fji&3 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2011 with funding from 
 The Library of Congress 
 
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F 2223 
 
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 Copy 1 
 
 The University of the State of New York 
 The State Department of Education 
 
 Visual Instruction Division 
 
 tfVrvW^-* 8 
 
 SLIDES AND PHOTOGRAPHS 
 
 List 28 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA 
 
 ->/ 
 
 ? 
 
 NO. OF 
 TITLES 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 Introductory note 
 
 Bibliography 
 
 Maps ! 3 
 
 Argentina: Maps, Buenos Aires, Upper Parana river, pampas, 
 
 Indians, ranching, wool industry, Trans- Andine railroad 50 
 
 Bolivia: Mt Illimani, Lake Titicaca, La Paz, some Bolivian 
 
 natives ^ 
 
 Brazil: Map, Rio de Janeiro, Bahia and suburbs, Para, Santos 
 
 and vicinity, Sao Paulo, other Brazilian views 25 
 
 British Guiana: Carib Indians 2 
 
 Chile: Map; Central section — Coquimbo, Valparaiso, Santiago 
 
 and vicinity, Trans-Andine railroad; Southern section ; Northern 
 
 section; Juan Fernandez island ; 30 
 
 Dutch Guiana 3 
 
 Ecuador 5 
 
 Peru: Andahuaylas, Arequipa, Lima, Matucana, Morococha, 
 
 Palpa, Pucara, Salaverry, Trujillo, Oroya railroad, Guano 
 
 islands, Inca remains 34 
 
 Uruguay " "3 
 
 Venezuela 20 
 
 Animal life peculiar to South America .. . . "2 
 
 Natural scenery: mountains, plains, waterfalls 41 
 
 History 24 
 
 People, manners and customs 47 
 
 Immigration ]] c 
 
 Transportation facilities 52 
 
 Industries and products 32 
 
 Total, less duplicates 192 
 
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 V6or-Api8-30oo (7-15561) 
 

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 o. of D e 
 JUL 23 |g?8 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 South America is so vast a territory that the many interesting 
 and important features of the several countries and their people 
 can not be all fully represented by only 192 pictures; yet, an exami- 
 nation of the titles and headings of this list will show that this 
 collection is at least a splendid introduction to the study of the 
 continent. 
 
 South America is relatively simple in its main physical features — 
 the Andes mountains, its three great river systems, and its vast 
 plains. These are well represented. The Andean highlands are 
 rich in mineral resources, while most of the extensive areas drained 
 by the Plata, the Amazon and the Orinoco have soil and climate 
 that adapt them to supply the world with immense stores of food. 
 These facts can be well brought out by the pictures here offered. 
 Many regions are still occupied largely by descendants of the native 
 Indian races that have made little progress in civilization, but there 
 are also great cities throbbing with energy and commercial activity. 
 Both elements of the population have a place in this collection. 
 
 The Latin races predominate in South America, but England 
 and the nations of northern Europe see their opportunities there 
 and are not slow to take advantage of them. Recent years have 
 seen the awakening of a marked interest in Latin America on the 
 part of the people of the United States and the capital of this country 
 is rapidly being invested there. The opening of the Panama canal 
 has brought the rich western side of the continent appreciably 
 nearer to us and is bound to increase our trade and intercourse 
 with the enterprising people of the Pacific coast. 
 
 It is not strange, therefore, that many organizations as well as 
 our schools are inquiring with great frequency for slides on South 
 America. It is to meet this demand in a measure at least that 
 the announcement of this list is made now rather than delayed 
 for the sake of completeness. 
 
 Doubtless an intensive study of these pictures through close 
 observation and a proper amount of reading can hardly fail to give 
 the student a clearer comprehension of conditions in South American 
 countries than a hasty and superficial examination of a much larger 
 number. 
 
 A number of the pictures were made several years ago, but these 
 for the most part represent physical features that are practically 
 free from changes or types of life that are fairly stable. Many of 
 them were made recently by travelers and business men who have 
 been attracted to this comparatively unknown part of the world. 
 
4 
 
 Our borrowers are specially indebted to the following persons through 
 whose favor we have secured many of the pictures: Mr J. Louis 
 Schaeffer, of W. R. Grace & Company, New York, who have large 
 commercial interests in Chile and other parts of the continent; 
 Mr Charles W. Furlong, Boston, traveler, lecturer and writer; 
 and Mr Harry A. Franck, New York, who has also traveled 
 extensively in South America and has made numerous contributions 
 to periodical literature. 
 
 A. W. Abrams 
 Chief, Visual Instruction Division 
 
 Albany, N.Y., April 12, iqi8 
 
 Bibliography 
 
 Books 
 General 
 
 Bingham, Hiram. Across South America. Houghton Mifflin Company. 191 1 
 
 Bowman, Isaiah. South America. Rand McNally & Company. 1915 
 (Lands and Peoples series) 
 
 Bryce, James. South America. The Macmillan Company. 19 13 
 
 Carpenter, Frank G. South America. American Book Company (Carpenter's 
 Geographical Reader) 
 
 Peck, Annie S. The South American Tour. George H. Doran Company. 1913 
 
 Ross, Edward Alsworth. South of Panama. The Century Company. 191 5 
 
 Zahm, J. A. (H. J. Mozans pseud.). Along the Andes and down the Amazon. 
 D. Appleton and Company. 191 1 (Following the Conquistadores) 
 
 Special 
 
 Hammerton, J. A. The Real Argentine. Dodd, Mead and Company. 191 5 
 
 Hirst, W. A. Argentina. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1910 
 
 Koebel, "W. H. Modern Argentina. Francis Griffiths. 1907 
 
 Conway, Sir Martin. The Bolivian Andes. Harper & Brothers. 1901 
 
 Denis, Pierre. Brazil. Charles Scribner's Sons. 191 1 
 
 Maitland, Francis J. G. Chile: Its Land and People. Francis Griffiths. 1914 
 
 Martin, Percy F. Peru of the 20th Century. Edward Arnold. 191 1 
 
 Dalton, Leonard V. Venezuela. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1912 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 The Century, July 1916, p. 321-35. A Lost City of the Andes [Machu Picchu], 
 by Harry A. Franck 
 
 The Geographical Review, January 1917, p. 1-15. Tribes of Tierra del Fuego, 
 
 by Charles Wellington Furlong 
 
 March 1917, p. 169-87. Tribal Distribution and Settlements of the 
 
 Fuegians, by Charles Wellington Furlong 
 
 Harper's Magazine, January 1910, p. 217-29. The Vanishing People of the 
 Land of Fire, by Charles Wellington Furlong 
 
Harper's Magazine, April 1913, p. 709-19. The Discovery of Machu Picchu, 
 by Hiram Bingham 
 
 May 1914, p. 813-25. Across the Venezuelan Llanos, by Charles 
 
 Wellington Furlong 
 
 National Geographic Magazine, April 1913, p. 387-573. In the Wonderland of 
 Peru, by Hiram Bingham 
 
 The Outlook, February 7, 1914, p. 304-7. In Southern Brazil. I In the Ranch 
 Country of Parana; II Among the Backwoods Settlers of Brazil, by Theodore 
 Roosevelt 
 
 The Outing Magazine, April 191 1, p. 3-17. Cruising with the Yahgans, by 
 Charles Wellington Furlong 
 
 October 191 1, p. 3-22. The Toll of the Straits, by Charles Wellington 
 
 Furlong 
 
 Scribner's Magazine, April 1913, p. 421-38. Down the West Coast to Lima, 
 by Ernest Peixotto 
 
 July 1913, p. 75-87. Across Titicaca, with a Glimpse of Bolivia, by 
 
 Ernest Peixotto 
 
 The World's Work, October 1910, p. 13535-54. South America's First Trans- 
 continental, by Charles Wellington Furlong 
 
 The Bulletin of the Pan- American Union, published monthly in Washington, 
 contains interesting, timely and valuable items of information on South 
 America 
 
 LIST OF SLIDES AND PHOTOGRAPHS 
 
 Maps 
 
 The following maps should be used in connection with the study 
 of all topics suggested by the pictures where place has any significance. 
 Do not expect pupils to memorize verbal statements of locations, 
 distances and areas; but aid them to visualize the continent by 
 frequent reference to the maps. 
 
 Call no. 
 
 Ez 3 Map of the World (on Mercator projection) Showing Important 
 
 Trade Routes Shortened by the Panama Canal. From Harmodio 
 
 Arias's The Panama Canal. (1913) 
 King and Son, publishers 
 
 Note especially how direct the route is between the United States 
 and the west coast of South America. Find from the map one reason 
 why the United States has strong competition from Europe in the 
 trade with the South American states on the Atlantic. Learn of 
 other reasons. 
 
 F 1 Map of South America Showing Relative Size of Brazil and the 
 
 United States. From Albert Hale's The South Americans. (1917) 
 
 By arrangement with The Bobbs-Merrill Company, publishers 
 
 F 2 Physical Map of South America. From A. E. Frye's Leading Facts 
 
 of Geography. (19 17) 
 By permission of Ginn and Company, publishers 
 
Call no. 
 
 F3 Map Indicating Annual Rainfall and Winds in South America. 
 
