' !'.' ''I 'I'-! '"'1 L I' il'i'i 'l.''Ml D 399 UBRARY '^ ".'V^^'^. AMERICAN GRAPHITE JSchooI Boards of the pJ^Z f^'"" "^^ '^^ *« ]stat,„ner does notteeo^L '^ '""^- ^f Joar fdouWethe^oj;.'^ '" <=^"'^ for sa^pCl^"^^ 1 Manufactured by the '***"« «™«e Comply, WobksakdMaik •^^USIEY Offices oio^v ^. J. Th Sfiiiter Eft. These give, in Question and Answer form, a review of the his- tory of each twelve months, beginning with September. Eoctra No, 1, For September, 1.55;?.— Contains questions and answers on the history of the world for 1881-82. Reprinted (1887) in 48 16mo pages, revised, enlarged and more fully illustrated. Price 1 Oc, Extra No, 2, For September, 1883. — Contains questions and answers on the history of 1882-83. Illustrated with maps and portraits. Reprint, 48 pp., 16mo. Price lOCm Extra NOn 3. For Sejjteytiber, 1884, — Contains questions and answers on the history of 1883-84. Fully illus- trated with maps and portraits. Reprinted in 96 16nio. pages, andincludiug the "Campaign Extra, 1884." Price I3c. Extra No. 4. For September, 1885, — Contains questions and answers on the history of 1884-85, Fully illus- trated with maps and portraits. G4 pp. 16mo. Price 20c, Extra No, 5. For Sepfe^nber, 15.S6.— Contains questions and answers on the history of 1885 86. Fully illus- trated with maps and portraits. 96 pp. 16mo. Price 20c. Extra No. 6*. For September, 1887* Contains questions and answers on the history of 1886-87. Fully illus- trated with maps and portraits. 128 pp. 16mo. Price 20c, Extra No. 7. For September, 1888. Price 20c Extra No. 8 ready in September, 18S9. A set of these books will give you nearly 400 pages of Cur- rent History in an attractive form and at a merely nominal cost. PRICES OF SETS FOR USE IN SCHOOLS. 1 Set of Six 10 Set8 $ .80 6.00 30 Sets 40 Sets $10.00 18.00 DO NOT POSTPONE supplying yourself and your pupils with our valuable Question Extras. As a means of introduc- ing the study of Current History by reviewing the history of the past six years, they are absolutely unequaled. SCHOOL HlIRAIiD PUB. CO., Chicag;o. Curious Cobwebs. No. 1. WOVEN FROM MANY QUEER, QUAINT AND CURIOUS QUESTIONS. There are 225 questions upon hosts of things which are not generally known by the average person. These are fully and completely answered in the book. HOW TO USE CURIOUS COBWEBS. Read one of the simplest questions to the school and invite all to tell their parents of it. An interest is thus aroused at home. The answer can be called for the first thing in the morning, this being an incentive for prompt attendance. A number of questions can be placed on the board and remain there during the week until Friday afternoon, when a general discussion can be had. OBJECTS OF CURIOUS COBWEBS. To lessen the care of the teacher; to make the school more in- teresting; to interest parents in the work of the school; to induce pupils to look outside of the text-book and school room for in- formation, and to form habits of close observation in the grow- ing pupil. I give a few of the queries as samples: " How can you prove that there is a blind spot in the eye?" " What river is spelled by a single letter?" " What state bought itself?" " In what battle of the Revolution were all the dogs of the vicinity killed to prevent giving the alarm?" "Can a rabbit run up hill better than down?" "What member of Congress was never late at roll call?" " How can vessels carry grain free across the ocean?" These are only samples — some are more difficult than these and some are more simple. Price, 20 cents. CURIOUS COBWEBS, NO. 2. SAME PLAN AS NO. 1. 250 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. One lady teacher writes: "Our principal is very neat, yet I see 'Cobwebs' on her desk every day." Price of Curious Cobwebs No. 2, 20c. Both books, 35c. •^A. FLANAGAN,^ CHICAGO. WEBSTER'S UNABRIDGED The Standard and The Best. mOTIONAl^Jf ITSELF Your attention is invited to the fact that in puix-hasing the latest issue of this work, you get A DICTIONARY containing 118,000 Words, and 3000 Engravings, including a Supplement of nearh^ 6000 new words and meanings, A GAZETTEER OF THE WORLD containing over 2r),000 Titles, briefly describing the Countries, Cities, Towns, and Natural Features of every part of the Globe, A BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY containing tli<» names of nearly 10,000 Noted Persons, with pronunciation. Dates of Birtii and Deatii, Nationality, Profession, etc. — And other invaluable Tables, ALL IN ONE BOOK. It has 3000 more Words in its vocabulary than arc found in any other American Dictionary, and nearly three times the number of Engravings. In quantity of matter, it is believed to be the largest volume published, being sutticient to make 75 12mo volumes that usually sell for f 1.25 each. The best and most useful Dictionary of the English language ever pub- lished. — London Times. It will answer thousands of questions to the wide-awake child. Is an ever- present and reliable Scliool-niaster to the whole family.— ,S'. S. Herald. It is a library in itself, and contains the pith and the essence of all other books. With this and the Bible, we might go comfortably through the world and find no great lack. — Independent. Webster is Standard Authority in the Government Printing Office, and with the United States Supreme Court. It is recommended by the State Superintendents of Schools in Thirty-six States, and by leading College Presidents of the U. S. and Canada. All the leading Series of School Books published in this country are based upon Webster, the acknowledged Standard of the English Language. Published by G. & C. MEKRIAM & CO., Springfield, Mass. ALSO PUBLISHERS OF Webster's National Pictorial Dictionary, IN ONE VOLUME, HOC OCTAVO PAGES, 600 ENGRAVINGS. Specimen pages of these Sooks sent prepaid upon applicatic n. SOME ACCOUNT OF THE Rulers of the World. PREPARED FOR USE IN SCHOOLS / By W. I. CHASE. ^T [copyright 1889.] FOURTH EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED, WITH APPENDIX GIVING THE CABINETS AND POLITICAL PARTIES OF EURORE. CHICAGO : School Her.ald Publishing Co., 1889. ^ Rulers of the World KINGS, PRINCES AND STATESMEN OF OUR TIME. EUROPE. 1. How many and what are the states of Europe? Eighteen — not counting minor and dependent states Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain and Ireland, Greece, Italy, Montenegro, Netherlands, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Servia, Spain, Sweden and Norway, Switzerland, Turkey and Bulgaria. 2. What is Austria-Hungary? Sec. ^o^ A bipartite state, consisting of the Austrian empire and the Hungarian kingdom. Each state has its sepa- rate government, and the two are united only in the per- son of the monarch, and in a joint parliament and min- istry, the two latter having a orescribed sphere of legis- lation and administration. 3. Who is monarch of this state? Franz Josef I, of the house of Habsburg-Loraine. He was bornin 1830; succeeded his uncle Ferdinand in 1848. Married in 1854, Elizabeth, daughter of Duke Maxi- milian of Bavaria. Heir Apparent. — Archduke Carl l^udwig, the emperor's brother, born in 1833, and now a field marshal in the Austrian army. 4. What gives Austria prominence just now ? Her pronounced opposition to Russia in the Balkan ♦References here and elsewhere are to Section of "Civil Govern- ment in Theory and Practice " : or to Volua :e and Page of the School herald. ro RULERS OF THE WORLD. states. The position taken by Austria-Hungary, that no power can be permitted to establish a protectorate over the Danube states, has been, no doubt, most potent in checking Russian aggression. Koloman Tisza, also, FRANZ JOSEPH I. Emperor of Austria and Kixg of Hungary. has been largely instrumental in excluding Austria from Russian influence. 5. Who is Koloman Tisza.? _ Prime minister of Hungary; this office he has held since Feb. 25, 1877. 6. Who is prime minister of Austria.? RULERS OF THE WORLD. ii Count Edward Taafe, appointed to the office, Aug. 19 1879. 7. Who is foreign minister of Austria-Hungary? Count G. Kalnoky de Korospatak; appointed Nov. 21. 1881. KOLOMAN TISZA. Prime Minister of Hungary. 8. What is the government of Belgium ? Sec. 95. A constitutional monarchy, governed by a king and a Austria-Hungary.— Population, (1885), 41,056,206 ;army, peace foot- ing. 284.000; war footing-, 1,095,833; navy, 40 vessels, of which but 11 are iron-clad . Finances are in a bad Avay, as there is a chronic deficit of some $20,000,003 in the annual budget, and the national debt is $2,262,281,860. RULERS OF THE WORLD. parliament of two houses, both houses elected by pop- ular suffrage. 9. Who is King of the Belgians ? Leopold 11, son of Leopold I, the father being before his election to the throne of Belgium, a prince of the house of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Leopold II was born in LEOPOLD II. King of the Belgians. 1836; was married in 1853, to Marie Henriette, daugh- ter of Archduke Joseph of Austria. Heir Apparent. — The king has three daughters but no sons. The royal succession is in the direct line of heirs male, in the order of primogeniture. The king's eldest brother is Philippe, Count of Flanders. 10. What are the chief issues in Belgian politics .? The control of the public schools and the suppression RULERS OF THE WORLD. 13 of socialistic agitation. There are two principal parties, the Clericals and Liberals, and elections have turned, for several years, on the policy of teaching rehgious doctrine in the schools. The Catholic party has been in power since 1884. There has been much trouble with the labor question, too, as the wage-workers in many districts are infected with socialistic doctrines 11. How is Denmark governed ? Sec. 108. By a king and parliament under a liberal constitution. 12. Is the government therefore liberal ? No; the government is reactionary, not to say tyran- nica.1. The present prime minister, with the approval of the king, has wrested the constitution far away from its rational interpjetation, and carries on the govern- ment in defiance of the majority in the lower house of parliament. 13. Who is King of Denmark ? V. VI, p. 159. Christian IX, a man 71 years of age, the fourth son of the duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucks- burg. Succeeded to the throne in 1863, under the trea- ty of London of 1852 and the Danish law of succession of 1853. Married Louise, daughter of the landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, in 1842. Heir Apparent. — Prince Frederik, born in 1843; married in 1S69, a daughter of the king of Sweden and Norway. 