dinwiddie, Governor of Virginia. 
 
56 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1754. 
 
 "We left Alexandria on Tuesday noon, and 
 pitched ouv tents about four miles from Cameron, 
 having travelled six miles. 
 
 [From this date to the 19th of the same month, 
 the journal contains nothing more than a monotonous 
 detail of each day's march, and a statement that 
 Captain Stephens, with his detachment, had joined 
 the command.] 
 
 "The 19th. — Met an express, who had letters 
 from Captain Trent, at the Ohio, demanding a 
 reinforcement with all speed, as he hourl}' expected 
 a body of eight hundred French. I tarried at Job 
 Pearsall's for the arrival of the troops, where they 
 came the next day. When I i-eceived the above 
 express, I dispatched a courier to Colonel Fry, to 
 give him notice of it. 
 
 "The 20th. — Came down to Colonel Cresap's, to 
 order the detachment out, and on my route, had 
 notice that the fort was taken by the French. That 
 news was confirmed by Mr. Wart,* the ensign of 
 Captain Trent, Avho had been obliged to surrender 
 to a body of one thousand French and upwards, 
 under the command of Captain Contrecoeur, who 
 was come from Venango (in French, the peninsula) 
 with sixty battoes and three hundred canoes, and 
 who, having planted eighteen pieces of cannon 
 asainst the forts, afterwards had sent him a 
 summons to depart. 
 
 "Mr. Wart also informed me that the Indians kept 
 steadfastly attached to our interest. He brought 
 
 *Washinf;ton has evidently misspellei! this name, as the person alluded to 
 was, beyond doubt, Eusigu Ward. 
 
1754.] Washington's journal. 57 
 
 two young Indian men with him, who were Mingoes, 
 that they might have the satisfaction to see that we 
 were marching with our troops to their succor. 
 
 "He also delivered me the following speech, which 
 the Half-King* sent to me: 
 
 "'Fort Ohio, April 18th, lVo4. 
 '"A Speech from the Half-King, for the Governors of Vinjinia and 
 Pennsylcania : 
 
 " ' My brethren the English, the bearer will let you understand in what 
 manner the French have treated us. We waited a long time, thinking 
 they would come and attack us; we now see how they have a mind to 
 use us. 
 
 "'We are now ready to fall upon them, waiting only for your succor. 
 Have good courage, and come as soon as possible ; you will find us as 
 ready to encounter with them as you are yourselves. 
 
 " ' We have sent these two young men to see if you are ready to come, 
 and if so, they are to return to us, to lot us know where you are, that we 
 may come and join you. We should be glad if the troops belonging to 
 the two provinces could meet together at the fort which is on the way. 
 If you do not come to our assistance now, we are entirely undone, and 
 imagine we shall never meet together again. I speak it with a heart full 
 of grief.' 
 
 "A belt of wampum. 
 
 "The Half-King directed to me the following speech : 
 
 '"I am ready, if you think it proper, to go to both the Governors with 
 these two young men, for I have now no more dependence on those who 
 have been gone so long, without returning or sending any message.' 
 
 "A belt of wampum. 
 
 ■'April 23d. — A council of war held at Will's 
 Creek, in order to consult upon what must be done 
 on account of the news brought by Mr. Wart. 
 
 "The news brought by Ensign Wart, having been 
 examined into, as also the summons sent by Captain 
 Contrecoeur, commander of the French troops, and 
 the speeches of the Half-King, and of the other chiefs 
 
 *Taiiiicharisson was the Half-king of the Six Nations, to which position be had heen chosen by 
 the voice ot his people- He was a liini liieiid ot the English, and a diplomatist as welt as a 
 warrior. At the time the French made the demand upon Ensign Ward to surrender, the Half- 
 Kiun advifjed liini to reply that his rani; was not ot that importance which would permit him. to 
 respond, and to ask a delay until the arrival of the Commauder-iu-Chief. 
 
 8 
 
58 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1754. 
 
 of the Six Nations; it appears that Mr. Wart was 
 forced to surrender the said fort, the 17th of this 
 instant, to the French, Avhowere above one thousand 
 strong, and had eighteen artillery pieces, some of 
 which were nine-pounders,'-' and also that the detach- 
 ment of the Virginia regiment, amounting to one 
 huodred and fifty men, commanded by Colonel 
 Washington, had orders to reinforce the company of 
 Captain Trent, and that the aforesaid garrison 
 consisted only of thirty-three effective men. 
 
 "It was thought a thing impracticable to march 
 towards the fort without sufficient strength; however, 
 being strongly invited by the Indians, and particularl}" 
 by the speeches of the Half-King, the President gave 
 his opinion that it would be proper to advance as far 
 as Redstone Creek, on Monongahela, about thirty- 
 seven miles on this side of the fort, and there to raise 
 a fortification, clearing a road broad enough to pass 
 with all our artillery and our baggage, and there to 
 wait for fresh orders. 
 
 "The opinion aforesaid was resolved upon for the 
 following reasons: 
 
 "1st. That the mouth of Red Stone is the first 
 convenient place on the river Monongahela. 
 
 "2d. That stores are already built at that place 
 for the provisions of the company, wherein our 
 ammunition may be laid up; our great guns may be 
 also sent by water whenever we should think it 
 convenient to attack the fort. 
 
 "3d. We may easily (having all these conve- 
 niences) preserve our people from the ill consequences 
 
 *Ensigii Ward had doubtless exaggerated the strength of the French, 
 
1754.] Washington's .tournal. 59 
 
 of inaction, and encourage our Indian allies to remain 
 in our interests. 
 
 Whereupon I sent Mr. Wart to the Governor 
 with one of the young Indians and an interpreter: 
 I thought it proper to acquaint the Governors 
 of Maryland and Pennsylvania of the news; and 
 I sent away the other Indian to the Half-King, with 
 the speech which will he found in the following 
 letter I wrote to the Governor of Maryland : 
 
 "'Camp at Will's Creek, April 25, 1754. 
 "' To His Excellennj, Horatio Sharp, Governor of Maryland: 
 
 ■' ' SiK : — I am here arrived with a detachment of one hundred and 
 fifty men : We daily e.xpect Colonel Fry with the remaining part of the 
 regiment and the artillery ; however, we shall march gently along the 
 mountains, clearing the roads as we go, that our cannon may with the 
 greater ease be sent after us ; we propose to go as far as the Red Stone 
 River, which falls into Monongahela, about thirty-seven miles this side of 
 the fort which the French have taken, from thence all our heavy luggage 
 may be carried as far as the Ohio. A store is built there by the Ohio 
 Company, wherein may be placed our ammunition and provisions. 
 
 "'Besides the French forces above mentioned, we have reason to 
 believe, according to the accounts we have heard, that another party is 
 coming to the Ohio; we have also learnt that six hundred of the 
 Chippewais and Ottoways Indians, are coming down the river Scioda, in 
 order to join them.' 
 
 "The following is my answer to the speech of the 
 Half-King: 
 
 " 'To the Half King, and to the chiefs and warriors of the Shawanese 
 and Loups, our friends and brethren. I received your speech by brother 
 Buck.?, who came to us with the two young men si.x days after their 
 departure from you. We return you our greatest thanks, and our hearts 
 are fired with love and affection towards you, in gratitude for your 
 constant attachment to us, as also your gracious speech, and your wise 
 counsels. 
 
 ■' Thi.s young man will inform you where he found a small part of our 
 army, making towards you, clearing the roads for a great number of our 
 warriors, who are ready to follow us, with our great guns, our ammunition 
 and provisions. As I delight in letting you know with speed the thoughts 
 of our hearts, I send you back this young man, with this speech, to 
 
60 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1754. 
 
 acquaint you therewith, and the other young man I have sent to the 
 Governor of Virginia, to deliver him your speech and your wampum, and 
 to be an eye-witness to those preparations we are making, to come in all 
 haste to the assistance of those whose interest is as dear to us as our 
 lives. We know the character of the treacherous French, and our 
 conduct shall plainly show you, how much we have it at heart. I shall 
 not be satisfied if I do not see you before all our forces are met together 
 at the fort which is in the way ; wherefore, I desire, with the greatest 
 earnestness, that you, or at least one of you, would come as soon as 
 possible, to meet us on the road, and to assist us in council. I present 
 you with these bunches of wampum, to assure you of the sincerity of my 
 speech, and that you may remember how much I am your friend and 
 brother. (Signed.) " \Vasiiington' 
 
 or CONOTOCARIOUS.* 
 
 "April 28th. — Came to us some pieces of cannon, 
 whicli were taken up to the mouth of Patterson's 
 river.f 
 
 [Frora the 29th of Api'il, the date of leaving Will's 
 Creek, to the lltli of May, the journal contains 
 nothing of interest.] 
 
 "May the 11th. J — Detached a party of twenty-five 
 men, commanded by Captain Stephens and Ensign 
 Peronie, with orders to go to Mr. Gist's, to enquire 
 where La Force || and his party were; and in case 
 they were in the neighborhood, to cease pursuing 
 and take care of themselves. I also ordered them 
 to examine closely all the woods round about, and, 
 if they should find any Frenchman apart from the 
 rest, to seize him and bring him to us, that Ave might 
 learn what we could fi'om him. We were exceed- 
 ingly desii'ous to know if there was any possibility 
 of sending down a'oything by water, as also to find 
 
 *Thi3 seems lo have been an Indian name adopted by Washington ivith a view to pleasing the 
 Indians. 
 
 tThis is evidently the artillery which was biought up the Potomac from the month of 
 Patterson's creek on boats, or rafts. 
 
 |At this time he was in camp not far beyond Little Meadows, 
 
 |]La Force wai* a Freuch ollicer, whom Waahington had been told by the Indians was out 
 looking up deserters. 
 
1754.] Washington's journal. 61 
 
 out some convenient place about the mouth of Red 
 Stone Creek where he could build a fort, it being 
 my design to salute the Half-King, and to send him 
 back under a small guard; we were also desirous to 
 enquire what were the views of the French, what 
 they had done, and what they intended to do, and 
 to collect everything which could give us the least 
 intelligence. 
 
 '"The l!^th. — Marched away, and went on a rising 
 ground, where we halted to dry ourselves, for we 
 had been obliged to ford a deep river, where our 
 shortest men had water up to their arm pits. 
 
 "There came an express to us with letters, 
 acquainting us, that Colonel Fry, with a detachment 
 of one hundred men and upwards, was at Winchester, 
 and Avas to set out in a few days to join us; also that 
 Colonel Innes was marching with three hundred 
 and fifty men, raised in Carolina; that it was 
 expected Maryland would raise two hundred men, 
 and that Pennsylvania had raised ten thousand 
 pounds (equal to about fifty-two thousand five 
 hundred livres) to paj^ the soldiers raised in other 
 colonies, as that province furnisheth no recruits, as 
 also that Governor Shirley had sent six hundred 
 men to harrass the French in Canada; I hope that 
 will give them some work to do, and will slacken 
 their sending so many men to the Ohio as they have 
 done. 
 
 "The 16th.— Met two traders, who told us they 
 had fled for fear of the French, as parties of them 
 were often seen towards Mr. Gist's. These traders 
 ai-e of opinion, as well as many others, that it is not 
 
62 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1754. 
 
 possible to clear a road for any carriage to go from 
 hence to Red Stone Creek. 
 
 •'The 17th. — This night Mr. Wart arrived with 
 the young Indian from Williamsburg, and delivered 
 me a letter, wherein the Governor is so good as to 
 approve of my proceedings, but is much displeased 
 with Captain Trent, and has ordered him to be tried, 
 for leaving his men at the Ohio. The Governor 
 also informs me that Captain Mackey, with an 
 independent company of one liundred men, excluding 
 the officers, was arrived, and that we might expect 
 them daily, and that the men from New York would 
 join us within ten days. 
 
 "This night came two Indians from the Ohio, who 
 left the French fort five days ago. Tliey relate that 
 the French forces are all emplo3ed in building tlieir 
 fort, that it is already breast high, and the thickness 
 of twelve feet, and filled up with earth and stone, 
 &c. They have cut down and Ijurnt up all the trees 
 which were about it, and sown gTain instead thereof. 
 The Indians believe they were only six hundi-ed in 
 number, though they say themselves they are eight 
 hundred. They expect a greater number in a few 
 days; Avhich may amount to one thousand six 
 hundred, then they say they can defy the English. 
 
 "The 18th.* — The waters being yet very high, 
 hindered me from advancing on account of my 
 baggage, wherefore I determined to set myself in a 
 posture of defense against any immediate attack 
 from the enemy, and went down to oljserve the river. 
 
 ■"^At this date the coiuniand was encamped on the Youghiogheuy, near 
 where the present towu of Smithfield, Fayette county, Pa., stands. 
 
1754.] Washington's journal. 63 
 
 [The 19th.— No mention of anything beyond the 
 despatch of a speech to the Half-King on this date.] 
 
 "The 20th. — Embarked in a canoe with Lieutenant 
 West, three soldiers, and one Indian; and having 
 followed the river along about half a mile, were 
 obliged to come ashoi'e, Avhere I met Peter Suver, a 
 trader, who seemed to discourage me from seeking a 
 passage by water; that made me alter my mind of 
 causing canoes to be made; I ordered my people to 
 wade, as the waters were shallow enough; and 
 continued myself going down the river in the canoe; 
 now finding that our canoe was too small for 6 men, 
 we stopped to make some sort of a bark, with which, 
 together with our canoe, we gained Turkey Foot by 
 the beginning of the night; we underwent several 
 difficulties about eight or ten miles from thence, 
 though of no great consequence, finding the waters 
 sometimes deep enough for canoes to pass, and at 
 other times more shallow. 
 
 [The 21st to the 23d contains only a general 
 description of the topography of the country.] 
 
 "The 24th. — This mornino- arrived an Indian in 
 company with him I sent to the Half-King, and 
 brought me the following letter from him : 
 
 " 'To any of His Majesty officers ichom this may concern : 
 
 " 'As tis reported that the French army is set out to meet Mr. George 
 Washington, I e.\hort you, my brethren, to guard against them ; for they 
 intend to fall on the first English they meet ; they have been on their 
 march these two days ; the Half-King and the other chiefs will join you 
 within five days, to hold a council, though we know not the number we 
 shall be. I shall say no more ; but remember me to my brethren, the 
 English. The H.^lfKixg.' 
 
 "I examined these two young Indians in the best 
 
64 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1754. 
 
 manner I could, concerning every circumstance, but 
 was not much better satisfied. 
 
 "They say there are parties of them often out, but 
 they do not know of any considerable number of 
 them coming this way. The French continue raising 
 their fort, that part next to the land is very well 
 enclosed, but next to the water is very much 
 neglected, nine pieces of cannon, and some of them 
 very small, and not one mounted. There are two on 
 the point, and the other at some distance from the 
 fort next to the land. 
 
 "They relate that there are many sick among 
 them, that they cannot find any Indians to guide 
 their small parties towards our camp, these Indians 
 having refused them. 
 
 "The same day, at two o'clock we arrived at the 
 Meadows,* where we saw a trader, who told us that 
 he came this morning from Mr. Gist's, where he had 
 seen two Frenchmen the night before ; that he knew 
 there was a strong detachment out, which confirmed 
 the account we had received from the Half-King; 
 wherefore, I placed troops behind two matured 
 intrenchments, where our wagons also entered. 
 
 "The 25th. — Detached a party to go along the 
 roads, and other small parties to the woods, to see if 
 they could make any discovery. I gave the horsemen 
 orders to examine the country well, and endeavor to 
 get some news of the French, of their forces and of 
 their motions, &c. 
 
 "At night all these parties returned without 
 having discovered anything, though they had been a 
 
 *Great Meadows. 
 
1754.] Washington's journal. 65 
 
 great way towards the place from whence it was said 
 the party was coming. 
 
 "The 26th. — Arrived Wilham Jenkins; Colonel 
 Fry had sent him with a letter from Colonel Fairfax, 
 which informed me that the Governor himself, as 
 also Colonels Corbin and Ludwell, were arrived at 
 Winchester, and were desirous to see the Half-King 
 there, whereupon I sent him an account thereof. 
 
 "The 27th. — Arrived Mr. Gist early in the morn- 
 ing, who told us that M. La Force with fifty men, 
 whose tracks he had seen five miles off, had Ijeen at 
 his plantation the day before, towards noon; and 
 would have killed a cow, and broken everything in 
 the house, if two Indians whom he had left in the 
 house, had not persuaded them from their design; 
 I immediately detached sixty-five men, under com- 
 mand of Captain Hog, Lieutenant Mercer, Ensign 
 Peronie, three sergeants, and three corporals, with 
 instructions. 
 
 "The French inquired at Mr. Gist's, what was 
 become of the Half -King? I did not fail to let the 
 young Indians who were in our camp know that the 
 French wanted to kill the Half-King; and that had 
 its desired effect. They thereupon offered to accom- 
 pany our people to go after the French, and if they 
 found it true that he had been killed, or even insulted 
 by them, one of them would presently carry the 
 news thereof to the Mingoes, in order to incite their 
 warriors to fall upon them. One of these ,young men 
 was detached towards Mr. Gist"s; that if he should 
 not find the Half-King there, he was to send a 
 
 message by a Delaware. 
 9 
 
66 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1754. 
 
 " About eight at night received a message from the 
 Half-King, which informed me that as he was coming 
 to join us, he had seen along the road, the tracts of 
 two men which he had followed till he was brought 
 thereby to a low obscure place; that he was of 
 opinion the whole party of French was hidden there; 
 that very moment I sent out forty men, and ordered 
 my ammunition to be put in a place of safety, under 
 a strong guard to defend it; fearing it to be a 
 stratagem of the French to attack our camp, and 
 with the rest of my men, set out in a heavy rain, 
 and in a night as dark as pitch, along a path scarce 
 broad enough for one man; we were some fifteen or 
 twenty minutes out of the jiath before we could come 
 to it again; and so dai'k that we would often strike 
 one against another. All night long we continued 
 our route, and the 28th, about sunrise, we arrived at 
 the Indian camp, where, after having held a council 
 with the Half-King, it was concluded we should fall 
 on them together; so we sent out two men to 
 discover where they were, as also their posture, and 
 what sort of ground was thereabout; after which we 
 formed ourselves for an engagement, marching one 
 after the other in the Indian manner. We were 
 advanced pretty near to them, as we thought, when 
 they discovered us; whereupon I ordered my company 
 to fire ; mine was supported by that of Mr. Wagner's,* 
 and my company and his received the whole fire of the 
 French, during the greatest part of the action, which 
 only lasted a quarter of an hour, before the enemy was 
 
 •*Thomas Waggener, at this time a Lieutenant, but afterwards Captain of 
 Virginia troops. 
 
1754.] Washington's journal. 67 
 
 routed. We killed M. de Juraonville, the commander 
 of that party, as also nine others; we wounded one, 
 and made twenty-one prisoners, among whom were M. 
 La Force, M. Drouillon, and two cadets. The Indians 
 scalped the dead, and took awa}' the most part of their 
 arms, after which we marched on with the prisoners 
 and the guard, to the Indian camp, where again I 
 held a council Avith the Half-King; and there informed 
 him that the Governor was desirous to see him, and 
 was waiting for him at Winchester; he answered that 
 he could not go just then, as his people were in too 
 imminent a danger from the French; whom they had 
 fallen upon; that he must send messengers to all the 
 allied nations, in order to invite them to take up the 
 hatchet. He sent a young Delaware Indian to the 
 Delaware nation, and gave him also a French scalp 
 to carry to them. This 3'oung man desired to have 
 a part of the presents which were allotted for them, 
 but that the remaining part might be kept for 
 another opportunity. He said he would go to his 
 own family and to several others, and would wait on 
 them at Mr. Gist's, where he desired men and horses 
 should be sent ready to bring them up to our camp. 
 After this I marched on with the prisonei's; they 
 informed me that they had been sent with a summons 
 to order me to depart. A plausible pretence to 
 discover our camp, and to obtain the knowledge of 
 our forces and our situation ! It was so clear that 
 they were come to reconnoitre what we were, that I 
 admired at their assurance, when they told me they 
 were come as an embassy; for their instructions 
 mentioned that they should get what knowledge 
 
68 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1754. 
 
 they could of the roads, rivers, and of all the country 
 as far as Potomac;''' and instead of coming as an 
 Embassador, publicly, and in an open manner, they 
 came secretly, and sought after the most hidden 
 retreats, more like desertei-s than embassadors; in 
 such retreats, they encamped, and remained hid for 
 whole days together, and that no more than five 
 miles from us; from whence they sent spies to 
 reconnoitre our camp; after this was done they went 
 back two miles, from whence they sent the two 
 messengers spoken of in the instruction, to acquaint 
 M. de Contrecoeur of the place we were at, and of our 
 disposition, that he might send his detachments to 
 enforce the summons as soon as it should be given. 
 
 "Besides, an ambassador has princely attendants; 
 whereas this was only a simple petty French officer; 
 an embassador has no need of spies, his character 
 being always sacred; and seeing their intention was 
 so good, why did they tarry two days at five miles 
 distance from us, without acquainting me with the 
 summons, or, at least, with something that related to 
 the embassy? That alone would be sufficient to 
 raise the greatest suspicions, and we ought to do them 
 the justice to say, that, as they wanted to hide 
 themselves, they could not pick out better places 
 than they had done. 
 
 "The summons was so insolent, and favored the 
 gasconade so much, that if it had been brought openly 
 by two men, it would have been an immediate 
 indulgence to have suffered them to return. 
 
 "•■On the body of M. de Jumonville were found written instructions to tliis 
 effect. 
 
1754.] \rAsmNGTON''s journal. 69 
 
 "It was the opinion of the Half-King in this case 
 that their intentions were evil, and that it was a 
 pure pretence; that they never intended to come to 
 us but as enemies; and if we had been such fools as 
 to let them go, they would never help us any more 
 to take other Frenchmen. 
 
 "They say they called to us as soon a,s they had 
 discovered us, which is an absolute falsehood, for I 
 was then marching at the head of the company going 
 towards them, and can positively affirm, that, when 
 they first saw us, they ran to their arms, without 
 calling; as I must have heard them had they done 
 so.* 
 
 "The 29th.— Dispatched Ensign Latour to the 
 Half-King, with about twenty-five men, and almost 
 as many horses; and as I expected some French 
 parties would continually follow that which we had 
 defeated, I sent an express to Colonel Fry, for a 
 i-einforcemeut. 
 
 "After this the French prisoners desired to speak 
 with me, and asked me in what manner I looked 
 upon them, whether as the attendants of an Embas- 
 sador, or as prisoners of war; I answered them that 
 it was in quality of the latter, and gave them my 
 reasons for it, as above. 
 
 ^^From the pains which Washington has taken to justify this attack, on the 
 pages of his journal, it must be concluded that he anticipated a severe criticism of 
 ins action when the facts shonhl become known in England and France. He 
 doubtless felt that there was at least a possibility that de Junionville was on 
 an errand which did not anticipate bloodshed, and that the French would do 
 all in their power to convince the world that his death was an "assassination," 
 and had been etfected through the positive orders of the British ministry to 
 the etiect that Washington's command should attack the French wherever 
 they were found, notwithstanding there had been no declaration of war. The 
 candid reader of the history of tins afRiir cau hardly resist the conclusion 
 that the French have the best of the argument, and that the death of de 
 .Jumonville and nine of his followers, was an unfortunate blunder. 
 
70 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1754. 
 
 "The 30th. — Detached Lieutenant West, and Mr. 
 Spindorph, to take the prisoners to Winchester, with 
 a guard of twenty men. Began to raise a fort with 
 small pallisadoes, fearing that when the French 
 should hear the news of that defeat, we might be 
 attacked by considerable forces. 
 
 "June the 1st. — Arrived here an Indian trader 
 with the Half-King; they said that when M. de 
 Jumonville was sent here, another party had been 
 detached towards the lower part of the river, in order 
 to take and kill all the English they should meet.* 
 
 "We are finishing our fort. 
 
 "Towards night arrived Ensign Towers, with the 
 Half-King, Queen Alquipaf and about twenty-five or 
 thirty families, making in all about eighty or one 
 hundred persons, including women and children. 
 The old King being invited to come into our tents, 
 told me that he had sent Monakatoocha to Log's town, 
 with wampum and four French scalps, which were 
 to be sent to the Six Nations, Wiandots, &c., to 
 inform them that they had fixllen upon the French 
 and to demand their assistance. He also told me 
 that he had something to say to the council, but 
 Avould stay till the arrival of the Shawanese, whom 
 we expected next morning. 
 
 "The 2d. — Arrived two or three of the families of 
 the Shawanese; we had prayers in the fort. 
 
 "The 3d.— The Half-King assembled the council, and 
 informed me that he had received a speech froniGrand- 
 Chaudiere, in answer to the one he had sent him. 
 
 *This was undoubtedly a falsehood on the part of the traders. 
 
 fAn Indian squaw, whom the English had given the title of " Queen." 
 
1754.] Washington's journal. 71 
 
 "The 5th. — Arrived an Indian from the Ohio, who 
 had lately been at the French fort; this Indian 
 confirms the news of two traders l3eing taken by the 
 French, and sent to Canada; he saith they have set 
 up their pallisadoes, and enclosed their fort with 
 exceeding large trees. 
 
 "There are eight Indian traders on this side the 
 river, coming to join us. He met a French man who 
 had made his escape in the time of M. de Jumonville's 
 action ; he was without either shoes or stockings, and 
 scarce able to walk; however, he let him pass, not 
 knowing we had fallen upon them. 
 
 "The 6th. — Mr. Gist is returned, and acquaints 
 me of the safe arrival of the prisoners at Winchester, 
 and of the death of poor Colonel Fry.* 
 
 "It gave the Governor great satisfaction to see the 
 French prisoners safely arrived at Winchester. 
 
 "I am also informed that M. Montourj- is coming 
 with a commission to command two hundred Indians. 
 
 "Mr. Gist met a French deserter, who assured 
 him that they were only five hundred men when 
 they took Mr. Wart's fort, that they were now less, 
 having sent fifteen men to Canada, to acquaint the 
 
 ^Colonel Joshua Fry was the officer in commantj of the entire expeiiition.and 
 was on his way to join Washington with a force of about one hundred and lifty 
 men. Wliile on the road to VVill's Creek his horse stumbled and threw him 
 to the grounil with great force, whereby lie sustained fatal injuries. The 
 wounded officer was conveyed as tenderly as possible to Will's Creek, where he 
 was made as comfortable as his condition would permit. Dr. James Craik, the 
 surgeon of the regiment, a Scotchman bj' birth, was with him, and attended 
 him faithfully, but all to no purpose, and on the 31st of May, only a few days 
 after the accident. Colonel Fry died, and his remains were buried on the side 
 of the hill. In the dispute as to the boundary line between Maryland and 
 Virginia, in 1745, he was appointed one of the commissioners on the part of 
 the crown to fix the lines, his associates being Colonel Lunsford Lomax and 
 Major Peter Hedgeman. The death of Colonel Fry left Washington in full 
 command, and the force at Will's Creek marched forward to Great Meadows 
 at once. 
 
 "f Montour was a Frenchman who had deserted and joined the English. 
 
72 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1754. 
 
 Govox'nor of their success; that there were yet two 
 hundred soldiers who only waited for a favorable 
 opportunity to come and join us. 
 
 "The 9th. — Arrived the last Ixwly of the Virginia 
 Regiment, under the command of Colonel Must,'=' 
 and we learnt that the independent company of 
 Carolina was arrived at Will's Creek. 
 
 "The 10th. — I received the regiment, and at night 
 had notice that some French were advancing towards 
 us; whereupon I sent a party of Indians upon the 
 scout towards Gist's, in order to discover them, and 
 to know their number. Just before night we had an 
 alarm, but it proved false." 
 
 The journal recites that on the 12th nine deserters 
 came in and stated that one hundred more were 
 desirous of coming; that Fort Duquesne was completed 
 and supplied with eight small cannon; also that the 
 Delawares and Shawanese had taken up the hatchet 
 against the English. Washington then sent messen- 
 gers and wampum to these two Nations asking them 
 to come to a council at Mr. Gist's, hoping to win 
 them over. From the loth to the 18th nothing of 
 interest is recorded. On the latter date a party of 
 eight Mingoes came into camp, and said they had a 
 conuuission, and wanted a council at once. The 
 Half-King was sent fen', and a council was held, there 
 being present some forty Indians of the Six Nations, 
 Loups and Shawanese. This council lasted several 
 days, and the Indians after great professions of 
 friendship took their departure. AVashington then 
 
 *This should be Muse, that officer having taken charge of the troops at 
 Will's Creek, on the death of Colonel Fry, on the 3lst ot May, and brought 
 them to Washington. 
 
1754.] FORT NECESSITY. 73 
 
 pursued his way to the mouth of Redstone, where he 
 expected to be joined by Monacatootha, and a 
 number of other Indian warriors. 
 
 Washington had ah-eady made the fort at Great 
 Meadows as strong as circumstances would allow, and 
 because of the exigencies of his fortunes and the 
 scantiness of his supplies, he called it "Fort Necessity." 
 Ilis force had now jjeen increased to about four 
 hundred men, by the arrival of Captain Mackaye's 
 company of independent South Carolinians; ' but 
 Captain Mackaye held a King's commission, and he 
 seemed likely to do about as much harm as good, 
 since he claimed that his royal commission gave him 
 rank above that of any and every provincial officer, 
 and would not acknowledge Washington's authority. 
 While this position wfis maintained by the Captain 
 he was courteously friendly with Washington, who 
 had referred the matter to Governor Dinwiddie, after 
 which he had marched for Redstone Creek, leaving 
 Captain Mackaye, with his company, in command of 
 Fort Necessity. Before reaching Redstone, however-, 
 and while near Gist's, it was learned that the French 
 had received reinforcements at Fort Duquesne, and 
 that they purposed to send out a heavy force at once 
 to attack the English. 
 
 On receiving this intelligence, Washington sent 
 
 back for Captain Mackaye, who at once joined him. 
 
 A council of war was held, and a retreat was 
 
 determined upon. The weather was sultry and 
 
 oppressive, the roads were rugged and broken, the 
 
 men were worn and hungry, the horses broken down 
 
 and jaded; vet, despite all, the march to the rear 
 10 
 
74 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1754. 
 
 was Ixjgun, and, while the Carolinians refused to 
 perform any labor, Washington's forces dragged the 
 artillery and wagons, and bore heavy loads of baggage 
 on their shoulders, toiling on laboriously day after 
 day, until on the 1st of July they arrived at Port 
 Necessity. It had not been contemplated that a 
 halt should be made here, but, the Virginians 
 declared they would drag the artillery and carry the 
 baggage no further. Washington was compelled to 
 do the best he could, therefore, and he at once set 
 about making the fort still more capable of defense. 
 He found but few provisions there, and fully believing 
 that more troops were at Will's Creek, he sent several 
 expresses back to that point, with instructions that 
 all soldiers there should at once join him, and that a 
 full supply of provisions should be hurried forward 
 to him at once. 
 
 The retreat from Gist's was not made any too soon, 
 for a short time after Captain de Villiers, a brother- 
 in-law of de Jumonville, burning to revenge the death 
 of that officer, had come up, with at least five 
 hundred French from Fort Duquesne, and made an 
 attack upon Gist's place. Finding it was deserted, 
 he concluded that his enemies had lied to the settle- 
 ments, and was about to return to the fort, when a 
 deserter arrived, who told him that Washington was 
 in camp at Fort Necessity, and could get no farther, 
 as his men were in a starving condition. Hearing 
 this, de Villiers determined to push on to the Great 
 Meadows at once. 
 
 From Sparks' "Writings of Washington," is taken 
 the following: 
 
1754.] FORT NECESSITY. 75 
 
 " Fort Necessity "was situate iu a level meadow, 
 about two hundred and fifty yards broad and covered 
 with long grass and low bushes. The foot of the 
 nearest hills came within one hundred yards of the 
 fort, and at one place within sixty yards. The 
 space between the fort and the hills was open and 
 smooth, the bu.shes having been cleared away. The 
 fort itself was an irregular square, each side 
 measuring thirty-five yards, witli a trench partly 
 finished on two sides. The entrances were guarded 
 by three bastions. 
 
 "On the 3d of July, early in the morning, an 
 alarm was received from a sentinel, who had been 
 wounded by the enemy, and at nine o'clock intelli- 
 gence came, that the whole body of the enemy, 
 amounting, as was reported, to nine hundred men, 
 was only four miles ofl'. At eleven o'clock they 
 approached the fort, and began to fire, at the distance 
 of six hundred yards, but without effect. Colonel 
 Washington had drawn up his men on the open and 
 level ground outside the trenches, waiting for the 
 attack, which he pi'esumed would be made as soon 
 as the enemy's fopces emerged from the woods; and 
 he ordered his men to reserve their fire, till they 
 should be near enough to do execution. The distant 
 firing was supposed to be a stratagem to draw 
 Washington's men into the woods, and thus to take 
 them at a disadvantage. He suspected tlie design, 
 and maintained his post till he found the French did 
 not incline to leave the woods, and attack the fort 
 by an assault, as he supposed they would, considering 
 their superiority of numbers. He then drew his 
 
7G HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1754. 
 
 men back within tlie trenches, and gave them orders 
 to fire according to their discretion, as suitable 
 opportunities might jiresent themselves. The French 
 and Indians remained on the side of the rising 
 ground, which was nearest to the fort, and, sheltered 
 by the trees, kept up a brisk fire of musketiy, but 
 never appeared in the open plain Ixdow. The rain fell 
 heavily through the day, the trenches were filled with 
 water, and many of the arms of Colonel Washington's 
 men were out of order and used with difHculty. 
 
 "In this way the battle continued from eleven 
 o'clock in the morning until eight at night, when the 
 French called and requested a parley. Suspecting 
 this to be a feint to procure the admission of an 
 officer into the fort, that he might discover their 
 condition, Colonel Washington at first declined 
 listening to the proposal, but wdien the call was 
 repeated, with the additional request that an officer 
 might be sent to them, engaging at the same time 
 their parole for his safety, he sent out Captain 
 Vanbraam, the only person under his command that 
 could speak French, except the Chevalier de 
 Peyrouney, an ensign in the Virginia regiment, who 
 was dangerously wounded, and disabled from render- 
 ing any service on this occasion. Vanbraam returned 
 and brought with him from M. de Villiers, the 
 French commander, proposed articles of capitulation. 
 These he read and pretended to interpret, and, some 
 changes having been made by mutual agreement, 
 both jjarties signed them about midnight." 
 
 The articles subscribed to were written in French, 
 and were as follows: 
 
Zvtfs A.J.y iS >v 7 Terckes JiC.S J9 '-iT. /OS C.4. S 30 w. S Tcrc^,es . Zfultcdtn^ ih^ 
 Sin^^^S ■?". ^- contat'n^ t'n a'/l ada^t^Oper^-hes of Santt . 
 
 ^14^ I^iZTid- a^ou^ 7&Jiaa'tS /roTtfthe, Tort an^ a lon^ f¥h£c7t^ th< jVattort^tZ ^JHt^ 
 
 yt^w fS3S passes- 
 
 2in.ejJff.E.jPG at <ff^ JJodc ta adm.i6 WaAr uita thr Tare-. 
 
 jflf 
 
 
 Thii 7J- a rvu-C By tfhich. theTrencA t' 
 Indians Tpa-c/e tAetr apptaranee.an^ 
 c*inm.enccii. /irznff at the F^^rt leTicx, a£ 
 
 
 t ^ 
 f f 
 
 /^ Mg'h land ctttered-wit^eLitme gr9itct*\ih 0ah 
 I Tim der, ic Aire the^dtans-toe^ s'kcl^ranArKSUitte^ 
 / ^he trtts to fire in fa the Tort at ^O U ffOJiads. 
 \ dist<tnce. 4i rl !f\ 
 
 ^ t 
 
 
 The em'Sa/^TnrjtA H-of or- ffcffSer ^8fS xsttr S feet Tu^Tu a.nd,t^ 3£teA^i{lan^ iht. eamC'Ticar 
 2 feet icZ^tvtke Teye7 2<rv-tt.J'Ctras^eit^cererrd'trUi^^ics^e^ ice .butt's Ttaw fS-^Scleoj-ed- 
 0fand.cuZttvev(-cd. cis ame-ddotv. Jt uttis sttvdtAat^ (Ae ent^^nXmeat' A3 C . ittad^ 9^si^^ti^ 
 ^te^ets or pa-sttAjtat^^rvun^andtA^ewiJig np e-artJu oaiolA^ aide* efi£. ■ 
 
 From D. Shriver Stewart. 
 
 FORT NECESSITY. 
 
 SUHVEY MADE BY FREEMAN LEWIS, 1816. 
 
1754.] ARTICLES OF CAPITULATION. 77 
 
 Capitulation granted by M. de Villiers, Captain and 
 
 commander of His Majesty's troops, to those 
 
 English troops actually in Fort Necessity : 
 
 July the 3d, 1754-, at 8 dclock at night. 
 
 As our intentions have never been to trouble the 
 peace and good harmony subsisting between the two 
 Princes in amity, but only to revenge the assassina- 
 tion committed on one of our officers, bearer of a 
 summon, as also on his escort, and to hinder any 
 establishment on the lands of the dominions of the 
 King, my master; upon these considerations, we are 
 willing to show favor to all the English who are in 
 the said fort, on the following conditions. 
 Article I. 
 
 We grant leave to the English commander to retire 
 with all his garrison, and to return peacealj^ into 
 his own country ; and promise to hinder his receiving 
 any insult from us French; and to restrain, as much 
 as shall be in our power, the Indians that are with us. 
 
 Art. II. 
 
 It shall be permitted him to go out, and carry with 
 him all that belongs to them, except the artillery, 
 which we resei've. 
 
 Art. III. 
 
 That we will allow them the honors of war, that 
 they march out with drums boating, and one swivel 
 gun, being willing thereby to convince them, that we 
 treat them as friends. 
 
 Art. IV. 
 
 That as soon as the articles are signed by both 
 parties, the English colors shall be struck. 
 
78 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1754. 
 
 Art. V. 
 
 That to-morroAv, at break of day. a detachment of 
 French shall go and make the garrison file off, and 
 take possession of the fort. 
 
 Art. VI. 
 
 As the English have but few oxen or horses left, 
 they are at liberty to hide their effects, and to come 
 again and search for them, when they have a number 
 of horses sufficient to carry them off, and that for 
 this end they may have what guards they jjlease; on 
 condition that they give their word of honor, to work 
 no more on any buildings in this place, or any part 
 on this side of the mountains. 
 Art. VII. 
 
 And as the English have in their power, one 
 officer, two cadets, and most of the prisoners made at 
 their assassination of M. de Jumonville, and promise 
 to send tliem back, with a safeguard to Fort 
 Duquesne, situate on the Ohio; for surety of their 
 performing this article as well as this treaty, M. 
 Jacob Vanbraam and Robert Stobo, both Captains, 
 shall be delivered to us as hostages, till the arrival of 
 our French and Canadians above mentioned. We 
 oblige ourselves on our side, to give an escortc to 
 return these two officers in safety; and expect to 
 have our French in two months and a half at furthest. 
 
 A duplicate of this being fixed upon one of the 
 posts of our blockade, the day and year above 
 mentioned. 
 
 C James Mackaye, 
 Signed, Messrs. ^ G. Washington, 
 
 I COULON ViLLIERS. 
 
1754.] THE CAPITULATION. 79 
 
 These articles were written in French, and the 
 purport of them read to Colonel Washington by 
 Vanbraam, who was a Dutchman, and at best knew 
 but little of English, and was a very poor French 
 scholar. Besides, the falling rain rendered it impos- 
 sible, on that miserable night, that a strictly accurate 
 interpretation of the language used should be made, 
 in consequence of which the word "assassination" 
 was given by Vanbraam as ''the killing of," and 
 thus Washington was led to sign a document which 
 made him acknowledge that his commaiid had 
 "assassinated" de Jumonville, and this fact was 
 afterwards made use of by the French in their con- 
 dennuition of that act and the author of it. Several 
 authors have assumed that Vanbraam purposely 
 deceived his commander and misinterpreted the word 
 wilfully; l)ut that is doubtless untrue, the greater 
 pi-obability being that the error was occasioned by 
 carelessness or ignorance. In September, somewhat 
 more than two months after the capitulation, Captain 
 Mackaye wrote to Washington from Will's Creek, 
 stating that he had recently returned from Phila- 
 delphia, and adding, "I had several disputes about 
 our capitulation, but I satisfied every person that 
 mentioned the subject as to the articles in question, 
 that they were owing to a bad interpreter, and 
 contrary to the translation as made to us when we 
 signed them." M. de Villiers' assumption that his 
 brother-in-law's death was an "assassination," was 
 based upon an honest belief, on his part, of the story 
 told him concerning the matter, by the Canadian 
 who had effected his escape. 
 
80 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1754. 
 
 Early on the morning of the fourth of July, the 
 day following the signing of the articles, Washington 
 marched out of the fort, with his command, his 
 regimental colors borne in front, and the men 
 carrying upon their backs their wounded comrades, 
 and such of their baggage as they were able to 
 convey in this way. Scarcely had they commenced 
 their march, when a fresh body of Indians came up 
 as reinforcements to the French, and these at once 
 commenced to plunder the baggage and stores that 
 were left, and they could scarcely be restrained by 
 the French. Seeing this, Washington had his men 
 destroy all that could not be taken away, including 
 his ammunition, military stores, and the one swivel 
 that was left him. By ten o'clock he was clear of 
 the neighborhood of the fort, but finding that three 
 wounded men had been left behind, he sent back for 
 them and had them brought up. When night came 
 on he was barely three miles from Fort Necessity, 
 and there the command encamped. 
 
 The French demolished Fort Necessity, broke the 
 cannon that were left, carried oft' a few tents, and 
 then marched back to Fort Duquesne. They lost in 
 the engagement two soldiers and one Indian killed, 
 and iifteen soldiers and two Indians wounded, besides 
 several who had wounds so slight as not to unfit 
 them for duty. This is according to a statement 
 made by M. de Villiers, though Washington 
 computed their losses to be much heavier. The 
 English lost twelve killed and forty-three wounded 
 in the Virginia regiment; the casualties in Captain 
 Mackaye's company have never been stated. 
 
1754.] RETURN TO WILLS CREEK. 81 
 
 After several dajs of painful and laborious march- 
 ing, encumbered by the wounded men, who suffered 
 greatly, the passage over the mountains was effected, 
 and with feelings of great relief the little army made 
 its entry into the camp at Will's Creek. Here they 
 found an ample store of provisions in the magazines, 
 from which their wants were quickly supplied. The 
 men were clothed and fed, and the wounded put 
 into buildings set apart as hospitals, wdiere they 
 received medical attention, and compassionate care. 
 
 Washington tarried at Will's Creek Imt a short 
 time. When he saAv that his men had been provided 
 for. he set out with Captain Mackaye, for Williams- 
 burg, where he made a full and complete report of 
 his campaign to Governor DiuAviddie. This report 
 was submitted to the House of Burgesses, and that 
 body passed a vote of thanks to Washington and his 
 officers, for their "bravery and gallant defense of 
 their country." The names of Captains Stobo and 
 Vanbraam were omitted from this vote of thanks, 
 the House asserting tliat the former was guilty of 
 cowardice, and the latter of treachery, both of which 
 charges were unjust.* 
 
 The Governor refused to carry into effect that part 
 of the capitulation referring to the French prisoners, 
 although Washington urged it as an imperative 
 necessity, and felt that his honor was involved. 
 Dinwiddie said in a letter to the Board of Trade, in 
 explanation of his conduct: "The French, after the 
 
 *Stobo. while held as a hostage at Fort Duquesne, made a perfect map of that defense, 
 explaiains «11 its points, stated the strength ol tlie gairisou, how it should be attacked. Ac, 
 and urged that it sliould be taken as early as possible, no matter if his lile was lost thereby. 
 He urged that only tlie good of the expedition ehould be considered, without regard to hioiself. 
 It seems impossible Irom the fearlessness so often displayed by him, that he could have been 
 guilty at any time of cowardice. 
 
 11 
 
82 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1754. 
 
 capitulation entercd into with Colonel Washington, 
 toolv eight of our people and exposed them to sale, 
 and, missing thereof, sent thoni prisoners to Canada. 
 On hearing of tliis I detained the seventeen prisoners, 
 the officers and two cadets, as I am of opinion, after 
 they were in my custody, Washington could not 
 engage for their being returned. I have ordered a 
 flag of truce to be sent to the French, offering the 
 return of their officer and the two cadets, for the two 
 hostages they have of ours." The hostages were 
 not returned, but were sent to Canada, and thence to 
 England. The Fi-ench prisoners were also sent to 
 England, except La Force, who escaped, but was 
 afterwards retalven and closelv confined. 
 
 Mr. Gist, who was with Washington, at Great 
 Meadows, presented an account to the Governor of 
 Virginia, claiming pay for a supply of powdei', lead, 
 bear skins, &c., and for '"1 horse killed, helping in, 
 the Indians by Col: Washington's order, £5. 0. 0," 
 which was ordered to be paid. 
 
 After Washington's return to Williamsburg Colonel 
 James Lines marched to Will's Creek, and on the 1st 
 of September took command of that post, which was 
 principally garrisoned by Rutherford's and Clark's 
 independent companies from New York, which had 
 been sent forward to join Washington, luit got no 
 further than Winchester. Colonel Innes was a 
 Scotchman by birth, and at the time he was com- 
 missioned was a resident of North Carolina. His 
 appointment was not at all popular, and was said to 
 have been made because he was an old friend and 
 countryman of the Governor, who was himself a 
 
1754.] BUILDING THE FORT. 8-5 
 
 Scotchman. On his arrival at Will's Creek, he set 
 about building a fortification, and chose for that 
 purpose the hill lying between the Potomac Elver 
 and the creek, near the mouth of the latter. When 
 Washington returned from Great Meadows, he left 
 Mackaye's independent company of South Carolinians, 
 about ninety men, and the remnant of the North 
 Carolina companies, at Will's Creek, to assist in building 
 the fortifications, which were commenced on the 12th 
 of September, and completed about the middle of 
 October. Colonel Innes named this fort, which was 
 built of stoccadoes, "Fort Mount Pleasant." Ujion 
 finishing that Avork he set his men about building 
 barracks for themselves, which were greatly needed, 
 as the weather was already quite cold, and a severe 
 winter followed, with much snow and icy winds. 
 By Christmas thej- had succeeded in erecting a 
 sufficient number of log houses to accommodate the 
 entire force, and that day was celebrated by such 
 festivities as were possible under the circumstances. 
 
 Governor Sharpe, of Maryland, had been commis- 
 sioned, in July, a Lieutenant Colonel in the Royal 
 Army, and urged enlistments by every means in his 
 2)ower, but with little success. About the 1st of 
 December he visited Will's Creek, and inspected the 
 forces here. On his return to Annajjolis, he wrote 
 to Governor Dinwiddle as follows:* 
 
 Annapolis, December 10, 1754. 
 
 "Sir: 1 returned last Thursday from Will's 
 Creek, where I found the Independents preparing for 
 themselves barracks, having already completed the 
 
 'Goveroor Sharpe's MSS. letters, Maryland Historical Library. 
 
84 HISTORY OF (TUMBERLAND. [1754. 
 
 small stoccade fort, about which you were advised 
 they had been employed, but as the fort they have 
 finished is exceedingly small, its exterior side not 
 exceeding 120 feet, 1 conceived it requisite or rather 
 absolutely necessary to have another much larger 
 raised on an adjacent and more elevated piece of 
 ground, which I have ordered the Md. Co., to 
 proceed on, and I hope they will Ije able to finish it 
 this winter. The eminence on which it will be 
 situated gives it an entire command of that already 
 compleated, and will defend a Face of that small 
 Fort to which an enemy might at present appi^oach 
 without being much annoyed, or hardly seen from 
 within. However, that on which the troops have 
 been employed may be useful at present, and will 
 serve to enclose Store Houses or a Magazine after the 
 other is completed, tohich, I tiiink, by an advanced 
 outwork or two Avill be easily defended against a 
 considerable number of troops that may presume to 
 attack it with only a light train. At my arrival at 
 the camp I was much surprised and concerned to 
 find there was no more provision in the Fort than 
 would suffice the troops for one Day, which I earnestly 
 hope will not be the case again, lest the enemy should 
 get intelligence thereof, and by posting themselves in 
 different parties on the adjacent Hills, prevent the 
 arrival of supplies, whereby the Garrison and all the 
 Troojis, notwithstanding their advantageous situation 
 must be reduced to the necessity of retiring and 
 destroying or relinquishing the Fort, their other work, 
 and perhaps the baggage to the enemy. That nothing 
 will be wanting on your part to avert such an 
 
1754.] FORT MOUNT PLEASANT. 85 
 
 accident, I am well persuaded, but conceive the 
 troops will never be well supplied Avith Provision 
 unless a ver}' different scheme from that hitherto 
 followed be pursued. * * * * * 
 
 I have enclosed you a calculation of the Expence of 
 Supplying 3000 Men, with Provisions for 8 months, 
 which quantity I apprehend it will be necessary to 
 lay into the Magazine at Will's Creek, immediately, 
 by reason I conceive it will be very difficult if not 
 impossible to procure Beaves or Hogs fit for the 
 slaughter after this month and next, till July or the 
 August following. My estimate is made in Maryland 
 currency, which is at this time with sterling at 
 about 65 p. Ct. Discount." 
 
 The Governor was surpi'ised to find the camp 
 entirely destitute of salt, and immediately sent a 
 courier back, with orders to luring up a supply on 
 horselnxck without the least delay. He also ordered 
 a number of barrels in which to pack meat as fast as 
 it should be cured for future consumption. Being 
 destitute of salt, the cattle on hand could not be 
 killed, and were therefore pastured in the valleys 
 and on the hill sides in the neighborhood, wherever 
 grass could be found, until an ample supply of salt 
 was received, after which the cattle were killed and 
 packed. Amongst the men at Fort Mount Pleasant, 
 was Andrew Montour, an Indian interpreter, who had 
 I'endered very considerable service to Colonel Innes 
 a short time before, at a treaty which had been held 
 at the Fort with some of the Chiefs of the Six 
 Nations. Governor Sharpe conceived a great friend- 
 ship for Montour, and strongly recommended him to 
 
8G HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1754. 
 
 Governor Dinwirldie as a very useful person ; and his 
 good opinion was am pi}' justified. 
 
 Governor Sliarpe exerted himself to make 
 everything at the Fort satisfactory; he secured a 
 number of teams for transporting supplies from the 
 east, and for service in hauling logs for the new fort 
 and buildings to be constructed. These teams were 
 paid for at the rate of £35 for a wagon, harness, and 
 four horses. The farmers who furnished them were 
 evidently determined to make all they could out of 
 the necessities of the government, as they at first 
 demanded £70 each for their teams; this sum having 
 been refused them, they finally agreed to accept 
 one-half the amount originally asked. Mr. Gist was 
 the purchasing agent for the Virginia soldiers, and 
 Colonel Cresap for the Maryland company. Cresap 
 had purchased 29,130 pounds pork, and 13,197 
 pounds beef already cured, enough to supply the 
 Maryland company for twelve months. The former 
 gentleman was severely criticised by Governor Sharpe, 
 who charged him with having withheld money and 
 supplies, with a view to private speculation. Flour 
 was sold at the fort at 12s. per cwt., and vegetables 
 were scarcely to be had at any price. 
 
 Governor Dinwiddle was asked to send a few ship 
 carpenters to the Fort, as their services were needed 
 in the work of building; also some cartridge paper, 
 moulds for musket and swan shot, wire for screws, 
 and prickers. Hints and some wampum, the supply of 
 the latter having been almost entirely exhausted. 
 
 The New York com2)anies having been supplied 
 with blankets and match coats, and the South 
 
1754.] FORT MOUNT PLEASANT. 87 
 
 Carolina company having neither of these articles, 
 there was some confusion in camp for awhile, as the 
 latter company demanded that it should be supplied 
 with these articles; but the matter was finally 
 arranged, and Governor Sliarpe ordered Colonel 
 Innes to divide ^£12 between the private soldiers of 
 the three independent companies, as extraordinary 
 pay for the labor they had undergone in building 
 their barracks. 
 
 There were at this time at Fort Mount Pleasant 
 three Captains, eight Lieutenants, one Ensign, 
 twelve sergeants, thirteen corporals, seven drummers 
 and two hundred and ninety-five private soldiers, all 
 under command of Colonel Inncs. The supply of 
 artillery was limited to a few small guns of 3io inches 
 bore. 
 
 After the affair at the Great Meadows, the Half- 
 King took his family and went to Aughquick, in 
 Pennsylvania, where he was maintained at the 
 expense of the government. He was thoroughly 
 disgusted with the conduct of the campaign, and 
 declared that the white men knew nothing about 
 war. He said that the French were cowards, ■' / 
 and the English fools, and that while Washington 
 was a very good man, he was totally lacking in 
 experience, and too fond of his own notions to accept 
 the advice offered him lay the Indians. A short time 
 after his removal to Aughquick, the Half-King was 
 taken sick, and in October, 1754, he died. Upon 
 news of his death being received at Will's Creek, 
 Colonel Innes called together all the Indians in front 
 of the Fort. He announced the death of the warrior. 
 
88 HISTORY OF CUMBERLANn. [1754. 
 
 and George Croghan, who was an intimate friend of 
 Tanacharisson, and a trader at Aughquick, made 
 a condolence Kspeecli, and gave them a present of 
 goods to cover the grave of the Red man Avhom they 
 had so highly esteemed. There Avas great lamenta- 
 tion amongst the Indians, who attributed the death 
 of the Half-King to the French, whom their medicine 
 man declared had bewitched him, and they threatened 
 to be revenged upon their white enemies for this 
 calamity. 
 
 Shortly after the completion of the barracks at 
 Fort Mount Pleasant, Governor Dinwiddle i-eceived 
 from the King instructions to proceed at once to the 
 erection of a fort at Will's Creek, which should be of 
 such dimensions and character of construction as the 
 importance of the position seemed to require, in view 
 of more extensive military operations in the direction 
 of Fort Duquesne. Governor Dinwiddle at once 
 transmitted these instructions to Colonel Innes, who 
 was directed to comply with the orders without 
 delay. General Braddock, who had been designated 
 by the Duke of Cumberland as the Commander-in- 
 Chief of the new expedition, and who had been 
 privately instructed l)y the Duke as to his wishes, 
 also requested Governor Dinwiddle to have the Fort 
 25ut in condition to accommodate two hundred men, 
 and announced that it should be named "Fort 
 Cumbei'land," in honor of the Captain-General of 
 the British army, who had honored him with so 
 important a mission. 
 
FORT CUMBERLAND. 
 
 1755-1787. 
 
 The orders of the King were obeyed with alacrity 
 by Colonel Innes, and under his supervision Fort 
 Cumberland was erected and garrisoned, during the 
 winter of 1754-55. The citizens of our city have for 
 generations past pointed out the spot upon which this 
 Fort was located, but they had no information or 
 conception of the size, shape, and character of the 
 work, or its surroundings. Fortunately, a sketch of the 
 Fort was found by the author amongst the King's 
 Manuscripts, in the Library of the British Museum, 
 in London. A photograjihic copy of this sketch was 
 secured, and an engraving of the same is here given. 
 It was drawn by one of the officers in the Fort, at the 
 time of General Braddock's arrival. The fortifications 
 were dra^vn to a scale, but the j^roportions were not 
 preserved in mapping out the river, creek, and sur- 
 rounding grounds. This fact made it somewhat 
 difficult to establish the exact lines of the work, and 
 compelled a resort to the memory of our oldest inhab- 
 itants. Mr. Jesse Korns has a distinct recollection of 
 
 climbing over the remaining earthworks when a boy, 
 12 
 
no HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 and ho fixes the Easterly line of the Fort, that portion 
 of it which runs to a point nearest Will's Creek, 
 some forty feet east of Emmanuel Church. The 
 conformation of the ground at that spot is strongly 
 confirmator}^ of "his opinion, as well as other circum- 
 stances, which fix tlie Western line near the Iwundary 
 of Prospect street. The greater portion of Fort 
 Cumberland was a pallisado work — all of it, in fact, 
 except the small bastioned work on the Western end. 
 The pallisades were logs cut to a length of eighteen feet, 
 and planted in tlie earth to a depth of .six feet, forming 
 a close wooden wall twelve feet in height. These 
 logs were spiked together, with strips and pins on the 
 inner side, and the wall was pierced with openings 
 for musketry along its entire face. Two water gates 
 are shown in the plat, and from each of these a 
 trench was excavated leading to the creek, so that the 
 men might secure therefrom a supply of water, 
 without being exposed to the fire of the enemy. In 
 1750, after Braddock's defeat, the Indians Ijecame so 
 numt'rous and so l)old as to approach near enough to 
 shoot those who ventured to the water's edge, and in 
 consequence thereof a well was sunk inside of the 
 pallisade near the main gate on the South side. This 
 well was in use not many years since, and is still in 
 existence on tlie property of Hon. Hopewell Ilebb. 
 It was aljout eighty feet in depth, and witliin the 
 memory of the writer was furnished with an immense 
 wheel and two buckets by which excellent cold water 
 was drawn from it. About the year 1799, this well 
 was first cleaned out, after the abandonment of the 
 Fort, and the father of Mr. John B. Widener was 
 
1755.] FORT CUMBERLAND. 91 
 
 present when part of a gun carriage, a wheel, and a 
 hirge quantity of cannon balls, musket biills, &c., were 
 taken therefrom. 
 
 Inside the stockade, were built barracks sufficient 
 to furnish quarters for two hundred men, and the 
 company officers. Besides, there was a parade or 
 drill ground for the companies. 
 
 At the west end of the stockade was built a fox't, 
 with bastions, parapets and ditches, where sixteen 
 guns were mounted, which commanded all the 
 ground north, west and south, as well as the north 
 and south lines of the stockade. These guns were of 
 different calibre, four of them being 12-pounders, and 
 twelve 4-pounders. Besides these, there were several 
 swivels. A part of this armament was ships' guns, 
 brought from Admiral Keppel's fleet. On the west 
 face was a sally port, and inside the fort were the 
 houses used as quarters for the commanding officer, 
 for storing provisions, and for the guard details while 
 on duty. 
 
 The entire work was 400 feet in length, and IGO 
 in width, extending from the point indicated below 
 Emmanuel Church to within a short distance of 
 Prospect street, the northern line extending along 
 nearly the centre of Washington street. The 
 Fort proper occupied almost the identical spot on 
 which now stands the residence of Mr. James A. 
 Millholland, known as the "Hoye House." 
 
 This fortification was of considerable strength, 
 and commanded the approaches from the North, 
 East and South. The ground to the North-west 
 was somewhat higher, but a small earthwork of a 
 
92 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 temporary character was constructed on the crest, 
 on the site of the residence of tlie hite James W. 
 Jones, Esq. The ground on the South side of the 
 river, opposite the Fort, was high enough to overlook 
 the work, and somewhat interfered with its efficiency. 
 The company parade and drill ground was inside the 
 pallisades, but the dress parades were held on the 
 ground noAv occupied hy the Court House and 
 Academy. Quite a number of log houses for barracks 
 were built near the crest, and as far back as 
 Smallwood street, but these were made use of only 
 when there was present a greater force than could be 
 accommodated in the Fort, and the barracks imme- 
 diately adjoining. 
 
 At the present day the site of old Fort Cuml^erland 
 is one of the most attractive spots in the State of 
 Maryland. On the bluft" rising from the creek stands 
 in bold outline Emmanuel Episcopal Church, a 
 handsome Gothic structure of native brown stone, 
 embowered in masses of ivy, and relieved by grassy 
 slopes, attracting and arresting the attention at once. 
 The remainder of the ground is occupied by the 
 handsome residences of R. Chew Jones, Esq., Hon. 
 Hopewell Hebb, and Jaines A. MillhoUand, Esq. 
 Scores of relics of the days of Washington and 
 Braddock were gathered from the soil while these 
 improvements were being made. Cannon balls, 
 musket balls, bayonets, flints, musket barrels, &c., 
 were amongst the trophies recovered. 
 
 In the campaign of 1755, generally known as 
 "Braddock's Expedition," Fort Cumberland was the 
 most jirominent point occupied on the line of march, 
 
PLAN OF FORT CU 
 
 fROM THE KING S HSS. LIBRARY 
 
MBERLAND, 1755. 
 
 ■ THE BfKTISH MUSEUM, 
 
1755.] FORT CUMBERLAND. 93 
 
 and was the scene of important military preparations. 
 It had been chosen as the rallying point for all the 
 troops in the operations against the French on the 
 Ohio River, its location being naturally advantageous 
 for this purpose, although as a post of defense for the 
 frontier settlers further East it Avas practically of 
 little value. Situated, as it was, upon_tlie very 
 outskirts of civilization; surrounded by only a few 
 hardy pioneers, and trappers, it was a favorite place 
 of resort for those friendly Indians who had peltries 
 to barter for the baubles, cloths, ammunition, &c., 
 which they found at the Ohio Company's new store- 
 house, and was at the same time well adapted as a 
 place of rendezvous for such forces as might be 
 designed for operations fiirther west. It was located 
 in the very heart of the wilderness, with virgin 
 forests all about it, and roads of the most inferior 
 character reaching back to the settlements, nearly 
 eighty miles away, while the single road leading to 
 the West was scarcely worthy being called such. In 
 the organization of Braddock's forces, the supplying 
 of his men and animals, and the events that followed 
 until the close of the contest with the French, the 
 scenes and incidents that transpired here rendered 
 historic every foot of ground al^out the place, and 
 invested it with an interest which should lead to 
 their careful preservation for the information and 
 pleasure of future generations. Here the Father of 
 our Country, the great Washington, obtained his 
 earliest lessons in the art of war, and for the first 
 time beheld a body of regular troops systematically 
 encamped; here he spent many weeks in the 
 
94 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 education of the cainp and the di-ill, and familiarized 
 himself with those duties which were to lx>come so 
 prominent a part of his future life, in the struggle 
 his country was destined to eml^arlv in to prest>rve 
 its freedom and integrity. The minutiiv of the 
 preparations, and contests wliich arose, as shown by 
 the letters and documents to be found in future pages 
 of this work, are exceedingly interesting, and worth}- 
 of preservation in every library in the country. 
 Throughout the pages of history frequent reference 
 is made to Fort Cumberland, in connection with the 
 progress of the plans and operations to which so 
 much importance was at that time attached, but in 
 no single work has there been recorded any con- 
 tinuous and intelligent narrative which could satisfj- 
 the desires of those who feel an interest in our 
 beautiful city, or gratify their thirst for accurate 
 knowledge as to the discovery, settlement, fortification, 
 improvement, cultivation, growth and progress of a 
 section of country so richly endowed by nature with 
 wealth and picturesque loveliness. This history has 
 been gathered from rare volumes and precious manu- 
 scripts, both in this country and England, as well as 
 from oral traditions and family records, and while 
 much has been thus fortunately preserved, many 
 facts of great interest have doubtless been lost in 
 oblivion, never to be recovered. 
 
 The campaign which had terminated so unli)rtu- 
 
 nately at Fort Necessity, served to bring Fort 
 
 Cumberland into great prominence, and the English 
 
 / authorities ^regarded it thenceforth as their base of 
 
 operations. Intelligence of the disaster above men- 
 
1755.] THE DUKK OF CUMBERLAND. 95 
 
 tioned was received in London in August, 1754, 
 and caused much excitement in the cabinet. The 
 ministry could not ignore the importance of immediate 
 action, and as the coh^nios seemed to be fatally slow 
 in providing the necessary means of defense, it became 
 apparent that the Crown must furnish both troops 
 and supplies. The Duke of Cumberland was sum- 
 moned to the councils of the King, and his keen 
 perceptions, and energetic nature, speedily led to 
 preparations for a decisive stroke, the nature of 
 which, however, was kept secret from the public. 
 
 In September the Ministrj? determined to send to 
 America two regiments of infantry, the Forty-fourth, 
 Colonel Bir Peter Halkett, and the Forty-eighth, 
 Colonel Thomas Dunbar, each 500 strong. These 
 were to be recruited to 700 after their arrival in 
 Virginia. Two other regiments, of 1,000 men each, 
 were also to be raised at the King's cost in America, 
 one to be conminTided by Governor William Shirley, 
 of the province of Massachusetts, and the other by Sir 
 William Pepperell. Sir John St Clair, Lieutenant- 
 Colonel of Ofiarrall's regiment, had been aj^pointed 
 Deputy Quartermaster-General for all the troops in 
 the colonies, with the rank of Colonel, and before the 
 close of the year he sailed for Virginia, with a view 
 to informing himself as to the country and the 
 necessities of the campaign. In November large 
 supplies of clothing, tents, marquees, arms, accoutre- 
 ments, ammunition, wagons, &c., were made ready 
 for use, and £10,000 in cash were sent to Virginia, 
 together with authority to draAv for as much more 
 should it become necessary to do so. Every pi-epa^ 
 
96 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 ration was made with a view to rendering certain the 
 success of a simultaneous movement upon Forts 
 Duquesne, Crown Point and Niagara; and it was 
 thought tliat at least twelve thousand men could be 
 secured for service, counting the Royal troops, tlie 
 Militia, and the Indians whom the colonial Governors 
 had been instructed to secure. 
 
 The Duke of Cumberland took the deepest interest 
 in the preparations for this campaign, and his orders 
 were closely followed throughout. He chose for 
 commander of the troops to be sent to Virginia, and 
 ^s Generalissimo of all His Majesty's forces on the 
 North American Continent, Major-General Edward 
 Braddock. Shortly afterward Parliament voted the 
 following sums to pay the expenses of the expedition : 
 
 For tv,r> regiments of foot to be raised for North America, £40,3.50 l.J4- 
 For defraying the charges of the otKcer.s appointed to go 
 
 with the forces commanded by General Braddock ■ ■ £7,H3S 2.s Grf 
 For defraying the charges of the oflRcers appointed to 
 attend the hospital for the expedition commenced by 
 General Braddock £l,77:i 7s Cxi 
 
 £49,468 OS 
 
 General Edward Braddock was the son of Edward 
 Braddock, a Major General in the British army, who 
 served for thirty years as an officer in the Coldstream 
 Guards, and who was esteemed as an "honest, brave 
 old gentleman." The date of the birth of the last 
 General Edward Braddock is not known, but is 
 supposed to have been about 1695, as it is recorded 
 that he entered the army on the 11th of October, 1710, 
 with the rank of Ensign in the Coldstream Guards, 
 in which corps his father had served so long. He 
 was promoted on the 1st of August, 171G, to a 
 
1755.] GENERAL KinA'AKD ]iHAl)lK)CK. 97 
 
 Lieutenancy; on th<? odtli of October, 1734, to a 
 Captain-Lk'utenancv: on the 10th of February, 1736, 
 to a Captaincy in the Second Regiment of Foot 
 Guards; on the 2d of April, 1743, to Lieutenant- 
 Colonel of the line, and also to be second Major of 
 the Coldstreanis ; on the 27th of May, 1745, to be 
 first Major, and on the 2l8t of November following 
 to be Lieutenant-Colonel. Braddock won several of 
 these pi'omotions by his bravery and gallanti'y in 
 hard fought and bloody battles, in several of which 
 the Duke of Cumbeiland was in command. The 
 Coldstreams was a regiment of model soldiers; in 
 courage and discipline they were unsurjiassed by any 
 troops in the world; its recruiting standard was 
 extraordinarily- high; and no Papist, no Scot, no 
 Irishman, no "vagabond" was under any consideration 
 permitted to become even a 2)ri\'ate in the ranks of 
 this body whose every member seemed to feel that 
 the honor and pride of the regiment was in his 
 keeping. The_y looked upon all other troops as mere 
 apprentices in the art of war, and carried their 
 contempt for them to such an extent that it became 
 necessary to issue an order forlaidding them to laugh 
 at or make game of other troops while they were on 
 parade. The reghnent was originally formed of the 
 elite of Fenwick's and Ilesilrige's Parliamentary 
 regiments, and was universally regarded as the 
 embodiment of all that was valiant, heroic and 
 soldierlv. Commissions were held in hiohest esteem 
 in this body, and in 1720 the King fixed the price of a 
 Lieutenant-Colonelc}- in the Coldstreams at ,£5,000; a 
 
 Major's commission at £3,600; a Captain's at ,£2,400; a 
 'l3 
 
98 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 Captain-Lieutenant's at £1,500; Lieutenant's £900; 
 an Ensign's £450; and in 17GG these rates were 
 doubled. The payment of these sums, however, 
 was not alone sutiieient; the purchaser was required 
 to te of irreproachable cliaracter, and to pass an 
 examination to prove his competency. 
 
 For nearly fifty years had Braddock served in 
 such a regiment, when he was chosen by the Duke 
 of Cumberland as the commander of the expedition, 
 which was intended to put an end to all French 
 pi-etensions in North America. 
 
 A closely disciplined military education, of a 
 life-time's duration, necessarily made Braddock a 
 martinet; and with discipline and eourrtge he was, 
 of course, a soldier, no matter what may have been 
 his other characteristics. That he was dissipated to 
 a certain extent is undeniable; and it cannot bo 
 maintained that he was possessed of such high 
 personal qualifications as to make his character one 
 to be admired. He was fond of high living, convivial, 
 and prone to the laxity of moi'als that usually follows 
 excess in those particulars. The gaming table had 
 its fascinations for him, and he was arrogant, unfor- 
 giving, and intemperate. He was haughty, severe, 
 reserved, and full of self-importance, which qualities 
 served on many occasions to make him greatly 
 disliked. There was little of refinement in his 
 nature, and he was brutal in his treatment of those 
 who invoked his resentment or dislike. When he 
 had heard something of the nature of the business 
 upon which he was to embark in America, and of 
 the enemy he was to meet, he evinced a fatal lack 
 
1755.] GENERAL KDWART) BRADDOCK. 99 
 
 of appreciation of their strength and disposition, and 
 boasted that he would sweep them before him, like 
 chaff before the Avind. His reputation was somewhat 
 damaged by one or two affliirs which indicated really 
 low instincts — made still lower by strong drink, 
 disreputable associates, and licentiousness. For these 
 he was lampooned by satirists, and sneeringly 
 discussed in the coffee-houses. His brother officers, 
 however, evidently knew all the good and the bad 
 in him, and weighed his vices and virtues; the result 
 was that he was accepted as "one of them," and 
 associated with upon terms of equality. His faults 
 were condoned, because of his good qualities, and for 
 his valor and soldierly acquirements, at least, he was 
 esteemed. He liad fought two duels, one with 
 Colonel Gumley, and another with Colonel Waller, 
 in the former of wliich he was disarmed, but had too 
 much pride to ask his life. Braddock was in 
 possession of moderate means upon the death of his 
 father, but his manner of life would soon have 
 dissipated a fortune less slender, and his straightened 
 finances frequently made him uncomfortable and 
 morose. 
 
 The most reckless display of heartlessness that 
 was at any time developed in his speech, Avas on 
 the occasion of the death of his sister, Fanny 
 Braddock. This young lady was beautiful, talented, 
 witty, and lavishly generous. In the fullness of her 
 friendship she sacrificed her fortune to pay the debts 
 of a gentleman of wliom she was very fond, and he 
 repaid the imprudent act with sucli ingratitude as 
 must have well nigh broken her heart. She was 
 
100 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 a 
 
 greatly addicted to gambling, the only vice ever 
 attributed to her. Her loss of fortune, and the 
 falling away of friends, so preyed upon her mind, 
 that in a lit of desperation she hanged herself, with 
 a silken scarf, on the night of the 8th of September? 
 1731, at Bath. When Braddock was informed of 
 this he said: "Poor Fanny, I always thought she 
 would play until she would be forced to tuck herself 
 up." 
 
 General Braddock had been chosen by the Duke 
 of Cumberland because his "courage and military 
 discipline had recommended him as of ability for so 
 great a trust." The Duke had been an eye-witness 
 to his courage on more than one occasion, and was 
 undoubtedly convinced of the wisdom of giving him 
 this command. 
 
 Early in November both the Duke and Braddock 
 arrived in London, where they had frequent inter- 
 views and conversations relating to the conduct of 
 the expedition about to he undertaken. The Captain- 
 General gave Braddock minute instructions as to the 
 course he was to pursue; the organization of his 
 forces; the supplies to be provided; posts to be 
 established, &c. Amongst other verbal instructions, 
 he directed Braddock to see that Fort (Jumberland 
 was strengihened, and made to accommodate a gar- 
 rison of two hundred men. lie advised the greatest 
 care in dealing with the Indians, who would be found 
 a foe different in every way from the regiilar troops 
 of civilized nations, and practiced in woodcraft. To 
 the latter suggestions Braddock gave little heed, 
 expecting to make short Nvork of the savages with his 
 
'■%, 
 
 
 w 
 
 I-idL.byA.Knim&Co.Bnhimnrv:- 
 
 iOWOf«^/i/cS HISTORV or CUMBERLAND ■ 
 
 MAJOR GENERAL EDWARD BRADDOCK 
 
1755.] GENEKAL BRADDOCIv'S FLEET. 101 
 
 splendid regular troops. After two weeks spent in 
 London, Braddock went to Cork, to hasten prepara- 
 tions for the sailing of the ti-ansports, but many weeks 
 elapsed before everything was in readiness, and it was 
 not until the 14th of January, 1755, that the fleet 
 was under sail. The delay was so irksome to the 
 General that he embarked on board the Norwich, 
 Captain the Honorable Samuel Barrington, and sailed 
 on the 21st of December, accompanied by the 
 Centurion, the flag ship of Commodore Keppel, and 
 the Syren, Captain Prob}'. The fleet, which sailed on 
 the 14th of January, consisted of the following vessels: 
 
 TRANSPORTS. 
 
 Anna, Captain Nevin ; Terrible, Captain Wright ; 
 
 Halifax, Captain Terry; Fame, Captain Judd ; 
 
 Osgood, Captain Crookshanks ; Concord, Captain Boynton ; 
 
 London, Captain Brown; Prince Frederick, Captain Burton; 
 
 Industr}-, Captain Niller; Fishburn, Captain Wm. Tipple; 
 
 Isabel and Mary, Captain Hall ; Molly, Captain .John Curling ; 
 
 Severn, Captain Jehosa Rawlings. 
 ORDNANCE SHIPS. 
 Whiting, Captain Johnson : Newall, Captain Montgomery. 
 Nelly. 
 
 These were under convoy of two men-of-war, the 
 Seahorse and Nightingale, and in addition to the stores 
 there were on board £14,000 in specie. 
 
 Meantime Governor Dinwiddle, in Virginia, was 
 exerting himself to mtike the pro\incial troops 
 efiective, and the House of Burgesses had voted 
 £20,000 for the public service. He enlarged the 
 army to ten companies of one hundred men each, and 
 put all upon the establishment of independent com- 
 panies, whereby the regimental organization was 
 wholly destroyed, and the highest oflice possible 
 was that of (Japtain, and all officers holding King's 
 
102 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 commissiions were superior to officers of similar grade 
 in the Virginia regiments. The result of this 
 destruction of regimental orgiinizati(m, was to reduce 
 Colonel Washing-ton to the rank of Captain, and to 
 put over him officers whom he had commanded. 
 Naturally, and justly, he regarded this as a degrada- 
 tion, and immediately he resigned his commission, 
 and retired to his farm at Mount Vernon. Governor 
 Sharpe, of Maryland, was familiar with Washingion's 
 career, and knew his value, and importuned him 
 to take up the sword again, assuring him of a 
 commission equal to that he befoi'e held. He declined, 
 however, to accejit the invitation, and expressed his 
 surprise that such a proposition should be made him. 
 He replied, "if you think me capable of holding a 
 commission that has neither rank nor emolument 
 annexed to it, you must entertain a verj' contemptible 
 opinion of my weakness, and believe me to be more 
 empty than the commission itself." He concluded by 
 saying, "I shall have the consolation of knowing that 
 I have opened the way, when the smallness of our 
 numbers exposed us to the attacks of a superior 
 enemy, and that I have had the thanks of my country 
 for the services I have rendered." Notwithstanding 
 he declined to enter the army upon the terms offered 
 liim, he had a desire to engage again in the profession 
 of arms, and thought much upon the subject during the 
 winter, which he passed in almost pei'fect retirement.* 
 
 *Tbere had. an lier^ofore Fttited. been a contlict as to rank between Wa-sliiuctnii a'ld Civplain 
 " Mackaye at Fort Nece-sity. Wub]ni)»toii expressed hi::^ belief tbnt the action which i-e!^iilt.ed io 
 thi'o\viii(^ out the higher ollicers. huldhir: Colouial coinniissiout*, waa "generated and liatclied 
 at Will's (Jreek," and was cliargeable to Governor Dinwiddie. He ansui-ed Governor Sharpe tliat 
 while Ilia sell-respect forbade him to serve under such circunmtiince-*, bis feelings were "slronfjly 
 bent to arms." These orders, wore, however, reiterated during the winter bv the i;overnment, 
 ainl otlicer.s of tlie royal troop:* were given rank over ihuse of the same grade holding Colonial 
 cnmmission^i of older date, wliile provinciat tield otticer^ were al lowed no rank whatever wbea 
 »erviug with general and tield otlicers commis^ioued by the Cruwn. 
 
1755.] GOVERNOR SHARPE AT FORT CUMBERLAND. T0:^» 
 
 Aftairs at Fort Cumberland were very quiet at this 
 time, so far as the enemy Avas concerned. About the 
 1st of January, 1755, a party of Indians, numbering 
 fifteen, arrived at the Fort, and said they had been 
 with the Frencli. They asked a great many questions 
 as to the intentions of the British, and asserted that 
 tlie Indians liad resolved to remain in the position of 
 neutrals, and not to tal^e any part in the war. The 
 conduct of these visitors was so singular as to excite 
 distrust, and they were permitted to leave the camp, 
 without obtaining any information other than such 
 as they could acquire by close observation. 
 
 On the 20th of January, Governor Sharj^e again 
 visited Fort Cumberland, and on the 26th Sir John 
 St. Clair arrived. They made an examination of the 
 works, the supplies, and the arms ; and two da3's were 
 spent in inspection and ccmsultation as to the additions 
 Uiat were necessary to the stores, and the best method 
 of getting them to the camp. A1)out the 28th these 
 gentlemen stepped into a small boat, at Fort 
 Cumberland, and descended the Potomac to Alex- 
 andria. They inspected the river the entire distance 
 traversed, with a view to determining the feasibility 
 of sending supjtlies to Fort Cuml)erland by water, and 
 Hir John St. Clair was of opinion that such a project 
 was entirely practicalde. could the rocks in the 
 channel at (ireat Falls be ivmoved. This he thought 
 could be accomplished by means of gunpowder, to an 
 extent sufficient to permit the passage of flat bottomed 
 boats. The experiment, however, was never tried, 
 and the bulk of supplies was afterwards sent over the 
 rough mountain roads in wagons. 
 
104 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 While at Fort Cumberland, Governor Sharpe found 
 military aflairs in a very unsati^ifactory condition; the 
 Virginia companies were unruly, discontented and 
 mutinous, while the Maryland company was of little 
 value, Ijecause of its limited numbers and lack of 
 discipline. The officers of the Colonial companies 
 and tliose holding King s commissions, were at daggers' 
 points, tecause of the dispute as to rank; and this of 
 itself, was exti'emely demoralizing in its eifects. Sir 
 John St. Clair inspected the soldiers at the Fort, and 
 discharged no less than twenty from Captain 
 Rutherford's company, because of their unfitness for 
 service. 
 
 On the 20th of February, the Norwich, ha-sang on 
 board General Braddock, Captain Orme, one of his 
 aides-de-camp, and Mr. William Shirley, his Secretary, 
 entered Hampton Roads. This arrival had l)een 
 looked forward to with the utmost interest by the 
 people of Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania, who 
 were very solicitous for the defeat and punishment 
 of the French, but felt lioth unal>le and unwilling to 
 bear the expense of the necessary troops and supplies. 
 Two of the transpoi'ts, the Osgood and Fishburn, 
 arrived on the 2d of March, and a fortnight later the 
 entire fleet had arrived and proceeded to Alexandria, 
 where the troops were temporarily quartered. 
 
 General Braddock liad not awaited the ari'ival of 
 the fleet, but had gone to Williamsburg, where he 
 consulted with Governor Dinwiddle, and .at once 
 invited the Governors of the various colonies to meet 
 him at Annapolis. On the 14th of April Governors 
 Shirley, of Massachusetts; Dinwiddie. of ^^irginia; 
 
1755.] ORGANIZINfi THK CAMPAIGN. 105 
 
 Delancy, of New York; Sharpe, of Maryland; Morris, 
 
 of Pennsylvania; and Dobbs, of North Carolina, 
 
 assembled with him, in convention, at Alexandria, 
 
 and after a lengthy discussion made articles covering 
 
 arrangements for the prosecution of a comprehensive 
 
 campaign. In addition to these gentlemen, Admiral 
 
 Keppel, commander of the ileet, was present. The 
 
 plan adopted enrbraced three difterent movements, 
 
 viz: One against Fort Duquesne, Ijy Braddock; one 
 
 against Niagara and Frontenac, (Kingston,) under 
 
 command of Governor Shirley, and one against Crown 
 
 Point, on Lake Champlain, l)y General William 
 
 Johnson, who was then a resident, and an influential 
 
 man, amongst the Indians of the Mohawk nation. 
 
 The time fixed upon for the inauguration of active 
 
 operations was the end of June, and it was thought 
 
 that an easy victory would be accomplished in ever3' 
 
 quarter. 
 
 General Braddock evidently had very crude ideas 
 
 regarding the colonies and the inhabitants thereof, 
 
 and expected all the orders of the Ministry to be 
 
 carried into effect as concisely as was the custom at 
 
 home. He therefore anticipated the prompt supply 
 
 of the four hundred men who were to recruit the 
 
 ranks of the 44th and 48th regiments, and which 
 
 were to come from Pennsylvania. These were not 
 
 forthcoming, and he wrote frequen t letters to Governor 
 
 Morris, entreating him to use every effort to secure 
 
 the men, and offered a bounty of £o for each I'ecruit. 
 
 His persistent appeals, however, were fruitless, from 
 
 which cause he gave expression to his disgust and 
 
 anger in most violent language. It may readily be 
 14 
 
106 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 imagined that the General's temper was not afterwards 
 improved, when he found that his movements were 
 to be seriously retarded by a lack of means of trans- 
 portation, as well as by scarcity of supplies. Sir 
 John St. Clair had bargained with two Dutch settlei-s 
 at the foot of the Blue Ridge, for two hundred 
 wagons and fifteen hundred pack-horses, to be 
 furnished early in May, at Fort Cumberland; and 
 Governor Sharpe had agreed to furnish a hundred 
 wagons to be used in transporting stores, on the 
 Maryland side of the Potomac, towards Fort Cumber- 
 -, land. Neither of these contracts was fully carried 
 into effect. The Dutch settlers neglected the matter 
 entirely, and Governor Sharpe experienced the 
 greatest difficulty in getting together even a few 
 teams. 
 
 In considering the difficulties of this campaign, 
 some of which began to be apparent to him, Braddock 
 remembered Washington, with Avhose course he was 
 well acquainted, and he deemed it for the good of the 
 country's service to call him again to the field. He 
 appreciated fully the dignity of the young Virginian's 
 action in resigning his commission, and was pleased 
 with the spirit he had shown. Washington was 
 already under the influence of a fever of military 
 zeal, which was fanned to a greater heat day after 
 day by the jjreparations he saw being made for war, 
 and he was a frequent visitor to the camp at 
 Alexandria. A number of prominent personages 
 represented to General Braddock the value of 
 Washington's services, he having experience and a 
 thorough knowledge of the country, and the result 
 
1755.] WASHINGTON AN AID-DE-CAMl'. 107 
 
 was that Captain Ormo wrote, by Braddock's orders, 
 the following cordial letter, addi-essed to Major 
 Washington : 
 
 "Williamsburg, 2 March, 1755. 
 
 "Sni: — The Geiieral having been informed that yon expressed some 
 desire to make the campaign, but that you declined it upon some 
 disafrreeableness that yon thought might arise from the regulations of 
 command, has ordered me lo acquaint you that he will be very glad of 
 your compauv in his family, by which all inconveniences of that kind will 
 be obviated. 
 
 " I shall think myself very happy to form an acquaintance with a 
 person so universally esteemed, and shall use every opportunity of 
 assuring you how much I am, Sir, your most obedient servant, 
 
 "ROBERT ORME, Aid-de-camp." 
 
 Washington was highly gratified by the compliment 
 so gracefully tendered, and hastened to accept a 
 position so agreeable to his tastes and inclinations. 
 His position as aid-de-camp on Braddock's staff gave 
 him no emoluments, and in fact could not be other- 
 wise than expensive, yet he was freed thereby from 
 the annoj-ance of questions as to rank, and was 
 satisfied to accept as compensation the gloi'y he 
 might win, and the experience he might gain. 
 His private aftliirs prevented him from at once 
 entering upon his duties, and Captain Orme wrote 
 him: "The General ordei's me to give you his 
 compliments, and to assure you his wishes are to 
 make it agreeable to yourself and consistent with 
 your affairs ; and, therefore, he desires you will so 
 settle your business at home as to join him at Will's 
 Creek, if more convenient to you; and whenever you 
 find it necessary to return, he begs you will look 
 upon yourself as entirely master, and judge what is 
 necessarv to be done." 
 
108 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 While Braddock was getting ready for his march 
 from Alexandria, Sir John St. Clair had returned to 
 Fort Cumberland, Avhere he set everybody by the 
 ears, and startled the commissioners who had been 
 sent by Pennsylvania to attend the construction of 
 the road required by the government. Nothing 
 whatever had been done towai-ds building this road, 
 and Sir John Avas in a furious passion, hurling his 
 strong language at Croghan and the other commis- 
 sioners, and declaring that the want of the road would 
 retard the expedition, and might cost them a 
 disgraceful defeat, from the large number of additional 
 troops the French would send into the country. He 
 threatened to march an army into Cumberland 
 county, to cut the roads, press horses, wagons, and 
 forage, and that he would not permit his soldiers to 
 handle an ax, but by fire and sword oblige the 
 inhabitants to do the woi'k, and that he would wreak 
 general destruction. In case the French should 
 defeat them he threatened to march through the 
 province with drawn sword, and treat all inhabitants 
 as a parcel of traitors, and much more to the same 
 effect. These liarsh threats, while they called forth 
 a reprimand from Braddock, as being "officiously 
 violent," had the effect of stimulating the Penn- 
 sylvanians to activity. Governor Morris exerted 
 himself to the utmost, and manifested an earnest 
 desire to do call in his power to forward the 
 construction of the road, and in the latter part of 
 April sent Mr. Thomas Walker to Fort Cumberland, 
 with instructions to see such persons as were 
 necessary, and to endeavor to have them give their 
 
1755.] GOVERNOR morris's EFFORTS. 109 
 
 aid to the work. Mr. Walker wrote to Governor 
 Morris as follows : 
 
 "Fort CuMisEiii.Axri, March ye 7tb, 1755. 
 " HoNOURKU Sir : 
 
 "I wiiiteil on Mr. .Fames Wrif^ht ami .lohn Smith, on my way here. 
 They both expressed the greatest desire of Complying with the Instriictiona 
 sent them Ijy the Honourable Isaac Norris and tbe other commissioners 
 in Philadelphia. I could not wait on Mr. Armstrong, without great loss 
 of time, which occationed me to write to him only. 
 
 "I don't doubt but your Honour has had the agreeable news of the 
 arrival of the English Forces, which will make the greatest despatch 
 necessary in the Gentlemen who are to purchase the Wheat. Just now a 
 party men commanded by Mr. Lowmain Brought Joseph Nelson to the 
 camp with two other men, and one Woman, who the Men had by force 
 taken from her Father's House ; one man of Capt. Rutherford's was shot 
 through the arm. I am 
 
 "Your Honours Most Humble Servant in Hast 
 
 "THOMAS WALKER. 
 ■' To the Hon'ble Robert Hunter Morris 
 
 '■ Governor of Pensilvania."' 
 
 Governor Morris undertook also to organize a band 
 of Indians for the expedition, and he wrote to George 
 Croghan, at his jilace at Aughquick, to get together 
 as many warriors as possible who were friendly, and 
 to distribute among them a number of wampum belts, 
 engaging them to meet General Braddock at Fort 
 Cumberland, and to take up the hatchet against the 
 French. Croghan undertook this service, and agreed 
 furthermore to furnish a company of hardy, resolute 
 woodsmen, who knew every trail in the forests, and 
 who were under command of Captain Jack, one of 
 the most daring characters that could be found in 
 the wilderness, and a terror to the Indians. 
 
 The following letter was received by Governor 
 Morris from Governor Dinwiddle, under date of 
 March 10th: 
 
110 HISTORY OF CUMHERLANIJ. [1755. 
 
 '• WiLLiAMSBUKfi, March 10, 1755. 
 "Sii!: 
 
 " Your favor of the '26th ult. I recieved Yesterday — I am very glad you 
 prevailed with Your Committee for the Flour of 14,000 bushels of wheat, 
 to be delivered at Conogacheek : this i.s a very Seasonable Supply, as 
 that r|Urtntity with what I have purchased, I hope will answer the 
 Breadkind, <t I hope I have Salt Provisions sufficient, but must entreat 
 You to direct the delivery of the Flour with all imaginable Expedition : 
 as the Transports are mostly arrived, I hope the General will take the 
 Field soon & I would gladly hope that no Delay should be on account of 
 Provisions. 
 
 " I hope you will see it necessary to call ye Assembly immediately 
 now the Forces from Britain have arrived, to endeavor with them to raise 
 a considerable Sum of Money : for if it please God to give the General 
 success in taking the Fort on the Ohio, it will be necessary that a Garrison 
 of 250 men be left in it (at the charge of different Colonies) not to prevent 
 his further Designs & this charge I think should be bore by the Colonies, 
 otherway his taking the Fort & leaving it without a Garrison, will 
 encouriige the French ne.xt Year to retake it & in course, keep the 
 Colonies in continual war : whereas strengthening ourselves on the Ohio 
 as above, I am in hopes may prevent any further attempts from the 
 French and protect our Frontiers — and as a great deal of money will be 
 wanted for that Service, I have called on our Assembly to meet the first 
 of May, in hopes to prevail with them for a further supply, for 100,000 
 now will be of more Service than a million some Years hence. 
 
 "The General goes for Alexandria the Beginning of ne.vt Week, and 
 expects Gov : Shirley to meet him at Annapolis, it I propose to wait upon 
 him at that place. 
 
 " I remain with very great respect, 
 '■ Sir Your most obdt h'ble Servt, 
 
 "DIXWIDDIE." 
 
 Captain John Eutlicrt'oiiL who was at Fort 
 Cuinbedand during the inspection by Sir John St. 
 Clair, wrote to Governor Morris as follows: 
 
 "FoKT Cumberland, March 22, 1755. 
 '■Sir: 
 
 "I write your honor a few lines, tho' I shan't think I have anything 
 material to say until the two Regiments from Cork arrive. Our review 
 by Sir John St. Clair is over, & after what he has discharged, I think 
 what remains here will be fit for any service: I shall want twenty recruits 
 to compleat my company, in room of those he lias discharged & those I 
 had discharged before, which I have a promise of getting from Maryland 
 immediately. 
 
1755.] THE MARCH FROM ALEXANDRIA. Ill 
 
 " Col. In'nes remains here to take care of stores and Indian alTairs, & 
 Sir John, by Genl Braddock's orders, has left under ray command my own 
 Company, Capt. Demere's & two companies of Virginia Ranfrers, fifty 
 men each, under Capt. Waggoner and Capt. Perronee ; Capt. Clark's, as 
 unfit for service, is sent off to recruit, and Capt. Dagworthy's to be drafted 
 for compleating the British Regimts. The greatest plague I tind in my 
 command proceeds from Whiskey, which hatl always prevailed, in spite of 
 many e.xpedients since the arrival of troops here. I must get the better 
 of it if possible, & have punished several soldiers & staved some whiskey, 
 but great complaints are made by the owners for want of proper warning, 
 so I must beg your Honor would please order the enclosed Advertisement 
 to be published in your newspapers for three weeks. 
 
 ********* 
 
 " Sir, your Honor's 
 
 " most obedient & most humble serv't 
 
 '•JOHN RUTHERFORD." 
 
 General Braddock, although disappointed in the 
 matter of recruits, as well as of transportation, left 
 Alexandria on hi.s march to Fort Duquesne on the 
 20th of April. 
 
 On the 2Gth of April the command arrived at 
 Fredericktown. in Maryland, where Washington 
 then joined it. It became apparent to Braddock, 
 here, that the selection of Virginia as the landing 
 place for the troops was a great mistake, since neither 
 provisions, forage nor transportation were there to be 
 had, and that had thev landed in Pennsvlvania the 
 march would have been shortened several weeks, and 
 a saving of at least £40,000 stex'ling effected. He 
 had relied upon the promises made that three 
 hundred hoi'ses and two hundred wagons and teams 
 would be supplied him; besides an abundance of 
 forage and provisions. Instead, however, he found 
 at Fredericktown barely fifteen wagons, and less than 
 one hundred horses, which number was totally 
 inadequate to his necessities. In addition to this, it 
 
112 HISTORY OF CUMHERLAND. [1755. 
 
 was found upon unloading the wagons that the 
 provisions were spoiled, and stunk so intoleral>lj that 
 they were taken out of camp and buried. These 
 facts aroused all of the General's bad temper, and he 
 cursed the army contractors roundly, as well as 
 Americans generally, denouncing the whole people as 
 irresponsil)le and totally untrustworthy. Most of the 
 officers shared in the harsh opinions entertained by 
 their leader, which both Washington and Benjamin 
 Franklin, the Postmaster-General, undertook to 
 combat, the latter stating that Pennsylvania had 
 voted .£5,000 to the support of the King's troops, and 
 was even then engaged in the construction of a road, 
 at great expense. He furthermore expressed his 
 regret that the expedition had not landed in Pennsyl- 
 vania, as there every farmer had his wagon, and 
 there would have been no difliculty in seein-ing all 
 the transportation that might be required. Braddock 
 took hope from this stattanent, and asked Franklin 
 if he could not yet secin-e such wagons as were 
 required for the success of his army. Franklin 
 thought he could, and at once undertook the task of 
 satisfying the General's wants in this respect. He 
 had observed that the dress of Sir John St. Clair was 
 that of a Hussar, or nearly approached it in some 
 respects, and taking advantage of this, he published 
 a letter, as follows : 
 
 "to the INIIAIUTANTS ok the counties of LANCASTEK, YORK ANIl 
 CUMBERLAND. 
 
 "Friends and Counirymen : 
 
 " Being occasionally at the camp at Frederick a few days since, I 
 found the General and officers of the Army e.xtremely exasperated on 
 account of their not being supplied with Horses and Carriages, which had 
 been expected from this Province, as most able to furnish them; but 
 
1755.] franklin's letter to the pennsylvanians. 113 
 
 thro" the Dissensions between our Governor and Assembly, money had 
 not been provided nor any steps taken for that Purpose. 
 
 " It was pro]iosed to send an armed (bree immediately into these 
 Counties, to seize as many of the best Carriages and Horses as should be 
 wanted, and compel as many Persons into the Service as should be 
 necessary to drive and take care of them. 
 
 "I apprehended that the Progress of a Body of Soldiers through these 
 counties on such an Occasion, especially considering the Temper they 
 are in, and their Resentment against us, would be attended with many 
 and great Inconveniences to the Inhabitants ; and therefore more will- 
 ingly undertook the Trouble of trying first what might be done by fair and 
 equitable Means. 
 
 " The People of these back Counties have lately complained to the 
 Assembly that a sullicient Currency was wanting; you have now an 
 Opportunity of receiving and dividing among you a very considerable 
 Sum, for if the Service of this Expedition should continue (as it"s more 
 than probable it will) for 120 Davs, the hire of these Wagons and Horses 
 will amount to upwards of Thirti/ Thousand Pounds, which will be paid 
 you in .Silver and Gold of the King's Money. 
 
 " The Service will be light and easy, for the Army will scarce mareli 
 above 12 njiles per Day, and the Wagons and Baggage Horses, as they 
 carry those things that are absolutely necessary to the Welfare of the 
 Army, must march with the Army and no faster, and are, for the 
 Army's sake, always placed where they can be most secure, w'lietlier on 
 the March or in Camp. 
 
 " If you really are, as I believe you are. good and loyal Subjects of His 
 Majesty, you may now do a most acceptable .Service, and make it easy for 
 yourselves; for three or four such as cannot separately spare froni the 
 business of three Plantations a Wagon and four Horses and a Driver, 
 may do it together, one furnishing the Wagon, another one or two 
 Horses, and another the Driver, and divide the Pay proportionally 
 between you. But if you do not this service to your King and Country 
 voluntarily, when such good pay and reasonable Terms are offered you, 
 your Loyalty will be strongly suspected. The King's Business must be 
 done; so many brave Troops, come so far for your defense, must not stand 
 idle thro' your Backwardness to do what may reasonably be expected 
 from you ; Wagons and Horses must be had ; violent measures will 
 probably be used ; and you will be to seek for a Recompense where 
 yoa can find it, and your case, perhaps be little pitied or regarded. 
 
 " I have no particular Interest in this Affair, as (except the satisfac- 
 tion of endeavoring to do Good and prevent mischief,) I shall have 
 only my Labor for my Pains. If this method of obtaining the Wagons 
 and Horses is not like to succeed, I am obliged to send word to the 
 General in fourteen Days, and I suppose Sir John SI. Clair, the Hussar, 
 15 
 
114 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 with a body of Soldiers, will immediatoly enter the Province, of which I 
 shall be sorry to hear, because 
 
 " I am very sincerely and truly 
 
 "your Friend & Well Wisher, 
 
 "B. FRANKLIN." 
 
 The pi-omulgation i)f this document was speedily 
 effective. The Dutch farmers of the back counties of 
 Pennsylvania had formerly lived under despotic 
 power, and they dreaded the Hussars as a scourge, 
 so that, believing St. Clair to have been a Hussar, 
 and having heard of his violence and temper, they lost 
 /no time in sending forward two hundred wagons and 
 two hundred and fifty pack horses, all of which 
 reported at Fort Cumlierland, for service, about the 
 latter part of June. 
 
 On the 30th of April Braddock left Frederick- 
 town, with his staff and a body-guard of light 
 horse. Before leaving Alexandria he had jjurchased 
 of Governor Sharjje a chariot, one of the cumbersome 
 carriages of tliat day. and was making his journey 
 with a degree of style which would have been 
 better suited to the cultivated districts of England. 
 He quickly discovered that the road was ill-adapted 
 to a conveyance of that character, and did not hesitate 
 to exjoress his opinion by " damning it heartily." 
 The route pursued was that by way of Winchester, 
 tlie other, and shorter road, not having then been 
 built. He arrived at Fort Cumberland on the 10th 
 of May. He passed Dunliar's division of troops on 
 the Oldtown road, a few miles IxdoAV Will's Creek, 
 the entire line making room for him to pass on the 
 narrow road, and the drums beating the Grenadier's 
 March, as he drove past, surrounded by his staff, in 
 
1755.] braddock's arrival at fort Cumberland. 115 
 
 their bright uniforms. When he arrived at Will's 
 Creek he was received with a salute of seventeen 
 guns, fired from the Fort, and the garrison drawn up 
 in line, and ready for inspection. It was a little after 
 noon when the General arrived, and as the i-oad had 
 been, for several miles back, smooth and easy, lying 
 along the beautiful river, and as the weather was 
 mild and pleasant, he and his officers were in fine 
 spirits, when they dismounted to take possession of 
 their quarters and join Colonel Innes at dinner, at his 
 table. At 2 o'clock Colonel Dunbar, with liis com- 
 mand, arrived, and they encamped on the hill to the 
 west of the Fort, about where the residences of Hon. 
 George A. Pearre and Mrs. J. Philip Roman now 
 stand. The number of Indians here at that time was 
 about one hundred, and their lodges were clustered 
 in the woods, a quarter of a mile distant. They were 
 all of the Six Nations, and amongst them were 
 Scarooyadi, or Monicatoocha, successor to the Half- 
 King; White Thunder, the keeper of wampum; 
 Silver Heels, and Great Tree. Besides these. Bright 
 Lightning, the daughter of Wjiite Thunder, and 
 several other Indian women, were quite prominent in 
 their curiosity, and every day they came to the drill 
 ground to witness the marching of the soldiers, 
 seeming greatly surprised by their numbers and the 
 uniformity of their movements. Of these natives the 
 Seamen's Journal says: "I would willingly say 
 something of the manners and customs of the Indians 
 but they are hardly to be described. The men are 
 tall, well made and active, but not strong, but very 
 dexterous with a rifle barrelled gun, and their 
 
116 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 tomahawk, which they Avill throAv with great certainty 
 at any mark and at a great distance. The women 
 are not so tall as the men, but well made and have 
 many children, but had many more before spirits 
 were introduced to them. They paint themselves in 
 an odd manner, red, yellow and black intermixed. 
 And the men have the outer rim of their ears cut, 
 which only hangs by a bit top and bottcjm, and have 
 a tuft of hair left at the top of their heads, which is 
 dressed with feathers. Their watch coat is their 
 chief clothing, which is a thick blanket thrown all 
 round them, and wear mocasins instead of shoes, 
 which are Deer skin thrown round the ankle and foot. 
 Their manner of carrying their infents is odd. 
 They are laid on a board, and tied on with broad 
 bandage, with a place to rest their feet on, and a board 
 over their head to keep the sun oif, and are slung to 
 the women's backs. These people have no notion of 
 religion, or any sort of Superior Ijeing, as I take them 
 to be the most ignorant people as to the I-cnowledge of 
 the world and other things. In the day were in tjur 
 camp, and in the night they go into their own, where 
 they dance and make a most horrible noise." 
 
 These Indians were from Aughquick, in Pennsyl- 
 vania, and were brought to Will's Creek l)y George 
 Croghan, who was commissioned by Braddock as a 
 Captain to command the savages during the campaign. 
 He was thoroughly acquainted with tlie Indian 
 customs, spoke the language of several nations, and 
 had great influence with them, having been a ti'ader 
 amongst them for many years. 
 
 On the day of General Braddock's arrival at the 
 
1755.] TROOPS AT FORT CUMBERLAND. 117 
 
 Fort he announced the appointment of Major 
 Washington as aid-de-camp. By the 19th of May 
 tlie forces were all encamped at this point, and con- 
 sisted of the 44th and 48th regiments, each 700 
 strong, the Independent companies of New York 100; 
 carpenters 100; rangers 400, and the South Carolina 
 detachment 100, a total of 2,100 men. These troops 
 were encamped according to the plan approved of by 
 the council of war, and Washington had ample 
 opportunity to study the methods of the camp. 
 Braddock was a martinet, whose education permitted 
 him to overlook no detail which might prove of the 
 least importance. He enforced implicit obedience, 
 and punished in the most severe manner every 
 infraction of law or regulation; his soldiers were 
 drilled with persistence and precision, and the camp 
 was made a model of order and regularity. The 
 recruits were subjected to the most rigid discipline, 
 and especial pains taken to make them attain to some 
 degree of perfection in the drill. Drunkenness and 
 theft were punished with a severity unknown in the 
 army to-day, the ordinary penalty being a thousand 
 lashes and ignominious expulsion from the regiments. 
 Braddock maintained to some extent his old habits 
 of extravagance and conviviality. He was by incli- 
 nation and educaticm a hon vlcant, devoted to high 
 living, and good wine, when it was possible to obtain 
 those articles which were pleasing to his palate. The 
 supply of choice things to cheer the inner man was 
 lamentably short, however, upon his arrival at the 
 Fort. But a few days later, through Franklin's 
 efforts, there was received by the General a present 
 
118 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 of fifty fat oxen and one hundred sheep, for the use 
 of the army, and the following articles for his own 
 table : 
 
 Twelve Hams, Four kegs of Sturgeon. 
 
 Eight Cheeses, One keg of Herrings, 
 
 Twenty-four Flasks of Oil, Two chests of Lemon.s, 
 
 Ten loaves of Sugar, Two kegs of Spirits, 
 
 One cask of Raisins, A cask of Vinegar, 
 
 A box of Spice and Currants, A barrel of Potatoes, 
 
 A box of Pickles and Mustard, Three tubs of Butter, 
 
 Eight Kegs of Biscuit. 
 
 In addition to these very acceptable supplies, each 
 of the twenty subalterns of the 48th regiment received 
 a jiarcel made up of the following : 
 
 G lbs. Loaf Sugar, 1 Gloucester Clieese, 
 
 6 " Muscorado Sugar, 1 Keg, 20 lbs., good Butter, 
 
 1 " Green Tea, 2 doz. old Madura Wine, 
 
 1 " Bohea Tea, 2 gallons Jamaica Spirits, 
 
 6 " Ground Coffee, 1 bottle flour of Mustard, 
 
 6 " Chocolate, 2 well cured Hams, 
 
 i chest best white Biscuit, J doz. Dried Tongues, 
 
 5 lb. Pepper, (1 lbs of Rice, 
 
 1 quart White Vinegar, (j " Raisins. 
 
 Colonel Dunbar caused these latter articles to be 
 divided between the subalterns of the two royal 
 regiments. The General again spread a bounteous 
 table, and his cooks devoted themselves to the 
 preparation of dishes that might temjit his appetite. 
 The "two kegs of spirits" were not neglected, and 
 "punches" were with liberality passed around the 
 board, on many and oft recurring occasions. A 
 levee, or reception was held every day at head- 
 quarters, from 10 to 11 o'clock a. m., at which time 
 every officer was expected to pay his respects to the 
 commander. 
 
 On the 12th, the Seamen's Journal states that a 
 
1755.] CONFERENCE WTTII THE INDIANS. 119 
 
 congress was held at the General's tent, at 11 o'clock, 
 at which time all the officers attended the General, 
 and the Indians were brought. The guard received 
 them with tlieir firelocks rested, and the interpreter 
 was ordered to tell them that their brothers, the 
 English, who were their old friends, were come to 
 assure them that every misunderstanding that had 
 been in former times should now be buried under that 
 great mountain (pointing to Will's Mountain). Then 
 a string of wampum was given them, after which a 
 belt of wampum was held forth, with the following 
 speech, viz: that this wamjjum was to assure them of 
 our friendship ; that ever3body who were their 
 enemies were ours; and that it was not the small 
 force only that we had here, but numbers to the 
 northward, under our great war Captains, Shirley, 
 Pepperell, Johnston, and others, that were going to 
 war, and that we would settle them happily in their 
 country, and make the French Ijoth ashamed and 
 hungry. But that whatever Indians after this 
 declaration did not come in, would be deemed by us 
 as our enemies, and treated as such. The General 
 told them he should have presents for them in a few 
 days, when he should have another speech to make 
 to them, and then, after having the ceremony of 
 taking a drink of the spirits all round, the Indians 
 filed out one after another in silence, and returned 
 to their camp. On the same day one of those sudden 
 gusts of wind, which sometimes visit this locality, 
 with thunder and lightning, came down upon the 
 camp, sweeping away a number of tents and eveiy- 
 thing moveable, much to the consternation of the 
 
120 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 soldiers. The following day the Aveather was so 
 excessively hot, that it was not deemed prudent to 
 require of the men any exercise until after the sun 
 had nearly set. At night the Indians had a grand 
 war-dance in their camp, having declared their 
 determination to take up the hatchet against the 
 French. At dark they had a fire built, and formed 
 a ring about it, dancing, gesticulating and shouting 
 in the wildest manner, their faces and bodies being 
 covered with war-paint. Several Indians sat on the 
 ground, beating a drum, made of a skin stretched 
 over a tub, the name of which in their tongue is the 
 toij-wa-eguit.. They also contriliuted to the aggre- 
 gation of unearthly sounds by the rattling of the 
 she>ihegwon, a bladdei- dried arid filled with pease. 
 It was a custom with these Indians, once or twice a 
 year, for the women to dance, and all the men to sit 
 by, and each woman selected the man she preferi-ed, 
 danced with him, and then lived with him for a 
 week, at the end of which time she returned to her 
 husband, and they lived as they did befoi-e.* The 
 Avild dance of the savages on this night drew many 
 of the officers of the Fort to the scene, who looked 
 on with much interest and some degree of awe, 
 while these children of nature roused the echoes of 
 the wilderness with tlieir demoniacal shouts, and 
 went through a thousand grotesque contortions. 
 
 A court-martial which had been convened on the 
 13th had tried several soldiers upon charges made, 
 and Luke Woodward, a private in the ranks of the 
 48th regiment, was convicted of desertion, and 
 sentenced to death. General Braddock, however, 
 
 *;Seftm»u'« Journal, written by a naval offlcer, under Com. Keppel, while at Fort Cumberland. 
 
1755.] AFFAIRS AT FORT CUMBERLAND. 121 
 
 pardoned him, and was rewarded for his leniency by 
 a repetition of the crime, by the ungrateful fellow, 
 shortly afterwards. Three other soldiers of the 48th 
 regiment, James Fitzgerald, James Hughes and 
 Thomas Connelly, were convicted of having stolen 
 a jug of beer. Connelly was sentenced to receive 
 nine hundred lashes, and the others ei2;ht hundred 
 each, and this punishment was inflicted just outside 
 the Fort, in presence of the command, three hundred 
 lashes being given each day until the punishment 
 was complete. 
 
 Washington was a close student of everything that 
 took place in and about the camp. Especially did he 
 treasure up all that he witnes.sed of the government 
 and disposition of troops. He apprehended much 
 delay and trouble because of the long train of artillery 
 and waarons uiiicli was to be taken over the roads, 
 of whicli he knew the wor.st. On the 14th he 
 wrote the followinsj; lottei- to his brother, John A. 
 Washington : 
 
 " FoKT CuMBKIiLAND, 14 May, 1755. 
 " Dear Brother : 
 
 " As wearing boots is quite the mode, I must beg the favor of you to 
 procure me a pair that are jjood and neat, and send them to Major 
 Carlyle, who I hope will contrive to forward them as quickly as my 
 necessity requires. 
 
