/'■■ A STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OP THE WEST INDIA ISLANDS, TOGETHER WITH GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF THE BERMUDAS, BAY ISLANDS, AND BELIZE, AND THE GUAYANA COLONIES. BY RICHARD S. FISHER, M.D., AUTHOR OP THE " PllOGUESS OP THE UNITED STATES," THE " BOOK OF THE WORLD," ETC. Kllustcateti 63) a Weip itita ^utl)entic Mn$, NEW YORK: J. H. COLTON AND COMPANY, No. 172 WILLIAM STEEET. * 1855. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S55, by J. H. COLTON AND COMPANY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. DATIE3 AND BOBBRTS, STBEEOTTPEBS, 201 William Street, N. Y. PTJDNEY AND KUSSELL, PRINTEK8, 79 John Street, N. Y. /. ^6. CONTENTS. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE WEST INDIES : Geography — Geology — Climate — Botany — Zoology — Aborigines and present Population — Era of Prosperity— Industrial Pursuits— Political Arrangement, etc Page 7-16 !, XTO DOMINGO : Geography— Geology— Climate— Products — History. Empire of Eayti—AgncnUare — Com- merce — Population — Government — Faustin I. and his Court — Churches and Schools — Port- au-Prince— Cape Haytien — Eecent History, etc. T/ie DominiGan Republic — Provinces and ■^opulation-Industry— Exports and Imports— Government — Finances — Armed Force— Ed- ucation, etc.— Santo Domingo City— Porto Plata— Eecent History 16-25 \ SP \NISH ISLANDS : l/«&«— Geography and Geology— Climate and Products— Extent, Population, etc.— Jurisdic- tions— Adjacent Islands (note)— Productive Industry, Agriculture, and Cattle Breeding- Manufactures — Commerce— Railroads— Government— Public Finances — Armed Forces — Ed- ucation, Eeligion — Habana—Matanzas— Puerto Principe— Santiago, etc.— History, Porto iSico— Geography, etc.— Departments, Population, etc.— Resources, Industry, etc. — Govern- ment—Towns—Historical Account, etc 25-35 BRITISH ISLANDS : Extent and General Statistics— the Bahama Islands- Turk's Island — Jamaica— the Caymans —Trinidad— Tobago— Grenada— St. Vincent— St. Lucia— Barbadoes— Dominica— Montserrat — Antigua— St. Christopher— Barbuda— Anguilla— Virgin Islands, etc 35-45 FRENCH ISLANDS : Guadaloupe (^o-yerwrne^i^— Gnadaloupe— Marie-Galante— Desirade— Les Saintes — St. Mar- tin. Martinique Gccernment, etc 45-48 DUTCH ISLANDS : General Statistics— Cura^oa-Bonaire-Aruba-Saba— St. Eustatius— St. Martin, etc. . 49-51 DANISH ISLANDS : Extent and Population.— St. Thomas— Santa Cruz— St. John, etc 51-53 SWEDISH ISLAND : St. Bartholomew = 54 GENERAL STATISTICS OF THE WEST INDIES 54 iv CONTENTS BERMUDA OR SOMERS' ISLANDS : Geography — Climate, Soil, and Products— Parishes— Area and Population — Industry— Gov- ernment, Education, etc. — Public Works — Towns — History 55-58 BELIZE OR BRITISH HONDURAS : General Description — Climate, Soil, Products, etc. — Population and Industry — Government — Belize — History, etc 58-61 BAY ISLANDS : Eoatan, Bonaca, TJtilla, Barbarat, Helena, and Morat — History, etc 61-64 GUAYANA COLONIES : General Description. JBritish Guayana — Essequibo, Demerara, and Berbice. Dutch Ouay- ona— Surinam. French Quay ana — Cayenne — Industry, Population, Government, History, etc 65-68 INDEX TO PLACES Page Abaco Island 36 AguadUla 83 Ambergris Key 59 Andros Island 36 Anegada Island 44 Anguilla Island 35, 44 Anguillita Island 44 Anatto 37 Anse-Gralet 46 Antigua Island 35, 43 Antonio 37 Arecibo 33 Artibonite Elver 17 Aruba Island 49, 50 Aves or Bird Islands . . 50 Azua 22-24 Azuey Lake 17 Bahama Islands 35, 36 Bahia Honda 27 Bani 24 Bara9oa 27, 32 Barbadoes Island 35, 41 Barbuda Island 35, 44 Basse-Terre 44, 45 Batavia 67 Bay Islands 61 Bayaguana 24 Bayamo 27,32 Bejucal 27,32 Belize 58-61 Berbice 65, 66 Bermuda Islands 55-58 Bieque Island 85 Bimini Islands 36 Black Eiver 37 Bonaca Island 62 Boya 24 Bridgetown 42 Oabes-Terres ......... 45 CaboEoxo 84 Caguas 33 Caicos Islands ........ 86 Calliagua 40 Camanas Island 44 Page Cape Hay tien 21 Cape Tiburon 16 Cardenas 27 Caroni Eiver 38 Castries 41 Cat Island 36 Cayenne Island 68 Caymans Island 35, 37 Caymanbrac 37 Cayo Cocos 27 Cayo Guajaba 27 Cayo Eomano 27 Cayo Sal 36 Charlestown 44 Charlotte-Amalia. . 51 Charlotte-Town 42 Chris tiansborg 53 Christianstadt 53 Cibao Mountains 16 Cienfuegos 26, 31 Crooked Island 36 Cuba 25 Culebra 35 Cura^oa 49 Curagoa Chica 50 Demerara 65, 66 Desirade or Deseada Island 46 Deux Mamelles 45 Dog Island 44 Dominica Island 35-42 Dominican Eepublic .. 22 Egmont Harbor 40 Eleuthera Island 86 English Harbor 43 Enriquillo Lake 17 Essequibo 65, 66 Exuma Islands 36 Fredenburg 67 Georgetown .... 38, 39, 40, 66 Gonaives 21 Goyaves Eiver 46 Page Grandbourg 46 Grand Bahama Island 36 Grande-Terre 45 Grenada Island 35, 39 Grenadines 39 Green Cayo 36 Greenville Bay 40 Greater Antilles 7 Gros Montague 45 Guadaloupe Island. ... 45 Guana 44 Guanabacoa 27 Giiantanamo 27 Guayamo 33-34 Guayana 65 Guayana, Brazilian, ... 65 Guayana, British 66, 67 Guayana, Dutch 67 Guayana, French 68 Guayana, Venezuelan 65 Guayanilla 34 Giiines 27,32 Gustavia 54 Habana 27-31 Hamilton 57 Harbor Island 36 Hay ti, Empire of. 19 Helene Island 61 Heneague Island 36 Higuey 24 Holguin 27,32 Humacao 33 Inagua Islands 36 IsladePinos 26 Jamaica Island 35, 86 Jaruco 27,32 Jews' Town 67 Jiguani 27 Jos Van Dyke's Island 44 Kingston 87 Kingstown 40 Laborie 41 INDEX TO PLACES. Page La Carenage 54 Lamentin Eiver. 46 Lesser Antilles 7 Les Carmes 46 Les Saintes Islands ... 46 Lezarde Eiver 46 Long Island 86 Luc ay OS Islands 7 Magdenburg 67 Mahault Bay 46 Manati 34 Manzanillo 27, 32 Marie-Galante 45, 46 Mariel 27 Martinique Island 48 Matanzas 27, 32 Mayagues 33 Monte Christi 16 Monte Plata 24 Mont Pel6e 43 Montserrat Island 35, 42 Morat 61 Morne Diablotin 42 Moule 46 Mount Hillaby 41 Mount Misery 43 Nassau 86 Nevis 85, 44 New Amsterdam 66, 67 New Providence 36 Neybo 24 Nichar 44 Nisao River 17 Nuevitas 27, 32 Oistin's Eiver 42 Orange Town 68 Oropuche 88 Ortoire 88 Oyapok 68 Ozama Eiver 17 Paramaribo 67 Patillas 84 Penniston Island 44 Penualas 34 Page Pidgeon Island 41 Pinar del Eio 27 Pinos, Isla de 27 Piton de Bouillante ... 45 Plymouth 43 Point-a-Pitre 46 Ponce 83 Port-au-Prince 20 Port Maria 37 Port Morant 37 Porto Plata 24 Porto Eico Island 33 Porto Eico City 34 Portsmouth 42 Port Souflfriere 41 Princestown 40 Pj ince Eupert's Bay. . . 42 Puerto d'Espana 89 Puerto Principe 27, 33 Punta Grande 61 Eagged Islands 36 Eemedios 27, 32 Eoatan Island 62 Eosario 27, 32 Eoseau 42 Eum Cayo 36 Saba Island 49, 50 Saguerilla 84 Sagua 27 St. Anne 46 St. Bartholomew Island 54 Saintes, Les 45, 46 St. Christopher Island. 85, 43 St. Eastatius 49, 50 St. George's 57 St. Georgetown 40 St. German 83 St. James' 42 St. John Island 51, 53 , St. John 43 St. Louis 46 St. Luc^g, Island 35, 41 St. Martin Island. 45, 47, 49, 51 St. Pierre 48 St. Thomas Island 51 St. Yincent Island 35, 40 Page Salinas 34 Samana 16 San Antonio 27, 82 San Cristobal 24, 27 San Juan de Maguana. 24 San Nicolas 21 San Salvador Island ... 86 Santa Anna Harbor ... 49 Santa Cruz Island .... 51, 52 Santa Cruz del Seybo . 22, 24 Santiago 22, 24 Santiago de Cuba 27, 32 Santo Domingo Island. 16 Santo Domingo City.. . 22, 23 Santo Espiritu 27, 82 Savanna la Mar 87 Scarboro' 39 Seybo 24 Sh eckerly Mountain ... 43 Sierra del Cobre 26 Sinnamary 68 Souflriere 45 Spanish Islands 25 Spanish Town 37 Speight's Town 42 Surinam 65, 67 Tobago Island 35, 39 Tortola Island 44, 45 Tortuga Island 16 Trinidad Island 35, 38 Trinidad de Cuba 27, 32 Tunas 27 Turk's Island 35 Utilla Island 61 VegaEeal...., 16 Vieux-Fort 41 Villa-Clara 27,82 Virgin Gorda Island. . . 44 Virgin Islands 85, 44 Watling Island 36 "Wilhelmsburg 67 Wilhelmstadt 49 Yacki Eiver 17 THE WEST INDIES. The West Indies consist of an archipelago of numerous large and small islands, lying in the wide interval of sea between the south coast of North America and the north coast of South America. Their rich and varied products, the high state of their cultivation, and the very singu- lar forms of society existing in them, have rendered them in modern times peculiarly interesting. Astronomical and Geographical Position. — These islands extend in a species of curved line, first east and then south, beginning near the south- ern part of the United States and terminating at the north-east corner of the Spanish Main, near the mouth of the Orinoco River. On the east and north they are bounded by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west by the wide expanse of the Mexican Gulf, which in that direction interposes between them and the continent. They are situated between the fifty-ninth and eighty-fifth degrees of lon- gitude west from Greenwich, and between the parallels of ten and twenty-eight of north latitude. General Description. — Geographers have distinguished these islands into three arbitrary groups, viz., the Lucayos or Bahama Islands, the Greater Antilles, and the Lesser Antilles or Caribbean Islands. The Lucayos or Bahama Islands consist of fourteen principal and an infinite number of smaller islands and cayos, extending in line ofi" the coast of Florida to the island of San Domingo or Hayti, a distance of about 750 miles. These are chiefly of coral formation — low, flat, and scantily covered with soil, and most of them uninhabited. Their climate is mild and agreeable, free alike from the scorching heats of the tropics and the low grades of temperature incident to more northern regions. The Greater Antilles, extending from the Gulf of Mexico eastward toward the Atlantic Ocean, consist of the large .and fine islands of Cuba, Santo Domingo or Hayti, Porto Rico, and Jamaica, the position of which is farther west than either the Bahama or the Caribbean Islands. The Lesser Antilles or Caribbean Islands, so called from the Caribs or people inhabiting them when first discovered by the Spaniards, form a long chain extending in a curved, line from Porto Rico to the Gulf of THE WEST INDIES Paria. These are usually called the Windward Islands. A smaller and more scattered group, ranging along the coast of Venezuela, belong- ing also to this section, is contradistinguished as the Leeward Islands, English writers, however, generally apply the latter name to the more northerly part of the first group, extending from Dominica northward to the Virgin Islands, restricting the appellation of Windward Islands to those between Dominica and the island of Trinidad. Mountains of considerable elevation diversify most of these islands, causing them to resemble the elevated remains of a portion of the conti- nent which some convulsion of nature has overwhelmed. Generally speaking, their interior is composed of a range or group sometimes of little more than a single mountain, the slopes of which and the plain at the base constitute the island. The most elevated peaks of the Greater Antilles exceed 8,000 feet above the sea-level, while the higher summits in the Caribbean Islands range in elevation from 3,000 to 4,000 feet. Most of these eminences have evidently been the seat of volcanic action, but, with the exception of the Souffriere of Guadaloupe, which still ex- hibits some perturbations, action seems to have ceased in all, or at least is now dormant if not altogether expended. Numerous streams descend from these heights which, though they do not attain to the magnitude of rivers, yet serve to irrigate the fine plains and valleys which they trav- erse, and form one main cause of the fertility by which distinguished. Geology, etc. — The Bahama Islands, as far as known, are composed of limestone rock, which in many places display magnificent caves. In Cuba the lower regions are composed of secondary formations, through which the rocks of the primary era rise in masses of greater or lesser extent. The Copper Mountains seem to be chiefly formed of mica slate, but in the hills toward the west, pure limestone and argillaceous sandstone are the predominating developments. The Blue Mountain range of Jamaica is composed of transition rocks, as graywacke, associated with trap rocks. Resting on these, at a lower and lower level, are red sandstone and con- glomerate, white marl and limestone, in some places intermingled with traps and porphyries. The flat count. y on the south coast of the island is alluvial and diluvial. An extinct volcano exists at Black Hill. The Caribbean Islands, geognostically considered, form two groups : an eastern or exterior, of Neptunian formation, and a western or interior, of volcanic formation. The volcanic islands appear to stand in immedi- ate connection with the primitive ranges of Caracas. This range of volcanic islands extends onward in a curved direction, and terminates in a new primitive chain at that point where the range has again assumed THE WEST INDIES. 9 the same direction as the Silla of Caracas. The Blue Mountains of Jamaica, the granite mountains in the southern part of Hayti and in Porto Rico, run parallel with the Silla, and they, as appears on inspect- ing the map, are equally a continuation of the volcanic series of the smaller Antilles, as these are of the Silla. None of these volcanoes are very lofty, the highest scarcely attaining an elevation of 6,000 feet above the level of the sea. The volcanic islands are Grenada, St, Vincent, St, Lucia, Martinique, Dominica, Montserrat, Nevis, St, Christopher, and St. Eustatia. The Neptunian islands, which are low and principally composed of limestone, are Tobago, Barbadoes, Marie-Galante, Grande- Terre, Deseada, Antigua, Barbuda, St, Bartholomew, and St, Martin's. The only island of this group of which a detailed account has been pub- lished is Antigua, It contains besides the characteristic Neptunian rocks, also formations of volcanic origin, and hence may be considered as the connecting link between the Neptunian and volcanic islands respectively. The whole north-eastern part of the island is composed of a yellowish-white earthy, nearly friable, limestone, which in its upper strata contains helices and bulimas, but in the lower great abundance of cerithise, principally inclosed in a silicious bed of a dark color, which is subordinate to the limestone. It appears to belong to the tertiary era, and forms hills from 300 to 400 feet in height. The island is crossed from north-west to south-east by a conglomerate which, in a clayey basis, contains many crystals of felspar, abundance of green earth, prob- ably disintegrated augite, and masses of basalt, also of amygdaloidal dolerite or greenstone, lava, hornstone, with impressions of corals and numerous pieces of petrified wood, principally palms and other tropical trees. Trees of the same kind also occur in the silicious beds in the limestone. The rocks of this conglomerate are generally steep toward the south-west, and gently inclined toward the north-east. The lime- stone evidently rests on this conglomerate. To this follows in the south- western part of the island a doleritic basalt, which forms the greatest heights. The separation of these rocks is accurately in the direction of the volcanic islands, that is, from north-west to south-east. Hence the island of Barbuda, which is farther rernoved from the volcanic range, lies entirely in the limestone region. The shells in the limestone differ but little from those of the surrounding sea ; but the limestone expands over the whole island, which, although it is 18 miles long and 13^ miles wide, is nowhere higher than 110 feet above the level. A basaltic cover* separates this limestone from the volcanoes ; and probably these latter, before reaching the surface, have previously forced their way through 10 THE WEST INDIES. the basalt. It occurs again in Tobago. Barbadoes, in its general com- position, is very much allied to Antigua, and the same would appear to be the case with St. Bartholomew and St. Martin's. In Deseada, Marie- Galante, and Grande-Terre, limestone only appears. This limestone extends to the north and east sides of Martinique. Trinidad has once formed a portion of the adjoining continent. The great northern range of mountains that runs from east to west, and is connected with the high land of Pa,ria on the continent by the islands of the Bocas, consists of gneiss, of mica slate containing large masses of quartz, and in many places approaches in nature of talc slate, and of bluish limestone traversed by veins of calc spar. From the foot of the mountains, for many leagues to the northward, there extends a low and perfectly flat land, evidently formed by the debris of the mountains and by the copious tribute of the waters of the Orinoco deposited by the influ- ence of the currents. The famous asphaltum or pitch lake, situated amid a clayey soil, is about three miles in circumference, and in the wet season is sufficiently solid to bear any weight, but in hot weather is often in a state approaching fluidity. The asphaltum appears to be supplied by springs. At the south-west extremity of the island, between Point Icacos and Rio Erin, are small cones resembling those of the volcanoes of air and mud at Turbaco, in New Grenada, which are of the same nature with those of Macalulia and the Lake Naftia in Sicily. Climate, etc. — The West Indies, except the more northerly of the Bahama Islands, lie within the tropics, and are consequently subject to great heats ; yet even in the warm season the influence of the surrounding ocean, the periodically recurring sea-breezes, and the height of land in the interior of the islands tend, to modify the climatic intensity peculiar to their geographical position. In the interior of the large islands, in which elevation is most marked, a mild and delightful temperature is enjoyed throughout the year, and several of the smaller islands possess the same advantages. The lowlands, however, in all these islands are exceedingly unhealthy, and endemic influences render them peculiarly hostile to the European constitution. At the elevation of 1,200 feet the aspect of the climate is different, nor is it liable to the propagation and prevalence of those fevers and fluxes which prove so destructive to life in the^ow and swampy flats below. In the more northerly of the islands even ice is sometimes formed, but snow has never been known to fall. 'The year, as in most tropical countries, may be divided into two seasons • — the wet and the dry, though there is sufficient to mark the four sea- sons of more temperate climates. The spring may be said to commence THE WEST INDIES. 