LIBRARY OF CONGRESii. if;np.-_.. . (icpiinrjift 1^0. UNITED STATES OF A3IERICA. \ State of New York. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS IISEK BV TIIK MewYrr^^ f'+.^Ve) DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, '1 IX THE UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS FOR COMMISSIONEHS' CERTIFICATES, COMPLETE PROM SEPTEMBER 3, 1887, TO MAY 4, 1889, SUBJECTS, GRADES AND DATES ARRANGED IN ORDER ; AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE EXAMINATIONS, ALSO ALL QUESTIONS AND ANSWErI used in the COMPETITIVE EXAMINA- TIONS FOR SCHOLARSHIPS IN '^^ _j^' ; C O R N E L L U N I V E R S I T Y , NORMAL SCHOOL ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS, During the Years 1887, 1888 and 1889. ALBANY, N. Y. WEED, PARSONS AND COMPANY, 1 A^ ,,,--. fT (U Entered, according to act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and eighty-nine. By weed, PAKSONS AND COMPANY, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at VVashington. WEED, PARSONS AND COMPAXT, P R I N T K K S AND E L E C T R () T T P E R S, ALBANY. X Y. PREFACE. This volume contains all the questions used in the Uniform Examinations for Commissioners' Certificates, under the regulations prescribed by the State Superin- tendent of Public Instruction of the State of New York, from the adoption of the system (September 3, 1887), to May 4, 1889. Answers are also given as furnished by the State Superintendent. There are also given all questions used at the competitive examinations for Cornell State Scholarships during the years 1887, 1888 and 1889, under the amended law of 1887, with all answers to the same. Also all Normal School entrance examination questions from September, 1887, to February, 1889. All the regulations governing the Uniform Exa-minations, from the adoption of the system, are given in full. CONTENTS. UNIFORM Examination Questions. PAGE. Regulations ■ vii Algebra 2 American History and Civil Government , . . . 8 American History 10 Arithmetic 24 Bookkeeping 48 Civil Government 52 Composition 68 Current Topics 74 Drawing 86 General Questions ; 88 Geography 90 Grammar 108 Methods 140 Physics 142 Physiology and Hygiene 144 School Law 162 Examinations for State Scholarships in Cornell University. Algebra 168 Arithmetic 170 Geography 172 Geometry 174 Grammar 180 Physiology 182 Normal School Entrance Examinations. Arithmetic 186 Geography 188 Grammar 191 GENERAL REGULATIONS. I. REGULATIONS GOVERNING UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS, HELD September 3, October 1, November 5 and December 3, 1SS7. Applicants for first grade licenses must have bad two years' successful experience in the school- room, and must attain at least eighty per cent upon arithmetic, grammar and geography, and not less than seventy per cent upon each of the other subjects. All questions in every paper a])ply to first grade licenses. Applicants for second grade licenses must have had one year's successful experience in the school-room; must attain a general average of at least seventy per cent, and must not fall below sixty per cent in arithmetic, grammar and geography. All questions in every paper, exceptina school law and algebra, apply to second grade licenses. Questions printed in italics, only, apply to third-grade licenses. Candidates must attain a geu- eral average of si.\ty per cent, and must not fall below fifty per cent in arithmetic, grammar and geography. There may be rare and exceptional cases in which commissioners may find it necessary, in small and weak districts, where the assessed valuation falls below §;12,000, to give temporary licenses, not exceeding six months in duration, to persons not strictly meeting the requirements for the third grade. In no case, however, should any license be granted where the applicant fails to attain a general average of fifty per cent in the common-school branches, nor should Ihese temporary licenses be extended. If, before the expiration of one of them, the holder cannot pass the examination for a third grade certificate, he should undertake other employment. Orthography will be marked from the papers as a whole; penmanship from the paper in grammar. The whole examination is to be given in one day, commissioners making such arrangements therefor as their convenience may determine respectively. For third grade certificates, the subjects are: 1, arithmetic; 2, geographv; 3, grammar; 4. physiology ; 5, general questions. For second grade, the same, with 0, American history and civil government; 7. methods. For first grade, the preceding, with 8, school law ; 9, algebra. The number of credits to which a perfect answer entitles each applicant is i)rinted after each question. It will be seen that sixt;' credits represent a perfect paper of the third "-rade; one hundred credits, of the first and second grade. (See Regulations II, III and IV.) VII General Regulations. REGULATIONS II. ■ hsued December 5, 1SS7. Same as Rcgulatious IV, published January 1, 18S9, except following paragraphs which were amended by subsequent regulations: 4. Certificates of the third grade shall be issued for a term of six months, shall be limited to a particular school or grade, and shall in no case be issued to the same person more than twice. 13. Candidates for certificates of the second grade shall be exempt from examination in any subject in which they have attained a standing of seventy-five per cent on examination for a cer- tificate of the third grade. 15. Candidates for certificates of the first grade shall be exemp from examination in any sub- ject in which they have attained a standing of seventy-five per cen on the examination held by the State Department for a State certificate. 17. School commissioners may, in their discretion, supplement the written examinations by oral questions, or demand a higher percentage than above required, or refuse to admit a candidate to the examination, or to grant him a certificate after he has attained the required standing. (See Regulations IV.) REGULATIONS III. Issued July 16, 1SS8. Same as Regulations IV, published January 1, 1889, except following paragraphs, which were amended by subsequent regulations : 4. Certificates of the third grade shall be issued for a term of six months, shall be limited to a particular school or grade, and shah m no case be issued to the same person more than twice. The candidate may take the examination at any appointed time, but certificates shall be issued only after the candidate shall have made an engagement to teach, approved by the school com missioner. The certificates shall be dated when issued; but not more than one year shall inter- vene between the examination and the issuance of the certificate. 13. Candidates in the second and third grade examination shah be exempt from examination in any subject in which they have attained a standing of seventy-five per cent in any previous ex- amination held not more than six months before. CSee No. 14, Regulations IV.) 17. Candidates for certificates of the first grade shall be exempt from examination in any sub- ject in which they have attained a standing of seventy-five per cent on the examination held by the State Department for a State certificate. (See No. 18, Regulations IV.) 29. Special or additional examinations are at all times to be discountenanced. The circum- stances must be extraordinary to justify an application for one. (See No. 80, Regulations IV.) (See Regulations 1V^) REGULATIONS IV. Issued January 1, ISSO. 1. Grades of Certificates. 1. Teachers' certificates issued by school commissioners shall be of three grades — first, second and third. 2. Certificates of the first grade shall be issued for a term of five years. On their expiration, from time to time, these certificates may be renewed at the discretion of the school commissioner, without re-examination. 3. Certificates of the second grade shall be issued for a term of two years, and shall be renewed onl}' upon re-examination. 4. Certificates of the third grade shall be issued for a term of six months, shall be limited to a particular school or grade, and shall in no case be issued to the same person more than twice. The candidate may take the examination at any appointed time or place, but a certificate shall be VIII General Regulations. issued only after the candidate sliall have made an engagement to teach, approved by the school commissioner. If, after passing an examination, a candidate engage to teach within the jurisdic- tion of another commissioner, the answer papers shall be transferred to said commissioner upon his requisition. The certificates shall be dated when issued ; but not more than one year shall intervene between the examination and the issuance of the certificate. 5. In addition to the foregoing schoo" commissioners may grant temporary- licenses for a time not exceeding six weeks, in cases where public convenience may seem to require it, and applicants shall present satisfactory reasons for not havini; been present at a regular examination. II. QUALIFICATIO.NS OF CaNDID.\TES. I. Expe)-ience. 6. Candidates for certificates of the first grade must have taught successfully for at least two years. 7. Candidates for certificates of the second grade must have taught successfully for at least one term of not less than twelve weeks. II. Educational requirements. 8. Candidates for certificates of the third grade shall be required to pass an oral examination in reading and a written examination in arithmetic, composition, geography, grammar, orthography, penmanship and physiology and hygiene. 9. Candidates for certificates of the second grade shall be required to pass au oral examination in reading and a written examination in the subjects required for certificates of the third grade, also in American history, civil government, current topics and elementary drawing,* from copies and from objects. 10. Candidates for certificates of the first grade shall be required to pass a written examina- tion in the subjects required for a certificate of the second grade with exception of reading; also in algebra, book-keeping, elements of ph^-sics, methods and school law. 11. The questions in written examinations for certificates of the second and third grades shall be the same so far as the subjects are the same, the difference in educational qualifications for these grades being determined by the difference in the standings attained. 12. Candidates for certificates of the third grade must attain a standing of at least sixty per cent in arithmetic, geography, grammar and orthography, and an average standing of at least sixty per cent in ah the other subjects. 13. Candidates for certificates of the second grade must attain a standing of at least seventy- five per cent in arithmetic, geography, grammar and orthography, and an average standing of at least seventy-five per cent in all the other subjects. 14. Candidates in the second and third grade examination for their first certificate in either of said grades, shall be exempt from examination in any subject in which they have attained a stand- ing of seventy-five per cent in any previous examination held not more than six months before. 15. For certificates of the first grade, separate examinations shall be held, and candidates must attain a standing of at least seventy-five per cent in arithmetic, geography, grammar and orthography ; and an average standing of at least seventy-five per cent in all the other subjects. 16. All candidates for certificates of the first grade who attain the required percentage in any one of the designated subjects, but not in all, will be credited for those studies in which they shall have passed, and a partial certificate to this effect will be given by the school commissioner. On passing the required percentage in the remaining designated subjects at the next subsequent ex- amination of the first grade, they will receive the regular certificate of that grade. 17. Candidates undertaking the first grade examination and failing to attain the standard re- quired for a certificate in that grade, may be given a certificate in the second or thii'd grade, pro- vided the percentages attained are as high as required in that grade; but no credits obtained in a second or third grade examination, shall be allowed in an examination for a first grade certificate. 18. Candidates for certificates of any grade shall be exempt from examination in anj- subject in which they have attained a standing of seventy-five per cent on the examination held by the State Department for a State certificate. * Drawing will be a required subject for certificates of the first and second grades on and after November 26, 1SS9. TX GrENERAL REGULATIONS. 19. No paper that shows a standing of less than fifty per cent shall be accepted in examinations for certificates of any grade. 20. School commissioners may, in their discretion, supplement these examinations with other questions, demand a higher percentage than above required, or refuse to admit a candidate to the examination, or to grant him a certificate after he has attained the required standing. III. Marking. 21. The standings shall be marked on the basis of the marginal numbers placed after the several questions, a portion of credits being allowed on any answer or process that admits of division, shows knowledge of principles, or gives an essential part of the information called for. 22. In marking standings in orthography both spelling and use of capital letters should be re- garded. No candidate whose papers show more than twenty-five mispelled words ought to receive a certificate in any grade. 1\'. Times for Examinations. 23. Examinations for certificates of the second and third grades shall, unless omitted in the discretion of the commissioner, be held in each commissioner district on the first Saturday each of January, February, March, April, May, September, October and November,* and on the second Tuesday each of March, August and September. Examinations for certificates of the first grade shall begin on the second Tuesday each of March and August, and continue two days. Examina- tions for certificates of any grade shall not be held upon any other date than those above enume- rated, except by direction of the State Superintendent. V. Indorsement of Certificates. 24. Certificates of the first and second grades shall be valid in any commissioner district of the State when indorsed by the school commissioner of the district. \'l. Records of Examinations. 25. All answer papers submitted by candidates shall be indorsed in ink by the school commis- sioner, with the standing attained, and placed on file in his oflice, subject to the order of the Superintendent of Public Instruction. 20. Records of all examinations shall be kept by the commissioner in a book provided for that purpose, which shall be delivered to his successor in oflice. VII. Forms of Certificates. 27. Blank certificates will be prepared and issued for the use of the commissioners by the De- partment of Public Instruction of the forms which have been prescribed. VIII. Places of Examinations. 28. Commissioners shall give due notice of the places of examinations and the hour at which they will begin. 20. Commissioners should publish a permanent schedule indicating the place at which each examination during the year will be held, which should be so arranged as to meet the convenience of the entire district. It is advisable that examinations of the same date in succeeding years should be held at the same place. 30. Examinations shall be held in but one place in any school commissioner district upon any given date. Statement of Candidate. 31. Before entering upon examination, candidates will be required to fill out a copy of the fol- lowing : Full name Home P. Age * The examination scheduled for first Saturday in November, lS8'.t, has been changed to last Tuesday in November. X GrENEKAL REGULATIONS. Successful experience in teaching terms. References as to moral character Last certificate Grade Date Issued by Have held second grade certificates. Have held third grade certificates. Have held temporary license. Am exempt from examination in Copies of the above form will be supplied by the Department. Program for Second and Third Grades 32. Examinations for certificates of the second and third grades will be held according to the following program : .\. M. — Arithmetic, geography, civil government, drawing. p. M. — Composition, grammar, physiology and hygiene, reading, American history, current topics. Program for First Grade. 33. Examinations for certificates of the first grade will be held according to the following pro- gram : Tnesday. A. M. — Arithmetic, geography, drawing, p. M. — Composition, grammar, physiology and hygiene, civil government. Wed/iiesday . A. M. — American history, algebra, current topics, book-keeping, p. M. — School law, elements of physics, methods. Notes. 1. Penmanship will be judged from the papers on geography, and orthography from all of the papers. 2. Twenty-five per cent of the credits of papers on composition will depend upon the general excellence of all papers submitted with reference to neatness, order and punctuation. 3. In the solution of problems, every process must be indicated. Mere answers will not be accepted. 4. The examinations in each subject will be restricted to the half-day designated in the pro- gram. 5. Collusion between candidates or any other act of dishonesty will wholly vitiate their exami- nation. 6. Answer papers should be written in ink, arranged and filed in good order. 7. Questions to be used in these examinations, together with the answers thereto, will be issued by the Department, and forwarded to school commissioners in sealed envelopes; these will bejirst opened in the presence of the class, at the time /or the examination. 8. Answers will be furnished to commissioners, — the envelope containing the same not to be opened until the close of the examination. 9. Candidates must supply themselves with necessary material, and, to secure uniformity, legal cap paper will be used. 10. Books for records of examination will be furnished to school commissioners by the Depart- ment. State Superiiitcndent. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS USED BV THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC IXSTRUCTIOX, UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS COMMISSIONERS' CERTIFICATES, COMPLETE FROM SEPTEMBER 3, 1887, TO MAY 4, 1889. State of New York. uniform ex a mi n a tion q ues tions. ALGEBRA. 1st Grade, ..-.-. September 3, 1887. 1. Give and explain briefly the principal signs used in Algebra. 20 2. Required, in its simplest form, the quotient : 4a (a- — x"^) _ ffl^ — ax qq 3i(c' — x^) ~ he + hx 3. Expand {a—b)\ 20 4. What fraction is that, such that if the numerator and denominator be each increased by 1, the value is i; but if each be diminished by 1, the value is 1 ? 20 0. What two numbers are those, whose sum is 41, and the sum of whose squares is 901 ? 1st Grade, October 1, 1887. 1. Define co-efficient, polynomial, and exponent. 20 2. Expand {a~b)K 20 3. Factor a-'m— 9 am^. 20 4. Divide $183 between two men, so that 4 of what the first receives shall be equal to ^ of what the second receives. 20 5. A person loaned $100,000, a pai-t of it at 5 per cent, and the balance at 4 per cent; his annual interest on the whole was $4,640. Required the two parts of the principal. 20 1st Grade, ..-.-- November 5, 1887. 1. By what signs are the terms of an algebraic expression of quantity separated? 20 ^ ^ a^+Za'^x+Zax^+x^ . •. , ^ ^ on 3. Reduce r, 5 to its lowest terms. '*'J ^. Expand {y—^f. 30 4. Divide a^ +Qa'>x'^ +xl^ by a'^ + 2ax-\-x'^. 20 5. The product of two numbers is 45, and the difference of their squares is 56. Required, the numbers. 20 1st Grade, ..---. December 3, 1887. 1. Reduce to a mixed radical quantity \/\2diX^ 4s*. 20 2. Express in the form of a radical quantity the product of ^ Yx multiplied by 4 Vr 20 3. Find tiie value of the unknown quantity in the equation x"+2x — 44-f V'a;^+2x— 44=42. 20 4. Given .T^-t- 7/3=1 89, and x-i-y-=9, to find the values of x and y. 20 5. Resolve x^ — y^ into four factors. 20 2 State of New York. department of public instruction. ALGEBRA.— Answers. 1st Grade, --.... September 3, 1887, 1. The principal signs used in Algebra are the following : =, -t-, — , x, -=-, ( ), >. y. Each sign represents certain words, and is used to express the various operations in the clearest and briefest manner. ^ 4(^+.e) . ^- %{c-x) 3. a?—'7a%+'2\a^¥—Zoa*¥+^5a"¥—'i\a-^h''+1a¥—hy 4. f. 5. 15 and 26 1st Grade, --.... October 1, 1887. 1. A co-efficient is a number or letter prefixed to a quantity, to denote how many times the quantity is taken. A polynominal is an algebraic quantity consisting of more than one term An exj^ouent is a number written above and to the right of a quantity, to show how many times the quantity is taken as a factor. 3. am(a'— 3m)(rt''-l-3TO). 4. 1,— $63; 2,— $120. 5. $64,000 and $36,000. -ax+x 1st Grade, 1. By the signs -i- and — . a'^+%ax+x" (a+x)" 2. — , — ror a- — ax+x- 4. «■• — 2rt.'C+a;'. 5- ± 9 and + 5 ; or ± V— 25 and ±_ V —^\- ^ , 5?/4 20w3 "^3 27 5?/' 2y 1 27 ~"81 ^ 729" November 5, 1887. 1st Grade. _ - - • 1. 4.r^ v'2^, 2. 4^;s- 3. a'=8. 4. a;=5 or 4 ; ^=4 or 5. 5. i^+y) {x—y) {■i'-—-'(y+y^) (x'^+xy+y^). December 3, 1887. 5. Prove that — a' — a a'^ + h a — 1> 6. A^ ^ 3 =• 7. «■" ^ a' _ ^ yZ • yi State of New York. uniform e x a m 1 na t i o y q it e st to n s. ALGEBRA. 1st Grade, - . . - March 13 and 14, 1888. 1. Define Algebra. Define an equation. 10 2. State the axiom that applies to the transposition of a term from one member of an equation to the other. 10 (a) When the term is a positive quantity ; (b) When the term is a negative quantity. 3. Explain tlie diflFerence between tlie two algebraic expressions, a + and J •'■ 10 X 4. Show that — y (m — ■v)^(x — in)t/. 10 10 10 10 8. Find the value or the unknown quantity in the equation ^ "^ ^ ~ ^^ — j. ^^ 9. Find two numbers whose sum is 40 and whose difference is 16. Give full solution. 10 10. A boatman who can row 12 miles per hour in still water, is 7 Iwurs in row- ing to a certain point up the river, and 5 hours in returning. At what rate per hour does the river flow ? Give full solution. 10 1st Grade, ...... May 4 and 5, 1888. 1. Subtract — 2a from 5rt, and explain tlie process. 10 ■r—7 2. Keduce ox-)-4 — ., to an improper fraction. 10 3. In general, what is the efTcct of a minus sign before a dividing line when we clear of fractions ? 10 4. Resolve ahv'- — ahij'' into its prime factors. 10 5. State the methods of eliminating one of two unknown quantities by com- parison. 10 G. By the above method find tlie values of x and // in tlie equations 4.r— 3//='^ and 5x+4>/=h. 10 7. Find two numbers, such that if J, of the greater be added to ?, of the less, the sum will be 13; and if \ of the less be subtracted from ^- of the greater, tiie remainder will be nothing. 10 8. Expand (2« +?>)■'' by the binomial theorem. 10 and 10. ;Make and reduce an affected quadratic equation, to illustrate one method of completing the square in order to find the values of the unknown quantity. 20 4 State of New York. D EPA li T MENT OF PUB LI C INS T li V OTION, ALGEBRA.— Answers. 1st Grade, ..... March 13 and 14, 1888. 1. No answer required here. 2. (rt) If equals be subtracted from equals, the remainders will be e(]ual. {b) If equals be added to equals, the sums will be e(iual. 3. In the expression a -+- the (juotient of h — c divided by x is to be added 1, c to a\ and in the expression (t the quotient of h — c divided by .r is to be subtracted from a. 4. — yy.(m — x)^ — my-\-xxj\ and ( — m+x)y=(x — m)i/. 5. — a^-h-i-n''^ — a'-\ but the minus sign before the divisor sliows that the quo- tient, — «^ is to be subtracted; and — ( — «-)=+a' or a". w • a r* I . • ?/ 8. a.-=25|3. 9. Let .r=the greater number, and 40==.r the less. .T— (40— i)=16 2.r_40=16 3.r=16+40 T=38, the greater number, and 40—28=12, the less number. 10. Let ./• miles = the rate per hour the river flows. 7x12 mi. — 7x mi.= distance up the river; and 5 X 12 mi. 4-5.1; mi.^= distance down the river. 7 X 12— 7.?;=5 x 12+5.7!. 12.r=24, and .r=2^2 mi. per hour. 1st Grade, ------ May 4 and 5, 1888. 1. la. Explanations will vary. 8.C+19 3. All the signs in the numerator of the fraction must be changed. 4. ah(x+s) (x — i). 5. Find the value of the s.ame unknown quantity in terms of the other in each equation; place these values equal to each other, and reduce. 3?/+ a h — 4?/ Aa+Sh Ah— 5a Q. -^"^ 7 — ; :?'= — :r-^ ; from whicli, x= — wi — ; i/= — oi — • 7. ri'=18, and 2/=12. 8. Sa^+12a"-l>-hCi.iI>-+h\ 9 and 10. i^xamples and methods will vary. 5 State of New York. uni f ohm examina tion q vest jons. ALGEBRA. 1st Grade, , . - . - August 14 and 15, 1888. 1. What are similar terms ? Write an equation made up of sucli terms. 10 2. To what is the square of the sum of two quantities equal ? 10 3. Show that (a) the zero power of any quantity is equal to 1, (b) any quantity having a negative exponent is equal to the reciprocal of the same quantity with an equal positive exponent. 10 4. Factor 3^—i/i finding three factors. 10 ■p qj f^^ Q/y 5 Given — + — = 1, and ?- = c, to find values of x and y. 10 c c a — 6. Given x — 3y==a, and x+4^y='b, to find x and y. 10 7. Expand (3a+2c)\ by tlie binomial theorem. 10 8. Extract the cube root of x^—Zx^+^x^—Zx—l. 10 9. Given a!'- + 3.i'=10, to find the values of x. 10 10. Given x+y=^, and x'^y+xi/=^Z^, to find the values of x and y. 10 1st Grade, > . . - - March 12 and 13, 1889. 1. How does algebra differ from arithmetic? 10 2. What are the terms of an algebraic expression ? 10 3. Define axiom, and give one in common use in algebra. 10 4. Divide a* — ¥ by a + ft. 10 .18a;— .05 5. Given 1.2a;— ^ = .4a;+8.9 to find x. 10 .0 6. What fraction is it which becomes equal to 3^ when its numerator is in- creased by 6, and equal to ;^ when its denominator is increased by 2 ? 10 7. Expand {x — yY. 10 8. Find the sum of | 4/T"and | ^^; 10 3.3 8 9. Given x ^—^ == 2, to find x. 10 10. Extract the square root of a;* — ^xy+Qx+^y"^ — 12y-i-9. 10 6 State of New York. department of public instruction. ALGEBRA.— Answers. 1st Grade, ..... August 14 and 15, 1888. 1. Terms made up of the same letters having the same exponents, as 2«^4-5a-=7a''. 2. The square of the first, plus twice the product of the first into the second, plus the square of the second. 3. Proof, --7=rt'2-2=a'':— 5" =1; hence by Ax. a''=l. n'- -"'^ __ 1 1 Proof, — -=(-<» '-3=«- i;—T — — : hence a — '^ — 4. x*—y*={x'+y') {x^—i/)==={x-^+i/) (x+y) (x—y). ay U 5. x= -^— , and ?/= t- '' a+b 4*+35 l — a 6. a= — ^ — , and y= ~y-- 7. 27a^+54ah+dQac'+ScK 8. x^—x—l. 9. .r=2 or —5. 10. .^=3 and y=2. 1st Grade, ----- March 12 and 13, 1889. 1. Algebra is the science which treats of quantity as exjDressed by letters, figures, oj- a combination of both ; while Arithmetic is the science of number alone. 2. The divisions connected by the signs plus and minus. 3. An axiom is a self-evident truth. Answers to the last clause may differ. 4. a^—a^h+ab^—¥. 5. 20. 7. cc' — 5x^i/+10x^y^ — 10x''y^+5xy^—^'\ 8. UV«- 9. 2 or i. 10. x—2y+3. State of New York. UNIFORM EXAMINA TION QUESTIONS. » AMERICAN HISTORY AND CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 2d Grade, ...... September 3, 1887. Note. — The following indicates the grade of questions used for tlie four examinations in this subject held in 18S7 : 1st Grade. — All questions in every subject apply to first grade licenses. Sd Grade. — All questions in every subject, excepting School Law and Algebra, apply to second grade licenses. Snl Grade. — Questions j)nnted in italics only, appply to third grade licenses. — See Regulations. 1. Name three discoverers in the employ of the Spanish, English and French respectively, giving a discovery of each. 15 2. What were the leading events in the French and Indian "War ? 15 3. What causes led to the Revolutionary War ? 20 4. Comment upon the relative position of the United States to-day among the great jjowers of the world. 15 5. Name the legislative branches in the National and State Governments. 10 6. Name the members of the President's cabinet, and the title of each. 15 7. What is tariff? 10 2d Grade, ...... October 1, 1887. 1. What do the following dates suggest: 1497, 1534, 1541, 1565, 1607, 1609, 1620, 1623, 1651, and 1765 ? 20 2. How did we acquire Louisiana? When? From whom? 10 3. What was the principle of the "Monroe Doctrine?" 10 4. ilention a prominent battle of (a) the French and Indian War; (b) the Revo- lutionary War; {c) the War of 1812; {o) the Mexican War, and (e) the War of the Rebellion. 10 5. With what jury would a bill of indictment originate, and what jury would try the criminal? 10 6. How are U. S. Senators elected? Mention a State officer elected in the same manner? 20 7. Mention six distinct purposes for which the Constitution of the U. S. was adopted. 20 2d Grade, ...... November 5, 1887. 1. (a) Who discovered the Mississippi river? {V) tlie Hudson river? 15 2. Name the tribes of the Six Nations in their order of location from east to west. 15 3. Mention five of the principal events of the Civil War. 10 4. Name the highest court and also the lowest courts of the State of New York. 10 5. How many persons comisrise a trial jury in a court of record ? 10 G. Explain what is meant by impeachment in the clause of the Constitution, " shall have the sole power of impeachment." 20 7. What is meant by the veto power? 20 8 State of New York. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. AMERICAN HISTORY, CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 2d Grade, - - - - - - September 3, 1887. 1. Columbus — Touched first at one of the Bahama Islands. ''To Castile and Leon Columbus gave a new world." JaquesCartier — River and Gulf o* St Lawrence. John Cabot — Labrador. Cabo* discovered the western continent almost 14 months before Columbus sighted the mainland. (Bancroft.) 2. Braddock's defeat; expulsion of the Acadiaus ; capture of Louisburg; battle of Lake George; attack on Ticonderoga; evacuation of Ticonderoga and Crown Point; capture of Quebec. 3. (1.) American training in self-government. (2.) The attempted exercise ot unconstitutional authority by Great Britain, (a) Writs of assistance. (6) The Stamp Act. (c) Quartering of troops in towns, {d) The tea tax. (e) The withdrawal of the right of self-government. (3.) The punishment inflicted by England upon the colonies for their remonstrance. 4. The United States is the leading republic of the world. Natural resources, geographical posi- tion, and character of population under a representative government place her in the fore- most rank among the great powers of the world. 5. National — Senate and House of Representatives. State — Senate and Assemblv. 6. Bayard, secretary of state; Fairchild, secretary of the treasury; Endicott, secretary of war; Whitney, secretary of the uavy; Vilas, postmaster-general; Garland, attorney-general; Lamar, secretary of the interior. 7. A list or table of duties or customs imposed by government, to be paid on goods imported or exported. 2d Grade, * - . . . . October 1, 1887. 1. 1497, Cabot's discovery of the American continent ; 1534, Cartier's discovery of the St. Lawrence river; 1541, De Soto's discovery of the Mississippi river ; 1565, Settlement of St. Augustine by the Spaniards under Melendez; 1607, Settlement of Jamestown by the English ; 1609, Henry Hudson explored the river that now bears his name; 1620, Landing of Pilgrims or Puritans at Plymouth, Mass.; 1623, Actual settlement of New York by the Dutch; 1651, Navigation Act passed. (Enforced m 1660.) 1765, Stamp Act passed. *2. Purchased from France in 1803. 3. "The American continents are henceforth not to be considered subjects for future colonization by any European power." 4. (a) Quebec; (b) Saratoga; (c) New Orleans; ((/) Buena Vista; {e) Gettysburg. 5. Grand jury; petit jury. 6. By joint ballot of the Legislature. Superintendent of Public Instruction. 7. 1. To form a more perfect union ; 2. To establish justice; 3. To insure domestic tranquilitv; 4. To provide for the common defense ; 5. To promote the general welfare ; 6. And to secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and onr posterity. 2d Grade, ------ November 5, 1887. 1. (a) Fernando De Soto. (6) Hendrik (or Henry) Hudson. 2. Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Seuecas, and Tuscaroras. 3. The capture of Fort Sumter; the battle of Bull Run; the battle of Ge'tysburg; the draft riots in New York city, and the Emancipation Proclamation, etc. 4. The Court of Appeals is the highest court, and Justices' Courts are the lowest. 5. Twelve. 5. An impeachment is a formal presentation of charges against an olUcial for misconduct iu ottice, made by the lower branch of a legislative body. 7. The power of a chief executive officer to negative a law passed by a legislative body. 9 State of New York. UNI F OEM EXA JTINA T/OIf QUESTIO NS. AMERICAN HISTORY AND CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 2d Grade, -.-..- December 3, 1887. 1. Name some of the important inventions that have been made by Americans. 10 3. Name tlie two chief commanders of the American forces during the ^Mexican War 10 3. What were the prime causes of the War of 1813? Who was President during that war? 30 4. Who discovered Florida, and why was the country so named ? 15 5. What is meant by " a Congress of the United States ? '' 15 6. How are judges of the United States Supreme Court choseu? What is the length of their term of office ? 15 7. When does the House of Representatives elect a President ? How does it vote ? 15 Note. — The subject of American History aud Civil Government was divided after tlie examina- tion of December 3, 1887. AMERICAN HISTORY. 1st Grade. . . . . . March 13 and 14, 1888. 1. Of what nationality was De Soto ? What discovery did he make ? 10 2. Why was Virginia thus named, and where was its first settlement ? 10 3. In what colony and in what year was slavery introduced into the United States ? 10 4. Who was William Penn ? What State did he found ? 10 5. Give the names of three persons prominent in inciting the colonists to rebel against England. 10 6. Name four distinguished generals who afterward became Presidents of the United States. 10 7. What was the Emancipation Proclamation ? When and by whom was it issued ? 10 8. "With wliat nation have we a treaty restricting immigration ? 10 9. Name two distinguished foreigners who assisted the colonists during the Revolutionary War. 10 10. Give a brief sketch of the life of (a) Lincoln; (h) Seward. 10 1st Grade. -.-.--• May 4 and 5, 1888. 1. During what war was "Braddock's defeat" ? Where ? 10 2. Mention two tilings for which Benjamin Franklin is noted. 10 3. In what city aud in what building was the Declaration of Independence signed ? 10 10 State of New York. department of public instruction. AMERICAN HISTORY, CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 2d Grade, ...... December 3, 1887. 1. No answer required. 3. Geu. Winfield Scott, and Gen. Zachariah Taylor. 3. The impressment of American seamen by the British; the right to search Amer- ican vessels, claimed by the British government, and denied by the American ; and the severe restrictions placed upon American commerce, by the British government. James Madison. 4. Ponce De Leon. From its beautiful foliage and blossoming trees, (Florida, n\esimng floicery.) 5. The members of the House of Representatives are chosen every even year for the term of two years, and each such term is called "a Congress.'' 6. They are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. During life or good behavior. 