 " I see no prospect of mnvin^ from tliis place soon, as we have neither 
 horse? nor wagons enough, and no forage except what is expected from 
 Philadelphia : therefore, I am well convinced, that the troubles and diffi- 
 culties we must encounter in passing the mountains, for the want of 
 proper conveniences, will equal all the difficulties of the campaign ; for I 
 conceive the march of such a train of artillery, in these roads, to be a 
 tremendous undertaking. As to any danger from the ememy, I look upon 
 it as trifling, for I believe the French will be obliged to e.Kert their utmost 
 force to repel the attacks to the aorthward, where Governor Shirley and 
 others, with a body of eight thous.ind men. will annoy their settlements, 
 and attempt their forts. 
 
 16 
 
122 HISTORT OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 ■' The General has appointed me one of his aides de-camp, in which 
 character I shall serve this campaign agreeably enough, as I am thereby 
 freed from all commands but his, and give his orders, which must be 
 implicitly obeyed. 
 
 " I have now a good opportunity, and shall not neglect it, of forming 
 an acquaintance, which may be serviceable hereafter, if 1 find it worth 
 while to push my fortunes in a military line. 
 
 "I have written to my two female correspondents by this opportunity, 
 one of whose letters I have enclosed to you, and beg your deliverance of 
 it. I shall expect a particular account of all that has happened since ray 
 departure. " I am, dear Jack, 
 
 " your most affectionate brother, 
 
 "GEO. WASHINGTON." 
 
 Not only were horses and wagons still scarce, but 
 the supply of food for the men was wholly insufficient, 
 and of that on hand twenty-two casks of beef were 
 inspected and condemned, on the 15th, as unfit for 
 use. On the following day the last division of the 
 train reached the Fort, under guard of two companies 
 of Sir Peter Halket's regiment. This consisted of 
 three field pieces, four ships' howitzers, sevei'al 
 cohorns,* and forty-two wagons loaded with supplies. 
 The first death at the Fort also occurred on that 
 day. Captain Bromley, of Sir Peter Halket's 
 regiment, who had been ill for several weeks, died on 
 the 16th, and was buried with military honors on the 
 18th. The weather was excessively hot, and the 
 men suffered greatly therefrom. The funeral took 
 place at 10 o'clock in the morning, at which time all 
 the troojjs in the camp and the Fort were assembled. 
 A Captain's guard marched before the corpse, with 
 the Captain of the guard in the rear. The men 
 carried their arms reversed, and the drums beat the 
 
 *A coborn is a Bmall bronze mortar, mounted ou a wooden carriage, and having handles, by 
 which it may he carried a short diatance by two men. It was iuvented ny Baron Coehorn. 
 
1755.] AFFAIRS AT FORT CUMBERLAND. 123 
 
 dead march. When the cortege approached the 
 grave, the guard formed two lines, open order, facing 
 each other, and rested on their arms, with the 
 muzzle down, and their faces leaning on the buts of 
 the gun.s. The corpse was carried between the lines, 
 the deceased officer's sword and sash lying on the 
 coffin, and the officers following, two abreast. The 
 Chaplain read the burial service of the English Church, 
 and after the coffin had been deposited in the grave, 
 the guard iired three volleys over it, and were then 
 marched to their quarters. 
 
 The warriors who had come to Fort Cumberland, 
 with Croghan, had, as before stated, brought their 
 families with them, as they had no means of pro- 
 viding for their women and children during their 
 absence. The squaws seem to have been quite 
 attractive in person, being well formed and having 
 small hands and feet, languishing eyes and soft voices. 
 To both (jfficers and soldiers they possessed a charm 
 which led to a great degree of annoyance. The 
 brilliant uniforms and dashing style of the British 
 officers had so captivated these untutored beauties 
 that they spent most of their time in and about the 
 camp, and willingly accepted the very mai'ked 
 attentions shown them. Presents of money and 
 other articles were lavishly bestowed upon the young 
 squaws, and Secretary Peters, of Pennsylvania, in 
 a letter to Governor Morris, said, "the officers are 
 scandalously fond of them." To such an extent were 
 the amours of these parties carried that the warriors 
 were roused to a fury of jealousy, and angrily 
 denounced the officers. Bri;ilit Lightning the prin- 
 
124 HISTORY OP CUMBERI-AND. [1755. 
 
 cess, abandoned herself to the dissipation which was 
 so novel to her, and her example was followed by 
 most of her sisters. In order to prevent a serious 
 outbreak, orders were issued, on the 11th, forbidding 
 the women to come into the camp, and imposing a 
 penalty upon officers and men who should give the 
 Indians "rum, other liquor, or money, upon any 
 pretense whatever." These stringent orders, however, 
 did not remedy the evil, and the dusky maidens met 
 their lovers in other places, a favorite resort being 
 the shady grove just opposite the Fort, across the 
 river, in Virainia. Finallv, Braddock determined 
 to get rid of the women entirely, and on the 18th a 
 convention was held at his tent, which was 
 attended by all the warricjvs. When they hod 
 assembled, the General made them a s[)eech. He 
 told them he had invited them to join him for the 
 purpose of taking up the hatchet against the French: 
 that it became necessary now, in preparing for the 
 movement to the West that they should send their 
 families — the women and children — Ijack to Pennsyl- 
 vania, where they might remain until the enemy had 
 been punished. He said their Father, the King, had 
 sent them presents for their families, and that he 
 felt great interest in them, and was in much sorrow 
 because of the death of the Half-King, and that he 
 had ordered guns and ammunition to be given the 
 warriors, so that they might be more successful in the 
 chase; he wanted them to be good friends to the 
 English, who were their brothers. The General 
 presented them, then, with three belts and a string 
 of wampum, as well as beads, knives, rings, paint, 
 
1755.] AFFAIRS AT FURT CUMBERLAND. 125 
 
 cloth, &c.^ all of which they received with signs of 
 great pleasure, and they promised to come on the 
 next day and give their answer. They then returned 
 to their own camp, and built a fire, around which 
 they danced and sang all night long. 
 
 On the following day they came to Braddock's 
 tent, and notified him that they had called to give 
 him their answer. Scarooyadi said the Indians had 
 heard what the great Captain had said to them, and 
 that the words of their white Brother were good; 
 that they were thankful to their Father, the great 
 King, for the presents he had sent, and for his kind 
 words about the loss of the Half-King. The Indians 
 would be the friends of their English brothers, and 
 would take up the hatchet against the French; they 
 would do all they could, and would furnish scouts to 
 go into the country and see what their enemies were 
 doing, and speedily bring them news. Tlie warriors 
 then sung their war song, dancing wildly, and 
 chanting the deeds by which they promised to 
 distinguish themselves, when led against the French. 
 The General afterwai'ds took them to that part of the 
 Fort where the artillery was in position, which they 
 examined with a great deal of curiosity, never before 
 having seen any of these engines of war. He then 
 ordered the gunners to lire three 12-pounders, three 
 howitzers and three cohorns, the drums and fifes 
 playing and "beating the point of war." The 
 explosion caused by the discharge of nine big guns 
 startled the Indians greatly, and excited their 
 liveliest admiration. They afterwards approached 
 the cannon with great caution, peered into their 
 
126 mSTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 muzzles, and walked all about them, meantime 
 gesticulating and making comments to each other 
 upon these wonderful engines. After this display 
 the warriors returned to their own camp. The 
 General sent them a bullock, which they roasted, 
 and they had a great feast, upon the conclusion of 
 which they gathered about the fire, and danced their 
 war dance, the warriors being decked in their 
 feathers and hideous in their war paint. The officers 
 from the Fort attended this affair, and were quite as 
 much impressed by the wild antics of the Red Men, 
 as they went through the vaunting exhibition of 
 their deeds in war, fighting and scalping their 
 enemies, as were the savages by the thunder of the 
 bis; guns of the Fort. Throughout almost half the 
 night was this wild riot kept up. the forests 
 resounding with the terrible din of the rude drums 
 and the yells and howls of the seemingly tireless 
 dancers. Braddock had never before witnessed a 
 scene like this, and he seemed to regard the painted 
 sons of the forest as so many demons let loose from 
 the infernal regions, and looked upon the weird 
 ceremonies with mingled awe and amusement. 
 While he beheld in them untutored children of the 
 wilderness, evidently strangers to fear, and filled 
 with a desire for heroic deeds, he regarded them witli 
 y.a degree of contempt, because of their total ignorance 
 of discipline, and those rules of obedience and 
 unanimity, which he knew were necessary to render 
 effective the soldiers of civilized nations. He had 
 now established the most friendly relations with 
 them, and hoped to make them useful as scouts 
 
1755.] AFFAIRS AT FORT CUMBERLAND. 127 
 
 and messengers, to ascertain the condition and 
 movements of the enemy. 
 
 The women and children were a few days later 
 sent back to Aughquick, and White Thunder 
 and all but eight of the warriors went along 
 for the purpose of protecting them, promising to 
 return in a few days. At the same time, the three 
 Delaware chiefs from the Ohio returned to their 
 village, for the purpose, as they alleged, of gathering 
 together their warriors, and promised to join the 
 command further west. None of them ever returned. 
 Those who remained were Scarooyadi, and his son; 
 Cashuwa3'on. Frason, Kahuktodon, Allscheeokatha, 
 Dyoquario. and Kash-wugh-daniunto. The bad faith 
 of the Indians who thus deserted caused the writer of 
 the Seamen's Journal to declare that they were 
 "villains, and always side with the strongest." 
 Previous to their departure they had become so 
 addicted to the excessive use of rum that it became 
 necessary to issue stringent orders forbidding any 
 person to furnish them with spirits, under the 
 severest penalty a court-martial could inflict. 
 
 Braddock had expected to spend only a few days 
 at Fort Cumberland, in preparing for his march to 
 the West, but he was unavoidably delayed, by the 
 non-arrival of the wagons and stores promised, which 
 were anxiously looked for day after day. 
 
 He was by this time out of all j^atience, in conse- 
 quence of the delay he was subjected to, on account 
 of the failure to secure the transportation and stores 
 he deemed necessary. He made no allowance for 
 the difficulties in the way. and expected to obtain 
 
128 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND [1755. 
 
 everything in this new country with the same 
 facility as at home. He denounced the contractors 
 as swindlers and frauds, and in his anger applied the 
 harshest epithets to all the officials of the Colonies, 
 and the inhabitants generally. Washington had a 
 clearer conception of the difficulties to be overcome, 
 and he defended his countrymen against the attacks 
 of the General, often becoming (|uite vehement in 
 his defense. Notwithstanding these affiiirs of the 
 moment, the warm friendship between them remained 
 unbroken, and Washington felt himself warranted in 
 urging Braddock to abandon the idea of taking 
 Avith him a long train of wagons, which he said 
 would render their march slow and tedious, and 
 involve the loss of much i)recious time. He advised 
 the transfer of stores from wagons to the backs of 
 horses, which he thought could be more readily 
 obtained, and would relieve them of much incon- 
 venience in traveling over the rugged mountains, 
 and roughly-built roads, which lay between Fort 
 Cumberland and Fort Duquesne. Braddock, however, 
 could not be brought to accept the suggestions thus 
 made, and persisted in his scheme of transporting 
 the stores in wagons. He had the utmost confidence 
 in his own judgment, and in the invincibility of his 
 officers and men. 
 
 This fact, together with his refusal to consult the 
 chiefs who had come to the Fort, in all matters 
 pertaining to the campaign, was doubtless the cause 
 of the departure of most of the warriors. They felt 
 hurt, and indignant that they should be regarded of 
 so little importance in the councils, and to Croghan 
 
1755.] AFFAIRS AT FORT CUMBERLAND. 129 
 
 they had protested loudly. Washington and Croghan 
 
 had both solicited more consideration for them at the 
 
 hands of the General, but he could never l)e brouo;ht 
 
 to yield to their entreaties. Both were discouraged, 
 
 and knowing their cause of grievance, were not 
 
 surprised when the chiefs found a convenient excuse 
 
 for taking their departure. Braddock's Secretary, 
 
 William Shirley, was impressed by his conduct to 
 
 to such an extent that he wrote to Governor Morris. 
 
 of Pennsylvania, in very uncomplimentary terms, 
 
 saying: "We have a General most judiciously chosen 
 
 for being disqualified for the service he is employed 
 
 in, in almost every respect. * * * j ^.m not 
 
 greatly acquainted myself with Indian Aftiiirs, tho' 
 
 enough to see that better measures with regard to 'em 
 
 might and ought to have been taken, at least to the 
 
 Southwd. '■■'• '" * Upon our arrival at this Fort, 
 
 we found Indian Aflairs so ignorantly conducted by 
 
 Colonel Innes, to whom they were committed, that, 
 
 Novices as we were, we have taken 'em into our 
 
 management." Alluding to Braddock's officers he 
 
 said: "As to them I don't think we have much to 
 
 boast. Some are insolent and ignorant; others 
 
 capable, but rather aiming at showing their own 
 
 abilities than making a proper use of them." 
 
 The impatience of the General over the delay in 
 
 furnishing supplies led him, on the 10th of May, to 
 
 send Captain Leslie, Sir John St. Clair's assistant, 
 
 into Pennsylvania to pui'chase forage. On the 20th 
 
 eighty wagons arrived at the Fort, to be used in the 
 
 expedition, and eleven wagons loaded with supjilies 
 
 for the officers. He had now aljout two hundred 
 17 
 
130 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 wagons and six hnndred pack-horses, and made 
 preparations for an early start. 
 
 In the Seaman's Journal it is stated that 
 "there were one hundred carpeutei's employed, under 
 the carpenter of the 'Sea-Horse,' in building a 
 Magazine, completing a Flatt, and squaring timber to 
 build a bridge over Will's Ci*eek; the Smiths in 
 making tools; the Bakers baking biscuits; and Com- 
 missaries getting the provisions i-eady for marching." 
 This magazine was built in the North-west corner of 
 the Fort, but the bridge over Will's Creek was never 
 erected, or, if it was, no record or trace of it has been 
 left. There was a ford just under the Fort and 
 directly East of it, which was passable at all times 
 except during high water. 
 
 Two companies of Sir Peter ITalket's regiment, 
 under connnand of Major Chapman, and a troop of 
 light horse, arrived from Winchester on the 21st, 
 and went into camp. 
 
 In addition to the wagons and horses received, the 
 supply of provisions on hand and on their way to 
 camp was sufficient for the entire campaign, and this 
 once more restored Braddock's good humor. On the 
 22d he wrote to Governor Sharpe, of Maryland, the 
 following letter, which is amongst the MSS. in the 
 Mai'yland Historical Society: 
 
 "Fort Ciimkehi-ani), May 2'2d, 1755. 
 " Sir : 
 
 "As I propose soon to begin my march for Fort Duquesne, I am 
 desirous of adjusting every future contingency in such a manner to avoid 
 any mistake or misunderstanding. If I take ye Fort in its present 
 condition I shall make additions to it as I shall judge necessary, and 
 shall leave the Guns, Ammunition & stores belonging to ye Port with a 
 Garrison of Virginia and Maryland forces. But should they, as I have 
 
1755.] AFFAIRS AT FORT CUMBERLAND. 131 
 
 reason to apprehend they should, abandon & destroy ye Fortification with 
 its Guns, &c., I will repair or construct some place ol' defence & leave a 
 Garrison as before. But as to the Artillery, ammunition, stores, 
 provisions, &c,, they must be immediately supply'd by ye Governments of 
 Virginia, Maryland & Pennsylvania, separately or jointly according to ye 
 agreement made at Alexandria. And that I may not by delays in yours 
 or the other Governments be detained so long as to frustrate any other 
 designs for this year I must beg that you will have all these things in 
 readiness to be forwarded to ye Fort, escorted by your militia. A proper 
 quantity of Flower & Meal should be preparing as these in every situation 
 must be regarded & if care is not taken to send these convoys the men 
 must starve & his Majesty's arms be dishonored (should they prove success- 
 ful) & the e.xpences & Trouble which his regard for the colonies have 
 engaged him in rendered useless. Some Indians lately arrived here from 
 the French fort, mention a bravado of the French and their Indians that 
 they propose when the troops are far advanc'd to fall upon this back 
 country and destroy the inhabitants. Make what use or give credit to 
 this intelligence as vou please. However, it may not be amiss to take all 
 possible precautions. 
 
 " As I find impracticable to take my chariot with me, if you will send 
 for it and ye Harness for the si.x Horses I shall be much obliged to you 
 & you will make use of it till I want it. I shall be still more as I am sure 
 it will be less damaged by good usage than by lying still ; it will also 
 save you the trouble of sending for another to England, as it shall be at 
 your service at your own price when I leave this part of ye world ; let your 
 serv'ts take care of ye harness, and have it oiled if you don't use it. I 
 shall leave directions to Col. Innes to deliver chariot, Harness, spare 
 axle-trees and pole to your order. 
 
 " I am .Sir, your most obedient and 
 
 " Most Humble Servant 
 
 "E. BRADDOCK.'' 
 
 On tlie 27th the commissariei?, one of whom was 
 Colonel Cresap, engaged in loading one hundred 
 wagons with provisions, in readiness for the march, 
 and a guard, under command of a Captain, was sent 
 back to Winchester to escort the rations then on their 
 way to the Fort. A number of Delaware Indians 
 came to the* camp on this day, and wanted an 
 interview with the General, but they were put off 
 until the morroAV. as the Indians of that tribe were 
 
132 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 looked upon by the officers with suspicion. Next day 
 they went to the General's tent, and told him they 
 had come to join him and to make war against the 
 French, and asked him what he intended to do. He 
 told them he would march in a few days to attack 
 Fort Duquesne, and thanked them for coming to join 
 him. These warriors got out of camp at the first 
 opportunity, and doubtless returned to the French. 
 
 On the 29th Major Chapman marched towards 
 Fort Duquesne, with 500 men, two pieces of artillery, 
 and a provision train of fifty wagons. Sir John St. 
 Clair, with Mr. Spendelow, two engineers, six soldiers 
 and two Indians, accompanied them, the men to be 
 employed in repairing the road. 
 
 On the 30th Captain Dol)bs, with a company from 
 North Carolina, arrived. Washington also returned 
 to camp from Winchester, having in charge £4,000 
 in money for use of the army, which Braddock had 
 sent him for. In speaking of this matter, Washington 
 wrote, a week later, to Mr. William Fairfax, as 
 follows : 
 
 "Cami' at Will's Creek, 7 June, 1755. 
 
 ''Sir: 1 arrived with my charge safe in camp on the 30th of last 
 month, after wasting a day and part of another in Winchester, expecting 
 the cavalry to escort me up ; in which being disappointed I was obliged 
 to make use of a small guard of the militia of Frederick county. The 
 (Jeneral, from frequent breaches of contract, has lost all patience ; 
 and for want of that temper and moderation which should be used by a 
 man of sense upon these occasions, will, I fear, represent us in a light we 
 little deserve ; for, instead of blaming the individual, as he ought, he 
 charges all his disappointments to public supineness, and looks upon the 
 country, I believe, as void of honor and honesty. We have frequent 
 disputes on this head, which are maintained with warmth on both sides, 
 especially on his, as he is incapable of arguing without it, or giving up 
 any point he asserts, be it ever so incompatible with reason or common 
 
1755.] AFFAIRS AT FORT CUMBERLAND. 133 
 
 "A line of communication is to be opened from Pennsylvania to the 
 French fort Duquesne, along which, after a little time we are to receive 
 all our convoys of people, who ought rather to be chastised for their 
 insensibilitv to danger, and disregard of their sovereign's expecta- 
 tions. They, it seems, are to be the favored people, because they have 
 furnished what their absolute interest alone induced them to do, that is 
 one hundred and fifty wagons and an equivalent number of horses. 
 
 •'Major Chapman, with a detachment of five hundred men, and the 
 quarter master General, marched two or three days before I arrived here, 
 to open the road, and lay in a deposite of provision at a small fort which 
 they are to erect at the Little Meadows. 
 
 " To morrow Sir Peter Halket, with the first brigade, is to begin his 
 march, and on Monday, the General, with the second, is to follow. One 
 hospital is filled with sick, and the numbers increase daily with the bloody 
 fiux, which has not yet proved mortal to many. 
 
 ********* 
 
 " I am sir 
 
 " Your most obdt servt 
 
 "GEO. WASHINGTON." 
 
 TliL' discipline of the camp was made more stringent 
 every day, and the punishment of soldiers for violating 
 orders was both frequent and severe. Strict orders 
 were issued against gaming, and drunkenness, each 
 of these offences being punishable with two hundred 
 lashes,- without so much as a trial. Several soldiers 
 were severely dealt with for theft and desertion, and 
 the terror of an unyielding military law was relied 
 upon to keep up the morale of the army. The 
 Sabljath day was also observed, and religious services 
 held regularly on Sunday mornings by the Chaplains 
 of the regiments. Braddock's adherence to his ideas 
 of thorough discipline, and his contempt for the Indians 
 as warriors, not only resulted in the loss*- of the 
 services of those who had been brought him by 
 Croghan, but also of a valuable ally in the person of 
 Captain Jack, who was a well known scout, and who 
 
134 HISTORY OF CUMBEKLAND. [1755. 
 
 followed the Indian mode of warfare. Captain Jack 
 commanded a company of daring men like himself, 
 who were familiar with the woods, and Avitli all the 
 stratagems o{ the savages, to whom they had long 
 been deadly foes. His family had been murdered 
 and his cabin burned l>y a party of Indians, some 
 time before, and he had devoted himself to avenging 
 his murdered wife and children. His deeds of 
 prowess had rendered him the terror of the Indians. 
 He was clad in their gar)), slept in the open air, was 
 always alert, swift and certain in his fatal visits to 
 their haunts, constantly paying the debt which he 
 owed them, and which he had vowed should only be 
 cancelled when his life should end. His home was 
 on the Juniata, and he was known as the "Black 
 Hunter." The alliance of this powerful trapper-chief, 
 and his men, would have been of incalculable 
 importance to Braddock, and their services were 
 freely offered, jjut they were not willing to submit to 
 the regular discipline of the army. For this reason 
 their offer Avas rejected, and they took their depirture. 
 
 When everything had been made ready for 
 the march from Fort Cumberland, the General seemed 
 to regret siMuewhat the rough speeches he had made, 
 regarding the country and the })eople generally, under 
 the influence of his disappointments, though he 
 persisted still in being much dissatisfied with the 
 contractors, whom he declared had no patriotic 
 impulses, and no thought other than to jiut money in 
 their purses. 
 
 Towards Franklin he entertained the most com- 
 plimentary opinions, and before leaving he wrote to 
 
1755.] AFFAIRS AT FORT CUMBERLAND. 135 
 
 the Secretary of State the following flattering letter 
 regarding that eminent man : 
 
 " Wii.i/s Creek, June 5, 175.5. 
 "Sir: 
 
 " Before I left Williamsburg the Quarter Master General told me that 
 I might depend upon twenty five hundred horses and two hundred wagons 
 from Virginia and Maryland ; but I had grftat reason to doubt it, having 
 experienced the false dealings of all in this country with whom I had been 
 concerned. Hence, before my departure from Frederick, I agreed with 
 Mr. Benjamin Franklin, Postmaster in Pennsylvania, who has great credit 
 in that Province, to send here one hundred and fifty wagons and the 
 necessary number of horses. This he accomplished with promptitude 
 and fidelity, and it is almost the only instance of address and integrity 
 which I have seen in all these provinces." 
 
 Everything Ijeing ready for the advance, the army 
 was divided into three divisions. On the 7th of June 
 the first division, under Sir Peter Halket, left the 
 camp at Fort Cumberland; on the 8th the second 
 division, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Gage, of the 44th Regiment, marched. There was 
 left in camp then only a small number of troops 
 besides the garrison of the Fort. An order had been 
 issued by the General, on the 2d, appointing Colonel 
 Innes Governor of the Fort, and he was to remain 
 with enough of the colonial volunteers to hold the 
 Fort and pi'otect the country about it from the enemy. 
 The large ninnber of women in camp, wives of soldiers, 
 who could Ix' of no service on the march, and would 
 tend to impede the advance as well as to consume the 
 stores, lie determined to get rid of, and therefore sent 
 twenty-four of them back to Philadelphia, with the 
 following letter and pass: 
 
 "Fort Ci'MnERi.ANi), June llth, 17.')5. 
 "Sir: 
 
 " I have found it necessary to discharge a number of women who are 
 wives to soldiers belonging to the forces under mv conniiand. and must 
 
136 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 beg of you to give orders that they be subsisted in your government ; 
 their names are contained in the Passes 1 have given 'era for their 
 Protection, and I have taken care to order stoppages to be made of 
 one-third Part of their Husbands' Pay to defray the expense of their 
 maintenance. 
 
 " I am, sir, your most obedient and most humble servant, 
 
 "E. BRADDOCK." 
 
 " By his Excellency Edward Braddock, Esq, General and 
 [L. S.] commander in chief of all His Majesty's Forces in North 
 
 America. 
 "I do hereby certify that the Bearers, Mary Welch, Elizabeth Webster, 
 Mary Walker, Mary Crab, Dorkey Moreton, Margaret Wray, Margaret 
 Gates, Catharine McFarland, Jane Campbell, Catharine Watson, Annie 
 Manning, Susanna Duncan, Annie McDonald, Mary Ryo, Margaret 
 Doggett, Elizabeth Rickerby, Annie Anderson, .lean Anderson, Mary 
 Scott, Annie Totle, Christiana Fergason,Mary Dimond, Eleanor Lemmon 
 & Sara Lord are wives to soldiers belonging to forces under my 
 command ; And all persons whatsoever are hereby required to .'puffer 'em 
 to pass without hindrance or molestation. 
 
 "Given at the Camp at Fort Cumberland, the 9th day of June, 17.'i.'>. 
 
 "E. BRADDOCK. 
 "By His Excellency's Command, 
 "W. Shirley." 
 
 Major Chapman had marched Avith his command, 
 by the route marked out by Colonel Cresap and the 
 Indian guide, Nemacolin. This route crossed Wills 
 Mountain, as heretofoi'e described, by way of Sandy 
 Gap. Lieutenant Spendelow, of the Seamen, who 
 accompanied Major Chapman on his first day's march, 
 to aid in clearing the road, returned to the camp, 
 impressed Avith the importance of discovering a less 
 diflficult route, and taking one of his officers and a 
 squad of men, spent several days in examining the 
 country. He finally concluded that a much more 
 desirable road could be constructed along the East 
 bank of Will's Creek, through the "Narrows," 
 whereby he w^ould be enabled to strike the old road. 
 
1755.] braddogk's route. 137 
 
 a few milos beyond, the distance being increased less 
 tban two miles. His advice as to this matter was 
 accepted, and a road was built at once, the labor not 
 being severe, whereby the heavy grades were entirely 
 avoided, to the great relief of the transportation 
 department. The troops that left the Fort after 
 Major Chapman's departure took the new route, 
 which was used altogether in the movements of the 
 army afterwards. This route is shown on the map 
 here given, as well as the original road, which 
 was located by Mr. T. C. Atkinson, an engineer 
 of great ability and the nicest accuracy, who 
 was employed in the survey of the Baltimore and 
 Ohio Railway, and who spent considerable time in 
 the examination of Braddock's route, and the traces 
 still left in 1850 in the forests. The map as pre- 
 pared by Mr. Middleton showed only the route over 
 the mountain west of Will's Creek. The author has 
 added thereto a line showing the new road opened by 
 Lieutenant Spendelow through the "Narrows," and 
 joining the other, five miles north of Fort Cumberland. 
 The map as now given may be confidently accepted 
 as perfectly accurate, in every respect. The route 
 through the "Narrows" was eventually adopted by 
 United States engineers in locating the great National 
 Road, which, however, was made to cross Will's Creek 
 at the entrance to the " Narrows, " and to skirt the 
 mountain on the west side of the gorge instead of 
 the east. Lieutenant kSpendelow's road skirted the 
 margin of Will's Creek, along the eastern base of the 
 clifls of the "Narrows" until this wonderful gorge 
 
 was passed; it then crossed the creek just above the 
 18 
 
138 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 mouth of Braddock's Run, and followed the course 
 of the Run, crossing it at times, and in some 
 instances taking the bed of the stream. It joined 
 the other road near the Everstine place, five miles 
 west of the Fort. Braddock's Run received its name 
 from this circumstance, and still retains it. 
 
 The task of building Lieutenant Sjjendelow's new 
 road was begun on the 3d of June, Avhen an engineer 
 and 120 men went to work on it, and completed 
 about one mile a day, until the 7th, at which time 
 Sir Peter Halket's division marched; on the 8th 
 Gage's division followed, and on the 10th Dunbar's 
 division left the Fort, bringing up the rear. Braddock 
 accompanied Dunbar's command, and Fort Cumber- 
 land was left with a small detachment of able men, 
 under Colonel Innes. Quite a number of men were 
 left in the hospitals here, besides several officers, 
 amongst them Commodore KepjDel, the commander of 
 the British fleet. Most of them were suffering from 
 the bloody flux, which disease proved fatal to several 
 soldiers, after only a short illness. 
 
 The difficulties of the march soon brought 
 the General to appreciate the apprehensions of 
 Washington; the steep mountains, rocky roads, and 
 ugly ravines, incident to this new country were all 
 beyond his anticipations. It became necessary to 
 double up the teams in order to pull the wagons up 
 the rough grades ; in some instances even this was 
 impracticable, the seamen being obliged to draw 
 them up by means of ropes and pulleys. Not more 
 than three or four miles a day could be made, and in 
 order to avoid a further delay, where already weeks 
 
1755.] braddock's route. 139 
 
 of precious time had been lost, Braddoclv eventually 
 yielded to Washington's advice, and sent back many 
 of his wagons, taking the animals for pack horses, and 
 transporting his stores in the only practicable 
 manner. The artillery was a source of great trouble; 
 although the guns were of small calibre, yet thej- 
 could not be left, and the army struggled on, day 
 after day, making only short marches. 
 
 Braddock's route has been discussed and speculated 
 upon to an extraordinary extent, and was for many 
 years not very clearly defined. In "The Olden 
 Time," an interesting collection of papers relative to 
 the history of the settlement and improvement of the 
 country about the headwaters of the Ohio, is a very 
 satisfactory description of this route, written from 
 Cumberland, by Mr. T. C. Atkinson, in 1847, which 
 is undoubtedly more correct than any other ever 
 published, and this document is given here in full : 
 braddock's route to the battle of the monongahela. 
 
 "The interest with which the routes of celebrated 
 expeditions are regarded, and the confusion which 
 attends them after the lapse of years, is well 
 exemplified in the case of Hannibal, whose march 
 towards Rome, in order to divert their army fi-om 
 the siege of Capua, was totally lost in the course of a 
 few centuries. The constant blunders of Livy in 
 copying first from one writer, and then from another 
 who made him take a different path, justify a recent 
 English historian who went to Italy to see the ground 
 for himself, in saying that the Punic war was almost 
 as hard in the writing as the fighting. 
 
 "As the time is coming when the road by which 
 
140 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 the unfortunate Braddock marched to his disastrous 
 field, will be invested with antiquarian interest, 
 akin to that attending Hannibal's route, or rather the 
 via scelerata, by which the Fahiau family marched 
 out of Rome, I have thought it time not idly spent to 
 attempt to pursue its scattered traces as far as it is 
 in my power, among more pressing occupations. In 
 this sketch I do not design to pursue it to its extent, 
 but only to identify it in those parts where it has 
 been convenient for me to visit it, and in others to 
 shadow out its general direction. Where it is 
 obscure I hope to have opportunities to examine it 
 at a future day. 
 
 "Of the well conducted expedition of Col. Boquet, 
 and its precise path, the publications of Mr. Hutchins, 
 the geographer, who was one of the engineers, leaves 
 us very well informed. It is presumable that similar 
 details would be found of the march of 1755, if it had 
 had a successful termination. The three engineers 
 who were in the field were wounded; and it is 
 probable their papers fell into the hands of the enemy, 
 or were lost in the fight. 
 
 "General Braddock landed at Alexandria on the 
 20th of February, 1755. The selection of this port 
 for the debarcation of the troops was censured at the 
 time, though it is probaljle it had the approval of 
 Washington. The two Regiments he Ijrought with 
 him were very defective in numbers, having but 
 about 500 men each, and it was expected their 
 ranks would be recruited in America. It is shown 
 by the repeated requests on this point made by the 
 General at Cumberland, that this expectation was 
 
1755.] braddock's route. 141 
 
 vain. After numerous delays, and a conference with 
 the Royal Governors, we find General Braddock en 
 route on the 24 th of April, when he had reached 
 Fredericktown in Maryland. Passing thence through 
 Winchester, Va., he reached F(»rt Cumberland about 
 the 9 th of May. Sir John St. Clair, Deputy Quarter- 
 master General, had preceded him to this point about 
 two weeks. 
 
 "The army struck the Little Cacapehon (though 
 pronounced Cacapon, I have used for the occasion 
 the spelling of Washington, and vai'ious old docu- 
 ments,) about six miles above its mouth, and 
 following the stream, encamped on the Virginia side 
 of the Potomac, preparatory to crossing into Maryland. 
 The water is supposed to have been high at the time, 
 as the spot is known as the Ferry Fields, from the 
 army having been ferried over. This was about the 
 4th or 5th of May. 
 
 '•The army thence pursued the banks of the river, 
 with a slight deviation of route at the mouth of the 
 South Branch, to the village of Old Town, known at 
 that time as the Shawnee Old Town, modern use 
 having dropped the most characteristic part of the 
 name. This place, distant about eight miles from 
 the Ferry Fields, was known at that early day as 
 the residence of Col. Thomas Cresap, an English 
 settler, and the father of the hero of Logan's speech. 
 The road proceeded thence parallel with the river 
 and at the foot of the hills, till it passes the Narrows 
 of Will's Mountain,'-' when it struck out on a shorter 
 
 ♦This is AH error, as Will's Mountain is beyond the site of Fort Cumherland. and the mountain 
 referred lo must have been Evitfs Mountain, which is South East of Cumberland, and had 
 to be passed by Braddock before reaching Will's Creek. 
 
142 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 line coincident with the present county road, and 
 lying between the railroad and the mountain, to 
 Fort Cumberland. 
 
 "From the Little Cacapehon to this point the 
 ground was comparatively easy, and the road had 
 been generally judiciously chosen. Thenceforward 
 the character of the ground was altei*ed, not so much 
 in the general aspect of the country, as that the 
 march was about to abandon the valleys, and now 
 the real difficulties of the expedition may be said to 
 commence. 
 
 "The Fort had been commenced the previous 
 year, after the surrender at the Great Meadows, bj^ 
 Colonel Innes, who had with him two independent 
 companies of New York and South Carolina. It 
 mounted ten four pounders, besides swivels, and was 
 favorably situated to keep the hostile Indians in 
 check. 
 
 "The army now consisted of 1000 regulars, 30 
 sailors, and 1200 provincials, besides a train of 
 artillery. The provincials were from New York 
 and Virginia; one company from the former colony 
 was commanded Ijy Captain Gates, afterwards the 
 hero of Saratoga. On the 8th of June, 'Braddock 
 haviuG;, through the interest and exertions of Dr. 
 Franklin, principall}^, got 150 wagons and 2000 
 horses from Pennsylvania, was ready to march. 
 
 "Scarooyadi, successor to the Half King of the 
 Senecas, and Monacatootha, whose acquaintance 
 Washington had made on the Ohio, on his mission to 
 Le Boeuf, with about 150 Indians, Senecas and 
 Delawares, accompanied him. George Croghan, the 
 
1755.] braddock's route. 143 
 
 Indian Agent of Pennsylvania, and a friendly Indian 
 of great value, called Susquehanna Jack, were also 
 with him.* 
 
 •■ The first brigade under Sir Peter Halket led the 
 way on the 8th, and on the 9th the main body 
 foUowed.f Some idea of the difficulties they 
 encountered, may be had when we perceive they 
 .spent the third night only five miles from the first. 
 The place of encampment, which is about one third 
 <jf a mile from the toll-gate on the National Road, is 
 marked by a copious spring bearing Braddock's name. 
 
 "For I'easons not easy to divine, the route across 
 Will's Mountain, first adopted for the National Road 
 was selected, instead of the more favorable one 
 through the narrows of Will's Creek, to which the 
 road has been changed within a few years, for the 
 purpose of avoiding that formidable ascent. The 
 traces are very distinct on the East and West slo^^es, 
 the modern road crossing it frequently. From the 
 Western foot, the route continued up Braddock's 
 Run to the forks of the stream, where Clary's Tavern 
 now stands, 9 miles from Cumljerland, when it 
 turned to the left, in order to reach a point on the 
 ridge favorable to an easy descent into the valley of 
 George's Creek. It is surprising that having reached 
 this high ground, the favorable spur by which the 
 National Road accomplishes the ascent of the Great 
 Savage Mountain, did not strike the attention of the 
 
 *Mr. Atkinson is in error in this. Tlie Indians, as berore stated in this work, bad nearly all 
 leit BraddocU, and "'Susquehanna Jack" is doubtless the celebrated "Captain Jack" or the 
 "Black Hunter," who was not an Indian at nil. hut a white man with probably some baser blood 
 in his veins, and who commanded a pai ty of wild (nippers like himself, whose services were 
 rejected by Braddock because tliey wanted too imich liberty to suit liis views. 
 
 XThese datfs are incorrect, as will be seen by compaiing them with thoae given in previous 
 pa<;e3 ol this book. 
 
144 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 engineers, as the labor I'equisite to surmount the 
 barrier from the deep valley of George's Creek, must 
 have contributed gi'eatly to those Ijitter complaints 
 which Braddock made against the Colonial Govern- 
 ments for their failure to assist him more effectively 
 in the transportation department. 
 
 "Passing then a mile to the South of Frostburg, 
 the road approaches the East foot of Savage Mountain, 
 which it crosses about one mile South of the National 
 Road, and thence by very favorable ground through 
 the dense forests of white pine peculiar to this region, 
 it got to the North of the National Road, near the 
 gloomy tract called the 'Shades of Death.' This was 
 the 15th of June, when the dense gloom of the 
 summer woods, and the favorable shelter which these 
 enormous pines would give an Indian enemy, must 
 have made a most sensible impression on all minds, 
 of the insecurity of their mode of advance. 
 
 "This doubtless had a share in causing the 
 council of war held at the Little Meadows next day. 
 To this place, distant only about twenty miles from 
 Cumberland, Sir John St. Clair and Major Chapman 
 had been disjiatched on the 27th* of May, to Iniild a 
 fort; the army having been 7 days in reaching it, 
 it follows as the line of mai'ch was upwards of three 
 miles long, the rear was just getting under way 
 when the advance were lighting their evening fires. 
 
 "Hei'e it may be well enough to clear up an 
 obscurity which enters into many narratives of these 
 early events, from confusing the names of the 'Little 
 Meadows' and 'Great Meadows,' 'Little Crossings' 
 
 *Tbi8 should read, the 30th of May. 
 
1755.] braddock's route. 145 
 
 aud 'Great Crossings,' which are all distinct localities. 
 
 "The 'Little Meadows' have been described as at 
 the foot of Meadow Mountain; it is well to note that 
 the 'Great Meadows' are about 31 miles further 
 west, and near the east foot of Laurel Hill. 
 
 "By the 'Little Crossings' is meant the Ford of 
 Casselman's River, a tributary of the Youghiogheny ; 
 and by the 'Great Crossings' the passage of the 
 Youghiogheny itself. The Little Crossing is two 
 miles west of the Little Meadows, and the Great 
 Crossing 17 miles further west. 
 
 "The conclusion of the council was. to push on 
 
 with a picked force of 1200 men, and 12 pieces of 
 
 cannon, and the line of march, now more compact, 
 
 was resumed on the 19th. Passing over ground to 
 
 the South of the Little Crossings, and of the village 
 
 of Grantsville, which it skirted, the army sjient the 
 
 night of the 21st at the Bear Camp, a locality I have 
 
 not been able to identify, but suppose it to be about 
 
 midway to the Great Crossings, which it reached on 
 
 the 23d. The route thence to the Great Meadows, 
 
 or Fort Necessity, was well chosen, though over a 
 
 mountainous tract, conforming very nearly to the 
 
 ground now occupied by the National Road, and 
 
 keeping on the dividing ridge between the waters 
 
 Howing into the Youghiogheny on the one hand, and 
 
 the Cheat River on the other. Having crossed the 
 
 Youghioghen}^, Ave are now on the classic ground of 
 
 Washington's early career, where the skirmish with 
 
 Jumonville and Fort Necessity, indicate the country 
 
 laid open for them in the previous year. About one 
 
 mile west of the Great Meadows, and near the spot 
 19 
 
146 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 now marked as Braddock's (Iravo, the road struck 
 off more to the North-west, in order to reach a pass 
 through Laurel Hill, that would enable them to 
 strike the Youghiogheny , at a point afterwards known 
 as Stewart's Crossing, and about half a mile below 
 the present town of Connellsville. This part of the 
 route is marked by the farm known as Mount 
 Braddock. The second crossing of the Youghiogheny 
 was effected on the SOtli of June. The high grounds 
 intervening between the river and its next tributary, 
 Jacob's Creek, though trivial in comparison with 
 what they had ali'eady passed, it may be supposed, 
 presented serious obstacles to the troops, worn out 
 with previous exertions. On the 3d of July a 
 council of war was held at Jacob's Creek to consider 
 the propriety of bx'inging forward Colonel Dunbar, 
 with the reserve, and althougli urged by Sir J(jhn 
 St. Clair with, as one may suppose, his characteristic 
 vehemence, the measure was rejected on sufficient 
 grounds. From the crossing of Jacob's Creek, which 
 was at the point where Welchhanse's mill now stands, 
 about one and half miles below Mount Pleasant, the 
 route stretched off to the north, crossing the Mount 
 Pleasant turnpike near the village of the same name, 
 and thence by a more Avesterly course, passing the 
 Great Sewickley near Painter's Salt Works, thence 
 South and West of the Post-office of Madison and 
 Jacksonville, it reached the Brush Fork of Turtle 
 Creek. It must strike those who examine the map, 
 that the route for some distance, in the rear and 
 ahead of Mount Pleasant, is out of the proper 
 direction for Fort Duquesne. and accordingly we find 
 
1755.] braddock's routk. 147 
 
 on the 7tli of July. General Braddock in doubt as to 
 liis proper way of proceeding. The crossing of Brush 
 Creek, which he liad now reached, appeared to be 
 attended with so much hazard, that parties were 
 sent to reconnoitre, some of whom advanced so far as 
 to kill a French officer within half a mile of Fort 
 Duquesne. 
 
 ''Their examinations induced a great divergence 
 to the left, and availing himself of the valley of 
 Long Run. which lie turned into, as is supposed, at 
 Stewartsville, passing by the place now known as 
 Sampson's Mill, the army made one of the best 
 marches of the campaign, and halted for the night 
 at a favorable depi*ession between that stream and 
 Crooked Run, and about two miles from the 
 Monongahela. At this spot, about four miles from 
 the battle gi-ound, which is yet well known as 
 Braddock's Spring, he was rejoined by Washington 
 on the morning of the 9th of July. 
 
 "The approach to the river was now down the 
 valley of Crooked Run to its mouth, where the point 
 of fording is still manifest, from a deep notch in the 
 west bank, though rendered somewhat obscure by 
 the improved navigation of the river. The advance, 
 under Colonel Gage, crossed about 8 o'clock, and 
 continued l)y the foot of the hill Ijordering the broad 
 river bottom to the second fording, which he had 
 effected nearh^ as soon as the rear had got through 
 the first. 
 
 "The second and last fording, at the mouth of 
 Turtle Creek, was in full view of the enemy's 
 position, and about one mile distant. By 1 o'clock 
 
148 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 the whole army had gained the right bank, and was 
 drawn up on the bottom land, near Fraziei''s house, 
 (spoken of by Washington, as his stopping place, on 
 his mission to Le Boeuf) and about three fourths of 
 a mile distant from the ambuscade. 
 
 "The advance was now about to march, and while 
 a part of the army was yet standing on the plain, 
 the firing was heard. Not an enemy had yet been 
 seen." 
 
 The delays to which the army was subjected on 
 this march wore largely attributable to the officers 
 themselves, including the General. They had been 
 accustomed to a rather luxurious mode of life, in 
 comfortable quarters, and on this occasion seemed 
 unable to divest themselves of the baggage and 
 appui'tenances which such soldiers as Washington 
 looked upon with contempt, and which w^ould have 
 caused the dismissal of an officer who would have 
 jiresumcd to thus overburden the quartermaster- 
 department in our late war, when the Colonel of a 
 regiment was frequently required to be satisfied with 
 a blanket and a single change of linen. The march 
 to Little Meadows occupied seven days, and the 
 distance was barely twenty miles. The (ieneral 
 determined to get rid of i'urther incumbrances if 
 possible, whereupon Washington advised him to send 
 back more wagons and reduce the officers' baggage; 
 then to push on with all possible speed with 1200 of 
 ^the liest troops, who should travel as light as possible, 
 the remainder to follow with the wagons. Braddock 
 endeavored to follow this very good advice, and sent 
 forward 1200 men, with some artillery, the pro- 
 
1755.] braddock's route. 149 
 
 visions being put upon pack horses. The officers, 
 however, reduced their baggage very httle, and 
 Washington was the only one of the numbef who 
 dispensed with eveiythiiig else than necessities. 
 
 On the 19th the command left Little Meadows, 
 and the Indians were sent forwai'd as scouts. 
 Scarooyadi and his son, who were on the flank, were 
 taken prisoners by a party of Fi'ench and Indians who 
 were in the woods, but the latter effected his escape 
 and brought intelligence of the matter to the other 
 warriors, Avho instantly started in hot pursuit. In a 
 short time they found the sachem bound to a tree 
 and unharmed. The French were desirous of killing 
 him when he was taken, but to this the Indians 
 would not consent. They knew Scarooyadi and held 
 him in considerable esteem, otherwise they would not 
 have intervened to save him. 
 
 Washington had been for some time feeling unwell, 
 and every day he grew worse, notwithstanding the 
 attentions of the surgeon. He was burning with 
 fever, which was accompanied with severe j)ains in 
 the head, and he had to abandon his horse for the 
 almost intolerable discomforts of a wagon without 
 springs. Finallj' the jolting he was subjected to 
 rendered it impossible for him to go further, and he 
 was reluctantly compelled to allow the army to 
 proceed without him; not until the General had 
 faithfully promised, however, that he should be kept 
 well informed of their movements, and brought up in 
 time to participate in the expected engagement. He 
 stopped at the Youghiogheny, remaining there 
 several days, until Dunbar came up, by which time 
 
150 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 he was able to resume the saddle, and soon after- 
 wards joined the General a few miles distant from 
 the scene of the battle which followed. 
 
 Fi'om the time of leaving Little Meadows hostile 
 bands of Indians hung about the flanks of the army, 
 on one occasion killing and scalping three men. 
 They stole the horses at night, carved upon the bark 
 of the trees insulting messages, and watched their 
 every movement. The inscriptions were in French, 
 showing that the Indians were accompanied by 
 ^whites. The difficulties of the march seemed to 
 multiply, as the men were worn down with fatigue, 
 and harrassed by an unseen enemy, against whom 
 they had constantly to be on guard. 
 
 Bands of savages made their way back towards the 
 settlements, where they created great consternation 
 by their acts of inhumanity, in consequence of which 
 the aid of the Maryland Assembly was invoked. On 
 the 1st of July Governor Sliarpe sent the following 
 address to that body : 
 
 ■'Gentlemen ue the Lowej; IIuuse of As.semiu.y : 
 
 " I have just rcci'ived T^pttcrs from Colonel Innos at Port Cumber- 
 land, and from the Back Inhabitants of Frederick County, advising me, 
 that a Party of BVench Indians, last Monday Morninpf, fell on the 
 Inhabitants of this Province, and killed two Men and one Woman (who 
 have been since found dead); eight other Persons they have taken 
 Prisoners, and carried off. The I Names of the Persons who were 
 murdered and left, are John Williams, his Wife, and Grandson; and 
 with their Bodies was also found that of a French Indian. The Persons 
 carried off, are Richard Williams (a Son of John who was murdered), 
 with two Children, one Dawson's Wife, and four Children. Richard 
 Williams's Wife, and two Brothers of the young Man that is killed, have 
 made their Escape. This Accident, I find, has so terrified the distant 
 Inhabitants, that many of them are retiring, and forsaking their Planta- 
 tions. 
 
 " Another Letter from Winchester in Virginia inform.! me, thai u 
 
1755.] braddock's route. 151 
 
 Party of Indians have also attacked the Back Inhabitants of that 
 Province, of whom they have killed eleven, and carried away many 
 Captives. 
 
 "Apprehending the French would proceed in this Manner, as soon as 
 (ieneral Braddock, and the Troops under his Command, should have 
 passed the Mountains, and being confirmed in my Opinion by an 
 Intimation in the General's Letter, I issued a Proclamation near a Month 
 since, cautioning the distant and other Inhabitants of this Province, to 
 be on their Guard, and unite for their common Defence and Safety; at 
 the same Time, I sent peremptory orders and instructions to the officers 
 of the Militia of Frederick County, frequently to Muster and discipline 
 their several Troops and Companies once a Fortnight at least ; and in 
 case of an Alarm that the Enemy was approaching, or had fallen on the 
 Inhabitants, to march out and act either offensively or defensively, and 
 use all Means to protect and defend the Inhabitants from the Devasta- 
 tions of the French, or their Indians: However, I find neither the Proc- 
 lamation or Instructions will be effectual unless the Militia can be 
 . assured th.at they shall receive Satisfaction and Pay for the Time that 
 they shall be out on Duty. I should think it highly proper for us to have 
 about a Hundred, or at least a Company of Sixty Men, posted, or 
 constantly ranging, for some Time on the Frontiers, for our Protection : 
 In this I desire your Advice, and that you will enable me to support such 
 a number. 
 
 "Gentlemen, At the General's Request, and that I might receive early 
 Intelligence at this Time from the Camp and the Back Inhabitants, I 
 have engaged several Persons between this Place and Will's Creek, to 
 receive, and speedily convey any Letters that shall come to them 
 directed for the General or myself; I doubt not you will be convinced of 
 the Necessity of such a Measure, and provide for the Expence thereof. 
 
 "HORO. SHARPE." 
 
 The Assembly, recognizing the importance of 
 prompt action, at once considered the address, and 
 adopted the suggestions therein contained, as is 
 shown by the reply made to the Governor on the 
 same date: 
 
 " To his Excellency, Horatio Sharpe, Esq ; Governor and Commander in 
 Chief in and over the Province of Maryland. The humble Address of 
 the House of Delegates. 
 " May it please your E.xcellency, This House having taken into 
 
 Consideration your Excellency's Message of this Day, have thereupon 
 
 come to the following Resolves : 
 
152 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 " Resolved, That this House will make suitable Provision for the 
 paying and maintaining Eighty Men, including Officers, for four months 
 (if Occasion) for ranging on the Frontiers of this Province, to protect 
 the same against the Incursions and Depredations that may be 
 attempted or made by the French, or their Indian allies. 
 
 " Resolved further. That this House will defray the reasonable Kxpence 
 of conveying Intelligence from Wills's Creek to Annapolis and back 
 thither, for four Months." 
 
 "H. HOOPER, Speaker." 
 
 On the 2d of July the sum of £2,000 was 
 appropriated to carry into effect an "Act for securing 
 the Western frontier of this Province against the 
 depredations of the French and their Indian allies, 
 and also for paying and maintaining coiu'iers from 
 Will's Creek to Annapolis and hack to Will's Creek." 
 A company of militia was quickly formed and sent to 
 Fort Cumberland, from which point it made frequent 
 descents upon the enemy, and ranged the forests along 
 the borders, and materially aided the settlers. 
 
 Meantime Braddock was still advancing, and on 
 the 4th of July two Indians went on towards 
 Fort Duquesne to ascertain the condition of the Fort, 
 and the number of men there. Gist set out the same 
 day for the same purpose, and they returned on the 
 6th, with intelligence to the effect that the works 
 had not been increased; there were very few boats 
 near the Fort; the number of soldiers to be seen was 
 inconsiderable; the passes were all clear, and the 
 enemy seemed to have very few reconnoitering 
 parties out. Gist narrowly escaped capture by two 
 Indians who had discovered' and pursued him. 
 Irving says in his life of Washington that "on the 
 same day, during the march, three or four men 
 loitei-ing in the rear of the grenadiers were killed and 
 
1755.] braddock's route. 153 
 
 scalped. Several of the grenadiers set off to take 
 revenge. They came upon a party of Indians, who 
 held up boughs and grounded their arms, the 
 concerted sign of amity. Not perceiving or under- 
 standing it, the grenadiers fired upon them, and one 
 fell. It proved to bo the son of Scarooyadi. Aware 
 too late of their error, the grenadiers brought the 
 body to the camp. The conduct of Braddock was 
 admirable on this occasion. He sent for the father 
 and the other Indians, and condoled with them on 
 the lamentable occurrence ; making them the custom- 
 ary presents of expiation. But what was more to 
 the point, he caused the youth to be buried with the 
 honors of war; at his request the officers attended 
 the funeral, and a volley was fired over the grave. 
 The honors thus shown the deceased warrior gratified 
 the pride of the old chief, and proved a balm to him 
 in his affliction. It excited a feeling of deeper friend- 
 ship toward his white allies, who had thus shown 
 the most genuine sorrow for him in the calamity 
 which had so unfortunately befallen him. 
 
 For two days Braddock halted at Thicketty Run, 
 and on the 7th marched with a view to crossing 
 Turtle Creek, but, dreading the labor of making his 
 way over the ridges about that stream, and the delay of 
 bridging it, he changed his route, on the 8 th, marching 
 almost due west towards the Monongahela, along the 
 valley of Long Run, and encamped that night some 
 two miles from the river. The "Narrows," a gorge 
 through which the river passed, near the point of 
 encampment, was not passable for artillery, and 
 
 besides presented many advantages to the French, 
 20 
 
154 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 slioulcl thoy resort to ambush; for this reason 
 Braddock determined to cross the Monongahela at a 
 ford near by and to recross it by a second lord a 
 short distance below, near the mouth of Turtle 
 Creek, thus avoiding the "Narrows," and securing 
 easy marches. 
 
 The condition of the army was not of the most 
 flattering character, at this time, and the remark 
 made some time earlier, to the effect that its com- 
 mander was most "judiciously chosen for being 
 disqualified for the service he is employed in, in 
 almost every respect," was felt to be painfully true 
 by at least several of the prudent and thinking men 
 who served under his orders. Braddock was irritable, 
 arrogant, and intemperate in his hot-headed denun- 
 ciation of every officer and man who incurred his 
 displeasure; he would not so much as speak to the 
 two principal officers under his command, or notice 
 them in anyway, except when required to do so by 
 the necessity of sending them directions ; Shirley, the 
 General's Secretary, was disgusted and indignant 
 because of the delays as well as the blunders of the 
 march; Washington, while he retained his self- 
 command, inwardly chafed over the bigotry which 
 closed the General's eyes to the most commonplace 
 necessities in dealing with a foe he would not 
 understand; Sir Peter Halket was low spirited and 
 depressed; he comprehended the importance of 
 meeting the wily red skins with their own tactics, 
 and while he ui'ged the General to beat the bushes 
 over every foot of ground from the camp to the Fort, 
 he had little hope of seeing his advice put into 
 
1755.] THE NICHT liUFORK THE BATTLE. 155 
 
 eflfect; when he Avrajiped his mantle about liim that 
 night as ho lay upon his soldier's bed his soul was 
 filled with the darkest forebodings for the morrow, 
 which he felt would close his own career as well as 
 that of many another gallant soldier, a presentiment 
 which was sadly realized. Not only was there 
 dissatislaction, want of confidence, and unfriendliness 
 amongst the officers, but the men were spiritless, 
 broken down b}- the fatigues of the march, poorly 
 fed, and harrassed by the great time consumed in 
 travelling so shoi't a. distance. On this night, 
 preceding the daj' of battle, the men were early 
 encamped and sleeping about their fires, to gather 
 strength for the march, and whatever else the morrow 
 might bring forth. With Braddock, however, there 
 Avere no doubts or fears; he had unbounded con- 
 fidence in himself, and (inn reliance in his veterans; 
 as well as thorough contempt for the French and 
 Indians. To him the morrow was gilded Avith the 
 glory of victory, and where others feared disaster and 
 disgrace he anticipated a success which should bring 
 him new honors and coveted fixvors at tlie hands of 
 his Sovereign. Hraddock did not anticipate the 
 slightest diniculty in putting to flight the enemy he 
 was to eneouuter: and could he have met that enemy 
 upon an open field his anticipations would doubtless 
 have been verified, lie only feared that he might 
 have some diftieidty in crossing the river at the fords. 
 But in any event he had determined to reach the 
 Fort and attack it hefore tlu' day should close. At 
 ?) o'clock on the morning of the 9th he sent a picked 
 body of men under Lieutenant-Colonel Gage to take 
 
156 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 possession of the fords and secure the further shore 
 of the second ford, so that no delay might ensue 
 when the main body and the train should arrive. 
 An hour later the (iuatermaster-General took a party 
 of men forward to make the necessary roads, while 
 some four hundred of tlie troops were stationed on 
 the hills near by, to protect the flanks. At 6 o'clock 
 the main body moved, under the direct command of 
 Braddock, who remained at the first ford until the 
 crossing had been made. The General intended to 
 take Fort Duquesne on this day, and in the taking 
 of it he was disposed to make the victory both 
 brilliant and imposing, with 
 
 " The spirit stirring drum, the ear piercing fife, 
 The royal banner ; and all quality, 
 Pride, pomp, and circumstance of glorious war." 
 
 When the columns were put in motion on this events 
 ful day the men were clad in their scarlet uniforms, 
 and brilliantly equipped as if for dress parade; every 
 article of apparel was in perfect condition; their 
 burnished arms glistened in the sunlight, while the 
 royal colors floated in the breeze; and as the iserfectly 
 formed ranks moved forward to the inspiring strains 
 of the drum and fife, every soldier seemed to have 
 lost the remembrance of his toil and privation; the 
 bracing atmosphere of the early morning in the 
 mountains; the shadowy groves along the banks of 
 the tranquil river, in all their beauty; and the 
 prospect of meeting the enemy, raised the spirits of 
 the entire command. The eyes of the veterans 
 sparkled, and they marched with buoyant stej), over 
 a soil that was soon, alas, to be consecrated with 
 
1755.] ON THE BATTLE FIELD. 157 
 
 their blood, and to be rendered forever memorable 
 by an almost unparallelled sacrifice of brave spirits 
 to bigoted incompetenc}^ 
 
 The advance gnard drove a number of Indians 
 from cover early in the day, and others could be seen 
 at intervals, on the hills near by, watching the army's 
 movements. With a view to imjjress them with his 
 great strength, Braddock, after crossing the first ford, 
 and getting on a piece of bottom land almost clear of 
 timber, put the troops through the various regimental 
 manoeuvres, in all of which they moved with the 
 utmost coolness and precision, jDresenting such a 
 sight as to command the highest degree of admiration 
 and enthusiasm on the part of Washington, who gave 
 expression to his delight in extravagant terms. 
 
 About noon the men were allowed to take their 
 dinners, before crossing the second ford; and after 
 crossing they were halted near the old site of Frazier's 
 House, close by Turtle Creek, where the order of 
 march was arranged. In the advance were placed 
 the guides, with the engineers and six light horse- 
 men, Lieutenan1>Colonel Gage with his command 
 immediately folloAving; then came Sir John St. Clair, 
 with two 6-pounder guns and the wagons and men 
 of the working party. The main body of the army, 
 under command of Braddock, followed; the artillery 
 and baggage in his rear, protected by infantry and 
 cavalry on the flanks. The provincial troojjs formed 
 the rear guard, and aided also in protecting the 
 flanks. 
 
 The river at the point of crossing was quite 
 shallow, and was easily fordable at any point for 
 
158 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 more than half a mile below Turtle Creek ; the banks 
 ^-were gently sloping, but required some cutting to 
 enable the artillery and trains to descend and ascend 
 witliout difTiculty. The elevation of the banks was 
 about twenty feet, and when the troops halted after 
 crossing they were in the shade of a grove of walnut 
 trees, which covered the rich bottom land stretching 
 back from the river a distance of a quarter of a mile, 
 the ground being free of undergrowth. Farther 
 back the surface was gradually elevated, until it 
 reached the base of a line of hills, with steep sides 
 -and heavily wooded. To avoid the soft and spongy 
 ground along the river the British marched towards 
 the hills, gaining the higher plateau at their base, 
 and then turned to skirt them on their course down 
 the river. The undergrowth of thickets and brambles 
 was quite thick, and concealed entirely several 
 ravines which stretched down to the river from the 
 hill sides, the soft earth having been washed out liy 
 the waters of numerous springs, leaving almost 
 perpendicular banks. These i-avines were as perfectly 
 adapted to the wants and purposes of the French as 
 though prepared for the especial emergency which 
 had now ai'isen. They were naturally formed rifle 
 pits, so completely masked by foliage as to leave no 
 suspicion of their existence. On the right of the 
 unsuspecting army lay one of those ravines, broad 
 and deep, grown full of heavy trees, and reaching to 
 the very heart of the forest on the hill sides. As to 
 the other, about two hundred yards from the ravine 
 just mentioned, it commences right in the middle of 
 the plain, or upper plateau, near the base of the hills, 
 
1755.] BATTLE OF THE MONONGAHELA. 159 
 
 "a most singular ditch, with a depth and breadth of 
 a few feet at its head, but increasing soon to ten or 
 twelve, and at that time overhung and completely 
 concealed by a thick growth of vines and bushes; of 
 grasses and trailers and wild Indian plum. Even to 
 this day it can scarcely be perceived, or, at least, its 
 full capacity cannot be ajipreciated, until one is i-ight 
 upon it, and then in it. It is a most peculiar ditch, 
 and could not be better adapted, either for attack or 
 defense, were engineers to devise and fashion it. It 
 could easilv conceal a thousand men." Between 
 these ravines was a forest of trees, and bushes, and 
 .here the troops marched in a road newly cut, and 
 barely twelve feet wide, their line of march being 
 diagonal with the ravines, and within easy range of 
 the enemy therein concealed. 
 
 The army was marching with its advance almost 
 at the head of one of these ravines, with the least 
 conceivable caution, when suddenly the whole com- 
 mand was startled Ijy a volley of rifle shots in front, 
 and a terriffic yell, which announced the presence of 
 a large body of savages. Lientenant-Colonel Burton 
 hurried forward with eight hundred men to support 
 Gage, leaving the baggage under Halket's care at the 
 river. The woods seemed to be full of Fixnich and 
 Indians, as they kept up a heavy fire of musketry, 
 and made the air ring with their demon-like shouts ; 
 yet not one of them could be seen. They lay along 
 the ravines, completely concealed from view, deliber- 
 ately selecting their victims and shooting them down. 
 Burton's troops formed in line of battle, ready to 
 move forward and meet the enemy from the 
 
160 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 undergrowth, when, unfortunately. Gage's men 
 became panic-stricken, and retreated in the utmost 
 confusion immediately upon Burton's command, 
 breaking his hues and imparting some of their own 
 demoralization to their freshly arrived comrades. 
 The two regiments became inextricably mixed, the 
 men lost their heads, and huddled together in the 
 narrow road, utterly heedless of the commands of 
 their officers. Braddock became terribly enraged 
 and charged amongst the paralyzed soldiers with his 
 horse, striking right and left, and endeavoring to get 
 them into position. The provincial trooj)S took to 
 trees and opened fire upon the enemy, doing good 
 service, and Washington urged Braddock to order 
 the regulars to do the same, but he refused, and 
 persisted in his endeavors to get his men formed in 
 line. The colors of the two regiments were fixed as 
 rallying points, and the men summoned to fall into 
 line, but it was in vain. The officers then undertook 
 to form them in platoons, but the terrible war whoops 
 of the Indians and the hail of balls from foes they 
 could not see had sent dismay to the hearts of the 
 terrified men, and they were really worse than 
 useless. Braddock cursed them bitterly; he cut 
 down several soldiers whom he saw sheltering them- 
 selves behind the trees, and others he struck with 
 the flat of his sword. The officers labored with the 
 utmost zeal to bring their men to some degree of 
 reason, and to charge the enemy; they even 
 dismounted from their horses, formed platoons and 
 advanced in line, hoping by their example to 
 encourage the soldiers to follow. Despite every 
 
1755.] BATTLE OF THE MONONGAHELA. 161 
 
 effort, confusion reigned supreme; the troops were, 
 
 as before remarked, worse than useless, since they 
 
 not only made no assaults upon the enemy, but 
 
 added horror to the havoc by tiring upon their own 
 
 friends and shooting • down the only men who were 
 
 doing any service on the British side. Seeing the 
 
 hopelessness of the situation, unless some decisive 
 
 stroke could be quickly delivered, Captain Waggoner, 
 
 who had command of the provincial troops of 
 
 Virginia, determined to get, with his men, on the 
 
 flank of the enemy, and drive him out. Some fallen 
 
 timber on the brow of the hill was pointed out by 
 
 him to Scarooyadi, and they with eighty men made 
 
 their way to it, where they tooI\; shelter, and poured 
 
 a galling fire into the painted imps along the ravine, 
 
 causing them to beat a hasty retreat to better shelter. 
 
 Waggoner's men with a shout started to follow 
 
 up their advantage, when the demoralized mob 
 
 behind tliem, made the final blunder by firing point 
 
 blank into their ranks, killing two thirds of their 
 
 number. Those that remained uninjured turned and 
 
 fled for their lives, disgusted and distressed. 
 
 Braddock had already had five horses killed under 
 
 him, and, utterly regardless of danger, was every- 
 
 wlici'e. urging his men forward; Washington had 
 
 had his clothing pierced, but had escaped injury; 
 
 Captains Orme and Morris had both been wounded; 
 
 Sir Peter Halket and his son shot dead, and nearly all 
 
 the officers as well as hundreds of tlie men saci*ificed. 
 
 The French and Indians, seeing the confusion and 
 
 dismay of the British, and witnessing the destruction 
 
 of Waggoner's party, became more and more 
 21 
 
102 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 emboldened. The savages frequently rushed from 
 cover to scalp an officer or gather a trophy, and 
 gradually they succeeded in almost surrounding the 
 army. Between four and five o'clock, while Braddock 
 was delivering an oi'der, he was struck by a bullet, 
 which passed through his right arm into liis lungs. 
 He fell from his horse to the ground, and lay there 
 mortally wounded ; defeated and abandoned, so for as 
 his veteran soldiers were concerned. Captain Orme, 
 himself wounded, begged some of the men to carry 
 the General oif the field, and offered them his purse 
 containing sixty guineas as a reward; but not a man 
 would stay for love, respect or gold. Captain 
 Stewart, of the Virginia troops, with another American 
 oJRcer and Braddock's servant, cari-ied the fallen 
 commander from the field in his silken sash, Avhich 
 they took from aj)0ut his waist. When Braddock's 
 fall became known, the panic-stricken soldiers threw 
 down their arms and ammunition, and lied with the 
 utmost precipitation. The teamsters and artillery 
 men cut their horses loose, and mounting them rode 
 off at full speed. Everything was abandoned, and 
 the retreat became a thoroughly disgraceful rout, 
 while the Indians added to the terror of the 
 frightened wretches by rushing after them with the 
 wildest yells, and occasionally tomahawking and 
 scalping one of their number, before they reached the 
 river. After crossing this stream, they continued 
 their liight for more than a quarter of a mile. Here, 
 tl;e General, with several other wounded officers, 
 halted, and they succeeded in getting about one 
 hundred men to take a position near the road, 
 
1755.] THE RETREAT. 168 
 
 with a view to holding the place, until reinforcements 
 should arrive from Dunbar. In loss than an hour, 
 however, the soldiers ran away, and the wounded 
 officers, with a few faithful friends who i-emained 
 with them, continued their retreat. The General 
 sent Washington hack to Colonel Dunbar, with 
 instructions to send forward wagons for the wounded, 
 and a supply of provisions and hospital stores, under 
 the guard of the youngest two Grenadier companies, 
 to meet him at Gist's plantation, or nearer if possible. 
 Colonel Gage then joined Braddock with some eighty 
 men, and continued with him. Braddock was so 
 badly wounded that he could not sit his horse, and 
 had to be carried in his sash, by soldiers. Dr. Craik 
 dressed his wounds, but the old soldier seemed to 
 tliiids; little of his bodily sufferings; he expressed his 
 desire to die and be buried on the site of the great 
 misfortvme of his life; he was deeply distressed, and 
 could scarcely comprehend the calamity which had 
 so unexpectedly overtaken him in the hour in which 
 he had looked for a brilliant victory, which was to be / / 
 the crowning triumph of his military career and 
 give him posthumous fame. 
 
 Few instances are recorded where so merciless a 
 slaughter Avas accomplished ujDon a foe so largely 
 outnumbering its assailants. Such scenes of carnage 
 are fortunutelx' not of fre([uent occurrence. Eighty 
 nine commissioned officers went into the battle of the 
 Monongahela; and of these twenty-six were killed 
 and thirty-seven wounded; four hundred and thirty 
 soldiers were slain outright, and three hundred and 
 eighty-five wounded. 
 
164 
 
 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 [1755. 
 
 The following is ;i list of the officers who were 
 present, and of those who were killed and wounded 
 in this disastrous engagement, as reported in the 
 Gentlemen's Magazine, in August, 1755: 
 
 
 .STAFF. 
 
 
 Officers* Names. 
 
 Kank. 
 
 Killed or Wounded. 
 
 Edward Braddock, Esq. 
 Robert Orme, Esq., 1 
 Roger Morris, Esq., 
 George Washington, 
 
 Esq J 
 
 William Shirley Esq.... 
 
 Sir John St. Clair 
 
 Matthew Leslie, Gent.... 
 Francis Halkett, Esq.... 
 
 Gen'l and com. in chief 
 Aids de Camp. 
 
 Mortally wounded. 
 Wounded. 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 Dep'y Quar. Mas'r Gn'l 
 Gen'l Assist, do. 
 Major Brigade. 
 
 Killed. 
 Wounded. 
 
 u 
 
 FOBTY-FonRTH REGIMENT.* 
 
 OiBcers' Namea. 
 
 Rank. 
 
 Killed or Wounded. 
 
 Sir Peter Halkett 
 
 Gasje, Eso 
 
 Colonel. 
 Lieut. Colonel. 
 
 Captain. 
 
 li 
 
 Lieutenant. 
 
 a 
 
 1* 
 u 
 it 
 11 
 
 it 
 
 14 
 
 a 
 
 Knsign 
 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 
 Killed. 
 
 Wounded, 
 
 Tatton, 
 
 Killed. 
 
 Ilobson. 
 
 
 Beckworth 
 
 
 
 Killed. 
 
 
 
 Sittler 
 
 
 Bailey 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Halkett 
 
 Killed 
 
 Trebv 
 
 Wounded 
 
 Allen 
 
 Dipd of wounds. 
 
 Simpson 
 
 Wounded. 
 
 Lock 
 
 Wounded. 
 
 Disney 
 
 Kennedy 
 
 it 
 11 
 
 Townsend 
 
 Killed. 
 
 Clarke 
 
 
 Nortlow 
 
 Killed. 
 
 Pennington 
 
 
 
 
 *Tbifi list is inaccurate io eome Blight particulars, and was probably made up from memory. 
 
1755.] 
 
 THE KILLED AND WOUNDED. 
 
 KORTY-KIGHTH REGIMEN'T. 
 
 165 
 
 Oflicera* Names. 
 
 Burton, Ksq 
 
 Sparks, Esq 
 
 Dobson, Esq 
 
 Cholmondeley 
 
 Bowyer, Esq 
 
 Ross, Esq 
 
 Barbutt, Esq 
 
 Walsham, Esq 
 
 Crvmble, Esq 
 
 Widman, Esq 
 
 Hansard, Esq 
 
 Gladwin, Esq* 
 
 Hotham, Esq 
 
 Edmonstone, Esq.. 
 
 Cope, Esq 
 
 Brereton, Esq 
 
 Stuart, Esq , 
 
 Montresore 
 
 Dunbar 
 
 Harrison 
 
 Colebatt 
 
 Maemullen 
 
 Crowe 
 
 Stirling 
 
 Lieut. Colonel. 
 
 Major. 
 
 Captain. 
 
 Lieutenant. 
 
 Ensifi 
 
 I Killed or Wounded. 
 
 ' Slightly wounded. 
 
 Killed. 
 Wounded. 
 
 Killed. 
 
 a 
 
 i( 
 Wounded. 
 
 Wounded. 
 
 Killed. 
 
 Wounded- 
 
 Wounded. 
 
 VIIUIIXIA OFFICERS. 
 
 Stevens.. 
 
 Poison 
 
 Peyronie.... 
 
 Stewart 
 
 Hamilton... 
 Woodward. 
 
 Wright 
 
 Spiltdorph.. 
 Stewart 
 
 MNeiU. 
 
 Wounded. 
 Killed. 
 
 Killed. 
 
 Killed. 
 
 Wounded. 
 Killed. 
 
 *TliiB wfts Henry Gladwin, who won many laurels aflerwarda, and became Deputy-Adjutant 
 General in America. 
 
166 
 
 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 [1755. 
 
 *INDEPENDKNTS. 
 
 Officers 
 
 Names 
 
 Bank. 
 
 Killed or Wounded. 
 
 Gates 
 
 Captain. 
 Lieutenant. 
 
 11 
 
 Wounded. 
 
 Suniiiin 
 
 Killed. 
 
 Miller 
 
 
 Haworth 
 
 Wounded. 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 ARTILLERY. 
 
 
 Orde 
 
 Captain, 
 Capt. Lieut. 
 
 Lieutenant. 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 
 Smilli 
 
 Killed. 
 
 Buchanan 
 
 M'Cloud 
 
 Wounded. 
 
 McCiiUer 
 
 .1 
 
 
 
 ENGINEERS. 
 
 McKeller, Esq 
 
 Major. 
 
 Captain. 
 
 Capt. Lieutenant. 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 Williamson, Esq 
 
 11 
 
 NAVAL OFFICEKS. 
 
 Spendelowe.. 
 
 Haynes 
 
 Talbot 
 
 Lieutenant. 
 Midshipman. 
 
 Killed. 
 Killed. 
 
 
 VOLUNTEERS. 
 
 
 
 Captain, 
 
 Killed. 
 
 Havfr....- 
 
 Wounded. 
 
 
 
 Dunbar was still forty miles to the rear, having 
 been so slow in his movements that he was therefor 
 christened " Dunbar the Tardy." Had he been 
 present at the battle, however, matters would have 
 been worse, rather than better, since an accumuhition 
 of numbers would have 2)roven of no avail where the 
 
 *Araongst tlie names entirely omitted in the lists here ^iven is that of Gen. Evan Shelby, who 
 wflH llieii a Cnjilnin of Kaiit;ers,"ai)d was especially known lor lii.s keen intellect, aieat courage, 
 andiron cnnvtitiitmn. He was a Welshman by hivtli, bnl came to Maryland when a small lad. 
 Alter Iliadduck'n deleat lie remained in coinii'iand ot his raniiieiH. and u hf n Boqtiefs expedi- 
 tion waa organized, lie joined it, nnd under Forbes dif-t ingui.-liod liiin-r-li by his vnlor and 
 energy. He wa.'i tlie lather of Isaac .-ihelby, a yallant oiticer VUo won distinction in the Revolu- 
 lionnry war. 
 
 Drs. Hugh Mercer and Jame-j Craik. surgeons of the Vir^vnia troops, were on the field, and 
 the former was seiiously wounded. When he fell, the troops were in full flight, and finding 
 that he was unable to join in Ihc retreat, lie concealed liiniftell behind a hilleii tree, where the 
 undeii^rowtli was heavy, and ther<' he lay until sunset, viewini^ the wild scene nf pillage and 
 bloody oulra-ze that followed. He witnessed the slaughter ol tiie wounded and the scalpin,^ of 
 the dead. Alter nighttall he lelt his hiding place, and. taking the starn for his compass, slowly 
 and painfully made hia way back towards Fi>rt Cumberland, which post he reached some six 
 days later, half-starved, sick, and in much pain. Two years h\ter. while serving as n Captain in 
 Colonel John Armstrong's expedition again.tt the Indians at Kittanning. he was again wounded, 
 and a second time made hi'i way alone through the wooda to Fort Cumberland. In 1777 Dr. 
 Mercer was made a tield officer in the Kevoliitionary army, and gave up his life at Princeton. 
 
 
 ■5 ^11 
 
1755.] AFTER THE BATTLE. 167 
 
 enemy could not be seen, and where the troops were 
 demoralized by fear. His command would only have 
 furnished more material for the murderous savages. 
 
 "Nathaniel Gist, son of Christopher, with 'Gist's 
 Indian,' were dispatched from the battle-field to Fort 
 Cumberland, with tidings of the overthrow, but with 
 instructions to avoid passing by, or distui-bing the 
 repose of Dunljar. They traveled a-foot, and through 
 unfrequented paths, to avoid the Indians. While 
 snatching some repose during the darkness of the 
 first night of their journey, in a thicket of bushes and 
 grape vine on Cove Run, within view of the camp 
 fires of Dunbar, they mistook the noise of the move- 
 ment of some bird or beast for Indians, and run with 
 the heedlessness of alarm. They tlius became 
 separated. But each Avended liis way cautiously 
 and alone. When nearing their destination, upon 
 emerging from the bushes into the open road Gist 
 saw a few rods ahead, his long lost Indian, who had 
 also just taken the highway! Like two soothsayers, 
 they had to laugh at each other for their causeless 
 alarm and separation."* 
 
 Washington, though gi-eatly fatigued by the 
 events and exertions of the dreadful day through 
 which he had just passed, and still weak from his 
 sickness, hurried ofl' to the rear to meet Dfailaar, 
 and deliver the orders heretofore referred to. He 
 was accompanied by two orderlies, and the night was 
 so dark that often they were compelled to dismount 
 and search for the road. The entire night was spent 
 
 *Thia story was given tbe author of tlie papers entitled "The Monongahela of Old," by Henry 
 Beeuon, the founder ol Uuioutowu, Pa., who had it tVom the lips of Utst himself. 
 
168 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 in the saddle, but at sunrise they reached Dunbar's 
 camp. The distracted teamsters had arrived there 
 ahead of Washington, and Iiad spread dismay amongst 
 Dunbar's troops by reporting that Braddock was 
 killed, the army destroyed, and the Indians pur- 
 suing the few who were left. The effect of such 
 intelligence upon the camp was instantaneous, and 
 it was only by the most stringent orders and threats 
 of instant death to any man who should leave the 
 ranks, that the soldiers were kept from an imme- 
 diate stampede. 
 
 Washington returned to Gist's plantation the next 
 day, taking with him the necessary supplies, and 
 there met the wounded officers and their escort. 
 They reached Dunbar's camp that night, where they 
 remained two nights and one day. The wounded 
 officers and men were then placed in the wagons, 
 and as there were left no means jjy which to carry 
 the store of provisions and ammunition, all these 
 were destroyed by Braddock's order. The artillery 
 had been left on the field of battle ; and the military 
 chest containing £25,000 in coin, as well as the 
 General's desk and papers, were all lost. What 
 remained to them now was nothing more than was 
 necessary for the supply of their actual wants until 
 they should reach Fort Cumberland. On the 13th 
 they marched to the Great Meadows. During the 
 entire day the dying General was in the greatest 
 distress. His wounds caused him the most intense 
 pain, yet of these he took little account. His spirit 
 was broken, his pride humiliated, and his mind 
 depressed by the disgrace of his terrible defeat. He 
 
1755.] DEATH OF BRADDOCK. 169 
 
 seldom spoke, and wlien he did it was only to give 
 such orders as were necessary, or to briefly express 
 his disappointment and regret. "Who would have 
 thought it! Who Avould have thought it!" he re- 
 peated. As the sun set on this quiet Sunday evening, 
 it became apparent that the brave old veteran was 
 about to close his eyes upon the earth, and his faithful 
 friends stood around his couch, with sad hearts. He 
 turned to Captain Orme, and in a thoughtful way, 
 said, "We shall better know how to deal with them 
 another time." A little later, his eyes closed, and 
 the spirit of Braddock was with the Master. His life 
 went out amidst the sombre shades of the forest, 
 near the scene of Washington's reverse, the previous 
 year, and his body was buried in silence and sorrow, 
 at day-break next morning, the grave being 
 made in the road, and the wagons being driven over 
 it, that it might not be discovered and disturbed by 
 the enemy. The services for the dead were read by 
 Washington, the Chaplain having been wounded, and 
 Washington being the only staff officer remaining fit 
 for any duty whatever. 
 
 Various statements have been made regarding the 
 destruction of stores at Dunbar's camp, and several 
 writers have asserted that artillery, ammunition and 
 money were buried near the camp, in consequence of 
 which many searches have been made there for such 
 articles. These' rumors pnjbably originated in a 
 letter written by Colonel Burd to Governor Morris, 
 dated at Fort Cumberland, July 25, 1755, in which 
 the Colonel relates that Dunbar told him, in a con- 
 versation at dinner, that he had destroyed all his 
 22 
 
170 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 provisions except what he could carry as subsistence, 
 as well as all the powder he had with him, nearly 
 50,000 pounds, but that his mortars and shells he 
 had buried. Dunbar was evidently misunderstood 
 in this matter, as he afterwards, on the 25th of 
 August, wrote to Governor Shirley : " We must beg 
 leave to undeceive you in what you are pleased to 
 mention of "guns being burled" at the time General 
 Bi'addock ordered the stores to be destroyed; for 
 there was not a gun of any kind buried." Colonel 
 Burd, in 1759, while on his way to make the road to 
 Redstone, searched for the guns he supposed to be 
 buried, and dug a great many holes, but found 
 nothing. 
 
 Many relics have been gathei'ed, however, by the 
 persons living in the vicinity of the camp, and some 
 of them have now in their possession, cannon balls, 
 bullets, shells, &c. Amongst other articles are 
 fragments of 9-inch shells, showing the size of the 
 mortars used, and masses of lead formed by bullets 
 melted and run together, the surface being roughened 
 by the jirotuberance of the small leaden balls only 
 half melted. 
 
 The part played by the French in the defeat of 
 Braddock has been variously given, but there seems 
 to be a lack of accuracy in most accounts. A recent 
 volume of the "Historical Collections of Wisconsin" 
 contains the Memoirs of Charles de Langlade, written 
 by Joseph Tasse, Esq., of Ottawa, Canada, and trans- 
 lated from the French by Mrs. Sarah Fairchikl Dean. 
 The history of the action of Langlade in the battle of 
 the Monongahela, was gathered by Mr. Lyman C. 
 
1755.] THE FRENCH AGAINST 15RADD0CK. 171 
 
 Draper, Corresponding Secretary of the Historical 
 Society of Wisconsin, from tlio lips of Cajitain 
 Augustin Grignon, who had obtained the statement 
 from Langlade himself, and the truth and accuracy 
 of the statements have been abundantly verified. 
 The Langlade family came originally from France, 
 in 16G8. Charles was born at Mackinaw in 1729, 
 and spent the days of his youth amongst the Ottawa 
 Indians, who came to regard him as under the j^ro- 
 tection of some powerful Manitou, in consequence of 
 which he early gained a great influence over them, 
 leading them in their wars with other tribes. 
 
 "While Charles de Langlade thus exhibited his 
 courage in the obscure combats of tribe against tribe, 
 events in Canada were becoming complicated, and 
 threatened to take a serions turn. Grave difiiculties 
 had arisen ))ctween France and England in Acadia, 
 and the valley of the Ohio, on the subject of the 
 frontier boundaries; and although peace still existed, 
 there had already been some bloody encounters in 
 the wilderness, and it was evident that on either 
 side the first occasion would be seized to come to 
 blows. Thus, the killing of a French officer, M. de 
 Jumonville, sent as an envoy to Washington, at the 
 head of thirty soldiers, for the purpose of summoning 
 the English to evacuate entrenchments raised by 
 them near the Ohio, was the signal for that long and 
 terrible seven yeai's' war which kindled the fii-es of 
 two Continents, and led to consequences so disastrous 
 to France. 
 
 "Vaudreuil, Governor of tlie Colony, took the 
 necessary measures to cope with the enemy, and 
 
172 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 hastened to arm the regular troops, and the Canadian 
 militia. The savages of the North-west, joined to the 
 coureurs de hois, so numerous at that time, also 
 furnished a valuable contingent; and he, without 
 hesitation, confided this command to Charles de 
 Langlade, whose exploits wei'e already well known 
 to him. United to the savages by the ties of blood, 
 by similarity of liabit. familiar with their dialects, and 
 with their modes of warfare, of acknowledged bravery 
 and ability, enjoying unquestionable authority and 
 influence, Langlade was exactly the man for the 
 situation. 
 
 "At his appeal, the tomahawk is unearthed, the 
 tribes incite themselves with enthusiasm, and a 
 crowd of savage warriors gather around the folds of 
 the French flags. We find at the head of these 
 Indian bands many celebrated chiefs; among others, 
 it is believed, the famous Pontiac, who some years 
 later became illustrious by his conspiracy against the 
 English. 
 
 "After organizing his forces, Langlade received 
 orders to direct his steps with all haste towards Fort 
 Duquesne, of which General Braddock, recently 
 arrived from England, with veteran troops, was 
 about to attempt to acquire possession in order to 
 drive the French out of the valley of the Ohio. 
 
 "Langlade arrived at Fort Duquesne in the 
 beginning of July, 1755. Le Sieur de la Perade, as 
 well as some French and Indians, sent to observe the 
 hostile army whose least movements were watched, 
 announced on the eighth of July that it was only a 
 half day's journey from the Monongahela — the 
 
1755.] LANGLADE URGES THE ATTACK. 173 
 
 Malenguentee of the Canadians — and that it was 
 advancing in three columns. On the receipt of these 
 tidings, the commandant at Fort Duquesne decided 
 to oppose the advance of the enemy; and, for this 
 purpose, De Beaujeu organized a force of about two 
 hundred and fifty French, and six hundred and fifty 
 Indians. 
 
 "Leaving the fort on tlie ninth of July, at nine 
 o'clock in the morning, De Beaujeu found himself at 
 half past twelve in the presence of the English, just 
 at the instant when they halted on the South shore 
 of the Monongahela, to take their dinner. The 
 French and Indians had not yet been perceived by 
 the enemy; and they placed themselves carefully in 
 ambush in the ravines and thick woods, which 
 formed an impassable belt in the steep banlv in front 
 of them.''" 
 
 '"Langlade compi'ehended at once all the advan- 
 tages of the position, and hastened to de Beaujeu to 
 beg him to commence the action; but that officer 
 turned a deaf ear to his entreaties. Unwilling thus 
 to relinquish his pur^jose, he then called together the 
 Indian chiefs, showed them the importance of an 
 immediate attack upon the English, and advised 
 them to go and demand an order to commence battle. 
 De Beaujeu gave them a no more satisfactory reply. 
 Langlade then made a second appeal to the French 
 commander, and insisted energetically upon the 
 necessity of an immediate attack upon the enemy. 
 
 ♦This is conflrined by the relation of M. de Godefrov, an officer in tlie Fort Duquesne garrison: 
 •'The pirty of M. de Beaujeu advanced for attack about tliree and a lialf leagues from Fort 
 I>uqiiesue, when the enemy were at dinner." This memoir has been published by Mr. John G. 
 6hea, in his " Kelatious divers sur la bataille du Malangueule." 
 
174 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 'If we are going to figlit,' he said, 'we must doit 
 while the English, not suspecting danger, have laid 
 aside their arms, or when they are fording the River, 
 for they are too far superior in numbers for us to 
 resist them in open country.' De Bcaujeu was 
 evidently discouraged by the strength of the enemy, 
 and hesitated what course to take; but finally 
 putting an end to his indecision he ordei'ed the 
 attack. 
 
 "The action commenced with vigor, and took the 
 army of Braddock by surprise. Officers and soldiers 
 ran to their arms with such precipitation that many 
 of the leaders still had their napkins on their breasts 
 when found among the dead. As they occujiied 
 lower ground than the French, they fired over their 
 heads, and only hit a small number. The French 
 and Indians, meanwhile, concealed behind the trees 
 were, so to s^ieak, invisible; and they returned the 
 fire of the enemy by a fusillade, which scattered 
 death and consternation amongst the English battal- 
 ions. At last the soldiers of Braddock took ilight, 
 and both the Canadians and Indians charged upon 
 them with tomahawks, foi-cing them to throw them- 
 selves into the waters of the Monongahela, where 
 many of them were drowned. 
 
 "This was a disastrous day for the English. 
 Braddock, who wished to make war after the 
 European manner in the forests of the Ohio, and had 
 been unwilling to take advice from any one, paid for 
 his temerity with his life, and the loss of the largest 
 part of his army. The bodies of some hundred 
 soldiers, and many officers, strewed the battle field, 
 
1755.] VICTORY AND SPOILS. 175 
 
 and immense booty fell into the hands of the French.* 
 Had it not been for the Virginia militia, commanded 
 by Washington, protecting the retreat of the frag- 
 ments of the English army, that portion of the 
 savages Avho did not loiter to pillage the dead, would 
 not in all probability have spared a solitary soldier 
 to tell the story of their sanguinary defeat.f 
 
 "The French did not lose thirty men, and the 
 most of these were killed, not by the English l)alls, 
 but by the branches of the trees which sheltered 
 them, and which were violently torn off by the fire 
 of the enemy's artillei-y. The victory was more 
 brilliant because the French had only an inferior 
 force with which to oppose the army of Braddock, 
 numbering at least two thousand men, Avhich 
 constrained Washington to say: 'We have been 
 beaten, shamefully beaten, by a handful of French- 
 men.' 
 
 ''After the rout of the English, Langlade took 
 energetic measures to prevent the savages from 
 seizing the stores of liquor belonging to the enemy; for, 
 once under the influence of the liquid fire, they might 
 have been carried to excesses which would have 
 tarnished the glory of a day so fortunate. Frustrated 
 in their attempt the Indians set about searching the 
 bodies of the English dead, lying by hundreds on the 
 
 *"TIicre -were counted dead on the battle field six hii.-idred men. on the retreat about lour 
 
 / hundred; alonK a little t'd-eani tliree Jiundred. TIteir total toHd wan recit oned at twf-lve hundred 
 
 / and seventy, otiier accounts place it at one thomand. tilteen hundred, and even seventeen hun- 
 
 J dred. Tne wounded were abandoned, and almost all perished in the woods. Of one hundred 
 
 ^ and ^ixty officers, only six escaped t?everal pieces of artillery were taken: also a hundred 
 
 covered wagons, .the military chest, and the effects of the ofhcers, who were well equipped. 
 
 The last was the booty of the "savayes and Canadians.— Memoirs des Ponchnt, vol. 1. p. .^7. 
 
 t'The rout became ■general. All the English took to Ilii^ht. carrying with them their wounded 
 General. Terror sei/.ed even those who had taken no part in this combat. Dunbar's army, 
 encamped nearly twenty leagues from the field of action, deserted their c\uip and joined the 
 fugitives, ivliodid not stop till they reacheii Fort (Jumberland. the longe.-t flight on record. The 
 l-'reiich pnrened the English till lear of some ambuscade made them retrace their steps for they 
 }iad no suspicion that tbey had struck their foes with so great a panic. — Notice of Daniel UyaciatQ 
 Mane Ltenard de Beaujeu, by John O. bbea. 
 
 I 
 
176 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 bloody field. Many of the officers wore rich uniforms, 
 and they despoiled them of every valuable article 
 they might have upon them. 
 
 ''Besides the Indians, many Canadians took jiart 
 in the combat, under the command of Langlade ; 
 among others his brother-in-law, Souligny, his 
 nephew, Gautier de Vierville, Pierre Queret, La 
 Choisie, La Fortune, Amable do Gere, Philip de 
 Rocheblave, and Louis Hamelin. All won, by their 
 brave conduct, the congratulations of their chief. 
 
 "The Indians were not alone in their desire to 
 despoil the vanquished. La Choisie haviiig found on 
 the battle-field the body of an English officer dressed 
 in a rich uniform, Philip de Rocheblave claimed to 
 have discovered it at the same moment. The former 
 took possession of the well filled purse of the officer, 
 but the latter maintained loudly tliat he had an 
 equal right to it, and they separatetl after exchanging 
 more than one bitter word. However it may have 
 been. La Choisie was assassinated during the following 
 night, and the purse disputed with him by de 
 Rocheblave was not found upon him. Quite naturally 
 the tragical end of La Choisie was attributed to de 
 Rocheblave, but his guilt could not be established. 
 De Rocheblave was the uncle of Pierre de Roche- 
 blave, who became one of the most important members 
 of the North-western Fur Company." 
 
 Many of these details had never before been 
 published, and the fact that Langlade should have 
 taken so decisive a part in the engagement, must 
 naturally excite some surjsrise, but there is little 
 doubt that the French triumph was largely due to 
 
1755.] DE BEAUJEU AND LANGLADE. 177 
 
 his exertions and his ability as a military man. He 
 
 figured prominently in later days, and in 1777 one 
 
 of Burgoyne's officers, in a letter referring to the 
 
 expected arrival of Ottawa Indians, wrote : " They 
 
 are led by M. de Saint Luc and M. de Langlade, 
 
 both great partisans of the French cause, in the last 
 
 war; the latter is the person who, at the head of 
 
 the tribe which he now commands, planned and 
 
 executed the defeat of General Braddock." Burgoyne 
 
 himself wrote to the same effect, and he spoke as 
 
 though the important part taken by Langlade was 
 
 of common notoriety amongst the English. This 
 
 history of the affair divides the honors of that 
 
 memorable battle between Beaujeu and Langlade, 
 
 whereas all previous accounts have given the former 
 
 the exclusive credit for Braddock's defeat. According 
 
 to other accounts Beaujeu originated the plan of 
 
 leaving Fort Duquesne to make the attack, and secured 
 
 a x-eluctant consent to his scheme on the part of M. 
 
 de Contrecoeur, the commander, who was indeed 
 
 upon the point of abandoning the Fort, before 
 
 Braddock's arrival. The Indians were afraid to 
 
 march against a force so largely superior in numbers, 
 
 but de Beaujeu vehemently said to them, "I am 
 
 determined to go out against the enemy. I am certain 
 
 of victory. What ! will you allow your father to go 
 
 alone!" His language and his manner aroused the 
 
 savages, of whom there were gathered representatives 
 
 of nearly a dozen tribes, and they responded to his 
 
 appeal by declaring they would follow him, where- 
 
 ever ho might lead. Instantly the entire band 
 
 prepared for action, and in less than an hour six 
 23 
 
178 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 hundred braves were armed, in their war paint, 
 and on the inarch with two hundred and fifty 
 French and Canadians. Beaujeu led his soldiers and 
 their allies on to the attack, with the greatest bravery 
 and coolness; he had prepared for the worst as to 
 himself, having received the holy communion, in 
 company with a party of his soldiers on the evening 
 preceding the battle. Early in the conflict he fell 
 mortally wounded, and shortly afterwards exjiired. 
 His death caused the Indians to falter, and when the 
 unfamiliar roar of artillery was added to the 
 confusion of the conflict they, becoming terrified, 
 began a retrogade movement. Dumas, next in 
 command, sprang quickly to the front, cheered them 
 on and led them back, to a still fiercer attack than 
 the first. It is too late for history to attempt to 
 change the records of more than a century far 
 enough to give to Langlade the glory accorded 
 Beaujeu and Dumas; but it cannot now be doubted 
 that the former is entitled to a full share of the 
 credit due for the victory given the French arms on 
 that memorable occasion. 
 
 After the last sad rites had been paid the dead 
 General, the British army continued its dreary 
 retreat, and on the same evening reached Little 
 Meadows. From that point Washington wrote to 
 Colonel Innes the following letter, which was sent 
 forward by an express: 
 
 Little Meadows, 15 July, 1755. 
 
 Sib: 
 
 Captain Orine, being confined to his litter, and not able to write 
 has desired me to acknowledge the receipt of yours. He begs the favor 
 of you to have the room the General lodged in prepared for Colonel 
 
1755.] THE 'iVOUXDED AT FORT CUMBERLAND. 179 
 
 Burton, himself and Capt. Morris, who are all wounded; also that some 
 small place may be had convenient for cooking, and, if any fresh pro- 
 vision, and other necessaries for persons in their condition, may be had, 
 that you will engage them. 
 
 The horses which carry the wounded gentlemen in litters, are so 
 much fatigued, that we dread their performance; therefore it is desired 
 that you will be kind enough to send out eight or ten fresh horses for 
 their relief, which will enable us to reach the fort this evening. 
 
 I doubt not but you have had an account of the poor gentlemen's 
 death by some of the affrighted wagoners who ran off without taking 
 leave. I am sir, your most obedient servant, 
 
 GEO. WASHINGTON. 
 
 To GOVKRXOR IXNES, 
 
 At Fort Cumberland. 
 
 Before the receipt of this letter by Colonel Innes a 
 number of the teamsters had i-eaehed the Fort, and 
 they spread consternation throughout the camp 
 by reporting that Braddock and his officers were all 
 dead, and that the entire army had been either 
 killed or made prisoners. Upon receipt of Washing- 
 ton's letter, however. Colonel Innes immediately sent 
 forward the necessary horses, and prepared quarters 
 for the wounded officers and men. When the 
 sorrowful cavalcade arrived at the Fort it was 
 received with the greatest kindness, and every effort 
 made to relieve the sufferers. They were taken into 
 buildings before used as barracks, and at once 
 everything obtainable that could contribute to the 
 alleviation of their sufferings was supplied. 
 
 Washington feai'ed lest the exaggerated statements 
 made by the badly frightened teamsters should be 
 carried east, and at last reach his mother. In order 
 to relieve her mind, he at once dispatched a letter, 
 assuring her of his safety, and giving her some 
 account of the expedition, and its unhappy results. 
 
180 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 On the same date he also wrote to his brother, as 
 
 follows : 
 
 Fort Cumberland, IS July, 1(55. 
 Dear Brother: 
 
 As I have heard, since my arrival at this place, a circumstantial 
 account of my death and dying speech, I take this early opportunity of 
 contradicting the first, and assuring you that I have not as yet composed 
 the latter. But by the all powerful dispensation of Providence I have 
 been protected beyond all human probability or expectation; for I had 
 four bullets through my coat, and two horses shot under me, yet escaped 
 unhurt, although death was leveling my companions on every side of 
 me I 
 
 We have been most scandalously benten by a trifling body of men, 
 but fatigue and want of time prevent me from giving you any of the 
 details until I have the happiness of seeing you at Mount Vernon, which 
 I now most ardently wish for, since we are driven thus far. A feeble 
 state of health obliges me to halt here for two or three days, to recover a 
 little strength, that I may thereby be enabled to proceed homewards with 
 more ease. You may expect to see me thereon Saturday. or Sunday 
 fortnight, which is as soon as I can well be down, as I shall take my 
 Bullskin Plantations on ray way. Pray give my compliments to all my 
 friends. I am, dear Jack, your most affectionate brother, G. W. 
 
 Captain OiTne wrote, the same clay, to Governor 
 Sharpe, giving an account of the battle, as follows: 
 
 Fort Cumberland, July ISth, 1755. 
 My Dear Sir: 
 
 I am so extremely ill in bed with the wound I have received in my 
 thigh that I am under the necessity of employing my friend Capt. Dob- 
 son to write for me. 
 
 I conclude you have had some account of the action near the banks 
 of the Monongabela about seven miles from the French Fort; as the 
 reports spread are very imperfect what vou have heard must consequently 
 be so too. You should have had more early accounts of it but every 
 officer whose business it was to have informed you was either killed or 
 wounded, and our distressful situation put it out of our powers, to attend 
 to it so much as we would have done. 
 
 The 9th instant we passed and repassed the Monongahela by advanc- 
 ing first a party of .'iOO men which was immediately followed by another 
 of 200, tlie General with the column of Artillery, Baggage and the main 
 body of the army passed the river the last time about one o'clock; as 
 soon as the whole got on the Fort side of the Monongahela we heard a 
 
1755.] 
 
 CAPTAIN ORMe's ACCOUNT. 181 
 
 very heavy and quick fire in our front, we immediately advanced in order 
 to sustain them, but the Detachment of the 200 and the 800 men gave 
 way and fell back upon us which caused such confusion and struck so 
 great a Panick among our men that afterwards no military expedient 
 could be made use of that had any etfect upon them; the men were so 
 extremely deaf to the exhortations of the General and the officers that 
 they fired away in the most irregular manner all their ammunition and 
 then run off leaving to the enemy the artillery, ammunition, Provision and 
 Baggage, nor would they be persuaded to stop till they got as far as 
 Guerst Plantation, nor there only in part, many of them proceeding even 
 as far as Col. Dunbar's party, who lay six miles on this side. The officers 
 were absolutely sacrificed by their unparalleled good behaviour, advanc- 
 ing sometimes in body & sometimes separately, hoping by such example 
 to engage the soldiers to follow them, but to no purpose. 
 
 The General had five horses shot under him and at last received a 
 wound through his right arm, into his lungs, of which he died on the 13th 
 inst. Poor Shirley was shot through the head, Capt. Morris wounded, 
 Mr. Washington had two horses shot under him and his cloaths shot thro' 
 in several places, behaving the whole time with the greatest courage, and 
 resolution. Sir Peter Halket was killed upon the spot. Col. Burton and 
 Sir John St. Clair wounded, & Inclosed I have sent you a list of the 
 killed and wounded according to as exact an account as we are able to 
 get. 
 
 Upon our proceeding with the whole convoy to the Little Meadows 
 it was found impossible to advance in that manner, the General therefore 
 advanced with twelve hundred men, with the necessary artillery, ammu- 
 nition, & provision, leaving the main body of the convoy under the 
 command of Col. Dunbar with orders to join him as soon as possible; in 
 this manner we proceeded with safety and expedition till the fatal day I 
 have just related, and happy it was that this disposition was made, other- 
 wise the whole must have either starved or fallen into the hands of the 
 enemy, as numbers would have been of no service to us, and our provision 
 all lost. 
 
 As our number of horses were so much reduced and those extremely 
 weak, and many carriages being wanted for the wounded men, occasioned 
 our destroying the ammunition and superfluous part of the provision left 
 in Col. Dunbar's convov to prevent its falling into the hands of the 
 Enemy. 
 
 As the whole ot the Artillery is lost and the troops are extremely 
 weakened by Deaths, wounds and sickness, it was judged impossible 
 to make any further attempts, therefore Col. Dunbar is returning to 
 Fort Cumberland with everything he is able to bring with him, 
 
 I propose remaining here till my wound will suffer me to remove 
 
182 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 to Philadelphia, from thence shall make all possible dispatjch to 
 England, whatever commands you may have for me you will do me 
 the favor to direct to me here, 
 
 I am with the greatest sincerity your most obedient and most 
 
 Humble Servant, 
 ROBT. ORME. 
 By the particular disposition of the French and the Indians it is 
 impossible to judge of the numbers they had that day in the Field. 
 As the General's chariot is to be disposed of, I should be glad to 
 know if you would have it again; it has been at this place since our 
 departure from hence; if you propose taking it again I will send it to 
 you and bring the General's coach back. Capt. Morris' compliments 
 attend you with Mr. Washington's. 
 
 P. S. Writing to you as a friend I flatter myself you will excuse 
 the hurry in which this is wrote. 
 
 To The Hon'bl Governor Sharpe. 
 
 Notwithstanding the great distance between Fort 
 Cumberland and the battle field of the Monongahela, 
 the rugged mountains, and the very difficult roads, 
 the garrison at the Fort w\is in a state of the greatest 
 uneasiness lest the victorious French, with their 
 Indian allies, should pursue the retreating remnant 
 of the army and strike it another blow. So com- 
 pletely terrified were the defeated English that every 
 particle of courage seemed to have been eradicated 
 from their natures; they forgot their king, their 
 country, their honor, ever^^hing in fact save the 
 savage war whoop of the Indian and the fatal scenes 
 of the battle field. 
 
 Dunbar, who had been so slow in going forward 
 with his force that he did not get within sound of 
 the conflict, made the best use of his time in marching 
 to the rear. On the 20th of July he arrived at Fort 
 Cumberland, having fifteen hundred soldiers fit for 
 duty. In the hands of a proper officer these men 
 would have been sufficient to set at defiance, and 
 
1755.] punbar's retreat to Philadelphia. 183 
 
 eveu to overcome, any force that the French might 
 have been able to send against them from Fort 
 Duquesne, but Dunbar was as badly frightened as 
 any tyro in the ranks, and he did not feel that his 
 precious body was safe so long as he was in the 
 shadow of the wilderness. The necessities of the 
 case were such that he could not continue his retreat 
 immediately, and was compelled to remain at Fort 
 Cumberland until the 2d of August, by which time 
 the wounded had all been looked after, the weary 
 and foot sore men somewhat recruited, and an 
 abundance of supplies secured. 
 
 The following extract appeared in Green's Mary- 
 land Oazette, July 31st, 1755, and is interesting in 
 several respects: 
 
 " By Letters in Town we understand, that Col. Dunbar, with the 
 Remainder of the two Regiments, and three Independent Companies, 
 under his Command, were to march from Fort Cumberland on Tuesday 
 last for Rays-Town in Pennsylvania. The same Letters mentioned the 
 arrival of one Staut at Fort Cumberland, who gave them the following 
 accounts : That about the Middle of June last he and his Family were 
 carried off from the Back Parts of this Province, by a Party of Indians, 
 to Fort Du Quesne; that when he came thither the French had 
 not above 400 Men in the Fort; that on the 2d of July, about 
 1100 French, and 1300 Indians, came down the Ohio, and in a few Day3 
 afterwards several other large Parties of both French and Indians arrived 
 also from other Parts: That a small Party of French, with about 2,000 
 Indians, were soon after sent out to harrass our army on their March, who 
 understanding the Rout the General had taken, determined to have 
 disputed his Passage over the Monongahela, but coming too late for that 
 Purpose, found him entered into the Valley where the action happened. 
 That after the Engagement the Indians pursued our People to the Monon- 
 gahela, scalped and plunder'd all that were letl upon the Field, except 
 five or six, who not being able to keep pace with the Victors in their 
 Return to the Fort, were all treated in the same Manner, one Virginian 
 only surviving it. [Oh ! horrid Barbarity ! to kill in cool Blood 1 But, 
 Protestant Reader, such is the Treatment we may expect to receive from 
 his most Christian Majesty's American allies, if ever we should be so 
 
184 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 unhappy as to fall into their Hands, except we give up our Religion 
 Liberty, and every Thing that is dear and valuable, and submit to be his 
 Vassals, and Dupes to the Romish Clergy, whose most tender Mercies are 
 but hellish Cruelties, wherever they have Power to exercise them.] 
 
 " He further says, that the same Day of the attack, all the artillery, 
 &c., was carried into the Fort, and the Plunder distributed amongst the 
 Indians; a great Number of whom, the second Day afterwards, took their 
 Leaves and set out for Canada, carrying this Staut with them a Prisoner 
 who the first Night afterwards made his Escape from them, and with 
 much DifBculty, arrived at Fort Cumberland, almost famish'd. 
 
 "He says the French have now about 3,000 Men at the Fort." 
 
 On the 1st, Diuibar received a letter from Commo- 
 dore Keppel, directing him to send the seamen to 
 Hampton, where they were to go on board the ship 
 Qarland. 
 
 On the same day he wrote the following letter to 
 Lientenant^Governor Morris, of Pennsylvania : 
 
 Fort Cumberland, Aug. 1, 1755. 
 Sir: 
 
 With this you'l receive a Letter for Admiral Boscawen, which pray 
 put under cover to him, directed to him or officer commanding his 
 Majesty's ship at Halifax, and if the despatches I sent you are not gone, 
 or an opportunity immediately offering, I would request your sending all 
 to Halifax directed as before. 
 
 I march from this to-morrow with about 1,200 Men. When I shall 
 have the honor of seeing you at Philadelphia is uncertain on account of 
 the long march. I hope everything will be fusilitated for our reception. 
 It would give me infinite pleasure to hear from you on my March. I 
 flatter myself with agreeable news of our Friends at Sea and Gen. Shirley- 
 The latter is my greatest concern, as I am assured he will meet with a 
 vigorous opposition. 
 
 I leave here the Virginia and Maryland Companies with some of the 
 Train to protect this Fort and the General hospital, where there is about 
 400 Wounded or Sick. 
 
 Sir, your most humble and Ob'dent Serv't 
 
 THOMAS DUNBAR. 
 To Governor Morris. 
 P. S. — I fear Lad^s, wives to Gentlemen kil'd, are come or coming 
 to Philadelphia. If they arrive and want a little Assistance be so good 
 as to supply them. Mrs. Hanson, Mrs. Brereton, and Mrs Hart is their 
 names. 
 
1755.] FLIGHT OF THE SETTLERS. 185 
 
 On the 2d, with his entire command, and two of 
 the independent companies, he marched away from 
 the Fort, and did not conckide to give up his flight 
 until he had reached Philadelphia. 
 
 Dunbar's abandonment of Fort Cumberland left 
 that post under the cai'e of Colonel Innes' small 
 command, consisting of one Virginia company, and 
 a company of Maryland rangers, upon whom devolved 
 the labor of nursing the sick and wounded, as well 
 as of defending the position from attack. There 
 were at this time 400 officers and men in the hos- 
 pitals, disabled by wounds and sickness. 
 