11 in April, when the fields put forth their verdant appearance. From May to October the tropical summer reigns in all its intensity. The sea- breeze, however, which sets in at noon, greatly moderates the tempera- ture. The mean height of the thermometer at this season is 80° Fahr. The nights are beautiful, and are tempered by the land-breeze, which blows gently off the shore from about 10 o'clock until daybreak. With October commence the autumnal rains, when the waters pour down in torrents. These continue until December, between which and April serene and pleasant weafher prevails. The trade winds blow from an easterly direction from December to June. August is the season of hur- ricanes, which frequently devastate whole islands. These rarely, how- ever, occur in Cuba, and are almost unknown in Trinidad. Botany, etc. — The splendor and rich variety of the vegetation of the West Indies is the theme of every traveler, and give to the islands an import- ant position in an industrial point of view. To their valuable native plants, art and industry have added others not less valuable. So fine are the climate and soil, that tropical plants from all parts of the world are readily cultivated. All the beauties which nature has lavished on the equinoctial world are here displayed in their fairest and most majes- tic forms. On every side innumerable palms of various genera, the cocoa-nut, date, cabbage palm, etc., whose leaves curl like plumes, shoot up majestically their bare and even columns ; and high above the rocky summit of the hills the tree ferns appear, while convolvuli and other creepers have climbed their high stems and suspended their painted gar- lands. Scarcely can the beholder of such scenery define what most excites his admiration, the individual beauty or the contrast of forms, " or that eternal spring Which here enamels everything," and calls forth a luxuriance of vegetable life. The ground is overloaded with plants which have scarcely room for their development. The trunks of the older trees are everywhere covered with a thick drapery of ferns, mosses, and orchid plants, which diffuse into the air the richest odors, and almost conceal from sight the noble stems that uphold them. Vari- ous plants .of humble growth, and which love humidity, display their beautiful verdure on the edges of the streams, and are sheltered by the wide-spreading arms of the mango, the mahogany tree, the teak, mimo- sas, and other woods remarkable for their stateliness, and clothed in the wild and magnificent pomp so characteristic of the tropics. Here and there, as if for contrast, huge masses of trap, blackened by the action of the. atmosphere and decayed tremellae, present themselves — 12 THE WEST INDIES. those blocks which in colder climates would be doomed to eternal bar- renness, or at most would only nourish the pale and sickly lichen, here give support to creeping plants of every form, which cover with yellow, green, and crimson the sides of the sable rock. In their crevices the succulent species are daily renewed and prepare a soil for larger ten- ants ; from their summits the "old man's beard" and similar plants, which seem to draw their nourishment from the air, hang pendent, float- ing like tattered drapery at the pleasure of the winds. And here rises the wild fig-tree, one of the gigantic productions of the torrid zone. The huge limbs of this tree, covered with perpetual verdure, throw down often from a height of 80 or 90 feet a colony of suckers of every possible size, from that of pack-thread to the vast cable of a ship, withoift any visible increase in their diameter and without a joint. These, reaching the ground, become other trees, but still remain united — a happy symbol of the strength which proceeds of union. At other times the suckers, blown about by the winds, are entangled about some neighboring trunk or rock, which they surround with a network of the firmest texture, as if the hand of man had been employed. Here may also be seen the precious nutmeg, exposing in the centre of its bursting drupe the seed surrounded by the crimson mace; the cassia, w^ith its pendent pods; the magnificent lagerstroemia, displaying one extended sheet of lovely blossoms : the cannon-ball tree, with its sweet and painted flowers, scat- tering its fetid fruit so much resembling the fatal shell that it might be supposed that a company of artillery had bivouacked in its shade; the calabash, with its large, green pericarp ; the screw pine, with its fruit carved in rude and curious workmanship, with numerous others in infi- nite variety. Various fruits transplanted from the islands of Asia and other distant lands or the Antilles are mingled together, and attract by their gaudy flowers the humming-bird to their covert. The bread-fruit of the Friendly Islands, and the jack of India, bearing ponderous fruit of 60 or 70 pounds in weight, are here ; and here, too, is the vanilla, with its long suckers ; the black pepper of Asia ; the passiflora and the solandra, mingling their blossoms, while the agave throws up its princely column of fructification from a host of spears. Innumerable cacti and euphor- bioB, covered with fruit and flowers, give variety to the scene. At every step plants remarkable for their beauty or fragrance ornament the path. By the side of the rivulets rise large clusters of the bamboo. Nothing can exceed the beauty of this arborescent grass, which rises to the height of 60 or 80 feet, waving its light and graceful foliage at every breath of the wind. The sago and several kindred plants, so valuable for their THE WEST INDIES. 13 nutritious fecula, are scattered about. The arrow-root, the papaw, the cashew, the banana, the plantain, and a thousand other rare, valuable, or ornamental trees, shrubs, and plants, with a great variety of medicinal roots and herbs — such betoken the wealth of vegetation in these islands. Zoology, etc. — The zoological productions of the West Indies have been but little attended to. Botanists of nearly every nation have visited and explored the principal islands that the conservatories of the great might be decked with blooming exotics ; but as regards zoology, a full century has elapsed without any addition being made to the antiquated history of Sir Hans Sloane on the animal productions of these islands. Of the native quadrupeds, many have no doubt been exterminated by civiliza- tion; and although we have no good data to base the surmise upon, it may be supposed that cavies, armadilloes, and other smaller quadrupeds, still exist in the woody and less cultivated districts of the interior. The agouti, although once common, is now only met with in the less culti- vated islands. Some wild boars are still found ; otherwise the quadru- peds are represented only by monkeys and the vermin species. The bird tribes belong to the same families and in numerous instances to the same species as those of the neighboring parts of the continent, and, indeed, most of the North American summer birds pass their winters in these regions. The mocking-bird of the United States visits Cuba and Ja- maica, and the Brazilian motmot inhabits as far north as the Bahama Islands. Trinidad, however, appears to be the chief island for birds ', the ruby-topaz, the ruff-necked and the emerald-crested humming-birds are particvrlarly splendid ; the crimson-throated maize-bird, the Mexi- can hang-nest, and the red-headed tanagar are also found in this island. Turkey-vultures of large size and entirely black are not uncommon. Wading and swimming birds have the same general character as those of the adjacent mainland. Pelicans, herons, flamingoes, and other well- known birds haunt the salt marshes, while the jacana and Martinico gallinule are common in fresh-water swamps. Serpents and reptiles of infinite variety are exceedingly prolific. The guana lizard, sometimes five feet long, and the green turtle, so prized by epicures, both form articles of food, and by some the lizard is thought to be as great a deli- cacy as the turtle. The marine fionehiferous animals are few, and when compared with those of the Indian Archipelago sink into insignificance. The largest are the horned helmet and the strombus gigas, the shells of which are much esteemed for mantel-piece ornaments. Those inhabit- ing the land, on the contrary, are much more numerous than in Asia. Jamaica, in particula^r, produces a great variety. It is a general remark 14 ■ THE WEST INDIES. that insects are much less numerous on islands than upon continents, and the West Indies fully confirms this fact, The islands, however, are by no means destitute of these interesting animals. The mosquito, bugs of various kinds, cockroaches, centipedes, ants, chigoes, etc., are as abundant as the convenience and comfort of the inhabitants could well require. The chigo is a dangerous animal, and frequently, by burrow- ing under the skin, produces inflammation, and frequently mortification. Aborigines, Present Inhabitants, etc. — The original inhabitants of these islands have long been extinct, except a small remnant which still exists on the islands of St. Vincent and Trinidad. When discovered, a dense population covered these prolific regions, but the barbarities of the Europeans in a short space of time destroyed these unhappy people, Sup- plying their places with the no less unhappy African. Cuba and the other large islands were found in possession of the Arrowauks, a peace- ful and timid race that soon submitted to the invader. The inhabitants of the Lesser Antilles, on the contrary, were the warlike and vigorous Caribs, who resisted the sway of the Europeans to the last. The pres- ent population is composed of Europeans and their descendants, the Creoles ; of the African races, and of mixed races sprung from an indef- inite amalgamation of all races. These last are of every variety of color and complexion, and are variously classed as mulattoes, quadroons, etc., according to the preponderance of caste. There is still another class, lately introduced into the British islands under' the name of coolies^ who originate in the mountains of Asia, and are imported as free laborers, J under stringent regulations. These are introduced to supply the places of the recently emancipated slave population, which, it is said, has be- come totally debased, and a burden upon the colonists, their former ^masters. The black races, however, form the most numerous class in all the islands, and on an average about three-fourths of the whole pop- ulation. This class is now free in all the British islands, slavery having been abolished some twenty years ago ; it has also been abolished or greatly modified in the Dutch and French islands ; but in Cuba and Porto Rico the slaves yet form about two-thirds of the negro population. In St. Domingo the condition of the races is anomalous, and though the people are nominally free and independent, the most arbitrary and extravagant exactions and impositions render their condition far more deplorable than it could have been under the worst forms of slavery ; ruin and barbarism are engulfing the prosperity and energies of all classes, and already it has become a prey to military despotism. Era of Prosperity. — An uncommon measure of prosperity and wealth THE WEST INDIES. 15 was for a long period enjoyed by these islands. During the last century . they supplied almost exclusively sugar, coffee, and other articles, the use of which had become general over the civilized world. After the French revolution and that of San Domingo, the islands belonging to Great Britain became ajmost the sole quarter whence Europe was fur- nished with West India produce. Since the peace of Europe many things have tended to reverse the prosperity of the "West India Islands, and not least among these is the depression which usually follows over-produc- tion, and the competition which has sprung up in both North and South America and other parts of the globe. In the British islands the change | of social relations and the policy pursued by the mother country have I no doubt been powerful agencies in depression. England had for a long ' period stimulated production by bounties and protection, and ijnder this system the islands had attained an enviable prosperity. The withdrawal of this protection was necessarily their death-blow, but the sacrifice was necessary to the general welfare of the empire, and its continuance would have been fraught with much commercial disaster. The pros- perity of the West Indies must now depend on the energies of the peoplel themselves and their ability to compete with other producing countries, and especially with those employing slave-labor. Industrial Pursuits, etc. — The industry of the West Indies is confined to agriculture and commerce. Manufactures, from the peculiar state of ( society in these islands scarcely exist, even in the humblest form for domestic use. Hence commerce is carried on to a much greater extent than in any other country of the same wealth and population. Almost every product of West Indian labor is destined for foreign markets, or those of the mother country, from which in return those islands receive all their clothing and a great portion of their daily food, besides all their machinery and even the ordinary manufactures required for household purposes. The staples of production are coffee, sugar, molasses, rum, spices, etc. Besides the commerce carried on with Europe, an extensive connection is maintained with the United States and British America. Political Arrangement.— The several islands are either independent or colonies of European nations, and are politically distributed as follows : Independent. — San Domingo, occupied by the Empire of Hayti and the Republic of Dominica. Spanish Colonies. — Cuba, Porto Rico, etc. British Colonies. — Jamaica, the Bahamas, the Virgin Islands, Barbuda, St. Christopher's, Antigua, Monserrat, Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent,. Barbadoes, Grenada, Tobago, Trinidad, etc. 16 THE WEST INDIES — SANTO DOMINGO. French Colonies. — Guadaloupe and Martinique, with dependencies. Dutch Colonies.— Cur&coa. and dependencies. Danish Colonies. — Santa Cruz, St. John's, and St. Thomas. Swedish Colony. — St. Bartholomew's. These states and colonies are further and severally considered. SANTO DOMINGO. Santo Domingo or Hayti is one of the richest and most beautiful of the West India Islands, and after Cuba the largest. It is situate between latitudes 17° 36^ and 19° 59^ north, and longitudes 68° 20^ and 74° 28^ west from Greenwich ; and in i,ts greatest extent is a*bout 396 miles long, and in its broadest part 163 miles wide. Area, including the islands Tortuga, Gonaive, etc., 27,690 square miles. General Description. — The island is very irregular in outline^ being deeply indented by bays and inlets, and having corresponding projec- tions. The most conspicuous of these are — the Bay of Gonaive, in the west, formed between two extensive peninsulas, and that of Samana, in the east, between the peninsula of the same name and the main island. The main is intersected east and west by three mountain chains, all mutually connected by offsets ; a,nd between these are extensive valleys, plains, and savannahs. The principal central chain, which contains the culminating peaks — of which Cibao, 7,200 feet high, is the loftiest — commences at Cape San Nicolas, in the north-west, takes an east-south- east direction, and terminates at Cape Engario, the eastern extremity of . the island. Nearly parallel with this chain another, commencing near Monte Christi, nearly skirts the north coast till it terminates abruptly on approaching the so-called peninsula of Samana; and is succeeded by low, marshy grounds, interlaced by estuaries and channels, which sep- erate Samana from the main. The heights, however, reappear on the opposite side of the low grounds and terminate in Cape Samana. The third or south mountain range commences at Cape Tiburon, the south- west end of the island, extends eastward along the southern peninsula, and terminates at the river Neiva, about 80 miles west of the city of Santo Domingo. The most extensive plains are — those of La Vega Real, between the north and central ranges, and watered by the Yacki and Yuma • the llanos or flats, east of the Neiva and south of the mountains to the coast ; and the plains of Artibonite in the west. All the streams of any importance originate in the central mountains, and, as may be inferred from the general direction of these, have either THE WEST INDIES — SANTO DOMINGO. 17 an east or west or south course — no stream of consequence flowing north. The principal are — the Artibonite, flowing west, and the Monte Christi or North Yacki, north-west ; the Yuma, flowing south-east, and the Neiva or South Yacki, the Nisao, and the Ozama, flowing south. They are all encumbered at their mouths with sand-bars, and hence few of them are navigable even for short distances. The Ozama, however, admits vessels drawing 12 feet of water. In the sonth-west there are several considerable lakes, viz., the salt lakes of Enriquillo and Azuey — the former, in the valley of the Neiva, about 20 miles long by 8 miles broad, and the latter about 10 by 6 miles ; and south of these the fresh- water lake of Icotea or Limon, about the size of Lake Azuey. Little is known of the geological structure of the island, but a lime- stone containing vestiges of marine shells is the prevailing formation. Mineral springs exist in several parts — the most noted in the eastern part of the island are those of Banica, Biahama, Yaya, and Pargatal ; and in the west the chalybeate of St. Rose, the saline of Jean Rabel, and the alkaline sulphur waters of Dalmarie. The mineral products are various and rich, and include gold, platina, silver, quicksilver, copper, iron, tin, sulphur, manganese, antimony, rock-salt, bitumen, jasper, mar- ble, opal, lazulite, chalcedony, etc. The gold mines of the Cibao Mountains, which in the sixteenth century were very productive, have been abandoned, and at the present day gold is obtained only from the washings in the northern rivers. None of the mines, indeed, are suc- cessfully worked, and hence these sources of wealth are reserved for the industry of future generations. Santo Domingo, as a whole, is one of the healthiest of the West India Islands, and this may more especially be said of its northern coast-region and the more elevated localities of the interior. The Vega Real is famed for its salubrity. Hurricanes occur seldomer than in the Caribbean Islands; nor are earthquakes frequent, although on several occasions they have done extensive damage. The most notable on record are those which occurred in 1564, 1684, 1691, 1751, 1770, and 1842; by that of 1751 Port-au-Prince was destroyed, and about 60 miles of coast submerged, and by that of 1842 towns were overwhelmed and thousands of lives lost. Nowhere is tropical vegetation seen to greater advantage. Majestic pines, mahogany trees, fustic, satin-wood, and lignum-vitse clothe the mountains, and furnish the principal exports of the southern provinces. The roble or oak, the wax-palm, divi-divi, numerous fine cabinet woods, and the richest flowering plants abound; and the usual tropical vegetables — plantains, bananas, yams, batatas; and fruits — 18 THE WEST INDIES — SANTO DOMINGO. oranges, pine- apples, cherimoyas, sapodillas, with melons and grapes yield a plentiful return. The staple cultivated products are — coffee, sugar, indigo, cotton, tobacco, and cocoa. The western section of the island has always been the best cultivated. The native quadrupeds are small — the largest not bigger than a rabbit • but the animals introduced from Europe, and now in a wild state, have thriven prodigiously — large ULimbers of cattle", pigs, and dogs now roaming freely in the savannahs and in the mountain forests. Birds are neither numerous in specie nor remarkable in appearance ; still great numbers of pigeons are annually taken and consumed as food, and ducks in large quantities and other swimmers and waders frequent the marshy places. The lakes and rivers contain caymans and alligators, and in the neighboring seas whales are common in the spring season ; and green and hawksbill turtles, lob- sters, and crabs abound on the coasts. Historical Sketch. — This island was discovered by Columbus in 1492, and here, at Isabella, on the north shore of the island, the discoverer founded the first Spanish colony in the New World. The colonists having at an early period exterminated the aboriginal tribes, now initiated the introduction of African slaves. After the conquest of Peru, many of the settlers emigrated to South America, and the remainder, fearing the escape of their slaves, withdrew to the interior. In 1630 the French, who had been driven from St. Christopher's, settled in the western part of the island, which the Spaniards had deserted, and there finding abunda'Tce of cattle and hogs, drove a thriving trade in skins and smoked flesh. Ultimately the island of Tortuga and part of the mainland were claimed by the French settlers for their king, and by treaty with Spain, 1777, the west part of the island was guaranteed to France. From this period to 1789 the new colony rapidly expanded, and in the latter year was in its most flourishing state. In the meanwhile the Spanish colony, now confined to the eastern portion, rapidly declined. In 1790 the pop- ulation of French Hayti was estimated at 540,000, and consisted of three classes — Europeans : negroes, nearly all slaves ] and people of color, the offspring of the two former races. Many of the latter were free-born, or had obtained their liberty, and likewise had enjoyed a liberal education, but nevertheless were excluded from political privileges. On the out- break of the French revolution a contest ensued between the colored people and the whites — the former claiming political equality. A petty, but sanguinary war ensued, until the slave population, also rising, join- ed the colored people and completely subdued the whites. The