14. Who is prime minister of Denmark ,? Jacob B roennum Scavenius Estrup, appointed in 1875 15. What is the government of France? Sec. 57. A republic. The legislative power is vested in a congress of two houses, and the executive in a president elected for a term of seven years, by the congress. In practice both powers are exercised by the ministry, which exists subject to the will of the majority in the chamber of deputies. Belgium.— Population (1887), 5,974,743 ; military streng-th on war footing 103,883, excluding civic guards; no navy; financially sound; public debt, $436,177,700 ; H RULERS OF THE WORLD. i6. Who is president of France? V. V, p. 198. M. Sadi Carnot, who was elected to that office Dec. 3, 1887, ii"^ place of M. Grevy, resigned. 17, What is notable in the history of ministerial gov- ernment under the French republic ? CHRISTIAN IX. King of Denmark. The frequent changes in the ministry, showing the Drxm VRK.- Population, (I8SS), 2,130,000 ; army, on war tooting, 50,522 men ; navy, 4t steam vessels, mounting 252 guns. Delicit in last year s budget, $1,537,365 ; national debt, ^i3,655 310. RULERS OF THE WORLD. 15 'fickleness of the majority in the chamber of deputies. 18, Who is prime minister? Pierre Paul Tirard,who succeeded M. Floquet Feb. 21, 1889. M.Tirard is a prominent member of the Moder- ate Republican party. He has a large private fortune PRESIDENT C A R NOT. acquired in business. As minister of finance in M. Ferry's cabinet, he effected a skillful refunding of the public debt. He was premier for three months in 1888. 19. What are the main questions in French politics? The placating of the Radical, or semi-socialistic ele. i6 RULERS OF THE WORLD. ment, which threatens by its attacks on parliamentary government to play into the hands of the party that de- sires to restore the monarchy. 20. Who has been the leader of the dissatisfied ele- ment ? M. TIRARD, Prime INIinister of France. Gen. Boulanger, a military adventurer, who has won popular favor by identifying himself with the desire for revenge against Germany. 21. Give the main points of Gen. Boulanger's career. He came into prominence as minister of war in 1 886.7 . RULERS OF THE WORLD, 17 His ministry being overthrown, he resigned his commis- sion in the army and planned to secure a plebiscite in his favor. Thwarted in this, and assailed through the patriotic league, he left the country. Should he return his possibilities for mischief are great, and should a rev- GEN. BOULANGER. olution be thus brought about the Moderates may com- bine with the Royalists and recall the Count of Paris. 22. Who is the Count of Paris? V. VI, p. ^d. He is the grandson of King Louis Philippe of France. He was born in 1838. By the death of the Comte de Fkance.— Population (1886), 37,885,905. Army, in peace, 523,833, in war, 3,750,000 men Including all reserves. Navy, (1888), 388 vessels, of which 72 are iron clad. ExpendiUires are fully equal to revenue, and the national debt, lundcd aiid healing, is $5,426,861,860. 1 8 RULERS OF THE WORLD. Chambord in 1883 he became heir to the claims of the elder as well as the younger branch of the Bourbon family. 23. What is the government of Germany? Sec. 46. LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT D 'ORLEANS Count of Paris. A federation or empire of twenty-two monarchical and three republican states- The central power consists of three factors — the presidency, which is vested in the German Emperor, the federal council (bundesrath) and the federal parHament' (reichstag). 24. Who is the German Emperor? RULERS OF THE WORLD. tq William II, of the house of HohenzoUern, son of Em- peror Frederick III and Empress Victoria, princess royal of Great Britain. The old emperor,William I , died March 9, 1888, at the age of 91 years. He was succeed- ed by his son Frederick William, who at the time wa? suffering from an incurable disease, cancer of the throat. WILLIAM II, German Emperor and King of Prussia. By custom,the emperor's condition would have debarred his succession, but he assumed the rule of the empire, and even attempted to bring about reforms in the Prus- sian kingdom. After a brief reign of ninety-seven days, Frederick died June 15, 1888. 20 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 25. Who is chancellor of the empire? Prince Otto von Bismark-Schonhausen. Prince Bis- marck was made prime m.inister of Prussia in 1862, chancellor of the North German Confederation in 1867, and chancellor of the empire in 1871, when the empire took the place of the confederation. THE LATE EMPEROR FREDERICK III, 26. Why is Bismarck famous? The unification of Germany, and the political great- ness of Prussia and the empire of which she is the head, are ascribed to the sagacity and statesmanship of Bis- marck. Ht: is supposed to guide the foreign policy of the empire, and at the same time administer the domes- RULERS- OF THE WORLD. 21 tic affairs of state with vigilance and foresight. 27, How many and what are the component states of the empire? Twenty-five — not including the imperial province of Alsace-Lorraine, There are four kingdoms, six grand PRINCE BISMARCK. duchies, five duchies, seven principalities, and three free towns. States of the German Empire: — PRUSSIA— King-, Wilhelm II. Members in the federal council (showing- importance in the empire), 17. Sec. 171. BAVARIA.— King, Otto. Ileg-ent, Prince Luitpold. Councillors, 6. Sec. 173. WURTEMBERG.— King-. Karl I. Councillors, 4. Sec. 173. SAXONY.— King-, Albert I. Councillors, 4. Sec. 174. BADEN.— Granrl duko, rnedrich I. Councillors, 3 Sec. 175. MECKLENBERG-SCHWERIN. -Grand duke, Friedrich Franz III. Councillors, 2. Sec. 176. 22 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 28. What IS the present policy of the imperial govern- ment ? For the past ten years it has been the policy of the German empire to concern itself entirely with domestic and colonial affairs, ignoring, as far as may be, the schemes of other European nations. Even the promo- tion of colonies was neglected until within the last two or three years. 29. What is the domestic policy of the government? To enlarge the sphere of its powers, to discourage the growth of liberal or democratic opinions, and to make the administration, as far as possible, independent of the popular will. At the outset, Chancellor Bismarck sought and received the support of the German Liberals, but after the formation of the empire, he broke with them and pursued a contrary policy. This change of course is especially noticeable in the history of the Prussian "Kulturkampf." 30. What was this ''Kulturkampf'.? V. VI, p. 28. The contest between the Prussian government and Roman Catholic church over the direction of education- al and ecclesiastical affairs. The contest was begun by the state fifteen years or more ago, and was pursued HE-^SE.— Grand duke, Lvidwig- IV. Councillors, 3. Sec. 177. OLDENBEllG.— Grand duke, Peter I Councl'lors, 1. Sec. 178. SAXE-WEIMAR.— Grand duke, Karl Alexander. Councillors, 1. See. IHO. MECF<:LENBERG-STRELITZ.— Grand duke, Friedrich Wilhelra I. Councillors,!. Sec. 170. BKLTNSWKnv.— (Throne vacant). Councillors, 3. Sec. 179. SAXE MEININ(j!EN.— Duke, Georg'lT. Councillors, 1. Sec. 180, ANHALT.— Duke, Friedrich. Councillors 1. Sec. 183. SAXE-COBURG GOTHA.— Duke, Ernst II. Councillors, 1. Sec. 181. SAXE-ALTENBURG.— Duke, Ernst. Councillors. 1 . Sec. 180, WALDECK .—Prince, Georg- Victor. Councillors, 1. Sec. 184. LIPPE.— Prince. Walderaar. Councillors, 1. S^c. 184. SCHVVARZBURG-RUDOLSTADT.— Prince, Georg. Councillors, 1. Sec. 186. SCHWARZBURG-SONDERHAUSEN.— Prince, Karl II. Council- lors. 1. Sec. 186. REUSS-SCHLEIZ.— Prince, Heinrich XIV. Councillors, 1. Sec. 187. SCHAUMBURG-LIPPE.— Prince, Adolf. Councillors,!. Sec. 185. REUSS-GRETZ.— Prince, Heinrich XXll. Councillors, 1. Sec. 187. HAMBURG. LITBECK AND BREMEN.— Free towns, g-overned by their own representatives. Each is entitled to a representative in the federal council. Sees. 188-191. RULERS OF THE WORLD. 23 with ardor, but was afterward allowed to decline and was finally abandoned in 1886, the government restor- ing its diplomatic intercourse with the Vatican and re- pealing laws calculated to hamper or offend the church. VICTORIA I. Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, and Empress OF India. 31. What change occurred in Germany's commercial policy? German Empire.— Population (1885) 46,840,587. Army, peace foot- ing-, 408,409 men and 21,238 officers; war footing-, 1,456,677 men and 35,427 officers. Navy, 90 steam vessels, with 555 g-uns, including- 37 iron clads, and 16,500 men. Financial standing-, g-ood. National debt, $98,760,000. 24 RULERS OF THE WORLD. A change in the direction of the protection of home industries by the imposition of high tariff duties on im- ports. 32. What is the government of Great Britain and Ireland? Sec. 59. ALBERT EDWARD. Prince of Wales. A constitutional monarchy. The supreme legislative power resides in a parliament of two houses, the house of commons, elected by popular suffrage, and the house of peers, consisting of members by hereditary right, by appointment or by election. In practice, almost all the RULERS OF THE WORLD. ^S legislative power, as well as the executive power trad- itionally resident in the sovereign, is exercised by the ministry, which exists subject to the pleasure of the majority in the house of commons. 33. Who is sovereign of Great Britain? THE MARQUIS OF SALISBURY. Prime Minister of England. Victoria I, of the house of Hanover. She is the daughter of Edward, the fourth son of George III. She was born in 18 19; succeeded her uncle, William IV, in 1837; was married in 1840,10 Prince Albert of Saxe- Coburg-Gotha. 26 RULERS OF THE WORLD. Heir Apparent. — Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. Born in 1841, and now a society man of some reputation. Married, in 1863, the Princess Alexandra, daughter of the king of Den- mark. WILLIAM EWART GLADSTONE. 34. Who is prime minister of the United Kingdom.? Robert A. T. G. Cecil, Marquis of Salisbury, the lead- er of the Conservative party. Salisbury took office in RULERS OF THE WORLD. 27 July, 1886, the Liberal party having just been defeated in a general election. He had once before held the premiership, but only for a few months, from June, 1885, to January, 1886. Under Beaconsfield he was foreign secretary. He is thought none too scrupulous in his political methods, and as a statesman does not rank very high. CHARLES STEWART PARNELL. 