 The retreat of the army had a most disheartening 
 effect upon the entire population of the back country. 
 The people heard of the flight of the veteran troops, 
 and taking quick alarm, most of them, gathering 
 together such of their effects as they could carry, fled 
 towards the Susquehanna. Everything was aban- 
 doned, houses, lands, growing crops, and stock. The 
 forts remained garrisoned by small bodies of colonial 
 troops,and a few hardy pioneers determined if possible 
 to hold their own. Amongst these latter was the 
 indomitable Cresap, who prepared for any emergency 
 that might arise. 
 
 The French had no conception of the effect of their 
 
 attack, and it was some time ere they learned the 
 
 terrible state of demoralization and panic which 
 
 followed their slaughter of Braddock's army. They 
 
 were not slow to take advantage of this state 
 
 of affairs, however, when they became apprised 
 
 of it, and quickly the forests became filled with 
 
 savages and robbers, who extended their raids 
 24 
 
186 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 almost as far East as Winchester, pillaging and mur- 
 dering in the most ruthless manner, until the whole 
 country from New York to the heart of Virginia 
 became the theatre ot" inhuman barbarities and 
 heartless destruction. 
 
 The defeat of Braddock was totally unlooked for, 
 and it excited the most painful surprise, both in 
 England and in the Colonies. The British troops 
 had been looked upon as invincible, and preparations 
 had been made in Philadelphia for the celebration of 
 Braddock's anticipated victory. His defeat and his 
 death were, therefore, startling disappointments, and 
 it was plain that from that time forward the Colon- 
 ists had a much less exalted opinion of the valor of 
 the royal troops. 
 
 Braddock had entered upon this campaign full of 
 confidence, pride and self-reliance. He was utterly 
 ignorant of the Indian and his mode of warfare, yet 
 too proud to receive instruction or advice upon the 
 subject at the hands of his inferiors in military rank. 
 He was bigoted to an extent which led him into error 
 as to the value of the allies offered him, in the bands 
 of Indians and scouts who were ready to join him, 
 and whom he insulted and repelled by his indifference 
 and neglect. He entered upon the contest without 
 having in any way fitted himself for it, and the 
 brave, reckless old soldier paid the penalty of his 
 errors with his life. During the fatal battle 
 Washington had besought Braddock to permit him 
 to take three hundred of the provincials and fight 
 the Indians after their own method, assuring him 
 that they could take to the trees and quickly rout 
 
1755.] WHO KILLED BHADDOCK? 187 
 
 the enemy. To this he would not consent, and 
 answered with much warmth, that he was competent 
 to command the troops, and was not yet reduced to 
 the extremity of asking advice or of resorting to 
 the disgraceful method of warfare in vogue with the 
 naked savages. This was the only occasion upon 
 which he aroused Washington's anger, and even 
 then it was quickly forgotten. 
 
 It has never been clearly settled whether Braddock 
 died at the hands of the enemy, or by the act of one 
 of his own men, although the question has been 
 largely discussed, for many years past. Thomas 
 Fossit, a soldier in Captain Cholmondeleys company, 
 in his later years persistently declared that he shot 
 Braddock, and that he was justified in so doing. 
 Fossit was a large man, of great strength, rude habits, 
 and strong passions. He had enlisted at Shippens- 
 burg. Pa., and had a brother Joseph in the same 
 command, who was killed in the battle of the 
 Monongahela. Fossit was living near the top of 
 Laurel Hill, in 178;!. at the junction of Braddock's 
 and Dunlaps roads, where he kept a small tavern. 
 He was then an old man, but lived many years 
 afterwards, and died at about the age of 100 years, 
 in 1818. Fossit charged Braddock with having 
 killed his brother Joseph by a stroke of his sword, for 
 having taken shelter behind a tree during the battle, 
 and for this reason, as well as to save the army, he 
 alleged that he shot the General. 
 
 Mr. Winthrop Sargent reviews this matter at 
 considerable length, and concludes that there was no 
 truth in Fossil's story, because he was mistaken 
 
188 
 
 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 [1755. 
 
 entii'ely in a number of statements made concerning 
 the incidents of the engagement. There is certainly 
 no positive proof to contradict Fossit's statement, and 
 it is not surprising that at his great age he should 
 have forgotten many of the facts of tlie transaction, 
 dating back fifty years or more. There is nothing 
 more probable than that Tom Fossit, angered by 
 the stubbornness of the commander who was deter- 
 mined to sacrifice the army to his foolish ideas of 
 fighting Indians, should have been impelled to this 
 deed by revenge and hatred, when he witnessed the 
 taking of his brother's life. Hon. Andrew Stewart, 
 
 when quite a boy, had 
 ^ ^^' ^ heard Fossit assert that 
 
 he shot Braddock, and 
 at that time his story 
 was generally accepted 
 as the truth, as it still 
 is, by nearly all the peo- 
 ple living in that part 
 of Pennsylvania, who 
 have treasured up the 
 legends pertaining to 
 the ill-fated expedition. 
 The place of Brad- 
 dock's sepulture was 
 within a few yards of 
 a small stream, the banks of which abruptly sloped 
 down to the water, and distant about two miles — 
 westwardly — from Fort Necessity. The grave was 
 made immediately in the road, about a stone's throw 
 from the present National Road. When the march 
 
1755.] braddock's CxRAve. 189 
 
 was resumed the horses, wagons and troops passed 
 over the grave, the purpose being to j^revent its 
 discovery and desecration by the enemy. 
 
 About 1824, a party of workmen engaged in repair- 
 ing the old road, came upon the remains of a human 
 skeleton, which was supposed to be that of Braddock. 
 Numerous insignia of rank were found with it, and 
 there was no knowledge of the burial of any other 
 officer in that vicinity. Those who were present on 
 the occasion carried away with them, as souvenirs, 
 the buttons and other metal articles which had not 
 been destroyed by corrosion. Some of the party 
 even went so for in the gratification of their passion 
 for relics, as to make way with several of the small 
 bones of the hands. 
 
 Mr. James Matthews, a blacksmith, who lived at 
 Mount Washington, as Fort Necessity has since been 
 called, was present on the occasion referred to, and 
 witnessed the disinterment of these remains. They 
 were carried to a point about one hundred and fifty 
 yards Eastward, and buried in a field, at the foot of a 
 large oak tree, some twenty-five yards from the 
 National Road. In order to mark the spot more 
 clearly to strangers, Hon. Andrew Stewart had 
 prepared a board upon which was inscribed the fiict 
 that this was the last resting place of Major General 
 Edward Braddock, and this board was nailed to the 
 tree. For twenty-five years the National Road was 
 the great highway between the East and West, and 
 thousands of persons passed over it annually. The 
 writer can well remember how, when a boy, each 
 morning and evening long trains of stage coaches 
 
190 
 
 HISTORY OF CUMBKRLAND. 
 
 [1755. 
 
 arrived at and left Cumberland over this great 
 high^va3^ Braddock's grave Avas one of the great 
 points of attraction on the road, and every day the 
 stages were stopped, in order that the passengers 
 might disembark for a few minutes to inspect the 
 place. The old oak tree, ten years since, fell a 
 victim to the imperious hand of time, and during tlie 
 prevalence of a storm was blown down, the trunk 
 
 BKADDOCK'S GRAVE IN 1877. 
 
 breaking off some feet from the ground, leaving 
 only a stripped and shredded trunk to mark the 
 sacred spot. The stump has now entirely disap- 
 pea,red, and no mark of the old tree remains. In 
 1871 a party of gentlemen from England visited the 
 place, and before leaving it they had it enclosed with 
 a fence of boards securely built; and thus it remains 
 to-day. 
 
1755.] braddock's grave. 191 
 
 A foot note in De Hass's History of the Indian 
 Wars of West Virginia states that "many years 
 since, the remains of General Braddock were removed 
 to England, and now rest with the quiet sleepers of 
 Westminster Abbey." Whence this information was 
 derived has not transpired. However, it is certainly 
 erroneous. Those remains vnidoubtedly still lie in 
 the 25lace above described, and no inhabitant of that 
 locality has ever heard of their removal to England. 
 Those bones which were carried away as souvenirs 
 by desecrating curiosity-seekers were afterwards 
 gathered together by Mr. Stewart, and are supposed 
 to have been deposited in Peale's Museum, Phila^ 
 delphia.* 
 
 It was Washington's intention, when he buried 
 Braddock, to return at some future day and erect a 
 monument to his memory, but his time was so much 
 occupied by the events of the years following that it 
 was not until after the close of the revolutionary 
 war that he was able to undertake the self-imposed 
 task. In 1784 he visited the place, for the purpose 
 indicated, and "made a dilligent search for the grave, 
 but the road had been so much turned, and the clear 
 land so extended that it could not be found." The 
 British government is not wont to neglect her soldiers, 
 but she never took the smallest notice of the resting 
 place of Braddock, and it was left for a stranger's 
 hand to mark the spot where he lay, more than half 
 a century after he fell. 
 
 The demoralization of the settlers generally after 
 the battle of the Monongahela was so great that 
 
 *Dfty'B Penoa. 334. 
 
192 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 Governor Sharpe again visited Fort Cumberland, and 
 on his way to that point, promised them ample 
 protection, whereby some were induced to remain 
 on their plantations. 
 
 Governor Sharpe said of his visit here at that 
 time: "I found by Colonel Dunbar and the other 
 officers at the Fort that there had been many 
 unhappy divisions in the army that General Braddock 
 commanded. Himself and the two Colonels were 
 scai'cely on speaking terms, and very few beside four 
 or five favorites mention him with regret. It has 
 been hinted to me that in case he had succeeded 
 against the Fort, the several companies that have 
 been raised in, and that are supported by, these 
 Provinces, would have been regimented, and given 
 to Lieutenant-Colonel Burton, of Dunbar's; Captain 
 Mori'is, one of the aid-de-camps, was to have been 
 Lieutenant-Colonel, and Captain Dobson Major, and 
 Captain Orme, the other aid-de-camp, was to have 
 succeeded Burton as Lieutenant-Colonel in the regi- 
 ment that Dunbar commands." 
 
 Washington, while deprecating the lack of judg- 
 ment shown by Braddock, in dealing with the 
 Indians, was disposed to do him the fullest justice, 
 and said of him: "He was one of the honestest 
 and best men of the British officers with whom I 
 was acquainted; even in the manner of fighting he 
 was not to blame more than others; for of all that 
 were consulted, only one person objected to it. 
 Braddock was both my General and my physician. 
 I was attacked with a dangerous fever on the march, 
 and he left a sergeant to take care of me, and James' 
 
1755.] NEWSPAPER REPORTS FROM THE BORDERS. 193 
 
 fever powders, with directions how to give them, and 
 a wagon to bring me on when I should be able."* 
 
 The following extracts are taken from the Mary- 
 land Gazette, of the dates given : 
 
 "Annapolis, August 21, 1755. 
 
 " The latest, account to be depended on from the Westward is. That a 
 Fortnight ago an Officer, who had been sent with a Party of Men over 
 the Allegany Hills to reconnoitre, was returned to Fort Cumberland, and 
 reported, That on his way towards the Meadows he met with two Friend 
 Indians, who expressing a great Regard for the English, and for his 
 safety, advised him immediately to retire, and save his Party from the 
 Hands of 400 French and about 100 Indians, who were then at the Place 
 where Col. Dunbar was encamped, when he received the News of Gene- 
 ral Braddock's Misfortune. 
 
 "The Indians also told him, that a Detachment of 100 French was 
 ordered to advance to the Meadows, and prepare some Materials for a 
 Place of Defence, which is to be there constructed." 
 
 "Annapolis, October 2, 1755. 
 " From Fort Cumberland we learn, that on the 21st ult. a Boy, who 
 was coming from that Place with a Waggon, was wounded in the arm and 
 Back by two Arrows, that were shot by an Indian, who lay concealed 
 near the Road, just on this side Wills's Creek. 
 
 " The same Day two Soldiers that were sent on Duty from the Fort, 
 were surprized near the same place, and taken Prisoners by five Indians, 
 who carried them towards Fort Du Quesne; one of the Soldiers has since 
 given them the Slip, and notwithstanding he was dangerously wounded 
 by a Tomahawk in the Head, is likely to recover." 
 
 "Annapolis, October 9, 1755. 
 
 "We learn from Fort Cumberland, that as Col. Stevens was going 
 thence, with a small Party of Men, to Winchester, he was fired on at two 
 different Places by some Indians that lay concealed by the Road's side. 
 Two of the Virginians were killed, but the Enemy did not choose to stay 
 for their scalps. 
 
 " By a Person who arrived in Town last Monday from Col. Cresap's 
 we are told, that last Wednesday Sen'uight, in the Morning, the Indians 
 had taken a Man Prisoner, who was going to Fort Cumberland from 
 Frazier's, and had also carried elf a woman from Frazier"s Plantation, 
 which is four Miles on this side Fort Cumberland, The same Morning 
 they fell in with a Man and his Wife, who had left their Plantations, and 
 
 »Hon. Wm. Findley's letter. XIV Niles Register, 179. 
 
 25 
 
194 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 were retiring into the more populous Parts of the Country; they shot the 
 Horse on which the Man rid, but as it did not fall immediately he made 
 his Escape; the Woman, it is supposed, fell into their Hands, as neither 
 she nor the Horse on which nhe was riding, have been since seen or 
 heard of. 
 
 " The same Party of Indians have also killed or carried off Benjamin 
 Rogers, his Wife, and seven Children, and Edmund Marie of Frederick 
 County. On Patterson's Creek many Families have, within this Month 
 been murdered, carried away, or burnt in their Houses, by a Party of 
 these Barbarians, who have entirely broke up that settlement. 
 
 " Another Per.son, who left Stoddert's Fort last Sunday, acquaints us 
 that the InhabitaiUts of that Part of the Country were in the greatest 
 Consternation; that near 80 Persons were fled to the said Fort for Pro- 
 tection, and many more gone off in the greatest Confusion to Pennsylvania. 
 This, it seems, has been occasioned by an Express that was sent Lieuten- 
 ant Stoddert and the Neighborhood, by Col. Cresap, advising them, that 
 a Party of 17 Indians had passed by his House, and had cut off some 
 People, who dwelt on the Town Creek, which is a few Miles on this 
 side Col. Cresap's: ^ One Daniel Ashlotf, who lived near that Creek, is 
 come down towards Conocoeheague, and gives the same account. He 
 says also, that as himself and Father, with several others, were re- 
 tiring from their plantations, last Saturday, they were attacked by the 
 same Indians, as he supposes, and all but himself were killed or taken 
 Prisoners. It is said that Mr. Stoddert who has a Command of 15 
 Men, invited a few of the Neighborhood to join him, and to go in 
 Quest of the Enemy, but they would not be persuaded; whereupon he 
 applied himself to Major Prather for a Detachment of the Militia, 
 either to go with a Party of his Men in Pursuit of the Savages, or 
 garrison his Fort, while he made an Excursiou. We hope there will 
 be no Backwardness in the Militia to comply with such a reasonable 
 Request, especially as any Party or Person that shall take an Enemy 
 Prisoner, will be rewarded with Six Pounds Currency; and the Person 
 who will kill an Enemy, with Four Pounds, provided he can produce 
 Witnesses, or the Enemy's Scalp, in Testimony of such action." 
 
 " Annapolis, October 23, 175.5. 
 
 " We hear that a Party of 31 Volunteers, under the Command of 
 Capt. Alexander Bcall and Lieutenant Samuel Wade Magruder, marched 
 from the lower Part of Frederick County towards the Western Frontiers 
 last Saturday. 
 
 " It is said that Col. Henry Ridgely will take the same Rout, with 
 a Party of thirty Volunteers, next Saturday. 
 
 " We hear that next Monday a Party of Volunteers, of about 60 
 young hearty Men, will set out for the Westward, from Prince George's 
 
1755.] THE MARYLAND ASSEMBLY. 195 
 
 County, for the assistance and Defence of our distressed Friends in the 
 back Parts of this Province.'' 
 
 Up to this time Maryland had put no troops in the 
 field, save a few companies of rangers; and previous 
 to Washington's defeat at Fort Necessity she refused 
 to do anything towanls defraying the expenses of the 
 war. After the Fort Necessity aifair, however, the 
 Assembly was convened, and without delay £6,000 
 was approprinted, to be expended under direction of 
 Governor Sharpe for the defense of the frontiers, and 
 the support of the wives and children of the Indian 
 allies. Several appropriation bills Avere defeated by 
 an unfortunate diflierence which arose between the 
 two Houses as to how the revenues should be raised ; 
 and thus Maryland took no part in Braddock's 
 campaign. She was both willing and able to do so, 
 but the objection of the upper house to the con- 
 tinuance of the duty on convicts, which the lower 
 house proposed, led to a long continued dispute, 
 whereby appropriations were prevented. The dis- 
 astrous result of the campaign of 1755, however, so 
 thoroughly aroused the people of Marjdand, that 
 when the Assembly was called together by the 
 Governor, the lower house yielded its position in 
 order that the necessary taxes might be levied and 
 collected. They i-ecognized the fact that instant 
 action was imperative. The settlers were in terror, 
 and hundreds were fleeing from their homes. 
 Conococheague Creek was the boundary, beyond 
 which few settlements had extended. Fort Cumber- 
 land was in a wilderness uninhabited by civilized 
 men, save those venturesome trappers and hunters 
 
196 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 who had made themselves homes near the Fort; it 
 was separated from the settlements Eastward by an 
 almost trackless forest, eighty miles in extent, 
 and was easily flanked, both on the North and the 
 South, so that it presented no obstacle to the 
 predatory bands of savages that attacked the fron- 
 tiersmen in Virginia and Pennsylvania. The settlers 
 were compelled, therefore, to provide means for 
 their own defense. They built stoccade ''forts," en- 
 closing their houses, and thus each man's home 
 became a castle, which was often the scene of heroic 
 defense, and not unfrequently of heartrending 
 disaster, when savage cunning overcame Spartan 
 courage. Those who were unable to erect these 
 "forts" relied for safety upon the means aftbrded by 
 their more fortunate neigliljors, and in case of alarm 
 they repaired with their families to the nearest 
 stockade. 
 
 On the assembling of the Legislature the emergen- 
 cies of the situation were clearly set forth, and 
 £40,000 was at once voted as a fund for defense. 
 £11,000 of this was to be applied to the building of 
 a fort and blockhouse on the Western borders, and 
 sustaining a garrison therein; and £25,000 was 
 appropriated in aid of any expedition for the general 
 service." In 1750 Fort Frederick was commenced, 
 and before the close of the year it was garrisoned 
 with two hundred men. This fort was built upon an 
 elevated plateau, about one iburth of a mile from the 
 Potomac. It was constructed of the stone so plentiful 
 in that neighborhood, and its walls were some fifteen 
 feet in height, with bastioned corners. As a jjlace of 
 
1755.] FORT FREDERICK. 197 
 
 defense against small arms it was all that could be 
 desired, but was not calculated to resist an artillery 
 attack. The shape of the fort was quadrangular, 
 each of its exterior lines being three hundred and 
 sixty feet in length, and its walls strengthened with 
 earth embankments. The work was done in the 
 most substantial manner, as it was designed for 
 permanent use. and the expense of construction was 
 something more than £C,000. Barracks sufficient 
 for the accommodation of three hundred men were 
 erected inside, as well as a substantial magazine. 
 The walls of this fort are still standing, firm and 
 strong, covered with wild vines, and shaded by the 
 foliage of large trees which grow in the enclosure. 
 It is thirteen miles east of Hancock, and maybe seen 
 from the railroad cars in passing over the Baltimore 
 and Ohio Road. 
 
 Washington remained at Fort Cumberland a few 
 days on his return after the battle, in order to recruit 
 his strength, and then took his departure for Mount 
 Vernon, at which place he arrived on the 2Gtli of 
 July, still suflering from the effects of his illness. 
 He was greatly depressed in spirits, in consequence 
 of the result of the campaign, in which he had 
 suffered a very considerable pecuniary loss, in the 
 matter of his horses and general outfit. 
 
 Colonel Innes, being left at Fort Cumberland with 
 only a very small force of provincial troops, did all 
 that was possible to alleviate the sufferings of the 
 wounded soldiers under his care. Many of them 
 died and were buried on the hillside near the Fort. 
 Others recovered and were assigned to duty. Great 
 
198 HISTOKT OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 care was taken by him to have the Fort kept in the 
 most perfect oi'der. The men were required to 
 thoroughly clean the camp and their quarters each 
 day, and every precaution was obsei-ved to avoid a 
 surprise by the enemy, which might bo attempted at 
 any moment. 
 
 After Braddock's armv had left Fort Cuml:>erland, 
 on the 9th of June, for the advance on Fort 
 Duquesne, the Indians made their appearance with 
 great frequency and the utmost audacity. Knowing 
 the weakness of the garrison, they had on several 
 occasions approached the Fort and fired upon it, but 
 without doing any damage. Not being bold enough, 
 or strong enough, to attack it, they devoted them- 
 selves to murder and plunder wherever opportunity 
 offered, and several settlers were killed in the imme- 
 diate vicinity of the Fort. Others were taken 
 prisoners and carried off. The number of persons 
 who thus fell victims to savage cruelty in a few 
 weeks was twenty-six. 
 
 Governor Sharpe remained some time at the Fort, 
 upon his visit after Braddock's disaster, and on the 
 11th of August he declared his conviction that Fort 
 Cumberland Avas not a proper place for a grand 
 magazine. He had consulted with the engineers of 
 the army, who unanimously agreed with him in 
 this conclusion, because the Fort was badly located, 
 being commanded by adjacent hills on two sides. 
 
 During the month of August the sick and woiuided 
 were removed to Fredericktown, Colonel luues fearing 
 that he might be besieged by an enemjr which would 
 prove strong enough to capture the Fort. Governor 
 
1755.] INDIAN MASSACRES. 199 
 
 Sharpe advised him in case of such an attack, should 
 it appear that he would be unable to hold the Fort, 
 to set fire to it, and retire at once. After the 
 departure of the men who had been left in the 
 hospital the garrison amounted to barely one hundred, 
 aiid they became in a short time almost insubordi- 
 nate, the reins of discipline being greatly relaxed. 
 
 Maryland sent a small company of volunteer 
 soldiers to the Fort, in September, which was under 
 command of Captain Dagworthy, whom Governor 
 Sharpe had commissioned. The strength of the 
 garrison was thus swelled to one hundred and thirty- 
 seven men. 
 
 Fort Cumberland had never supplied the settlers 
 with the protection they needed, and many fell 
 victims to the tomahawk and scalping knife. On the 
 24th of June the savages had fallen upon two 
 families within four miles of the Fort, and near the 
 river, and killed six men, women and children. On 
 the 26th they killed seven more, inflicting upon them 
 the most inhuman outrages. In this latter affiiir the 
 Indians attacked the house of a settler, and toma- 
 hawked a woman and three children; the husband 
 seized his gun and fired upon the assailants, but 
 without eflFcct. One of the Indians fired upon him, 
 and the ball passed through liis mouth; he then 
 sprang through a ])ack door and ran towards the 
 woods, when another shot struck him in the thigh, 
 inflicting a severe wound. He managed, however, 
 to reach the Fort. A boy who was in the house 
 was struck upon the head with a tomahawk and 
 knocked down, after which he was scalped, his 
 assailants supposing him dead. In a little while he 
 
200 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 recovered his senses, and found the Indians engaged 
 in plunder. Fearing they would murder him, he 
 remained quiet and feigned death. While lying thus 
 his mother, whose head had been crushed by a blow 
 of the tomahawk, somewhat recovered, and attempted 
 to rise uja, when one of the Indians seized her by the 
 hair, twisted it about his hand, and passing his knife 
 around her head, with a tremendous jerk tore off 
 the bleeding scalp. As soon as the Indians left, the 
 boy fled from the house, and ran into the river, 
 afterwards making his way to the Fort. 
 
 About the 1st of October a war party of Indians 
 made a descent upon the families living near the 
 Fort, of whom there were a number on both sides of 
 the Potomac, some near Colonel Cresap's house, and 
 others a few miles east of the Fort. A letter written 
 by Dagworthy at the time said: "It is supposed 
 that near one hundred persons have been murdered 
 or carried away prisoners by these Barbarians who 
 have burnt the houses and ravaged all the Planta- 
 tions in that part of the country. Pai'ties of the 
 enemy appear within sight of Fort Cumberland every 
 day, and frequently in greater numbers than the 
 garrison consists of" 
 
 A short distance east of the Fort, near the river's 
 bank, two trappers had Iniilt themselves houses, and 
 had brought their families there to settle. About 
 the 4th of October a party of savages suddenly made 
 their appearance, completely suiTounding the houses, 
 and taking the people by surprise. Before the men 
 could catch up their arms they were shot down, and 
 .scalped in the presence of their terror-stricken 
 families. The houses were plundered, and then 
 
1755.] WASHINGTON COMMANDER IN CHIEF. 201 
 
 burned to the ground, the women and children being 
 carried off as prisoners, doubtless to a more horrible 
 fate, as they were never afterwards heard of. 
 
 Four other families, still closer to the Fort, were 
 surprised by another war party a few days earlier. 
 On this occasion the Indians ci'ept stealthily up to 
 within a short distance of their unsuspecting victims, 
 fired upon and killed the men, and then tomahawked 
 every living person they found. They tore the 
 bleeding scalps from the still breathing bodies, and 
 with taunting yells approached the fort and waved 
 the scalps in the air, in full view of the garrison. 
 After burning the houses of the settlers the savages 
 departed towards the north. 
 
 On the 14th of August, only twenty days after his 
 return to Mount Vernon, as a private citizen, 
 Washington received intelligence of his appointment 
 as commander-in-chief of the Virginia forces. He 
 not only had not sought this appointment, but had 
 declared that he would not accept it unless he could 
 be assured of the rank and emoluments to which the 
 office was entitled; be authorized to name his field 
 officers, and guaranteed such supplies as were neces- 
 sary, promptly. All his requirements were complied 
 with, and he was commissioned as commander-in-chief 
 of all the forces raised, or to be raised, in the colony. 
 Governor Dinwiddle undoubtedly made this appoint- 
 ment under the pressure of public opinion, as it was 
 well known he desired to promote Colonel Innes to 
 the position, and from that time forward Dinwiddle 
 was never cordial with the new commander. Captain 
 
 Adam Stephens, who had been with Washington at 
 26 
 
202 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 
 
 Great Meadows, was made Lieutenant-Colonel. On 
 the 14th of September Washington went to Win- 
 chester, where he made his headquarters, and 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Stephens went forward to Fort 
 Cumberland. After getting matters in a satisfactory 
 shape at Winchester, and sending out his i-ecruiting 
 officers, Washington made a tour of inspection of all 
 the outposts, from Fort Cumberland to Fort Dhi- 
 widdie, on Jackson's river, and in order to facilitate 
 military movements he built a shorter and better 
 road between Winchester and Fort Cumberland, for 
 the passage of troops and supplies. 
 
 In the latter part of this year the old quarrel as 
 to rank between provincial officer.s and those holding 
 royal commissions was renewed at Fort Cumberland, 
 and it led to many and l^itter disputes. Governor 
 Sharpe had sent Captain Dagworthy to the Fort with 
 a company of thirty men, which liad l)een raised in 
 Maryland, and were the first troops furnished by 
 that colony. Dagworthy had held a royal commis- 
 sion, in the preceding war in Canada, and although 
 he had disposed of the commission for half-pay, he 
 assumed now to command all provincial officers, no 
 matter how high their rank might be. 
 
 In November, Governor Innes was called to his 
 home in North Carolina to look after his estates, and 
 before leaving he turned over the command of the 
 Fort to Lieutenant-Colonel Stephens. But no sooner 
 had Colonel Innes departed than Captain Dagworthy 
 issued an oi'der assuming command in despite of the 
 protest of the officer left in cliarge by the Governor 
 of the Fort. This assumption on Dagworthy's pai't 
 
1750.] THE DISPUTE AS TO RANK. 203 
 
 caused wrangling and insubordination amongst the 
 officers of inferior grade, all of whom took sides. 
 The Fort being in Maryland, Governor Sharpe was 
 slow to curtail Dagworth^y's pretensions, and appeared 
 rather to sustain him. Governor Dinwiddle argued 
 that the location of the Fort should not afl'ect the 
 matter at all, as it was a "king's fort," built by an 
 order sent to him from the king, chiefly by troojos in 
 the pay of the king, and that it could not in any way 
 be regarded as under Maryland authority. The 
 disputes upon the question of rank continued 
 throughout the entire winter, and Dagworthy persist- 
 ently adhered to his right to the command, even 
 after Washington himself arrived at the Fort. 
 Dinwiddle declared that it was preposterous for a 
 Captain in command of only thirty men to pretend 
 to outrank a Colonel who was Commander-in-Chief of 
 all the Virginia forces; but as Fort Cumberland was 
 in Maryland, Dinwiddle would not issue any orders 
 concerning the matter, and Washington then declared 
 that unless the dispute was settled and his authority 
 established he would resign his commission. In 
 order to secure a settlement of the question, it was 
 determined to refer it to Major-General Shirley, ■■' 
 Braddock's successor as General in command of the 
 colonies. The officers desired Washington to present 
 the matter in person, and on the 4tli of February, 1756, 
 he set out upon a journey to the General's headquar- 
 ters at Boston, a distance of five hundred miles, 
 accompanied by Captain Mercer, his aid-de-camp, and 
 Captain Stewart, of the Virginia light-horse. The 
 journey was made upon horseback, the young 
 
204 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1756. 
 
 officers being dressed in the most stylish uniforms, 
 and accompanied by their black servants. 
 
 General Shirley received Washington with the 
 utmost kindness, and entertained him in the most 
 hos2;)itable manner. The question as to his rank, 
 and Dagworthy's pretensions, was fully discussed, and 
 Washington delivered to the General a letter from 
 Governor Dinwiddle, bearing date January 23, 1756, 
 of which the following is an extract: 
 
 " Gov. Sharpe has not answered your Excellency's intentions in 
 removinff the Dispute between Col. Washington and Capt. Dagworthy ; 
 he has ordered him to keep the command of the Fort,* which he does iu 
 an absolute manner. We have purchased and laid in provisions for 
 1,000 men for one year ; as the Fort was the most safe place, they were 
 deposited there, and a commissary appointed at the charge of this 
 country , he will not allow him to discharge his duty, but refuses any 
 of the provisions to be touched but by his order; and though the provis- 
 ions are supply'd by this country, he insists on a right to supply his own 
 men from our magazine, tho' Maryland pays no part of the charfje ; he 
 otherways acts in an arbitrary manner, & insists on his Rank superior to 
 any of our officers, and he has not above oO men, when Col. Washington 
 has upwards of .JOO. 
 
 " This Fort was built by virtue of His Majesty's instructions to me, 
 and by my orders to Col. .Tames Junes, then in the pay of this colony, and 
 with a srreat charge to this country. It's true it happens to be in 
 Maryland, but I presume His Majesty has a right to build a Fort where 
 he pleases in any of his colonies ; and the guns mounted are guns sent 
 bv His Majesty (or the service of Virginia; it cannot reasonably be 
 suggested that His Majesty intended them for the Proprietor of 
 Maryland. 
 
 "General Braddock gave a commission to Colonel Innes to be Gov- 
 ernor of the Fort; his private affairs calling him to his estate, in North 
 Carolina, he appointed Lieut. Col. Stephens to command in his absence. 
 Capt. Dagworthy, with his pretended rank, wrested the command from 
 him without any rule but his commission of Captain in the Canada 
 Expedition, tho' not on the half pay list, but received a sum of money in 
 lieu ; by accepting that money I am of opinion he revoked his com- 
 mission. 
 
 ♦Governor Sliarpe bad ordered Captiiiu Da'^wortliy to confine his authority to troops within 
 the Fort alone, aud not to attempt to conjtuaud tliose in the camp, .. 
 
175G.] 
 
 THE DISPUTE AS TO RANK. 205 
 
 " This affair makes such noise here that I thought it necessary to 
 for'd Col. Washington to you, who can be more particular. If I was to 
 call the assembly now, I know this affair has raised the rancour of the 
 people so much that they would go into extremes of resentment, and do 
 no business for the service. I am sorry I have occasion to be so long on 
 this allair, but as it makes much noise here, and without you interpose 
 your authority, I do not know what will be the consequence ; as formerly, 
 I desire the favor of a Brevet commission to Col. Washington, and to the 
 other Field ofliccrs, and that you would please to reinstate Col. Stephens 
 to the command of the Fort till Governor Inncs returns. As commander- 
 in-chief of the forces this is in your power only, and without some 
 regulation in regard to this unhappy dispute I shall not be able to do 
 anything with our Assembly. 
 
 " I forgot to mention that Fort Cumberland being a King's Fort, I 
 cannot conceive that the proprietor Governor can have any Right to 
 appoint a Governor, and more so as it has been built by this government ; 
 the Right is in you, and I doubt not you will assume it in order to restore 
 Peace." 
 
 After reading this letter, and hearing still further 
 details from Washington, General Shirley put a final 
 end to all difficulties as to rank, by writing as 
 follows to Governor Sharpe : 
 
 Boston, March 5, 1756. 
 Sir: 
 
 Inclosed is the extract of a letter which I have lately received by 
 Col. Washington from Gov. Dinwiddle, calling upon me to determine the 
 right of command between him and Capt. Dagworthy. 
 
 You was pleased to assure me at New York that you would send 
 such orders to Capt. Dagworthy as would put an end to this dispute, and 
 afterwards that you had actually done it. 
 
 I should be extremely unwilling to do anything that might appear in 
 the least disagreeable to any gentleman who had the Honour of bearing 
 His Majesty's commission, and should have been glad that no such dis- 
 pute had come belore me. But as the command I am honored with from 
 His Majesty obliges me upon all occasions to act the best for his service, 
 I must desire that Capt. Dagworthy may be removed from Fort Cumber- 
 land: or acquainted that if he remains there, he must put himself under 
 the command of Col. Washington. 
 
 I have taken some time to consider this point, and cannot think 
 that Capt. Dagworthy, who now acts under a Provincial commission, has 
 any right to the command, as there are no regular troops joined with 
 those troops now at Fort Cumberland, which would be the only circum- 
 
206 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1756. 
 
 stance that could occasion a dispute coiicernin:^' the right of Provincial 
 field officers to command in preference to Captains bearinj; commissions 
 from His Majesty. 
 
 I should have sent my orders to Capt. Dagworthy through my aid- 
 de-camp, but as you have proposed to me to give him such as would 
 effectually remove the occasion of the dispute, I can't but hope you will 
 still do it ; and I think, besides, as he now acts under a Provincial com. 
 mission it will be more regular that they should be transmitted to him 
 from you. 
 
 With respect to Fort Cumberland, I am informed by Capt. Morris, 
 my aid-de-camp, that the late General Braddock had private instructions 
 from His R. H. the Duke, to put it in a condition lo contain a garrison of 
 200 men, and that he appointed Col. Innes Gov'r of it, which was given 
 out in orders ; if that be so the matter must remain on the same foot he 
 put it upon. 
 
 I am with great Regard, Sir, 
 Your Honour's Most Obedient 
 
 Humble Servant, 
 
 W. SHHILEY. 
 
 Upon concluding his mission to Boston, Washing- 
 ton set out on his return to Virginia, sjjending some 
 ten days, however, in New York, where he became 
 greatly enamored with Miss Phillipse, a very elegant 
 young lady, with whom he became acquainted, and 
 who afterwards was married to Captain Morris, his 
 fellow aid-de-camp while with Braddock. In March 
 he was in Williamsburg, endeavoring to secure the 
 legislation necessary to secure the frontiers, and to 
 enable him to march again on Fort Duquesne, which 
 he was most anxious to capture. He returned 
 shortly afterward to Winchester, where he received 
 most startling news as to the depredations of the 
 savages on the borders. 
 
 The Indians had penetrated the country almost to 
 Winchester, and everywhere they were murdering 
 
175G.] INDIAN INCURSIONS. 207 
 
 and scalping the inhabitants. lie determined then, 
 to enter the woods, and punish the redskins. With 
 this object in view he sent a courier to Fort Cum- 
 berhind for troops, intending to take them, with such 
 militia as he could organize, and go in search of the 
 enemy. He quickly discovered, however, that this 
 project would have to be abandoned. The forests 
 about Fort Cumberland were literally alive with 
 Indians, who were constantly devising stratagems 
 for destroying the Fort and garrison. The troops 
 here had been sent out in various directions to 
 punish such parties of French and Indians as they 
 might be able to ovei-come, and to rescue settlers. 
 Those loft in the Fort were scarcely strong enough 
 to defend it, and not a man could be spared. The 
 courier i-eturned to Winchester, and reported these 
 facts. On his return he narrowly escaped with his 
 life, as upon leaving the Fort the Indians fired upon 
 him, and endeavored to cut him off. His horse was 
 shot under him, and his clothes were cut in several 
 places by bullets. Governor Innes, who had returned, 
 and was in command of the Fort, declared that he 
 could do no more than maintain his position, and if his 
 force should be reduced he would be compelled to 
 abandon the post at once. Not only did Washington 
 thus fail to get the troops he expected, but the 
 militia neglected also to respond to his call. 
 
 The Virginia Assembly, seeing the necessity of 
 prompt action, appropriated <£20,000, and projjosed 
 the establishment of a chain of forts alono- the 
 
 'o 
 
 Alleffhauies from the Potomac to the borders of 
 
 -o 
 
 North Carolina. This did not meet Washington's 
 
208 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1756. 
 
 views. He advised the construction of a strong fort 
 at Winchester, which shouhi te a central point for 
 supplies and defense. He said "Fort Cunil)erland is 
 of little vise; there is not an inlial>itant living 
 between it and Winchester, except a few settlements 
 about the Fort, and a few families at Edwards's, on 
 the Cacapehon. At Fort Cumberland I would have 
 one company to garrison the place to secure it, to 
 procure the earliest intelligence, and to cover 
 detachments sent to the Ohio River, which is all the 
 use it can ever be put to." His advice as to making 
 the fort at Winchester a strong central jjoint was 
 adopted, and Fort Loudon was the result — the name 
 being given in honor of the commanding General 
 who succeeded Shirley. The plan for a chain of 
 forts was persisted in, the pi'ojected number being 
 twenty-three. 
 
 Fort Cumberland was still maintained, however, 
 and at great expense. Colonel Innes found it neces- 
 sary in the spring, a second time to go to his home, 
 and on this occasion he left Major James Livingston 
 in command. 
 
 Colonel Innes was beyond question a gentleman of 
 much prudence, and one who had a high regard for 
 his "Perquisites;" besides being rather eccentric in 
 his orthography. Mr. Brantz Mayer has kindly 
 furnished a copy of an original letter which came into 
 his possession through Hon. Alexander R. Boteler, 
 and which was written by Governor Lnies at the 
 time of turning over the command of the Fort to 
 Major Livingston. It is quite an interesting docu- 
 ment, and is as follows: 
 
1756.] AFFAIRS AT THE FORT. 209 
 
 By .Tames Innes Ksqr Oovr o( Fort Cumberland, 
 
 May 26th 1V56. 
 To The Fori Major of said Fort or to his assistant when absent on his 
 Maj's Service. 
 You are to See that all the Out Doors of that Roe of Barracks next 
 to Potoraack or fasing the New Store be made Stench & Strong not to be 
 opened upon anv account whatever. That the Camp CuUermen be 
 Appointed & to keep the Garrison Sweet & clean. 
 
 All the Howses & butts on the Bottome or near the Garison Not being 
 iraediatelv occupeyd for His Majestys Use & Service Custome hath 
 made them a Perquisite of the Governors. & as farr as the Guns in 
 the Fort cann throw a shott the land is deerad for the use of the Gari- 
 son- You are therefore to insist upon a moderate Rent as my Right. 
 & the account of which you are to trance mitt to me. 
 
 Given under my hand att Fort Cumberland this 2Gth May 1156, 
 
 JAMES INNES. 
 To James Livin(;ston, Esq. 
 
 The "Governor" evidently received some moneys 
 from the rent of the houses near the Fort, a number 
 of which were occupied by traders, who had brought 
 merchandise of such character as the soldiers cared 
 for, in which they speculated. The sums thus 
 collected he j-egarded as his "pert|uisites," and was 
 careful to order that Major Livingston should 
 promptly "trance mitt" them to him. 
 
 The location of the Fort was such that several 
 spurs of the mountain ranges in the vicinity 
 entirely overlooked it, although when it was con- 
 structed it was not thought to be within gun-shot of 
 any of them. The Indians, however, found oppor- 
 tunity to considerably annoy both the garrison and 
 the camp at times. On frequent occasions they 
 would post themselves on the side of Knobley 
 Mountain and fire into the Fort. They did the same 
 from the knob now known as McKaig's Hill. And 
 
 although the distance intervening was too great to 
 
 27 
 
210 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1756. 
 
 permit them to do much damage, yet veiy often 
 their bullets fell inside tlie palisades, and I'endered 
 the men so uncomfortable that they became anxious 
 to put an end to such aggressions. On one 
 occasion, during the summer of 1756, a large party 
 of warriors had been loitering about the Fort for 
 several days with a view to taking the scalps of such 
 unwary soldiers as might venture within their reach. 
 The troops were on their guard, however, and the 
 Indians, despairing of cutting any of them off', took a 
 position on one of the hills, and spent the entire day 
 firing into the Fort. By loading their guns with 
 heavy charges of powder, they were enabled to make 
 it rather dangerous for such of the troops as were 
 exposed. Major Livingston became much annoyed, 
 finally, and determined to punish the redskins 
 severely. Accordingly he ordered a Captain to take 
 seventy-five men and dislodge the enemy. The night 
 was cloudy, and there was no moon. The Captain 
 took his force out under cover of the darkness, 
 crossed the creek at the ford just above its mouth, 
 and in j^erfect silence marched to the foot of the hill ; 
 here they formed a line, and cautiously surrounded 
 the Indians, ascending and approaching to within 
 about seventy-five yards of them. The savages wei'e 
 totally unprepared for an attack, and had posted no 
 guards, evidently believing the garrison was too 
 weak to molest them. The soldiers lay quiet, 
 awaiting daybreak, at which time thoy intended to 
 make an assault. As the light broke in the east, 
 every man lay with his hand on the trigger of his 
 gun, and as soon as the Indians began to move about 
 
175C.] kill-buck's strategy fails. 211 
 
 the signal was given, when a volley was poured into 
 their midst. The surprise was complete. The 
 savages were utterly confounded; they had no time 
 to secure their arms before the whites discharged 
 another volley, cutting down most of them. Those 
 who were not killed or wounded sought safety 
 in flight, but they were picked off one after another, 
 and few succeeded in getting oil' with their lives. 
 
 The Indians after this troubled the garrison but 
 little by firing from the hills, but they sought by 
 every means to be revenged for the slaughter of their 
 comrades, and gathered in great numbers about the 
 Fort. Amongst the most cruel, bold and bloodthirsty 
 of these warriors was Kill-buck, a ShaAvanese chief, 
 who had, previous to the war lived near the settlers, 
 on the South Branch of the Potomac, most of whom 
 he knew. He was a powerful man, and possessed of 
 much intelligence, but inhuman in his nature. He 
 had made good use of his knowledge as to the homes 
 and strength of the settlers, and had been guilty of 
 many cruel murders. He had command of the 
 Indians who had gathered about Fort Cumberland, 
 and held a council for the purpose of determining 
 upon the best method of capturing the Fort and 
 destroying the garrison. It was finally determined 
 to resort to stratagem, and a plan was made by which 
 they were to secure an entrance, on the pretense of 
 friendship, after which they were to overpower the 
 troops and put all, officers and men, to death. 
 Accordingly, Kill-buck, marched up to the Fort, at 
 the head of his warriors, making signs of friend- 
 ship, and requested Major Livingston to admit 
 
212 HISTORY OF CCFMBERLAND. [175G. 
 
 them, in order that they might have a con- 
 sultation; he said they were the friends of the 
 EngHsh, and did not wish them harm, hut would 
 bury the hatchet. Major Livingston knew the 
 character of Kill-buck too well to trust him, but 
 nevertheless pretended to believe his professions, and 
 ordered one of the gates to be opened to them. 
 Feeling secure in the success of their stratagem, the 
 warriors filed in, grimly looking to the right and left. 
 So soon, however, as the principal warriors had 
 entered, the gates were closed, and Kill-buck foiuid 
 the troops drawn up in line in front of their barracks, 
 with their loaded guns in their hands ready for 
 service. He turned upon the Major and haughtily 
 asked the cause of this treatment, whereupon that 
 officer charged him in the most forcible and con- 
 temptuous language with having come with a lie in 
 his mouth and murder in his heart, to deceive him; 
 he told Kill-buck that he had seen through his 
 stratagem, and now intended to punish him severely 
 for his treachery. Kill-buck and his chiefs were 
 seized and disarmed, and were then dressed in 
 petticoats; the gates were opened, and they were 
 driven forth with jeers and laughter by the soldiers, 
 who taunted them with being squaws, and old 
 women. This humiliation was greater punishment 
 to the Indians than death, and they left the place 
 utterly dejected and disgraced. 
 
 One of the parties of Indians that visited Fort 
 Cumberland in August was commanded by Langlade, 
 who was sent here to ascertain what the English 
 were about, and whether preparations were being 
 
175().] TWO OPINIONS ABOUT THE FORT. 213 
 
 made for another advance. The order under which 
 he came was as follows: 
 
 " Dumas, Chevalier ot the Royal and Military Order of St Louis, 
 Captain of Infantry; commandant of the Ohio and its tributaries : It is 
 ordered that Sieur Langlade, Ensign of Infantry, start at the head of a 
 detachment of French and Indians, to go in the direction of Fort Cum- 
 berland. 
 
 " In case the savages prefer to quit the great highway, Sieur Langlade 
 will, with the French detach himself from them, in order to follow them ; 
 the principal object of his mission being to e.xamine if the enemy is 
 making any movement in those parts. 
 
 " He will march with caution and distrust, to avoid all surprises and 
 any ambuscade. If he strike in conjunction with his Indian allies, he 
 will employ all his talent to prevent them from the e.i:ercise of any 
 cruelty upon those who may fall into their hands : 
 
 " Done at Fort Duquesne, the ninth of August, 1756." 
 
 Langlade's party advanced no farther than Fort 
 Cumberland, and they did little or no damage. 
 
 Washington's views as to the campaign proposed 
 to be now commenced differed from those of Governor 
 Dinwiddle, very materially. Washington was anxious 
 to get rid of Fort Cumberland, as he thought it 
 useless, for various reasons which he gave; among 
 others, it was commanded by adjacent hills; was not 
 strong enough in its construction; and was easily 
 Hanked. Dinwiddle had persistently declared that 
 it should be maintained, and he had made it the 
 chief depot of stores; besides which he had sent a 
 portion of the ti'oops from Winchester, and thus 
 hiterfered with the work on Fort Loudon, which 
 Washington was desirous of having completed. 
 Dinwiddle had found it convenient to oppose 
 Washington in all of his plans, and gave him much 
 annoyance; losing no opportunity to vent his resent- 
 ment in this manner upon the commander of the 
 
214 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1756. 
 
 Virginia forces, because ho had secured the place the 
 Governor intended for his favorite, Colonel Innes. 
 Washington wrote as follows to Speaker Robinson : 
 
 WixriiKSTKU, r>th August 17JG. 
 Sir : 
 
 Fort Cumberland at present contains all our provisions and valuable 
 stores, and is not capable of an hour's defense, if the enemy were 
 only to bring a single halfpounder against it, which they might do 
 ■with great ease on horseback. Besides, it lies so remote from this 
 place, as well as from the neighboring inhabitants, that it requires as 
 much force to keep the communication open to it as a fort at the 
 Meadows would do, and employs one hundred and fifty men, who are 
 a dead charge to the country, as they can be of no other use than just to 
 protect and guard the stores, which might as well be lodged at Cox"s 
 Fort;* indeed better, for they would then be more contiguous to this 
 place, to the inhabitants, and to the enemy, and more serviceable if we 
 should ever carry an expedition over the mountains, by opening a road 
 where the Indians have blazed. A strong garrison there would not only 
 protect tbe stores, but also the few remaining inhabitants on the Branch,! 
 and at the same time waylay and annoy the enemy, as they pass and 
 repass the mountains. Whereas the forces at Fort Cumberland, lying in 
 a corner quite remote from the inhabited parts to which the Indians 
 always repair to commit their murders, can have no intelligence of any- 
 thing that is doing, but remain in total ignorance of all transactions. 
 When I was down I applied to the Governor for his particular and 
 positive directions in this affair. The following is an exact copy of his 
 answer ; — " Fort Cumberland is a king's fort, and built chiefly at the 
 charge of the colony, therefore properly under our direction until a 
 governor is appointed." Now, whether I am to understand this ay or no, 
 to the plain, simple question asked, — "Is the fort to be continued or 
 removed ?" I know not. 
 
 To this letter Speaker Robinson replied, saying, 
 "The Committee were all in opinion with you, that 
 the keeping of Fort Cumberland was an unnecessary 
 expense; but upon my mentioning their opinion to 
 the Governor, he appeared very warm, and said Lord 
 Loudon might do what he pleased, but for his part 
 
 *Cox'8 Fort was on Pntteraoii'a Creek. 25 miles from Fort Cumberland. 
 fSouth Branch of the iPotomac. 
 
1756.] A COUNCIL AT THE FORT. 215 
 
 he would not remove the garrison, nor order the fort 
 to be demolished." 
 
 Shortly after this, Washington, while on a visit 
 to Mount Vernon, wrote as follows to Governor 
 Dinwiddle : 
 
 I have in several letters to your Honor expressed my opinion with 
 candor and freedom about the situation, works and garrison at Fort 
 Cumberland. I have upon all occasions said that Port Cumberland is a 
 place of no strength, and never can be tenable from the badness of the 
 ground. It is far remote from any of our inhabitants, exposed to the 
 insults of the enemy, contains all our valuable stores (save what I have 
 removed to Winchester), and a garrison of 170 men, which is too large a 
 number to be spared from other places, merely to defend the stores at 
 this, and too small to afford detachments to waylay and surprise the 
 enemy. I shall, therefore, heg leave to observe, in regard to Fort Cum- 
 berland, that if it is continued we must be confined to act defensively, 
 and keep our forces dispersed as they now are. The place must be 
 fortified with strong works or else it will inevitably fall, garrison and 
 stores, into the enemy's hands. I inclose Col. Shepherds' letter on this 
 head in answer to one I wrote him. 
 
 I have the honor to be &c., &c., 
 
 GEO. WASHINGTON. 
 Mount Versox, Sept. 'J3, 175G. 
 
 Dinwiddle still vehemently opposed all proposi- 
 tions for the removal of the Fort, and wrote to 
 Washington, stating his reasons for its maintenance; 
 hut finally proposed to him that the entire matter 
 should be referred to a council of officers to be held 
 at the Fort. This was agreed to. The council was 
 appointed, and in due time held its sessions, at 
 which the question was fully argued, and carefully 
 considered in every particular. The council reported 
 at large, assigning the reasons which might be urged 
 both for retaining and for abandoning the Fort, but 
 forbore to express a decided opinion. Colonel 
 Washington approved the report, and endorsed 
 thereon his own comments, after which he forwarded 
 
216 • HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1756. 
 
 the whole to Governor Dinwicldie. The Couucil 
 agreed that the Fort was wholly defenseless, 
 imperfectl_y constructed, and commanded by several 
 hills within gunshot; but they thought it important 
 that a post should be maintained in this quarter, 
 since the only road to the West for wlieel carriages 
 passed in this direction. With this view of the 
 subject Colonel Washington concurred, l)ut was still 
 of the opinion that a more favorable position ouglit 
 to have been chosen, and suggested that it should be 
 in advance of Fort Cumberland, someAvhere in the 
 vicinity of Little Meadows. He thought, also, that 
 Virginia should not be expected to maintain this Fort 
 alone, but that Maryland and Pennsylvania should 
 unite with her in the enterprise, as they were all 
 equally interested in the prime olyect, which was to 
 facilitate aii exjiedition to the Ohio River, and to 
 furnish a means of protection against the advance of 
 the enemy into either of the Colonies. 
 
 Upon receipt of the report. Governor Dinwiddle 
 wrote to Washington in rejjly: "I received the 
 opinion of the council of war in i-egard to Fort 
 Cuml)erlaaid; as it was an aflRxir of great consequence 
 I called the council for their advice. In consequence 
 thereof I hereby order you. immediately to march 
 one hundred men to Fort Cumberland, from tlie 
 forces you have at Winchester, which Captain Mercer 
 says are one hundred and sixt_y enlisted men. You 
 are to remain at Fort Cumberland, and make the 
 place as strong as you can in case of an attack. 
 You are to send out parties from the Fort to observe 
 the motions of the enemy, if they should march over 
 
1756.] COL. STEPHEN IN COMMAND OF THE FORT. 217 
 
 the Alleghany mountains. Any stores at the fort, not 
 absolutely necessary for its defense, you are to send 
 to Winchester." 
 
 Previous to the calling of the council, Washington 
 had been requested by the Assembly to prepare a 
 plan of defense for the frontiers, by means of a line 
 of forts extending from Maryland to North Carolina. 
 In compliance with this request, he sul^mitted a plan 
 embracing twenty-three forts, of which Cox's Fort 
 was the most advanced, Fort Cumberland being left 
 entirely out. 
 
 Colonel Stephen succeeded Major Livingston in 
 command of the Fort in the fall, and the Colonial 
 Records furnish us with the following letter written 
 by him to the Governor of Pennsylvania : 
 
 Pout Cumberland, Sept. 30, 1756. 
 Sir: 
 
 Yesterday came into this garrison John Adam Long, who lived in this 
 neighborhood, and was taken Prisoner on the 3d of April last, near to a 
 fort on the Virginia Frontiers, commanded by Captain Cox. He is a 
 sensible man of fifty five years of age, and informs me that he was 
 carried directly to Fort Duquesne, on his way to which place he met one 
 hundred and fifty Indians near to this Fort, going against the inhabitants 
 of the Virginia frontiers ; that this party, joined with several others down 
 before them, engaged Captain Mercer, at the head of a detachment from 
 this Fort; that there were nine Indians killed in that engagement, which, 
 with their seeing the Tracts of several scouting parties after them, made 
 them return without doing much mischief to the Inhabitants ; that he 
 was detained at Fort Duquesne about twenty days, during which time 
 the Delawares carried in several Prisoners, One of which they roasted A 
 liive. Two others thev put to death in a Cruel and Barbarous Manner, 
 
 ADAM STEPHEN. 
 
 The French officers constantly professed a desire 
 
 to prevent everything of a barbarous character on 
 
 the part of their Indian allies, but as there are 
 
 numerous well authenticated instances in which 
 28 
 
218 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1756. 
 
 they were witnesses to scenes of toi-ture, which 
 they made no effort to prevent, the honesty of their 
 professions may well be doubted. 
 
 In a letter of M. Vaudreuil to M. de Machault^ 
 dated Montreal, August 8th, 1756, found in the New 
 York Colonial Manuscripts — Paris Documents, vol. 
 X., under the head of "Occurrences since the 10th of 
 June," are the following entries: 
 
 " Five deserters from Port Cumberland arrived at Port Duquesne. 
 
 "A detachment under the command of Sieur de Celeron de Blainville 
 fell in with some of the enemy's scouts at this side of Fort Cumberland. 
 These two parties met unexpectedly, and fired point blank, the enemy 
 immediately fell back; we killed three of them, whose scalps have been 
 carried off by the Indians, but we lost Sieur de Blainville, one Huron, 
 one Delaware, and one Onondago. 
 
 " Five Chouanons had a similar adventure a little nearer Fort 
 Cumberland. They scalped three English. One of their men was 
 killed. 
 
 " A party from different tribes having divided, returned in squads 
 with a number of scalps. 
 
 •'Sieur de Eocheblave, with another cadet, a corporal, a militiaman, 
 and twenty Chouanon's knocked at the gate of a small fort, three leagues 
 beyond Port Cumberland, where there remained some families and thirty 
 militia. He killed four Englishmen, whom the Indians scalped; wounded 
 three who dragged themselves into the fort, and took three prisoners.* 
 
 " A detachment under the command of M. de Celeron had a fight 
 near Cresap's Fort, in the rear of Cumberland; killed eight Englishmen, 
 whose scalps the Indians were not able to secure, finding themselves in 
 the dusk of the evening, under the musketry of the Fort. We have had 
 two Indians killed and one wounded. 
 
 " The garrison at Fort Cumberland is not paid; it is greatly dimin- 
 ished by sickness which has prevailed there all winter, and still continues. 
 
 " On the 8th of June the grass was growing in the roads communi- 
 cating with Cumberland. E.^presses no longer came any further than 
 Winchester on account of our Indians, who are always in the field. 
 
 " Not a grain of Indian corn has been planted between that post and 
 Kaneghuigik, twenty five leagues distant from it towards the sea. 
 
 " It was thought that Port Cumberland would be soon abandoned; 
 
 *It 13 not known that any fort was in existence "three leagues beyond Fort Cumbeilaod." 
 Cresap's fort was about four leagues east, and is probably the one referred to. Below Evitt's 
 Creek, and about three miles from Cumberland, there is a tract of laud which was named in 
 1791 "Fort Lip," which is referred to in Jacob's Life of Cresap. There may have been a small 
 fort there. 
 
1756.] EXECUTION OF A SPY. 219 
 
 more than three months have elapsed since a wagon or hateau had come 
 there." 
 
 It will be .seen that the French were constantly on 
 the alert, and were kept well informed of all that 
 transpired. In the fall of 1756, two of their spies 
 came to Fort Cumberland, and endeavored to 
 possess themselves of an accurate knowledge of the 
 strength of the garrison, the number of men in the 
 guard, the weakest points in the Fort, &c., with a 
 view to arranging a plan by which the Indians might 
 capture it. The movements of these fellows were 
 closely watched, and finally the commandant of the 
 fort ordered their arrest. The}' were immediately 
 tried by a court martial, convened for the purpose, 
 and the evidence being conclusive they were re- 
 manded to prison, one of them being sentenced to 
 death. He was taken out next morning, and hanged 
 to a tree in the vicinity of the Fort. The other was 
 sent under guard to Annapolis, to Governor Sharpe, 
 his life being spared on condition that he would 
 divulge to the Governor certain important informa- 
 tion concerning the French and Indians. 
 
 When Washington received Governor Dinwiddle's 
 order, requiring him to march one hundred men to 
 Fort Cumberland from Fort Loudon, he was much 
 annoyed thereby, and wrote to Dinwiddle, assuring 
 him that the change would occasion much inconve- 
 nience, as the works at Winchester were still 
 incomplete, and the force there was so small that it 
 was barely sufficient to protect the place. He did 
 not, however, want it inferred by his acts and words 
 that he objected to Fort Cumberland, on any personal 
 
220 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1756. 
 
 grounds, and concluded his letter by saying, "I had 
 rather a thousand times be at Fort Cumberland." 
 
 Washington had visited the Fort only a short time 
 before, early in November, and had ordered all stores 
 to be removed to Winchester, except such as were 
 absolutely needed for the use of the garrison. While 
 here he had a conference with a number of Catawba 
 Indians who came in, and were friendly. They 
 asked him to supply them with clothing, wampum, 
 pipes, tomahawks, and silver trinkets for the hands 
 and arms. He regretted his inability to gratify their 
 demands, but assured them of the friendship of the 
 English for the Catawbas, and gave them tomahawks 
 and wampum, which he purchased for them. 
 
 The question as to the abandonment of Fort 
 Cumberland was still discussed very earnestly, and 
 Lord Loudon wrote to Governor Dinwiddle, saying: 
 
 " As to the affair of Fort Ciimbprland I own it ;jives me great 
 uneasiness, and I am of the same opinion with you, that it was very 
 material to have supported that Fort this winter, and after that we could 
 easily have made it a better post than ever it has been, from what I hear 
 of it. I cannot agree with Colonel Washington in not drawing in the 
 posts from the stockade forts in order to defend that advanced one; and I 
 should imagine much more of the frontier will be e.xposed by retiring 
 your advanced posts near Winchester." 
 
 Washington was convinced that Lord Loudon's 
 opinions Avere based upon the representations of 
 Governor Dinwiddie, and he became soon after greatly 
 annoyed by the contradictory orders transmitted 
 to him by the Governor, in consequence of which 
 he was uncertain as to what was really expected of 
 him. He said "if, under these circumstances, my 
 conduct is responsible for the fate of Fort Cumber- 
 
1756.] SHOULD THE FORT BE MAINTAINED? 221 
 
 land, it must be confessed that I stand upon a 
 tottering foundation indeed." He steadily opposed 
 the abandonment of the stockade forts on the South 
 Branch, and protested against the scheme, as dan- 
 gerous and unwise, involving the peril of the entire 
 frontier. He wrote to Speaker Robinson again, 
 giving expression to his fears. That gentleman in 
 his reply said: 
 
 " I am truly concerned at the uneasiness you are under in your 
 present situation, and the more so, as I am sensible that you have too 
 much reason for it. The resolution of defending Fort Cumberland, and 
 evacuating the other forts, was taken before I knew or mistrusted any- 
 thing of the matter. I must confess I was not a little surprised at it, and 
 took the liberty to expostulate with many of the council upon it, who 
 gave me in answer, that Lord Loudon had insisted that Port Cumberland 
 should be preserved, and as we had so few troops, it could not be done 
 without breaking up the small forts and taking the men from them. 
 
 " It was to no purpose to tell them that our frontiers would thereby be 
 entirely exposed to our cruel and savage enemy, and that they could 
 receive no protection from Fort Cumberland, as it was in another 
 province, and so remote from any of our inhabitants; and further that the 
 act of Assembly, which gave the money solely for the defence and pro- 
 tection of our frontiers, would be violated and the money applied 
 otherwise than the Assembly intended. Yet notwithstanding all I could 
 say they persisted in their resolution without alleging any other reason 
 than that it was in pursuance of Lord Loudon's desire. 
 
 " It cannot be a ditBcult matter to guess who was the author and 
 promoter of this advice and resolution, or by whom Lord Loudon has 
 been persuaded that the place is of such importance. But supposing it 
 were really so, it ought to be defended by the people in whose province 
 it is [Maryland], or at least at the expense of the three colonies jointly, 
 and our own frontier not left exposed for the defence of a place, from 
 which we cannot receive the least advantage or protection. The present 
 unhappy state of our country must fill the mind of every well-wisher to it 
 with dismal and gloomy apprehensions, and without some speedy altera- 
 tions in our counsels, which may God send, the fate of it must soon be 
 determined." 
 
 About the first of January, 1757, Washington estab- 
 lished his headquarters at Fort Cumberland, where 
 
\ 
 
 222 IIISTOKY OF CUMBERLAND. [1757. 
 
 he remained until March. He had conckided that 
 Lord Loudon's opinions had been based upon Governor 
 Dinwiddie's representations, and learning that there 
 was to be a conference of the Southern Governors 
 with Lord Loudon, in March, he asked Governor 
 Dinwiddie's permission to attend, and in response to 
 his request received a very ungracious letter from 
 that official, granting him the privilege in the most 
 churlish terms. Washington then wrote Lord Loudon 
 a lengthy letter, explaining in full all military 
 matters with which he had been connected, and the 
 defects of the militia law of Virginia, which had 
 caused no end of trouble and confusion. This letter 
 impressed Lord Loudon very favorably, and when 
 Washington arrived in Philadelphia he was received 
 by him in the most cordial manner, and frequently 
 consulted upon matters of importance. The con- 
 ference discussed the plan for future operations, and 
 the result of Washington's representations as to Fort 
 Cumberland was, that the Virginia troops, provisions 
 and stores were ordered to be moved to Winchester, 
 which was to be made headquarters, and Fort 
 Cumberland was henceforward to be garrisoned 
 by Mai'yland forces. The Fort had been greatly 
 strengthened during the winter, and a considerable 
 sum of money expended in its improvement. 
 
 About this time Captain Jacobs, an Indian chief, 
 and forty warriors, made their appearance in the 
 Cove, near Raystown, or Bedford, on their way to 
 attack the garrison at Fort Cumberland, expecting 
 to be joined by others to a number sufficient to 
 enable them to carry out their project. They killed 
 
1757.] A FIGHT FOR LIFE. 223 
 
 and captured all the people at the little settlement 
 of the Cove, and burned the houses. Hugh McSwine, 
 one of the settlers, was absent from his home, 
 and on his return, finding the ruin that had been 
 wrought, started in pursuit and overtook the Indians. 
 Jacobs declared him a spy and made him prisoner. 
 With the Indians was a white man, named Jackson, 
 who was more bloodthirsty and villainous than his 
 red comrades. McSwine and another prisoner were 
 put in charge of Jackson and an Indian, while the 
 rest of the party went in search of other settlers. 
 Jackson and the Indian, with the prisoners, traveled 
 all day, and in the evening stopped at a deserted 
 cabin, where McSwine was given an ax, and sent to 
 cut wood for a fire. As soon as he got the ax 
 McSwine struck the Indian in the head with it and 
 killed him, after which he turned upon Jackson, but 
 that individual was too quick for him, and the result 
 was a hand to hand encounter. Both were powerful 
 men, and the struggle was long and fiei'ce, the other 
 prisoner being so badly frightened that he gave no 
 aid. McSwine finally got hold of the dead Indian's 
 gun, and succeeded in dispatching Jackson, after 
 which he scalped him and the Indian, and started at 
 once for Fort Cumberland, where he arrived the 
 following evening, and warned Washington of the 
 intended attack. Jacobs afterwards discovered the 
 dead bodies of his friends, and finding the trail of 
 the prisoners to lead towards Fort Cumberland, 
 abandoned his intention of attacking it. McSwine 
 was sent by Washington to Winchester, where he 
 received a Lieutenant's commission. 
 
224 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1757. 
 
 McSwine had numerous adventures with the 
 savages afterwards, and was finally killed in a l)attle 
 with them near Ligonior. 
 
 On the 5th of April, Governor Dinwiddie ordered 
 the immediate evacuation of Fort Cumberland by the 
 Virginia troops, two companies of which were to 
 proceed to Fredericksburg, under command of 
 Colonel Stephen, to be sent thence by direction of 
 Lord Loudon to South Carolina, where it was 
 anticipated an attack would soon be made. This 
 letter miscarried, and on the 8th of April a 
 council of war was called at the Fort, at which it was 
 determined that the place should be held until 
 the arrival of Captain Dagworthy with the Maryland 
 troops. 
 
 On this day one hundred and twenty-four Catawba 
 Indians arrived at the Fort, and were hospitably 
 received by Colonel Stephen. They declared their 
 intention to help their white brothers, the English, 
 to di'ive out the French. A few days after their 
 arrival, two of these Lidians were in a canoe on the 
 Potomac, near the Fort, intending to cross the river. 
 When they had reached the middle of the stream 
 they were suddenly fired upon from the shrubbery 
 on the opposite side, and both Indians fell dead in 
 the canoe. All the Indians in the Fort, and about 
 one hundred white men, went at once in pursuit of 
 the foe, and succeeded in securing a number of 
 scalps. 
 
 Fort Cumberland long continued to be a source of 
 uneasiness and dispute. It was the cause of nmch 
 annoyance to Washington, as well as to the Gover- 
 
1757.] COMMUNICATION UNSAFE. 225 
 
 iiors and Assemblies of Virginia and Maryland. 
 When the Maryland Assemlily met, Governor Sharpe 
 appealed to it for money to supply the wants of the 
 garrison, but was met with a most indignant refusal. 
 "That garrison," said the Assembly, "was stationed 
 contrary to the plain destination of all the forces 
 raised and to be supported by law; and, if any evil 
 consequences ha^^e heretofore or may hereafter follow 
 a want of supplies, let those answer for them who 
 have, contrary to law, been the means of stationing 
 troops where they had no right to place them."* 
 
 The difficulties of keeping up communication 
 between the Fort and Winchester were of the most 
 serious chai'acter. The whole country was infested 
 with Indians, and the couriers were often killed or 
 captured. Dinwiddle's letter of the 5th, heretofore 
 referred to, was lost entirely, and another, of 
 the 7th, was three days in reaching its destination. 
 Washington wrote to Dinwiddle as follows: 
 
 Fort Cumberland, 10 April, 1161. 
 Sir: 
 
 Your letter by express ou tlie otli iustaut, I (ear has fallen into the 
 hands of the common enemy, for I have never seen it. The other, of the 
 7th, I this day received, and being exceedingly embarrassed to come at 
 your intentions, and really at a loss to know in what manner to act in 
 such perplexed and difficult circumstances, I called a council of officers 
 to my aid. The result of the advice you will find enclosed.! 
 
 It will not be in my power to be in Williamsburg by the 22d, as your 
 Honor desires ; but as soon as I can I certainly will. I leave orders with 
 Colonel Stephen to march this garrison to Fort Loudon, as soon as it is 
 relieved, which cannot be before this express may return, and then your 
 further orders may be received. We have no advice of Dagworthy's 
 marching, though orders were sent him. 
 
 I shall order all the country's stores to be carried to Fort Loudon, 
 
 ♦Votes and Proceedings Maryland Assembly, Oct. 1757. 
 
 fThis n-as to the eS'ect that the Fort should not be evacuated until the arrival of the Maryland 
 troops 
 
 29 
 
226 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1757. 
 
 and the two companies on Patterson's Creek to be posteil on the Branch 
 to complete the number that was designed for that place. I have 
 ordered a particular return of the provisions to be made out, and Colonel 
 Stephen to take Captain Dagworthy's receipt for the quantity left. 
 
 We have been at a good deal of unavoidable expense and trouble to 
 furnish the Indians with such thinffs as they wanted. Some hostile 
 Indians killed two Catawbas, on Thursday last, at about one hundred and 
 fifty yards from the Fort, and seventy from a sentry, and made their 
 escape, thoujrh pursued by other Catawbas and near two hundred men. 
 And the day before yesterday, two soldiers were killed and a third taken 
 prisoner, as they were coming to this place from the Fort below. The 
 rest of the party, being ten in number, with Captain Waggener among 
 them, made their escape. 
 
 The enclosed remonstrance I have just received, and think it 
 expedient to send it to your Honor, that you may know the temper and 
 disposition of the troops. As I expect to be with you in two or three 
 days after the express, I think it needless to add anything but an apology 
 for the incoherence of this letter. The Indians are all around, teazing 
 and perplexing me for one thing and another, so that I scarce know what 
 
 I write. 
 
 I have the honor to be &c., 
 
 GEO. WASHINGTON. 
 
 About the 17th of the month Washington took 
 his departure from Fort Cumberland, and at once 
 made his headquarters at Fort- Loudon, where he 
 remained until near the close of the year, at which 
 time he obtained a leave of absence, and retired to 
 Mount Vernon to recuperate his health, which was 
 seriously broken. 
 
 On the 8th of June, Lieutenant Baker, who had 
 been out to within a few miles of Fort Duquesne, on 
 a scouting expedition, returned to Fort Cumberland. 
 He had taken with him a party of five soldiers and 
 fifteen Cherokees, and they had surprised some 
 French and Indians on Turtle creek, about twelve 
 miles from Fort Duquesne. They brought in five 
 scalps and one prisoner, a French officer named 
 Velistre; and, besides, they had killed two other 
 
1757.] A FALSE ALARM. 227 
 
 French officers, whose names were Lasosais and St. 
 Oure. 
 
 A few days after Washington's departure six 
 Cherokee Indians, who had heen as far West as the 
 Ohio River, returned to the Fort, and stated to Captain 
 Dagworthy, who had arrived and taken command, 
 that they had seen a large force of French and 
 Indians near Fort Duquesne; that they were armed 
 with big guns, and had plenty of wagons and horses, 
 and were marching to attack Fort Cumberland. 
 Captain Dagworthy, who questioned them very 
 closely, was so strongly impressed with their story 
 that he at once sent an express towards Winchester 
 to overtake Washington, and to notify the people 
 throughout the country. Colonel Stanwix, with his 
 regulars and the militia from the forts on the Branch, 
 was at once marched to Fort Cumberland, and every 
 preparation possible made for its defense. Washing- 
 ton had long feared a movement of this kind, and 
 was convinced that it could not be successfully 
 resisted. He said the road from Fort Duquesne to 
 Fort Cumberland was the only one over which it 
 would be possible for the French to bring their 
 artillery, unless they should build a new road, which 
 would involve a great deal of expense and months of 
 labor. To ascertain the exact strength and the 
 intentions of the enemy, he had spies sent out to 
 watch their movements. He wrote: "We have 
 received nothing new from Fort Cumberland since 
 the IGth. The Indians who brought the first news, 
 imagine that some of Spotswood's party are yet 
 watching the enemy. On the contrary, I apprehend 
 
228 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1757. 
 
 they are all cut off;* for a man who left Fort 
 Cumberland on the IGtli says the woods appear to 
 be quite alive with hostile Indians, who show them- 
 selves openly in the day. This is unusual with them 
 unless they are strong." Fortunately the rumor as 
 to the approach of the French was untrue, and none 
 of them made their appearance. But Washington 
 was constantly apprehensive of an attack by the 
 Indians on Fort Loudon, and observed the strictest 
 caution. 
 
 At the close of the month of June, Captain Beale, 
 who was commanding at Fort Frederick, endeavored 
 to persuade Colonel Stanwix to order Washington to 
 reinforce Fort Cumljerland again. Colonel Stanwix, 
 who was then at Carlisle, was commander-in-chief of 
 the Middle and Southern provinces, at the time, and 
 he concluded to give that matter into Governor 
 Sharpe's hands to act according to his own judgment. 
 Washington said he did not deem it advisable to 
 send any of his troops to Fort Cumberland, as it was 
 not in innninent peril, and as Virginia was under the 
 necessity of looking after her own frontier, which 
 was constantly threatened. Colonel Stanwix wrote 
 to Governor Sharpe as follows: 
 
 Camp near Carlisle, July 4, 1757. 
 Sir: 
 
 I ilid imagine that on receipt of an account of our First Alarm being 
 contradicted that you would send home your militia, and I am at the 
 same time plad to hear that you can depend upon the 500 men when 
 any real occasion reijuires it ; as you apprehend it is for his Majesty's 
 service that an officer & Detachment from the new companies be sent to 
 reinforce Fort Cumberland you will please to order it to be done in such 
 proportion as you who must be the best judge think necessary. 
 
 =^Captain Bpotswood and bis party were actually cut olT by the Indiaos and every one of tbeta 
 killed. 
 
1757.] ADDRESS AS TO FORT CUMBERLAND. 229 
 
 A careful inspection of all the provisions in the 
 Fort was made in August, and Mr. Kennedy, in 
 whose charge they had been placed, had all the meats 
 repacked and pickled, for use in the future. A 
 considerable portion of the stores was spoiled, and 
 Colonel Stanwix sent fresh supplies to replace them. 
 
 The condition of Fort Cumberland was taken up 
 for consideration in the Maryland Assembly at the 
 session of 1757, and the following address was read 
 in the House of Delegates on the 15th of December: 
 
 "Fort Cumberland we are informed, was first begun by some gentle- 
 men of the Ohio Company, as a storehouse of their goods designed for 
 the Ohio Indian trade, and never was garrisoned by troops stationed 
 there by the direction of any law of this province, but commonly by 
 Virginia forces. That fort, we have too much reason to believe, from au 
 extract from your Excellency to the Secretary of State, laid before the 
 lower House in September session, 1756, in which are the following words : 
 " There are no works in this province that deserve the name of fortifica- 
 tions ; just behind, and among our Western settlements, are some small 
 stoccado or pallisadoed forts, built by the inhabitants for the protection 
 of their wives and children ; and besides these, there is one larger, 
 though, in my opinion, not much more capable of defense, on Potowmack, 
 about 56 miles beyond our settlements. It has been distinguished by 
 the appellation of Fort Cumberland, and is at present garrisoned by 
 three hundred men from Virginia. It is made with stoccados only, and 
 commanded on almost every side by circumjacent hills ; a considerable 
 quantity of military stores, that was left by Gen. Braddock, still remain 
 there, and two of the carriages that his Majesty was pleased to order to 
 Virginia two years ago, are mounted therein;" is not tenable even against 
 a trifiing force, should they come with any cannon ; and therefore humbly 
 submit it, whether it might not be a prudent measure to remove his 
 Majesty's artillery and stores (though indeed the provisions we are told 
 are chiefly spoiled)from thence to a place of security. 
 
 " Though Fort Cumberland may be constructed, for anything we 
 know, near a place proper for the stationing a garrison at, for his 
 Majesty's service in general, yet being, as we have been informed, between 
 eighty and ninety miles from the settlements of the Westernmost inhab- 
 itants of this province, and in the truth of that information, are confirmed 
 by your excellency's message of the 11th of this instant, wherein you 
 .say 'the distance from fort Frederick to fort Cumberland, by the wagon 
 
230 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1757. 
 
 road, is 15 miles,' and consequently the carriage of provisions thither 
 very expensive ; we humbly conceive it cannot be reasonably desired, that 
 the people of this province should be burthened with the great expense 
 of garrisoning that fort, which, if it contributes immediately to the 
 security of any of his majesty's frontier subjects, it must be those of 
 Virginia or Pennsylvania, who do not at present contribute anything 
 towards the support of it, that we know of. 
 
 " We understand the most common track of the Indians, in making 
 their incursions into Virginia (which have been lately very fre(iuent) is 
 through the wild desert country lying between fort Cumberland and fort 
 Frederick, and yet we cannot learn that the forces at fort Cumberland 
 (though most of these that are in our pay, the summer past, have been 
 stationed there, contrary, we humbly conceive, to the law that raised 
 them) have very rarely, if ever, molested those savages in those their 
 incursions ; from whence we would willingly presume their passage is 
 below the Ranges, which troops stationed at Fort Cumberland, can 
 with safety to that fort, extend themselves to; and consequently, that any 
 security arising from those troops, even to the Virginians who are most 
 in the way cf beinj protected by them, must be very remote, and to us 
 much more so. 
 
 " When from the incursions and horrid depredations of the savage 
 enemy in the neighboring colonies, an opinion prevailed, that a force 
 was necessary for the defense and security of the western frontier of 
 this province, it was thought most likely to be conducive to those ends, 
 to have it placed some where near the place fort Frederick is now 
 constructed; because from thence, the troops that might be judged 
 proper to be kept on foot for the security of the frontier inhabitants 
 might have it in their power to range constantly in such manner as 
 to protect them against small parties ; and in case any considerable 
 body of the enemy should appear, or the fort should be attacked, the 
 troops might at very short warning be assisted by the inhabitants. 
 
 " Near the sum of £6,000 has been expended, in purchasing the 
 ground belonging to, and constructing fort Frederick, and though we 
 have not any exact information what sum may still be wanting to com- 
 plete it, (if ever it should be thought proper to be done) yet we are 
 afraid the sum requisite for that purpose, must be considerable; and we 
 are apprehensive that fort is so large, that in case of attack, it cannot be 
 defended without a number of men larger than the province can support, 
 purely to maintain a fortification." 
 
 After his retirement to Mount Vernon, Washington 
 was attacked by a fever which prostrated him, and 
 rendered him unfit for duty during the next four 
 
1758.] A GRATIFYING CHANGE. 231 
 
 months. On the 1st of March, 1758, he resumed his 
 command at Fort Loudon. A great many changes 
 for the better took j^lace in these four months. 
 Governor Dinwiddie turned over the government to 
 Mr. John Blair, President of the council, and sailed 
 for England in January. Mr. Blair had charge of 
 the government then until the arrival of Mr. Francis 
 Fauquier, who had been appointed as Dinwiddle's 
 successor. A still more important change was found 
 in the addition of William Pitt to the British min- 
 istry, he having a fuller comprehension of affairs in 
 America than was displayed by any other members 
 of the cabinet. Pitt determined upon retrieving the 
 misfortunes and disgraces of Braddock's campaign, 
 and at once a combined expedition westward was 
 mapped out, with a view to putting an end to the 
 power of the French on the Ohio. Lord Loudon 
 returned to England, and the command fell upon 
 Major-General Abercrombie. The forces were 
 divided into three bodies; the first, under Major- 
 General Amherst, was to attempt the reduction of 
 Louisburg and Cape Breton, and was to be aided by 
 the fleet under Boscawen; the second under General 
 Abercrombie, was to march against Crown Point; and 
 the third, under General Forbes, was to proceed to 
 Fort Duquesne, and capture it. Many distracting 
 questions were peremptorily disposed of before the 
 troops marched. First, the colonial troops were put 
 upon the same footing as the regulars, except that 
 the colonies were to clothe and feed them; and finally 
 the questions as to rank were settled; the provincial 
 officers of rank no higher than Colonel were to be 
 
232 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1758. 
 
 equal in command with those who held rojal 
 commissions. Thus Washington found everything, 
 under the new administration, much jileasanter, as 
 well as more encouraging. Virginia augmented 
 its forces to two thousand men, who were divided 
 into two regiments, one of which was placed 
 under Washington (who still retained his position of 
 commander-in-chief of all the Virginia troops), and 
 the other under Colonel Burd. As General Forbes 
 was detained at Philadelphia, Colonel Bouquet* was 
 sent on to Raystown, now Bedford, Bedford county, 
 Pennsylvania, with the advance of the regular troops, 
 where the final preparations for the march upon 
 Fort Duquesne were to be made, and where the 
 troops were to be concentrated while the roads were 
 being opened and prepared. 
 
 Meantime the Maryland Assembly, on the 2Gth 
 of Feljruary, had passed an order for the enlistment of 
 four hundred men to range the frontiers, and protect 
 the settlements. The sum of £10,000 was appro- 
 priated to pay for their equipment and support. 
 
 The construction of roads to insure easy communi- 
 cation with all necessary points first attracted Colonel 
 Bouquet's attention, in order that there should be no 
 delay in forwarding either supplies or reinforcements. 
 He regarded Fort Cumberland as a post not to be 
 neglected in the perfection of his plans, and wrote 
 as follows to Governor Sharpe: 
 
 CoNiGOGEGH, 13th of June, 1758. 
 Sir : As it will be the greatest benefit to his Majesty's Service to have 
 a Road of communication open from each of the Provinces to Fort 
 
 ♦Henry Bouquet was of French descent ; he was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel in the British 
 army in 1756. He was appointed a Brigadier iu 1765, and died at Pensacola, Florida, in 176C. 
 
1758.] Washington's return to fort Cumberland. 233 
 
 Cumberland, I am under the necessity of reciuesting of vou to have the 
 .straightest Road reconnoitered leading from Fort Frederick to Fort 
 Cumberland. Recommending to those you appoint to mark it out, to 
 report the time that 500 men will take to cut it. Any Kxpense you 
 may be at shall be paid by Sir .John St. Clair, as he will be the nearest 
 to you. Please to send him the Report of it, that if found practicable he 
 may send troops to work at it. 
 
 I am with the highest Regard Sir, your most obdt 
 
 and most humble serv't 
 To the Honble Gov. Sharpk. HENRY BOUQUET. 
 
 The Virginia troops were oi'dered to join Colonel 
 Bouquet's forces, and Wasliington marched for Fort 
 Cumberland on the 24th of June, arriving here on 
 the 2d of July. The march was made in detach- 
 ments, Washington being with the advance, and 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Stephen taking six companies 
 direct to Raystown by another route. Upon his 
 arrival at Fort Cumberland, Washington addressed 
 the following letter to Colonel Bouquet : 
 
 Camp near Fort Cumiikri.and, ."! .luly, 17.58. 
 Tn Colonel Henry Bouquet, 
 
 Commanding at Baystown : 
 
 Sib: According to orders I marched from Winchester on the 24th 
 ultimo, and arrived at this place yesterday, with five companies of the 
 first Virginia regiment, and a company of artificers from the second, as 
 you may observe by the enclosed returns. My march, in consequence of 
 bad teams, and bad roads, notwithstanding I had sent forward the artifi- 
 cers and a covering party three days before, was much delayed. As I 
 cannot suppose you intended to send any part of my men upon the roads, 
 till joined at this place by Colonel Byrd, I shall decline sending any on 
 that service till he arrives, which I presume will be to morrow. 
 
 There came twenty-eight wagons with me to this place, and I believe, 
 if they were wanted, ten more might be had upon the South Branch, 
 strong and good, but carrying horses are certainly more eligible for the 
 service to which they are destined. I have received a very scanty allow- 
 ance of tents for the five companies, namely, sixty-nine only. Out of 
 these most of the officers must either be supplied or lie uncovered. They 
 will readily pay for what they receive if required. No bell tents were 
 sent to us. 
 30 
 
'234 HISTORY or Cumberland. [1758. 
 
 My men iire bare of regimental flothiiifc, and I have no prospect of'u 
 supply. So far from regrettinf^ this want during the present campaign, 
 if I were left to pursue my own inclinations, I would not only order the 
 men to adopt the Indian dress, but cause the officers to do it also, and be 
 the first to set the example myself. Nothing but the uncertainty of 
 obtaining the general approbation causes me to hesitate a moment to 
 leave my regimentals at this place, and proceed as light as any Indian in 
 the woods. It is an unbecoming dress, I own, for an officer ; but conve- 
 nience, rather than show, I think, should be consulted. The reduction of 
 bat-horses alone would be sufficient to recommend it, for nothing is 
 more certain than that less baggage would be required, and the public 
 benefitted in proportion. 
 
 It appears that withiu a short time after writing 
 the above letter Washington actually did put his 
 men in Indian dress, as the fact is referred to in a 
 letter written him by Colonel Bouquet, from Rays- 
 town, in July, in which he commends the costume, 
 and declares it should be a pattern for the dress of 
 the soldiers in the exjoedition then going on. 
 
 Several hundred Indians had joined Washington, 
 and many of them were with liim still, at Fort 
 (Jumberland. These proved useful on frequent occa- 
 sions. The construction of a passable road between 
 the fort at Raystown and Fort Cumberland was 
 absolutely necessary, and had been commenced, but 
 numerous parties of hostile Indians being about the 
 forts, as well as along the line of the road, rendered 
 the work exceedingly dangerous. The couriers going 
 forth and back were constantly fired upon, and a 
 wagoner was shot down one day within five hundred 
 yards of Will's Creek, and in sight of the fort. 
 Washington sent out several parties of Cherokees to 
 attack these prowling bands, but Colonel Bouquet 
 rather checked their efficiency by ordering that an 
 officer and several soldiers should accompany the 
 
1758.] A LETTER FROM THE FORT. 235 
 
 Indians. The largest party sent out consisted of 
 eighteen Cherokees. and they succeeded in driving 
 off the enemy. 
 
 On the Gth of July Robert Munford wrote the 
 following letter, from Fort Cumberland, to his uncle. 
 Colonel Theodoric Bland, of Prince George's County : 
 
 Hond Sir, 
 
 Had opportunities offered, as frequently as Inclination would have 
 induced me to write to yon, you might have read a Letter from every 
 encampment. After being delayed at Winchester, five or si.x weeks 
 longer than Expected (in which Time I was ordered Express to Williams- 
 burgh & allowed but a day after my return to prepare) we pushed otf 
 into the wide Ocean. I was permitted to walk every step of the Way to 
 this humble Fort, to eat little, to lay hard, over Mountain, thro" Mud and 
 Water, yet as merry & hearty as ever. Our Flankers & Sentrys pretend 
 they saw the Enemy daily, but they never approached us. A De- 
 tachment is ordered off this moment to clear a Road thirty miles, and 
 our Companies to cover the Working Party. We are in fine scalping 
 ground I assure you, the guns pop about us, & you may see the fellows 
 prick up their Ears like a Deer every moment. Our Colonel""' is an 
 Example of Fortitude, in either Danger or Hardship, and by his easy, 
 polite Behaviour, has gained not only the "Regard but aflection, of both 
 officers and soldiers. He has kindly invited me to his Table, for the 
 Campaign, offered me any sum of money, I may have occasion for, 
 without charging either Principal or Interest, and signified his appro- 
 bation of my conduct hitherto, in such a manner, as is to my advantage. 
 In passing my recruiting Acct : I was allowed 18f pr : man, you may 
 judge how much I was Looser when several oflfieers had 40s. Col. 
 Charles Carter, junr, has a horse of mine in keeping 'till my Return: 
 where he may remain if you think proper. The Batt : money and Forage 
 money allow'd me amounts to £6(j. In everything possible, I shall be 
 upon the frugal scheme. You may depend upon hearing by all opportu- 
 nities from Dr Sir, yr truly Affect: & ever 
 
 obliged nephew 
 
 ROBT. MCNFORD. 
 Camp near Fort Cumberland, 
 
 .luly Gth, 1758. 
 
 T(i Mrs. Blaxd : 
 
 Hond Madam : 
 
 Tho' I've hardly a moment at my own Disposal, I can't omit sending 
 
 *This refers to Colonel Wm. Burd. of tbo 2d Virginia Regiment and not to Washington, a.'^ 
 stated in a foot note to the Bland Papers. 
 
2;5G HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1758. 
 
 a few words to my dear aunt, Employed from Sun to Sun, yet from Light 
 to Night, I am mindful of my dear distant Friends. That you and yours 
 may enjoy Every Blessing that Heaven can bestow, is the tribute of a 
 Heart sincerely yrs ROBT. MUNFORD. 
 
 P. S. My love to the Lasses. 
 
 To Col Theo Bland, in Prince George. 
 
 About this time Colonel Bouquet proposed an 
 expedition, with a force of regulars, into the enemy's 
 country, but Washington opposed the movement, as 
 he said it could only be made with a cumbersome train 
 of supplies, and must prove futile. He wanted to 
 move at the earliest possible moment, with a force 
 large enough to take Fort Duquesne, and thus by a 
 brilliant stroke close the campaign. He wrote 
 another letter then, as follows, to Colonel Bouquet: 
 
 Camp near Fort Cumberland, 1!) July, 1758. 
 Sir : 
 
 Your obliging favor of this date I just now had the pleasure of 
 receiving. You flatter me much by coinciding with me in opinion 
 relative to the proposed expedition. 
 
 Captain Dagworthy returned hither yesterday in consequence of 
 orders from Sir John St. Clair, forwarded by the commanding officer at 
 Fort Frederick. I will send out a party on Braddock's Road which I 
 shall be able to reinforce when Col. Mercer returns.^" 
 
 1 am exceedingly obliged by the handsome and polite manner in 
 which you are pleased to give me leave to attend the election at Win- 
 chester. Although my being there under any other circumstances would 
 be very agreeable to me, yet I can hardly persuade myself to think of 
 being absent from my more immediate duty, even for a few days. I will 
 not, however, come to any absolute determination till I receive answers 
 to some letters on that subject, which I expect this night or to-morrow.f 
 
 Just before going to Fort Cumberland, Washington 
 had met, courted, and become engaged to Mrs. 
 
 *Colonel Mercer was then eugaged iu making the road between Fort Cumberland and Rays- 
 town. 
 
 fWashington having resolved to quit the army at the close of this campaign, had proposed 
 himself as a candidate for the House of Burgesses, and his frieuds wanted him to be present at 
 the election, as he had three active competitors, who were at work in person to defeat him. 
 He, however, declined to attend, and remained at Fort Cumberland, where he shortly after- 
 wards received intelligence of his election by a handsome majorily. A Virginia election in 
 those days was rather peculiar in .''ome respects, and the participators must nave bad a "good 
 old time." an Washington was called on to foot a bill of £39 s6. Items : a hogshead and a barrel 
 of punch ; 35 gallons of wine, 43 gallons strong beer and cider, and dinner for his friends. 
 
1758.] ANOTHER ROAD TO THE OHIO. 237 
 
 Martha Ciistis, a charming young widow, and he 
 wrote from this phice a volume of ardent love letters 
 to that lady. These, howevex% have not been made 
 public, and the curiosity of the world as to this love 
 affair must remain ungratified so far as this corres- 
 pondence is concerned. 
 
 On the 21st a letter from Washington to Colonel 
 Bouquet apprised him that Colonel Burd was in want 
 of a supply of vermillion for the Indians, who needed 
 it in putting on the war paint, and preparing for 
 battle. He says: 
 
 "The bridge is finished at this place,* and to morrow Major Peachey, 
 with three hundred men, will proceed to open Gen. Braddock's road. I 
 shall direct them to go to George's Creek, tea miles in advance. By that 
 time I may possibly hear from you. If they go farther it may be 
 requisite to reinforce the party. But this matter, I suppose, will be 
 ordered according to the route determined on by the General, for it will 
 be needless to open a road, of which no use will be made afterwards. 
 
 "Colonel Stephen gives me some room to apprehend that a body 
 of light troops may soon move on. I pray your interest most sincerely 
 with the General to get my regiment and myself included in the num- 
 ber. If any argument is needed to obtain this favor, I hope without 
 vanity I may be allowed to say, that, from long intimacy with these 
 woods, and freijuent scouting in them, my men are at least as well 
 acquainted with all the passes and difficulties as any troops that will be 
 employed." 
 
 Washington had supposed that the advance upon 
 Fort Duquosne would be made over the old road 
 which Braddock had used. He was greatly surprised, 
 therefore, to learn that Colonel Bouquet had declared 
 his intention of constructing a new road from Rays- 
 town to the Ohio River, and marching a part of his 
 force by that route, the other part to take Braddock's 
 
 *Kowhere has any record been found as to the location of this bridge. Braddock's men had 
 prepared tlie timbers for a bridge, over Wills' Creek, in 1755. but tuere is no history of its 
 erection. The probability is that it was found necescary to put up a bridge for use during the 
 spring and fall freshets, as at such times the creek was too mucti swollen to permit of wagons 
 passing the ford. 
 
238 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1758. 
 
 Road, and the two bodies to unite on the Mononga^ 
 hela. The accounts which Braddock had given of 
 his road, in his dispatches, were of such a character 
 as to lead the commander of the present expedition to 
 believe the road well nigh impassable, and Bouquet's 
 project of a new road through Pennsylvania was 
 encouraged by interested parties in that State, who 
 assured him it could be easily built,- and that the 
 grades would be light. Washington strongly opposed 
 the idea; he assured Colonel Bouquet that it would 
 cost the army a fatal loss of time, and result in a 
 barren victory, at best, in the end. He wrote as 
 follows to Colonel Bouquet: 
 
 Camp nkar Fort Cumiieri,axd, 2') July, 1758. 
 Dear Sir : 
 
 I do not inclinp to propose anything that may seem officious, but 
 would it not facilitate the operations of the campaign, if the Virginia 
 troops were ordered to proceed as far as the Great Crossing, and con- 
 struct forts at the most advantageous situations as they advance, 
 opening the road at the same time? In such a case I should be glad 
 to be joined by that part of my regiment at Raystown. Major Peachy, 
 who commands the working party on Braddock's road, writes me that 
 he finds few repairs wanting. Tonight I shall order him to proceed 
 as far as Savage River, and then return, as his party is too weak to 
 adventure further. 
 
 We have received advice that our second convoy, of more than 
 seventy wagons, will be at the South Branch to-day, where I e.xpect they 
 will be joined by other wagons with forage. They will all proceed to 
 this place immediately. 
 
 I shall most cheerfully work on any road, pursue any route, or enter 
 upon any service that the General or yourself may think me usefully 
 employed in, or qualified for, and shall never have a will of my own. 
 when a duty is required of me. But since you desire me to speak 
 my sentiment freely, permit me to observe, that after having conversed 
 with all the guides, and having been informed by others, who have a 
 knowledge of the country, I am convinced that a road, to be compared 
 with General Braddock's, or, indeed that will be fit for transportation 
 even by pack-horses, cannot be made. I have no predilection for the 
 route you have in contemplation for me, not because difficulties appear 
 
1758.] TlIK TWO ROARS. ^ 239 
 
 therein, but because I dmibt whether satisfaction can be given in the 
 execution of the plan. I know not what reports you may have received 
 from your reconnoitering parties, but I have been uniformlv told that, if 
 you expect a tolerable road by Raystown you will be disappointed, for no 
 movement can be made that way without destroyinj; our horses. 
 
 Bouquet was not convinced by Washington's 
 representations, yet he was desirous of fully consult- 
 ing with him, and fixing upon a plan which would 
 meet with his approval. He therefore wrote to 
 Washington, saying: '"Nothing can exceed your 
 generous dispositions for the service. I see, with the 
 utmost satisfaction, that you are above the influences 
 of prejudice, and ready to go heartily where reason 
 and judgment shall direct. I wish sincerely that we 
 may all entertain one and the same opinion ; therefore 
 I desire to have an interview with you at the houses 
 built lialf way between our camps." Both officers 
 went to the place designated, half way between Fort 
 Cimiberland and Raystown, and entered into a 
 discussion of the question at issue. Washington 
 stated that the road taken by Braddock had been 
 laid out by the Ohio Company, aided by traders and 
 Indians, the sole object being to secure the best and 
 most direct route; that the road was in pretty good 
 order, and could be made ready for use with but 
 little labor, and that the building of a new 
 road by another route would consume precious time, 
 and extend the campaign into another year, which 
 would have a demoralizing effect upon the soldiers, 
 as well as upon the colonies. But General 
 Forbes had determined upon the new route through 
 Pennsylvania, and Colonel Bouquet naturally took 
 the same position. Washington succeeded, however, 
 
240 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1758. 
 
 in persuading him to abandon the idea of dividing 
 his forces, and it was finally determined that the 
 advance upon Fort Duquesne should be over a new 
 road to be built from Kaystown. Washington was 
 greatly dispirited by this, and he wrote to Major 
 Halkett, in August, that this would ruin the expe- 
 dition, as they would be utterly vmable to get beyond 
 Laurel Hill during the winter. He also wrote again 
 to Colonel Bouquet: 
 
 Camp near Fort Cumberland, 2d August, 1758. 
 Sir: 
 
 The matters of which we spoke relative to the roads, have, since 
 our parting, been the subject of my closest reflection, and so far am 1 
 from altering my opinion, that the more time and attention I bestow, the 
 more I am confirmed in it, and the reasons for taking Braddock's road 
 appear in a stronger point of view. To enumerate the whole of these 
 reasons would be tedious, and to you, who have become so much 
 master of the subject, unnecessary. I shall, therefore, briefly mention a 
 few only which I think so obvious in themselves, that they must 
 effectually remove objections. 
 
 Several years ago the Virginians and Pennsylvanians commenced a 
 trade with the Indians settled on the Ohio, and to obviate the many 
 inconveniences of a bad road, they, after reiterated and ineffectual 
 efforts to discover where a good one might be made, employed for the 
 purpose several of the most intelligent Indians, who, in the course of 
 many years' hunting had acquired a perfect knowledge of these moun- 
 tains. The Indians having taken the greatest pains to gain the rewards 
 offered for this discovery, declared that the path leading from Will's 
 Creek was infinitely preferable to any that could be made at any other 
 place. Time and experience so clearly demonstrated this trutli that the 
 Pennsylvania traders commonly earned out their goods by Will's Creek. 
 Therefore, the Ohio Company in 1753, at considerable expense opened 
 the road. In 1754 the troops whom I had the honor to command greatly 
 repaired it, as far as Gist's plantation ; and in 1755 it was widened 
 and completed by General Draddock to within six miles of Fort 
 Duquesne. A road that has so long been opened, and so well and so 
 often repaired, must be much firmer and better than a new one, allowing 
 the ground to be equally good. 
 
 But supposing it were practicable to make a road from Raystown 
 C[uite as good as Cieneral Braddock's, I ask have we time to do it? 
 
1758.] A QUESTION OF ROADS. 241 
 
 Certainly not. To surmount the difficulties to be encountered in making 
 it over such mountains, covered with woods and rocks, would require so 
 much time as to blast our otherwise well grounded hopes of striking the 
 important stroke this season. 
 
 The favorable accounts that some give of the forage on the Rays- 
 town road, as being so much better than that on the other, are 
 certainly exaggerated. It is well known that on both routes, the rich 
 valleys between the mountains aI)ound with good forage, and that those 
 which are stony and bushy are destitute of it. Colonel Byrd and the 
 engineer who accompanied him, confirm this fact. Surely the meadows 
 on Braddock's road would greatly overbalance the advantage of having 
 grass to the foot of the ridge, on the Raystown road ; and all agree that a 
 more barren road is nowhere to be found, than that from Raystown to the 
 inhabitants, which is likewise to be considered. 
 
 Another principal objection made to General Braddock's road is in 
 regard to the waters. But these seldom swell so much as to obstruct the 
 passage. The Youghiogany river, which is the most rapid and soonest 
 filled, I have crossed with a body of troops, after more than thirty days' 
 almost continuous rain. In fine, any difficulties on this score are so 
 trivial that they really are not worth mentioning. The Mouongahela, the 
 largest of all these rivers, may, if necessary, be easily avoided, as Mr. 
 Frazier, the principal guide informs me, by passing a defile, and even 
 that he says, may be shunned. 
 
 Again, it is said, there are many defiles on this road. I grant that 
 there are some, but I know of none that may not be traversed ; and I 
 should be glad to be informed where a road can be had over these moun- 
 tains, not subject to the same inconvenience. The shortness of the 
 distance between Raystown and Loyal Hanna is used as an argument 
 against this road, which bears in it something unaccountable to me ; for 
 I must beg leave to ask whether it requires more time or is more difiicult 
 and expensive, to go one hundred and forty-five miles on a good road 
 already made to our hands than to cut one hundred miles anew, and a 
 great part of the way over impassable mountains. 
 
 That the old road is many miles nearer Winchester in Virginia, and 
 Fort Frederick in Maryland, than the contemplated one is incontestible ; 
 and I will here show the distance from Carlisle by the two routes, fixing 
 the different stages, some of which I have from information only, but 
 others I believe to be exact. From this computation there appears to be 
 a difference of nineteen miles only. Were all the supplies necessarily to 
 come from Carlisle, it is well known that the goodness of the old road is 
 a sufficient compensation for the shortness of th^ other, as the wrecked 
 and broken wagons there clearly demonstrate : 
 
 31 
 
242 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1758. 
 
 FROM CARLISLE TO FORT DUCiOESNE BY WAY OF RAYSTOW.V. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 From Carlisle to Shippeaslwirg 21 
 
 " Sbippensburg to Fort Louilou 24 
 
 " Fort Loiiiion to Fort Littleton 20 
 
 " Fort Littleton to Juniatta Crossing 14 
 
 " Juniatta Crossing to Raystown 14 
 
 93 
 " Raystown to Fort Duqaesne 100 
 
 193 
 
 FROM CARLISLE TO FORT DUQUESNE BY WAY^ OF F0RT8 FREDERICK AND 
 CUMBERLAND. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 From Carlisle to Sbippensburg 21 
 
 " Sbippensburg to Cbambers' 12 
 
 " Chambers' to Paceliu's 12 
 
 " Pacelin's to Fort Frederick 12 
 
 " Fort Frederick to Fort Cumberland 40 
 
 97 
 " Fort Cumberland to Fort Duquesne 115 
 
 212 
 
 All that Washington could say, however, was of 
 no avail, and Colonel Bouquet was ordered at once 
 to have his men go to work on the new road. 
 
 About one-fifth of the force at Fort Cumberland was 
 taken sick early in August, and no salt provisions of 
 any kind were on hand, nor an ounce of salt, so that 
 all fresh meat had to Ije l^arbacued in Indian style, 
 which process caused a loss of at least one-half. 
 There were no pack horses in camp, and in 
 order to equip Ca2)tain McKenzie's company for a 
 march of fourteen days, upon which it had been 
 ordered, five horses were pressed from some country- 
 men who had come to the camp on business. 
 Colonel Burd's men were sick, and all were 
 greatly dispirited. Washington said, "This sickness 
 and depression of spirits cannot arise from the 
 situation of our camp, which is undoubtedly tlie most 
 healthy of any ground in this vicinity, but is 
 
1758.] AN INDIGNANT EPISTLE. 243 
 
 occasioned, I apprehend, by the change in their mode 
 of living, and by the limestone water." 
 
 There was a vast amount of impatience exhibited 
 by some of the officers, and this was aggravated by 
 the selfishness and lack of patriotism displayed by 
 those settlers and traders who had influence, and 
 who were more interested in securing the construc- 
 tion of a road at the expense of the government than 
 in the success of the enterprise against Fort Duquesne. 
 .The following letter was written by Robert Munford, 
 a Virginian, to his uncle ,Theodoric Bland, Sr., and 
 is found amongst the " Bland Papers :" 
 
 Camp near Fort Cumberland, August 4th, 1758. 
 Hon'd Sir : If 'tis honorable to be in the service of one's country, 
 'tis a reputation gain'd by the most cruel hardships you can imagine, 
 occasioned more by a real anxiety for its welfare, than by what the poor 
 carcase suffers. Every officer seems discontented in camp, happy on 
 command, so deep is the interest of our country implanted in the minds 
 of all. Sometimes the army wears a gloomy, then a joyous, aspect, just 
 as the news either confirms our stay here, or our departure. The General 
 with the small pox in one, the flux in the other, division of our forces, 
 and no provision ready, are indeed excuses for our being here at present; 
 yet all might have been prevented. A few hearty prayers are every mo- 
 ment offered up for those self interested Pennsylvanians who endeavor to 
 prevail on our General to cut a road for their convenience, from Rays- 
 town to Fort Duquesne, that a trifling good to particulars, should retard 
 what would conduce to the general welfare ! 'Tis a set of dirty 
 Dutchmen, they say, that keeps us here I It would be impertinent to 
 condemn, yet I must [think] our leaders too deliberate at this important 
 juncture, when all are warm tor action, all Ijreathing revenge against an 
 enemy that have even dared to scalp our men before our eyes. The 
 amusement we have in the meantime is only following the brave dogs 
 over the mountains for some miles, and our sole satisfaction sufficient 
 fatigue to make us sleep sound. An old scoundrel has intimated to the 
 General that the Virginians have bribed the guides; for 'tis practicable 
 to go the new road, contrary to their report. We have lost all our 
 Indians by the assistance of a man, the [aforesaid] old dog, who inter- 
 posed through some dirty views he has of superseding Mr. Atkins. Thus 
 are our officers in a manner ruined by persons whose souls scorn a 
 
244 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1758. 
 
 thought that tends not immediately to their own advantaoje. I'm sorry 
 to live upon my country, when I've so small a prospect of repaying her 
 by any service. We shall march to Raystown shortly, thence to the Fort* 
 if permitted. I shall embrace the next opportunity of writing you our 
 transactions, and am as always, dear sir, your most 
 
 afiTte nephew, &c 
 
 R. MUNFORD. 
 P. S. By e.xpress, we have an acc't that some of the enemy Indians 
 have joined the Pennsylvanians. 
 
 On the 17th of August a wagoner was shot, and 
 his horse killed, within three miles of the Fort, and 
 several parties of hostile Indians were seen in the 
 woods. Four days later the following letter was 
 written to Colonel Bouquet, by Washington: 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland, 21 August, 1758. 
 Dear Sir : 
 
 Twenty-five Catawbas came here this evening, and'the convoy may 
 be expected day after to morrow, as it was at Pearsall's last night. 
 
 Governor Sharpe may be expected here in a day or two. I am at a 
 loss to know how he ranks and whether he is entitled to the command. 
 In the British army his rank is that of Lieutenant-Colonel only, but what 
 it may be as governor, in his own province, I really do not know, nor 
 whether he has any out of the troops of his own province. I should, 
 therefore, be glad of your advice, being unwilling to dispute the matter 
 with him wrongfully, or to give up the command if I have a right to it. 
 
 Governor Sharpe arrived at Fort Cumberland 
 shortly afterwards, but Washington's position as 
 commander-in-chief was not interfered with. Indeed 
 Governor Sharpe was more interested in the suc- 
 cessful prosecution of the enterprise against Fort 
 Duquesne than in the matter of personal glory. He 
 gave all the aid and encouragement in his power to 
 the project, and did all that could be expected of 
 him. The delay, however, in the movements of the 
 army had resulted in the greatest depression to the 
 entire command, and in the total annihilation of the 
 
 *Fort Duquesne. 
 
1758.] WASHINGTON DESPONDENT. 245 
 
 enthusiasm with which they had advanced thus far. 
 Two months of inactivity had filled Washington with 
 disappointment and apprehension, and he addressed 
 the following letter to Speaker Robinson, of the 
 House of Burgesses, than which a more gloomy one 
 he jjrobably never indited: 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland, 1 September, 17.58. 
 My Dear Sir : 
 
 We are still encamped here, very sickly and quite dispirited at the 
 prospect before us. 
 
 That appearance of glory which we had once in view, that hope, that 
 laudable ambition of serving our country, and meriting its applause, are 
 now no more; all is dwindled into ease, sloth, and fatal inactivity. In a 
 word all is lost, if the ways of men in power, like certain ways of 
 Providence, are not inscrutable. But we, who view the actions of great 
 men at a distance, can only form conjectures agreeably to a limited 
 perception ; and being ignorant of the comprehensive schemes which 
 may be in contemplation, might mistake egregiously in judging of things 
 from appearances, or by the lump. Yet every fool will have his notions — 
 will prattle and talk away ; and why may not I ? We seem then in my 
 opinion to act under the guidance of an evil genius. The conduct of 
 our leaders, if not actuated by superior orders is tempered with something 
 I do not care to give a name to. Nothing now but a miracle can bring 
 this campaign to a happy issue. 
 
 Washington evidently devoted a considerable 
 portion of his time while at Fort Cumberland, on this 
 occasion, to a correspondence of a more tender nature 
 than that given in these pages. There are on record 
 numerous evidences of many hours spent in the 
 contemplation of the graces and perfections of his 
 lady love, whose vision brightened the solitary 
 evenings of canip life, and I'ecently there was sold in 
 New York an autograph letter written by him at 
 this time, to Mrs. Sarah Fairfax, who was formerly 
 a Miss Gary. She had at one time been the object 
 of Washington's affections, and he had made her a 
 
246 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND.' [1758. 
 
 proposal of marriage, which she declined, as she 
 had already given her heart to Mr. George William 
 Fairfax. Until twelve months since this letter was 
 never published, and is now for the first time 
 embraced in the contents of a book. It was found 
 among the papers of Mrs. Fairfax; who died at 
 the age of eighty-one years, in Bath, England, where 
 she had lived widowed, childless and infirm for many 
 years. The letter is as follows : 
 
 Camp at Fokt Cumberland, 12th September, 1758. 
 Dear Madam :— 
 
 Yesterday I was bonoreJ with your short but very agreeable fiivor of the 
 first inst — how joyfully I catch at the happy occasion of a renewing a corres- 
 pondence which I feared was disrelished on your part, I leave to time that 
 never failing expositor of all things — and to a monitor equally faithful in my 
 own breast to testify. In silence I now express luyjoy. Silence, which, in 
 some cases— I wish the present — speaks more intelligently than the sweetest 
 eloquence. 
 