whole island, including the Spanish portion, which had been ceded to the THE WEST INDIES — SANTO DOMINGO. ^^ French in 1794, ultimately fell under the power of the negro chief, Toussaint L'Ouverture, the first president of the Haytian Republic. He was afterward betrayed into the hands of the French, who had dis- patched an army to Hayti, with a view of regaining the position they had lost in the island; but after some partial successes they were permanently expelled, and in 1801 the colony was declared independ- ent, and its Spanish name of Santo Domingo replaced by its indig- enous one of Hayti, meaning the mountainous country. In 1808 the eastern portion was restored to Spain, through the instrumentality of England. Contentions for power succeeded among the various leaders of the young republic, the darkest atrocities were committed and much blood shed — limited, however, chiefly to the French portion of the island. In 1821 the Spanish portion declared itself independent, and assumed the name of Spanish Hayti ; but it was soon subjected by Boyer, the president of French Hayti, and the whole island was again brought under one government. In 1842 a revolution broke out and Boyer was com- pelled to flee; and in 1844 the inhabitants of the Spanish portion rose, overpowered the Haytians, and formed themselves into a republic under the name of Santo Domingo. THE EMPIRE OF HAYTI. Hayti occupies the west end of the island already described, and corre- sponds in territory with the portion formerly belonging to the French, including the islands of Tortuga, Gonaive, etc. The east boundary, toward the Dominican Republic, is formed by an irregular line drawn north and south from the river Anses-a-Pitre or Pedernales, on the south coast, about long. 71° 50^ west, to the mouth of the river Massacre, which flows into the Bay of Manzanilla, about 10 miles south-west from Cape Haytien. The area is about 10,081 square miles. The country, as signified in its name, and as seen by the preceding account of the island, is mountainous, interspersed with rich, fertile plains and valleys, is well watered, and yields spontaneously many val- uable products, and among these may be especially mentioned fine tim- ber of various kinds, dye-woods, and drugs. Agriculture, however, on which it must greatly depend for prosperity, is conducted indifferently, and prosecuted without vigor. The cultivated staples are coffee, sugar, tobacco, etc., and in a minor degree cocoa, indigo, cotton, etc. No man- ufactures beyond the handicrafts immediately required in every popula- tion are engaged in ; and even in the products of agriculture the amounts annually brought to market have vastly diminished since the expulsion 20 THE WEST INDIES — SANTO DOMINGO. of the French — the exportation of sugar having entirely ceased, and that of coffee has become comparatively limited. The exports of the princi- pal products of the colony the last year of French dominion v^-ere — clayed sugars, 47,516,531 pounds, and muscovado sugar, 93,573,300 pounds; coffee, 76,835,219 pounds, and cotton, 7,004,274 pounds. In 1851 the amount of coffee exported was only 43,000,000 pounds, and of cotton 1,200,000 pounds. The remaining exports w^ere made up of logwood, mahogany, tobacco, cigars, ginger, beeswax, etc., and with these the value of exported articles amounted to not more than five million dollars. The imports comprise British manufactures of all kinds ] French wines, liquors, silks, etc. ; German linen fabrics, woolens, bagging, wines, and mineral waters, and American lumber, staves, naval-stores, provisions, etc., in all valued at less than three million dollars. The Empire is divided into six departments, subdivided into arrondis- sements and communes : and the population, chiefly negroes, is estimated at 572,000. By the constitution of 1843 the sovereign power was rec- ognized to be in the people ; the executive was placed in the hands of a president ; the legislative in a chamber of commons and a senate — the former consisting of one or more representatives from each commune elected for three years, and the latter of six for each department elected for four years, and termed collectively the national assembly ; and the judicial power was placed in a high court of cassation, being the highest tribunal of appeals, with various subsidiary and initiatory courts. The laws are based on the code civil of France. The whole patronage, civil and military, being in the hands of the president, Soulouque the then incumbent dispensed it in such a manner as to enable him in 1849 to have his title of president changed into that of emperor, and to have the constitution altered to suit the circumstances; and shortly after he sur- rounded himself by a court o^ princes of the blood, dukes, counts, barons, and two orders of knighthood — that of St. Faustin and a legion of honor. The emperor himself took the style of Faustin I. The force of the Hay- tian army is stated at 28,000 or 30,000 men, but of these about one-half only are considered effective. The people profess the Roman Catholic religion, but others are tolerated. Church affairs are superintended by a vicar- general. In every parish a school on the Lancasterian system is maintained, or at least should be. In 1854 there were in the state 62 such schools and 4 colleges, and in these about 9,000 or 10,000 pupils. The principal towns in the Empire are Port-au-Prince, Cape Haytien, Gonaives, Jacmel, Cayes, etc. Port-au-Prince (or Port Republicain) is the capital and principal sea-port. It is situate at the head of the Bay THE WEST INDIES — SANTO DOMINGO. 21 of Gonaives, and in lat. 18° 35^ north, and long. 72° 18^ west. Popula- tion 10.000. The principal edifices are — the palace, which has some architectural excellence, and the churches, arsenal, mint, lyceum, mili- tary hospital, etc. The vicinity is marshy and climate unhealthy. Most of the foreign trade centres here. Gonaives^ 65 miles north-north- west of Port-au-Prince, and on the north-east extremity of the bay of the same name, has an excellent harbor, but is not much frequented. Pop- ulation 4,000. Cape Haytien is the principal port on the north side of the island, and was on several occasions the capital. Population from 8,000 to 9,000. St. Nicolas is situate at the extremity of a deep bay, formed by the cape of the same name and the mainland. The principal ports in the south lie on the south shore of the south-western peninsula. Of these, Jacmel, 28 miles south-west from Port-au-Prince, is the best, and has 6,000 inhabitants ; and then in line are found Bainet, St. Louis, Cayes, and Tiburon, the last situate at the extreme south-west point of the island. The ports of Goave, Jeremie, and Bon are located on the north side of the peninsula, facing on the Bay of Gonaives. Recent History. — At the commencement of 1800 the blacks of Hayti found themselves powerful enough to contend for the possession of the whole island; and on the 1st July, 1801, its independence was declared. Previous to this, in 1794, the Spanish portion in the east had been ceded to France, and hence in this declaration the independence of the whole was assumed. Subsequently the French government attempted to re- possess itself of the colony, and for this purpose an expedition of 20,000 men under Le Clerc was dispatched, and landed at Samana. In Feb., 1802, the campaign was begun, and fought with various success until 1st May, when a truce was concluded. During the continuance of this. Toussaint, the Haytian chief, was surprised and conveyed to France, and there died in April, 1803. Hostilities were immediately renewed. The command of the black troops devolved on Dessalines, who prose- cuted the war with vigor and success. The yellow fever also aided the cause of the negroes, Le Clerc dying, was succeeded by Rochambeau. An armistice was again concluded by the latter, during which the blacks received large reinforcements, while the French were blocked up by English ships. At the expiration of the armistice the French, now re- duced to a handful, were driven into the Cape, where, on the 30th Nov., 1803, they were forced to capitulate to the English squadron. On the 1st Jan., 1804, the Haytians formally reasserted their independence, and Dessalines, who had conducted the war to its close, was appointed gov- ernor for life. Afterward he assumed the title of Jaques I., emperor of •22 THE WEST INDIES — SANTO DOMINGO. Hayti; but his reign was troublous and brief, and terminated in a mili- tary conspiracy in October, 1806. Hayti was now divided among several chieftains, the principal of which were Christophe, in the north-west, and Petion, in the south-west. In 1807 Christophe was appointed chief magistrate for life, and in 1811 changed the title to that of king, calling himself Henry I., and the office was made hereditary in his family. Petion continued to act as president of the south-west until May, 1818, when he died, universally lamented. Christophe, on the other hand, was killed in a revolt in October, 1820; and having ruled as a despot, his memory was as universally execrated. All the governments of the west were now reunited under Boyer, the successor of Petion. From 1808 the eastern portion of the island had been repossessed by Spain, and maintained under that government. On the 30th November, 1821, however, the inhabitants revolted and declared their independence. Soon after its territory was added to the western government. This union lasted until the downfall of Boyer, when it was dissolved, and the Dominican Republic proclaimed. THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Santo Domingo or the Dominican Republic claims for its territory the same extent as held by the Spaniards under the treaty of 1777, and hence all east of the line of the Pedernales and Massacre rivers. The extent of this portion of the island is at least three-fifths of the whole. Civil Divisions, etc. — The Republic is divided into five provinces — Provinces. Area, Bq. m. PopTilation. Pop. to sq. m. Capitals. Popula. Santo Domingo 3.826 35.000 9.15 Santo Domingo 10.000 Azua-de-Compostela 4,818 15,200 3.52 Azua 1 600 Santa-Cruz-del-Seybo 3,709 20,000 5.89 Seybo 2,300 Santias;o-de-]os-Caballeros. . 3,1T2 38,500 10.58 Santiago 7,000 Concep9ion-de-la- Vega 2,584 33,000 12.77 La Vega 3,600 Total 17,609 136,500 7.75 — of the population at least nine-tenths are of African origin, or of African and European intermixed. The remainder are Spaniards and Creoles. Industry. — The Dominicans are almost entirely an agricultural people. The staples of the south provinces consist chiefly of the products of the forests. In Seybo, however, the raising of cattle is the main occupation. But by far the most industrious part is the north, generally called the Cibao, where the staple article is an excellent quality of tobacco, of which, according to the season, 50,000 to 80,000 seroons are produced. The articles of export are mahogany, satin-wood, fustic, lignum-vitse, and brazil-wood, tobacco, hides, etc. The imports are chiefly flour and provisions from the United States, and general merchandise from Europe. THE WEST INDIES — SANTO DOMINaO. 28 The following table exhibits the statistics of this trade for the year 1852 and the three years next previous : ^-Entrances.— V Value of ,— Clearances.— , Value of , Total Commerce. , Ports. Vess. Tons. Imports. Vess. Tons. Exports. Vesa. Tons. Value. Santo Dominao (S.). 162 19,375 $636,178 .. 140 18,468 $677,073 .. 802 37.843 $1,313,251 Porto Plata (N.) ... 162 10,680 527,189.. 158 11,446 878,856.. 320 22,126 1,406,045 Totall852 324 30,055 $1,163.367.. 298 29.914 $1,555,929.. 622 59,969 $2,719,296 " 1851 279 24,449 1,141,891. . 261 21,776 1,184,914.. 540 46,225 2,326,805 « 1850 272 22,403 731.875.. 268 23,290 1,008,173.. 540 45.693 1,737,048 " 1849 248 20,082 256,282.. 216 16,139 611,875.. 464 36,221 868,157 — showing a total increase in four years equal to 213 per cent. Government, ETC.^The constitution of the Republic is based on that of Venezuela. The Congress, which assembles annually, consists of 15 deputies, three from each province, who form the Tribunado or lower chamber, and five senators, one from each province, constituting the Consejo Conservador or upper chamber. The executive power is vested in a prqgident, who is elected for four years, and who must be a Domin- ican by birth and at least 35 years of age. The judiciary is exercised by a supreme court and various inferior and local courts ; and the French code has been adopted in legal proceedings. In 1852 the revenue amounted to $374,516; and the ordinary expenditures amount annually to about $250,000. No foreign debt is owing: but there exists a large home debt on which the currency is based, and hence is of low and fluc- tuating value. The army amounts to 12,000 men, and may be raised to 16,000. The navy consists of three corvettes and five schooners equipped as war vessels, and mounted with 44 guns. The prevailing religion is the Roman Catholic, but the exercise of all other rites is tol- erated. The archbishop still bears the title of Primate of the Indies, although it has not a single suffragan. Public . instruction is neglected, even in its primary elements, and, except in the towns, the people have no means of education. In the capital there is a college. Cities, Towns, etc. — Santo Doiningo^ the capital and principal sea-port, is situate on the south-west, at the mouth of the Ozama River, and is surrounded by walls and bastions. Lat. 18° 28^ north, and long. 69° 50'' west. It was the first permanent settlement of the Spaniards in Amer- ica. The harbor is secure, but unfit for large ships. The city has wide and regular streets, and the houses, chiefly of stone, are of one story. The most conspicuous public building is the cathedral, commenced in 1514, under Diego, son of Columbus, and in wiiich the ashes of the great discoverer rested for upward of two centuries. There are also 1 4 churches and chapels. The other principal edifices are — the national palace, the palace of the congress, the cabildo or town-house, college, citadel, ar- 24 THE WEST INDIES — SANTO DOMINGO. senal, hospitals, etc. The rums of the Jesuits' college, the palace of Don Diego, and the convent of San Francisco are striking features of the city, and fit mementoes of its-former magnificence. The first blow to the pros- perity of Santo Domingo was struck in 1586 by Sir Francis Drake, who took it by assault, pillaged, and nearly destroyed it. The earthquakes of 1684 and 1691 ruined most of the buildings which Drake had spared. And lastly the spoliations of the Haytians in 1822-24 deprived it of many of its most interesting monuments. Porto Plata, on the north coast, 12 miles north-west of Santiago, is the second principal port of the republic, and the outlet of the commerce of the northern provinces. There are other ports on both sides of the island. The Bay of Samana forms one of the finest harbors in the world, and may be regarded as a most im- portant maritime position in reference to the trade of the Gulf of Mexico and the inter-oceanic routes across Central America, both in a commer- cial and military point of view._ Among the places in the interior the following deserve to be mentioned, viz., Azua, where Hernandes Cortez was a public notary; Concepcion-de-la-Vega, for the proximity of Fort Concepcion, constructed by Columbus, and ^anto Cerro, where he erect- ed a cross. Saniiago-de-los-Caballeros was founded by the dissolute hidalgos in the company of Columbus ] it lies on the right bank of the river Yacki, and is now" the second town of the Republic. Besides these may be noticed — Higuey, Seybo, San Juan de Maguana, Neybo, Bani, San Cristoval, Bayaguana, Monte Plata, Cotuy, and Boya, the last famed as the place of refuge of Enriquillo, the last of the Haytian caziques. Recent History. — The Spanish colonists threw off their allegiance to Spain, and on the 30th Nov., 1821, declared themselves independent, under the name of the Republic of Spanish Hayti. This measure was not generally approved of; and the colored and black inhabitants pre- ferring annexation to French Hayti, Boyer, then president of that por- tion of the island, availing himself of this dissatisfaction, marched against the city of Santo Domingo, and overthrowing the provisional government, united the whole island under one government. The union, which had never been cordial, lasted for 21 years. On the fall of Boyer, the Span- iards again asserted their independence, and on the 27th Feb., 1844, proclaimed the Dominican Republic. Herard Riviere, who succeeded Boyer, marched with an army of 20,000 men upon Santo Domingo, but was defeated by Gen. Pedro Santana, at Azua, who compelled the Hay- tians to retreat within their own territory. The provincial junta of the new republic now formed a constitution, and elected Santana president. He was followed by Gen. Jimenes in 1848, Soulouque, then president THE WEST INDIES — SPANISH ISLANDS. 25 of Hayti, attempted in 1849 to reconquer the territory with an army of 5,000 men, but was signally defeated at Las Carreras, on the river Ocoa, 21st April, 1849, by Santana, who had only 400 men under his com- mand. For this victory Santana received the title of '' Libertador de la Patria." Gen. Jimenes, the president, not being fitted for his task, and the invading army having been driven out of the country, Santana was called upon to restore order within the Republic, and to force the presi- dent to resign. This effected, Santana directed the affairs of state until a new election had taken place, by which, upon his recommendation, Buenaventura Baez was named president. During his administration treaties of recognition and commerce with Great Britain, France, and Denmark were concluded. On the 3d July, 1853, Baez was banished, and Santana himself raised to the presidency. It may here be stated that Spain has not yet relinquished her claims upon her former colony. SPANISH ISLANDS. Spain, the discoverer of the New World, and the original mistress of one- third of North, the whole of Central, and more than half of South America, at the present day occupies only two islands in the Atlantic Ocean — Cuba and Porto Rico, and their dependencies. The continental portions of her ancient territories are either merged into the United States or have become independent states; and the' many islands once under its sovereignty are now either independent or colonies of other European powers. Thus, instead of an empire, we describe a compar- atively small colonial possession. THE ISLAND OF CUBA. Cuba, the largest of the West India Islands, is situate at the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico, and about 130 miles south of Florida, 48 from Santo Domingo, 95 from Jamaica, and 132 from Yucatan, in their nearest points. It extends in a crescent form, bowing northward, from Cabo de Maisi on the east to Cabo de San Antonio on the west, or between lon- gitudes 740 7'' and 84° 57^ west, and between latitudes 19° 50^ and 23° 10^ north. ' Area, with its dependencies, 47,278 square miles. General Description. — The island is intersected longitudinally by a range of mountains, diminishing in height from east to west. At the east end, where they are diffused over nearly the entire surface, they attain their greatest elevation, about 8,000 feet. From the bases of these highlands the country opens into extensive meadows or beautiful plains 26 THE WEST INDIES — SPANISH ISLANDS. and savannahs, with occasionally some low, swampy tracts. Owing to the nature of the surface and narrowness of the island there are no rivers of magnitude. The largest, the Cauto, with its sources in the Sierra del Cohre, falls into the Bay of Buena Esperanza, after a course alto- gether of about 90 miles. None of the streams are navigable excepting for a few miles inland and by small boats. The coasts are in general exceedingly foul, presenting reefs and shallows which extend two or three miles into the sea, and make approach difficult. Within these reefs there is often a good sandy beach, but more frequently a belt of low- land, subject to inundation, wet at all times, and in the rainy season almost impassable. On all sides, however, there are good harbors, eli- gible ports, and fine bays. Geologically the island may be described as composed of granite, gneiss, sieiiite, and euphodite, overlain by secondary and tertiary formations, chiefly calcareous, containing numerous fossils, and through which the primitive rocks are often protruded. In some localities the limestone is exceedingly porous and cavernous, absorbing rapidly the tropical rains, and even engulfing considerable streams. The latest calcareous formation is entirely coraliferous, and is constantly accumulating on all the coasts. The mineral riches of Cuba have not yet been fully explored, but it is known that it is not deficient in this respect. The precious metals have been found,, but not in abundance. Copper, however, is extensively deposited, especially in the Sierra del Cobre. In .the mountains of Juragua there are alum and copperas mines, and coal has been recently discovered near Habana. Serpentine, chalcedony, mag- nesia, iron pyrites, quartz, and feldspar slates and schists have also been found in various places. The schistose formation shows itself most con- spicuously at the base of the mountains of San Juan and Trinidad, where great masses of slate may be seen, of a dark blue color, and of a pyritous and bituminous quality. Near Habana a thick slate is found, fit for pavements. Mineral springs are numerous ; and on the north coast are extensive lagoons, which in dry years produce immense quantities of marine salt. The climate is hot and moist near the coasts, but in the interior cool and healthy. Vegetation is exceedingly luxuriant," forests of mahogany, ebony, cedar, fustic, and other useful woods, abound, and the savannahs are covered with flowers and odoriferous plants. Maize or Indian corn is the principal cereal cultivated, and of this two crops are annually produced. In many districts rice is also a large crop. But the principal products are sugar, coffee, and tobacco ; also a little cotton, cocoa, and indigo. The principal fruits are the pine or ananas, oranges, shad- docks, plantains, bananas, melons, lemons, and sweet limes. The only THE WEST INDIES — SPANISH ISLANDS. 