 From Brigham and McFarlane's Essentials of Geography. (1917) 
 
 Copyright, 1916, by Brigham and McParlane 
 By arrangement with American Book Company, publishers 
 
 F 4 Political Map of South America. From Frank G. Carpenter's 
 
 Geographical Reader-South America. (1917) 
 Copyright by Frank G. Carpenter, American Book Company, publishers 
 
 F 45 Map of Southern Part of South America — - Argentina, Chile and 
 
 Uruguay. Based on map in Annie S. Peck's The South American 
 Tour. (1917) 
 
 George H. Doran Company, publishers 
 
 F 5 Map of Southern Extremity of South America, Magellan's Route. 
 
 Prepared by the Visual Instruction Division. (191 1) 
 
 F 7 Map of Portion of La Plata Drainage Area. From Brigham and 
 
 McFarlane's Essentials of Geography. (1916) 
 
 Copyright, 1916, by Brigham and McParlane 
 By arrangement with American Book Company, publishers 
 
 Argentina 
 
 See maps F 45 and F 5 above. 
 
 Buenos Aires (bo nus a riz) 
 
 Buenos Aires is the second largest Latin city in the world. What 
 is the largest one? The present capital of Argentina was effectively 
 founded in 1580. Compare this date with the date of early settle- 
 ments in North America. By the time the Pilgrims settled at 
 Plymouth, Buenos Aires had a population of 3000. 
 
 Since 1875 the population has increased from 220,000 to 1,229,000. 
 Only three cities of the United States are as large. Name them. 
 The streets and buildings of the city remained quite unworthy 
 a municipality of this size until the time of President Celman, 40 
 years ago, when during a period of financial boom and inflated 
 currency great strides were made in demolishing old structures, 
 modifying streets and erecting public buildings. 
 
 The latitude of Buenos Aires is 34 39' S. What seaport of the 
 United States has north latitude of about the same number of 
 degrees? 
 
 For map of Buenos Aires and vicinity, see F 7 above. 
 
 Fa BH. . . .The Government House (Palace). (19 15) 
 
 In the Plaza de Mayo, completed in 1894, 400 by 250 feet, an 
 imposing building. It is the official residence of the president 
 and contains many government offices, libraries etc. The front 
 of the building is the side to the left, which faces the gardens of 
 the Paseo Colon. 
 
 Fa BG The Capitol (Palais du Congres) (19 15) 
 
 Greco-Roman style. Compare with the Capitol at Washington, 
 especially as to the dome. Which is the better architecture? 
 Explain. 
 
Call no. 
 
 Fa BC .... Plaza del Congreso Looking toward Avenida de Mayo, from the 
 Fountain. (19 15) 
 There are several other large plazas in the city. 
 
 Fa BE4. . .Statue of General Mariano Moreno in Plaza del Congreso. (1915) 
 Moreno was one of the leaders in the revolution of 18 10. 
 
 Fa BG6. . .The Custom House (Aduana). (1915) 
 
 Bring out the fact that a custom house is the institution of a 
 country through which goods are entered from or cleared for a 
 foreign country. Argentina exports, chiefly through Buenos Aires, 
 wool, frozen meat, hides, tallow, wheat, linseed; it imports manu- 
 factured goods, chiefly textiles, iron goods and coal. 
 
 Fa BB. . . .La Plata River Boats at Dock; Loading Crane. (19 15) 
 
 Consider La Plata river and its tributaries as arteries of com- 
 merce into the heart of the continent. See pictures and notes on 
 the Upper Parana. 
 
 Fa BS. . . .Retiro Station of the Central Railway, Frontage 850 Feet; Cabs. 
 (1915) 
 This is a grand new station and compares favorably with the 
 best in the United States and Europe. Examine map F 45, p. 6, 
 and note the network of railroads about Buenos Aires. 
 
 Fa BR. . . .The Railroad Clearing House Building. (19 15) 
 
 Fa BP. . . .The Plaza Hotel. Corner of Florida and Charcas streets. (19 15) 
 
 This is the hotel generally patronized by Americans. The more 
 impressive front is not shown in the picture. Opinions differ con- 
 cerning the hotels of this city. Generally the rooms seem to be 
 small with an absence of minor comforts. The cuisine is reported 
 good. Accommodations are as a rule better than in Chile and 
 Brazil. Prices are very high. 
 
 Fa BC3 . . . Paseo de Julio. (1915) 
 
 Described in the language of an Irishman as "no more than half 
 a strate, as it has only one side to it." This side is said to be a bad 
 side, its arcades being the haunt of " all things perverse, abominable." 
 See Hammerton, p. 68. 
 
 Fa BD . . . .Avenue of Royal Palms and Sheet of Water. Palermo park. (19 15) 
 Palermo park is one of the finest in the world, rivaling the Bois 
 de Boulogne in Paris. It contains nearly 1000 acres. Here every 
 evening for two or three hours there is a gorgeous procession of 
 the equipages of the wealthy and fashionable residents. 
 
 Fa BDi . . .Vista through the Avenue of Royal Palms. Palermo park. (1915) 
 
 Fa BD2 . . .Avenue of Eucalyptus Trees. Palermo park. (191 5) 
 
 Compare the eucalyptus trees of Australia. Mention a prominent 
 characteristic of these trees. 
 
Call, no 
 
 FaBD3...View in Palermo Park; Lake, Bridge Surmounted by a Pavilion. 
 (1915) 
 
 Fa BE5. . .National Monument, by Arturo Dresco. Palermo park. (1915) 
 
 This monument was given by Spanish residents on the centenary 
 of the revolution of 18 10 as an expression of their loyalty and esteem 
 for Argentina. Completed 191 5. Other nationalities have also 
 erected monuments to commemorate the liberation of the country 
 from Spanish rule. 
 
 Fa BD8. . .Two Diverging Streets in the Recoleta Cemetery. (1915) 
 
 " The Recoleta is a strange cemetery, bizarre, ghoulish, tawdry. 
 To own a tomb in Recoleta is one of the necessities if a family wants 
 to be in the swim." The tombs are elaborate and sometimes of 
 beautiful design, but more often ornate; built occasionally of Italian 
 marble, but generally of stucco. They are arranged in streets. 
 The doors of the tombs are left open and one can step inside and 
 see the coffins on shelves. On All Saints Day the family gather in 
 the tomb for tea. After a time, unless a large sum is paid for the 
 use of a tomb, the coffins must be removed to make way for others. 
 
 Fa BD9. . .Tombs of the Recoleta Cemetery. (1915) 
 
 Fa BX. . . .Emigrants from Northern Europe, Just Arrived. (January 1910) 
 
 Emigrants are taken to an emigrant hotel and through the 
 Argentine government assisted to jobs best adapted to them and 
 also distributed about the country where they are most needed. 
 Many people from Europe go to Argentina to improve their con- 
 dition very much as they do to the United States. A large part 
 of them are farmers. 
 
 The Upper Parana River 
 
 The Parana is said to be one of the most magnificent rivers in 
 the world. At an early time the Spaniards used it as a route into 
 the interior of the continent and maintained a flourishing colony at 
 Asuncion before a firm foothold was gained at Buenos Aires. The 
 territory adjoining it has marked natural advantages and promises 
 to be one of the most prosperous parts of Argentina. The total 
 length of the river is reckoned to be from 2100 to 2800 miles. At 
 Rosario its width is 20 miles. Vessels drawing 24 feet can navigate 
 the river there. 
 
 From Corrientes, where the Paraguay joins the Parana, the 
 latter river is known as the Alto, or Upper, Parana. See F 7, p. 6, 
 and other maps. 
 
 Fa PoA. . .View of Posadas, the Capital of the Province of Misiones, from the 
 Alto Parana River; Boats at and near the Dock. (19 15) 
 
 Misiones is the comparatively narrow territory lying between 
 Brazil and Paraguay. This view is 1000 miles from Buenos Aires. 
 Study map. 
 
9 
 
 Call no. 
 
 Fa PoB. . .Landing Place: Rude Buildings, Conveyances, Rowboats, Boxes of 
 Oranges, Railroad Rails. Posadas. (191 5) 
 
 At Posadas 8000 to 10,000 hands are needed to handle the yerba 
 and lumber trade of the Alto Parana. From 1902 to 191 1, 9000 
 Russians and Poles settled near Posadas. Many Finns also are 
 being brought into the country. Note that the surplus population 
 of Europe is emigrating to South America as well as to North America. 
 
 A railroad from Buenos Aires passes through Posadas and extends 
 to Asuncion. La Plata and the Upper Parana rivers are crossed 
 by boats. 
 
 Study the section of the Upper Parana with reference to its 
 resources and promise of future development. 
 
 Fa PoB4...View across the Alto Parana to Paraguay; River Boats. Posadas. 
 (1915) 
 Note the width of the river at this distance from its mouth, and 
 also the levelness of the country beyond. 
 
 Fa PoY ... Piles of Oranges on the Ground. Posadas. (1915) 
 
 Oranges are so plentiful and cheap here that they are fed to hogs. 
 A large basketful sells for about 10 cents. They are of good quality. 
 Why are they so cheap here? Bring out fact of sparseness of 
 population, lack of transportation facilities and distance from markets. 
 
 Fa Pc2. . . .Scene on the Alto Parana River: Small Steamer along Shore, Small 
 Group of Travelers on Shore. (19 15) 
 
 Comparatively few tourists visit this region yet. Why? 
 
 Fh Nc2... .Nakunday Falls in the Nakunday River, a Tributary of the Alto 
 Parana from the Paraguay Side. (1915) 
 
 The Nakunday falls into the Parana about 100 miles below Port 
 Aguirre. 
 