 If you allow that any honour can be derived from my opposition to our 
 present system of management you destroy the merit of it entirely in me by 
 attributing my anxiety to the animating prospect of possessing Mrs. Custis — 
 when — I need not name it — guess yourself — Should not my own Honor and 
 country's weltare be the excitement? 'Tis true. I profess myself a votary 
 of Love — I acknowledge that a lady is in the case — and further I confess that 
 this lady is known to you — Yes, madam, as well as she is to one who is too 
 sensible of her charms to deny the Power whose Influence he feels and must 
 ever submit to. I feel the force of her amiable beauties in the recollection of 
 a thousand tender passages that I could wish to obliterate, till I am bid to 
 revive them, — but experience, alas ! sadly reminds me how impossible this 
 is, — and evinces an opinion which I have long entertained, that there is a 
 Destinv which has the sovereign control of our actions — not to be resisted by 
 the strongest eflbrts of Human Nature. 
 
 You have drawn me, dear madam, or rather I have drawn myself, into an 
 honest confession of a simple Fact— misconstrue not my meaning— doubt it 
 not nor expose it — The world has no business to know the object of my Love 
 —declared in this manner to you— when I want to conceal it. One thing 
 above all things in this world I wish to know, and only one person of your 
 acquaintance can solve me that or guess my meaning— but adieu to this till 
 happier times, if I ever shall see them. The hours at present are melancholy 
 
 dull, neither the rugged toils of war, nor the gentler conflict of A B s 
 
 is in my choice. I dare believe, you are as happy as you say. I wish I was 
 happy also. Mirth, good humor, ease of mind and — what else ? cannot fail to 
 render you so and consummate your wishes. 
 
 If one agreeable lady could almost wish herself a fine gentleman for the 
 
1758.] THE TWO ROADS. 247 
 
 sake o( another: I apprehend, that many fine gentlemen will wish themselves 
 finer e'er Mrs. .Spotswooci is possest. She has already become a reigning toast 
 in this camp; and many there are in it, who intend (fortune favoring) to make 
 honorable scars speak the fullness of their merit and be a messenger of their 
 Love to her. 
 
 I cannot easily forgive the unseasonable haste of my last express, if he 
 deprived me thereby of a single word you intended to add, — the time of the 
 present messenger is, as the last might have been, entirely at your disposal. 
 I can't expect to hear from my friends more than this once before the fate of 
 the expedition will some how or other be determined. I therefore beg to 
 know when you set out for Hampton and when you expect to return to 
 Belvoir again — and I should be glad also to hear of your speedy departure as 
 I shall thereby hope for your return before I get down; the disappointment of 
 seeing your family would giye me much concern — From anything I can yet see 
 'tis hardly possible to say when we shall finish. I don't think there is a proba- 
 bility of it till the middle of November. Your letter to Captain Gist I 
 forwarded by a safe hand the moment it came to me. His answer shall be 
 carefully transmitted. 
 
 Col. Mercer, to whom I delivered your message and compliments, joins me 
 very heartily in wishing you and the Ladies of Belvoir the perfect enjoyment 
 of every happiness this world affords. Be assured that I am, Dr madam, with 
 the most unfeigned regard, yr most obedient and most oblig'd H'ble serv't, 
 
 G. WASHINGTON. 
 
 N. B. Many accidents happening (to use a vulgar saying) between the 
 cup and the lip, I choose to make the exchange of carpets myself, since I 
 find you will not do me the honor to accept mine. 
 
 On the IGtli of September Washington left Fort 
 (Jumberhmd, for Eaystowu, at which place he arrived 
 on the same day. He had a conference with General 
 Forbes, in which the situation was discussed at 
 length. Major Halket wrote to Governor Sharpe, 
 the same date, as follows: 
 
 Camp at Reastown, 16th September, 1758. 
 Dear Sir : This evening Colonel Washington arrived, who surprises 
 the General extremely by the account that he gives of the great scarcity 
 of provisions at Port Cumberland, after having wrote to Colonel Boquet 
 so fully upon that subject, however, the General (who is greatly fatigued 
 from the business that his just coming to Reastown has oblidged him to 
 go through) has ordered me to inform you that he will send off a convoy of 
 provisions to morrow, the particulars of which Mr. Sinclair will inform 
 you of, at the same time the bearer carries orders for all the Virginians 
 to be ready to march immediately upon the arrival of Colonel Wash- 
 ington, who sets out for that purpose to morrow morning, which will 
 diminish the consumption of provisions at Port Cumberland very 
 
248 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1758. 
 
 considerably, and make it a very easy matter to support you for the 
 future, as your numbers will be so much diminished. 
 
 Three days ago commissary clerk wrote to Mr. Rutherford, at 
 Winchester, to supply your people with spirits, and all the other necessarys 
 that you desir'd which letter I hope will be in good time to answer your 
 expectations. I am dear sir, your most obdt humble servant. 
 To Governor Sharpe. FRANCIS HALKETT. 
 
 Upon Washington's departure from Fort Cumber- 
 land, Governor Sharpe took command of the post, and 
 had a garrison composed of Maryland troops alone, 
 after the Virginians had left. In the latter jjart of 
 September, by an unavoidable accident one of the 
 storehouses located on the river bank, and used for 
 the deposit of ammunition was blown up, and most 
 of its contents destroyed. A few days after this 
 occurrence Governor Sharpe received the following 
 letter : 
 
 Camp at Reastown, '2d October 1758. 
 Sir: 
 
 About this time we e.xpect their will be a number of the Shannondo 
 Waggons arriving at Fort Cumberland with provisions from Win- 
 chester; the General therefore begs that you will be so good as to 
 engage as many of them as possible upon the same terms as the 
 Pennsylvania waggons, to go upon our Expedition, and that you will 
 take the opportunity of their coming here, to send over all the Buck shott 
 at Fort Cumberland, seven Boxes containing two hundred weight each, 
 were lodged in the new store under the hill, which was sent from Fort 
 Frederick along with the shelles. Six hundred weight was likewise 
 lodged in store that was blown up, if any of that remains undistroyed, 
 you will send it also, and provided the carriages can be ready time 
 enough they may take the benefite of the officer and thirty men sent from 
 the Second Virginia Regiment for horses, to escort them — if this party 
 marched before that the waggons can be got Ready they must be escorted 
 by the Recover'd men of the Virginia Regiments. 
 
 If their are any spair wheels or carriages for Howitzers be pleased 
 to send them likewise in some of the empty Waggons, Captain Hay 
 having brought no spair ones with the Train, and we may come to 
 have occasion for them. I am, sir 
 
 your most obedient humble servt, 
 To Gov. Sharpe, Fort Cumberland. FRANCIS HALKETT. 
 
No. of field 
 
 Company 
 
 
 Officers, 
 
 Officers. 
 
 Total, 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 363 
 
 ?'t. :i 
 
 .37 
 
 !)98 1 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 269 1 
 
 o 
 
 32 
 
 782] 
 
 :; 
 
 3.5 
 
 702) 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 141 
 
 1 
 
 1.5 
 
 270 
 
 :i 
 
 41 
 
 755] 
 
 o 
 
 40 
 
 666 y 
 
 ■' 
 
 4(1 
 
 771 j 
 263 
 
 1758.] GENERAL FOKBES' ARMY. 249 
 
 In compliance with this letter Governor Sharpe 
 sent forward all the .shot and shell remaining at the 
 fort, except a small quantity necessary for the 
 garrison. 
 
 The force under General Forbes' command, at 
 Raystown, at this time, was as follows: 
 
 Name of Corps. 
 
 Division of 1st. Battal. I 
 of Royal Americans. ] 
 The Hidiland or G2d reg't. 3 37 !)98 | ,,^. 
 
 Division of ditto. 3 12 269 | 
 
 1st Virginia Regiment. 3 32 782 ] 1484 
 
 2nd Virginia Regiment. 
 
 3 N. Carolina companies. 
 
 4 Maryland companies. 
 1st Batt'allion ] ^ ? 
 
 2d do i /'""='; 
 .3d do [1^^?"'';="' 
 
 The three lower Counties. 
 
 Total, 5980 
 
 Detachments on the frontiers of Pennsylvania and the road of commu- 
 nication. 
 
 From the I Total 
 
 Penn'a. Regiment.) 1 Major. 10 Captains. 17 Subalterns. 563 
 
 From the North I Total 
 
 Carolina Regiment ) 1 3 61 624 
 
 Early in Septemljer the advance of the army at 
 
 Raystown had moved forward to Loyal Hanna, near 
 
 Fort Ligoniev, and on the 11th of that month Major 
 
 Grant, of the Highland Regiment, marched off on a 
 
 pi'eniature movement against Fort Duquesne, taking 
 
 with him a force of 37 officers and 805 men. On the 
 
 lltli he reached a point within eleven miles of Fort 
 
 Duquesne, where he left the baggage, under a guard 
 
 of 50 men, and moved forward with the rest of the 
 
 command to the summit of a hill, less than half a 
 
 mile from the fort, which point he reached about 
 
 midnight. 
 
 "Major Grant sent two officers and fifty men to 
 32 
 
250 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1758. 
 
 the fort, to attack all the Indians, &c., they should 
 find lying out of the fort; they saw none, nor were 
 they challenged hy the sentries. As they returned, 
 they set fire to a large store house, which Avas put 
 out as soon as they left it. At break of day, Major 
 Lewis was sent, with 200 men (loyal Americans and 
 Virginians), to lie in ambush a mile and a half from 
 the main body, on the path on Avhich they left their 
 baggage, imagining the French would send to attack 
 the baggage guard and seize it. Four hundred men 
 were posted along the hill facing the fort, to cover 
 the retreat of Major M'Donald's company, who 
 marched with drums beating toward the fort, in 
 order to draw a party out of tlie fort, as Major 
 Grant had some reason to believe there were not 
 above 200 men in tlie fort, including Indians; 
 but as soon as they heaixl the drums, they sallied 
 out in great numbers, both French and Indians, 
 and fell upon Captain MDonald, and two columns 
 that were posted lower on the hill to receive them. 
 The Highlanders exposed themselves without any 
 cover, and were shot down in great numbers, and 
 soon forced to retreat. The Carolinians. Marylanders, 
 and Lower Countrymen, concealing themselves 
 behind trees and the brush, made a good defence; but 
 were overpowered by numbers, and not being sup- 
 ported, were obliged to follow the rest. Major Grant 
 exposed himself in the thickest ol' the fire, and 
 endeavored to rally his men, but all to no purpose, 
 as they were by this time flanked on all sides. Major 
 Lewis and his party came up and engaged, but were 
 soon obliged to give way, the enemy having the hill 
 
1758.] MAJOR GRANTS DEFEAT. 251 
 
 of him, and flanking him every way. A number 
 were drove into the Ohio, most oi' whom were 
 drowned. Major Grant retreated to the baggage, 
 where Captain Bullet was posted with fifty men, and 
 again endeavored to rally the flying soldiers, by 
 entreating them in the most pathetic manner to stand 
 by him, but all in vain, as the enemy were close at 
 their heels. As soon as the enemy came up to 
 Captain Bullet, he attacked them verj- furiously, for 
 some time, but not being supported, and most of his 
 men killed, was obliged to give way. However, his 
 attacking them stopped the pursuit, so as to give 
 many an opportunity of escaping. The enemy 
 followed Major Grant, and at last separated them, 
 and Captain Bullet was obliged to make oft". He 
 imagines the Major must be taken, as he was sur- 
 rounded on all sides, but the enemy would not kill 
 him, and often called to him to surrender. The 
 French gave quarters to all that would accept it.""'' 
 
 The rear division of the British army moved from 
 Raystown for Loyal Hanna on the 14th of October, 
 at which place it lay until the 18th of November, when 
 it marched under General Forbes for Fort Duquesne. 
 On the 25th of November the command arrived at 
 Fort Duquesne, but the French had set fire to the fort, 
 and retreated down the river, so that General Foi'bes 
 had no difficulty in taking possession of the place. 
 
 On approaching the fort it was discovered that a 
 number of the Highlanders who had been taken 
 prisoners in the fight with Major Grant, had been 
 horribly mutilated, their heads having been impaled 
 
 *Penii9ylvaiii& Gazette. IT^S . 
 
252 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1758. 
 
 on stakes driven in the ground, and their kilts at- 
 tached thereto. This act of barbarism thoroughly 
 enraged the Highlanders, who were in an ecstacy of 
 disappointment at not being able to avenge their 
 decapitated comrades. 
 
 Governor Sharjje returned to Annapolis in the 
 middle of October, and on the 22d the militia at Fort 
 Cumberland were paid off, but were continued there 
 on garrison duty. 
 
 In December the Maryland Assembly took into 
 consideration the condition of the road between Fort 
 Frederick and Fort Cumberland, with a view to 
 securing the construction of a shorter road between 
 these points, the location of which should be entirely 
 in Maryland, thus obviating tlie necessity of fording 
 the Potomac. A committee, consisting of Messrs. 
 Colonel Thomas Cresap. Crabb, Joseph Chapline, E. 
 Dorsey, Josias Beall and Francis King, members of 
 the Assembly, was appt)inted for the purpose of 
 inquiring into the convenience of clearing a road 
 from Fort Frederick to Fort Cumberland, through 
 Maryland, and to make an estimate of the cost of 
 the same. The committee reported as follows : 
 
 Your committee have made an enquiry into the Situatiou of the 
 present wagon road from Fort Frederick to Fort Cumberland, and are of 
 opinion that the distance by that Road from one Fort to the other is at 
 least Eighty miles, and find that the wagons which go from one Fort to 
 the other are obliged to pass the river Potowmaek twice, and that for one 
 third of the year they can't pass without boats to set lliem over the 
 River. 
 
 Your committee have also made an Enquiry into the condition of the 
 Ground where a road may most conveniently be made to go altogether 
 on the north side of the Potowmaek which will not exceed the distance 
 of Sixty-two miles at the expense of £250 current monev, as may appear 
 from the following Estimate, viz : 
 
1758.] COST OF THE NEW ROAD. 253 
 
 AN ESTIMATE OP THE EXPEXSE OF CLEARING ROAD FROM FORT FREDERICK 
 TO FORT CUMBERLAND, AND THE SEVERAL DIFFERENT STAGES : 
 
 £ S d 
 
 For clearing a Road from Fort Frederick to Licking creek, 3; 
 
 miles 
 
 From Licking creek to Prakes's creek, 8J miles 12 
 
 From Prakes's creek to Sideling Hill creek, 12 miles Ifi 
 
 For a bridge over Sideling Hill creek 60 
 
 From Sideling Hill creek to Fifteen Mile creek, 4 miles 22 
 
 From Fifteen Mile creek to Town creek, 15 miles 140 
 
 From Town creek to Col. Cresap's, a good road, 4 miles 
 
 From Col. Cresap's to Fort Cumberland, wants no clearing, 15 
 
 miles 
 
 £250 
 Your committee are of opinion that a Road through Maryland will 
 contribute much to lessen the e.x:pense of carrying Provision and warlike 
 stores from Fort Frederick to Fort Cumberland, and will induce many 
 people to travel and carry on a trade in and through the Province, to and 
 from the back country. 
 
 This road was eventually constructed. 
 
 Washington returned to Mount Vernon, from Fort 
 Duquesne, where he was married to Mrs. Custis, and 
 settled down to domestic pursuits. 
 
 After the capture of Fort Duquesne, a small force 
 of British troops was returned to Fort Cumberland, 
 and continued there as a garrison, the Maryland 
 Assembly having manifested a decided disinclination 
 to incur the expense of keeping it up. The King's 
 officers did not feel at liberty to abandon it, since it 
 was a King's Fort, and might be useful in preventing 
 Indians from descending upon the settlements in 
 force, without being observed. As a matter of fact, 
 however, the garrison was useless, it being so weak 
 in point of numbers that the men hardly dared go 
 out of sight of the Fort. Hostile savages drove the 
 people from their homes, killing many and destroy- 
 ing their property. Colonel Cresap, whose house 
 
254 
 
 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 [1758. 
 
 was the shelter of many helpless neighbors, finally 
 took his own family back to the Conococheague, for 
 safety, and all the settlers about Olcltown followed 
 him. Having placed his family in security, Cresap 
 raised a comj)any of volunteers, and came to Fort 
 Cumberland, from which point he followed Braddock's 
 road to Savage Mountain, at the foot of which, on 
 the west side, he met a small party of Indians, and 
 had an engagement with them, in the course of which 
 ''his son Thomas was killed by an Indian; but as 
 both fired at the same time, he also killed the Indian, 
 or so badly wounded him that he was killed a few 
 minutes afterwards by William Lynn. Nothing 
 more was done at this time or place, and the party 
 returned home."* 
 
 While the Indians were carrying on this desolating 
 
 war upon the head 
 
 waters of the Potomac 
 the}' on several occa- 
 sions attacked the house 
 jof Colonel Cresap, and 
 ^^Jsome sharp battles oc- 
 '^ curred there. Killbuck, 
 who hated Cresap bit- 
 terly, made several at- 
 tempts to kill him, on one 
 occasion hiding about in 
 the vicinity for several 
 days, but never getting a 
 view of his enemy. On one occasion when Cresap's 
 house was attacked, the Indians killed one of his 
 
 W^a^ 
 
 CRESAP'S FORT. 
 
 *Jacob'a Life of Captain Cresap. 
 
1758.] COLONEL CRESAP AS A PROTECTOR. 255 
 
 friends, Mr. Wilder, which Cresap described as 
 follows in a letter to Governor Sharjae: 
 
 As Mr. Samuel Wilder was goiag to a house of his about .'iOO yards 
 distant from mine, with 4 men and several women, the Indians rushed 
 on them from a rising ground, but they perceiving them coming. Run 
 towards my house hollowing, which being heard by those at my house, 
 they run to their assistance and met them and the Indians at the Entrance 
 of my lane, on which the Indians Immediately fired on them to the 
 amount of 18 or Twenty, and Killed Mr. Wilder, — the party of white men 
 Returned their fire and killed one of them dead on the spot and wounded 
 severall of the others as appeared by Considerable Quantity of Blood 
 strewed on the Ground, as they Run off, which they Immediately did, and 
 by their leaving behind them 3 Gunns, one pistole and Sundry other Em- 
 plements of war, itc, <tc. 
 
 I have Inclosed a List of the Desolate men, women and children, who 
 have fled to my house which is Inclosed by a small stockade for safety, 
 by which you'll see what a number of poor Souls, destitute of Every 
 necessary of Life are here penned up and likely to be Butchered without 
 Immediate Relief and assistance, and can E.^pect none, unless from the 
 province to which they Belong. I shall submit to your wiser Judgment 
 the Best and most Effectual method for Such Relief, and shall Conclude 
 with hoping we shall have it in time. 
 
 Indian hostilities being kept up with great perti- 
 nacity, Colonel Cresap organized another company 
 of volunteers, and "with his surviving sons — Daniel 
 and Michael — and a negro of gigantic stature, marched 
 again, taking the same route on Braddock's road. 
 They advanced this time as far as Negro Mountain, 
 where they met a party of Indians. A running fight 
 took place; Cresap's party killed an Indian, and the 
 Indians killed the negro; and it was this circum- 
 stance — the death of the negro on the mountain — 
 that has immortalized his name by fixing it on this 
 ridge foi'ever. This was, I believe, Colonel Cresap's 
 last battle with the Indians, for after peace was made 
 he returned to his farm at Oldtown."* 
 
 ^Jacob's Life of Captain Cresap. 
 
256 HISTORY OF CUMBEKLAND. [1765. 
 
 In 1766 the contlict between the Indians and the 
 whites ceased, peace having been agreed upon. 
 Seven months previous, however, the British troops 
 had been withdrawn from Fort Cumberhmd, and tlie 
 settlers were left to their own resources. The final 
 act of the British government in connection with 
 Fort Cumberland was foreshadowed in the following 
 letter written by General Gage to Governor Sharpe, 
 and sixty days later the troops hei-e were sent to the 
 South : 
 
 New York, May 12, 1705. 
 Sir: 
 
 As I shall soon find it necessary to withdraw the Troops which 
 are now in Garrison in Fort Cumberland in your Province, I think it 
 proper to acquaint you of it, that you may give such Direction concerning 
 * * * * the Fort, or any stores which there may be belonging to 
 your Province, as you shall judge necessary. 
 
 His Majesty having been pleased to appoint Colonel Bouquet to the 
 rank of Brigadier General, and to the command of the Troops in the 
 Floridas, Lieutenant Colonel Reid will take the command on the side of 
 Pittsburgh, who will have Directions to correspond with you and to give 
 you timely notice of everything of moment which shall be proper for 
 your Information. 
 
 1 have the honor to be with great Regard, 
 Sir, 
 
 your most obedient 
 humble servant, 
 Hon'ble GovV SHARPE. THOS. GAGE. 
 
 The cessation of Indian hostilities rendered a 
 garrison at Fort Cumberland longer unnecessary, and 
 after the abandonment of the place hy the English 
 soldiers, the provincial stores were removed, and the 
 post was never again occupied, save for a few days, 
 in 1794, when the troops engaged in suppressing the 
 whisky insurrection were gathered here. 
 
 The restoration of peace, and the feeling of security 
 resulting therefrom, led many persons from the 
 
1780.] 
 
 EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 25^ 
 
 Eastern counties to settle in this section of country. 
 From what is now Frederick county came most oi' 
 the early settlers about Fort Cuml^erland, nearly all 
 of them being emigrants from Germany and England. 
 Settlements sprung up at Fort Cumberland, Oldtown. 
 on George's Creek, and at points fux'ther west. 
 Frederick county then embraced all the Western 
 part of Maryland, and it was not until 1776 that 
 Washington county was taken from it. In 1789 
 Allegany county was organized. 
 
 0d hrt ,^ 
 
 W"^ 
 
 m-i 
 
 STONE SUPPOSED TO HAVE SEEN ERECTED BY BRAOOOCIi'S COMMAND, »N0 STiLL STANCING AT FR0ST6UR5 
 
 33 
 
CUMBERLAND, 
 
 785-1876. 
 
 The variou.s ^ettleiaentis we.st of Sideling Hill 
 contiiaued to grow in numbers, until the population 
 ?jecame sufficiently great to justify the general desire 
 for the erection of a new county, in oi'der that the 
 public business might be more i-eadily transacted. 
 The gi'eat distance which the people in the neighbor- 
 hood of Fort Cumberland were comjjelled to travel 
 in order to attend court, and to look after the records 
 of their lands, &c., also proved of great inconvenience. 
 
 The first steps towards furnishing greater con- 
 veniences were in the direction of incorporating a 
 town, and at the meeting of the Legislature in 1787 
 a petition was read in the House praying that the 
 town of Cumberland might be established, the town 
 having already been laid off in 1785, by Thomas 
 Beall, of Samuel, who was owner of the land. 
 
 The town was located upon a ti'act of land called 
 " Walnut Bottom," which was described as ''beainnina; 
 at two bounded white oak ti-ees standing on a cliff of 
 
 o 
 
 rocks at the lower end of a bottom near half a mil 
 
1785.] WASHIiVOTOX TOWN. 259 
 
 below the mouth of Will's creek, near the river side." 
 "Walnut Bottom" was surveyed by Thomas Cresap 
 on the 1st of June, 1745. for Governor Thomas 
 Bladen, who took up several large tracts of land in 
 this section of the State, which Avas at that time em- 
 braced in Prince George's county.. Governor Bladen 
 sold his right to "Walnut Bottom" to George Mason, 
 of Fairfax county, Virginia, who obtained a grant 
 for the same on the 25th of March, 1756. On the 
 25th of October, 1783, Mason sold "Walnut Bottom" 
 and another tract, in close proximity, called "Lime 
 Stone Rock," (which he had bought of Daniel Cresap,) 
 to Thomas Beall of Samuel, for the sum of £1,407.10 
 current money. "Walnut Bottom" embraced all the 
 bottom land lying along the river from Mr. F. 
 Mertens' boat yard to Mr. J. G. Lynn's residence, 
 and extending back to Maryland Avenue, Front 
 Street to Valley Street, and thence by a line through 
 the Will's Creek Tannery across to the river. 
 
 Lnmediately after purchasing this land, Beall went 
 to work clearing that part of "Walnut Bottom" 
 lying west of Will's Creek, and erected several build- 
 ings. Li 1785 he laid out a town, which was 
 commonly called Washington Town, and sold a 
 number of lots to settlers. Two years later the 
 inhabitants of the place petitioned the Legislature 
 for authority to establish a town, which they wished 
 to name after the old Fort, as Ijeing more appropriate 
 and distinct than any other title that could be given it. 
 
 On the 20th of January, 1787, the following act 
 was passed by the Legislatui'e, authorizing the ei'ection 
 of the town of Cumberland : 
 
260 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1787. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVir. 
 
 An Act for erecting a town at or near the mouth of Will's Creek, in 
 Washington County. 
 Whereas, It is represented to this general assembly by Thomas Beall, 
 ■Son of Samuel, that he is possessed of a tract of land called Walnut 
 Bottom, contiguous to the mouth of Will's creek, in Washington county, 
 whereon, at the instance of many of the inhabitants of said county, he 
 hath been induced to lay out ground for a town : and the said Thomas 
 Beall hath prayed a law to appoint commissioners to lay out and erect a 
 town on the said land and to secure the purchasers of lots therein, 
 reserving the right of the proprietors and their interest in the said land ; 
 and this general assembly are of opinion that the erecting of a town at 
 the mouth of the said creek may be convenient and beneficial to the 
 
 public. 
 
 II. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland, That Andrew 
 
 Bruce, Daniel Cresap, George Dent, John Lynn and Evan Gwynn, or 
 any three or more of them, be and are hereby appointed commissioners to 
 survey a quantity of land not exceeding two hundred acres, being part of 
 the said tract of land called Walnut Bottom, contiguous to the mouth of 
 Will's creek, in Washington county, and the same, when surveyed, to lay 
 out into lots, streets, lanes and alleys, (the main streets running in the 
 direction of Patowmack river, not to be less than eighty feet wide: and 
 the streets crossing the said main streets not to be less than sixty feet 
 wide,) to be erected into a town, and to be called and known by the name 
 of Cumberland; and a correct and accurate certificate and plot thereof 
 returned to the clerk of Washington county court, who is hereby required 
 to record the same among the Land Records of the said county, and to 
 keep the original plot in his office, and a copy from the original or the 
 record thereof shall be conclusive evidence as to the bounds and lines of 
 the lots of the said town, and of the streets, lanes and alleys thereof. 
 
 III. And be it enacted, That the said commissioners, or a major part 
 of them, shall cause the said lots in the said town to be substantially and 
 fairly bounded and numbered, and they and their successors are hereby 
 required, from time to time, to take cate that the said boundaries be con- 
 stantly kept up and preserved. 
 
 IV. And be it enacted, That on the death, removal or resignation, of 
 any of the said commissioners, the major part of the remaining commis- 
 sioners shall appoint another to serve in the stead of such commissioner 
 so dying, removing or resigning. 
 
 V. And be it enacted, That the said commissioners of the said town, 
 or a major part of them, shall have full power to employ a clerk, who 
 shall be under oath, fairly and honestly to enter into a book to be kent for 
 that purpose, all the proceedings of the said commissioners relating to the 
 
1787.] LAYING OTF THE TOVTN. 261 
 
 said town, in which book, among other things, shall be entered a copy of 
 the plot and certificate of the said town, describing every lot by its num- 
 ber, and who the taker up, or purchaser was or shall be ; and the said 
 book shall always be open to the inspection and examination of the said 
 commissioners. 
 
 V'l. And be it enacted, That the said commissioners, or a major part 
 of them, are empowered to levy, assess and take, by way of distress, if 
 needful, from the inhabitants of the town, by even and equal proportion, 
 a sum not exceeding ten pounds current money yearly, to be paid to their 
 clerk : and they shall have power to remove or displace their clerk as 
 often as they shall think fit. 
 
 VII. And be it enacted, That every purchaser of any of the lots of the 
 said town in fee, and every lessee thereof, for years, or rent reserved, 
 shall hold and possess the same against any person hereafter claiming 
 title to the same, and shall not be disturbed in their possession ; and if 
 any person shall hereafter make claim to the land, or any part thereof^ 
 laid off in virtue of this act, and shall, by due course of law, make good 
 title thereto, such person shall be entitled to recover from the said 
 Thomas Beall, his heirs, devisee, executors or administrators any pur- 
 chase money or rents by him received from any of the purchasers or 
 lessees of any of the said lots, and, upon any such recovery the 
 tenants holding under the said Thomas Beall shall thereafter hold 
 under pay the rent reserved to the person making title to and recov- 
 ering the same land. 
 
 VIII- And be it enacted, That if any of the buildings already built 
 on the land so as aforesaid to be laid out by the said commissioners, 
 and erected into a town, should happen to interfere with, or stand on 
 any of the streets laid off in virtue of this act the same shall be 
 permitted to continue, but shall not at any time hereafter be repaired 
 or rebuilt. 
 
 The provisions of this act were carried into effect 
 so far as to lay off the town, but the surveys, boun- 
 daries, map, &c., were not filed amongst the land 
 records as required. 
 
 At tlie date of the passage of the act authorizing 
 the erection of the town of Cumberland there were 
 but few houses here, and scarcely more than thirty- 
 five families. So far as can be ascertained the actual 
 residents were as follows : 
 
\ 
 
 262 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1787. 
 
 Thomas Beall, George Dent, Andrew Bruce^ David 
 Lynn, Evan Gwynn, (lived at Everstine place) Geoi'ge 
 Lowderrailk, Michael Kershner, George Calmes, 
 Benjamin Wiley, Peter D'Evecmon, Dickeson Sim- 
 kins, William Hoye, Charles F. Broadhag, John 
 Graham, Charles Clinton, George Hoffman, David 
 Watkins, James McCoy, ■ Jacob Lowry, Jonathan 
 Cox, Thomas Stewart, David Hoffman, John S. Hook. 
 George Payne, Robert Clark, John Lynn, Jeremiah 
 Wilson, John C. Beatty, George Simmons, James 
 Slicer, David Harvey, Eli Williams and John 
 Mustard, George Blocher and Henry Wineow. 
 
 The town was located then almost entirely on the 
 west side of Will's Creek, and nearly all the houses 
 were built along the old Braddock Road, now Green 
 street; but on the bluff in the neighborhood of Wash- 
 ing-ton street several had been erected. There was 
 also a large log house at the " Blue Spring," which 
 is still standing, just above the Cumberland Hose 
 Company's house, on North Mechanic street, and one 
 or two a short distance further up the road. 
 
 The first white child born in Cumberland, after its 
 incorpoi'ation, was Frederick Dent. In a log house 
 (now rough-coated, and known as the "Dent House," 
 or "Devecmon House," on Green street,) lived George 
 Dent and wife. To them in October or November, 
 of 178 7, was born a son, who was christened Frederick. 
 This son moved to Pittsburgh while a young man, 
 and in 1817 removed to Missouri. He was the father 
 of the wife of General U. S, Grant, the commander- 
 in-chief of the national armies in the late war, and 
 late President of the United States. Mr. Dent died 
 
1787.] SETTLERS WEST OF FORT CUMBERLAND. 263 
 
 in Washington city, at the White House, in 1876, 
 witliin one hundred and fifty mik^s of the pLice of 
 his Ijirth, at the ripe age of 89.* 
 
 By an act of the Legislature, in 1777, it liad been 
 ordered that a bounty of fifty acres of land should be 
 given to each able-bodied recruit who should enlist 
 and serve in the American army for a period of 
 three years; and that a bounty of one hundred acres 
 of land should be given to each recruiting officer who 
 should enlist twenty able-bodied recruits. An addi- 
 tional act was passed, in 1781, directing that these 
 lartds should be chosen from the territory of the 
 State Ivino- westward of Fort Cumberland. In 1787" 
 the Governor and Council, by authority of the Legis- 
 lature, appointed Francis Deakins to survey these 
 lands and make a return of a general j^lot of the 
 county westward of Fort Cumberland. Mr. Deakins 
 performed this duty, showing that 4,165 lots of fifty 
 acres each had been laid off, he being careful to 
 indicate those lots which were already occupied and 
 improved by settlers, they being conditionally secured 
 to the persons settled thereon. This return showed 
 that three hundred and twent}^ -three families were 
 settled on six hundred and thirty-six of the aforesaid 
 lots, which they had improved and cultivated. 
 
 Those settlers wei'e authorized, by an act of 1788, 
 to purchase their lots, and were given preference 
 thereto, at a price not less than five, and not to 
 exceed twenty, shillings per acre, the payments to 
 b^' made in three equal instalments, the whole 
 
 *Mr. Frederick Dent stopped to dine in Cumberland, wliile en route to the West in 1872, and in 
 a brief conversation with the writer remarked with some pride tliat he was the first white child 
 born in Cumberland. 
 
264 
 
 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 [1787. 
 
 araouut to be paid in three years. Various acts were 
 afterwards passed by the Legislature to secure to 
 each of the officers and soldiers of Maryland the lots 
 to which they were entitled for their military servdces. 
 The following is a list of the settlers then located 
 upon the lands lying in Maryland west of Fort 
 Cumberland : 
 
 William Ashby, 
 Antlioiiy Able, 
 George Anderson, 
 Patrick Burnes, 
 Charles Boyles, 
 Thomas Baker, 
 Philip Bray, 
 Mallner Burnstredder, 
 John Beall, 
 John Blair, 
 John Brenda^e, 
 Peter Bonhani, 
 Norman Bruce, 
 Daniel Cresap, Sr.. 
 Daniel Cresap, Jr.. 
 Robert Cresap, 
 James Cresap, 
 Joseph Cresap, 
 John Durfin, 
 Aaron Duckworth, 
 Nicholas Durbin. 
 William Durham, 
 John Doraer, 
 Joseph Davis, 
 Steven Davis, 
 Levi Davis, 
 Samuel Dawson, Sr.. 
 Samuel Elliott, 
 Adam Eckart, 
 John Ervin, 
 Herman Frazee, 
 Joseph Frost, 
 Georfre Fezenbaker, 
 Briant Gaines, 
 Edward Grimes, 
 Paul Grim, 
 John Great, 
 Benjamin Green, 
 Samuel Humphreys, 
 Edward Huston, 
 James Henderson, 
 John House, 
 
 Ralph Adams, 
 John Arnold of A., 
 John Arnold of Jno., 
 Andrew Bruce. 
 William Barnes, 
 Michael Beem, 
 Benjamin Brady, 
 ,Iohn Buhman, 
 Ben.. John Biggs, 
 Frederick Bray, 
 Thomas Barkus, 
 George Barkus, 
 Samuel Barrell, 
 William Coddington, 
 Peter Crawl, 
 Thomas Cordray, 
 Henry Crosley, 
 John Cruise, 
 Samuel Dawson, .(r., 
 William Dawson, Sr., 
 William Dawson, Jr.. 
 Edward Dawson, Sr., 
 Edward Dawson, Jr., 
 Thomas Dawson, 
 Joseph Dye 
 Barney Dewitt, 
 Terrance Dyal, 
 John Elbin, 
 Samuel Ellison, 
 John Eckhart, 
 John Firman, 
 John Friend, 
 Gabriel Friend, 
 Richard Green, 
 Daniel Green, 
 Thomas Greenwade, 
 Salathiel GoB', 
 John T. GofJ', 
 Andrew House, 
 Elisha Hall, 
 John Harshan, 
 Moses Hall, 
 
 Anthony Arnold, 
 Moses Ayers, Sr., 
 Moses Avers, Jr., 
 Robert Boyd, 
 Matthew Ball, 
 Frederick Burgett, 
 Josiah Bonham, 
 Micajah Burnhani, 
 Amariah Bonham, 
 John Brufly, 
 John Buckholder, 
 Jacob Beall, 
 Nathan Corey, 
 Godfrey Corbus, 
 Edmund Cutler, 
 Ely Clark, 
 Michael Corn, 
 Benjamin Coddington, 
 Samuel Durbin, 
 James Denison, 
 Peter Doogan, 
 Samuel Durbin, 
 Edward Davis, 
 Jacob Duttro, Sr.. 
 Jacob Duttro, Jr., 
 Peter DeVecmon, 
 David Eaton, 
 George Eckhart, 
 Charles Friend, 
 Hezekiah Frazier, 
 Joseph Friend, 
 Harry Fra,nks, 
 George Fiddler, 
 James C. Goff, 
 Evan Guynn. 
 John Glasman, 
 John Garey, 
 John Glaze, 
 Nicholas Holsbury. 
 Charles Huddy, 
 Richard Hall, 
 George Harness, 
 
1787.] SETTLERS WEST OF FORT CUMBERLAND. 
 
 265 
 
 (leorge Haver, 
 William Howell. L^ 
 l'a\il Hove, 
 Robert Johnson. 
 Evan James 
 Conrad Joleman, 
 .lolin Keyser, 
 Henry Kite, 
 .lolin Lowilermilk. 
 William Loijsilen. 
 Daniel Levit, 
 Jacob Lower, 
 Rosemond Long, 
 Joseph Lee, 
 Stephen Masters, 
 (iabriel McKinsy. 
 John Matthew, Sr.. 
 John Magomery, 
 Christopher Myers. 
 James McMnllen, 
 Nathaniel Magruder, 
 Josiah Magruder, 
 Samuel McKinsv. 
 I'cter Nimirck, 
 (ieorge Paine. 
 Henry Porter, 
 Moses Porter, 
 Meorge Preston. 
 Henry Peters, 
 John Purgiison, 
 Peter Poling, 
 Stephen Pierson, 
 <!odfrey Richards. 
 William Rideford, 
 John Richards, 
 John Rubash, 
 Daniel Recknor. 
 John Simpkins, 
 Jacob Storm, 
 (jeorire Sapp. 
 John Steyer, 
 (larrett Snedeger, 
 John Strickler, 
 Matthew .Singleman. 
 John .Stuck, 
 John Trotter. 
 David 'I'ro.xell,' y 
 Peter Titlle, Sr., / 
 Kzekiel Totten, 
 James Utter, .Sr., 
 James Utter, Jr.. 
 John Vanbuskirk. 
 Moses Williams, 
 
 Adam Hicksenbangh, 
 Benjaram Hull, 
 Richard Harcourt, 
 William Jones, 
 John Jonas, 
 William Jacob.s, 
 Jacob Koontz, 
 Henry Kemp, 
 George Laporte, 
 William Logsden. 
 Ralph Lojsden. 
 Elisha Logsden, 
 John Lynn, 
 Zachariah Linton, 
 Henry Mattingly. 
 Henry Mvers, 
 Philip Michael, 
 Moses Munro, 
 Solomon Munro, 
 Josiah McKinsy, 
 John Metz, 
 James McPipe, 
 Thomas Ifalthew. 
 John Neff. 
 ■lohannes Paugh, 
 Robert Parker, 
 Gabriel Powell, 
 Nicholas Pittinger, 
 Henry Pittinger, 
 Htzekiah Pound, 
 Martin Poling. Sr., 
 John Price, 
 John Ryan, 
 John Rhoads. 
 .John Ration. 
 David Robertson, 
 Adam Rhoades, 
 Peter Stuck. 
 William Shaw. 
 Joseph Scott. 
 Simon Speed, 
 Matthew Snooke. 
 John Seyler, 
 William Stagg, 
 .James Schimer, 
 Peter Tittle, Jr.. \/ 
 Michael Tedrick. 
 Jesse Toinlin.son. 
 .John Trimble, 
 William Utter, 
 Thomas Umbertson, 
 David Vansiekle, 
 William Wells, 
 
 Samuel Hatton, 
 Abraham Hite, 
 Jacol) Hazlewood. 
 Samuel Jackson, 
 William Jones, 
 Jacoli Kreger, 
 John Kelly, 
 Leonard Kimble, 
 David liCe, 
 .John Liptz, 
 Breton Lievit, 
 Jacob Lee, 
 James Montain, 
 William Moore", 
 John Matthews, Jr., 
 Jacob Miller, 
 Alexander Moore, 
 Daniel Moore, 
 Moses Mclvinsy, 
 Daniel McICinsy, 
 Conrad Millen, 
 Ellas Majors, 
 John Nepton, 
 Samuel I'ostlewait, 
 Michael Paugh, 
 Margaret l-'oling, 
 .John Porter, 
 Samuel Poling, 
 Martin Poling. 
 Richard Poling, 
 Charles Queen. 
 Benjamin Rush, 
 Enoch Read 
 Roger Robertson, 
 ■"^Aaron Rice, ~^ 
 Michael Raway, 
 John Ragan, 
 John Streets, 
 Moses Spicer, 
 Abel Serjeant, 
 Adam Seigler, 
 Jacob Seigler, 
 Joshua Scutchfield, 
 John Sibley, 
 Frederick Thaxter, 
 .lohn Tomlinson, 
 .lacob TruUinser, 
 Moses Tilsonel, 
 Richard Tilton, 
 Charles Uhl, 
 John Vincent, 
 Henry Woodger, 
 .John Workman, 
 
 *William Moore had 9 sons and U daxighters by bis first wife and 1 son by his second wife. 
 
 34 
 
2fi(> mSTORA' OF CUMBERLAND. [1788. 
 
 Archibald While. .lames Wells, Andrew Workman, 
 
 Arthur Watson, Peter Wells, .Jacob Workman, 
 
 .Jesse Walter, .Samuel Wikoft', Stephen Workman, 
 
 .John WikoflT, George Winters, Thomas Williams, 
 
 Alexander Wilhelni, .lames Wootlringer. .loseph Warnick. 
 
 George W'ilhelm, Alpheus Wigwire, .Tohn Whiteman, 
 
 Peter WikofF, George Waddle, William Workman, 
 
 .lacob Wikoff, Isaac Workman, 
 
 The act of 1788 provided that three commissioners 
 be appointed to fix the value of the lands occupied 
 by the aforegoing persons, and to settle all disputes 
 that might arise concerning pre-emption . 
 
 The commissioners apjjointed were David Lynn, 
 Daniel Cresap, and Benjamin Brookes. In making 
 the surveys Mr. Deakins had ten assistant surveyors, 
 they being Henry Kemp, Daniel Cresap, Lawrence 
 Bringle, Benjamin Price, John Tomlinson, Jonas 
 Hogmire, Thomas Orm, John Hooker, John Lynn, 
 and William Hoye, and they were paid for their 
 services ten shillings current money per day. The 
 distribution of the lots to officers was made by lottery, 
 each ticket designating four lots contiguous to each 
 other, or as nearly so as possible. 
 
 Dr. Jos M. Toner, of Washington City, furnishes 
 the following extract from The Columbian Magazine, 
 for April, 1788, page 216, showing that the brave 
 deeds of the soldiers in the exjjedition against the 
 French were highly esteemed. The final sentence 
 contained in the extract, to be sure, somewhat tinges 
 the obituary with the ridiculous, but it was doubtless 
 quite gratifying to the returned heroes to be able to 
 read this testimonial to their courage : 
 
 To the Editor of the Columbian Magazine ■ 
 
 Sir : The following is an extract from the journal ol' an officer on 
 (Jeneral Forbes's expedition against Fort Duquesne (now Fort Pitt) in 
 the year lY.'iS : 
 
1789.] ALLEGANY COUNTY ERECTED. '2.i\7 
 
 " About one luinilivd yanis Iroin Kurt Ciimberlaiul, is a large square 
 post with a pyramidical top, liaving a plate of leaJ, with the followinir 
 inscription nailed on one side of it, viz : 
 
 TO TOE MEMORY' OF 
 SERGEANT WILLIAM SHAW, SERGEANT TIMOTHY 
 SHAW, JEREMIAH POOR, AND JAMES COPE, SOL- 
 DIERS OF THE 1st VIRGINIA REGIMENT; THIS 
 MONUMENT IS ERECTED, TO TESTIFY THE LOVE 
 AND ESTEEM PAID THEM BY THEIR 
 OFFICERS FOR THEIR 
 COURAGE AND GALLANT BEHAVIOUR. 
 NOV. 175C. THEY WENT WITH 11 CATABAS TO 
 GAIN INTELLIGENCE; AND IN THE FIRST EN- 
 COUNTER WITH THE ENEMY MET WITH THE 
 SUCCESS THEIR COURAGE DESERVED-INCITED 
 BY THIS ADVANTAGE, AND FIRED WITH NOBLE 
 AMBITION TO DISTINGUISH THEMSELVES, THEY 
 ENGAGED A PARTY OF THE ENEMY, HARD BY 
 FORT DUQUESNE, AND FELL GLORIOUSLY, FIGHT- 
 ING BRAVELY, BEING GREATLY OVERPOWERED 
 BY SUPERIOR NUMBERS. 
 "IN PREMIUM VIRTUTIS ERIGENDUM CURAVIT. 
 
 ADAMUS SIEPHEN."* 
 
 Risum teneatus! — Some of these otch, afterwards returned, a.n A are 
 now officers in the Virginia service. B. 
 
 At the session of the Legislature of 1789, a petition 
 was presented asking for the erection of a new 
 county, and the following act was passed on the 25th 
 of December, in that year: 
 
 An Act for the Division of Washington county, and for erecting a new 
 one by the name of Allegany : 
 Whereas, A number of the inhabitants of Washington county, by 
 their petition to the General Assembly, have prayed that an act may pass 
 for a division of said county by Sideling Hill Creek, and for erecting a 
 new one out of the Western part thereof; and it appearing to this General 
 Assembly that the erectinir such a new county will conduce greatly to 
 
 ■^Colonel Stephen was at the time in command of a portion of the Virginia troops. 
 
268 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [178*J. 
 
 the duo administration of justice, and tbe speedy settling and improving 
 the western part thereof, and the ease and convenience of the inhabitants 
 thereof, 
 
 II. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland, That all 
 that part of Washington county which lies to the westward of Sideling 
 Hill Creek, shall be and is hereby erected into a new county, by the name 
 of Allegany county, and the inhabitants thereof shall have, hold and 
 enjoy, all such rights and privileges as are held and enjoyed by the 
 inhabitants of any other county in this State. 
 
 III. And be it enacted, That the county court and orphans' court fur 
 Allegany county shall be held at the town of Cumberland, until the 
 voters of said county, by election to be held as hereinafter provided, shall 
 determine on some other place ; and until a place shall be fixed on by the 
 said election, and a court house shall be built, tbe justices of said county 
 may contract and agree at the county charge for a convenient place in 
 the said town to hold their courts, and for a convenient place in the said 
 town for the keeping of their books, papers and records. 
 
 IV. And be it enacted, That all causes, pleas, processes and plead- 
 ings, which now are, or shall be depending in Washington county court 
 before the first Monday in December, 1790, shall and may be prosecuted 
 as effectually in that court as if this act had not been made, and in case 
 any deeds or conveyances of land in that part of Washington county now 
 called Allegany county, have been, or shall be before the first Monday 
 in December, 1790, acknowledged according to law, the enrollment or 
 recording thereof in either of the said counties, within the time limited 
 by law shall be good and available. 
 
 V. And be it enacted. That the county charge of Washington county 
 heretofore assessed shall be collected and applied as if this act had not 
 been made. 
 
 VI. And be it enacted. That the County Court and Orphans' Court 
 of Allegany County shall first be held on the first Monday in April, 1791, 
 and the said County Court be afterwards held on the first Monday in the 
 months of April and September yearly, and the said Orphans' Court 
 shall be afterwards held on the second Monday in the months of June, 
 August, October and December, and the same Courts shall have the same 
 powers and jurisdiction respectively as other County and Orphans' 
 Courts within this State. 
 
 VII. And be it enacted. That all civil causes to be brought in Alle- 
 gany County shall be determined within two Courts from the appearance 
 court, and none shall continue longer, unless under such circumstances 
 as civil causes in other County Courts may be continued longer than 
 three courts from the appearance court. 
 
1791.] THE FIRST COURT. 269 
 
 VIII. And be it enacted, That the Governor and Council be author- 
 ized and required to commission fit and proper persons in the said 
 county to act as Justices of the Peace, and fit and proper persons as 
 Justices of the Orphans' Court, as also Surveyor and other officers, and 
 that a fit and proper person be appointed by the Governor and Council 
 Sheriff of Allejranv County, and be commissioned and qualified in the 
 usual manner, to continue in office until a new appointment shall take 
 place in the other counties of this State, under an election according to 
 the constitution and form of crovernment. 
 
 IX. And be it enacted, That at the first election to be held in the said 
 county for a Sherift'. the voters of said county shall and may, bv a 
 majority of votes determine the place at which the courts of the said county 
 shall be held after the said election. 
 
 In December of 1790, an act was passed appoint- 
 ing Andrew Bruce, Evan Gwynn and Joseph Cresap 
 Commissioners of the Tax for Allegany County, and 
 requiring the Tax Commissioner of Washington 
 County to transmit to them an account of all the real 
 and pei'sonal property in the new county. 
 
 The first Court held in Allegany County was 
 convened on the 4tli Monday and 25th day of April, 
 1791. There being no Court House the session was 
 held at the house of John Graham, in Cumberland. 
 Upon the opening of the Court, Andrew Bruce 
 produced his commission as Associate Justice, and 
 was sworn in and took his seat upon the Bench. 
 John Beatty was appointed Sheriff, and John Lynn 
 Clerk of the Court. On the 27th of April Richard 
 Potts appeared in Court and presented his commis- 
 sion as Chief Justice of the County Courts in the 
 Fifth Judicial District. John Sindiins also presented 
 his commission as Associate Justice, and took the 
 oath of office. Jeremiah Willison was appointed 
 Crier, and the following attorneys admitted as mem- 
 bers of the Bar: — George Magruder, Samuel Selby, 
 
270 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAXO. [1787. 
 
 John Johnson, Lenox Martin and William Claget, 
 each of whom paid a Hcense of £3 foi- the privilege 
 of practicing. 
 
 Lenox Martin presented his appointment, from the 
 Attorney-General, as Prosecutor for the State in this 
 Court, after wliich the business of the Court was 
 proceeded with. The session commenced on the 
 25th of April, and closed on the 29th. embracing five 
 days. 
 
 In laying off the town the ground now occupied 
 by the county buildings, comprising four lots, was set 
 apart for that especial purpose by the proprietor of 
 the town, Thomas Beall of Samuel, and in 1793, by 
 an act of the Assembly, Thomas Beall, John Lynn, 
 William McMahon, George Dent and Benjamin 
 Tomlinson were appointed commissioners to contract 
 and agree for the building of a Court House and Jail, 
 and to prepare the plans and superintend the con- 
 struction thereof. The Justices of the Levy Court 
 were required to levy the sum of six hundred pounds 
 current money to pay for the same; £200 to be levied 
 in 1794; £200 in 1795, and the remainder in 1796. 
 In compliance with this act a building was erected 
 on the lot adjoining that now occupied by the 
 Allegany County Academy, on the north side of 
 Washington street, the basement of which was of 
 stone, and the upper story of brick. The basement 
 was used as a Jail, and the upper portion as a Court 
 room. 
 
 At the session of the Justices of the Levy Court, 
 held in 1794, the sum of £200 was levied, in accord- 
 ance with the law, towards paying for the erection of 
 
1790.] BRIDGES OVER WILL's CREEK. 271 
 
 the Court House and Jail. In 1795 a further sum of 
 £200 was levied. In 1796 the sum of £100 was 
 levied to pay for work on the Court House, and 
 £37 10s for the completion of the Jail. In 1799 a 
 hnal lev}- of £75 was made for the completion of the 
 Court House, making a total e.xpenditure for the 
 work of £012 10s. 
 
 In 1790 there was a small wooden bridge over 
 Will's Creek, very near the site of the present 
 Baltimore street bridge, and in 1791 the Levy Court 
 of the County appropriated to Thomas Beall of 
 Samuel, and Alpheus Beall, the sum of £20, to be 
 expended in i-epairing the bridge. In 1792 a further 
 sum of £20 was appropriated for a similar purpose, 
 to be expended undei- the direction of William 
 McMahon and Joseph Kelly. In 1795 David Hoff- 
 man, John Graliam, and P. Murdoch were appointed 
 Commissioners to superintend the building of a bridge 
 over Will's Creek, for which purpose £30 was appro- 
 priated from the County Treasury. These Commis- 
 sioners entered into a contract with William Logsden 
 on the 29th of April, 1796, the conditions of which 
 were that Logsden was to rebuild the bridge over the 
 Creek, and to have it completed and ready for use 
 by the 1st day of September following. It was to 
 have good and sufficient abutments, to be five feet 
 higher than the former l^ridge was; to be sixteen 
 feet wide, and furnished with a railing three feet 
 higli; the contractor to maintain the bridge for 
 seven years, and rebuild it if carried away by freshets, 
 except in case the water should become so high as to 
 float the structure and carry it off. The sureties 
 
272 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1791. 
 
 of the contractor were John and Ralph Logsden 
 The work was completed in the time specified. In 
 1799 the sum of £2Q 12s 13d was levied to pay for 
 some improvements made upon the bridge, and to 
 pay the balance due on account of its construction. 
 This bridge stood until 1810. 
 
 The value of the taxable property in Allegany 
 County, in 1791, was fixed at £78,978 Is lid; the 
 tax levied was 7s 3d on each £100. In addition to 
 the funds raised by taxation considerable sums were 
 secured by the rigid enforcement of the laws imposing- 
 fines for drunkenness, profane swearing, and failure 
 to work on the roads. In some instances the 
 violations of these laws were quite numerous, and the 
 penalties incurred were various, ranging IVom 5d for 
 "■one profane curse" to £1 12s Od for "profane 
 swearing" and £2 7s 6d for "drunkenness and Sabbath 
 breaking." 
 
 Liberal rewards were paid by the county authorities 
 for the destruction of wolves, the premium for an old 
 wolf's scalp being £5, and for a young wolf £1. 
 
 The Judges of the Orphans' Court in 1791 were 
 James Prather, Daniel Cresap, and John H. Bayard. 
 
 The Justices of the Levy Court were: — Daniel 
 Cresap, Thomas Beall of Samuel, Samuel Barrett, 
 James Prather and John H. Bayard. 
 
 In 1792 the Justices of the Levy Court were: — 
 John Orm, Samuel Barrett, James Prather, Gabriel 
 Jacob, John H. Bayard and John Reed. 
 
 In 1794 Cumberland again became tlie scene of 
 warlike preparations, and again an army was assem- 
 bled on the historic ground about the old Fort, but 
 
179-1.] THE WHISKY INSURRECTION. 273 
 
 now the stars and stripes of the young Republic 
 waved in the place once occupied by the old Englisli 
 ensign. The enactment of laws, by Congi-ess, laying 
 a duty upon spirits distilled in the United States, and 
 upon stills, caused a feeling of violent opposition to 
 spring up in the Pennsylvania counties of Alleghany, 
 Washington. Fayette and Westmoreland, where 
 considerable quantities of whisky wei'e made. In 
 Washington County the opposition was most bitter, 
 and in a little while the officials whose duty it was 
 to enforce the requirements of the law became sub- 
 jected to violence and insult. Public meetings were 
 held by the malcontents, and resolutions were jiassed 
 strongly condemning the law as well as any person 
 who might attempt to enforce it. The first effort 
 to impose the duties levied was made in 1791, 
 and in September of that year Robert Johnston, a 
 collector of the revenue, was seized at a place on 
 Pigeon Creek, in Washington County, Pa., by a jiarty 
 of men, who tarred and feathered him, cut oft" his 
 hair, and otherwise insulted him. The leaders in 
 this outrage were known, but no officer dared arrest 
 them. Other outrages were perpetrated, and for 
 three years the ti-oubles grew worse and worse, the 
 insurgents sending their men into adjacent Counties 
 of Virginia and Maryland to breed disaffection. In 
 the outset men of influence and property had 
 encouraged the rebellion, but they had not anticipated 
 the serious results which followed. On the 7th of 
 August, 1794, the President issued a proclamation 
 announcing his intention to enforce the laws by 
 
 calling out the militia, and he called upon the 
 35 
 
274 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1794 
 
 Governors of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland 
 and Virginia for sufficient militia to form an army of 
 15,000 men, which was to be organized and prepared 
 to march at any moment. A second proclamation was 
 published on the 25th of September, when the stub- 
 born persistence of the insurgents rendered further 
 temporizing impossible, calling the troops into active 
 service. The New Jersey and Pennsylvania soldiers 
 were ordered to assemble at Bedford, and those of 
 Maryland and Virginia at Cumberland. Governor 
 Lee, of Virginia, was put in command of all the 
 troops, and the Governors of New Jersey and Penn- 
 sylvania took subordinate commands. 
 
 The assembling of the militia from Maryland and 
 Vii'ginia at Cumberland, created great excitement in 
 the village. How long they remained here is not 
 exactly known, Init on the IStli of October, 1794, 
 Washington arrived, and spent several days inspect^ 
 ing the condition of the men and their supplies. 
 On the 19tli he apj^eared in full uniform, and held 
 a review, on the old parade ground of Fort Cumber- 
 land, at which the entire population of the town was 
 present. This was the last occasion upon which he 
 wore his uniform. 
 
 The troops had been encamped along Will's Creek, 
 on what was known as the "Island," where they had 
 good water from a spring, near by. On the 19 th the 
 command was marched up to the parade ground, and 
 drawn up for inspection. General Washington rode 
 along the line, from the right to the left, and Avas 
 loudly cheered l^y the men. Afterwards the com- 
 mand marched in review, and Washington raised his 
 
1795.] A POST OFFICE ESTABLISHED. 275 
 
 hat as a salute, while they passed. Generals Lee and 
 Morgan were both present, and participated. 
 
 Hon. Alexander R. Boteler has in his possession 
 an oil painting representing this review. It was the 
 work of an amateur artist, and upon its completion 
 |)assed into the hands of General Daniel Morgan. 
 
 The army marched in two divisions, from Cumber- 
 land and Bedford. The insurrection was suppressed 
 without difficulty, as the great strength shown by 
 the government overawed the disturbers, and General 
 Morgan was left with a detachment of troops during 
 the winter, in the disaffected district, as a safeguard 
 against further trouble. 
 
 The necessitj- existing for good roads was greatly 
 felt at this time, since all the supplies of the inhabit- 
 ants were brought from the East, and a great part of 
 the year the muddy roads and steep hills made 
 transportation both slow and expensive. On frequent 
 occasions salt, rope, cloth, iron, &c., were brought 
 from the Eastern towns on pack horses, a cheaper 
 and more expeditious method than by wagons. The 
 Legislature passed acts for improving and straighten- 
 ing the I'oads from Hancock to Cumberland, from 
 Cumberland to Turkey-foot, and from Cumberland 
 to Winding Ridge. 
 
 On the 1st of January, 1795, Cumberland was 
 made a Post-town, and b}' order of the Postmaster 
 General a post office was established therein, and 
 Charles F. Broadhag appointed Postmaster, which 
 position he held until July 1st, 1802. 
 
 In order to provide facilities for the purchase and 
 sale of produce, &c., in the town, a shed was erected 
 
276 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1797. 
 
 on a lot oi" ground on the bank of the Creek, about 
 sixty feet south east of the present gas works property, 
 and in December, 1795, an act of the Legislature was 
 passed making it a market house for the town, and 
 providing that from and after the first day of May, 
 1796, Wednesday and Saturday of each and every 
 week should be held and considered as market days, 
 the hours to be from any time in the morning until 
 9 o'clock A. M. A fine of fifteen shillings was imposed 
 upon any person who bought or sold any articles of 
 provision at any place other than the market house 
 during market hours. 
 
 In 1797 the Justices of the Orphans' Court were 
 John H. Bayard, Evan Gwynn and A. A Browne. 
 The Associate Justices of the County Court were 
 Patrick Murdoch and Hanson Briscoe. Sheriff, 
 Robert Sinclaire. 
 
 The Court House at this date was still uncompleted, 
 and the sessions of the Court were held at the tavern 
 of Abraham Faw, a building located on Green sti-eet, 
 west of Smallwood, just where the residence of the 
 late William Landwehr now stands. For the use of 
 his house for this purpose, in 1797, Mr. Faw was 
 paid the sum of £3, as also 4s lOd for 9 days' use of 
 rooms for meetings of Tax Commissioners, and Is lOd 
 for three days' session of the Levy Court. 
 
 It is thought that a temporary Jail was made of 
 an old log house of very limited dimensions, which 
 stood on the opposite side of the road, a short 
 distance west of the tavern. This old house was one 
 of the structures supposed to have been built about 
 1755, and used as a guard house. It had no windows, 
 
1797.] HOTEL RATKS. 277 
 
 and the single door was thickly studded with wrought 
 iron nails. 
 
 At the meeting of the Court, in 1797, Andrew 
 McClery, Robert McClery, John McClery and Henry 
 McClery, carpenters; John Wright, weaver; William 
 Thistle, farmer; Thomas Thistle, student at law, 
 natives of Ireland; and Christian Deetz, tailor, a 
 native of Germany, were naturalized, and fully 
 invested with all the rights of Amei'ican citizenship. 
 
 The following. Inn Keepers' Rates, established at 
 the April Term of Court, 1798, are somewhat in 
 contrast with those of the present day : 
 
 S. D. 
 
 A Hot Dinner for a Gentleman, with Beer or Cider 8 
 
 A Supper or Breakfast 2 
 
 French Brandy, per i pint 1 10 
 
 Peach Brandy, per J pint 1 3 
 
 Lodging in clean sheets 1 10 
 
 ditto double ditto 9 
 
 Ditto in sheets before used 6 
 
 Hay per nisrht for Horse 1 6 
 
 Ditto for 24 hours 2 
 
 Madeira and Claret Wine per quart 10 
 
 Port, Sherry or Lisbon Wine 7 G 
 
 Whisky per gill 5 J 
 
 Other Wine per quart 5 
 
 Corn and Oats, per quart 3 
 
 Lodgings for Servants 6 
 
 Gold Dinner, per gentleman 1 lOJ 
 
 Supper and Breakfast per servant 1 6 
 
 Dinner per Servant 1 10 
 
 The town grew steadily, and in 1797 had one 
 hundred dwellings and one hundred and twenty 
 families, three merchant mills and three church 
 conn-reaations, German Lutheran, Methodist and 
 Roman Catholic. Amongst the persons who came 
 
ti78 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1798. 
 
 here to live from 1790 to 1800 were families of the 
 following names: — Boward, Broadhag, Bridenhart, 
 Beatty, Bayard, Brown, Briscoe, Beard^Deetz,-Davis, 
 Deems, Ei'b, Entler, Faw, Fisher, Gephart, Graham, 
 Hughes, Korns, Lichlider, McMahon, McCleary, Ma- 
 gruder, Murdoch, Moore, Miller, Milburn, Morris, 
 Osborn, Perry, Pigman, Richards, Russell, Rizer, 
 Rafters, Shuck, Smith, Selby, Stonesifer, Sinclair, 
 Thistle, Wineow, Wright. 
 
 Benjamin Tomlinson was amongst the earliest 
 settlers in the county, and in 1789 he built the house 
 on Will's Creek, some five miles from Cumberland, 
 now occupied by Mrs. Alexander King", a grand- 
 daughter. 
 
 The militia law in existence at this date caused 
 the citizens of Allegany county much annoyance, as 
 they were compelled to travel long distances, either 
 on horseback or on foot, to attend the drills provided 
 for by law. Consequently they caused a statement 
 to be made to the Legislature setting forth their 
 grievances, and that bodj' in 1798 passed an act 
 authorizing the field officers having command of the 
 militia of Allegany county to appoint certain days 
 for drill each year, at such place in the county as they 
 might direct. 
 
 The subject of Roads attracted considerable atten- 
 tion again in 1798, and in order to improve the 
 condition of the road from Cumberh. id to Sideling 
 Hill a liberal appropriation was made. A further 
 sum of £56 5s was levied in 1802 for this purpose. 
 In January, 1799, an act of the Legislature was 
 secured for the opening of a road from ''Martin's 
 
1799.] ALLKGANY COUNTY SCHOOL. 279 
 
 Ford, on the North Branch of the Potowmack, to 
 intersect the main road leading from the mouth of 
 George's Creek to the town of Cumberiand," and 
 Joseph Cresap, Thomas Dawson of William, and 
 Ebenezer Davis were appointed Commissioners for 
 the purpose of laying off this road in the most direct 
 and convenient way; it was to be kept in order by 
 the persons living on the tracts of land known as 
 "The Cove," "Long Bottom," and "Lot No. 8581." 
 The first effort towards advancing the cause of 
 education in Allegany county was made in 179U. 
 On the 15th of January, ii; that year, an act was 
 passed by the Legislature entitled " An act to incor- 
 porate a school in Allegany Count}', by the name of 
 Allegany County School, the purposes of which are 
 shown by the following extract from the law, viz: 
 
 " Whereas, it is reasonable that education should be extended to 
 the several parts of this State, and that there should be a public 
 school in Allej^any County, therefore; 
 
 Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland, That in order 
 to the erecting and building a house and other conveniences for a 
 county school, the persons hereinafter named shall have power to 
 purchase one or more acres of land in or adjoining the town of 
 Cumberland, in Allegany county, to wit: John Lynn, Evan Gwynn, 
 William McMahon, Joseph Cresap, David Lynn, Patrick Murdoch, 
 Hanson Briscoe, John B. Beall and John C. Beatty, who shall be visitors 
 of said school ; which said persons so nominated visitors for Allegany 
 county school, and their successors, appointed in the manner hereinafter 
 declared, shall and are hereby declared to be one community, corporation 
 and body politic, to have continuation forever, by the name of The Visitors 
 of Allegany County School, and by that name to sue and be sued, implead 
 or be impleaded, antf to make and have a common seal, and the same 
 to break, alter or renew, when and so often as they shall think fit. 
 
 Under the provisions of this act a building wa.s 
 erected for school purposes on the lot now occupied 
 by the school building of SS. Peter and Paul's Church, 
 
280 
 
 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1790-1800. 
 
 German Catholic. The School building was of 
 brick, one stoiy in lieiglit, and amongst the early 
 Principals of the school were Professors Pierce 
 and Benjamin Brown. The Academy was placed in 
 charge of a board of visitors, who were given power 
 to elect their own successors, and the organization is 
 maintained to this day. The original board appointed 
 by the act of 1798, consisted of John Lynn, Evan 
 Gwynn, William McMahon. Joseph Cresap, David 
 Lynn, Patrick Murdoch, Hanson Briscoe, John B. 
 Beall and John C. Beatty, and the sum of $200 per 
 year was gi'anted them from the State Treasury. 
 
 The lack of data, either written or printed, renders 
 it extremely difficult to procure a correct list of the 
 people residing here at a date so early as 1800, 
 especially since there are few persons living, old 
 enough to remember distinctly such matters. 
 
 To designate the houses that are oldest is equally 
 difficult. Certainly the most venerable of them was 
 that known as "Washington's headquarters," which 
 occupied the ground on which Mr. 0. C. Gephart's 
 
 residence now stands, 
 and which is well re- 
 membered by hundreds 
 of citizens, as it was not 
 removed until about the 
 year 1844. It was co- 
 temporar}' with Fort 
 Cumberland, and stood 
 but a short distance from the parade ground. This old 
 house was occupied at one time by Mrs. Bridenhart, 
 a daughter of Michael Kershner. and she entertained 
 
 WASHINGTON'S HEADQUAETERS 
 
T 790-1 800.] OLD HorsEs. 281 
 
 .several students there as boarders for some years. 
 It was also occupied for several years by David Lynn 
 as a residence, afterwards liv George Bruce, and 
 finally by John Kane. 
 
 In 1844 it was bought by George Blocher, who 
 inoved it to a lot on the Bedford road, a mile distant, 
 where it was repaired and occupied for twenty-two 
 years by John Baker. It still stands, on the ground 
 of Christian Eiclmer, a short distance from Cumbei'- 
 land. 
 
 About 1784 George Lowdermilk built a frame 
 house some fifty yards west of Washington's head- 
 quarters, and occupied it for twenty years. 
 
 The '"McMahon House," — still standing on the 
 
 Southwest corner of Smallwood and Green Streets — 
 
 was built about the year 1792, and had a store-room 
 
 adjoining. The back building, erected several years 
 
 afterwards, was constructed of brick, and was the 
 
 first of the kind in the town. The brick were 
 
 brought up the river in a keel boat, from some point 
 
 1 lelow. The mason work Avas done by Henry Wineow, 
 
 who was then the only brick mason in the place. 
 
 Mr. McMahon was a gentleman of some wealth, and 
 
 thoroughly hospitable. In October. 1794, while 
 
 Washington was here for the purpose of inspecting 
 
 the Western Army, on the occasion of the Whiskey 
 
 Insurrection, he was the guest of Mr. McMahon, and 
 
 the entire population of the town called there to pay 
 
 their respects to the great man. This old house is 
 
 now a deserted and dilapidated wreck, but deserves 
 
 to be held in some degree of veneration, as one of the 
 
 few remaining landmarks of those early days. The 
 36 
 
282 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1790-1800. 
 
 lot on which this building stood is marked "9 "on 
 the map. In this house John V. L. McMahon was 
 born, a man of great intellect and scholarly acquire- 
 ments. . 
 
 On the north side ol' (ireen street, lot No. 31, 
 Michael Kershner built a two-story house, with a 
 porch, about 1790. This has disappeared altogether, • 
 unless a portion of the plastered house standing there 
 may be a remnant of it. 
 
 A short distance west of the McMahon house, and 
 about where Mrs. W. Landwehr s house now stands, 
 was built a two-story log tavern, by Abraham Faw. 
 In this Iniilding were born J. Galloway Lynn, and 
 afterwards General E. (). C. Ord, of the United States 
 Army. Previous to the erection of a Court House, 
 several sessions of the Grand Jury and the Court 
 were held there, and this tavern became the general 
 resort of most of the jjersons who came to the town. 
 
 The Devecmon house, on Green street, east of 
 Smallwood, was built about 1790, by George Dent, 
 who was the surveyor of the town. This house is 
 still standing, the lower story being now several feet 
 below the street. Mrs. Dent died about 1807, in the 
 house of Dickeson Simkins, on north Mechanic street, 
 corner of Valley street. 
 
 Probably the first house built on the east side of the 
 Creek was that erected by David Hoftman, a little 
 south of the Blue Spring, on nortli Mechanic street. 
 It was constructed of logs, and was about 40 x 25 
 feet in size. 
 
 The log house on north Mechanic street, above 
 the "Blue Spring," was built about 1791, by an old 
 
1790-1800.] OLD HOUSES. 283 
 
 bachelor, named Wyatt. It was used in 1809 by 
 Samuel Smith, as a store house, and the Post office 
 was then kept there, Mr. Smith being the Postmaster. 
 
 The log house, now weatlierboarded, standing on 
 the corner of north Mechanic street and Valley street, 
 was built by Dickeson Simkins, in 1790. 
 
 About the same time the house on north Mechanic 
 street. No. 209. next below Wegman's store, was 
 built by Benjamin Morris, a shoemaker, and brother- 
 in-law of Simkins, who carried on his business there. 
 
 The log house next to J. Wegman's dwelling, No. 
 215 north Mechanic street, was built at the same 
 time by John Snowden Hook, a farmer, who came 
 here from Washington County, and purchased a con- 
 siderable tract of land, embracing what is known as 
 "Hook's Graveyard." 
 
 The house occupied by the late Emanuel Easter, 
 No. 132 north Mechanic street, was built al^out 1800, 
 and a pottery established by Jacob Neff. Mr. Easter 
 was an apprentice with Neff, and afterwards carried 
 on the business up to the time of his death, at an 
 old age, in 1877. 
 
 The house of Mrs. Charlotte Wright, No. 140 
 north Mechanic street, was built about the year 
 1800, and Mrs. Wright has now been living there 
 continuously for more than fifty years. 
 
 A house, supposed to have been built by Jonathan 
 Cox, stood near the spot now occupied by Lewis 
 Smith's tavern on north Mechanic street, and David 
 and Jonathan Cox, tanners, had a tannery a short 
 distance above the ground now occupied by Withers' 
 tannery. Cox's house was built of stone. 
 
284 HISTORV OF CUMBERLAND. [1700-1800. 
 
 George Shuck, who came here about 1790, from 
 York, Pa., lived in a log house, where Shipley's tavern 
 now stands, in 1800. 
 
 Thomas Beall, of Samuel, built a house on Li1)erty 
 street, a short distance below the City Hall, on the 
 opposite side. The date of its erection is uncertain, 
 but is supposed to have been about 178"). It is still 
 standing 
 
 A log house, was built by John Miller about 1794, 
 on the lot on the corner of Liberty and Bedford 
 streets, and is still in use, immediately opposite the 
 City Hall, and is known as the -SSnyder property." 
 
 George Payne had a house in 1796, on the Little 
 Valk\y Road, near "Payne's Spriug," which was on 
 his propert}^ 
 
 Several other old buildings are still in existence, 
 which are supposed to have been constructed previous 
 to 1800, but their history is not positively known. 
 
 The effort to preserve the chronology of the history 
 of the town, so for as its growth is concerned becomes 
 exceedingly diflicult at this time, since there were 
 no newspapers in existence, and the memory of the 
 old inhabitants utterly fails to establish dates with 
 any degree of accuracy. (Jonsequently the events of 
 the next twenty years must be treated as best they 
 may be under the circumstances. 
 
 It has been heretofore stated that in 1755 a bridge 
 was built across Will's Creek, near the mouth of the 
 stream. This was carried away by a freshet, and 
 about 1790 a wooden bridge was built where the 
 present iron bridge stands. The new structure was 
 built upon wooden piers, and by frequent I'epairs and 
 
MAP OF GUI 
 
 ICOF» OFOFFIi' 
 
ILAND, 1806. 
 
 CEORGE DENT, I 
 
1805.] SURVEY OF THE TOWN. 285 
 
 much patching was kept m serviceable condition until 
 1804, when it was damaged by high water. In 
 January, 1805, the LegisLiture passed an act author- 
 izing UiJton Bruce, David Iloftinan, senior, Tliomas 
 Thistle, George Hoftman, and William McMahon to 
 hold a lottery, and thereby raise a sum of money not 
 to exceed $2,000 for the purpose of purchasing a fire 
 engine for the town of Cumberland, and directing 
 them to appropriate the balance of the money on 
 hand, after making such purchase, to the erection of 
 a bridge over Will's Creek. Whether the lottery 
 was held is not recorded, but certainly another bridge 
 was erected, and this was in turn washed away by a 
 great freshet, in 1810, at which time the Creek 
 rose to an unprecedented height, entirely Hooding 
 Mechanic street. After the bridge was destroyed, 
 in 1810, a ferry was established, and kept in use 
 until a new bridge was erected. The ferry consisted 
 of a rope stretched across the Creek at the foot of 
 Baltimore street, the ends being lashed to large 
 walnut trees, and a tlat boat being attached to a ring 
 which was made to slip along the cable. Another 
 wooden bridge was shortly after put in the place 
 of the one destroyed, and this stood until 1820, 
 when a suspension chain bridge was substituted 
 therefor, a full description of which will hereafter be 
 given. 
 
 The survey of the town, as made in 1787, having 
 never been filed in the office of the Clerk of the 
 Court of either Washington or Allegany County, as 
 required hy the law authorizing the survey, the 
 Legislature passed an act January 27, 1805, reciting 
 
286 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [ISOC. 
 
 that '•' Whereas, Thomas Beall. son of Samuel, and 
 other persons, did hiy off a parcel of their land 
 contiguous to the mouth of Will's Creek, in Allegany 
 County, into lots, a great part of which have since 
 been purchased, and considerable improvements made 
 thereon, and there lieing no record of the same, the 
 title of the proprietors thereof are precarious and 
 uncertain; and it appearing right and proper that 
 commissioners should be appointed to lay out and 
 erect a town on the said lands, and to secure the 
 purchasers of lots therein, reserving the right of 
 the proprietors and their interests in said lands," 
 therefore, Roger Perry. Evan Gwynn, Jonathan 
 Cox, George Hoffman, and Upton Bruce were 
 appointed Commissioners to have an accin-ate sur- 
 vey made, and an exact plot thereof showing the 
 original location of the streets, lanes, lots, &c., filed 
 in the office of the Cerk of the Court, They were 
 required to have the lots numbered one, two, three, 
 and so on, and these numbers were to be given as 
 they were in the original location. They were 
 authorized to summons witnesses for the purpose of 
 securing such information as should be necessary to 
 ascertain the true lines, and were then to set up 
 boundary stones at the beginning of the lots. This 
 act contained provisions for securing purchasers in 
 their rights, and repealed the act of 1786. 
 
 In 1806 the provisions of this act were fully carried 
 out by the Commissioners, Mr. George Dent having 
 been employed as the surveyor, and the plat made 
 by him was filed in the Land Records of Allegany 
 County, an exact copy of which is here given. That 
 
180(;.] SURVEY OF THE TOWN 287 
 
 portion ot" the town lying on the east and north side 
 of Will's Creek was first laid out in 1798. 
 
 The Commissioners in making their return, sub- 
 mitted the following remarks, which were filed 
 together with the map, and an accurate description 
 of each lot : 
 
 The Town of Cumberland had grown into considerable size before 
 the passage of the law authorizing its being laid out, and as no correct 
 plat had been preserved of its ancient location, or boundaries set up, by 
 which it could be ascertained correctly, the Commissioners for the want 
 of some guide of this kind met with considerable difficulty in assigning 
 to each lot its due and proper situation, particularly so, on the east side 
 of Will's Creek, where the lots being of no given size, and the streets 
 crooked and irregular one lot became of little service in leading to the 
 establishment of another; the conveyances or titles by which many of the 
 lots were held were very imperfectly drawn, and many blunders com- 
 mitted, so that they frequently served rather to add to our perplexity than 
 furnish us with correct information. The Commissioners, nevertheless, 
 trust they have produced as perfect a return as could be desired or ex- 
 pected, and that besides the advantage of every man knowing how and 
 where to find the precise situation of his lot, many disputes will be quieted 
 from the having a settled and determined record to refer to. Several 
 additions have been made to the Town as just laid off, and as each 
 addition begins with number 1, 2, and so on, it follows that there are five 
 lots thus numbered in the Town of Cumberland, a circumstance it was 
 impossible for the Commissioners to avoid under the restriction of the 
 law giving them their powers. At first glance of the plat this may seem 
 like confusion, but which it will be easy to avoid if where in searching for 
 any number due regard be had to the .addition it is distinguished by as 
 lying in. There are on the plat two lots numbered 219, which could not 
 be avoided, as by some error conveyances had been made to two different 
 persons for two adjoining lots by this number, but to distinguish we have 
 called one the senior and the other the junior lot. Occasionally on our 
 approach to the neighborhood of some metalic substance, we found our 
 selves led astray from the attraction of the needle; sometimes we were 
 unable to discover where the cause lay, though the effect was quite plain. 
 It was observable that in passing by where had been several years back a 
 smith shop the attraction from small particles of iron concealed under the 
 ground was very considerable, and would have thrown us totally into 
 confusion had it not been discovered in time. So that in any future 
 
288 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1810. 
 
 riinning due caution oujrlit to be paid to this circumstance. The Com- 
 missioners ask for their intentions, and their return, a fair and liberal 
 interpretation, and while they are confident strict and equal regard has 
 been paid to each particular interest, express a hope their labors will be 
 found to have given order, form and certainty to what was heretofore 
 perplexed, confused and doubtful, and that each proprietor of a lot in the 
 Town of Cumberland may discover its situation, extent and limits, bv a 
 reference to the plat, and without an appeal to the remedy at law, which 
 is always attended with expense and delay. 
 
 ROGER PERRY, 
 EVAN GWYNN, 
 JONATHAN COX, 
 GEORGE HOFFMAN, 
 W. BRUCE. 
 
 The accumulation of the records of the Court 
 rendered it necessary that a proper place should be 
 provided for their preservation, and in 1806 the 
 Legislature authorized the Ci)unty Commissioners to 
 levy the sum of $1,200, which was to be collected in 
 one, two and three years, for the purpose of building- 
 offices for the reception of the papers and records of 
 the County, and for the proper accommodation of the 
 Clerk of the Court. Such a building was erected on 
 the public grounds in the vicinity of the Court 
 House, and just where the Academy building now 
 stands. It was occupied continuously until the com- 
 pletion of the new Court House in 1840. 
 
 In 1810 an act supplementary to the act erecting 
 the town was passed authorizing the appointment of 
 a Street Supervisor, and directing that all monies 
 collected as taxes on the property on the west and 
 east sides of Will's Creek should be expended on 
 that side on which it was collected, except so much 
 as might be necessary to pay an equal proportion of 
 the salai'ies of the Clerk and Bailiff. 
 
1813.] RESIDENTS AND HOUSES. 289 
 
 The following is a sketch of the houses standing 
 in 1813, from the most reliable data that can be 
 ()l)tained, taking the oldest streets in succession, and 
 beginning with the west side of the Creek. 
 
 On the south side of Green street, where it is 
 intersected by Water street, stood a house and 
 shop, which was used by a man named Glenn, 
 who was a nail-maker; the brick building now used 
 as the residence of the Chief Engineer of the Water 
 Works, was erected by Roger Perry, in 1811; next 
 was the Dent or Devecmon house; opposite Glenn's 
 nail-shop was the house of Captain Thomas Blair, 
 who was a hatter; nearly opposite the Dent house 
 was the house of Michael Kershner. These com- 
 prised the houses east of Smallwood street. West 
 of this street were, on the south side, William 
 McMahon's dwelling and store, and Faw's tavern; 
 on the north side were the houses of Rev. Mr. Ken- 
 nedy, a minister; Mr. Glissan; the old guard quarters: 
 George Hughes, and Andrew McCleaiy. 
 
 On Rose Hill was the residence now occupied by 
 J. G. Lynn, Esq., which was built by his father, in 
 1810. The house now occupied by Dr. James M. 
 Smith was built in 1810, by Upton Bruce, who 
 resided there. 
 
 Washington street was then a very steep and 
 rough road. There wei-e but four houses on the 
 south side, one built b}' Mr. Deakins, and afterwards 
 bought ]jy Jolui Hoye; the old Washington head- 
 quarters; a ft-ame house a few yards west of it, and 
 a brick house on the site now occupied by Hon. 
 
 William Walsh's residence. On the north side were 
 37 
 
290 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1813 
 
 the Court House aud jail, the Clerks' office, and the 
 house built by Roger Perry. 
 
 On the ground north of Fayette street, near the 
 present railroad line, were Hanson Briscoe's house, 
 the Methodist Church, the Academy, and a small 
 house in the rear of the ground now occupied by the 
 residence of Mr. R. D. Johnson. 
 
 These comprised all the houses on the west side of 
 the Creek. 
 
 On Bedford street, now Baltimore street, a black- 
 smith shop stood near the banks of the Creek, and 
 in close proximity to the bridge; on the southwest 
 corner of Baltimore and Mechanic streets was a 
 frame store house; on the ground now occuj^ied by 
 Mrs. S. Thress's store, was a log house, built by 
 Robert McCleary. (This was torn down and re- 
 placed by a brick house in 1830). On the north side 
 Peter Gephart had a dwelling where McKaig's block 
 stands, below Liberty street; near the corner was 
 Dowden's house. Between Liberty and Mill (now 
 Centre) streets the ground was occupied by John 
 Shryer's tan yard, and on the northwest corner of 
 Baltimore and Centre stood the old Lutheran Church. 
 
 On Liberty street there were no houses, except 
 those occupied by Captain Thomas Beall of Samuel, 
 and John Miller. 
 
 Mechanic street -was at that time the main street, 
 and the houses located there were as follows, taken 
 in sequence from the south to the north: On the 
 west side below Harrison street, Elnathan Russell's 
 house and blacksmith shop, both still standing at the 
 offset in the street; A. Rogers, butcher; Nicholas 
 
1813.] RESIDENTS AND HOUSES. 291 
 
 Koontz; Michael Fisher, cooper; Henry Wineow, 
 brickmason ; Thomas Dowden, blacksmith. Between 
 Creek and Baltimore streets: — first, Slicer's tavern, 
 the Cumberland Bank, Wyatt's drug store, corner 
 Baltimore. Between Baltimore street and Bedford 
 street: — Reeside"s,or McKinley's, hotel, (old National) 
 John Scott, Dr. Reese, McGill's drug store, E. Vowell's 
 store, Samuel Lowdermilk, Peter Lowdermilk, har- 
 ness and saddlery shops; William Shi'yer's cabinet 
 shop, George Holjlitzell's store. Between Bedford 
 street and the Blue Spring: — The first house was 
 where the gas works stand, and was occupied by a 
 shoemaker named McDonald; then came Adam 
 Zeigler's store; Jacob Neff's pottery; W. Boyd, a 
 Methodist Episcopal minister; James Simmons, 
 butcher; Robert McCleary, and Jacob Korns, black- 
 smith, just below the Blue Spring. Above the Spring 
 were Samuel Smith, store and post-office; Henry 
 Korns, comb-maker; M. Soyster, tan yard; Jacob 
 Soyster, saddler, and Wm. Beard. West side of 
 Mechanic street: — First, Martin Rizer's house; 
 between Harrison and Baltimore streets, Michael 
 Kershner's new house; Arthur Rose; John Boward; 
 -Christian Deetz;^N. Bassnet; George Hoffman, and 
 on the southeast corner of Baltimore, John Murrell's 
 store. Between Baltimore and Bedford: — Barton 
 Carico's tavern; Justice's store; Ryan's tavern; C. F. 
 Broadhag's store; George Hoblitzell ; Jacob Saylor ; 
 John Gephart, hatter; Solomon Davis, tailor, and 
 Jacob Hoblitzell's store. Between Bedford street and 
 Little Valley Road : — John Scott's mill, (corner Bed- 
 ford.) George Thistle; Peter Lowdermilk; Jacob 
 
292 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1813. 
 
 Shuck; Dr. Murray; Henry Baker; Benjamin Wiley; 
 Francis Madore, (corner of alley below Railroad 
 viaduct); Michael Wire's drug store; Wolf; George 
 Cox, Jonathan Cox, tanyard; James Hook, wheelright; 
 <iJohn Wickard,'-iarmer; Jacob Sease; B. Howard; 
 Henry Korns ; Dickeson Sirakius' '• Three Butts 
 Hotel." North of Little Valley street :— Thomas Clin- 
 ton ; Peterson ; Elias Hook ; Hector Mcintosh, comb- 
 maker; Strieker, tailor; Crawford, shoemaker; David 
 Shultz, wagon-maker; John Rowe; Jonathan Hen- 
 drixon, carpenter; Peter Lichlider; and Starner. 
 
 Mill street, now Centre street, was then a narrow, 
 crooked road through a commons, with but few 
 houses scattered here and there. At the corner of 
 Centre and Baltimore streets was Shryer's tan yard, 
 on the north west, and the Lutheran Church on the 
 northeast. At the corner of Bedford street, where 
 the City Hall now stands was the house of John 
 Clise. On the northwest corner of Bedford and 
 Centre was Startzman's tan yai-d, and on the north- 
 east corner was Thomas Thistle's house, a tavern. 
 The Catholic Church stood on the ground now 
 occupied by the Carroll Hall school building, adjoin- 
 ing the jiresent Church grounds. Immediately south 
 of it was James White's house, and across the street 
 lived Peter Louderbaugh. James Bean occupied a 
 house a few hundred vards north, and above Little 
 Valley road were two other houses, one of which was 
 the house of Mrs. Waugh. a midwife. 
 
 Bedfox'd street, or, as it was then called, Blocher 
 street, boasted a very limited number of buildings. 
 On the south side, near the corner of Centre, lived 
 
1818.] 
 
 RESIDENTS AND HOUSES. 
 
 293 
 
 Mrs. Willisou and James Moore; on the ground now 
 occupied by Mrs. Henry Korns' residence was the 
 house of Francis Deems; in a field, (corner of 
 Decatur street) lived Abraham Simkins. On the 
 north side of the street, where Jesse Korns now lives, 
 was a block of small houses l<:nown as " Berry's 
 Eow." A short distance above were James P. 
 Carleton's and John Lingo's, and next Eckles' 
 Potter}', George Blocher's, (house still standing,) 
 Jacob Shuck's and John McMahon's. 
 
 A grist mill stood at the mouth of the race, where 
 the wharf of the Consolidation Coal Company is 
 located. This mill was built somewhere about 1800, 
 by Peter Devecmon, at a cost of !|8,000, and was 
 regarded as one of the finest mills in the State. It 
 was bought by Patrick Murdoch, but payments not 
 being made a law suit resulted after Murdoch's death. 
 
 These embraced all the houses in the town, with 
 the exception, possibly of three or four. The whole 
 number of houses was one hundred and thirty-eight. 
 The taxable property amounted to i|22,829, according 
 to the assessment, which was put at very low figures. 
 The following is a list of the names of property " 
 holders, and the amount with which each was 
 assessed : 
 
 John Anderson $1,080 
 
 Harmenus Alricks 25 
 
 Robert Armstrong 25 
 
 Christian xVlbriirht 100 
 
 Charles F. Broadhag 290 
 
 John L. Bugh ■ 15 
 
 Mary Ann Boyd's heirs .S30 
 
 Nehemiah Basnett's heirs 450 
 
 Peter Buinwart 200 
 
 Margaret & Elizabeth Beard. 30 
 
 George Blocher 252 
 
 John Bridenhart 00 
 
 Daniel C. Brant's heirs $ 115 
 
 Jacob Blocher 360 
 
 John C. Beatty's^heirs 225 
 
 Andrew Bruce 
 
 Upton Bruce and J Cox 
 
 Jeremiah Berry 
 
 C. F. Broadhag and George 
 
 Magruder 
 
 Robert Beaver 100 
 
 Upton Bruce 700 
 
 Thomas Beall, of Samuel 1,815 
 
 Hanson Briscoe 175 
 
 12 
 60 
 
 80 
 
 15 
 
294 
 
 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 [1813. 
 
 Jonathan Cox $ 
 
 Dennis Corbet 
 
 Georjie Clark's heirs 
 
 Absalom Chambers 
 
 David Cox 
 
 j George dice's heirs 
 
 / Zadock Clark 
 
 N^ Frederick Christman 
 
 David Cook 
 
 **- Christian Deetz's heirs. 
 
 Frederick Deems 
 
 Mary Davis' heirs 
 
 Francis Dtakins 
 
 Grafton Diivall 
 
 Solomon Davis 
 
 Hannah Entler's heirs 
 
 Leonard Extine's heirs 
 
 Michael Fisher 
 
 Geortfe Funke 
 
 Abrahan Fawn 
 
 John Folk 
 
 Jacob Fair 
 
 James Glenn 
 
 John Graham 
 
 Peter Gephart 
 
 Peter Geary 
 
 James Hook 
 
 George Hebb 
 
 Jacob Holitzell 
 
 Geerfce Hoffman 
 
 David Hoffman, Sr 
 
 James Hendrixson 
 
 John L. Honk 
 
 John Hunter 
 
 John Hoblitzell 
 
 Daniel Haner 
 
 George M. Houx ,.. 
 
 Beall Howard 
 
 John Hoye 
 
 George Hoblitzell 
 
 Jonathan Hendrixson 
 
 Clement Engle..j^ 
 
 Michael Kershner 
 
 Nicholas Koontz 
 
 Lawrence Klemmer's heirs... 
 
 Joseph Kelley's heirs 
 
 Christian Kealhoover 
 
 John Kime's heirs 
 
 Jacob Korns 
 
 H. Korns and J. Witt 
 
 James Kinkead 
 
 Samuel Lowdermilk's heirs- 
 Robert Larimere 
 
 John Lynn's heirs 
 
 134 
 20 
 40 
 50 
 23.5 
 100 
 40 
 80 
 1.5 
 
 12.5-.Robert McCleary.Sr. 
 
 Peter Lowdermilk $ 120 
 
 William Lamar 240 
 
 David Lynn 30 
 
 Patrick Murdoch 205 
 
 John McCleary's heirs 40 
 
 George Marrow 140 
 
 Mary Myers 30 
 
 Jacob Myers' heirs 
 
 William Moore 
 
 60 
 
 37 
 
 30 
 
 2.5 
 
 SO 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 100 
 
 175 
 
 205 
 
 240 
 
 75 
 
 25 
 
 75 
 
 111 
 
 70 
 
 75 
 
 230 
 
 4G5 
 
 230 
 
 817 
 
 90 
 
 71 
 
 30 
 
 200 
 
 SO 
 
 15 
 
 115 
 
 485 
 
 80 
 
 40 
 
 15 
 
 (55 
 
 105 
 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 10 
 
 5G 
 
 180 
 
 80 
 
 200 
 
 (3 
 
 15 
 
 55 
 
 i)(; 
 
 70 
 75 
 C,W 
 Go 
 15 
 35 
 50 
 
 William McMahon 
 Henry Mattiiigly 
 Henry McCleary. 
 Nancy Mcintosh 
 
 John Myers 
 
 Andrew McCleary's heirs 50 
 
 JohnMcKim, Jr 80 
 
 Clement Masters 45 
 
 John Milbourn 50 
 
 Isaac Mantz 25 
 
 Robert McCleary. Jr 120 
 
 Francis Madore 50 
 
 Henry McKinley 210 
 
 Mary Murdoch 2S5 
 
 Jane Mcintosh 10 
 
 Jacob Neff. 598 
 
 William Osborn 97 
 
 Richard J. Orms 15 
 
 John Patterson 85 
 
 Joseph Poison C 
 
 George Payne's heirs 7. 
 
 Thomas Price's heirs. 
 Edward Pannell. 
 
 Roger Perry 
 
 John Peter 
 
 Martin Rizer, Jr. 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 GOO 
 
 80 
 
 135 
 
 Anthony Reintzell 15 
 
 Elnathan Russell GO 
 
 Thomas Reid's heirs 75 
 
 John Ryan 75 
 
 William Roberts 40 
 
 Martin Rizer's Sr., heirs 155 
 
 George Rizer, of Martin 200 
 
 James Robardent's heirs 30 
 
 Martin Rizer of Mathias 15 
 
 Jacob Shuck 70 
 
 George Shuck 120 
 
 John J. Seiss 90 
 
 Robert Selby's heirs 10 
 
 Gilbert Strong 35 
 
 Henry Startzman 208 
 
 Michael Soyster 151 
 
 John Shryer 210 
 
 .Tames Scott 270 
 
1814.] THE WAR WITH ENGLAND. 295 
 
 Ebenezer Vowell S 474 
 
 Benjamin G. Vaughn 75 
 
 John B. Wright 65 
 
 Henry Wineow 170 
 
 .John Walls 60 
 
 Samuel Walls 40 
 
 Sarah Willison's heirs 30 
 
 Michael Wire 125 
 
 Charles Worthington 20 
 
 Benjamin Wilev 70 
 
 O.H. and Eli Williams 20 
 
 .Inhn Wickiird .JU 
 
 George W. Yantic 10 
 
 Dickeson Simkius $ 175 
 
 Patrick Sullivan 195 
 
 Walter Slieer 1,025 
 
 John Scott 200 
 
 James Searight 40 
 
 Joseph Shumate 40 
 
 John Searight 120 
 
 Samuel Smith's heirs 230 
 
 .fohn Shuck 50 
 
 Benjamin Stoddert's heirs .SO 
 
 George Thistle 270 
 
 .lames Timmons 140 
 
 John Tiiinlinson - 10 
 
 Josiah Thomiison 15 
 
 Samuel Thomas 15 Total $22,829 
 
 The progress of the war of 1812-14, and the 
 arrival oft" our coasts of a large number of British, 
 who threatened the National Capital, as well as 
 Baltimore, led the President to issue a proclamation 
 on the 4th of July, 1814. calling upon the Governors 
 of the various States for militia. Maryland was 
 required to furnish one Major-General, three Brigadier 
 Generals; one Deputy Quartermaster-General, one 
 Assistant Adjutant-General, and six regiments, to 
 consist of GOO artillerists, and 5,400 infantry. The 
 Democrats and Federalists in the State were divided 
 upon the war question, the Federalists calling them- 
 selves the ''Friends of Peace," and demanding that 
 the government should confine itself to a defensive 
 war, and make no pretense of war upon Canada. In 
 the fall of 1814, they elected their candidates in this 
 county, to the Legislature, their ticket being made 
 up of Jesse Tomlinson, William McMahon, William 
 Hilleary, and Jacob Lantz. The Democrats, or "war 
 hawks,"' as they were called, nominated Thomas 
 Cresap, Thomas Green well, Benjamin Tomlinson and 
 Upton Bruce. 
 
 Allegany's quota towards filling the State requisi- 
 
296 
 
 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 [1814. 
 
 tion was filled, there being a considerable degree of 
 enthusiasm manifested. Two companies of infantry 
 were formed in the county, one under Captain 
 William McLaughlin, and the other under Captain 
 Thomas Blair. The first was made up in the lower 
 part of the county, while Captain Blair's company 
 was composed lai'gely of citizens of the town. 
 
 Captain McLaughlin's company went to Baltimore 
 in August, and joined the First Regiment of Maryland 
 Militia, under Colonel John Ragan, on the 11th of 
 August, 1814, and served until October 13th, when 
 it was mustered out, returned to the county, and 
 was disbanded. The following is a list of the names 
 of members of 
 
 CAPTAIN MCLAl'GHLIN S COMPANY. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Wm. McLaughlin 
 
 James Hook 
 
 George Shuck 
 
 "Frederick Rice 
 
 Robert Little 
 
 Frederick Deems.... 
 
 John Porter 
 
 James M. White 
 
 Jacob Waggoner 
 
 Rezin Hook 
 
 Daniel Poland 
 
 John Waltz 
 
 William Street 
 
 Joseph S. Stafford.... 
 
 John North 
 
 Busey John 
 
 Brown Benjamin... 
 
 Bryan James 
 
 Barr David 
 
 Barnes Nathaniel... 
 
 Bevans Michael 
 
 Bevans James 
 
 Banks Samuel 
 
 Beeman Thomas 
 
 Bryan Nathaniel.... 
 Broadwater William 
 Bover James 
 
 Rank. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Captain, 
 1st Lieut 
 2d Lieut. 
 Ensign.^ 
 Sergeant. 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 Corporal. 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 Private. 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
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 do 
 
 do 
 
 Busey Charles 
 
 Burrows Elias 
 
 Clabaugh Martin 
 
 Connelly Bernard 
 
 Clemmer Lewis 
 
 Cox David 
 
 Chapman Samuel 
 
 Creamer John 
 
 Clark Jacob 
 
 ^Connelly Edward 
 
 Crawford Samuel 
 
 Davis Isaiah 
 
 Deverbaugh Benjamin.... 
 
 Entler Michael 
 
 Erb Joseph 
 
 G arey Frederick 
 
 Gowar Nicolas 
 
 Hoblitzell Samuel 
 
 Hager George 
 
 Isenhart Jacob 
 
 Jadwin Thomas 
 
 Jolley Benjamin 
 
 Johnson William 
 
 Johnson John 
 
 Jolley William 
 
 Kennedy Robert U 
 
 Kempton James 
 
 Rank. 
 
 Private. 
 
 do 
 do 
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1814.] 
 
 THE AVAR WITH ENGLAND. 
 
 29/ 
 
 CAPTAIN MCI^AUCHLIN S COMPANY. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Kinsey David 
 
 Laiitz John 
 
 Lacey Benjamin H.. 
 
 Letters Daniel 
 
 Loar George 
 
 Lee James 
 
 Lee .Jacob 
 
 Lee John 
 
 Love Archibald 
 
 Lanfrhridge .lohn.... 
 
 Lee Frederick 
 
 Morrow James 
 
 Martin John 
 
 Mclntire John 
 
 Markee .John 
 
 Myers Peter 
 
 Moore James 
 
 Miller George 
 
 Michaels Abraham. 
 
 Madore Francis 
 
 Net! John, Jr.. 
 
 Northcraft M.... 
 
 Perrin Joseph 
 
 Paxton .Joseph 
 
 Pa.xton William 
 
 Rank. 
 
 Private, 
 do ■- 
 do 
 do 
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 do 
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 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
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 do 
 do 
 do 
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 Na 
 
 Porter Henry 
 
 Rice George 
 
 Resoner Arjalon 
 
 Rhodes Daniel 
 
 Russell John 
 
 *Rice Frederick 
 
 Robinette Elizophr.. 
 
 Riley Thomas 
 
 Sterner Jacob 
 
 Shellhorn Henry 
 
 Spencer Moses 
 
 Sherry James 
 
 Spillman Peter 
 
 Saylor Jacob 
 
 Schopper Jacob 
 
 Shuck John 
 
 Stover Absalom 
 
 Tumbuster Jacob.... 
 Willson Jonathan... 
 
 Willson Isaac 
 
 White Samuel 
 
 Willson Joshua 
 
 Whallev Levi 
 
 Willison Amos 
 
 jJZumbuly Jacob 
 
 Rank. 
 
 Private, 
 do- 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do - 
 do 
 do 
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 The Company formed in Cumberland was made 
 
 up of excellent material, the organization having 
 
 been efltected some months before. By frequent 
 
 drills, and the most friendly rivalry amongst the 
 
 members, a state of discipline and proficiency had 
 
 been arrived at, which \mt them upon a footing with 
 
 veterans, and Captain Blair was j ustly proud of his 
 
 command. The following is a list of the officers 
 
 and men of the company, which marched to 
 
 Baltimore in the latter part of August, and was in 
 
 the service of the government as part of the 
 
 national army from September 2d to November 6, 
 
 1814, which time was spent at Camp Diehl, near 
 
 Baltimore : 
 38 
 
298 
 
 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 [1814. 
 
 OAPTAIX BLAIR S COMPANY. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Blair Thomas Captain 
 
 McAtee Walter.. 
 Lowdermilk Samuel- 
 Shaw Wm 
 
 Hinkle Alpheus 
 
 Shuck .Jacob 
 
 Hou.x George M 
 
 Delouhrey John 
 
 Strahan Robert 
 
 Keath .lames 
 
 Taney James 
 
 McKinsey* Moses — 
 
 Clinton* Thomas 
 
 Allen John 
 
 Bernard James 
 
 Bowlie Jacob 
 
 Backer John 
 
 Burns James 
 
 Brilton Nathaniel.... 
 
 Bruce Francis 
 
 » Beall Alpheus B 
 
 Burgess Alfred 
 
 Burasby William B.. 
 
 Broadwater Charles. 
 
 Britt Robert 
 
 Cox John 
 
 Coddinglon Robert... 
 
 Case John 
 
 Clark Zadock 
 
 Conrade Michael 
 
 Dart John 
 
 •• Devore Aaron 
 
 Deaking John 
 
 Drain Thomas 
 
 Drain James 
 
 Blbin Reuben 
 
 Fisher John 
 
 Fling John 
 
 Foley John 
 
 Forsyth Joseph 
 
 Fryer George 
 
 Prazee Elisha 
 
 Gross Adam 
 
 Grifiy John 
 
 Golding Wm 
 
 'Gordon William 
 
 Hofl'man Jacob 
 
 Hoff Frederick 
 
 Rank. 
 
 1st Lieut. 
 2d Lieut. 
 1st Sergt 
 '2d Sergt. 
 3d Sergt, 
 4th Sergt 
 IstCorpl. 
 2d Corpl 
 3d Corpl 
 4th Corpl 
 Drum'r. 
 Fifer. 
 Private. 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
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 do 
 
 do 
 
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 do 
 
 do 
 do 
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 Names. 
 
 Humphrey John 
 
 Harding John 
 
 HoflFmau John J 
 
 Hall Solomon 
 
 Hendrixon Thomas... 
 
 Irons James 
 
 Irons Thomas 
 
 Knott Wm 
 
 Kight Cornelius 
 
 Kennedy James 
 
 Kelly William 
 
 Kelly Joseph 
 
 Korns Charles 
 
 Kelly Moses 
 
 Kelly Samuel 
 
 Layfoot John 
 
 Lowery John 
 
 Long George 
 
 MilhoUand Stephen... 
 
 Moor John 
 
 Moore Gabriel M 
 
 Martin Joseph 
 
 .\Iassor .lohn 
 
 Mart/ Henry 
 
 Murphy James 1st.... 
 
 Murphy James 2d 
 
 Morrison Arthur 
 
 Miller Godfrey 
 
 McKinsey Jesse 
 
 Mumau David 
 
 McCartney James 
 
 Majors William 
 
 Morrison George W.. 
 
 Morris Elisha 
 
 Neptune William 
 
 Newman John C 
 
 Newman George A.. 
 
 >Jorthcraft Edward... 
 
 Newton Athanias 
 
 Potter John 
 
 Porter Joseph 
 
 Poland John 
 
 Potter David 
 
 Plummer Thomas 
 
 Parkenson William., 
 
 Peters George 
 
 Peterman John 
 
 Riland Thomas 
 
 Rank. 
 
 Private- 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
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 ♦Moses McKinsey and Thomas Clinton bad both served in the Revolutionary army. They 
 lived in Cumberland, and on all public demonstvations were accustomed to come out on the 
 streets and play the drum and Hie. 
 
1814.] 
 
 THE WAR WITH ENGLAND. 
 
 299 
 
 CAPTAIN BLAIR's COMPANY. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Rank. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Rank. 
 
 Ravenscraft James 
 
 Private, 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 
 
 
 Riley Elisha 
 
 
 do 
 
 Roads .Jacob 
 
 Tasker Elisha. 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 Stephen William 
 
 Tomlinson .Jesse 
 
 do 
 
 Siford David 
 
 Trull Abner A 
 
 do 
 
 Savao'e Samuel 
 
 Tavlor Mai 
 
 do 
 
 
 Vansickle Zachariah 
 
 Wolfe Jacob 
 
 White James T 
 
 WiL'^on William 
 
 do 
 
 Shepherd .John 
 
 do 
 
 Spiker Adam 
 
 do 
 
 Shimer .Jacob 
 
 do 
 
 
 Woodroujrh Samuel 
 
 Winzett William . 
 
 do 
 
 Shi rcl iff Lewis 
 
 do 
 
 Stanton Joshua 
 
 
 
 
 
 The officers of the First Regiment Maryland Militia, were as 
 follows : 
 
 The officer in command at Camp Diehl was Major General Samuel 
 Smith. John Ragan, Jr.. Colonel. Stephen Steiner, Lieutenant-Colonel. 
 John Blackford, Major 1st. Benjamin G. Cole, Major 2d. Nathan 
 Cromwell, Adjutant. John Markle, Quarter-Master. George W. Boerstler, 
 Paymaster. William Hilleary, Sergeant. Arthur Nelson, 1st Mate. 
 Daniel Fitzhugh, 2d Mate. Christian C. Pechtig, Adjutant. Joab 
 Doggett, Hospital Steward. Christian Baker, Sergeant Major. Adam 
 Fisher, Quartermaster Sergeant. 
 
 At the January session of the Legislature an act 
 was passed authorizing George Thistle, Samuel 
 Smith, John Scott. Jacob Lantz, John Folck, Peter 
 Lowdermilk, and William Lamar, Sr., to hold a 
 lottery for the purpose of raising $2,000 to be applied 
 to the purchase of a fire engine for the town. 
 
 In addition to the names of residents heretofore 
 given, in 1814, the following persons were engaged 
 in business in the town, viz : — James M. White, 
 saddles and harness ; John Gophart, auctioneer ; W. 
 T. A. Pollock, saddles, &c.; Dr. Read, drugs, &c.; 
 Wm. Houx, chairmaker ; John Milburn, auctioneer ; 
 John Folck, warehouse ; Zadoc Clark, hat factory : 
 
300 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1814 
 
 Robert M'Guire, watchmaker ; Dr. Veirs, physician ; 
 Miss Bradley, teacher. 
 
 The Perry House, just across the river, in West 
 Virginia, was built by George Calmes, in 1816, and 
 afterwards passed into possession of Roger Perry. 
 
 In 1811 the Legislature had established "The 
 Cumberland Bank of Allegany," to be located in 
 Cumberland, the capital stock to be $200,000, and 
 to be divided into four thousand shares of lifty dollars 
 each, and the stockholders to be exempt from any 
 liability beyond their stock. The bank was to be 
 managed by eight directors and a president. 
 
 When the bank issued its notes, by some misun- 
 derstanding as to the orthography of that much 
 abused word " Allegany," the engraver spelled it 
 '• Alleghany," and as the notes had been put in 
 circulation before the error was discovered, in order 
 to avoid the expense of new plates, as well as the 
 inconvenience of calling in the circulation, an act 
 was secured at the June session of the Legislature, 
 in 1812, changing the name to " The Cumberland 
 Bank of Alleghany." 
 
 The officers of the bank, chosen at its first election 
 were, Upton Bruce, President ; and M. Wallace, 
 Cashier. 
 
 In 1814, in consequence of the war, the Eastern 
 banks suspended specie payments, and on the 17th 
 of September, 1814, the Cumberland Bank followed 
 their example. 
 
 About 1812, the first newspaper in Cumberland 
 was established, by Samuel Magill, and was called 
 the "Allegany Freeman." It was Democratic in 
 
1814.] THE FIRST NEWSPAPERS. 301 
 
 politics, and was edited in a very vigorous manner. 
 
 On the 13th of January, 1814, William Brown 
 established the " Cumberland Gazette," a sixteen- 
 columu Federalist paper, published every Thursday. 
 