35. Who is the leader of the opposition.? Hon. W. E. Gladstone, for nearly twenty years the leader of the English Liberals. The Liberal party is at present divided, and as Mr. Gladstone is an old man (born Dec. 29, 1809) his return to power cannot be counted upon. But though his political career should end tomorrow, it is already sufficient to render him a marked man in history. As to his rank as a statesman, 28 RULERS OF THE WORLD. there is a wide difference of opinion, but all admit his ability as a political leader, and of his earnestness and sincerity there can be but little doubt. 36. What causes the division in the Liberal party? V. VI. pp. 45, 52. JOSEPH CHAMBERLA The proposal — brought forward by Gladstone in the spring of i886— to establish an Irish parliament at Dub- lin for the control of Irish affiairs. This measure was rejected by the house of commons, as many Liberal members voted against it. Parliament was dissolved, and in the election which followed the dissenting Lib- RULERS OF THE WORLD. 29 erals opposed Gladstone and his followers, urging the preservation of the parliamentary union with Ireland. 37. What was the result of the election? The utter rejection of the Gladstonian Irish policy by the people of England, the new parliament standing: SIR WILLIAM VERNON HARCOURT, Liberal Unionist Leader. Conservative, 318; Gladstonian, 192 ; Unionist Liberals 75 ; Parnelhtes, or Irish Home Rulers, 85. 2i^. Who is head of the Irish Home Rule party ? Charles Stewart Parnell. Though comparatively a young man (born in 1846) he has been since 1877 the leader of the Irish Home Rule party. Is called on ac- 30 RULERS OF THE WORLD. count of his influence with his countrymen, the "Un- crowned King of Ireland." 39. How is Irish home rule connected with the land question? It is understood that any Irish parliament will favor HON. GEORGE J. GOSCHEN, Chancellor of the Exchequer. the claim of the Irish tenant to the possession of his holding, and either force the landlords to accept less rent or dispossess them altogether. For this reason, Gladstone proposed that the government of the United RULERS OF THE WORLD. 31 Kingdom buy out the landlords and resell the land to the tenants. 40. What was the effect of this proposal? It did not lessen the hostility of the landed gentry, but it excited the opposition of the English Radicals and strengthened the Liberal Unionists. 41. Who is leader of the English Radicals? Joseph Chamberlain, M. P. Mr. Chamberlain has held the offices of president of the board of trade and chairman of the local government board in the Liberal ministry, resigning the latter to oppose the Irish home rule bill. His parliamentary career has been short and not altogether brilliant, but he is the spokesman of his faction and as such becomes its leader. 42. How has the Conservative party dealt with the Irish question? They have brought forward a land bill by which the rents, fixed under the act of 1 881, may be further lowered by the courts in proportion to the fall in the price of agricultural products, and government aid is also given to persons desiring to buy their land. The Irish Na- tionalists, however, are not satisfied with the bill and the policy of the Conservative party in dealing rigor- ously with agrarian crimes, is condemned in unmeasur- ed terms. Under Mr. Balfour, the secretary for Ireland, crime has been greatly lessened, and the average pros- perity has increased, but much discontent still prevails. 43. Beside the Radicals, who compose the Unionist Liberals? Certain Whig-Liberals, led by the Marquis of Hart- ington and Mr, Geo. Goschen. This group stands be- tween the Conservatives and the Gladstonians, voting sometimes with the one and sometimes with the other. 44. Who is the Conservative leader in the house of commons? * Not (as might be expected) the prime minister, but 32 RULERS OF THE WORLD, the chancellor of the exchequer, Geo. J. Goschen,who is ex officio, the party spokesman, though he is not by- rights a Conservative but a Liberal Unionist. The lead- ing Conservative in the house is Wm. H. Smith, now- first lord of the treasury. is EARL SPENCER Gladstone's lieutenant in the Liberal 45. Who party ? Since the defection of the Marquis of Hartington, the lieutenancy is divided between Sir William Vernon Harcourt and Earl Spencer. (There are other conspic- uous Liberals, such as H. C. E. Childers, Lord Rose- RULERS OF THE WORLD. 33 bery and Mr. John Morley, who may come to the front should Gladstone retire.) 46. Who is Sir WiUiam Harcourt ? Harcourt is a man of about sixty years, who has been in parHament for eighteen years and in the Liberal cab- inet since 1880. Pie is a "useful" man and a devoted follower of his chief. 47. Who is Earl Spencer.? John Poyntz Spencer, eldest son of the fourth earl of the name, was born in 1835. Has served as lord lieu- tenant of Ireland in 1868-74 and 1885-6, and as lord president of the council in 1880-85. 48. What is the government of Greece r Sec. 112. A monarchy of strictly defined powers. The exec- utive power is vested in the kine and the legislative au- thority in the parliament of one chamber. In practice a responsible ministry carries on the government. 49. Who is king of Greece? George I, the second son of the present king of Den- mark. Born in 1845, he was elected king of Greece in 1863, when but 18 years of age. Was married, four years later, to Olga, niece of the Czar Alexander II of Russia. Heir Apparent — Prince Konstantinos, Duke of Sparta, eldest son of the king, born in 1868. 50. Who is prime minister of Greece } M. Tricoupis, the leader of the conservative party, who succeeded M. Delyannis after the general election early in 1886. The premier is an old man, long versed in affairs of state. 51. What are the relations between Greece and the Turkish government.? The relations between Greece and Turkey are never Great Britain.— Population (1881) 37,643,000 Army (1883) 181,971 men and 7,199 officers, besides 136.778 militia and 102.810 volunteers. Navy, 283 vessels, 62 ironclads. Public debt, (1885) $3,530,000,000. 34 RULER::* OF THE WORLD. pleasant, as centuries of Turkish oppression rankle in the memories of the Greeks. Since the difficulty in i886,how- ever, matters have been quiet between the two countries 52. Why did Greece wish to attack Turkey? v.vi,p.i3. To secure possession of the territory awarded her b> GE ORGE I. King of Greece. the Berlin conference of 1880. Greece had demanded her ancient provinces of Thessaly and Epirus, and the conference — called under the Berlin treaty — awarded her most of her claim. Turkey refused to evacuate the provinces, and the Constantinople conference of 1881 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 35 reduced the award, leaving most of Epirus still subject to the Turk. Greece submitted under protest and, after the Bulgarian union of 1885, declared her intention of forcibly occupying the disputed territory. 53, How was she forced to desist? The European powers, (except France and Denmark) joined in a command that she disband her forces, and Bonndary of 1832. "•— •- -Adopted by the Berlin Conference of 1880. Boundaries proposed by Greece and Turkey. «,»«i„ .Settled by Constantinople Conference of 1881. THE GRECIAN BOUNDARIES. sent their fleets to blockade her ports and compel her obedience. 54. How is Italy governed .? Sec, no. By a king and parliament, theoretically sharing the Greece.— Population (1879) 1,979,453. Army, 35,000 men; navy, 16 vessels— 4 iron-clad— with 2,637 men. Revenue, $16,173,910; expend- tture, $15,898,135; public debt, (1889) $113,329,000. 36 RULERS OF THE V/ORLD. legislative power, which they exercise by and through a responsible ministry. The parliament consists of two chambers — a chamber of deputies elected by the people under a tax-paying qualification, and a senate appointed for life by the crown. HUMBERT I, King of Italy. 55. Who is king of Italy? Humbert I. who succeeded his father, Victor Emanuel Jan. 9, 1878. Humbert was born in 1844; married in 1868, to Margarita, the daughter of the duke of Genoa. Heir Apparent.— Victor Emanuel, prince of Naples, born in 1869. RULERS OF THE WORLD, 37 56. Who is prime minister of Italy? Signor Francesco Crispi, who has been in the minis- try since 1886, becoming premier July 26, 1887, after the death of Agostino Depretis. He is a radical leader but is warmly supported by the moderate Liberals. POPE LEO XIII. 57. What are the relations between the Italian gov- ernment and the Vatican? The church of Rome— called the Vatican Irom the name of the papal residence — has never condoned the forcible annexation, in 1870, of the papal states to the Italian Kingdom. Hence the relations between the 38 RULERS OF THE WORLD. pope and the government are not altogether friendly Roman Catholicism is, however, the established church in Italy, and the pope is recognized as its supreme spir- itual head. He is also, though deprived of temporal power, considered as possessed of his "former dignities as a reigning prince,'' and as such maintains diplomatic relations with most European states. 58. How is the pope chosen.? He is elected (for life, of course) by the college of cardinals. The sacred college contains about seventy cardinals, including bishops, priests and deacons. 59. Who is the present supreme pontiff.? The present pontiff or pope, is Leo XHI, elected Feb. 21, 1878. He was born in 1810, the son of Luigi Pecci educated for the priesthood, which he joined in 1837; was made bishop in 1843 and cardinal ten years later' 60. What is the government of Montenegro? Sec. 119. A patriarchal despotism. All power centers in, and emanates from, the person of the hospodar or prince. 61. Who is prince of Montenegro.? Nicholas I, born in 1848, and succeeded his uncle, Danilo I, in i860. 62. What is the government of Holland or the Neth- erlands.? Sec. 105. A monarchy of limited powers, the chief authority be- ing vested in the states general, an assembly of two houses. The upper house is chosen (with a property qualification), by the provincial councils. The lower house is elected by the people. (>2i' Who is king of the Netherlands.? Italy.— Population (1885), 29,699,781. Army, peace footing, 170,000 men ; permanent army, 750,765, war tooting, 2,400,000 men. Navy 72 war vessels witii 2o iron clads, several of these among the most powerful made. Revenue (1888) $324,115,000 ; expenditure $3;]1,736,000 ; debt, in- cluding interest, $2,356,500,000. MoNTENEGHC— Population, "45,380. No army in peace, but in war every man over 17 enrolled, giving a force of about 28,000 men. Debt, $850,000. RULERS OF THE WORLD. 