27 indigenous quadruped ever known in Cuba is the huitia, which resem- bles a large rat, about 18 inches long and without tail. Birds, however, are numerous, and in great variety ', and insects, including many that are noxious, as jiggers, ants, mosquitoes, and spiders, abound. The most remarkable of the reptiles are the maja and the juba — the former from 12 to 14 feet long, and the latter about 6 feet long, and both are danger- ous. Scorpions and centipedes are also very numerous. The shores abound with turtle, and in the deep gulfs and bays the crocodile and cayman are found ; while the manati and iguana are not uncommon — the first in fresh-water pools and the latter on the banks of streams, lagoons, etc. Fish is abundant, especially on the north coast. Military Divisions, Extent, Population, etc. — Cuba is divided into two departments, and thirty jurisdictions or intendancies, as follows : Area, , Jurisdictions. sq. m. White. Occidental Department : Pinar del Rio 3,713 21,843 San Crist6bal 905 11,578 Bahia-Honda 762 4,124 Mariel 572 15,921 San Antonio 154 12,284 Habana 893 87,916 Santiago 214 7,194 Bejucal 191 10,817 Guanabacoa 166 10.72 1 Eosario 309 11,764 Giiines 1,131 18,214 Jaruco 512 10,218 Matanzas 856 37,721 Cardenas 1,262 27,521 Sagua 1,464 14,534 Cienfuegos 2,558 17,811 Villa Clara 1,345 25,592 Trinidad 868 15.208 Eemedios 2,489 15,149 Santo Espiritu 3,819 24,321 —Population (1854).- Free Col. Slave 3,824 1,923 621 2,849 1,721 32,594 1.597 1,746 3,273 2,841 2,442 1,875 5,948 3.824 1,173 4,124 8.523 7,324 3.821 6,394 6,548 5,494 19.422 10,188 26,850 4,964 7.938 4,322 5,428 16,918 8,186 40,728 55,016 10,001 11,318 5,301 9,318 4,012 6,816 Total. 35,665 20,049 10,239 38,192 24,193 147,360 13,755 20,501 18,316 20.033 37,574 20.229 81,397 86.361 25,708 33,253 39,421 31,850 22,982 37,532 Capitals. Popula. Total 24,133 397,451 1,442 268,717 764,610 Oriental Department : Puerto Principe 6,009 Nuevitas 2.261 Tunas 2,725 Manzanillo 1.380 Holguin 2.523 Bayamo 1,309 Jiguani 702 • Cuba 3,177 Guantanamo 1,595 Baracoa 1,464 26,893 2,721 3,818 7,321 19,427 10,721 6.721 21,524 1,574 3,817 10,318 397 1,821 11.143 3,271 11,217 4.318 29,718 2,281 3,721 9,321 1,742 722 917 3,827 2,724 684 34,000 5,928 1,842 46,532 4,860 6,361 19,381 26,525 24,662 11,723 85.242 9,783 9,381 PinardelEio 1,500 SanCrist6bal 270 Bahia-Honda 570 Guanajay 3,000 San Antonio Abad 2,890 Habana 125,905 Santiago 2,274 Bejucal. 2,264 Guanabacoa 8,100 Eosario 450 Giiines 3,542 Jaruco 611 Matanzas 26,000 Cardenas 6,173 Sagua la Grande . 2,510 Cienfuegos 4,708 Yilla Clara 6,604 Trinidad 14,119 Eemedios 5,270 Santo Espiritu.... 9,982 Puerto Principe . . 26,648 Nuevitas 820 Tunas 2,004 Manzanillo 3,050 Holguin 3,754 Bayamo 5,875 Jiguani 950 Cuba 24,253 Guaso 863 Baracoa 2,400 Total 23,145 104,537 78,205 61,708 244,450 Grand total 47,278* 501,988 176,647 330,425 1,009,060 * The areas of the adjacent islands and cayos are included in those of the jurisdictions to which they severally belong: the Isla de Pinos, in the jurisdiction of Habana, contains 709 sq. m., and 1,400 inhabitants ; the Cayo Romano, in Puerto Principe, 190 sq. m. ; Cayo Gua- jaba, 21 sq. m. ; Cayo Cocos, 37 sq. m. ; Cayo Turiguano, 51 sq. m. ; Cayo Ensenachos, 25 sq. m. ; Cayo Cruz, 76 sq. m. ; Cayo Largo, 43 sq. m., etc. 28 THE WEST INDIES— SPANISH ISLANDS. — there were also in Cuba about 40,940 persons who were classed as transient residents, and not accounted for in the census. Of the whites, about 90,000 were Spaniards and 25,000 Canary islanders, 3,000 French, 1,000 English, and 3,000 North American and other people. Productive Industry. — Cuba is agricultural and commercial. It has few manufactures, properly so called ; nor are its copper mines, though a conspicuous, a very remunerative interest, and, moreover, these are worked mainly on foreign account. The staples of agriculture are sugar, coffee, and tobacco; in 1852 the sugar crop amounted to 29,165,238 arrobas (1=25 lbs.); coffee, 1,166,902 arrobas; and tobacco, 222,020 cargas. The other principal products were — molasses, 267,185 bocoyes (1 = 36 gals.); rum, 39,411 pipas; beeswax, 74,903 arrobas; and honey, 106,175 barriles (1 — 6 gals.). Root-crops aVe abundant. The breeding of animals is also a valuable interest; in 1850 the live-stock consisted of — bulls and cows, 773,353; working oxen, 128,480; horses and asses, 214,588; mules, 23,131 ; hogs, 928,952 ; sheep, 53,763 ; goats, 29,385 ; pea-fowl, 75,646 ; geese, 25,115; common fowls, 1,562,152 ; Guinea fowls, 143,177; ducks, 189,708, etc. The annual value of agricultural stock and products is about sixty million dollars. Only about a twentieth part of the island is under cultivation. The making of sugar and rum, and the preparation of coffee and tobacco for market constitute the chief manufactures. A large number of persons are also employed in the manufacture of cigars ; and many articles for home-use are made in families. Ship-building is also car- ried on ; and in Habana and Guanabacoa steam and other machinery is built, while at Puentes-Grandes a paper-mill is in operation. There are also numerous sugar refineries, tanneries, etc. Perfumery, phos- phorus, jewelry, plate, carriages, etc., are more or less manufactured. Commerce is in a very flourishing condition. The exports consist principally of the natural and agricultural products of the island, as mahogany, dye-woods, drugs, sugar, coffee, tobacco, etc. In 1851 there was exported — sugar, 1,549,893 cajas (1 = 16 arrobas) ; coffee, 625,113 arrobas; beeswax, 47,453 arrobas; molasses, 341,594 bocoyes; leaf tobacco 9,316,593 pounds, and cigars 270,313 thousands; cocoa, 7,039 arrobas; rum, 9,221 pipas; copper ore, 432,882 quintals, etc. — in all valued at S3 1,349, 357. The imports consist chiefly of grain, flour, salt meat, and fish, etc., from the United States, and general merchandise from England, France, Spain, Germany, etc. The following table ex- hibits the statistics of the shipping employed in foreign commerce, and THE WEST INDIES — SPANISH ISLANDS. 29 the value of imports and exports, with the duties thereon, for the year 1851 : , Navigation. > , Commerce. — < Ports. Entrances. Clearances. Imports. Kxports. Habana 1,749 .... 1,622 $25,51 9,146 ... -$16 577.001 Matanzas 499.... '578 1,889.478.... 5,373.370. Cardenas 413.... 414 638.582.... 1,299,(55. ■vr-iripl 33 .. — 3.527 T.rfoU. TrSad 197.... 188 706,987.... 1,608,017. S«?gos:::: 266:.... 230 f},\f.-- \2JK?9- Nuevitas 52.... 52 162,llo.... 206,519. sS 129 .. 129 128,221.... 1,217.108. Sedios-;::: 46.:.. 47 53:129.... 284,192 SantoCruz... 19.... 20 „^,569.... 54,220. Santo Espiritu 11.... 11 29.384.... ^42,206. Cuba.... .... 314.... 311 2,136.988.... 2,6Slfll. Jibara 37.... 34 233,734-... 800,171, Manzanillo... 65.... 65 ^f^^^A'-'- ?$H?^ Baracoa 34.... 31 68,183.... 170^10. Guantanamo . 1 1 2,320 Import. Export. $4.776,571.. $1,020,905 568.186.. . . 305.088 187,6.38.. . . 38,277 1,000.. — 181,197.. . . 74,415 179,754.. . . 73.900 39,760.. . . 10,886 64,976.. . . 72.874 24,848.. . . 23,974 7,347.. 2.389 8,129.. 2,972 530,658.. . . 108,024 36,463.. ., 82,931 55.548.. . . 16,888 16,450.. 9,280 310.. 181 Total 3,865.... 8,733 $32,315,145... $31,349,357 $6,678,835... $1,793,984 —of the vessels inward, 883 were Spanish, and 2,982 foreign, and of those outward, 793 were Spanish, and 2,940 foreign. The following table exhibits the average quantities of the principal products of the island exported annually, in quinquinnial periods : Su-ar Kum, Molasses, Coffee, Beeswax, Tobacco. ,. Cigars Copper Ore, T, • A „Jtn^n^ m-o,(V torowes arrohaL arrobris. arrobas. libras or lbs. quintals. IR9T30 6508137 3606 72921.. 1.718,865.. 25,789. .102,915. . 245,097.. - {526-30. ... 6.508,lg.. d,buj < 1.995,832.. 33.582.. 99,763.. 471,99-3.. icIa i^'" inilq'^^^" 6 235 128 447 1,877 444.. 32,253. .195,487.. 790,467.. - lS?i?---" lKS"" 9157"" 147074: 1,3.32997.. 37,407 .. 244 872 . . 941,467.. 1,023,838 isSio:::: iSfe?:: 13,653:: 2io,i5t:: 768,244.. 48:i4i.. 291,347.. 896,oo8.. 598,647 —and the annexed shows the progressive value of the average annual commercial movement : Increase Increase Increase lll^-E *ifi 75fi 448 ■ 8 7 12 887 339 .... 1.3 29,643,787. ... 5.4 J1^-4S M'652'766-::: 29:2::::::: SfeW.... 4.3.6 fA^,tii^---?A }l^,^~i2 99 4723^5 8 7 24,099,646 .... 30.2 46.572,001 .... 15.9 IsSlo :::::::: l'fmJ&.v^^:/^v^ 2^^----j^ 51,979,742.... il6 Jncr.in2otfrs.inm^'-- ^5.5 $12,111,059.... 95.3 $23,849,124.... 84.8 —the value of domestic produce exported in 1846 was $21,587,5-64; in 1847, $27,296,954; in 1848, $25,312,553; in 1849, $21,896,526; and in 1850, $25,043,154: average of five years, $24,227,350. The mercantile navy consists of 639 vessels of all sizes, of which 7 are vessels of over 400 tons, 30 of 200 to 400 tons, 99 of 80 to 200 tons, 295 of 20 to 80 tons, and 208 of less than 20 tons. Of these 20 are steamers, and 389 of foreign construction. Regular steamship lines are established between Habana and New York,°Charleston, Key West, Mobile, and New Orleans, m the United States; Vera Cruz, in Mexico; Aspinwall, in Central America; Rio 30 THE WEST INDIES — SPANISH ISLANDS. Janeiro and Buenos Ayres, in South America ; Southampton and Liver- pool, in England; and Cadiz, in Spain, All the steamships composing these lines carry the public mails, and run either semi-monthly or monthly. Internal communication is amply provided for. All the chief ports are connected by lines of coasting steamers and sail- vessels. Common roads of the island are open from one to the other end, with lateral roads diverging to the coast towns ; and the railroad, introduced in 1837, now traverses over a length of 351 miles. The principal railroads are those from Habana to Batabana and Matanzas; from Cardenas to Navajas ; the Jucaro railroad, and those from Villa Clara to Cienfuegos, and from Puerto Principe to Nuevitas. Several of the large cities are also connected by lines of the electro-magnetic telegraph. Government, etc. — All branches of the administration are subject to a representative of the Spanish crown, who is at the same time captain- general, superior civil governor, president of the Audiencia Real, etc., and who is appointed by and amenable only to the home government. The whole island constitutes a single province. For political and civil purposes it is divided into three governments — Habana, Matanzas, and Cuba, and these are subdivided into sub-governments, parishes, etc. Habana comprises all the jurisdictions of the occidental department ex- cept Matanzas, and is under the immediate charge of the superior civil governor; Matanzas is a separate government, and Cuba comprises all the jurisdictions of the oriental department. The two latter are subject to civil governors, nearly independent of the supreme civil governor. The principal civil tribunal is the royal court [audiencia real pretorial) of Habana, which has jurisdiction over the whole island, and is presided over by the superior civil governor. Provincial courts {ayuntamientos) are also established, and police courts in the rural districts. The ecclesi- astical are coterminous vrith the military divisions. Public Accounts. — The total receipts into the treasury in 1850 amounted to $12,248,713, of which $6,721,251 was maritime revenue, and $5,527,402 internal revenue ; and the expenditures amounted to $11,779,160. The revenue for the ten years then ending had been as follows : Years. Maritime. Internal. Total. 1841.... $7,266,464.. $4.650,835.. $11,917,299 1842.... 7.383.346.. 4,731.496.. 12.114.843 1843.... 6,987.017.. 3.407,040.. 10,394.057 1844.... 7,160^631.. 3.329,621.. 10,490.252 1S45.... 5,370,748.. 3,629,252.. 9,000,000 The expenditures in 1851 were— civil $1,841,010, military $5,028,901, naval $2,045,004, and miscellaneous $1,300,731; and $1,563,513 was Years. Maritime. . Internal. Total. 1846.. . $6,232,967. $4,907,811. $11,140,779 1847.. . 7.494,330 . 5,314,-383. 12,808,713 1848.. . 7,396,726. 6,088.715. 13,435,441 1849.. . 6,429,160. 5.840.260. 12,269,420 1850.. . 6,721,250. ..5,527,462. 12,248,712 THE WEST INDIES — SPANISH ISLANDS. 31 transmitted to Spain in support of legations, pensioners, and employees connected with the island government. Armed Forces. — The land force of Cuba consists of 16 regiments of in- fantry of 1,100 men ; two of cavalry of four squadrons, each of 151 men ; one of artillery with eight batteries, and a company of sappers and miners with five batteries ; and a company of engineers — the whole force amount- ing to 17,600 infantry, 1,808 cavalry, 1,500 artillery, and 130 engineers, in all 21j038 men. In this enumeration is not included the civil guard. The naval squadron comprises 25 vessels carrying 219 guns, and is manned by 3,000 seamen and marines. Among these is 1 frigate, 44 guns- 7 brigs, 104 guns; 11 steamers, 54 guns; 4 goletas, 11 guns; 2 gun-boats, 6 guns; 2 transports, etc. Education, Religion, etc. — Both religion and education are under the immediate protection of the government. For ecclesiastical purposes the island is divided into two dioceses, the archbishopric of Cuba and the bishopric of Habana, and these are divided into vicarages and curacies. The Roman Catholic is established to the exclusion of all other religions, and is that universally professed by the people. Public education has made notable progress, and is under the patronage of the royal economic societies of Habana and Cuba, and controlled by a special commission. The total number of persons employed in giving primary instruction is about 460, and the number of scholars about 10,000. In Habana there is a royal university, which has a staff of 30 professors — in 1851 it had 252 matriculants, and of these 61 graduated. There are also ecclesiastical seminaries in Habana and Caba; and in the principal .places are good grammar schools. Among the many Cubans who have distinguished themselves in literature are — the poets Zequeria, Rubal- caba, Heredia, Blanchie, and Milanes ; the dramatist Alarcos ; the nov- elist De Merlin ; the historians Arrate, Urritia, Valdes, and Heredia ; the statist De la Torre; the grammarian Vidal; the lawyers Ayala, Hechavarrea, Ponce de Leon, Escovedo, Armas, and Govantes ; and the physician Romay. In Habana 4 daily papers and 1 monthly and 3 other periodicals are issued, and in all the principal towns one or more papers are published weekly. Cities, Towns, etc. — Cuba contains 13 cities, 8 towns, and 102 villages. Habana^ the capital and principal sea-port, stands on the west side of the entrance of a magnificent land-locked harbor, in lat. 23° 9^ 4''^ north, and 82° 22^ west, and is strongly protected by forts and walls, the latter dividing it from the suburbs Salud, Guadalupe, etc., in which nearly half of the population resides. The suburb Regla is on the opposite side of the har- 32 THE WEST INDIES — SPANISH ISLANDS. bor. The streets of the city are narrow, but the suburbs well laid out and paved, generally with granite. The buildings are mostly of stone ; and among these the most conspicuous are the cathedral (containing the ashes of Columbus), the government palace, admiralty, post-office, royal tobacco factory, and the casa de benejiciencia, numerous churches, con- vents, etc. There are about 90 male and 66 female schools in the city, a university, and an ecclesiastical seminary, a theatre capable of hold- ing 6,000 persons, and other places of public amusement. It is connect- ed with Batabana, Matanzas, Cardenas, etc., by railroad. Matanzas^ second only to Habana in commercial prosperity, is situate in a deep bay on the north coast, about 60 miles east of the capital. It has a well- sheltered harbor, partly inclosing the town, and has acquired all its importance since the commencement of the present century. Puerto Principe is situate in the interior, about 45 miles west-south-west of its port Las Nuevitas, with which it is connected by railroad, and was formerly the seat of the audiencia real or royal court, Santiago de Cuba, is the principal sea-port of the south coast. It has a magnificent harbor, and is chiefly engaged in the exportation of copper ore. It is the see of the archbishop, and contains a cathedral, theological seminary, several learned societies, and a theatre. The city was greatly injured by an earthquake in 1853. The other cities are — Santiago, Bejucal, Rosario, Jaruco, Trinidad, Nuevitas, Bayamo, Holguin, and Baracoa, and the towns are — San Antonio, Guanabacoa, Giiines, Cienfuegos, Villa-Clara, Remedies. Santo Espiritu, and Manzanillo. All other places are vil- lages. History. — Cuba was discovered on the 28th October, 1492, by Columbus, who revisited it in 1494, and again in 1502. In 1511 the Spaniards formed their first settlements on the island, and with slight interruption have retained possession of it ever since. In 1762 Habana was captured by the British, but was restored in the following year. From this period the history of Cuba presents little more interesting than a catalogue of captains-general and bishops down to the period 1809-11, when the ports were opened to the shipping and trade of foreign countries. This event marks the commencement of the material prosperity of the island, which is still only in course of development. For the past few years the quiet of the inhabitants has been disturbed by piratical expeditions from the United States ; and the avowed design of the g( to acquire the island by purchase or conquest. THE WEST INDIES — SPANISH ISLANDS. 