 The offices of the.se two papers were located on 
 Mechanic street, near Baltimore street. Their 
 columns were given up entii'ely to war news, politics 
 and advertisements. Local matters Avere wholly 
 ignored, and the most offensive personalities freely 
 indulged in, together with a great many high-flown 
 patriotic sentences. 
 
 In the organization of the Maryland Militia, the 
 50th regiment was ordered by the Council to be 
 organized in Allegany County, and the following 
 officers were appointed : Thomas Greenwell, Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel ; John Folck, Major; Captains, John 
 McElfish, Dennis Beall, Conrad Corbns, Joseph 
 France, and Thomas Porter; Adjutant, Levi Hil- 
 leary. It does not appear that they acquired any 
 great proficiency, or that they ever held even so much 
 as the annual "cornstalk" drill. 
 
 September 27th, the town was brilliantly illumi- 
 nated in honor of the gallant victory won by Captain 
 MacDonough, on Lake Champlain, wherein he 
 vanquished a British fleet greatly his superior. 
 Processions paraded the streets, singing and shouting, 
 and the entire population took part in the celebra- 
 tion. 
 
 The town was incorporated in January, 1815, at 
 which time the Legislature passed an "'ilct to provide 
 for the appointment of Commissioners, for the regula- 
 tion and improvement of the Town of Cumberland,^ 
 
302 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1815. 
 
 in Allegany County, and to incorporate the same." 
 This act provided that five judicious and discreet 
 persons residing in the town, and holding real prop- 
 erty therein should be elected by ballot on the first 
 Monday of June, 1816, and on the same day every 
 year thereafter, at the Court House, by the free white 
 male citizens of the age of twenty-one years, who had 
 resided in the town one whole year next preceding 
 the election, and that the five persons having the 
 highest number of votes should be declared elected. 
 These Commissioners were ordered at the first 
 election to choose one of their own number as Chief 
 Burgess for that year. They were required to meet 
 at least four times each year, on the first Monday of 
 May, July, October and December, and oftener if 
 necessary, to attend to the business of the town. 
 They were incorporated under the name of "The 
 Chief Burgess and the other Commissioners of the 
 Town of Cumberland." The limit of taxation for 
 town purposes was fixed at one dollar for every one 
 hundred dollars' worth of property. They were 
 authorized to employ a clerk and a bailiff, who were 
 to receive a reasonable compensation. 
 
 In 1816 an additional act was passed by the Legis- 
 lature, appointing Roger Perry, William McMahon 
 and John Scott commissioners to lay off, locate, mark, 
 bound and number into lots, streets, lanes and alleys, 
 the land lying between Flat street and the Potomac 
 river, and between Smallwood and Chase streets, but 
 exempted from city taxation all the lots thus laid off 
 until they should be improved. 
 
 At the January session of the Legislature, in 1816, 
 
1816.] THE GLASS FACTORY. 303 
 
 a petition was granted for the incorporation of the 
 Cumberland Water Company, the object being to 
 introduce soft water into the town. The Company 
 was authorized to raise a capital of flU,000, by the 
 issue of 500 shares of stock at ^20 per share. The 
 subscri25tion books were to be opened uiider the care 
 of John Scott, Peter Lowdermilk, Samuel Smith, 
 George Thistle, David Schriver and Michael C. 
 Sprigg, who were to have ample powers and privi- 
 leges. The project was never carried into effect. 
 
 On the first Monday in June, 1816, the first elec- 
 tion in the town was held for Commissioners, and 
 the following persons were chosen: David Shriver, 
 Jr., George Thistle, Henry McKinley, John Hoye 
 and John Scott. These Commissioners met at once, 
 and elected from their own number John Scott to be 
 Chief Burgess. Thomas Pollard was then appointed 
 Clerk to the body. 
 
 Early in 1816, Messrs. Roger and Thomas Perry 
 erected a glass factory, on a lot of ground near the 
 site of the residence of Mr. John B. Widener. They 
 found sand suitable for their purposes on Will's 
 Mountain, in the vicinity of the Narrows. The 
 first glass they produced was fi-om a coal fire, and 
 proved to be very green. This blast was worked up 
 into green bottles. Wood was then used for fuel, 
 and some very excellent glass turned out. The 
 manufactui'ed article was sold in the towns East- 
 ward, as well as in Pittsburgh. Mrs. Grace Neill 
 has in her possession at present several pieces of 
 glass made at this factory, which she carefully 
 preserves as interesting relics. The management of 
 
304 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1819. 
 
 this enterprise did not yield the expected results, and 
 after the lapse of a few years, about 1819, the Messrs. 
 Perry felt compelled to abandon it. they having 
 sustained heavy losses, and feeling unable to make 
 any further ventures. Some portions of the old 
 Iniilding are still standin"-. 
 
 The projected establishment of slack water naviga- 
 tion on the Potomac river, between tidewater and 
 Cuni):)erland, led to the most extravagant expectations 
 of commercial progress in Cumberland, and owners 
 of lots bordering on the river expected to realize 
 fortunes in the sale of their property. Several 
 persons, anticipating heavy trade by the new water 
 route to be opened up by the Potomac Company, 
 erected warehouses for storing goods, intending to 
 engage in the forwarding business. Amongst others, 
 John Folck built a large brick warehouse on the 
 river bank, near where Mr. A. L. Miller's residence 
 now stands. The failure of the project rendered the 
 speculation unprofitable, but the warehouse was used 
 some years afterwards as a warehouse and store 
 room at a time when a considerable business was 
 done on the river in transporting coal and merchandise 
 by means of flat boats. 
 
 By an act of the Legislature of 1812 a considerable 
 sum of money had been appropriated for the improve- 
 ment of the road from Cumberland to Winding Ridge, 
 and the old pike ler.ding from the mouth of Will's 
 Creek through Sandy Gap to the old Braddock Road 
 was built. The ford at the foot of Creek street was 
 passable and frequently used, as repeated disaster 
 overtook the Ijridge over the stream. In 1820 the 
 
1 820.] THE SUSPENSION BRIDGE. 305 
 
 bridge was carried away by a freshet, and the county 
 authorities, determined to provide against any proba- 
 ble contingency of tlie kind in the future, after 
 examining tlie bridge architecture of the period, con- 
 cluded to erect a suspension bridge of iron chains, 
 upon a plan invented by James Finley, of Fayette 
 Count}', Pa , in 1796. Mr. Finley's were the first 
 suspension bridges introduced into the United States, 
 and he had already built several spans of 200 feet.* 
 The County Commissioners contracted with Valentine 
 Shockey to construct one of these bridges over the 
 Creek, and in 1820 the Chain Bridge was built. The 
 piers were single locust posts, there being two at 
 each end, braced together at the toj). The span was 
 115J feet clear. Two chains stretched from one side 
 of the Creek to the other; the deflection was one- 
 sixth of the span. ''The double links, of If inch 
 square iron, were ten feet long. The centre link was 
 horizontal, and at the level of the floor; and at its 
 ends were stirruped the two central transverse 
 girders. From the ends of this central link the 
 chains w'ere carried in straight lines to the tops of 
 the posts, 25 feet high, which served as piers or 
 towers. The back stays were carried away straight, 
 at the same angle as the cables ; and each end was 
 confined to four l)uried stones of about half a cubic 
 yard each. The floor was only wide enough for a 
 single line of vehicles. All the transverse girders 
 were ten feet apart, and supported longitudinal joists, 
 to which tlie floor was spiked. There were no 
 restrictions as to travel; but lines of carts and wagons. 
 
 *TrautwiDe's Civil Engineers" Pocket Book. 
 
 39 
 
306 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1822. 
 
 in close succession, and heavily loaded with coal, 
 stone, iron, &c., crossed it almost daily, together with 
 droves of cattle in full run. The slight hand-railing 
 of iron was hinged, so us not to be bent by the 
 undulations of the bridge. Six-horse wagons were 
 frequently driven aci'oss in a trot. The iron was of 
 the old-fashioned charcoal, of full thirty tons per 
 square inch ultimate strength. The united cross- 
 section of the two double links was 7.56 square inches, 
 which at thirty tons per square inch, gives 227 tons 
 for their ultimate strength, or say 76 tons with a 
 safety of 3." The work was all done by Mr. Shockey 
 in his own shop, and was of the most durable and 
 satisfactory character. Amongst the several work- 
 men who were engaged with Mr. Shockey in building 
 the bridge was Godfrey Richards, father of Mr. Isaac 
 Richards, one of the old citizens of the town. In 1831, 
 several of the posts or piers gave way, and Jonathan 
 Witt was employed by the Commissioners to replace 
 them. This was done by the substitution of new 
 and heavier locust posts, the work when comjsleted 
 being declared more permanent than ever before. 
 
 In 1822 George Bruce was Sheriff of the county. 
 
 In September of 1823 the "Maryland Advocate," 
 a Democratic paper, was established by John M. 
 Buchanan, the "Allegany Freeman" having been dis- 
 continued. 
 
 In October, at the town election, Samuel Magill was 
 chosen Chief Burgess, and John McNeill, Jr., was 
 appointed Clerk. An ordinance was passed by the 
 Commissioners requiring all property owners on 
 Mechanic street to pave their sidewalks. 
 
1824.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 307 
 
 At the county election on October 1st, the follow- 
 ing persons were elected to represent the county in 
 the Legislature, viz: George Bruce, Michael C. 
 Sprigg, John McMahon and John McHenry. The 
 whole vote polled was .3.777. 
 
 November 30. — Captain Thomas Beall, of Samuel, 
 proprietor of the town, and an old revolutionary 
 soldier, died at an advanced age, highly respected. 
 
 February 24, 1824. — The Legislature passed an act 
 limiting the levy of taxes in Cumberland, for town 
 purposes, to fifty cents on each one hundred dollars 
 of assessable property. 
 
 April 1. — James Black refitted and opened the 
 tavern on south Mechanic street, near Creek street, 
 and called it the "Columbian Inn." 
 
 The Judges of the Orphans' Court were Thomas 
 Cresap, John McNeill, and William McMahon. 
 
 The Levy Court was composed of Benjamin Tom- 
 linson, Samuel Coddington, John Burbridge, George 
 W. Glaze, William Price, (of Westernport,) Meshack. 
 Frost and Walter McAfee. 
 
 The town officers chosen were. Chief Burgess, 
 Roger Perry; Commissioners, Peter Garey, John 
 Boose, John Gephart, Jr , and Gustavus Beall; Clerk, 
 C. Heck. Tax levied, 20 cents on each |100. 
 
 May 26. — General Andrew Jackson, arrived in 
 Cumberland, on his way from Washington to his 
 home, and while here visited the site of old Fort 
 Cumberland, and walked over the ground. 
 
 A remarkable accident occurred in the summer of 
 1824, the result of which was little less than 
 miraculous. At the time of the building of the Jail 
 
308 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1824. 
 
 and Court House, about the beginning oi' the century, 
 the want of good drinking water led the Commis- 
 sioners to determine upon sinking a well. Accordingly, 
 in 1805, they appropriated the sum of <£2()0 for that 
 purpose, and Upton Bruce and Roger Perry were 
 appointed a commission to have the work done. 
 They selected a spot just in front of the Court House 
 yard, on Prospect street, and sunk a well ninety feet 
 in depth, Avhich was walled up with stone, and 
 furnished with a large wheel and two buckets. The 
 water obtained was excellent. At the time above 
 indicated, Belle McMahon, a little daughter of 
 William McMahon, about five years of age, Avas play- 
 ing about the mouth of the well, when suddenly she 
 lost her balance and fell headlong into it. A number 
 of persons at once ran to the spot. The light 
 clothing of the child could be seen on the surface of 
 the water, but every one was convinced that she 
 must have been instantly killed. Her mother, 
 frantic Avith grief, could with difficulty be restrained 
 from plunging in after her child. Dr. S. P. Smith 
 was amongst the first to come to the rescue. He 
 procured from the jail a long rope, with grappling 
 hooks, which was used for recovering the buckets 
 when they were lost, and with this he caught the 
 little girl, and drew her to the surface. She was 
 apparently lifeless, but the prompt use of restoratives 
 soon brought her to consciousness, and it was then 
 discovered that she had sustained no injuries what- 
 ever, beyond a slight abrasion of the skin on the 
 forehead. The diameter of the well is not greater 
 than four feet, and she must have fallen like a plum- 
 
1824.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 309 
 
 met to have escaped being dashed to pieces against the 
 rocky sides, in her fearful descent. This well was 
 covered over and converted into a pit for draining 
 the Academy, in 1876. 
 
 During the summer a military company was 
 Ibrmed under the name of "Allegany Blues." The 
 officers chosen were, H. B. Tomlinson, Captain; 
 Thomas Dowden, First Lieutenant, and S. M. Keene, 
 Ensign. 
 
 August 26. — Hon. John C. Calhoun, Secretary of 
 War, and Major Roberdeau, of the Topographical 
 Engineers, arrived, and after tarrying a few hours, 
 and dining, went west along Will's Creek, to view 
 the summit level of the contemplated route of the 
 Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. 
 
 A line of coaches to run between Baltimore, 
 Washington and Wheeling was established during 
 the summer, by Reeside, Moore, Stockton & Co. 
 Stages left the two Eastern cities named at 2 a. m., 
 Sundays, Tuesdays and Thursdays, and made the 
 trip to Wheeling in 3i days. An accommodation 
 stage left every Monday, Wednesday, Friday and 
 Saturday, and went through by da^'light, in four 
 days. 
 
 At the election for Congressmen in October, 
 Thomas C. Worthinglon was elected over John 
 Lee. The vote was as follows: Allegany County, 
 Worthington, 669; Lee, 510. Washington Count}^, 
 Worthington, 2,095; Lee, 1,446. Frederick County, 
 Worthington, 1,558; Lee, 1,533. Total, Worthing- 
 ton, 4,322; Lee, 3,489. 
 
 The candidates for the General Assembly were 
 
310 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1825. 
 
 John A. Hoffman, John McMahon, Jacob Lantz, 
 Lewis F. Klip.stine, John McNeill, Thomas Cresap, 
 and Samuel Thomas. The first four named were 
 elected. 
 
 William McMahon was Sheriff. 
 
 Samuel McGill, the Postmaster, resigned, and 
 James Whitehead was appointed to fill the vacancy. 
 
 December 1. — A post office was established at 
 Flintstone, and Walter Slicer appointed Postmaster. 
 
 Robert Kennedy was at this time principal of the 
 Allegany County Academy. 
 
 February 2, 1825. — An act was passed by the 
 Legislature, repealing previous acts, and giving 
 the Commissioners of the town enlarged police 
 powers. 
 
 February 5. — The following persons were appointed 
 Justices of the Orphans' Court: Thomas Cresap. 
 John McNeill and Robert Swann. 
 
 Justices of the Levy Court: Benjamin Tomlinson, 
 Samuel Coddington, John Burbridge, William Price. 
 Walter McAtee, Valentine Hoftman, Benjamin 
 Robinson, Archibald Thistle, and George Rhinehart. 
 
 March 10. — A stage bound West, when four miles 
 east of Cumberland, upset, and John S. Dugan. 
 proprietor of a line of stages between Wheeling and 
 Zanesville, was so badly hurt that he died in a few 
 hours. 
 
 The mail stages during this summer left Cumber- 
 land on Tuesday's. Thursdays and Saturdays at G a. 
 m,, for the East; and Mondays, Wednesdays and 
 Fridays at 4 p. m., for the West. The through rates 
 of fare were as follows : 
 
1825.] RIVER NAVIGATION. 311 
 
 From Wheeling to \V:ishiiio;ton, Pa $ 2.00 
 
 " Washington to I'niontown, Pa 2.25 
 
 " Uniontown to Cumberland 4.00 
 
 " Cumberland to Hagerstown ... 5.00 
 
 " Hagerstown to Frederick 2.00 
 
 " Frederick to Baltimore 3.50 
 
 Distance 2(J7 miles. Tlin>u;;h $1H.75 
 
 Sunday, May 8. — George H. Drake and Dennis 
 M. Atliey went hunting, eight miles north of 
 Cumberland, and after a day of amusement were 
 x'eturning home, when a dispute arose as- to who 
 should carry the gun. Drake threatened to shoot 
 Athey, and drew the gini up to his side, when it was 
 discharged, the load entering Athey's body and 
 killing him instantly. Drake reported the facts, but 
 avowed the killing was wholly accidental, and that 
 he was jesting when he made the threat. He was 
 arrested, but, on the Oth of July, made his escape 
 from jail. A reward of $50 was offered for his 
 apprehension. 
 
 At this time a considerable amount of business 
 was done on the Potomac River, in the way of 
 transporting coal, flour, &c., by means of suitable 
 boats. Coal was loaded on flat boats at Cumberland, 
 and whenever the stage of water would permit they 
 were floated down to Georgetown. The place 
 of loading was the ground now occupied by the City 
 Water Works. When the trade was first established 
 these flat boats were only capable of transporting 300 
 bushels of coal, but as the river became known, and 
 experience was gained, their size was gradually 
 increased until they were given a capacity of 1,500 
 bushels. 
 
312 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1825. 
 
 "Keel" boats were also built, sharp at either end, 
 with keel and stem posts. Their greatest length 
 was 70 feet, and their average width 10 feet, their 
 freightage being from 100 to 125 barrels of flour. 
 
 These boats were manned by a crew of four: 
 steersman, head oarsman and two side oarsmen. 
 The boat was floated into the current, and when 
 necessary was propelled by the side oarsmen, by 
 means of long sweep oars, the steersman and head 
 oarsman being required to guide it through the 
 difficult channel. The season for boating generally 
 opened in February, and continued usually until 
 the first of May. The boats occasionally ran during 
 the fall freshets. The round trip (from Cuml)erland 
 to Georgetown and return) occupied from twelve 
 to eighteen days. The down trip occupied only 
 three days, but the return was both laborious and 
 painful, as most of the distance the boat was 
 propelled by means of poles, which the men placed 
 against their shoulders; and on their arrival in 
 Cumberland, frequently their shoulders would be raw 
 and sore. 
 
 This eiiterprise was attended with many difficulties 
 and risks, and the wreck of a boat and the loss of its 
 cargo was a common occurrence. The devious 
 channel, hidden rocks, and frequent islands were 
 serious obstacles. One of the most disastrous places 
 on the river was "Cumberland Falls," just where the 
 dam now is. Many boats were lost here, and several 
 men drowned. The Potomac Company had done 
 something towards lessening the dangers by planting 
 signal posts to mark the channel, and had also 
 
1826.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 313 
 
 erected stone walls as courses, some of which may yet 
 be seen a short distance below Cumberland. Most of 
 the flat boats taken below, loaded with coal, were not 
 returned, but were broken up, at Georgetown, and 
 the lumber sold. 
 
 On tlio 2d of March, John Oglebay, who went 
 down as steersman on a coal boat, was drowned five 
 miles below, by the capsizing of the boat. He left a 
 wife and eight children. 
 
 July 1. — Judges Orphans' Court: Thomas Cresap, 
 John McNeill and Robert Swann. 
 
 Justices of Levy Court: Benjamin Tomlinson, 
 Samuel Coddington, William Price, Upton Bruce, 
 Martin Rizcr, Benjamin Robinson, Archibald Thistle, 
 William McLaughlin, Valentine Hoffman and Walter 
 McAtee. 
 
 July 29. — Between 9 and 10 p. m. a fire broke out 
 in Gustavus Beall's large grist mill; the small mill, 
 distillei-y, two store houses, two stables, and several 
 smaller buildings, as well as a frame store house on 
 the opposite side of the street, belonging to Hoblitzell 
 & Payne, and several other houses, were destroyed. 
 Beall's loss was $10,000; Hoblitzell & Payne's loss 
 $3,000. Beall saved the goods in his store, and 
 opened again in John Scott's house, next to Searight's 
 tavern. 
 
 Suspicions were entertained that James Palmer, a 
 
 sort of desjjerado, living some distance from town, on 
 
 the Virginia side of the river, had set fire to the 
 
 mills, as he had been heard to make threats that he 
 
 would burn the town. A party of citizens went 
 
 quietly to Palmer's house and arrested him. A lot 
 40 
 
314 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [182G-27. 
 
 of stolen goods was found in his possession, and he 
 was indicted for arson and theft, on which charges he 
 was tried and found guilty, and sentenced to fifteen 
 years in the penitentiary, fifteen months of which 
 time was to be passed in solitary confinement. 
 
 At the election for Congressmen, in October, the 
 candidates were Michael C. Sprigg, John Lee. 
 Thomas Kennedy and Samuel Hughes. The vote 
 in the county was as follows: Sprigg, 1,030; Lee, 
 282; Kennedy, 41; Hughes, 12. Total vote of the 
 county, 1,365; in Cumberland, 388; in Frostburg, 
 205; Flintstone, 137. The vote in the Congressional 
 District footed up 3,085 for Sprigg; 2,675 for Lee; 
 671 for Kennedy, and 067 for Hughes. 
 
 A vote was taken at the same time upon the 
 proposition to establish primary schools in the county, 
 which was defeated by a vote of 1,031 against 249. 
 
 The delegates chosen to the Assembly were Wra. 
 Ridgely, Jacob Hoblitzell, Robert Armstrong and 
 Wm. Shaw. 
 
 In June, 1827, the following justices of the 
 Orphan's Court were appointed: Thomas Cresap, 
 John McNeill and Robert Armstrong. 
 
 Justices of Levy Court: Benjamin Tomlinson, 
 Samuel Coddington, William Price, Valentine Hoff- 
 man, Archibald Thistle, William McLaughlin, Walter 
 McAfee and Francis Reid. 
 
 July 27. — A fire broke out in '-Berry's Row," on 
 Bedford street, and three houses were destroyed, two 
 of which were occupied by Rev. N. B. Little and 
 Samuel Magill. J. P. Carleton's house took fire 
 several times, but was saved. 
 
1828.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 315 
 
 October 2. — An election held, at which Richard 
 Beall was elected Sheriif, and John McNeill, Jr., 
 John A. Hoffman, Jacob Holitzell and George 
 McCulloh, Delegates to the General Assembly. 
 
 In the spring of 1828, an eccentric character, by 
 the name of Harris, made his appearance in the 
 town, and began to preach on the street corners, 
 prophesying a terrible calamity to fall upon the 
 people. Harris was a middle aged man, and a 
 Quaker, of good physical proportions, quiet demeanor, 
 and humble manners. His home was somewhere 
 in the neighborhood of Leesburg, Va., and he was 
 evidently of unsound mind. After sojourning for a 
 while he took his departure, but year after year he 
 made his reappearance, and began disrobing himself 
 and parading the streets in a nude state. On one 
 occasion he suddenly made his appearance in one of 
 the churches, in this condition, and walked up the 
 aisle almost to the pulpit, before the congregation 
 recovered from its surprise sufficiently to eject him. 
 For this exploit he was sent to jail, but was shortly 
 afterwards released. His propensity for walking the 
 streets naked led to his chastisement on several 
 occasions, and this infliction he bore without a mur- 
 mui", saying his mission was to suffer and to warn 
 the people. It was finally resolved that he should 
 be permitted to have his walk out, the hope being 
 entertained that he would then regard his mission 
 as fulfilled, and cease to annoy the public. He then 
 paraded Mechanic sti^eet from Bedford to the southei'ii 
 end of the thoroughfare, loudl}- proclaiming a great 
 evil near at hand, and in earnest tones invoking the 
 
316 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1828. 
 
 inhabitants to prepare for it. Upon undertaking to 
 repeat this journey, shortly afterwards, he was 
 arrested and sent home to his friends who thereafter 
 guarded him carefully. The visits of this singular 
 man extended over a period of nearly five years, and 
 shortly after their cessation the great fii'e of 1833 
 took place, which is said to have consumed all the 
 houses along the i*oute he so persistently paraded. 
 
 In 1828, the Cumberland Hotel and Stage Office 
 were kept by Jacob Fechtig. 
 
 February 8. — -'The Civilian" was established 
 by Samuel Charles, as the organ of the friends of 
 Henry Clay, and was given its name of " The Civilian " 
 to indicate the sentiment of its originators and 
 supporters, in favor of a civilian for the Presidency as 
 against Andrew Jackson, a military man. 
 
 During the spring of this year business on the 
 river was very brisk, over fifty boats leaving in a 
 single week, loaded with coal, flour, bacon, butter, 
 &c., for Harper's Ferry and Georgetown. Some 
 2,500 barrels of flour were shi2)ped. 
 
 May 29. — The town was brilliantly illuminated in 
 honor of the passage of the bill by Congi'ess appro- 
 priating $1,000,000 towards the construction of the 
 Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. A handsome arch was 
 thrown across Mechanic street, at the corner of 
 Bedford street, and in the windows were displayed 
 the motto, "Gratitude to Charles Fenton Mercer, 
 and Andrew Stuart," both of whom were indefati- 
 gable workers in the cause. 
 
 June 3. — A dinner was given at Black's Hotel to 
 Hon. Andrew Stuart, as a testimonial to his services 
 
1828-29.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 317 
 
 in behalf of the public interests, on which occasion 
 Mr. Stuart made a speech which was enthusiastically 
 received. 
 
 September 8. — George Swearingen, Sheriff of 
 Washington county, murdered his wife, one mile 
 above Cresaptown in the woods. Suspicion of foul 
 play being aroused, the body of the murdered 
 woman was disinterred on the 11th, and the coroner's 
 jury, which sat upon the case returned the following 
 verdict : 
 
 "After a careful and full exainiuation of numerous witnesses we are 
 of opinion that Mary 0. Swearinj;en came to her death by the hands of 
 her husband, George Swearingen.'' 
 
 Before the body was taken up for examination 
 Swearingen fled, taking with him Rachael Cunning- 
 ham, with whom he was known to have been on 
 undulv intimate terms. 
 
 Mrs. Swearingen was the daughter of James Scott, 
 one of the most prominent citizens of Cumberland. 
 Her remains were brought to town and placed in the 
 familj- burying ground. She was a most estimable 
 and lovable lady, and left an interesting little 
 daughter. 
 
 October 3. — William V. Buskirk, William Price, 
 Joseph Dilly and William McMahon were elected to 
 the Assembly. 
 
 January 12, 1829. — Justices of the Oi'phans' Court: 
 Thomas Cresap. John vScott and John McNeill. 
 
 Justices Levy Court: Benj. Tomlinson, Samuel 
 Coddington, Walter McAtee, Valentine Hoffman. 
 Francis Reed, Arch. Thistle, William McLaughlin, 
 Upton Bruce, Martin Rizer, and John Miller. 
 
 March 25 — Henry Clay tirrived and stop2:)ed at 
 
318 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1829. 
 
 Slicer's Hotel. He was given a hearty welcome, and 
 an enthusiastic entertainment, which was largely 
 attended. In the evening he made a speech to the 
 assembled crowd, and on the following day pursued 
 his journey. 
 
 March 27. — News was received of the arrest of 
 George Swearingen, which took place in New 
 Orleans, on the 17th of February. On his esca2)e 
 the Governor of Maryland had offered $300 for his 
 cajjture. Swearingen had disguised himself and 
 changed his name to Thomas Martin. He made his 
 way to the Ohio river, and there got aboard a flat 
 boat bound for New Orleans. He was armed with a 
 rifle, pocket pistols, and a large dagger. He had 
 been in New Orleans several days before he was 
 discovered. One day he walked into a store kept by 
 a man named Sloo. for the purpose of making some 
 purchases, and it happened that John V. L. Ramsay, 
 a Mar^dander, who knew him, was in the store at 
 the time. Ramsey at once recognized Swearingen. 
 in spite of his disguise, and without delay lodged 
 information with the Mayor. Officers were at once 
 put upon his track, and followed him to a flat boat 
 where they saw him go through a hole in the roof, to 
 the corn, with which the boat was laden. The 
 officers quickly followed him in, whereupon Swear- 
 ingen started up and drcAv his dirk, but pistols being 
 leveled at him, he surrendered, and was bound. At 
 first he denied his identity, but when faced by 
 Ramsay, he no longer attempted concealment. 
 
 Swearingen was taken to Baltimore, on the brig 
 Arctic, arriving there April 23d. He had a heai'ing 
 
1829-30.] LorAL incidents. 319 
 
 before a city soagistrate, and was committed to jail 
 to await removal to Allegany county, the scene ol' 
 lii.s crime. 
 
 A special term of Court was convened in August, 
 for the purpose of trying Swearingen. On the 13th 
 of August a jury was obtained, and the trial com- 
 menced. The Prosecuting Attorney was Mr. Dixon ; 
 Counsel for the defense, William Van Buskirk, 
 William McMahon, and William Price, all able 
 lawyers. On the bench were Chief Judge J. Buch- 
 anan, and Associate Judges T. Buchanan and A. 
 Shriver. Tiie case was not concluded until the 22d, 
 when the jury retired and returned in fifteen minutes, 
 with a verdict of "guilty of murder in the first 
 degree." The Court sentenced the prisoner to be 
 handed on the 2d of October. 
 
 October 2. — An immense crowd of people came 
 into the town, from every direction, to witness the 
 terrible vengeance of the law. The place of execu- 
 tion was on the flat ground on the West side of the 
 (J reek. Swearingen was pertisctly calm and collected, 
 and said he had no fear of death. Rev. Mr. Miller, of 
 Westernport, was with him, administering spiritual 
 comfort. Volunteer militia companies were present 
 from Bedford and Somerset, Pa., as also the Wash- 
 ington Guards, of Cumberland. The number of 
 people assembled was estimated at 4,000. The 
 execution was speedily accomplished, and the body 
 given to its friends. 
 
 On New Year's Day, 1830, the people ol' this 
 section of country had a "grand circular hunt." 
 The lirst Itrigade embraced the country from Cum- 
 
320 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1830. 
 
 berland to tlie mouth of Jennings Run. The second 
 brigade, from Jenning's Run up the road to Cornelius 
 Devore's Mill, on Will's Creek. Third brigade, from 
 Devore's Mill across to Frederick Rice's in Cash 
 Valley. Fourth brigade from Frederick Rice's along 
 the Bedford Road to Cumberland. About one 
 hundred persons participated in the hunt, and a 
 large amount of game was taken. 
 
 Justices Orphan's Court: Thomas Cresap, John 
 Scott and George Hoblitzell. 
 
 Justices Levy Court: Joshua 0. Robinson, Joseph 
 Frantz, George Blocher, William McLaughlin, Jacob 
 Holeman, John Mattingly, Thomas D. Beall, Walter 
 Bevans, Henry Myers, and Jasper Robinette. 
 
 Surveyor: Benjamin Brown. 
 
 At the census taken in 1830, William McMahon 
 Deputy Marshal, the population of the town of 
 Cumberland was as follows: 
 
 Males. Females. Total. 
 
 Under 
 
 5 years 
 years oi 
 
 of 
 
 ncrp 
 
 
 
 
 82 
 
 71 
 
 153 
 
 Of 5- 
 
 ^ age and 
 
 under 
 
 •lO' 
 
 years 
 
 G2 
 
 7G 
 
 138 
 
 Of 10' 
 
 a 
 
 .1 
 
 " 
 
 u 
 
 15' 
 
 u 
 
 74 
 
 :i9 
 
 113 
 
 Of 15 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 " 
 
 u 
 
 20 
 
 a 
 
 72 
 
 70 
 
 142 
 
 Of 20 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 *• 
 
 :^.o 
 
 If 
 
 yi 
 
 78 
 
 169 
 
 Of 30 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 " 
 
 11 
 
 40 
 
 (i 
 
 5G 
 
 5:i 
 
 109 
 
 Of 40 
 
 t( 
 
 ii 
 
 i( 
 
 it 
 
 50 
 
 " 
 
 44 
 
 36 
 
 80 
 
 Of 50 
 
 *( 
 
 a 
 
 (1 
 
 It 
 
 GO 
 
 u 
 
 18 
 
 33 
 
 51 
 
 Of GO 
 
 (( 
 
 (1 
 
 li 
 
 a 
 
 70 
 
 a 
 
 11 
 
 09 
 
 20 
 
 Of70 
 
 It 
 
 n 
 
 a 
 
 • 1 
 
 80 
 
 (1 
 
 * 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 Of 80 
 
 11 
 
 t( 
 
 u 
 
 (( 
 
 90 
 
 a 
 
 5 
 522 
 
 475 
 
 7 
 997 
 
 Slaves 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4G 
 1.5 
 
 83 
 21 
 
 129 
 
 Free colored-. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3G 
 
 583 579 llfi2 
 
 The population of Allegany County was 10,590. 
 February 28. — A little son of George Kearns, four 
 
1830-31.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 321 
 
 years of age, fell into the well at the jail, a depth of 
 ninety feet, and was instantly killed. 
 
 March 18. — The Western stage while leaving town 
 ran ofl' the road and upset. Bishop Chase, of Ohio, 
 a passenger, was badly injured, having three of his ribs 
 broken, and his left arm dislocated. Pie remained 
 here until his recovery, and preached at the Church 
 on Fort Hill. 
 
 April 20. — The new Episcopal Church, on Fort 
 Hill, was consecrated by Bishop Meade, of Virginia. 
 
 At the election in October, William McMahon, 
 William Ridgely, William Shaw, and William Reid, 
 were elected to the General Assembly, and Mr. 
 Rawlings Sherifi'. 
 
 October 23. — The "Advocate"' was sold by John 
 M. Buchanan to Richard P. Bailey and Daniel 
 Blocher. 
 
 November 22. — George Jacobs, of Hampshire 
 County, Va., aged 50 years, was found dead on the 
 Cresaptown Road, the result of an accident. 
 
 December 111 — The Cumberland Fire Engine 
 Company was organized, at Newnam's Hotel. 
 
 December 17. — John Custer was found frozen to 
 death, on the Cresaptown I'oad. 
 
 January 14, 1 831. — Snow fell to a depth of twenty- 
 four inches, and travel was almost suspended, as the 
 I'oads were blocked. 
 
 January 20. — A public meeting was held, and Dr. 
 S. P. Smith, James Everstine, David Shriver, Jacob 
 Snyder and John Hays were appointed a committee 
 to petition Congress fur an appropriation to improve 
 the Cumberland Road. 
 
 41 
 
322 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND. [1831. 
 
 Justices of the Orphans' Court: Thomas Cresap, 
 John McNeill and John Scott. 
 
 The population of the county was at this time 
 10,602. 
 
 A fire company was formed, in February, and sup- 
 plied with ladders for use in case of fire. Two ladders 
 were kept against Hook's fence, corner Centre and 
 Frederick streets, and two against Shriver's shed, 
 over the mill race, on the turnpike. 
 
 August 2. —Two railroads were put in operation 
 in Allegany County, one at the coal mine of William 
 Ward, and the other at the mine of John Porter, 
 both within ten miles of Cumberland. They were 
 about one hundred yards in length, the rails being 
 of wood, and the wheels of the cars of cast iron. 
 The cars were drawn by horse power. 
 
 Bene S. Pigman was elected to the Senate, in the 
 fall, and William Armstrong and Thomas Blair (anti- 
 Jackson) and George M. Swann and Jacob Lantz, 
 (Jackson) elected Delegates to the Legislature. 
 
 Francis Thomas was elected to Congress by a 
 majority of 601 over Michael C. Sprigg. 
 
 October 15. — The Synod of the Lutheran Church 
 of Maryland assembled in Cumberland. 
 
 George Smith was appointed Collector of Taxes, 
 and Aza Beall, Clerk of the Court. 
 
 November 24 — Public notice was given that the 
 proprietors of coal mines in Allegany County, and all 
 other persons interested in procuring a charter for a 
 railroad from the coal mines to Cumberland would 
 meet in Frostburg, to consider the project, and agree 
 upon a route. 
 
1831-32.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 323 
 
 December 1. — Henry Clay arrived, en route 
 to Washington, and had a reception during his 
 stay. 
 
 February 6, 1832. — A good stage of water in the 
 river, and forty loaded boats left. 
 
 February 22. — This being the centennial anni- 
 versary of Washington's birth-day, the event was 
 celebrated with unusual enthusiasm. 
 
 February 4. — Justices of Orphans' Court: Thomas 
 Cresap, John McNeill, Sr., and John Scott. 
 
 October 2. — Andrew Bruce, Jacob Lantz, Moses 
 H. Louthan and John Slicer were elfected to the 
 Legislature. 
 
 October 14. — The stable and carriage house of 
 Elnathan Russell were destroyed by fire, and several 
 dwellings in the neighborhood were with difficult}' 
 saved. The fire was caused by a burning cigar being 
 thrown into the stable. 
 
 October 18. — A meeting was held at Jacob Fechtig's 
 tavern in Cumberland, with a view to securing the 
 construction of a turnpike from Cumberland to inter- 
 sect the Cumberland and Somerset Road at the 
 Pennsylvania line. A number of persons from 
 Somerset were present, and a committee was appointed 
 to draft a petition to the Legislature asking authority 
 for the construction of the road. 
 
 October 22. — Great fears wei'e entertained that 
 the cholera, which prevailed elsewhere, might visit 
 the town, in consequence of which a meeting was 
 held at the Union Hotel, when it was resolved to at 
 once prepare a building to be used as a hospital, and 
 to procure contributions for the purpose of supplying 
 
324 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1833. 
 
 food, medicine, &c. Fortunately the epidemic did 
 not make its appearance. 
 
 February 6, 1833. — Justice.s Orphan!*' Court: 
 Thomas Cresap, John McNeill and George Hebb. 
 
 March 22. — A new assessment of the real and 
 personal property having been determined upon, 
 Thomas Wilson, John Slicer, Steplien Mulhollan, 
 James Totten, John Neft', Jr., Joseph Everstine, 
 George P. Hinkle, Israel Mayberry, Leonard Shir- 
 cliff, and Amos Robinette, were appointed assessors. 
 
 April 14. — A terrible calamity befell the town, on 
 this date, whereby the greater part of the inhabitants 
 were in a few short hours rendered homeless. It 
 was Sunday, and the bells were calling the people to 
 church, at 10 o'clock in the morning, when the start- 
 ling cry of "fire" was given. A volume of smoke 
 was seen issuing from the cabinet shop of William 
 Shryer, on Mechanic street. An excited multitude 
 of people quickly gathered at the scene of the fire, 
 and endeavored to stay it, but in vain, as the dry- 
 wooden building, and its highly inflammable contents 
 furnished rich food for the eager flames. The wind 
 blew quite strong from the west, and the means for 
 suppressing fires lieing of the most inadequate 
 character, in a short while the hou.ses adjoining 
 became ignited, and the roaring flames went leaj^ing, 
 flashing and surging down the street, enveloping 
 house after house, in quick succession, until every 
 building from the place of the origin of the fire to 
 Russell's carriage shop, near Harrison street, a 
 distance of more than a quarter of a mile, was involved 
 in the general ruin. When it became apparent that 
 
1833.] THE GKEAT FIRE. 325 
 
 nothing could be clone to check the conflagration, the 
 people at once went to work to save the contents of the 
 stores and houses, but even i)i this they were able to 
 do but little, owing to the great rapidity with which 
 the flames spread. 
 
 The destruction of both the newspapers of the 
 town prevented any detailed account of the disaster 
 from being published here at the time, andAvhen the 
 papers had been re-established it did not occur to 
 the publishers to give a minute history of it. The 
 following letter appeared in the Hagerstown "Herald 
 and Torch Light," several days after the misfortune : 
 
 CuMBKRLANn, April 15, 1833. 
 Seventy-five houses comprising the heart of our town now lie in 
 ruins. The fire originated in a cabinet maker's shop, three doors north 
 of the "Civilian" printing office. Many citizens have nothing kft. The 
 "Civilian'" office is burnt, e.xcept its account books. All the stores but 
 one are burnt — Bruce & Beall's. Mr. Shriver's large 3-story tavern. 
 Mr. Fechtig's tavern and the Bank. The fire commenced at 10 o'clock, 
 and the wind being high, the flames soon spread, leaving little time to 
 move goods. Xothing now remains but parts of walls and chimneys, 
 where once the principal part of the town stood. The "Advocate" office 
 also burnt, saving only the cast iron press (badly damaged^ and a few 
 type. The ruins commence at Mr. Gustavus Beall's mill, and extend 
 down to Mr. Elnathan Russell's carriage shop; the mill and Russell's 
 house are saved, bui on both sides of the street, between these there is 
 not one house standing — distance about } mile. The principal sufferers 
 
 are : 
 
 George Hoblitzell. 3 or 4 houses, 
 
 James Everstine, 3 houses. 
 
 Dr. Lawrence, 1 house, 
 
 George Wineow, 1 house, 
 
 B. S. Piguian 2 houses, 
 
 Lowndes 1 store, 
 
 John T. Sigler, 2 houses. 
 
 Late John Scott, 1 housp. 
 
 Dr. S. P. Smith & R. Wortliinglon, 
 
 3 houses. 
 Bank property, 3 or 4 houses, 
 Henry Wineow, 1 house and $1,500 
 
 J. M. Buchanan, 1 house, 
 George Hoffman, 2 houses, 
 Shriver, 3 houses, 
 Mrs. Gephart, 1 house. 
 Dr. J. M. Smith, 2 houses, 
 Samuel Hoblitzell, 1 house, 
 George Hebb, 2 houses. 
 Thomas Dowden 2 houses, 
 George Deetz, 1 house, 
 S. Bowden, 1 house, 
 John G. Hoffman, 2 houses, 
 Butler's store, 2 houses. 
 
 cash, i Robert McCleary 3 or 4 houses. 
 
326 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1833. 
 
 Robert Swann, 2 houses, 
 Mrs. Saylor, 1 house. 
 
 Adam Fiaber, 1 or 2 houses, 
 Captain Ljiin, 1 house, 
 Martin Rizer of M., 1 house, 
 
 Besides others, mostly brick houses, and two story log buildings. 
 At a meeting at the Court House, in Cumberland, composed of the 
 citizens of the town, the Court, the Bar and Juries, assembled on the 
 15th of April, for the purpose of instituting an inquiry into the extent of 
 the calamity occasioned by the late destructive fire, and of devising 
 means for the relief of the sufferers, the following proceedings were had ; 
 Upon motion of Wm. Price, Esq., the Hon. .lobn Buchanan, Chief 
 Justice of Maryland, was appointed Chairman, who in a feeling and 
 appropriate address e.xplained the object of the meeting. Upon motion 
 of John Hoye, Esq., Wm. Price was appointed Secretary. Upon motion 
 of Bene S. Pigman, the chair appointed the following Committee, to 
 enquire into the extent of the calamity occasioned by the late fire, 
 together with the number and description of the sufferers, and report 
 thereon to the meeting, viz: John McHenry, Thomas I McKaig, A. 
 W. McDonald, Wm. Price, B. S. Pigman, David Shriver, George Hebb, 
 Dr. Samuel P. Smith, John Hoye, Dr. John M. Lawrence, Dr. Jame.s 
 Smith, David Lynn, Robert Swann, and Richard Beall, who having 
 retired for the purpose, afterwards returned and submitted the following 
 report : 
 
 The committee appointed to ascertain the calamity by which the town 
 has been visited, together with the number and description of the sufferers 
 have in the execution of the melancholly duty assigned them, ascertained 
 the following particulars for the information of the meeting: 
 
 It is ascertained that the entire business portion of Cumberland has 
 been destroyed. All the taverns, and all the stores in the place, but one, 
 are now in ashes; about thirty flourishing mechanics, all in prosperous 
 business, have been reduced to ruin, and their families left without a 
 shelter to cover them. The three physicians of the town have lost nearly 
 all their property and medicines. It is believed that two thirds of the 
 inhabitants are houseless. 
 
 The value of property destroyed and the description of citizens to 
 whom it belonged, the committee have estimated and classed as follows : 
 7 Merchants, whose loss in real and personal property 
 
 and goods is estimated at $94,000 
 
 3 Physicians 12,000 
 
 3 Hotels, including the losses of the owners .50,000 
 
 30 Mechanics, (real and personal property, stock, itc).. 71,000 
 
 Citizens not included in above description ,^1,000 
 
 Citizens not residing in the town 14,000 
 
 Total loss $262,000 
 
 Upon motion of Mr. Pigman, a committee was appointed to draft 
 an address to the people of the United States, inviting their aid in behalf 
 of the Cumberland sufferers. Upon motion of Mr. Pigman, it was 
 
 Resolved, That the Chairman of the present meeting be the Chairman 
 of said committee. The following gentlemen compose the committee : 
 Hon. John Buchanan, Hon. Thomas Buchanan, Hon. Abraham Shriver 
 
1833.] THE GREAT FIRE. 327 
 
 A- W. McDonald, John McHenry, Wm. Price, James Dixon, Frederick 
 A. Schley, and John King, Esqs. 
 
 Upon motion the following gentlemen, residents of Cumberland, .vho 
 are not sufferers by the 6re, were appointed a committee to receive 
 donations, distribute them, and of correspondence, viz ; John Hoye, 
 Thomas I. McKaig, Richard Bell, Rev. L. H. Johns, Wm. McMahon and 
 James P. Carleton. 
 
 Upon motion of Thomas I. McKaig, Esq., it was unanimously 
 
 Resolved, That the thanks of the meeting are due to the Hon. John 
 Buchanan, for the dignified and able manner in which he presided over 
 its deliberations. 
 
 Upon motion of Mr. Buchanan, it was 
 
 Resolved, That the proceedings of this meeting be signed by the 
 Chairman and Secretary and published. 
 
 John Buchanan, Chairman. 
 William Price, Secretary. 
 
 N. B. — There being now no press in Cumberland the proceedings are 
 forwarded to Hagerstown for publication. 
 
 The fact that the scope of the fire embraced that 
 part of Mechanic street, along which the demented 
 Quaker, Harris, had so often walked while predicting 
 a terrible calamity to befall the town, led many 
 persons to conclude that the old man really had 
 possessed some powers as a i^rophet, and the super- 
 stitious wei'e thoroughly convinced that he had been 
 sent by some supenaatural power as a messenger to 
 warn the people of " wrath to come." 
 
 The following is a full list of the persons who 
 sustained losses in the disastrous fire, 14tli of A23ril: 
 
 George Hoblitzell. lost G houses, ^ Jonathan Butler, store goods and 
 
 store goods and house furniture. furniture, 
 George Wineow 1 house, i Edward Johnson, household furni- 
 
 Wm. Shryer, stock and furniture, j ture, 
 Joseph Everstine,3 houses, furniture,! J. ^- Hoffman, 2 houses, tinware 
 
 shoes and leather, | and furniture. 
 
 Charles Howell, house furniture, 
 
 John Gephart, 2 houses, 
 
 Widow Saylor, 1 house, 
 
 A. King and family, clothing and 
 
 furniture. 
 Widow .Vnders, furniture, &c.. 
 Dr. J. Smith,2 houses, medicines, &c., 
 John Rutter, house furniture and 
 
 leather. 
 
 Dr. S. P. Smith, 2 houses, medicines 
 and furniture, 
 
 Geo. Hoffman, 3 houses and furni- 
 ture. 
 
 J. M. Buchanan, 1 house, 
 
 G. S. Evans, furniture and $800 in 
 money. 
 
 Widow Frithey,! house and furniture 
 
 S. Bowden, 1 house, 
 
328 
 
 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 [1833. 
 
 Robert Swaun, 2 houses, 
 
 David Shriver, 6 houses, 
 
 John Murrell'a heirs, 2 houses, 
 
 E. Mobley, furniture, tools and 
 wagon stuff, 
 
 M. Rizer, of M., 1 house and furni- 
 ture, 
 
 Kershner's heirs, 1 house, 
 
 Geo, Deetz, 1 house and furniture, 
 
 Geo. Lowderiuilk, house furniture, 
 
 John Deetz, house furniture, 
 
 Widow (Jephart, 1 house and furni- 
 ture. 
 
 Widow Oglebav, furniture, 
 
 R. McCleary, 7 houses, tools, stock 
 and furniture, 
 
 Blocher & Harry, 1 printing press, 
 type and office furniture. 
 
 John Cress, blacksmith tools and 
 iron. 
 
 Post office, furniture and papers, 
 
 David Lynn, 1 house, 
 
 James Sires, furniture and tools. 
 
 Widow Koontz, 2 houses, 
 
 Sarah Koontz, furniture, 
 
 M. Fisher, 2 houses, furniture and 
 stock, 
 
 John Fisher, $.500 in money, 
 
 Wm. Fisher, $100 in money, 
 
 H. Wineow, 1 house, grain, furni- 
 ture and $1,500. 
 
 Thos. Dowden, 1 house, shop, fur- 
 niture and tools, 
 
 Ja.s. Black, grain and furniture, 
 
 The Bank, (! houses, 
 
 Jacob Fechtig, furniture, Ac, 
 
 S. Slicer, furniture, &c.. 
 
 Widow Scott, furniture, &o.; 
 
 John Scott's heirs. 2 houses, 
 
 George Hebb, 2 houses, with furni- 
 ture and goods, 
 
 A. McNeill, tools and jewelry, 
 John Wright, tools, jewelry and fur- 
 niture, 
 
 B. Haltingly, furniture and cloth, 
 
 James Reeside, who was for a number of years 
 largely engaged in the' stage-coach business on the 
 Cumberland Road, upon heai'ing of the disaster, 
 caused his son to write the following letter to the 
 Postmaster here: 
 
 R. Worthingtoii, I house, furniture 
 
 and goods. 
 Smith, Worlhington & Co., 1 house, 
 J. F. Sigler, 1 house, saddlery and 
 
 furniture, 
 Dr. Lawrence, 1 house, medicine, 
 
 and furniture, 
 Messrs. Lowndes. 1 house and store, 
 
 goods, furniture and $700, 
 S. Hoblitzell, furniture, &c., 
 B. S. Pigman, o houses, 
 JP. A. S. Pigman, furniture, 
 S. Pritchard, tools and clothing, 
 L. W.Stockton, 2 mail coaches, 
 J. W. Weaver, 1 mail coach, 
 H. D.Carleton, furniture, &c., 
 Eleanor .Merryman, clothing, 
 John Beall, clothing, 
 John P. Lowdermilk, clothing, 
 Sophia Johnson, clothing, 
 Elizabeth Bevans, clothing, 
 H. B. Wolfe, tools, books and furni- 
 ture, 
 Samuel Charle.s, The Civilian office 
 
 entire, 
 
 J. Wolf, tools, leather and shoes, 
 J. Marr, tools, &c., 
 H. Smouse, 1 carryall, 
 T. Adonis, furniture, &c., 
 B. W. Howard, furniture, &c., 
 W. V. Buskirk,furniture, law library 
 
 and papers, 
 Bruce & Beall,part of stock of goods, 
 Krebs & Falls, store goods and fur- 
 niture, 
 S. & G. Shockey, hats, fur and tools, 
 John M. Carleton, clothing, &o., 
 Nancv Davis, clothing, &c., 
 Edmund HoB'man, furniture, &c., 
 W. W. Weaver, furniture, &c., 
 Wm. Hoblitzell, clothing, &c., 
 M. Rizer, Jr., a lot of bacon. &c., 
 ,J. B. Wright, money and clothing, 
 Louthan & Oft'utt, stock of goods, &e. 
 
1833.] THE GREAT FIRE. 329 
 
 PHII.ADELPHI.i, April 18, 183r!. 
 J. p. Carleton, Esq., P. M., Cumberland, Md. 
 
 Dear Sir : It is with regret that we have this day heard the sad 
 news of the conflagration at Cumberland, that once flourishing town, and 
 the loss and condition of its inhabitants, among whom we lived so long. 
 My father is confined to his bed, and not al)le to write, but requests to say 
 to you that one half of all his property, in the town of Cumberland situated 
 on the west side of Will's Creek, shall be sold for the benefit of the 
 sufferers; he also requests nie to say to you, as soon as a committee is 
 appointed for their relief, he will immediately transfer the property by 
 deed or otherwise for that purpose. Yours with respect, 
 
 James Reeside, Jr. 
 
 Immediate steps were taken for the relief of the 
 sufferers, and from all parts of the countr}^ contribu- 
 tions were received. Up to June, f 15,000. had Ijeen 
 distributed amongst them. Those who could afford 
 to do so, set about rebuilding, and the new houses 
 were generally of a much lietter character than those 
 destroyed. 
 
 July 4. — The celebration of Independence Day 
 was marked bj- a feast in McClear3''s Hollow, when 
 James P. Ctirleton, Jr., delivered the oration. 
 Workmen were at this time engaged in building the 
 National Road, and those employed at the "Narrows,'" 
 placed a flag on the top of the tallest tree on Will's 
 Mountain, from which it floated for many days. 
 
 In July "The Civilian" office was located in the 
 new building on Mechanic street below the Cumber- 
 land Bank, which had also been i-ebuilt. (the old brick 
 walls being used,) and its publication recommenced 
 by Samuel Charles, who then called his paper "The 
 Phoenix Civilian."' 
 
 July 13. — Messrs. Ducatel, Tyson, and Alexander, 
 
 of Baltimore, who had been appointed by the 
 
 Governor to collect information, plats, and reports of 
 
 surveys, with a view of publishing an accurate map 
 42 
 
380 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1833. 
 
 of Maryland, and to make geological researches, 
 arrived here. They went to the western part of the 
 county, and on their return explored the coal i-egion 
 about Frostburg. 
 
 .Tuly 25. — The work (ju that portion of the new 
 location of the National Road, from the town of 
 Cumberland to the t^ite chosen for the' bridge over 
 Will's Creek at the "Narrows," was suspended, in 
 consequence of its supposed interference with the 
 route of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. 
 
 The following is the report made by the Assessors 
 of the real and personal property in Allegany county, 
 assessed under the act of 1832: 
 
 Real. Personal. Total. 
 
 Dislriut No. I $120,628 r>H $:i5.179 30 $155,807 88 
 
 ■■ 2 04,891 t;2 44,047 75 108,939 ;i7 
 
 •• .■! 107,891 38 28,681 50 136,572 88 
 
 •• 4 115.540 36 49,291 00 161,831 36 
 
 '• .') 105,344 62 44,579 00 149,923 62 
 
 " " *6 170,652 17 48,066 00 218.718 17 
 
 Cumberland Town* 136,952 44 .36,830 00 173,782 44 
 
 District No. 7 77,822 75 33,962 00 111,784 75 
 
 " 8 65,187 73 18,527 50 83,715 23 
 
 " 9 98,457 90 37.411 50 135,869 40 
 
 $1,063,369 55 $37.3,575 55 $1,436,945 10 
 
 Mechanic street, from the mill race, at the Rail- 
 road viaduct, was paved by the Government, under 
 the direction of Lieutenant Pickett, the engineer in 
 charge of the work on the National Road at this 
 place. 
 
 October 4. — At the election for Congress, Francis 
 Thomas and James Dixon were the candidates, the 
 former receiving 4,012 votes, and the latter 3,421 
 votes, in the District. 
 
 October 8. — A town meeting was held at the Court 
 
 'SiBtrict No. 6 and Cumberland Town were both included in Cumberland. 
 
1833.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 331 
 
 House, to raise funds for the relief of James Stoddard, 
 whose house, near Grantsville, was destroyed by 
 fire, on the 4th, together with its contents. 
 
 October 13. — Henry Smith, an aged and respected 
 citizen, was found dead near his home, seven miles 
 east of Cumberland. 
 
 Delegates to the Legislature: Norman Bruce, 
 William Ridgely, Jeremiah Berry, Jr., and Jacob 
 Lantz. 
 
 October 19. — A new two-story log house, belonging 
 to Martin Rizer, Jr., on South Mechanic street, was 
 burned out, Init the logs were not destroyed. 
 
 October 20 — A public meeting was held to devise 
 means for aiding the people of Somerset, Pa., who 
 had suffered by a destructive fire in the town, which 
 involved a loss of .|100,000. More than thirty 
 families had been rendered homeless. The sum of 
 $200 was collected and donated. 
 
 October 20. — All the prisoners in the jail escaped, 
 by digging a hole through the wall, near a window. 
 
 November 19. — The entire population was in a 
 high state of excitement, consequent upon the falling 
 of a shower of meteorites. 
 
 November 22. — A public meeting to hear the final 
 I'cport as to the action of the Committee of Distribu- 
 tion, for the relief of the sufferers by the fire of 
 14th of April, was held at the Court House. 
 The Committee reported that it had x'eceived in 
 money |20,684.93. From the people of Maryland 
 19,972.66. From Pennsylvania $7,239.89. District 
 of Columbia $870.76. Virginia $1,075.50. Miscel- 
 laneous $1,526.12. Also a quantity of clothing, 
 
•-532 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1833-34. 
 
 Hour, bacon, &c. That all had been distributed to 
 the best advantage. The accounts were examined, 
 and the action of the committee endorsed. 
 
 The rebuilding of the town progi'essed steadily, 
 and before the close of the year thei-e were thirteen 
 stores on Mechanic street, where there had been only 
 six previous to the fire. 
 
 During all of the year 1833, a party of engineers 
 and workmen in the employ of the Government, had 
 been engaged in changing the course of that part of 
 the National Road extending from Cumbei'land to 
 the Six Mile House. The original road, as surveyed 
 and built, lay along Green street, and across Will's 
 Mountain, through Sandy Gap. The new location 
 abandoned that route, and lay along Will's Creek, 
 through the Narrows, and thence along Braddock's 
 Run, exactly as it remains to-day. In the winter of 
 1833 General Gratiot, the Chief Engineer, submitted 
 his I'eport to the War Department, showing how he 
 had repaired a large part of the Cumberland Road; 
 that the new location had been opened, and that the 
 bridge over Will's Creek was in course of construc- 
 tion. He recommended still further repairs and 
 estimated the total cost to be |645,00U. 
 
 January 2, 183-4. — The tavern house of Mrs. Bruce, 
 widow of Francis Bruce, live miles above town, on 
 the National Road, was destroyed by fire, with all its 
 contents. The inmates saved themselves by jumping 
 from the second story, not even saving their clothing. 
 
 January 7. — Notice was given that the Cumberland 
 Bank of Allegany- would resume business, on the 
 13th inst., with Joseph Shriver as Cashier. 
 
1884.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 333 
 
 January I'J. — Four boats loaded with coal went 
 down the river; two of them belonging to John J. 
 Hoffman, sunk ten miles below, each loaded with 
 1,0(JO bushels. 
 
 Justices of the Orphans' Court: Thomas Cresap. 
 John McNeill and George Hebb. 
 
 March 4. — Mr. Lantz presented a petition to the 
 Legislature praying that body not to pass a bill 
 incorporating the town. The Ijill was passed, how- 
 ever, amending the act of 1815, and providing that 
 seven Councilmen should be elected each year, and 
 that they should elect one of their number as Mayor. 
 The town was incorporated under the name and title 
 of the •• Mayor and Councilmen of the Town of 
 Cumberland." The limits were fixed at ''half-a- 
 mile all round the town, to be computed and measured 
 from the town lots on the outei* edge or confines of 
 the town proper, as located and settled by law, and 
 by the plat already recorded among the land 
 records." 
 
 April 14. — Many of the houses draped in black, 
 in commemoration of the fire, one year previous. 
 
 June 24. — Notice received that Congress had 
 appropriated $300,000 to repair the Cumberland 
 Road. Work then went on, under care of Lieutenant 
 Pickell, and the stone bridge of two arches, each 
 sixty feet span, was completed. 
 
 Contracts for work were given as follows in the 
 repairs of the Cumberland Road : 
 
 1st Culvert Section. — Jonathan Witt; 2d Culvert 
 Section, R. A. Clements. 
 
 New Location. — Section No. 2, Gustavus Beall; 
 
334 HISTORY OK ClI.\fBERLAN'r». [1834. 
 
 No. 3, Mattingly & MulhoUan; No. 4. Edmund 
 Bulger; No. 5, Cahoone & Moore; No. 6, Miller, 
 Baker & Co.; No. 7. Louogan, O'Neill & Kennedy; 
 No. 8, Thomas Feely. 
 
 Old Road.— Section No. 9, R. A. Clements; No. 10, 
 Hewes, Stewart & Howard; No. 11, John NeflF; No. 
 12, Josiah Porter; No. 13, Hews, Stewart & Co.; No. 
 14, Meshack Frost; No. 15, Joseph Dilley; No. 16. 
 Josiah Frost; No. 17, T. Beall & Coombs ; No. 18, M. 
 Meneer; No. 19, Adam Shooltze ; No. 20, Michael 
 McGaverin. 
 
 The U. S. Mail Stage from Wheeling for Baltimore. 
 was attacked near the top of Savage Mountain, 17 
 miles from Cumberland, not far from a gloomy place 
 known as the " Shades of Death." on the night of 
 Wednesday, August 6th, about 10 o'clock, by two 
 highwaymen. They had cut a quantity of brush 
 which they threw on the road so as to obstruct it, 
 and as the stage was ascending the mountain, one ol' 
 the robbers sprang out from the shrubbery on the 
 side of the road, seized the bridle of a lead horse and 
 stopping the team, ordered the driver to dismount. 
 The highwayman had mistaken his man, however, 
 and had met more than his match in the person of 
 the driver, Samuel Luman, a young man of splendid 
 physique and perfectly fearless. He declined to 
 dismount, and put the whip to his horses with a will. 
 The team being spirited horses bounded forward, 
 dragging the robber with them. A second highway- 
 man appeared at the door of the stage, and to him 
 the first robber called out, "shoot the driver, you 
 d d coward, why don't you fire at him?" The 
 
1834.] HIGHWAYMEN. 335 
 
 robber at the side of the stage called out, "how many 
 passengers have you?" and the driver replied "a full 
 load." The " gentleman of the road" then looked at 
 the baggage, and seeing an unusual number of trunks 
 on, concluded to keep clear of a shot from the door, 
 so he took a position behind the stage. The first 
 robber was a desperate fellow, however, and he 
 succeeded in turning the lead horses square around 
 and stopping the stage. He then undertook to 
 unhitch the traces, but the brave driver lashed him 
 about the face with his whip so mercilessly that the 
 fellow was compelled to abandon his purpose, but 
 he leveled a. pistol at the driver's head, and 
 pulled the trigger. The pistol was a flint lock, 
 and the priming having become damp from the 
 dew and fog, it missed fire, and the horses were 
 soon in full gallop up the hill, broke through 
 the brush fence on the road, and never let up 
 their pace until they went into Frostburg. The 
 highwaymen wore masks, and gowns of tow linen, by 
 which their identity was destroyed. In the stage 
 were five men and one woman, and not one of the 
 passengers was armed. They had a large sum of 
 money with them, besides which a heavy U. S. mail 
 was on the stage, and had the robbers succeeded 
 they would have obtained valuable booty. After 
 having been safely landed at Frostburg the passen- 
 gers gave a vote of thanks to the valiant young 
 driver. 
 
 August 13. — Patrick Mahon was found dead on 
 the side of the Cumberland Road, six miles above 
 the town, his horse standing near by hitched to a 
 
336 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1834. 
 
 tree. He was on his road to Frostburg, and tecoming 
 overheated he drank freely of cold water, which was 
 undoubtedly the cause of his death. 
 
 August 24. — A man named B. Risly, a stranger, 
 who arrived in Cumberland some days jn-eviousl^', 
 was missed on Sunday, 17th, and on the following 
 Saturday his body was fpund in the woods, about 
 one mile from town. CorSner's jury returned verdict, 
 death caused by himself in a fit of derangement from 
 dissipation. 
 
 Delegates to Assembly : Alpheus Beall, Normand 
 Bruce, G. W. Devecmon, William McMahon. 
 
 County Commissioners: Jonathan Wilson, John 
 Slicer, John Wiley, John Poland, Peter Preston. 
 Thomas Dowden, Martin Rizer. William Newman, 
 Daniel Folck, Daniel Woolford. 
 
 November 11. — Travel began on new location of 
 National Road through Will's Creek. The occasion 
 was celebrated in a very enthusiastic way. by the 
 citizens of Cfumberland and Frostburg, and others. 
 Early in the morning a large number of the citizens 
 of Cumberland assembled in the public square, and 
 forming into companies marched up the new road to 
 Percy's tavern, where they were met l)y another 
 company from Frostburg. A grand procession, a 
 mile in length, was then formed, under command of 
 John J. Hoffman, Alpheus Beall, James P. Carleton 
 and Richard Lamar of R., as marshals, and marched, 
 with a band, in advance to Cumljerland. the line 
 being formed of stages, carriages, barouches, gigs, 
 wagons and horsemen. With flags flying, and the 
 band playing, the procession passed through the 
 
1835.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 337 
 
 Narrows, and paraded the main streets of the town to 
 the public square, where Thomas I. McKaig delivered 
 a brief address, and was followed by Lieutenant 
 Pickell, who in a length_y and eloquent speech con- 
 gratulated the people upon the completion of this 
 work. 
 
 Februaiy 21. — A meeting of mechanics was held 
 at the Court House, when a committee of five was 
 appointed to prepare an address to the citizens of 
 Cumberland and Allegany, setting forth the greviances 
 under which the mechanics of Cumberland labor, 
 and the best means of remedying them. The com- 
 mittee afterwards reported at great length, to the 
 effect that it was wrong and unwise for the merchants 
 of Cumberland to send East for such articles as were 
 manufactured at home; that they ought to encourage 
 home manufactures, and build up the town, &c., and 
 finally submitted the following pledge, which was 
 signed by 42 persons: 
 
 We, the undersigned members of tbe Farmers' & Mechanics' Union 
 
 Society of Cumberland, mutually pledge ourselves to support each other 
 
 by using, and causing to be used in our families, by ourselves and our 
 
 servants, the manufactures of the mechanics of this community, and will 
 
 give our undivided support to those who encourage us in like manner. To 
 
 the faithful performance of which we individually pledge our sacred 
 honor. 
 
 Justices Orphans' Court: — Thomas Cresap, George 
 Hebb and John McNeill. 
 
 April 2. — Grand jubilee meeting in commemora- 
 tion of the passage of the $2,000,000 Canal Loan Law 
 of Maryland, for the purpose of completing the Canal. 
 
 April 11. --Captain David Lynn, a soldier of the 
 
 Revolution, died at " Rose Hill," in the 78th year of 
 
 his age. 
 43 
 
oo8 HISTOKY OF CUMBERLAND. [1835. 
 
 Major, John Gephart; Comicilmen, Peter Hoffman, 
 Emanuel Easter, Jacob Snyder, Richard Beall and 
 John M. Lawrence. Clerk, William McMahon. 
 
 Thomas Shriver appointed Superintendent of that 
 part of the National Road lying in Maryland. 
 
 June 20. — Elijah Curtis fell from the clifi' in the 
 Narrows and was killed. 
 
 There were at this time five Churches in Cumber- 
 land, viz: Catholic, Father M. Marshal; Lutheran, 
 Rev. Kehler; Presbyterian, Rev. McDonald; Metho- 
 dist, Rev. Lipsicomb; Episcopal, Rev. Leavenworth. 
 
 September 29. — A town meeting was held with a 
 view to petitioning against the location of the Canal 
 along the "high level," as it was feared the work 
 would be located along the base of the hills, near the 
 present line of the Cumberland and Pennsylvania 
 Railroad to the Narrows. A portion of the population 
 tavored this route. 
 
 At the election October 13, William McMahon, 
 Joseph Frantz, Jeremiah Berry, Jr., and William 
 Matthews wei'e elected to the Legislature, over 
 Robert Bruce, Wm. Shaw, A. Bruce and H. Shircliff. 
 
 November 20. — Captain George Calmes died, at his 
 home, on the bluff across the river, at the age of 80 
 years. He was an officer of the Revolution. His 
 wife, Mary, died December 17th, following, aged 82 
 years. She was a daughter of Captain Thomas 
 Price, of Frederick. 
 
 At this 'time there seemed to l)e a prospect of the 
 completion of the Canal, and in consequence thereof 
 real estate advanced in price, the population increased, 
 and many new buildings were erected. 
 
1836.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 339 
 
 In January, 1836, it was aniiuunced that the 
 appropriation for the Canal had been exhausted, and 
 work was stopped, whereupon a panic occurred, and 
 town lots were oflered at insignificant prices. 
 
 A town meeting was held and resolutions passed 
 urging the Legislature to appropriate $2,500,000 to 
 continue the work. David Shriver, John Hoye. 
 George McCuUoh, Robert Bruce, and James Smith 
 were appointed a conmiittee to go to Annapolis, and 
 present the petition. 
 
 In April a company of Boston capitalists purchased 
 some coal lands, and secured a charter to build a 
 railroad along Braddock's Run. and their operations 
 caused some improvement in affairs. 
 
 May 2 — At the town election John Wright was 
 chosen Mayor, the Councilmen being Peter Hoffman. 
 E. Easter, Baptist Mattingly, R. Worthington, and 
 George Blocher. 
 
 In November George Smith, Robert Bruce. Thomas 
 Perry, and John M. Buchanan were elected to the 
 Legislature, and Thomas Dowden, Sheriff. 
 
 The County Commissioners were James D. Arm- 
 strong, John Slicer, Henry Brown, Cornelius Kight. 
 Peter Preston, Bui'gess Magruder, John Cress, Wm. 
 Newman, Daniel Folck and Robert Lashley. 
 
 In December the stone bridge over Will's Creek, 
 at the Narrows, was completed, under the superin- 
 tendence of U. S. Engineers Page and Turner, the 
 contractors being Lane & Sumner. This work had 
 been much delayed by freshets. Upon its completion 
 the National Road was opened b}- this route for 
 travel. 
 
MO HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1836-37. 
 
 In 1833 the Legislature had authorized tlie erection 
 (>r a new Court House in Cumberland, and John 
 Hoye, Martin Rizer, John G. Hoft'nian and Bene S. 
 Pigman had been appointed Commissioners to super- 
 intend the work. A levy of |5,000 was to be made, 
 •f 1,000 to be collected each year until the amount was 
 secured. Some effort was made to have the building 
 located on the east side of the Creek, but it did not 
 amount to anything. The excavation for the founda^ 
 tions was commenced in the fall of 1836. 
 
 Andrew Bruce and Richard Beall were elected 
 members of the electoral college and were of the 
 "immortal twenty-one" whig electors who prevented 
 the subversion of the State srovernment. 
 
 January 3, 1837. — The Mineral Bank commenced 
 business, with George E. Dyson, cashier. 
 
 Justices of Orjihans' Court : Thomas Cresap, John 
 McNeill and George Hebb. Surveyor, Benjamin 
 Brown. 
 
 Mayor, Gustavus Beall; Councilmen, Thomas I. 
 McKaig, Moore N. Falls, J. P. Carleton, John Hoye, 
 B. Simkins, M. Rizer of M. 
 
 A forcing engine was purchased for fire protection, 
 and a special tax of 30 cents on each flOO levied to 
 pay for it. This engine was known as the "Goose 
 Neck," and was about the size of a No. 1 store box. 
 
 May 13. — The Cumberland Bank suspended specie 
 payment, and the Mineral Bank followed, three days 
 later. 
 
 The receipts and expenditures of the town for the 
 liscal year, ending May 30, amounted to !|614.97. 
 
 The vote for Congress in the County was, Merrick, 
 
1837.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 341 
 
 (whig) 851; Thomas, (Democrat) 732. Francis 
 Thomas had a majority in the District of 296 votes. 
 
 Michael C. Sprigg, John NetF, Daniel Blocher, and 
 .lonathan Huddleson were elected to the Leoislatnre. 
 
 By the close of the year, 1837, the burnt district 
 had been almost entirely rebuilt, and many of the 
 houses were large and substantial. The Cumberland 
 Bank, the National Hotel, the buildings on each of the 
 corners of Baltimore and Mechanic streets, and several 
 others furtlier up street, having been reconstructed. 
 A large hotel building was erected on the North side 
 of Baltimore street, where the St. Nicholas now 
 stands, known as Slicer's Tavern, which was kept at 
 this time liy Joshua Johnson. The ground on this 
 corner was bought several years previous to this date, 
 by Peter Lowdermilk, wdio gave in payment therefor 
 one lady's saddle. A frame house was erected just 
 below the hotel, and another on the Southeast corner 
 of Baltimore and Liberty streets. A row of two- 
 story fi-ame buildings, lathed and plastered outside, 
 were built on Baltimore street. South side, just below 
 Liberty street, and on the Southwest corner of 
 Liberty a residence by Levi Hilleary. On the South- 
 east corner of Centre and Baltimore Edward Sullivan 
 placed a blacksmith shop. A stable was built on 
 Shryer's tan-yard property, on Centre street, and a 
 double brick house on Baltimore street, a short 
 distance East of the Lutheran Church. A number 
 of residences had been also erected on Bedford street. 
 
 Commerce between the East and \yest rapidly 
 increased, and the Cumberland Road became the 
 great highway of traffic. The heavy passenger travel, 
 
342 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [ISoT-ziS. 
 
 and the transportation ol" goods, led to the establish- 
 ment of hundreds of houses of entertainment along 
 the road, and Cumberland reaped her full share 
 of patronage, being the principal point l)etween 
 Baltimoi'e and Wheeling. 
 
 In the construction of the Chesapeake and Ohio 
 Canal thousands of Irish laborers were employed, 
 and as bad feeling existed between the clans, riots 
 were of frequent occurrence. On New Year's Day, 
 1838, a number of men employed at the tunnel 
 marched up to Oldtown, and made a raid on the 
 place, almost demolishing Nicholas Ryan's tavern. 
 Thomas Dowden, the Sheriff, summoned the Cum- 
 berland Guards, and other citizens, as a posse, and 
 went down to quell the riot, but the disturbers had 
 left. 
 
 In view of these troubles a company of riflemen 
 was organized, and the Governor sent to Cumberland 
 189 muskets and 120 rifles to arm the Militia. 
 
 The following officers of the 50th reo;inient. 
 Maryland Militia were appointed: C. M. Thruston. 
 Colonel; Thomas I. McKaig, Lieutenant Colonel: 
 Normand Bruce, Major; Dr. H. G. Grieves, Surgeon; 
 Alexander King. Captain; George M. Reid. 1st 
 Lieutenant, and John M. Carleton, 2d Lieutenant. 
 
 April 25. — The chain bridge ovei- Will's Creek 
 gave way at the Western abutment, and the structure 
 fell into the stream. At the time of the accident 
 two men and a boy were on the bridge, and all went 
 doAvn Avith it. The men saved themselves by 
 swimming to the shore, and the boy clambered over 
 the wreck to a point of safety. The Creek at the 
 
1838.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 343 
 
 time was much swollen. Court was in session, and 
 the accident occurred only about half hour before the 
 time for persons to attend 
 
 Oustavus Beall, George Blocher and George Hob- 
 litzell were appointed Commissioners to rebuild the 
 bridge, and on the 4th of May advertised for proposals. 
 The construction of a wooden bridge was shortly 
 after commenced, the plan being two wooden arches 
 i-eaching from shore to shore, with a carriage way in 
 the centre, and a foot walk on either side. This 
 bridge was covered, and closed in, with heavy lattice 
 work on the sides, and the floor covered with tan 
 bark. 
 
 May 31. — George E. Dyson, Cashier of the Mineral 
 IJank was thrown from his buggy and killed. C. M. 
 Thruston was then President of the bank, and 
 Jonathan W. Magruder was elected Cashier. 
 
 Mayor, Frederick Deems; Councilmen, George 
 Iloblitzell, J. Witt, Robert McCleary, Henry Wright, 
 Peter Hofl'man, and Henry Wineow. Clerk, Daniel 
 Blocher. 
 
 October 3. — State Senator: William Matthews. 
 Delegates to Assembly: John Neft", Jonathan Hud- 
 dleson and Daniel Blocher. 
 
 County Commissioners: Jno. Slicer, Henry Brown, 
 Cornelius Kight, George M. Blocher, Martin Rizer, 
 Burgess Magruder, John W. Mountz, Walter Bevans 
 and George H. A. Kunst. 
 
 October 13. — Ordinance to grade and pave Wash- 
 ington street from Will's Creek bridge to Spruce Alley. 
 
 October 17. — Evangelical Synod of Maryland met 
 in Cumberland. 
 
344 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1838-39 
 
 October 28.— Methodist Protestant Church, Be«l- 
 ford street, dedicated, Rev. Isaac Webster, President 
 of Maryhmd Conference, officiating. 
 
 October 30. — John Burbridge. living five miles 
 below town, on line of canal, beaten nearly to death 
 by a lot of Irish laborers, on that work. Colonel 
 Thruston took the militia companies of Captains 
 King and Haller to the section on which the guilty 
 parties were at work, and arrested thirteen who 
 were suspected, and brought them to town for a 
 hearing. 
 
 The first semi-annnal report of the Superintendent 
 of the National Road, showed the receipts for the 
 half year ending November 20, to be i|3,980.oG. 
 
 December 15. — The Mountaineer Hose Company 
 was organized, the following officers being chosen: 
 President, John Beall; Treasure!'. J. Hoffman: 
 Secretary, John M. Carleton. The town supplied 
 them with a suction engine at a cost of $75<l. 
 
 During the greater part of the year the scarcity of 
 small money led the merchants generally to issue 
 "shinplasters," for the accommodation of the public. 
 On the 22d of December a meeting of the merchants 
 and traders was held at the National Hotel, when it 
 was resolved that the necessity for such currency no 
 longer existed, and that they should not thereafter 
 be circulated. 
 
 January 18, 1839. — The Presbyterian Church on 
 Liberty street was opened for worship, and on the 
 20th it was dedicated. Rev. Samuel H. McDonald 
 officiating. 
 
 The progress of the work on the new Court House 
 
1839.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 345 
 
 was very slow, and in Januurj a petition was sent 
 to the Legislature praying that the location of the 
 building might be changed to the East side of the 
 Creek, and alleging that such a chang'e would be just 
 and wise, since the hotels, business and population 
 were there; also, that the petitioners would con- 
 tribute a lot and pay for the removal of the material. 
 Another petition was presented protesting against 
 such removal, and setting Ibrth the advantages of the 
 location which had been selected by the proprietor of 
 the town in 1785. The petition asking the change 
 had 143 signers; the other 390. The Legislature 
 declined to order any change, and the Court House 
 was finished during the year, proving a large, roomy, 
 and comfortable building. 
 
 February 12. — Ellen J. Albright, a young lady, 
 fifteen years of age, was burned to death, her clothing 
 having taken fire from a stove. 
 
 February 24. — A fire broke out in a frame building 
 on North Mechanic street, just above Bedford street, 
 occupied by John Hoffman as a cabinet-maker's shop. 
 That and six adjoining buildings were destroyed. 
 
 March 25. — The town council passed an ordinance 
 requiring every person owning a house or store inside 
 the corporate limits to provide a leathern bucket, of 
 at least two and a half gallons capacity, for every 
 ])uilding such person owned, and to have his name 
 plainly marked thereon. 
 
 The "Gooseneck" fire engine was given in charge 
 
 of the "Cumberland," or "Canada," Hose Company, 
 
 by the town, together with four axes, thvee hooks 
 
 and four ladders, and $30 was appropriated to build a 
 44 
 
346 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1839-40. 
 
 house for them. Tlie ho.se were carried on a wagon. 
 
 Mayor, Samuel Charles; Councilmen, Baptist Mat- 
 tingly, George Shuck, Daniel Wineow, Archibald 
 McNeill, Martin Rizer, and Rol^ert A. Robinson. 
 Clerk, Charles Heck. 
 
 August 27. — In consequence of a number of serious 
 riots on the canal, at the tunnel, Colonel Thruston 
 went with the military companies of Cumberland to 
 that point, where he was joined by Colonel Hollings- 
 worth's troops from Washington county, and a 
 company of cavalry from Clearspring, Md., under 
 Major Barnes. Colonel Thruston took command, and 
 arrested twenty-five of the ring-leaders, captured and 
 destroyed about two hundred fire arms, and sixty 
 barrels of whisky, and palled down fifty shanties. 
 The prisoners were bi-ought to Cumberland, and put 
 in jail, and most of them afterwards sent to the 
 penitentiary, for terms ranging fh)m one to eighteen 
 years. 
 
 May 17, 184U. — Mayor, Samuel Charles; Council- 
 men, Thomas Perry, George Shuck, Daniel Wineow, 
 Archibald McNeill, and E. Easter. Clerk, Charles 
 Heck. 
 
 The political campaign of 1840 was pi-obably one 
 of the most enthusiastic ever known in Allegany 
 county. The Harrison men were particularly active, 
 and two interesting events occurred in the town of 
 Cumberland during the spring. On the 28th of 
 April delegations from tlio Pennsylvania counties of 
 Greene and Fayette arrived here, on their way to the 
 Young JNJens Harrison Convention, at Baltimore. 
 A large number of citizens left Cumberland at 2 p. 
 
1840.] THE CAMPAKJX OK '40. 347 
 
 in. to meet the delegation.s and escort them to town. 
 They went out on horsel^ack, in carriages, and in 
 coaches, under command of Wm. Lynn, marshal of 
 the day. Three miles from town they met the 
 delegations, which were marching with a band, flags 
 and banners, and a log cabin on four wheels. As 
 the procession marched into town there was great 
 enthusiasm, the band playing and the people .shout- 
 ing, the streets and houses being crowded with the 
 multitude. The log cabin was the feature of the 
 demonstration ; it was drawn by six gray horses, and 
 was decorated wdth coon skins, buck horns, &c. The 
 Pennsylvanians stayed over night, and an immense 
 meeting was held in the new Court House. On the 
 following day they were escorted out of town and 
 went on their way. One day later, the Allegany 
 delegation, consisting of about fifty young men, 
 also left for Baltimore. They were clad in the 
 blue hunting shirts of the mountaineers, and made a 
 fine appearance. Under the energetic direction of 
 Thomas Shriver, Allegany had prepared the most 
 novel and striking feature of the campaign. A large 
 wooden Ijall, some twelve feet in diameter, was built 
 in the barn of Mr. Shriver, for the occasion. It was 
 made of light timber, firmly joined, and a wooden bar 
 passed through its centre, protruding some two feet 
 on each side ; to this was attached ropes, and at 
 intervals of three or four feet short hand bars were 
 fastened in the ropes, by means of which the delega- 
 tion dragged it forward, and the ball, once set in 
 motion, was kept rolling till the election gave the 
 "Hard Cider and Log Cabin" Boys a victory. Upon 
 
MS HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1840. 
 
 the completion of the ball it was found that it was 
 larger than the opening in the barn, and it became 
 necessary to tear out parts of the walls to increase 
 the means of egress. The ball was covered with red, 
 white and Ijlue cloth, in alternate stripes, and at the 
 polls were stars on a blue ground. It was covered 
 with various inscriptions, amongst them being the 
 
 following : 
 
 OLD ALLEGANY, 
 With lieart and soul, this ball we roll; 
 May times improve, as on we move. 
 
 This Uemocratic ball first set rolling by Benton 
 Is on another traclc from that it first was sent on. 
 
 Farewell, dear Van; you're not the man 
 To ■ruide the Ship; we'll try old Tip. 
 
 STOP THAT HALL. 
 
 The withering b:tll is rolling still; 
 And still gathers as it rolls. 
 
 The delegation from Allegany started off in high 
 spirits for Baltimore. The ball was rolled through 
 the streets and along the Baltimore pike for some 
 distance, and was then placed on a wagon prepared for 
 the purpose. When a town was approached on the 
 route the ball was unloaded and rolled through, with 
 shouts and songs. At the great procession in Balti- 
 more it was greeted with cheer after cheer, and Henry 
 Clay declared it to be the '■ Lion of the Day." It was 
 regarded as so great a novelty that the New York 
 delegation asked and secured permission to take it 
 with them, to their celebration of the battle of Fort 
 Meigs, on the 8th of May. They took it through 
 Philadelphia and New York City, and ever3-where it 
 attracted great attention, of which, of couise, the 
 Allegany boys were very proud. 
 
1840.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 349 
 
 On the 22d of September the Whigs had a grand 
 procession in Cumberhxnd. and on this occasion rolled 
 another ball, about twenty feet in diameter, through 
 the streets, while the town was literally packed with 
 people. 
 
 February 9. — A disastrous freshet occurred. The 
 river and creek had been frozen over, and a sudden 
 thaw took place, causing both streams to rise to a 
 great height, doing much damage and badly injuring 
 the work on the canal. 
 
 February 12. — A public meeting was held at the 
 Court House, and resolutions passed, urging the 
 Legislature to give additional aid towards the com- 
 pletion of the Canal. The meeting was very large, 
 and a memorial setting forth the sentiments of 
 the people was adopted, and sent to Annapolis in 
 charge of C. M. Thruston, Thomas Perry and Samuel 
 M. Semmes. The committee discharged its duty, 
 but the Legislature failed to make a further appro- 
 priation, and the people of Cumberland became quite 
 despondent in consequence thereof 
 
 April 1.— -Another public meeting was held for the 
 purpose of determining upon the best means to be 
 taken to secure the completion of the work. It was 
 determined to petition the Governor to call an extra 
 session of the Legislature in order that the matter of 
 a further appropriation might be again considered. 
 
 April 30. — Beall's Row, consisting of nine small 
 houses, on the west side of North Mechanic street 
 above Bedford, was destroyed by fire. 
 
 July 1 1 .—Population of the town 2,384 . In 1830 
 it was 1.162. 
 
350 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1841-42. 
 
 May 18, 1841. — Mayor, J.ames Smith; Councilmen, 
 E. Easter, Benjamin Simkins, J. G. Hoffman, George 
 Shuck, Martin Kizer of M., George Blocher. Clerk, 
 S. A. Swartzwelder. 
 
 January 15, 1842. — A little daughter of Theophilus 
 Beall, 4 years of age, was accidentally burned to 
 death, her clothing having taken fire from an open 
 fire jilace. 
 
 February 28. — The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 
 Company, during the construction of its road in the 
 vicinity of Cumberland, paid its employees in its 
 notes. For some months they j^assed current at their 
 face value, but on this date the merchants of the 
 town held a meeting and determined that thencefor- 
 ward they would accept them only at a discount of 
 20 per cent. In Baltimore they were subject to a 
 discount of 25 per cent. The Good Intent Stage 
 Company were then issuing "shinplasters" which 
 commanded their full value, and were redeemable on 
 presentation. 
 
 May 18. — Major, John Gephart; Councilmen, 
 George Mattingly, Martin Rizer of M., Samuel 
 Eckles, James A. Annan, George Shuck, and Arch. 
 McNeill. Clerk, S. A. Swartzwelder. 
 
 The new Council contracted with Nelson Beall, 
 for the construction of a market house, which was 
 finished in 1843, at a cost of $1,700. 
 
 October 5. — Sheriff, Normand Bruce. Delegates, 
 W. V. Buskirk, John Nefi" and John Pickell. , 
 
 County Commissioners: John Brobst, Henry 
 Bruce, Peter Yeast, G. Fazenbaker, H. Kreigbaum, 
 Alexander King, George M. Reid. L. M. Jamison, 
 
1842.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 351 
 
 Henrj' Bevans, Robert Laslily, and John Frantz. 
 The following was the assessment of property in 
 Cumberland in January: 
 
 Lands and tenements $4o'2,229 
 
 Slaves 40,100 
 
 Stock in trade 105,985 
 
 Bank and other stocks 61,877 
 
 Private securities 200,273 
 
 Live stock 23,327 
 
 Household furniture 32,440 
 
 Plate 2,488 
 
 Gold and silver watches 3,(i61 
 
 Other property 8,738 
 
 Total $931,118 
 
 November 1. — The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 
 was on this date opened to Cumberland, and the 
 wonderful locomotive made its first appearance here. 
 No other event has ever transpired in the history of 
 the place which created so much pleasurable excite- 
 ment. Business was entirely suspended, and men, 
 women and children gathered about the terminus of 
 the road to witness the arrival of the trains. From 
 the mountain tops, and valleys, throughout the 
 adjoining country, the people came in crowds, and 
 the town was in a fever of excitement for many 
 days. 
 
 The opening of this road proved the inauguration 
 of a new era in the history of the town. This was 
 made the point of exchange for passengers and 
 merchandize between the East and West. Hotels 
 were erected for the accommodation of travelers, and 
 large ware houses, along the railroad tracks, for the 
 storing of goods which were to be transhipi^ed from 
 cars to wagons for the West, and from wagons to 
 cars for the East. The facilities thus furnished for 
 
352 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1842. 
 
 rapid transportation induced many persons to make 
 the journey across the mountains, and the stage 
 companies were compelled to huild new coaches and 
 to erect large stables Every morning and evening 
 upon the arrival of the cars long lines oi" stages drew 
 up in front of the hotels. Inside they carried nine 
 passengers, and outside one on the seat with the 
 driver. In the "boot" and on the i-oof was placed 
 the baggage. When all wei-e loaded, at a given 
 signal, a dozen whips would crack, a dozen four-horse 
 teams would take the road, and dash through the 
 streets at a brisk trot, which would be kept up until 
 Frostburg was reached, in less than two hours. 
 Here horses were exchanged, and up the mountain 
 grade they went, on their way to Wheeling. 
 
 In a little while after the completion of the railroad 
 to Cumberland, the National Road became a thorough- 
 fare such as the country has never before or since seen, 
 for a like distance. On every mile of the road were 
 to be seen stages, carriages, and heavy freight wagons, 
 caiTying tons of merchandize piled up under their 
 canvas-covered bows, drawn by six powerful horses. 
 In addition to these, great droves of cattle, hogs, 
 sheep, &c., were daily on the road. Taverns were 
 to be found every few miles, with jolly landlords, who 
 knew all the teamsters, drivers and guards. Those 
 were "good old times," and the "jjike boys" still 
 living look back to them with man}^ a sigh of regret. 
 
 May 19, 1843. — Mayor, Thomas Shriver; Council- 
 men, A. McNeill, George Shuck, A. L. Withers, 
 Samuel Eckles, Benjamin Simkins, and John Gephart. 
 Clerk, S. A. Swartzwelder. 
 
1843.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 353 
 
 This Council, under the energetic inspiration of 
 Mayor Shriver, made great improvements in the 
 town. Grades were estal)lished on all the principal 
 streets, and sidewalks laid on Mechanic street almost 
 its entire length. Baltimore, Liberty, Bedford and 
 George streets were paved, and new bridges built 
 over the mill race, and paved with stone. The Blue 
 Spring was improved and walled up, and protected 
 by ordinance. Late in the fall Washington street 
 was paved to Smallwood street. 
 
 The steadily increasing tide of passengers passing 
 to the East and West, over this route, led to still 
 greater enterprise in the supply of stages as a means 
 of conveyance. "The National Road Stage Com- 
 pany," owned by Stockton & Stokes, found an active 
 competitor in the "Good Intent Stage Company," the 
 owners of which were Wm. H. Still, John A. Woert, 
 Alpheus Beall and Thomas Shriver. In the summer 
 of IS-io Reesides & Sons started the '"June Bug Line," 
 and a short time afterwards the keepers of the 
 taverns along the line of the National Road, put on 
 a splendidly equipped set of stages and horses, and 
 established the "Landlord's Line." This company 
 had many advantages, as the active, energetic men 
 who fed the passengers were the owners, and 
 constantly e.xerted themselves to make it popular. 
 Amongst them were John W. Weaver, Joseph Dilley, 
 Samuel Luman and William Willis. Still another 
 line was put on the road, between Hagerstown and 
 Wheeling, hy Peters, Moore & Co., and known as 
 the "Pioneer Line." The competition became so 
 
 great that the June Bug Line was driven off the 
 45 
 
354 HISTORY OK CUMBERLAND. [184;>. 
 
 road, and the Baltimore and (Jhio Rairoad Company 
 entered into a new agreement with the two old 
 oompanies by which they were to have an advantage 
 of $2 per passenger over the "Landlords' Line" This 
 created great excitement along the entire I'onte, and 
 it was liberally discussed in the newspapers, until 
 the railroad company took alarm, and advised the 
 old companies to buy out the Landlords. This was 
 done, and the ''National' and the "(Jood Intent" were 
 then left to all the honors and profits, and accumu- 
 lated large sums of money, in the ten years follow- 
 ing. 
 
 July 22. — Abraham Frey, living near Selbysport, 
 was murdered by William S. Chrisc, a short distance 
 from the murdered man's house. Chrise was a large, 
 rugged man, and for some time had been on undue 
 terras of intimacy with Mrs. Frey. which led her 
 husband to express his desire that Chrise should 
 not come to his house. Chrise resented this, and 
 threatened to kill Frey, and take his wife for himself: 
 and did on one occasion endeavor to take her oflf'. 
 On the 22d of July, Chrise met Frey near his house, 
 in the the woods, and str\ick him with a hoe, the blow 
 tailing on the back of his head and crushing the 
 skull. The murderer then concealed the body of his 
 victim behind a fallen tree, where it was found some 
 days later. (Uirise was then arrested and brought to 
 (Cumberland, where he was confined in jail until the 
 16th of October, when his trial came up. On the 
 17th a jury was obtained. Hanson B. Pigman and 
 Wm. V. Buskirk were counsel for the prosecution. 
 George A. Pearre. then a _\-oung lawyei- at the bar. 
 
184;'i.] EXKOUTION OF t'HIilSK. 355 
 
 was counsel for the prisoner, and at liis request the 
 Court ap{)ointe(] William Price as additional counsel. 
 The trial was concluded on the fourth day. and in 
 twenty minutes the jury returned a verdict of 
 "guilty of murdei- in the first degree." On the 20th 
 the Court passed sentence upon the prisoner. 
 
 The execution of Chrise t(jok place in November. 
 He was uttei-ly unmoved throughout the trying 
 ordeal, and was apparently the least interested of 
 all the great crowd a.ssembled on the occasion. He 
 walked from the jail to the scaffold, which had been 
 erected on the commons, at a point now lying very- 
 near Fa^-ette street where it is crossed by the rail- 
 road. On the route to the scaffold he was guarded 
 by the "Cumberland Guards," commanded by Captain 
 Alexander King, with a drum and life in advance. 
 The services at the place of execution were quite 
 lengthy and impressive, several liynms being sung, 
 in all of which the prisoner joined. During the 
 intervals Chrise sat calmly chewing tobacco, occa- 
 sionally rising from his seat to spit beyond the fatal 
 trap, as though fearing to soil it. Just before the 
 last moment he sang in a clear, loud and unbroken 
 voice, a hymn of which the following couplet is a 
 part : 
 
 "This is the way I loii{>; have sought. 
 And mourned because I found it not." 
 
 Tile Slieritf. Normand Bruce, was deejily affected 
 by the unpleasant duty he was called on to perform, 
 and it was doubtless the most painful act of his 
 life. When the rope was cut, several witnesses of 
 the scene fainted, and much excitement prevailed 
 
356 HISTORY OF CUMBERI.ANIJ. [184o-44. 
 
 Amongst those who looked oti, was a brother of the 
 doomed man, who seemed to Ix' but Httle aft'ected^ 
 but remarked, "It is a pretty hard sight. " When 
 life became extinct the body was taken down, and 
 conveyed to the old Court House, where the physi- 
 cians made some experiments with it. It was 
 afterwards dissected, and '-old Joe Shumate," an 
 eccentric man, and one regarded as very wicked, 
 secured a portion of the skin and tanned it, the 
 leather proving soft and plial)le. 
 
 November 6. — The Maryland and New York Coal 
 and Iron Company asked jjermission to build a rail- 
 road track through the town, but the Council 
 declined to gi-ant it, unless the sense of the citizens 
 should first be taken upon the question. 
 
 May 19, 1844. — Mayor, Thomas Shriver; Council- 
 men, John Cephart, George Shuck, A. McNeill, 
 Benj. Simkins, A. L. Withers and Samuel Eckles. 
 Clerk, Wm. R. McCulley. 
 
 The Presidential campaign of this year was in 
 many respects similar to that oi' 1840. The Whigs 
 carried out a most enthusiastic campaign, repi'oducing 
 the big ball, which a large delegation, clad in hunting 
 shirts, took to Baltimore, and rolled through the 
 streets of that city. Under the guidance of Thomas 
 Shriver they erected on Fort Hill, just where the 
 Episcopal Church now stands, a magnificent flag 
 staff, rigged like the mast of a vessel, and at an 
 elevation of 250 feet from the water of the creek 
 floated a flag seventy feet in length. 
 
 In October Howard Shriver and Upton K. 
 Lowdermilk were appointed a commission to ascertain 
 
1845-47.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 357 
 
 the lines of such streets as were closed, and to 
 require the owners thereof to open them and free 
 them from obstruction. They opened Centre street 
 through to the National Road, at the North end of 
 the town. 
 
 May 5, 1845. — Mayor, Thomas Shriver; Council- 
 men, John Gephart, George Shuck. A. McNeill, 
 Samuel Eckles, Benj. Simkins, and A. L. Withers. 
 Clerk, George F. Shryer. 
 
 May 6, 1846. — Mayor, Thomas Sliriver; Council- 
 men, John Gephart, B. Simkins, Samuel Eckles. A. 
 L. Withers. George Shuck, and A. McNeill. Clerk, 
 George F. Shryer. 
 
 November 6. — Aixjhibald Carey purchased the 
 Civilian, and took charge of it. 
 
 December 31. — "The Mountaineer," a new weekly 
 l)aper, established by Callan & Cherry. 
 
 January 1, 1847. — Lieutenant W. H. Fowler, of 
 the Artillery which served at Palo Alto, arrived for 
 the purpose of opening an office to enlist recruits to 
 fill up the ranks of the First Artillery. A number 
 of voung men enlisted. 
 
 The assessed value of the pi'operty of the county, 
 at this date, was |4,234,720; levy, $10,586.80. 
 
 April 4. — A general celebration of our army's 
 victories in Mexico was had. 
 
 May 7. — A lire broke out at 4 r. m.. in a small 
 stable belonging to Joseph Dilley, coi'ner George and 
 Union streets. The large stable of the National 
 Road Stage Company, near by, caught, and was 
 burned to the ground. Two horses, four stages, and 
 a large lot of grain wei-e destroyed. W. F. Triplett's 
 
■•558 (rr-<Ti>R^ nr crMiiEKr.A.vi/. [1847-48. 
 
 dwelling took fiiv, and was partially consumed. The 
 loss was about $5,000. 
 
 May 11. — Mayor. Thomas Shriver; Councilmeiu 
 John Beall. Peter (Jephart. J. M. Magnire, Joseph 
 Hughes, John Humbird and J. W. Jones. Clerk, 
 George F. Shrjer. 
 
 June 21. — George W. Clark, a young man 
 living on Bedford street, stuck a piek-ax in the 
 ground and sat down on a shingle, which he had placed 
 on the point of the pick. The shingle split, and the 
 sharp point of the implement penetrated his body, 
 causing injuries from which he died in a few hours. 
 
 June 24. — John Siders fired three shots from a 
 revolver at a dancing master named Martin. The 
 first shot passed through Martin's hat, and the third 
 struck him in the shoulder. Martin lived in 
 Fi'ederick. and Siders alleged that he had caused a 
 separation l)etweon liini and his wife. Siders was 
 tried and acquitted. 
 
 During the summer o( this year the Lena Furnace 
 was built and put in operation. The iron ore was 
 obtained from the Rose Hill estate. The venture 
 proved unprofitable, and was abandoned. 
 
 December 1. — William O. Sprigg, cashier of the 
 Mineral Bank, resigned, and Joseph H. Tucker, of 
 New York, was elected to the office. 
 
 Fulton and Polk streets were graded and paved: 
 Frederick street was extended beyond Decatur, and 
 the sidewalks on Decatur street were paved. 
 
 April 2, 1848. — An alarm of fire, about 11 o'clock 
 at night, aroused the inhabitants, and the sky was 
 illumined by a brilliant light, caused by the burning 
 
1848.] LOCAL iKciDiiXTS. :155^ 
 
 of a small frame shanty at the base of Shriver's Hill, 
 where Independence street now lie^. This building 
 was used for storing powder, as the merchants were 
 allowed to keep only small nuantities in their stores. 
 About 1,601 1 pounds of powder was stored in the 
 house, and in a short while a terrific explosion 
 occurred, which shook every house in the town, and 
 made a report which was heard for a distance of 
 twenty miles. Fortunately no person was injured, 
 though the windows throughout the town were shat- 
 tered. The large and handsome brick residence of 
 Mrs. M. C. Sprigg, in the grove (now occupied by 
 Judge John Coulehan), was much damaged, some 
 of the walls being cracked, and the structure being 
 jarred from the foundations to the I'oof. The fire was 
 the malicious work of incendiaries, and, although a 
 reward of $25tt was ofl'ered tor their discovery, they 
 were never detected. 
 
 The Mineral Bank building (now occupied by the 
 First National Bank) was built und occupied early 
 in 1848. 
 
 March 30.— The Mineral Bank closed its doors, 
 and the officers issued a card, stating that the sus- 
 pension was due to the failure of Joseph S. Lake & 
 tjo., of New York, who had a large amount of the 
 bank's notes, drafts ajid bills in their hands for col- 
 lection. 
 
 April 10. -The Mineral Bank opened its doors. 
 and resumed operations, the iudebtedness of Lake & 
 Co., having been .secured. 
 
 Ma}' 12. — Mayor, Thomas Shriver; < 'ouiicilnien. 
 John (lephart, (reorgc M, Keid, James Anderson. 
 
•')60 fdSTOHY OF CUMBERLAND. [1848. 
 
 Peter (Jephait, W. W. McKaig and George 8huek. 
 Clerk, George F. Shrjer. 
 
 This Council divided the town into two districts', 
 the first comprising all that part lying South of 
 Baltimore street and all West of Will's Creek; the 
 second embracing the remainder of the town. It 
 was ordered that the taxes levied should be ex[)ended 
 in the respective districts in which collected. 
 
 June 5. — The Cumberland Savings Bank was 
 organized and went into operation. J. R. Annan, 
 President; Robert Bruce. Cashier. 
 
 In 1847 the Belvidere Hall Association had been 
 organized, the officers teing: President, Thomas I. 
 McKaig; Directors. A. Cowton, G. W. Clabaugh 
 and Joseph Shriver; Secretary. William O. Sprigg; 
 Treasurer. E. T. Shriver. They erected Belvidere 
 Hall, and thus furnished the public a very creditable 
 place for public amusements. 
 
 July 10th, Belvidere Hall was opened for the first 
 time, by Edmund Peale, of Philadelphia, lesse. with 
 the Virginia Serenaders. 
 
 The first telegraph line erected here was com- 
 pleted in August, and extended from Cumberland to 
 Bedford. The builder was Henry O'Reily. 
 
 Another line between Cumbei'land and Baltimore 
 was opened a few weeks later, and the office was 
 located in a frame building, about where Mr. Alpheus 
 Beall's residence now stands. 
 
 The principal hotels at this time were the " United 
 States," (now "St. Nicholas") kept by A. Cowton; 
 the "Barnum," kept by Barnum & Stephens; the 
 "Virginia Hotel," kept by Washington Evans; the 
 
1848-4!).] LOCAL IN'CIDENTS. 361 
 
 "National" kept by James Searight, and afterwards 
 bv James Black. 
 
 October 4. — County Commissioners: John Hoj^e, 
 Wni. Fear, Robert Ross, Fi-ancis Mattingly, Daniel 
 Wineow, Peter Smouse, James Twigg, L. Benton, 
 George Robinette and Isaac Thompson; Sheriff, John 
 Barnard. 
 
 November o. — At the Presidential election the 
 vote for Cumberland was 713 for Cass, and 517 for 
 Tajlor: in the County 1,619 for Cass and 1,579 for 
 Taylor. 
 
 The Whig miners at Eckhart had a cannon cast at 
 the foundry of A. B. Tower in Cumberland. It was 
 made of iron from ore mined in Allegany Couxity, 
 fused by Allegany coal, and was named "Allegany." 
 Tlie\" fin'd fifteen guns as a salute to "old Zack," 
 one gun for each vote of Frostburg's majority. 
 
 In November the Maiyland Mining Company was 
 engaued in buildino; its railroad through the Nari"ows. 
 and across the Creek to the basin, near Washington 
 street. 
 
 December 30. — Under the weight of a heavy fall 
 of snow, the shed of the Good Intent Stage Com- 
 pany fell. Mr. Thomas Reid was caught under it, 
 and had his leg broken. 
 
 January 12. 1849. — ^The Town Council passed a 
 resolution giving the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 
 the privilege of using steam power on the line of their 
 road within the limits of the corporation, in per- 
 petuity, on condition that the speed of trains should 
 be limited to six miles per hour, inside the corporate 
 
 limits. 
 46 
 
362 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [184'.). 
 
 Jauuary 16. — Miles Alwine, a stage driver, was 
 shot and killed by William G. Mitchell, at a house 
 of ill-repute, on North Centre street. 
 
 February' 4. — Samuel Jenkins, a colored man, died 
 at Lanca.ster Ohio, aged 115 years. He was born a 
 slave, and was the property of Captain Broadwater, 
 of Fairfax county, Va., and drove a provision train 
 over the mountains, in the Braddock campaign. 
 He was doubtless the last of the men who took 
 part in that disastrous affair. 
 
 February 22. — General Taylor arrived here from 
 the West, and stopped at Barnum's Hotel. In the 
 evening he had an enthusiastic reception, and made 
 a speech from a window, though feeble and suffering 
 from a fall he had at Madison, Indiana. 
 
 March 5. — On this evening the United States 
 Hotel was the scene of great excitement. The pro- 
 prietor of the hotel was A. Cowton, a highly esteemed 
 gentleman, who had some years before married Mrs. 
 Quantrel, the former wife of Jes.se D. E. Quantrel. 
 Quantrel was a finely foi-med, handsome man, with a 
 soft voice, and polished manners. He was possessed 
 of a naturally fine mind, and had read and studied 
 much. While quite a young man he wooed and won 
 an estimable young lady, of good family, and they 
 lived together in Williamsjjort, Washington county, 
 Md. For a year after marriage their wedded life was 
 hapi^y. Becoming embarrassed, he made application 
 for the benefit of the bankrupt laws, and was aftei'- 
 wards arrested on a charge of fraudulent insolvency, 
 and was confined in the jail for six months, whither 
 his faithful wife followed him, sharing his confinement. 
 
184!:).] .fESSE D. E. QUANTKEL. 363 
 
 Upon trial, he was acquitted, and set at libeity, after 
 which he removed to St. Louis. He Avas there 
 guilty ol" fraudulent practices, and was thrown into 
 prison, but was released through a compromise 
 effected b\- his wife, on condition that he would 
 return with her to Maryland. They came as far East 
 as Cincinnati, and then went to New Orleans, where 
 he shamefully neglected his much abused wife, and 
 plunged into dissipation. Her health gave wa}* 
 under the mental suffering she endured, and, stung 
 with temporary remorse, he abandoned his haunts, 
 and the_\- started again for Maryland. While on the 
 river, however, a few days after leaving New Orleans, 
 he comnutted a forgery on a Cincinnati bank, for 
 which he was arrested, and sent to the Cincinnati 
 jail. After seven months, she secured his release on 
 bail, which he forfeited, and made his way to 
 Hagerstown. True to his evil instincts, he committed 
 another forgery before reaching that place, and was 
 again imprisoned, but soon escaped. Other crimes of 
 a similar nature followed, until finally he was sent to 
 the Pennsylvania penitentiary for forgery, and served 
 a term of three years. His wife, at the solicitation 
 of her friends, finally determined to free herself from 
 so bad a man, and the Maryland Legislature annulled 
 the marriage. This made Quantrel furious, and he 
 threatened to wreak a fearful revenge upon her and 
 her friends. Upon his release from prison, however, 
 he quickly married a Philadelphia woman, and in a 
 few weeks was again arrested for forgery, and sent to 
 the penitentiary for seven j'ears. Mrs. Quantrel then 
 married Mr. A. Cowton. and they took up their 
 
o64 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1849. 
 
 residence in (Jumberland, where tliey were higiily 
 esteemed. Quantrel's imj^risonment came to an end 
 in the summer of 1848; but nothing was heard of 
 him here until on the 5th of March, 1849, he arrived 
 in Cumberland, on the evening train. lie at once 
 inquired for Mrs. Cowton, at the hotel, (learning that 
 Mr. Cowton was absent,) and was shown to her 
 room by the unsuspecting servant. Entei'ing the 
 room, where the lad^' was seated alone, he locked the 
 door, and seized her, with a threat to kill her. The 
 lady cried for help, when Quantrel caught her by the 
 throat, threw her to the floor, placed his knee on her 
 breast, and attempted to shoot her, but for some reason 
 his pistol missed fire. While he was in the act of 
 drawing a knife, a number of gentlemen came to her 
 rescue, and Quantrel was securely bound with a rope 
 and committed to jail. On the 19th of April he was 
 tried, convicted and sentenced to live years imprison- 
 ment in the county jail, and a fine of $500. He 
 soon became a favorite at the prison, and was per- 
 mitted to walk about the grounds, becoming in fact a 
 a sort of assistant jailor. 
 
 On the 20th of November, 1851, he was pardoned 
 by the Governor, on condition that he should leave 
 the State and never return. 
 
 Quantrel afterwards led a life of criminal romance, 
 a portion of the time under the name oi" Dr Hayne, 
 and is said to have married no less than six ladies, 
 some of whom were of high social standing. During 
 the civil war between the States, he became a noto- 
 rious bushwhacker and robber, and finally died about 
 the time of the close of hostilities. 
 
1849.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 365 
 
 The extent of the passenger travel, over the 
 National Road during 1849 was immense, and the 
 report ol' the agents showed that from the 1st to the 
 20th of March, the number of persons carried was 
 2,580. 
 
 The Post Office was on this date removed to a one- 
 story frame building, which stood back some forty 
 feet from the curb, on Baltimore street, adjoining the 
 Savings Bank, where Reynold's block now stands. 
 James C. Magraw was the Postmaster. 
 
 May 14. — Mayor, Thos. F. White; Councilmen, 
 A Gonder, Baptist Mattingly, Samuel Soyster, John 
 B. Widener, Gerrard S. Watts, and Francis Madore. 
 Clerk, John T. Hoblitzell. 
 
 Liberty street was extended from Baltimore to 
 Harrison. 
 