39 Willem III, born in 1817, the son of Willem II, whom he succeeded in 1849. Married in 1839, the daughter of the king of Wurtemburg. This wife dying in 1877, he was married a second time, in 1879, to the Princess Emma, daughter of the prince of Waldeck. PRINCESS WILHELMINA. Heir Apparent. — -Princess Wilhehnina, offspring of sec- ond marriage, born Aug. 31, 1880. 64. Who is prime minister of Holland ? Netherlands.— Population (IS86), 4,390,857; army, war footing, 62 684 men and 2,326 officers ; navy, 120 men of war, 24 of them iron clads. Revenue (.1888), $48,426,900 ; expenditure, $49,295,140 ; debt, $452,437,600. 40 RULERS OF TME WORLD. Baron A. E. Mackay, also minister of the interior. Appointed in 1888. 65. How is Portugal governed? Sec. loi. By a king and parliament under a constitution. The PRINCE CARLOS, Duke of Braganza and Crown Prince of Portugal. parliament is in two houses, a chamber of deputies and a house of peers. 66. Who is king of Portugal ? Luis I, son of Queen Maria II, and of Prince Ferdi- nand of Saxe-Coburg. Born in 1838 and succeeded his RULERS OF THE WORLD. V 862 brother, King Pedro V, ia i86r. Was married in to a daughter of King Victor Emanuel of Italy. Heir Apparent.— Prince Carlos, Duke of Braganza. This prince is the king's eldest son, a man of 26, recently married to the daughter of the Count of Paris. CHARLES I. King of Roumania. 67. Who is prime minister of Portugal ? Senhor Lucianna de Castro. Portugal.— Population (1881). 4,306,554. Army, 33,750 men and 1,583 officers. Navy, 39 ships, many scarcely sea worthy. Revenue (1885), $34,265,780; expenditure, $35,172,660; debt, (1884) $400,000,000. 42 RULERS OF THE WORLD. dZ. How is Roumania governed ? Sec. 1 1 6. The constitution vests the legislative authority in a parliament of two houses, and the executive power in the king with the limitation that all royal acts must be sanctioned by a responsible ministry. Both houses of parliament are elected by the people. 69. Who is king of Roumania.^ Charles I, elected prince by the National Assembly in 1866; proclaimed king in 1881. He was born in 1839, the son of Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen- He succeeded Prince Alexander John I, who had been deposed by a revolution. Was married in 1869, to Prin- cess Elizabeth von Neuwied. Heir Prksumptive. — Ferdinand,(nephew) of HohenzoUern' 70. What is the government of Russia.^ Sec. 121, An autocracy, based upon the doctrine of the abso- lute supremacy of the emperor of all the Russias. In making conquests, the autocrat of Russia has assumed the sovereign title peculiar to each conquered province, but has wholly abolished all constitutions, so far as they may be made the basis of political rights. Institutions of local government are tolerated, subject to the will ot his imperial majesty. 71. Who is emperor of Russia? Alexander HI. Was born in 1845 ; married in 1866' to Maria Dagmar, daughter of the king of Denmark ; as- cended the throne after the assassination of his father, March 13, 1881. The present czar is represented " as self-willed, with a taste for political affairs, and his per- sonal influence is more extended than that of his father. In character he resembles his grandfather, the Emper- or Nicholas. Heir Apparent. — Grand-duke Nicholas, the czar's eldest son, born in 1868. Roumania.— Population (estimated) 5,376,000; army (peace footing), 18,533; (war footing), 150,000. No surplus in the budget, and the debt is something over one hundred and tifty millions. RULERS OF THE WORE D. 43 72. Who is prime minister of Russia? There is no premier in the Russian ministry, the mem- bers of the cabinet being (as in the United States) in- dividually and not collectively responsible. From time to time some minister rises 10 prominence, in the opin- ion of the pre s correspondents, and (perhaps) in the esteem of the czar, whose will the minister does not pre- sume to question. Just at present, the head of the for- ALEXANDER III. Emperor of all the Russias. eign office is (next to his imperial master) the promi- nent figure in the government. 73. Who is the minister of foreign affairs ? 44 RULERS OF THE WOULD. M. de Giers, who suoceeded Prince Gortschakoff fouf years ago. He comes of a Swedish-Finn family of Jewish extraction, and has not the social prestige of his predecessor. But he has spent the best part of his life in the foreign office, and the czar seems to have NICHOLAS DE GIERS. Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs. I.— Population, (1883j, (including- Siberia) 104,001,800; army )Otin8-), 780,081; (war footing), ,2300.000; navy, 385 steamships. Russia. (peace footing-), of which ;:0 are ironolads. Russia is deeply In debt,"but exact amount is not known, interest Ijearing- part is #3,082.500,000 •, interest amount- ing to $143,3K!t,fi25 annually. Amount of revenue, called for by bude-et of 1884, is $628,417,190. ^ ^ RULERS OF THE WORLD. 45 every confidence in him. It is reported that he has neither the ability nor the power exercised by Prince Gortschakoff, but this report comes from persons not al- together friendly to the minister they decry. 74. How is the foreign office brought into prominence ^ Through the efforts of the government to extend its territory. This has brought it into collision with the interests of other European powers, and diplomacy is neces:ary to satisfy the offended governments and avoid war. Russian encroachment on the territory and rights of Afghanistan, Turkey and Bulgaria are the chief grounds of complaint. 75. What are the sources of Russia's strength and weakness in this contest.? Her strength lies in the number of her inhabitants* and in her geographical position, which renders her less open to attack. Her weakness is in the disorderly state of her finances, and the political apathy of the people under despotism, which has nourished, (if it did not also produce) that form of socialism pecular to the Rus ian Nihilists. 76. What is Servia.? Sec. 114. A kingdom with a constitution recently remodeled in liberal form. The executive power is vested in the king and his ministers, and the legislative power in an assem- bly of two houses elected by the people. 77. Who is king of Servia? Milan I, the second ruler of the Obrenovich dynasty, who was made reigning prince in 1872, and king in 1S82, abdicated his throne March 6, 1889, in favor of his young son, Prince Alexander, born in 1876. This act is said to have been brought about by Russian in- fluence. 78. What is the government of Spain.? Sec. 103. Servia. -Population (1888), 1,973,060. Regular army, 15,000, reserve, 60,000. Revenue, $7,200,000; expenditure, $9,200,000 ; public debt, fGO,- 000,000. 46 RULERS OF THE WORLD. A kingdom, in which a constitution has been granted by the king to his people. The legislative power is shared by the king and the cortes, the latter a parUa- ment of two houses. The upper house is a senate con- MILAN I, Late King of Servia. taining members by hereditary right, by appointment and by election. The lower house contains the depu. ties of the people. RULERS OF THE WORLD. 47 79. Who is king of Spain ? Alfonso Leon, born May 17, 1886, the posthumous child of King Alfonso XII. The country is, therefore, under a regency. Heir Apparent. — Infant Marie-de-las-Mercedes, sister of the infant king, born in 1880. QUEEN CHRISTINA. Regent of Spain. 80. Who is regent of Spain.? Queen Marie Christina, the mother of the king. She Spain.— Population, (1884). 17,268,600. Army, peace footing, 100,000 ; navy, 126 steam vessels including 7 iron clads and 20,000 men. Expendi- ture generally exceeds the revenue and there is a debt of $1,29^,500,000, 48 RULERS OF THE WORLD. was an Austrian archduchess previous to her marriage with King Alfonso in 1879. 81. Who is prime minister of Spain? Senor Sagasta, the leader of the Spanish Liberals. SENOR SAGASTA. Premier of Spain. Sagasta is an old and experienced statesman, and is backed in the present cortes, by a large majority. The opposition consists of factions — conservatives, members ofthe "Dynastic Left," (or democrats who accept the monarchy) and Republicans. RULERS OF THE WORLD. 49 82. Who is the pretender to the Spanish throne? Don Carlos, grandson of Carlos de Bourbon, the sec- ond son of Charles IV. The line of the elder brother, Ferdinand VII, is not yet extinct and the claims of the Carlist pretenders are founded chiefly on their wishes t') reign. 83. What is Sweden and Norway ? Sec. 54. OSCAR II. King of Sweden and Norway. A bipartite state united in the person of the king. They have a diplomatic service in common, but in every oth- er particular have separate and distinct governments. 84. Who is King of Sweden and Norway? Oscar II, born in 1829, third son of Oscar T Suc- SwEDEN.— Population (1887), 4,734,901. Army, peace footing, 38/ 14 men and 1,734 officers, war footing 176,954 men ; navy, 54 war vessels including 14 ironclads, 6,000 officers and men,. and reserve of 35,OOo' Kevenue (1888), $21,355,835 ; expenditure, $25,351,600 ; debt, all for rail- ways, $68,324,360. Norway.— Population, 1,925,000. Army, 18 ooo men ; navy, 47 steam- 50 RULERS OF THE WORLD. ceeded his brother, Carl XV, in 1872, Married, in 1857, Sophia, daughter of the duke of Nassau. Heir Apparent. — Prince Gustaf, duke of Wermland. Eld- est son of the king, born in 1858, and married in 1881 to a daughter of the grand duke of Baden. 85. What is the government of Sweden? A limited monarchy in which the executive power is vested in the king, and the legislative power in the king and parliament of two houses. Both houses of parlia- ment are elected by the people, but the members of the upper house are chosen indirectly through provincial and municipal assemblies. 86. Who is prime minister of Sweden.? Baron Bildt, appointed in 1888. 87. What is the government of Norway? It is very similar to that of Sweden, but has a more liberal basis, inasmuch as the king in Norway has no absolute veto on legislation, but only a temporary one. The storthing, or parliament, is elected by the people, and by its own action re-adjusts itself as a congress of two houses, a senate being formed of one-four':h of the house. 88. Who is prime minister? John Sverdrup, the head of the Liberal party, 89. When did the Liberals come into power? In 1884 they secured their first ministry. Previous to this, they had for many years had a large majority in the storthing, but it was only by impeachment and af- ter a protracted trial that they secured the dismissal of the Conservative cabinet. The victory was important as it established the principle of the responsibility of the D>inistry to the majority m the storthing. 