7. When no candidate has received a majority of the electoral vote of the United States. It votes by States, each State being entitled to one vote. AMERICAN HISTORY— Answers. 1st Grade, . . . . . March 13 and 14, 1888» 1. A Spaniard. The Mississippi river. 2. After the "Virgin Queen " of England, at Jamestown. 3. Virginia, 1619. 4. A celebrated English Quaker. Pennsylvania. 5. No definite answer can be given here. Patrick Henry, Joseph Otis, Samuel Adams, etc. 6. Washington, Jackson, Taylor and Grant. 7. A proclamation declaring all the slaves, in the United States, free wherever the people were in rebellion. 1863; Abraham Lincoln. 8. China. 9. Any two of the following: LaFayette, Kosciusko, Pulaski or Steuben. 10. No answer can be here given to this, as all answers will vary. 1st Grade. - - - - - - May 4 and 5, 1888. 1. French and Indian War. In western Pennsylvania. 2. Answers will vary. 3. Philadelphia. Independence Hall. 11 State or Nf.w York. UNI F OHM EX A MINA Tl OX Q UESTIOX-8. AMERICAN HISTORY. 1st Grade. ...... May 4 and 5, 1888. 4. Who were the Hessians who took part in the Revolutionary War ? How came they here ? 10 5. For what is eacli of the following especially remembered : John Paul Jones? General Anthony Wayne ? 10 6. Who was the hero of "Lundy's Lane" ? Of what war was that a battle ? 10 7. Who was President of the United States during the War of 1812 ? The Mexican War ? 10 8. Mention two noted Anti-Slavery agitators in the United States. 10 9. Where and for what was John Brown executed ? 10 10. Whatismeant by the "Centennial Year"? What event was specially celebrated? 10 1st Grade. .... - August 14 and 15, 1888. 1. When and by whom was Boston founded ? 10 2. Why was Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony ? What settlement did he found ? 10 •3. What caused the French and Indian War ? 10 4. For what is each of the following specially remembered: Benjamin Frank- lin ? LaFayette ? 10 5. What made Valley Forge memorable ? 10 6. When, where, and why was the Constitution of the United States adopted ? 10 7. Under wliat circumstances was Alexander Hamilton killed ? 10 8. Between what cities and by whom was the first telegraph line built ? 10 9. Name two great battles of the Civil War in which the Union forces were vic- torious ? 10 10. To what political party did each of the following belong: Daniel Webster ? Stephen A. Douglas ? William H. Seward ? 10 1st Grade. . . . . - March 12 and 13, 1889. 1. Why were New York and Virginia so named ? 10 2. Give one cause, one prominent event, and one result of the French and Indian War. 10 3. Give an account of the battle of Trenton. 10 4. 5. When, where, and why was the United States Constitution adopted ? How much of the present Constitution was then adopted ? 20 6. State the provisions of tlie Missouri Compromise. 10 7. Give an account of John Brown's raiil. 10 8. Give two reasons for the rapid growtli of California. 10 9. What was the Kansas-Nebraska Bill ? 10 10. State facts as to Stephen A. Douglas; Salmon P. Chase; Wendell Phillips; Edwin M. Stanton. (Select any two names from tlie above list about which to write.) 10 12 State of New York. department of public instruction. AMERICAN HISTORY.— Answers. 1st Grade. --.... May 4 and 5, 1888. 4. Natives of Hesse-Cassel. They were hired by the British government to figlit against the Americau colonists. 5. For naval victories during the Revolutionary War. For the capture of Stony Point. 6. General Winfield Scott. War of 1812. 7. James Madison. James K. Polk. 8. Answers will vary. 9. In Virginia. For making au unlawful attack upon Harper's Ferry. 10. 1876. The 100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, 1st Grade. ----- August 14 and 15, 1888. 1. In 1630. Puritan families under Gov. Winthrop. 2. On account of his religious opinions. Providence. 3. Previous inter-colonial wars and encroachments of the French upon the English colonial possessions. 4. Answers will vary. 5. The terrible winter suflEerings of the American .soldiers durmg the Revolutionary War. 6. 1787. Philadelphia. Because of the utter weakness of the government under the Colonial Confederation. 7. In a duel witli Aaron Burr in 1804. 8. Baltimore and Washington. Prof. S. F. B. Morse. 9. Answers will vary. 10. Webster was a Whig; Douglas was a Democrat; and Seward was a Republican. 1st Grade. - - . - . March 12 and 13, 1889. 1. New York was named after the Duke of York Virginia after the -'Virgin Queen " of England. 2. Answers may differ. 3. Answers may differ. 4. 5. 1787. Philadelphia. There was no executive power, but little power was given to Congress, and there was a general feeling that there should be stronger national government. All but the fifteen amendments. G. Missouri was to be admitted as a slave State, but slavery was to be forever pro- hibited in all other territory west of the INIississippi and north of the parallel 36° 30'. 7. Answers may differ. 8. Answers may differ. 9. The bill introduced by Stephen A.,Douglas, organizing the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska, and giving the inhabitants tlie power to decide whether slavery should be admitted or prohibited. 10. Answers may differ. 13 State of New York. uniform examination questions. AMERICAN HISTORY. 2ci and 3rd Grades, . . . . January 7, 1888. 1. By what people was New York settled? When? Where? 20 2. Name the Presidents of the United States who have died during their term of office, and the successor of each. 20 3. What accessions of territory have the United States secured? From whom obtained? How? 20 4. Where was Fort DuQuesne located? Fort Ticonderoga? Fort Necessity? Fort Erie? 20 5. What incidents are recalled by the names, — {a) Cherry Valley? (b) Yorktown? (c) Saratoga? {d) Shiloh ? {e) Appomattox? 20 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . February, 1888. 1. Give name and location of each of the five tribes of Indians known as the Iroquois. 30 2. Mention three oppressive acts of the British Parliament which are considered causes of the American Revolution. 15 3. Name the Atlantic States which were among the original thirteen States. 25 4. Name three prominent Centennial Celebrations, by the people of the United States, and give the date of each. 20 5. What State is called the "Centennial " State? Why so called? 10 2d and 3rd Grades, - . . - - March 3, 1888. 1. Of what church were the earliest settlers of Maryland? Of Pennsylvania? 10 2. What circumstances led to the colonization of Rhode Island? 10 3. By what war did Great Britain acquire Canada? 10 4. In what body was the general government of the colonies lodged during the American Revolution? 10 5. Why was the battle of Saratoga so important in its consequences? 10 6. What brilliant victory is associated with the name of Oliver Hazard Perry? In what way was that victory gained? 10 7. By what war did the United States make the largest acquisition of territory? Wliat States and Territories have since been formed of this territory? 20 . 8. Who were the respective commanders of the Union and Confederate forces in the battle of Antietam? Of Gettysburg? 20 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 13, 1888. 1. In what branch of warfare did the Americans particularly distinguish them- selves in the War of 1812? 20 2. What people claim to have discovered America before the time of Columbus? 20 3. Wliat effect had the Colonial wars upon the Revolutionarv struggle? 20 14 State of New York. department of public ins tjicc ti on. AMERICAN HISTORY.— Answers. 2d. and 3rd Grades, ..... January 7, 1888. 1 . By Hollanders, in 1615, on the present sites of New York and Albany. 2. William Henry Harrison, succeeded by John Tyler. Zachary Taylor, succeeded by Millard Fillmore. Abraham Lincoln, succeeded by Andrew Johnson. James A. Garfield, succeeded by Chester A. Arthur. 3. The Louisiana territory, obtained from the French by purchase; Florida, obtained from Spain by purchase; Te.xas, formerly a part of Mexico, annexed upon a vote of its people; Califor- nia, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and part of Colorado, obtained from Mexico by purchase, and in the settlement of the Mexican War; Alaska, obtained from Russia by purchase. 4. Fort DuQuesne was located on the present site of Pittsburgh; Fort Ticonderoga, on Lake Champlain; Fort Necessity, nearly south of Pittsburgh, in a pass in the Alleghany moun- tains, near the southern boundary of Pennsylvania; Fort Erie, on the west side of Niagara river, near Lake Erie. 5. (a) The great massacre by the Indians; (b) the surrender of Coruwallis; (c) the surrender of Burgoyne; (d) the great battle of Shiloh or Pittsburgh Landing, during the Civil War; (e) the surrender of the army of Northern Virginia, under Lee, to uen. Grant. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . February, 1888. 1. Mohawks, Oneiclas, Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas. Mohawks in territory centering in Herkimer county, and the others in the counties bearing their several names. 2. Navigation Act. Importation Act. Stamp Act. 3. New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia. 4. The Centennial Exposition, 1876. Yorktown, 1881. The adoption of the Consti- tution, 1887. 5. Colorado. Because it was admitted to the Union in 1876. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 3, 1888. 1. The Roman Catholic; the Quaker Church. 2. The banishment of Roger Williams from Massachusetts for heresy. 3. The French and Indian War. 4. The Continental Congress. 5. Because it led to the surrender of Burgoyne and that event led to the recognition of the United Colonies as a nation by France. 6. The naval victory on Lake Erie in the War of 1812. 7. By the Mexican War, California, Nevada, Colorado, Texas, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico. 8. McClellan and Lee, Meade and Lee. 2d and 3rd Grades, .... March 13, 1888. 1. In naval warfare. 2. The Scandinavians, or Northmen. 3. The colonial wars had developed a military spirit among the colonists, and had educated many of their officers in the art of war, thus better fitting the colo- nists to cope with the Britisli troops. 15 State of New York. unif orm exa mi jsfa tion questio n3. AMERICAN HISTORY. 2d, and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 13, 1888. 4. Name two battles of the Mexican War and the commander of the American troops in each. 20 5. Name the eleven States that formed the Confederacy in the War of the Rebellion? 20 2d and 3rd Grades, .... March, 1888, Special. 1. What prominent events are associated with the following dates: 1775, 1781, 1787, 1861 and 1865. 25 2. Between what two cities was the first telegraph line built? By whom? 15 3. What was the Nullification Act of 1832? What State passed that act? Wlio was President then? 15 4. Name the last five regularly elected Presidents and Vice-Presidents. 25 5. Where, when and under what circumstances did General Grant die? Where was he buried? 20 2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . . April 7, 1888. 1. What was the Stamp Act? 20 2. Who were the respective commanders at the battle of Gettysburg? In what State was it fought? 20 3. In what two wars was George Washington a distinguished participant? 20 4. For what act is Benedict Arnold's name execrated? 20 5. What Wiis the Missouri Compromise? 20 2d and 3rd Grades, ...-.- May 5, 1888. 1. W^hat European discovered the Mississippi River? The Pacific Ocean, from the heights of the Isthmus of Darien? 10 2. After whom was this continent named? Wliy was it so named? 10 3. State facts relating to Nathan Hale. To John Andre. 10 4. For what was Robert Fulton noted? Eli Whitney? 10 5. Who was the first candidate of the Republican party for President of the United States? Who was first elected President by that party? 10 6. What European nation made the first settlements in the valley of the St. Lawrence? In the valley of the Hudson? 10 7. Locate Fort Sumter; Appomattox Court-House. 10 8. Name four American generals that have been elected President of the United States. 10 9. From what country did the United States purchase Alaska? Florida? 10 10. What was the last great battle of the War of 1812? 10 2d and 3rd Grades, .-._-- June, 1888. 1. Why did the Pilgrims come to this country to make it tlieir home ? 10 2. Into what colony was negro slavery first introduced ? When ? 10 16 State of New York. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC IN S TRV G T I N. AMERICAN HISTORY.— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 13, 1888. 4. Answer unnecessary. 5. Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas and Tennessee. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . March, 1888, Special. 1. Battle of Lexington; surrender of Cornwallis; adoption of the Constitution; attack on Fort Sumter; Lee's surrender. 2. Baltimore and Washington; Prof. Morse. 3. The people of South Carolina refused to pay duties on foreign goods ; South Carolina: Andrew Jackson. 4. Lincoln and Johnson, Grant and Colfax, Hayes and Wheeler, Garfield and Arthur, Cleveland and Hendricks. 0. On Mt. McGregor, July, 1885, of cancer in liis throat; at Pdverside Park. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . April 7, 1888. 1. An act of Parliament compelling the people of the American colonies to buy gov- ernment stamps and place them on legal papers. 2. General Meade, Union ; Gen. Lee, Confederate. Pennsylvania. 3. The French and Indian War of 1755; Revolutionary War. 4. His traitorous negotiation with Sir Henry Clinton, to surrender West Point to the British. 5. An Act of Congress which provided that Missouri should come into the Union as a slave State and that thereafter slavery should be forever prohibited north of 36'.30'. 2d and 3rd Grades, ..---. May 5, 1888. 1. DeSoto. Balboa. 2. Amerigo Vespucci. Because he visited the mainland, and called attention to his visit by writing an account of it, which was published. 3. Nathan Hale was an American who entered the British lines to secure informa- tion for Washington, was captured and executed as a spy by the British. John Andre was a British officer who was appointed to negotiate with Bene- dict Arnold for the betrayal of West Point into the hands of the British, and was captured and executed as a spy by the Americans. 4. As the inventor of the first steamboat in America. As the inventor of the cotton gin. 5. John C. Fremont. Abraham Lincoln. 6. The French. The Dutch. 7. Fort Sumter is on an island at the entrance to the harbor of Charleston, S. C. Appomattox Court-House in the southern central part of Virginia. 8. Washington. Jackson. Taylor. Grant. Hayes. Garfield. (Any four.) 9. Russia. Spain. 10. The battle of New Orleans. 2d and 3rd Grades, -..--. June, 1888. 1. To find a home where they could worship God according to their own con- sciences, and educate their children as they pleased. 2. Virginia. 1G19. 17 State of New York. UNIFORM EXAMINA T/ON QUESTION'S. AMERICAN HISTORY. 2d and 3rd Grades, ------ June, 1888. 3. When aud why was the Stamp Act repealed ? 10 4. Where was the Continental Congress in session during the Revolutionary War? 10 5. What led to the Mexican War ? 10 6. Name two prominent generals of (a) the United States army and (b) one of the ^Mexican army in that war. 10 7. During what war and where was the battle of the "Iron Ships" fought ? 10 8. State some facts about Sherman's march to the sea. 10 9. Of what nation did the United State government purchase Louisiana? 10 10. What chief justice of the United States died a short time since ? 10 2d and 3d Grades, ----- August 14. 1888. 1. Who were the first explorers of the Mississippi Valley ? 20 2. What event is associated with each of the following dates: loGo, 1619, 1C20, 1765 ? 20 3. Name one important event of each year of the Revolutionary War. 20 4. What was the Geneva award ? What amount was awarded ? 20 5. With w!)at great enterprise is each of the following names associated: (a) DeWitt Clinton ? (J) S. F. B. Morse ? (c) Cyrus W. Field ? (.7) Ezra Cornell ? (e) M. Bartholdi ? 20 2d and 3rd Grades, ... . September 1, 1888. 1. What portion of the United States was first settled by (n) the Spanish ? (h) the English ? (c) the Dutch ? 20 2. Who were the Huguenots ? Why did many of them come to America ? 20 3. For what purpose, and by whom, was Georgia first settled ? 20 4. When and where was Washington inaugurated president of the United States ? 20 5. Name in order the first ^/ice presidents, and give the length of time each served. 20 2d and 3rd Grades, - . - - September 11, 1888. 1. Mention something of interest as to Andrew Jackson; Henry Clay; John C. Calhoun. 15 2. Who was President of the United States for only one month ? 5 3. Mention one specially important event of each year of the Civil War. 50 4. Name three candidates for the Presidency in 1884, aud state wiiat party each represented. 15 5. State facts as to (a) Horatio Seymour, {h) Roscoe Conkling. (c) Horace Greeley. 15 18 State of New York. DEPART MENT OF PUBLIC JNSTIIVCTION. AMERICAN HISTORY.— Answers. 2d and 3d Grades, ------ June, 1888. 3. 1766. Because the British goveriimeDt foimd it could uot be safely en- forced. 4. In Philadelphia. 5. The annexation of Texas. 6. {n) Scott and Taylor, (b) Sauta Anna. 7. During the Civil War. In Hampton Roads. 8. Answers will vary. 9. Of France. 10. Morrison R. Waite. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . , August 14, 1888. 1. La Salle and Marquette. 2. 1565 — St. Augustine. IGIO —Slavery. 1620 — The Pilgrims' lauding. 1765 — Stamp Act. 3. Answers will vary. 4. The amount paid to Americans by England on account of the Alabama depre- dations. $15,500,000. 5. («) The Erie Canal. {!>) The first telegraph line, (r) The first Atlantic cable. ((7) Cornell University, (e) The Statue of Liberty in New York harbor. 2d and 3rd Grades, - . . - September 1, 1888. 1. (a) The south-eastern part, including Florida, and what is now New Mexico. (b) All the remaining eastern coast, except New York and New Jersey, (c) The above-mentioned two States. 2. French Protestants. To escape persecution on account of tlieir religious beliefs. 3. As a refuge for imprisoned debtors. By James Oglethorpe. 4. Ai)ril 30, 1789. In New York city. 5. George Washington, eight years; John Adams, four years; Thomas Jefferson, eight years; James Madison, eight years; James Monroe, eight years. 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - September 11, 1888. 1. Answers will vary. 2. Y7illiam Henry Harrison. 3. Answers will vary. 4. Any three of the following: Grover Cleveland, Democratic party; James G. Blaine, Republican party; J. P. St. John, Prohibition ])arty; B. F. Butler, People's party; Belva Lockwood, Female Suffrage party. 5. Answers will vary. 19 State of New York. uniform examination questions, AMERICAN HISTORY. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . - October 6, 1888. 1. Wliat was meant bj' the i:)hrase " Taxation witliout representation ? " 20 2. What incidents are recalled by the names Jolni Paul Jones, Commodore 20 Perrj' and Admiral Farragut ? 20 3. When, how and by whom was Vicksburg captured ? 20 4. Mention two great inventions of this century, and name the inventors (Americans). 20 5. Name two famous Americans who have died during the past five years, and state for what each was famous. 20 2d and 3rd Grades, ----- November 3, 1888. 1. Describe the capture of Ticonderoga by Ethan Allen. 20 2. By whom was Stony Point captured? During what war? 20 3. Why were New York and Pennsylvania so named? 20 4. Mention two specially important events of 1860? 20 5. By whom, and under what circumstances, was President Garfield killed? 20 2d and 3rd Grades, ----- January 5, 1889. 1. In connection with the exploration and settlement of this continent, mention (rt) an Englishman, Q>) a Spaniard, (r) an Italian, and {d) a Frenchman. 20 2. What nation, or people colonized this State ? Name and locate two early settlements. 20 3. What historical event is connected with the following names: («) Oliver H. Perry; (h) Trenton; (c) Samuel F. B. Morse; {d) DeWitt Clinton; (e) A. Graham Bell; (/) The Monitor; (y) Dred Scott; {h) Peter Stuyvesant; (/) Tippecanoe ; {j) Brigham Young ? 20 4. Mention five acquisitions of territory made by the United States. 20 5. Which States passed secession ordinances after the general election of 1860? 20 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - February 2, 1889. 1. Where was the first permanent Spanish settlement within the present limits of the United States? The first permanent English settlement? 10 2. Why is the capital of North Carolina called Raleigh? 10 3. Give the story of Pocahontas. 10 4. By whom and for what purpose was Maryland first settled? 10 5. Name three ex-Presidents wlio died on tlie Fourth of .July? 10 6. What was tlie Fugitive Slave Law? 10 7. Locate tlie " Gadsden Purcliase," and state who negotiated that purcliase. 10 8. Describe the "Trent Affair." 10 9. Give an account of the laying of the Atlantic cable. 10 10. State facts as to (a) Farragut, {J>) Meade, (c) Sherman, {d) Sheridan, {e) Lee. 10 {Select any two of the above Jive 7iames in question 10 about which to write.) 20 State of New York. department of public instruction. AMERICAN HISTORY.— Answers. 2d and 3rd G-rades, . . . . . October 6, 1888. 1. The colonists denied the right of Great Britain to tax them, unless they could be represented in Parliament. 2. Naval battles of the Revolutionary War. Perry's victory on Lake Erie. The capture of New Orleans and Mobile. 3. 1863. By siege. Grant. 4. Ansv?ers will vary. 5. Answers will vary. 2d and 3rd Grades, . - . . , November 3, 1888. 1. Answers will vary. 2. General Wayne. Revolutionary War. 3. New York was named after the Duke of York. Pennsylvania means Penn's woods. 4. The two most important are tiie election of Lincoln, and the secession of South Carolina. 5. By Charles J. Guiteau, in a railway station, in Washington. 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - January 5, 1889. 1. (a) The Cabots, Raleigh, Hudson, Gosnold and Drake; (b) De Leon, Balboa, De Soto, De Narvaez, Cortez and Cordova; (accept Cohimbus); (c) Columbus and Vespucci; (d) Ver- razaui, Cartier, Ribaut, Champlain, Marquette, Joliet, Du Mont, and La Salle. 2. Holland, or the Dutch. Fort Orange, the present site of Albany; New Amsterdam, now New York city. 3. (a) Battle of Lake Erie; {h) Washington crossing the Delaware and defeating the Hessians; {c) Invention of the telegraph; {d) Construction of the Erie canal; {e) Invention of the telephone; (/) First battle between ironclad ships; {er cent did he draw out? 10 6. A pile of 4-foot wood 24 rods long contains 100 cords. What is its height ? 20 7. A man sells pens at \ cent apiece above cost and makes 20 per cent. What do the pens cost hiui apiece ? At what price per dozen does he sell them? 20 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . October 1, 1887. 1. Add 3| (l^y's), XCVIII, and four and seven hundred-thousandths. 10 2. Mnd the least common multiple, and greatest common divisor of 52, 78 and 143. 15 3. What will 15 acres of land cost at |- cent per square foot f 10 4. From a barrel of wine, 18 gal. 3 qt. 1 j^t. toei'e drawn. Wliat per cent of the whole remained in the bctrrelf 15 5. VHxat will 1893 ZJs. hay cost at $12.38 j>cr ton? 10 6. A man sold sixteen horses at $200 each; on one-half he gained 10 per cent, and on the other half he lost 10 per cent. Find net gain or loss. 20 7. Write a negotiable, interest-bearing, promissory note, omitting signature. 20 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, ... - November 5, 1887. 1. Write (a) three million, sixty thousand, seven; (li) a number composed of 5 units of the sixth order, 4 nnits of the fifth order, 1 unit of the fourth order, and 9 units of the second order; {c) six thousand twenty four hundred-thousandths. 12 2. {a) Divide ^ of % of 7i by 3| ; Qi) subtract 8j% from the sum of 51, 21, i^^. 12 3. Find the interest <>/ $94.75 from Aug. 14, 188G, to Oct. 1, 1887, at 5 per cent per annum. 12 4. Reduce (a) 39 sq. rods 17 sq. yd. 119 sq. in. to sq. in.; (b) 3. ph. 5 qt. 1 2>t. to the fraction of a bushel. 12 5. // lead iJencils that cost 3 cts. each are sold for 5 cents each, what is the per cent of proft ? 12 6. The difference in time between New York and Chicago is 54 min. {a) What is the difference in longitude ? (b) Wiien the local time in New York is 12 h. 25 min., A. M., what is the local time in Chicago ? 20 7. E.xtract the square root of 317.815, correct to three decimal places. 20 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, ... - December 3, 1887. 1. To ichat different classes of numbers does the number 924 belong? 12 2. What is the only even prime number? 12 3. Exjiress by figures {a) four hundred and twenty-eight ten-thousandths; (h) iiine hundred- thousandths. 13 26 State of New York. DEPART MEXT OF PUBLIC IXSTli UC HON. ARITHMETIC— Answers. 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, 3. .0105 pt. 4. $335.87. 5. 77^7 per ceut. 6. 8^^- feet. 7. I ceut apiece; 9 cents per doz. 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, 1. 109.12507. 2. 171G L. C. M. ; 13 G. C. D. 3. $373. 37i. 4. 40^3 per cent 5. $11.71+ 6. $32.32 loss. 7. Answer unnecessary. 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, 1. {a) 3,060,007. (/>) 541,090. {c) .06024. 2. («) Iff. (h) 3||g. 3. $5.36. 4. (rt) 1,551,107 sq. in. (f>) |J bu. 5. 66| per cent. 6. 00 ^3^ 30'. (?/) 11 h. 31 miu., p. M. 7. 17.827+ 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, 1. Even; composite; abstract; integral. 2. Two. 3. {a) 400.0028: (A) .0009. September 3, 1887. October 1, 1887. November 5, 1887. December 3. 1887. 27 State of New York. UNIFORM EX AMINA TION QUESTIONS. ARITHMETIC. 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . . - - December 3, 1887. 4. How much will it cost to carpet a room 18/t. square, tcith carpet \ of a yard wide at ${.15 per yard? 12 5. A rectangular afield is 86i rods long and 46.875 rods wide. How much icheat will it 'produce at the rate of 20 hushels per acre ? 12 6. What sum of money will amoiuu to $1,253.86, in 2 yr. 11 mo. 13 da., interest at 5 per cent ? 20 7. How is the rate per cent per annum ascertained when the principal, interest, and time are given ? 20 1st Grade, ..... March 13 and 14, 1888. 1. Express by words 234,506.234. 10 2. State the principles that you would teach in multiplication. 10 3. State two principles that you would teach in greatest common divisor. 10 4. Given, the dividend, quotient, and remainder, to find the divisor. State the process. 10 5. Given, rate, time, and interest, to find principal. State rule or formula. 10 6. Define (a) the unit of a fraction; {h) a fractional unit. 10 7. Define («) ratio; (?>) proportion. 10 8. A ship's chronometer, set at Greenwich, points to 5 h. 40 min. 20 sec. p. m., when the sun is on the meridian. What is the ship's longitude? 10 9. What is the difference between the true and the bank discount of $950 for three months, at 7 per cent? 10 10. A rectangular park, the sides of which are respectively 45 rods and 60 rods long, has a walk crossing it from corner to corner. How long is the walk? 10 1st Grade, ....-- May 4 and 5, 1888. 1. To 33 add 5| ; from the sum subtract 43^5; multiply the remainder by 1|; divide 18 by the product. 10 2. If f of 9 bushels of wheat cost $13i, what will | of a bushel cost? 10 3. From a unit of the third order subtract the sum of .371 and sixty-five ten- thousandtlis, multiply the remainder by three-tenths, and divide the pro- duct by 5 millionths. 10 4. Reduce 7 cwt. 28 lb. 4 oz. to the decimal of a ton. 10 5. How many pounds of cotton at 11^ cents per pound can a broker buy for $9,225, and retain his commission at 2| per cent? 10 6. Required the exact interest of $926 from January 3 to June 11, 1887, at C per cent per annum. 10 7. Find the square root of 3, to three decimal places. 10 8. At $25 per M., what is the cost of 7 boards, each 15 ft. long and 10 in. wide? 10 9. In the fraction ^ what is the fractional unit? The unit of the fraction? 10 10. If hay sell for $14 a ton at a loss of 12;. per cent, what should it sell for, to gain 15 per cent? 10 28 State of New York, DEPART ME NT OF PUBLIC INSTRV CTION. ARITHMETIC— Answers. 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . - . , December 3, 1887. •4. 155.20. 5. 506IH- bu. 6. $1,093.56. 7. Divide the given interest by the interest on the given principal, for the given time, at one per cent per annum. 1st Grade, . - - . . March 13 and 14, 1888. 1, Two hnnclred thirty-four thousand, five hundred six, and two hundred tliirty- four thousandths. 3. (rt) The multiplier must be regarded as an abstract number. (J>) The multiplicand and product must be like numbers. (c) Either of the factors may be used as multiplicand or multiplier when both are abstract. 3. Any two of the five following : (a) A common divisor of two numbers is an exact divisor of their sum. (h) A common divisor of two numbers is an exact divisor of their difference. (c) An exact divisor divides any number of times its dividend. {d) The greatest common divisor of two or more numbers contains all the prime factors of those numbers and no others, (c) The greatest common divisor of two numbers is either their difference or some factor of their difference. 5. Divide the given interest by the interest of $1, or by the rate of SI, for the given time at the given rate. 6-7. See text-books. 8. 85° 5' west. 9. 39 cents. 10. 75 rd. 1st Grade, - - .... May 4 and 5, 1888. 1. 21. 3. 11.35. 3. 5,977,350. 4. . 364135 T. 5. 80,000 lbs. 6. $34.30. 7. 1.733+. 8. $3.50. 9. The fractional unit is \. The unit of the fraction is 1. 10. $18.40 per ton. 29 State of New York. UNI F 11 M EX A MINA TION QUES TIONS. ARITHMETIC. 1st Grade, . . _ . - August 14 and 15, 1888. 1. Wliat is tlic date of maturity, terra of discount, bank discount, and proceeds a 2-montliR note for |300, made and discounted in New York, July 10, 1888? 10 2. If a street vendor buy 5 busliels of chestnuts for $18.50, and sell them for 15 cents per liquid quart, how much does he gain? 10 3. A broker buys for $65 a note for $70, due in three months. "What rate per cent per annum will he receive for the use of his money, if the note is jiaid ■when due'? 10 4. The sum of two numbers is 27 lb. 3 pwt. 5 gr., and their difference is 12 lb. 19 pwt. 21 gr. Required the numbers. 10 5. What sum must be invested in 7 per cent bonds at 101 J per cent to yield an annual income of $980? 10 6. The list price of oil stoves is $15, but 12 stoves are sold for $12G. Wiiat rate of commercial discount was allowed? 10 7. A farm fence 60 rods long is built 3 boards high and of IG-foot lumber. The top board is 4 inches wide, the middle board is 5^ inches wide, and the bottom board 7 inches. Find the required number of each kind of boards and the cost of the lumber at $13 per M. 10 8. At the same rate of speed, what part of the water discharged by a 5-inch pipe will a 3-inch pipe discharge? 10 9. The State of New York is 320 miles east and west, exclusive of Long Island. Find the length of map of the mainland on a scale of one-twelfth of an inch to the mile. 10 10. Find the least number which divided by anjMntegral number between 5 and 13 will leave a remainder of 1. 10 1st Grade, . . . . _ March 12 and 13, 1889. 1. Define {a) exact division; (7^) complete division; {c) assessment (stocks); {d) brokerage. 10 2. (a) Write in Roman notation, 2,999; {h) Write in words, 2 Cong. 50. 4 fl. 3 . 10 8. Divide 1 T. 9 cwt. 90 lb. 11 oz. by 82 lb. 5 oz. 10 4. Write in order the several steps in the process of reducing 8 bu. to denomi- nations of liquid measure. 10 5. Find the compo\ind interest of $875, for 2 yr. 3 mo., at jDer cent, com- pounded annually. 10 0. What different prime factors are found in 2,100? 10 7. In what time will $G"iO amount to $713.05 at 6 per cent simple interest? 10 8. Find the proceeds of a 3-mo. note for $500 discounted at liank, at 6 per cent. 10 9. Show by computation that a measure 181 in. in diameter and 8 in. deep con- tains exactly 1 bushel. 10 10. Make and solve a problem illustrating true discount. 10 30 State of New York. DEP A R TMEN T OF P UBLI C INS T li U C Tl ON. ARITHMETIC— Answers. 1st Grade, . . . _ . August 14 and 15, 1888. 1. Date of maturity, Septem])cr 13, 1888. Tci)ii of discount, 2 mo. 3 da. Bank discount, $3.15. Proceeds, $296.85. 2. $9.43. 3. 30}! per cent per annum. 4. Greater number, 19 lb. C oz. 11 pwt. 13 gr. Smaller number, 7 lb. 5 oz. 11 pwt. 16 gr. 5. $14,210. 6. 30 per cent. 7. G2 lioards of each width. Cost of lumber $17.73. 8. ^V 9. 26| inches. 10. 27,721. 1st Grade, . . . . . March 12 and 13, 1889. 1. (rt) An exact division is one in wliich the quotient is an integer, (i) A com- plete division is one in which all the figures of the dividend have been used ; the quotient may l^e either integral or fractional, (c) An assessment is a sum re- quired of stockliolders to meet losses, or to carry on the business, [d) Broker- age is a sum allowed a broker for his services as sucli. 3. (^OMMCMXCIX (sometimes written MMDCCCCXCIX). (?^) Two gallons, five pints, four fluid-drams. 3. 361. 4. 1st. Beduce 8 bu. to cubic inches (x 2, 150.4). 2d. Beduce the cubic inches to gallons (-=-231). 3d. Reduce the fraction of a gallon to lower denominations. 5. $122.90. 6. 2, 3, 5, and 7. 7. 1 yr. 7 mo. 12 da, 8. $492.35. 9. (181)-x. 7854x8=2, 150.42, the number of cubic inches in a bushel. 10. Answers may differ. 31 State uf New York. uniform exam in a tion q uks tl ons. ARITHMETIC. 2d and 3rd Grades, - _ - - . January 7, 1888. 1. The product of three factors is 20^, and two of them are respectively 1? and 4^. Required, the third factor. 10 2. If I sell goods for $511.29, and thereby gain 9| per cent of tlieir cost, how much is my gain ? 10 3. Upon what general principle of division is cancellation founded ? 10 4. What is the cube root of a number ? 10 5. Divide 48 bu. 3 pk. 6 qt. by 9. 10 6. What per cent of 78^- is 230^ ? 10 7. Divide $800 among A, B, and C, so that A shall receive $75 more than B, and B shall receive $68 more than C. 10 8. A policy of insurance cost $28, at a rate of j per cent. Find the face of the policy. 10 9. A box 6 ft. by 34- ft. by 2 ft. 8 in. will hold liow many buslids of wheat ? 10 10. Reduce .04675 mi. to yd. 10 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . - February, 1888» 1. Divide 812.5 by .625. 10 2. Define {(i) greatest common divisor; {Ji) common multiple. 10 3. Required the cost of 3,000 pounds of oats at 35 cts. per busliel (New York standard). 10 4. Find the square root of 3, correct to three decimal places. 10 5. Find the difference and the product of 17J and 11?-. 10 6. Multiply 3 bu. 3 pk. 3 qt. by 27. 10 7. Reduce i| A. to integers of lower denominations. 10 8. Wliat is the true jiresent worth of $977.60. due 3 mo. 20 da. hcnrc. dis- counted at the rate of 6 per cent per annum. 10 9. 25 per cent of the selling price of an article is protit. Required tiie per cent of gain on its cost. 10 10. Find tlie diameter of a circle 165 feet in circumference. 10 2d and 3d Grades, ..... March 3, 1888. 1. Find the prime factors of 72, 80 and 96; select from all these factors those whose product will give the L. C. M. of 72, 80 and 96. 10 2. A cubic foot of water weighs 62.356 pounds; silver is 10.511 times heavier than water; fiud the weight of 24 cubic feet of silver. 10 3. What part of an acre is v,j of a square rod ? Express the answ'er decimally. 10 4. WHiat will it cost to till a jug, which contains 2,310 cubic inches, with vinegar at seven cents a quart? 