 Fh Pc2 .... Row Boats on the Alto Parana Coming Out to Meet a Weekly 
 
 Steamer; Settlement of a Few Houses on Shore. Paraguay. 
 
 (1915) 
 
 This German settlement is about 100 miles south of Port Aguirre, 
 
 which is at the junction of the Iguazu with the Upper Parana. 
 
 Many Germans have settled here and in the adjoining territory 
 
 of Brazil. Find out what you can about the trade of Germany 
 
 with Argentina and other parts of South America. 
 
 Fa Pn2....View from Hotel down the Iguazu River; View Position in Argen- 
 tina; to Right, across the River, Brazil; in the Distance, the Parana 
 River and Paraguay ; Cattle in Foreground. Port Aguirre. (19 15) 
 
 Fa Igi . . . .Hotel (larger building) and Dormitory. Iguazu falls. (1915) 
 
 The dormitory is reported to be comfortable, but the food at the 
 hotel altogether unsatisfactory. There are no interpreters for 
 English at the falls. The Iguazu falls are as yet little visited. The 
 traveler can go by boat from Posadas to Port Aguirre, 180 miles. 
 The trip from there to the falls must be made by an eight-mule 
 coach through jungle. 
 
10 
 
 Call no. 
 
 Fa Ig Map of Iguazu. From Bulletin of the Pan-American Union Sep- 
 tember 1914. (1917) 
 
 Fa Ig2. . . .Iguazu Falls, Central Aspect, in Iguazu River, Seen from the South 
 Side. (1915) 
 
 Not much has yet been done to make the falls easily accessible. 
 The journey to and from Buenos Aires takes about two weeks. 
 
 Comparison of these falls with Niagara is unsatisfactory as the 
 two are so unlike and exact measurements of Iguazu have not been 
 made. The Iguazu falls are wonderfully and picturesquely broken 
 by densely wooded islands and rocky islets. There are two main 
 falls, this one on the Brazil side of the river, the other on the 
 Argentine side. These two main falls are diversified by numerous 
 beautiful cascades flanked by wooded islets and falling into deep 
 gorges. All parts of the falls have double leaps of about equal 
 height. The river can not be crossed safely at the falls. To view 
 the falls from the other shore it is necessary to return to Port Aguirre. 
 Iguazu falls has greater variety of aspect than Niagara, but the 
 latter has a better presentment. The height of Niagara is 160 feet. 
 Iguazu is variously estimated at 120 to 200. The width of the 
 river at the falls is about half a mile. 
 
 Fa Ig3 . . . .West Side Branches of Iguazu Falls, Rainbow from the Mist, View 
 from below the Falls. (1915) 
 
 Fa Ig4 .... Iguazu Falls, West Side Cascade. (19 15) 
 Same as right one shown in Fa Ig3- 
 
 Fa Ig6 .... View up the Gorge of the Iguazu River below the Iguazu Falls. 
 (1915) 
 The river at this point flows about west between Brazil and 
 Argentina. Brazil is on the left in the picture. Note the heavy 
 growth of vegetation along the banks. The gorge is here about 400 
 feet wide. It resembles the gorge of Niagara. The rock formation 
 is basalt like that at Victoria. 
 
 Pampas 
 Fa Pa2. . . .Where the Pampas Meet the Foothills of the Andes. Near Mendoza 
 The Andes are young mountains and at many places have not 
 yet been built up about the base by weatherings and washings. 
 
 Fa Pa7 .... Supplies Being Hauled across the Pampas by Five Yoke of Oxen. 
 Near Gallegos, Patagonia. (February 1908) 
 
 Most of the territory included in Argentina was once the bottom 
 of a great arm of the ocean. 
 See also Fa Y17 p. 11 
 
 Indians 
 
 Fa X3 An Ona Archer, His Wife, Child and Hut. Tierra del Fuego. 
 
 (About 1895) 
 
 The Ona Indians are fierce savages of gigantic size. Their bodies 
 are scantily covered with loose guanaco skins wrapped about them. 
 
11 
 
 Their chief weapon is the bow and arrow. They make raids on 
 sheep ranches for food. They do not have fixed homes. Observe 
 their rude habitations. 
 
 Call no. 
 
 Fa X4 An Ona Woman beside Her Home of Brush Loosely Constructed. 
 
 Tierra del Fuego. (About 1895) 
 
 Fa X45 Ona Indians Marching, Carrying Bows and Quivers; Typical Boggy 
 
 Meadow Lands, Wooded Hills in Distance. Eastern Tierra del 
 Fuego. (December 1907) 
 
 Fa X7 Yahgan Canoe (dugout) of Present Model, at Landing Place of a 
 
 Ranch, Yahgan Girls in Stern, Navarin Island in Background. 
 Beagle channel, near Ushuwaia, Tierra del Fuego. (December 
 1907) 
 The Yahgans are a canoe tribe living in the channelways of the 
 
 southern part of Tierra del Fuego. They probably number now 
 
 not more than 100. Girls learn to paddle canoes very young and 
 
 women do most of the paddling. 
 
 Ranching 
 
 Fa Y15 Barn and Windmill on the Large Estancia (estate) of Sefior Cobo. 
 
 Near Buenos Aires. (January 1910) 
 
 Brick is used for buildings on some of the big estates in the vicinity 
 of Buenos Aires, but away from centers of civilization, corrugated 
 iron is largely used. There were 70 windmills on this estate, made 
 in the United States. Contrary to practice in the United States, 
 the land is held in very large estates, some of more than 100,000 
 acres. Are these large estates an advantage to the development of 
 the country? 
 
 Fa Y16. .. .Viewing Prize Bulls on the Large Estancia of Sefior Cobo. Near 
 Buenos Aires. (January 1910) 
 
 Much attention is given to stock breeding. 
 
 Fa Y17 Beef Cattle on Typical Pampas Plain. Sefior Cobo's estancia near 
 
 Buenos Aires. (January 1910) 
 
 Fa Y19 Breaking Horses on a Lone Ranch, Bare Rocky Hill in Background. 
 
 West of Ushuwaia, Tierra del Fuego. (December 1907) 
 
 This is one of two lone ranches along Beagle channel at the foot 
 of the mountains. Ranching is not largely carried on in this southern 
 section of Tierra del Fuego. In this case the two sons of a missionary 
 have developed the land about their home and raise some sheep, 
 mostly under the care of Indians. 
 
 Wool Industry 
 
 Fa Y2 Drawing Wool. (19 15) 
 
 Argentina, like other leading wool-producing countries, has an 
 abundance of grazing land and a climate that makes winter feeding 
 and housing unnecessary. This country ranks next to Australia in 
 wool production. Most of the wool goes to Europe. Sheep raising 
 
12 
 
 is carried on most extensively on the western pampas and in Pata- 
 gonia. For a fuller study of the wool industry, use the slides of 
 List 36 on Australia. 
 
 Call no. 
 
 Fa Y3 . . . . Loading Lighter with Bales of Wool. Near Gallegos, Gallegos river, 
 Patagonia. (February 1908) 
 
 These bales, weighing about 400 pounds each, are brought from 
 the sheep ranches near the Gallegos river and form part of the great 
 wool exports of Argentina. 
 
 Trans- Andine Railroad 
 The Trans-Andine railroad was opened in 19 10. It shortens the 
 route between Buenos Aires and Valparaiso by 880 miles. 
 
 Fa Am2 . . . Crenellated Rocky Mountain Peak in the Andes along the Trans- 
 Andine Railroad 
 
 Fa Am5 . . .Railroad Train at Station, About 55 11 Feet Elevation. Uspallata, 
 about halfway between Mendoza and the top of the divide. 
 (January 191 o) 
 
 Note the absence of vegetation, due chiefly to the fact that the 
 mountains are yet very young. 
 
 Fa Am3 . . . Beginning of Cog Road. A few miles below Las Vacas. (January 
 1910) 
 
 The cog road is used where the grade is over 2\ per cent, the 
 steepest grade being 8 per cent. It safeguards and expedites the 
 running of the trains. 
 
 Fa Am7 ... Attractive Railroad Station, 7709 Feet Elevation. Las Vacas. 
 (January 1910) 
 
 See also views of the railroad in Chile, Fd Am 6 and Fd Am 8, p. 17 . 
 
 Bolivia 
 
 Mt Illimani 
 
 Fb II Mt Illimani (el-ye-ma-ne) from Juan de Dios Bridge. Near La Paz. 
 
 (About 1895) 
 
 Forty miles southeast of La Paz, height 21,150, one of the principal 
 mountains of the Bolivian Andes. 
 
 Fb H2 Mt Illimani Seen through Yungas Pass. Near La Paz. (About 
 
 1895) 
 Compare this pass with the entrance to the Garden of the Gods in 
 Colorado. 
 
 Lake Titicaca 
 
 Fb Ti2. . . .Lake Titicaca, Southern End, View East; Thatched Houses, Mules 
 and Cattle in Foreground, Mountains in Distance. (About 1895) 
 
 The highest lake in the world (12,875 feet), except some much 
 smaller lakes in Tibet and Pamirs, and about half as large as Lake 
 Ontario. Its source is in the snow water of nine rivers that flow 
 into it from the surrounding mountains. It has no visible outlet. 
 Study the structure of the houses. Thatch of grass from the lake 
 is used for roofs, for there are no trees here. 
 