 June 2.- -Thomas Shriver, who had been for so 
 man^" _)'ears Mayor, and under whose administration 
 so many important improvements had been made, 
 delivered his farewell address to the Council. It is 
 not probable that Cumberland will ever again have 
 a Mayor who will so generously devote his time to 
 the public good or leave so many monuments to his 
 energy, zeal, good judgment and self-sacrifice. 
 
 In the summer of 1849 the Council ordered 
 the destruction of the old tavern building near 
 Baltimore street, as it had become a nuisance. 
 
 The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company was 
 engaged at this time in extending its road to the 
 Ohio River. Surveys had been made for a line on 
 the Virginia side of the river, and the citizens fearing 
 that route might be adopted, presented to the Com- 
 
•-)6() HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1849. 
 
 pan\ mam' reasons why the road should be 
 taken through Cumberland. Eventually the Virginia 
 project was abandoned, and the route through 
 Cuniberhmd determined upon. During this year the 
 construction of tlie splendid viaduct across the town 
 was commenced. 
 
 June 18. — Hugh Walker, a watchman of the 
 railroad company at the depot, was run over by the 
 cars at the crossing at Baltimore street, and was 
 killed. 
 
 June 27. — A convention of the Presidents and 
 Directors of coal companies, individual proprietors 
 and lessees of lands, engaged in coal mining in the 
 county, was held at the Court House, and resolutions 
 adopted for the organization of a Board of Trade, 
 which should have the power of regulating the rates 
 of mining, and the prices at which coal should be 
 sold at diiferent points. 
 
 For several years James ('. Magraw had been 
 principal of the Academy, but upon his appointment 
 as Postmaster he resigned, and Allen P. Weld, of 
 Boston, was made principal. He had for his assist- 
 ant W. H. Boardman, and Captain De Hass was 
 engaged as Military Instructor. The new principal 
 declai-ed the Academy building insutficient for the 
 accommodation of tlie pupils, and the Trustees at 
 once secured from the citizens subscriptions for the 
 erection of a suitable structure. The County Com- 
 missioners appropriated for the purpose the lot 
 occupied by the old C'lerk's offices, adjoining the 
 jail. On this site was built the present Academy 
 building, which has a frontage of 45 feet and a depth 
 
1849.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 367 
 
 of 60 feet ; it is two stories high, witli a Grecian 
 portico, eight feet wide, sustained by Doric columns. 
 The principal room on the second floor, is 42 feet 
 square, and has recitation rooms adjoining. The 
 lower floor has a wide hall and two large school 
 rooms. The new building was occupied June 8, 1850. 
 
 At the election in the fall Thomas I. McKaig 
 received 1,082 votes for Congress, and William T. 
 Hamilton 1,720. Hamilton was elected, receiving 
 in the District 7.274 votes, against 7,158 for McKaig. 
 
 The Delegates to the Legislature were J. Sands 
 Fell, George B. M. Piice. Jacob Reel and George 
 Kildow . 
 
 October 10. — Tlie old engine house at the Balti- 
 more street bridge was removed to the Bedford Road, 
 and the warehouses of Clabaugh and Bruce erected. 
 
 October 28. — A riot occurred on Bedford street, 
 near the Market house, between the Far-Downs and 
 Connaught men. who had been spending the Sabbath 
 in drinking and carousing, and numerous ''shilalehs" 
 were freely used, to the great detriment of sundry 
 heads. 
 
 November 7. — Henry Clay arrived from the 
 West, on his way to Washington. He came from 
 Wheeling in one of the coaches of the "Good Intent" 
 line, and while passing through Uniontown it was 
 upset by the carelessness of the driver. Mr. Clay 
 was smoking a cigar at the tim? of the accident, 
 and preserved such a degree of self-possession that 
 he continued to puff away very cooly, even when 
 going over. 
 
 February 18, 1850. — John J. Hickman, a destitute 
 
•">6!S HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1850. 
 
 fellow, hanged himself under the platform of one 
 of the warehouses of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
 road. 
 
 At the January session of the Legislature the 
 following acts were passed: Providing for the pur- 
 chase of land and erection of an Alms House; incor- 
 porating the town of Frostburg; enlarging the powers 
 and authority of the Councilmen of the town of 
 Cumberland: authorizing the rebuildhig of the jail, 
 incorporating the Cumberland and Pennsylvania 
 Railroad. 
 
 April '24 . — Joseph Mumma was shot and killed by 
 August Beerraan and Joseph Stick, both of whom 
 fired upon him at the same instant. Mumma endeav- 
 oi'ed to enter the house of Mrs. Betzall, on the North 
 end of Mechanic street, when the two men named, 
 who were inside, shot him. They were arrested and 
 sent to jail on a charge of nuirder. 
 
 May 5. — Mayor, Thomas Shriver ; Councilmen. 
 Frederick Shipley, John Beall, John B. Widener, 
 Jesse Korns, George Hughes, and F. B. Tower. 
 
 County Commissioners : John T. Edwards, Nor- 
 mand Bruce, Gustavus Beall, George Rizer, and John 
 J. Hoffman. 
 
 June 11. — For years the completion of the Chesa- 
 peake and Ohio Canal had been looked forward to by 
 the people of Maryland with the greatest anxiety 
 and brightest an1?icipations Cumberland, more than 
 all others, was interested, as her future depended upon 
 it And now the long looked for hour was near at 
 hand. On this date the western level was declared 
 ready for the current. At 5 o'clock p. m., Charles 
 
1850.] LOCAl, INCIDENTS. 369 
 
 B. Fisk, tht^ Chief Engineer, opened the wickets in 
 the feed-gates, and the waters of the Potomac rushed 
 gla.dl3' into the new channel, which was soon to prove 
 an artery of vital import to the interests of the 
 County. Great crowds of people gathered at the 
 locks to witness the ceremony. When the level was 
 filled, a party went to the boat yard of J. H. Clark, 
 on the Creek, above the bridge, and were furnished 
 with a new canal boat, on which several hundred 
 persons embarked, and floated down to the locks. 
 Here Major Thomas G. Harris was requested to 
 name the boat, which was to be the first to go into 
 the canal. Major Harris jjromptly responded in a 
 brief speech, concluding by christening the boat the 
 "Cumberland." Amidst great enthusiasm the "Cum- 
 berland" was then passed through the lock into the 
 Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, and floated calmly on 
 the bosom of the great water-way. A more complete 
 account of this important work will be given in future 
 pages. 
 
 June 27. — During the prevalence of a severe 
 thunder storm, the stage stable of the National Koad 
 Stage Company was struck l)y lightning, and burned 
 to the ground, together witb James Spriggs liver}" 
 stable. 
 
 July 4. — A. daily line of stages was established 
 between Cumberland and Bedford. An eftbrt was 
 made to f)rgani/.e a company' to build a plank road 
 to Bedford, but proved unsuccessful 
 
 During the summer of this year there was great 
 
 rivalry between the fire companies, which led to 
 
 niiihtlv acts of incendiarism, and riots The Council 
 47 
 
o70 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1850. 
 
 tiiially adopted severe measures, whereby the evil 
 was checked. 
 
 The small-pox broke out with considerable viru- 
 lence, and was not eradicated for several months. 
 
 A plank road was built from Cumberland to West 
 Newton, Pa., at the head of steamlx)at navigation 
 on (the Youghioganj. The officers were Thomas 
 tShriver, of Cumberland, President; James (J. Atchi- 
 son, William II. Steele, Alpheus Beall, A. M. 
 Shoemaker and John A. Woart, managers; and Dr. 
 Howard Kennedy, Treasurer. 
 
 In September, Thomas McLaughlin, an Irishman, 
 employed on the works of the Baltimore and Ohio 
 Railroad, near Oldtown, killed his wife, and buried 
 her body under the earth at a point that was being 
 filled up to grade, expecting the carts to be dumped 
 there in the morning, whereby- she would be entirely 
 hidden. The body was discovered, however, and the 
 murderer was arrested, tried and convicted. Judge 
 Weisel sat in the case, and John M. Brewer was the 
 Prosecuting Attorney, assisted by Henry W. Hoft- 
 man, then a young and rising lawyer. On the 7th of 
 March, 1851, McLaughlin was hanged, in a hollow 
 • >n the old pike, a short distance beyond the termina- 
 tion of Green street. The weather was cool, and a 
 slight snow fell. There was a great crowd of people 
 at the scene of execution, embracing men, women and 
 children, many of whom came from adjoining States. 
 
 September 6. — William Mitchell, who shot and 
 killed Michael AUwine, a stage driver, in January, 
 was arrested at LaFayette, Ind., and was released 
 on a writ oi' haheaa corpus. He was afterward 
 
1850-51.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. oTl 
 
 brought back, and tried. The jury rendered a ver- 
 dict of " not guilty," on the ground of self-defense. 
 
 At the 8ame term of Court, November, 1850, 
 August Beerman was tried for the murder of Joseph 
 Mumma, and acquitted. 
 
 The population of Cumberland at this time was 
 6,105, Frostburg, 790, and of the County, 22,799. 
 
 January 2, 1851. — James Evans and George W. 
 Hoover, commenced the publication of a new paper 
 called "The Unicmist." 
 
 The Mount Savage Iron Company, in conjunction 
 with the Messrs. Lynn, had constructed the Potomac 
 Wharf, for loading boats with coal, and extended its 
 railroad from the main line, at the Narrows, to the 
 river, passing down the west side of the Creek, and 
 through the deep cut of the Baltimore and Ohio 
 Railroad to the river. This company also engaged 
 largely in the manufacture of "continuous" railroad 
 iron, and fire brick, at Mount Savage, giving employ- 
 ment to hundreds of men. 
 
 It also extended its railroad from Mount Savage. 
 to the foot of the hill at Frostbui'g, where it received 
 the coal from the mines opened at that point. 
 
 The Gerge's Creek Coal and Iron Company, whose 
 coal lands are located at Lonaconing, during this 
 year constructed a railroad from that point to Pied- 
 mont, where it connected with the Baltimore and 
 Ohio Road and thus prepared for the transportation 
 of its own coal. Tliese improvements led to the 
 rapid development of the coal fields, and largely 
 enhanced the value of all the property lying along 
 the lines of the new roads. 
 
372 niSTORV OF CU.MBEHLA.VI). [1851. 
 
 Mayor, Daniel Saylor; (louncilmen. John B. Wide- 
 ner, Ephraim Shipley, G. S. Watts, B. M. Blocher, 
 S. A. Vrooman, and D. W. McClean . 
 
 County Commissioners : R. Fairall, John Frantz, 
 T. W. Dawson, H. Broteniarkle, H. D. Carleton. 
 Jesse Wilson, E. R. Engle, A. Chishohn, Leonidas 
 Bevans, George McCulloh, F. L. Friend and U. R. 
 Long. 
 
 April 30. — Richard W. (,'lark, a shoemaker, at 
 Flintstone, was ari-ested on a charge of murdering liis 
 wife, by strangulation, and sent to the penitentiary 
 for eighteen years. He afterwards confessed the 
 murder. 
 
 October 1. — The election lor Congressmen resulted 
 in the county in 1,560 votes for Wm. T. Hamilton, 
 Democrat, and 1,542 for J. Philip Roman, Whig. 
 Hamilton's majority in the District was 232. 
 
 State Senator, Wm. Weber; Delegates to General 
 Assembly, John Everett, Richard Fairall, Jefterson 
 M. Price, and John Frantz, of Joseph. 
 
 Register of Wills, Wm. R. McCuUey; State's Attor- 
 ney, Josiali H. Gordon; Sherift^ George M. Blocher. 
 
 Orphans' Court : Jacob Fechtig, Edward Mullen, 
 and Jasper Robinett. 
 
 County Commissioners: J. W. Browning, George 
 Matthews, Eli Engle, G. W. Dawson, C. A. Scott, N. 
 D. Smith, A. Willison, Elza McElfish, James Watson, 
 Jesse Wilson, J. McC. Mason, and Perry Schultz. 
 Clerk of the Court, Horace Resley. 
 
 A passenger packet was placed on the canal and 
 made regular trips, between ( 'umberland and George- 
 town, carrying a full list of passengers. 
 
1851-52.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 373 
 
 November 2. — The Mountaineer and Pioneer Hose 
 Companies visited Baltimore, and took part in the 
 Firemen's Parade tliere, the former as the guests of 
 tlie New Market Company, and the latter as guests 
 of the Vigilant Company. Our firemen made a fine 
 display, and were highly complimented. The 
 Mountaineers had their apparatus surmounted with 
 a splendid buck, which was afterwards served up for 
 dinner. 
 
 February 11, 1852 . — A distressing tragedy occurred 
 on the evening of this day, which plunged a large 
 number of persons into the deepest distress, and 
 created the most intense excitement. About 7 o'clock 
 in the evening Eobert Swann, stepped into the large 
 room used as an office and bar-room, of the Barnum 
 Hotel, armed with a double-barrelled shot gun, with 
 which he instantly fired at William 0. Sprigg, of 
 Joseph, who was seated near the stove. Imme- 
 diately upon seeing Swann raise the gun, Sprigg 
 sprang to a door opening into a side yard ; the door 
 was fastened, however, and being unable to open it 
 he turned to escape through another door, some 
 twelve feet distant, opening into the dining room. 
 The first shot fired by Swann passed through the 
 woodwork of the door, a few stray shots taking effect 
 in the object of his aim. Sprigg had hardly taken 
 half a dozen steps when Swann fired again, with 
 deadly aim, the charge entering the back of Sprigg's 
 neck at the base of the skull, and lodging in the 
 pupil of his right eye, causing instant death. Swann,- 
 who made no effort to escape, was arrested and con- 
 signed to jail. This tragedy was the result of a 
 
374 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1852. 
 
 quarrel which occurred between the two young men 
 some months previous. Both were of high social 
 standing, and the consequence was a great bitterness 
 of feeling between their respective friends. On the 
 6th of May, Swann's trial was begun. His Honor, 
 Judge Perry, declined to sit in the case, being a near 
 relative of the prisonei', and Judge J. J. Merrick, of 
 Washington county, took his place on the bench. The 
 prosecuting attorney, J. H. Gordon, before the jury 
 had been fully impanelled, applied for a removal of 
 the case, on the ground that an impartial trial could 
 not be had here. The motion was argued at great 
 length, and finally granted. Swann's counsel then 
 asked that he be admitted to bail ; after hours of 
 argument, this too was granted, bail being fixed at 
 $20,000. The greatest excitement now prevailed 
 amongst the friends of all parties, and on the one 
 side this resulted in an indignation meeting, and the 
 passage of resolutions condemning Judge Merrick's 
 action, after which a crowd of men carried an effigy 
 of the Judge thi'ough the streets on a scaftbld, and 
 burned it in front of the Revere House. Eventu- 
 ally Swann was tried in Washington County and 
 acquitted. 
 
 April 1. — Washington Evans left the Virginia 
 House, and took the United States Hotel, the 
 former proprietor, A. Cowton. having removed to 
 Baltimore. On the 1st of June. J. A. Heffelfinger 
 left Baruum's Hotel and opened the Revere House, 
 which had just been finished in the most attractive 
 manner. 
 
 March 9. — The annual Conference of the Metho- 
 
1852.] l.oCAI. INCIDENTS. o75 
 
 dist Episcopal Church wa.s held here, remainhig in 
 session one week. 
 
 April 18. — A great freshet occurred, the river and 
 creek both overflowing their banks. The water 
 broke through the wall between Bruce's and Brengle's 
 warehouses, on Canal street, and a considerable 
 portion of the town was overflowed. Both the railroad 
 and the canal were badlv damaged, the latter suft'er- 
 ing to the extent of $80,000. 
 
 April 18. — David Shriver died, in the 84th year of 
 his age. He had been engineer in charge of the 
 construction of that portion of the National Road lying 
 between Cumljerland and Washington, Pa., and was 
 at the time of his death President of the Cumberland 
 Bank. 
 
 March 1.— The City Council concluded that it was 
 necessary to establish a night watch, and passed an 
 ordinance for that purpose, laying off the town into 
 districts, and appointing a captain and si.x watch- 
 men. 
 
 May 12. — Mayor, John Hayes; Councilmen, H. 
 D. Carleton, Jesse Korns, James Duft', Samuel Ma- 
 guire, F. M. Gramlich, and D. W. McCleary. 
 
 The corporation tax was fixed at 50 cents on each 
 #100, and |1,000 was appropriated towards building 
 an engine house for the Mountaineer Hose Company, 
 the building being located on South Liberty street, 
 corner of Hay street. 
 
 May 21. — H. W. Hoft'man purchased a half interest 
 in "'The Civilian," and became associate editor with 
 Aichibald Carey. 
 
 October 7. — In order to furnish better facilities for 
 
o76 HISTOKY OF CUMBERLAND. [1853. 
 
 protection against fire, the authorities liad large 
 cisterns built in the streets in various sections of the 
 town. These proved very useful on many occasions, 
 and were relied upon until the establishment of the 
 Holly system of water works, in 1871, when they 
 became useless. 
 
 January 10. — The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 
 was opened for travel between Cumberland and 
 Wheeling, and two great excursion trains passed over 
 the road, from Baltimore to the Western terminus. 
 The effect was soon felt in Cumberland, as most of 
 the stage lines were taken oiF, and the great business 
 of transferring merchandise at this point was largely' 
 diminished. 
 
 February 7, 1853.— D. W. McCleary, James DuH 
 and H. D. Carleton were appointed a committee to 
 have the town surveyed, with a view to the exten- 
 sion of the corporate limits. 
 
 February 14. — '•Hofli'man's Row," the three stor\- 
 block of buildings extending from Liberty to Centre 
 streets, on Baltimore street, was set on fire by an 
 incendiar}^, and a great conflagration resulted. The 
 upj^er stoiy of the block was burned from one street to 
 the other, as well as four or five houses adjoining. The 
 losses by fire, water, breakage, theft, &c., were very- 
 heavy. On the same day several other houses were 
 set on fire, amongst them Belvidere Hall, the United 
 States Hotel, and Semmes' block, corner Baltimore 
 and Mechanic streets. Fortunately the fire was 
 discovered in these buildings before any damage was 
 done. 
 
 March 7. — The Pioneer Hose Company having 
 
1853.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. B77 
 
 undertaken the construction of its new house, corner 
 of Centre and Frederick streets, the city appropriated 
 $1,000 towards paying for the same. 
 
 March 7. — A great disaster occurred on the Balti- 
 more and Ohio Raih-oad, one mile from the Cheat 
 River bridge, on the heavy grade. While passing 
 down the grade, the passenger train was thrown 
 from the track, and several of the cars rolled down 
 the mountain side. Seventeen persons were killed, 
 and thirty-nine wounded badly. Almost every person 
 on the train was more or less hurt. The killed and 
 wounded were brought to Cunil)erland, and cared for 
 at the Revere House. 
 
 April 1. — Washington Evans took charge of 
 Barnum's Hotel. 
 
 The United States Hotel Avas improved, remodeled 
 and greatly enlarged, by M. P. O'Heru, and opened 
 as the finest hotel in Western Maryland. 
 
 April 28.— The -Cumberland Telegraph," a 
 weekly newspaper, liad been established in 1851. 
 by Hilleary & Ogden. On the above date T. E. 
 Ogden sold his one-half interest to Aza Beall, who 
 shortly afterward purchased Hilleary 's share, and 
 became sole editor and proprietor. 
 
 Messrs T. I. McKaig. William W. McKaig. 
 ■ Alpheus Beall. J. H. Tucker. M. P. O'Hern, S. M. 
 Semmes, M. 0. Davidson and A. T. Roberts formed 
 a joint stock company, and erectefl and put into 
 operation a cotton factory, which was located at the 
 extreme north end of Centre street. The mill was 
 managed by Ira Stanbrough. 
 
 May 6. — Mavor. F. B. Tower: Councilmen, D. W. 
 
 48 
 
378 HISTORY OF rUMBERLANO. [1853. 
 
 McClearj, Joliii E. Russell, Jesse Korns, Joseph 
 Hughes, Henry Shuck and J. B. H. Campbell. 
 
 Davidson street was graded and paved in June. 
 
 The bridge over Will's ('reek Ix'caine unsafe, man}' 
 oi' the timbers having rotted and given way, and 
 in August it was propped up with heavj^ timbers. 
 Steps were at once taken towards having it replaced 
 by an iron structure. 
 
 July 27. — The Postoffice was x'emuved to No. 93 
 Baltimore street, by W. A. Taylor, P. M , where it 
 remained until November, 1869, when it was 
 removed to a new building, erected for the purpose, 
 on Centre street, between Baltimore and Frederick 
 streets. Will H. Lowdermilk being the Postmaster. 
 
 August 12. — Thomas Conner, jailor, was killed 
 while engaged in coupling cars at the Cumberland 
 Coal and Iron Company's wharf 
 
 A little daughter of U. Stineman, aged 8 years, 
 fell into the race near Beall's mill, and was drowned. 
 
 August 13. — A son of Thomas Sheridan, aged 8 
 years, fell into the canal, and was drowned. 
 
 August 16. — A heavy rain of several days' duration 
 caused the river and creek to overflow their banks 
 and a great part of the town was inundated. Bedford, 
 Centre, Liberty, Mechanic, Frederick and Baltimore 
 streets were covered with water, and a great mass of 
 filth and ooze was deposited .in the streets, cellars, 
 &c., on which the hot sun poured down for several 
 days, generating disease. On the 17th a case of 
 cholera occurred, and this was followed by others, the 
 scourge soon becoming epidemic, and producing a 
 panic. Thousands of people tied to the country, and 
 
.l85o— "')4.] LOCAL IXClItKNT?. 379 
 
 to distant cities. For two weeks the town was 
 almost depopulated, business having been abandoned. 
 Those who remained, and escaped the disease, devoted 
 themselves heroically to the care of the sufferers. 
 At the expiration of two weeks frost came, fortunately 
 somewhat earlier than usual, and the epidemic ter- 
 minated. During that time there wei-e fifty-five 
 deaths from cholera. 
 
 Prominent among those who gave themselves 
 unremittingly to the relief of the sick, were J. H. 
 C. Morrison. W. H. Billmire, Asbury Simkins, 
 Maria Shuck. Mis. McOirr and Mrs. Bacon. The 
 City Council in September, appropriated sums of 
 money to each of these persons, in recognition of their 
 services. 
 
 May 1, 1854. — Stone arches were built over the 
 race on South Liberty and Harrison streets, each 
 costing about $'HH). 
 
 The necessity for the innutniiate construction of a 
 new bridge ovei- Will's Creek became so apparent 
 that active steps were at once taken by the County 
 Commissioners. The l)oar<l proposed to the City 
 Council that the cost of the improvement should be 
 divided between the County and the City, the former 
 to pay four-fifths of the cost, and the latter one-fifth. 
 The proposition was promptly accepted, and a con- 
 tract made with a Baltimore firm for the erection of 
 an iron bridge of the BoUnutn pattern. The new 
 structure was erected before the close of the year. 
 
 May 7. — Mayor. A. L. Withers; Councilmen. 
 Joseph Hughes, John B. Keller, John T. Peterman, 
 B. M. Blocher. Joseph Mc( 'ulloh and James Sullivan. 
 
380 HISTOKY or CUMBERLAND. [1854-55. 
 
 At this time the ground now occupied by Butler's 
 furniture rooms and factory, and the lots adjoining, 
 were vacant, and poorly drained, and constituted an 
 unsightly marsh. The authorities caused a brick 
 sewer to be constructed, crossing Centre and Balti- 
 more streets, and running thence to the race on 
 South Liberty street, by means of which tolerable 
 di'ainage was secured. During heavy rains, however, 
 this sewer now gets choked up and bursts, as its 
 capacity is not equal to the volume of water flowing 
 into it. 
 
 November 10. — The city was, on this date, lighted 
 by gas, for the first time. The Cumberland Gas 
 Light Company was organized in May, 1854, Messrs. 
 Pericardus & Hoye, of New York, Joseph Shriver, E. 
 T. Shriver and Alpheus Beall, of Cumberland, being 
 the stockholders. The officers of the corporation 
 first chosen were : Joseph Shriver, President; E. T. 
 Shriver, Treasurer, and C. A. Seay, Superintendent. 
 These gentlemen still occupy the positions to which 
 they were then chosen. 
 
 December 21. — The Council passed an order 
 authorizing the erection of twenty iron lamp posts, 
 on the principal streets, at a cost of f2o each, and 
 contracted with the Gas Light Company to light them 
 with gas at $30 each per annum. 
 
 February 15, 1855. — The City Council entered 
 into contract with Connor & Brant, for cleaning the 
 streets, for one year, at $995. 
 
 April 23. — Columbia street was graded and paved 
 from Bedford street to the alley north of the viaduct. 
 
 May 8. — Mayor. W. W. McKaig; Councilmen, 
 
1855.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 381 
 
 John Beall, Wm. Gephart, Jesse Korns, Francis 
 Madore, D. W. McCleary and H. Startzman. 
 
 August 25. — An ordinance was passed for grading 
 and paving Baltimore street, between Mechanic 
 street and the new iron bridge. 
 
 October 14. — This day marked the brutal murder 
 oi" two citizens of Cumberhmd, by a German adven- 
 turer known as Frederick Miller. Miller's antece- 
 dents were unknown, but he had been in Cumberland 
 some weeks, and formed the acquaintance of Dr. J. 
 F. C. Hadel, a practicing physician, and a popular 
 gentleman. Miller, from some cause, became im- 
 pressed with the belief that Dr. Hadel carried on his 
 person a considerable sum of money, and with a view 
 to securing it, he determined upon the Doctor's 
 murder. On Sunday morning, October 14, he called 
 on Dr. Hadel, and by some means induced him to go 
 with him into the woods, on foot, taking him along 
 the old turnpike, through Sandy Gap, to a point 
 within sight of the National Road. When they 
 arrived at the old school house, near the Eckhart 
 Railroad, Miller deliberately shot Dr. Hadel in the 
 back, with a heavily loaded shot gun. The wound 
 must have pi'oduced death in a few minutes. The 
 wretch then stripped the body, hid the clothes under 
 the floor of the school house, and then proceeded to 
 sever the head from the body . After this he secreted 
 the head in the crevices of some rocks, and dragged 
 the mutilated remains into the woods and concealed 
 them among the bushes. Miller then returned to the 
 Doctor's office, evidently intending to rob it; but he 
 found there Henry Graff, a young German, who was 
 
?)82 HISTORY OF CUMBEIiLAND. [1855. 
 
 a carver of wood, in the employ of K. H. Butler, and 
 who was a friend of Hadel's and a student of medicine 
 in his leisure hours. Miller induced Graft" to accom- 
 pany him, also, and they toi)k the same route the 
 unfortunate Hadel had taken in the morning. At 
 Steel's house, the murderer stopped to get his shot 
 gun, which he had left there after killing Hadel. 
 They then went a short distance further, when they 
 reached the culvert on the old pike. Here the 
 monster emptied the contents of his gun into the 
 hack of Graff", and taking the body dragged it into 
 the culvert and covered it with stones. Again he 
 returned to Dr. Hadel's office, which he robbed of 
 jewelry, clothing, books, medicines, &c., all of which 
 he packed in a box; this he had removed, next 
 morning, to his boarding house, on north Mechanic 
 street. 
 
 The disappearance of the murdered men led to 
 nmch anxiety on the part of their friends, and when 
 it became known that they were last seen on the 
 pike with Miller, foul pla}' was suspected. On 
 Tuesday the fire bells were rung, and hundreds of 
 persons went in search of the missing men. Graff"'s 
 body was found first, and a few hours later the muti- 
 lated remains of Dr. Hadel. Miller was an-ested in 
 his bed, at midnight, and taken to jail. Court being in 
 session, he was immediately indicted," tried and con- 
 victed of murder in the fii'st degree. Judge Perry 
 passed sentence upon him, and the doomed man was 
 the most unconcerned of all in the court room. 
 
 On the 4th of January, 1856, he was hanged. The 
 execution took place near the almshouse, and although 
 
1855.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 38". 
 
 the day was bitterlj^ cold, thousands upon thousands 
 of persons flocked through the deep snow to witness 
 the horrible sight. The prisoner was wholly 
 unmoved, and when his spiritual advisers, Rev. M. 
 Mair and Rev. W. T. D. Clenini, told him he was 
 about to die, and that he might say anything he 
 desired, he raised his right hand, and said : "'With 
 my last breatli, and in the full knowledge of the 
 judgment awaiting me. I deny all knowledge of the 
 death of Dr. Hadel and Henry Graff. I am pre- 
 pared to meet their spirits, in the presence of God, 
 as witnesses of my innocence." 
 
 The execution then immediately took place. Dr. 
 John Everett, the Shei-iff, performing that unpleasant 
 duty. 
 
 The evidence against Miller was undeniable. He 
 even went so far as to wear Dr. Hadel's studs after 
 the murder, and when arrested had them in his 
 possession. 
 
 November, 10. — The candidates for Congress were 
 Wm. T. Hamilton, Democrat, and Henry W. Hoff- 
 man, American. Hoffman was elected by a majorit}- 
 of 732. Hamilton carried Allegan}- by 38 majority, 
 and Hoffman carried Frederick by 710, and Washing- 
 ton by 54 majority. 
 
 December 3.— The Council passed an order appro- 
 priating lino to Captain James M. Schley, of the 
 "Cumberland Guards," and Captain J. H. Tucker, of 
 the '•Cumberland Continentals," towards fitting up 
 an armory. The old ten pin alley on George street, 
 opposite the Mineral Bank, was rented, and used for 
 this purpose. These companies became wonderfully 
 
384 IirSTORV OK CUMBERLAND. [1855-56. 
 
 j)roficient in the drill, and attracted a great deal 
 of attention on their visits to other cities. 
 
 December 14. — The extension of the Pittsburgh 
 and Connellsville Railroad to Cumberland was 
 undertaken in 1854. and Hon. Andrew Stewart and 
 M. 0. Davidson appeared before the City Council, 
 and submitted a proposition from the Company with 
 a view to securing the city's aid in the matter. The 
 Mayor called a public meeting at Belvidere Hall, 
 which was largely attended, on which occasion Mr. 
 Stewart addressed the citizens, exj^laining the inten- 
 tions and desires of the Company. The meeting 
 passed resolutions endorsing the projected improve- 
 ment, and requesting the City Council to subscribe 
 $200,000 towards the completion of the work, on 
 condition that the company should establish its 
 machine shops and other local improvements in 
 Cumberland. This was agreed upon, and the city 
 went so far as to have its bonds prepared, but they 
 were never issued, some insurmountable difficulties 
 having occurred in Pennsylvania. The extension 
 to Cumberland was then delayed for nearly twenty 
 years. 
 
 May 12,1856. — Mavor,.Toseph H. Tucker; Council- 
 men, William R. Beall, Thomas Devecmon, Jesse 
 Korns, Henr}" Korns, D. W. McCleary, and John 
 B. Widener. 
 
 October 6. — Small wood street, between Washing- 
 ton and Cumberland streets, was graded and paved. 
 
 An ordinance was passed forbidding burials inside 
 of the corporfite limits. 
 
 May 11, 1857. — Mayor, Jas. W.Jones; Councilmen, 
 
1857-58.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 385 
 
 Henry Hagan. Henry Korns, Hanson Willisou, John 
 Longabaugli, A. McEIdowney. and F. M. Gramlich. 
 H. McKeon, Clerk. 
 
 June 22. — An order was passed in the Council for 
 the construction of a brick arch bridge over the race, 
 at the foot of Mechanic street. 
 
 An appropriation of |5() was made towards the 
 purchase of a town clock, to be placed in the tower 
 of the German Lutheran Church, Bedford street. 
 
 October 5. — The Mineral Bank closed its doors, 
 and appointed Trustees to settle up its business. 
 The Trustees were Messrs. John Beall and George A. 
 Pearre; the total liabilities amounted to i|199,681. 33. 
 The losses sustained by the creditors of the bank 
 were small, since the Trustees paid them at 88 i 
 cents on the dollar, besides defraying all the expenses 
 incurred by this method of settlement. 
 
 November 5. — Hon. Jacob M. Kunkel was elected 
 to Congress over Hon. H. W. Hoffman, by a small 
 majority. The vote in Allegany County stood, 
 Kunkel, 2,236; Hoffman, 1.843. 
 
 December 7. — The Council passed an order for the 
 sale of Plum AUej' to the German Catholic, or 
 Redemptorist, Association, for the sum of $300. 
 The sale was never effected, however, and the alley 
 has never been closed up. 
 
 January 4, 1858. — An order was passed by the 
 
 Council for the extension of the City limits, the line 
 
 to run from the north east corner of Rose Hill 
 
 Cemetery to the iron railroad bridge; thence north to 
 
 Stony Battery; thence to Mullen's Lime Kiln; thence 
 
 to top of Shrivers Hill; thence south-east to T. I. 
 49 
 
386 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1858— VJ. 
 
 McKaig's lot, on the Baltimore turnpike; thence to 
 the top of McKaig's Hill , and thence along the base 
 of the hills to the river, below Mortens' boat yard. 
 
 April 12. — An effort was made to secure the 
 location of a national foundry at this place, as such 
 an enterprise was talked of in government circles. 
 The project was never carried into effect. 
 
 May 9. — Mayor, D. W. McCleary; (Jouncilmen, 
 C. B. Thruston, J. B. Walton, W. 0. Sprigg, C. H. 
 Ohr, Geo. Clark, and Michael Treiber. H. McKeon, 
 Clerk. The tax was reduced to 40 cents, this year. 
 
 In June the Commissioners had the Court House 
 grounds inclosed by an iron fence, to take the place 
 of a dilapidated wooden fence. 
 
 June 18. — A little daughter of John Blackhurst fell 
 into the water in the gas-holder cistern, at the gas 
 works, and was drowned, 
 
 November 27. — The Cumberland City Bank closed 
 its doors, and J. R. Annan was appointed Trustee. 
 
 April 6, 1859. — The Allegany County Bank was 
 established, with a capital of $50,000, the officers 
 being Dr. George Lynn, President, and A. (J. Whet- 
 more, Cashier. 
 
 March 17.-^ 'The Civilian" and "The Telegraph" 
 were united, and published under the name of " The 
 Civilian and Telegraph," the new proprietors being- 
 Evans & Maupin. 
 
 The steam canal boats "Bluebird" and "(Jathcart,"' 
 arrived, having in tow several canal boats, the trip 
 being made as an experiment. The result did not 
 justify any further experiments in that direction. 
 
 May 9. — Mayor, D. W. McCleary; Councilmen. H. 
 
18-5!).] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 387 
 
 Resloy, Samuel Lunian. C. H. Ohr, Jesse Korns, A. 
 J. Rjlaiid J. T. Shuck. 
 
 Juno 30. — The L\'nn Cement Mill took fire, and 
 was wholl}^ destnjyed. The owners relniilt at once, 
 and had the mill running in less than two months 
 from the date of the fire. 
 
 July 18. — President Buchanan and suite arrived, 
 enroute to the Bedford Springs, and remained over 
 night at the Revere House. 
 
 July 'li). — George T. Percy, a young man, 24 years 
 of age. son of Douglas Percy, of Frostburg, was acci- 
 dentally drowned while fishing in the river, near 
 Brady's Mills, with a party of friends. 
 
 September 6. — Captain Thomas Blair, who com- 
 manded a company in the war of 1812-14, died at 
 Frostburg, at an advanced age. B3' his own request 
 he was buried with military honors by the Cumber- 
 land Continentals. 
 
 September 30. — George H. Drake, who killed Bene- 
 dict M. Athey, in 1825. and who escaped from jail 
 after he had been indicted for murder, returned to 
 this place, and was promptly arrested. Drake had 
 been aljsent for thirty-four years, being an old man 
 at the date of his return. He was under the im- 
 [)ression that liis crime had been forgotten, and that 
 the law woulil not troidde him after so many years 
 had elapsed, but he had scarcely arrived ere the 
 memory of his crime was revived, and he was again 
 consigned to jail. In October he was arraigned, and 
 tried on the indictment found a third of a century 
 l)olbre. The trial excited a great deal of interest, 
 and he was abh defended bv Messrs. Pearre 
 
388 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1860. 
 
 and Semmes. Some sixteen witnesses were ex- 
 amined. The case occupied a whole day, the prose- 
 cuting attorney, J. M. Schley, making good use of 
 what little real testimony was to l)e had. The jury 
 returned a verdict of "not guilty." 
 
 April 8, 1860. — A heavy rainfall produced a freshet, 
 which caused the creek and river to overflow, wherehy 
 several of the streets were inundated, but no material 
 damage was sustained. 
 
 April 11. — The furniture factory of K. H. Butler 
 was destroyed by fire. Loss about $8,000. 
 
 May 4. — Mayor, John Humbird; Councilmen, H. ' 
 Resley, T. A. Ogle, Charles H. Smith, C. H. Ohr, 
 Casper Cassan and John Snyder. 
 
 The population of Cumberland at this time was 
 shown by the census to be 7,300, and the assessable 
 property $2,124,400. 
 
 September 20. — Meshack Browning, one of the old 
 settlers of Allegany County, died at his home in the 
 Glades. Mr. Browning was a great hunter, and was 
 the hero of an interesting book entitled " Forty-four 
 Years of the Life of a Hunter," written and illustra^ 
 ted by E. Stabler, of Montgomery County, a very 
 remarkable man, and published by Lippincott, of 
 Philadelphia. Mr. Browning left quite a family of 
 children, one of whom, Richard T. Browning, was 
 elected to the House of Delegates from Garrett County, 
 in 1875. 
 
 At the election for President in November, Allegany 
 gave 980 votes for Breckenridge, 1,203 for Douglass, 
 1,521 for Bell, and 522 for Lincoln. 
 
 State Senator, Thomas I. McKaig; Delegates, J. H. 
 
1SG0-(U.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 389 
 
 (iordoii, W. H. Barnard, D. W. McCleary and Aza 
 IJeall. 
 
 The vote for Congress was as follows: 
 
 J. M. Kunkel. H. W. Hoffman. 
 
 Washington County 2,842 2,842 
 
 Frederick County 8,718 8,673 
 
 Allegany County 2,288 2,201 
 
 8,849 8.71G 
 
 Sheriff, Henry R. Atkinson; Judges of Orphans' 
 Court, Moses Rawlings, Alexander King and Francis 
 Mattingly. 
 
 Hon. H. W. Hoffman was elected Sergeant-at-Arms 
 of the House of Representatives, and served in that 
 capacity till April, 1861, when President Lincoln 
 appointed him Collector of the Port of Baltimore. 
 
 December 18. — George, a son of William Wickard, 
 7 years of age, while playing on the ice, on the creek, 
 near the cement mill, broke through, and was drowned. 
 
 Much excitement prevailed during the winter, in 
 consequence of the secession movements in the South, 
 and on the 17th of January, 1861, a public meeting was 
 called for the purpose of considering the critical con- 
 dition of affairs in the country, the call being largely 
 signed by men of all political parties. The following 
 were the officers of the meeting: President, George 
 A. Pearre; Vice Presidents, H. P. Tasker, Richard 
 Fairall, John McLaughlin, H. B. Elbin, Hanson Wil- 
 lison, John Douglas, A. Chamberlin, Robert Bruce, 
 G. M. Blocher, Jesse Korns, Francis Mattingly. 
 Thomas Whalen, John Callen and Moses Rawlings. 
 
 Secretaries. — J. J. McHenry and C. Slack. 
 
 Strong Union speeches were delivered by Mr. 
 
''»90 HISTOHV OF CUMBERLAND. [1861. 
 
 Peurre. cx-(iovenior Francis Thomas, and Mr. 
 Roman. 
 
 A committee was appointed, consisting of J. Philip 
 Roman, William Shaw. C. M. Thrnstou, John M. 
 Buchanan, William Walsh, J. G. Lynn, Joseph 
 Shrivev, Nelson Beall. S. M. Senimes and C. Slack, 
 to proposL- resolutions for the consideration of the 
 nieetino;. The committee submitted the foUowioii', 
 which were unanimousl3' adopted : 
 
 Where.^s, South Carolina and others of the cotton growing States, 
 have declared themselves out of the Union, absolved their people from 
 its allegiance, set at defiance the Constitution of the United States, 
 nullified the laws of Conjrress, have torn from their citadels our national 
 tiag, and marshalling armies in open rebellion against the government; 
 and wherea.s this rebellious strife has been provoked bj' a growing senti- 
 ment among the Northern people against the institution of slavery, and 
 because various non-slaveholding States have pas.sed enactments to 
 impede the due execution of the fugitive slave law, and because a great 
 sectional party proclaiming that there shall be no more slave States, 
 have elected a President of the United States ; And whereas it is proper 
 that the people should meet together and take council with one another as 
 to what course they should pursue in this painful crisis. We the people 
 of Allegany county in general mass convention assembled, do there- 
 fore 
 
 Resolve, That the present form of Governniert, the Constitution and 
 Union of States, were the result, of a war, which for the self-sacrificing 
 patriotism of its heroes, has won the admiration of the civilized world, 
 and under its wise provisions the American people have become the 
 most free, prosperous and enlightened, on the face of the earth ; and as 
 we believe the continuance of our prosperity and national greatness, 
 depends on the preservation of the Union, we will continue to cherish our 
 devotion for its maintenance, and feel it due to the past, present and 
 future, that we should hold the same inviolate, and transmit it unbroken 
 and undissevered, to our children as the palladium of their political 
 safety. 
 
 Resolved, That while we feel that the Southern States of the Union have 
 just right to complain of the growing hostility of the Northern people to 
 their institutions, and of the enactment by various States of what is known 
 as "personal liberty laws,'' which we believe to be in violation of the 
 Constitution and of the sacred obligations which those States owe to 
 our common country ; and, although Maryland, bordering on and sepa- 
 rated only by an imaginary line iVom one of these States, which has thus 
 violated one of her obligations, has more cause than any of her sister 
 States to complain of this unfriendly legislation, yet we believe that the 
 proper remedy for these evils and aggressions is within the Union and 
 not outside of it. 
 
 Resolved, That while we denounce the course of the Northern people 
 as unfriendly, aud the action of those States which have passed "person- 
 
1861.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. o9] 
 
 al liberty laws" as unconstitutional and unjust, and while we believe 
 them fraught with evil, and if persisted in, may prove disastrous to the 
 country, yet we cannot endorse the course pursued by South Carolina 
 and those States which have followed her lead, as either a proper or con- 
 stitutional remedy, but regard the same as precipitate, unwise and 
 unjust to the bordering slave States of the Union. That although we 
 admit and claim the right of revolution to exist in the people to over- 
 throw their Government when it becomes tyrannical and oppressive, yet 
 this right should never be exercised until all other means of redress have 
 been e-xhausted, and the government itself has become more destructive 
 to the public welfare, than the evils necessarily attendant upon a 
 revolution. 
 
 Besolved, That whilst we condemn the hasty and precipitate action 
 of those who would for existing causes dissolve this glorious Union, and 
 phmge us into all the horrors of revolution and civil war, we at the 
 same time avow our determination to demand all our rights in the Union 
 under the Constitution of our country, and whenever those rights are 
 invaded and denied to us, and no adequate remedy is afforded by the 
 Federal Government to secure them, then we will be ready, as our fathers 
 were, to take up arms, if need be in their defence. 
 
 Resolved, That the wise, firm, prudent and pacific course pursued by 
 Major Anderson, the officer in command of Fort Sumpter, in South 
 Carolina, under the trying circumstances by which he is surrounded, 
 meets with our earnest and cordial approval. 
 
 Resolved, That the aggressive spirit exhibited by a portion of the 
 Northern people against the clear constitutional rights ot the South, and 
 the incessant and violent abuse of Southern institutions, from the pulpit, 
 the hustings and by the press, tending only to produce alienation, discord 
 and bitterness between the diti'erent portions of the confederacy, deserve 
 the severest reprobation of every conservative and Union loving citizen. 
 
 Resolved, That we still have an abiding faith in the sober second 
 thought of the Southern people, and that if an opportunity shall be 
 aSorded them they will return to a faithful execution of all their consti- 
 tutional obligations and hurl from power and prominence tlie political 
 demagogues who have misled them: and therefore we deplore the constant 
 agitation of the slavery question among the Southern people, the attempts 
 to reopen the African slave trade, and the threats of secession and dis- 
 union in advance of any justifiable cause as productive of the most 
 mischievous results, and tending only to furnish the agitators of the 
 North, with a plausible pretext for their own unfriendly action. 
 
 Resolved, That in order to end all future agitation upon the exciting 
 subject of slavery, which periodically convulses the country, it is emi- 
 nently proper that some compromise and settlement should be made that 
 would at once and forever withdraw the whole subject from Federal con- 
 trol; that with this object in view, we accept and endorse the proposition, 
 known as the "Crittenden Amendment," and earnestly hope that the same 
 or some other compromise formed upon that basis, which will secure to 
 the South her constitutional rights and preserve the Union, may be 
 adopted by Congress or a convention, believing, as we do, that thereby 
 Congress will thereafter be deprived of all power of legislation over the 
 subject. 
 
 Similar meetings were held in other parts of the 
 county. 
 
39-! HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1861. 
 
 February 24. — Tliefriends of the Union on thisnight 
 had a great torch light procession, there being some 
 five hundred persons in the line. The residences of 
 Samuel M. Semmes, Thomas Devecmon and George 
 A. Pearre were visited, and each of these gentlemen 
 made speeches full of patriotic inspiration. 
 
 April 19. — The thrilling .scenes in Baltimore, on 
 the occasion of the passage of the Massachusetts 
 troops through the city, and the inauguration of 
 civil war by the attack on Fort Sumter, caused 
 most intense excitement amongst the people of Cum- 
 berland, and led to the open expression of sentiments 
 which caused a separation between those who differed 
 on the question of coercion. From this time forward 
 the lines became more closely drawn, and friends and 
 neighbors were unhappily arrayed one against the 
 other. 
 
 May 6. — The increasing excitement on account of 
 the important events leading to civil war, aroused 
 great feeling in the city, and the Union men held 
 an immense mass meeting on the above date. They 
 marched through the streets with banners and music, 
 and cannon firing. The meeting was organized by 
 the election of Gen. C. M. Thruston President, and 
 the following Vice Presidents: John Gephart, B. 
 Kegg, A. M. L. Bush, J. B. Widener, Joseph Shi'iver, 
 John Everett, Alpheus Beall, Wm. Armbruster, S. 
 M. Semmes, J. J. McHenry, Lewis Smith, Samuel 
 Luraan. John Kolb, J. W. Magruder, Andrew Gon- 
 der, J. B. II. Campbell, Wm. Evans, Robert Bruce, 
 J. H. Young, John Hays, Alex. King, R. D. Johnson, 
 and Joseph Hughes. 
 
1861.] EARLY DAYS OF THE WAR. oOB 
 
 Strong speeches were made by George A. Pearre 
 and Samuel M. Semmes, and lengthy and emphatic 
 resolutions adopted, declaring for the pi'eservation 
 of the Union. 
 
 The Conditional Union men held a meeting also, 
 declaring that should the Oovornment fail to give 
 the South certain guarantees it would be Maryland's 
 duty to leave the Union. Daniel Blocher introduced 
 a resolution for the purpose of postponing such action 
 until the Peace Conference should conclude its work. 
 ^'iolent discussion followed, and the meeting broke 
 up in great confusion. 
 
 It had been fondh' hoped that Cumberland would 
 escape the scourge of war, but "the winter of 1860- 
 61 began to dispel our illusions. Latent feelings and 
 sympathies, then developed, made it evident that 
 Western Maryland, and particularly its central city, 
 was deeply interested in the great question that 
 agitated the public mind. A conflict seemed immi- 
 nent and people found themselves with divided 
 sentiments and sympathies. Secession and anti-se- 
 cession. State sovereignty and the Union, coercion 
 and anti-coercion were the general topics of conver- 
 sation wherever men met together. Even at social 
 parties in parlors, ladies were transformed inti) 
 violent politicians, and in their wild enthusiasm 
 seemed ready to grasp the ritie and the sword and 
 leave the nui-sery and the distaff to faint-hearted, 
 cowardly men and old women. Looking back over 
 the lapse of seventeen years we can now smile at the 
 illusions, projects, prospects, hopes and fears of that 
 
 memorable winter. After the secession of the cotton 
 50 
 
394 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1861. 
 
 States, some declared the Union hopelessly dissolved, 
 and advocated the formation of a grand Middle 
 (Jonfederacy stretching from the Atlantic to the 
 Pacific, leaving New England and the seceded States, 
 as tronblesoine members of the bodv politic, out in 
 the cold to reap the fruits of their fainitical notions 
 and doings. Others expected some compromise to 
 l)e made by which the Union might be restored and 
 the Constitution .so amended as to protect the rights 
 of sovereign States against the encroachments of 
 the Federal Government. Some again prophesied 
 the speedy secession of all the Southern States, 
 carrying the National capital with them, and form- 
 ing a confedei'acy .so large and strong as to compel 
 a speedy recognition and in the end ab.sorb into 
 itself, under a pro-slavery constitution, all the 
 States of the old Union that would be worth 
 having. 
 
 "Others declai-ed that as soon as the Federal 
 Government made a display of its authority and 
 power the leaders of secession would become fright- 
 ened, the conspiracy be broken up without bloodshed, 
 and the Union restored. Unconditional Unionists 
 and secessionists per se were rare among us . But 
 among all classes there seemed to be a pretty general 
 agreement that, in case of a final rupture between 
 the Northern and Southern States, Maryland might 
 assume a kind of armed neutrality, until the ques- 
 tion was decided, without t-ompromising her honor 
 or aiding in the subjugation of the seceding States. 
 This was a fiction afterward very .soon exploded by 
 the irresistible logic of events. The effects of these 
 
1861.] EAK],Y DAYS OK THK WAK. 395 
 
 wordy conflicts continually going on, were soon 
 manifest in private intercourse. Old friends became 
 alienated and began to treat each other coolly. 
 Visits were curtailed and often ended disagreeably. 
 Associations and churches felt the disturbing influ- 
 ences. Ministers were interviewed, while their 
 sermons and prayers were closely scrutinized for 
 indications of political sentiments or sympathies. 
 The moral atmosphere seemed filled with a subtle 
 poison by which every one was aifected. 
 
 •'During this period, adding to the divided and 
 disturbed condition of the popular mind, two remark- 
 able characters appeared upon the scene of action. 
 The first was the Hon. Roger A. Pryor. of Virginia, 
 who was then "firing the Southern heart" with his 
 fervid eloquence. With glowing tongue he portrayed 
 the wrongs of the Southern States and plead with all 
 the power of his masterlj- oratory for a united South 
 to resist the aggressions of a common foe. The other 
 was the Hon. Francis Thomas, ex-Governor of 
 Maryland, and once the honored son and leader of 
 the old State Democracy. Suffering under a severe 
 domestic calamity, and treated as insane, he had fled 
 from public life, and for years had buried himself 
 in his mountain hermitage, living closely the life of 
 a recluse until he was almost forgotten. But when 
 the news of his countiys danger reached him all the 
 slumbering statesman was aroused. The sti'ong 
 spirit of former years came upon him. Like some 
 wierd, hoary prophet of old, he came down from his 
 mountain retreat and, suddenly appearing in the 
 streets of Cumberland, sounded the alarm of patriot- 
 
o96 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1861. 
 
 i.sni, and plead with the ^jeople to stand by the Union, 
 the Constitution, and the hiws. It seemed as if one 
 had arisen from the dead. 
 
 •• But we cannot dwell longer on incidents like these 
 which preceded the Avar. Events thickened and 
 soon followed each other in quick succession like the 
 echoes of our mountain thunder. Sumter lell. 
 Seventy-five thousand men were summoned for the 
 defense of the Union. Blood flowed in the streets of 
 Baltimore. Virginia adopted an ordinance of seces- 
 sion. Harper's Ferry passed into the hands of the 
 (Confederates, and Maryland was left hanging as a 
 Southern shred npon the Northern portion of a 
 disrupted Union. Nothing probabh', saved Maryland 
 Irom the ranks of secession but the delay of its 
 friends and the presence of the Federal troops. What 
 Avould have been the result had she promptly acted 
 Avith Virginia before the opportunity Avas passed, 
 cannot now be positively determined. With the 
 Capital of the nation lying in her bosom, the whole 
 issue of the war might have been changed, and left 
 us Aveak and divided instead of a united and prosper- 
 ous people. We were now at war, and the events 
 that inaugurated it had a most depressing effect upon 
 the interests of Western Maryland. Our city felt it 
 most severely. Her great thoroughfare, the Balti- 
 more and Ohio Railroad, Avas interrupted and her 
 (Janal closed. Trade from Vii'ginia was Avithdrawn. 
 FiVery industry Avas stopped or curtailed; stores Avere 
 closed and marked ''for rent;"' real estate sank rapidly 
 in A'alue. Merchants Avithout customers slept at 
 their counters, or sat at the doors of their places 
 
1861.] EAKLY DAYS OF THE AVAK. 397 
 
 ot" business. Tradesmen and laborers, out of em- 
 ployment, lounged idl}- about the streets. Tlie 
 railroad workshops were silent and operations in the 
 mininsr reo;ions almost entirely ceased. Then com- 
 menced a deep, ])aintiil feeling of insecurity and an 
 undefined di-ead of the horrors of war. Panic makers 
 multiplied and infested society, startling rumors were 
 constantly floating about of secret plots and dark 
 conspiracies against the peace of the community and 
 private individuals. In the evening men congi-egated 
 in the hotels, saloons, stores and streets, and then 
 carried home to their families the mysterious 
 suspicions which they heard whispered about — killing 
 sleep and rendering every sound in the night 
 portentous of arson, robbery or murder. As the 
 Ijonds of government were loosened some imagined 
 that a slave insurrrction might suddenly break out, 
 followed l)y all the horrors of St. Domingo. Seces- 
 sionists feared a descent of the Federal troops — 
 bringing imprisonment, confiscation or death. Union- 
 ists dreaded an irruption of their old neighbors 
 beyond the rivei", forcing them into the Southern 
 Confederacy or conscripting them lor service in the 
 rebel army. Anxiety and care were written on 
 every countenance. There was no heart for business, 
 and the grass of the advancing summer commenced 
 growing upon our deserted streets. 
 
 "But the scene was unexpectedly and suddenly 
 changed. On Monda}' morning, the 8th of June, 
 our citizens were awakened by a confused sound of 
 voices, and, looking out, saw the streets filled with 
 strange, rough looking men. dressed in gray and 
 
398 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1861. 
 
 armed to the teeth with ritle.s, pistols ;ind sword- 
 bayonets. Thej seemed to have Fallen liom the 
 clouds. Who are they? What will they do? were 
 the eager questions that passed from lip to lip and 
 from house to house. A new order of things had 
 commenced. Our city was in possession of the Fed- 
 ei'al troops. Some zealous Unionist had gained the 
 ear of the Executive, and the Eleventh Regiment of 
 Indiana Zouaves, under Colonel Lew Wallace, had 
 entered the city quietly on Sunday night and pitched 
 their camp on Rose Hill, over which now proudly 
 rioated the Stars and Stripes of the Union. 
 
 "The presence of what was then regarded as a large 
 military body naturally excited suspicion and alarm. 
 As was usual in the earl}' part of the war, to quiet the 
 popular mind, a grandiloquent proclamation was soon 
 issued, assuring the citizens that the gallant army 
 now among them had come, not to oppress or to 
 interfere in their domestic institutions, but to protect 
 their lives and jjroperty and to preserve the peace of 
 the community. Officers and soldiers associated 
 freely with our citizens, and soon a pretty general 
 feeling of contidence and good will began to prevail. 
 Protection, whether from friend or foe, was deemed 
 preferable to the uncertain and defenseless condition 
 in which we had been living. The rule of the 
 military had begun ; it did not end until the close of 
 the war. 
 
 "The camp of the Zouaves was beautifully located 
 on Rose Hill, and soon became a place of popular 
 resort. Around it towered the grand mountain 
 ranges of the Alleghanies, dressed in their summer 
 
1861.] EAKLV DAYS OF THK WAK. 399 
 
 robes of forest foliage — evergreens and Howering 
 laurels. On the south rolled the Potomac; at the 
 base of the hill on the north Howed Wills' Creek, 
 and in full view of the camp, nestled in the valley 
 extending over Fort Ilill, lay the Queen City of the 
 mountains. Colonel Lew Wallace and some of his 
 staff were men of culture and refinement ; tlie rank 
 and file were courteous and gentlemanly in their 
 deportment. A fine band discoursed sweet music in 
 the camp and through the city, and every day 
 became festive with military pomp and display. 
 Trade began to flourish. The people were assured 
 that this was only a pleasant picnic excursion to the 
 South ; there would be no fighting ; and many began 
 to believe that the war was about over. But we 
 were not permitted to enjoy this illusive dream long. 
 Military occupation soon began to make itself felt. 
 Free speech was no longer allowed. Secession senti- 
 ments were banned. Informers became busy. 
 Citizens were arrested and marched under guard 
 to the camp, and having received a lecture on loyalty 
 and the crime of secession, were tendered the oath 
 of allegiance and then permitted to return to their 
 homes. Some remained nursing their bitter feelings. 
 Others fled to Virginia and entered the rebel army. 
 Men learned afterward that the mere expression of 
 opinion without overt acts did not constitute treason, 
 and that a forced oath was no remedy for disloyalty."* 
 Up to the first of May there had existed an 
 undemonstrative armed neutrality, amongst the citi- 
 zens, yet a great deal of emphatic language was used 
 
 ^Uuwritteu Chapters of ihe Wiir, by Rev, A. J. WeddeH. 
 
-too HISTORY OF CUMBERLAXD. [1861. 
 
 by the men whose sympathies were either North or 
 South. The first open act of determined sentiment 
 was the display at this time of a large United States 
 flag, which was hung over the street between the St. 
 Nicholas Hotel and the Belvidere Hall. This was 
 done by Samuel Luman, Sr., Samuel Luman, Jr.. 
 Robert Shriver, John M. Kesley, Frank Miller, and 
 a few other determined Unionists. Althous'li some 
 trouble was anticipated, no attempt was made to 
 interfere with the flag. 
 
 On the 13th of May the folloAving City officials had 
 been elected : Mayor, C. M. Thruston ; Councilmen. 
 J. J. McHenry, K. H. Butler, Joseph Hughes. 
 Robert Bruce, D. Mahaney. and Samuel Luman. 
 This was the "Unconditional Union" ticket, there 
 being also an "Independent" ticket, and a "Citizens" 
 ticket. 
 
 About the first of June it became painfully evident 
 that the people of Western Maryland were destined 
 to feel the direct effects of the war. The bridges 
 over Patterson's Creek, and over the Canal, near the 
 North Branch, were destroyed by a party of Vir- 
 ginians, and communication with the East was cut 
 off". On the morning of the 19th of June, a party of 
 Confederate soldiery made a descent on New Creek, 
 and burned the "21st bridge," of the Baltimore and 
 Ohio Raili'oad, which spanned the Potomac River. 
 A small guard had been placed there, consisting of 
 some twenty-eight men of the Cumberland Continen- 
 tals, under command of Lieutenants James C. Lynn 
 and Theodore Luman. When news of the approach 
 of the enemy reached Cumberland. Captain Horace 
 
1861.] CAl'TUKE OF TWKNTY-FIRST BRIDGE. 401 
 
 Reslej. with a few additional men. hastened to the 
 scene. The enemy, Iiowev^er, was too strong for 
 them ; and. to avoid eaptiiro, the entire command 
 retreated over the mountains, and reached Cumber- 
 land, by way of the National Road. This being the 
 initial conflict of the war in this section, the greatest 
 excitement prevailed, especially as wild rumors of 
 the total destruction of tlie little command, and the 
 marshaling of a strong force to attack Cumberland, 
 were freely circulated . The entire population rushed 
 into the streets, bells rung in ever}^ part of the town, 
 and the women and children were in a state of terror. 
 Colonel Wallace struck tents, and sent his baggage 
 towards Bedford for safety, the Zouaves taking up a 
 position of defense on the Bedford I'oad, just beyond 
 the city limits. The Continentals and Union Home 
 Guards turned out under arms; a hundred men from 
 Frostburg, under command of Major F. A. Mason, 
 and a company from Wellersburg, with Captain 
 Petrie, were on hand in a few hours. Other compa- 
 nies arrived next morning from Grantsville, Bedford, 
 Centreville and Pocahontas. Armed men, in small 
 squads, continued to arrive all day, and not until 
 nightfall did the panic subside. The Zouaves then 
 marched back to their quarters, and next day the 
 companies from abroad took their departure, leaving 
 Cumberland to setth; down to her usual quiet. 
 
 June 13. — An election for a Congressman from this 
 District took place, and Hon. Francis Thomas, the 
 Unconditional Union candidate, was elected by an 
 immense vote. The whole number of ballots cast was 
 
 2,908, of which Governor Thomas received 2,751. 
 51 
 
40-5 HISTDKV OF CUMBERLAND. [1861. 
 
 June 20. — Joseph Romiser, one of the members ol" 
 a vokmteer company of citizens from Frostburg, was 
 badly wounded by the accidental discharge of a gun. 
 The ball entered his head back of the right ear and 
 came out near the right eye. He eventuall\ 
 recovered. 
 
 July 7. — (Jolonel Wallace, with his regiment, left, 
 and went East, to Martinsburg. The Kane Rifle 
 Regiment, under ( Jolonel (Jharles J. Bidwell, and the 
 Second Regiment, under Colonel S. G. Simmons, both 
 from Pennsylvania, arrived, and encamped on the 
 ground vacated by the Zouaves. These troops 
 remained here until the 27th of July. 
 
 In August, during the progress of a political 
 meeting, on Baltimore street, one night, a disturbance 
 arose by reason of Hon. Francis Thomas being 
 interrupted in his speech, and a large crowd of men 
 at once made a descent on the oifice of "'The 
 AUeganian," which was Southern in its sympathies. 
 The office was wholly destroyed, the material being 
 thrown out of the windows. 
 
 At this time Hon. Francis Thomas was authorized 
 to provide for the organization of four regiments, to 
 be composed of residents on both sides of the Potomac 
 river, from Monocacy U) the Western boundary- of 
 Maryland, who were to perform service in the vicinity 
 of the Potomac river. Under this authority a full 
 regiment of infantry was raised in Allegany county, 
 and by the 1st of October was armed, equipped, 
 and in camp, at Cumberland, as the Second 
 Maryland Regiment Volunteer Infantry, Potomac 
 Home Brigade. The organization of the regiment 
 
1861.] SECOND MAKYT.ANI) KEOIMENT, 1'. H. B. 40?) 
 
 at the date t)f its muster into tlie United States 
 service was as follows : 
 
 Colonel, Tliomaa Johns.* 
 
 Lieutenant Colonel, llobert Bruce. 
 
 Major, G. Ellis Porter. 
 
 Adjutant, Orlando D. Kobbins. 
 
 QuarterMaster, Kennedy II. Butler. 
 
 Surfjeon, Dr. S. P. Smith. Assistant Surgeon, Dr. P. A. Healey. 
 
 Chaplain, Rev. ,1. H. Symmes, 
 
 Company A — Captain, Alexander Shawf : First Lieutenant, John 
 Douglas ; Second Lieutenant, Andrew Spier. 
 
 Company B — Captain, J. D. Roberts; First Lieutenant, James A. 
 Morrow; Second Lieutenant, A. S. Gallion. 
 
 Company C — Captain, John H. Huntley ; First Ijieu*,enant, .Tohn Weir; 
 Second Lieutenant, Richard C. Sansom. 
 
 Company D — Captain, B. B. Shaw : First Lieutenant, Robert Powell ; 
 Second Lieutenant, Mark Powell, 
 
 Company K — Captain, James C.Lynn; First Lieutenant, Theodore 
 Luman ; Second Lieutenant, George Couter. 
 
 Company F — Captain, Lewis Dyke ; First Lieutenant, Nerval Mc- 
 Kinley ; Second Lieutenant, George D. Somers.J 
 
 Company G — Captain, C. G. McClellan : First Lieutenant, Robert 
 Cowan ; Second Lieutenant, Lloyd Mahaney. 
 
 Company H — Captain, George H. Bragonier ; First Lieutenant, S. 
 T. Little; Second Lieutenant, George W. McCulloh. 
 
 Company I — Captain, J. F. McCulloh ; First Lieutenant, James M. 
 Shober; Second Lieutenant, John F. Troxell. 
 
 Company K — Captain, P. B. Petrie; First Lieutenant, Jason G. 
 Sawyer; Second Lieutenant, Moses Bickford. 
 
 The promotions in this regiment during its three years' service wero 
 as follows: Robert Bruce to be Colonel ; G. Ellis Porter to be Lieutenant- 
 Colonel ; Alexander Shaw and John H. Huntley to be Majors ; Theodore 
 Luman to be Adjutant ; ,Iohn Douglas, James A. Morrow, John Weir, 
 and Norval McKinley to be Captains ; Andrew Spier, Ale.xander Tennant, 
 Lloyd Mahaney, Richard C. Sansom, and George Couter to be First 
 Lieutenants; James Thompson, Emory W. Pelton, David C.Edwards, 
 George Wigley, and Moses Bickford to be Second Lieutenants. 
 
 At the expiration of the three years for which this regiment was 
 enlisted, four companies of veterans were re-enlisted, and organized into 
 a battalion, the officers being: Lieutenant-Colonel, James C. Lynn; 
 Captains, J. Floyd McCulloh, P. B. Petrie, H. H. Hartsock and Robert 
 Cowan; First Lieutenants, Charles H. Thayer, James A. Howard, LouisN. 
 Gondon and A. Brown Lynn ; Second Lieutenants, Levi Shaw, JamesA. 
 McKee, Jacob H. Buckey and Richard T. Browning. 
 
 At the general election in November, the candidates 
 were run on "Union" and "Peace" tickets, the Union 
 ticket being successful. Thonias G. McCulloh was 
 
 "^Reaigned January 1,1862; succeeded bv Colonel Robert Bruce; d Ellis Porter was at same 
 lime promoted to Lieutenant Colonel. 
 
 ft^aptain Shaw was promoted to Major, January 1862, and resignod March 31. 1862, his succes- 
 sor being Major John H. Huntley. 
 
 tPrombted to Captain; killed in' action at Summit Point, Va., October 7, 1853. 
 
404 HISTORY OF CUM BEl! LAND. [1862. 
 
 elected Sheriff'; Delegates to the Ijegislature, George 
 A. Pearre, Lloyd Lowe, C. W. White, A. Chamber- 
 lain. County Commissioners, Win. R. McCuUey, 
 Daniel Duncan, David Kent, Ashi'ord Trail. David 
 Compton. Surveyor, William Brace. 
 
 The canal and railroad were much damaged, by 
 freshets and by incursions by the enemy. Both were 
 put under military supervision, and protected as well 
 as possible, but the railroad was so badly damaged 
 in June, 1861, that for almost a year it was useless. 
 
 Early in 1862, by orders tioni the War Department, 
 extensive hospitals were established in Cumberland, 
 lor the reception of the sick and wounded from points 
 both East and West. The citizxms, esjx^cially the 
 ladies, were constant in their kindness and attention 
 to the sufferers who were brought here. In February , 
 1862, there were 57 deaths, mostly of men from Ohio 
 and Indiana. 
 
 May 12. — Mayor, (•. H. Ohr; Councilmen, Joseph 
 Hughes, Jacob Wickard, M. L. Rizer, V. A. Buckey. 
 George W. Hoover, William Hoblitzell. 
 
 In May the Third Regiment Maryland Volunteer 
 Lifantry, Potomac Home Brigade, was mustered into 
 service. A large proportion of this regiment was 
 composed of men enlisted at Cumberland, the remain- 
 der coming from Baltimore, Hagerstown and Ellicott's 
 Mills. The officers were as follows : 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel, Stephen \V. Downey.* 
 Major, Charles L. Graliin.f 
 Adjutant, N. M. .Vmbrose. 
 
 Surgeon, C. E. S. McKee ; Assislaiii Surgeon, Jesse Beerbower. 
 Company A — Captain, Janie.s S. Inskeep ; First Lientenant, John 
 Coles; Second Lieutenant, William .\. Cross. 
 
 *Owins to some misunderstaiidiut? in regard to filing the re^imeulAl rolls at Annapolis 
 Colonel J^owney w.aa not coramisaioned. and he resigned November S. 1862. 
 tResigued January 10, 1863; succeeded by M^jor Crawford Shearer. 
 
1862.] TIUKD MARYLAND REGIMENT, 1'. II. B. 405 
 
 Company B — Captain, Win. F. Cardiff; First Lieutenant, Moses 
 Whitlord ; Second Lieutenant, Jolin K. VV'hitford. 
 
 Company C — Captain, Harry C. Rizer; First Lieutenant, Wm. R. 
 Jarboe ; Second Lieutenant, diaries F. McAleer. 
 
 Company D — Captain, Michael Fallon; First Lieutenant, Joseph L. 
 Forsyth; Second Lieutenant, .lohn M. Armstrong. 
 
 Company E — Captain, Henry B. McCoy ; First Lieutenant, John W. 
 Uodson ; Second Lieutenant, Theodore Goif. 
 
 Company F — Caiitain, Robert Maxwell; First Lieutenant. Peter J. 
 Mayberry ; Second Lieutenant, Win. H. Foreman. 
 
 Company G — Captain, Jacob Sarbaugh*; First Lieutenant, Wm. H. 
 Uipsly ; Second Lieutenant, Joseph K. Pitman. 
 
 Company H — Captain, Wm. A. Falkenstine; First Lieutenant, Fred- 
 erick Prinjjey*; Second Lientenant. Hanson B. F'riend. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Stephen W. Downey, resigned September I, 
 186i2; and Charles Gilpin was mustered in as Jjieutenant-Colonel Septem- 
 ber 2, 18G2; and promoted to Colonel April l(i, 1SG4, having recruited 
 two additional companies, thereby making up a full regiment; and re- 
 mained in service until the regiment was reduced to a battalion, by the 
 expiration of the term of service of three companies. Afterwards, the 
 battalion was commanded by Harry C. Rizer, who was promoted to 
 Lieutenant Colonel, tlie following officers remaining in command of com- 
 panies: Captains, Wm. A. Falkenstine, N. M. Ambrose, John W. Dod- 
 son, James E. Garrahan, Gustavus Valois, Samuel T. Eck, and Charles 
 Pratt; First Lieutenants, Ephraini C. Hedding, John W, Cook, Wm. J. 
 Donahoe, James W. White, Wm. H. H. Friend ; Benjamin F. Cook, R. 
 Q. M.; Frank A. Penny, Adjutant ; Wm. H. Foreman, Augustus Robinett, 
 and Daniel C. Shriver; Second Lieutenant, Theodore GofF. 
 
 In the .summer oi" 1802 the President is.sued :i call 
 for oOU,UOU troopti. The leading Union men of 
 Allegany County took steps towards securing the 
 voluntary enlistment of a sufficient number of men 
 to fill her quota. A. '-war mass meeting" was held 
 on the loth of xlugust, for the purpose of adopting 
 measures whereby volunteers might be secured. 
 General C. M. Thrustou was made President of the 
 meeting; Lloyd Lowe and F. A. Mason, Vice Presi- 
 dents, and William R. McCuUe}- and William 
 Hoblitzell. Secretaries. Messrs. Charles H, Ohr, S. 
 P. Smith, M. Sherry, G. E. Porter and Hopewell 
 Hebb, a committee, submitted resolutions, declaring it 
 to be the duty of the people to maintain the gov- 
 ernment, and requesting the County Commissioners 
 
 '♦Killed al Bolivar Ueigbis, September 14, 1S«2. 
 
40G 
 
 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 [1862. 
 
 to appropriate $50,000 to be applied to the payment 
 of bounties to volunteers. The Coinmissionei's con- 
 sidered this proposition in September, but declined to 
 take such action at the time. 
 
 Several recruiting offices were opened in the 
 city, and under the inducements of large bounties 
 many enlisted. 
 
 A number of young men whose sympathies were 
 Avith the South left, to join the Confederate army. 
 
 Amongst them were 
 
 Peter Devecmon, 
 John G. Lvnn, Jr, 
 
 Sprigg S. Lynn,* 
 David Lynn, 
 J. B. Pay, 
 riacob Gassraan,* 
 W. W. McKaijr, Jr, 
 J. V. L. McKaiR, 
 
 H. A. Higging, 
 Jos. A. Cabin. 
 W. H. Cahill.* 
 J. Henry Shriver,* 
 John H. Shriver, 
 Anthony Shriver, 
 •- Albert Rice,-f-- 
 Laraar Sprigg, 
 
 Thomas L McKaig, Jr, Van Lear Perry, 
 Edward Bryan, Charles Briice,t 
 
 John Palmer, Charles Nichols. 
 
 Harry Osborn, Walter Bruce, 
 
 Dr. Thomas A. Healey, James R. Annan, 
 
 M. A. Healey, 
 James Taylor, 
 Harry C. Black, 
 Matthew Coffey, 
 John Calvin, 
 John D. Moundz, 
 Lloyd L. Clary, 
 John Hadley, 
 John Dermody, 
 
 :i:Wouiided. fKiHeii- 
 
 Roberdeau Annan,* 
 Roger Annan, 
 Duncan McBlair, 
 
 Richard L. Clarv, 
 Thad. W. Clary,* 
 Wm. Armstrong,* 
 Josepli Pennington, Jr. 
 
 1 Winters, 
 
 James Briscoe. 
 \frheodore Dawson, 
 James A. Mason, 
 Walter Chisholm, 
 Harlan Tabb, 
 Peyton Tabb, 
 C. James Dailey,* 
 Ed. Browning,* 
 George Ritter, 
 William D. Hoye, 
 Samuel Hove, 
 
 Captain C. H. McBlair, Peter Chisholm, 
 Charles McBlair,* Fetter S. Hoblitzell, 
 
 Thos. M. Healey, Thomas W. West, 
 
 Wm. Lamar, H. P. Tasker. 
 
 John McClafferty,* Malcolm G. Harmison,! 
 
 James Pollock, James R. Higgins, 
 
 Thomas Goldsborough. 
 
 Apprehending a visit from the small Confederate 
 forces in the bordering counties of West Virginia, the 
 city authorities secured the organization of a City 
 Guard. Three companies were formed of volunteer 
 citizens, and were officered as follows : 
 
 First District. — (.'aptain, Casper Kassen ; First 
 Lieutenant, Joshua Steiner ; Second Lieutenant. 
 James A. Buckey ; Orderly Sergeant. D. B. Myers. 
 
1862.] INCIDENTS OF THE WAH. 407 
 
 Second District. — Captain, Jacob Wickard; First 
 Lieutenant, William R. McCulley; Second Lieutenant, 
 J. M. Koerncr; Orderly Sergeant, Charles A. Seay. 
 
 Third District. — Captain Horace Resley; First 
 Lieutenant, J. J. McHenry ; Second Lieutenant, .7, 
 F. Troxell; Orderly Sergeant, George M. Read. 
 
 Horace Resley was afterwards elected Lieutenant 
 Colonel, to command the City Guard. 
 
 The Eighty-Fourth Ohio Infantry, a regiment of 
 threo-nidntlis' volunteers, under command of Colonel 
 William Lawrence, had been stationed here in June. 
 Upon the expiration of their term, in September, 
 they were mustered out of the service, and the 
 Second Regiment Maryland Volunteers, Potomac 
 Home Brigade, under Colonel Robert Bruce, was 
 assigned to duty in their place. 
 
 In response to the call for volunteers. Allegany 
 had outstripped every other county in the State, and 
 when the draft was ordered, in October, 18G2, she 
 had already furnished 1,463 volunteers. Her quota 
 being but 872, there was no necessity for the enforce- 
 ment of the draft within the county limits. 
 
 It having been ordered that all the militia in the 
 State should be enrolled, the Govei'nor appointed Chas. 
 Gilpin Commissioner of Enrollment in Allegan}' 
 county. The number enrolled by him amounted to 
 4,714, the work being completed early in September. 
 
 A raid was made about the middle of September. 
 by the Confederates, and both the railroad and canal 
 again badly damaged, some twenty miles of the 
 latter being almost destroyed. 
 
 On the 1st of October, George T. Knorr commenced 
 
408 HISTORY OF cumiu':k[,ani). [1862-6o. 
 
 the publication of" ii weekly newspaper, in Cumber- 
 land, entitled "The Union." It was discontinued in 
 1868. 
 
 In October the hospitals at Clarysville were trans- 
 ferred to Cumberland, under the direction of Dr. 
 George II. Oliver, Medical Director. The Belvidere 
 Hall, the old Presbyterian Church and the "Old 
 Mill," on South Mechanic street, were amongst the 
 iniildings takeii for the purpose. 
 
 Gen. B. F. Kelly, in command of the Department 
 of West Virginia, established his headquarters in 
 Cum]x?rland. Captain George W. Harrison was 
 appointed Depot Quartermaster, and Captain W. H. 
 Hosack, Depot Connnissary. 
 
 January 10.— -The CumlxM'laiid City Bank was 
 established, in the old Cumberland Bank building, 
 with Alfred Spates as President, and William E. 
 Weber Cashier. 
 
 April 1. — Dr. C. H. Ohr was appointed Examining 
 Surgeon, by the Commissioner of Pensions. 
 
 The conflict of opinion as to all matters pertain- 
 ing to politics, the conduct of the war, the right of 
 secession, and the policy of the administraticm, was 
 not in the slightest degree diminished by the progress 
 of events; on the contrary, the opposing elements 
 became more and more embittered, but the Union 
 sentiment, supported by the Government, steadily 
 prevailed. On the 2.3d of April, 1863, a county 
 mass meeting of Union men was held at the Court 
 House, on which occasion a series of resolutions was 
 adopted expressing full confidence in the admin- 
 istration, and urging the election of a Lesislature 
 
1863.] SEVEN PEOPLE BURNED TO DEATH. 409 
 
 which should take immediate steps toward the 
 abolition of slavery in the State. The officers ol' 
 this meeting were as follows : President, Joseph 
 Shriver; Vice Presidents, William Shaw, Elijah 
 Friend, M. Sherry. Lloj'd Lowe, John Mantz and 
 Ephraim Browning. 
 
 On the 26th of April, some unknown wretch set 
 Kre to the dwelling of Mr. Joseph Sprigg, and also 
 to the stable on his premises. Mr. Sprigg was at 
 the time confined to his bed by sickness. Fortunately 
 his house was saved, with but little damage, but 
 the stable was burned to the ground, the inmates, 
 seven colored people, who occupied the second story 
 as sleeping apartments, being consumed in the 
 tlames. These were the servants of Mr. Sprigg, 
 and consisted of one man, one woman, and five 
 children. The soldiers from the hospital, near by, 
 rendered every service in their power, but the 
 heartless work of the incendiary had been so 
 effectively accomplished that it was impossible to 
 rescue from the burning stable a single one of the 
 unfortunate victims therein. 
 
 May 11. — Mayor. James Smith; Councilmen, A. 
 J. Ryland. John McFerran, Henry Shuck, John T. 
 Shuck, Thomas McKee, and V. A. Buckey. 
 
 On the 15th of June, in consequence of the defeat 
 of General Milroy's command at Winchester, orders 
 were issued by the commandant of this department 
 for the evacuation of Cumberland, and the concen- 
 tration of the Union forces at New Creek, whereupon 
 the provision and supply trains were immediately 
 
 sent off, together with all the horses, &c. The Fif- 
 52 
 
410 UISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1863. 
 
 teenth Virginia Regiment, and the Second Regiment, 
 P. II. B., both of which were on duty in this vicinity, 
 followed, and Cumberland was left wholly unpro- 
 tected. A thousand rumors were soon afloat, and 
 the streets were filled with excited people, who were 
 in momentary expectation of the appearance of the 
 (Confederates. Their apprehensions were still further 
 excited by the removal of the rolling stock, moveable 
 machinery, &c., of the railroad company. On the 
 16th it was reported that the enemy was rapidly 
 approaching the city in force, whereupon a number 
 of citizens retired with considerable precipitancy in 
 the direction of Pennsylvania, and merchants began 
 to cast about for means whereliy they might save 
 their goods from confiscation. by the expected visitors. 
 Night came, however, and brought with it no enemy. 
 But the early dawn discovered a small scpiad of 
 strange looking men on the brow of the hill, east of 
 the city, on the Williams Road. Several of the es- 
 caped cavalrymen, from Milro3's command, advanced 
 to ascertain whether they were friends or foes, and 
 were saluted by the discharge of two small field 
 2)ieces, the shells from which dropped in the vicinity 
 of McKaig's foundry, whereupon the aforesaid cav- 
 alrymen retired with commendable speed. The 
 presence of the enemy was quickly heralded through- 
 out the city; a few more citizens took i-efuge in fiight, 
 while the merchants generally closed up their stores, 
 and joined the excited groups that gathered on the 
 streets. In a little while two representives of the 
 Confederacy rode into town, with a flag of truce. 
 Shortly afterwards acting Mayor V. A. Buckey, head- 
 
186o.] CONFEDERATES TAKE CUMBERLAND. 411 
 
 ing a deputation of citizens, with a similar liag, met 
 the emissaries of the Confederacy, and a consulta- 
 tion was held, the result of which was that the 
 town was surrendered, with the understanding that 
 private property was to be respected, and no depre- 
 dations to be permitted. 
 
 The following is the correspondence on the occa- 
 sion: 
 
 To the Commanding Officer of Cumberland : 
 
 You are surrounded by a superior force, and as an act of humanity, I 
 demand the surrender of the city. The bearer, Captain R. B. Muses, is 
 authorized to nef;otiate as to terms of surrender. 
 
 G. W. IMBODEN, Colonel Cavalry Brigade. 
 
 This letter was handed Mayor Buckej, and the 
 following response made : 
 
 G. W. Imhoden, Colonel Commanding Confederate Forces : 
 
 Sir : Your note addressed to officer commanding at this point has 
 just been handed to me, and as there is no force here to resist you, and 
 no officer in command, I, as Mayor, for the time being, do as far as I can, 
 surrender the city as demanded, upon the following terms, viz : that 
 private persons and property, and the property of the State of Maryland 
 be respected. V. A. BUCKEY, Mayor pro tem of Cumberland. 
 
 Colonel Imboden accepted the terms in the follow- 
 ing note: 
 
 To the Acting Mat/or of Cumberland : 
 
 Sir : I will receive a surrender of the City of Cumberland, and will 
 respect all private property except such property as the Quarter Master 
 may desire for the Confederate States. No public property except of 
 the State of Maryland will be respected. 
 
 Verv respectfully your obedient servant, 
 
 0. W. IMBODEN. Colonel Cavalry Brigade. 
 
 About 35(l of Imboden's cavalry, with two pieces 
 of artillery, presently appeared, and after securing 
 such horses as they could find, induced some of the 
 merchants to open their stores. The Confederates 
 then purchased pretty freely such articles as hats, 
 boots, shoes, clothing, &c., paying for the same in 
 Confederate money, a species of currency which had 
 then a rather limited value. No damage was done 
 
412 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1863. 
 
 to either public or private proj)erty, beyond the 
 destruction of a portion of the telegraph lines. The 
 (Jonfederates were ill at ease while in town, knowing 
 that a considerable force of Union troops was at New 
 Creek, and might at any moment put them to flight. 
 After a few hours, spent about the streets, they 
 departed, being accompanied by several young men 
 who concluded to cast their lot with the South. 
 
 General Kelly and staff' had arrived in town, from 
 Pennsylvania, on Tuesday night, and left for New 
 Creek about the time of the arrival of Imboden's 
 men next morning. Finding a portion of the Balti-* 
 more and Ohio Railroad torn up, a short distance 
 from town, the train upon which they had embarked 
 was brought back, and taken over the Cumberland 
 and Pennsylvania Railroad, to Piedmont, and thence 
 to New Creek. On the following day a force of 
 cavalry, from New Creek, came to Cumberland, and 
 captured several of Imboden's command who had 
 remained with friends in town. In a few days the 
 excitement subsided, and the routine of business, 
 pleasure and gossip was resumed. 
 
 The raiders did no violence to person, except in 
 the case of Griffin Twigg, Sr., living near Murley's 
 Branch. The particulars are not exactly known, 
 but the old man was killed ; not, however, until he 
 had killed two of the enemy and wounded another. 
 
 The railroad and canal, as well as the telegraph 
 lines, were badly damaged, and communication was 
 not I'cstored for more than a month. 
 
 During the continuance of the war that portion of 
 Cumberland known as the "Devil's Half Acre," em- 
 
1863.] INCIDENTS OF THE WAR. 41M 
 
 bracing Bedford street between Liberty and Mechanic, 
 and that portion of Mechanic immediately adjoining, 
 was a most disreputable locality, being a congrega- 
 tion of saloons and low houses. Disturbances and 
 riots were of almost nightly occurrence. On the 
 night of the 13th of August a fight occurred there 
 between some soldiers, in which William Frazier, a 
 private in Company K, First Virginia Cavalry, was 
 cut to pieces with knives and almost instantly killed, 
 by James Quick in company with Jacob Krissinger, 
 of the Second Marjdand, P. H. B. (^uick was after- 
 wards convicted of manslaughter, and Krissinger 
 was acquitted. 
 
 Amongst the soldiers located here was a part of a 
 regiment known as the Ringgold (Javalry. One of 
 their numljer being confined in jail, on some charge. 
 a party of them went to the jail on the night of the 
 19th of September, and released him by force. 
 
 November 4. — Hon. Francis Thomas was re-elected 
 to Congress; State Senator, Dr. C. H. Ohr; Delegates, 
 A. C. Greene, Hopewell Hebb, Henry Brown, and 
 William Shaw; Clerk of the Court, Horace Resley; 
 Register of Wills, George W. Hoover; Sheriff, B. T. 
 Garlitz; State's Attorney. George A. Thruston; 
 Judges of Orphans' Court, J. B. H. Campbell, A. M. 
 L. Bush and Douglas Percy; County Commissioners, 
 John Bell, Charles Ridgeley, J. L. Townshend, John 
 H. Stallings, and Elijah Friend. 
 
 November 18. — General Kelly returned to Cum- 
 licrland, and established his head((uarters in the 
 Barnum House. 
 
 In March. 1864, General Franz Sigel was as- 
 
414 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1864. 
 
 signed to the command of the Department of West 
 Virginia, and made his headquarters in Cumberland, 
 at the Revei-e House. In the latter part of March 
 he ordered the erection of earth-works on McKaig's 
 Hill, and a fort on the hill near Williams Road. 
 These were constructed under the supervision of 
 his engineers, and are still in existence, though 
 much dilapidated. 
 
 The question of emancipating the slaves in Mary- 
 land was one which was warmly discussed in 
 1863-64, and the Legislature ordered a vote to be 
 taken in April as to whether a State Convention 
 should be held for the purpose of amending the 
 Constitution. The Convention was ordered by a 
 large majority of the voters, there being 61 dele- 
 gates elected in favor of unconditional emancipation, 
 and 34 opposed to emancipation. The emancipation 
 candidates in Allegany were A. C. Greene, Hopewell 
 Hebb, Jacob Wickard, G. A. Thruston and J. Robi- 
 nette. The opposition candidates were William 
 Browning, J. W. Robinette, Henry Hanekamp, J. 
 
 B, Widener and Israel Thompson. The emancipa- 
 tion candidates were elected by 1,170 majority, the 
 vote in favor of holding a Convention being 2,307 
 for, to 1,135 against. 
 
 April 13. — A Sergeant of the First New York 
 Cavalry shot and killed Charles Clause, of Company 
 
 C, Second Maryland P. H. B., the l^all passing 
 through his heart. The tragedy occurred on Balti- 
 more street. 
 
 May 9. — Mayor, Dr. Charles H. Ohr; Councilmen 
 J. B. H Campbell, William Armbruster, John Kolb, 
 
1864.] INCIDENTS OF THE WAR. 415 
 
 George Martin Rizer, Josiah Engler and Henry B. 
 Bruce. 
 
 General Sigel took his de2:)arture, for active 
 service in the field, and General B. F. Kelly was 
 again assigned to the command of the Depart- 
 ment. 
 
 July 1. — The Cumberland Bank of Allegany was 
 converted into the First National Bank of Cumber- 
 land, and continued business with the same officers 
 as heretofore. President, Joseph Shriver; Cashier, 
 Edwin T. Shriver. 
 
 At this time about one hundred men were drafted 
 for three years' service to make up the county's quota 
 under the last call, and 170 were drafted for the 
 one hundred days' service. 
 
 July 7. — Francis Gillespie, of Co. B, Fifteenth 
 Regiment New York Cavalry, while on the cars, en 
 route from Parkersburg to Cumberland, deliberately 
 murdered Lieutenant William Shearer. Gillespie 
 was brought here under arrest. On the Saturday 
 following he was tried before a Court Martial, con- 
 victed, and sentenced to be hanged on Monday, on 
 which day he was taken to the gallows, near Rose 
 Hill Cemetery, at 5 o'clock p. m., and executed. He 
 ascended the scaffold with a firm step, and at the 
 last moment said : "I forgive everybody from the 
 bottom of my heart, and I pray God to forgive 
 me. May the stars and stripes never be trampled 
 on." Gillespie was but 24 years of age, and left a 
 3-oung wife, in Syracuse, New York. 
 
 On the 31st of July, Cumberland was again panic- 
 stricken. A soldier brought intelligence of the 
 
416 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1864. 
 
 passage of the river, at Hancock, by a strong force of 
 Confederates, whose destination was Cumberland. It 
 was rumored that a smaller force was also approach- 
 ing from the direction of Bedford. The wildest ex- 
 citement prevailed throughout the city, and a public 
 meeting was held Sunday night, for the purpose of 
 organizing a militia force to assist the soldiers under 
 command of General Kelly. The meeting was ad- 
 dressed by Mayor Ohr, who urged the immediate 
 formation of companies of citizens, for the defense of 
 the town. Three companies were formed, consisting 
 of about two hundred men, which limited force was 
 placed under command of General C. M. Thruston. 
 On Monday morning it was ascertained that the 
 Confederates were still advancing, and in the after- 
 noon scouts reported them in the vicinity of 
 Folck's Mill, some three miles from town. The 
 excitement now reached fever heat; the mer- 
 chants loaded their goods and sent them oft" to places 
 of safety ; the railroad companies moved their trains 
 ofi" to the West, and men were rushing about the 
 streets arming themselves with muskets, riftes and 
 shot guns, while thousands climbed to the hill-tops, 
 for the purpose of obtaining a view of the expected 
 conflict. Meantime, General Kelly had taken a 
 regiment of infantry and a section of artillery out the 
 Baltimore pike, and stationed them in sight of the 
 enemy, near Folck's Mill. A little after three 
 o'clock he sent a shell into the Confederate ranks, 
 and they responded in like manner. The infantry 
 engaged in desultory firing with the enemy's sharp- 
 shooters, but the engagement did not become general. 
 
1864.] DEFENSE OF THE CITY. 417 
 
 The artillery duel was kept up until dark. The 
 enemy then moved off towards the South, and made 
 their way to the Potomac at Greenspring Run. 
 
 General Thruston had been posted with his com- 
 mand on Williams Road, on the right flank of General 
 Kelly, which position he maintained until the 
 departure of .the Confederates. At Green Spring an 
 iron-clad locomotive and cars, with a small piece of 
 artillery, fell into the hands of the enemy, as also 
 some eighty men in the block-house. The attacking 
 force consisted of probably 2,000 mounted men and 
 a battery of artillery, under Generals Ransom and 
 McCausland. On Tuesday they sent in a demand for 
 the surrender of the city. General Kelly declined 
 to accede to this, and immediately posted his men to 
 give battle. The demand, however, proved only to 
 be a ruse adopted to prevent any movement on the 
 [)art of the Union troops which might interfere with 
 the recrossing of the river by the Confederates. 
 
 The citizens' organization which went out to meet 
 the enemy on this occasion, in defense of the town, 
 was composed as follows : 
 
 Cnmmander — Gm. C. M. Thruston. 
 
 Quarlermaster — William Wickard. Commissary Sergeant — Josiah 
 Wilt. 
 
 Company A — Captain, Samuel Luman; First Lieutenant. Samuel J, 
 Edwards; Second Lieutenant. James .1. Watkins; Orderly Sergeant, E. 
 A. Linjio. 
 
 Privates — J. M. Kearner, P. W. Hoblitzell, George W. Hoblitzell, 
 .John W'. Humnielshinie. William Wolf, Robert W. McMicha I, William 
 Reid, Morris Sibley, .lohn Heck. .lohn Ohr, Charles Shaw, D .niel Web- 
 ster, Wiiifield .Jordan, Walter Beall, William Reid, of Geo., William 
 Brenorlo, W. W. Beall, Jacob Suter, Wm. Anderson, Thomas R id, Sum- 
 merfield Speelman. S. Valentine (color bearer), Wm. Shepherd, I'hauneey 
 McCulloh, Lona Ward, John T. Mahaney, Charles Kizer (d ummer), 
 Alonzo Smenner, Thomas Hays, Thomas Wickard, James Rei I, James 
 Winirard. Jcjhn Madore, Amor Keller, John Laney, Frank Fionegan, 
 Charles B. Madore, Wm. Trieber. 
 
 53 
 
418 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [18G4. 
 
 Company B — Captain, J. J-Ciaigcn; First Lieutenant, Joshua Steinerj 
 Second Lieutenant, G. F. Sliryer. First Sergeant, Eienry Shriver; Sec- 
 ond Ser;.'eant, Robert Shriver; Thiid Sergeant, Charles A. Seay; First 
 Corporal, George T. Knorr; Second Corporal, C. B. Smith; Third Corpo- 
 ral, S. H. Fundenberi;. 
 
 Privates — A. M. Adams. Samnel Anderson, L. W. Brant, Thomas D. 
 Davis, J. IL Doke, Geo. F. Gephart, O. C. Gephart, George M. Gloss, 
 William He-isl, Geo. A. HotTman, K. M.,Iohnson, Thomas Juhnson. John 
 Morris, M. Y. Rabold, Oliver Rice, John Schilling, Thomas Shntk, 
 Josiali Shuck, Auirustus Srniih, Amos Stallings, J. Speelman, \V. H. 
 Wilkins, John P. Wolf, J. IL Young. 
 
 Company C — Captain, Pat. Morrisey; First Lieutenant, H. M. Carle 
 ton: Second Lieutenant, John Winlerstine; Orderly Sergeant, Jnhn VV'efer. 
 
 Privates — Henrv Bersee, John Taffel, John .Smith, John Reis, John 
 Hart, John Sheiler, Frederick .Minke, John B.iker, George Zink. John 
 Himmler, John Keogel, John Rhitter, [Cnhnrod H,irtii m, Jnhn Wilier. 
 Th'imas Leow, George Morgan, James Shaning, Joseph Sehillinir, Henry 
 Willison, George Shuck, Jr., Benjamin Bakley, John Baker, Kuhnrod 
 Wiiltz, William Smith. 
 
 August 18. — A party of burglars undertook to 
 blow open a fire-proof safe in M. M. Kearney's gi-ocerj 
 store, corner of Baltimore and Centre streets, but 
 having used too much powder, they blew up the 
 building, and aroused the entire neighborhood. The 
 damage was so great as to require the rebuilding of 
 the house. 
 
 September 3. — 'General Duffie's brigade, of General 
 Averill's division, arrived here and went into camp. 
 The Second Maryland Regiment P. H. B., returned 
 to Cumberland, their term of service, three years, 
 having expired, and were mustered out. A veteran 
 batt.alion was then formed, four companies re-en- 
 listing.* 
 
 September 25. — Taylor & Co.'s iron foundry, on 
 George street, was destroyed by fire, together with 
 the machine shop, the railroad warehouse, black- 
 smith shop, and six dwelling houses, involving a loss 
 of more than |30,000. 
 
 •Sae page ito. 
 
1864-65.] iNCinENTS of the war. 419 
 
 A soldier named Averill, belonging to the Twenty- 
 First New York Cavalry, was shot and killed bj- a 
 guard on Mechanic street, near Bedford. 
 
 September .'>0. — Joseph Prevost. a soldier, who had 
 been convicted of the murder of Christian Miller, was 
 hanged by the military authorities. He declared his 
 innocence up to the last moment. When the trap 
 fell with Prevost, the rope broke, and the unfortunate 
 man was precipitated to the ground. He was taken 
 on to the scaffold again, and after a new I'ope had 
 been procured, Avas launched into eternity. 
 
 In October, 416 men were drafted, in Allegany 
 County, for the United States service. Cumberland 
 having supplied her quota was not included in the 
 draft. These men, however, were not required to 
 report for duty. 
 
 November 8. — The contest for (\mgressman 
 resulted in the election of Hon. Francis Thomas over 
 A. K. Syester, by a vote of 11,196 against 7,985. 
 The vote in Allegany was: Thomas 2,487 ; Syester, 
 1,938. 
 
 State Senator, C. H Ohr; Delegates, Samuel P. 
 Smith, Henry Brown, S. W. Wardwell, M. Sherry 
 and M. G. Dean. Judge of the Circuit Court, James 
 Smith. 
 
 The call made by the President for 300,000 men, 
 in December, 1864, induced the County Commis- 
 sioners of Allegany, in February, 1865, to offer a 
 bounty of $200 to every man who should enlist in 
 the United States army, from the county. The State 
 also gave a bounty of $300. The sum proposed to 
 be raised by the County was $54,200, for which it 
 
420 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1865. 
 
 ' issued and sold its bonds, the work being performed 
 by a board consisting of Hopewell Hebb, Nelson C. 
 Read and John H. Young. 
 
 One of the most startling events in the historv 
 of the war occurred here on the night of the 21st, 
 or early morning of the 22d, of February, when a 
 small body of Confederates entered Cumberland and 
 took two Major-Generals from their beds, while not 
 less than G.OOO or 8,000 troops were encamped in 
 the city. 
 
 This daring invasion was made by McNeill's 
 Rangers, and was participated in by a number of 
 Cumberlanders, who were perfectly familiar with 
 every foot of ground about the place. One of the 
 leading spirits in the enterprise was John B. Fay, who 
 performed the duty of a scout. He. with C. Ritchie 
 Hallar, a young Missourian, crossed the Potomac 
 near Brady's Mills, and from some acquaintances 
 obtained throrough information as to the numljer of 
 troops in Cumberland, the location of the various 
 headquarters, pickets, &c. With this fund of knowl- 
 edge they returned, and reported the tacts to 
 Lieutenant McNeill. Some sixty-five men, a num- 
 ber of them belonging to various companies oi' 
 General Rosser's command, under McNeill and Fay, 
 at once started for Cumberland. They again crossed 
 the river near Brady's Mill, and almost within hearing 
 of a cavalry picket. A portion of the command went 
 to the house of S. D. Brady, amongst them Lieuten- 
 ants McNeill and Fay, J. L. Vandiver, Joseph Kuy- 
 kendall, John Cunningham, James Daily, Charles 
 Nicholls and Isaac Parsons, where a consultation was 
 
1865.] CAPTURE OF GENS. CRuOK AND KELLY. 421 
 
 held. McNeill proposed to capture the picket and 
 return, as he Avas afraid it was too late to do more 
 before daylight. Fay and a majority of others opposed 
 this, and without delay the command was ordered 
 forward. When the cavalry pickets were reached, 
 the raiders were challenged, but by a quick dash 
 they captured the pickets before a gun could be 
 fired. The countersign, •' Bull's Gap," was extorted, 
 and with this the Confederates had no diflficultv in 
 securing the picket post which was stationed at the 
 junction of the river road and the old pike, just 
 below Steele's. Ten men were then detailed to 
 secure General Kelly, and put him in charge of 
 Sergeant Jose})h Kuykendall; and ten others to take 
 General Crook, and turn him over to Sergeant Joseph 
 L. Vandiver. Sprigg S. Lynn and Charles Nichols 
 were in the first squad. Lieutenant Fay's duty was to 
 take a number of men, and destroy the telegraph 
 lines. The party then rode rapidly along the road 
 to Green street, down Green street and then leisurely 
 across the bridge, and along Baltimore street to the 
 Barnum House, bandying words occasionally with 
 the guards on the street. Halting in front of Bar- 
 num's, the head(juarters guard was taken in custody, 
 and compelled to point out the rooms of General 
 Kelly and Adjutant Thayer Melvin, both of whom 
 were aroused from their sleep, and requested to dress 
 as speedily as possible. The astonished General and 
 his aid quickly comprehended the situation, and 
 submitted. Meantime, a similar scene was being 
 enacted at the Revere House, where General Crook 
 was sleeping in fancied security. Lieutenant Fay 
 
422 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1865. 
 
 had also donehis work, completely destrojingthe office 
 of the military telegraph. Eight of General Kelly's 
 best horses, amongst them his favorite, "Phillippi," 
 were captured, and then the Confederates rode oft" with 
 their prisoners, taking the tow-path, and crossing 
 at Wiley's Ford. Shortl}^ after their departure the 
 alarm was given, and a company of mounted men 
 went in pursuit, The fugitives were overtaken near 
 Romney, and a skirmish followed, but the prisoners 
 were beyond recapture. 
 
 Generals Hayes, Lightburn and Duval were in camp 
 in the city at the time, but the Confederates having 
 carried out their plans to the very letter, did not 
 stop to hazard a further harvest of Generals. This 
 event caused much excitement throughout the 
 country, and was commented upon largely in every 
 direction. The captured officers were sent to Rich- 
 mond, and shortly afterwards exchanged. 
 
 Upon the surrender of General Lee, in April, it 
 became apparent tbat the war was virtually ended. 
 The Union men were proud and happy, while the 
 friends of the Confederacy were correspondingly 
 depressed. None of the bitterness between the dift'er- 
 ino: elements, however, seemed to be obliterated. The 
 bloody contest was just being terminated, and time 
 alone could soften the memory of all the acts and 
 words that had disrupted the political and social fabrics 
 of the natiou. When the overthrow of the Southern 
 armies became assured, meetings wei^e held in all 
 parts of the county, at which resolutions were passed 
 declaring that those who had left to take up arms 
 against the government should not return to reside 
 
1865.] INCIDENTS OF THE WAR.. 423 
 
 jigiiiii at their old homes. Gradually, however, this 
 spirit became modified, and most of those who had 
 gone South returned. For several years there was 
 little or no intercourse between them and the men 
 who had remained true to the Union, and not unfre- 
 ([uently violent discussions and personal collisions 
 occurred. The lapse of time, however, wore away 
 the sharp edges of hate, until the soldiers of both 
 sides became friends again, and neighbors renewed 
 their friendly relations. 
 
 At the city election, May 8th, the following officers 
 were elected : Mavor, George Harrison ; Council- 
 men, Dr. J. J. Bruce, C. B. Smith, H. Startzman, 
 George Long, John Young and John R. Cruzen. 
 
 Early in the sununer of 1805, Cumberland was 
 designated as one of the posts at which troops should 
 be mustered out of the United States service, in the 
 Middle Department. Consequently a number of 
 soldiers and long wagcm trains arrived almost daily 
 during the month of June. A camp was established 
 by the Fifth United States Cavalry in a grove on the 
 National Road, three miles west of town. This 
 camp was laid out with great regularity, and the 
 grounds handsomely ornamented with arches, bridges, 
 &c., and lighted at night by means of large 
 lamps. Almost as rapidly as they arrived the troops 
 were mustered out, paid off and sent to their homes. 
 
 July 1. — The "Civilian and Telegraph" was pur- 
 chased by Will H. Lowdermilk, who became there- 
 after sole editor. 
 
 August 14. — Hon. James Smith, Judge of the 
 Circuit Court, fell dead from his horse, while riding 
 
424 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1865-75. 
 
 along the old pike, in the vicinity of Mr. Steele's house. 
 His death was the result of disease of the heart. 
 
 At the election in November, Daniel Duncan was 
 elected Sheriff, James Chisholin, Surveyor; Commis- 
 sioners, Robert McCulloh. Ashtbrd Trail, R. S. Day- 
 ton, D. H. Friend and S. J. Beachj'. 
 
 Hon. George A. Pearre I'eceived 2,082 votes for 
 Judge of the Circuit Court, and had no opposition. 
 
 Before the close of the year 1865, the last of the 
 troops departed from Cumberland, and in the pursuit 
 of peaceful avocations, a spirit of improvement soon 
 manifested itself. The merchants began to eidarge, 
 remodel and beautify their places of business, while 
 numerous elegant private residences were erected. 
 On Baltimore street, within live years following the 
 declaration of peace, many old landmarks were 
 destroyed, and the elegant buildings of Messrs. S. T. 
 Little, F. Minke, M. M. Kearney, Hopewell Hebb, 
 the fine block known as '-Merchants' Row, " em- 
 bracing the stores of C. C. Shriver & Co., John F. 
 Johnson, C. F. Hetzel, and others, were erected. These 
 were followed by J. B. H. Campbell's, A. M. L. Bush's, 
 the Second National Bank, S. J. Edwards', T. W. 
 Shryer's, the Reynolds Block, &c. Baltimore street 
 becoming crowded, Centre street was invaded, and 
 the elegant furniture rooms of K. H. Butler were 
 built, after which a new building for the Post Office 
 followed, and blocks of business houses by M. J. 
 Smenner & Son, 0. C. Gephart, and John E. Buck. 
 The whole space from Baltimore street to Bedford 
 street was soon occupied, and this became a busy 
 part of the town. The formation of building asso- 
 
1866-75.] IMPROVEMENTS. 425 
 
 ciatioiis proved a great incentive to poor men to 
 secure homes for themselves. 
 
 In 1867 the city authorities gave to the Baltimore 
 and Ohio Railroad Company- 40 acres of land in 
 South Cumberland, upon which to erect rolling mills, 
 for which land §28,000 of bonds were issued. The 
 construction of these mills resulted in the employ- 
 ment of nearly 800 men, in consequence of which 
 there was a rapid increase of population, and a great 
 demand for houses. Real estate advanced in price 
 to figures never before thought of in the town, and 
 hundreds of new dwellings were erected. Maryland 
 avenue and half a dozen other new streets east of 
 the railroad were rapidly built up, and Cumberland 
 enjo3'ed a brief season of great prosperity. The 
 railroad company erected and opened the Queen City 
 Hotel, a magnificent establishment, which cost more 
 than $300,000. The old depot at the Baltimore 
 street crossing was torn down, and the station 
 removed to the new hotel. 
 
 The city authorities caught the infection, and in- 
 augurated several much needed improvements. The 
 necessity which had long existed for a satisfactory 
 system of water works was now fully recognized, and 
 in 18?0 a committee, consisting of Mayor Lowe, 
 W. A. Piatt, F. M. OfFutt, and George H. Myers, of 
 the City Council ; James M. Schley and Asa Willison, 
 of the Water Board; T. L. Patterson, engineer; 
 Dr. S. P. Smith, W. E. Weber and Will H. Lowder- 
 milk, was sent by the city to Dayton, Ohio, for the 
 purpose of examining into the merits of the Holly 
 
 system of water supply and fire protection, in use at 
 54 
 
426 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1866-75. 
 
 that place. The committee reported unanimously 
 in favor of that character of water works, and the 
 city at once entered into a contract with the Messrs. 
 Holly for the construction of the necessary machinery, 
 and issued $100,000 of bonds to meet the expenses. 
 In 1871 the works were completed, and they are still 
 in successful operation. A year later a bridge was 
 built over the Potomac river to connect the city with 
 West Virginia, and shortly afterwards two bridges 
 were built over Will's Creek. In 1874 the erection 
 of a new City Hall was commenced, and it was com- 
 pleted in 1876. 
 
 The building is of brick, having a massive, lofty 
 and striking extei'ior. Its length on Centre street 
 is 126 feet; on Liberty street 115 feet; depth on 
 Frederick street 104 I'eet; on Bedford street 80 feet; 
 height to square of building 62 feet; to cresting 78 
 feet; to top of tower 140 feet. 
 
 The ground floor is occupied as a market, having 
 a superficial area of more than 10,000 feet. 
 
 Above the market the building is divided into two 
 distinct parts by a corridor thirteen feet in width, 
 which also accommodates the stairways. On the 
 north side of the corridor are the Council Chamber, 
 Mayor's office. Clerk's office, and committee room. 
 These occupy the second floor. The rooms are 
 handsomely frescoed, and the Council Chamber, which 
 is 50 by 38 feet, in size, is furnished with desks of 
 black walnut. On the third floor are three rooms, 
 used by the Independent Order of Odd Fellows; 
 while the upper floor supplies a full suit of elegant 
 rooms for the Masonic fraternity, the lodge room 
 
CITY HALL AND ACADEMY OF MUSIC. 
 
1866-75.] THE CITY UALL. 427 
 
 being 60 feet long, 40 feet wide, and 18 feet high. 
 
 The south side of this edifice, above the market, is 
 devoted entirely to the purposes of amusement, and is 
 known as the '"Academy of Music." It is elegant in 
 all its appointments, and is one of the most beautiful 
 interiors to be found in any place of amusement in 
 the country. The ceiling is a work of art, upon 
 which was expended the skill of the best painters in 
 the emplo}- of Emmart & Quartley, of Baltimore. 
 The lower Moor of the Academy is divided into the 
 "Orchestra." and "Orchestra Circle," and is supplied 
 with nearly 500 patent folding chairs. The next 
 floor is the "Dress Circle," and above this the 
 "Balcony." The balconies are supported by hand- 
 some iron columns, and the fronts are of iron open 
 ornamental worlc, i)i soft colors, picked with gold, 
 and a vermilion background. The "Sunlisjht" re- 
 tlector in the centre of the ceiling illumines the house, 
 but is supplemented by handsome brackets on the 
 walls. 
 
 The dimensions of this room are: from the door to 
 the curtain 66 feet; width 62 feet; to the ceiling 43 
 feet; stage 81 feet deep and 30 feet wide between 
 the boxes, the entire width being 62 feet; the pro- 
 scenium is 27 feet in height to the crown of the arch; 
 there are four private boxes, two on either side. 
 The drop cui'tain is a handsome painting, represent- 
 ing the "Decline of Carthage." On the apron border 
 is a faithful portrait of Shakespeare, with suitable 
 surroundings. 
 