10 5. Five men do as much work as eight boys; what per cent of a man's work does a boy accomplish t What per cent of a boy's work does a man ac- complish ? lO' 32 State of New York. department of public instruction. ARITHMETIC— Answers. 2danci3rdGrad.es, ..... January 7, 1888. 2. $53.29. 3. Dividing both dividend and aivisor by the same number does not affect the value of the quotient. 4. One of the three equal factors that will produce the number. 5. 5 bu. 1 pk. 6 qt. 6. 300 per cent. 7. A receives $339.33^; B, $364,334; C, $196.33^-. 8. $3,200. 9. 45^ bu. 10. 82.28 yd. 2d and 3rd Grades, ...... February, 1888. 1. 500. 2. {a) The greatest number that is an exact divisor of two or more given numbers. (h) Any number of which two or more given numbers are exact divisors, 3. $32.Sli. 4. 1.732+ 5. Difference, 5j\; product, 201^}. 6. 103 bu. 3 pk. 1 qt. 7. 97 sq. rd. 11 sq. yd. 7 sq. ft. 92^ sq. in. 8. $960. 9. 33^ per cent. 10. 52 ft. 6 in. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 3, 1888. 1. 72=2X2X2X3X3, 80=2X2x2x2X5, 96=2x2x2x2x2x3. L. C. M. of 72, 80 and 96=2X2X2X2X2X3X3X5. 3. 1529.3286+ pounds. 3. .000072 + 4. $2.80. 5. 62J;^;, 160j^. 33 State of New York. uni f ohm examina tion q uestions. ARITHMETIC. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . _ March 3, 1888. C. Draw — on a separate slip of pajier — a (1) note which shall be (2) negotiable, its (3) face, seventy-five dollars, its (4) time, six months, its (5) maker, John Doc, its (6) payee, Richard Roe, its (7) date, Jan. 3, 1888, its (8) place of payment, at the First National Bank of Albany, (9) not bearing interest. Properly indorse it to John Jones. 20 7. Find the proceeds of the note above described, discounted at a bank January 3, 1888. 20 8. Express in proper form a true proportion whose extreme shall be nine feet and $22. 50. 2d and 3rd Grades, .-.-.. March 13, 1888. 1. Given the dividend, 807, and the quotient, 34^. Find the divisor. 10 2. If the first, third, and fourtli terms of a proportion are given, how may the second term be found ? 10 3. What are the proceeds of a 90 da. note for $500 discounted at a bank at the rate of 6 per cent per annum ? 10 4. Why does the value of a decimal remain unchanged when ciphers are an- nexed ? 10 5. A square field contains 20 acres. Required the number of rods of fence to enclose it. Carry the answer only to one decimal place. 10 6. A commission merchant sold 900 pounds of turkeys at 23 cents per pound, and retained for his services $10.35. What rate of commission did he charge ? 10 7. In what time will $125 amount to $145.75, at C per cent, simple interest ? 10 8. 14 A. 10 sq. rd. is what part of 50 A. 100 sq. rd.? 10 9. Find the cost of 2,315 pounds of coal at $5.75 per ton. 10 10. A merchant failed, and paid his creditors 55 cents on tlie dollar. If he paid in all $3,874.75, what w^as the amount of his indebtedness ? 10 2d and 3rd Grades, _ . _ . March, 1888, Special. NoTK. — In the solution of these problems, ever_v process must be indicated. Meie answers will not be accepted. 1. Write 1249 in Roman notation. 10 2. The product of two numbers and one of the numbers given to find the other number. State the process and give reason for it. 10 3. What is cancellation? For what purpose is it used? 10 4. Reduce A.-^^-^\ll first to a common fraction, and then to a decimal true to two places. 10 5. Phelps & Co. bought of Barber & Perkins 15 reams pai)er at $4, and 20 M envelopes at $2.70. ]\Iakc out a l)ill of the above and receipt it properly. 10 34 State of New York. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INS T li U C T I ON. ARITHMETIC— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, 6. Answer not needed. March 3, 1888, 7. $72.71. 8. Answers, various. 2d and 3rd Grades, 1. 23t77~q-. March 13, 1888. 2. By dividing the product of the first and fourth terms by the third term. 3. $492.35. (On the basis of 30 days to the month. Exact interest is of course correct.) 4. Annexing a cipher to a decimal diminishes the size of the units in the same proportion that it increases the number of units; or it multiplies both numera- tor and denominator by the same number. 5. 226.27+ rd. 6. 5 per cent. 7. 2 yr. 9 mo. 6 da. 9. $6.66. 10. $7045. 2d and 3rd Grades, March, 1888, Special. 1. MCCXLIX. 2. Divide the product by the given number and the quotient will be the other number. Reason, — The product was produced by multiplying together these two numbers. 3. Rejecting equal factors from numbers sustaining to each other the relation of dividend and divisor. To shorten divisions by rejecting equal factors. 4 5 13 00_L 5. Phelps & Co., To Bauber & Perkins, Dr. To 15 reams of paper @ $4 $60 00 " 20 M envelopes @ $3.70 54 00 Rec'd Payment, Barber & Perkins. 35 $114 00 State of New Yorx. uniform examination questions. ARITHMETIC. 2d and 3rd Grades, .... March, 1888, Special. 6. Reduce I of a mile to integers of lower deuominations. 10 7. A man failing in business had only $2100. He owed $6000. What per cent would his creditors receive? 10 8. Find the interest on $475 for 1 year 3 months 24 days at 6 per cent. 10 9. What is the present value of a note for .$750, due 1 year 6 months hence, at 6 per cent, without interest? (True discount.) 10 10. Bought 4 loads of hay, weighing 2750 lbs. each, at $20 per ton, and gave my note, without interest, at 60 days to pay it. What are the proceeds of the note, if discounted at a bank at 6 per cent? 10 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . April 7, 1888. 1. Write in words, 9,014,008. 800,079. Write in figures, Six billion, four million, forty-eight thousand, nine hundred sixty. Four million, seventy-live. Nine hundred thousand, six. 10 2. Divide 96 ten-thousandths by 384 hundred-million ths. 10 3. Goods marked $1.50 are sold at a discount of 40 per cent. What is the sell- ing price? 10 4. John Smith bought of Clark & Jones, 4 lb. 13 oz. beefsteak, @ 21 cents per lb. 12 lb. bacon, @ 121 cents. Make a properly receipted bill of the above, dated at the time and place of this examination. 10 5. A rectangular tank is 5 feet long, 2 feet wide and 2 feet deep. How many gallons of water will it hold? 10 6. A man has a field of wheat containing 25 acres, which are 5 i)er cent of his whole farm. How many acres in his farm? 10 7. Sold a horse for $240, thereby losing 20 per cent. Required the cost. 10 8. A square piece of land contains 538,756 square rods. What is the length of one side? 10 9. A pile of 4-foot wood is 16 feet long and 6 feet high. Required the cost at $5.50 per cord. 10 10. What is the interest on $680.43 for 4 mo. and 12 da. at 5| per cent? 10 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - May 5, 1888. 1. Name in order, commencing at the left, the first five integral periods in Arabic notation. 10 2. How many yards of carpet 27 inches wide are recpiired to carpet a room 27 feet by 22 feet 6 inches? 10 3. Find the cost of digging a cellar 30 feet long, 15 feet wide, and 5 feet deep, at 30 cents per cubic yard. • 10 4. Define, («) common multiple ; Qi) abstract number. 10 5. How is the principal found when only the time, rate, and interest are known? 10 36 State of New York. department of publig instruction. ARITHMETIC— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - . March, 1888, Special. 6. 248 rd. 4 yd. 2 ft. 8 in, 7. 35;?;. 8. $37,525. 9. 688.07 +. 10. 1108.845. 2d and 3rd Grades, - ... - April 7, 1888. 1. Nine million, fourteen thousand, eight. Eight hundred thousand, seventy-nine. 6,004,048,960. 4,000,075. 900,006. 2. 2,500. 3. 90 cents. 4. $2.51. Ordinary form of bill. 5. 149.6 gallons. 6. 500 acres. 7. $300. 8. 734 rods. D. $16.50. 10. $13.72. 2d and 3rd Grades, May 5, 1888. 1. Trillions, billions, millions, thousands, units (or ones). 2. 90 yards. 3. $25. 4. {a) A number that is exactly divisible by each of two or more given numbers. Qi) A number used without reference to objects or quantities. 5. By dividing the known interest by the interest of one dollar for the given time, at the given rate 37 State of New York. uniform examina ti on questions. ARITHMETIC. 2d and 3rd Grades, ..... May 5, 1888. 6. Express decimally 121 per cent, f per cent, 24| per cent, Vj pei" cent, and ,j\ per cent. 10 7. A commission merchant after paying $2.36 for freight and cartage, and deduct- ing his commission, remits me $22.22 as the net proceeds of a firkin of butter, consigned to him. Find his commission at 4 per cent. 10 8. Find the true discount of $350 for 1 year 3 mouths and 18 days at 6 per cent per annum. 10 9. "What is the difference in local time between two places, one of which is 14" 26' west of St. Louis and the other 19" 19' east? 10 10. Find the sum, the difference, and tiie product of 3| and |. 10 2d and 3d Grades, --...- June, 1888. 1. What was the value May 3, 1888, of a note for $125 and interest at 5 per cent per annum, made Jan. 4, 1887 ? 10 2. Express in words the number composed of 3 units of the tenth order, 8 of the ninth, 5 of the seventh, and 4 of the third. 10 3. Find the cost of 7 lb. 11 oz. of cheese at 13c. per pound. 10 4. At an election A and B were the candidates for sheriff, and B received 1,211 majority. If the whole number of votes cast was 9,891, how many votes did each receive ? 10 5. Required the height of a tower that casts a shadow 21 ft., when under the same conditions of time and place a staff 10 ft. high casts a shadow 23 in. 10 6. Reduce //^ mi. to integers of the lower denominations. 10 7. Define («) concrete number; (?») denominate number; (c) compound number. 10 8. On what principal will the interest for 2 yr. 6 mo. 15 da., at 4 per cent, amount to $25.01 ? 10 9. I have added 18 cows to my herd thereby increasing its number 25 per cent. How many cows have I now ? 10 10. Wily does the value of a fraction remain unclianged when both terms are multiplied by the same number ? 10 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . August 14, 1888. 1. Reduce to decimals and find their sum f, ^, |f, ^W- ^^ 2. Reduce to common fractions .0125, .061^, .067|, .006325. 10 3. By what number must 30f be multiplied to produce 604i? 10 4. Divide 320 acres of land among A, B, and C, so that A shall have 15 acres more than B, and C shall have 27 acres more than B. 10 5. From 10 bu. subtract the sum of 3.G4 bu., ^^^ bu., and 1 bu. 3 pk, 6.52 (jt. 10 6. At 90 cents a yard, what will be the cost of a carpet for a flight of stairs of . 18 steps, each 7| inches high and 10 inches wide ? 10 7. Add 137 days to Aug. 14th, and give the resulting date. 10 8. Four men hire a ])asture field together. The first pastures 4 cows 18 weeks; the second, 5 cows 12i weeks; the third, 11 cows 6f weeks; and the fourth, 9 cows 16 weeks. What part of the rent should each pay ? 10 9. i is what per cent of i? 10 10. Find the interest on $1 for 3 yr. 1 mo. 29 da. at 5 per cent per annum. 10 38 State of New York. department of public instruction. ARITHMETIC— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, 6. .125- .0075; .24875; .0028; .0009375. 7. $1.02. 8. $25.32 9. 2 lir. 15 mill. 10. Suin4f|; difference, 2fi; product, 2Sf. May 5, 1888. 2d 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. and 3d Grades, . . - _ . $133.32. Three billion, eight hundred five million, four hundred. Jtme, 1888. A received 4,340 votes; B, 5,551. 10941 ft 78 rd. 4 yd. 4^ in. {a) A number associated with objects or quantities, (h) A concrete number that expresses a single denomination of weight, measure, or money value. (c) A number tliat e.xpresses two or more denominations of the same kind of weight, measure, or money value. 8. $246. 9. 90. 10. Because ^ne number of equal parts expressed by the resulting fraction is in- creased in the same ratio that the size of the parts is diminislied . 2d and 3rd Grades, August 14, 1888. 1. 1.299609375. O 1 1 Bl a 5 « *■ Iff' T5'' WSS' TO (I* 3. 19^?^. 4. A 107 A. 106f sq. rd.— or 107| A. B 92 A. 106| sq. rd.— or 92| A. C 119 A. 106f sq. rd.— or 119f A. 5. 3 bu. 3 pk. 3 qt. 6. $7.88. 7. December 29th. 8. First man should pay ^£4r, of the whole. The second, ^VA- The third, J^, And the fourtli, ^|. 9. 66| per cent. 10. $.15^1. 39 State of New York. uniform examina tl on q ues ti0n8. ARITHMETIC. 2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . . September 1, 1888. 1. Find the value of a trapezoidal field whose parallel sides are 12 ch. 41 1. and 17 ch. 87 1., and whose altitude is 13 ch. 5 1., at $58 per acre. 10 2. A reservoir 8 f t. x 4 ft. x 3 ft. 9 in., holds how many barrels of water ? 10 3. Explain the different quantities expressed respectively by 34' 37", and 24 min. 37 sec. 10 4. Define («) uniform scale; Qi) varying scale. Illustrate each by a number in- volving it. 10 5. A farmer sold 48.64 acres of his farm of 112 A. 96 sq. rd. What per cent of his farm had he left ? 10 6. Find the cost of a pile of 4-foot wood 37 ft. long and ft. high, at $5.50 per cord. 10 7. What is the interest on $128.40 for 1 yr. 5 mo. 17 da. at 6 per cent? 10 8. Required {a) all the prime factors of 23,660; (h) all the odd integral divisors of the same number. 10 9. Find the diagonal of a square park containing 20 acres. 10 10. Reduce to simplest form {a) f of ^ of 2|; {l)-^ 10 2d and 3rd Grades, .... September 11, 1888. 1. Find the amount of an agent's sales when his commission at 5 per cent amounts to $37.65. 10 2. The tax on an assessment of $8,500 is $48.37. Required the rate on $1,000 of assessment. 10 3. A note is made and dated Sept. 11, 1888, and is made payable in 90 days. Find the date of maturity. 10 4. Give the general principles of division. 10 5. What is the ratio of 5 bu. to 3 pk. 6 qt? 10 6. If 45 horses eat 1^ tons of hay in 30 days, how many tons should last 84 horses 56 days ? 10 7. The list price of a certain kind of stove is $38, and the retail dealer is al- lowed commercial discounts of 20 per cent, 5 per cent, and 3 jier cent. What price does he pay for the stoves ? 10 8. Find the area of a triangle whose base is 22 ft. 8 in. and altitude 19 ft. 9 in. 10 9. A car contains 31,643 pounds of wheat. Find the value of tlie load at 93 cents per bushel. 10 10. On a note made and dated June 3, 1887, for $150 and interest, is indorsed a payment of $78, April 17, 1888. Interest at 6 per cent. How much remains due on the note to-day ? 10 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - October 6, 1888. 1. Express with proper abbreviations — twenty-four square miles, two hundred eighty-six acres, ninety-five square rods, twenty-two square yards, five s(juare feet. 10 2. Reduce the number above given to acres, expressed decimally. 10 3. What fractional part of SU'V is l^f? 10 4. Define {a) prime number; (A) involution. 10 40 State of New York. department of public ins t it uc t ion. ARITHMETIC— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, ..... September 1, 1888. 1. $1,145.95. 2. 38||f barrels. 3. 24' 37" is a measure of distance on the surface of a sjjhere or of angular space. 24 min. 37 sec. is a measure of time, or duration. 4. A uniform scale is one in which the variation or step from any unit to the next greater is by the same multiplier. A varying scale is one in which some or all the steps are by different multipliers. Ex. 1. 3,475, — uniform scale, 10. Ex. 2. 24 mi. 16 rd. 4 ft. 9 in., — varying scale, descending, 320, 164, 12, 5. 56|f| per cent remaining. 6. $27.84. 7. $11.28. 8. (a) 2, 2, 5, 7, 13, 13. {h) 5, 7, 13, 35, 65, 91, 169, 455, 845, 1,183, 5,915. 9. 80 rods. 10. {a) If. (&) A\. 2d and 3rd Grades, .... September 11, 1888. 1. 1753. 2. $5.69. 3. Dec. 13th. 4. Multiplying the dividend by any number multiples the quotient by the same number. Multiplying the divisor by any number divides the quotient by the same number. Dividing the dividend by any number divides the quotient by the same number. Dividing the divisor by any number multiplies the quotient by the same number. Multiplying or dividing both dividend and divisor by the same number does not change the quotient. 5. 5i. 6. '5H tons. 7. $28.01. 8. 223 sq. ft. 120 sq. in. 9. $331.86. 10. $81.77. 2d and 3rd Grades, - - . . October 6, 1888. 1. 24 sq. mi. 286 A. 95 sq. rd. 22 sq. yd. 5 sq. ft. 2. 15,646.598 + A. Q leo 4. A prime number is one that cannot be resolved into integral factors. Involution is the process of raising a number to any required power. 41 State of New York. uniform examina tion q uesti0n8. ARITHMETIC. 2d and 3rd Grades, ..... October 6, 1888. 5. Reduce 4|i| to its lowest terms. 10 6. What elements are required to find the per cent of gain or loss in a business transaction? Illustrate by original problem. 10 7. Railroad stock that cost 121f pays a semi-annual dividend of four per cent. Required the rate per cent per annum of income on the investment. 10 8. Find the solid contents of a cube the area of one face of which is 256 square feet. 10 9. A certain quantity of paper will make 4,000 copies of an octavo book. How many copies of a 12-mo book will the same paper make? 10 10. In what time will a note for $200, drawing 51 per cent interest, double itself? " 10 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . November 3, 1888. 1. Two persons start from the same place and travel in opposite directions, one at the rate of 4|^ miles an hour and the other at the rate of 7f miles an hour. How far apart will they be at the end of 37| hours? 10 2. If a ton of coal last a family 21 days, what will be the cost of coal used by it from Oct. 17, 1888, to April 25, 1889, exclusive of either day named, at $4.50 a ton? 10 3. In a hotel the weekly wages of the clerk are $15, of the cook $7.50, of the ])orter $9, of the waiter $3, of the hostler $6, and of the errand boy $4. Find the average wages paid. 10 4. Require the cost of 11,723 feet of lumber at $19.25 per M. 10 5. Reduce 217 ft. 8 in. to chains and links. 10 6. A man was born May 24, 1832. What is his age to-day? 10 7. Find the cost of plastering the walls and ceiling of a hall 72 feet long, 50 ft. wide, and 22 ft. high, at 18f cents a square yard, allowing 972 sq. ft. for openings and baseboards. 10 8. Find the cost of 87 shares of railroad stock at 76^, brokerage | per cent. 10 9. A sight draft on New York was sold in St. Louis for $3,542, exchange being at f per cent premium. Required the face of the draft, alio wing- no days of grace. 5 10. Find the exact interest of $625 for 23 days, at 8 per cent per annum. 10 11. If a promissory note become due to-day, and be not paid before noon, when must it be paid? 5 2d and 3rd Grades, ..... January 5. 1889. 1. Define {a) a fraction; (h) an improper fraction. 10 2. Express in Arabic notation, five trillion, twenty billion, seven hundred forty thousand. 10 3. Multiply 17| + 13| by % of 27. 10 4. Find the cost of 3,846 pounds of hay at $15 per ton. 10 5. Find tlie greatest common divisor of 42, 112, 140, and 308 by factoring; the least common multiple of the same numbers by factoring, 10 42 State of New York. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. ARITHMETIC— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . - . October 6, 1888. 6. The cost and the gain or the loss. (Problems will vary.) 7. 6f|f per cent per annum. 8. 4,096 en. ft. 9. 6,000 copies. 10. 18 yr. 2 mo. 6 da. (No parts of days recognized.) 2d and 3rd Grades, - - • - - November 3, 1888. 1. 45 3i miles. 2. $40.50. 3. $7,411 per week. 4. $225.67. 5. 3 ch. 29.8 1., nearly. 6. 56 yr. 5 mo. 9 da, 7. $166.58. 8. $6,644.63. 9. $3,515.63, face of draft. 10. $3.15. 11. Monday, November 5. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . January 5, 1889. 1. ((f) A fraction is one or more of the equal parts of an integral unit — or a fraction is a fractional unit or a collection of fractional units. (Ji) One whose nume- rator equals or exceeds its denominator. 2. 5,020,000,740,000. 3. 637i. 4. $28.85. 5.42=2x3x7. ' 2 x 7=14, G. C. D. 112=2x2x2x2x7. 2x2x2x2x3x5x7x11 = 18,480, L. 140=2x2x5x7. CM. 308=2x2x7x11. 43 State of New York. UNI F OHM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. ARITHMETIC. 2d and 3rd Grades, ----- January 5, 1889. G. Make and solve a problem involving compound proportion. 10 7. What is the length of the diagonal of a square field containing 40 acres? 10 8. Required the cost of 75 scantlings, 2 in. by 4 in. by 16 ft. long at $12 per M. board measure. 10 9. The premium on a fire insurance policy at f of 1 per cent was $140. Re- quired the face of the policy. 10 10. A note for $324.61, and interest, amounted to $384.13, 2 yr. 7 mo. 13 da. after date, when it was paid. Required the rate per cent per annum. 10 2d and 3rd Grades, ----- February 2, 1889. 1. Define (rt) Reduction Ascending; (l) a varying scale. 10 2. (rt) Write with proper signs the following number: One sign, eleven degrees, forty minutes, and sixteen seconds, {b) Write in words: 5ft)83,43. 10 3. Make and solve an example illustrating (a) the multiplication of a fraction by a fraction; (b) the division of an integer by a fraction. 10 4. Reduce 17 lb. 11 oz. avoirdupois weight to pounds, ounces, penny weights, and grains, Troy weight. 10 5. Give the term in the classification of numbers, associated with («) concrete; Q)) fractional; (c) odd; {d) composite; {e) simple. Write a number or numbers to illustrate each of the foregoing terms. 10 6. Reduce the couplet, f : -f-^, to its lowest integral terms. 10 7. Find the square root of .441 correct to two decimal places. 10 8. How many acres of land in the form of a square may be inclosed by 160 rods of fence? 10 9. 3 bu. 1 pk. 5 qt. is what per cent of 20 bu. 1 pk. 6 qt.? 10 10. Find the difference between the true discount of $650 for 4 mo, 18 da., at 6 per cent per annum, and the bank discount of the same sum for the same time and rate. 10 2d and 3rd Grades, - . - . March 2, 1889. 1. Define (rt) interest; (^") a decimal. 10 2. (a) Write in words MMMCMXLTV; (5) using the proper abbreviations, write a number containing all the denominations of surveyor's linear measure, and one containing all the denominations of square measure. 10 3. Find the product (rt) of 224 bu. by 19.32; (i) of 22i times 19.32 bu. 10 4. Reduce the expression f =|| to the form of a proportion. 10 5. Find the number of days from to-day to August 11, 1889. 10 6. M bought -i- of a manufacturing business for $3,517.85, and N bought yV of the same business at tlie same rate, llow much did N*s interest cost him? 10 7. Find the interest of $1,000 for 19 days at 5 ,';; per annum. 10 8. 3 oz. is what per cent of 5 lb. avoir ? 10 9. Write two composite numbers each greater than 30 that are prime to each other. Show why. 10 10. Make and solve a problem illustrating the application of square root in find- ing the side of a right angled triangle. 10 44 State of New York. DEPARTMENT OF P UBLl O IN8TR UGTION. ARITHMETIC— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . . January 5, 1889. 6. Answers will vary. Note that tlie problem may have either cue or two compound ratios. 7. 113.13+ rd. ; or, 113rd. 3.14+ ft. 8. $9.60. 9. $16,000. 10. 7 per cent per auuum. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . February 2, 1889. 1. («) The process of chauging numbers to higher deuowainatious. (b) A series of numbers not uniform, used to denote the number of units of each denomination in a denominate table, that is equal to one of the next higher. 3. (a) 1 S. 11° 40' 16". (b) Five pounds, eight drams, four scruples. 3. No answers required. 4. 31 lb. 5 oz. 18 pwt. 30.5 grains. 5. (rt) Abstract, (b) Integral. (<;) Even, {cl) Prime, (e) Compound. Illustrative examples, («) 7 men. (5) |. (c) 19. {d) 13. (e) 13, or 13 oz. 6. 13 :5. (Process f :^=f x 38 -.-iT; x 38-=13 :5.) Principle,— Multiplying both terms of a couplet by the same number does not affect the ratio. 7. .66 + . 8. 10 acres. 9. IGf per cent. 10. $.34. 2d and 3rd Grades, - . - - - March 2, 1889. 1. {a) Interest is a sum allowed for the use of money. (&) A decimal is a division or subdivision of an integral unit upon a scale of 10. 3. (a) Three thousand nine hundred forty-four. (?>). .mi., .ch. . .rd. . .1. ..ini and . . A. . . sq. rd. . . sq. yd. . . sq. ft. . . sq. in. 3. (a) 234 bu. multiplied by 19^V, /. e., 19.33=436^^ bu. {h) 19.33 bu. multiplied by 334=436.08 bu. 4. 5 : 7:: 40 : 50. 5. 39 da. + 30 da. + 31 da. + 30 da. + 31 da. + 11 da. = 162 da. 6. $3,999.34. 7. $2.60, exact interest. $3.64, on basis of 360 days to the year. 8. 3| per cent. 9. Any two such numbers that have no common integral factor. 10. Answers may differ. 45 State of New York. UN J F EM EX A MINA TION QUE S TI NS . ARITHMETIC. 2d and 3rd Grades, ..... March 12, 1889. 1. Define (a) compound number; (Z*) odd number; (c) composite number. "Write an example of each. 10 2. (<•/) Write decimally five-eightlis of one per cent, (h) Write as a fraction the ratio of eight to three. 10 3. Add I hr., 20| miu., and 49.2 sec. Express the answer in minutes and seconds. 10 4. Find the difference in time corresponding to a difference in longitude of 7° 42' 30". 10 5. Multiply eight hundred and forty-six ten-thousandths by three thousand forty millionths. 10 6. A number is expressed by eleven integral and four decimal figures. Name in order from left to right the integral periods and the decimal places. 10 7. What decimal part of a mile is 39 . 27 yd. ? 10 8. My agent collects the yearly rent of my house and retains $13.25, the amount of his commission at 2^ per cent. For how much does the house rent per year? 10 9. A rectangular field is 7 ch. 25 1. long, and contains 5 acres. How wide is the fieid ? 10 10. Make and solve a problem illustrating how the principal is found when the inter- est, rate per annum, and time are known, using 1 yr. 1 mo. 1 da. as the time. 10 2d and 3rd Grades, ■- - - - - April 6, 1889. 1. Define {a) common factor ; {]>) common multiple ; (c) diagonal of a quadrilateral. 10 2. In the written number 54,372, the value expressed by the 5 is how many times the value expressed by the 2? 10 3. How many times can a jar holding J of | of a gallon be filled from another jar containing f of 3^ gallons ? 10 4. A watch case is y^^ gold and jV alloy. How many carats fine is it ? 10 5. The sum of two numbers is 12 bu. 1 pk. 3 (jt., and their difference is 1 bu. 2 ])k. 5 (|t. What are the numbers 1 10 0. Find tiie ratio expressed (a) by the couplet 66| : 8^; (&) by the couplet 1 1 in. : 5 ft. 10 7. The volume of a rectangular prism is 5 cu. yd. 1 cu. ft. 290 cu. in. , and its length is 8 ft. 2 in. Find the other dimensions. 10 8. How many feet of lumber are there in a board 16 feet long, 15 inches wide at one end, and 13 inches wide at the other ? 10 9. Make and solve a problem illustrating the a2:)plication of percentage to the finding of an agent's commission. 10 10. What is due to-day on a note given September 24, 1887, for !j;l38.50 and interest at 5 i)er cent per annum ? 10 2d and 3rd Grades, -....- May 4, 1889. 1. What is a composite number ? A rectangle ? 10 2. How is the value of a fraction changed by increasing its denominator ? Why? 10 3. Divide .75 of 17| by | of .035. 10 4. Make and solve a jiroblem to illustrate reduction descending; one to illus- trate reduction ascending. 10 46 State of New York. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. ARITHMETIC— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 12, 1889. 1. (a) A number expressed in two or more denominations of the same table. (J) A number ending in 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9. {c) A number that cau be resolved in two or more integral factors. Ex. {a) 4 lb. 5 oz. (h) 79. (c) 48. 2. (a) . 00625. (J>) f . 3. 47 miu. I23-5 sec. 4. 30 min. 50 sec. 5. 800. 0046X. 003040 = 2. 432013984. 6. Billions, millions, thousands, units, tenths, hundredths, thousandths, ten- thousandths. 7. .0223125 mi. 8. $530. 9. 6 ch. 89.6+1. 10. Answers may differ. 2d and 3rd Grades, . - . . . April 6, 1889. 1. (a) A factor that is found in two or more given numbers. (!)) A number that is exactly divisible by two or more given numbers, (c) A line connecting its opposite angl 2. 25,000 times. 3. 15 times, 4. 14 carats. 5. The greater number is 7 bu., and the less is 5 bu. 1 pk. 3 qt. 6. (a) 8. © U- 7. Width aud thickness are each 4 ft. 1 in. 8. 18|. 9. Answers may differ. 10. $149.12. 2d and 3rd Grades, ...... May 4, 1889. 1. A number that can be resolved into two or more integral factors. A four-sided figure or surface all of whose angles are right augles. 2. It is diminished. Because the equal parts enumerated are smaller. 3. 472iV5, or 472. 098-1- 4. Answers will differ. 47 State of New York. unif 11 m ex a mika ti on q ues t i ons. ARITHMETIC. 2d and 3rd Grades, ...... May 4, 1889. 5. Find the common prime factors of 858, 1,518, and 5,874. 10 6. If 4 men eat 64 pounds of bread in 2 weeks, how many pounds will IG men eat in 7 weeks, at the same rate ? 10 7. Raise 16 to the fourth power, using but two multiplications. 10 8. How many perch of stone are required for the walls of a cellar 18 ft. by 16 ft. by 8 ft., the walls to be la feet thick, making no deduction for corners, and estimating the perch to ecjual 24f cubic feet ? 10 9. A hotel is insured for | of its value, at H per cent premium, and the pre- mium amounts to $150. Find the valuation of the hotel. 10 10. Find the interest on $350 for 1 yr. 10 mo. 30 da., at 6 per cent, by two different methods. BOOK-KEEPING. 1st Grade, ... - - March 13 and 14, 1888. 1. Rule form of (a) day book ; (b) ledger, 20 3. James Miller bought of us on account, March 10, 1888, 10 lb. sugar at 1\ cts., 3 bu. potatoes at 60 cts., 50-lb. sack of flour, $1.70, 3 bars of soap, 35 cts., ^ lb. of tea at 80 cts., and \ gal. N. O, molasses at 90 cts. March 14, 1888, he pays us on account $3.50. Enter the foregoing in the ruled form of day book and post to the ruled form of ledger. 40 3. If A and B keep accounts with each other, the items on the Cr. side of the account kept by B will be found where in the account kept by A? 10 4. What cash items are entered in the Dr. column of the cash book? 10 5. What is meant by the book of original entry? 10 6. We receive $35 of Amos Brown this day and place. Write him a receipt for the same. 10 1st Grade, ...... May 4 and 5, 1888. 1. What is an invoice book? 10 3. August ], 1888. Cash on hand, $361.35; received for petty sales, $89.76; received of John Rich on account, $37.50; paid store rent, $60; received for Wm. Seeley's note, $203.73; paid express charges, 90 cents; paid Enz & Miller on account, $119.65. Rule a form of a cash book. 10 3. Enter the foregoing statement. 10 4. Balance the account. 10 5. A merchant buys goods to the amount of $516.30, and gives his note in pay- ment. Is the transaction a matter of account? Why? 10 6. Draw a clieck on the First National Bank of Albany for fifty dollars, pay- able to tlie order of Howard Finch. 10 48 State of New York. department of public instruction. ARITHMETIC— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, ---.-. May 4, 18S9. 5. 3, 3, and 11. 6. 896 pounds. 7. 16X16=256; and 256x256=65,536. 8. 32f| perch. 9. $15,000. 10. Interest; $28.33. Processes may differ. BOOK-KEEPING.— Answers. 1st Grade, .... - March 13 and 14, 1888. 1. No answer required. 2. No answer required. 3. They will be found on tlie Dr. side. 4. Items of cash received. 5. The book in which an item of account is first entered. 6. Answer according to any well-established form. 1st Grade, .-..-. May 4 and 5, 1888. 1. An indexed book in which are entered (generally by pasting) the invoices (or bills) of goods purchased. 2, 3, 4. See any approved forms. 5. No. The creditor has accepted the note in payment. C. $50. , , M<(>j 5, 1888. First N.vtional Bank, Albany, N. Y, Pay to Howard Finch, or order, Fifty Dollars. JoHx Doe. 49 State of New York. uniform examination questions. BOOK-KEEPING. 1st Grade, ------ May 4 and 5, 1888. 7-8. August 1, 1888, J. H. Osgood & Co. of Buffalo, N. Y., sold Mrs. C. K. Mills 18 yards of silk at ^$1.70 per yard, 21 dozen Ijuttons at 80 cents per dozen, 32 yards of carpet at 83 cents per yard, and 3 pairs of window curtains at $3.25 per pair. Make bill of sale to Mrs. Mills, using proper abbreviations. 20 9. Receipt the bill for the firm. 10 10. A pays for a bill of goods by note at GO days, dated July 7, 1888. Find when the note becomes due. 10 1st Grade, _ - - . August 14 and 15, 1888. 1. In real accounts what are represented («) by credits; (!>) by debits? 10 2. Write a note for $75 and interest, payable in six months, at the First National Bank of Albany, N. Y., negotiable by endorsement, maker, (Villiam Douglass, payee, Henry L. Warren. 10 3. Required that the note above given be endorsed in full to George Wilson. 10 4-5. Rule form {a) of day book; (li) of cash l)ook. 20 6-7. Enter in ruled forms of day book and cash book, for Henry Perkins, the following transactions: (a) Aug. 14, 1888. Henry Perkins bought of Miller & Bros., on account, 20 firkins of butter, 2,095 pounds at 22 cents per pound. (//) Aug. 20, 1888. Henry Perkins paid Miller & Bros., on account |350. 20 8. On which side of a cash account must the balance be entered? 10 9. Give the rule for ascertaining net capital. 10 10. Wliat are liabilities? 10 1st Grade, - - - - March 12 and 13, 1889. 1. Define (rt) debit; (?y) balance. 10 2. Write a promissory note dated to-day, payable to the order of yourself at a bank, non-interest bearing, time sixty days. 10 3. Indorse the foregoing described note in full. 10 4. Give the date of maturity of the same. 10 5. Write the abbreviations or conventions in common use for account, credit, amount, day book, interest. 10 6-10. James Lester, dealer in general merchandise, does business on account with Henry Slocum as follows: March 1, 1889, he sells Slocum 2 pairs of shoes at $3.25 and $2.50, respectively; 1 hat at $1.75 ; 22 yards of muslin at 8'/; 50 pounds of flour (f^ $3.10 per lunidred. March 5, 1889, he sells Slocum 15 pounds of sugar at 7^'; 2poundsof cofTeeat33/; 1 pair of overalls at $.75. Marcii 10, 1889, Slocum works for Lester one day at $1.50. To-day Slocum pays Lester cash to balance the account. What books should Mr. Lester use in entering tlie foregoing? 10 Rule the forms for these books. 10 Make the i)roper entries. 20 Show the account finally balanced. 10 50 State of New York. department of public instruction. BOOK-KEEPING.— Answers. May 4 and 5, 1888. 1st Grade, -.-... 7, 8. See any approved form. 9. Received paymeut. J. H. Osgood & Co. per (Name of person examined). 10. Sept. 8, 1888. 1st Grade, . . . . . August 14 and 15, 1888. 1. lu real accounts, credits represent either sums paid to us or goods sold to us, on account, bj the part)- with whom we keep the account; debits, money paid by us or goods sold by us, on account, to the party with whom we keep the account. 2. Srs.OO.^ , N. Y., Aug. 14, 18SS. Six months after date, I promise to pay to the order of Henry L. Warrenj seventy-tive dollars, with interest, at the First National Bank of Albanv, N. Y. Value received. WILLIAM DOUGLASS. a ^ CJ o bfl ^ c o >.^ Sa c^ ° 3 4-5. See any approved form. 6-7. Account is headed " Miller and Bros." (a) Entered on credit side of day book. (b) Entered on debit side of day book, and on credit side of cash book. (See approved forms.) 8. On the credit side of account. 9. Subtract total liabilities from total assets. 10. Debts that we owe — whether on account or bills payable. 1st Grade, March 12 and 13, 1889. 1. (a) An entry denoting value parted with to another or lost from the business. (J)) Tlie footing of an account liaving only one side, or the difference in the footings of one having two sides. 2. ($100.00.) (Albany, N. Y.), Mar. 13, 1889. Sixty days after date, we jointly and severally promise to pay to the order of (John Doe) (one hundred dollars) at the (First National Bank of Albany, N. y.) Value received. /Tnos. Crane. \ V Peter Sands./ O t-O " 4. May 15, 1889. 