13 
 
 Call no. 
 
 Fb Ti6 . . . . Huts and Balsas; Flag Marking Boundary between Bolivia and 
 Peru. Desaguadero. (About 1895) 
 
 Balsas are boats of a form in common use on Lake Titicaca and 
 the Desaguadero river. Observe them. Compare caballitos, which 
 are also made of reeds, Fi SXS p. 21. 
 
 La Paz 
 Fb LA. . . .Panorama of the City with Mountains in Background. (About 
 1895) 
 The city lies in a great pit 1000 feet below the level of the Bolivian 
 plateau. Of what are the houses constructed? Population 60,000. 
 No street cars. Freight carried by mules, llamas and Indians. 
 
 Fb LX. . .'.Two Indian Women, One with Child on Back, in Street Market. 
 (About 1895) 
 
 Fb LC . . . . Long, Narrow Street Filled with Natives, on Sunday Morning. 
 (1897) 
 Street markets are common in the city. The natives carry their 
 wares in blankets or baskets and often squat upon the grounds in 
 displaying them. 
 
 Fb LX2 . . . Native Market on Feast Day. (About 1895) 
 
 These Indians have come in with their produce from the fertile 
 plain near the city. 
 
 Fb LX3 . . . Four Native Boys in Ponchos. (1897) 
 
 Describe a poncho. See ponchos of Mexico. From a study of 
 this group get as clear and definite an idea as possible of the dress 
 and customs of the people represented. 
 
 Fb LX5 . . .Street Scene; Men and Boys, Pump, Water Carrier Wearing Striped 
 Poncho. (About 1895) 
 
 How are the buildings constructed? 
 
 Fb LY. . . .Several Llamas in Street. (About 1895) 
 
 What useful purposes does the llama serve? Learn how it is 
 specially adapted for these purposes. The llama will carry about 
 100 pounds but if his burden is heavier than that he will lie down 
 and refuse to move. 
 
 Some Bolivian Natives 
 Indians and cholos (half-breeds, feminine-cholas) form 80 per cent 
 or more of the population of Bolivia. 
 
 Fb X2 Two Cholas in Bright Dresses and Shawls. (About 1897) 
 
 It is a good exercise to have pupils give exact expression to their 
 observations of the several parts of the wearing apparel of these 
 and other persons — material, size, form, color, and manner of 
 wearing. 
 
 Fb X3 An Indian Man in Green Striped Poncho, Trousers Tight at the 
 
 Ankles, Sandals and Felt Hat. (About 1897) 
 
14 
 
 Call no. 
 
 Fb X24 A Chola in Gala Attire. (About 1897) 
 
 The half-breeds, both men and women, are very fond of gay colors. 
 
 Brazil 
 
 See map F 1, p. 5, showing relative size of Brazil and the United 
 States. 
 
 Rio de Janeiro 
 
 Fc RA. . . .Panorama Southeast over the City: Harbor Entrance, Sugar Loaf, 
 Botafogo Bay. (1915) 
 
 One of the most picturesque harbors in the world; discovered in 
 1516. Entrance a little under a mile wide. ' Bay 17 miles long and 
 15 miles wide. 
 
 Fc R2 Map of Harbor. From Johnston's Royal Atlas of Modern Geography. 
 
 (1917) 
 
 Fc RA2. . .Panorama of City with Harbor, Sugar Loaf, and Islands Beyond, 
 East from Corcovado. (1897) 
 
 The city is built on the level stretches that run back into the 
 mountains from the harbor. One such recess is here shown. 
 
 Fc R4 Map of City and Environs. From Johnston's Royal Atlas of Modern 
 
 Geography. (1917) 
 
 Fc RA4. . .View West from near Base of Sugar Loaf: Bridge, Exposition 
 Building, and Corcovado. (19 15) 
 
 Fc RB . . . .Sugar Loaf, Aerial Cable Car Approaching the Top. (1915) 
 Near the harbor entrance, 1270 feet high, of granite. 
 
 Fc RC3 . . . First of March Street. (1900) 
 
 Note the trucks by which men are moving large packages. 
 
 Fc RM .... Municipal Building. (1915) 
 
 Bahia and Suburbs 
 
 Fc BA View of the Upper and Lower Levels of the City from the Harbor; 
 
 Low, Covered Boats 
 
 The lower portion of the city is devoted to banking and commercial 
 interests. Several elevators connect the upper and lower town. 
 Compare Quebec. 
 
 Fc BZ Old Fort on Outskirts of the Town. (January 1910) 
 
 . .riThis fort is probably of Dutch origin. Bahia is one of the oldest 
 cities of Brazil and its early history is interesting. Holland made 
 several attempts to obtain a foothold in South America and in 162 1 
 granted a charter to the Dutch West India Company for all of the 
 continent, promising it " the rights of conquest and a monopoly for 
 twenty-four years." The Dutch occupancy was not permanent, 
 however, and in 1655 they were expelled. Recall the commercial 
 activity of the Dutch at this period. When did they settle New 
 York? 
 
15 
 
 Cal no. 
 
 Fc BX Negro Women in the Street, Two Selling Articles. Suburb of Bahia 
 
 Bahia has a very large proportion of negroes. Some of the women 
 are very stalwart. Study the dress of the women. White is usually 
 worn with brightly colored shawls. Note inlaid tile in upper right 
 corner of wall of house. Such decoration often found in Brazilian 
 houses. 
 
 Para, or Belem 
 
 Fc PeY. . . .Unloading Fruit from River Sailboats along Docks near Market; Pile 
 of Melons 
 
 Santos and Vicinity 
 
 Fc Y15 Coffee Blossoms, Berries and Leaves. (1900) 
 
 Ample descriptions of the coffee industry are easily found in an 
 encyclopedia and in many other publications. 
 
 Fc Y2 Large, Young Coffee Plantation. Near Santos. (About 1897) 
 
 Fc Y3 Coffee Plantation, Houses and Drying Floor in Foreground; Thou- 
 
 sands of Trees in the Distance. Near Santos. (About 1897) 
 
 Fc Y4 Hauling Bags of Fresh Coffee Berries from Plantation. (1900) 
 
 Fc Y44 Coffee Drying Floor. (1900) 
 
 Fc SeB.... Several Steamers at Dock Being Loaded with Coffee. Santos. 
 (About 1897) 
 
 Sao Paulo 
 Fc SsY. . . .A Cheese Market: the Merchant, an Officer, and Several Other Men. 
 (1900) 
 These persons appear to be Italians. Italy has furnished the 
 largest number of immigrants to this part of South America m recent 
 
 vears. 
 
 Other Brazilian Views 
 
 Fc Y6 Several Natives Carrying Balls of Crude Rubber to the Boat. Upper 
 
 Rio Blanco. (1915) 
 How are these balls prepared? For the tapping of rubber trees 
 and the gathering of juice, see Bbe Y83, List 34. 
 
 Fc Y7 Oxhide Sacks of Yerba Mate, or Paraguay Tea, in Street before 
 
 Warehouse, Ready for Shipment. Paranagua, Southern Brazil. 
 
 (I9I5) x 
 
 Paranagua is in the state of Parana, the chief mate region of 
 
 Brazil. Mate consists of the leaves of a species of holley, dried and 
 
 around. Hot water is poured onto the leaves as in our tea. Learn 
 
 how it is drank, its taste, its effects, etc. Paraguay also produces 
 
 large quantities of mate. 
 
 FcY8 Man Paddling a Small Boat Loaded with Brazil Nuts. On the 
 
 Amazon, 500 miles from mouth. (1915) 
 
 Fc X2 . Transportation Facilities in the Interior of the State of Bahia; Bullock 
 and Small Horse with Riders and Packs. (1915) 
 
• 16 
 
 Call no. 
 
 Fc X3 Native Milkman on His Morning Rounds, Boy with Horn to Call 
 
 Attention of Customers. In town north of Bahia. (1915) 
 
 British Guiana 
 
 Fga Xi . . . . Part of a Carib Indian Village on Border of Essequibo River. (1915) 
 The Carib Indians are a remnant of one of the larger groups that 
 early occupied the continent. They invaded the country from the 
 islands of the Caribbean. They defended themselves stoutly against 
 conquistador es. Physically a fine race, brave and intelligent. Note 
 the crude construction of the boats. Often these boats are mere 
 dugout canoes made of tree trunks by means of stone or flint hatchets 
 or by fire. 
 
 There are about half a dozen such huts in the village. Other 
 similar villages are scattered here and there many miles apart. 
 
 FgaX2....A Carib Indian (Macusi tribe) Shooting Fish. Southern part of 
 British Guiana. (1915) 
 
 The Macusi tribe numbers about 4000. The missionaries have 
 introduced clothing, which is often worn, but is regarded chiefly as 
 ornamental. The Carib Indians have had from early times good 
 bows and arrows. 
 
 See also Fk X85, p. 26. 
 
 Chile 
 
 See map F 45, p. 6. 
 
 Central Section 
 
 Coquimbo 
 Fd CsY. . .Loading Mules onto Steamer. (About 1897) 
 
 Valparaiso 
 Fd VA. . . .Harbor Filled with Vessels. (1900) 
 
 Valparaiso is the chief port of Chile, founded 1544, pillaged by 
 Drake 1578 and again by Hawkins 1594. 
 