 Dressing rooms, with water, heat and all conve- 
 niences occupy a portion of the space under the 
 
428 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. f'18G6-7"). 
 
 stage, and a door leads directly from the stage to a 
 comfortable room for the "stars." 
 
 The entire house is heated by steam, the arrange- 
 ments being such as to guarantee a comfortable 
 temperature in the most extreme weather. 
 
 The Building Committee, under whose care this 
 structure was erected and completed, were, H. W. 
 Hoffman, chairman; J. B. H. Campbell, Jesse Korns.. 
 Josiah H. Gordon and F. Haley. The architect was 
 Fi'ank E. Davis, of Baltimore, and the contractor, 
 J. B. Walton. 
 
 The Academy was opened Tuesday night, March 
 7, 187G. under the auspices of John T. Ford, when 
 his company presented "The Big Bonanza," and a 
 beautiful address was delivered by Frederick B. 
 Warde. 
 
 The County Commissioners being impressed with 
 the necessity of furnishing increased accommodations 
 for the Courts and their various officers, in 1872, 
 caused the old Court House to be entirely remodeled 
 and enlarged, at a cost of about $50,000, and thereby 
 secured a handsome, commodious and complete 
 structure, in every way suitable for the jjurposes to 
 which it is dedicated. They also built a new jail, in 
 the rear of the Court House, the old one, adjoining 
 the Academy, being afterwards demolished. 
 
 The depressing effects of the financial crisis which 
 began in 1873, were not felt until a year or two later, 
 in Cumberland, but then every branch of business 
 was l)lighted. and much suffering followed. The 
 closing of the rolling mills was particularly disastrous. 
 Real estate depreciated in value to an alarming 
 
1866-76.] CITY OFFICERS. 429 
 
 extent, and hundreds of houses were unoccupied; 
 bankrupts became numerous, and dozens of persons 
 who had almost secured homes finally lost them. 
 In common with all parts of the country, Cumber- 
 land was a sufterer. 
 
 In May, 1869, the "Transcript," a daily news- 
 paper, was established, by Will H. Lowdermilk, and 
 was published for three months, when it was 
 abandoned, because of the ill health of the editor. 
 
 In April, 1871, the "Daily News" was established, 
 by Charles, Fanagin & Co. It was afterwards sold to 
 George Charles and Henr\' J. Johnson; and eventu- 
 ally they dissolved partnership, the paper going into 
 the sole possession of Henry J. Johnson. 
 
 In the same year the "Daily Times" was estab- 
 lished, Llojd L. Clary being the editor. After his 
 death, it was continued by T. F. McCardell and John 
 Broyderick, and was finally discontinued in 1876. 
 
 The following is a list of the county and city 
 officials from 1866 to 1876: 
 
 May 14, 1866. — Mayor, John Humbird; Council- 
 men, F. Mertens, Asa Willison, Francis Haley, 
 Andrew Gonder, George Long and George W. 
 Hoover. 
 
 November G — State Senator, Dr. C. H. Ohr ; Dele- 
 gates to Legislature, Charles Gilpin, William R. 
 McCulley, S. M. Haller, D. C. Bruce and George W. 
 McCuUoh. For Comptroller, Robert Bruce received 
 2,410 votes, and W. J. Leonard 2,292. For Congress, 
 Francis Thomas received 2,376 votes, and William 
 P. Maulsby 2,308. 
 
 The State Senate unseated Dr. Ohr, and gave 
 
430 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1867-76. 
 
 liis seat to Alfred Spates. The House unseated 
 Charles Gilpin, and gave his seat to William Devec- 
 inon. 
 
 May 1.3, 18()7. — Mayor, .John Humbird ; Council- 
 men, A. J. Clark, Asa Willison, Henry Gerdeman, 
 Andrew Gonder, Wm. O. Sprigg, and George W. 
 Hoover. 
 
 November 5. — Chief .Judge, Richard Alvey ; 
 Associate Judges, Thomas Perry, Wm. Motter ; State 
 Senator, Alfred Spates; Delegates, G. W. McCulloh, 
 Anthony Kean. Wm. Devecmon, Xoali Trimble, E. 
 G. Hall Clerk of Court, Horace Resley ; Sheriff, 
 Hanson Willison ; State's Attorney, Charles B. Thrus- 
 ton; Register of Wills, Elijah Fuller; Judges of 
 Orphans' Court, John Coulehan, Patrick Hamill and 
 John M. Buchanan, (younty Commissioners, Wm. 
 Browning, John Farrell, Wm. Barnard, H. Shircliff, 
 and Daniel Frazee. Surveyor, W. M. Owens. 
 
 May 11, 1868. — Mayor. John Humbird; (.'ouncil- 
 men, Frederick Mertens, Jas. H. Percy, A. J. Clark. 
 F. M. Offutt, A. Willison, F. M. Gramlich. 
 
 At the election in November, the vote in Allegany 
 was, for President, Grant 2,428, Seymour 2,721. 
 For Congress, Patrick Hamill 2,702, Daniel Weisel 
 2,421. Hamill was elected to Congress by a ma.jority 
 of 586. 
 
 May 13, 1869. — Mayor, Lloyd LoM^e ; Councilmen, 
 J. B. Walton, John Bauer, J. J. McHenry, W. W. 
 McKaig, Jr., J. J. Bruce, John Weible. 
 
 State Senator, Alfred Spates; Delegates to the 
 Legislature, John M. Standish, Geo. Myers, Geo. 
 Percy, Anthony Kean, James Wilson. 
 
1869-76.] CITY AND COUNTY OFFICERS. 431 
 
 County Commissioners, Israel Thompson, William 
 Browning, Michael Naughton, William McCullough, 
 Adam Garinger. Sheriff, George Layman. Surveyor, 
 William Armstrong. 
 
 May 15, 1S70. — Mayor, Lloyd Lowe ; Councilmen, 
 James B. Walton, Frederick Mertens, F. M. Oftutt. 
 Win. Piatt, F. M. Gramlich, George H. Myers. 
 
 The Congressional election in November resulted 
 in the success of John Ritchie of Frederick county, 
 Democrat, over John E. Smith, of Carroll county, 
 Republican, by a majority of 1,818. The vote stood 
 Allegany county, Ritchie 2,843; Smith 1,980; 
 Washington county, Ritchie 3,756, Smith 3,284; 
 Frederick county, Ritchie 4,739, Smith 4,064; Car- 
 roll county, Ritchie 2,966, Smith 2,558. 
 
 May 8, 1871. — Mayor, Wm. Piatt; Councilmen, 
 John B. Widener, M. Bloomenour, James II. Percy, 
 A. J. Walton, S. P. Harbaugh, and Henry Gerdeman. 
 
 November 7. — George A. Pearre was elected 
 Associate Judge of the Circuit Court, by a majority 
 of 2,515. Delegates to the Legislature, Dr. G. E. 
 Porter, John Coles, Charles Young and Jasper 
 Robinette. Sheriff, R. L. Gross. State's Attorney, 
 William J. Read. Judges of the Orphans' Court, 
 William R. McCulley, John Coulehan, Upton D. 
 Long. County Commissioners, A. C. Greene, Ashford 
 Trail, William R. Beall, S. L Townshend, George 
 Reuschlein Surveyor, T. L. Patterson. 
 
 May 13, 1872. — Mayor, John B. Widener; Council- 
 men, W. A. Withers, Alexander McFerran, Francis 
 Haley, Henry Shuck, Jesse Korns and C. F. Hetzel. 
 
 November 5 — The election for Congressman in 
 
432 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1872-76. 
 
 the Sixth District resulted in the choice of Lloyd 
 Lowndes, Jr., Republican, of Allegany county, over 
 John Ritchie, Democrat, of Frederick count}', by a 
 majority of 1,715. The vote stood, Allegany, 
 Lowndes, 3,611; Ritchie, 2,646. Washington, 
 Lowndes, 3,635; Ritchie, 3,385. Frederick, Lowndes, 
 4,892, Ritchie, 4,099. Montgomery, Lowndes, 1,920; 
 Ritchie, 2,213. 
 
 In January, 1872, a number of persons living in the 
 western portion of Allegany county presented to 
 the Legislature a petition, praying for a division of 
 the county, and the formation of a new county, 
 which should comprise all of Allegany lying west 
 of a line extending from the middle of Savage 
 river, where it empties into the Potomac river, 
 north twenty-six miles to a point on the. top of 
 Savage Mountain, where said mountain is crossed 
 by Mason and Dixon's line. The Legislature passed 
 an act authorizing the voters living within the limits 
 of the proposed new county to vote upon the question 
 of the division, as also upon the location of the county 
 seat. At the regular election in November the ballot 
 was taken. Oakland, Grantsville and McHenry's 
 Glades were the competitors for the county seat. 
 The vote in favor of the new county was 1,297; 
 against it, 405. For the county seat Oakland 
 received 653 votes, Grantsville, 590, and McHenry's 
 Glades, 456. In the following year, the new county of 
 Garrett (so named in honor of John W. Garrett, 
 President of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Com- 
 pany) was formed, and the county seat was located 
 at Oakland. 
 
1873-76.] CITY AND COUNTY OFFICERS. 433 
 
 May 12, 1873.— Mayor, W. A. Withers; Council- 
 men, F. Plaley, George Flurshutz, Henry Korns, 
 Josei^h H. Ways, Alexander McFerran, and George 
 Rossworm. 
 
 November 4. — State Senator, Thomas G. McCul- 
 loh ; Delegates, C. B. Wack, William Brace, John 
 Weir and James Park. Clerk of Court, Theodore 
 Luman. Register of Wills, C. C. Shriver.* Sheriff, 
 James C. Lynn. County Commissioners, A. C. 
 Greene, Ashford Trail, B. L. Turner, William R. 
 Beall and George Reuschlein. Surveyor, Daniel 
 Chisholm. 
 
 A new charter was adopted for the city, in Januaiy, 
 by the Legislature, whereby the city was divided 
 into six wards, and each ward authorized to elect 
 two members of the City Council, one to be elected 
 each alternate year. At the election held on,, the 
 18th of May, 1874, the officers chosen were as fol- 
 lows, a full board of Councilmen being elected, one 
 from each ward to retire from office at the expira- 
 tion of one year ; the others to serve two years from 
 date of election : 
 
 Mayor, Wm. R. McCulley; Councilmen — First 
 Ward, Wm. 0. Sprigg, George Rossworm; Second 
 Ward, M. Y. Rabold. John Weibel; Third Ward, A. 
 M. L. Bush, Archer Scott; Fourth Ward, Jacob 
 Shuck, James T. Hill; Fifth Ward, Wm. M. Price, 
 Joseph H. Ways; Sixth Ward, H. D. Black, Francis 
 Haley. 
 
 On the 4th of December Mayor McCulley died, 
 much regretted by the entire populace of the city, 
 
 *Mr. Shriver died October 12. 1875, &Dd John Rhind was elected to fill the Tacancj. 
 
 55 
 
434 HISTORY OF CUMBEKLAND. [1875-7('i. 
 
 and John Humbird was elected to fill the vacancy. 
 
 May 17, 1875.— Councilmen— First Ward, John 
 B. Fay; Second Ward, M. Y. Rabold ; Third Ward, 
 John Martz ; Fourth Ward, James T. Hill ; Fifth 
 Waj-d, Joseph H. Ways; Sixth Ward, Peter Kelly. 
 
 November 2. — Delegates to the Legislature, Wm. 
 0. Sprigg, George M. Rawlings, H. R. Atkinson, John 
 R. Brooke. Countv Commissioners, A. C. Greene, 
 William R. Beall, George Reuschlein, A. B. Shaw, 
 Ashlbrd Trail. Judges of Orphans" Court, John 
 Coulehan, Robert Bruce, C. Slack. Register of 
 Wills, John Rhind.* Sheriff", John G. Bauer. State's 
 Attorney, A. Hunter Boyd. Surveyor, John Schaidt. 
 
 May 16, 1876.— Mayor, W. A. Withers; Council- 
 men : First Ward, A. Spier ; Second Ward, John 
 Weibel ; Third Ward, F. Foghtman, J. G. Greenfield;! 
 Fourth Ward, Jacob Shuck, George W. Cromwell ;J 
 Fifth Ward, E. M. Bynon; Sixth Ward, George w'. 
 Morgan. 
 
 November 7. — The candidates for Congress were 
 William Walsh, of Cumberland, Democrat, and 
 Louis E. McComas, of Hagerstown, Republican. 
 The vote was as follows : Garrett county, Walsh 
 950, McComas 1,020; Allegany, Walsh 3,ilO, Mc- 
 Comas 3,804 ; Washington, Walsh 3,893, McComas 
 3,986; Frederick, Walsh 4,921, McComas 5,305; 
 Montgomery, Walsh 2,853; McComas 2,098— 
 Walsh's total vote 15,727, McComas 15,713. 
 
 The following is a list of the Postmasters, at Cum- 
 berland, with date of appointment in each case, since 
 
 *Elected to fill vacancy occasioned by the death of C. C. irbriver. 
 fTo serve unexpired term of George Martz, refciened. 
 |To aerve unexpired term of J. T. Hill, resigned. 
 
COURT HOUSt, 
 
 ALLEGANY COUNTY ACADEMY. 
 
rOSTMASTEKS \S\) ATTORNEYS. 
 
 435 
 
 the establishment of the Post-office. January 1st, 
 1795: 
 
 Charles P. Broadb,i<r January I, 1795. 
 
 Beene S. Pijjman.... July 1, 1802. 
 
 Samupl Smith January 17, 1807. 
 
 Edward Wiatt December 21, 1819. 
 
 Samuel Majjill , January 18, 1820. 
 
 James Whitehead October 19, 1824. 
 
 James P. Carleton December 11, 1827. 
 
 Daniel Wineow February Ifi, 1841. 
 
 William Lynn March 0, 1842. 
 
 William Lynn, (office became Presidential) March 8, 1844. 
 
 Jacob Feciitis February 24, 184G. 
 
 Jas. C. Majjraw May 9, 1849. 
 
 Wm. A. Tavlor Tune 1, 1853. 
 
 Samuel H. tavlor August .31, 1858. 
 
 Geo. A. HofiTman March 27, 18G1. 
 
 John H. Youn<r April 11, 1865. 
 
 Will II. Lowdermilk May 1,3, 1869. 
 
 H. J. Johnson March 1, 1878, 
 
 The following is a list of Attorneys at Law ad- 
 mitted to practice at the Allegariy County Bar : 
 
 
 Dateot 
 
 
 Date of 
 
 Names. 
 
 Admission- 
 
 Names. 
 
 Admission. 
 
 D. Weisel. 
 
 
 Samuel G. Bartley, 
 
 
 John McNeill, Jr., 
 
 
 V. M. Randall, 
 
 
 Daniel Clarke, Jr., 
 
 
 John Davis, Jr., 
 
 
 John T. McBiirbridse, 
 
 
 Edward McDonald, Jr., 
 
 
 M. Brown, 
 
 
 William W. McKaig, 
 
 
 John Taylor, 
 
 
 William Thistle, 
 
 
 George Magruder, 
 
 Dec. 1791 
 
 William Matthews, Jr., 
 
 
 E. Gaither, 
 
 
 James Wm. McCulIoh, 
 
 Oct. 1834 
 
 S. Hughes, Jr., 
 
 
 Edward Shriver, 
 
 <t U 
 
 .fohn Johnson, 
 
 Dec. 1791 
 
 Hanson B. Pigman, 
 
 April 18.36 
 
 John Miller, 
 
 
 Elisha C. Wells, 
 
 
 Roger Perry, 
 
 
 R. Wilson, Jr., 
 
 April 1847 
 
 Lenox Martin, 
 
 Dec. 1791 
 
 H. B. Tomlinson. 
 
 
 William Clagett, 
 
 (( tt 
 
 A. W. McDonald, 
 
 
 Joseph Wegley, 
 
 
 Benjamin P. Smith, 
 
 April 1839 
 
 R. Semmes, 
 
 
 George A. Pearre, 
 
 " " 
 
 Samuel Price, 
 
 
 Jervis Spencer, 
 
 " " 
 
 William Sprigg, 
 
 
 William Pitts, 
 
 Oct. " 
 
 Jacob Nagle, 
 
 
 William Motter, 
 
 " " 
 
 William G. Brown 
 
 
 George Schlev, 
 
 
 C. L. Sample, 
 
 
 Charles H. J. Pigman, 
 
 
 T. Murdoch, 
 
 
 George R. C. Price. 
 
 April 1840 
 
 Patrick Magruder, 
 
 
 William Perry, 
 
 Oct. " 
 
 Silas Paul. 
 
 
 ■Worthington Ross, 
 
 April 1841 
 
 Thomas Thistle. 
 
 
 Thomson Mason, 
 
 " '• 
 
 George frice. 
 
 
 William P. Webster, 
 
 Oct. " 
 
 Rezin Davidge. 
 
 
 George A. Thruston, 
 
 U (( 
 
 Beene S. Pigman, 
 
 
 John F. Dilley, 
 
 April 1842 
 Oct. " 
 
 John Hanson Thomas, 
 
 April 1802 
 
 W. Murray Hollyday, 
 
 S. Selby, 
 
 Dec. 1791 
 
 Minor Gibson, 
 
 U .< 
 
436 
 
 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Tal P. Shafl'iier, 
 Edward Wiiriier, 
 Upton Laureiioe, 
 H. H. Gaitlier, 
 John Lynn, ol Bedford, 
 John J. SliiU, 
 R. C. Hollvday, 
 William Lawrence, 
 Robert C. tetoue, 
 Robert J. Breut, 
 Otho Shrader, 
 .Tames Shair, 
 P. Worthiugton, 
 Josiah Espy, 
 Beat Howard, 
 Richard Brooiis, 
 Cheston Rintjgold, 
 D. Raymond, 
 Phil B. Street, 
 James Dixon Roman, 
 Thomas B. Pottenger, 
 Upton S. Reid, 
 George B. Baich, 
 H. M. Brackenridge, 
 James Carson, 
 George G. Ross, 
 John M. Fordick, 
 Dan Hughes, Jr., 
 Robert Swann, 
 James M. Riddle, 
 M. Wallace, 
 Moses Tabb, 
 
 William Magruder, 
 
 Brice W. Howard, 
 
 T. I. McKaig, 
 
 James P. Carleton, Jr., 
 
 J. D. Yore, 
 
 James M. Russell, 
 
 John A. J, Kilgour, 
 
 Joseph B. Fayes, 
 
 J. M. Palmer, 
 
 Samuel M. Semmes, 
 
 William Price, 
 
 Arthur Shaaff, 
 
 John Tod, 
 
 David G. Yost, 
 
 Zadok Magruder, 
 
 J. E. Barclay, 
 
 William J. Rosa, 
 
 D. Forward, 
 
 Thomas Perry 
 
 C. Forward, 
 
 Loxley H. Thistle, 
 
 J. Mc.Mahon, 
 
 George Swearingen 
 
 Cuth. Powell, Jr., 
 
 James Smith, 
 
 W. J. Naylor, 
 
 William Matthews, 
 
 W. V. Buskirk, 
 
 Date of 
 Admission 
 
 April 1843 
 
 April 1834 
 Oct. 1803 
 
 April 1805 
 
 Oct. ISOl 
 
 Names. 
 
 Oct. 1816 
 
 Oct. 1817 
 April 1817 
 
 Oct. 1816 
 April 1818 
 
 Frederick A. Schley, 
 William Schley, 
 J. Di.Ton, 
 John C. GrafI', 
 John M. Brewer, 
 M. Ti')ihiim Evans, 
 Charles C. McCuUoh, 
 E. C- Guest, 
 J. P. Kiiman, 
 James H Bevans, 
 J- H, Gordon, 
 J. .Marsh;ill, 
 N. Carroll Mason, 
 J. H ClayMudd, 
 W. G. Van Lear, 
 Charles B. Tliruston, 
 George H, Hickman, 
 .\nielius Steele, 
 L. M. Barclay, 
 Andrew \V. Kercheval, 
 Thomas C. Green, 
 Thomas Devecmon, 
 Charles F. Mayer, 
 
 Andrew Sterett Ridgely, 
 
 G. B. M. Price, 
 
 Henry W. Hoflman, 
 
 Jacob Brown, 
 
 Alonzo Berry, 
 
 Aza Beall, 
 
 J. M. Schley, 
 
 .\ndrew E. Kennedy, 
 
 William Baird, 
 
 Joseph A. Chaplin, 
 
 Thomas A. Hopkins, 
 
 William Kilgore, 
 
 Jo'^eph Sprigg, 
 
 Hopewell Hebb, 
 
 George Hel>b, 
 
 F. S. Hoblitzell, 
 
 Daniel Blocher, 
 
 Henry Price, 
 
 Michael Umbaugh, 
 
 John A.Dille, 
 
 Joseph A. Wickes, 
 
 Richard H. Alvey, 
 
 John McCarty, 
 
 Theodore Brace, 
 
 Charles B. Pearre 
 
 Samuel Smith, 
 
 Wm. McClay Hall, 
 
 S. W. Downey 
 
 Jairus W Robinette, 
 
 John L. Thomas, 
 
 William Walsh, 
 
 Henry Bruce, 
 
 William Johns Read, 
 
 William Devecmon, 
 
 Peter Devecmon, 
 
 J, Frank Seiss, 
 
 Joseph A. Cahill, 
 
 Date of 
 Admission. 
 
 April 18.S,'> 
 Oct. 1827 
 
 April 184S 
 
 1844 
 Oet. 1844 
 
 April 1845 
 
 Oct 
 
 184.7 
 
 April 
 
 1S46 
 
 April 
 
 1S4P 
 
 April 
 
 1847 
 
 April 
 
 1847 
 
 Julv 
 
 1847 
 
 Oct. 
 
 1847 
 
 Oct 
 
 1847 
 
 April 
 
 1848 
 
 .April 
 
 1848 
 
 Mav 
 
 1848 
 
 May 
 
 1848 
 
 Nov 
 
 1848 
 
 Nov. 
 
 1848 
 
 -April 
 
 1849 
 
 Oct. 
 
 185() 
 
 Oct. 
 
 1851 
 
 .^pri 
 
 1854 
 
 Oct. 
 
 1854 
 
 Nov 
 
 185t> 
 
 Oct. 
 
 1853 
 
 
 1852 
 
 Apri 
 
 1852 
 
 June 
 
 1852 
 
 Jau 
 
 . 18,53 
 
 " 
 
 1854 
 
 o 
 
 1855 
 
 Apri 
 
 1 1855 
 
 May 
 
 1856 
 
 Feb. 
 
 1859 
 
 Apri 
 
 11859 
 
 Oct 
 
 1859 
 
 Apri 
 
 1 1863 
 
 Oct 
 
 1863 
 
 Oct 
 
 1855 
 
 Apri 
 
 1 1865 
 
 It 
 
 Jan 
 
 <i 
 
 . 1856 
 
 
 18G0 
 
JUDGES. 
 
 437 
 
 Names. 
 
 Richard T. Semmes. 
 J. ,1. McHenry, 
 Thomas I. McKaig, Jr., 
 William M. Price, 
 Ferdinand Williams, 
 James L. Vallandij;liam, 
 T. Cook Huiihey, 
 A. n. Blackiston, 
 D. James Hlackiston. 
 Maurice -A. Healey, 
 R. Chew Jones, 
 Lloyd Lowndes, Jr.. 
 <'larend<in Tate, 
 William H. Cahill 
 Thomas E Gonder. 
 James M. Beall, 
 Robert W. McMicbael, 
 S. A. Cox. 
 John B. Fav, 
 W. H. Reslev, 
 A. B. Gonder, 
 James Forsyth Harrison, 
 Charles Brown, 
 A. Beall McKaig. 
 
 Date of 
 
 Admission. 
 
 Jan 
 
 1860 
 
 April 
 
 1866 
 
 Oct. 
 
 1866 
 
 Jan 
 
 1867 
 
 Oct. 
 Jan 
 
 1867 
 1868 
 
 April 1S6S 
 June 1868 
 Oct. 1868 
 Nov. 1868 
 Jan. 1869 
 Feb. 1869 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Jan 
 
 Apri 
 
 1869 
 
 1870 
 1S70 
 
 Names. 
 
 I Date of 
 t Admission. 
 
 J. W. Wolf 
 GilmoreS. Hamill, 
 A. Hunter Boyd. 
 William Brace. Jr., 
 John M. Read, 
 Oscar G. Getzendanner, 
 B.F. M. Hurley. 
 Wm. M. Goldsborough, 
 J. D, Ludwig. 
 Robert H Gordon, 
 Dwight McCleave, 
 Benjamin .\. Richmond, 
 John S, Grove, 
 John E. Semmes, 
 James A McHenry, 
 David W. Sloan, 
 T. F. Candler, 
 Johns McCleave, 
 Will S. Bridendolph, 
 Robert McDonald, 
 W. J. Ravenscraft, 
 H. C Brace, 
 Jan»e9 E. Ellegood, 
 N. E. Fuller, 
 
 Jan. 
 
 1871 
 
 Oct 
 
 1871 
 
 Sept 
 
 1S71 
 
 Oct, 
 
 1871 
 
 Jan. 
 
 1872 
 
 April 1872 
 
 Jan. 
 
 1873 
 
 April 
 
 187.S 
 
 Oct. 
 
 1873 
 
 Jan. 
 
 1874 
 
 April 
 
 187.5 
 
 Oct. 
 
 1S7.5 
 
 Oct. 
 
 1876 
 
 May 
 
 1877 
 
 Oct. 
 
 1877 
 
 Julv 1878 
 
 Oct. 
 
 1878 
 
 • ( 
 
 (( 
 
 JUDGES OF THE CIRCUIT COURT. 
 For more ihau seventy years the Bench in this Judicial District has been 
 distinguished for its preeminent ability, and is to-ilay, one of the ablest in 
 the country, being composed of their Honors R. H. Alvey, Chief Judge; 
 George A Pearre and Wm. Motter, Associate Judges. 
 
 Richard Potts was appointed Chief Justice of this District, October 15, 
 1796; Wm. Craik, Associate, October 20, 1801; Wm. Claggett, January 28, 
 1802. In 1806, John Buchanan was appointed Chief Judge, upon the death 
 of Judge Potts; and Abraham Shriver succeeded Judge Craik. Judge Clag- 
 gett then died, and Roger ^Nelson succeeded him, in May, 1810; and upon his 
 death, in 1815, Thomas Buchanan was appointed. In 1843, Richard H. 
 Marshall succeeded Judge Shriver; and in 1844, Samuel M. Semmes was 
 appointed to succeed Judge John Buchanan, but a succeeding Senate of 
 opposite politics declined lo confirm him, and in 1845 Robert N. Martin was 
 appointed. In October, 1847, Judge Thomas Buchanan died, and Daniel 
 Weisel succeeded him. 
 
 Under the constitution of 1850 the office of Judge became elective, each 
 county having but one Judge, and Thomas Perry wtis elected to the Bench 
 in Allegany in 1851, serving until the adoption of the constitution of 1864, 
 when a new election was held, and James Smith was chosen. Judge Smith 
 died suddenly in August, 1865, and George A. Pearre was appointed to fill 
 the vacancy, and elected to the same position in November, of that year. In 
 1867, the constitution was again changed, and three judges required for each 
 District ; in compliance with which Richard H. Alvey was elected Chief 
 Judge; Wm. Motter, and Thomas Perry, Associates. In 1871, Judge Perry 
 died, and Judge Pearre was elected to fill the yacancy. 
 
THE CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO CANAL, 
 
 From !hp Cinnberlfliid Civiliftn. 
 
 On Thursday, the 10th of October, 1850, the open- 
 ing of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, for continuous 
 navigation from Cumberland to Alexandria, was 
 commemorated at this place with appi-opriate cere- 
 monies. After undergoing unparalleled vicissitudes 
 of fortune, this great work has been at length 
 consummated. It cannot, therefore, be inappropriate 
 to record with some degree of detail the incidents of 
 a day that ushers into existence a new era in the 
 history of Western Maryland. 
 
 On the day previous, a large number of gentlemen 
 arrived in Cumberland to participate in the approach- 
 ing ceremonies. Among them we may mention 
 General James M. Coale, President; and Messrs. 
 John Pickell. William Cost Johnson. William A. 
 Bradly. George Schley, S. P. Smith. Directors of the 
 Canal Company; Ex-Governor Sprigg, General Tench 
 Tilghman and J. Vanlear. Esq., state agents; the 
 Hon. William D. Merrick, late U. S. Senator from 
 Maryland ; John L. Skinner, Esq.. editor of " The 
 Plough, the Loom, and the Anvil ;" Henry Adison. 
 Esq,. Mayor of Georgetown ; together with a number 
 of gentlemen from various parts of Maryland and 
 Virginia. 
 
 These gentlemen came by the invitation of the 
 Canal Company, and were properlj- received and 
 entertained by them. 
 
CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO CANAL. 439 
 
 Along with Colonel John Pickell, and under his 
 direction, came the splendid band of the Independent 
 Blues of Baltimore, who, soon after their arrival, made 
 their appearance in the portico of the U. S. Hotel, 
 and electrified an immense multitude of our citizens 
 with their unsurpassed instrumental performances. 
 The presence of this band was a most happy con- 
 ception. 
 
 Thursday, the day fixed for the celebration, dawned 
 upon the mountains in all the richness of the early 
 autumn, and it was evident shortly after the sun had 
 risen above the hills that the inhabitants of our city 
 were preparing to do honor to the new epoch in 
 their history. About half past eight o'clock a 
 large assemblage had collected in the street before 
 the United States and Barnum's Hotels. In a 
 short time the Eckhart Artillery, Captain Davidson, 
 with a battery of two handsome pieces, arrived, and 
 performed various military evolutions in a manner 
 that would have done credit to a veteran corps. 
 
 At nine o'clock the procession was formed, the 
 Eckhart Artillery in front, escorted by the band of 
 the Baltimore Blues, the distinguished visitors, 
 officers of the Canal Company and State agents fol- 
 lowing in the rear. Behind these were tlie Mayor 
 and Council of the town of Cumberland, and in their 
 rear an immense number of the citizens of Allegany, 
 escorted by the Mechanics' Band of Cumberland. 
 The procession marched through the streets in the 
 direction of the canal locks, gathering numbers as it 
 advanced to the inspiring strains of music, until, 
 when that point was reached, there was an immense 
 
440 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 assemblage of all ages and sexes, congregated to do 
 honor to so proud an event in the history of Allegany 
 county. 
 
 When everything had been arranged, five canal 
 boats, laden with the rich products of the mines of 
 Allegany, and destined for Eastern markets, were 
 passed through the locks, amid the salvos of artillery 
 from the Eckhart company, accompanied bj^ the 
 brilliant performances of the bands. 
 
 William Price, Esq., then ascended the deck 
 of one of the boats and delivered the following 
 address : 
 
 "I have been requested by the Mayor and Council, on behalf of the 
 people of Cumberland, to welcome to their city, the President and 
 Directors of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company, the ac;ents of the 
 State, and the distinguished visitors who have honored us on this occa- 
 sion with their presence. Gentlemen, I bid you all a hearty and a cordial 
 welcome, and congratulate you upon the event we are assembled to 
 celebrate. 
 
 Many of us were youns when this great work was commenced, and 
 we have lived to see its completion, only because Providence has pro- 
 longed our lives until our heads are grey. During this interval of four 
 and twenty years, we have looked with eager an.xiety to the progress of 
 the work up the valley of the Potomac. That progres.s has been slow — 
 often interrupted and full of vicissitudes. At times the spectacle of 
 thousands of busy workmen has animated the line of the work, when, to 
 all human calculation, no cause was likely to intervene to prevent its 
 early completion. But when we have turned to look at the scene again, 
 it was all changed ; contractors and laborers had departed and the still- 
 ness of desolation reigned in their place. Thousands have been ruined 
 by their connection with the work, and but few in this region have had 
 cause to bless it. 
 
 It was natural, perhaps, that things should be precisely as they have 
 been, both with the enterprise itself, and with the individuals whose 
 fortunes have been connected with it. The uncommon magnitude, and. 
 the uncommon finish of the work, may be regarded as cause sufficient 
 for all the alterations and disappointments attending its history. The 
 reasonings of men, from their experience upon works of different dimen- 
 sions and character, might have been expected to lead to disappointment 
 when applied to a work like this. 
 
 Go view those magnificent aqueducts, locks and culverts, of hewn 
 stone — those huge embankment.-*, on which vou may journey for days 
 down the river ; go view the great tunnel passing three fifths of a mile 
 through rocks, and arched with brick, its eastern portal opening upon a 
 thorough-cut almost equal in magnitude to the tunnel itself Look at 
 the vessels lying in that basin, ready to commence the work of transpor- 
 
CIIKSAl'EAIvE AND OHIO CANAL. 441 
 
 lation, and larore enough to navifrate the Atlantic — look at all these 
 things, and then think how soon the fortunes of individuals embarked in 
 the prosecution of such an enterprise would be swallowed up, leaving 
 upon it but little more impression than the bubbles which now float upon 
 its waters. It will not be deemed out of place, if I here express the 
 hope, that those whose losses have been gains of the company, should 
 not in the hour of its prosperity be forgotten. 
 
 It has been greatly decried and greatly misunderstood, but it is a 
 magnificent work, whatever may be said to the contrary. Of its probable 
 revenues, now that il is completed, I see no reason to distrust the opinions 
 heretofore entertained by its friends. And why should it not be as 
 profitable as, from the first, it was expected to be ? The same great coal 
 deposits which originally induced its projection, and which have animated 
 the hopes of its friends, during all the trials and vicissitudes of its history 
 still lie in these mountains, waiting an avenue to market. Its quality 
 has in no wise deteriorated, and is known to be such as to give it a 
 preference over every other description of coal on this side of the Atlantic. 
 The caoacily of the canal is practically unlimited. All the coal compa- 
 nies have their railroads and other means of shipment upon the canal, 
 completed. With such a staple and such an avenue to market, what is 
 to limit the emoluments of the work? Coal, however, is but one item of 
 its trade. And when we look to the agricultural products of Western 
 Maryland, and of the contiguous portions of Virginia and Pennsylvania; 
 and after all ibis, add to the account, the ascending trade, consisting of 
 the merchandize for the supply of the territory already indicated, and a 
 share of that destined for the West, it is no exaggeration to say, that the 
 work will in due time pay off its own debt and leave the State in possession 
 of a permanent fund, adequate to all her financial wants. 
 
 The people of the State must not be disappointed, if these results 
 should be a little longer in coming around, than they may be willing to 
 anticipate. A full trade cannot grow up in a day. To carry a million 
 tons of coal, and there are single companies here competent to ship that 
 quantity, will require four hundred boats, fifteen hundred men and boys, 
 and eighteen hundred hoisps. It is evident therefore that some time and 
 a great deal of capital will be required to put the canal in full operation. 
 
 The opening of yonder gates to let through the first boat carrying 
 freight from Cumberland to tide water, signalizes a happy epoch in the 
 financial condition of the State. It is the turning point in the history of 
 the canal, and marks the precious moment of time, when this great work 
 ceases forever to be a burden upon the tax-payers of Maryland, and 
 begins to reimburse those who have so long and so patiently borne the 
 charge of its construction. Sueh an event is cause of congratulation to 
 the people of the whole State. 
 
 Without detaining you longer, gentlemen, I again bid you a hearty 
 welcome to our city." 
 
 General James M. (Joale, President of the Chesa- 
 peake and Ohio Canal Company, then arose and 
 made the following reply : 
 
 Mr. Mayor, ijentlemcn of the Council, and citizens of Cumberland : 
 
 We thank you for Ihis^ cordial expression of your welcome, and for 
 the congratulations which \ou have offered to us on this auspicious occa- 
 sion. 
 
 56 
 
442 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 To the officers of the company, who have lonp toiled for the comple- 
 tion of the canal to Cumberland, and to the Maryland State agents who 
 have so ably and generously co-operated with and sustained them in their 
 arduous eSorts, the event we commemorate is indeed full of deep interest 
 and gratification ; but it is also a subject of scarcely less interest, and in 
 its consequences will prove of far more substantial and enduring import- 
 ance, to you and to your town. If therefore we have congratulations to 
 receive, we likewise have congratulations to return to you. 
 
 Gentlemen: — It would not be compatible with the brevity due to an 
 occasion like this, for me to dwell upon the origin, and the grand design 
 and object of this company ; nor to trace its interesting antecedents which 
 carry back the history of its work to a period anterior to the formation of 
 the Federal Union, and connects it with the immortal name of the Father 
 of our country — nor need I recapitulate the long succession of misfortunts 
 and disappointments, which, commencing soon after the organization of 
 the company, continued to track its progress, step by step, down to the 
 period in which the measures were adopted, which have this day been 
 crowned with success. But it may be proper for me to mention, and I 
 will barely allude to the fact that when assistance in uo other form could 
 be obtained, and as a last alternative, the act of the 10th of March, 1845, 
 was passed by the Legislature of Maryland, waiving the liens of the State 
 to a limited extent and upon certain conditions for the purpose of 
 enabling the company to finish the canal to Cumberland upon a pledge 
 of its unencumbered revenues, few men were so sanguine as to believe 
 that under the then existing circumstances, and in view of the 
 peculiar provisions of the act, it could be made to take effect, or if made 
 to take effect, that it would prove available and sufficient for the purposes 
 intended. 
 
 We this day present the gratifying evidence that these forebodings 
 have not been fulfilled. The consummation so long and so devoutly 
 wished for, has been attained — the hope, so often deferred, and yet still so 
 perseveringly clung to, has been realized. The Chesapeake and Ohio 
 Canal, for all the purposes of navigation, is finished to Cumberland! 
 It is finished, too, upon a nvere pledge of its revenues — without the 
 slightest additional expense to the State of Maryland — by a faithful com- 
 pliance with the provisions of the act of the 10th of March, 1845, with all 
 their conditions, limitations, and restrictions, and in little more than half 
 the time allowed by the amendment of the charter adopted at the 
 preceding session of the Legislature, the act itself being significantly 
 silent on that subject. 
 
 In regard to the losses which, from time to time, have been sustained 
 by individuals engaged in the prosecution of the work, we express our 
 sincere regrets ; but we must here take leave to say, that whatever may 
 have been the case in former years and in former efforts to bring about 
 the completion, we have the satisfaction to know that in carrying the act 
 of 1845 into execution, and in completing the canal to Cumberland, under 
 and in conformity with its provisions, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal 
 Company has entered into no contract, which, on its part, has not 
 been fully complied with — incurred no debt which has not been promptly 
 paid according to the terms of agreement — made no engagements which 
 have not been punctually and faithfully fulfilled. 
 
 Gentlemen — At the present day the glory of a people consists in 
 their advance in civilization, and one of the highest evidences of that 
 advance, is their great enterprises for developing their resources, and 
 
CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO CANAL. 443 
 
 promoting the pursuits of useful and productive industry. In tliis 
 re.spect Maryland now occupies a pioud position among her sister 
 states of the Union, and, in proportion to her population, may favor- 
 ably compare with any nation or people, upon the face of the earth. 
 Among the great works which have been the objects of her munificent 
 patronage, none has attracted her favor so strongly nor been so uni- 
 formly sustained as the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. In the first 
 instance, she embarked in this noble enterprise cautiously, and not 
 until she had received what was deemed a sufficient pledge or assurance 
 from the general government, that it should be regarded as a naiional 
 work, and that the national treasttrt/ would supply a fair proportional 
 part of the amount that would be required to carry it forward and 
 complete it to its ultimate destination. But when once embarked, so 
 far as the completion of the canal was considered necessary for the 
 development of her own resources, Maryland took no step backwards. 
 In 18S4, when the subscriptions to the capital stock were e.\hausted, 
 and the work was only finished for a distance of one hundred and seven 
 miles, and stood suspended for want of mean.s, the general government, 
 and all the other original parties to the undertaking, save Maryland only, 
 declined to aH'ord further assistance, and, seemingly, abandoned the com- 
 pany to its fate. At that time and at such a crisis, this State, "among the 
 faithless laithlul only she,' firmly fi.ted her gaze upon its completion to 
 this place, and, in spite of all dilliculties and disappointments, steadily 
 pressed forward to the accomplishment of her object. She freely con- 
 tributed her means so long as her credit would permit, and when it failed 
 and the company was in the darkest midnight of its misfortunes, she 
 did what alone was left her to do — waived her liens on the revenues 
 of the canal, to the e.xtent and for the purpose we have mentioned; 
 and she now has cause to rejoice in the wisdom of the proceeding, 
 for her object is attained. 
 
 Gentlemen- -In her liberal appropriations to works of internal im- 
 provements, the State of Maryland has run up, what in this country, and 
 among a people unused to direct taxation for the support of government, 
 is regarded as a very heavy debt. But what does it amount to ? From 
 a statement I have recently seen published, and which I believe to be 
 correct, the whole debt now chargeable on the treasury of Maryland is 
 less than ten millions of dollars. Why, the national debt of France is 
 more than one thousand millions of dollars, and the national debt 
 of England is upwards of four thousand millions of dollars I And what 
 have England and France now got to show for these immense debts ? 
 Little more than the bloody pages of history which record their bootless 
 victories and barren conquests. Notwithstanding the vast incidental 
 resources of these two mighty nations, neither the Frenchman nor the 
 Englishman can look forward to the day when the debt of their respective 
 ifovernments will be paid off, and his person and property be relieved 
 from onerous taxation. Each bears his burden with resignation during 
 his own life, and hands down the gloomy heritage to his children. The 
 debt of Maryland was contracted for no such destructive or vainglorious 
 purposes. It resulted from the necessities of her condition to enable her 
 to keep pace with the progress of civilization, and grew out of the 
 utilitarian spirit of the age. Under the silent operation of her present 
 financial and revenue system, the entire amount will be discharged in 
 some twelve or fifteen years. And, as an offset to this debt, what can 
 Maryland now exhibit ? Why, several great works of internal improve- 
 
444 HISTORY OF CUMBEKl.AKI*. 
 
 raent, and amotiff them this magnificent canal, which, with its continuous 
 line of nearly 18G miles of deep navifrable water, its costly aqueducts, 
 and stupendous tunnel, will stand as a proud and endurin"' monument of 
 her glory — be a source of constantly increasing prosperity and happiness 
 to her people, and in due season, after allowing some just provision to be 
 made for the meritorious creditors of the company, (which I hope will be 
 done,) pour into her treasury streams of revenue to be divided among the 
 different counties, and city ot Baltimore, in conformity with the 64tb 
 section of the act of March session, 1841, chapter 23, or be expended by 
 the Legislature in the further promotion of the arts of civilization, in 
 extending and increasing the facilities of trade, and in diffusing the 
 blessings of education throughout every portion of her limits. 
 
 The canal commences its operations under Hatterinf auspices. The 
 circumstances which surround and attend the opening of navigation are of 
 the most favorable character. Unlike other works, constructed with a 
 view principally to the coal trade, it is not required to await the 
 slow process ot preliminary preparations. It is true that more boats 
 otifht to have been built, but this omission can, and we have reason 
 to believe, soon will be repaired. 
 
 The coal mines have been opened, the laborers have been gathered, 
 facilities of connection with the canal basin have been constructed, and 
 the coal trade of Allegany is already considerably advanced. Little 
 more is necessary, than for it to turn to its appropriate channel — the 
 canal — and go on increasing. Evidence is afforded that this will be done. 
 The little fleet of boats, freighted with coal, winch this morning clustered 
 around the inlet lock like mettled coursers eager for the tap of the drum, 
 and which passed in, so soon as the gates were opened, contain more tons 
 of coal than were carried down by the Lehigh Coal and Navigation com- 
 pany during the first year of their operations. 
 
 We still, gentlemen, may hold on to the hope, particularly in view of 
 the contemplated improvement of the Ohio, that the genera! government 
 will sooner or later redeem its early pledges, and furnish the necessary 
 means to carry on the canal, by a continuous line of communication, to 
 the Ohio river, according to the original plan. We may perhaps with 
 greater confidence e.xpect that the State of Virginia, which has recently 
 exhibited a revived interest in the success of this company, and has 
 generously come forward to its assistance, by guaranteeing its bonds to 
 a limited amount, will contribute efficient aid towards the extension of 
 the work, by a mixed improvement, from this point to the mouth of 
 Savage river, with a view to the development of her rich and abundant 
 coal fields, lying on the southern side of the North Branch. And, I have 
 no doubt, but that the State of Maryland, will cause a connection to be 
 formed with the city of Baltimore, either by an extension of the canal 
 through the District of Columbia, or by a lateral canal from some more 
 northern point, in case it shall be hereafter found practicable. 
 
 But, gentlemen, whatever may be the future fate of this great under- 
 taking, and whether these plans be carried out or not, its advantages, so 
 far as your immediate and local interests are concerned, are now secured 
 to you. The guarantees are before you. You have them in that .solid 
 structure which stretches across from your town to the Virginia shore 
 and arrests and gathers together the current of the Potomac, to become 
 tributary and subservient to your enterprize — in that broad, beautiful 
 sheet of water upon whose deep bosom a merchantman may float — in 
 that commodious basin which reaches out from the canal to multiply the 
 
CHESAPEAKE AM) OHIO CANAl. 445 
 
 accommoclations for business and increase the general facilities of trade 
 — in that deep navigable communication which connects your wharves 
 with the wharves of Georgetown and Alexandria, and upon whose placid 
 surface every man may, at any hour of the day, freely launch his boat, 
 and by merely conforming (o regulations established for the general 
 good, and paying a small toll for the use of the improvement, transport 
 the products of your industry, and the "hoarded labor of your moun- 
 tains," from your very doors, to the tide water of the Potomac, from 
 whence they may pass, on "the wings of wind," to the ports of the 
 uttermost parts of the earth. 
 
 By the side of these eminent advantages stand high responsibilities. 
 Now that these great benefits are confirmed to you, it is your duty to exert 
 yourselves to turn them to profitable account, as well for those by whose 
 means they have been afforded to you, as for yourselves and your pos- 
 terity. You must work up your spirit to a full appreciation of the high 
 destiny that is before you and within your reach. By the opening of the 
 navigation to Cumberland, and the connecting facilities which exist 
 between this point and the navigable waters of the Ohio, a chain of 
 improvements, such as was contemplated by General Washington, in 
 IV84, to attract and secure the western trade, is thoroughly consummated. 
 But vast and wonderful changes, in every respect, have taken place 
 since his day, and the improvements that were considered sufficient, 
 and would have been all-sufficient, then, can not be expected to answer, 
 fully, the contemplated purpose, now. They will doubtless, however, 
 bring to your town no inconsiderable trade from beyond the mountains. 
 But the main reliance, both for the advancement of your own interests, 
 and for the success of the canal, must be on the labor and on the liberal 
 enterprise of the inhabitants, the proprietors of the coal fields, and the 
 managers of the coal companies of Allegany. It will depend upon 
 them, whether the population and wealth of this county shall be aug- 
 mented in a degree commensurate with its resources. It will depend 
 upon theiu, whether long lines of boats will soon constantly be seen 
 gliding down that great highw.iy, freighted with the rich treasures of 
 your "Black Indies " which, as an element of national wealth, and the 
 source and foundation of manufacturing and commercial prosperity, are 
 far more important and valuable than the placers of Calfornia, or than 
 mines of gold and silver. 
 
 Gentlemen — your State and county pride — your industry and energy 
 of character — your interests, present and future, all combine to give 
 assurance, that you will not be wanting in the due performance, of the 
 part that belongs to you, to render your county prosperous, and this 
 great improvement successful. The canal company, on its part, will 
 cordially co-operate in all proper and just measures, for the attainment 
 of these objects. 
 
 These ceremonies being concluded, the distin- 
 guished visitors, the officers of the company, and a 
 large number of citizens embarked on the canal 
 packet ''Jenny Lind"' and the canal boat "C. B. 
 Fisk," which had been fitted up for their reception, 
 and proceeded down the canal, followed by the 
 
446 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 Eckhart Light Artillery, with their pieces, on another 
 boat, the coal boats "Southampton," "Elizabeth," 
 "Ohio," and "Delaware" — belonging to the Mer- 
 chants' Line of Messrs. McKaigand Agnew; and the 
 "Freeman Rawdon" — belonging to the Cumberland 
 Line of Mr. Ward — bringing up the rear. The 
 passage down was agreeably enlivened by the music 
 of tne bands and the firing of canon. 
 
 Arrived at a large spring ten miles east of Cum- 
 berland, the boats halted, and the company having 
 disembarked, in a short time returned on board to 
 partake of an abundant collation pi-epared by the 
 committee of the canal company — Messrs. S P. 
 Smith, W. A. Bradley, and John Piekell — to which 
 zest was imparted by a copious supply of the finest 
 and choicest wines. Having spent some time in 
 these agreeable divertisements, the fleet of boats was 
 again put into line, and started on their return tt) 
 Cumberland, the coal boats proceeding down the 
 canal towards their destined ports. The return was 
 accomplished by night-fall, and everything seemed 
 to have met the most sanguine expectations of those 
 who joined in the festivities. 
 
 Upon the return of the company to Barnum's, they 
 were entertained by the citizens of Cumberland at a 
 dinner prepared by J. A. Hefelfinger, Esq., proprietor 
 of that establishment. To say that the viands were 
 all choice and well served, is to say but little of this 
 entertainment. After the cloth was removed a 
 number of toasts were drunk, which, we regret we 
 have not the time to report. The Hon. Wm. Cost 
 Johnson, the tried friend of the canal, and who, as 
 
CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO CANAL. 447 
 
 chairman of the committee of internal improvements 
 of the House of Delegates, at December session, 1844, 
 reported the act under which it has been completed, 
 arose during the course of the evening, and, after 
 alluding in handsome terms to the recent courtesies 
 extended to the officers of the canal company, by the 
 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, offered the 
 following sentiment, which was drunk with applause: 
 
 " The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, and the Baltimore and Ohio 
 Railroad — The former has hapcily reached its ebony harvests amid the 
 coal fields of the Alleganies; may the latter journey vigorously on west- 
 ward, until it rejoices amidst the golden plains of the far Californias." 
 
 At this point the further festivities of the table were 
 arrested by the necessity of yielding the room for 
 the opening of the ball, to which the fair daughters 
 of Cumberland had been invited by the gentle- 
 men of the town for the purpose of meeting their 
 distiiiguished guests. In a short time wine and 
 sentiment had yielded to the dominion of music and 
 the dance, and it was not until long after the "wee 
 sma' hours" that the reign of beauty had given place 
 to the quiet slumbers of the morning. We take this 
 occasion to say, the supper prepared by " mine host," 
 of Barnum's, on this occasion, was such, in all its 
 characteristics as to draw forth commendations from 
 every lip. 
 
 Thus ended the 10th day of October in Cumber- 
 land — a day which will be held ever memorable in 
 the recollections of the people of this region, being 
 the day on which their much cherished project of 
 canal navigation to tide-water was brought to a 
 "lorious and successful consummation. 
 
CHURCHES OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 In procuring data upon which to give even an 
 outline of the history of the various churches, the 
 work has been accompanied witli triiils and difficul- 
 ties that were unforeseen, and certainly unexpected, 
 when the task was begun. With scarcely an 
 exception, the churches have kept no historic record, 
 and in many instances we ha\e had to rely upon 
 letters, diaries, and individual memories to fill up the 
 gaps that occurred in the annals of the churches. 
 
 METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. 
 
 Without any precise date to govern us we are led 
 to believe that Methodism was first introduced into 
 Allegany county about the year 1782, and the pio- 
 neers in the work were Revs. Bishop Asbuiy, John 
 Haggerty and Richard Owens, the latter a local 
 preacher, of Baltimore county. Md., but which of 
 them took precedence in the work we have no means 
 of determining. These were succeeded in 178-3 by 
 Revs. Francis Paytheres, and Benjamin Roberts; in 
 1784 by Wilson Lee and Thomas Jackson ; in 1785 
 bv Lemuel Green, William Jessup and John Paup. 
 From the year 1785 to 178G Rev. John J. Jacob, 
 father of Governor Jacob, of West Virginia, assisted 
 by Bishop Asbury, labored in the work, and the 
 accessions to the faith were large. Li 1786 Rev. 
 Jacob was succeeded by Rev. Enoch Watson, who 
 
METHODIST KPISCOPAL CHURCH. 449 
 
 officiated until 1787. and was succeeded by Philip 
 Bruce, whose labors in 1788 were blessed with a 
 great revival, by which many were added to the 
 church. From 17SS until 1802-.-5 the church 
 languished and sank into a lethargic state, until the 
 arrival ol' Bishop Whatcoat. who inspired and infused 
 new Hie into the taitht'ul who remained true to their 
 profession. Something t)ver one hundred were added 
 to the church in 1808. through the labors of Bishop 
 Whatcoat. assisted by Rev. L. Martin, a local 
 preacher of Montgomery county, Md. The church 
 relapsed again until 1805, when new life was infused 
 into the society through the efforts and preaching of 
 Revs. James Ward and Louis R. Fechtig. Allegany 
 circuit first appears in the general minutes of the 
 church in 1804. at which time there were three 
 preachers commissioned for the work, J Paynter, 
 Jose})!! Stone and James Read, with James Ward 
 as Presiding Elder. As early as 1787 there was 
 occasional preaching by Methodist ministers in Cum- 
 berland, and about that time steps were taken to 
 form a society-. The deed for the lot upon which 
 the first Methodist church in Cumberland was erected 
 bears date 1799. and the chui'ch edifice was probably 
 erected in 1800. The location was on the west side 
 of Will's (Jreek, on the corner of Fayette and Small- 
 wood streets. The building was of an unpretending 
 character, a frame structure, 25 by 35 feet, one story 
 in height, and was never plastered. The pulpit was 
 plain and of a primitive style, the benches hard, 
 narrow and without backs. Among the names of 
 
 those identified with this first house of worship we 
 57 
 
450 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 find James Hendrickson, Thomas Leakins, Adam 
 Seigler, Aquilla Brown, (local preachers) and Dick- 
 inson Simkins. The names of Irvin, Wall, Hinkle, 
 and Twigg also appear in this connection. In 1816 
 a new church was determined upon. The preachers 
 of the circuit for that year were Tobias Reiley and 
 Robert Cadden, with Gerard Morgan as Presiding 
 Elder. In the erection of the second chni'ch Mr. 
 Reiley took an active part, never ceasing his labors 
 until its completion. The site selected was on Centre 
 street, north, where the present handsome edifice 
 stands. The house was built of bricks, about 36 by 45, 
 one story and a half high, with gallery in front and 
 on either side. The benches were an improvement 
 on the former church, having a single strip as a back 
 support. The pulpit was in a large half-room recess 
 and placed the preacher far above the heads of the 
 people. Among those identified with the church 
 building were, Peter Shultz, Jas. Hendrickson, John 
 Wright and Jonathan Peterson. The quartei-ly meet- 
 ings of the circuit were usually held in Cumberland. 
 In 1829, Cumberland was made a station, and 
 Rev. Charles B. Young was appointed to the charge, 
 who was succeeded in 1831 by Rev. J. H. W. Monroe, 
 and in 1832 by Rev. G. W. Humphreys; in 1833 by 
 Rev. Hezekiah Best; in 1834 by Rev. Bazil Barry; 
 1835 by Rev. P. D. Lijjscomb, who was succeeded in 
 1837 by Rev. S. C. Parkinson, who was followed by 
 Rev. Jas. Stevens, who ministered to the church until 
 1840. In 1837, under the pastoral charge of Mr. 
 Stevens, the building was enlarged to meet the 
 demands of the church, fifteen feet being added to 
 
METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. 451 
 
 the rear, and the house altered to show as a two 
 story building. This building answered only eleven 
 years. In 1848, under the ministry of Rev. Thomas 
 B. Myers, the tliird church was erected, 50 by 80 feet, 
 at a cost of about 16, 000. The Baltimore Conference 
 met in this church in 1851. Continuing our list of 
 the pastors who were appointed to this station, we 
 find the following in order named: In 1841-2, 
 Rev. E. E. Allen; 1843-4, Rev. William Prettymau; 
 1845, Rev. John A. Henning; 1846-7, Rev. James 
 Sewell; 1848-9, Rev. Thomas Myers; 1850-1, 
 Rev. John M. Jones; 1852-3, Rev. John Lanahan; 
 1854-5, Rev. W. T. D. Clemm; 1856, Rev Samuel 
 Kepler; 1857-8, Rev. A. E. Gibson; 1859-60, Rev. 
 R. H. Crever; 1861-2, Rev. Thomas Barnhart; 
 1863-5, Rev. S. W. Sears; 1866-8, Rev. Edward 
 Kinsey; 1869-71, Rev. Asbury Reiley ; 1872-3, Rev. 
 Samuel V. Leech; 1874, Rev. James H. Lightbourne; 
 1875 Rev. G. G. Baker. 
 
 In 1871, during the pastorate of Rev. Asbury 
 Reiley, the third church was taken down, and the 
 present handsome edifice commenced. It was not 
 completed and dedicated until the ministry of Rev. 
 Lightbourne, 1874-5. The house stands to-day with 
 its towering spire, one of the largest structures in the 
 city ; beneath its pulpit rests all that was mortal of 
 Rev. Tobias Reiley, who labored faithfully for the 
 church and endeared himself to her people. Rev. 
 Baker was succeeded in 1876-7 by Rev. W. S. 
 Edwards, D. D., who was followed in this ministry 
 in 1878, March 1st, by Rev. Joel Brown, who is at 
 this time pastor in charge. 
 
452 HISTOin OF CCMBKKI.ANI). 
 
 Tho annual session oi \\\v Baltimore Conference 
 was held in the new church in February, 1878. 
 The number of communicants in this church is about 
 four hundred. 
 
 ENGLISH LUTHERAN (■HUR(:H. 
 
 The first Lutheran church in Cumberland. Md., 
 was organized on the 1 1th day of May, 1794. There 
 were at the time twelve men whose names we find 
 enrolled upon the church book, as follows : Nicholas 
 Leyberger, John Rice, (jeorge Rizer, Andrew Harry, 
 ('hristopher Broteniarkle, George Shuck, Christian 
 KoUhoefer, Frederick Loch. Jacob Valentine, Jacob 
 (ianner. and John (Jramei'. The original ccjustitution 
 upon which this church was based is written in 
 German and Latin, the rules of government being 
 simply and vigorously expressed. The first church 
 building was a log-bodied structure, with no preten- 
 sions to architecture, and was located near the site of 
 the present imposing brick edifice on the northeast 
 corner of Centre and Baltimore streets. The first 
 pastor was Rev. Frederick William Lange, who served 
 the congregation eleven years, and was succeeded by 
 Rev. John George Butler, who accepted the pastorate 
 in 1805, ministering twelve years. Mr. Butler was 
 succeeded by Rev. C. F. Heyer, who, even now, is 
 familiarly remembered by the title of '• Father " 
 Heyer. Father Heyer officiated six years, and was 
 followed in the ministry by Rev. Nathan B. Little, 
 who I'emained in charge until 1830, when he was 
 succeeded by Rev. Henry Haverstick, who ministered 
 to the congregation three years, and was succeeded 
 
ENGUSH LPTHEKAN CHURCH. 453 
 
 bj Rev. John Kehler, who labored eight years, and 
 was followed, in 1841, by Rev. Jesse Winecoft'. 
 
 Previous to this time the services in this church 
 were conducted in both the English and German 
 languages, but a short time before the ministry of 
 Rev. Jesse Winecoff (1839) a congregation purely 
 German Lutheran was organized, who separated 
 from the body of English Lutherans. This separation 
 was peaceable and by mutual agreement, being solely 
 a matter of convenience. 
 
 Continuinu' the historv ol' the P^nglish Luthei-an 
 church, we find that Rev. Winecoft' served from 1841 
 to 1844. and during his ministry the present massive 
 brick edifice was erected, the corner stone being laid 
 in 1842. From 1844 to 184G Rev. Samuel D. Finkle 
 officiated as pastor, and was succeeded by Rev. 
 Joseph A. Seiss, D. D., who served over five years, 
 and was succeeded in 1852 by Rev. John Francis 
 Gampbell, who officiated until 1856, having been in 
 charge four and a quarter years. He was followed 
 by Rev. A. J. Weddel, who remained eleven years 
 and nine months, bringing the period down to the 
 10th of May, 1868, when Rev. H. C. Holloway was 
 called to the pastorate, and is officiating therein at 
 tliis date. 
 
 Miscellaneous. —On the arrival of the Rev. 
 •' Father" Heyer, in Cumberland, he found the church 
 almost destroyed ; only a few Lutherans remained, 
 and these were scattered and discouraged; but 
 '• Father" Heyer was an energetic man ; he went 
 earnestly to work, and succeeded in gathering the 
 scattered flock and re-establishing church worship. 
 
454 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 After remaining here six years he removed to Som- 
 erset, Pa., from which point he was subsequently 
 commissioned by the General Synod of the Lutheran 
 church as missionary to India, being the first ever 
 sent to that field by the English Lutheran church of 
 this country. 
 
 The following incident is related in connection 
 with the building of the present English Lutheran 
 house of worship, and the truth of the story is fully 
 substantiated : 
 
 When the present edifice, which stands at the inter- 
 section of Baltimore and Centre sti-eets, was contem- 
 plated, a building committee was appointed by the 
 congregation, and when the location was fully decided 
 upon, this committee was empowered to supervise 
 the erection of the building. A majority of the 
 committee decided that the house should be of 
 certain proportions in length and breadth, while one 
 man stoutly contended that the length they proposed 
 was not proportionate to the height or breadth, and 
 desired that ten feet be added to the proposed length. 
 In this he was overruled ; the ground was staked ofi, 
 and the minority man went away sorrowing. But 
 he did not cease to think upon the matter, and after 
 he and his compeers had retired that night, he arose 
 from his bed and proceeding to the site of the new 
 church, removed the stakes, placing them ten feet 
 further back upon a direct line. The work of 
 digging for the foundation was completed, and even a 
 large part of the foundation wall was built, before the 
 trick was discovered, but no one who passes the 
 church to-day can fail to see the effect of the taste 
 
FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 455 
 
 and force of character manifested by this active 
 committeeman. 
 
 Under the ministry of Rev. Weddel considerable 
 im2)roveraent was made in the church building, the 
 front being materially changed, and the steeple 
 erected within that period. 
 
 During the war between the States the church 
 lecture room, which had fallen into disuse, was 
 temporarily converted into a storehouse for army 
 supplies, but under the ministry of Rev. Holloway 
 this room was put in thorough repair, and fitted for 
 congregational and Sunday school purposes. The 
 English Lutheran church of Cumberland now num- 
 bers about 260 communicants. 
 
 The Evangelical Lutheran Synod, of Maryland, 
 met in its annual convention in this church, for the 
 third time, in October, 1878. 
 
 FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 
 
 There was, perhaps, a considerable Presbyterian 
 element among the early settlers of Cumberland, but 
 there is no record or tradition of a congregation of 
 this church until within the first decade of the 
 present century. About the year 1810 or '11 Rev. 
 Mr. Porter, who was principal of the old Allegany 
 county Academy, which stood upon Jones's lot, on 
 Fayette street, preached occasionally as a minister 
 of the Presbyterian faith, in the log church owned 
 by the Lutherans, then located on the corner of what 
 is now known as Baltimore and Centre streets. Rev. 
 Mr. Porter left here during the war with Great 
 Britain, 1812-15. 
 
45(5 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 The next who succeeded him, so tar as we are 
 able to ascertain, was Rev. Mr. Hayes, who was also 
 principal of the Academy, in 1815, and who liad 
 formerlv been President of the (Jarlisle College. Pa.. 
 and who removed to tliis point on account of his 
 health, which was very feeble. Fie remained in this 
 field of labor only a little more than a year, when he 
 was called away by death. Mr. Hayes's successor 
 was Rev. Robert Kennedy, who also became principal 
 of the Academy, as well as pastor to the tiock. His 
 pastorate began in the year 1817, and ended in the 
 spring of 1825. 
 
 Up to the ministry of Mr. Hayes the Presbyterians 
 had worshipped in the Lutheran church, on alternate 
 Sundays with that body; this arrangement was con- 
 tinued during Mr. Kennedy's ministry, but in 1817 
 an effort was made Ijy subscription to build a church 
 in Cumberland "for the joint use of the Presbyterian 
 and Episcopalian churches of the town." For this 
 purpose $2,122 in money was subscribed, besides the 
 donation of Thomas J. Pen-y's "lot No. 68, in the 
 fort," then valued at $100, on which the present 
 Emmanuel Episcopal church stands. The list of 
 names of those who subscribed to this purpose 
 embraces members of all the Protestant churches, 
 several Roman Catholics, and one Israelite. Among 
 those names are the following, many of whose 
 descendants are now living in our midst : William 
 McMahon, Samuel Thomas, Henry McKinley, Roger 
 Perry, James Scott John Hoye, David Lynn, 
 Thomas J. Perry, George Thistle, Rev. Robert 
 Kennedv, Thomas Beall, John Haves, Walter Slicer, 
 
FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 457 
 
 J. Wm. Hoblitzell, Samuel Smith, Robert McCleary, 
 John Shrjer, Peter Lowdermilk, Hanson Briscoe, C. 
 Tilghman, Martin Rizer, John Hoblitzell, Henry 
 Korns, Ehiathan Russell, John McHenry, William 
 Hilleary, Jacob Hofi'man, George Blocher, Robert 
 Swann, George McCuUoh, Jacob Seass, John Gep- 
 hart, Valentine Hoffman, John Hoffman, Geo. Shuck, 
 John M. Read, Henry Wineow, and Wm. Magruder. 
 
 The erection of this church was begun in 1817, 
 but owing to some legal and financial troubles was 
 not completed until some time after Mr. Kennedy 
 left Cumberland. (Some account of this church is 
 given in the history of the Episcopalians.) The 
 building afterwards passed into the hands and control 
 of the Episcpalians. 
 
 We now lose the thread of our narrative, until the 
 year 1832, when the Domestic Mission Board of the 
 Presbyterian church sent Rev. Mr. Raymond to 
 Cumberland. For a wliilo during his labors the 
 church on Fort Hill was jointly used by the Presby- 
 terians and Episcopalians. 
 
 Mr. Raymond remained here about two years, and 
 was succeeded in 1834 by Rev. S. H. McDonald, 
 who was also commissioned by the Domestic Board 
 of Missions. During the ministry of Rev. McDonald, 
 December 9, 1837, the congregational organization 
 was perfected. At a meeting held for the purpose 
 of organization we find that Rev. H. R. Wilson, of 
 Carlisle Presbytery, was appointed moderator, T. 
 I. McKaig secretary, and the following were elected 
 and duly appointed trustees of the Presbyterian 
 
 congregation of Allegany county : Wm. McMahon, 
 
 58 
 
458 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 James Moore of Geo., James M. Smith, John G. 
 Hoffman, Thomas I. McKaig, Joseph B. Hayes, Alex. 
 King, John J. Hoffman, John Boward, John A. 
 Mitchell, William Harness, Jeremiah Berry, Jr., and 
 Charles Heck. 
 
 It was now resolved by the congregation to build 
 a house of worship, and the trustees were authorized 
 to appoint a building committee, consisting of five 
 persons. The committee thus selected consisted of 
 the following gentlemen : J. J. Hoffman, James M. 
 Smith, John G. Hoffman, Thomas I. McKaig and 
 James Moore. The committee went actively to work, 
 and soon raised a sufficient amount of money by 
 subscription to justify them in building their house 
 of worship; a lot had been bequeathed the church as 
 a location by Richard Beall, a wealthy citizen, in 
 1836. This piece of ground was on the west side of 
 Will's Creek, fronting on what is now known as 
 Washington street, and is part of the same lot on 
 which the present handsome Presbyterian church 
 stands. For various reasons the committee did not 
 think proper to build thereon, and the ground was 
 sold, and another lot purchased on Liberty street, 
 north, where the present German Reformed church 
 stands. In fact that identical building was erected by 
 the Presbyterians in 1840, though only about two- 
 thirds the size of the present Liberty street building. 
 Rev. McDonald labored here until 1843, when he 
 was removed to another mission, and was succeeded 
 by Rev. B. Wall, the same year, who was installed 
 first pastor of the church. Mr Wall remained two 
 years, and was succeeded, in 1845, by Rev. John H. 
 
FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 459 
 
 Symmes, who officiated as minister for over seventeen 
 years. Rev. Symmes resigned his charge in 1862, 
 and from the 6th of November of that year until 
 early in 1867 no congregational services were held 
 in the building, which was used a part of the time as 
 a hospital for Union soldiers. 
 
 In March, 1866, Rev. James D. Fitzgerald was 
 temporarily called to this ministry, and the services 
 wore held in the Baptist church edifice, on Bedford 
 street, and wox'ship was continued there throughout 
 the year. In February, 1867, the repairs on the old 
 church on Liberty street were completed, and Rev. 
 Fitzgerald was regularly called as pastor, in October, 
 1868. 
 
 In May, 1871, a provisional sale of the church 
 property on Liberty street was made to the German 
 Reformed congregation for the sum of $5,500, and a 
 full transfer was made in June, 1872. This sale was 
 made with the design of erecting a new house of 
 worship, the trustees having purchased the Devec- 
 mon lot, on Washington street, in August, 1870. 
 The laying of the corner stone of the new church 
 took place on the 4tli of July, 1872, with impressive 
 ceremonies, in which the Masonic lodges took an 
 important part. 
 
 Rev. Fitzgerald tendered his resignation as pastor 
 in April, 1873, and on the 14th of July, the same 
 year. Rev. E. B. Raffensperger was unanimously 
 elected to the charge. The lecture room of the new 
 church was completed and dedicated in August, 1873, 
 and the entire church edifice was fitted for services 
 in June, 1875. 
 
460 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 The church edifice is built of white Narrows sand- 
 stone, and is semi-Gothic in style; it is eighty-seven 
 feet long and forty-five feet wide. The cost of the 
 edifice was about |4 8,000. 
 
 Rev. Raffensperger resigned his pastorate on the 
 1st of October, 1877, and was succeeded February 
 10, 1878, by Rev. J. E. MofFatt, the present min- 
 ister. The number of communicants in this church 
 is 235. 
 
 PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH. 
 
 In the year 1803, the first steps were taken to 
 establish an Episcopal church in Cumberland. On 
 the 16th of October, in that year, the holy com- 
 munion was administered to members of that 
 profession of faith, here, for the first time. During 
 the same year steps were taken to effect the legal 
 organization of the parish, and among the first names 
 in the parish records of the Protestant Episcopal 
 church are those of Lynn, Bruce, Perry, Lamar, Hil- 
 leary, Beall, Thistle, Briscoe, Cresap and Burbridge. 
 A provisional vestry was chosen after divine service, 
 on Easter Monday, of the year 1803, and this vestry 
 selected Mr. John Kewley as a delegate to the con- 
 vention, and recommended him for holy orders. Mr. 
 Kewley was ordained deacon in June, of that year, 
 and about a year following was ordained priest. The 
 convention was petitioned to constitute Allegany 
 county into a parish with territoi'ial bounds, which 
 was claimed as a right inherited by this diocese from 
 the Church of England. The convention replied that 
 they had no power to set them off as a parish, and 
 
PROTESTAKT EPISCOPAL CHURCH. 461 
 
 recommended that they organize under a new act of 
 assembly as a congregation, without regard to terri- 
 torial limits; this was done, and on the 1st of August, 
 following, the same vestrymen were again elected. 
 In 1853, just half a century after the petition of this 
 church, the convention set off Allegany county as 
 "Emmanuel Parish." The first vestry of the parish 
 consisted of the following persons : Patrick Murdock, 
 Hanson Briscoe, David Lynn, Upton Bruce, Robert 
 Tivis, George Hebb^ John B. Beall, and Mr. Hilleary. 
 They appointed Rev. John Kewley minister of the 
 parish, at a salary of £100, Maryland money, 
 equal to about $266.66 United States currency. 
 Previous to his entrance upon the ministry, the 
 presumption is, that Rev. Kewley had been acting as 
 lay reader in the parish. After his ordination he 
 officiated steadily, not only in Cumberland, but at 
 Cresaptown, Murley's Branch, Oldtown, and occa- 
 sionally in Pennsylvania, and in other counties of 
 this State, besides Allegany. His rectorship ended 
 in 1804, at which time he removed from the State. 
 After his withdrawal the parish was without a pastor 
 for more than twenty-four years, and had only such 
 service as was aftbrded by passing clergymen, or 
 those sent on special occasions. In 1834 Rev. 
 Leonai'd II. Johns became rector of the parish. 
 Up to this time the vestry had not owned a house of 
 worship. 
 
 In 1816, or early in 1817, a subscription was 
 opened to build the brick church which occupied the 
 site on Fort Hill, upon which the present beautiful 
 structure stands. The joint efforts of Episcopalians 
 
462 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 and Presbyterians succeeded in raising upwards of 
 f 2,000, and the work of erecting a house of worship 
 for the two sects was begun, but in 1818, before its 
 completion, the lot was sold to satisfy a judgment, 
 and it remained unoccupied for religious purposes, 
 and in an unfinished condition until 1829, when, 
 during the rectorship of Rev. L. H. Johns, "for a 
 considerable sum," Colonel Lamar and Captain Lynn 
 made a deed of the property to Emmanuel Parish. 
 
 Up to this time the Episcopalians had worshipped 
 in the old Lutheran church, (elsewhere noted) when 
 not occupied by other congregations. The church 
 now built by the joint efforts of Episcopalians and 
 Presbyterians was consecrated, and used for the first 
 time in 1830. Rev. Johns resigned his charge in 
 1834, after a ministration of nearly five years. The 
 church was again without a pastor for more than a 
 year, when Rev.Thaddeus M. Leavenworth was called 
 to the rectorship; he remained one year; another 
 vacancy then occurred, of nearly a year, and Rev. 
 Matthias Harris succeeded Rev. T. M. Leavenworth, 
 remaining in charge four and a half years. In 
 October, 1841, Rev. Harris resigned, and was suc- 
 ceeded by Rev. Samuel Buell, who remained until 
 September, 1847, and was succeeded by his brother. 
 Rev. D. H. Buell, during whose ministry the present 
 beautiful structure was reared ; the corner stone being 
 laid in May, 1849, and the building consecrated with 
 solemn services just eighteen months thereafter. 
 
 This building is of yellow sandstone, of Gothic 
 architecture, built in the form of a cross; and ivy- 
 clad as it is, with its sy metrical proportions, stands 
 
FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH. 463 
 
 upon Fort Hill one of the prettiest structures in the 
 country. 
 
 Rev. D. H. Buell resigned his charge in June, 1854, 
 and was succeeded by Rev. Henry Edwards, who 
 remained until October, 1856, and was followed by 
 Dr. William Wiley Arnett, who was rector until 
 1859, when he was removed by death. Dr. William 
 Wallace Spear succeeded Dr. Arnett, and remained 
 from July 4, 1859, to October, 1861. Rev. Orlando 
 Perinchief was rector from May, 1862, to February, 
 1864. He was succeeded by Rev. E. Owen Simpson, 
 who served from July, 1864, to July, 1865, and was 
 followed by Rev. John B. Henry, who died here 
 February, 1868. The church was without a rector, 
 from February, 1868, until the following August, 
 when Dr. Chauncy Colton took charge, and served 
 until July, 1872. Another vacancy occurred in this 
 ministry until February, 1873, when Dr. Stephen 
 Chipman Thrall became rector, and is still in charge. 
 
 From the reorganization of the Parish, December, 
 1853, to 1878, Emmanuel Episcopal church has had 
 but one register, Hopewell Hebb, Esq., the present 
 incumbent. 
 
 The present number of communicants in this 
 church is one hundred and fifty.* 
 
 FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH. 
 
 The precise date at which the Baptists made their 
 advent in Allegany county, like that of the Method- 
 
 *The present ceneratioii will be surprised to note the ereat revolution that society has under- 
 gone with regnid to lotteries since tlie year 1812, when we cile the fact that a lottery scheme 
 was proposed at that date to raise money wherewith to erect a church in this place. 
 
 By an act of the Ijegi&lature of the State of Maryland, bearine date December 17th. 1S12, it was 
 ordered, ''That David Lynn. Wm. McMahon, Upton Bruce, George Hebb. Patrick Murdock 
 Roger Perry and James Seaiight be authorized to prepare a scheme of lottery, and sell and 
 dispose of tickets therein, for raising a sum of money not to exceed $6,000, to be appropriated 
 to the building of a church in the town of Cumberland." 
 
464 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 ists, is very uncertain. Rev. John J. Jacob, of the 
 latter church, says in a letter that treats of early 
 Methodism, that he think the Baptists were here at 
 a date earlier than 1782, but that they subsequently 
 disbanded, and had no organization until a much 
 later date. To use the exact language of Rev. 
 Jacob : "Our Baptist brethren were, I think, a 
 little earlier in the work in this section of the country 
 than we (Methodists) were They made some prose- 
 lytes, but gradually declined, and removed away; 
 so that but few remain at this day," (1831). Thus 
 it will be seen that we have no record of this church, 
 even at a comparatively late period, although the 
 society existed anterior to the year 1782. 
 
 Our first reliable record of this church as an 
 organization dates back only as fixr as 1847 or '48, 
 when seven or eight members banded together and 
 met in the hall above the old Pioneer engine house, 
 on North Centre street. The building in which they 
 met is now occupied by Mr. Charles Keyser, 
 as a green grocery. Rev. Benjamin Griffith, D. D., 
 now secretary of the Baptist Publication Society of 
 Philadelphia, was the first missionary to this little 
 flock, and was also their first pastor. The church 
 dedicated their present house of worship, in Novem- 
 ber, 1849. The building is a brick structure, with a 
 seating capacity for a number largely in excess of 
 the present membership; has a lecture room, baptis- 
 mal tank, and pastor's study; it stands on Bedford, 
 between Front and Columbia streets, and has been 
 recently repainted, and put in thorough repair, 
 making it a neat and comfortable house of worship. 
 
FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH. 465 
 
 The original trustees of this church were Rev. Dr. 
 R. Fuller, Rev. F. Wilson, Rev. B. Griffith, Joseph 
 H. Tucker, and A. F. Roberts. The building was 
 consecrated on Sunday, November 4, 1849, at which 
 time the sermon was pi-eached by Rev. Dr. Fuller. 
 
 Rev. Benjamin Griffith remained in this charge 
 about three and a half years. From this time we 
 find it impossible to give the succinct order of the 
 pastors, and the duration of their ministry here. 
 Even the full names are unattainable. The cause 
 of this was the removal of the records of the church 
 to Baltimore, some years ago, for historic purposes, 
 since which they have never been recovered. 
 
 The Rev. B. Griffith was succeeded by Rev. Price, 
 who remained a short time, and he was succeeded by 
 Rev. John Bray. Mr. Bray was followed by Rev. 
 Brown, who remained only about six months. The 
 next pastor was Rev. J. B. T. Patterson, who was 
 succeeded by Rev. T. P. Warren, and during the 
 ministration of Mr. Warren it was agreed, in a council 
 of the church, to disband it as an organization. 
 
 In the year 1871, Rev. H. J. Chandler was sent to 
 Cumberland as a missionary. Arriving hei'e in 
 January, of that year, he found eighteen members; 
 he subsequently baptized five more, increasing the 
 number to twenty-three, with which the church was 
 re-organized. Rev. Chandler was installed pastor in 
 the same year, 1871. 
 
 Owing to a defect in the title to the lot upon which 
 
 the present church stands, the congregation have had 
 
 to pay twice for their property. The communicants 
 
 now number seventy, although the church book 
 59 
 
466 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 shows an enrollment of over one hundred names. A 
 number of these have moved away, and taken letters 
 of admission to other churches. At this time, Rev. 
 H. J. Chandler is pastor of the church. 
 
 It was from this church Mr. and Mrs. James 
 Landrum Holmes were sent as missionaries to China, 
 where Mr. Holmes was murdered during an outbreak 
 among the inhabitants of that country. His widow 
 has near relatives in this city. 
 
 In November, 1878, Rev. Chandler tendered his 
 resignation as pastor of Bedford street Baptist church, 
 but it was declined by an overwhelming vote of the 
 church. 
 
 ST. PATRICK'S ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. 
 
 The eai'ly history of this church has not been 
 preserved with a satisfactory degree of accuracy, and 
 there are none now living whose memories carry 
 them back to the days of the first missionaiy work 
 done in this county, by the priests who made frequent 
 visits from the lower counties. It is certain that 
 this missionary work was done as early as 1790, and 
 the belief is general that the first church erected 
 under the care of these priests was built about 1794 
 or 1795. The oldest of our citizens in their early 
 lives knew the building as an old church, and it was 
 destroyed in 1850, to make room for Carroll Hall. 
 From the foundation of the church here, it was 
 called "St. Mary's Church," but upon the erection of 
 the new brick edifice, in Father Obermyer's time, 
 this title was changed to " St. Patrick's." 
 
 In 1833 the church was in charge of Rev. Francis 
 
ST. Patrick's roman catholic church. 467 
 
 X. Marshall as pastor, who also ministered to the spir- 
 itual wants of the few scattered Catholics at Arnold's 
 Settlement, (now Mt. Savage) and at Blooming Rose, 
 now in Garrett county. He continued in the same 
 mission until 1837, when he was succeeded by Rev. 
 Henry Myers, who, in 1839, had Rev. B. S. Plot as 
 assistant in these missions until 1840, when the 
 latter gentleman was transferred to EUicott's Mills, 
 leaving Rev. Henr}' Myers in sole charge, until 1842; 
 when Rev. Leonard Obermyer became pastor of St. 
 Mary's, and so continued until 1853, at which time 
 Rev. John B. Byrne was appointed his assistant, and 
 in '1854 became the successor of Rev. L. Obermyer, 
 who was transferred to St. Vincent's Church, Balti- 
 more. The spacious church now known as St. 
 Patrick's was erected by the Rev. L. Obermyer, on 
 the site of the foi-mer one, St. Mary's. 
 
 After the departure of Rev. John B. Byrne, in the 
 year 1854, the Rev. P. B. Lenaghan was appointed 
 pastor of St. Patrick's, and was succeeded in 1856 by 
 Rev. James ('arney, who was, at a later date, suc- 
 ceeded by Rev. Michael O'Reilley. 
 
 In 1859, St. Patrick's was in charge of Rev. George 
 Flaut, as pastor, and Rev. Edward Brennan, as assist- 
 ant; and after the depai'ture of Rev. G. Flaut, Rev. 
 E. Brennan became pastor, and has so continued to 
 the present time. Revs. Edmund Didier, Father 
 Barry, James Cai'ey, Charles Darner, and F. S. Ryan 
 became successively assistant pastors of St. Patrick's, 
 the last-named reverend gentleman filling that posi- 
 tion at the present time. 
 
 In the year 1850, "Carroll Hall," now used as a 
 
468 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 parochial school building, was erected, and at that 
 time a literary society, called "Carroll Institute," 
 was established. 
 
 In 1866, St. Edward's Academy, a large and com- 
 modious brick structure, was built, and placed under 
 the government of the Sisters of Mercy. It is 
 devoted solely to the education of young ladies, many 
 of whom, of various Protestant denominations, as 
 well as Catholic, have been educated within its walls. 
 
 In 1875 the present handsome parochial residence 
 in rear of Carroll Hall was built. 
 
 St. Patrick's church edifice stands upon North 
 Centre street, and is of the Ionic style of architec- 
 ture, built of brick, 140 feet long, exclusive of portico 
 and sacristy, and 60 feet wide, with an interior 
 height from 11 oor to ceiling of 40 feet. The interior 
 is handsomely frescoed and ornamented, and has a 
 fine organ. The building has a seating capacity, 
 exclusive of the choir gallery, of about 1,000. 
 
 SS. PETER AND PAUL'S GERMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. 
 
 The earliest history we have of the German 
 Catholic church, in this city, dates back to the year 
 1847. There were at that time only a few German 
 Catholic families residing in the city limits. 
 
 In the spring of 1847, meetings, composed of the 
 German Catholic families, of the city and vicinity, 
 were held in the basement of St. Patrick's Catholic 
 church, which occupied the site of the present struc- 
 ture, on north Centre street. These meetings were 
 held twice a month during the summer, at which time 
 about $300 was raised by subscription, for the 
 purpose of erecting a house of worship. 
 
SS. PETER AND PAUL's GERMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. 469 
 
 In the meantime, the members had been looking 
 around them for a suitable place on which to locate 
 their building. After several sites had been suggested 
 they finally determined upon the lot upon which their 
 present imposing edifice is erected. 
 
 During the previous worship of this people a priest 
 came from Baltimore every three months, and offi- 
 ciated at the altar. 
 
 While the question of church location was yet 
 pending. Father Neuman, afterwards Bishop of Phila- 
 delphia, arrived in Cumberland, and approved the 
 site that was finally selected. 
 
 The lot was purchased of King's heirs, through 
 their agent, Mr. McCulloh, for the sum of $350. 
 Some time elapsed, however, before a title was 
 obtained, owing to the fact that the heirs from whom 
 the property was purchased, were scattered in various 
 parts of the country. This delayed the building of 
 the house until the following spring. The deed was 
 finally executed in the name of Samuel Eccleston, 
 Archbishop of Baltimore, and his successors, in their 
 corporate capacity, in trust for the German Catholics 
 of Cumberland and vicinity. 
 
 Early in the spring, of 1848, the work of digging, 
 and constructing the foundation was begun, and on 
 the 4th of June, the same year, the corner stone was 
 laid with imposing ceremonies, conducted by Right 
 Reverend Archbishop Eccleston, assisted by Father 
 Obermyer and Father Helenbrecht, the latter one of 
 the priests of the Redemptorist order in Ikiltimore. 
 
 The building of the church progressed rapidly, 
 under the supervision of the architect, Mr. Joseph 
 
470 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 Noll, and the labor of the builders, Messrs. Francis 
 Haley & Bro., and was put under roof in the fall of 
 1848. 
 
 In the spring, of 1849, a Redeinptorist priest, 
 named Father Urbauzick, was sent from the diocese' 
 of Baltimore, and during his administration the 
 church was completed (September, 1849). 
 
 The dedicatory services took place the same month, 
 at which time a second priest, Father Kronenberger, 
 of the Rodemptorists, was sent to this point, who 
 remained in charge. 
 
 The church edifice was originally ninety feet in 
 length, exclusive of the altar recess, and fifty feet in 
 breadth ; it was subsequently lengthened twenty-four 
 feet, the addition being made in 187'2. 
 
 The society rapidly increased, and in the year 
 1852 a seminary for the education of priests of the 
 Redemptorist order was erected on a part of the lot 
 belonging to the church, and contiguous thereto, and 
 in the year 1855 or 1856, it was found necessary to 
 increase the size of the seminary building. With 
 this view a lot was purchased by the priests, and the 
 building augmented to its present size, being now 
 one hundred feet in length by forty in breadth, and 
 six stories in height, built of brick, in a very sub- 
 stantial manner. It stands upon an eminence, on 
 the west side of Will's Creek, from whence is obtained 
 one of the finest views of Cumberland and her girdle 
 of mountains. 
 
 The Q^der of Redemptorists afterwards purchased 
 a lot west of their church, on which stood the old 
 "Allegany County Academy," and upon this lot they 
 
BEDFORD STREET M. P. CHURCH. 471 
 
 erected a j^arochial school house. Hitherto, for some 
 years, a parochial school had been taught in the 
 basement of the church building. This school was 
 continued in the old Academy until the new structure 
 was fitted for occupancy. 
 
 In May, 1870, the church built a Convent on part 
 of the same lot, immediately west of the school house, 
 and the services of three sisters of the Ursuline order, 
 from the Convent at Louisville, Kentucky, were 
 obtained to instruct the children of the congregation. 
 
 The church was under the administration of the 
 Redemptorist fathers from 1849 to 1866, at which 
 time the Redemptorists gave place to the priests of 
 the order of Carmelites, who came here from Leaven- 
 worth, Kansas, and who were succeeded in 1875 by 
 priests of the Capucin order, from the province of 
 Muenster,in Westphalia, Germany, who are officiating 
 at this time. 
 
 The number of communicants in this church, 
 inclusive of children, is about 1,800. 
 
 The priest now ministering in this church is 
 Father Francis, who is assisted by other priests of 
 the order of ("apucins in the seminary. 
 
 BEDFORD STREET M. P. CHURCH. 
 
 In the spring of 1836, the Home Missionary Society 
 of the Maryland Annual Conference, of the Methodist 
 Protestant church, sent Rev. Dennis B. Dorsey as a 
 missionary to Allegany county. Among other of 
 numerous places at which he preached, was the town 
 of Cumberland, and here he formed a society com- 
 posed of John Gephart, Addison L. Withers, and 
 
472 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 William Haller, with their respective families. Ser- 
 vices were held statedly in the basement of the 
 English Lutheran church, until Rev. Dorsey was 
 succeeded by Rev. John Elderdice, when it was 
 found necessary to seek another place of worship. 
 
 In the fall of 1838, this little band went to work 
 with a will, and built their first church edifice, a 
 little "rbugh-cast" house, 20 by 48 feet, on Blocher, 
 now called Bedford, street. 
 
 The congregation rapidly increased, until it was 
 found that the little "rough-cast" was too small to 
 accommodate the congregation, and it became neces- 
 sary to build a larger house of worship. Accordingly, 
 in 1849, under the pastorate of Rev. W. T. Eva, the 
 original house was superseded by the present 
 substantial brick structure, that stands at the inter- 
 section of Front and Bedford streets, and in 1852 a 
 comfortable brick parsonage was erected on a lot 
 adjoining the church. 
 
 The history of the church from 18-32 to the fall of 
 1871 is one of comparative success. In the fall of 
 1871, Rev. Henry Nice, appointed by the Conference 
 of the Methodist Protestant church to this station, 
 becoming dissatisfied with his church relations, desired 
 to transfer his membership together with the Bedford 
 street church property, to the Methodist Episcopal 
 church. In this he was supported by a number of 
 the members of his charge. This condition of things 
 was duly reported to the President of the Maryland 
 District Methodist Protestant church, (Rev. D. Evans 
 Reese, D. D.) and the relations between Mr. Nice 
 and the church were severed. In the interim the 
 
BEDFORD STREET M. P. CHURCH. 473 
 
 church property on Bedford street was leased to a 
 board of trustees, elected or appointed by the Centre 
 street M. E. Church, and Mr. Nice was received into 
 the Baltimore Conference of the Methodist Episcopal 
 church. Strenuous eftbrts wore made by the Method- 
 ist Protestants to get the representatives of the 
 Methodist Episcopal church to relinquish the occu- 
 pancy of the building. Failing in tliis. the Maryland 
 Conference, at its session in March, 1872, adopted 
 a resolution authorizing the board of managers of 
 the missionary society, of the Maryland Conference, 
 to employ competent legal counsel, and under such 
 direction, to proceed, without delay, to recover pos- 
 session of the church and parsonage, of the Methodist 
 Protestant church, in the city of Cumberland. In 
 accordance with this resolution, suit was entered, 
 and after all the postponements and delays common 
 to a court of chancery, the property was remanded 
 to the possession and control of the Methodist Pro- 
 testants, in the spring of 1875. 
 
 After obtaining possession of the property again, 
 the Methodist Protestant Conference, by its President, 
 appointed Rev. T. H. Lewis pastor, in charge of this 
 station, in the summer of 1875. Mr. Lewis was an 
 earnest, zealous worker, and soon succeeded in re- 
 organizing the church, and, with but few exceptions, 
 the old members returned to their former place of 
 worship. Rev. Lewis was succeeded in the spring of 
 1877, by Rev. Francis T. Little, the present pastor, 
 under whose ministry the church has sensibly 
 increased, having a larger number of members upon 
 
 its church book than at any former period of its 
 60 
 
474 history: of Cumberland. 
 
 history. The church has also a large and flourishing 
 Sunday school under its management. The number 
 of communicants in this church is now 175. 
 
 GERMAN LUTHERAN CHURCH. 
 
 In our account of the English Lutheran church of 
 Cumberland, we mentioned that the congregation of 
 that church, then worshipping in a log building, near 
 the site of the present English Lutheran church, was 
 composed partly of Germans, and that the service 
 was for some time conducted in both tlie English 
 and German languages. 
 
 In the year 1839, the Germans separated from the 
 English Lutherans, and obtained the services of Rev. 
 Mr. Kehler, to preach to them in their native tongue, 
 every fourth Sunday, at 2 o'clock p. m. These ser- 
 vices were held in the old log church of the English 
 Lutherans. We have not the exact date at which 
 Rev. Kehler left, nor how long he continued serving 
 the German Lutherans, but he was succeeded by Rev. 
 Winecoff, who remained until 1843. The German 
 Lutherans materially aided their English brethren 
 in contributions toward their *new church, (the 
 present structure). Rev. Winecoflf was succeeded by 
 Rev. Samuel Finkle, who preached for the congre- 
 gation every two weeks. He came in the fall of 
 1844, and left in the fall of 1846. At the close of 
 Mr. Pinkie's ministry, the Germans obtained the 
 services of Rev. Peter Rizer, the English Lutherans 
 considering it impracticable to supply a pastor who 
 spoke both languages. Rev. Rizer preached especially 
 to the German Lutherans every Sunday. 
 
GERMAN LUTHERAN CHURCH. 475 
 
 In the spi-ing of 1848, the vestry of the German 
 Lutheran church received a letter from the vestry of 
 the English Lutherans indicating that the latter 
 Avould in future require the sole use of their place of 
 worship, whereupon the former, with a membership 
 of thirty-five, begun the work of erecting the present 
 massive structure on Bedford street. 
 
 This church, which is of Tuscan style of architec- 
 ture, was designed by Mr. Henry Smenner, a member 
 of the church. It has a steeple 150 feet in height 
 from the ground, and 100 feet clear of the roof; in 
 the tower of this steeple is fixed the only town clock, 
 or public time enunciator, we have at this time. The 
 church was finished and dedicated March 17, 1850. 
 The corner stone was laid the June preceding, with 
 an imposing display, there being on that occasion a 
 procession of Clergy, professional gentlemen, Mayor, 
 and City Council, Freemasons, Odd Fellows, Sons of 
 Temperance, Red Men, German Society, trustees, 
 and members of the congregation. The church 
 stands on Bedford, near Decatur, street, and is not 
 only large and commodious, but is a monument to the 
 indomitable energy and perseverance of the fathers 
 who reared the house. Among those whose names 
 are connected with the erection of this building 
 are, H. Hanekamp, Deitrich Lear, Christian Een- 
 ninger, Henry Smith, Mr. Buckholtz, Mr. Stier, John 
 Weibel. and George Martz. 
 
 Rev. Peter Rizer was pastor of this congregation 
 from June 3, 1847, to October 15, 1849. He was 
 succeeded in 1849 by Rev. C. Schwankoosky, who 
 remained until 1852. Rev. Bauman succeeded him 
 
476 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 and remained until 1855, when tlie Rev. Daniel 
 Maier was called, who remained until 1858. Mr. 
 Maier was succeeded by Rev. G. H. Vosseler, who 
 filled the pulpit until 1866; from this time until 
 June, 1867, the pastoral duties were performed by 
 "Father" Heyer. In June, 1867, Rev. John Philip 
 Conradi was installed as pastor, and fills the position 
 at this date. 
 
 Upon the record of this church we find the follow- 
 ing entry : 
 
 "On the 10th of August, 1853, the cholera appeared 
 in this town , and took away sixteen fathers of fami- 
 lies, and six mothers, from this church; many children 
 also died, but as the force of the epidemic was so 
 great, the burials took place at night, and I, myself, 
 was for some time very ill, it was impossible to obtain 
 names, ages, and dates of death." This record was 
 made by Rev. Bauman. 
 
 The number of communicants in the church at this 
 date is about 500. 
 
 BAIR CHAJIM CHURCH. 
 
 On the 27th day of April, 1853, a little band of 
 Israelites, residing in Cumberland, met together for 
 the purpose of organizing a congregation for religious 
 worship, according to the faith of their fathers. 
 The room in which they then assembled was in an 
 upper story of No. 22 Baltimore street, and was 
 occupied by the congregation until the spring of 
 1854, when the place of meeting was changed to an 
 upper room on the corner of Centre and Baltimore 
 streets, opposite the English Lutheran church. In 
 
BAIR CIIA.IIM CHURCH. 477 
 
 the spring of 1858, they again changed their place of 
 meeting to the building on the west side of Will's 
 Creek, nearly opposite Emmanuel Episcopal church, 
 known then as Semmes' Law Building, which still 
 stands at this day. 
 
 This first congregation of Israelites was organized 
 with II. Rosenbach, President; A. Scheilds, Vice 
 President; H. Adler, Secretary, and S. Nathan, Trea- 
 surer. The following board of trustees was also 
 elected at that time: Samuel Sonneborn. and S. 
 Burgunder. 
 
 From this time it was the law of the congregation 
 to observe the Sabbath strictly, and all the holy days 
 enjoined by the Mosaic Law; for the more regular 
 observance of which, worship in congregational form 
 was at once instituted. 
 
 On the 19th of November, of the same year, the 
 congregation concluded, after due deliberation, to 
 enoaoe a reader, and the services of Rev. Juda 
 Wechsler were at once secured. Mr. Wechsler 
 remained in charge one year, and at the end of that 
 time was succeeded by Rev. Mr. Hermann. Mr. 
 Hermann remained two years, and was followed by 
 Rev. Isaac Strauss, who was succeeded by Rev. Mr. 
 Freundlich, who officiated one year, and was suc- 
 ceeded by Rev. A. Laser, who continued in charge 
 until the year 1860, when he was followed by Rev. 
 Isaac Gottlieb, who served the congregation four 
 years, and was succeeded by Rev. Isaac Baum, who 
 remained until 1809. 
 
 In the year 1866, during the ministry of Rev. 
 Baum, the present synagogue, corner of South Centre 
 
478 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 and Union streets, was erected. The building is a 
 neat l^rick structure, with a seating capacity for 
 about one hundred and fifty persons. Attached to 
 the synagogue, and situated in the basement of the 
 building, is a school room, where the children of the 
 congregation are taught, by the minister or reader, 
 who contracts with the church for this duty when 
 he enters upon his pastoral charge. The school 
 dates its oi'ganization from the time of the establish- 
 ment of the congregation. 
 
 On the 2d day of March, 1&67, the synagogue on 
 Centre street was dedicated with religious obser- 
 vances, on which occasion Rev. B. Szold, and H. 
 Hockheimer, of Baltimore, and Rev. Baura. of 
 Cumberland, officiated. 
 
 In 1869, Rev. A. Oisenheimer succeeded Mr. Baum 
 as reader, and held the position until the 24th day of 
 April, 1871, when he died, suddenly, of heart disease, 
 and was buried in the Hebrew cemetery, in this city. 
 
 Rev. Openheimer was succeeded in 1871, by Rev. 
 A. Bonheim, who remained until 1873, and was 
 followed by Rev. G. Levi, who officiated until 1875, 
 when Rev. M. Wurzel was called to the charge. 
 Mr. Wurzel continued here two years, and was 
 succeeded in 1877 by Rev. L. Eiseman, the present 
 incumbent. In the year 1853 the congregation pur- 
 chased a piece of ground on the Baltimore pike, east 
 of, and contiguous to, the city, for burial purposes. 
 They have since greatly enlarged and improved the 
 same. 
 
 The congregation numbers at present twenty mem- 
 bers, and the number of pew holders is about eighty. 
 
TRINITY EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH. 479 
 
 Trinity congregation, of the Lutherans who adhere 
 to the "Unaltered Augsburg Confession of Faith," 
 was once a part of, and in affiliation with, the congre- 
 gation that worships in the church on Bedford, near 
 Decatur, street, but who separated from the latter 
 about the year 1852. 
 
 About this date. Rev. E. G. W. Kejd, of Baltimore, 
 came to Cumberland, and preached for this body. 
 The meetings were held in the old Court House. 
 Fullowing Mr. Keyl came Rev. Mr. Nortman and 
 Rev. Sommer, who preached for the congregation 
 alternately. These services were held at irregular 
 intervals, and continued until the year 1854, when 
 the present house of worship w^as built, although a 
 congregation had been previously organized, with a 
 pastor in charge. 
 
 Bf reference to the records we find that Rev. J. 
 F. Biltz came to this charge in October, 1853, and 
 remained about seven years. He was succeeded in 
 the spring of 1860 by Rev. Conrad H. Steger. In 
 June, 1854, the corner-stone of the new church, on 
 North Centre street, was laid. This building is a 
 neat and substantial brick edifice, 50 feet long by 30 
 wide, and capable of seating about 300 persons. It 
 is built in modern style, to show full two stories. 
 The house was completed the same year, and dedi- 
 cated to religious worship. Rev. Steger remained in 
 charge of this church two years, and was succeeded 
 by Rev. W. Kaehler. Mr. Kaehler was followed, 
 in 1865, by Rev. Conrad Schwankoosky, who re- 
 mained until 1871. Rev. Schwankoosky had been 
 pastor of the United German Lutheran church, in 
 
480 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 former years, but had separated from that organiza- 
 tion, and connected himself with those who held to 
 the "Unaltered Augsburg Confession." The next 
 pastor in charge of this chui'ch was Rev. Frederick 
 Kuegele, who came here the 20th of May, 1871, and 
 is officiating at this time. 
 
 There is a parochial school attached to the church, 
 which is taught by the pastor. The present number 
 of pupils registered is 33. The number of commu- 
 nicants in the church is 142. 
 
 KINGSLEY M. E. CHAPEL. 
 
 The idea of erecting a Methodist Episcopal chapel 
 in South Cumberland, originated with a few zealous 
 members of Centre street M. E. church, among whom 
 were S. T. Little, John Kellenbeck, and Samuel 
 Milford, who, taking in view the wants of the mem- 
 bers who were settling in that part of the city, in 
 consequence of the establishment of the Baltimore 
 and Ohio Railroad Company's Rolling Mills, wished 
 to place them in more convenient reach of a house of 
 worship. 
 
 In the month of August, 1870, the lot on which 
 the chapel and parsonage stand was leased, at an 
 annual ground rent of $30, and the chapel, a plain 
 frame building, 30 by 45 feet, was erected. The 
 structure was completed on the 5th of December, 
 1870, at a cost of |1,000, and on the 10th of the 
 same month was subsequently dedicated to God's 
 worship, by Rev. E. J. Gray, then pastor of the M. 
 E. church in Frostburg, Md., at which time sufficient 
 money was collected to relieve the church from 
 debt. 
 
KINGSLET M. E. CHAPEL. 481 
 
 The Presiding Elder, for this circuit, appointed 
 Rev. J. McK. Walsh, a supernumerary preacher, of 
 Baltimore Conference, to take charge of the new 
 chapel, which charge he held until the session of 
 the annual conference, in March, 1871, when Rev. 
 A. J. Gill became the regular pastor, who, on the 
 19th day of March, preached his first sermon in the 
 building, and received into membership, by certificate, 
 the following persons : S. T. Little, Samuel Milford, 
 John Kellenbeck, George Johnson, Samuel Johnson, 
 Henry Mahaney, Howard Deetz, John Kope, Eliza- 
 beth Milford, Elizabeth Kellenbeck, Ellen Fisher, 
 and Amos Fisher. 
 
 On the 6th of April, following, the first regular 
 quartei-ly conference of this church was held at the 
 residence of John Kellenbeck, and the following 
 officers were elected: Trustees, Jesse Korns, S. T. 
 Little, Samuel Johnson, S.amuel Milford, and W. R. 
 Mudge. Stewards. S. T. Little, John Kellenbeck, 
 and Howard Deetz. 
 
 Rev. Gill continued to officiate in this charge two 
 years, and was succeeded in March, 1873, by Rev. S. 
 M. Alford, who remained three years, and was suc- 
 ceeded in March, 1876, by Rev. W. H. Reed, who 
 ministered to the congregation one year. 
 
 It was during the pastorate of Rev. Mr. Reed that 
 the parsonage, a neat frame residence, was erected. 
 
 In March, 1877, Rev. D. M. Browning, the present 
 
 pastor, was appointed to this charge. The earlier 
 
 history of this chui'ch was that of marked prosperity, 
 
 but for the past few years it has suffered loss, on 
 
 account of the stoppage and irregular working of the 
 61 
 
482 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 Baltimore and Ohio rolling mills, in which many of 
 the members of this congregation found employment 
 in more prosperous times. 
 
 The number of communicants in this church is 
 about 90. 
 
 ZION GERMAN REFOUMKD CHURCH. 
 
 This church congregation meets in what was for- 
 merly known as the old Presbyterian church, a large 
 brick edifice, with cupola and belfry, situated on 
 north Liberty, between Baltimore and Bedford, 
 streets. 
 
 The first misson of this church was established in 
 1867, with Rev. A. Wanner as missionary, who 
 remained until 1871. Previous to the arrival of Mr. 
 Wanner, preaching by ministers of this profession 
 took place occasionally, at which times the Presby- 
 terians kindly granted the use of their building on 
 Liberty street. 
 
 In May, 1871, the congregation, having been fully 
 established, made a provisional purchase of their 
 present house of worship, from the Presbyterians, 
 although a full title was not obtained until June, 
 1872, the price then paid being $5,500. From this 
 time stated servicers were held in this building. 
 
 The first regular pastor was Rev. C. Cast, who 
 was installed in 1871, and remained in charge until 
 1874, when he was succeeded by Rev F. R. Schwedes, 
 the present incumbent. 
 
 The congregation of this church own a cemetery, 
 three acres in extent, situated on the Baltimore pike, 
 a little east of the city. 
 
CHRIST REFORMED EPISCOPAL CHURCH. 483 
 
 A Sunday school, under the patronage of the 
 church, numbers about 125 scholars. 
 
 The number of" communicants in this church is 
 about 150. 
 
 CHRIST REFORMED EPISCOPAL CHURCH. 
 
 The inaugural services of this church were held in 
 Trinity M. E. church, South, corner of south Centre 
 and Union streets, on Sunday, May 14, 1876, when 
 Bishop George D. Cummins, Presiding Bishop of 
 the Reformed Episcopal church, officiated, assisted by 
 John K. Dunn, the present pastor. At this time 
 services were held morning and evening, the Bishop 
 preaching on both occasions. 
 
 Two days thereafter (Tuesday, May 16), a num- 
 ber of gentlemen met at the office of Geo. Henderson, 
 Jr., on north Liberty street, and organized a parish, 
 and established a church, under the name of Christ 
 Reformed Episcopal Church. Rev. J. K. Dunn was 
 chosen rector, and a vestry consisting of the following 
 persons was elected: Wardens, Dr. S. P. Smith, 
 and George Henderson, Jr. Vestrymen, Thomas 
 Johns, George A. Pearre, Jonathan W. Magruder, 
 E. T. Shriver, C. J. Orrick, Dr. S. H. Fundenberg, 
 J. W. Pearce and W. H. Hai-rison. 
 
 On the following Sunday, (May 21, 1876,) regular 
 services of the newly organized parish were held for 
 the first time, in the Hall of the Young Men's ('hris- 
 tian Association, north Centre street. Rev. John K 
 Dunn rector, ofiiciating. In the course of a month 
 about twenty-five members were enrolled upon the 
 church book as communicants. 
 
484 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 A Sunday school under the management of this 
 church was established on the afternoon of Sunday, 
 May 21, 1876, in the same place. 
 
 The services of the church were contiiuied in the 
 Hall of the Young Men's Christian Association, until 
 March, 1877, when the congregation purchased 
 Trinity M. E church building, on south Centre street, 
 for the sum of |5,5()0 in cash, the congregation of 
 that church having disbanded some months previous. 
 The building thus purchased by Christ Reformed 
 Episcopal church has been in their occupancy ever 
 since, stated worship being held there at this time. 
 
 The present number of communicants is about 70, 
 and the Sunday school now numbers about 170 
 scholars. 
 
 McKENDREE (AFRICAN) M. E. CHAPEL. 
 
 The church now known as McKendree M. E. 
 Chapel Congregation, is composed of colored people, 
 who formerly worshipped with the congregation of 
 the Centre street M. E. church, and were under the 
 government of the Baltimore Conference, as their 
 white brethren. In the fall of 1854, the colored 
 portion of the Centre street M. E. church withdrew 
 from the whites, and organized a separate congrega- 
 tion. They purchased their present house of worship 
 during that year, and have occupied it for religious 
 purposes ever since. 
 
 The building is a modern brick structure, and was 
 originally 30 by 40 feet, but during the pastorate of 
 Rev. M. Spreddles it was lengthened eight feet. It 
 is finished as a two story building. 
 
MCKENDREE M. E. CHAPEL. 485 
 
 Among the first trustees of this church we find the 
 names of Lewis Graham, Joseph Taper, James Tibbs, 
 and Eli Robinson. 
 
 The congregation, at tlie time of its organization, 
 numbered about forty. Tlie first pastor was Rev. 
 Henry Matthews, who remained one and a half 
 years, and was succeeded by Rev. W. S. Wilson, who 
 served three years, and was followed in 1869 by 
 Rev. M. Spreddles, who remained until 1872, when 
 he was succeeded by Rev. E. Lawson. Rev. Lawson 
 served only one year, and was succeeded in 1873, by 
 Rev. Thomas Davis, who, after a bi'ief ministry 
 withdrew from this confei'ence, and united with 
 another. In 1874, Rev A. B. Wilson came here to 
 fill the unexpired term of Rev. Davis, and remained 
 until February, 1875, and was succeeded by Rev. 
 Henry Cellers, who is the present pastor. 
 
 The church has a Sunday school under its man- 
 agement. The number of communicants at this 
 time is 90. 
 
 AFRICAN M. E. CHURCH. 
 