5. o^c or acct. Or. Arat. D. B. int. 6-10. Day book, cash book, and ledger. See any approved forms. See any approved metliods of entry. (Note particularly the use of abbrevia- tions or conventions.) See any approved form of ledger accounts. 51 State of New York. UNI B' OEM EXA JflNA TION QUES TIOXS. CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 1st Grade, . . . . . March 13 and 14, 1888. 1. What legal requirement must county officers comply with before entering upon the duties of their offices? 10 2. What is a deed ? A mortgage ? 10 3. What is the highest United States court ? Of how many judges is it com- posed ? ' 10 4. In which branch of Congi'ess must bills for raising revenue originate ? 10 5. What is the fundamental law of this State ? Of the United States ? 10 6. What is meant by the "elective franchise"? Name two classes who are wholly deprived of it. 10 7. State two similarities existing between the government of this State and that of the United States. 10 8. What is the difference in the manner of choosing the judges of the courts of this State, and those of the United States courts ? 10 9. Where does the treaty-making power in the United States Government reside? 10 10. What is a corporation? Name two kinds. 10 1st Grade, ...... May 4 and 5, 1888. 1. Wliat is meant by impeachment ? 10 2. Where does the sole power of impeachment reside in the government of tlie United States ? 10 3. What is a mayor ? What is a common council ? 10 4. What advantage would be supposed to follow from having the legislative department of a government consists of two branches or bodies instead of one ? 10 5. What qualification is prescribed by the Constitution for voters for Members of Congress ? 10 6. How often is there a new Congress ? 10 7. How may a foreigner become a citizen ? 10 8. What is an indirect tax ? Give an example. 10 9. Name one privilege that a territorial representative in Congress is allowed and one that he is denied. 10 10. How many congressional districts are there in this State ? 10 1st Grade, - . . . . August 14 and 15, 1888. 1. How are postmasters of the more important post-offices appointed ? 10 2. Give the names of live county offices. 10 3. How may a bill, which has been vetoed by the President, become a law ? 10 4. Name one of the duties of the Lieutenant-Governor of this State. 10 5. What is the title of the highest judicial office of a county? 10 6. Where is the government of the District of Columbia vested ? 10 7. What is the constitutional requirement for eligibility to tlie office of Presi- dent of the U. S., as to residence ? 10 8. Of how many members does our State Senate consist ? 10 9. How long must an alien reside in this country before he can become a citizen ? 10 10. How is this State prohibited from making a treaty with a foreign nation ? 10 52 State of New York. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTItUCTION. CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 1st Grade, . . . . . March 13 and 14, 1888. 1. They must take the oath of office. 2. A conveyance of tlie ownership of land by one party to another, etc. An in- strument giving security upon property for the payment of money due. 3. The Supreme Court. Nine. 4. House of Representatives. 5. The Constitution of the State of New York. The Constitution of the United States. 6. Freedom to vote at all elections where qualified by law. Any two of the following: Minors, Persons convicted of State prison offenses. Indians not taxed. Aliens. 7. No definite answer can be given here. 8. In this State tliey are elected by the people, except in case of vacancy in ofSce. In the United States they are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. 9. With the President and Senate. 10. A society of persons authorized by law to transact business" as an individual. 1st Grade, ...... May 4 and 5, 1888. 1. An accusation against a public officer, charging him with crime or misdemeanor. 2. In the House of Representatives. 3. The chief executive officer of a city. The legislative body of a city. 4. One body ought to be a check upon the other and so prevent unwise or hasty legislation. 5. They must be entitled to vote for the most numerous branch of the State Legis- lature where they reside. 6. Once in every two years. 7. By residence in this country and naturalization. 8. A tax on articles consumed, but not collected directly from the consumer. eg., A duty on sugar. 9. He is allowed to speak, but not to vote. 10. Thirty-four. 1st Grade, . . . . . August 14 and 15, 1888. 1. They are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. 2. 3. It must pass both branches of Congress by a two-thirds vote. 4. 5. County judge. 6. In Congress. 7. He must have been a resident of the United States for at least fourteen years. 8. Tliirty-two. 9. Five years. 10. By the Constitution of the United States. 53 State of New York. UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 1st Grade, . . - - - March 12 and 13, 1889. 1. Mention a provision of tlie Constitution of the United States giving the leffislative branch of the o-overnment the power to restrain or limit the executive. ^" 2. Mention two respects in which our system of government is better than that of Great Britain. lt> 3. Mention three necessary steps in tlie passage of a bill, before it can become a law of the United States. 10 4. How may a State be divided into two or more States ? 10 5. What officers are the legal advisers of tlie President ? How are they chosen? 10 6. Can a State make a treaty with another State or nation? Give reasons for your answer. 10 7. What is a notary public ? 10 8. Name three of the great divisions of the courts in this State. 10 9. What is the general duty of a district attorney ? 10 10. How may the salary of the Governor of this State be increased ? 10 2d and 3rd Grades, ..... January 7, 1888. 1. What is the term of office in the State of New York of (a) the Governor? (7)) State Senators? (c) Members of Assembly? (d) State Treasurer? (e) Super- intendent of Public Instruction? 20 2. (a) Explain the difference between an election by a majority and an election by a plurality, (h) Which is required for election of a school commis- sioner? 20 3. If a State has seven electoral votes, how many members of the House of Kepresentativcs has it? 20 4. What is the title of the chief executive officer of (n) the United States? (l) a State? (c) a county? (d) a town in this State? (e) a city? (/) a village? (a) a school district? 20 5. What officials are elected by the Legislature of this State on joint ballot? 20 2d and 3rd Grades, - ... February, 1888. 1. Mention one duty of each of the following officers: {a) justice of the peace; ib) supervisor; (c) county clerk; (d) Member of Assembly. 40 2. How is a supervisor elected? For how long time? 20 3. Mention two duties of the district clerk and two of the collector. 20 4. What is the chief duty of the Lieutenant-Governor of this State? 10 5. How is the number of members of the United States Senate determined? 10 2d and 3rd Grades, March 3, 1888. 1. What is the title of the presiding officer of the House of Representatives? How is he chosen? 10 2. What is the title of the presiding officer of the United States Senate? IIow is he chosen? 10 3. Which of the President's Cabinet is charged with administration of foreign affairs? 10 54 State of New York. department of public instruction, CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 1st Grade, _ . . . . March 12 and 13, 1889. 1. Answers may differ. 3. Answers may differ. 3. Answers may differ. 4. By the concurrent action of Congress and the Legishatwre of the State. 5. They are nominated by tlie President, and confirmed by the Senate. 6. No. The Constitution forbids it. 7. An officer nominated by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate, who is authorized to administer oaths and take acknowledgments. 8. Answers may differ. 9. He is the attorney for the county. 10. By amending the Constitution. 2d and 3rd Grades, • - - - January 7, 1888. 1. (rt) Three years, (b) Two years, {c) One year. {erinteudent of Public Instruction? {d) Sheriff? {e) County judge? 10 10. Define specific and ad 'valorem duties. 10 2d and 3rd Grades, ..... February 2, 1889. 1. How may a territory become a State ? 10 2. Where is tlie treaty-making power vested ? 10 3. What are the required qualifications of the President and Vice-President of the United States ? 10 4. How are tlie members of the Cabinet chosen ? 10 5. Name two articles from the manufacture or sale of which internal revenue is derived. 10 6. When will the Fifty-first Congress regularly assemble ? 10 7. By whom is a territory represented in Congress ? How is he chosen ? "what may such person do in Congress, and what may he not ? 10 8. What is the official title of the presiding officer of our State Assembly ? How is he chosen ? 10 62 State of New York. department of public 1n8 truc tjon. CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, ----- November 3, 1888. 1. Postmaster- General. 2. The Cougress. 3. It must be submitted to the President for his approval or disapproval. 4. In the Congress. 5. The Governor. 6. Answers will vary. 7. Thirty-two. 8. For fourteen years. 9. In the President. 10. Annually. 2d and 3rd Grades, - • - - - January 5, 1889. 1. The code of fundamental laws which govern a State or country. 2. The Vice-President of the United States. He may vote upon any question when the Senators present and voting are equally divided. 3. The right to vote. It is a civil right. 4. Answers must vary. 5. Each State is entitled to as many Electors as it has members of Congress. Four hundred one were elected at the late election. 6. It is a written document sent to Congress upon its convening, embodying the President's opinions and suggestions as to legislation, and is accompanied by full reports of the executive departments of the government. 7. Board of Supervisors. Annually. 8. Answers will vary. 9. («) Three years. Qi) Two years, (c) Three years. {(I) Three years, (e) Six years. 10. Specific duties are proportioned to the quantity of the article imported ; nd valorem duties are proportioned to the market value of the article in the country which produces it. 2d and 3rd Grades, .... - February 2, 1889. 1. By act of Congress. 2. In the President and Senate of the United States. 3. Natural born citizen, age 35 years, 14 years a resident within tlie United States. 4. Nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. 5. Spirituous or malt liquors, tobacco, oleomargarine. 6. First Monday in December. 7. By a delegate elected by the people. He may speak, but not vote. 8. Speaker, chosen from their own number, by the Members of the Assembly. 63 State of New York. UNIFORM EXAMINA TI ON QUESTIONS. CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 2ci and 3rd Grades, .... February 2, 1889. 9. Naino four State otRcers, .and juention oue duty of each. 10 10. Who is the chief executive officer of {n) the United States, (5) the State, (c) a county, {d) a city, {e) a village? 10 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 2, 1889. 1. Name the three departmeuts of goverument. 10 3. Name one officer eacli of the nation, State, and county representing each of the departments of government. 10 3. Where docs tlie Constitution place the power to make treaties? To declare war? 10 4. Mention three steps required by the Constitution in chosing a President of the United States. 10 5. Wluit is treason? What is a felony? 10 G. Wliat is an extradition treaty? What is an ex 2>ost faeto law? 10 7. Name five county officers, and state one duty of each. 10 8. Distinguish between the duties of a grand jury and a petit jury. 10 9. Explain what is meant by the veto pow'cr; the pardoning power. 10 10. Name two acts in which a State is independent of the general government, and two acts which can only be performed by the general government. 10 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 12, 1889. 1. State three qualifications that a voter at our State elections must have. 10 2. Name two officers of a territory, and state how- each is chosen. 10 3. How can the sale of intoxicating licjuors be legally proliibited in any town of tins State? " ' 10 4. When is our State election held? In what year will State Senators be next elected in this State? 10 5. Name five State officers, and mention one duty pertaining to each. 10 6. What is the difference between original and appellate jurisdiction of courts? 10 7. Name one officer in each of the three der)artments o* government in a county. 10 8. What are the (pialifications required to render a person eligible to the office of Governor of this State? 10 9. Give the official titles of tlie judicial officers Avho constitute a Court of Sessions. 10 10. What are capital crimes ? 10 2d and 3rd Grades, ..... April 6, 1889. \. Wl\o is commander-in-chief of the army of tlie United States? 10 2. AVhat is ineaut by President pro tem])ore of the Senate of the United States? 10 64 State of New York. department of public instru ction. CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, . _ . . . February 2, 1889. 9. Answers need not be uniform. (See "Red Book" or State Almanacs.) 10. (a) President, (h) Governor, (f) sheriff, {d) mayor, {e) president. 2d and 3rd Grades, . , . i . March 2, 1889. 1. Legislative, executive and judicial. 2. Answers may differ. 3. The President and Senate can establish a treaty with a foreign power. War can be declared only by Congress. 4. The States must appoint Presidential Electors; the Electors must meet in their respective States and ballot for President and Vice-President; the President of the Senate shall open the certificates and the votes shall be counted. 5. Treason against the United States consists in levying war against them, or in adher- ing to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. Felony in New York is a crime punishable by death or by imprisonment in a State prison. 6. A treaty providing for the delivery of fugitives from justice by one nation to another. An ex f(M facto law would inflict a penalty for an act committed be- fore the making of a law, 7. Answers may differ. 8. A grand jury investigates charges against persons, and, if it find jast cause, holds them by indictment for trial. On the trial the petit jury decides as to tlie guilt or innocence of the accused. 9. The executive oflicer of the nation or State vetoes a bill by withholding his ap- proval. The power to remit or lessen a sentence of death, or other penalty. 10. Answers may differ. 2d and 3rd Grades, ..... March 12, 1889. 1. Qualifications of voters: (1) Male citizen. (2) 21 years of age. (3) Citizen for ten days. (4) Resident of State for one year next preceding the election. (5) Resident of county four months. (6) Resident of election district 30 days. 2. Grovernor and Secretary appointed by the President and confirmed by the United States Senate. Auditor, Treasurer, and Superintendent of Common Schools elected by the Legislature of the territory. 3. By tlie refusal of the excise board to grant licenses. 4. On the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. Senators will be elected in 1889. 5. Answers may differ. 0. Original jurisdiction — having power of the first hearing of causes; appellate — having power to review causes which have been heard by an inferior court. 7. Answers may differ. 8. Must be a male citizen not less than thirty years of age, and must have been a resident of the State for five years next preceding his election. 9. County judge and justices of Sessions. 10. Crimes punishable by death. 2d and 3rd Grades, ..... April 6, 1889. 1. The President. 2. A Senator chosen by the Senate to preside in the absence of the Vice-President, or when tiie office of Vice-President is vacant. 65 State of New York. UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 2d and 3rd Grades, April 6, 1889. 3. Who presides over the Senate Of the United States when it meets as a court of impeachment for the trial of the President? 10 4. Name three sources of internal revenue. 10 5. What are the principal duties of the Comptroller? 10 6. When will occur the next election of Governor and Lieutenant-Governor of this State? 10 7. Name the officers of a school district, and state the principal duty of each. 10 8. Name six officers who are elected at a town meeting; give the length of term of office of each one mentioned. 10 9. By what authority is a county organized? A town? 10 10. Why is the veto power given to the Governor? 10 2d and 3rd Grades, May 4, 1889. 1. What is statute law? 10 2. What officer has the power to form and dissolve school districts? 10 3. Not every voter at a general election is a voter at a school district election. State two qualifications which will entitle one of the former to vote for a district trustee. 10 4. How many justices of sessions are chosen in each county? What other office must they also hold? 10 5. The autliority of a State Legislature to enact laws is derived from what source? 10 6. How many judges constitute the General Term Court? By what authority are they chosen? Who onl}' can be chosen? 10 7. Explain liow it may happen that a person may be elected President of the United States by a minority of the popular vote. 10 8. In case the President and Vice-President should die, what officer would be- come President? For how long time? 10 9. State two qualifications demanded of a person elected President or Vice- President of the United States, that are not required of any other United States officer. 10 10. How are vacancies in the United States Senate filled? 10 66 State of New York department of pub li g instruction. CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, April 6, 1889. 3. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. 4. Answers may differ. 5. To examine, and audit or reject claims against the State. 6. November, 1891. 7. The trustee has general chai-ge of tlie school property, hires the teacher, makes the report to the school commissioner, and levies the district taxes. The clerk calls district meetings, and keeps the district records. The collector collects the taxes, and pays the money collected, on orders given by the trustee or trustees. The librarian has charge of the library. 8. Answers may differ. 9. The Legislature. The board of supervisors. 10. To prevent the enactment of unwise or uucoustitutioual laws. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . . May 4, 1889. 1. It consists of laws enacted by the legislative department of government. 2. School commissioner, 3. Answers may differ. 4. Two. Justice of the peace. 5. The Constitution of the State. 6. Three. By the Governor. Justices of the Supreme Court. 7. The electors for a defeated candidate may be chosen bj^ very large majorities in many States, while the electors for the successful candidate may be chosen by very small majorities. 8. The Secretary of State, provided he has the legal qualifications. The remainder of the term. 9. He must be a natural born citizen, thirty-five years of age, and must have been fourteen years a resident of the United States. 10. The State Legislature fills the vacancy, if it is in session ; if not, the Governor appoints a person to serve until the Legislature convenes. 67 State of New York. UNIFORM EXAMINA T/ON QUESTIONS. COMPOSITION. No Answers Furnished. 1st Grade, ----- March 13 and 14, 1888. 1. Write a sentence, using tlie word riae, and another, using the word raise. 10 3. Write a sentence, tising the word done, and another using the word set. 10 3. Write a description of some industry, or a branch of some industry, with which you are well acquainted, speaking of (1) its location and advantages of location ; (2) the history of the factory or establishment ; (3) the condi- tion of the workmen or employees; (4) the benefits or injury it brings to the vicinity in which it is located. Credits as follows: For correctness of form and language. 10 For correctness of punctuation. 10 For correctness of spelling, and capitals. 10 For excellence of composition, 25 As provided in general regulations. 25 1st Grade, _-.--- May 4 and 5, 1888. 1. Write a reply to a letter from your commissioner, asking you to name the text-books in Arithmetic, Geography and Physiology which you would recommend for a school of your grade, and to state fully your reasons for each recommendation. Correctness and appropriateness of language. 25 Correctness in form and general appearance. 25 Correctness in punctuation and use of capitals. 25 For remaining 35 per cent, see regulations. 1st Grade, . . - - - August 14 and 15, 1888. Write a composition on either of the following subjects: Arbor Day. A Summer Resort. My Favorite Game. Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with particular reference to three points : (1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 (2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 (3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, and general appearance. 25 For remaining 35 credits, see regulations. 1st Grade, . . - - - March 12 and 13, 1888. AVrite a composition on either of the following subjects: The Kindergarten. Winter Sports. The iNAUfuiRATioN OF President Harrison. Credits will he given on tlie merits of the composition with particular reference to three points : (1) Tlie matter, i. e., tlie thoughts expressed. (2) The correctness and propriety of tlie language used. 25 (3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, and general appearance. 25 For remaining 35 credits, see regulations. 68 25 State of New York. depahtment of public instbv ction, COMPOSITION. No Answers Furnished. 2d. and 3rd Grades, ..... January 7, 1888. Write a letter to a trustee of a school district, applying for a position as teacher, and giving age, experience, educational qualifications, and references as to character and ability. 75 See directions for remaining 25 per cent of credits. 2d and 3rd Grades, . - . . . February, 1888. 1. Should A. S. Draper, Superintendent of Public Instruction, ask you for your opinion, fully and freely expressed, of the comparative merits of the sys. tern of Uniform Examinations for Commissioners' Certificates and the system formerly practiced, what would be your reply? (Write out a copy oi your letter to him, complete as to form and matter.) Orthography, 10; Punctuation, 10; Form, 10; Correctness and pro- priety of language, 25. 55 2. Write a sentence, using the word floioed, and another, using the word floicn. 10 3. Write a sentence using the word struck, and another, using the word stricken. 10 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - March 3, 1888. 1. Write a description of a lake which you have visited, or which you may im- agine yourself to have visited, referring to the following points of interest : Location, dimensions, basin, outlet, navigation, fisheries, surrounding scenery, other points that may occur to you. Completeness with which the subject is treated. 15 Clearness of the description. 15 Grammatical correctness of language. 15 Use of capitals and punctuation. 15 Orthography and general appearance. 15 For remaining 25 per cent, sec directions. 2d and 3rd Grades, March 13, 1888. 1. Give two rules for the use of the period. 10 2. Give rule for the punctuation of direct quotations, and give example. 10 3. Write a formal letter to the Commissioner of your district, setting forth five reasons why you think yourself qualified to teach school. 55 See regulations for remaining 25 per cent of credits. Answej'S. 1. A period should be placed after every declarative or imperative sentence; after every abbreviation not fully noted by marks of elision ; and after Roman numerals. 2. Every direct quotation should be set ott' by commas. 3. >'o answer required. 2d and 3rd Grades, .... March, 1888, Special. 1. Write a letter to your commissioner embodying in it a statement of {a) your present grade of certificate, (h) the grade you are aiming to secure, (c) the district where you are now teaching, (d) the name of tiie trustee or trus- tees, (e) where you were educated, using not less than one hundred words. 75 Note. — For generul excellence of all papers submitted with reference to neatness, order and punctuation. 25 69 State of New York. UNI F OHM EXAMINA TION Q VESTIONS. COMPOSITION. No Answers Furnished. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . April 7, 1888, 1. Write a short letter to your school commissiouer, telling him what school you wish or expect to teach. 25 3. Write a short account of the Pilgrims in accordance with the following analy- sis: (a) Cause of leaving their own country; {h) whence they sailed; (c) the voyage; {d) the landing; (e) life in the New World. 50 For general excellence of all papers submitted, with reference to neatness, order and punctuation. 25 2d and 3rd Grades, --..._ May 5, 1888. 1. Write a description of the school-house where you taught last, or, if you have not taught, where you last attended school. Let your description be brief, and let it embrace these points: The size of the building, its material, its seating capacity, its general condition of repair, its hygienic qualities -- such as location, means of heating and ven- tilation, provisions for liglit, etc. — its facilities for teaching — such as blackboards and other apparatus — and suggestions for improvements. Correctness and appropriateness of language. 25 Correctness in form and general appearance. 25 Correctness in punctuation and use of capitals. 25 For remaining 25 per cent, see regulations. 2d and 3rd Grades, ---.__ June, 1888. 1. Write a composition, taking for your subject one of the following vegetable products of this State, describing the plant from which it is obtained, the manner of cultivating it, if it be a cultivated plant, the manner of l)reparing it for commerce, and adding any other matters of interest per- taining to the subject: Flour, maple sugar, lumber, potatoes, hay, malt. Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with reference to three points: (1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts it contains. 25 (2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 (3) The orthography, punctuation, use of caj^itals, and general appear- ance. 25 For remaining 25 per cent, see regulations. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . _ . . August 14, 1888. Write a composition on either of the following subjects: Ice Cream. TuE Violin. Industrial Education. How Nature Provides for the Protection op the Eve. Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with reference to three points : (1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 (3) The correctness and i^ropricty of the language used. 25 (3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, and general appearance. 25 For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 70 State of New York. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTltUCTION. COMPOSITION. No Answers Furnished. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . _ September 1, 1888. Write a composition on either of the following subjects: County Fairs. The Prohibitionists. Language Teaching. Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with reference to three points : (1) The matter^ i. c., the thoughts expressed. 25 (2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 (3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, and general appearance. 25 For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . September 11, 1888. Write a composition on either of the following subjects : The Description op a Church Edifice. Teachers' Associations. The Educational Influence of a Good School-house. Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with particular reference to three points : (1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 (2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 (3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, and general appearance. 25 For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . _ . October 6, 1888. Write a composition on either of the following subjects : A District School. The Cultivation of Indian Corn. A Letter of a Pupil to His Teacher, Describing Vacation Pleasures. Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with reference to three points : (1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 (2) The correctness and j^ropriety of the language used. 25 (3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, and general appearance. 25 For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 2d and 3rd Grades, .... November 3, 1888. Write a composition on either of the following subjects: A Normal School. Bees. A Teachers' Institute. 71 State of Nfav York. uxifohm examina tlox q uesti0n8. COMPOSITION. No Answers Furuishcd. 2d. and 3rd. Grades, .... November 3, 1888. Credits ■will be given on the merits of the composition with ijarticiilar reference to tliree points : (1) The matter^ i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 (2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 (3) The orthograpliy, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, and general appearance. 35 For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - January 5, 1889. Write a composition on either of the following subjects: The New Year. The Influence of Good Books. The Teacher's Opportunities. Civil Service Reform. Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with particular reference to three points : (1) The matter^ i. e., tlie thoughts expressed. 25 (2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 (3) The ortliography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of cajiitals, and general appearance. 25 For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 2d and 3rd Grades, ..... February 2, 1889. Write a composition on either of the following subjects: Cheese Making. Santa Claus. Natural Scenery About My Home. Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with jiarticular reference to three points: (1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 (2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 (3) The orthograpliy, i>unctuation, division into jiaragraphs, use of capitals, and general appearance. 25 For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 2, 1889. Write a composition on either of the following subjects: Dangers of Coasting. Butter Making. Benefits arising from Teachers' Associations. Credits will be given on the merits of the composition witli particular reference to three points : (1) The matter, i. o., the tlioughts exj^ressed. 25 72 State of New York. department of public instruction. COMPOSITION. No Answers Furnished. 2d and 3rd Grades, -.-... March 2, 1889. (3) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 (3) The orthograpliy, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, and general appearance. 25 For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 12, 1889. Write a composition on either of the following subjects: jiMUSEMENTS OP MY CHILDHOOD. My Last School. Bkead Making. Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with particular reference to three points : (1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 (2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 (3) The orthography, punctuation, division into jiaragraphs, use of capitals, and general appearance. 25 For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - April 6, 1889. Write a letter to your school commissioner, describing the condition and needs of the school-house in wliich you last taught, or attended school, as to furniture, blackboards, and apparatus; or Write to a trustee of a school district, a letter of recommendation for an acquaint- ance seeking a position as teacher. Credits will be given on the merits of the comjwsitiou with particular reference to three points: (1) The oyiatter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 (2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 (3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, and general appearance. 25 For remaining 25 credits, see regiilations. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . May 4, 1889. Write a composition on either of the following subjects : Benefits op Physical, Culture. A Short Review of some Book Recently Read. Tree Planting. Credits will be given on the merits of tlie composition with jiarticular reference to three points : (1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 (2) The correctness and propriety of the language used, 25 (3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraplis, use of capitals, and general appearance. 25 For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 73 State of New York. unif ji m ex a mina tion ques ti o ns. CURRENT TOPICS. ist Grade, ..... March 13 and 14, 1888. 1. What is tlie name of the presiding officer of tlie Senate of tliis State? the Assembly? 10 3. What portion of our State Capitol has been condemned as unsafe? Why? 10 3. Name two territories which are asking for admission to the Union, as States, 10 4. In what cities respectively are the two great political j^tvrties to hold their next national convention? 10 5. What is the principal feature of the Crosby Bill? 10 6. What Englislaman is known as the "grand old man "? 10 7. What important educational bill has recently passed the United States Senate? 10 8. What interoceanic canal is now in process of construction? 10 9. What brave act did Miss Freeman, a western teacher, recently perform? 10 10. Who is the oldest monarch of Europe? 10 1st Grade, ...... May 4 and 5, 1888. 1. Xame six places in this State at which State normal schools are located. 10 2. How many members has the United States Senate? 10 3. Where is the burial place of General Ulysses S. Grant? 10 4. How has rapid transit been attained in the city of New York? 10 5. Upon what date does Decoration Day occur? 10 6. Name three of the leading literarj' magazines of the present day. 10 7. Name and locate three colleges or universities of this State. 10 8. State something of interest relating to the royal family of Germany. 10 9. Who is now mayor of the city of New York? 10 10. What is meant by the "Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers?" 10 1st Grade, . . . - . August 14 and 15, 1888. Twenty credits will be allowed for each of five of the following questions, to be selected by the candidate: 1. Who is President of the French re20ublic? 2. What rank in the United States army was recently revived by act of Con- gress? Upon whom was it conferred? 3. What change in respect to the method of execution of the death penalty was made by the last Legislature of this State? 4. Give the names of the nominees of two of the national political conventions recently held. 5. What is meant by cremation ? G. What eminent ex-United States Senator recently died in New York? 7. Whom did President Cleveland nominate for Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the U. S.? 74 State of New York. DEPA li TMENT OF P UBLIG INS Tit UCTION. CURRENT TOPICS.— Answers. 1st Grade, - - . . . March 13 and 14, 1888. 1. Edward F. Jones; Fremont Cole. 3. The ceiling of the Assembly chamber. Because the stone supports were not strong enough to support the weight. 3. Dakota, Utah and Montana. 4. Chicago and St. Louis. 5. High license to restrict the liquor traffic. 6 Gladstone. 7. The Blair Educational Bill. 8. Nicaragua ship canal. 9. By tying thirteen childreu, her pupils, together, she conducted them to a place of safety, during a terrific storm that destroyed the scliool-house; the weather was exceedingly cold. 10. The Emperor of Germany. 1st Grade, - - ... May 4 and 5, 1888. 