 Note that the land back of the harbor begins to rise almost at 
 once. Beyond this low mountain range lie fertile inland plains and 
 the capital of the country. 
 
 Fd VA2 . . . Panorama of City along Waterfront. (1900) 
 
 Fd VG. . . .Custom House. (1900) 
 
 Discuss the trade of the United States with Chile. 
 
 Fd VE. . . .Naval Monument on Plaza near Custom House. (1900) 
 
 Thus the people of South America honor their heroes. In 1879 
 Peru and Chile were at war with each other. Captain Prat com- 
 manded a war vessel sunk by the enemy at Iquique with all on board. 
 Chile won the war and gained possession of the rich nitrate fields 
 that have since been the source of so great wealth to this country. 
 Consider to what extent commercial interests have been the real 
 cause of the world's wars. 
 
17 
 
 Call no. 
 
 Fd VX .... Double-deck Street Car Drawn by Horses; Woman Conductor. (1900) 
 Such horse cars have now been largely replaced by electric cars. 
 
 Santiago and Vicinity 
 
 Fd SA2.. . .Panorama toward the Hill of Santa Lucia; Grand Plaza, Bishop's 
 Palace, Public Buildings, Cathedral, Mountains. (1900) 
 
 Santa Lucia is a public park and pleasure ground in the heart of 
 the city. 
 
 Fd SG .... Congressional Building 
 
 The congress of Chile consists of two houses. 
 
 Fd SN .... National Museum in Quinta Normal 
 
 Quinta Normal is a large park on the edge of the city and contains 
 museums of fine art and natural history; also agricultural and normal 
 schools. 
 
 Fd SR. . . .Private Residence of Brown Stone in Good Style. (1897) 
 
 Fd SC3.. . .Street Car with Passengers on Upper Deck; Woman Conductor. 
 (1900) 
 
 Fd SZi.. . .View across the Central Valley, River Bed, Mountains in Distance. 
 Between Santiago and the Andes 
 
 This valley extends for several hundred miles between the coast 
 range of mountains and the grand Andes. It is watered by rivers 
 that flow across it and empty into the sea. It is rich in agricultural 
 lands and is a land of great estates. The wealth of the section is 
 suggested by the house of one of the large land owners (Fd SZ). 
 Aside from the haciendas of the rich, there are no habitations except 
 the mud huts of farm laborers. 
 
 Fd SZ Plantation Residence of Raphael Errazuriz. Panquehue, near 
 
 Santiago. (1897) 
 
 Trans-Andine Railroad 
 Fd Am6 . . .Train Leaving Tunnel. (1897) 
 
 The tunnel is 10,384 feet in length and 10,778 feet above the sea. 
 
 Fd Am8 ..." The Christ of the Andes." Cumbre pass, on boundary line between 
 Chile and Argentina near mouth of tunnel 
 
 In 1902 a dispute as to the boundary line between Chile and 
 Argentina was settled by arbitration. Both nations were armed, 
 ready for war. The statue was erected as a memorial of the peaceful 
 settlement of the trouble. It was dedicated in 1904, representatives 
 of the army and the navy of each nation taking part. 
 
 The statue is 30 feet high, of bronze, on a base of granite, 22 feet 
 high. The sculptor was Mateo Alonso of Buenos Aires. 
 
 The following inscription appears on the monument : 
 
 " Sooner shall these mountains crumble into dust than shall Argentines and 
 Chileans break the peace which they have sworn before the feet of Christ, the 
 Redeemer." 
 
18 
 Southern Section 
 
 Call no. 
 
 Fd X2 Indian Huts on Shore of Cautin River, Negro on Horseback, Two 
 
 Children. Temuco 
 
 For map of southern extremity of South America and Magellan's 
 route, see F 5, p. 6. 
 
 Fd Mb2. . .Snow-capped Mountains along Straits of Magellan. (1897) 
 
 Some of these peaks are more than a mile in height. The strait 
 is tortuous and was difficult to navigate with sailboats. The intro- 
 duction of steam has encouraged the use of the strait rather than 
 the longer route around the horn. 
 
 Fd Sm2. . .Guia Narrows, Smyth's Channel. (1900) 
 
 This passage lies on the west side of Chile north of the straits of 
 Magellan. 
 
 Fd PuA. . .Roadstead of Punta Arenas, Tug Returning from Freighters 
 
 Fd PuA2 . . Panorama of Punta Arenas, Looking Due East. (July 28, 1900) 
 
 The southernmost city of the world, latitude 54 . What is the 
 latitude of Cape Town? Stores of coal and other goods are kept 
 here for passing ships. Houses one story. This picture was made 
 July 28th when the ground was covered with snow. Explain. 
 Why are the shadows on the south side of the buildings? 
 
 Fd X3 Hut of Araucanian Indians. (1897) 
 
 Descendants of the original inhabitants of Chile, who have suc- 
 cessfully and stubbornly resisted both the Incas and the Spaniards. 
 The race has, however, degenerated, probably through drink, and 
 is now represented by only a few members. These Indians are 
 quite famous for their silver ornaments, such as large pins to hold 
 their clothes together and enormous earrings. 
 
 Northern Section 
 Most of the northern part of Chile is a desert, yet is the source 
 of much wealth. The winds that move northward along the north- 
 ern coast of Chile do not precipitate moisture. Why? No vegeta- 
 tion whatever is found here. 
 
 Fd AoA . . . Panorama of Antofagasta with Mountain Range Rising Close Behind; 
 Small Boats at Anchor 
 
 A railroad runs from here into the interior of Bolivia. 
 
 Fd IqA. . . .Panorama of Iquique and the Mountain Range Rising Close Behind 
 
 Iquique is the chief nitrate port of the world. Though so barren 
 
 in appearance, it is well supplied with stores, schools, newspapers, 
 
 telephones, street cars, club rooms and other modern conveniences. 
 
 Fd Y2 A Blast in Nitrate Fields. (1897) 
 
 These fields are in what is known as the Atacama desert. The 
 blast is for the purpose of loosening up the nitrate rock. Holes 
 for the blast are made from 6 to 20 feet deep. The nitrate bed is 
 
19 
 
 covered with a few feet of earth. A small hole is made through 
 these two layers and into the soft stratum below. At the bottom 
 the blasting powder is placed and the hole is filled. 
 
 Call no. 
 
 Fd Y3 Man Working in a Blasted Area of Nitrate Field. (1 897) 
 
 Fd Y34 Hauling Carts Filled with Nitrate to the Portable Railroad. (1897) 
 
 The men on horseback are time keepers and superintendents. 
 
 Fd Y36. . . .Portable Railroad in Nitrate Fields; Cars Loaded with Caliche, Filled 
 Cart Ready to Be Dumped. (1897) 
 
 Fd Y4 Settling Pans of Nitrate Factory. (1897) 
 
 In the factory the caliche is relieved of its impurities. After it 
 has been boiled for about eight hours, the solution is drawn off into 
 these tanks, each holding about 10 tons. When the nitrate has 
 settled the water is drawn off and the refined product is dumped 
 below to dry. Iodine is a by-product of the industry. Fuller 
 descriptions of the industry are generally accessible. Watch the 
 development of the process of separating nitrogen from the air. 
 
 Juan Fernandez Island 
 
 Fd Z Alexander Selkirk Memorial Tablet. (1900) 
 
 Selkirk was cast ashore here by a mutinous crew in 1703. He 
 lived here four years. On this incident is based the story of 
 " Robinson Crusoe." Who wrote the tale? 
 
 Dutch Guiana 
 
 Fgc AX Dutch Commandant and Family and Dutch Colonists, Bust of Queen 
 
 Wilhelmina. Albina. (March 19 10) 
 
 Albina is a little frontier army post on the Marowyne river. 
 
 Fgc X2 . . . . Bush Negro Making a Canoe. On bank of the Marowyne river, 
 south of Albina. (March 19 10) 
 
 Fgc X6 . . . . Carib Indian Village, Thatched Huts. On high bank of the Marowyne 
 river, south of Albina. (March 19 10) 
 
 See Carib Indians and note on page 16. 
 
 Ecuador 
 
 Ff CcA. .. .Panorama of Cahar. (1915) 
 
 Catiar is one of the oldest towns of Ecuador. Note lack of trees. 
 In this and other views, note the absence of wood in construction 
 of buildings. 
 
 Ff X9 Donkey with Pack Saddle in Street. Guayaquil 
 
 Ff InG .... Ruins of Inca Fortress. Incapirca. (1915) 
 Note the circular wall surrounding a building. 
 
 Ff InP .... Cut-stone Doorway and Niche. Palace of the Incas, Incapirca. 
 (1915) 
 
20 
 
 Call no. 
 
 Ff X2 Boy on Way to Market with Basket on Arm and Little Sister in 
 
 Hammock Supported from the Shoulders. Quito. (1915) 
 
 Ff X4 Group of About Forty Girls of the Better-to-do Families in Uniform 
 
 Dress at School conducted by Belgian and Irish Nuns. Quito. 
 (1915) 
 What can yon learn about education in South America? 
 
 Peru 
 
 Andahuaylas 
 
 Fi AnX .... Indian Boy of Andahuaylas Valley, Barefoot, Wearing a Coarse 
 Striped Blanket and Felt Hat. (19 15) 
 
 Arequipa and Vicinity 
 Fi ArC . . . .Street Scene Showing Open Sewer. (1900) 
 
 At the foot of Mt Misti. Many of the houses are built of lava 
 from this mountain. Note street car track and telephone wires. 
 Note height of buildings. Is the street wide or narrow? 
 