33 THE ISLAND OF PORTO RICO. Porto Rico, the smallest of the Great Antilles, and the most eastward, is situate between latitudes 17° 56' and 18° 22^ north, and longitudes 65° 4V and 67° 12^ west from Greenwich. In shape the island is par- allelogramic ; its length about 90 miles, and its breadth about 36 miles. Area, with dependencies, 3.865 square miles. General Description. — A range of wooded mountains traverses the island east and west, averaging 1,500 feet, and in their loftiest culmination attaining an elevation of 3,678 feet above the sea. In the interior are extensive savannahs; and in some parts, along the coasts, there are tracts of level fertile land from 5 to 10 miles wide, while in others the mountains approach much nearer to the sea. Nearly the whole north coast is lined by long and deep lagoons, and many of the rivers can be navigated to the base of the mountains. The north coast is subject to heavy ground seas, which beat against the cliffs with great violence. There are, nevertheless, good harbors on both sides of the island, and numerous bays and creeks deep enough for vessels of considerable ton- nage. The climate is generally salubrious; and vegetation, fostered by its warm moisture, is exceedingly luxuriant. The principal timber growths are ebony, cedar, lignum-vitse, mahogany, logwood, etc., and many plants valuable in the arts and pharmacy grow spontaneously. Among the minerals found in Porto Rico the most valuable are copper, iron, lead, and coal ; and gold is found in the streams. There are also two considerable salt-ponds, which are worked by the government. Divisions, etc.— Porto Rico, with its dependencies, is divided into eight departments or districts, as follows : Departmeuts,etc. Area, «.. xn. Pop.la. (1S4B). ^°P- ^;;^- ^ , g Jf JJl7^B^^,,,^^ La Capital 565 70,861 125.42 -| Bavamon 8,125 Arecibo 676 54,044 79.98 Arecibo 11,187 ig-diHa 257 57,322 223.04 AgufS^^. ........ ... 10,458 Mayagues 684 99,895 146.04 .j g^^ German 44,402 Pence 738 71,168 96.44 Ponce 21,466 H-acao 843 41,593 121.26 ^^^-■■::-:^ Guayama 529 51,756 97.83 -j ca^uas 7,808 Isla de Yieque 73 1,275 17.46 Isabela Secunda 354 Total 3^5 447,914 115.88 —of the total population 220,045 were Spaniards and their descendants, and 227,869 African and mixed races, of which about 45,000 are slaves. The total population in 1836 numbered 357,086 souls : the increase in the ten years to 1846 was thus in the ratio of 25.5 per cent., and hence, with the same rate, the island in 1856 will have 562,134 inhabitants. 34 THE WEST INDIES — SPANISH ISLANDS. Industry. — The resources of Porto Rico are essentially agricultural. Until lately none of its mines were worked ; nor has manufacturing industry made any progress. Not more than one-twelfth of the island is under cultivation. The principal products are sugar, coffee, and tohacco ', and extensive farms are laid off for the rearing of live-stock. The capital invested in agriculture in 1846 amounted to $40,796,464, and the value of agricultural products for the year preceding amounted to $6,896,621. The capital employed in other industries was $7,823,545, and the production $448,344. The value of products exported in 1851 was $5,761,975, and of imports $6,073,870; and the customs collected on these amounted to $1,069,418. The chief articles of exports in the same year were— sugar, 118,416,300 pounds • coffee, 12,111,900 pounds; tobacco, 6,478,100 pounds; hides, 632,700 pounds; cotton, 366,600 pounds; molasses, 45,976 hogsheads; rum, 347 hogsheads; cattle, 5,881 head; cigars, 34,800 thousands, and smaller quantities of cocoa, oranges, plantains, logwood, lignum-vitse, pimento, annato, castor oil, etc. The number of vessels entered at the various ports was 1,324, measuring 160,586 tons. San Juan, Mayagiies, Ponce, Guayama, Aguadilla, Naguabo, and Arecibo are the principal ports. Government, etc. — The government, laws, and institutions are nearly similar to those established by Spain in her other Transatlantic posses- sions. Porto Rico is governed by a captain-general, whose authority is supreme in military affairs, and who is president of the Audiencia Real in civil affairs. In the towns which are capitals of districts, justice is administered by mayors or judges of the first instance, and in the smaller towns and villages by inferior magistrates called alcaldes. The Real Audiencia is the supreme court of the island, and is held at the capital. District courts are held at the capital, Arecibo, Aguadilla, Mayagiies, San German, Ponce, Caguas, and Humacao. Each of the eight districts has its military commandant. The regular land force consists of three European regiments, each of 900 men, a brigade of artillery, six batal- lions of disciplined militia infantry, and a regiment of cavalry — in all about 10,000 men; and the militia numbers about 45,000 in all. The naval force, which is essentially a section of the Habana fleet, consists of a ship of war, a schooner, and some score gun-boats. The people are w^holly Roman Catholic, and are under a bishop. Education has of late years been attended to, and is now accessible to all, either in the free schools or at private establishments in all the larger towns. Chief Towns, etc. — Porto Rico (San Juan de), the principal city, and a fine sea-port, is situate on the north coast in lat. 17° 56^, and long. THE WEST INDIES — BEITISH ISLANDS. 35 66'^ 10^. It stands on a small island connected with the mainland by a bridge, and is surrounded by strong fortifications. It has six churches and chapels, the bishop's palace, a military hospital, theatre, town- house, jail, custom-house, arsenal, etc., and is the seat of government and superior courts of the island. The harbor is very spacious, and capable of accommodating vessels of the largest size. It is one of the best regulated and most healthy towns of the West Indies. History. — Columbus discovered Porto Rico in 1493, at which period it is said to have had a population of 600,000 or 800,000 souls. In 1509 it was invaded by the Spaniards from Hayti, who in a few years extermi- nated the natives and took possession of the island. In the latter part of the seventeenth century it was captured by the English ; but soon after abandoned on account of mortality among the troops. From this time it has been free from foreign aggression ; but in 1820 a revolution was attempted in favor of separation from the mother-country, and inde- pendence. This was subdued in 1823. BRITISH ISLANDS The British West Indies consist of — the Bahamas, the island of Jamaica, several of the Caribbean Islands, and a number of small islands of the Virgin group. In a more extended sense, the term applies also to the Bermuda Islands in North America, Honduras, and the Bay Islands in Central America, and the colonies of Guayana in South America ; but these are more conveniently described in connection with the geograph- ical sections to which they properly belong. The islands included in the political family to which reference is now had are as follows . Islands. Area, sq. m. Bahamas.... 5,094 Turk's and the Caicos 430 Jamaica ^■?9? Caymans Trinidad ' Tobagro Grenada, etc St. Vincent Barbadoes St. Lucia Dominica Montserrat Antiscua St. Christopher . . Nevis Barbuda Anguilla J 2.020 144 155 132 166 296 274 47 108 68 21 72 84 Virgin Islands 92 Total 15,663 Popnla. 27,519 4.428 377.433 1.760 68,645 13,208 32,671 30,128 135.930 24,516 22,061 7,653 37.757 23,177 9,601 1,707 3,052 6,689 835,944 Pop. to sq 5.4 10.3 60.4 6.7 .33.9 94.9 210.7 228.2 818.9 82.8 80.5 163.8 349.6 340.8 457.2 23.7 89.8 72.7 53.8 Capitals. Fopula. JSTassau 8,400 Grand Turk 2,000 Spanish Town 6,300 Georgetown 200 Puerto d'Espana 12,000 Scarboro' 1,400 St. Georgetown 1,800 Kingstown 5,300 Bndgetotvn 22,000 Castries 2,600 Roseau 4,800 Plymouth 1,400 St. John's 14,600 Basse-Terre 7,600 Charlestown 1,800 Barbuda Castle — Anguilla 300 Torlola 2,700 36 THE WEST INDIES — BRITISH ISLANDS. — about four-fifths of the population are blacks and other colored races, and the remainder Europeans and their descendants. In St. Vincent and Trinidad a few hundred of the aboriginal Caribs still remain. The Bahamas or Lucayos are a group or archipelago which extends in a crescent- like form from Matanilla Pi.eef, in lat. 27° 50^, to the north-west side of Santo Domingo, in about lat. 21° north, and occupy a large por- tion of the space included between the 72d and 79th meridians. The principal islands are situate on those remarkable flats called the Bahama Banks, to the east of Florida channel. The inhabited islands are : Islands. Area, sq. m. Popiila. Harbor Island S 1,840 Eleuthera, etc 223 4,610 New Providence 101 8,159 Eum Cayo and Acklin's ... 32 S58 Crooked Island 252 1,092 San Salvador or Cat Island 379 1,828 Exuma, Little and Great. . 142 2,027 Long Island 239 1,47* Abaco, etc 501 2,011 Islands. Area, sq. m. Popula. Eagged Islands 5 347 Andros .... I -rnnj 1,030 GreenCavof '^''l 7 Grand Bahama 451 922 Berry Islands | q. J 236 Bimini and Gun Cayo r •• **^ }...;.. 150 Watling Island 44 384 Inagna'^ClIeneagug) 376 530 Cayo Sal and Anguilla 16 71 — the approximate area of the whole group is stated at 5,094 square miles. Population in 1841, 23,401, and in 1851, 27,519. The princi- pal exports consist of salt, fruit, sponge, shells, turtle, dye-woods, bark, and fustic. In 1851 the exports were valued at $182,022, and the im- ports at S445,229. The shipping in the trade amounted to 31,117 tons, and the shipping belonging to the island to 144 vessels of 3,978 tons. The government consists of a governor, council, and house of assembly. In 1851 the revenue was $125,304. and the expenditures $120,326. The Bahamas are in the diocese of Jamaica. Nassau, on New Provi- dence, is the seat of government. San Salvador is noted as the first American land discovered by Columbus in 1492. The islands were settled by the English in 1666. Turk's Island and the Caicos, which are physically a portion of the Bahama group, were erected into a presidency under Jamaica in 1848. They lie south-east of the Bahama government, between Caicos and Mouchoir Carre passages. Area 430 square miles : population 4,428. Salt is the staple of export. The government is vested in a president and council of eight members. The president resides on Grand Turk. Jamaica is the largest of the British islands. It lies between lat. 17° 43' and 18° 32' north, and long. 76o 05' and 78° 26' west; length 146 and breadth 49 miles, and area 6,250 square miles. The island is traversed by lofty mountains. The Blue Mountains, occu- pying the centre, stretch east and west, and vary in elevation from 7.000 to 8,000 feet. The more elevated ridges are flanked by lower ranges descending to verdant savannahs, and are covered with stately forests. THE WEST INDIES — BRITISH ISLANDS. 37 These hills present the characteristics of the limestone formation, of which they consist, and caverns occur in several places, and some of them are very extensivb. Jamaica is well- watered, having numerous small rivers, rivulets, and springs, but none of the first, except Black River, are navigable. The cultivated products are sugar, indigo, coffee, and a little cotton. The quantity of sugar produced averages 41,678 hogsheads. Horned cattle and mules are numerous, and sheep, goats, and hogs abound. The horses are fit only for the saddle. Fish of many kinds are found on the coast and in the rivers. The principal ex- ports, besides the above named, are arrow-root, pimento, rum, ginger, cocoa, logwood, molasses, and tobacco. The exports in 1851 were val- ued at $5,128j224, and the imports at $5,366,808. The population in 1848 numbered 377,433 souls. At the present time it is supposed to be much less, since the cholera of 1851-52 carried off" about 40,000, a number not supplemented by natural increase. Government is adrninistered by a governor and council appointed by the crown, and a house of assembly, the members of which are elected by the freeholders. The military establishment generally comprises four European regiments of the line, one West India regiment, a strong detachment of artillery, and the colonial militia. The revenue in 1851 amounted to $866,736, and the expenditures to $1,049, 511. The church is presided over by a bishop, whose diocese extends over the Bahamas and Honduras. Education is rapidly extending, and in 1850 there were in the island 8 free schools connected with the established church, 82 public schools, and 9 free schools supported by the government, 46 Wesleyan mission schools, 21 Moravian, 1 Catholic, 2 Jews, and 33 other schools. Spanish Town, the capital, and Kingston, the chief port, 16 miles dis- tant, are connected by railway. The other towns are Montego Bay, Falmouth, and Lucea on the north coast, and Morant Bay on the south ; besides which there are the smaller towns of Black River, Savanna-la- Mar, and Port Morant on the south, and St. Ann's Bay, Port Maria, Anatto, and Antonio on the north coast. Jamaica was discovered by Columbus in 1494, and was first colonized by Spaniards in 1503. It remained subject to the crown of Spain until 1655, when it was taken by the English. The Caymans, consisting of three principal islands, viz., Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, and Caymanbrac, are distant west-north-west from Jamaica, of which government they are dependencies, between 140 and 200 miles, and are situate between lat. 19° 10^ and 19° 45^ north, and long. 79° 30^ and 81° 35^ west. Area about 260 square miles. Grand 38 THE WEST INDIES — BRITISH ISLANDS. Cayman, which is the only one inhabited, is 20 miles long, and from 7 to 10 miles wide; and is covered with cocoa-nut trees. On the west side is Georgetown, a large village ; but the other parts are thinly peo- pled. The chief occupation of the natives is in catching turtle for the markets of Jamaica and other islands. Trinidad, the most southerly of the islands, is separated from the main- land of South America only by the Gulf of Paria, and is evidently a section of the continent. Tt is about 90 miles long by 50 wide, and con- tains about 2,020 square miles. The population in 1851 numbered 68,645, of which about 4,000 are of European origin, and the remainder, except some 600 aborigines, consists of Africans and their descendants. Approached from the north, Trinidad appears like an immense ridge of rocks — its east and south shores are also rocky and high ; but on the south, or side next the Gulf of Paria, it presents one of the most magnif- icent panoramas imaginable — the hills, valleys, and plains being cover- ed with perennial verdure. The mountain chains run west and east — in the north, near the sea, they attain an elevation of 3,000 feet ; in the centre is a less elevated group, and in the south a series of beautiful hills and knolls, among which numerous delightful valleys occur. In the intervals between these ranges are several extensive plains, stretch- ing nearly across the island. These plains are bountifully watered. The principal rivers are the Caroni, the Oropuche, and the Ortoire — the first two navigable. The nucleus of the mountains is a very dense argillaceous schist. There is no granite on the island ; but blocks of milky quartz are found in every valley. Gypsum and limestone are rare. Near Point Icaque, forming the south-west extremity of the land, are several mud volcanoes ; and submarine volcanoes also occur on both sides of the island — one on the west, near Cape Brea, which frequently discharges petroleum, and the other, near Cape Mayero, which in March and June gives detonations resembling thunder, succeeded by flames and smoke, and afterward ejecting bitumen. But the most remarkable phenomena of this kind in the island is the asphaltum or pitch lake, sit- uate in the leeward side, on a small peninsula jutting into the sea a little to the north-east of Guapo Bay. Several attempts have been made to ascertain the depth of the lake, but no bottom has ever been found. The climate is apparently less unhealthy than that of many of the other islands. Abundant dews cool and invigorate the atmosphere, and give an unrivaled luxuriance to vegetation. The soil is generally fertile, and the elevated parts are mostly covered with dense forests, among which the red cedar and various palms are conspicuous. THE WEST INDIES — BEITISH ISLANDS. 39 The chief crop of Trinidad is cocoa. The other exportable products are sugar, molasses, rum, and coffee, small quantities of cotton and gin- ger, and asphaltum from the pitch lake. The exports of 1851 were valued at $1,383,696, and the imports at $1,996,512. Trinidad is a crown colony, the public affairs being administered by a governor, assisted by an executive and a legislative committee. The revenue in 1851 amounted to $425,568, and the expenditures were $371,532. Schools are established in the towns, and considerable prog- ress has been made in educational matters. The great body of the peo- ple (43,605) are Catholics. Puerto d^Espana, on the north-west side of the island, is the capital, and one of the finest towns in the West Indies. Trinidad has numerous other good harbors on its west and also south coasts, particularly on the former. On the east and north shores but few occur, and those indifferent. The island was discovered by Columbus in 1498, and taken from the Spaniards by the British in 1797. Tobago is situate 24 miles north-east of Trinidad. Its length, north-east and south-west, is 32 miles, and its greatest breadth about 12 miles. Area 144 square miles. Population 13,208. It is one entire mass of rocks, rising with a steep ascent on the north-east, and descending grad- ually toward the south-west, with some small but picturesque valleys intervening. The greatest height of the rock is 900 feet. The wester;i part is the least mountainous, and on the south terminates in broken plains and lowlands. The island is well watered by streams and riv- ulets rising in the interior and passing through the lowlands to the sea. It has several good harbors along the north coast for vessels of 150 tons, and a few also on the south coast. The climate is extremely unhealthy. The chief and almost exclusive products are sugar, rum, and molasses. In 1851 the exports were valued at $254,554, and the imports at $1 10,040. Government is administered by a lieutenant-governor, assist- ed by a council, both appointed by the crown. The legislature consists of the above and a house of assembly of 16 elected members. Revenue in 1851, $42,317 ; expenditures, $42,331. Scarloro\ on the south-west side of the island, is the seat of government, and the principal shipping port. Georgetown^ farther east, is also a port. The island was dis- covered by Columbus in 1496, and ceded to Great Britain by France in 1763. Grenada is situate about 72 miles north of Trinidad. It is of an oblong form, and extends north and south 24 miles, with a maximum breadth of 10 miles. Area about 125 square miles; but including the Grena- dines, several small islands between Grenada and St. Vincent, about 40 THE WEST INDIES — BRITISH ISLANDS. 155 square miles. Population 32,671. Grenada is one of the most beautiful of the West India Islands. Irregular masses of volcanic mountains, in some parts 3,000 feet high, traverse it north and south, and from these hills of less height branch off in lateral directions. The intervening valleys are well watered by rivulets rising in the mountains. The soils are various, but consist principally of a rich black or reddish colored mold, well adapted to every tropical production. Cotton was formerly the chief article of culture ; but at present sugar, rum, and molasses stand first in the exports, which amounted in 1851 to i$646,925. The imports for the same year were valued at $762,864. The govern- ment consists of a lieutenant-governor and a legislature, consisting of a council and a house of assembly. The revenue for 1851 amounted to $81,388, and the expenditures to $76,023. St. Georgetown^ in the south- west of the island, is the seat of government and centre of trade. On the south coast there is good anchorage at Egmont Harbor, and on the east at Grenville Bay. Grenada was discovered by Columbus in 1498; colonized by the French in the middle of the seventeenth century ; taken by the British in 1762; recaptured in 1779, and restored in 1783. St. Vincent is situate about 90 miles north of Grenada, and the same dis- tance west of Barbadoes, The island is about 18 miles long and 11 miles wide, with an area of 132 square miles. Population 30,128. The central mountains of St. Vincent are bold, sharp, and abrupt in their terminations, and are clothed in magnificent forests. The valleys between the spurs open on approaching the coast, which is bold and rocky. These are well watered and very fertile. On the north-east the surface is more level and less broken ; and there is a large tract at the base of the Souffriere, an extinct volcano 3,000 feet high, gradually declining toward the sea, and which is the most productive land of the colony. The climate is remarkably fine. The principal products are sugar, rum, and molasses; and in less quantities coffee, cocoa, and cot- ton. These, with dyewoods, arrow-root, etc., form the exports, the value of which in 1851 was $1,048,896. The imports for the same year were valued at $953,664. The government consists of a lieuten- ant-governor, a council, and assembly. The revenue of 1851 amounted to $78,264, and the expenditures to $77,856. Bequia, and a number of other small islands are dependencies of St. Vincent. Kingstown, the capital, is situate on a deep bay near the south-west extremity of the island, and is a strongly fortified town. The other principal places are Calliagua, Georgetown, and Princestown. St. Vincent was discovered by Columbus on the 2 2d January, 1498. Since 1719 it had been occu- THE WEST INDIES — BRITISH ISLANDS. 