1. Albany, Potsdam, Cortland, Oswego, Geneseo, Brockport, Buffalo, Fredouia, New Paltz. (Any six.) 2. Seventy-six. 3. Riverside Park, New York city. 4. By means of elevated railroads. 5. May 30th. 6. Answers will vary. 7. Answers will vary. 8. Answers will vary. 9. Abram S. Hewitt. 10, A secret organization of locomotive engineers whose object is mutual assistance and protection for its members. 1st Grade, . . . . August 14 and 15, 1888. 1. M. Carnot. 3. The rank of General, General Philip Sheridan. 3. Persons convicted of capital offenses committed after January 1, 1889, are to be executed by means of electricity. 4. Democratic, Grover Cleveland and Allen G. Thurman ; Prohibition, Clinton B. Fisk and John A. Brooks; Republican, Benjamiii Harrison and Levi P. Morton. 5. Burning instead of burying the dead. 6. Roscoe Conkling. 7. 3Ielville W. Fuller. 75 Statk of New York. uniform ex a mina tion q uertl ons. CURRENT TOPICS. 1st Grade, - - - - - March 12 and 13, 1889. Of the following questions, the candidate will answer only five, to each of which twenty credits arc assigned. 1. What is meant by the Excise Commission Bill? 2. Congress has recently passed an act authorizing the admission into the Union of what new States? 3. Name the members of President Harrison's Cabinet, and give the official title of each. 4. What inter-oceanic canal has been recently chartered by Congress? 5. Name the Representative in Congress from your district. Name the Member of Assembly from your district. 6. Mention five great bridges wholly or in part in this State. What waters do tliey span? 7. Who is the recently elected secretary of the Regents of the University? 2d and 3rd Grades, _ . . . - January 7, 1888. 1. Give a short account of Bismark. ■ 20 2. What event of great political importance to France transpired during the past month? 20 3. Wliat important legislative body convened on the 5th of December, 1887? 20 4. What were the fates of the seven anarchists who were convicted of com- plicity in the bomb-throwing at Chicago in 1886? 20 5. Name three educational journals of this State, and state where each is pub- lished. 20 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . - . February, 1888, 1. AVhat territory desires to be divided and admitted to the Union as States? 20 2. Mention one important recommendation in the last message of the President. 20 3. Name the Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, nominated by the Presi- dent and confirmed by tlie Senate the present session. 20 4. What was the recommendation of the commission to the present Legisla- ture on the mode of executing the death penalty? 20 5. With what great national measure is Gladstone identified? 20 2d and 3rd Grades, ----- March 3, 1888. 1. Wliat illustrious American scientist died in January, 1888? 10 2. What famous English actor is now in America? 10 3. What publication relating to school affairs is soon to be sent to every scliool district in this State? 10 4. State some fact or incident of which you have read relating to a great storm in Dakota or Nebraska. 10 5. What is the name of the great Irish leader in the Britisli Parliament? 10 6. What IS, probably, the (juestion to be most discussed in the approaching presidential campaign? 10 76 State of New York. d e fa li tme nt of pub li c ins tructio n. CURRENT TOPICS.— Answers. 1st Grade, . . . . - March 12 and 13, 1889. 1. A bill recently introduced in the Legislature of New York, to regulate the sale of intoxicating liquors prepared by a commission appointed bv the Legisla- ture of 1888. 2. North Dakota, South Dakota, Wasiiington, and Montana. 3. Secretary of State, James G. Blaine of Maine; Secretary of the Treasury, William Wiudom of Minnesota; Secretary of War, Redfield Proctor of Ver- mont; Secretary of the Navy, Benjamin F. Tracy of New York; Secretary of the Interior, John W. Noble of Missouri ; Postmaster-General, John Wana- maker of Pennsylvania; Attorney-General W. H. H. Miller of Indiana; Secretary of Agriculture, Jeremiah M. Rusk of Wisconsin. ■i. Nicaraugua ship canal. 5. Answers will differ. 6. Answers may differ. 7. Melvil Dewey, 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . - January 7, 1888. 1. No answer required. 3. The resignation of President Grevy, and the subsequent election by the French Assembly of President Carnot. 3. The fiftietli Congress of the United States. 4. Four were hanged, the sentence of two were commuted to imprisonmeut for life. and one committed suicide. 5. No answer required. 2d and 3rd Grades, - . - - - February, 1888. 1. Dakota. 2. Reduction of the revenue by removing the tax from certain articles. 3. L. Q. C. Lamar. 4. That in cases of capital punishment, death by electricity be substituted for death by hanging. 5. With home rule in Ireland. 2d and 3rd Grades, - - . . . March 3, 1888. 1. Prof. Gray. 3. Irving. 3. The Code of Public Instruction. 4. Various answers. 5. Parnell. G. The tariff question. 77 State of New York. un j f r m ex a mina tt on q u es t 1 ns. CURRENT TOPICS. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . . March 3, 1888. 7. What distinguished woman astronomer is a professor in one of our American colleges? What is the name of the college referred to? 10 8. Why is the freshman class at Cornell larger than any previous class? 10 9. "What two changes have recently been made in the President's cabinet? 10 10. Describe an eclijise tliat has occurred this year. 10 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . _ . March 13, 1888. 1. What nation threatens the peace of Europe at the present time? What part of its policy is considered aggressive? 20 2. Wliat has been done with the Blair Educational TJiil at this session of Con- gress? 20 3. Of what is oleomargarine made? 20 4. What educational gathering is to convene at Watkins. N. Y., July 5, 1888? 20 5. Give some account of the condition of tlie Crown Prince, Frederick Wil- liam, of Prussia. 20 2d and 3rd Grades, . _ . . March, 1888, Special. 1. When will occur the next regular election of («) school trustees, (1>) school commissioners, (c) Governor of tliis State, and {J) State Senators for tliis State? 20 2. What commission has just completed its lal)ors at Washington? Why was tliis commission made necessary? 20 3. What is meant by industrial education as connected with public education? 20 4. Give a short account of the Female Suffrage movement, mentioning some of the leaders and some of the points already gained for it. 20 5. Wliat are the duties of a stenographer? 20 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . April 7, 1888. 1. Give the names of two persons who were candidates for tlie oflice of Secre- tary of State at our last State election. 10 2. Who was elected United States Senator from New York in 1887? Whom did he succeed? 10 3. Name one of the justices of the Supreme Court in your judicial district. 10 4. Name five leading daily newspapers published in New York city. 10 5. What two important State officers arc to be chosen this year in this State? 10 6. What prominent gentleman has recently announced that he is not a candi- date for the presidential nomination? 10 7. What prominent American jurist has recentlv died? Wliat office did he liold? ' ' 10 8. Who is the president of the New York Central Railroad? 10 9. What European monarch has recently died? 10 10. Name the Republican and Democratic candidates for President at tlie last three presidential elections. 10 78 State of New York. D EPA li TM EN T OF PUBLIC INS TR D TION. CURRENT TOPICS.— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, - - . . . March 3, 1888. 7. Maria i\Iitchell, Vassar College. 8. Because of a new law in relation to free scholarships allowing substitutes from districts not otherwise represented. 9. Mr. Vilas has been transferred to the charge of the interior department and Mr. D. Dickinson has been appointed in his place. 10. A total eclipse of the moon occurred on the evening of Januarj- 28. 2d and 3rd Grades, ...... March 13, 1888. 1. I\ussi.a. The massing of troops adjacent to tlie frontiers of Germany, Austria, and Turkey, 2. It has passed the Senate and been sent to the House of Representatives. 3. Principally, of the fat of animals. 4. New York State Teachers' Association. 5. He is suffering from a throat disease generally believed to be a cancerous affection of the larynx and trachea. His pliysicians liave inserted a tube through his neck into his traciiea for liim to breathe througli. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . March, 1888, Special. 1. {a) On the last Tuesday of August next. (/>) At the general election of 1890. (c) At the next general election, {d) At the general election of 1889. 2. The Fisheries Commission. Disputes as to the I'espective rights of Canada and the United States on the fisliing grounds of the North Atlantic coast. 3. The introduction of teaching to train the hand and eye, with a view to practical application in life work. 4. Answers maj' differ. 5. By short-hand to write from dictation and. afterward transcribe the matter, or reproduce it in Roman letters by a type-writer. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . _ . April 7, 1888. 1. Frederick Cook; Frederick D. Grant; Henry George. (Either two of the three.) 2. Frank Hiscock; Warner Miller. 3. Answers will differ according to locality. 4. World, Tribune, Herald, Times, Sun, Post. Telegram, Star, Mail and Express, Press, Commercial Advertiser, Staats-Zcitung. 5. Governor and Lieutenant-Governor. 6. James G. Blaine. 7. Morrison R. Waite, Chief Justice. 8. Chauncey M. Depew. 9. Emperor William of Germany. 10. 1876: Hayes, Tilden; 1880: Garfield, Hancock; 1884: Blaine, Cleveland. 79 State of New York. uniform ex a mina tion q ues tl ons. CURRENT TOPICS. 2d and 3rd Grades, ..... May 5, 1888. 1. Name six places in tliis State at wiiich State normal schools are located. 10 2. How many members has the United States Senate? 10 3. Whore is the burial place of General Ulysses S. Grant? 10. 4. How has rapid transit been attained in the city of New York? 10 5. Ujiou what date does Decoration Day occur? 10 G. Name three of the leading magazines of the present day. 10 7. Name and locate three colleges or universities of this State. 10 8. State something of interest relating to the royal family of Germany. 10 9. Who is now Mayor of the city of New York? 10 10. What is meant by the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers? 10 2d and 3rd Grades, . - - . - - June, 1888. 1. How must the vacancy now existing in the Supreme Court of the United States be filled? 20 2. Why is the income from our State prisons now much less than tlie cost of conducting them? 20 3. What is Arbor Day in this State? 20 4. Name one of the two cities chartered by our last Legislature. 20 5. Of what organization is T. V. Powderly the chief executive officer? 20 2d and 3rd Grades, _ . _ . . August 14, 1888. Twenty credits are allowed for each of five questions selected from the following by the candidate : 1. Who is the only living ex-President of the United States? 2. Who is Emperor of Germany? 3. Who are the Mormons? 4. What is meant by the words hoodie aldermen ? 5. Wliat is meant by the term boycott? 6. For what is Watkins, N. Y., noted? 7. State two methods of propelling street cars without the use of a steam locomotive. 2d and 3rd Grades, .... September 1, 1888. Ten credits are given for each of five (jiiestions to be selected from the following by the candidate : 1. What specially eminent divine of tliis State died within the past two years? 2. Name two of the three cities chartered by the last Legislature of New York. 3. What is meant ])y the totcnship system as applied to schools? 4. Name two prominent features of tiie Uniform Examination system, now in use in this State. 5. What is meant by civil service reform ? 6. Who is now the presiding officer of the LTuited States Senate? 7. For what is Saratoga noted ? 80 State of New York. department of p ublig ijsfstb ugtion. CURRENT TOPICS.— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, ..... May 5, 1888. 1. Albany, Potsdam, Cortland, Oswego, Geneseo, Brockport, Buffalo, Fredonia, New Paltz. 2. Seventy-sir. 3. Riverside Park, New York city. 4. By means of elevated railroads. 5. May 30th. 6. Answers will vary. 7. Answers will vary. 8. Answei's will vary. • 9. Abram S. Hewitt. 10. A secret organization of locomotive engineers whose object is mutual assistance and protection for its members. 2d and 3rd Grades, --.... June, 1888. 1. By nomination by the President and confirmation by the Senate. 2. Because of the abolition of the contract system in prison management of labor. 3. By act of the Legislature, the first Friday after the first day of May is made Arbor Day, on which day special exercises are to be held in the several schools, under direction of school oiBcers in accordance with plans prescribed by the State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 4. Hornellsville or Ithaca. 5. The Knights of Labor. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . . August 14, 1888. 1. Rutherford B. Hayes. 3. Wilhelm II. 3. The first settlers of Utah whose religion is based on the Book of Mormon, which permits polygamy. 4. Aldermen who were bribed to vote for certain measures. 5. An agreement among a large number of persons not to buy any thing of certain individuals, or not to purchase of anybody articles manufactured by persons who are obnoxious to those making the agreement. The object is to compel compliance with their demands. G. Its glen, a very deep and romantic chasm cut out by a stream of water. 7. (1) By horses, (2) by electricity, (3) by a moving wire cable between the rails and below the surface of the ground. 2d and 3rd Grades, .... September 1, 1888. 1. Rev. Henry Ward Beecher. 2. Hornellsville, Ithaca, and Middletown are the three. 3. Each town has one school board controlling all of the schools of the town. 4. No answer needs to be given here. 5. The appointment of persons to offices of a minor character, as the result of competitive examinations, and tlie retention in oflice of the appointees. 6. John J. Ingalls. 7. For its mineral sjjrings and its immense hotels. 81 State of New York. UNIFORM EXAMINA TJON Q UESTIONS. CURRENT TOPICS. 2d and 3rd Grades, .... September 11, 1888. Ten credits are given for each of five questions to be selected from the following by the candidate; 1. What is meant l)y the River and Harbor Bill? 2. Name a candidate recently nominated for a State office by one of the leading political parties of tliis State and specify the oflice. 3. What is meant by Presidential Electors? 4. Between what nations was the proposed Fisheries Treaty of 1888 negotiated? 5. Wliat prominent officer of the United States army died in the summer of 1888? Who succeeds him? 6. What is the phonograph? Name the inventor. 7. What is meant by a W^agner or Pullman car? 2d and 3rd Grades, ----- October 6, 1888. Twentv credits are given for each of five questions to be selected from the following by the candidate : 1. What are TrusU? 2. Name the candidates of the two great jwlitical parties, for Governor of this State. 3. What noted astronomer died about the middle of last month? 4. Which States held their State elections last month? 5. What has recently called attention to Jacksonville, Fla.? 6. Mention the legal holidays in this State? 7. Tlie moneys used for meeting the expenses of tne national government are re- ceived from what source? 2d and 3rd Grades, _ . . . - November 3, 1888. Twenty credits are given for each of five questions to be selected from the following by the candidate : 1. What is meant by Home Rale? 2. Who is the most celebrated American explorer of recent times? Locate his field of work. 3. What is meant by a corner as used in connection with the late advance in the price of wheat ? 4. Mention five European sovereigns or rulers, naming countries ruled respect- ively. 5. Define Jianlcrnptcy. 6. Name three educational journals. 7. How must the death penaltv be inflicted in this State after Dec. 81, 1888? 2d and 3rd Grades, _ - - . - January 5, 1889. Twenty credits are given for each of five questions to be selected from the following by the candidate : 1. Who has just been electetl Speaker of tiie Assembly? 2. What noted Englishman recently wedded an American bride, and who was the lady? 82 State of New York. department of public instru ction. CURRENT TOPICS.— Answers. 2d and 3rd. Grades, . . . - September 11, 1888. 1. An act of Congress making large appropriations for the improv^ement of rivers and harbors in various parts of the country. 2. Governor — Warner Miller. Lieut.-Governor — S. V. R. Cruger. Judge of Court of Appeals — Wm. Rumsey. 3. Persons chosen in each State once in four years, to elect a President and Vice- President of the United States. 4. United States and Great Britain. 5. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan. Gen. Schofleld, 6. A machine that records and reproduces sounds. Edison. 7. A drawing-room or sleeping car specially provided with comforts and con- veniences of travel, for -which an extra charge is made. 2d and 3rd Grades, October 6, 1888. 1. Business combinations formed by manufacturers or producers to avoid competition. 2. Warner Miller, Republican; David B. Hill, Democrat. 3. Richard Anthonj^ Proctor. 4. A''ermont and Maine. 5. The prevalence of yellow fever in a malignant form. 6. The following days and half-days namely: The first day of January, commonly called New- Year's Day; the twenty-second day of February, known as Washington's Birthday ; the thirtieth day of May, known as DecoVatiou Day ; the fourth day of July, called Independence Day ; the first Monday of September, to be known hereafter as Labor Day ; the twenty-fifth day of December, known as Christmas Day; any general election day in this State; every Saturday from twelve o'clock at noou until twelve o'clock at midnight; and any day ap- pointed or recommended by the Governor of this State, or the President of the United States, as a day of thanksgiving, or fasting or prayer, or other religious observance. 7. From tariff duties ou imported goods, and internal taxes on tobacco, spirits and oleomargarine. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . - - - November 3, 1888. 1. The rule of a country, province or state by a Legislature, sitting within it, and whose repre- sentative members are elected solely by its inhabitants. 2. Henry M. Stanley. South Central Africa. 3. See su-pplement to Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. 4. Victoria I, Queen of Great Britain; Maria Christina, Queen-Regent of Spain; M. Sadi-Carnot, President of France ; W. F. Hertenstein, President of Switzerland ; Francis Joseph, Em- peror of Austria; William II, Emperor of Germany ; Alexander III, Emperor of Russia; Humbert I, Kingof Italv; Oscar II, King of Sweden and Norway; Luis I, King of Portu- gal ; George I, "King of Greece; Christian IX, King of Denmark; Willem III, King of Netherlands; Leopold II, King of Belgium; Abdul llamid II, Sultan of Turkey. 5. The state of a person or firm whose business is stopped and broken up because he is insolvent. 6. Answers will vary. 7. After December SI, 1888, the punishment of death must, in every case, be inflicted by causing to pass through the body of the convict a current of electricity of sufficient intensity to cause death, and the application of such current must be continued until such convict is dead. 2d and 3rd Grades, ... - - January 5, 1889. 1. Fremont Cole. 2. Joseph Chamberlain ; Miss Endicott, daughter of the present Secretary of War. S3 State of New York. UNIFORM EXAM IN A TION Q UE8TI0N8. CURRENT TOPICS. 2d and 3rd Grades, January 5, 1889. 3. What educational meeting will be held in New York city next week? 4. \Nho is the central figure in French politics at present? 5. What foreign Minister was recently dismissed by President Cleveland? 6. What nation recently seized one of our merchant vessels, and what action in connection therewith, was immediately taken by our government? 7. What is meant by the surjjlus, so often mentioned in discussions of the national financial policy? 2d and 3rd Grades, February 2, 1889. Twenty credits are given for each of five questious selected by the candidate from the following: 1. Mention one result of the cyclones occurring during the past month, in the Eastern States. 2. What is meant by the President's Cabinet ? 3. Name two great steamers now running between New York and Liverpool. 4. Who is Henry M. Stanley? 5. When did the Electoral College last meet to choose a President and Vice- President of the United States? 6. Name four educational journals published in this State. 7. What is meant by annexation as now used in the newspapers? 2d and 3rd Grades, . _ . - March 2, 1889. Twenty credits are given for each of five questions to be selected from the following by the candidate : 1. What recent event does the name Eaytien RepuUic suggest? 2. The Samoan controversy is chiefly between what two great nations? 3. Who is Mayor of New York city? Who is Lieutenant-Governor of this State? 4. What great strike recently occurred in this State? In what cities? 5. Mention two bills which have been introduced during the present session of our State Legislature. G. Wiio are the White Caps ? 7. Why are very many convicts in our State prisons idle? 2d and 3d Grades, March 12, 1889. Of the following questions, the candidates will answer only five, to each of which twenty credits are assigned : 1. Name two reasons wliich have been proposed for restricting immigration. 2. What was the nature of the recent hotel disaster in Hartford? State the cause. 3. What is the new system of warming railroad cars? Why was it adopted? 4. What is meant by the Parncll investigatiun? 5. What has been done to relieve the pressure of business before the Court of Api^eals? 6. W^hat new Cabinet office has recently been created? 7. Give name and official title of three members of President Harrison's Cabinet? 84 State of New York. DEPARTMENT F P UBLl C INS T BU C T I ON. CURRENT TOPICS.— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, ..... January 5, 1889. 3. Annual meeting of the New York State Association of School Commissioners and Superintendents. 4. General Boulanger. 5. Sackville West. 6. The Republic of Hayti. Ships of war were dispatched to that country to enforce the claims of our government. 7. Moneys received from tariff duties on imported goods and internal taxes on tobacco, spirits, and oleomargarine in excess of the appropriations for the expenses of the government. 2d and 3rd Grades, _____ February 2, 1889. 1. Great loss of life and property at Pittsburg and Reading, Pa. Destruction of the upper susjiension bridge at Niagara Falls. 2. The seven men who are heads of departments in the national government; they are the President's official advisers. 3. City of New York, — City of Rome, — Umbria, etc., etc. 4. A great African explorer. 5. January 14, last, 6. School Bulletin, School Journal, Teachers' Institute, Educational Gazette, Normal Instructor, etc. 7. The annexation of Canada to the United States. 2d and 3rd Grades, - _ _ _ _ March 2, 1889. 1. The Haytien government having seized the Hayficn RejmUic, an American steamship, the United States government sent a naval force to demand the surrender of the vessel. The President of Hayti immediately complied with the order. 2. Germany and the United States. 3. Hugh J. Grant. Edward F. Jones. 4. Of car drivers and conductors. New York and Brooklyn. 5. Answers may differ. 6. A secret organization of men who in disguise have committed numerous outrages under the pretense of punishing wrongs. 7. The State abolished the contract system of labor in the State prisons, and has not yet adopted an adequate substitute. 2d and 3d Grades, . _ - - . March 12, 1889. 1. Answers may differ. 2. The hotel was wrecked by the explosion of a steam boiler. 3. The heating of cars by steam from the locomotive. To avoid danger of fire from stoves, in case of accident. 4. An investigation by the Englisli government to determine the truth or falsity of certain charges connecting Charles Stewart Parnell with certain crimes com- mitted in England and Ireland. 5. A supplementary Court of Appeals lias been formed by the appointment by the Governor, of judges from the Supreme Court. 6. Secretary of Agriculture. 7. Answeramay differ. 85 State of New York. UNI F li M E X A MI NATION q UH i5TI0N8. CURRENT TOPICS. 2d and 3rd Grades, . - . . . April 6, 1889. Of the following questions, the candidates will answer only five, to each of which twenty credits are assigned : 1. What is meant by lallot reform? 3. Who is the presiding officer of the United States Senate? 3. What centennial will be celebrated April 30th next? Where? 4. What is meant by rapid transit? 5. What prominent journalist has President Harrison recently appointed to a foreign mission? 6. What institute conductor of this State died last December? To what branch of teaching had he been giving his special attention during the past year? 7. Who are the United States Senators repesenting New York? 8. What is meant by constitutmial 2}rohibition ? 2d and 3rd Grades, . . _ . . May 4, 1889, Of the following questions, the candidates will answer only five, to each of which twenty credits are assigned: 1. The name of John Ericsson, recently deceased, was prominently connected with what event of the Civil War? 2. Who is the only surviving ex- Vice-President of the United States? 3. Give the location of the alleged rich gold fields recently discovered. 4. What Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court died recently? 5. What noted English statesman died last March? 6. Briefly describe the recent casualties in Samoa. 7. State three uses of electricity in the mechanic arts, 8. State the rate of postage on first-class domestic mail matter. 9. What government land has been recently opened to settlement by proclamation of President Harrison? 10, What sons of ex-Presidents have been recently appointed to foreign missions? DRAWING. 2d and 3rd Grades, ..... January 7, 1888. 1. What is geometric drawing? 10 2. Define perspective. 10 3. Draw an outline of a cube. 20 4. Draw a triangle ; a circle ; a parallelogram ; an ellipse ; an oval. 30 5. Show the application of compound curves in drawing the outline of a pitcher; of a vase. 30 Note. — This subject omitted after this date — pending instruction to be given at Teachers' In- stitutes. 86 State of New York. DEFAUTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, CURRENT TOPICS.— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . . April 6, 1889. 1. A change in the niar.uer of conducting elections to secure secrecy in voting, and to provide ballots at public expense, 2. Vice-President Levi P. Morton. 3. The inauguration of George Washington as the first President of the United States. In New York. 4. Improved facilities for conveyance, which shall reduce or lessen the time required at present. 5. Whitelaw Reid. (Other nominations may be made which Commissioners are authorized to accept). 6. Dr. John H. French. Industrial Drawing. 7 Wm. M. Evarts and Frank Hiscock. 8. A constitutional amendment which shall prohibit the trafBc in alcoholic spirits. 2d and 3rd Grades, . - . - . May 4, 1889. 1. The building of the Monitor. 3. Hannibal Hamlin. 3. Lower California. 4. Stanley Matthews. 5. John Bright. G. Answers may differ. 7. Answers may differ. 8. Two cents for each ounce or fraction of an ounce, 9. Oklahoma. 10. Robert T, Lincoln and Frederick D. Grant. DRAWING.— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, , . . . . January 7, 1888. 1. Geometric drawing is the representation, upon a plane surface, of geometric forms, with respect to to their corresponding dimensions. 3. Perspective is the appearance that any object presents to the eye, with respect to form, lights and shadows. 3, 4, 5. No answers required. 87 State of New York. uniform examination questions. GENERAL QUESTIONS. 1st, 2d. and 3rd. Grades, . _ . . September 3, 1887. Note. — The following indicates the grade of questions used for the four examinations iu this subject held in 1S67 : 1st Grade. — All questions iu every subject apply to first grade licenses. ild Grade. — All questions in every subject, excepting School Law and Algebra, apply to second grade licenses. 37'd Grade. — Questions printed in italics only, apply to third grade licenses. — See Kegulatious. 1. What is the organization hnown as the Knights of Labor? 20 2. Name Jive living American authors, and three statesmen. 20 3. Outline hriejly your lilan for the first day in school. 20 4. How may a teacher cultivate a taste for good reading? 20 5. What is meant by Civil Service Reform? 20 1st, 2ci and 3rd Grades, - . - . October 3, 1887. 1. Name {a) two American inventors ; (b) ' ' lexicographers / (c) " naturalists; (d) ' ' novelists ; (e) ' ' historians ; if) " poets; (g) " journalists; (h) " painters; (i) " sculptors; (j) " orators. 30 2. Classify the faculties of the mind. 20 3. Mention six oljects of the recitation. 20 4. Who are the present U. S. Senators from this State? Who is your Bepresenta- tive in Congress? 10 5. Locate the normal schools in this State. 20 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . _ . . November 5, 1887. 1. Name five of the leading n^icspapers of the United States. 20 2. Name the towns of your county, and also the county seat. 20 3. What centennial was celebrated in Philadelphia the week of September 11, 18S7 ? 20 4. What is the principal subject of disimte at the present time between the United States and Canada? 20 5. What is understood by Authors' Day Exercises in school work? 20 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . _ . . December 3. 1887. 1. Name three State Educational Associations of the State of New York. 20 2. Wliat international sailing contest took place in the month of September, 1SS7 ? What nations were represented ? What vessels jmrt icijMted J IIoiu many trials ? Which won ? 20 3. Name ten good books for a teachefs lihrary, and give reasons for the selection. 20 4. Name the State officers elected in this State in 1887, giving the office to which each was elected and the date upon which his term of office begins. 20 5. Mention the leading manufactures of this county, and locate the principal manufacturing estaljlishments. 20 88 State of New York. department of public instruction. GENERAL QUESTIONS.— Answers. 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . September 3, 1887. 1. A society, secret ia its nature and composed of wage-workers, to protect the interests of labor. 2. Bancroft, Holmes, Warner, Clemens, Aldrich. Conkling, Thurman, Blaine. 3. Be early at school. Have all preparations completed before the hour for com- mencing. Take names of pupils as soon as they reach school, and learn what you can relative to their studies. Call to order on time. Introduce yourself with a few pleasant remarks. Make opening exercises short. Complete en- rollment. Assign lessons. Begin with tlie order of study and recitation that you think it will be desirable to continue. 4. By reading the best authors. 5. The appointment of persons to civil offices on the sole ground of qualifications therefor. 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - October 3, 1887. 1. irt) Robt. Fultou and Samuel F. B. Morse; (I)) Jos. E. Worcester and Noah Webster; ((') Jno. Jas. Audubon and Louis J. R. Agassiz; (d) Washington Irving and J. Fenimore Cooper; (e) George Bancroft and Jno. Lothrop Motley; (,/') Jno. G. Whittier and Henry W^. Longfellow; (_) of Virginia ; (c) of PennsTjlvania; (d) of California ; (e) of Indiana. 10 4. What is the principal vegetahle 2iroduct {a) of Minnesota? (h) of Virginia? (c) of Louisiana? (d) of 3Iississippi ? (e) of Illinois ? 15 5. Which grand division has (a) the highest mountains ? Q)) the largest river ? (c) the largest lakes? 10 6. What are isothermal lines? 20 7. Upou what does the fertility of a large part of Egypt depend? 20 1st Grade, ..... March 13 and 14, 1888. 1. What nation controls the Suez canal? What waters does it connect? 10 2. Name five valuable articles of commerce exported from Africa. 10 3. Through what waters should a ship pass in going from the city of BulTalo, the most direct way, to the Atlantic ocean? 10 4. Name three important lines of railroad over which you may pass from Chi- cago to San Francisco. 10 5. Name a city where the days and nights are exactly equal throughout the year. 10 G. Name ten cities located in the following counties of this State: Chautauqua, Oneida, Broome, Monroe, Dutchess, Kings, Ulster, Chemung. 10 7. Name five countries of Europe bordering on the Mediterranean sea. 10 8. Locate the Philippine Islands-, the Sandwich Islands. 10 9. Define plateau ; water-slied. 10 10. If an isothermal line were drawn from the east coast of North America through the British Islands to Norway, where would it be in highest lati- tude, in America, in Great Britain, or in Norway? Where would it be in lowest latitude? " 10 1st Grade, May 4 and 5, 1888. 1. What parallels of latitude form parts of tlie boundaries of New York State? 10 2. Give the political boundaries of Iowa. 10 3. Name and locate the great English seaport for trade with the Uuited States. 10 4. Wliat two countries of Europe are republics? 10 5. Name the largest three rivers of Africa. 10 G. What are the dikes of Holland? Why were they built? 10 7. Where are the Hebrides Islands? To what country do they belong? 10 8. What and where is the Sargosso sea? 10 9. WheLt is stand a7'd time? 10 10. Why is a degree of longitude at Albany shorter than a degree of latitude at the same place? 10 92 State of New York. department of public instruction. GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, December 3, 1887. 1. Lake Superior — outlet, St. Marj''s river; Lai) apogee, and (c) equinox. 10 1st Grade, . . . - - March 12 and 13, 1889. 1. Define climate; latitude; parallel. 10 2. On which side of the Andes mountains are the longest rivers? Why? 10 3. Mention two routes by which a loaded canal boat can leave Toronto, and reach New York city without going to sea? 10 4. Name and locate five important cities west of the Mississippi river, in the the United States. . 10 5. Name three great railroad routes from New York city to Buffalo. 10 6. Name five agricultural and five mineral jjroductions of the United States, and state where each is produced. 10 7. Locate Moscow ; Naples ; Venice ; Brussels ; The Hague. 10 8. Name and locate the capital of Ireland ; Scotland ; Denmark ; Spain ; Switz- erland. 10 9. Distinguish between local and standard time. 10 10. State the causes for the differences of climate in tlie Torrid zone. 10 2d and 3rd Grades, ..... January 7, 1888. 1. (a) What large gulf on the western coast of Africa? (/*) What large river flows into'it? 10 2. (a) Which pole is now in darkness? Qi) When did it pass into darkness? 10 3. To what European government does Greenland belong? Cuba? The Ber- mudas? 10 4. What rivers unite to form the Ohio? tlie Missouri? 10 5. Wiiich of the grand divisions are peninsulas? Which is composed of islands? 10 G. What are great circles of a sphere? Small circles? 10 7. Name the islands known as the Greater Antilles. 10 8. Name five important cities on the line of the New York Central R. R. 10 9.. Locate the principal salt works of New York. 10 10. Define — water-shed; isthmus; foot-hills; canon; peninsula. 10 94 State of New York. dep a r t m e n t o f p up li c inst it u c tion. GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 1st Grade, . . . - . August 14 and 15, 1888. 1. North by Canada and Connecticut; east by Vermont, Massacliusetts, Connecti- cut and the Atlantic ocean; south by the Atlantic ocean, New Jersey and Pennsylvania; west by New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Canada. 