 Fi ArZ2 . . . Mt Misti with Its Snow Cap, from Arequipa 
 An extinct volcano. Note its symmetrical form. 
 
 Fi ArZ .... Harvard Observatory, Snow-capped Mountains. Near Arequipa. 
 (1900) 
 
 Established in 1890 at an elevation of 7550 feet. The place was 
 selected because of the clearness of the air. It is in the southern 
 hemisphere and affords an opportunity to study parts of the heavens 
 not seen in northern observatories. 
 
 Fi X2 Large Group of Cartavio School Girls at Door of School 
 
 Lima 
 
 Fi LR Old House with Beautifully Carved Moorish Balcony (Altos) 
 
 This house was the residence of the Marquis de Torre-Tagle, who 
 represented Peru in the Spanish Cortes, 18 13-14. 
 
 Fi LX Woman Vegetable Vendor Horseback. (1900) 
 
 Fi LY Exterior of the Vitarte Cotton Mill 
 
 The total trade of cotton goods in Peru has increased very rapidly 
 in the last few years. Much of the capital invested in these estab- 
 lishments is foreign. 
 
 Fi LX2 .... Bull Ring 
 
 See List 30, Mexico, for other views of bull rings. 
 
 Matucana 
 Fi MiX. . . .A Chola and Child at Station on Oroya Railway. (1900) 
 
21 
 
 Morococha 
 
 Call no. 
 
 Fi MoA. . .Partial View of Mining Town; Small Lake, Mountains. (1915) 
 
 An important mining section, both for silver and copper. The 
 mines are operated largely by the English with an American as 
 superintendent. The railroad shown is the end of the line from 
 Lima, being a branch from Ticlio. The place is more than 3 miles 
 above sea level. 
 
 Palpa 
 Fi PcY .... Ginning Cotton, Interior of Building. Palpa, near Lima 
 
 Pucard 
 
 Fi Pv6 .... Stone Houses with Thatched Roofs, Horizontal Rock Strata, Group 
 of Natives. Near Cuzco in Apurimac river valley. (1900) 
 
 Salaverry 
 
 Fi SX Bringing Passengers from Steamer to Shore in Landing Chair 
 
 South America has comparatively few good harbors. The natural 
 depth of water at most ports is insufficient to permit large vessels 
 to tie up at the docks. 
 
 Fi SX8 .... Caballitos (straw boats) and Launches 
 
 Caballitos are small boats about 10 to 12 feet long, made of two 
 rolls of reeds or straw tied together. They become water soaked 
 and are brought upon shore to dry. 
 
 Trujillo 
 
 Fi TrC .... Unpaved Sandy Street, Lined with Low, White Plaster Houses on 
 One Side and a Brick Wall on the Other 
 
 Lake Titicaca 
 See views listed under Bolivia, p. 12-13. 
 
 Oroya Railroad 
 
 This railroad, often called the " Railway in the Clouds," " for 
 sheer audacity of conception and ingenuity can not be matched by 
 any country in the world." Though a short line, it cost nearly 
 $25,000,000. 
 
 Fi Or2. . . .Tunnels. Near Asuri switchback. (1900) 
 
 Fi Or3 .... Chicla in Deep, Narrow Valley 
 
 Seventy miles northeast of Lima, altitude 12,200. 
 
 Fi Or4. . . .Switchback, or Y. Near San Mateo. (1900) 
 
 Fi Or5. . . .Mt Meiggs from the Railroad; Glacier 
 
 Named for Col. Henry Meiggs of New York State, who began 
 the Oroya railroad. 
 
22 
 
 Call no. 
 
 Fi Or6 .... Lake and Mountain View on the Railroad West of Galera Tunnel. 
 (1900) 
 
 Fi Or8 .... Mountain Scenery, View from Train on Branch Line from Ticlio 
 to Morococha. (1915) 
 
 This is said to be the highest railroad point in the world, about 
 16,000 feet. 
 
 Guano Islands 
 
 Guano islands are scattered all along the south Pacific coast. 
 They are dry volcanic masses, which for some reason are made the 
 roosting place of myriads of birds, including pelicans and sea gulls. 
 Seals and other animals crawl upon these rocks and die. 
 
 The first shipments of guano were made about i860. For years 
 millions of dollars worth of fertilizer was shipped annually. Both 
 the supply and the demand have now greatly lessened. 
 
 Fi Z2 Working Guano. Punta Lobos 
 
 The guano is found in pockets covered with sand. The important 
 fertilizing element is ammonia. It has a strong smell. Chinese 
 coolies have generally been employed to get it out. 
 
 Fi Z3 Loading Stage for Landing Guano from Higher Levels Down to the 
 
 Sea Level. Punta Lobos 
 
 Inca Remains 
 Map 
 
 Fi In Map of Region Explored by Yale-National Geographic Society 
 
 Peruvian Expedition of 191 2. From National Geographic Magazine, 
 April 1913. (1917) 
 
 Sacsaliuaman Hill, Cuzco 
 
 References: Bingham, p. 272-79; Bryce, p. 107-10, 118; Clement R. Markham's 
 A History of Peru, Charles H. Sergei & Co. p. 32-33; Peck p. 114, 
 116, 119, 120; E. George Squier's Peru Illustrated, Hurst & Co. 
 p. 469-75; National Geographic Magazine, April 1913, p. 534 
 
 Sacsahuaman hill rises above the ancient city of Cuzco, the 
 capital and metropolis of the great Inca kingdom, which was at 
 its height when the Spaniards arrived. The Sacsahuaman hill was 
 very strongly fortified. On the side toward the city it was 
 very steep and needed less fortifying, but on the north side it 
 rises more gradually and is not so high. On this side are walls 
 massive in construction. 
 
 Fi In2 Portion of the Walls of the Fortress of Sacsahuaman. (1915) 
 
 There were three zigzag lines of wall. Note one above the other 
 
 in this picture. " The line is not straight, as in most of the walls 
 
 of ancient Greek and Italian cities, but consists of a series of salient 
 
 and reentering angles." — Bryce. 
 
 Mr Bryce and others are inclined to think that this immense 
 
 structure was built long before the Inca civilization. 
 
23 
 
 Call no . 
 
 Fi I1124 .... An Angle of Each of the Three Walls, One above the Other. Sac- 
 sahuaman fortress. (1900) 
 
 Note how this arrangement of angles of the three walls increases 
 the defensive possibilities. 
 
 The stones are very large, many of them 18 to 20 feet long; those 
 in the lowest terrace are the largest, having an average height of 
 25 feet. One is 38 feet long. Compare size of stones used in temple 
 at Baalbek. 
 
 Hudnuco Vie jo 
 
 References: C. Reginald Enock's The Andes and the Amazon, T. Fisher Unwin, 
 p. 230-34; Squier, p. 217 
 
 The ruins of Huanuco Viejo are west of the present town of 
 Huanuco. They are very extensive, more than half a mile in length. 
 
 Fi In3 Fortress, or Temple of the Sun. Huanuco Viejo, North Central 
 
 Peru. (1915) 
 
 Rectangular, built of cut stone. 
 
 Marca Huamachuca 
 
 Fi L14 Ruins of Marca Huamachuca. Northern Peru. (191 5) 
 
 Said to antedate the Incas. 
 
 Machu Picchu 
 
 References: The Century, July 1916, p. 321-35; Harpers, April 1913, p. 709-19; 
 National Geographic Magazine, April 1913, p. 403-515 
 
 This ancient city was discovered in 191 1 by Hiram Bingham and 
 was one of the objects of the Peruvian expedition of 1912 under the 
 auspices of Yale University and the National Geographic Society. 
 The city is situated in one of the most inaccessible parts of the 
 valley of Urbamba. 
 
 Fi L15 The Chief Temple (foreground), Stairway and Sacred Hill. (1915) 
 
 This temple and the Temple of the Three Windows are the finest 
 structures at Machu Picchu. They are both on the Sacred plaza. 
 
 The Chief temple is about 12 feet high. The principal altar 
 stone is 14 feet long and about 5 feet high. Note the hole in large 
 stone of each end wall. These were doubtless for the beams which 
 supported the roof of the temple. Note that the niches are narrower 
 at the top than at the bottom. See also windows and doors, Ff 
 InP, p. 19, Fi In52, below Fi In54 and Fi In6, p. 24 
 
 There are over one hundred stairways in the city, and this is one 
 of the best constructed. 
 
 On the left of Sacred hill is a small temple, near which is the 
 Intihuatana stone, or sun dial. 
 
 Fi In52 . . . .Long Stone Stairway and Part of the Private Garden Group. (1915) 
 
24 
 
 Call no. 
 
 Fi I1154 The Three Windows of the " Temple of the Three Windows." (191 5) 
 
 The three windows are a unique feature of Peruvian architecture 
 and Mr Bingham has expressed the opinion that Machu Picchu 
 may prove to be Tampu Tocco. (See The Story of Machu Picchu, 
 by Hiram Bingham in The National Geographic Magazine February 
 19 1 5.) According to legend, Tampu Tocco is a hill with three 
 openings or windows and is the place from which the Incas under 
 the leadership of three brothers started out to found Cuzco. 
 
 Note how carefully the stones are fitted together. There were 
 no tools of iron or steel, but only stone hammers. 
 