41 pied successively by the French and English ; but in 1783 it was finally ceded to the latter nation. St. Lucia lies 21 miles north by east from St. Vincent, and 20 miles south of Martinique; and is 27 miles in length and 14 miles wide. Area 296 square miles ; population 24,516. It is evidently of volcanic origin, and, with exception of the plains of Gros Islet in the north, and of Vieux- Fort in the south, has an elevated, rugged, and mountainous surface. Several of the heights have, at no remote period, been volcanoes, and in one of them, called Souffriere, volcanic agency is still active. The greater part of the island, and especially the more mountainous parts, are covered with masses of dense and gloomy forests ; but the valleys and lower heights, the soil of which consists of decomposed lava, possess almost inexhaustible fertility. This advantage, however, is counter- balanced by the general unheal thiness of the climate. The staple pro- duct is sugar cane, the cultivation of which is rapidly increasing. The exports of sugar amounted in 1847 to 41,850 cwts., in 1849 to 67,405 cwts., and in 1852 to 73,484 cwts. The exportation of coffee, which in 1842 amounted to 151,837 lbs., has now nearly ceased. Molasses, rum, and cocoa are also important articles of export. In 1851 the total value of exports was $235,809, and of imports S290,582. The government is administered by a lieutenant-governor and legislative council. The old French laws are still in force. Revenue $56,402, and expenditures $51,048. Castries^ at the bottom of a fine bay on the north-east side of the island, is the capital. The other chief places are — Vieux-Fort, La- borie, and Port Souffriere. Pidgeon Island, off" the north-west coast, is the seat of a military establishment. St. Lucia was settled by the En- glish in 1635, but was subsequently and at various times occupied by the French. In 1803 it was finally ceded to Great Britain. Barbadoes is the most eastern of the islands. It appears quite detached from the Caribbean chain, being 90 miles eastward of St. Vincent, the nearest island. Length 15, and breadth 10 miles; area 166 square miles. The eastern and northern coasts are belted with coral reefs, which prevent, the approach of vessels of more than 50 tons. The open coast on the south and west has been strongly fortified. The surface of the island is comparatively low, and is diversified by gently undu- lating hills. In the north, however, Mt. Hillaby rises to the height of 1,147 feet. The climate is hot, but not unhealthy. The soils vary considerably, but in the lowlands are very rich. The rock that supplies this soil is a tertiary shell limestone. There are several bituminous springs, some of which furnish a green tar, used as a substitute for pitch 42 THE WEST INDIES — BRITISH ISLANDS. and lamp oil. Destructive hurricanes are frequent. The cultivated crops are sugar-cane, cotton, ginger, etc. The sugar crop of 1850 amounted to 35,076, and of 1851 to 38,730 hogsheads. These, with arrow-root, aloes, etc., form the staples of export. In 1851 the value of exports was $4,260,609, and of imports $3,791,889. Tonnage in- ward 96.381 tons, and outward 93,303; and 34 vessels (1,293 tons) are owned in the colony. The "governor of Barbadoes is also superior gov- ernor of all the Windward Islands. The legislature comprises the gov- ernor, a council, and house of assembly, the latter two elective. Bar- badoes is also the see of the Windward diocese. There are in the colony 11 churches and 34 chapels of the establishment, besides those belonging to other denominations. The chief educational establishment is Cod- rington College; and in 1850 the various schools were attended by 8,852 scholars. The public revenue in 1851 amounted to $259,506, and the expenditures to $225,888. Bridgetown^ the capital, is situate on Carlisle Bay, at the south-west end of the island. This is also the chief shipping port. There are three other towns, called Oistin's, St. James', and Speight's — the first two are little more than hamlets. Speight's Town is a place of considerable importance. The island was settled by the English in 1605, and was the first in these parts colonized by that nation. It is at the present day the most prosperous and progressive of all the British West India colonies. Dominica lies between the French islands of Martinique and Guadaloupe, and is 28 miles long, with a mean breadth of 10 miles. Area 274 square miles ; population 22.061. The existence of pumice, sulphur, etc., attests its volcanic origin. Surface mountainous — Morne Diabloten, the highest summit, is 5,300 feet above the sea. Valleys fertile, and watered by numerous streams. The island contains abundance of timber. Shores but little indented, and devoid of harbors. The principal products are sugar, molasses, rum, coffee, cocoa, oranges, and cotton. In 1851 the value of exports was $300,309, and of imports $344,774. The fisheries off the coast are very productive. The government consists of a lieu- tenant-governor, council, and assembly of 20 members. Revenue in 1851, $61,925, and expenditures $60,587. The principal towns are — Roseau or Charlotte Town, the capital, on the south-west side, and Portsmouth^ on Prince Rupert's Bay, on the north-west. Dominica was discovered in 1493, and was claimed alternately by England, France, and Spain, but was finally ceded to Great Britain in 1763. MoNTSERRAT, nearly equidistant (30 miles) from Nevis, Antigua, and Guadaloupe, is of an oval form, 10 miles long and about 7 miles wide. THE WEST INDIES — BRITISH ISLANDS 43 Area 47 square miles ; population 7,653. The east side of the island is mountainous and covered with forests. On the west the land slopes down toward the sea. Sugar, rum, and molasses are the chief products of cultivation. Cotton, arrow-root, and tamarinds are also among its exports. Value of exports in 1851, $84,710, and of imports $45,595. Government is administered by a president, council, and house of assem- bly. Revenue $16,061, expenditures $14,751. Plymouth^ the capital, is on the south-west side of the island. Montserrat was discovered by Columbus in 1493, and in 1632 settled by the English. Antigua, the chief island of the Leeward group, lies about 48 miles east of St. Christopher, and is about 18 miles long and 9 broad. Area 108 square miles • population 37.757. The shores are high and rocky, and indented on all sides by harbors, bays, and creeks, and lined on the north and east with a number of small rocky islets. The only elevated land is a range of rocky hills, called the Sheckerly Mountains, which nowhere exceed 1,500 feet in height. There are no rivers on the island^ and its springs are brackish. The principal exportable products are sugar, rum, molasses, rice, arrow-root, and tobacco. In 1847 the exports were val- ued at $1,774,034, and in 1851 at $277,070, and the imports of the respective years at $1,046,390 and $785,390. The falling off in the ex- ports is attributed to severe drouth. Government is vested in a gov- ernor, council, and assembly. The governor is also governor-in-chief of the Leeward Islands. Revenue in 1851, $103,987, expenditures $99,086. The diocese of Antigua also includes all the Leeward Islands. St. John, the capital, is built on the north-west side of the island, and at the bottom of the bay of the same name, which forms an excellent harbor. English Harbor, on the south side, has a government dock-yard, and is capable of receiving the largest ships. Antigua was discovered by Columbus in 1493, and settled by the English in 1632. The island has suffered severely from earthquakes and hurricanes. St. Christopher, to the west of Antigua, lies north-west and south-east, 17 miles in length and 6 miles broad, and is separated from Nevis by a strait only a mile and a half wide. Area 68 square miles ; population 23,177. The centre of the island is occupied by rugged, barren mount- ains, which contain some hot springs. The highest point, called Mount Misery, 3,711 feet above the sea, is an exhausted volcano, the crater of which is still apparent. The soil of the plain is chiefly a dark-gray loam. Sugar is the principal object of cultivation, and of this the crop in 1851 amounted to 7, 270. hogsheads. Rum and molasses are also ex- ported. The value of exports in 1851 amounted to $541,191, and of 44 THE WEST INDIES — BRITISH ISLANDS. imports to $510,144. The island is governed by a lieutenant-governor, and sends 10 members to the Anfigua assembly. The revenue in 1851 amounted to $94,392, and the expenditures to $70,426. Basseterre^ the capital, is situate on the south-side of the island. St. Christopher was discovered by Columbus in 1493, and settled by the English in 1623. In 1782, and again in 1805, it was taken by the French, but not retained. Nevis, off the south-east extremity of St. Christopher, consists almost en- tirely of a single conical mountain of volcanic origin, rising with a gentle ascent from the sea to a height of 2,500 feet, and surrounded at the base by a level border of extremely fertile land. Area 21 square miles ; pop- ulation 9,601. Only about one-fourth the surface is capable of cultiva- tion, the high parts being rocky and barren. The exportable products are sugar, rum, and molasses. Exports in 1851, $112,656, and imports $79,094. The island is governed by an administrative council and as- sembly. Revenue in 1850, $23,821. Charlestown is the capital, Nevis was firgj; colonized by the English, in 1628. Barbuda, 27 miles north of Antigua, is a low, level, and fertile island. It is the private property of the Codrington family, and the only proprietary government in the West Indies. The inhabitants, chiefly colored, are employed in breeding stock and the cultivation of corn, cotton, pepper, indigo, and tobacco. No sugar is grown. The air is so mild and pure that invalids from other islands resort here for the restoration of health. Anguilla is the most northern of the Leeward Islands, and distant about five miles from St. Martin's. It is 16 miles long and 4 broad, but so low and flat that it can not be seen at a great distance. Area 34 square miles; population 3,052. The soil is calcareous and not very produc- tive. In the centre of the island is a saline lake, which yields a large quantity of salt. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in cattle-breeding and salt-raking, and also cultivate small quantities of sugar, cotton, and tobacco. The island is governed by a magistrate elected by the colo- nists, but subject to the approval of the governor of Antigua. The town is situate on the east side and near the north-east end of the island ; it is a small place, with little trade. Anguilla was settled by the English in 1659. Anguilleta, Dog, and other islets, lie off the coast. Virgin Islands are a group east of Porto Rico, and are severally in the possession of Spain, Great Britain, and Denmark. The islands belong- ing to the British are Tortola, Virgin Gorda or Penniston, Jos Van Dykes, Guana, Beef, Thatch. Anegada, Nichar, Prickly Pear, Camanas, Gin- ger, Cooper's, Salt, St. Peter, etc. Area 92 square miles; population 6,689. Throughout these islands a series of precipitous and rugged THE WEST INDIES — FRENCH ISLANDS. 46 mountains and rocks run east and west ; and the shores are indented with bays, harbors, and creeks. The principal products are cotton, sugar, molasses, rum, "etc. In 1851 the exports were valued at $13,701, and the imports at $23,742. The affairs of the island are administered by a lieutenant-governor with a council and assembly. Tortola^ on the island of the same name, is the capital, and has a magnificent harbor, perfectly land-locked, which in time of war has sheltered 400 vessels waiting for convoy. The Virgins were discovered by Columbus in 1493 ; settled by the Datch in 1648, and captured by the English in 1666. THE FRENCH ISLANDS. The French West Indies are comprised in the governments of Guada- loupe and Martinique. Area 1,013 square miles. Population 276,453. THE GUADALOUPE GOVERNMENT. GuADALoupE comprises the island so called, the islands of Marie-Galante, Desirade, and Les Saintes, and about two-thirds of the island of St. Martin. Islands. Area, sq. m. Popula. ("1849). Pop. to aq. in. Chief Places. Popula. Guadaloupe 529 134,574 254.4 B asse-Tekre 3,876 Marie-Galante 59 12,749 216.1 Grandbourg 1,200 Desirade 17 2,56S 151.0 Anse-Galet 400 Popula. ri849). Pop. to aq. in 134,574 254.4 12,749 216.1 2,56S 151.0 1,311 262.5 3,773 179.7 Les Saintes 5 St. Martiu (N. part) 21 3,773 179.7 Marigot. Total 631 154,975 245.6 — of the population about three-fourths the whole are Africans and their descendants, and the remainder French, Creoles, and mixed races. Guadaloupe^ the largest of the islands, is composed of two divisions or islands, separated by a strait called Riviere Salee (Salt River), about 5 miles long and from 30 to 100 yards broad, sufficiently deep for vessels of 60 tons. It is situate in lat. 16° north, and long. 61° 30^ west. The west or larger island is Guadaloupe Proper, divided into Basse-Terre and Cabes-Terre, and is 27 miles long by 15 miles wide. The eastern island, called Grande-Terre, is nearly 30 miles long by 10 to 12 broad. Guadaloupe Proper is of volcanic formation, and is traversed north and south by a ridge of hills having a medium height of 2,296 feet; and with the culminating points in La Souffriere, an active volcano 5,108 feet high, and in Grosse-Montagne, Deux-Mamelles, and Piton de Bouil- lante, extinct volcanoes. Grande-Terre, on the other hand, is generally flat, composed of madrepores and marine detritus, and nowhere rises higher than 115 feet above the sea. Guadaloupe has numerous small 46 THE WEST INDIES— FRENCH ISLANDS streams, running in deeply-cut beds, but becoming dry in summer. The principal are the Goyaves, Lamentin, and Lezarde, which are navigable for canoes. Grande-Terre has only a few springs of brackish, undrink- able water. The climate is hot and unhealthy, and the atmosphere re- markably humid. Hurricanes are frequent and destructive. The soil is fertile and well-cultivated. The mountains are covered with fine forests, and the marshy coast of Basse-Terre with mangroves and man- chineel trees. The products natural and cultivated are similar to those of the West Indies generally; but in regard to sugar, the Tahiti cane is the only kind cultivated. The principal anchorages of Guadaloupe- are — the Bay of Mahault and the roads of Basse-Terre — the latter in the south-west, with the town of the same name, capital of the govern- ment, on its shore. Villages are found at short distances along the whole coast. Grande-Terre possesses the anchorages of Moule and Point-a-Pitre. The latter, at the south entrance to the Salt River, is esteemed one of the best in the Antilles, and on it was situate the im- portant town of St. Louis or Point-a-Pitre, which was destroyed by an earthquake on the 8th February, 1843, on which occasion 4,000 of the inhabitants perished. Marie- Galante, 14 miles south-south-east of Guadaloupe, is about 12 miles long by 8 miles broad, and is traversed north and south by a range of hills parallel to the east coast, where it presents a front of high and precipitous rocks. The west and north sides of the island are level, and parallel with the former is a narrow lagoon 7 or 8 miles in length, sep- arated from the sea by a low, narrow tract of sand. The island abounds in woods, particularly the wild cinnamon tree. Its principal town, Grandbourg or Basse-Terre, stands near the south-west point; other towns are Les Carmes on the west, and St. Anne on the east shores. Desirade or Deseada lies about four miles east from the south-east extremity of Grande-Terre, and is about 8 miles long by 3 miles wide. It rises from the sea with a steep ascent, and then extends in a table- land, which consists of limestone rocks, in which many caverns occur ; but it is without water. The soil in some places is a deep black mold, and fertile — in others it is sandy and unproductive. The only anchor- age is at the Anse-Galet, on the east side of the island. Les Saintes are a group of rocky islets, 6 or 7 miles south of Guada- loupe, and consist of lofty and steep peaks, some of which are united by flat ground and ridges of inferior elevation ; others are separated by the sea. The two largest are called Terre d'en Haut and Terre d'en Bas, or the upper and lower land — the first is about four miles in circuit, THE WEST INDIES — FRENCH ISLANDS, 47 and contains a town or village on its west side. The inhabitants are poor, and live chiefly on fish and vegetables. St. Martin^ the northern portion of which belongs to the French, and forms a dependency of Guadaloupe, is a small island immediately south of the British island of Anguilla, in lat. 18° 5^ north, and long. 630 6^ west. The southern portion is held by the Dutch. Its form is nearly that of an equilateral triangle — each side about seven miles in length. Area 33 square miles. It is deeply indented with bays and lagoons, some of which afford good anchorage ; and is upon the whole hilly, the highest part being 1,361 feet above the sea. It is watered by several rivulets ; and in the south are lagoons from which great quan- tities of salt are obtained by the Dutch. The climate is remarkably mild and is considered healthy. The chief cultivated products are sugar, rum, molasses, coffee, and other West India staples. The sugar crop of Guadaloupe amounts to about 60,000 hogsheads annually. The exports for the year ending 31st December, 1851, consisted of — muscovado sugar, 20,048,368 kilogram- mes ; coffee, 221.218 do.; cotton, 20,443 do. ; cocoa, 11,425 do. ; cassia, 165 do.; molasses, 13,879 litres; and rum, 142,139 litres, etc. The trade is chiefly with France. The products and commerce of the de- pendent islands are similar, but on a smaller scale. A considerable quantity of fish is taken in the neighboring seas. For administrative purposes Guadaloupe and its dependencies are divided into three arrondissements, and these again into cantons and com- munes. The government consists of a governor, assisted by a privy council of six members, and a colonial council of 30 members, the latter elected by the landowners and tax-payers. Justice is administered by a superior court and two courts of assize. The colonial council elects two delegates to represent the people in the home colonial council. Local affairs are administered by municipal councils. Guadaloupe was discovered by Columbus in 1493. In 1635 the French settled upon the island and kept it until 1759, when it was taken by the English. It was subsequently and at various times captured and recaptured by these nations, and finally ceded to France in 1814. Its immediate dependencies of course shared the fate of the central island. The island of St. Martin was settled by the French and Dutch in 1638 ; but these were expelled by the Spaniards, who themselves abandoned the island in 1750; and the original settlers resumed possession. 