2. In the northern part of the United States. It flows north into Lake Winnij^eg. 3. (a) Chicago on Lake Michigan; (A) New Orleans on the Mississippi; (c) San Francisco on the bay ; {d) Richmond on the James. 4. Lakes Erie and Ontario. England. 5. The western part of Alaska. United States. 6. The Savannah river. Savannah. 7. Answers may vary slightly. 8. It is caused by the Avarm westerly and south-westerly winds blowing over that section. 9. December 21, 1888. 10. (rt) Near the sun (relating to the earth's nearness to the sun); (J) From the earth (relating to the moon's distance from the earth); (c) Equal night (referring to the time when day and night are of equal length). 1st Grade, - - - - - March 12 and 13, 1889. 1. The condition of the atmosphere with regard to heat and moisture. Distance north or south from the equator. A small circle parallel to the equator. 2. On the east side. Because the slope is less abrupt, the area drained is much greater, and there is a greater rainfall. 3. Answers may diffei". 4. Answers may differ. 5. Answers may differ. 6. Answers may differ. 7. In Central Russia. On the Mediterranean sea, in western Italy. On the Gulf of Venice, in north-eastern Italy. In central Belgium. On the North sea, in Holland. 8. Dublin, in the eastern part. Edinburgh, in the eastern part. Copenhagen, on an arm of the Baltic sea, in the eastern part. Madrid, in the central part. Berne, in the western part. 9. Local time is the true time at any place. Standard time is reckoned, in the United States, from the meridians 75°, 90% 105% and 120° W. 10. Answers may differ. 2d and 3rd Grades, , . . . - January 7, 1888. 1. {a) Gulf of Guinea. (7^) The Niger. 2. (a) The North pole, {h) Sept. 22, 1887. 3. Greenland belongs to Denmark, Cuba to Spain, and the Bermudas to Great Britain. 4. The Allegheny and the Monougahela; the Jefferson, the Madison and tlie Gallatin. 5. South America and Africa; Occanica. 6. A great circle of a sphere divides the surface of the sphere into two equal parts, — Ex., the equator and the meridian circles. A small circle of a sphere divides the surface into two unequal parts, — E.x., the parallel circles. 7. Cuba, Hayti, Porto Rico, and Jamaica. 8. Albany, Utica, Syracuse, Rochester, and Buffalo. 9. Near Syracuse, and near Warsaw, Wyoming Co. 10. A water-shed is the ridge or elevation between two bodies of water. An isthu- mus is a narrow piece of land connecting two larger bodies. Foot-hills are the elevations that are found on approaching mountains. A canon is a deep rocky goi-ge in the mountains. A peninsula is a portion of land largely sun rounded by water. 96 State of New York. UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. GEOGRAPHY. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . - - . February, 1888. 1. Name aud locate the five largest cities in this State. 10 3. There are ten seas in and around Europe; name them. 10 3. Name, in order, the ten States that touch Mississippi river, beginning at its source. 10 4. Name four States in which coal is found in abundance. 10 5. Describe the shortest all-water route from New Orleans to Borneo. 10 6. On what geographical circle are the days and nights always of equal length? 10 7. "Why is the climate of northern Europe warmer than that of North America in the same latitude? 10 8. Name {a) the three most northerly counties of this State; Qi) the most easterly county ; (c) the most southerly county ; {d) the most westerly county. 10 9. Name and locate five large European cities. 10 10. Name the largest river of Africa that flows westerly. 10 2d and 3rd Grades, ..... March 3, 1888. 1. Name the lakes on which the following villages are situated, respectively: (1) Plattsburgh, (2) Penu Yan, (3) Cooperstown, (4) Geneva, (5) Canan- daigua. 10 2. In what river basins are the following cities located, respectively : (1) Toronto, (2) Minneapolis, (3) Salem, (4) Trenton, ^5) Hartford? 10 3. Name three States aud two territories that border on Nebraska. 10 4. What is the latitude and longitude of a point that is 180°, measured on a great circle, from a point that is north latitude 40° and west longitude 70"? 10 5. Name five countries bordering on the Argentine Republic or La Plata. 10 6. Into what bodies of water do the following rivers flow, respectively : Loire, Dwina, Ganges, Brazos, Merrimac? 10 7. Name the bodies of water in which the following islands are located respect- ively: Jamaica, Anticosti, Mauritius, Isle of Man, Gothland. 10 8. Name five seas that touch Eussia in Europe. 10 9. What is a delta? How do deltas grow? Name three large rivers that have large deltas. 10 10. What river basin has the most luxuriant vegetable growth of any on the American continent? Give two causes for this. 10 2d and 3rd Grades, ..... March 13, 1888. 1. Name the five principal tributaries of the Mississippi. 10 2. What form of government has Russia? England? France? ■Mexico? Brazil? 10 3. In what zones is North America? Africa? 10 4. What mountain range on the boundary between France and Spain? Be- tween Norway and Sweden? Between Russia and Siberia? Between Thibet and Hindostan? Only two of the four ranges required. 10 5. Name five principal river boundaries of the United States. 10 6. Mention the zones of the eartli, giving the width of each in degrees. 10 96 State of New York. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. GEOGRAPHY.— Answers, 2d and 3rd Grades, ... - - February, 1888. 1. New York, at the mouth of the Hudson; Brooklyn, on the west end of Long Island; Albauj-, on the west bank of the Hudson; Rochester, on Genesee river; Buffalo, on Lake Erie. 2. White, Caspian, Black, Marmora, Archipelago, Adriatic, Mediterranean, Irish, North, Baltic. 3. Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana. 4. Four of the following : — Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Maryland, West Virginia, Vir- ginia. 5. Through Gulf of Mexico, across the Atlantic, around Cape of Good Hope, and through the Indian ocean. 6. The Equator. 7. Because of the Gulf stream and the prevalence of westerly wiads. 8. (a) St. Lawrence, Franklin, Clinton; ih) Suffolk; (c) Richmond; {d) Chautauqua. 9. Any five of the following: — London, on the Thames; Paris, on the Seine; Liverpool, on the Mersey; St. Petersburg, on the Neva; Berlin, on the Spree; Vienna, on the Danube; Frankfort, on the Oder; Rome, on the Tiber. 10. The Niger. 2d and 3rd Grades, .... March 3, 1888. 1. (1) Champlain, (3) Keuka, (3) Otsego, (4) Seneca, (5) Canandaigua. 2. (1) St. Lawrence, (2) Mississippi, (3) Columbia, (4) Delaware, (5) Connecticut. 3. Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, Dakota, Wyoming. 4. S. Lat. 40°, E. Lon. 110°. 5. Chili, Bolivia, Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay. 6. Bay of Biscay, White sea, Bay of Bengal, Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic ocean. 7. Caribbean sea. Gulf of St. Lawrence, Indian ocean, Irish sea, Baltic sea. 8. White sea, Baltic sea. Black sea. Sea of Azov, Casi^ian sea. 9. A triangular jiiece of land between two mouths of the same river. Deltas are formed by deposits of earth carried down by the river. Third answer, various. 10. The basin of the Amazon. Because of the warm climate and abundant rains. 2d and 3rd Grades, . - . . . March 13, 1888. 1. Red river; Arkansas river; Ohio river; Missouri river; Des Moines river. 2. Absolute monarchy. Constitutional monarchy. Republic. Federal republic. Constitutional monarchy. 3. North Frigid, North Temperate, and Torrid. North Temperate, Torrid and South Temperate. 4. Pyrenees. Scandinavian. Ural. Himalaya. 5. St. Lawrence river; St. John's river; St. Croix river; Rio Grande river; Colorado river; Niagara river; etc. 6. North Frigid, — 23^° wide; North Temperate,— 43° wide; Torrid, — 47° wide; South Temperate, — 43° wide; South Frigid, 33^° wide. 97 State of New York. uniform examina tion questions. GEOGRAPHY. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 13, 1888. 7. Name five lakes that discliarge tiieir waters through the Oswego river. 10 8. What is the most direct water-way from New York to Calcutta? 10 9. What are the princii)al agricultural productions of this country? 10 10. Mention two cities of New York on the New York, Lake Erie, and Western R. R. 10 2d and 3rd Grades, March, 1888— Special. 1. Name and locate {a) the metropolis, (b) the capital, {c) the largest lake, {d) the largest island, and (e) the highest mountain of New York State. 10 2. Name three lakes and two rivers through which the bounding lines of New York State pass. 10 3. Bound Utah. 10 4. Name the ten territories of the United States. 10 5. What is a mountain range? 10 6. Locate the following mountains: («) the Pyrenees, (?>) Alps, {c) Ural, {d) Scandinavian, (e) Caucasus. 10 7. Give two causes for differences in climate. 10 8. When are the days and nights equal all over the world? Why? 10 9. Define axis, diameter, circumference, poles, and equator. 10 10. How much is the axis of the earth inclined from the perpendicular to the plane of the earth's orbit? 10 2d and 3rd Grades, ... - - April 7, 1888 1. Define great circles, meridians and polar circles. 10 2. What are the trade winds? 10 3. Bound Dakota. ' 10 4. Describe the River Rhine. 10 5. Locate St. Petersburg and Naples. 10 6. Locate Pittsburg and Memphis. 10 7. Describe tlie James river. 10 8. Mention ten cities of this State, stating the county in which each is located, 10 9. Where is Madagascar? 10 10. What lake is the source of the Susquehanna river? 10 2d and 3rd Grades, - ..... May 5, 1888. 1. Name the great lakes and the outlet of each. 10 2. On what waters would you travel from Pittsburg to Kansas City? 10 3. In what part of the State of New York are the following counties, viz. : Essex, Rockland, Greene, Orleans, and Chautauqua? 10 4. Name the largest city of Ohio. Of Missouri. Of Pennsylvania Of the world. 10 5. Name and locate a lake of New York that belongs to the Mississippi river system. 10 98 State of New York. department of public instruction. GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 13, 1888. 7. Oueida, Owasco, Cayuga, Seneca, Keuka, — and others. 8. Via Atlantic ocean, Mediterranean sea, Suez canal. Red sea, Indian ocean, and Bay of Bengal. 9. Answer according to location. 10. Binghamton and Elmira. (Hornellsville, incorporated March, 1888.) 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March, 1888— Special. 1. {a) New York on New York bay; (h) Albany on the Hudson river; (c) Oneida in the central part of the State; (d) Long Island in the S. E. part of the State; (e) Mt. Marcy in the Adirondacks. 2. Lakes Erie, Ontario, and Chaniplain, and any two of the following rivers : Niagara, St. Law- rence, Poultney, Hudson, and Delaware. S. On the north b}- Idaho and AVyoming; east by Wyoming and Colorado; south by Arizona; west by Nevada. 4. Alaska, Arizona, Dakota, Idaho, Indian, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. 5. A series of mountains. 6. (a) On the borders of France and Spain; (J) On the borders of France, Germany, and Italy; (c) On the borders of Russia and Siberia; {d) On the borders of Norway and Sweden; {e) On the borders of Russia, Persia, and Turkey in Asia. 7. Latitude, elevation, and inclination of earth's axis, and Gulf stream. 8. At the equinoxes, March 21, and Sept. 23. Because then the sun is vertical at the equator. 9. The diameter on which the earth turns. A straight line extending through the center of the earth from surface to surface. The distance around the earth. The ends of the earth's axis. A great circle passing around the earth midway between the poles. 10. 233^ degrees. 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - April 7, 1888. 1. See any ordinary geography. 2. Winds in the Torrid zone, and often a little beyond it, which blow from the same quarter throughout the year, unless affected by local causes. 3. North by Canada; east by Mmnesota and Iowa; south by Nebraska; west by Wyoming and Montana. 4. The Rhine rises in Switzerland, flows in general, north-west, and empties into the North sea. 6. St. Petersburg is in the western part of Russia, on the Gulf of Finland. Naples is in southern Italy, on the Bay of Naples, a part of the Mediterranean sea. 6. Pittsburg is in the western part of Pennsylvania, at the junction of the Alleghany and the Monongahela rivers. Memphis is in the south-western part of Tennessee, on the Mississippi river. Y. The James river rises in the south-western part of Virginia, flows generally east, and empties into Chesapeake bay. 8. No definite answer caii be given here. 9. Madagascar is east of southern Africa, in the Indian ocean. 10. Otsego. 2d and 3rd Grades, ..... May 5, 1888. 1. Superior (River St. ]\Iary's), Michigan (Mackinaw Straits), Huron (St. Clair river\ Erie (Niagara river), Ontario (St. Lawrence river). 2. Ohio, Jlississippi, and Missouri rivers. 3. In the north-eastern part bordering on Lake Champlain. In the south-eastern part bordering on the Hudson river. In the eastern part bordering on the Hudson river. In the north-western part bordering on Lake Ontario. In the south-western part. 4. Cincinnati. St. Louis. Philadelphia. London. 5. Chautauqua. South-western part of the State. 99 State of New York. UNIFORM EX A MINA TION Q UES TI0N8. GEOGRAPHY. 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - . _ - May 5, 1888>^ 6. Name the Gulf States in order from east to west. 10 7. Locate Dublin and Tokio. 10 8. What are meridians, and what is their use? 10 9. Until what time will the days in this latitude grow longer? 10 10. What bodies of water are separated by (a) the Isthmus of Panama? (?^) the Isthmus of Suez? 10 2d and 3rd Grades, ... - . June, 1888. 1. Name the five oceans in order of size. 10 2. Bound the United States. 10 3. Locate {a) Denver, (i) St. Paul, and (c) St. Louis. 10 4. Name {a) the city at the western terminus of the Erie canal, (jb) at the east- ern terminus. 10 5. Mention three leading industries of this State, and state something of each. 10 6. What is the capital of Spain? Of Germany? Of Russia? 10 7. Name three islands of the Mediterranean sea. 10 8. What island-kingdom east of China? 10 9. What is the Gulf stream? 10 10. Name a volcano («) in Iceland; {li) one in South America; and (f) one in Sicily. 10 2d and 3rd Grades, .... August 14, 1888. 1. Into what does the Potomac river flow? Which direction does it flow? 10 2. Name and locate the largest city of («) Ohio, (&) Missouri, (c) Michigan. 10 3. How can you travel by water from Chicago to New Orleans? 10 4. What city of South America is on the equator? 10 5. Locate {a) Liverpool, {h) Edinburgh and (c) Berlin. 10 6. Mention a peculiar characteristic of Venice as to its streets. 10 7. Where are the Himalaya mountains? Name the highest peak. 10 8. Name and locate a sea of Asia, which is below the general sea-level. 10 9. How' does the climate of England compare with that of Siberia in the same latitude? Why? 10 10. From what meridian do nearly all nations reckon longitude? 10 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - September 1, 1888. 1. In what two States is the greater part of Lake Champlain? 10 2. Name and locate the capital of each of those States. 10 3. Name three New England States which border on tlie Atlantic ocean. 10 4. Where are the Cape Verde Islands? 10 5. What strait connects the Atlantic ocean with the Mediterranean sea? 10 G. Name the countries on either side of the Strait of Dover. 10 100 State of New York. department of public instrv gtion. GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . Ulay 5, 1888. 6. Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. 7. Ireland (capital). Japan (capital). 8. Lines on the earth's surface extending from pole to pole. Used in reckouing longitude, or measuring distance from east to west, or vice versa. 9. Until the 21st of June. 10. (a) The Caribbean sea and the Pacific ocean. {!>) The Mediterranean and Red seas. 2d and 3rd Grades, ..... June, 1888. 1. Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic, Arctic. 2. North by British America; east by the Atlantic ocean and the Gulf of Mexico; south by the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico; and west by Mexico and the Pacific ocean. 3. («) Capital of Colorado, (h) Eastern part of Minnesota on the Mississippi river. (c) Eastern part of Missouri on the Mississippi river. 4. (a) Buffalo. (l>) Albany or Troy. 5. Answers will vary. 6. Madrid. Berlin. St. Petersburg. 7. Any three of the following : Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Candia, Cyprus, or the Balearic Islands. 8. Japan. 9. Answers will vary. 10. («) Hecla. (b) Aconcagua or Chimborazo. (c) Etna. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . August 14, 1888. 1. Chesapeake bay. In a south-easterly direction. 2. ia) Cincinnati on the Ohio, (b) St. Louis on the Mississippi. (<•) Detroit on the Detroit river. 3. Answers will vary. 4. Quito. 5. {a) North-eastern part of England, on the Mersey. (5) Capital of Scotland, on the Firth of Fourth, {c) Capital of Germany, on the Spree river. 6. The houses are often built on piles, and boats are used in the streets. 7. In southern Asia. Mt. Everest. 8. Either of the following: Dead sea, Caspian sea, or Sea of Aral. 9. It is much milder. It is owing to the influence of the Gulf stream and the warm west winds which blow over England. 10. The meridian of Greenwich, which is the international prime meridian. 2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . . September 1, 1888. 1. In New York and Vermont. 2. All)any on the Hudson. Montpelier on the Onion river. 3. Answers will vary. 4. West of Africa in the Atlantic ocean. 5. Strait of Gibraltar. 6. England on the north and France on the south. 101 State of New York. UNIFO RM EX A MINA TJOX Q UES TI0N8. GEOGRAPHY. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . . September 1, 1888. 7. Into what does tlie Rhine flow? The Danube? The Tiber? 10 8. What two large lakes are the reputed sources of the River Nile? 10 9. State facts as to the wonderful fertility of the Amazon valley. 10 10. Give two proofs that a spherical body represents the earth. 10 2d and 3rd Grades, . . _ _ September 11, 1888. 1. Name the rivers on which the following cities are situated respectively: (a) Watertown, {h) Ogdensburg, (c) Elmira. 10 2. Locate (a) Richfield Springs, (h) Saratoga Springs. 10 3. What river is the outlet of Otsego lake? Of Oneida lake? 10 4. Name and locate an important city of Georgia and one of Tennessee. 10 5. Where are the Sandwich islands? Name the chief city. 10 6. Mention two prominent articles imported into the United States from China. 10 7. Which grand division has the most regular line of sea coast? Which the most irregular? 10 8. Name in order, from west to east, the three great peninsulas of southern Asia. 10 9. What are isothermal lines? Illustrate by application to the United States. 10 10. Mention two effects of the earth's rotation upon its axis. 10 2d and 3rd Grades, _ _ . . . October 6, 1888.. 1. Name and locate the two great mountain systems of North America? 10 2. Name a large river flowing into {a) Delaware bay, (b) the Gulf of California, (c) the Pacific ocean? 10 3. What great river is on the boundary between Texas and Mexico? Winch direction and into what does it flow? 10 4. Locate {(i) the Falkland islands, QS) St. Helena. 10 5. Name three large islands off the southern coast of Asia. 10 6. For what is each of the following places especially noted: (r<) Rome, (b) Athens, («) Gibraltar? 10 7. Bound Ohio by political divisions. 10 8. Name and locate the capital of («) Wisconsin, (h) Michigan, (c) Ontario. 10 9. Name three counties of New York bordering upon Pennsylvania? 10 10. Define equinox and solstice. 10 2d and 3rd Grades, ----- November 3, 1888. 1. Mention the incorporated cities and villages in your county. 10 2. Name five forest trees common to this State : five grains ; and five fruits. 10 3. Name the provinces comprised in the Dominion of Canada. 10 4. Where and through wiiat channel or channels, do the waters of your county reach the ocean? 10 5. Name and locate the metropolis of each of the New England States. Same as to the Middle States. 10 102 State of New York. department of public instruction. GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, ..... September 1, 1888. 7. The Geruiiin ocean. The Black sea. Tlie Meditcrraneau. 8. Albert Nyanza and Victoria Nyanza. 9. Answers will vary. 10. Circumnavigation, shadow on moon, or appearance of ships at sea. (Any two.) 2d and 3rd Grades, ... - September 11, 1888. 1. («) Black river, Qj) St. Lawrence, or Oswegatchie, (c) Chemung. 2. (a) On Canadarago lake in Otsego county, Q>) near Saratoga lake in Saratoga county. 3. The Susquehanna. The Oneida. 4. Answers will vary. 5. In the Pacific ocean. Honolulu. 6. Answers will vary. 7. South America. Europe. 8. Arabia. Hindostan. Farther India. 9. Lines of equal temperature. In the United States, owing to tlie influence of the warm currents on the west, and cold current on the east, the climate in the same latitudes is milder in the western part than in the eastern part 10. Day and night. It is one cause of our present changes of seasons. 2d and 3rd Grades, ----- October 6, 1888. 1. The Rocky mountain system in the western part, and the Appalachian system in the eastern part. 2. (a) The Delaware, (b) the Colorado, (c) the Columbia. 3. Rio Grande ; south-east ; into the Gulf of Mexico. 4. {(t) East of the southern extremity of South America, (b) in the Atlantic ocean west of Africa. 5. Answers will vary. 6. (a) It is the seat of the Roman Catholic Church, (i) it is the great city of Greece, (c) it is England's stronghold on the Strait of Gibraltar. 7. North by Michigan and Canada; east by Pennsylvania and West Virginia; south by West Virginia and Kentucky; and west by Indiana. 8. («) Madison on the lakes, (li) Lansing on Grand river, {c) Toronto on Lake On- tario. 9. Answers will vary. 10. Equinox refers to times of equal day and night. Solstice refers to time when the sun has reached his highest northern or southern limit. 2d and 3rd Grades, ----- November 3, 1888. 1. Answers must vary. 2. Answers will vary. 3. British Columbia, ■ Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec. New Brunswick. Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward's Island. 4. Answers must varJ^ 5. Maine, Portland on Casco bay ; New Hampshire, ^fanchcster on the Merrimac river; Vermont, Burlington on Lake Champlain ; Massachusetts, Boston on Boa- ton harbor; Rhode Island, Providence on Providence bay ; Connecticut, New Haven on New Haven bay ; New York, New Y k on New York bay ; Pennsyl- vania, Philadelphia on the Delaware river; New Jersey, Newark on Newark bay; Delaware.Wilmington at the confluence of Brandywine and Christiana creeks. 103 ■' State of New York. U N 1 F R M E X A M I N ATT N Q UESTIONS. GEOGRAPHY. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . November 3, 1888. 6. Mention ten cities through which the Central-Hudson railroad passes, and name the countj' in which each is located. 10 7. Until wliat time will the days in tliis latitude grow shorter? 10 8. Trace the most direct water- route from New York to Bombay. 10 9. Name the great races of mankind, and state the principal location of each. 10 10. What foreign country is especially noted for the production of tea? Wheat? Silk? Wool? Tobacco? Coffee? Wine? Raisins? Watches? Olive oil? 10 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - January 5, 1889. 1. Define river basin. 10 2. What are equinoxes? 10 3. Locate by counties the following important villages: (a) Glens Falls, (b) Canandaigua, {c) Flushing, {d) Port Jervis, {e) Lyons, (/ ) Little Falls, {g) Batavia, {Ji) Corning, (i) Plattsburgh, and {j) Owego. 10 4. Mention five imjjortant railroads crossing any part of this State. 10 5. Bound your county by political divisions. 10 6. Name and locate five cities situated on the great lakes. 10 7. Which States have neither sea coast or lake coast? 10 8. Name in order of their importance three empires and two republics. 10 9. Name five mountain ranges in Europe. 10 10. How are tides produced? 10 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . February 2, 1889. 1. State where each of the following rivers rises, and into what it flows: Mohawk, Greuesee, Oswego, Delaware, and Susquehanna. 10 2. Locate Watkins Glen, Howe's Cave, the Thousand Islands, Trenton Falls, and Saratoga Springs. 10 3. Bound New York State, not using streams or bodies of water as bounda- ries. 10 4. Locate Toronto, St. Paul, Memphis, Kansas City, and San Francisco. 10 5. In what country and on what water is each of the following named cities: St. Petersburg, Constantinople, Vienna, Florence, and Berlin ? 10 G. Where are the following mountains: Mt. Marcy ? Mt. Washington? Mt. Mitchell ? Mt. St. Elias ? Pike's Peak ? 10 7. Bound France; name and locate its capital. 10 8. Where is Siberia ? To what government does it belong ? What is its climate ? For what is it noted ? 10 9. Locate the Sandwich islands. New Zealand, Falkland islands, St. Helena, and Iceland. 10 10. State three conditions that modify the climate of any country. 10 104 State of Mew York. department of public instruc tion. GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, ..... November 3, 1888. 6. Answers will vary. 7. Until December 21. 8. New York bay, The Narrows, Atlantic ocean, Strait of Gibraltar, Mediterranean sea, Suez canal, Red sea, Strait of Babel-Mandeb, Gulf of Aden, and Arabian sea. 9. Caucasian, Europe and U. S. ; Mongolian, eastern and central Asia; Ethiopian, Africa and America; Malay, East India and Pacific islands; Indian, America. 10. China produces tea. Australia and Russia, wheat. France, silk. Australia, wool. Sumatra, tobacco. Arabia, East India and Brazil, coffee. France, wine. Spain, raisins. Switzerland, watches. Italy, olive oil. 2d and 3rd Grades, ..... January 5, 1889. 1. The entire region drained by a river system. 2. The precise times at which the sun enters the equinoctial points. The intersec- tion of the equator and the ecliptic. 3. (a) Warren ; {V) Ontario ; (c) Queens ; {d) Orange ; (e) "Wayne ; (/) Herkimer ; {g) Genesee ; (7t) Steuben ; (i) Clinton ; {j) Tioga. 4. Answers will vary. 5. Answers must vary. 6. See any standard geography. 7. West Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, Ne- braska, Colorado and Nevada. 8. Gt. Britain, Germany, Russia, United States and France. 9. Answers will vary. 10. By the action of the sun and moon upon the earth. 2d and 3d Grades, _ _ . _ . February 2, 1889. 1. South part of Lewis county, and flows into the Hudson river. North part of Pennsylvania, and flows into Lake Ontario. Union of Seneca and Oneida rivers, and flows into Lake On- tario. Catskill mountains, and flows into Delaware bay. In Otsego lake, and flows into Chesapeake bay. 2. Near head of Seneca lake. In Schoharie county, on D. & H. R. R. St. Lawrence river. On West Canada creek in Oneida county. In Saratoga county, on D. & H. R. R. 3. North by Canada and Connecticut. East by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Atlan- tic ocean. South by Atlantic ocean, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. West by New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Canada. 4. Canada on Lake Ontario, ^linnesota on Mississippi river, Tennessee on Mississippi river, western Missouri on Missouri river, western California on San Francisco bay. 5. Neva river, Russia; Bosporus, Turkey; Danube river, Austria; Arno river, Italy; Spree river, Germany. 6. Adirondack mountains, White mountains, North Carolina, Alaska, Colorado. "7. North by English channel. Straits of Dover and Belgium. East by Belgium, Germany, Switzerland and Italy. South by Mediterranean sea and Spain. West by Atlantic ocean. Paris, on Seine river, 8. Northern part of Asia. Russia. Generally cold. Place of exile for Russian offenders. 9. West of North America in Pacific ocean. East of Australia in Pacific ocean. East of south- ern part of South America in Atlantic ocean. West of Africa in Atlantic ocean. East of Greenland in North Atlantic ocean. 10. Answers will vary. 105 State of New York. uniform examination questions. GEOGRAPHY. 2d and 3rd Grades, -.--.. March 2, 1889. 1. In what direction from this place of examination is New York? Philadel- phia? Richmond? 10 2. Locate Atlanta; Mobile; New Orleans. 10 3. Bound Missouri by States. 10 4. Name the principal vegetable production of Mississippi; of Louisiana; of Indiana; of Missouri; of Dakota. 10 5. What two rivers unite to form the La Plata? Into what does it flow? 10 6. Name and locate three large cities of South American. 10 7. What isthmus joins Africa and Asia? What canal connects the Red sea with the Mediterranean sea? 10 8. Name in order the seas and straits you would pass through in going from Gibraltar to the Crimea. 10 9. Name and locate three great mountain ranges of Europe. 10 10. Where are the Samoan islands? The Aleutian islands? 10 2d and 3rd Grades, - . _ . - March 12, 1889. 1. Define horizon ; pole; zenith; orbit; solstice. 10 2. What two great motions has tlie earth? What general result is j^roduced by each? 10 3. Name and locate three mountain ranges in this State. 10 4. What city of this State is on the outlet of Owasco lake? On the St. Law- rence river? On the Black river? On Lake Ontario? On the Chemung river? 10 5. Bound Pennsylvania by political divisions. 10 G. Locate Wheeling; Cincinnati; Indianapolis; Detroit; Chicago. 10 7. Into what does the Tiber river flow? What large city near its mouth? 10 8. What bodies of land does Behring strait separate? What bodies of water does it connect? 10 9. Name and locate two large cities of China. 10 10. How many counties in this State? How many cities? How many towns in your county? 10 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . April 6, 1889. 1. Define volcano; geyser; tributary; estuary. 10 2. Locate Hornellsville; Ithaca; Middletown; Amsterdam; Newburg. 10 3. Beginning at the north, name in order the counties of this State that bor- der on New England, excluding those of Long Island. 10 4. Locate Penobscot bay; Narragansett bay; Albemarle sound; Bay of Fundy. ' 10 5. Name three food-products that are largely exported from the United States. 10 6. What is the chief sugar producing region of the world? 10 7. Name two great uses of rivers. 10 8. Name four great islands of the Malay Archipelago. 10 9. Why are day and night always equal at the e(iuator? 10 10. Name the great circles of the earth; the small circles. 10 106 State of New York. department of public instruction. GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, .... - March 2, 1889. 1. Answers must differ. 3. iSTorthern part of Georgia. Southern part of Alabama on Mobile bay. South- eastern j>art of Louisiana on the Mississippi river. 3. North by Iowa, east by Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee, south by Arkansas, and west by Indian Territory, Kansas and Nebraska. 4. Cotton. Sugar. Corn. Wheat. 5. The Parana and Uruguay. Into the Atlantic ocean. 6. Answers may differ. 7. Isthmus of Suez. The Suez canal. 8. Mediterranean sea. The Dardanelles, Sea of Marmora, Bosporus, and the Black sea. 9. Answers may differ. 10. East of Australia, in the Pacific ocean. A part of Alaska, in the Pacific ocean. 2d and 3rd Grades, ..... March 12, 1889. 1. An extremity of the earth's axis. The place where the earth and sky seem to meet. The point directly overhead in the heavens. The path of the earth around the sun. The point in the ecliptic at which the sun reaches its great- est northern or southern declination. 2. Rotation on its axis producing day and night, and revolution around the sun producing (with other conditions) the changes of the seasons. 3. Answers may differ. 4. Auburn. Ogdensburg, Watertown. Oswego. Elmira. 5. North by Canada and New York ; east by New York and New Jersey ; south by Delaware, Maryland, and West Virginia; west by West Virginia and Ohio. 6. In West Virginia on the Ohio. In south-western Ohio on the Ohio. In the central part of Indiana. In south-eastern Michigan on the Detroit river. In north-eastern Illinois on Lake Michigan. 7. The Mediterranean sea. Rome. 8. Asia from North America. The Pacific ocean and the Arctic ocean. 9. Answers may differ. 10. 60. 30. Answers to the last clause must differ. 2d and 3rd Grades, April 6, 1889. 1. A mountain that sends out smoke, lava, etc. A spouting spring. A stream flowing into a larger stream. The wide mouth of a tidal river. 2. In the south-western part of New York on the Erie railway. At the liead of Cayuga lake. In the south-eastern part of New York ou the Erie railway. In the central part of New York on the Mohawk. On the west bank of the Hudson. 3. Clinton, Essex, Washington, Rensselaer, Columbia, Dutchess, Putnam, and West- chester. 4. In the south-eastern jiart of Maine. In tlie eastern part of Rhode Island. In the eastern part of North Carolina. Between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. 5. Answers may differ. 6. Cuba. 7. Answers may differ. 8. Answers may differ. 9. Because the sun always rises exactly in the east at six o'clock, and sets exactly in the west at six o'clock. 10. Equator, meridian circle. Tropics, polar circles, parallels. 107 State of New York. uniform ex amin a tion q uestions. GEOGRAPHY. 2d and 3d Grades, . - - . . May 4, 1889. 1. Name the three counties of New York that have each two cities; uame the cities of each. 10 2. Name two canals of this State, and tell what waters each connects. 10 3. Name the States bordering on the great lakes. 10 4. Name three large rivers flowing into the Ohio from the south. 10 5. Locate the District of Columbia; Fortress Monroe. 10 6. Name (a) the largest political division of South America; (6) its most im- portant river; {c) its largest city, giving its location. 10 7. Name four great races of meu, and a country in which each is the prevailing race. 10 8. Name three places in this State where battles were fought during the Revo- lutionary War. 10 9. In what direction and how far from the Tropic of Cancer is the Tropic of Capricorn? 10 10. Of what is the British Empire constituted? 10 GRAMMAR. 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, - - . - September 3, 1887. Note. — The following indicates the grade of questions used for the four examinations in this subject held in 1887 : 1st Grade. — All questions in every subject apply to first grade licenses . 2il Grade. — All questions in every subject, excepting Scnool Law and Algebra, apply to second grade licenses. Srd Grade. — Questions printed in italics only, apply to third grade licenses. Note. — The Commissioner will retain the following extract and dictate to all applicants as a test ia Orthography, Penmanship, Capitalization and Punctuation: 1-2. Dictation. {Art. IV, sec. 2, Constitution of U. S. ) 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and imnncnities of citizens in the several States. 2. A 2ierson charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall Jlee from justice, and he found in another State, shall on demand of the executive authority of the State from which lie fled, he delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 30 3. Analyze, by diagram or otherwise, the first sentence. 10 4. Name and give examples of the different parts of speech used in extract, 10 5. Write an interrogative sentence ; declarative; imperative; exclamatory. 10 6. Analyze, by diagram or otherwise, the second sentence. 20 7. Distinguish between Language Lessons and Technical Grammar. State the position of each in a common school course. 