90. What is the government of Switzerland ? Sees. 42-44 SwiTZBBLAND.— Population, 2,906,750. Army, war footing, 215,000 men, Revenue (1888), $11,917,700 ; expenditure (1888), $11,305,900 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 51 A federation of small cantons or states. The cantons vary in size and contain from 20,000 to 150,000 inhabit- ants. The government resembles that of the United States in the selection of its house of representatives and senate. Its president is elected annually by the federal assembly. 91. Who is now president of Switzerland.^ Bernard Hammer, elected December, 1888, for the term of one year. 92. What are the other sovereign states of Europe.? There are no other strictly sovereign states. There are several dependent or minor states, of more or less importance. Of these the first is Bulgaria. 93. What is Bulgaria, and to what state is it subject.? Bulgaria is a principality, established by the common direction of the European powers, and nominally sub- ject to Turkey. In effect, howevei, she is not depend- ent upon Turkey, but upon the good will and protection of the powers, 94. What is her form -jf government.? Sec. 148. The form of government is a constitutional monarchy. The prince is elected for life, through a constituent assembly and in him the executive power is vested. The legislative power exists in achamber of two houses, partly elected by the people and partly appointed by the crown. 95. Who is prince of Bulgaria.? Ferdinand, Duke of Saxony, who was born in i86r, was elected prince of Bulgaria by unanimous vote of the national assembly, July 7, 1887, after the abdication of Alexander. Russia did not approve of the choice, but has refrained from interference, being unwilling to offend the powers. She now requests the appointment Bulgaria.— Populntion, 2 000.000; army 95,459men on the warfoot- ing-, and in time of peacf 24 battalions with 80 g-uns. Public revenue (1888), $9,702,640 ; expenditure, $11,867,000. 52 RULERS OF THE WORLD. of a "nominal protectorate," and it remains to be seen whether the powers will interfere, or continue to tacitly assent to Ferdinand's rule, as they have thus far done. 96. What right have the powers to interfere ? Bulgaria, being based on the act of the powers at the Berlin Congress of 1878, is maintained by general treaty. The recent revolution, by which Bulgaria was united to the Turkish province of Roumelia, was in violation of the Berlin treaty, and first gave Russia an excuse for interfering. The powers, though they condoned the union, and also the subsequent dethronement of Prince Alexander, have declared against further interference on the part of Russia, and in favor of the semi-inde- pendence of Bulgaria. 97. What are the other dependent slates of Europe? The rei ublics of San Marino and Andorra. These are small communities, the first in North Italy, the oth- er in the Pyrenees mountains between France and Spain. Both have for some centuries enjoyed the right of self-government, under the supervision of the neigh- boring states. AFRICA. 98. What are the countries of Africa? There are no African states of international import- ance. North Africa contains Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and Egypt, but of these Morocco is the only state that can make any pretensions to sovereignty. Central Africa contains Abyssinia, the Congo Free State, Liberia, and Zanzibar. South Africa is of more import- ance, but its chief settlements are the British colonies. Outside of these the Transvaal Republic and the Orange Free State are the only countries worth mentioning, but they have no international significance. 99. What is the government of Morocco? Sec. 127. An Islamic despotism, in which the sultan has all spiritual and temporal power, and administers the gov. ernment according to his own caprice. RULERS OF THE WORLD. 53 TOO. What are Algiers and Tunis? Dependencies of France, governed by appointees of the French government. 10 r. What is TripoU? A dependency of Turkey, governed by an hereditary chief, who pays tribute to the Turkish porte. 102. How is Egypt governed? Sec. 146. MOHAMMED TEWFIK. Khedive of Egypt. Egypt is, like Bulgaria, under the general protection of the European powers. It is now occupied by mili- tary forces of Great Britain, and its affairs are adminis- tered under British supervision. Nominally it is under the protection of Turkey, but this suzerainty is suspend- ed during the British occupation. 103. What is the form of government? The form of government is a limited monarchy. The legislative power is in the hands of a ministerial council, subject to the approval of a representative council, part- ly appointed and partly elected- But in case of a dis- pute, the decision will rest with the Khedive. Egypt.— Population, (1882) 6, 806,381. including Upper EjiVPt,ll,000,00O. Revenue, (1888), $49,750,OOU ;expenditure, (1888), f 47,«8u,00O ;consolidat- eddebt, (1887), f518,689,000. floating debt, (1883) 181,149.365. 54 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 104. Who is the Khedive of Egypt? Mohammed Tewfik, bom Nov. 19, 1852,5011 of Ismail I,succeeded to the throne on the abdicationof his father in 1879. Heir Apparent. -Abbas Effendi, son of the Khedive, born in 1874. 105. What ip the government of Abyssinia .? A despotisj/i, hmited only by the ability of the king to enforii^-4rfs will. 106. Who is the king of Abyssinia? There is now a vacancy owing to the recent death of King John II, who was killed Mar. 10, 1889, in battle with the forces of the fanatic, El Mahdi. John II had been a chief of a tribe and had come into power in 187 2 after the previous king, Theodore, had perished in the struggle to resist British invasion, and the country had fallen into great disorder. John was a man of much force of character and governed his kingdom with discretion. 107. What is the government of Zanzibar? Zanzibar is an Islamic despotism, founded or tht teachings of the Koran, in which the sultan is absolute and supreme, 108. Who is the present sultan? Said Khalifa, an Arabian, who succeeded his brother, Said Bar^ash-ben-Said, in March, 1888. Said Bargash first conquered the country about twenty years ago. 109. To whom is Zanzibar subject? By recent treaty, Zanzibar was forced to concede suzerainty to Germany, the occasion of conquest being the acquisition of adjacent territory by a German com- mercial company. The sultan of Zanzibar objected, claiming the country as his own, but was forced to con. cur, and also to acknowledge allegiance to Germany. Vol. r,89, 64, 152. no. What is the Congo Free State? A quasi-commercial enterprise, established under RULERS OF THE WORLD, 55 the direct protection of Belgium, and by the consent of the European powers. A large portion of the interior of Africa is given up to the direction of this company, but no trade monopoly is allowed. Since the country is HENRY STANLEY. regarded as unhealthy for white men, no extensive im- migration can be expected, but a railroad will soon con- nect the upper Congo with the seaboard and trade will be extended to all branches of the river, III. Who was the founder and first manager of this enterprise ? 56 RULERS OF THE WORLD. Henry M. Stanley, the noted explorer and traveler. Stanley was a native of Denbigh, Wales, where his younger years were passea in great poverty. His real name was John Rowland. At the age of fifteen he ran away to sea, and going to New Orleans,was there helped and befriended by a wealthy gentleman, and to show his gratitude the boy took his benefactor's name. He enlisted in the Confederate service, but was taken pris- oner, and then became a sailor in the United States navy. During the war, he began newspaper correspond- ence with success. He was sent by the New York Herald Xo XQ'^oxX. the British invasion of Abyssinia in 1867-68, in 1870-72 went in search of Dr, Livingstone, in 1874 78, and again in 1880-83, explored the Congo and in 1887 started on an expedition into Central Africa. 112. What is the government of Liberia? Sec. 39. It is a federation, modeled on the United States. It was founded by the American Colonization Society, as a home for American freedmen. The government is an admitted failure, and its affairs are in chronic disorder. 113. What are the British colonies .? The Cape of Good Hope Colony, and the Colony of Natal. There are other crown colonies in South Africa, but these are the only two that have any powers of self-government. 114. How are the affairs of Cape Colony manag&d? By a parliament and a responsible ministry. The executive power is vested in a governor and executive council appointed by the crown, and the legislative in two houses elected by the people. 1 15. Who is the present governor of Cape Colony ? Sir H. G. Robinson, appointed in 1880. 116. What can be said of the administration of Cape Natal ? The colony is governed by a crown-appointed governor, and a legislature of one house, containing thirteen ap- pointed and fifteen elected members. RULERS OF THE WORLD. 57 117. Who is the present governor? Sir Arthur E. Havelock, appointed in 1888. 1 1 8- How is the Orange Free State governed Sec gc mm RANAVALONvV III. Queen of Madagascar. It is a republic, its affairs administered by a president and an assembly of one house — the volksraad — botl'. elected by the people. 119. Who is now the president? 58 RULERS OF THE WORLD. F. W. Reitz, elected in July, 1888, for a term of five years. 120. What can be said of the Transvaal? It has a similar government to that of the Orange Free State. It has a volksraad, similarly elected, and a president for a like term. 121. Who is president of the Transvaal? S, J. Paul Kruger, elected in 1883 for five years. 122. What can be said of the government of the island of Madagascar? The government of Madagascar was changed from a tribal rule to a despotism in 1810 when Rahama, a chief of the Hovas, one of the tribes, became ruler of the entire island. Christianity has since been intro- duced into the island, and missionaries have done much toward civilizing the people. The sovereign has a coun- cil of advisers, but the royal will is supreme in every case. 123. Who is the present sovereign of Madagascar? Queen Ranavalona III, who came to the throne in July, 1883. She is the neice of her predecessor, Queen Ranavalona II, who named her as successor, after which she was formally elected to the position. According to a custom of the country, on coming to the throne she married the prime minister of the kingdom — Raimlalar- ivono — who had also been the husband of the preced- ing queen. AHIA, 124. What are the countries of Asia? Besides the colonies and dependencies of European powers, there are Turkey, Persia, Afghanistan, Siam, China and Japan. 