48 THE WEST INDIES — FRENC H ISLANDS. THE MARTINIQUE GOVERNMENT. Martinique, the government of which covers the island of the same name, lies in lat 14° 45^ north, and long. 61° 10^ west, and about 20 miles north of St. Lucia. It is of irregular form, high and rocky, about 45 miles long and from 10 to 15 miles wide. Area 382 square miles. There are six extinct volcanoes on the island, and one of the craters is of large dimensions. The loftiest summit, Mont Pelee, is 4.450 feet above the sea. Extensive masses of volcanic rocks cover the interior, rise to a great elevation, and extend from the mountains to the shores, where they form numerous deep indentations along the coast. Between the volcanic rocks broad, irregular valleys of great fertility occur. Those on the west side, called Basse-Terre, are more extensive, fertile, and level than those on the east side, called Cabes-Terre. The climate is hot, but not unhealthy, being tempered by regular breezes. Hurricanes and earthquakes are not unfrequent. About two-fifths of the surface are under cultivation, the remainder being covered with trees or occupied by naked rocks or disintegrated pumice. The mountain slopes are for the most part covered with primeval forests, in other parts the slopes are cultivated to the height of 400 feet. Numerous streams flow down from the height, most of them mere rivulets ; but a few of them are navigable for boats a short distance from their mouths, and are used for the conveyance of produce to the shipping. For administrative purposes the island is divided into two arrondissements, 14 cantons, and 26 com- munes. Government is conducted by a governor and privy council of 7 members; and the colonial council consists of 30 members. The popu- lation in 1849 numbe'red 121,478 souls. The principal productions are sugar, coffee, cocoa, etc. The exports for the year ending 31st Decem- ber, 1851, consisted of — sugar, muscovado, 23,406,696, and clayed, 809 kilogrammes; coffee, 110,933 do.; cocoa, 149,033 do.; cassia, 163,580 do.; logwood, 50,200 do.; molasses, 33,754 litres; and rum, 2,064,511 litres. The island has several good harbors, the best of which is Port Royal, on the south-west side. The principal town is St. Pierre, on the north-west ; and there are villages on every part of the coasts. The island was discovered by Columbus in 1493, and in 1635 was settled by the French, In 1794 it was captured by the English, and restored in 1802; and was subsequently, between 1809 and 1814, held by the English, who at the close of the war again released it to France. THE WEST INDIES — DUTCH ISLANDS, 49 THE DUTCH ISLANDS. The colonial possessions of the Netherlands in the West Indies comprise the islands of Cura9oa, Bonaire, Aruba, etc., lying off the coast of Ven- ezuela, and St. Eustatius and Saba, and part of the island of St. Martin, among the Leeward Islands. These are as follows : , ^Population. > Pop. to Islands. Area, eq. m. Free. Slave. Total. sq. m. Chief Places. Cura^oa 138 11,225 5,573 16,798 121.7 Wilhelmstadt. Bonaire 83 1,478 742 2,220 26.7 Village in S. W. side. Aruba 23 2,443 602 3,045 132.4 Fort Zoutman. St. Eustatius 97 782 1,150 1,932 19.9 St. Eustatius. Saba 16 ' 1,014 649 1,663 103.9 Landing on south side. St. Martin (S. part) 12 1,227 1,612 2,839 236.6 Total 369 18,169 10,328 28,497 77.2 — of the total population 8,595 are Protestants, 19,072 Roman Catholics, and 837 Jews; the Roman Catholics preponderate in Cura9oa, Bonaire, and Aruba, and the Protestants in St. Eustatius, Saba, and St. Martin. The Jews are almost exclusively (829) found in Curapoa. ISLANDS OFF THE VENEZUELAN COAST. Curacoa is situate 46 miles north of the coast of Venezuela, and in lat. 120 15^ north, and long. 69° west. It is about 30 miles long by 6 miles broad, rising wild, bare, and abrupt, and consists of two ridges of green- stone, connected by a limestone dyke a mile and a half thick. Iron and copper occur, but are not wrought. Both the atmosphere and soil are dry, but the heat tempered by the sea-breeze. Indigo, cotton, and cocoa, once cultivated, are now abandoned ; and the people depend either on the rearing of cattle and other stock, or on the salt which is produced here in great abundance. Small quantities of sugar and tobacco are also pro- duced. The opuntia, among other cacti, grows tances from the principal ports of the United States to all parts of the tTorld, etc. 2 Sheets. Size, 45 by 52 inches. Price, mounted, $5 00. This map is beautifully ensraved on steel plates, and is colored and mounted in superior style. Of the Americas together, it is by far the most complete and reliable of any map extant. It exhibits the larger portion of the Pacific, with its groups of islands, and nearly all of the Atlantic Ocean, with the western coasts of Africa and Europe, the tracks of navigators, etc MAP OF INORTH AMERICA, Compiled from the latest authorities. 1 sheet. Size, 89 by 26 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50; in cases, $0 75* PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON. 3 TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP OF THE WEST INDIES, With the acyacent coastji : compiled from the latest au- thorities. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50 ; in cases, $0 75* MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA, Carefully compiled from the latest maps and charts and other geographical publications. 2 sheets. Size, 44 by 31 inches. Price, mounted, $4 00. This is the largest and best map of South America ever issued in thia countiy, and the only one available for commercial puiposes. It is also an excellent school map. MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA, Compiled from the latest authoiities, and accompanied with statistical tables of the area, population, &e., of the several states. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50. MAP OF EUROPE, Carefully compiled from the latest maps and charts, a.nd other geographical publications. 4 sheets. Size, 58 by 44 inches. Price, mounted, $6 00. The best map of Europe extant, exhibiting the topography and polit- ical condition of that continent with great accuracy. It is an excellent map for schools as well as for the merchant's office. Compiled from the laiesc authorities, &c., with statia- tical tables exhibiting the area, population, form of government, religion, «&;c., of each state. 1 sheet. Siz«, 32 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, ^1 50. MAP OF ASIA, Carefully compiled from the latest maps and charts^ and other geographical publications. 4 sheets. Size, 58 by 44 inches. Price, mounted, ^S 00. This map is the largest and most accurate ever issued in Americai md contains all the most recent determinations in BriJish Indiji, &.C. 4: MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC., It is indispensably necessary to merchants trading with Chinti, India, fcc., and must be especially valnable at the present time, when our con- nection with those countries is daily becoming more intimate. Nor is it leaa valuable for seminaries of leai-ning. MAP OF ASIA, Compiled from tlie most recent authorities, together ■with statistical tables of the area, population, &c., of each state* 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50. MAP OF AFRICA, Carefully compiled from tlie latest maps and charts, and other geographical publications. 4 sheets. Size, 58 by 44 inches. Price, mounted, $6 00. The largest and most accurate map of Africa ever published m the United States. It exhibits the most recent discoveries of travellers — the new political divisions on the north and west coasts and in South- ern Africa, &c., &c. As an oiEce or school map it has no superior. MAP OF AFRICA, Compiled from the latest authorities, and accompanied with statistical tables of the area, population, &c., of each state. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50 MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, THE BEITISH PEOnNCES, MEXICO, AND THE WEST INDIES. ShoTTing the country from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean. 4 slieets. Size, 62 by 55 inches. Price, S6 00. Extraordinary exertions have been employed to make this map perfect- ly reliable and authentic in all respects. It is the only large map tliat ex- hibits the United States in its full extent. Being- engraved on steel, and Handsomely mounted, it forms not only a useful, but highly ornamental addition to the office, library, or hall. All the railroads, canals, and post- roads, with distances from, place to place, are accurately laid down. To maie the map more generally useful, the publisher has appended to it a map of Central America and the Isthmus of Panama, and also a plan ex • hibiting the inter-oceanic railroad, &c. It deserves to take precedence o all maps heretofore published in this country. POBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON. MAP OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE CANADAS; Showing the base, meridian, and township lines of the United States surveys ; the lines of counties, districts, and parishes ; the location of cities, villages, and post- offlces; all railroads, canals, post and other roads; also the district and town lines of the Canadas— the whole being compiled from the latest surveys and other authen- tic sources. 9 sheets. Size, 82 by 68 inches. Price, mounted, or in portable form, $13.00. OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. " As a work of mere art, it is exceedingly beautiful ; but as an accurate and faithful delineation of the country, in all its aspects, geographical and political, it is entitled to the very highest praise. The map is six feet by seven, projected on a scale of twenty-tour miles to the inch ; showing, with the utmost accuracy, not only the general, but minute features ofthe whole Country. Every state, county, and township, within our whole broad ter- ritory, is designated by boundary lines — the courses of rivers and streams, canals, railroads, stage and post roads, the position of cities, tovinis, vil- lages and hamlets, lakes and mountains, are laid down — every county being colored separately. The meridian and township lines of the United States survevs, and indeed all the topographical minutife ever found on maps, is here displayed. So far as the ornamental portion of this great work is con- cerned, we repeat that it is superior to any thing we nave seen. It is splendidly bordered by scroll-work, and by the introduction, at proper places, of fou-rteen of the most important cities of the United States: among which, New York and New Orleans are most conspicuous, and upon a larger scale. Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, and Charleston, are very accurately represented, and beautifully engraved, as is the case with all the rest, Cincinnati, Louisville, St. Louis, &c., &c. These views, it seems to us, are worth half the price of the whole work, as specimens of our rapid improvement in the arts. However, it is to the utilitarian portion of the map, that we wish particularly to call the atten- tion of the public. In this respect, it is invaluable." New York Courier and Enquirer. " This noble map is six feet by seven, projected on a scale of twenty-four miles to the inch, and is certified on the map by Mr. Steige'r, the principal Clerk of Sui-veys at Washington, that it embraces all surveys made by the United States, from the Atlantic ocean to the American Desert", or to the 32d degree of west longitude. It would seem to be authority on all boun- dary questions, from national to township lines. This map is particularly valuable for its correctness in regard to the Western and Southern States and Tern ories. The base, meridian, and township lines of the United States sui veys are given ; and those owuing lands in any part of our country, witli the map before them, may put thejr finger upon any section, and see the streams, lakes, swamps, &c., portrayed from actual survey. In addition to the United States, the map contains a representation of the Canadas, ami North and Central America, a desirable improvement upon the shadowy outlines heretofore given. The countries set apart by the United States for the use of the different Indian tribes, and their names, are also given. As a work of art, this map is unquestionably a liigfi achievement. It is wholly en^^raved on steel, is splendidly bordered by scroll-work, with the introduction, at proper places, of vignettes of cities among which New Orleans and New York are most conspicuous, and embraces a fine view of our National and State emblems.'' New Orleans Commercial Bulletin § PUBLISHED BY J. H. C O L T N . MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, THE BRITISH PROYINCES. MEXICO. THE WEST INDIES, AND CENTRAL MfERICA, WITH PARTS OP NEW GRENADA AND VENEZUELA, ExMbiting the country from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from 50° N. lat. to the Isthmus of Panama and the Oronoco river. 3 sheets. Size, 45 by 36 inches. Price, mounted, $3 00; in cases, $1 50. The vast extent of country embraced in this map, and the importance of the territories portrayed, render it one of the most useful to the mer- chant and all others connected with or interested in the onward pro- gress of the United States. It is peculiarly adapted to the present times, Bhowing, as it does, the whole sphere of American steam navigation on both sides of the continent, and giving the best delineations extant of our new territories on the Pacific. All the railroads and canals ai-e laid down with accuracy. There is also appended to the map a diagram of the Atlantic ocean, in reference to steam communication between Eu- rope and America ; and a detailed plan of the Isthmus of Panama, show- ing the several lines of inter-oceanic intercourse. The map is engraved on steel and highly embellished. THE STATE OF ARKANSAS. COLTON'S NEW TOWNSHIP ilAP OF ARKANSAS. Compiled from the United States Surveys, and other au- thentic sources. By D. F. Shall. Size, 30 by 35 inches. Price, mounted, $3 00; pocket, $1 00, This is the best map of this state published — its correctness being cer- tified by various government and state officers. MAP OF THE STATE OF INEW YORK, WITH PARTS OP THE ADJACENT COUNTRY, Embracing plans of the principal cities and some of the larger villages. By David H. Burr. 6 sheets. Size, 60 by 50 inches. Price, mounted, $6 00. This is the largest and best map of the state in the market, and ex- hibits accurately all the county and township lines; all internal im- provements, and the position of cities, villages, &c.' A new edition, embi-acing all the alterations made by the state legislature, is issued as early aa possible after the close of each session annually, so that tb« public may rely on its completeness at the date of issue. 1* MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC. 7 MAP OF THE {STATES OF INEW ENGLAND AND N. YORK, With parts of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, tlie Canadas^ &;e., sho-wing the railroads, canals, and stage-roads, ^with distances from place to place, 1 sheet. Size, 30 by 23 inches. Price, mounted, ^1 25. Tills is an exceedingly minute and correct map, having been compiled With great cai-e and a strict adherence to actual sm-vey. MAP OF THE COUNTRY 33 MILES AROUND THE CITY OP NEW TOEK. Compiled from the maps of the United States' Coast Survey and other authorities. 1 sheet. Size, 29 by 26 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50 ; in cases, $0 75, MAP OF LONG ISLAND, With the environs of the city of New York and the southern part of Connecticut. By J. Calvin Smith. 4 sheets.. Size, 60 by 42 inches. Price, mounted, $4 00. TRAVELER'S MAP OF LONG ISLAND. Price, in cases, $0 38. A neat pocket map for duck-shooters and other sportsmen. MAP OF THE CITY AND COUNTY OF NEW YORK, Brooklyn, Williamsburg, Jersey City, and the acUaceni waters. 3 sheets. Size, 56 by 32 inches. Price, mounted, $3 00. The Commissioners' Survey is the basis of this map. The improve- ments have been accm-ately laid down : and to make the work more valuable, maps of the vicinity of New York, of the Hudson river, and of the cities of Boston and Philadelphia, have been appende.1. No exertion has been spai-ed to keep the work up with the progress of the city and neighborhood. The exceedingly low price at which it is issued ought tc secixrs to it a large circulation. 8 PUBLISHED BY J. H. CO 1 TON. MAP OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, Together ■with Brooklyn, Williamsburg, Grecnpolnt) Jersey City, Hoboken, &;c., exhibiting a plan of the port of New Yoi'k, with its islands, sandbanks, rocks, and the soundings in feet. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 26 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50; in cases, $0 50. IVIAP OF THE CITY OF BROOKLYN, As consolidated by an act of the JLegislature of the State of Ne^v ¥'ork,incIuding ]Srooklyn,WiIlianis- burgh, Oreen Point, and Bushxvick, constructed from the official maps of the Commissioners and other authentic sources, exhibiting the farm lines and names of the original o^tvners. Size, 54 by 40 inches. Price^ mounted, $5 OO. SECTIONAL MAP OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Compiled from the United States' surveys. Also exhibit- ing the internal improvements; distances between towns, villages, and post-offices ; outlines of prairies, "woodlands, marshes, and lands donated by the Gene- ral Government for the purposes of internal improve- ments. By J. M. Feck, Tohn Messenger, and A. J. Mathewson. 2 sheets. Size, 43 by 32 inches. Price, mounted, $2 50 ; in cases, $1 50. The largest, most accurate, and only reliable map of Illinois extant. MAP OF THE STATE OF INDIANA, Compiled from the United States' Surveys by S. D. King. Exhibiting the sections and fractional settions, situation and boundaries of counties, the location of cities, villages, and post-offices — canals, railroads, and other internal improvemerts, &;e., &C. 6 sheets. Size, 66 by 48 inches. Price, mounted, $6 00. The only large and accurate map of Indiana eyer issued, and one that every land-owner and speculator will find indispensably necessary to a full understanding of the topography of the country, and the im- provements Which have been completed, and those which are now in progress. It is handsomely engraved and embeUished. MAPS, CHAUTS, BOdKS, ETC., 9 MAP OF THE STATE OF INDIANA, Compiled from the United States' surveys. Exhibiting the sections and fractional sections, situation and boundaries of counties, the -location of cities, villages, and post-offices— canals, railroads, and other internal improvements, &C.5 &c, 2 sheets. Sizcj 43 by 32 inches. Price, mounted, $3 00. This map is a reduction from the large work, and contains equally with that important publication all the essential features of the state and the improvements that have been effected. It is suitable for an oflSce or house map. A NEW MAP OF INDIANA, Reduced from the largo map. Exhibiting the boundaries of counties ; township surveys ', location of cities, towns, villages, and post-offlces— canals, railroads, and other internal improvements, &c* 1 sheet. Size, 17 by 14 inches. Price, in cases, $0 38. MAP OF MICHIGAN, Map of the sui-veyed part of the State of Michigan. By Jolm Fai*mer. 1 sheet. Size, 35 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $2 00 ; in cases, Si 50. MAP OF THE WESTERN STATES, l^iz. I Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, and Wisconsin, and the Territory of Minesota, show- ing the township lines of the United States' Surveys, location of cities, to\vns, villages, post-hamlets— canals, railroads, and stage-roads. By J. Calvin Smith. 1 r sheet. Size, 28 by 24 inches. Price, mouMtedj^l 25; in cases, $0 63. MAP OF KENTUCKY AND TENNESSEE; Exhibiting the railroads, post roads, &c, 1 sheet. Size 25 by 17 inches. Price, mounted, Sl.25 ; and in cases, $0.50. 10 PUBLISHED BY J. H. JOLTON. STREAM OF TIME, Or Chart of Universal History. Prom the original Ger- man of Strauss. RoTised and continued by R. S, Fisher, M. D. Size, 43 by 32 inches. Price, mounted, $3 00. An invaluable companion to every student of History. MAP OF THE CITY AND COUINTY OF IMEW YORK. With parts of Brooklyn, Williamsbur^h and Green Point, and of Jersey City, Hoboken, &c. ""Compiled from the latest Surveys, &c. 1 Sheet. Size 32 by 20 inches. Price, mounted, Si 50 ; in cases, SO 50. This map exhibits that portion of the city below 8~th street on a large and uniform scale ; the portion north o'f that street is exhibited on a smaller scale, but is distinct and complete, being engraved on steel. The ward lines, fire -limits, &c., are laid down with accuracy^ and in every respect the map is well suited either for the office or pocket PORTRAITS OF THE PRESIDENTS, And Declaration of Independence. 