20 108 State of New York. department of public instruction. GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . May 4, 1889. 1. Answers maj' differ. 3. Answers may differ. 3. Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. 4. Answers may differ. 5. West of Maryland on the Potomac river. In the south-western part of Virginia. 6. {a) Brazil. (5) Amazon, (f) Rio Janeiro, in the south-eastern part on the At- lantic ocean. 7. Answers may differ. 8. Answers may differ. 9. South. 47°, 10. The Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and its numerous colonies and poss- essions in all i^arts of the world. GRAMMAR.— Answers. 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . - _ . September 3,1887. 1-3. Answers unnecessary. 3. Answer according to any recognized system or standard. 4. the article or adjective ; several adjective ; state noun ; flee verb ; who pronoun; and conjunction, in preposition ; up adverb, as used here - having participle, or verb. 5. Have you read the book? The boy runs. Put down that hat. Alas I How sad it is. 6. Answer according to any recognized system or standard. 7. Skill in the use of oral and written language is the aim of Language Lessons which should be given when tlie pupil first enters school. Ability to analyze, parse and criticise, is the aim of lessons in Technical Grammar which comes properly within the last two years of the common school course. 109 State of New York. UNIFORM EXAMINA T/ON QUESTIONS. GRAMMAR. 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, ----- October 1, 1887. XoTK.— The Commissioners will retain the following extract and dictate to all applicants as a test in Orthography, Penmanship, Capitalization and Punctuation : 1-2. Dictation. (Wehsie7''s " Chaj'acter of Washington.''') "It was ilte extraordinary fortune of Washington^ that having heen in- trusted in revolutionary times with the supreme ndUtary command, and having fulfilled that trust with equal renoion for wisdom and valor, he should lie Ijlaced at the head of the first government in ichich an attempt ivas to be made, on a large scale, to rear the fab?Hc of social order on the basis of a written constitution, and of a 2yure rejyresentative principle. " 30 3. Name and give exampdesof the different parts of speech used in the above extract. 10 4. Marh for pronunciation the following : impolitic, deficit, simultaneous, coral, enervate, urgent, century, machine, sarcasm, and oxygen. 10 5. Write an application for a position as teacher, stating qualifications and expe- rience, and mentioning references. Use proper form of heading, superscrip- tion and closing. Be careful to 2'aragraph, capitalize and ijunctuate properly. 20 6. What preliuiiuary iustructiou should be given before Grammar as a science is taught? 20 7. Analyze by diagram or otherwise, the above extract. 20 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . - - - November 5, 1887. NoTK. — The Commissioner will retain the following extract and dictate to all applicants as a test in Orthography, Penmanship, Capitalization and Punctuation : 1-2. Dictation. {Art. XIV, sec. 1, Constitution of U. S.) 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and suljject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State tcherein they reside. 2. No State shall make or enforce any laic luhich shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any jjersoii of life, liberty, or jrrojyej'ty without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction tJte equal protection of the laws. 24 3. Analyze by diagram or othennise thejirst sentence. 12 4. Name (a) all the adjectives in the dictation exercises ; (b) all the adverbs, 12 5. (a) Decline the pronoun he ; (b) lorite the possessive forms of she, George, boys ; (c) how is a declarative sentence made intei'rogative ? 12 6. Analyze by diagram or otlierwise the second sentence. 20 7. Name and parse all the relative pronouns used in the dictation exercise. 20 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - December 3, 1887. Note. — The Commissioner will retain the following extract and dictate to all applicants as a test in Orthography, Penmanship, Capitalization and Punctuation : 1. The office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction is continued, and the term of said office shall be three years, commencing hereafter on the seventh day of April. Such Superintendent shall be elected by joint ballot of the Senate and Assembly, on the second Wedtiesday of February ne.vt j>reeeding the expiration of the term of the then incunibent of said office, and on the second Wednesday of February next after the occurrence of any vacancy in the office. (Sec. 1, title I, chap. 555, Laws of 1864, as amended by sec. 1 cbap. 591, Laiusof 18SG.) 15 110 State of New York. depart me nt of public instruction. GRAMMAR.— Answers. 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, _ - - . October 1, 1887. 1-2. Answer unnecessary. 3. the article or adjective \\t pronoun ; was verb ; and conjunction : fortune noun; first adjective ; of preposition ; liaving been intrusted . . participle or verb. 4. See any standard dictionary. 5. Answer unnecessary. 6. Language Lessons and actual composition work constitute the best means of acquiring a ready and correct use of language, which, in its turn, becomes a sound basis for the study of Technical Grammar. " As grammar was made after language," says Spencer, "so it ought to be taught after language." 7. Answer according to any recognized system or standard. 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - November 5, 1887. 1-3. Answers unnecessary. 3. Answer according to any recognized system or standard. 4. (a) All, the, the, the, the, no, any, the, the, any, any, due, any, the, equal, the. (h) Thereof, wherein. Plural. they. their or theirs. tliem. (b) Her ; George's ; boys'. (c) By placing the verb or its first auxiliary before the subject. 6. Answer according to any recognized system or standard. 7. Which — relative pronoun ; agrees with its antecedent, law, in person, number, and gender ; nominative case, subject of the verb shall abridge. 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . - . - December 3, 1887. 1. No answer required. 5. (a) Sing. Nominative, he. Possessive, his. Objective, him. Ill State of New York. UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. GRAMMAR. 1st, 2d. and 3rd Grades, .... December 3, 1887. 2. Write the plurnl of (a) child ; (b) armful ; (c) hrother-in-law ; (d) axis ; (e) memorandum,. 10 3. What is the difference in meaning of the following expressions : The girW hoolcs ; or the girVs hooks ? 10 4. Wliich parts of speech are compared? which declined? which conjugated? 10 5. Write three short sentences each containing a verl) in the potential mode, one of ichich shall denote power, another 2)ermission, a?id another necessity. 15 6. Analyze by diagram or otherwise : (a) I do not know what he wants, (h) Going liome before the regular hour of dismissal should not be a frequent occurrence. 20 7. Write (a) a sentence in which the word that shall be used as an adjective; (6) as a relative pronoun; (c) as a coajunction; (d) as a noun. 20 1st Grade, ----- March 13 and 14, 1888. You hear that boy laughing? You think he's all fun ; But the angels laugh, too, at the good he has done ; The children laugh loud as they troop at his call. And the poor man that knows him, laughs loudest of all. O. W. Holmes. 1. Which are the principal clauses ? 10 Note. — In naming a clause, it is sufBcient to give only simple subject and simple predicate. 2. Name the subordinate clauses, indicating whether they are adjective, ad- verbial, or objective. 10 3. Write synopsis of hear, i. e., give first person, singular, in the indicative mode, passive voice. 10 4. Parse lavghing and fun. 10 5. Illustrate by sentences two different uses of tchat, and explain their use grammatically. 10 6. Name five offices of a noun that a clause may perform. 10 7. Illustrate, by sentences, the above uses. 10 8. Write a sentence containing a participle, an adrcrb, a verb in the passive voice, and a relative 2>ro7ioun. Underline the parts indicated above. 10 9. Write a sentence having a participle modifying the subject, and an infinitive used as the object of a verb. 10 10. In the sentence, He wanted Miss Smith to lend him her pencil, what is the object of wanted ? 10 1st Grade, - - - . - - May 4 and 5, 1888. Most sweet it is with unuplifted eyes. To pace the ground, if path there be or none. While a fair region round the traveler lies, Which he forbears again to look upon. 1. Write list of the clauses in the above selection, classifying them as principal or subordinate. 10 XoTE.— In naming clauses, it is sufficient to include only simple subjects and simple predicates. 3. State what each subordinate clause modifies. 10 112 State of New York. department of publl instruction. GRAMMAR.— Answers. 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . December 3, 1887. 2. («) Childreu; (b) armfuls; (c) brothers-iu-law ; {d) axes; {e) memorauda. 3. T'fie girls' looks means books belonging to two or more girls. The girl's looks means books belonging to one girl only. 4. Adjectives and adverbs are compared ; nouns and pronouns are declined ; verbs are conjugated. 5. Use can to denote power; may to denote permission; and must to denote necessity. 6. Answer according to any recognized system or standard. 7. (a) Do you see that man? [1) The word that I gave will complete the sentence. (c) I know that he is here, (d) This that is poorly written. 1st Grade, - ... - March 13 and 14, 1888. 1. Vouhear; You think ; angels laugh ; children laugh ; man laughs. 2. He's fun, objective; (which) he has done, adjective; as they troop, adverbial; that knows adjective. 3. Indicative mode: Present tense, I am heard. Past tense, I was heard. Future tense, I shall (will) be heard. Present perfect tense, I have been heard. Past perfect tense, I had been heard. Future perfect tense, I shall (will) have been heard. 4. Laughing is a verb, regular, transitive by addition of at, active voice, participle, or participial mode, present tense, used like an adjective, modifies the noun hoy. Fun is a noun, common, third person, singular number, neuter gender, predicate noun, (attribute) and agrees with the subject, he in the nominative case. 5. No answer furnished as so many are possible. 6. (a) Subject of verb. (b) Object of verb. (c) Object of preposition. (d) Appositive. («) Attribute (noun in predicate). 7. Examples: (a) " Who goes there?" was said by the sentinel. {b) He said, " I will go." {c) The success of the expedition depends upon who the commander is. (d) He gave the answer, " I am sorri/." (e) The fact is that he did not study. S. Example, The traveler being pressed closely by the dog, which seemed to grow more vicious, turned quickly and threw his hat at him, by which the cur was completely terrijied. 9. Example, John preferring to play, did not study. 10. Object, Miss &)nith to lend him her pencil. 1st Grade, ....-- May 4 and 5, 1888. 1. Sweet it is, principal. {a, If path be, adverbial. Q > ]• » ] b, (If there be) none, adverbial. (Do not insist on this), bubordinate -^ ^.^ ^^-^^^ regwn lies, adverbial. [ (/, Which he forbears, adjective. 2. Clauses marked (a) {b) (c) modify the verb to pace. (d) modifies region. 113 State of New York. UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. GRAMMAR. 1st Grade, ------ May 4 and 5, 1888. 3. Give four modifiers of to face^ includiug its object as one. 10 4. Parse to pace. 10 5. Give syntax (case and why) of imth and which. 10 6. What is the object of foi-henrs ? Parse round. 10 7. Give an example of a participle taking an object, and being itself the object of a preposition. 10 8. Illustrate the use of an abverb modifying a phrase (preposition and its object). 10 9. In the sentence, He sent his son home that v^ay, give the syntax of home and way. 10 10. Give syntax of him and man in the sentence. 1 believe him to he a man wanting in veracity. 10 1st Grade, ----- August 14 and 15, 1888. So live, that when thy summons comes to join The innumerable caravan that moves To the pale realms of shade, where each shall take His chamber in the silent halls of deatli, Thou go not like the quarry-slave at night, Scourged to his dungeon, but sustained and soothed By an unfaltering trust, approach thy grave Like one who wraps the drapery of his couch About him and lies down to pleasant dreams. The first eight questions refer to the above selection. Notes. — In naming a clause, include only its simple subject and its simple predicate. In giving the syntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. By phrase is meant a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give only the preposition and its simple (unmodified) object. A modifier may be a word, phrase, or clattse. Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 1-3. State what each subordinate clause modifies, and state whether it is adjective or adverVial. 20 3. "What are the modifiers of realms? 10 4. Name five adverMal fhrases and state what each modifies. 10 5. Give two examples from the above extract, of each ])art of speech found in it, not considering articles and pca'ticijAes as separate parts of speech. 10 6. Parse to join. 10 7. Parse sustained. 10 8. What is the syntax of quarry-slave? 10 9. Give the syntax of the second and third nouns in the following sentence : Mr. Jones the baker was elected president. 10 10. "Write a sentence with a transitive verb whose simple object is a participle having an object. 10 114 State of New York. depart ment of public instruction. GRAMMAR.— Answers. 1st Grade, ...... May 4 and 5, 1888. 3. Object ground ; adjective, sweet ; the first three subordinate clauses above stated. 4. Verb, principal parts, pace, paced, pacing, paced, regular, transitive, active voice, infinitive mode, present tense, used like a noun, and in apposition with it, nominative case. (Some would say, subject of is, and represented by the redundant word, it.) 5. Path, nominative, subject of he ; icliicli, objective, object of vpon. 0. The infinitive to look ; round, preposition showing relation between its object, traveler and the verb, lies. 7. He is engaged in ivriting letters. 8. The leaves fell only in the morning. 9. Home and rcay, objective, object of prepositions not expressed; it would be allowed to say that home is used as an adverb, modifying the verb. 10. Rivi is the subject of the infinitive to he and is in the objective case, man is a predicate noun (attribute) and agrees with the subject him, in the objective case. (Other constructious are found in the grammars.) 1st Grade, . - . . . August 14 and 15, 1888. 1-2. Adverljial clause, Tlint thou go., moiW^es live. Adverbial clause. When summons cornea, modifies p'o. Adjective clause, That moves, modifies caravan. Adjective clause, Where each shall tahe. modifies realms. Adverbial clause, {Thou) approach, modifies live. Adjective clause, Wlio wraps and lies, modifies one. 3. Realms, is modified by the adjectives, the and pale, the adjective phrase, of shade, and the adjective clause, Where eacJt shall tahe. 4. To realms modifies moves. In halls modifies shall take. Like quarry-slave modifies go. At night modifies go. To dungeon modifies scourged. By trust modifies sustained and soothed. Like one modifies approach. About him modifies wraps. To dreams modifies lies. 5. No answer is needed here. 6. To join is a verb, principal parts, join, joined, joining, joined, regular, transi- tive, active voice, infinitive mode, present tense, used adverbially to modify the verb comes. 7. Sustained is a verb, principal parts, sustain, sustained, sustaining, sustained, regular, transitive, passive voice, participle, past tense, used adjectively and modifies the subject thou. 8. Object of the preposition like and in the objective case. 9. Baker is in apposition with the noun, Mr. Jones, and agrees with it in the nomi- native case. President is the predicate noun (attril)ute) and agrees with the subject Mr. Jones, in the nominative case. 10. John enjoys studying arithmetic. 115 State of New York. unifo it m e x a mina ti on questions. GRAMMAR. 1st Grade, ----- March 12 and 13, 1889. 1 Language is the amber in which a thousand precious thoughts liave been safely 2 imbedded and preserved. It has arrested ten thousand lightning flashes of genius^ 3 which, unless thus fixed and arrested, might liave been as bright, but would 4 also have been as quickly passing and perishing as the lightning. Words convey 5 the mental treasures of one period to the generations that follow; and laden 6 with this, their precious freight, they sail safely across gulfs of time in which 7 empires have suffered shipwreck, and the languages of common life have sunk into 8 oblivion. R. C. Trench, The first eight questions refer to the above selection. Notes. — In naming a clause, include only its unmodified subject and unmodified predicate. In giving the syntax, oi a noun or i)ronouQ, give only the case and the reason for it. By phrase is meant a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give only the preposition and its unmodified object. A modifier may be a ivord, phrase, or clause. Infinitives are chissed as modes of the verb. Only eight parts of speech are recognized — the articles the and a forming a subdivision of ad- jectives, and participles being one of the modifications of verbs. Treat verbs as divided into two classes only, viz., transitive and intransitive, and treat voice as. a property of transitive verbs only. In parsing a verb, observe the following order : Principal parts, regular or irregular, transitive or intransitive, voice, mode, tense, person, number, agreement. In parsing a noun or pronoun, observe the following order: Class, person, number, gender^ case. Give the reason for case. In parsing a relative pronoun, state the ao;reemeut with its ante- cedent. An object of a transitive verb is classed as a modifier of such verl). 1. Select the principal clauses. 8 2. Select three adjective and two (idverhial clauses, 10 State what each modifies. 5 3. Select three adjective and two adverhial phrases. 10 4. Recast the clause. Words coni^ey tlie mental treasures of one period to the gene- rations tluttfolloic, changing the verb to the passive form, 4 Select the participles used like adjectives, and state what each modifies. ft 5. By supplying words omitted, fill out a clause in the third line, and one in the fourth line, 4 State what each of these clauses modifies, 4 6. Give syntax of amber, J igJitning, freight, and which in third line, 8- 7. Parse as in the third line and the last ((s in the fourth line, 8 8. Select three transitive verbs in the active voice and indicative mode, two transitive verl>sin the passive voice and indicative mode, and two intransi- tive verbs in the indicative mode, 14 9. Illustrate by sentences three different uses of participles; classify each, 10 10, Write a sentence with a subject in the third person and singular number, containing a verb in the subjunctive mode; one containing an infinitive mode used like a noun in the objective case; and another containing a clause used as the subject of a verb. ^ 2d and 3rd Grades, . _ - - - January 7, 1888^ 1. Name the classes and the modifications of verbs. 10 2, Change the expression. One of his friends told him of the arrangement, to the passive form. 10 116 State of New York. depa rtmext of public ins truc tion. GRAMMAR.— Answers. 1st Grade, . - . . . March 12 and 13, 1889. 1. Principal clauses: — Language is aniber. It lias arrested. Wo7'ds convey. They sail. 2. Adjective clauses : — Thoughts have hcen imbedded and 2)reserved, modifies ainber. Which might have leen Iright, and {Which) would have been passing and jJerishing, modify flashes. That follow, modifies generatio?is. Empires have suffered, and languages have siml; modify gulfs. Adverbial clauses : — Unless they had been fixed and arrested. As lightning {is passing and j^erishing). The first modifies the predicate might have been light, etc. The second modifies the adverb as. 3. Adjective phrases: Of genius ; of period ; of time ; of life. Adverbial phrases: In ichich ; to generations ; with this ; across gulfs ; into oblivion. 4. The mental treasures of one period are conveyed by words to the generations that follow. Passing and perishing modify which. — Laden mod'i&es they. 5. Unless (they had been) fixed and arrested. As the lightning (is passing and perishing). The first clause modifies the two predicates next following. The second clause modifies the adverb as. 6. Amher, predicate noun (attribute), and agrees with the subject, language, in the nominative case. Lightning, subject of a verb not expressed, and is in the nomina*^ive case. Freight, in apposition with this, and agrees with it in tlie objective case. Which, subject of verb, might have been, and is in the nominative case. 7. As is an adverb, and modifies the adjective, bright. 8. Transitive verbs, active voice: Has arrested ; convey ; follow ; have suffered. Transitive verbs, passive voice: Have been imbedded ; have been preserved ; had been fixed ; had been arrested ; laden. Intransitive verbs : Ls ; might have been ; loould have been ; passing ; perishing ; sail ; have sunk. 9. Answers may differ. 10. Examples: Though he ^/-ere sick, he would not go. He desires to wall: to town. That the earth is round, is evident. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . January 7, 1888. 1. Classification: — Finite and infinite, — subject relation. Transitive and intransitive, — object relation. Regular and irregular, — forms of past tense. Modifications: — Voice, mode, tense, person, number. 2. He was told of the arrangement by one of liis friends. 117 State of New Ycjrk. unifoitm ex a mixa tion q ues tioxs. GRAMMAR. 2d. and 3rd Grades, . . . _ . January 7, 1888. 3. Compare {(i) happy; {h) near; (f) worse; {d) straight; (t) beautiful. 10 4. Write the feminine of (*/) nephew; (li) hero; (c) baron; (d) benefactor; (f) Paul. 10 5. Which should be first taught, construction or analj^sis? Why? 10 6. Write (a) five nouns that have no plural; Qi) five that have no singular. 10 7. Give the principal parts of the following verbs: {a) blow; (?>) break; (rt) freeze ; {d) cast ; {c) pay. 10 8. Define a complex sentence, 10 9. Write sentences containing [a) an infinitive phrase; (/;) a verb in the poten- tial mode, past tense; (c) a relative clause; {d) a substantive clause; {e) a noun used as an attribute. 10 10. Analyze, by diagram or otherwise, — {a) We preferred to remain at home. {h) To venture in was to die. (c) Green is the sod and cold the clay. ((/) He looked mild and gentle. 10 2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . . February, 1888. Old Time, in whose bank we deposit our notes, Is a miser who always wants guineas for groats; ' He keeps all his customers still in arrears By lending them minutes and cliarging them years. — Holmes. 1. ]\Ientiou the principal and the subordinate clauses in the first two lines of the above extract. 10 2. State the modifiers of Time. 10 3. What are the simple subjects of all the clauses in the entire selection? What are the simj^le predicates? 10 4. Give case of })ank, miser, customers, fninutes, them. 10 5. Parse lending. 10 6. Give the four principal parts of the verbs sit and lay. ■ 10 7. Illustrate by examples three different uses of the apostrophe. 10 8. Illustrate by sentence the use of the subjunctive mode. 10 9. Write a sentence containing a clause used as an object. 10 10. Write a sentence having an infiuitive used as subject. 10 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 3, 1888. 1. Conjugate the verb go in the subjunctive present. 10 2. Write the possessive plural of the following nouns: Woman, fox, sheep, turkey, lady. 10 3. Write the possessive irregular of the following pronouns: It, she, I, ichich, whosoever. IC^ 4. Write the comparative form of each of the following adjectives and adverbs: Evil, ioell, little, nigh, hind. 10 5. Write a sentence containing a relative pronoun in the objective case. 10 G. Analyze the following sentence: And he called one of the servants and asked what these things meant. "Express your analysis by diagram or otherwise. 1(^ 118 State of New York. D EFA li TMEN T OF PUBLIC INS T li U C TION. GRAMMAR.— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, ----- January 7, 1888. 3. Positive. Comparative. Superlative. (a) happy happier happiest {b) near nearer nearest (c) bad worse worst (d) straight (cannot logically be compared). (e) beautiful more beautiful most beautiful 4. («) Niece; (6) heroine; (c) baroness; {d) benefactress; {e) Pauline. 5. Construction. Construction is composition ; analysis is essentiall}' criticism. 6. Examples: («) Business; gold; peace; sleep; hunger, — (6) Stairs; suds; clothes; assets; tidings. 7. Present. Past. Past Participle. (a) blow blew blown {h) break broke broken (c) freeze froze frozen ((/) cast cast cast («) pay paid paid S. A complex sentence is a sentence that is composed of two or more clauses, one of which modifies some part of another clause. 9. Examples: (a) 1 wish to hear from you, — (6) He could read, — (c) I was introduced to the lady ivhoTYb you saw there, — (ci) I did not know that he was present, — (e) Thou art the man. 10. No answers required. 2d and 3rd Grades, ----- February, 1888. 1. Principal clause: Old Time is a miser. Subordinate clauses: (a) In whose hank ive deposit our notes ; {h) Who always tcants gxiineasfor groats. 2. Time is modified by («) tlie adjective old ; (b) the adjective clause, in ichose bank tee deposit our notes ; (c) the predicate noun (attribute) miser. 3. Simple subjects : (a) Time, (b) me, (c) trho, (iT) he. Simple predicates : (a) is miser; (h) deposit; (c) icants; (d) Icceps. 4. {a) Bank, objecfire case ; (b) miser, predierde nominative ; (c) customers, objective case; (d) minutes, objective case; them, objective case. 5. Verb ; principal parts, lejid, lent, lending, lent ; irregular; transitive; participle; present tense; also used like a noun, objective case, object of the preposition by. Note. — Some would simply say: Present participle and object of by. 6. Sit, sat, sifting, sat. Lay, laid, laying, laid. 7. ('/) John''s book; '7"^ true; He does not pronounce his ?•'«. 8. If he had gone, I would have remained. 9. The sentinel said: " Who goes there? " Or, He thought that he toould go. 10. To (lie for one's country is sweet and glorious. 2d and 3rd Grades, . - . . . March 3, 1888. 1. Singular, — if I go, if you go, if he go. Plural, — if we go, if you go, if they 2. "Women's, foxes', sheep's, turkeys', ladies'. C. Its. her, ray or mine, whose, whosesoever. 4. "Worse, better, less, nigher, hinder. 5. "^/arious answers. G. Answer not needed. 119 State of New York. uniform examina tion q ues tions. GRAMMAR. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . _ March 3, 1888. 7. In the above sentence, what is the object of the verb nsked ? Of the verb meant ? 10 8. Explain tlie syntax of that in the following sentence : " A man of polite inaapination is let into a great many pleasures that the vulgar are not capable of receiving." 10 9. Exjilain the syntax of capable in the same sentence. 10 10. Explain the syntax of receiving in the same sentence. 10 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - March 13, 1888. 1. Write sentences containing adverbs of {n) time; {b) place; {<■) manner; {d) degree; (e) negation. Underscore each and also the word it modifies. 10 2. Give the principal parts of the verbs ride, sit, see, write and chose. 10 3. Compare all the words that admit of comparison in the following couplet: " How far that little candle tlirows his beam ! So shines a good deed in a naughty world." 10 4. What class of verbs has no passive voice ? Write a sentence to illustrate. 10 5. Classify the clauses in the sentence, "And God said, 'Let there be light,' and there was light," stating whether tliey are principal or subordinate. 10 Note. — In naming a clause, it is sufficient to include only simple subject and simple pred- icate. G. Parse the word what in the sentence, This is precisely what was necessary. 10 7. Write sentences containing verbs in the potential mode denoting {a) power; (&) necessity ; (<■) permission. 10 8. Write live abstract nouns. 10 0. What is a finite verb? 10 10. Which modes can be used in the interrogative form? Whicli cannot be so used? Illustrate. 10 2d and 3rd Grades, . - . . March, 1888, Special. If we retrench the wages of the schoolmaster, we must raise those of the recruit- ing-sergeant. Edward Everett. 1. Write out a complete analysis of the al)ove extract, using any system famil- iar to you. 10 2. Parse If and recruiting-sergeant. 10 3. Decline we. 10 4. Give the four principal parts of the verbs compel, freeze, see, lie and lay. 10 5. Give a synopsis (first person singular number) of the verb he, in the potential mode. 10 6. Write an interrogative sentence or sentences containing: a. A phrase modifying the subject; 1). A compound relative prounouu ; c. A pronoun in the possessive case ; cl. A verb in the subjunctive mode. Underscore the parts required. 10 7. Give the plurals of money, chimney, valley, duty and Henry. 10 8. Write three nouns which have no plural, and two wliich iiavc no singular. 10 120 State of New York. department of public i n s t li u c t i o n . GRAMMAR.— Answers. 2d. and 3rd. Grades, 7. ^^li.at these things meant, ^yhat. 8. In tlie objective case after receiving. 9. It belongs to vtdga?: 10. In tlie objective case after of. 2d and 3rd Grades, 1. March 3, 1888. March 13, 1888. No answer required. 2. Ride — rode — riding — ridden. Sit — sat — sitting — sat. See — saw — seeing — seen. Write — wrote — writing — written. Choosy — chose — choosing — chosen. 3. Far — farther — farthest. Little — less — least. Good — better — best. Naughty — naughtier — naughtiest. 4. Intransitive verbs. 5. Principal clauses, God said; there was light. Subordinate clause, Let there he light. 6. Relative pronoun — third person — singular number — neuter gender, nominative case in predicate with verb is, and nominative case, subject of the verb icas. 7. No answer required. 8. No answer required. 9. One that predicates the act or state of a subject. 10. Indicative and potential. Imperative and subjunctive. 2d and 3rd Grades, _ . - - March, 1888, Special. 1. Answers will differ. 2. Tf is a conjunction connecting the clauses. Recruiting -sergeant is a noun, com- mon, compound, third person, singular number, masculine gender, objective case, and object of ]ireposition of. 3. Singular. Novi. I, Poss. my, mine, Ohj. me, 4. Ind. Pres. Ind. Past. Compel, compelled, Freeze, froze. See, saw. Lie, lay, Lay, laid, 5. I may be, I might be, I may have been, I migb.t have been. 6. Answers will differ. 7. Moneys, chimneys, valleys, duties, and tlie Henrys. 8. Gold, pride, courage, idleness, cohesion, arcliitecture, rhetoric, bronchitis, meek- ness, etc., have no j)lural; assets, suds, scissors, tongs, billiards, breeches, trowsers, oats, fireworks, vespers, goods, cattle, ides, embers, literati, etc., have no singular. 121 Plural we, our, us. Part. Pres. Part. Past. compelliug, freezing, compelled, frozen. seeing. seen. lying, laying, lain, laid. State of New York. UNIFORM EXAMINA TION Q UE8T10NS. GRAMMAR. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . March, 1888, Special. 9. Define etymology and syntax. 10 10. Write one or more declarative sentences containing all the eight ^^aris of sj^eech ; underscore the words representing the several parts of sj)eech. 10 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . April 7, 1888. Listen, my children, and you sluill hear Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere, On the eighteenth of April in seventy-five ; Hardly a man is now alive Who remembers that famous day and year. The first six questions have reference to the above selection. 1. What are the simple subjects of the principal clauses? 10 2. Name the predicate or predicates of the subordinate clause or clauses. 10 3. What are the three modifiers of man? 10 4. Give the syntax (case and why) of children. 10 0. The relation of what words is shown by on? 10 6. Give the mode of each verb. 10 7. What are the feminines of liero^ giant, testator, czar, JosepTi? 10 8. Change the following to a sentence having a principal and adverbial clause: Troy being taken by the Greeks, ^Eneas came into Italy. 10 9. Decline the personal pronoun oi the second person. 10 10. Write one or more sentences, iUustrating the use of that as a («) pronoun, {b) adjective, (c) conjunction. 10 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - May 5, 1888. Sweet was the sound, when oft, at evening's close. Up yonder hill the village murmur rose. There as I passed with careless steps and slow. The mingling notes came softened from below.— Goldsmith. The first four questions have reference to the above selection. 1. What are the simple subjects of the principal clauses? What are the simple predicates of the subordinate clauses? 10 2. Give three modifiers of came. 10 3. Mention two adverbs, and state what they modify. 10 4. Select five adjectives (including the) and state w^hat they modify. 10 5. Conjugate the verb/onsa/ce, in the passive voice, indicative mode, past per- fect (pluperfect) tense. 10 6. Define a collective noun ; give two examples. 10 7. What parts of speech may connect clauses ? Illustrate each by a sentence or sentences. 10 8. Write a sentence containing a declarative and an interrogative clause. 10 9. Write a sentence or sentences, illustrating a phrase (preposition and its ob- ject) used {a) adjectively, (b) adverbially. 10 10. illustrate by sentence u clause used as attribute, i. e., like a noun in the predicate, forming with an intransitive verb a predicate. 10 122 State of New York. department of public instruction. GRAMMAR.— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . March, 1888, Special. 9. Etymology treats of the different parts of speech, their classification and modifi- cations. Syntax treats of the relation, agreement, government and arrange- ment of words in sentences. 10. Answers will differ. 2d and 3rd Grades, ..... April 7, 1888. 1. You; you; man. 2. Remembers. 3. Adjectives a and alice, and the adjective (relative) clause, wlio remembers. 4. Nominative independent by direct address. 0. Ride — day. 6. Listen is in the imperative mode; shall hear, is and remembers are in the indica- tive mode. 7. Heroine, giantess, testatrix, czarina, Josephine. •S. When Troy had been taken by the Greeks, iEneas came into Italy. 9. See a school grammar. 10. Example: Give me the book that lies on that table, tJidt I may read it. 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - May 5, 1888. 1. Subjects of principal clauses : sound; notes. Predicates of subordinate clauses: 3. 1st, adverb, there; 2nd, adverbial clause, as 1 passed ; 8rd, adverbial phrase, from below. 3. Oft modifies tlie verb rose ; there modifies the verb came. 4. S'weeil modifies sound; the modifies sound, murmur, and notes; yonder modifies hill ; village modifies murmur ; careless and slow modify steps ; mingling modi- fies notes. 5. I had been forsaken, thou hadst been forsaken, he had been forsaken, we had been forsaken, you had been forsaken, they had been forsaken. 6. A noun which in the singular number denotes more tlian one is called a collec- tive noun. Examples: school, army. 7. Conjunctions, relative pronouns and certain adverbs. (Illustrative sentences.) 8. Example: He said, Will you go? 9. Example: A coin of great value was found in the street. 