125. What is the government of Turkey? Sec. 123. Turkey.— Population, (in Europe and Asia) 22,011,000. Rovenuo, 1884) about, $72,500,000; expenditure, unknowu; debt, (1885) about) $461,129,135. RULERS OF THE WORLD. 59 The Turkish Empire, or Osmanli Vilayet, is a despot- ism, based on the precepts of the Koran. The state and churcli are allied, the sultan having been, for sev- eral hundred years, the calif or acknowledged head of ABDUL H AM ID. Sultan of Turkey. the church. The will of the monarch is absolute, when not contrary to the precepts of the prophet. The form of the government is essentially military. Havmg de- veloped from the rule of the conquering invader, it has never received any of the forms of civil administration. 6o RULERS OF THE WORLD, 126. Who is the sultan of Turkey? Abdul Hamid II, born in 1842, who came into power in 1876, on the deposition of his brother. Heir Apparent, — Mehemmed Reschad Effendi,brother of the sultan, and next in succession according to the laws of the Koran. 127. What is the Sublime Porte? Virtually, the cabinet of the sultan, consisting of his ministers of different departments, appomted by himself and individually responsible to him only. The porte administers the government subject to the sultan's will. 1 28. What is the government of Persia? Also an Islamic despotism, with even less concession to civilized forms than that of Turkey. The executive power is administered by a divan, or council of seven members, which, like the sublime porte of Turkey, sim- ply carries out the sovereign will. 129. Who is shah of Persia? Nassr-ed-Din, born in 1829, and succeeded his father in 1848. Heir Apparent. — Muzaffer-ed-Din, eldest son of the shah, born in 1850. 130. What is the government of Afghanistan? Still another form of Islamic despotism. The ameer claims authority over a number of turbulent tribes, which he governs partly by military force and partly by intrigue. 131. Who is the Ameer of Afghanistan ? Abdurrahman Khan, who came into power in 1880. He was a nephew of Shere Ali, the ruler who resisted the British invasion so stoutly, and was finally driven into exile, where he died. Shere Ali's son, Yakoob Persia.— Populition estimated, 7.053,600. Revenue in cash, (about) $15,000,000; revenue in kind, !!51,5UO,OUO;expenditure,(about)$13,7.50,000. Afghanistan.— Population, (estimated) about 4,000,000. Revenue of the Ameer reekoued at $:2,000,0 ]0, with a subsidy from the Indjaa g-ovt. $600,000. RULERS OF THE WORLD. 61 Khan, manifesting little strength of mind or character, the British deposed him and set up his cousin in his stead. 132. What are the Ameer's relations to Great Britain' ABDURRAHMAN KHAN. Ameer of Afghanistan. He has made an offensive and defensive alliance with Great Britain,for the sake of protecting his country from an invasion by Russia from the north. Afghanistan lies in the path between Russia and British India and its conquest is undoubtedly a part of Russia's plans. So far, however, Russia's advance has been checked by British diplomacy. 62 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 133. What can be said of the comparative extent and importance of the Russian and British possessions in Asia ? Asiatic Russia, including Siberia and the Trans- Caucasian provinces, is more than five times as large- as British India, but in point of commercial importance the British possessions far outrank those of India. The opium trade alone netted a profit to the government, in 1884, of p/^7,701,811. In the same year, the excess in value of exports over imports tor the Indian provinces was about ;^ 18,400,000. 134. How is Siberia governed.? By appointees of the Russian Czar. The country is divided into two vice-royalties, each ruled by a govern- or general, and these into provinces, and further into districts, all officials, even to the lowest, receiving au- thority directly from the government at St. Petersburg. 135. How is British India governed.'* The government of British India may be divided into two parts, that carried on in the country, and that con- ducted in the colonial office of Great Britnin. In Lon. don, a Secretary of State for India, and a council ap- pointed by the government, supervise the managemer.l of Indian affairs, while the actual administration in Ik dia is entrusted to a viceroy and council, both appointed by the British government and in no way responsible to the natives. 136. Who is now governor-general or viceroy of In- dia.? Henry Charles Keith Petty Filz Maurice, Marquis oj Lansdowne, formerly governor general of Canada, appointed to his present office in February, 1888. 137. What country of Asia has been recently annexed by Great Britain? Vol. V^fp. 164, 172, 179. Upper Burmah, a wide extent of countr}^ between RULERS OF THE WORLD. 63 China and India, was annexed, after a brief war, early in 1886. 138. What is the government of Ceylon? Ceylon is a crown colony, its assembly composed of an executive council of five, and a legislative council of fifteen members, being controlled by a governor ap- pointed and directed by the home government. 139. To what does the island of Java belong? This island is a dependency of the Netherlands, and is ruled by a governor-general and council appointed by that country. 140. What possessions have the French in Asia? The eastern part of the peninsula of Cochin China, including Tonquin, Anam, Saigon and Cambodia, is oc- cupied by a French army and despotically governed by French officers. 141. What can be said of the government cf China? Sec. 131, The government of China is a patriarchal despotism, and is identical with Confucianism, the state religion, the emperor being high priest, and the state officials the priesthood. But though theoretically despotic, Chinese government is subject to a constitution, made up of the principUs and precedents of former dynasties. 142. Who is the emperor of China? Tsai-tien, who was born in 1872, and succeeded the emperor Tung-che m 1875, by adoption of the empress dowager and the empress regent. In February, 1889, he married and succeeded to the royal power, which dur- ing his minority had been held by the two empresses — the mother and widow of the previous ruler. 143. What is the special significance of the emperor's coming into power? The young emperor is favorably inclined to the for- eign party, which is desirous of introducing the customs of western civilization into Chinese life, and of securing 64 RULERS OF THE WORLD. the friendship and aUiance of other nations. Various signs, notably the recent completion of the first railroad of the empire, show that some remarkable changes may- be impending in this conservative ountry. 144. Who is Li Hung Chang? LI HUNG CHANG. Li Hung Chang is the viceroy of the imperial province of Cheelee, and holds in relation to the government the same position as the minister of foreign affairs in con- stitutional countries. The fact that he is favorably dis- China.— Population, (estimated) about 300,000,000. The army at its full strength would number about 1,200,003 men, but only a small part is from time to time enrolled. Tte navy consists of numerous gun- ves- sels, bu jit at hoDje, and several iron-clads of European manufacture. RULERS OF THE WORLD. <^5 posed toward progress and western civilization makes his position an important one. 145. What can be said of the government of Japan? ^ec. 133. T^IUTSU HITO, Mikado of Japan. Japan has just completed a radical change in her government. It has been transformed from a despotism Japan.— Population, (1885), 37,8G=(,997. Army, (peace footing,) G(),45fi men, in war,is increased tol99,840;the navv has 31 vcssels.flveof them iron-clads. Estimated revenue, $62,036,6:i5- debt, (1885) $2T1,190,23Q. 56 RULERS OF THE WOULD. to a constitutional monarchy, and this has been brought about, not by any demand on the part of the people for a more liberal government, but through the generosity of the ruler of the country. In 1888, the mikado an- nounced to the people that a constitutional representa- tive assembly would be summoned in 1890. The new constitution was promulgated Feb. i, 1889. 146. What are the main points of the new government? The hereditary sovereign is retained as sole executive and legislative powers are conferred on a senate, made up of nobles, elected and appointed members, and a house of commons elected every three years by the people 147. Who is the Mikado of Japan ? Mutsu Hito, who succeeded to the position on his father's death in 1867, At that time, the real ruler of the country was the Shiogun, or Tycoon, who was the generalissimo of the army. In 1868, there was a revo- lution against the tyranny exercised by the Tycoon, he was overthrown, and since then, Japan has enjoyed the blessings of peace and a generally equitable government. 148. What is the government of Siam.? A most absolute despotism, ruled by the king and his appointees. The church is united with the power of the state as in China. 149. Who is king of Siam? Chulalou Koru I. who succeeded to power in 1868. Heir Apparent.— Prince Somdect Chowfa, eldest son of the king, born June 23, 187S. 150. Do these comprise all the Asian States.? There is besides the little country of Corea on the peninsula of the same name, which enjoys the distinction of being the most isolated and least known country on the globe. Beyond the fact that its government is a Siam.— Population, (about) 5,700.000. There is a standing army in the form of militia, every male inhabitant of the kingdom being ob- liged to serve therein four months in each year. The navy consists of four steam corvettes and twelve gunboats, officered by Europeans. Revenue and expenditure each, about $6,000,000, RULERS OF THE WORLD. 67 despotism, scarcely anything is known of its institutions.. The two states of Sarawak and Brunei, on the island of Borneo, are also properly included with Asiatic countries. The former is ruled by Sir Chas. J. Brooke, as rajah, whose absolute power is used most benevolently for the good of the natives. Brunei has a number of small tribes, each with a chief, over whom one, as sultan, has a general control. AUSTMALASIA AND THE PACIFIC ISLANDS, I 'I. What are the governments of Australia.? The continent of Australia is divided among five Brit- ish colonies, New South Wales, Queensland, South Aus- tralia, Victoria and Western Australia. All of these colonies possess governments responsible to the popular assembly, subject to a governor appointed by the British crown, and to an absolute veto power over legislation, exercised by the British government. 