1 sheet. Size, 42 by 31 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50. NEW MAP OF CENTRAL AMERICA, From the most recent and authentic sources ; shotring the lines of communication between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. One sheet. Price, in cases, $0 50* MOUNTAINS AND RIVERS. A combined view of the principal mountains and rivers in the world, with tables showing their relative height«r and lengths. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50* A CHART OF NATIONAL FLAGS Each represented in its appropriate colors. 1 sheet* Si7«, 2S by 22 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50. MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC., U AN ILLUSTRATED MAP 01- HUMAN LIFE, Dednced from passages of Sacred Writ. 1 sheet. Size* 25 by 20 inches. Price, mounted, $0 73. MAP OF PALESTINE, From the latest authorities : chiefly from the maps and drawings of Robinson & Smith, irith corrections and additions furnished by the Rev. Dr. £. Rbbinson, and vrith plans of Jerusalem and of the journey ings of the Israelites. 4 sheets. Size, SO by 62 inches. Price, mounted, $S 00. This large and elegant map of the Holy Land is intended for the Sun- day-school and Lecture-room. It is boldly executed, and lettered in large type, which may be read at a great distance. Both the ancient and modem names of places are given. MAP OF PALESTINE, From the latest authorities: chiefly from the maps and drawings of Robinson & Smith, with corrections and additions furnished by the Rev. Dr. £. Robinson. 2 sheets. Size, 43 by 32 inches. Price, mounted, $3 00. This map is elegantly engraved on steel, and is peculiarly ada]jted to family use and the use of theological students. It contains every place noted on the larger map, the only diflference being in the scale on which it is drawn. While the large map is well suited for a school or lectm-e- room, this is more convenient for family use and private study. Plana of Jerusalem and the vicinity of Jerusalem are attached. The religious and secular press throughout the country has expressed a decided preference for this map of Professor Robinson over all others that have ever been issued. MAP OF EGYPT, The Peninsula of Mount Sinai, Arabia Petraia, with the southern part of Palestine. Compiled from the latest authorities. Showing the jonrneyings of the children of Israel from Egypt to the Holy li.c., forming in all eight different diagrams, illustrative of the primary elements of the science. These appendices will greatly assist the teacher in his eluci- dations, and make tangible to the scholar the basis of geographical tnechanism. THE MAP OF THE UNITED STATES Exhibits the entire territory of the Union from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans, and also the greater portion of the British Possessions in the North, and the whole of Mexico and Central America, with j^art o. the West Indies, in the South. It has also appended to it a MAP OP THE NEW-ENGLAND STATES, on a larger scale. The physical and political geography of this interesting region is minutely detailed. The localities of the cities, and important towns, ports, and harbors are denoted by points, and the map generally has been consti'ucted on the most approved principles, under the supervision and advice ot several competent and experienced teachers. T^ie Price of these Maps is $5 each MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC. 17 UNIFORM SERIES OF TOWNSHIP MAPS. OOLTOWS NEW MAP OF MISSOURI, compiled from the United States' Surveys and other authentic sources. Scale, 15 miles to the inch. Size, 32 by 29 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50; incases, $0 75. OOLTON'S RAILROAD AND TOWNSHIP MAP OP THE STATE OF OHIO, compiled from the United States Surveys, &c. Scale, 12 miles to the inch. Size, 32 by 29 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50 ; in cases, $0 75. COLTON'S TOWNSHIP MAP OF THE STATE OF WIS- CONSIN, compiled from the United States' Surveys and other authentic sources. Scale, 15 miles to the inch. Size, 32 by 29 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50 ; in cases, $0 75. COLTON'S TOWNSHIP MAP OF THE STATE OF IOWA, compiled from the United States' Surveys and other authentic sources. Scale, 14 miles to the inch. Size, 82 by 29 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50 ; in cases, $0 75. COLTON'S RAILROAD AND TOWNSHIP MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, with parts of the adjoining States and Canadas. Scale, 15 miles to the inch. Size, 32 by 29 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50 ; in cases, $0 75. COLTON'S NEW RAILROAD AND TOWNSHIP MAP OP THE STATES OF NEW HAMPSHIRE AND VERMONT, compiled from the most recent and authentic sources. Scale, 9 miles to the inch. Size, 32 by 29 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50 ; in cases, $0 75. COLTON'S NEW RAILROAD AND TOWNSHIP MAP OP THE STATES OF MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, AND CONNECTICUT, compiled from the United States' Coast Survey and other accurate and authentic sources. Scale, 9 miles to the inch. Size, 32 by 29 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50 ; in cases, $0 75. The above series is the most accurate and detailed of any published, and in all that relates to railroads and other internal improvements, is complete to the date of publication. 16 PUBLISHED BY J. H. COL TON. Map of THl STATc OF KENTUCKY, Ca&'efulSy coBispile^I f^ossa elio nsost authentic oi*igi> £iia.l Eis»p^, docuEBScaats, n.tiH laaiseelJaiicoiis inror. Price, bound, $2.00, This elaborate work represents, in the tangible form of fisures and de- scriptions, all the great interests which make and distinguish nations. It comprises among its subjects the geography, geology, and natural resourcos of all the countries of North and South America, and full statistical details of the population, industry, and general condition of each. It is a worit •which every American needs— sufficiently detailed in all its departments for the utilitariaw,and in its style and general character not too elaborate for the college or school library. By the student it may be used as a sequel to his geographical studies, and it is perhaps surpassed by no other work- in its adaptation for the family circle, as it combines with its subjects much striking and instructive information resnecting the original inhabitants, the antiquities, and curiosities of the continents to which its descriptions specially refer. No one, indeed, who is possessed of the maps of America, ousht to be without this wqrk, which so lucidly fills up the outlines they depict. THE NATIONS OF THE WORLD; Being a general description of all nations and countiies, their geogi*aphy, resources, industryj and institutions ; together with a brief histor>- of their rise, progi-ess, and present condition. By Richard S. Fishei*, M.D., author of the " Book of the World," and other statistical woriis. (Not yet complete.) 3 vols. Svo. pp. 400, 416. Price, bound, S3.50. This IS a work of universal utility and, from its accuracy of detail, must become a standard in geographical literature. It contains a full resume of all the great interests of nations, and describes, in concise language, the distinguishing features of the families of mankind, their origin, languages, customs, religions, pursuits, and characters. The vast amount of statis- tical information it contains has been derived from the most recent and authentic sources— principally from official documents referring to the year 1850, and hence, from the uniformity of the statistical series used ia Its compilation, comparison is more easy, and the results more lucidly por- trayed. As a text-book for colleges and high schools, or as a work of refer- 3nce in public and private libraries, it is invaluable, and in many respects its superiority as a " book for the people" generally is too apparent to be mistaken. It is in fact a companion to the Map of the World. It describes w lie re the map deniarks, and malces apparent to the mind what the latter rally typifies to the eye. INDIAINA; Its geography, statistics, institutions, county topography, &c.: compiled from official and other authentic sources* By Richard S. Fisher, M. D., author of the " Book of the World," and other statistical works. With a sectional Tnap of the State. 1 vol, I'^mo. pp. I^S. Price, S3.00. 22 PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTOW. MAP OF THE SOUTHERN STATES; Viz., Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Tex- as, Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, and Kentucky : con- stracted from authentic materials. 4 sheets. Size, 64 by 43 inches. Price, mounted and colored, ^6.00. This map is engraved on steel. It is undoubtedly the best and most elaborate map of the southern section of the UnitecT States, and exhibits with accuracy all the civil and political divisions; the lines of railroads, and other works of internal improvement ; the United States surveys in the laad states, and a great mass of other information. Such a work the South has long wanted. TOWNSHIP MAP OF THE STATE OF MAINE, Exhibiting the railroads, and other internal improvcmentSt 3 sheets. Size, 43 by 37 inches. l*rice, colored in to-wns, $3; in counties, $3 50 in cases, ^1 SO* This splendid map is enund a complete description of its geography, both in relation to the States severally, and also to the Union. The general history of the rise of the colonies, their struggles in the cause of liberty, iheir transformation into independent governments, and their onward pro- greas, are also summed np, and their present relative condition and po- sition in the Union fully illustrated. The subjects more particularly noticed are the mining, agriculture, commerce, and general industry of the States, their institutions of learning and education, their religious and moral institutions, and, in fact, all the great interests which make and distinguish their social, industrial, and'political existence. Such are the various subjects treated upon ; and certainly none can be more interesting— none more useful to the inquiring citizen. Without enter- ing into minute and controverted details, which would extend his work to Jiany volumes, the author has endeavored to exhibit clearly and trttthfully the history of events, their results, and the high destiny that awaits the future of a country already distinguished among nations for it? enlightened civilization, and the successful achievement of a posi- tioa second to that of no other nation of ancient or modern times. In One Vol., Boyal 8t?o, pp. 432, with Jllustrationa. Price $2 50. 33 C O L T O N ' S GEOGRAPHIC COMEINATIOIT MAPS, DESIGNED TO INSTKUOT AND AJITTSE THE FAMILY CIRCLE AND PRIMARY SCHOOL.- " JJUle ciion diilceP The series of Maps under tlie above title, and whicli are now in course of publication, will viltimately embrace Maps of all countries, as The ITnited States S3 50 j The World S2 50 The Sc'parats States .... 2001 Foreign Oonntries 300 The design of the Publishers is to furnish an agreeable and attractive method of imparting to the young, at home and at school, a knowledge of Geography, and of blending amusement and instruction. Tiie several Maps composing this series are dissected and cut up into variform pieces ; but in such a manner that each piece, whatever may be its shape, has a correspond- ence with the other parts of the Map to which it belongs. Thus from a score or more separate and differently shaped pieces a complete Map may be constructed. The act of combining these parts exercises and amuses the mental faculties ; and the study of Geography is thus made attractive, and more knowledge of the subject is ac- quired in one hour spent in this intellectual amusement than a month of hard book- study could insure. Every family and district school should have at least one copy of the series ; and simply for the reason that Geogra- phy can not be so effectually taught by any other means ; and many an hour which a child would otherwise wear away in idleness may be saved to its advantage by placing these amusing instructors within its reach. Each ]Map is packed in a handsome book-form case, and will form a valuable addition to the family or school library. 34 PRESTON'S QUARTO TABLES OF IMTEEEST, j AT FIVE , SIX, AND SEVEN P EE CENT 'J ^980 \i 'J $1176 1 g. if 8840 JS .1 .16 3 30 4.90 59 9.63 6 88 14.87 ^ Z2 .b2 6 •^;31 5.06 3 -160 9.80 ^,89 14.53 3 I r3 .49 5.32 5.22 6 5 61 9 96 3 fi 90 14.70 4 .65 3 33 5.39 62 10.12 6 91 14.86 3 5 .81 6 34 5.55 3 68 10.29 92 15.02 6 6 .98 U 35 5.71 6 64 10 45 3 93 15.19 T 1.14 3 36 5.S8 65 10.61 6 94 1 5.-35 3 8 1.80 6 37 6.04 3 66 10.78 95 15.51 6 9 1.47 U 88 6.20 6 67 1094 3 96 15.6S 10 1.63 3 89 6 37 68 11.10 6 97 15.84 3 11 1.79 6 40 6.53 3 69 11.27 93 16.00 6 12 1.96 41 6.69 6 70 11.43 3 99 16.17 13 2.12 3 42 G.^Q 71 11.59 (5 100 16.33 3 14 2 28 6 43 7.02 3 72 11.76 110 17.96 7 15 2.45 44 7.18 6 78 11.92 3 120 19.60 16 2.61 3 45 7.35 74 12.08 6 130 21.23 8 IT 2.77 6 46 7.51 3 75 12.25 140 22.S6 7 18 2.94 47 7.67 6 76 12.41 3 150 24.50 19 3.10 3 48 7.81 77 12.57 6 160 26.13 ^ 20 3.26 6 49 8.00 8 78 12.74 170 27.76 7 21 3.43 50 8.16 6 79 12.90 3 180 29.40 22 8.59 3 1 ^^ 8.33 SO IS. 06 g 190 31.03 3 28 8.75 6 1 53 8.49 3 81 13.28 200 82.66 7 24 3 92 i 53 S.65 6 82 18.39 3 300 49.00 25 J. '8 3 1 54 8 82 U S3 13 55 6 400 65.38 3 26 4.'2 I 6 ! 55 8.93 3 84 13.72 500 81-.66 7 27 4.41 66 9.14 6 85 13.88 8 600 98.00 2S 4.57 ;.{ 57 9.31 R6 14 04 6 700 114.38 3 29 4.73 ^1^ 58 9.4T 3 87 1421 800 130.66 _ 7_ _g' 1 4.90 (j - 5 24.50 ■^ 9 44.10 »=-12 58.80 ^ 2 9.8) '- 6 29.40 ^10 49.00 ■^24 117.60 g 3 14.70 .3 7 84.30 311 53.90 ^36 176.40 " 4 19.60 " 8 39.20 Ys. Ms. Ds. Mixed 2 . 8 . 20 Time. 35 Tn!8 comprehensive work, now in the course of preparation, will be published in 1855. In comparing its capacity with other wo'fks of a like character, we choose to select one which is the most extensively known ; one whi'h, from the simplicity of its arrangement, and which, for the fullness of extent, can not, but by some originality of thought and a nevcr-tiring industry, be surpassed. Eowlett shows the interest on each principal only from one day to sixty-four. Preston's new work, as seen in the example herewith exhibited, shows the interest on each principal from one day tu one hundred days inclusive ; and hence, as contained in our specinien page opposite, we find the interest; at 6 per cent, on $9S0 for, say. 95 days to be $15.51-6. Then, by inserting the mills, Preston exhibits a tenfold capacity, Avhich Eowlett doers not. Thus the interest from Preston on $980 for 25 days is shown to be $4.08-3 ; and on the same sum for 250 days, the interest is shown in this new work to be $40.83. Then, again, in this new work, the inter- est on $9800 for 25 days is shown, in the same identical spot, to bo $40.83. Eowlett can not be used in this variety of form. To obtain the interest from Eowlett ou any given sum, large or small, for any given number of days above G4, we must add two sums together, while this new work contemplates a relief from this embarrassment. In the next place, this new Avork shows interest at three different rates, five, SIX. and seven per cent. But what gives to it an incomparable supe^ riority is, its alternate arrangement, whereby we are enabled to ob- tain the interest on any sum, 'arge or small, for any given term of time, simple or mixed, without being required in any one case to refer to more than one single column. Suppose, for example, that we want the in- terest at 6 per cent, on $777.77 for 2 years, 8 months, and 20 days, as stated at the extreme bottom of the page. Now, we regard the dai/s as representing dollars. The 700 days represent 700 dollars or 7000 dollars ; the 77 days represent 77 dollars, and also the 77 cents. The in- terest, then, for 2 years, 8 months, and 20 davs on $7000 is $1143.33; on $700 it is, in the same spot, $114.33-3 ; on $77 it is $12.57-6 : and on 77 cents it is, in the same spot, 1''. cents and 5 mills, etc. ; total, $1270.36-4. To obtain the interest from Eowlett on said sum for said term of time, requires us to refer to two different pages wicZeZ?/ apart, and then to se^ lect three amounts from each one of those pages ; to add them together, and finally to hunt up an illy aevised cent table at the close of the book, where, if we have time, patience, and ingenuity enough, we shall find the interest on the 77 cents. And this niay also be said of most of all the interest tables that have been heretofore published. The entire work will, when completed, probably contain about 275 pages, embracing more than One Thousand Millions of principals, no two of which shall be alike, nor will there, in all this vast comprehen- sion, be any occasion, in any one case, to refer to more than one single column, like unto the one herewith presented. The work will contain a very convenient Time Table, embracing 222,000 combinations of dates. It will also contain one of the best tables for expediting the tedi- ous process of Averaging Amounts that have ever been devised. And, finally, a series of Exchange Tables will complete the volume. The paper, printing, and binding will be of the best quality. The specimen of table-work on opposite page represents but one-sixth of the quarto page, that is, one column. Price, $d. f ^ X 36 INDEX TO CATALOGUE. Alabama Page 19 Africa (2 sizes) 4 America, Central 6, 10 America, North 2 America, North and South . . . ; 2 American Atlas 27 American School Geoojraphy.. 29 America, South (2 sizes) 8 American Staiislical Annual .; 25 American States (Stat. Ace. of) 21 Aricansas 6, 19 Asia (2 sizes) .' 8, 4 Atlas, Amerif-an ■.-. 27 Atlas of the World 27 Book of the W'.rlJ 14 I5ritisli Provinces 4, 6 Brooklyn 7, 8 Calif<.ruia 18, 19 Canada, East 19 Canada, West 19 Central America 6, 10, 19 Chronology (Haskell's) . . ^ 14 Coiinecticut 7, IS, 17, 19 Delaware 19 i'^gypt) ^tc 11 Europe (2 sizes) 3 Euronean Battle Fields 18 Florida ." 19 Geography,Tnterinediate(book) 31 Geographic Combination Maps 33 Geography. Physical (book). .. 30 Geographv&llisiory (Goodrich) 26 Georgia.. '. 18, 19 Human Life 11 Illinois 8,19 Indiana (3 sizes) 8, 9 Indiana (book) 1 21 Indiana 19 Iowa 1T,19 Kentucky 9, 13, 19 Lake Superior 19 Long Island (2 sizes) T Loufsiana 19 Maine ; 19,22 Maryland 19 Massachusetts t, 13, 17, 19 Mexico 4, 6,19 Michigan * 9 Michigan, North 19 Michigan, South 19 Minnesota 14, 19 Mississippi , 19 Mis-souri 17,19 Mountains and Rlyers. 10 National Fl.-igs Page 10 Nebraska and Kansas 13 New Erunsw ick 19, 20 New England 7, 13 New England Gnidc-Book 22 New Ensiand and New York. 7 Newfoundland 19, 23 New HarHpshire 7, 13, 17, 19 New -Jersey 19 New Mexico and Utah 19 New Testament Map 12 New York (State). ... 6, 13, 17, 19 New York (statistical) 23 New York (city) 7, 8, 10, 15 New York (33 miles around). . 7 New York (12 miles around).. 20 North America . . 2 North Carolina. 19 Nova Scotia. 19, 20 Ohio 17,19 Oregon and Washington 19 Ovel-land Guide (Horn) 23 Palestine (2 sizes) 11 Pennsylvania 19 Presidenis. Portraits of 10 Proeress of the United States. 81 Pvhode Island 7, 13, 17, 19 Souih America (2 sizes) 3 South Carolina... 15,19 Southern Slates 22 Stream of Time (Strauss) 10 Tennessee 9, 19 Texas 19,23 United States, etc. (2 sizes). . . 4, 6 United States and Canada .... 5 United States (case) 22 United Stales (outline) 16 United States (Gazetteer) 24 United States' Guide^Book. ... 12 United States (Progress of) ... 31 United States' Poute-Book. ... 12 Utah 19 Vermont 7, 13, 17, 19 Virginia 19 West Indies 3, 4, 19 Western Portraiture 20 Western States 9, 19 Western Tourist » 14 Wisconsin 17, 19 World (3 sizes) 1, 2 World (missionary) 2 World (outline) 16 World, Book of the 14 World, Chronology of 14 03^