 For many years the colored persons of the Meth- 
 odist Episcopal faith were accustomed to attend 
 services at the Centre street M. E. church, where a 
 portion of the gallery was set apart for their use. 
 But in 1848 they determined to provide themselves 
 with a house of worship, and therefore effected an 
 organization, and elected a board of trustees, as fol- 
 lows: Nathaniel Burgee, Philip Only, Jacob Mitchell, 
 Wm. Hamilton, John Page, John Murdoch, and 
 Henry Robinson. Father Golden, of Baltimore, came 
 
486 history: of Cumberland. 
 
 here, and devoted himself to the work, and before 
 the close of the year, succeeded in securing the 
 erection and completion of a plain l)rick building, on 
 Frederick street extended. In 1871, the house was 
 rebuilt and enlarged, and in 1875, was again 
 enlarged, to accommodate the increasing member- 
 ship. 
 
 The pastors who have served in this church, from 
 the date of its organization, are as follows, beginning, 
 in 1848, with Father Golden: His successors were 
 Rev. Thomas Henry, Dr. Watts, D. A. Ridout, James 
 Sterricks, Mr. Russell. R. A. Hall, John F. Lane, 
 William Smith, C. Sampson, Wm. II. Waters, 
 Joseph Thompson, Jas. H. A. Johnson, J. B. Ham- 
 ilton, and J. M. Cargill, the latter having been 
 appointed to this charge early in 1877, and being 
 still the pastor of the church, which is quite pros- 
 perous. 
 
 EBENEZER BAPTIST CHURCH. 
 
 Ebenezer, African, Baptist church, was organized 
 
 in the spring of 1875, by the Revs. H. J. Chandler, 
 
 of Bedford street Baptist church, in Cumberland, and 
 
 •James Nelson, then of Georgetown, D. C, now of 
 
 Farmville, Va. 
 
 The first congregational worship of this body was 
 in the third story of the west end of Reynolds's 
 Block, on Baltimore, between Liberty and Mechanic, 
 streets. The number of members enrolled at the 
 time of organization was about twenty, and Rev. 
 Lewis Hicks, the present pastor, was then installed. 
 
 This church continued to worship in Reynolds's 
 Block until their new church edifice was built, on 
 
EBENEZER BAPTIST CIIURCPI. 487 
 
 Curaberlaud street, on the west side of Will's Creek. 
 The corner stone of this building was laid in August, 
 1875, Dr. S. C. Thrall, of Emmanuel Episcopal 
 church, and Rev. H. J. Chandler, of Bedford street 
 Baptist church, officiating, and the house was pushed 
 forward to completion by the end of the year. 
 
 The lot on which the church is located was pur- 
 chased of George Henderson, Jr., and deeded to 
 Tiewis Hicks, Willie Johnson, Robert Trent, Simon 
 Bolden, and John H. Thomas, a committee appointed 
 by Ebenezer Baptist church of Cumberland. 
 
 The building is a modern brick structure, finished 
 to show two stories in height, and 40 feet in length 
 by 28 in breadth. 
 
 The building of tiiis house of worship evinced a 
 degree of courage and energy truly remarkable. At 
 a time when there was a great scarcity of money, and 
 a prostration of business, the work was projected, 
 and it was carried forward under trials and difficulties 
 innumerable, by a class of men dependent on their 
 labor for daily bread. 
 
 A small Sunday school is in operation, under the 
 management of this church. The number of com- 
 municants is about 15. 
 
THE CITY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 The City of Cumberland is located at the Eastern 
 
 base of the Allegany Mountains, on the banks of the 
 
 North Branch of the Potomac River and of Will's 
 
 Creek, at the mouth of the latter stream. Her 
 
 geograpical position is 39° 39' 14" latitude; longitude, 
 
 in arc 78° 45' 25"; in time 5A. 15m. 01.7s. The city 
 
 is surrounded by mountains and abrupt blufls on all 
 
 sides, but has natural t)utlets in every direction, 
 
 through which easy passage has been found for her 
 
 channels of communication with other parts of the 
 
 world. Not only has the valley east of Will's Creek 
 
 been built up with streets, residences, business houses 
 
 and factories, but the hills have been scaled, and on 
 
 every side improved by the hands of enterprise and 
 
 progress. The picturesque beauty of the place is 
 
 scarcely surpas.sed by any other spot in the country, 
 
 while some of the surroundings are grand and 
 
 imposing in the extreme. There are few points from 
 
 which the entire city can be brought into view at 
 
 one glance, but from every point of observation the 
 
 eye is greeted with a variety of scenery of exceptional 
 
 attraction, and the natural beauty of the vision 
 
 is enhanced by the architectural improvements which 
 
 have converted the quiet hill and vale into scenes of 
 
 busy life. From every hill side flash into view lofty 
 62 
 
490 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 spires, temples built of native stone, charming villas, 
 towered edifices, and comfortable homes, evincing 
 educated tastes and refined ideas. The placid 
 Potomac, forming the southern boundary of the city, 
 is apparently land-locked, and presents the appear- 
 ance of a modest lake, upon whose bosom is mirrored 
 the beauty of its leafy shores; while ^^the swifter 
 waters of Will's Creek come purling into the very 
 heart of the town, cool and fresh, I'rom the sombre 
 shades of the wondrous "Narrows." Southward the 
 waters of the two streams tumble over a dam of 
 solid masonry, and skirt the base of "• Nobley" Moun- 
 tain, until they disappear from view at the edge of 
 the city, some half mile lower down the channel. 
 Eastward is a series of bluffs, some three hundred 
 feet in height, known as "Shriver's Hill," "McKaig's 
 Hill," and "Fort Hill." The sides of these hills are 
 dotted with dwellings, and cultivated fields, in many 
 places, while the gorges between have been converted 
 into streets and roads. On the south, and on the 
 opposite side of the river, in West Virginia, Nobley 
 Mountains rise in their self-asserting grandeur, and 
 with the rich bottom lands lying at their feet, form a 
 picture worthy to be transferred to canvas, if a brush 
 can be found to do them justice. On a knob, around 
 which the river sweeps with a graceful curve, stands 
 the beautiful villa of Capt. Roger Perry, of the navy, 
 forming one of the most prominent and attractive 
 pictures of the panorama of the city. (Jumberland is 
 divided into two parts by the waters of Will's Creek. 
 That portion lying east of the Creek comprises the 
 greater part of the business houses, hotels, mills. 
 
CITY OF CUMBERLAND. 491 
 
 factories, wharves, railroad depots, &c., besides the 
 elegant structure recently erected as a City Hall, 
 and a number oi' streets desirable as places of resi- 
 dence. The west side is devoted almost exclusively 
 to private residences, and there are few thoroughfares 
 in the smaller cities of the Union, superior to Wash- 
 ington street in the cliaracter of its buildings and 
 their tasteful surroundings. This avenue is well 
 lined with shade trees, while spacious grounds and 
 cultivated shrubbery surround almost every house. 
 On it are located also the Court House, a handsome 
 building, and two fine stone church edifices. 
 
 The Potomac River is spanned by an iron bridge, 
 built by the city, for the purpose of aflbrding easy 
 communication with the people of West Virginia. 
 (3ver Will's Creek are three iron bridges for general 
 tratfic, one iron bridge for railroad purposes, one 
 bridge for the passage of canal boat teams, and the 
 splendid brick viaduct, built by the Baltimore and 
 Ohio Railroad Company, in 1850, for the passage of 
 its trains. This latter is about one sixth of a mile 
 ill length, has foui'teen arches, and spans several 
 streets, as well as the Creek. In addition to these 
 there is a bridge of solid masonry at the north end 
 of the city, constructed by the general government, 
 as a part of its great improvement known as the 
 National Road. 
 
 The streets are quite irregular, in the eastern 
 section, and seem to have followed, to a great extent, 
 the courses of the old roads. They are from thirty 
 to sixty feet in width, and with few exceptions are 
 graded and paved with cobble stones. Large sums 
 
492 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 of money were spent in this work originally, and 
 thousands of dollars are now applied every year to 
 the cleansing and repair of the same. 
 
 The climate is mild, but changeable. The ex- 
 tremes of heat and cold are not so great as those 
 common to points in the same latitude, and altogether 
 the city may be said to be quite healthy, as there are 
 no types of disease that become epidemic. In the 
 summer season, no matter how warm the weather 
 may be during the day, the nights are cool and 
 pleasant. 
 
 The business houses are generally of a substantial, 
 respectable and attractive character, and as a rule 
 the merchants confine themselves each to a particular 
 branch of trade, instead of keeping a " general" stock 
 of merchandise on hand. There are many wholesale 
 houses that have a good trade, and they are able to 
 compete with jobbers in the larger cities East and 
 West. 
 
 "The city is on the outer edge of the great Coal 
 Basin which goes by its name, connected with it by 
 the lines of the Cumberland and Pennsylvania Rail- 
 road, and the Cumberland Coal and Iron Company's 
 Railroad. 
 
 " The population of Cumberland, according to the 
 census of 1870, was 8,05G ; in 1 873, 11 ,300. As the 
 city has grown rapidly since that time it is probably 
 safe to estimate its present jwpulation at about 
 13,000. 
 
 " It is an incorporated city, governed by a Mayor 
 and Board of Councilmen ; with a regularly organized 
 police force. The city is lighted by gas, and supplied 
 
CITY OF CUMBERLAND. 493 
 
 with water from the Potomac river, by the ' Holly 
 system of fire protection and water supply.'" 
 
 Its means of communication with other parts of the 
 country are numerous, and ample. The Chesapeake 
 and Ohio Canal extends from Cumberland to Wash- 
 ington City, where it connects with tide-water ; and 
 about three-quarters of a million tons of coal are 
 annually transported through this channel to the 
 East. 
 
 The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad connects the city 
 with Baltimore on the one hand, and the Ohio River 
 on the other; the Pittsburgh and Connellsville 
 Railroad, with Pitsburgh ; the Cumberland and 
 Pennsylvania Railroad, with the coal region ; and a 
 new road (the Pennsylvania Railroad, in Maryland,) 
 is nearly completed, whereby the Pennsylvania Rail- 
 road will find its way into the city. 
 
 "The business of the city is largely dependent upon 
 the coal trade, the annual shipments of Cumberland 
 coal amounting to Tiearly 2,000,000 tons. 
 
 The Cumberland Coal Field lies west of the city 
 of Cumberland, in a basin formed by the Great Savage 
 Mountain on the North-west and the Dan's Mountain 
 on the South-east, and running North-east and South- 
 west from Pennsylvania State line, through Allegany 
 county, into Mineral county, West Virginia. The 
 basin is about five miles wide between the two 
 ranges and about twenty miles long. The floor of 
 the basin slopes from either end upwards to Frost- 
 burg, where it attains its greatest altitude, from 
 2,000 to 2,100 feet above mean tide. 
 
 " The Southern slope of the basin is drained by 
 
494 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 George's Creek, flowing South-west from Frostburg 
 and emptying into the Potomac river. The Northern 
 slope, by Jenning's Run, flowing Northwest into 
 Will's Creek. The aggregate depth of coal formation 
 here is 1,100 feet, its base being the Millstone Grit. 
 Capping the summits of Savage and Dan's mountains, 
 it extends down their sides into the valley, where it 
 dips beltjw the .surface. 
 
 "The principal coal veins are, first, tlie "Big Vein," 
 fourteen feet of coal, lying 1,860 feet above tide. 
 This is the vein from which most of the coal is now 
 mined. It underlies the surface of the valley at 
 Frostburg and Borden Shaft, but southward, down 
 the George's Creek, water has cut away tbat portion 
 of the measure lying in the lowest part of the valley 
 and with it this vein (which here must have been 
 vei'y near the surface) leaving the higher parts only 
 of the vein standing in the hills thus formed on 
 either side of the water course. Second, the "Four 
 Foot Vein," which lies about 800 feet below the 
 " Fourteen Foot Vein." This vein is below water in 
 the higher part of the basin ; but appears about sixty 
 feet above at Barton, and lies above the level from 
 that point southward, down the George's Creek. 
 This vein has been opened by the Piedmont Coal and 
 Iron Company, and proves to be equal in quality to 
 the Big Vein, and in the southern portion of the 
 basin lies in such a way as to be easily mined. 
 Lastly, the " Six Foot Vein," which lies 160 feet 
 below the " Four Foot Vein," and is above water 
 level in the lower part of the valley only. These 
 two lower veins, though smaller in size than the 
 
CITY OF CUMBERLAND. 495 
 
 " Big Vein," have a much greater acreage, as but 
 little of either vein has been cut away by erosion. 
 At present the abundant supply contained in the 
 large vein is so easy of access and can be so cheaply 
 mined, that these smaller veins have not received 
 the share of attention which they eventually will. 
 Several new openings other than those mentioned are 
 now being made in these smaller veins, with very 
 encouraging prospects. 
 
 " The total acreage of coal land in this field is 
 44,132. Of this, 17,300 acres contain the large 
 " Fourteen Foot Vein," and of course all contain the 
 two smaller veins. Besides these, which are the 
 working veins, there are numerous other small veins, 
 throughout the entire depth of the coal measure ; 
 these veins are, from six inches to three feet in 
 thickness ; they have never received any attention 
 from mining companies or experts. The coal of this 
 field is well and favorably known by consumers and 
 dealers generally. It is a free burning bituminous 
 coal, containing on an average 75 per cent, of fi.xed 
 carbon. It is free from injurious impurities and 
 with very little slate or earthy particles. A Com- 
 mitttee of Naval Officers and Engineers which was 
 appointed by the United States Government, to test, 
 by actual experiment, the relative value for forge and 
 steam generating purposes of all the different kinds 
 of coal found in this country and in England, rate 
 Cumberland (Joal (in general average) to be the best 
 coal for steam generating purposes in the market, and 
 superior for forge purposes also. Under equal weights 
 the Cumberland Coal surpasses the Anthracite, in 
 
496 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 evaporative power, by 2.3 per cent.; under equal 
 bulk by 1.4 per cent. It surpasses the foreign 
 bituminous coals 20 per cent, comparing equal 
 weights, and 26 per cent, comparing equal bulk. 
 It is now used by manutacturers and transportation 
 companies generally throughout the Eastern States. 
 From 1842 to 1876 (inplusive) 32,090,877 tons of 
 this coal have been mined and shipped. The supply 
 is still abundant; the lower veins being almost 
 untouched, and of the upper vein there are about 
 12,057 acres still uncut. 
 
 Amongst the newspapers in the city, is the "Daily 
 Times," mention of which was inadvertently omitted. 
 The "Alleganian and Times" was re-established 
 -jlo in 18j69 by L. G. Stephens and T. B. Taylor. 
 and in 1877 the latter gentleman .became the sole 
 owner, and changed the name of the paper to " The 
 Cumberland Daily Times." 
 
 CO.\L COMPANIES IN ALLEGANY COUNTY. 
 
 American Cnal Company; A. J. Clark, Superiutendeiit. Lonaeoiiiii^. 
 
 Atlantic and George's Creek Coal aud Iron Company; John Sheridan, Super- 
 intendent, Pekin. 
 
 Borden Coal Company; A. C. Greene, Agent, Fro.stl)urg. Shipping Agent, 
 Cuniherlaud, F. L. Tilghman. 
 
 Blaen Avon Coal Company; h. Spier, President, Cumberland. 
 
 Consolidation Coal Company; James A. Millhollaud, Second Vice President, 
 Cumberland. 
 
 Franklin .Mines; H. C. Black, Superintendent. Franklin. 
 
 George's Creek Coal and Iron Company; John Douglas, Superintendent, 
 Lorjaconing. Shipping .Agent, Cumberland, George A. Hofimau. 
 
 Hampshire and Baltimore Coal Company: Charles W. Shaw, Superintendent, 
 Piedmont, W. Va. Shipping Agent, Cumberland, J. B. Winslow. 
 
 Maryland Coal Company; JF. E. Bracket, Superintendent, Lonaconing 
 Shipping Agent, Cumberland, Howell Bobbins. 
 
 New Central Coal Company; Malcolm Sinclair, General Manager, Cumber- 
 land. Shipoing .\gent, Cumberland, .Alexander Adams. 
 
 Piedmont Coal Company; John Somerville, Superintendent, Barton. 
 
 Potomac Coal Company; George W. Lyons, Superintendent, Barton. 
 
 Swanton Coal Company; Archibald McDonald, Superintendent, Barton. 
 
MAJOR GENERAL 
 
 EDWARD BRADDOCK'S 
 
 FKOM 
 
 FEBRUARY 26 TO JUNE 17, 1755. 
 
 From the Originals, 
 
 IN THE 
 
 CONGRESSIONAL LIBRARY. 
 
What immediately follows, is the Orders of his 
 Excellency General Braddock from his arrival in 
 Virginia until the 17th of June following, when 
 Indisposition obliged the writer, or copier, thereof to 
 seperate from him and remain (until he was in a 
 condition to moA'e forward again) with the rear 
 division of the Army. Rejoining in a Ioav and 
 enfeebled state, only the day before the Action of 
 Monnongalia (which happened on the 9th of July) 
 there was not time even if he had been able to enter 
 the Orders that had issued during his seperation; 
 which is more to be regretted as it is probable the 
 Order of Battle, and many other important Orders 
 were among them. 
 
 He did, however, as may be seen by a letter to 
 Captain Ornie, dated the 28th day of July — Request 
 a copy ot these orders, but as they never were sent, 
 they cannot be inserted. 
 
 [General Braddock's Orderly Books are twoiu number, the first embracing 
 the orders issued from the 2Cth of February to the Hth of Juoe, 1755; and 
 the second from the 12th to the 17th of June, 1755. On a page preceding the 
 orders appears the above extract, in Washington's own handwriting, and it is 
 presumed that the books were kept under his direction. These books were 
 transferred to the Congressional Library from the library of the late 
 Peter Force, after the death of that eminent man, whose collection of manu- 
 scripts concerning American history was undoubtedly the most complete in 
 existence.] 
 
GENERAL BRADDOCK'S ORDERLY BOOK, 
 
 NO. 1. 
 
 His Excellency General Braddock orders that the 
 commanding Officer of each ship upon their arrival 
 in Hamptom Road shall immediate h^ send a Return 
 inclosed to Mr. Hunter at Hampton, specifying the 
 number of their sick, the time of their illness, and 
 the nature of them. And that every commanding 
 Officer shall with the utmost dispatch apply to Mr. 
 Hunter for 13oats to carry the sick on shore wch shall 
 be executed with all imaginable care and expedition, 
 and that a Subaltorn Officer of each ship shall see 
 their men safely conveyed to the place appointed at 
 Hampton for their Reception, which Mr. Hunter will 
 shew them; and that the Surgeons or mates of the 
 two regiments and Train shall attend the sick of 
 their own corps. Every commanding Officer is to 
 take particular care that as soon as their sick are 
 sent a Shore all the Hatchways be uncovered, scuttles 
 opened and the Platform thoroughly washed and 
 cleaned, no Officer or soldier, except the sick, to lie 
 on shore upon any acct. The Hospital to continue 
 on board till the General's further Orders. 
 
 Williamsburg, Febry 26th, 1755. 
 
 To the companies of Rangers and carpenters : 
 
 His Excellency General Braddock orders the com- 
 mands officer of each company or Troop to send a 
 weekly Return to the head Quarter's agreeable to the 
 Form annexed; and duplicates of the Returns are to 
 
IV. (iENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. 
 
 be Remitted weekly to His Excellency, Governor 
 Dinwiddie. The Return for Genl Braddock to be 
 directed to me at the head Quarters. 
 Williamsburg, Feby. 26th, 1755. 
 
 By His Excellency Edward Braddock, Esq : 
 
 Whereas, an act of Parliament was passed in England, the last Session, to 
 subject all Troops raised in the Colonies to the Regulations and Orders of 
 the articles of War, I therefore think it expedient and Order that upon 
 forming the four companies of Rangers, the company of cnrpenters and 
 the Troops of light Horse and whatever Troops are or shall be 
 raised for the service of the present Expedition. That the articles of War 
 be publickly read to the Officers and men, and that every man severaly shall 
 take the Oath of Allegiance and supremacy; and in consequence of these 
 articles they are to obey from time to time any orders they shall receive from 
 me or any of their superior Otiiceis. 
 
 E. BRADDOCK, 
 By Uis Excel 'ys Com'd. 
 
 Feb'y. 26th, 1755. WiL'M Shirley, Secret y. 
 
 By Ilix Exi-i'U.eney Edward, Braddock, Esq., Gen'l Commander in Chief of 
 His Muj'ly Forces in Norlk America, Quarters of Sir Peter Halkets Hegim't: 
 
 Orderd, That it proceed to Alexandria in the Transports; live companies 
 to remain in the Titwn w'th the company of artillery and stores of all Uiuds. 
 
 One company at Dumfries, two days march from .Alexandria, thirty 
 miles to Halt the first night after they cross the Eerry ot Occoquan; 
 One company at Bladensburg, one days marcii, they cr^iss the Potomack 
 at Alexandria; One company at upper Marlborrough two days march 
 first night at Bludensburg; Two companys at Frederick; These three 
 last cantonments in Maryland; IJjion application to Major Carlyl magis- 
 trate of Alexandria, the whole will be furnished with Guides Quarters 
 of one Regiment. The Transports w'ch have them on board to stop in the 
 River Potomack as near Fredericksburg as they can; These and an halt com- 
 jjany at Winchester, six days march from Fredericksburg, halt a company at 
 Conogogee eight days from Winchester; six companys at Fredericksburg and 
 Falmouth on the other side the River of Rappahannock. 
 
 The five companys of the Regiment that disembark at Alexandria which 
 are to be cauton'd to be lauded first and to begin their march before the other 
 five debark. 
 
 The Engineers and other Officers, not immediately wanted to be at hand, 
 may be conveniently lodged on the Maryland side of the Potomack leaving a 
 direction where they lodge. 
 
 Application is to he made to the several magistrates (or carriages to convey 
 the stores, Baggage and Tents ot the canioned companys to be given by the 
 commanding Officers tor the numbers employ'd. 
 
 The Regiment wl^ose head (Juarters are at Fredericksburg, will halt ab't 
 15 miles from place 6t' disembarking. Waggons will be onlered to attend 
 them. Three companys which are to march to Winchester and Conogogee 
 are to march first to Fredericksburg. Tlie compa Quarterd at Falmouth 
 need not cross the Rappa. vVaggon's to each compa to be assertained, a field 
 Officer to go with each of the five compas and every Officer to go with his 
 compas 
 
 Given untler mv luind at \\'illianisburg, this 2Sth Febry, 1755. 
 
 E. BRADDOCK. 
 
general braddock s orderly book. v. 
 
 Camp at Alexandria, 
 
 Thursday 27th March, 1755. 
 
 Parole — Williamsburg. 
 
 Capt" Robert Orme of the Coldstream Reg't of 
 Guards, and Capt" Roger Morris of Cols. Dunbars 
 Regiment of Foot, are appointed aids de camp to His 
 Excellency Gen' Braddock. 
 
 His Majesty has been pleased to appoint Capt 
 Halket, of Sir Peter Halkets Regiment; Brigade 
 Major. 
 
 As the Troo])s have taken the Field His Excely. 
 Gen' Braddock is desirous the Officers and men should 
 be informed of the Duties he requires of them, and 
 of some Regulations he thinks beneficial to the 
 service: and as the two Regiments now employed 
 have servd under the command of His Royal High- 
 ness and are well acquainted with military discipline, 
 His Excellency expects .their conduct will be so 
 conformable to order as to set the most soldier like 
 example to the new Service of this country; and the 
 General orders that the articles of War be immedi- 
 ately and frequently read, and that every body may 
 be informed all neglects or disobedience of them or 
 any Orders will not Ije forgiven. 
 
 Any Soldier who shall desert tho' he return again 
 will be hanged without mercy. 
 
 As an Incouragement to the men, and to promote 
 their diligence and activity, every man will be allowed 
 daily as much of fresh or salt Provision, and of Bread 
 or Flower without any stoppages for the same as 
 long and in as great proportions as it will be possible 
 to provide them unless any man shall be found drunk, 
 negligent, or disobedient, in such case his gratuity 
 shall be stopped. 
 
 All Orders relating to the men are constantly to 
 be read to them by an Officer of the Company. 
 
 The eldest captains company of each Regt is 
 
VI. GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. 
 
 to act as a second Grenadiers company and to be 
 posted upon the left of the Battalion, leaving the 
 same Interval as the Grenadiers upon the Right; 
 This company is to be kept compleat of Officers and 
 two of them as well as of the other Grenadier company 
 are to be posted in the Front and the other in the 
 Rear. 
 
 The eight Battallian companies are to form so 
 many Firings and to be commanded by their re- 
 spective Officers. The commanding Officer of each 
 company is to give the word, the second is to l)e posted 
 in the center of the Front Rank and the remaining 
 Subaltorn Officers of the Regiment after this dispo- 
 sition are to divide the ground equally : These 
 Firings are to begin by the colonel's company, second 
 by the Lieu' col^ and continued from Right to left as 
 fast as possibly, but the two Capt"='of (Jrenadiers are 
 to take particular care never to give their Fire till 
 the company's upon the Right and left are loaded. 
 
 To avoid confusion if tlie Regiment should be 
 ordered to wheel or fire by Platoons, every Officer 
 commanding a company is to tell it off in two divisions 
 and to post the second commissiond Officer and noii 
 commissioned Officer's, and when the Regiment 
 decamps or are to form, the commanding Officer of the 
 company is to instruct his mens arms, compleat the 
 Files, Post the Officers and see his men loaded that 
 they may wheel up and ye Battalion be instantly 
 formed. 
 
 The Officers upon a inarch are to i-emain in the 
 same Order with their companies, and Those Officers 
 who were placed in the Rear are to march as posted 
 which will consequently be upon the Flank as the 
 Regiment moves by Files they are therefore required 
 to keep the Soldiers in their Files, and if any lag 
 behind one or more of these Officers is to bring them 
 up. 
 
 Every Officer leaving his company upon a march 
 
GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. VIL 
 
 will be cashierd, and every commanding Officer will 
 be answerable for the men of his company left behind; 
 and the commanding Officer of the Regiments are 
 ordered to punish with the utmost severity any soldier 
 who leaves his File but in cases of sickness. 
 
 Commanding Officers of companies are to have 
 their arms in constant good order, and every man to 
 be provided with a Brush, Picker, two good spare 
 Flints and 24 Cartridges. 
 
 The Boll of each company to be calld by a com- 
 missioned Officer, morning, noon and night, and a 
 return of the absent or disorderly men to be given to 
 the commanding Officer of the Regiment who is to 
 order proper punishment. 
 
 The Women of each Regiment are to march Avith 
 the Provost and none upon anj- acct are to appear 
 with the men when under arms. 
 
 Each Regiment is to mount a Piquet Guard con- 
 sisting of one capt" and three Subalterns and 100 
 men to be paraded at the retreat they are to report 
 to the Field Officer of the Day. 
 
 The two Regiments are to find the Genis Guard 
 alternately consisting of one Lieut, and thirty Private 
 and report to an aid de camp. The Regiment which 
 finds the Guard finds also the adjutant of the Day. 
 
 All Guards are to be retird at 8 Oclock; all guards 
 to be told of in two divisions Tho' ever so small. 
 
 (Juards ordered at Orderl}' time are to remain for 
 that duty and a new detachment is to be made for 
 any orderd afterwards. 
 
 All returns are to be 'signed by the commanding 
 Officer of Regiments. Reports of all Guards except 
 the Generals are to be made to the Field Officer of 
 the Da}' who is to visit them once at least and to go 
 the piquet rounds. 
 
 All remarkable occurrances in camp to be reported 
 to an aid de camp. 
 
 Returns of all commands to be made to the Brigade 
 
VIII. GENERAL BRADDOCK's ORDERLY BUOK. 
 
 Major, and every Regiment, company, Troop, &c., 
 are to make a daily return to him specifying the 
 numbers wanting to compleat, who is to make one 
 Gener' return to his Excellency. 
 
 A daily return of the .sick is to be made to the 
 Geni thro' an aid de camp. 
 
 As the nature of the country make it impossible 
 to provide magazines of Forage, and as it is appre- 
 hended the Quantity will be very small, uncertain, 
 and difficult to be procurd his Excellency recommends 
 it to all the OfBcers to take no more baggage than 
 they find absolute occasion for. 
 
 Commanding Officers of Regiments are directed by 
 His Excellency to inform their men not to suffer 
 themselves to l)e alarmed upon a march by any 
 stragling Fires from the Indians in the woods, they 
 being of no consequence nor liable to any inconve- 
 niences but what arise from their misbehaviour. 
 
 Any Soldier by leaving his company, or by words 
 or Gestures expressing Fear shall suffer death and 
 the Gen' will greatly approve and properly reward 
 those men who by their coolness and good Discipline 
 treat the attempt of these Fellows with the contempt 
 they deserve. 
 
 The Sergents of the two Regiments are to be pro- 
 vided with Firelocks and Bayonets, but to wear their 
 Swords — They are to leave at Winchester under the 
 care of the Train their Halters and all the private 
 men their Swords. His Excellency likewise recom- 
 mends it to all the Officers to provide them selves 
 if possible with Fuzeis, as Espontoons will be 
 extreamely inconvenient and useless in the Woods. 
 
 As the good of the Service renders the presence of 
 all the Officer's absolutely necessary His Excellency 
 cannot suffer any commissiond Officer to act as pay- 
 master, the General therefore desires the colonels and 
 captains will agree as soon as possible for a proper 
 person for that purpose. 
 
GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. IX. 
 
 The Line is to find one Field Officer daily to be 
 relieved at 10 o'clock, this duty to be done by the two 
 Lieut col*' and two Majors, the Field Officer, is to visit 
 all the Guards except the Generals and to go the 
 rounds of the Picquet which as well as other Guards 
 and Posts are to report to the Field Officer and he is 
 to Tiiake his report of y whole at nine o'clock every 
 morning to the Gen' and in case of any alarm the 
 Field Officer is to repair to the place of alarm with 
 all expedition and to send for all necessary assistance 
 to the two Regiments who are immediately to comply 
 with his Orders. 
 
 All reports and returns to be made before nine 
 o'clock, all out posts are to receive the Gen' with 
 shoulderd arms and without beat of Drum or Salute. 
 
 Upon any application from S'' Jn" St Clair Quarter 
 Master Gen' for Men the Regiments are immediately 
 to furnish them. 
 
 Sir Peter Halkett is to be applied to for all Regu- 
 lations of Provisions and his Orders are to be strictly 
 complied with. 
 
 All Guards are to rest and beat two Ruffles to his 
 Honour Governor Dinwiddle. 
 
 The Regiments are to hold themselves in readiness 
 for a muster, each company is to provide their Rolls 
 one of Parchment, and those Officers with new com- 
 missions are to have them in their Pockets, after the 
 muster the Geni will receive the two Regiments by 
 ( 'ompanys the Officers to be in Boots and the men in 
 Brown Gaters. 
 
 The adjutants of the two Regiments and artillery, 
 and also the adjutant of the Rangers to be at the 
 Major of Brigades Tent, every day at eleven o'clock 
 to receive Order's. 
 
 A Surgeant from the two Regiments Artillery and 
 Rangers to attend the Major of Brigade as Orderly, 
 and to be relieved every day at Guard Mounting. 
 
 The Gentlemen of the Hospital and their Ser- 
 2 
 
X. GENERAL BRA0DOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. 
 
 vants are to receive to morrow three Days Provisions. 
 • Field Officers for the Day Lieut Colo Gage. 
 
 Alexandria, March 28th, 1755. 
 Parole — Al be in arle . 
 
 The Generals Guard to be mounted in Brown 
 Gater's, and the Officers in fioots. 
 
 Sir Peter Halkets Col^ Dunbar's and the Royal 
 Regiment of Artillery are to be mustered, on Monday 
 morning at seven o'clock, and afterwards they will 
 be received by Gen' Braddock. 
 
 Robert Webster of Sir Peter Halkets Regim' is 
 appointed Provoest Marshall and he is to be obeyd 
 accordingly. 
 
 One Sergeant ; one Corporal and twelve men to 
 mount as a Guard for the Provost Marshal and be 
 relieved every 48 Hours. 
 
 The Adjutant who does not send in his return to 
 the Major of Brigade, by seven o'clock in the morning 
 will be orderd under an .arrest. 
 
 The Quarter master of the Corps which is to receive 
 provisions is to give to the Commissary a signed 
 Return of the number he is to draw Provisions for 
 every Saturday at six in the afternoon : The Quarter 
 masters of the different Corps are to give into Sir 
 Peter Halkets a return of the Provisions they 
 delivered out that week, distinguishing the quantitys 
 deliverd each Corps ; In this return he is to have 
 Colums for the quantitys of each species of Provision's 
 he has receivd that week and a Column for the 
 Quantitys remaining in Store. 
 
 To morrow at Orderly time the Adjutants are to 
 deliver in a return of the number of Serv^ who are 
 not Soldiers and for whom Provisions are to be drawn 
 for ; The Commissary are to make two Copy's of 
 this retui'n, one for Gen' Braddock, the other for Sir 
 Peter Halkett. 
 
 Field Officer to morrow Lieu^ Col^ Burton. 
 For the Gen'^ Guard 48 th Regiment. 
 
GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. XI. 
 
 One of the Orderly Sergeants or the Major of 
 Brigade is to carry the Orders to Sir John St. Clair. 
 
 A General Court Martial consisting of one Field 
 Officer, Six Captains and Six Subalterns, to sit to 
 morrow morning at 8 o'clock. 
 
 Lt Col" Gage, President. Sir Peter Halkett gives 
 3 Captns and 3 Subalterns; Col" Dunbar gives 3 
 Capt"« and 3 Subalterns. Mr. Shirley Judge Ad- 
 vocate ; The Picquet to consist of one Capt", two 
 Subalterns and fifty men till further Orders. No 
 Officer, Soldier or any other Person to Fire a Gun 
 within a mile round the Camp. 
 
 Camp AT Alexandria, March 29th, 1755. 
 Parole — Boston. 
 
 For the General Guard 44th Regiment. 
 
 The alarm Post for all the Virginian Troops 
 Qufvrterd in the Town of Alexandria to be before the 
 march. 
 
 When any man is .sent to the General Hospital he 
 is to bring a certificate signed by an Officer, of his 
 name, Regiment and Company, to what day he is 
 subsisted, and what arms and acoutrements he brings 
 with him. The arms and accoutrements to be 
 bundled up, and marked, with the mans name and 
 Company 
 
 Cob Dunbars Regiment to mori'ow to receive three 
 days provisions. 
 
 On Sunday every Regiment in Camp, is to have 
 divine service at the Head of their (Colours. 
 
 after orders. 
 Each Regiment to send to the train for twenty 
 Thousand Flints out of which number, they are to 
 pick five thousand, and to send the remainder back 
 again ; The Commanding Officers giving their receipts 
 for what number's they receive. 
 
XII. GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. 
 
 All the Virginia Troops that are Quartered in 
 Alexandria to be under arms, to morrow morning at 
 half an hour after seven o'clock. 
 
 The OiEcers that were formerly appointed Pay 
 masters, to continue so till further Orders and are to 
 issue out in payment to the Troops, each a Dollar at 
 4«|9«shirg. 
 
 When either Regiment have occasion for Ammu- 
 nition, or any Military Stores the Commanding 
 Officers are to send to the Artillery when they will 
 be supplied giving their receipts accordingly. 
 
 The General Court Martial where of Lieut 
 Col° Gage was President is dissolv'd, and James 
 Anderson of Colo Dunbar's Regiment who was tryed 
 by ye General Court Martial is orderd 1,000 lashes 
 with a Cat and Nine Tails which he is to 
 receive in such manner as the Commanding Officer 
 shall think proper. 
 
 Field Officer for to morrow, L' Col° Gage. 
 
 Camp at Alexandria, oOth March, 1755. 
 Parole — "C hichester." 
 
 The two Regiments are to be musterd to morrow 
 morning at seven O'clock but the General will not 
 receive the Troops till further Orders. 
 
 The two Regiments from Ireland are to acct for 
 their men for their Sea pay giving them credit for 
 their subsistance to the first of March and for their 
 Arms to the 24th of Feby ; The Captains are to take 
 credit for their Watch Coats, Blankets and Flannell 
 waistcoats brought from Great Britain for their 
 Companys. 
 
 The men listed or incorporated into Sir Peter 
 Halketts, and colo Dunbar's Regiment are to have 
 credit for twenty Shillings and to be chargd with the 
 above mentiond necessarys His Excellency orders 
 this to be taken from the recruiting Fund, and gives 
 
GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. XIII. 
 
 it to those men for their Iiicouragement that they 
 may do their duty like good Soldiers. 
 
 The first company of carpenters are to march to 
 morrow morning to Sir John St Clair for further 
 Order's. 
 
 A Return to be sent to morrow morning to Sir 
 Jno St Clair from Sir Peter Halketts and Col" Dun- 
 bars Regiments of the number of Draughts they have 
 receivd by whom they were enlisted and from what 
 company s draughted. 
 
 Camp at Alexandria, 31st of March, 1755. 
 Parole -Darlington. 
 
 Field Officer for to morrow, Lt Col" Burton. 
 For the Generals (Juard 44th Regiment. 
 
 All casualties or occurrances that happen in camp 
 to be reported immediately to the Gen' through an 
 aid de camp. 
 
 Whenever Sir John St Clair has occasion for arti- 
 ficers Tools, or Implements he is to apply to the 
 commissary of the Train, who will supply him with 
 what he demands taking his, or his assistants receipts 
 for the same. 
 
 The Officers to provide themselves with Bat Horses 
 as soon as possible. 
 
 The artillery to have their men upon the Wharf 
 every morning at 6 O'clock precisely to send their 
 Stores &<= and care must be taken that they have 
 their Waggons at the Wharf exactly at the same time 
 that their may be no delay one Sergant and 12 men 
 from the two Regiments to march immediately to 
 the Wharf in order to assist the Artillery in the 
 Landing of their Stores this party to be reliev'd every 
 morning and to be on the Wharf precisely at 6 
 Oclock. 
 
 Sir Peter Halkets Regiment receives three daya 
 provisions to morrow. 
 
XIV. GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. 
 
 Camp at Alexandria, April 1st, 1755. 
 Parole — Esse. 
 Field Officer for to morrow 
 
 For the Generals Guard 48th Regiment. 
 
 Colo Dunbars Regiment to receive three Days 
 Provisions. 
 
 The two Reg" are to send to artily for 1 Doz" of 
 carts made up with Ball in order to try if they will 
 fit the men's Firelocks. 
 
 Camp at Alexandria, April 2d, 1755. 
 
 Parole — Farnhan). 
 
 Field Officer for to morrow Maj'' Chapman. 
 For the Generals Guard 44th Regiment. 
 
 The Artillery and Hospital receive three days pro- 
 vision to morrow. 
 
 The two Regiments are to apply to the Train for 
 Paper, Powder & Ball sufficient to compleat every 
 man with 24 rounds which are to be made up, and 
 distributed as soon as i^ossible. 
 
 The commanding Officers of companys are desird 
 to give particular directions to their men to bo careful 
 of their Ammunition and to inform them they will 
 be very severly |)unislid for any abuse or neglect of 
 it, and the Officer's of company's who calld the 
 Evening Rolls are to inspect the Ammunition of 
 their several companys and to report the defficiencys 
 to the commanding Officers of the Regiments who are 
 desird by his Excellency to keep them compleat with 
 24 Rounds. 
 
 His Excellency General Braddock Orders that the 
 Soldiers should be told that any man who upon a 
 march by fastning his Tent Pole, or by any other 
 means incumbers his Fire lock, shall be immediately 
 and most severelj- punished. 
 
 One corporal and eight men of the Line to attend 
 
GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. XV. 
 
 at 6 Oclock every morning, to assist the Engineers in 
 Surveying. 
 
 Tlie Artillery, Hospital and Engineers to receive 
 thi'ee days provisions to morrow. 
 
 AFTER ORDERS. 
 
 One Sergant one Corporal, and twenty men of the 
 Line without arms to March to the Wharf immedi- 
 ately to assist in disembarking the artillery. 
 
 The Virginia Troops as appointed to the particular 
 Regiments. 
 
 Sir Peter Halkets. 
 Capt" Stephen ^ !»' ( Company 
 Captn. Peyronny V A -; of 
 Capt" Cock j 6 (^ Rangers. 
 
 Colo Duiibars Regt. 
 Capt" Waggoner 1 o f Company 
 Capt" Hogg V 5"> < of Rangers 
 
 Capt" Poison ) 2"^ ( Comp'^ of Artificers. 
 Sir Peter Halketts and Col" Dunbars Regiments 
 to find three Corporals one for each Company of 
 Rangers to assist Lieu' Allayne in the dissiplining 
 the Troops. 
 
 Camp at Alexandria, April 3d, 1755. 
 Parole — Canterbury. 
 Field Officer to morrow Lt Col" Burton. 
 For the Generals Guard 48th Regiment. 
 The Generals Guard is this day reduced to a 
 Corporal and nine men and the Corporal is to report 
 to the Officer of the main Guard. 
 
 Sir Peter Halkets Regiment to receive three days 
 Provisions to morrow. 
 
 Camp at Alexandria, 4th of April, 1755. 
 Parole — Dorsett. 
 Field Officer to morrow Major Sparke. 
 For the Generals Guard 44th Regim'. 
 
XVI. GENERAL IlKADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. 
 
 Colo Dunbars Regiment to have one Corporal and 
 six men ready to march to morrow at 6 o'clock from 
 Alexandria to Frederick with the Hospital stores they 
 are to carry six days Provisions with them and to 
 take the Arms and accoutrem''^ with which they are 
 to take the field Kach man to have his Blancket and 
 29 ronnds of Amman". 
 
 Col" Dunbars Regiment to have three days 
 provisions to morrow. 
 
 Alexandria, Saturday, April 5th. 1755. 
 Parole — London. 
 Field Officer to morrow L' Col" Burton. 
 For the Generals Guard 48th Regim'. 
 The Tents and clothing for the Virginia Company 
 to be brought on shore as soon as possible ; Their 
 tents are to be pitched the first fair day after they 
 are on shore. 
 
 The Artillery Hospital and Engineers to receive 
 three days provisions to morrow. 
 
 Alexandria, April 6th, 1755. 
 
 Parole — Kinsale. 
 
 Field Officer for to morrow Maj' Chapman. 
 For the Generals Guard 44th Regiment. 
 
 All Departments for Duty of every nature what- 
 ever are to parade at the Grand Parade and to march 
 from thence. Detachments from different corps to 
 draw up by Seniority. 
 
 The Grand Parade for this camp is appointed to be 
 at the head of Sir Peter Halketts Regiment. 
 
 A report to be made every morning to Sir Peter 
 Halkets, of the Sergeants, Corporals, Drummers and 
 Private men who are Drunk upon Duty, the Sergeants 
 of the Companies they belong to, to keep an exact 
 Roll of their names. Sir Peter Halkett being deter- 
 mined to put a stop to any more prov"'^ being drawn 
 
GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. XVII. 
 
 for such men. Sergeants, Corporals. Drummers, and 
 Private men who appear Drunk in Camp tho they 
 are not upon duty will have their provisions stop'd 
 for one week. 
 
 Sir Peter Halketts Regiment to receive three days 
 Provisions to morrow. 
 
 The Detachments from the Ordinary Dutys of 
 camp to change from Right to left every Day. 
 
 AFTER ORDERS. 
 
 One Sergant, one Corporal, and thirty men are to 
 morrow at 6 o'clock in the morning, to go to Alexan- 
 dria to assist the Officers of the Artillery in loading 
 the Waggons for Winchester and Shipping of Stores 
 for Rock Creek One Officer and thirty men from 
 ( 'ol" Dunbar's Regiment to march to morrow for Rock 
 ('reek The Officer to call this night upon Sir Peter 
 Halkett who will give him his Instructions. 
 
 Alexandria, Monday April 7th, 1755. 
 Parole — Dublin. 
 Field Officer for to morrow L"^ Col° Burton . 
 For the Generals Guard 4Sth Regim'. 
 One Officer one Sergeant and 20 men of Sir Peter 
 Halkets Regiment to hold themselves in readiness to 
 morrow morning to march to Winchester the Officer 
 at Retreat beating to call upon Sir Peter Halkett for 
 his Instructions; They are to take six days provisions 
 with them, subsistance to the 24th of this month 
 and every thing with which tliey are to take the 
 Field. 
 
 Every Party ordered to march from camp is to 
 have 24 Rounds per man. 
 
 A Greater number of Women having been brought 
 over than those allowed by the Government sufficient 
 for washing with a view that the Hospital might be 
 servd; and complaint being made that a concert is 
 enterd into not to serve with out exorbitant Wages 
 
XVIII. GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. 
 
 a Return will be calld for of those who shall refuse to 
 serve for six pence per day and their Provisions that 
 they may be turnd out of camp and others got in 
 their places. 
 Col" Dunbars Regt is to rec. 3 Days Prov" to morrow. 
 
 Col" Dunbar's Regiment is to march at 5 Oclock on 
 Saturday Morning for Rock Creek. 
 
 Waggons will be ordered on Friday to carry the 
 baggage and whatever Tents may be struck to the 
 Boats destend for their Transportation and at Day 
 break on Saturday morning Waggons will attend at 
 the head of the Regiment for the mens Tents &c. 
 
 A Subaltern Officer with three Sergeants three 
 Corporals and thirty men are to be sent on board the 
 Boats as a Baggage Guai'd, and this Guard is to 
 assist in conveying the Tents &c to the Boats and to 
 help in putting them on board. 
 
 AH the Boats upon that part of the River near 
 Rock Creek are ordered to attend to cary the Ti'oop 
 over. 
 
 The sick men that are not able to march with the 
 Regiment, to be left in the General Hospitiil. 
 
 Af^TER ORDER.^ 
 
 As Col" Dunbars Regimt is to march on Satui'day, 
 they are to receive to morrow nine days Provisions 
 one for to morrows use and the remaining 8 days the 
 men are to carry with them. 
 
 The four companys of Sir Peter Halketts Regim' 
 the Royal Reg* of artillery Engineers and the Hos- 
 pital are to continue to receive their provisions as 
 usual till further Orders. 
 
 March Rout of Col" Dunbars Regiment from the 
 camp at Alexandria to Frederick in Maryland. 
 
 MILKS. 
 
 To Rock Creek — 
 
 To Owens Ordinary 15 
 
 To Dowden's Ordinary 15 
 
 To Frederick 15 
 
 45 
 
GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. XIX. 
 
 Within a few miles of" the Minocasy cross the 
 Minocasy in a Float. 
 
 Alexandria, Tuesday, April 8th, 1755. 
 Parole — Guilford. 
 Field Officer for to morrow Maj^ Sparke. 
 For the Generals Guard 44th Eegim'. 
 
 The Quarter Masters of Sir Peter Halketts and 
 Colo Dunbars Regiments to meet Mr. Leslie assistant 
 Quarter mnster General this afternoon at 4 Oclock 
 who will sliow them their Regimental Store Houses. 
 
 The Commanding Officer's of each of the Regini"- as 
 soon as their Regimental Store Houses are fixed are 
 to order their Officers baggage and their mens Stores 
 to be inmiediately lodgd. 
 
 The Soldiers are to leave their Shoulder Belts, 
 Waist Belts and hangers behind and only to take 
 with them to the Field one spare shirt, one spare 
 pair of stockings, one spare jjair of Shoes and one 
 pair of Brown Gater's. 
 
 For the future the Generals own and all other 
 Guards are to beat a march to him and the Line is 
 always to turn out when the General passes. 
 
 As a mistake has happend in regard to the Com- 
 missions of the youngest Subaltern of the Rangers; 
 The Commissions of Second Lieu' being deliverd to 
 them instead of Ensigns are to be immediately 
 changd to avoid any Liconvenieuce, which may 
 arise from disrules of Rank. 
 
 His Excellency Gen' Braddock Orders that all 
 Ensigns bearing Commissions in any of his Majestys 
 Regiments shall take post of the third Officer in any 
 of the Companys of Ranger's. 
 
 AFTER ORDERS. 
 
 Si.K Companys of Sir Peter Halketts Regiment are 
 to march for Winchester at 6 o'clock on thursday 
 Upon yoar arrival at Rock Creek you are 
 
XX. GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. 
 
 either to Encamp or lodge your Men as you shall 
 find most convenient and as fast as the Waggons 
 arrive you are to employ them in the Service of 
 ye Regiment and Regulate your Detachment'^ ac- 
 cordingl}' and to be particularly careful not to use 
 any more Waggons than are absolutely necessary. 
 
 You are to leave at Rock Creek an Officer and 30 
 men who is to remain there till all the Stores of the 
 Train and Hospital are put into the Waggons is then 
 to march and form the Rear Guard of the whole. 
 
 You are also to leave at Rock Creek a Subaltern 
 and 20 men who are to wait there till the arrival of 
 M"". Johnston the Paymaster and to Escort him to 
 Frederick. 
 
 You will be joined at Rock Creek by an Officer 
 and 30 Seamen who you are to take under your 
 command and give them your Orders and Regulations 
 as they Avill want some conve_)ance for their baggage 
 you will dispose of it as you find most convenient. 
 
 Upon your arrival at Frederick you are to encamp 
 your men the Troops to remain there till further 
 Orders except a Capt", two Subalterns and 50 men 
 who are to be sent immediately on to Conogogee as 
 a covering Party for the magazines and you are to 
 direct the Commanding Officer of this Detach' to stop 
 all Waggons which shall brf-' in Flower, &c, from 
 Pennsylvania and to send a daily to you of the 
 immbers which return you are to remit to me unless 
 you should see Sir Jn" St. Clair and that he should 
 have securd a sufficient number for Transporting the 
 Stores from Frederick to Wills Creek in such case the 
 Waggons are to be dismissd. 
 
 You will find provisions at Frederick which you 
 are to issue to your men in the same proportions as 
 at Alexandria and to begin upon it as soon as you 
 have expended the Provisions car'i with you. 
 
 You are to direct your Officers to provide them- 
 selves as soon as possible with Bat Horses as no 
 
GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. XXI. 
 
 more Waggons will be allowd after thej get to 
 Frederick. 
 
 Alexaistdria, Wednesday, April 9th, 1755. 
 Parole — Henry. 
 Field Officer for to morrow L' Colo Gage. 
 For the Generals Guard 48th Regimt. 
 
 Col" Dunbars Regiment to send this forenoon two 
 Sergeants and twenty men to Rock Creek to reinforce 
 the Officer there. 
 
 A return to be given in this Day of the two 
 Regiments specifying all extraordinary's that have 
 happened since their embarking in Ireland a monthly 
 return of the two Regiments to be given in to Gen- 
 eral Braddock every first day of the month — The 
 companys of Rangers Artificers and the Troop of 
 light Horse are to give in a monthly return at the 
 same time: They are to apply to the Major of 
 Brigade, who will shew them the proper form. 
 
 The Officers to see that their men are provided as 
 soon as possible with Bladder or thin Leather to put 
 between the Lining and crown of their Hatts to guard 
 against the Heat of the Sun. 
 
 One Subaltorn Officer of Dunbars Regiment to 
 march to morrow morning to Frederick in Mary- 
 land who upon his arrival is immediately to take 
 upon him the command of the several Detachments 
 of the Regiment that are now there or may arrive 
 and he is to see y' they are properly provided and 
 Subsisted. 
 
 Alexandria, Thursday, 10th April, 1755. 
 Parole — Winchester. 
 
 A Detachment from the two Regiments of a Subal- 
 tern, two Sergeants, two Corporals and 20 men is to 
 remain at Alexandria as a Guard for the Hospital 
 and to march with it to Frederick. 
 
XXII. fiENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BUOK. 
 
 The Generals Guard is to be taken off on Friday. 
 
 A Sergeant and twelve men of Col" Dunbai's Regi- 
 ment to raoinit as the Generals Baggage Guard and 
 to March with it. 
 
 The Provost Marshall is to March with Col'' Dun- 
 bar's Regiment and to have a guard of a Sergeant 
 and ten men who is to make the rear of the whole. 
 
 Two Officers and forty men oT the four remaining 
 companies of Sir Peter Halketts Regem^ is to mount 
 the Town Guard till further Orders. 
 
 Alexandria, Friday. April 11th, 1755. 
 
 Parole — Kendall 
 
 The Officer of the Town Guard to make his report 
 to the General through an Aid de Camp. 
 
 AFTER ORDERS. 
 
 Col" Dunbars Regimen"^ to hold themselves in 
 readiness but not to march till further Orders. 
 
 They are to give their proportion of men for the 
 Guard to morrow ; one Sergeant, one Corporal and 12 
 men to parade immediately at the Town Guard of 
 Colo Dunbars Regiment. 
 
 They are to take their Knapsacks, Haversacks, 
 and provisions with them, when they come to the 
 Town Guard the Sergeant is to enquire for M^. Leslie 
 assistant Quarter master who will give him Order's. 
 
 No Person whatever to press or employ any 
 Waggons without an Order from General Braddock 
 the Quarter master Gen' or his assistant. 
 
 This Order to be read not only to the Soldiers but 
 to the Officers, Servants and followers of the Army 
 as any one who shall be found guilty of disobeying 
 it shall be severely punish'd. 
 
 AFTER ORDERS. 
 
 'As there are Boats provided to carry Col" Dunbars 
 Regiments Baggage to Rock Creek the former orders 
 relative to their march to be obeyd. 
 
GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. XXIII. 
 
 Eight Waggons will be orderd to be at the head 
 of that Regiment on Wednesday night for the Tents, 
 Baggage, &c. of those Companys application is to be 
 made to M' Leslie assistant Quarter master for a 
 proper Guide ; Every man is to receive 8 Days 
 Provisions to carry with him. The L' Coif is to be 
 left with the 8 remaining Companys till farther 
 Orders. 
 
 All the sick are to be left in the General Hospital. 
 
 The Regiments find the Generals Guard as usual 
 and the proportion of Duty is to be made up by 
 Col' Dunbars Regiment in the Town and other 
 Guards. 
 
 March Rout of Sir Peter Halketts Regiment from 
 the Camp at Alexandria to Winchester. 
 
 MILES. 
 
 To y'' old Court House 18 
 
 To M"" Colemans on Sugar Land Run were ] y^ 
 
 there is Indian Corn, &c ( 
 
 To M-- Miners 15 
 
 To M' Thompson v^ Quaker w** y" is 3000 wt corn 12 
 
 To M ' They's 1 7 y- Ferry of Shan "12 17 
 
 From M'' They's to Winchester 23 
 
 97 
 
 If the Bridge should not be laid over the Opeckon 
 Canves will be provided for the Troops. 
 
 As soon as the Artillery arrives at Winchester a 
 Detachment of their Regiment and what ever part 
 jrou shall judge proper of the Rangers must be orderd 
 to march with the Artillery to Wills Creek. 
 
 But if the road should be cut from the bridge on 
 the Opeckon to Bear Garden and is made passable 
 for y« Artillery, It is then to go along that Road and 
 not by Winchester and your Detachment from Win- 
 chester must join them at Henry Enochs , A 
 
 Report will be made to you whether this road is 
 passable or not. 
 
 As the Removal of the Troops from Winchester 
 
XXIV. GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. 
 
 to Wills Creek roust depend upon the Quantity of 
 Flower that is to be sent from Pennsylvania when a 
 proper Quantity is arrivd you shall receive advice 
 of it. 
 
 Alexandria, Saturday, April 12th, 1755. 
 Parole — Leicester. 
 One Company of Sir Peter Halketts Kegim'to March 
 to morrow Morning, they are to Parade opposite to 
 the town Guard at 6 oclock where they will be joind 
 by five Waggons belonging to the Artillery, which 
 they are to take under their Escort to Winchester. 
 
 The Town Guard to be reduced to morrow morning 
 to one Subaltorn Officer and thirty men. 
 
 Mr Leslie will take care that there shall be at Sir 
 Peter Halketts Quarter Guard this afternoon .3 Wag- 
 gons, one for the Companys Tents and Baggage and 
 the other two are to carry ye Regiments spare arms 
 and Stores. 
 
 The Men are to take eight Days Provisions with 
 them. 
 
 Alexandria, Sunday, April 13th, 1755. 
 
 Parole — M arl borough . 
 
 Alexandria, Monday, April 14th, 1755. 
 Parole — Oxford. 
 
 Alexandria, Tuesday, April 15th, 1755. 
 
 Parole — Petersborough. 
 
 Alexandria, Wednesday, April 16th, 1755. 
 Parole — Rochester. 
 
 Thursday, April 17th, 1755. 
 Parole — Queen Town. 
 
GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. XXV. 
 
 Friday, April 18th, 1755. 
 Parole — Salisbury. 
 
 Saturday, April 19th, 1755. 
 Parole — Tarn worth. 
 The commanding Officer of the Artillery to apply 
 to Mr. Leslie for a Store House to lodge their new 
 cloathing in, and the Officers are to see that their 
 men comply with the Orders of the S'*" of Ap' (viz) 
 to leave their Shoulder Belts waist Belts and Hangers 
 behind, and are only to take with them to the field 
 one spare shirt one spare pair of stockings one spare 
 pair of shoes and one pair of brown Gaters. 
 
 Frederick, Monday, April 21st, 1755. 
 Parole — Dunbar. 
 
 Frederick, Tuesday, April 22nd, 1755. 
 Parole — Westminster. 
 One Sergeant one Corpoi-al and 12 men to parade 
 immediately at the Town Guard to March with the 
 Waggons laden with Artillery Stores to Conogogee 
 and to return back with the- Waggon's to Frederick 
 as soon as thev are unloaded. 
 
 Frederick, Wednesday, April 23rd, 1755. 
 Parole Exeter. 
 The commanding Officers of Regiments to order 
 their Officers to provide themselves as soon as possi- 
 ble with Bat men out of such recruits and Levies, as 
 are unfit to the Duty to do the of sold'"' and such 
 men are to be enlisted as can act as Bat men and are 
 to be taken for any Term and to be alowed as 
 eflcctives; and according to the number settled in 
 Flanders 3 men to each company and 4 to the staff, 
 vou are to go immediately to that part of the 
 4 
 
XIVI. GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY Bf)OK. 
 
 Antietum that lies in the road to Connogogee and 
 press such Boats or Canoes as yon shall meet with 
 upon the river agreeable to the Orders you shall 
 receive from Governor Sharj^e If you shall find any 
 difficulty in the execution of this Order, j'ou are to 
 send an express to me and you shall be immediately 
 supplied with a party of men to inforce it sending 
 word when they shall join you, and you are to collect 
 all the Boats &c at that pass by the 28th of this 
 month. 
 
 Frederick, Thursday, April 24th, 1755. 
 Parole — Yarmouth. 
 
 Frederick, Fi-iday, April 2-')th, 1755. 
 Parole — Appleby. 
 (yol'J Dunbars Regiment to hold themselves in 
 readiness to March by the 29tli. 
 
 AFTER ORDERS. 
 
 One Corporal and four men to March to morrow 
 Morning to Rock Creek with four Waggons that 
 came up this Evening; when the party comes to 
 Rock Creek they ai'e to put themselves under the 
 command of Ensign French. 
 
 Frederick, Saturday, April 26th, 1755. 
 Parole — Bedford. 
 Col" Dunbars Regiment to furnish 3 Officers for a 
 Court Martial, to try some prisoners of the Inde- 
 pendant Company & Capt" Gates Presid' the report 
 to be made to General Braddock. 
 
 Frederick, Sunday, April 27th, 1755 
 Parole — Chester. 
 Col" Dunbars Regiment is to march y' 29th and to 
 
GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. XXVII. 
 
 proceed to Wills Creek agreeable to the following 
 Route : 
 
 MILES. 
 
 29tli From Pred'^ on ye road to Conogogee 17 
 
 30th From that halting place to Congogee 18 
 
 Ist From Conogosjee to John Even's 16 
 
 2d Rest 
 
 -)d To the Widow Baringer 18 
 
 4th To George Polls 9 
 
 oth to Henry Enock's 15 
 
 6th Rest 
 
 7th To Cox's at y*' mouth of little Cacaph 12 
 
 8th To Col" Cresaps 8 
 
 «)th To Wills Creek 16 
 
 Total, 129 
 
 The men are to take from this place three Days 
 provisions ; at Conogogee they will have more, at 
 the Widow Baringers 5 Days, at Col" Cresaps one or 
 more Days, and at all these places Oats or Indian 
 Corn must be had for the Horses but no Hay. 
 
 At Conogogee the Troops cross the Potomack in a 
 Float When the Troops have marchd 14 miles from 
 Jn" Evans they are to make the new road to their 
 Right, which leads from Opeckon Bridge. 
 
 When the Troops have marchd 14 miles from 
 George Polle's they come to the great Cacapepon 
 they are to pass that River in a Float, after passing 
 they take the road to the Right. 
 
 If the water in the little Cacapepon is high the 
 Troops must encamp opposite to Cox's. 
 
 At the mouth of the little Cacapepon the Po- 
 tomaclc is to be crossd in a Float Four miles beyond 
 this they cross Town Creek if the Float should not 
 be finishd Canves will be provided. 
 
 If the Bridges are not finishd over Wills Creek and 
 Evans Oeek. Waggons will be orderd to carry the 
 men over. It will be prop'' to get 2 Days Provns at 
 Col" ("resapsyp whole shi^ not arrive till yf lO*''. 
 
XXVIII. GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. 
 
 A Subaltorii and thirty men are to be left behind 
 with a proper number of tents which will be carried 
 for them ; these men are to have six days Provisions. 
 
 The Generals Guard is not to be relievd to morrow 
 but proper Centrys are to be found from the 30 men 
 orderd to remain. 
 
 Frederick, Monday, April 28th, 1755. 
 Parole — Daventry. 
 
 The Detachment of Sailors, and the Provost 
 Marshalls Guard consisting of one Sergeant, one 
 Corporal and 10 men to raarcli with Cob Dunbars 
 Regiment to morrow morning, and to make tlie Rear 
 Guard. 
 
 ToCaft^ Gates. 28th April. 1755. 
 
 You are directed by His P]xcelleiicy (Jen' Brad- 
 dock to proceed with your Company to Conogogee 
 where you are to act as a covering j)arty for the 
 magazines, and you are to remain there till further 
 Orders unless all the Stores, Ammunition, &c, should 
 be come up from Rock Creek and forwarded to Wills 
 Creek, in that case you are to join the General at 
 Wills Creek as soon as possible. 
 
 You are to give all possible assistance and use 
 your utmost endeavours in transporting the several 
 Stores, Ammunition, Provision, &c to Wills Creek 
 with the utmost expedition. 
 
 Whilst you remain at Conogogee you are to send 
 a Sergant or Corporal with such of your men as are 
 to be trusted with all the Waggon's which arrive at 
 that place from Rock Creek allowing one man to 
 each Waggon and you are to send them immediately 
 back to Rock Creek for more Stores till you shall be 
 informd from the Officers there, that every thing is 
 sent up. 
 
 To Ensign French, at Rock Creek. 
 
 28th April. 1755. 
 
 You are ordered by his Excellency Gen' Braddock 
 
GENERAL BRADDOCK B ORDERLY BOOK. XXIX. 
 
 to forward with all Expedition the ammunition 
 Stores &c at Rock Creek to Mr Cresaps Conogogee 
 taking care to send the ammunition Train Stores &c 
 first, then the Hospital Stores and Salt Fish. 
 
 You are not wait for the Beeves but as soon as the 
 aforementioned things are gone up you will move 
 with your party and join the Regiment at Wills 
 Creek agreeable to the follow- March Route; as you 
 will find Provisions very scarce on the Road you 
 must take with you as many days of salt Provisions 
 as the Men can carry. 
 
 MILES. 
 
 From Rock creek to Owens Ordy 15 
 
 ToDowdens 15 
 
 To Frederick 15 
 
 On the Road to Conogogee 17 
 
 To Conogogee 18 
 
 . To J<jhn Evan's 16 
 
 To Widow Baringer's 18 
 
 To George Pol Is's 9 
 
 To Henry Enocks 15 
 
 To Mr Cox's 12 
 
 To Col" Cresap's 8 
 
 To Wills Creek 16 
 
 Total, 174 
 
 You must if you should find it necessary, take 
 with you Cuides from place to place, and make such 
 halts as you shall find absolutely necessary being 
 careful not to loose any time. 
 
 If the Waggons should come in very slowly make 
 your apijlication to the Civil Officers and if that 
 should not succeed send Parties to fetch in any 
 Waggons you shall hear off" Inform Lieut Breerton 
 of the March Route, and tell him it is the Generals 
 Orders that he make all imaginable dispatch. 
 
 As soon as the Paymaster arrives he must also 
 victual his men when the last Stores of all kinds 
 
XXX. GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. 
 
 which are to be sent and dlsmissd from Rock Creek, 
 you are to send a Letter to Cap' Gates at Conogogee 
 informing him of it. 
 
 The hand barrows and wheel barrows of the Train 
 except 6 of each are to be left behind all but the 
 Wheels and Iron Work which are to be forwarded. 
 
 Cami> at Fort Cumberland, 
 Saturday, May 10th, 1755. 
 Parole — Connecticut. 
 
 Mr. Washington is appointed aid de camp to His 
 Excellency (Jeneral Braddock. 
 
 Field officer for to morrow Maj'' Sparke. 
 
 The articles of war to be read to morrow morning, 
 at which time the servants, women and followers of 
 the army are to attend with the respective corps and 
 companies that they belong to. 
 
 The two Independent companies and Rangers to- 
 receive three Days provisions to morrow. 
 
 For the Generals Guard 48th Regiment. 
 
 Col Dunbars Regiment to relieve the Fort Guard 
 immediately, and the Fort Guard is to march to 
 Fraziers as a Grass Guard, and to be relieved every 
 48 hours. Cap' Pilson's company of carpenters is to 
 send one corporal and 6 men with their tools and to 
 make such fences as the officer of tlie Grass Guard 
 shall think proper 
 
 The Virginia and Maryland Rangers and the com- 
 pany of carpenters to settle their men's accts imme- 
 diately, giving them credit for what arrears &c are 
 due, and they are for the future to be subsisted 
 regularly twice a week as the rest of troops are. 
 
 A return to be given in to morrow morning of the 
 strength of each of the Regiments by companys, the 
 return to be signed by the commanding officer of 
 each corps the Independent Companys, Virginia and 
 Maryland Rangers and the Troop of Light Horse are 
 also to send in a return to morrow mornino; of their 
 
GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. XXXI. 
 
 strength, which return is to be signed by the captain 
 or officer commanding each company, and to be given 
 in separately. 
 
 The General has fixed the hour for his Levy, from 
 ten till eleven in the forenoon every Day. 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland. 
 
 Sunday, May 11, 1755. 
 
 Parole — Albanv. 
 
 Field officer to morrow L' Col Burton. 
 
 The Generals Guard 44th Regmt. 
 
 A return to be sent in of the nuuibers of men who 
 understand the springing of rocks, & those men that 
 are fitt are to be told that they will, receive proper 
 encouragement all the troops are to begin their field 
 Days. Powder may be had from the train by apply- 
 ing for it, and each man is to have I'J rounds for 
 every field Day. 
 
 A Pkcturn is to be given in to uiorrow morning at 
 orderly time of the recruits of the whole army, 
 setting forth their age size country and occupation 
 one Sargeant and 6 men from piquet to attend during 
 the time of marketting to prevent Disputes, and if 
 any should happen he is to apply to the capt" of the 
 Picquet he belongs to. This duty tt) be done alter- 
 nately. 
 
 All provisions brought into camp to be settled 
 according to a settled rule, a copy of which will be 
 given to the troops by the Major of Brigade and no 
 person bringing provisions shall presume to ask more 
 nor shall an3'bod_)' offer less for good and wholesome 
 meat. 
 
 The 48th Regiment is to receive their Days pro- 
 visions to morrow at 10 o'clock. 
 
 AFTER ORDERS. 
 
 All the out guards to be relieved to morrow morn'g 
 and parade at 5 o'clock. 
 
XXXII. GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. 
 EVENING ORDERS. 
 
 It is His Excellency* General Braddocks orders 
 that no officer soldier or others give the Indians men 
 women or children any rum other Liquor or money 
 upon any account whatever 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland, 
 Monday, May 12th, 1755. 
 
 Parole — Boston. 
 
 Field Officer to morrow Maj'" Sparke. 
 
 The Generals Guard 48th Regiment. 
 Whereas Capt Poulson, one of the Virginia com- 
 pany of carpenters desired a court martial to enquire 
 into his character, having been accused of being in 
 arms in the late Rebellion in Scotland His Excellency 
 has been informed that the accusations is scandalous 
 and groundless ; if therefore any person whatever 
 can prove Capt" Poison to have been in the late 
 Rebellion they are desired immediately to send their 
 accusation to the General ; ii' not His Excellency 
 entirely frees him from any imputation of that 
 kind, and desires that no reflections for the future 
 may be thrown on (!apt" Poison on that ace'. 
 after orders. 
 
 A General Court Martial to sit immediately at 
 the President's Tent, it is to consist of one field 
 officer, 6 Capt"s and 6 Subalterns. 
 
 Maj"' Sparke President. 
 Mr Shirley Judge Advocate. 
 His Excellency has thouglit proper to Brigade the 
 Army in the following manner and they are for the 
 future to encamp accordingly : 
 
 The first Brigade, Commanded by Sir Peter Halket 
 
 Compliment. Effective. 
 
 44tii Resiment of Foot 700 700 
 
 Capt° iiutlierford's ( ludependant Compy I ,„„ gg 
 Capt" Gates I of New York i 
 
 Capt. Poison's Carpenters 50 48 
 
 Capt. Peronnee's I Virginia Rangers 50 47 
 
 Capt. Wagner's j Virginia Rangers .^0 45 
 
GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. XXXIII. 
 
 Capt. Dagworlhy's.. Maryland Rangers 50 49 
 
 Second Brigade, Commanded by Colonel Dunbar. 
 
 48th Regiment of Foot 700 650 
 
 Capt. Demerie's South Carolina Detach' 100 97 
 
 Capt. Dnbb's North Carolina Rangers 100 80 
 
 Capt. Mercer's Company of Carpenters 50 35 
 
 Capt. Stevens's! Virginia Rangers 50 48 
 
 Capt. Hogg's j- Virginia Rangers 50 40 
 
 Capt. Cox's J Virginia Rangers 50 43 
 
 Any soldier or follower of the army who shall 
 stop any one hriniring in provisions or forage to the 
 camp shall immediately suffer death. 
 
 No out post to march from or to camp with beat 
 of drum, nor is any beat of drum to beat before the 
 Troop unless when any of the Troops are out at 
 exercise, and of Avhich they are to acquaint the 
 (Jeneral the night before thi-o' one of His aid de 
 camps. 
 
 Camp at Foht Cumberland, 
 Tuesday, 13th May, 1755. 
 Parole — Charleston. 
 Field Officer for to morrow Lt Col Burton. 
 For the Generals Guard 44th Regiment. 
 The quartermasters. Camp colour men, and 
 Pioneers of the two Regiments with two men of the 
 Independent Companies with proper Tools for 
 clearing the ground in the Front to parade at five 
 o'clock in the Evening at the head of the 48th 
 Regiment, and to remain there for the Field Officer 
 of the Day's orders. 
 
 The Picquetts are to lay advanced and to remain 
 att their panide till they receive the Field Officers 
 orders. Each of the two Regiments to send 6 tents 
 to the companies in each Brigade, and also to send 6 
 tents each for the men of their advanced Picquets. 
 The centrys on the advanced Picquetts not to suff'er 
 any body to pass unquestioned after sun set. 
 
 The Picquett return,s at 6 o'clock in the morning. 
 The quarter Guard of Sir Peter Halketts Regi- 
 5 
 
XXXIV. GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. 
 
 ment for the future to be pouted on the right flank. 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland, 
 Wednesday, 14th May, 1755. 
 Parole — Dumfries. 
 Field Officer to morrow LtCol Burton. 
 The Generals Guard 48th Regiment. 
 The General Court Martial is dissolved. Luke 
 Woodward soldier in the 48th Regiment, commanded 
 by Col Dunbar, having been tryed for Desertion by a 
 General Court Martial whereof Majf Win Sparke 
 was president, is by sentence of that Gen' Court 
 Martial adjudged to suffer death. His Excellency, 
 Genl Braddock has approved of the sentence, but 
 has been pleased to pardon him. 
 
 Thomas Conelly, James Fitzgerald and James 
 Hughes, soldiers in the 48th Regiment, and tryed 
 for theft by the said Court Martial whereof Major 
 Sparke was President, are by the sentence of the 
 s'd (Jourt Martial adjudged to suffer the following 
 punishments : 
 
 Thomas Conelly one thous' ) Lashes att the 
 Jas Fitzgerald, eight hund'' > Head 
 
 Jas Hughes eight hund'' J of the Line. 
 Also that they be obliged to make satisfaction for 
 the Kegg of Beer stolen by them to the value of 
 thirty three shilfe'* Maryland Cur)', and that proper 
 stopages be made out of their pay by their officers 
 for that purpose ; His Excellency has approved the 
 sentence, but has been pleased to remit one hundred 
 lashes from the puishment of Conelly and two hun- 
 dred from each of the other two. Conelly is to 
 receive 900 lashes at 3 different times 800 lashes 
 each time. Jas Fitzgerald and Jas Hughes are to 
 receive 600 lashes each at two different times, 300 
 lashes each time. The 48th Regiment to send the 
 Drummers to the head ofy^- line, to put the sentence 
 in execution, the first time of punishment to be to 
 
GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. XXXV. 
 
 morrow morning at troop beating. The two Picquetts 
 formed from the Independent Companies Virginia 
 and Maryland Ranger.s, to consist of one Capt" 2 
 Subalterns, 2 Sargeants, 2 Corporals and 38 Cen- 
 tinals. 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland, 
 Thursday, 15th May, 1755. 
 Parole — Portsmouth . 
 Field Officer to morrow Maj>' Sparke. 
 For the Generals Guard 44tli Regiment. 
 The Officers who were ordered to get themselves in 
 readiness to go with the paymaster are cont^ 
 
 On subaltern, one serg' 1 corpl and 30 cent'l to 
 march this evening to Mr Martin's where the troop 
 of Light Horse graze, the men to take tents with 
 them and provisions for three days, the officer to 
 receive his orders from Capt Stuart of the Light 
 Horse ; this guard to be relievd every 3d Day. 
 
 One Sei'g', one Corpl and 1 2 men to parade att 
 the Fort Guard this Day at 12 o'clock m. 
 
 The Surgeant will receive his orders from Capt 
 Orme. 
 
 AFTER ORDERS. 
 
 The Subalterns Guard that was ordered to march 
 to Martin's is countermanded. 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland, 
 Friday, 16th May, 1755. 
 Pai'ole — Winchester. 
 Field Officer to morrow Lt Col Gage. 
 For the Generals Guard 44th Regiment. 
 Any Indian Trader, Soldier or follower of the 
 army who shall dare to give liquor to any of the 
 Indians or shall receive or purchase from them any 
 of their presents made to them by His Majesty thro' 
 His Excellency Genl Braddock, shall suffer the 
 severest punishment a court martial can inflict. 
 
XXXVI. GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BuOK. 
 
 There will be a public congress of the Indians to 
 morrow at 12 o'clock at the Generals Tent. 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland, 
 
 Saturday, 17th of May, 1755. 
 Parole — Eskaw. 
 The congress of Indians mentioned in yesterdays 
 orders is put off. 
 
 Field officer to morrow Lt Col liurtun. 
 For the Generals Guard 48tli Resiiraent. 
 The Two Regiments, the Independent compys, the 
 companys of carpenters, the Virginia and Maryland 
 company of Rangers and the Troop of Light Horse 
 are to send imtnediately to Mr Lake, commissary of 
 Provisions a separate return of the number of persons 
 they each of them draw provisions for, this return to 
 be signed by the commander of the two regt and by 
 the captains or officers commanding each of the Inde- 
 pendent companys &c. The form of this return is 
 sent to the Brigade Major and is to be given in 
 regularly every eight Days. 
 
 His Excellency expects that this order will be 
 punctually obeyed, as the commissary will not be 
 able to provide a proper quantity of Provisions for 
 the army unless he has the above return sent to him 
 regularly. 
 
 One Subaltern, one Sergt 1 corporal, & 30 men to 
 mount as a guard on the artillery. They are to parade 
 this afternoon at 5 o'clock and to be relieved every 
 48 hours. 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland, 
 Sunday, May 18th, 1755. 
 Parole — Farnham. 
 
 There will be a public congress of the Indians this 
 day at 12 o'clock at the Genl^ Tent. 
 
GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. XXXVIL 
 
 Field officer to morrow Maj Sparke. 
 For the Genls Guard 44tli Reg*. 
 
 One corpl, & 8 men of the line to attend the 
 Engineer in Surveying; they are to parade at 9 
 o'clock. 
 
 Each Regiment, Independent Company &c in the 
 making up of their cartridges are to allow oG round 
 of ball to 1 lb of powder, and for Field Dajs or 
 Exercise they ai'e to allow 46 with or without ball. 
 
 Six women per company are allowed to each of 
 the two Regimts and the Independent com])anys; 
 Four Women to each of the companys of carpenters 
 Virginia and MarAland Rangers five women to the 
 troop of Light Horse, as many to the detachment of 
 seamen, and 5 to the detachment of artillery. 
 
 His Excellency expect that this order will be 
 punctually complied with, as no more Prov^" will be 
 allowed to be drawn for than for the above number 
 of women. 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland, 
 Monday, 19th of May, 1755. 
 Parole — Guilford. 
 Field officer to morrow Lt Col Gage. 
 For the Generals Guard 44th Regiment. 
 Each Brigade to send a man to the Gen'l Hospital 
 as Orderly who are to receve and obey the directions 
 of Doct"" Napper Director of the 2d Hospital. 
 
 All the troops are to acct with the Director of the 
 Hospital once in three months or as soon after as can 
 be, for stoppages at the rate of 5 pence stirl'g per 
 Day, for every Man that is admitted in the Gen'l 
 Hospital; this stoppage to commence from the 24th 
 of May ensuing. 
 
 As soon as the Retreat has been beat this night 
 the Drum Maj'' of each of the two Regimets are to 
 march with the Drummers and" Drumers to the Head 
 of the artillery where they will receive orders. 
 
XXXVIII. GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. 
 AFTER ORDERS. 
 
 A return to be given into the Brigade Major to 
 morrow at orderly time of the number of smiths and 
 carpenters that are in the two Regiments, Inde- 
 pendent Companies &c. 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland, 
 
 Tuesday, May the 20th, 1755. 
 Parole — Hendon. 
 Field officer to morrow Lt Col Burton. 
 For the Generals Guard 48th Regmt. 
 One Subaltern, 1 Sergt, 1 corp & 24 men to parade 
 to morrow moi-ning at 5 o'clock They are to have 
 three Days Provisions with them and the officer is 
 this night to recieve his orders from Sir John St. 
 Clair. 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland. 
 
 Wednesday, 21st of May 1755. 
 Parole — Ilchester. 
 Field officer to morrow Maj Chapman. 
 The Generals Guard 44th Regmt. 
 No soldier that is employed as a Baker b^- Mr 
 Lake, commissary of Provisions, is to be put upon 
 any duty whatever till further orders. 
 
 It is His Excellency's orders that no Sutler give 
 any liqvior to the Indians on any account: if any one 
 does he will be severely punished. 
 
 The provost is to go his round every Day through 
 all the Roads leading to the camp. Every soldier or 
 woman that he shall meet with on the other side of 
 the River, or beyond the advanced Picquets without 
 a pass from the Regiment or from the officer com- 
 manding the company to which they belong, he is to 
 order his executioner to tye them up and give them 
 fifty lashes and to march them prisoners thro' 
 the camp to expose them. 
 
 One gill of spirits mixed with three gills of water 
 
GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. XXXIX. 
 
 may be allowed each man per Day, which the officers 
 of the picquet are to see delivered out every day at 
 Eleven o'clock, any settler that shall sell any spirits 
 to the soldiers without an officer being present shall 
 be sent to the Provosts. 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland, 
 Tuesday, 22d May, 1755. 
 Parole — Kensincton. 
 
 'fc"- 
 
 Field Officer to morrow Maj'' Sparke. 
 The Generals Guard 48th Regiment. 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland, 
 Friday, May 23d, 1755. 
 Parole — Lincoln. 
 
 Field officer to morrow Maj'' Chapman. 
 For the Genls Guard 44th Regemt. 
 A General Court Martial to sitt to morrow morn- 
 ing, at 8 o'clock at the Genls Tent to consist of one 
 Field officer, G captns G Subalterns. 
 
 Lt Col Gage President. 
 Mr Shirley Judge Advocate. 
 If any officer, soldier or follower of the army shall 
 dare to give anj' strong liquor, or money to the 
 Indian Men or Women, if an officer he shall be 
 brought to a General Court Martial for disobedience 
 of orders; if a non commissioned officer soldier or 
 follower of the army he shall receive 250 lashes 
 without a C't Mart'l. 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland, 
 Saturday, 24th May, 1755. 
 Parole — Monmouth . 
 
 Field officer to morrow Lt Col Burton. 
 For the Genls Guard 48th Regmt. 
 
xl. general braddock s orderly book. 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland, 
 Sunday, May 25th, 1755. 
 Parole — Norwich. 
 Field officer to morrow May Sparke. 
 For the Generals Guard 44th Regmt. 
 If an}' non commissioned officer or soldier belonging 
 to the army is found gaming he shall immediately 
 receive three hundred lashes without being brought 
 to court martial, and all standers by or lookers on 
 shall be deemed principals .and punished as such. 
 
 One Capt", 1 Lent, 1 Ensign and 70 men of the 2 
 Brigades to parade immediatel}' att the Fort. They 
 are to take Tents and 10 days Prov"'^ with them. 
 The Capt is to receive his orders from Sir John St 
 Clair. 
 
 A Genl Court Martial of tlie Line, to sitt to 
 morrow to try Lt McLead of the Royal Regt of Ar- 
 tillery confined by Genl Braddock to consist of one 
 Col. 2 Field Officers, and 10 Captns. 
 
 Sir Peter Halkett President. 
 Mr Shirley Judge Advocate. 
 To sit at the Presidents Tent and to meet at 12 
 o'clock. 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland, 
 Monday. 2(jth May, 1755. 
 Parole — Oxford. 
 Field Officer to morrow Lt Col Gage. 
 For the Generals Guard 48th Regiment. 
 The General Court Martial whereof Lt Col Gage 
 was President is dissolved His Excellency having 
 approved of the several sentences allotted them. 
 
 John Nugent of the 44th Regiment having been 
 tryed for theft and found guilty of the crime laid to 
 his charge as an accomplice in receiving a share of 
 the money that was stole, is adjudged to receive one 
 thousand lashes, and to be drum'd out of the Reg't 
 
GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. XLl. 
 
 through the line with a halter about his neck. 
 
 Samuel Draumer, of the 44th Regiin't and George 
 Darty of Capt Demere's Independent Company 
 having been tryed for desertion are adjudged each of 
 them to receive two hund'^ lashes. 
 
 Henry Dalton. of the 48th Reg't having been 
 tryed for shooting Henry Pelkington, sold'r in the 
 said Regiment the Court Marshal is of opinion that 
 the said Dalton did not shoot the said Pelkington 
 with design but that it was done by accident, there- 
 fore His Excellency Gen'l Braddock has ordered 
 him to be released and to be sent back to his duty. 
 
 If any soldier is seen Drunk in Camp he is to be 
 sent immediately to the quarter guard of the Regmt 
 he belongs to, and the next morning he is to I'eceive 
 two hundred lashes without a Court Martial. 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland, 
 Tuesday, May 27th, 1755. 
 
 Parole — Petersfield. 
 
 Field Officer to morrow Lt Col Burton. 
 For the Generals Guard 44th Regiment. 
 
 The party of the Picquets that lay advanced to 
 load with raming ball, the rest of the picquets to 
 load with powder and to have their ball in their 
 pockets. 
 
 The following detachments to march on Tuesday 
 morning to parade at Revelle beating The men to 
 be provided with two days- provisions ready dress'd. 
 The 44th, 48th Regts are to furnish 1 field officer, 4 
 capts 12 subalterns 12 sergeants and 250 rank and 
 file. 
 
 Capt Rutherford's Capt Demere's Independent 
 Companys, Capt Waginer's Capt Peyrouneys Com- 
 panies of Virginia Rangers and Capt Poison's 
 Company of Carpenters are also to march with this 
 6 
 
XLII. GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. 
 
 detachment, who are to take with them their camp 
 eqnippage and baggage. 
 
 Major Chapman Field Officer for the detachment. 
 
 Tlie Independent Company and companys of Vir- 
 ginia Rangers ordered for this Detachment to furnish 
 no men for the guards to morrow and any men that 
 they may have upon the out Guards are to be relieved 
 immediately. Particular care is to be taken that the 
 men's arms are in good order and that each man is 
 provided with ten flints and compleated to 24 rounds 
 of ammunition. 
 
 The Tools and Tomahawks of the 2d Brigade are 
 to be given at Gun flring this evng to the quarter 
 master General at his tent and a dem'd to be made 
 to morrow nig at 6 o'clock of ye number of Tools 
 each Brigade will want, the quarter master to attend. 
 
 Camp at Cumberland, 
 Wednesday, May 28th, 1755. 
 Parole — Quarendon. 
 
 Field officer to morrow Maj Sparke. 
 Generals Guard 48th Regt. 
 The Regulation of stoppages with the Director of 
 the Genl Hospital to commence from the 24th (jf this 
 month. 
 
 As it is necessary to employ the soldiers in making 
 and amending the roads His Excellency has been 
 pleased to appt the followg allowances 
 
 s d 
 
 To ovei-y sub: nfllcer 3 0") Sterling 
 
 To every serie.int I | 
 
 To every corporal '.) \ ' 
 
 To every drumer and private centinal (i I Day 
 
 But as at present there is no public market and of 
 course the men will have no opjjortunity of making 
 use of the ready money His Excellency is so kind as 
 to promise that he will see that they are punctually 
 paid whatever is due to them when they arrive in 
 
GENERAL BEADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. XLIII. 
 
 winter quarters therefore whatever Subaltern officer 
 or sergeant has the command of any Avorking party 
 as soon as they are relieved or come back they are to 
 make an exact return of the number of men of their 
 party and give it in to the quarter master Genl. 
 
 But if hereafter there should be any public market 
 or that the money will be found to be of use to the 
 men upon a proper application His Excellency will 
 give orders for their being paid. 
 
 The companies of Rangers are for the future to 
 furnish their proportion of men for duty with the 
 rest of the line. 
 
 As tliere will I)e an express going in a few days, 
 any officers that have anij letters to send to Great 
 Britain are desired to give them to either the Genl's 
 aid de camps or to Mr. Shirley. 
 
 AFTER ORDERS. 
 
 The men of the Detachment that march to morrow 
 to be commanded by the officers of their own corps 
 or coinpany. 
 
 Sixteen men from line to be appointed to the Guns 
 to morrow that march and to be under the direction 
 of the officer of artillery. 
 
 The Indopendant company and Rangers of the two 
 Brigades to mount but one picquet. 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland, 
 Thursday, 29th May, 1755. 
 
 Parole — Queensbury. 
 
 Field officer to morrow Lt Col Gage. 
 The Genls Guard 44th Regiment. 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland, 
 Friday, 30th of May, 1755. 
 Parole — Rochester. 
 
 Field officer to morrow Lt Col Burton. 
 
XLIV. GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. 
 
 Generals Guard 48th Regmt. 
 
 The troops to hold themselves in readiness to 
 march in 24 hours warning. 
 
 Whatever Barrells the Regiments and companys 
 have got belonging to the artillery are to be sent 
 back immediately with their troops to the foreman of 
 the train. 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland, 
 Saturday, 31st May, 1755. 
 
 Parole 
 
 Field Officer to morrow Maj^ Sparke. 
 Generals Guard 44th Regiment. 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland, 
 Sunday, 1st of June, 1755. 
 Parole — Tamworth . 
 
 Field officer to morrow Lt Col Gage. 
 Generals Guard 48th Regmt. 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland, 
 Monday, 2d of June, 1755. 
 Parole — Wey bridge . 
 
 Field Officer to morrow Lt Col Burton. 
 Generals Guard 44th Regiment. 
 
 The Hatchet men of the two Regements and one 
 man per company from the rest of the line to Parade 
 this afternoon att 3 o'clock at Mr Gordon's (En- 
 gineer) Tent. 
 
 Four Sergeants 2 corporals & 100 men with arms 
 1 subaltern, 1 sergeant 1 coporal and 30 men with 
 arms to parade to morrow morning at Revelle beat- 
 ing at the head of the Line and to receive their 
 orders from Mr Gordon Engineer. 
 
 His Excellency has been pleased to appoint Col 
 Innes Governor of Fort Cumberland. 
 
GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. SLV. 
 
 MONDAY EVENING. 
 
 Three subaltern ofScers to march with the detach- 
 ment of 100 men without arms, which is to parade 
 to morrow morning at Reville beating. 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland. 
 
 Tuesday, June 3d, 1755. 
 Parole — Yarmou th 
 A General Court Martial of the Line consisting of 
 6 captains & 6 subalterns to sitt to morrow morning 
 at 8 o'clock at the Presidents Tent. 
 Major Sparke President. 
 Mr Shirley Judge Advocate. 
 Field Officer to morrow Lt Col Burton. 
 Generals Guard 48th Regiment. 
 Four Subalterns, 5 Sergts, 5 Corpls, and 150 men 
 without arms to parade to morrow morning at 
 y"? head of the line at Revelle beating 
 
 One Subaltern, 1 Sergt, 1 Corpl, and 30 men with 
 arms to parade at the same time and act as a cover- 
 ing party ; they are to receive their Order from Mr 
 Gordon. Engineer. 
 
 'O' 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland, 
 Wednesday, 4th June, 1755. 
 Parole — Doncaster. 
 
 Field officer to morrow Lt Col Burton. 
 For the Generals Guard 44th Regiment. 
 The 44th Regiment and Capt Mercer's Company 
 of Virginia Carpenters to hold themselves in readi- 
 ness to march in an hour's warning. The working 
 Party to be relieved to morrow morning, and by the 
 same number. 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland, 
 
 Thursday, June 5th, 1755. 
 Parole — Boston. 
 
XLVI. GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. 
 
 Field Officer to morrow Major Sparke. 
 For the Generals Guard 48th Regiment. 
 The working party to be relieved to morrow 
 morning and by the same number of men. 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland, 
 
 Friday, June 6th, 1755. 
 
 Parole 
 
 Field Officer to morrow Lt Col Barton. 
 
 Sir Peter Halketts Regiment to march to morrow 
 morning ; the sick of the Regiment unable to march 
 to be sent to the Gen'l Hospital. One Subaltern 
 officer to be left behind with them. 
 
 The men of Sir Peter Halketts Regiment now 
 upon Guard when they are relieved or ordered to 
 come oft" are to be assembled together and marchd 
 regularly to the Regiment by an officer. 
 
 Capt" Gates's Independant Com})any and all 
 ye remaining companies of provincial Troops to 
 march on Sunday morning with the whole Park of 
 Artillery. 
 
 No more women are allowed to march with each 
 Regiment and Company than the number allowed 
 of by His Excellency in the orders of the 18th of 
 May. 
 
 Any soldier, sutler, woman or other person what- 
 ever who shall be detected in stealing, purloining or 
 wasting of any provisions shall sufler Death. 
 
 The General Court Martial whereof Majr Sparke's 
 was President is dissolved. 
 
 Michael Shelton and Caleb Sary, soldiers be- 
 longing to Capt" Edward Brice Dobbs's company of 
 Americans tryed for Desertion are by sentence of the 
 Court Martial found guilty and adjudged to receive 
 1,000 lashes each. 
 
 John Igo, a convict servant, accused of theft is'by 
 the sentence of the Court Martial found guilty of 
 
GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. XLVIL 
 
 receiving and concealing goods the property of 
 soldiers in' His Majesty's service and is adjudged to 
 receive 500 Lashes with a cat and nine Tails by the 
 hands of the common hangman. 
 
 John McDonald soldier in Sir Peter Halketts 
 Regiment accused of being an accomplice and con- 
 cerned with John Igo is acquitted. 
 
 The Guards advanced up Wills Creek, the Potomac 
 and the Flats'^' to be taken off to morrow morning, 
 and to join their several corps, the other guards to 
 remain and to be relieved as usual. 
 
 Capt" Gates Independent Company and ye re- 
 maining companies of the Provincial Troops to 
 furnish their proportion for the Guards to morrow 
 and when they are relieved they are to join their 
 companys in the same manner as those of Sir Peter 
 Halketts Regiment are directed to do in this days 
 orders. 
 
 No Soldiers wife to be suffered to march from this 
 ground with a Horse as their own. 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland, 
 
 Saturday, June 7th, 1755. 
 Parole — Doncaster. 
 
 Capt Yates's Independant companies & the remain- 
 ing companies of Provincial Troops & ye whole Park 
 of Artillery to march to morrow morning and to be 
 under the command of Lieut Col Burton. 
 
 The artillery & companies that march to morrow 
 to receive this afternoon Provisions to compleat them 
 to the 11th inclusive & ye women to ye 17th. 
 
 The 4Sth Regiment to take all the Guards to 
 morrow; the men of the 48th Regiment now upon ye 
 train Guard are to join their corps to morrow morning 
 when the Artillery marches off & that Guard to be 
 mounted by the companys that march to morrow. 
 
 *The Flats were od the East aide of Will's Creek 
 
XLVIII. GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. 
 
 The 48th Regiment to hold themselves in readi- 
 ness to march on Monday next. 
 
 AFTER ORDERS. 
 
 The Generals Guard is to be reduced to morrow to 
 1 Sergt 1 corpl and 12 men who are not to be re- 
 lieved but to i-emain with the Genl's Baggage. 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland, 
 
 Sunday, June 8th, 1755. 
 Parole — Essex. 
 
 Capt" Gates's Independant Company and the re- 
 maining companys of the Provincial Troops and 
 artillery are to march to morrow. 
 
 The 48th Regt to march on Tuesday as Col Dun- 
 bars Regiment is not to march to morrow the Genl's 
 Guard to be relieved to morrow morning. 
 
 The Companies that march to morrow to send 
 immediately 1 Sergeant corporal & 12 men to assist 
 Mr Lake commissary of Provisions at the Fort. 
 
 A Return to be sent immediately from Col Dun- 
 bar's Reg't Capt Gates's company & the American 
 Troops of the number of men they have fitt for 
 Waggoners or Horse Drivers. 
 
 In the return of Col Dunbar's Regt they are only 
 to include those men that have joined the Regiment 
 since they have been landed in America. 
 
 Camp in Fort Cumberland, 
 
 Monday, June 9th, 1755. 
 Parole — Fallmouth. 
 Col Dunbars regiment to send their sick unable to 
 march to the General 'Hospital and to leave a 
 subaltern officer behind with them. 
 
 One sergeant, 1 corpl and 24 men without arms to 
 parade to morrow morning at Day break to assist 
 Mr Lake, commissary of Provisions in loading of 
 y^ waggons. 
 
general braddock s orderly book. xlix. 
 
 Camp at Fort Cumberland, 
 Tuesd.ay, June the lUtli, 1755. 
 The Fort Guard to join their Regiments as soon 
 as Governor Innes has taken possession of it and 
 placed his centrys. 
 
 Camp at the Grove, 
 (First Camp from Fort Cumberland.) 
 
 Pai'ole — Gainsborough. 
 
 All the officers of the Line to be at the Gen's 
 tent to morrow morning at 11 o'clock. 
 
 No Fires to be made upon any acct whatever 
 within 150 yards of the Road on either side, an}' 
 person acting contrary to this order shall be very se- 
 verely punished. 
 
 All the waggons to be drawn up to-morrow morn- 
 ing as close as possible and as soon as the waggons 
 belong to the detachment under the command Tof 
 Majr Chapman have closed vip to the rear of the 
 Artillery that Detachment then to join the respective 
 Corps. 
 
 Col Dunbars Regiment to encnmp to morrow 
 morning upon the left of the whole, according to the 
 line of Encampment. 
 
 Camp at the Grove, 
 Wednesday, June 11th, 1755. 
 
 Parole — Hartford. 
 
 Capt" Rutherford and Cap" Gates Indep com- 
 panys and all the American's Troops to be under 
 arms immediatelj' att the head of their respective 
 encampments. 
 
 Any person whatsoever that is detected in stealing 
 shall be immediately hanged with' being brought to a 
 Court Martial. 
 
 One Subaltern Officer 1 Serg' 1 Corporal & 40 men 
 7 
 
L. GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. 
 
 with'^ arms from each of ye two Regemeut to parade 
 immediately at y^ h"' of the artillery. 
 
 One Sub: 1 Serg' 1 D"- & 30 Men of the line to 
 Parade in the Rear of Col^ Dunbars Reg'' as soon as 
 they have come to their proper ground The Officer is 
 to receive his Orders from Majf Sparkes. 
 
 Whatever number of Horses are furnisd by the 
 Officers are to be paraded as soon as jDossible in the 
 Rear of Col" Dunbars Reginit and to be reviewd by 
 Maj'- Sparkes. 
 
 The Officers are desird to acquaint Maj^ Sparkes 
 which of their Horses for carrying Horses and which 
 are for Draught and to be so good ak to send with the 
 carrying Horses, Bat-Saddles & etc. if they have 
 them. 
 
 The Commands officers of the two Regt'^ & the 
 capt"^ of the Indepond' and Provencial Troops to 
 send in a Return to the Genl of the number of Horses 
 furnished by their respective Officers, and opposite to 
 the Officer's names, The number of Horses furnishd 
 by each officer; that the Gen' inay be able to inform 
 His Majesty of the Inclination and readiness of the 
 particular Officers in carrying on the service. 
 
 AFTER 0RDP;RS. 
 
 No more than two Women per company to be 
 allowd to march from the Camp, a List of the names 
 of those that are to be sent back to be given into 
 Capt" Morris that there may be an Order sent to 
 
 Col" Innes at Fort Cumberland to Victual them 
 
 A List of the names of the women that are allowd 
 to stay with the troops to be given into the Majf of 
 Brigade and any woman that is found in camp and 
 whose name is not in that List will for the first time 
 be severely punished and for the second suffer Death. 
 
 AFTER ORDERS. 
 
 Colo Dunbar's Reg' is immediately to furnish a 
 Sergt & 12 Men as a Guard for the Provisions on 
 
GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. LI. 
 
 their Left and the Scrg' is to receive his orders from 
 M Lake Corny of Pro"?. 
 
 The Line is to furnish two Serg'** & 30 Men with* 
 arms who are to attend M' Lake Corny of Pro"^ to 
 morrow mon? at Day break & assist in loading the 
 Horses. 
 
 It is the Gen' Orders yt M'' Lake Corny of Pro"^ 
 with his People & y*' Party y*^ is allowed him begin 
 weighiJ out yf Flour & oth"" Pro"s for back 2 ds to 
 morrow ms by day b'' & his Excellency y' every th" 
 will be in readiness by 1 Oclock in y>" afternoon. 
 
GENERAL BRADDOCK'S ORDERLY BOOK, 
 
 NO. 2. 
 
 Camp at the Grove, 
 Thursday, June 12tli, 1755. 
 Parole— "Ilford." 
 Field Officer of the Picquet Lt Col Gage. 
 
 The Picquet to load with cartridges, and not with 
 raming Ball, to challenge and demand the counter- 
 sign till troop beating ; and the Field officer and 
 Picquet to be always received as Grand rounds as 
 often as he thinks proper to visit the out posts, by 
 Night or Day. 
 
 The advanced corporals and sentrys to have their 
 bayonets fixed ; the Detached partys from the ser- 
 geants guard to hat fjorporals with them ; the ad- 
 vanced sentrys not tui.AifFer anybody to come within 
 ten paces of their arms without demanding the 
 countersign. 
 
 The advanced partys not to build any bowers, 
 upon pain of severest punishment ; those already 
 built to be immediately destroyed. 
 
 These orders to be read to the men, by the officer 
 of ye Picquet before the out guards are posted. 
 
 Whatever communications from sergeant's guards 
 to sergeants guards, and from corporals guards to 
 corporal's guards are not yet opened to be done 
 immediately. This to be a standing order, and to 
 
GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. LIII. 
 
 be observed by j« troops in all camps, and no person 
 whatever to fire their arras within a mile of y camp, 
 but in case of an alarm or their bein2; attacked. 
 
 These orders to be read to the men by the com- 
 manding officer of each company, and the orders 
 relative to the men of the picquet to be read to them 
 before they are detach'd on y-' out guards by the 
 officers of y*^ picquet. 
 
 The captains of y several Picquetts to be at 
 y Field officer of ye Picquet's tent an hour befoi'e 
 retreat beating in order to receive the countersign 
 from him. 
 
 All the troops to be compleated this afternoon 
 with provisions to the IGth inclusive and the 
 waggon and horse drivers to the 2Gth. 
 
 AFTER ORDERS. 
 
 Sir Peter Halkett's Grenadiers and the battalion 
 companys of that regiment to march immediately to 
 the crossing of the new and old road, a little beyond 
 where the detachment of seamen are now encamped. 
 They are to encamp there; the Grenadiers camp 
 across the road and the battalion companys according 
 to the present line of encampment covering the ad- 
 vanced wagons. The commanding officers to take 
 care to advance picquets in the same manner and. 
 proportion of numbers as ordr I in the disposition 
 of march and to take care thai ^ns advanced picquets 
 comply with the orders of this day. 
 
 The detachment of seamen commanded by Mr 
 Spendelow to be disposed of in such parts of the line 
 as he shall think proper, and their arms and accou- 
 trements are to be carried in whatever waggons he 
 shall appoint. 
 
 Three hatchet men of ye line with their tools to 
 remain constantly with the detachment of seamen, 
 and to receive their oi'ders from Mr Spendelowe. 
 
 One Tumbril with tools to march in the front 
 immediately after Captain Poisons company of 
 
LIV. GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. 
 
 carpenters and another Tumbril of tools to march in 
 the centre of the carriages. 
 
 One engineer to march with captain Poison's com- 
 pany of carpenters and another engineer is to march 
 in the centime of ye carriages. 
 
 The Pioneers of every company of ye Line with 
 their tools (except those that are ordered to ye 
 detachment of seamen) to march constantly in y^ 
 centre of y^ carriages and to be under the directions 
 yp Engineer who marches in the centre. 
 
 The troops to march to morrow and the General 
 to beat at four o'clock in ye morning. 
 
 Camp at Friday, 1.3th June, 1755. 
 
 Parole — "Hertford." 
 Field officer to morrow Major Chapman. 
 The Line is not to march to morrow. 
 
 Camp at Martin's, Saturday, June 14, 1755. 
 Parole — "Leicester." 
 
 Fhdd Officer to morrow Lt Col Burton. 
 
 Upon the beating of the General which is to be 
 taken IVom Sir Peter Halketts regiment, all ye troops 
 are to accoutre turn out and form two deep at ye 
 head of their respective encampments, and there 
 wait for further orders and no soldiers tent to be 
 suffered to be struck till ordered by the General. 
 
 As soon as the tents are struck they are to be 
 immediately loaded as also the officers baggage and 
 then the troops are to lay upon their arms till they 
 receve an order to march and upon the beating of ye 
 march the whole to face to the right and left. 
 
 The Field officers are not to be particularly posted 
 excepting the one who marches at ye head of ye 
 vanguard. 
 
 The number of carisiages to be equally divided and 
 
GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. LV. 
 
 Sir Peter Halkett and his Field officers with the 
 troops of his brigade are to take under their care half 
 of carriages and see that their officers order their 
 men to assist the waggoners upon any point or 
 difficulty that may happen. 
 
 Col Dunbar and his Field officers with y ti'oups of 
 the Second brigade to act in the same manner with 
 the remaining number of carriages. 
 
 In case any wagon should bi-eak down in such a 
 manner as to be unable to keep with the Line it is 
 immediately to be drawn out on one side of the road 
 and a report of it with what it is loaded to be sent 
 to Mr Scott Wagon master general who is to order 
 it to be repaired, or see that the load is divided 
 among the rest of the wagons as he shall think 
 proper. 
 
 Upon any halt, tho' ever so small the Companys 
 are to form two deep and face outward. 
 
 Upon a march the captains and officers of ye 
 picquet to visit frequently- their out detachments, 
 and see that they keep at a proper distance from 
 their companies. 
 
 Upon y<= firing of a cannon either in y front, 
 centre or rear the whole line to form face outwards 
 and then wait for further orders. 
 
 When the troops come to Savage River the ser- 
 vants, bat men Waggoners and horse drivers must 
 take particular care to prevent their horses from 
 eating of laurel, as it is certain death to them The 
 General to beat to morrow morning at 4 o'clock. 
 
 AFTER ORDERS. 
 
 Upon the beating of the General to morrow morn- 
 ing two companys from the right of Sir Peter 
 Halkett's regiment to strike their tents and march 
 as an escort to the carrying horses of y" army The 
 Commanding officer to apply to Captain Morris to 
 morrow morning for his orders. 
 
LVI. GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. 
 
 [Here is an omission of two days' orders, which 
 cannot be supplied, but a blanlc may be left in the 
 records to show the chasm.]* 
 
 Camp at the Little Meadows, 
 
 Tuesday, June 17th, 1755. 
 Parole — Orford . 
 Field ofBcer to morrow Lt Col Burton. 
 
 A detachment to march to morrow morning at 4 
 o'clock consisting of one Field Officer 2 Captains 6 
 subalterns 12 sergeants and 150 rank and file of y^ 
 two regiments; Captain Gates 2 subalterns 2 Ser- 
 geants 2 corporals and 50 private men of his inde- 
 pendent company, Captain Waggoners and Captain 
 Perouney's companys of Rangers. 
 
 Lt Col Gage to command this detachment A de- 
 tachment to march on Thursday morning at 4 
 o'clock consisting of one Colonl 1 Lt Col 1 Major 
 the two oldest companys of Grenadeers 5 Captains 
 20 subalterns 22 sergeants and 550 rank and file of 
 y two regiments. 
 
 Sir Peter Halkett Lieut Col Burton and Major 
 Sparke field officers for this detachment The King's 
 colour of y^ 44* reg't and ye second colour of 
 ye 48ih regiment to be sent with this detachment. 
 
 The men of the two regiments that are to march 
 with the detachment of to morrow and Thursday to 
 be taken out of thovse which landed from Ireland 
 the commanding officer of each regiment to be an- 
 swerable to his Excellency that this is complied 
 with. 
 
 A return to be sent in to-morrow morning to 
 either of ye aids de camp signed by the command- 
 ing officers of y^ companys of y^ two regiments of 
 y^ names and countries of y^ men that are for 
 
 *This note is written in Washington's handwriting. 
 
GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. LVIL 
 
 ye above two detachments their term of service 
 and the regiments they have served in. 
 
 His Excellency has been pleased to appoint the fol- 
 lowing captains and subalterns officers for y^ above 
 detachments and desires that they will take with 
 them as little baggage as possible. 
 
 For ye Detachment and command of Lt Col Gage. 
 Of y'' 44th regt Of ye 48th regt 
 
 Capt Beckwith Capt Morris 
 
 Lieut Treby Lieut Harsard 
 
 Lieut Sittler Lieut Barbutt 
 
 Ensign Clarke Ensign Dunbar 
 
 For the Detachment that marches on Thursday. 
 Of the 44th Regiment Of the 48th Regiment 
 Captain Hobson Captn Dobson 
 
 Gethius Cholmley 
 
 Bowyer 
 Lieut Halkett Lieut Walsam 
 
 Baile}' Hathorn 
 
 Pottiuiier Edmonstone 
 
 Simpson Cope 
 
 Lock Brierton 
 
 Kennedy Hurt 
 
 Townshend Gladwin 
 
 Ensign Nortlow Ensign Cowart 
 Pennington Harrison 
 
 Preston Crowe 
 
 McMullen. 
 The Surgeons Mate of y 48th regiment to march 
 with this detachment. 
 
 Capt Rutherfords Independent Company and Capt 
 Stephens company of Rangers, to march to morrow 
 mornin!! with the detachment under v*' command of 
 Lt Col Gage and to return to camp at night. 
 
 One Corporal and 4 light horse to march to mor- 
 row morning with the detachment under Col Gages 
 command, and to remain with him. 
 
 The detachment of Seamen and Capt Stuart with 
 8 
 
LVin. GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. 
 
 1 subaltern, and 18 light horse to march on Thurs- 
 day morning. 
 
 No woman to be victualled upon the detachments 
 that march to morrow and Thursday. 
 
 AFTER ORDERS. 
 
 Each of the two regiments as also Capt Gates 
 Independent Company to send a sufficient number of 
 tents for y" respective detachments that march to 
 morrow under ye command of Lt Col Gage. 
 
 AFTER ORDERS. 
 
 His Excellency has been pleased to appoint Lieut 
 Buchanan of y^ artillery to march with ye 2 guns to 
 morrow morning and Capt L Smith and Lieut 
 McLoud of y-' artillery to march with y detach- 
 ment on Thursday morning. The men that march 
 to morrow and on Tliursday morning to be compleated 
 to 24 rounds of ammunition. 
 
*N. B. — After the orders in this, and the book 
 preceding it, are transcribed, leave six pages blank 
 
 for insertion of the commission of G. W n and 
 
 the proceedings which intervened between the defeat 
 of Gen. Braddock and the resumption of the com- 
 mand by G. W. 
 
 Next, the Letters, [nstructions, and orders, in the 
 order they ajipear in the parchment covered book, 
 are to be transcribed. 
 
 ♦The above appears in WashiDgton'tt baudwiitiug, od a page following the last of the recorded 
 orders. 
 
Page 23 — "The Potomac River obtained its naiue doubtless from the 
 Potomac tribe of Indians," should read, "The Potomac tribe of Indians 
 obtained its name doubtless from the Potomac River." 
 
 Page;!30 — Lieut. Pickett should read Pickell. 
 
 Page 496— The date of the re-establishment of the ' Allegauian and 
 Times" should be 1876, instead of 1869. 
 
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