 OUantaytambo 
 References: Markham, p. 150-52; Squier, p. 498-516 
 
 The fortress of OUantaytambo (spelled also Ollantaytampu) is 
 one of the most interesting structures in Peru. It was for the 
 defense of the sacred valley of Vilcamayu from attacks of wild 
 tribes from the north. About 20 miles from Cuzco. 
 
 Fi In6 Terraces on Citadel of OUantaytambo : Corridor, Niches and Door- 
 way of Ruined Palace. (191 5) 
 
 Note the polygonal stones and the exactness with which they 
 are fitted together. The niches, 2' 2" x 1' 4" x i'i", were for 
 household gods. 
 
 Fi In63 A Street in the Inca City. (19 15) 
 
 The village of OUantaytambo is very little changed from Inca 
 times. The streets were laid out in blocks and are very narrow, 
 those running lengthwise being about 14 feet wide, those going 
 crosswise about 9 feet. 
 
 Note the high wall, part of it being built into the house. 
 
 See also Inca remains in Ecuador, Ff InG and Ff InP, p. 19. 
 
 Uruguay 
 
 Fj MAi . . . Panorama of Montevideo, Large Crowd on New Waterfront, a Big 
 Vessel Departing. (January 19 10) 
 
 Fj MA2 . . . New Harbor Construction Work, Large Number of Vessels, City in 
 Background. Montevideo. (January 1910) 
 
 Fj X2 A Countryman in Bombachas. Northern Uruguay. (1915) 
 
 A bombachas is a kind of skirt shirred about the ankles. It is 
 commonly used in the rural parts of Uruguay, Paraguay and 
 Argentina. 
 
 Venezuela 
 
 Venezuela is larger than France and Germany combined. It is 
 a country of rich soil, exceptionally well watered and is capable 
 of large development. Many of the people are enterprising. There 
 is considerable trade with the United States. 
 
25 
 
 Call no. 
 
 Fk CuB . . . Unpaved Street, Low Houses, Men Riding Very Small Donkeys. 
 Cumana. (April 1 910) 
 
 At this point Columbus discovered the mainland of South America. 
 This is the oldest European town on the mainland of America, 
 founded in 1520. Bartolome de las Casas, the friend of the natives 
 of Mexico and other parts of America, labored in this settlement. 
 Very few wagons or carts are used in Venezuela, even in the towns. 
 
 Fk X3 Boy Filling Casks on Mules with Water from the Manzauares River; 
 
 a Bridge. Cumana. (April 19 10) 
 
 Fk CuY. . .Loading Hides onto Government Steamer. Cumana. (April 1910) 
 One of the chief exports from Venezuela is hides. Why? All 
 important industries and exports of the state are controlled to a 
 large extent by the government. From what other South American 
 states are hides obtained? 
 
 Fk X77 .... Several Men of Upper Class in Room of a Leading Club House. 
 Caracas. (1910) 
 
 Fk X75 .... Typical Patio (inner open court) of House of a Wealthy Family; 
 Four Persons. Caracas. (1910) 
 
 The street entrance to a house of this sort is usually very plain 
 and unattractive. The family lives secluded within the open court, 
 which is usually filled with palms and flowers and has a fountain. 
 
 Compare patio shown in collection on Mexico, List 30. By 
 induction come to know this feature of a residence and become 
 familiar with what countries build houses of this sort. What are 
 some of the advantages? 
 
 Fk X7 One of the Buildings of a Hacienda (country estate). Near Caracas. 
 
 (June 19 10) 
 The planter who lives here raises sugar, coffee and cocoa. The 
 large, broad veranda is typical and affords shade needed in this 
 warm country. 
 
 Fk X4 Man with Goad Guiding One-handled Plow Drawn by Oxen; Sugar 
 
 Cane Field; Highland in Distance. Near Caracas. (June 19 10) 
 
 Fk X15. . . .Trail through the Coast Range Mountains; Baker Bringing Bread in 
 Barrels. Near La. Guayra. (June 19 10) 
 
 From this and many other pictures form an idea of the trans- 
 portation facilities of South America. 
 
 Fk Gu2 . . . Corner of Old Fortress, Soldiers and Peons in Foreground. Guayana 
 Vieja, or St Thome. (19 10) 
 This fortress is on the first important highland up the course 
 of the Orinoco above the delta. A town was built here as early 
 as 1595. Raleigh visited this region. What impression does the 
 picture give of the width of the river? The river drains a very- 
 large area. What other reason is there for its size? The water 
 is thick and yellow with mud. 
 
26 
 
 Call no. 
 
 Fk X8 Rude Houses of Working People; Walls of Wattling and Adobe, 
 
 Roofs of Thatch. On outskirts of Bolivar. (1910) 
 
 Iii what other countries are adobe houses found? Describe 
 a house of wattling. 
 
 Fk BoC . . .Street with Small Overhanging Balconies; Open Sewer in Middle of 
 Street; Boy Holding Pancake of Cassava Bread. Bolivar. (1910) 
 
 Cassava bread is the staple food of Venezuela. It is made of 
 tuberous roots of a certain tree. The cake is about 2 feet in diameter. 
 
 Fk X24. . . .River Boat with Stern Wheel. On the Orinoco. (19 10) 
 
 Anchored off Bolivar. This boat runs from Port of Spain, 
 Trinidad, to .the Meta river. It sails only once in three months. 
 Wood is used as fuel. Compare with navigation on the Hudson. 
 
 Fk X2 Flat-bottomed Boat Apure Taking On Cargo; Native Canoes. San 
 
 Fernando de Apure, on branch of the Orinoco. (May 1910) 
 
 Why do the people dress in white clothes? Is the country level 
 or mountainous? 
 
 Fk Xi Carters Transporting Supplies over the Llanos between Cagua and 
 
 Calabozo. (May 19 10) 
 
 Describe the carts. How tall is the grass? What are the char- 
 acteristic features of the llanos? Note absence of trees. 
 
 Fk X35 .... Llanero (cowboy) Crossing Flooded Country on Horseback, Leading 
 Horse. Near Guarco river, Central Venezuela. (May 1910) 
 
 This is at the time of the rainy season. Note the heavy growth 
 of grass on dry land. 
 
 Fk X85. . . .Carib Indians: Man, Woman and Two Children. On bank of the 
 Orinoco. (1915) 
 
 What are the children doing? Note the sash worn by the man. 
 What does this show? What does the man wear on his feet? 
 
 Fk Z2 Salt Gatherers by the Sea, Salt Hill at Left, Bags Awaiting Carriers. 
 
 Isle of Coche. (April 1910) 
 
 The Isle of Coche is off the coast of Venezuela near Cumana. 
 A very fine and white salt is obtained here by solar evaporation 
 from a big lake at the center of the island. The salt industry is 
 controlled by the government. 
 
 Fk Z22 .... Native Woman Carrying Bags of Salt from the Depository to the 
 Boats. Isle of Coche. (19 10) 
 
 Fk Z24 .... Loading Bags of Salt onto Venezuelan Government Steamer. Isle 
 of Coche. (1910) 
 
 Fk CrX. . . .Soldiers in a Row before Their Quarter. Cristobal Colon. (1910) 
 
 This town is on the Paria gulf at the eastern end of Venezuela. 
 Notice the carriage of the men. 
 
27 
 Animal Life Peculiar to South America 
 
 Call no. 
 
 Nu Cmi ... Condor {Sarcorhamphus gryphus). Zoological park, New York. 
 (1901) 
 
 The condor is found in the highest parts of the Andes 
 
 Llamas, La Paz, Fb LY, p. 13 
 
 Natural Scenery- 
 Mountains: Trail in coast range, Venezuela, Fk X15, p. 25 
 
 Along the Oroya railroad, Fi Or2, Fi Or3, Fi Or4, Fi Or5, 
 
 Fi Or6 and Fi OrS, p. 21-22 
 At Morococha, Fi MoA, p. 21 
 
 Mt Misti, near Arequipa, Fi ArZ2 and Fi ArZ, p. 20 
 Along the Trans-Andine railroad, Fa Am2, Fa Am3, Fa Am 5 
 
 and Fa Am7, p. 12 
 Mt Illimani, Fb II and Fb II2, p. 12 
 
 Near Lake Titicaca, Fb Ti2, p. 12 ; near La Paz, Fb LA, p. 13 
 At Iquique, Fd IqA p. 18; at Antofagasta, Fd AoA, p. 18, near 
 
 Santiago, Fd SA2, p. 17 
 Mountains beyond Central valley, Chile, Fd SZi, p. 17 
 Hills around Rio de Janeiro, Fc RA, Fc RA2, Fc RA 4 , Fc RB, 
 
 p. 14 
 Along Straits of Magellan, Fd Mb2; Smyth's channel, Fd Sm2, 
 
 p. 18 
 Mountains on Navarin island, Fa X7, p. 11 
 Llanos, Fk Xi and Fk X35, p. 26 
 
 Pampas, Fa Pa2 and Fa Pa7, p. 10; cattle on Fa Yi 7, p. 11 
 Central valley, Fd SZi, p. 17 
 Waterfalls: Nakunday falls, Fh Nc2, p. 9 
 