152. What is the government of New South Wales? Sec. 157. The executive power is vested in the governor and the legislative power in a council and an assembly, these two bodies composing the colonial parliament. The governor and council are appointed by the crown and the assembly elected by universal manhood suffrage. In practice the government is democratic, as the assem- bly is all powerful, making and unmaking the ministry at its pleasure. The council has, practically, only a limited veto on legislation. 153. Who is governor of this colony? Right Hon. Lord Carrington, appointed in 1885. 154. How is Queensland governed? Sfc. 161. The government of Queensland is very like that of New South Wales, of which colony it originally formed a part. A governor and council are appointed by the 68 RULERS OF THE WORLD. crown, but the representative assembly, through the colonial ministry, controls the government. 155. Who is governor of Queensland? Sir Henry Wylie Norman, appointea m 1888. 156- What is the government of South Australia? Sec 160. In the government of South Australia, the members of the legislative council are elected by the people,albe- it for a longer term and subject to a property qualifica- tion for electors. The assembly is chosen by popular suffrage. 157. Who is the governor of this colony? Sir William C. F. Robinson, appointed in 1882. 158. What is the government of Victoria? Sec, 159. By the constitution of Victoria, the legislative author- ity is vested in a parliament of two chambers — both chosen by the people — and the executive power in a governor appointed by the crown. In the election of the upper house, a property qualification is demanded both for members and electors, but in the choice of the lower house the suffrage is not so restricted. 159. Who is governor of Victoria? Sir Henry Brougham Loch, appointed in 1884. 160. How is Western Australia governed? By a governor and legislative council of one chamber. The former is appointed by the crown; the latter partly appointed and partly elected subject to a property qual- ification. 161. Who is at present governor? Sir Frederick Napier Broome, appointed in 1882. 162. What is the government of Tasmania? Sec. 162. The island of Tasmania is a British colony, governed by a crown-appointed governor and a parliament (of Australia.— Population (of ail the colonies, 1884)3,538,196. Amount of revenue for all, $111,437,055, expenditure for all, $103,395,330. Pub- Uc debt, $489,730,330. RULERS OF THE WORLD. 69 two houses) of its own choosing. (The governor is Sir R. George C. Hamilton, appointed in 1887. 163. How is New Zealand governed? Sec. 163. By a governor and parHament of two houses. As in several of the other colonies, the members of the upper house, as well as the governor, are appointed by the crown, but since the ministry is responsible to the peo- ple's representatives in the lower house, the government is none the less democratic. (Sir William F. D. Jervois is the present governor, having been appointed to the post in 1882.) 164. Are these colonies politically united otherwise than as common subjects to Great Britain? V. IV, p. 20. Yes, in 1884 they united in a confederation for the better protection of their common interests. A federal council was established with power to legislate,but with no administrative or executive powers. 165. What led to the formation of this council? Chiefly a desire to secure the annexation of adjacent islands, and to prevent other nations from acquiring the same. Also to prevent further transportation of con- victs into their neighborhood. 166. What other nations were seeking to annex islands in their vicinity? Germany and France. Germany has annexed the upper coast of east New Guinea, with the adjoining isl- ands of New Ireland and New Britain. France, pos- sessed of New Caledonia,seeks to acquire the New Heb- rides. 167. What is the objection to these neighbors? The fear of the establishment of new penal settle- ments on these islands. France has long had a penal colony on New Caledonia, and would doubtless use the New Hebrides for the same purpose. Against Germany the colonies can bring no direct charge of such intent, as she has as yet no penal colonies in Melanesia, but they apprehend the worst, and desire to exclude a 7o RULERS OF THE WORLD. neighbor who may prove disagreeable if not dangerous. i68. What was Germany's contest over the CaroHne islands? Yup I. 3Iatd(,tax Is Grir/on I '"A.sxiitu-inn I. ", -LADKOEE ^c MARIANA 'tSeypan I. Tini(mI.O I'^^LANDS oGuahan 1. OI^J^^' ISZ Halcyon I. °>St. An ^ ShWU IsJ Hoitolen ^"Is ■aJ'.'Avgusline ■«"• • .''. Valan I. Mortlock Is. Admiralty .Is. Squalor a- , '■' ^-N * cVi! •• f\ Bougaiiiville Isl GUINEA. c^_^ "* • \\ .o. I ,... „ s strait ^<:^iS^2^ Lo>(hi>i204,591,345. RULERS OF THE WORLD. 79 joined the dominion of their own accord, but, for the past few years, have regretted their union with Canada, believing that their interests would be better served if their government were administered altogether by their provincial parliaments. 200. What is the government of Costa Rica? Costa Rica is one of the small republics into which Central America was divided by the break down of its federal government. Costa Rica is governed by a con- gress of one chamber chosen by electoral assemblies representing the people, and by a president selected in the same manner. The suffrage is limited to those who are able to *'live respectably." 201 Who is president of this state ? Gen. Don Bernardo Soto, elected in March. 1885. 202. What is the government of Guatemala .?»S^^. 75. A republic governed by a president and an assembly of one house. The powers of government are very cen, tralized and the president, elected by the people for six years, has almost absolute control of political affairs. 203. Who is president of Guatemala.? Gen. Don M. L. Barillas, elected in 1885. 204. What position does Guatemala hold in Central American affairs ? Guatemala is looked upon with jealousy and dread by the neighboring states. The fact that the last pres- ident of Guatemala projected the conquest of the other Central American states was sufficient to unite these states in their own defense, and sinqe then there has been a demand for the division or subjection of the more powerful country. 205. What is the government of Honduras.? Se:. 75. Costa Rica.— Population, (estimated) 180,000. Public revenue, $3,867,170; expenditure, $2,961,110; debt, (1880) including railway debt, S20,0U0,000. Guatemala.— Population, (1884) 1,378,311. Revenue,(1884)$7,685,000; expenditure, $7,490,000; debt, $8,303,060. 8o RULERS OF THE WORLD. A republic with a legislature elected by the people and a president (also elected by direct popular vote) who has complete control of the executive power, sub ject only to the supervision of his council. The state is subject to revolutions, and there have been no regular presidental elections for a number of years. 206. Who is president of Honduras ? Gen. Luis Bogran,who came into power in 1883. 207. What is the government of Nicaragua? Sec. 77. A republic with a legislature (of two houses) and a president,both nominally elected by universal suffrage for a fixed term. 20S. Wiio is president of this state? Dr. Don Evaristo Carazj, elected in 1887. 209. What is the government of San Salvador? Sec.^'^. A republic with a congress of two houses elected by popular suffrag:;,also a president,u£ually the chief pow- er in the state, who should be elected by the people ev- ery four years but who has of late been placed in office by revolution or by the choice of the army. 210. Who is the president of San Salvador? Gen. Francisco Menendez, who came into power in 1885. 211. What is the government of Hayti? Sec. 87. Nominally a constitutional republic with a president and an assembly of two houses elected by the people; in practice, a despotism maintained by the adventurer who, for the time being, has obtained control of the army. 212. What two men are now struggling for power? Gens. Legitime and Hippolyte. Honduras.— Population, (about) 458,000. Revenue, (1884) f 1,100,000. expenditure, same; debt, (interior) ^1,000,000; debt and interest, (ex- terior) $30,000,000. Nicaragua.— Population. (estimated) 400,000. Public revenue,(1884) $1,877,795; expenditure, $1,795,875; aebt,(all internal) $543,280. San Salvador.— Popnlation,(1878) ,554,000. Revenue,(1884) 14,117,645: expenditure, (1884) $4,077,715; debt, (1883) interior, $3,183,870. RULERS OF THE WORLD. 8: 213. What is the government of San Domingo ?6'. Co., 185 ^WABASH AVE.. CHICAGO. NOTA BENE. WHAT THEY SAY OF OUR NEW BOOK. The press notices of our book are uniformly favorable. Among those first received are the following: A good elementary popular manual of Civil Government in Theory and Practice has been prepared by W. I. Chase on the comparative plan. It lays down the main features of the gov- ernments of all countries, and shows their variation from each other, and particularly from that of the United States as the standard of comparison. This comparative method is the proper way of studying the subject. Vastly more can be ac- complished under it in the way of an elementary, liberal, and really intelligent comprehension of the subject than by any other. It is a method which shows how the ends of govern, ment may be either reached or missed under almost any con ceivable "system, and what is required to secure liberty and good government. — N. T. Indepejident. The purpose of the author seems to have been to bring together a goodly amount of information about all the govern- ments of the earth, which he has done in convenient form. While it is hardly to be expected that the memory of the ordinary pupil can long remain charged with such a mass of facts, a good purpose is served in directing study to the subject. Many wlio would not think of going to the year-books and cyclopedias for tlie information thus laid before them will find the book useful as a reference, and to this end it will also doubtless be utilized by school-teachers. — Chicago Tribune. It is needless to say that information contained in this little volume is scattered through libraries or through pretentious volumes that a child never thinks of approaching. Here the information as to all the nations of the world is compressed in one volume, the story told in a simple direct style, and by one who having found the need of such information has had the wants of younger as well as mature people in mind. Too little attention'has been given in our schools to the subject of gov- ernment, possibly because no book such as this has been pre- pared in the way to meet the wants of the schools. Not one boy in twenty has any idea of the constitution of the United States, to say nothing of the constitutions of other countries^^ and so far as government is concerned he is only a bundle of impulses, prejudices, and contradictions. Here in one volume are the facts of the case. — Chicago Inter-Ocean. The forms and peculiarities of the governments of th* various civiU'zed countries are given in a brief, clear and com- NOTA BENE. prehensive manner. For example, the complicated form of government of Austro-Hungary is set fortli with perfect plain- ness—and the simpler forms with equal clearness. This it will be perceived is valuable to all who take an interest in the gen- eral affairs of the world, enabling them better to understand leading events as they occur. — Interior. He who would become familiar wuth all " the powers that be," their origin and history, their chief points of likeness and unlikeness to the government of the United States, should secure and study a copy of this book. Here these points are presented in a complete yet most concise way. No one is better fitted for the task of compiling this information than Mr. Chase, as his editorial duties have led him along this line for several years. The work will certainly be v/ell received. — Norjnal Herald. It is a work that will be found of much interest to all thoughtful readers, and to all students and teachers of history it wnll prove a manual of the greatest possible value. — Toledo Blade. It is certain that the young citizen of our favored land can but feebly appreciate the excellent features of our own govern- ment, without the knowledge that will enable him to compare it with the governments of other countries, Wherefore, a book which remedies this deficiency should receive a warm welcome from all intelligent educators. — N. E. Journal of Education. It is an interesting and useful compilation, which, put in the hands of intelligent boys and girls who are studving civil gov- ernment, would interest them much, and give them niany valuable notions.— Wisconsin Journal of Education. The comparative method is unquestionably the best wav of studying the subject, and this little manual will be found"" ex. ceptionally convenient and valuable to iedichevs.—Peunsylvama School yournal. A work of great interest to teachers and students of history. — Michigan Moderator. It is a work that will be of use to manv, especiallv to teach- ers and students of history and civil' government— P/«Va Teacher. It contains many useful tacts.— Golden Rule, TEACHERS' AIDS Fitches **Artof Questioning,^' Paper. Price 15c. Fitch's ^*Art of Securing Attention.'' Paper. Price I 5 cents. Securing and Retaining Attention. By James L. Hughes. Cloth. Price 50 cents. Mistakes in Teaching. By James L. Hughes. American edition. "We advise every teacher to invest 50 cents in the purchase of this useful manual." — N. E. Journal of Edu- cation. Cloth, 135 pp. Price 50 cents. Boltwood's To2ncal Outlines of General History. By Henry L. Bolt wood, A. M., principal of the Evanston (111.) high school. Undoubtedly the best work of the kind published. Price, in flexible cloth, 75c. Pedagogical Ideals. 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"Where can I get suitable selections to read as a part of niy openfiig exercises?" This question has been asked by many teachers. Attempts to answer it led to the preparation of this book. In it there are stories, acts and anecdotes that suggest only good on Trust, Honesty, Benevolence, Courage, Politeness, Regard for Aged, Promptness, Kindness, Obedience, Contentment, and True Worth. They are suitable for all grades, and may be used profitably as basis for informal talks with pupils, not at them. This book contains a sufficient number of selections, prose and poetry, to last One Year, without repeating any. It con- tains 256 pages, is printed on good paper, and neatly bound in cloth. Price, prepaid, • 90 cents. SKELETON COMPOSITIONS, Or, Outlines for Compositions. Over 100 outlines for composition work. These Outlines or schemes have been arranged to help pupils in getting at the salient points of any given article or subject. 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Both script and print are used. Pictures which accomjDany the cards may be substituted for the names of the objects mentioned, making the exercises still more interesting. Price, per set, 35 cents. A BIRD'S EYE VIEW OF t Most books on our national government are merely treatises on the federal constitution, which, though well enough in their way, do not give the student any adequate conception of tlie government as it is admin- istered under the constitution. In oin* book we have endeavored to supply what is lacking in this regard, and at the same time to introduce the reader to the chief officers in the legislative, executive and judicial departments of our federal government. The book contains an account of congress and its mode of working ; the various departments, divisions, bureaus and offices of the executive branch of the government, the duties assigned to each, and a proper con- sideration of the character and work of the federal judiciary. 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The tacts they should know, the faces they should see, the workings of the great governmental machine in which they are so soon to have an intimate personal interest, all are here made clear and plain to them." 160 pages, l6mo. ,• paper cover. Price 30 Cents. A. FLANAGAN, CHICAGO. lffV"wi X5 CD 3 ■^ 6 6 ^ Ill 03 " s >^ M_ y bo O TO c C ^ <" h bOvM '^ O o o ^ o o CI.-;: g^ J S _ 8 i3 rt u) I -^ 03 6 c i2 (U td Vh ,„ . , g o Most ( learne T works knowl CO c3 M » Ji P J. The present poet laureate of England. S > ^ > ^ o Q 3^3. Excels In the melody of his verse and g i::^ ? ^ ^ his faultless diction. ^ - 5. c . O ^ 83 C5 25^ '^ CO ^ „ „, ,,^ ,^ ..._,...,, >.T.r-.-j ., ..nnl,„ ,^ 5 o 3 - ^. Wrote "Enoch Arden," "Maud," "The © •^ May Queen," "Charge of the Light ^ ^ Brigade," "New Year's Eve," etc. ^ >^ 2 5 ^ -3 o II O o o o " Howe'er it be, it seems to me, 'Tis only noble to be good ; Kind hearts are more than coronets. And simple faith than Norman blood. —Lady Clara Vcrede Vcre. G, G, N, BTROX lOO Cards, American or English, in a neat box, price prepaid, 50 cts. 4^Liljeral Discount to Hie Trade, or in quantities. A. KI^ANAGAKJ, Cliicas:o» A History of 1888. Being the bound volume of the School Herald for that year. It contains the most direct, most intelligible and most com- pact account of the events of that year yet in the market, to say nothing of its conceded accuracy and its freedom from sectarian and partisan bias. Adequately indexed, it forms the most con- venient as well as the cheapest of annual cyclopedias, and by the ordinary student, in quest of facts and not dissertations, it will be fouud preferable to any annual compendium likely to be oflfered. Fully illustrated with maps and portraits. Every School Library should have a set of the bound volumes of the School Herald, as for reference on every point connected with the history of racen': years they are uasurpassed. SPECIAL OFFER To School and. I»nl>lic I^il>raries. We will supply volumes IV, V, VI, VII and VIII, for $5.00. Regular price of each volume |1.50. Volumes I and II, bound in similar style, can be had for 75 cents each. SCHOOL HERALD PUBLISHING CO, 185 Wabash avenue, Chicago, WANTED! SCHOOL SUPERINTENDENTS AND TEACHERS* who are energetic, to represent our association. We prefer those who have had experience in canvassing for books, or other kind of soliciting. We have over 100 Teachers, School Superintendents and Principals of Schools now engaged in selling memberships, and they average to earn over |100 per month, each, where they devote their whole time to this work. A few earn as high as $300 and $400 per month. The business is much pleasanter than canvassing for books. Many teachers say they will never again enter the school work so long as we will give them employment. We give either salary or commission. Best of references required. We have many testimonials like the following : "I take pleasure in testifying to the merits of the National Library Association. I have had many dealings with the firm and have always found them just and honorable. Everything I have purchased of them has been equal to their represent- ations, and I have implicit confidence in their willingness and ability to do all they promise."— C. M. AENOLD, Late P res. of Kentucky Classical and Business College, North 3Iiddleton, Ky. "After an examination of the Catalogue and the gift books of the National Library Association of Chicago, I accord it my hearty approval."— GEO. W. RYLAND, Lieut.-Gov. Wisconsin. " The National Library Association dispenses with 'middle men 'and brings tho reading public nearer to publishers. I think the plan an excellent one."— J. W. AKERS, Supt, Public Instruction, Des lloines, Iow%. For particulars address, NATIONAL LIBRARY ASSOCIATION, 103 State Street, Chicago, III. MORRISON'S Readings and Recitations FOR HOME AND SCHOOL USE. IN THREE PARTS: Primary, 20 pp. Intermediate, 28 pp. Higher Grades, 55 pp THIS BOOK IS JUST WHAT IS WANTED FOF ALL GRADES. Just the thing for Country Schools, as something can be found in it for pupils of all ages, and for all occasions. These selections have been compiled with care, and for the most part such as have never appeared in book form. While a few are original, all will be new to the majoiity of pupils and parents. Nothing of an objectionable char- acter can be found, and I believe all will welcome this new Speaker. Price, prepaid, 20c; 3 copies, 50c. A. FLANAGAN, Chicago. 1 80 %. ^^ ^'^ ^ ^^^im^ .^ ^ v^ ^WlVy^^/, '^l.. ■-'^.ij y^it \^ **• ^'' •^^0^ ^^T O ^<*- ^"T .V'' ^ .<^ / ..'^'' * ^^/x^''^ .H^^'"^ V ^ ^.^'^ V-^^ - * - ^ - «0 ^^^ ^ »%- «* 1^ ? ^. ^^-^^ <^ ci" V ^ o w « "oK v6 ^ *^. peacidified using the Bookkeeper process Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide Treatment Date: ^f^sf .^^ ^-J c^ -Mm/ ^ ' \: ^^ J^' . -^^ .V PreservationTechnologies ^ ^^ >* "^ A^ ^ * WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION •jT'b ^ "^ N;"^ * ,' 111 Thomson Park Drive V^ ^; <^^ ^ Cranberry Township. PA 16066 o„o- .'^' .5'^'^vr, < o ^ ^