 Iguazu falls, Fa Ig, Fa Ig2, Fa Ig3, Fa Ig4 and Fa Ig6, p. 10 
 
 History 
 
 Inca remains, Ecuador, Ff InG and Ff InP, p. 19; Peru, 10 titles, 
 
 listed on pages 22-24 
 Rio de Janeiro Harbor, discovered 1516, Fc RA, p. 14 
 Map of southern extremity and Magellan's route, F 5, p. 6 
 Valparaiso, founded 1544, Fd VA, p. 16 
 Old fort on outskirts of Bahia, Fc BZ, p. 14 
 View of Bahia, one of the oldest cities in Brazil, Fc BA, p. 14 
 Corner of old fortress, Guayana Vieja, Fk Gu2, p. 25 
 Street in Cumana, oldest European town, Fk CuB, p. 25 
 Revolution of 1810: Statue of Moreno, Fa BE4, p. 7; Monument 
 
 commemorating revolution, Fa BE 5, p. 8 
 Old house, the residence of Torre-Tagle, Fi LR, p. 20 
 War between Chile and Peru 1879, naval monument, Fd VE, p. 16 
 Dispute between Chile and Argentina, " The Christ in the Andes," 
 
 Fd Am8, p. 17 
 
28 
 
 People, Manners and Customs 
 
 Indians: Carib Indians: man, woman and two children, Fk X85, 
 
 p. 26; Indian shooting fish, Fga X2 and villages, Fga Xi, p. 16 
 
 and Fgc X6, p. 19 
 
 Ona archer, wife, child and hut, Fa X3, p. 10; Ona woman and 
 
 rude hut, Fa X4 and Ona Indians marching, Fa X45, p. n 
 
 Yahgan canoe and girls in it, Fa X 7, p. n 
 
 Two Indian women, one with child on back, La Paz, Fb LX 
 
 and Indian man, Bolivia, Fb X3,- p. 13 
 Indian boy of Andahuaylas valley, Fi AnX, p. 20 
 Huts at Lake Titicaca/Fb T12, p. 12; Fb Ti6, p. 13 
 Huts on shore of Cautin river, negro on horseback, Fd X2, p. 18 
 Hut of Araucanian Indians, Fd X3, p. 18 
 Natives and stone houses, near Cuzco, Fi Pv6, p. 21 
 Cholas Fb X2, p. 13 ; Fb X24, p. 14; with a child, Fi MiX, p. 20 
 Bush negro making a canoe, Fgc X2, p. 19 
 Negro women in the street, near Bahia, Fc BX, p. 15 
 Four native boys in ponchos, Fb LX3, p. 13 
 Boy with large pancake, Bolivar, Fk BoC, p. 26 
 Boy and little sister in hammock, Ff X2, p. 20 
 A countryman in bombachas, Uruguay, Fj X2, p. 24 
 School girls: about 40 at Quito, Ff X4 and large group near Arequipa, 
 
 Fi X2, p. 20 
 Woman vegetable vendor, Fi LX, p. 20 
 Natives carrying rubber, Fc Y6, p. 15 
 Native boys delivering milk, Fc X3, p. 16 
 Salt gatherers, Isle of Coche, Fk Z2 and native women carrying bags 
 
 of salt, Fk Z22, p. 26 
 
 Market and street scenes: long narrow street filled with natives, 
 
 Fb LC; native market on feast day, Fb LX2 and men and boys, 
 
 pump, Fb LX5, p. 13; a cheese market, Sao Paulo, Fc SsY, p. 15 
 
 Rude houses of working people, near Bolivar, Fk X8, p. 26 
 
 Ranch near Buenos Aires, Fa Y15, Fa Y16, Fa Y17 and Fa Yig, 
 
 p. 11 
 Bull ring, Fi LX2, p. 20 
 
 Plantation life: residence, near Santiago, Fd SZ, p. 17 
 One of the buildings of a hacienda, near Caracas, Fk X7, p. 25 
 House of wealthy family, patio, Caracas, Venezuela, Fk X75, p. 25 
 Men of upper class in club room, Caracas, Fk X77, p. 25 
 Soldiers, Cristobal Colon, Fk CrX, p. 26 
 
 Immigration 
 
 Emigrants from northern Europe, Fa BE4, p. 7 
 
 View of Posadas, Fa PoA, p. 8 and Fa PoB (see note for Fa PoB), p. 9 
 
 German settlement on Alto Parana, Fh Pc2, p. 9 
 
 Italians at cheese market, Fc SsY, p. 15 
 
 Transportation Facilities 
 
 Natives carrying balls of rubber, Brazil, Fc Y6, p. 15 
 Llamas, La Paz, Fb LY, p. 13 
 
29 
 
 Donkey with pack saddle, ,Ff Xo, p. 19 
 
 Bullock and small horse, interior of state of Bahia, Brazil, Fc X2, 
 
 P- 15 
 Baker bringing bread in barrels on mule's back, Fk X15, p. 25 
 Woman vegetable vendor, horseback, Lima, Peru, Fi LX, p. 20 
 Boy filling casks on mules, Fk X3, p. 25 
 Llanero (cowboy) crossing flooded plain on horseback, Venezuela, 
 
 Fk X35, p. 26 
 Transporting supplies over the llanos, Venezuela, Fk Xi, p. 26 
 Transporting supplies over the pampas, Argentina, Fa Pa7, p. 10 
 Drawing wool, Fa Y2, p. 11 
 Primitive boats: caballitos, Fi SX8, p. 21; balsas, Fb Ti6, p. 13; 
 
 Yaghan canoe, Fa X7, p. n; Carib Indian canoes, Fga Xi, p. 16 
 Small boat loaded with nuts, Fc Y8, p. 15 
 
 Loading hides onto government steamer, Cumana, Fk CuY, p. 25 
 Loading salt on Venezuelan government boat, Fk Z24, p. 26 
 Boats on the Orinoco, Fk X2 and Fk X24, p. 26 
 River sailboats, Para, Fc PeY, p. 15 
 Harbor of Rio de Janeiro: map, Fc R2 and panorama, Fc RA2, 
 
 p. 14 
 Steamers being loaded with coffee, Santos, Fc SeB, p. 15 
 Boats on the Upper Parana river: small steamer, Fa Pc2, p. 9; 
 
 boats and landing places at Posadas, Fa PoA, p. 8, Fa PoB and 
 
 Fa P0B4, p. 9 
 La Plata river boats at dock, Fa BB, p. 7 
 Montevideo: waterfront, Fj MAi and new harbor construction, 
 
 Fj MA2, p. 24 
 Loading lighter with bales of wool, Gallegos, Patagonia, Fa Y3, 
 
 p. 12 
 Bringing passengers from steamer to shore, Salaverry, Peru, Fi SX, 
 
 p. 21 
 Loading mules in steamer, Coquimbo, Fd CsY, p. 16 
 Valparaiso harbor, Fd VA, p. 16 
 
 Map showing trade routes shortened by Panama canal, Ez 3, p. 5 
 Roadstead of Punta Arenas, tug returning from freighter, Fd PuA, 
 
 p. 18 
 Street cars: Valparaiso, Fd VX, p. 17; Santiago, Fd SC3, p. 17; 
 
 street car track and telephone wires, Arequipa, Fi ArC, p. 20 
 Retiro station of Central railway, Buenos Aires, Fa BS, p. 7 
 Map of portion of La Plata drainage area, F 7, p. 6 • 
 Railroad clearing house, Buenos Aires, Fa BR, p. 7 
 Trans-Andine railroad, Fa Am3, Fa Am5, Fa Amy, p. 12, FdAm6 
 
 p. 17 ; station on railway, Fi MiX, p. 20; Morococha, Fi MoA, p. 21 
 Oroya railroad, Fi 0r2, Fi Or3 and Fi Or4, p. 21, Fi Or8, p. 22 
 
 Industries and Products 
 
 Cattle raising on an estancia near Buenos Aires: barns, Fa Y15, 
 
 viewing prize bulls, Fa Y16, beef cattle, Fa Y17, p. 11 
 Wool: drawing wool, Fa Y2, p. 11, loading bales of wool, Fa Y3, p. 12 
 
30 
 
 Hides: loading onto steamer, Fk CuY, p. 25 
 
 Guano, Fi Z2 and Fi Z3, p. 22 
 
 Brazil nuts in boat, Fc Y8, p. 15 
 
 Coffee: blossoms, berries and leaves, FCY15, young plantation, 
 FcY2, houses and drying floor, FCY3, hauling bags, Fc Y4, 
 drying floor, Fc Y44, steamers being loaded with coffee, Fc SeB, 
 
 P- 15 
 Cotton : Vitarte cotton mill, Lima, Fi LY, p. 20, ginning cotton, Fi PcY, 
 
 p. 21 
 Fruit: unloading fruit, Fc PeY, p. 15, piles of oranges, Fa PoY, p. 9 
 Rubber: balls of crude rubber, Fc Y6, p. 15 
 Salt, Fk Z2, Fk Z22, Fk Z24, p. 26 
 Sugar, Fk X4, p. 25 
 
 Yerba mate: sacks ready for shipment, Fc Y7, p. 15 
 Mining, Fi MoA, p. 21 
 Nitrate: a blast, Fd Y2, p. 18, man working in blasted area, Fd Y3, 
 
 hauling carts to railroad, Fd Y34, portable railroad, cars loaded 
 
 with caliche, Fd Y36, settling pans, Fd Y4, p. 19; Iquique, chief 
 
 nitrate port, Fd IqA, p. 18 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
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