10. His answer was "7 loill go,"" or, the teacher's desire is that all should learn. 123 State of New Yurk. UNIFORM EX AM IN A TIONQUES TIONS. GRAMMAR. 2d and 3d Grades, .----- June, 1888. The Puritans brought to civil and military affairs a coolness of judgment and an immutability of purpose which some writers have thought inconsistent with their religious zeal, but which were, in fact, the necessary effects of it. Macaclay. The first five questions following have reference to the above selection. 1. Mention all the clauses, classifying them as principal or subordinate. 10 XoTE. — In naming clauses it is sufficient to include only the simple subject and simple predicate. U. Give all the modifiers of imrmitnUlity. 10 3. Parse fully the second ichich. 10 4. Give syntax (case and why) of effects. 10 5. Under proper headings indicating the parts of speech, classify all of the words of the above extract. 10 6. "Write a sentence containing a noun in apposition with the object of a transi- tive verb. 10 7. Write a sentence whose predicate is modified by an adverb, a phrase (prepo- sition and its object) and a clause (subject and predicate). 10 8. Write a sentence having a clause used as its subject. 10 9. Write synopsis (first person, singular number) of the verb he in the indica- tive mode, 10 10. By sentence or sentences illustrate the connection of clauses by three dif- ferent parts of speech. 10 2d and 3rd Grades, ----- August 14, 1888. Labor sits enthroned in palaces of crystal, whose high-arched roofs proudly sparkle in the sunshine which delightetli to honor it, and whose ample courts are crowded with the trophies of its victories in every country, and in every age. Rev, Newman Hall. The first eight questions refer to the above selection. Notes. — In naming a clause, include only its simple subject and simple predicate. In giving the syntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the ca/'e and the reason for it. By jihraxe is meant a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give only the preposition and'its simple (unmodihed) object. A modifier may be a ivonl, iihraxe, or clause. Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 1. What are the modifiers of palaces ? 10 2. What are the predicates of the subordinate clauses? 10 3. Give syntax of 7'oofs and sunshine. 10 4. Select (1) two adjective phrases, (2) two adverbial ])hrases. 10 5. What is the olBce of enthroned ? 10 6. What modes are found in the above selection ? 10 7. Parse sits. 10 8. Parse the first ^chose. ' 10 9. Write a sentence containing a pronoim used as a part of the predicate (attribute). 10 10. Write a sentence containing a present perfect (compound) participle, i. e., a participle in the present perfect tense. 10 124 State of New York. D EPA HTMENT OF PUBLIC I^S Tit U il TI N. GRAMMAR.— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, June, 1888»^ Subordinate clauses — Which wj'iters Prepositions. Conjunctions. And. But. 1. Principal clause — Puritans brought. knee thouglit ; which icere effects. 2. Adjective, an; phrase, of purpose; the two subordinate clauses. 3. Pronoun, relative, third person, plural number, neuter gender, agreeing with its antecedents, coolness and immutability, subject of the verb were and in the nominative case. 4. Attribute of the predicate and agrees with the subject which in the nominative case. 5. Nouns. Pronouns. Adjectives. Verbs. Puritans. Which. The. Brought. To Affairs. Their. Civil. Have thought. Of. Coolness. It. Military. Were. With. Judgment. A. In. Immutability. An. Purpose. Some. Writers. Inconsistent. Zeal. Religious. Fact. Necessary. Effects. 6. I saw Mr. Jones, the merchant. 7. The children walked briskly to school, ichen the bell rang. 8. Who goes there? was said by the sentinel. That man is mortal is certain. 9. Present, I am. Past, I was. Future, I shall (will) be. Present perfect, I have been. Past perfect, I had been. Future perfect, I shall (will) have been. 10. John writes and Mary reads. Mr. Smith, icho was sick, has recovered. He. came when he was called. 2d and 3rd Grades, ----- August 14, 1888. 1. The adjective phrase, of crystal, and the adjective clauses, whose roofs sparkle and whose courts are crowded. 2. 82)arkle, delighteth and are crowded. 3. Subject of the verb sparkle, and in the nominative case. Object of the preposi- tion in, and in the objective case. 4. Adjective phrases, of crystal and of victories ; adverbial phrases, in palaces, in sunshine, with trophies, in country, and in age. 5. A participle, in the past tense and modifies labor. 6. Indicative and injinitive modes. 7. Sits is a verb, principal parts, sit, sat, sitting, sat, irregular, intransitive, indica- tive mode, ])resent tense, and agrees with its subject, labor, in the third person and singular number. 8. Whose is a pronoun, relative, third person, plural number and neuter gender to agree with its antecedent, palaces, is in the possessive case and modifies roofs. 9. Example : It is 1. 10. Example: The hoy having recited his lesson teas disinissed. 126 State of New York. uniform ex a mix a tiox q uestl 0x8. GRAMMAR. 2d and 3rd Grades, - - . . September 1, 1888. Arabia is destitute of navigable rivers, which fertilize the soil, and convey its products to the adjacent regions; the torrents tnat full from the hills are imbibed by the thirsty earth; the rare and hardy plants, the tamarind or the acacia, tliat strike their roots into the clefts of the rocks, are nourished by the dews of the night. Gibbon. Notes. — In naming a clause, include only its simple subject and simple predicate. In giving the syntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. IJy phra-^e is meant a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give only the preposition and its simple (unmoditiod) object. A modifier may be a word, phrase or clause. Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 1. Wliat are the simple subjects of the principal clauses? 10 2. What are the predicates of the subordinate clauses? 10 3. Give the modifiers of rivers. 10 4. Make a list of the pronouns in the selection, indicating to what class of pro- nouns each belongs. 10 5. What is the syntax of tamarind? 10 6. Parse into and destitute. 10 7. Name two nouns which are objects of prepositions and three nouns which are objects of verbs. 10 8. Define a ^>erso?iaZ^j?'o/Jo?<«. 10 9-10. By sentences illustrate tlie connection of clauses by three different parts of speech, and indicate to what jjart of speech each connective used, belongs. 20 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . September 11, 1888. In short, the city of Rome was enriched with the spoils of the whole world, and had that air of pomp and magnificence which suited the capital of the greatest empire that the world ever saw. Petek Parley. The first six questions refer to the above selection. Notes. — In naming a clause, include only its simple subject and simple predicate. In giving the syntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. IJy phraae is meant a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give only the preposition and its simple (unmodified) object. A modifier may be a icord, jjiwase, or clavse. Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 1. Classify the clauses as principal and subordinate. 10 2. What are the modifiers of the subject of the ])rincipal clause? 10 3. How is the predicate was enriched modified? 10 4. Give the modifiers of air and empire. 10 0. Parse the first and, and the first that. 10 6. Parse the second that. 10 7. Define a relative pronoun. 10 8. Write two ahsiract and two collective nouns. 10 9. W^rite a sentence whose simple subject is a ^mrticiple. 10 10. Write a sentence Jiaving a clause used as subject. 10 126 State of New York. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. GRAMMAR.— Answers. 2d. and 3rd Grades, . . . . September 1, 1888. 1. Arabia, torrents and plants. 2. Fertilize and convey, fall, stril-e. 3. The adjective, navigalle, and the adjective clause, tr/iich fertilise. 4. Relative pronouns, whidi, that. Personal pronouns, its, their. 5. In apposition with plants, and agrees with it in the nominative case. 6. Into is, a preposition and shows the relation betwi'en clefts and strike. Destitute is a qualifj'ing adjective, positive degree and modifies Aralda. 7. Objects of prepositions, ricers, regions, hills, earth, clefts, rocks, dews, night. Objects of verbs, soil, jn'oducts, roots. 8. A pronoun wliose form is varied to indicate person is called a j^ersonal pronoun. 9-10. John came and James went away. Air. Smith, who called, immediately left. They returned when they liad finished the work. And is a conjunction ; tcho is a pronoun; lohen is an adverb. 2d and 3rd Grades, .... September 11, 1888. 1. Principal clause, citi/ was enriched. Subordinate clauses, which suited and that tcorld saw. 2. The subject, citij, is modified by the adjective the and the adjective phrase of Rome. 3. The predicate, was enriched, is modified by the adverbial clause, tcith spoils. 4. Air is modified by the adjective, iliat, the adjective phrase, of pomp and magnifi- cence, and the adjective clause, irhich suited; emjnre is modified by adjec- tives, the and greatest, and the adjective clause, that world sair. 5. And is a conjunction and connects the predicates was enriched and had. That is a specifying adjective and modifies air. G. lliat is a pronoun, relative, agrees with its antecedent, empire, in the third person, singular number, and neuter gender, is the object of saw and is in the objective case. 7. A pronoun which connects clauses is called a relative pronoun. 8. Examples of abstract nouns: truth, justice, honestij. Examples of collective nouns: school, arniy, assembly. 9. Example: Jumping from a moving railroad train is dangerous. AO. Examples: That study is useful is evident; " I will go,''' was his answer. 127 State of New York. uniform ex a mina tjon q ues tjons. GRAMMAR. 2d and 3rd Grades, _ _ - - - October 6, 1888. There is a realm wliere tlie rainbow never fades, — where the stars will spread out before us, like islands that slumber on the ocean, and where the beautiful beings whicli here pass before us like sliadows, will stay in our presence forever. The first six questions refer to the above selection. XoTES. — In naming a clause, include only its simple subject and simple predicate. In giving the sijnta.t of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. Hy phrase is meant a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give only the preposition and its simple (unmodified) object. A modifier may be a ivord, phrase, or clause. Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 1-3. What four modifiers of realm ? 20 3. Name two relative pronouns, and state what the clauses in which they occur, modify. 10 4. What are the modifiers of pass ? 10 5. Give the syntax of realm. 10 6. Parse wMch. 10 7. Define voice. By examples illustrate both voices. 10 8. Give an example of the regular comparison of an adjective, and the irregular comparison. 10 9. Define a common uouu. 10 10. Write a sentence containing a verb in the potential mode and a verb in the injinitive mode. 10 2d and 3rd Grades, - ... November 3, 1888. 'Tis a time For memory and for tears. Within the deep, still chambers of the heart, a spectre dim Whose tones are like the wizard voice of time. Heard from the tomb of ages, points its cold And solemn fingers to the beautiful And holy visions that have passed away, And left no shadow of their loveliness On the dead waste of life. Prentiss. - The first eight questions refer to the above selection. jvoTES. — In naming a clause, include only its simple subject, and its simple predicate. In giving the syntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. By -phrase is meant a preposition with its object. In naming a phrase, give only the preposition and its smiple (unmodified) object. A modifier may be a word, phrase, or clause. Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 1. Which are the principal clauses? Which are the subordinate clauses? 10 2. Give four modifiers of voice. 10 3. The phrase, within chambers modifies what? 10 4. Give four modifiers of visions. 10 5. Give the syntax of time, in the first line. 10 6. Give the four principal parts of the verbs, are, and heard. 10 7-8. Write the synopsis of the verb have in the indicative mode, naming each tense, and using the first person. 20 9. Name one each of all parts of speech found in the selection. 10 10. Write a sentence containing an objective clause. 10 128 State of New York. deparl'ment of public instrv ctton. GRAMMAR.— Answers. 2d and 3rd' Grades, - - . . . October 6, 1888. 1-2. liealm is moditied by the adjective n, and the adjective clauses, tcliere rainbow fades, where stars will spread, and tcliere beings tcill stay. 3. That, the chiuse modifies islands. Wiich, the clause modifies beings. 4. The adverb here, and the adverbial phrases, before us, and liJce shadows. i). Subject of the verb is, and in the nominative case. 6. Which is a pronoun, relative, agrees with its antecedent, beings, in the third person, plural number, both genders, is the suljject of the verb pass, and is in the nominative case. 7. That property of transitive verbs, which distinguishes their subjects as acting or acted upon, is called voice. John writes a letter. A letter is written by John. 8. Large, larger, largest. Good, better, best. 9. A name that may be applied to each object of the same class is called a common noun. 10. 7 may wish to go. 2d and 3rd Grades, _ _ . . . November 3, 1888. 1. Principal clauses, ' Tis time, and spectre points. Subordinate, VTfiose tones are like voice, and that have 2)assed, and left. 2. Tlie adjectives, the and icizard, the adjective phrase, of time, and the participle heard. 3. Points. 4. The adjectives the, lieautiful, and holy, and tlie adjective clauses, that have jx^ssed, and left. 0. Predicate noun (attribute) and agrees with the subject it in the nominative case. 6. Am (be), was, being, been. * Heai', h.eard, hearing, heard. 7-8. Present, I have; past, I had; future, I shall (will) liave; present perfect, I have had; past perfect, I liad had; future perfect, I sliall (will) have had. 9. No answers need to be here given. 10. Examples: He said that he would go. He replied, "■! iviU go." 129 State of New York. uni form e x a m inatio x q ue st 10 ns. GRAMMAR. 2d and 3rd Grades, _ . . . . January 5, 1889. Alexander rose early; the first moments of the day were consecrated to private de- votion, and his domestic chapel was filled with the images of those heroes who by improving or reforming human life, had deserved the grateful reverence of posterity. Gibbon. The first eight questions refer to the above selection. Notes. — In naming a clause, inchide only its simple subject and simple predicate. In giving the syntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. By /)Ara«e is meant a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give only the ])reposi- tiou and its simple (unmodified) object. A modifier may be 9. word, j)lirase or clarise. Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. Only eight parts of speech are recognized — the articles, tltc and a forming a subdivision of ad- jectives, a.nd ^Jarticiples being one of the modifications of verbs. In parsing verbs, observe the following order: Principal parts, regular or irregular, transitive or intransitive, voice, mode, tense, person, number, agreement. 1. Classify all the clauses as principal or subordinate. 8 2. Give a list of all tlic verbs witli voice of each. 13 3. Parse the first verb. 10 4. Select and write in a cohimn tlie following; ('^) a relative pronoun, (5) a pronoun in the possessive case, (c) a participle used lilvc a noun and in the objective case, (d) an adverb, (e) an adjective clause, (f) a noun used as object of a transitive verb, (g) an adverbial phrase, (h) an adjective phrase, (i) a qualifying (descriptive) adjective, (/') a specifying (limiting) adjec- tive. ' ... ^^ 5. Give synopsis (first person, singular) of the verl) deserve, in all the tenses of the indicative mode. 6 6. Compare carhj. 3 7. Name and classify the modifiers of the second subject, moments. 6 8. ('0 Write the second clause, changing the voice of the verb; (li) state how- to change the active voice of any transitive verb to the passive voice. 10 9. Write a sentence containing a noun in apposition with the subject. Write a sentence containing a pronoun used as attribute (predicate noun). 10 10. Illustrate by sentence or sentences, the use of {n) a plural noun in the pos- sessive case, {h) a A'erb having two subjects, {c) a verb liaving two objects. 15 2d and 3rd Grades, - ... - Febrviary 2, 1889. They advanced in two lines, quickening their ])ace as they closed toward the enemy. A more fearful spectacle was never witnessed than hj those who beheld these heroes rushing to the arms of death. At the distance of twelve hundred yards the whole line of the enemy belched forth from thirty iron mouths a flood of smoke and flame, througli which hissed the deadly balls. Their flight was marked by instant gaps in onr ranks, by dead men and horses, by steeds flying wounded and riderless across the plain. AV. H. Russell. The fir-st seven questions refer to the above selection. Notes. — In naming a clause, include only its unmodified s\ibject and unmodified predicate. In giving the si/ntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the cnse and the reason for it. By phrase is meant a preposition aud its object. In naming a phrase, give only the preposition and its unmodified object. A modifier may be a tvord, phrase, or clause. Infinitives are classed as wo^i^e* of the verb. Only eight parts of speech are rocojinized — the articles, tlie and a forming a subdivision of ad- jectives, and particijjles being one of the modifications of verbs. 130 State of New York. department of p ub l i o ins t li u t i ox. GRAMMAR.— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, . _ _ - _ January 5, 1889. 1. Principal clauses, Alexander rose., Moments loere consecrated, Chapel was ^filled. Subordiuate clause, Who had deserved. 2. Hose, active voice; irei'e consecrated, passive; ivas ^filled, j)assive; improving, active; reforming, active; had deserved, active. 3. Principal parts, rise, rose, rising, risen, irregular, intransitive, is in the form of the active voice, indicative mode, jiast tense, third person, singular number, to agree with its subject, Alexander. 4. ((7) who; (b) his; (c) improving, reforming; {d) early; {e) who had deserved; (/) reverence ; {g) to devotion, with images, by improving, by reforming; {h) of day, of heroes, of posterity ; (^) private, domestic, human, grateful; (j) the, first, those. 5. Present, I deserve; past, I deserved; future, I sliall (will) deserve; present ])er- feet, I have deserved; past-perfect, I had deserved; future-perfect, I shall (will) have deserved. G. Positive, early; comparative, earlier; superlative, earliest. 7. The adjectives, tlie and first, and the adjective phrase of day. 8. He consecrated the first moments of the day to private devotion. Prefix the projier mode and teuse of the verb, to he, to the past (perfect) participle of the given verl>. 9. Milton, the poet, was blind. It is I. 10. The toys' cats and dogs eat bread and meat. 2d and 3rd G-rades, - . - . . February 2, 1889. 1. Principal clauses: They advanced^ Spectacle was witnessed. Line belched. Flight was marled. Subordinate clauses: As they dosed, Who beheld, Throtigh which balls hissed. Note. — Two subordniate clauses could be restored after than. 2. Objects of verl)s : Pace, Jteroes, flood. Objects of prepositions : Lines, enemy, arms, death, distance, yards, mouths, smole, flame, gaps, ranks, men, horses, steeds, plain. Participles used like adjectives: Quickening, rushing, flying, wozmded. 3. Adverbial phrases: In lines, toioard enemy, by those, to arms, at distance, from mouths, through which, by gaps, by men and horses, by steeds, across p)letin. Adjective phrases: Of death, of yards, of enemy, of smoke and flame, in ranks. 131 State of New York. uniform examina tion questions. GRAMMAR. 2d and 3rd Grades, _ _ _ . . February 2, 1889. Iq parsing a verb, observe the following order : Principal parts, regular or irregular, transitive or intransitive, voice, mode, tense, person, number, agreement. In parsing a noun or pronoun, observe the following order. Class, person, number, gender, case. Give the reason for case. In parsing a relative pronoun, state the agreement with its ante- cedent. An object of a transitive verbis classed as a inodijitr of such verb. 1. Select three principal and two subordinate clauses. lOi 2. Select two nouns each of which is the object of a verb, and three nouns each of which is tlie object of a prejiosition . Select a particijile used like an adjective. lOi 3. Select three adverbial phrases and two adjective phrases ; state what each modifies. 10 4. Parse who. Give syntax of lulls. Ift 5. Conjugate the verb fli/ in the progressive form of the indicative mode, present tense. Decline icMch. 10 6. Give the modifiers of belched. Select a verb used in the passive voice. 1ft 7. Select (a) a past (perfect) participle, (l) an adverb in the comparative degree, (c) four different prepositions, {d) two conjunctions, (e) two relative pro- nouns. 10 8. What are the four principal parts of verbs ? State how the past perfect (pluperfect) tense, common form, is made. 10 9. Write a sentence containing a verb in the subjunctive mode, and another containing an adjective in the superlative degree. lOi 10. Write a sentence whose subject is modified by a word, a phrase, and a clause. 10 2d and 3rd Grades, ----- March 2, 1889. A person who believes he has his succor at hand, and tliat he acts in sight of his friend, often exerts himself beyond his abilities, and does wonders tiiat are not to be matched by one who is not animated with such a confidence of success. Joseph Addison. The first six questions refer to the above selection. Notes. — In naming a clause, include only its unmodified subject and unmodified predicate. In giving the syntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. 'iij phrase\& meant a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give only the preposition; and its unmodified object. A modifier may be a ivord, phfase or clavse. Infinitives are classed as wo(te of the verb. Only eight parts of speech are recognized — the articles llie and a forming a subdivision of ad- jectives, &n A participles being one of the modifications of verbs. Treat verb.? as divided into two classes only, viz., t'ansitive and intransitive; and treat voice as. a ])roj)erty of transitire verbs only. in parsing a verb, observe the following order: Principal parts, regular or irregular, transitive or intransitive, voice, mode, tense, person, number, agreement. In parsing a novm or pronoun, observe the followiiig order; Class, person, number, gender, case. Give the reason for case. In parsing a relative pronoun, state the agreement with its ante- cedent. An object of a transitive verb is classed as a modijier of such verb. 1. Name five clauses, classifying them as principal or subordinate. 10 2. Name a subject having two predicates, and give the modifiers of tliose pred- icates. 1(^ 3. Name two objective and two adjective clauses. State what each modifies. 10 4. Select two cacli of tlie following i)arts of speech : pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, conjunction 10 132 State of New York. depa r tmext f p ubll c ins tr uc tion. GRAMMAR.— Answers. 2d aad 3rd Grades, . . . . . February 2, 1889. 4. Who is a pronouu, relative, agrees with its antecedent those in the third person, plural number, and masculine gender. It is the subject of the verb heheld, and is therefore in the nominative case. Balls is the subject of the verb hissed, and is therefore in the nominative case. 5. Singular: I am flying, you are flying, he is flying. Plural : We are flying, you are flying, they are flying. Nominative, which ; possessive, whose , objective, which ; singular and plural alike. 6. The adverbial phrase, At distance, the adverb, forth, the adverbial phrase, froin mouths, the object, ^oo^. Verbs i;sed in the passive voice: was icitnessed, was marlced. 7. ('/) ^coiinded, (li) more, (c) in, toward, hi/, to, of, at, from, through, across, {d) as, than, and, (e) who, which. 8. Present and past tenses of the indicative mode, and present and past tenses of the participle. By prefixing the, past tense of have, ?'. e., had, to the past (perfect) participle, 9. If I go he will not come. This is the finest day of the year. 10. The large basket of grapes which you sent was received. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 2, 1889. 1. Principal clause. Person exerts and does. Subordinate clauses, Who Relieves, He has, He acts, That are to lie matched, Who is animated. 2. Person. First predicate, exerts, is modified by adverb, often, the object, himself, and the adverbial phrase, Tjeyond aldlities. Second predicate, does, is modified by the object, wonders. S. Objective clauses. He has, and He acts. Tliey both modify lelieves. Adjective clauses, Who believes, modifying person; That are to he matched, modifying wonders; Who is animated, modifying one. 4. Pronouns, who, lie, his, himself, that. (Some class one as a ])ron()un.) Adjectives, A, the, one, such. Verbs, helieves, has, acts, exerts, does, are, to he matched, is animcded. Adverbs, often, not. Conjunctions, and, that. 133 State of New Yc^rk. uniform ex a mina tion q u e is tl ons. GRAMMAR. 2d and. 3d Grades, . . . . . March 2, 1889. 5. Select {a) a verb in the passive voice, indicative mode, {h) an adjective used like a noun (by some called an adjective pronoun), {c) a verb in the infini- tive mode used like an adjective, {d) the antecedent of the pronoun, that, (e) a pronoun in the objective case. 10 6. Parse is animated according to the order given in the above notes. 10 7. Write four short sentences illustrating the four principal parts of the verb, do, using a subject in the third person, singular number. Which one of these parts is used in making tiie jyrwsi'ye voice ? 10 8. Illustrate by sentence or sentences the use of an ((ppositive (noun or pronoun in apjiosition), and a predicate nona (attribute). 10 9. When may a group of words be called an adjective element? When an ad- verbial element? Give an illustration of each. 10 10. Give examples of two different uses of the infinitive mode, and classify the examples. 10 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 12, 1889. Wlien, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dis- solve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and ecjual station to which tiie laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. Declaration ov Independence. The first five questions refer to the above selection. Notes. — In namitifr a clause, include only its unmodified subject and unmodified predicate. In giving the syiitajc of a noun or pronoun, give only tlie case and the reason for it. By phrase is meant a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give only the ])repositioD and it.s unmodified object. A modifier may be a word, phrase or clavse. Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. Only eight parts of speech are recognized — the articles the and a forming a subdivision of adjectives, and participles being one of the modifications of verbs. Treat verbs as divided into two classes only, viz., transitive and intransitive ; and treat voice as a property of transitice verbs only. In parsing a verb, observe the following order: Principal parts, regular or irregular, transitive or intransitive, voice, mode, tense, person, number, agreement. In parsing a noun or pronoun, observe the followmg order: Class, person, number, gender, case. Give the reason for case. In parsing a relative pronoun, state the agreement with its antecedent. An object of a transitive verb is classed as a modifier of such verb. 1. Select five subordinate clauses, classifying them as adjective, adverbial, or objective. 10 2. What are the modifiers of res]ject? of requires? 10 3. What are the modifiers of laTids ? of to assume ? 10 4. Decline the personal pronoun of the third person, giving all of its forms in the singular. 10 5. Give an example of each part of speech found in the selection. Give the syntax of the relative pronouns. 10 6. Select one verb illustratinc: each mode fouml in the above extract. Parse that. " 10 7. Write a sentence containing a verb in the imperative mode. Write a sentence containing a plural noun in the possessive case. 10 8. Illustrate by sentence the correct use of the comparative ; the superlative. 10 134 State of New York. department of public instruct ton. GRAMMAR. —Answers. 2d and 3d Grades, - - • - - - March 2, 1889. 5. («) Verb in passivp voice and indicative mode, is animated, (h) Adjective used like a noun, 07ie. (f) Verb in infinitive mode used like an adjective, to be matched, (d) Antecedent of that, wonders, (e) Pronoun in objective case, himself. (Some would treat one as a pronoun in objective case.) 6. Is animated is a verb, principal parts, animate, animated, animating, animated, re quickly. The 7w?/s' lessons were recited well, or, He sells wo7?i6/i's shoes. 8. Examples: John is taller than I. Tins is the shortest day of the year. 135 State of New York. UNIFORM EXAMINA TION QUESTIONS. GRAMMAR. 2d. and 3rd Grrades, . . . . . March 12, 1889. 9. When sliould a verb haviug two or more singular subjects be in the singular number? When, in the plural number? Illustrate by sentences. 10 10. Write two nouns having no singular, and two nouns having the same form for botii numbers. Decline the noun lady in both numbers. 10 2d and 3rd Grades, . - . . - April 6, 1889. If the reader sees in this fairy picture only the romantic coloring of some fabulous El Dorado, he must recall what has been said before in reference to the palaces of the Incas, and consider that these " Houses of the Sun," as they were styled, were the common i-eservoir into which flowed all the streams of public and private bene- factions throughout the empire. William H. Prescott. The first six questions refer to the above selection. Notes.— In naming a clause, include only its unmodified subject and unmodified predicate. lu giving the syntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. By phrase is meant a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give only the preposition and its unmodified object. A modifier may be a ivord, phrase or clause. An object of a transitive verb is classed as a modifier of that verb. Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. Only eight parts of speech are recognized — the articles the and « forming a subdivision of adjectives, and participuis being one of the modifications of verbs. Treat verbs as divided into two classes only, viz., transitive and intransitive / and treat voice as a property of transitive verbs only. In parsing a noun or pronoun, observe the following order; Class, person, number, gender, case. Give the reason for case. In parsing a relative pronoun, state the agreement with its antecedent. In parsing a verb, observe the following order; Principal parts, regular or irregular, transitive or intransitive, voice, mode, tense, person, number, agreement. 1. Give the unmodified subject, and the unmodified ^^redicates (predicate verbs) of the principal clause. 10 2, What are the modifiers of («) must recall; (/*) consider? 10 y. What are the modifiers of («) sees; (?>) reservoir? 10 4. Parse has J)een said. 10 5. Parse {a) that; (l) into. ' 10 6. Give the synta.x of (a) reservoir; (b) stream. 10 7. Define (a) adjective; (b) preposition: (c) abstract noun. 10 8. Name five adjectives which being used like nouns are often called adjective pronouns. 10 9. Write sentences showing the use of the past perfect (pluperfect) tense of the verb, (a) sit; (b) set; (c) lie {to recline) \ (d) lay. 10 10. Illustrate by sentence or sentences the use of a participle and an infinitive used like adjectives. 10 136 State of New York. DEPART ME XT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. GRAMMAR.— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, - - . . . March 12, 1889. 9. When they are connected by or or nor. Ex., John or Charles is coming. When they are connected by and. Ex., John and Charles are coming. 10. Examples : Nouns witli no singular, scissors, vespers, ashes, etc. Nouns having the same form in both numbers: Deer, sheep, sicine, etc. Singular. — Nom. lady, Poss. Jadifs, Obj. lady. Plural. — Nom. ladies, Poss. ladies', Obj. ladies. 2d and 3rd G-rades, - . - . . April 6, 1889. 1. Subject, he. Predicates, mtist recall, and (must) consider. 2. (a) The adverbial clause, //' reader sees, and the objective clause, ^c1mt has heen said. {What may be treated as the object.) (6) The objective clause, that " Houses of the Sun " 7rere reservoir. 3. (a) The adverbial phrase vi picture, and the object coloring ; (h) the adjectives the and common, and the adjective clause, into ichich floiced streams. 4. Piincipal parts, say, said, saying, said; regular, transitive, passive voice. indicative mode, present perfect tense, and agrees with the subject lohat in the third person and singular number. 5. {a) That connects the following clause to the verb consider, and is a conjunction. ip) Into shows the relation between its object xvhich and the verb floiced, and is a preposition. 6. (rt) Attribute (predicate noun); agrees with the subject in t!ie nominative case. (?') Subject of flowed ; nominative case. 7. i/i) A word used to modify a noun or pronoun is an adjective. ('•) A word used to show relation is a preposition, (c) The name of a quality is an abstract noun. 8. Ex., All, any, both, few, this, that. 9. Ex., {a) He had sat at the table an hour, (jti) He had set the hen. (c) He had lain in bed too long. (^7) He had laid the book on tlie table. 10. Ex., John having recited his lesson was dismissed. These are the problems to be solved. 137 State of New York. uniform examina ti on questions. GRAMMAR. 2d and 3rd Grades, ..... ]y[ay 4, 1889. After ;i continuous service of three terms, I will leave this chair to-day with sentiments of the warmest friendship and the most profound respect, not only for the gentlemen who compose the present House, but for all that have preceded them; and, wliile tlie termination of my official labors and responsibilities affords of itself no occasion for regret, I cannot without reluctance sever the relations which have existed so long between us. John G. Carlisle. The first seven questions refer to the above selection. Notes. — L In naming a clause, include only its unmodified subject and unmodified predicate. 2. Subordinate clauses include («) subject clauses; (I) objective clauses; (c) adjective clauses; {d) adverbial clauses. 3. By phram is meant a preposition and its object. In naming a pbrase, give only tbe preposition and its unmodified object. 4. A modifier may be a word, phrase or clause. 5. An object of a transitive verb is classed as a modifier of that verb. <>. Only eight parts of speech are recognized — the articles the and a forming a subdivision of adjectives, and participles being one of the modifications of verbs. 7. Infinitives are classed as 7nodes of the verb. S. In parsing a noun or pronoun, observe the following order: Class, person, number, gendc^r, case. Give the reason for case. In parsing a relative pronoun, state the agreement with its antecedent. ;i. In giving the syntax, of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. 10. Treat verbs as divided into two classes only, viz., transitive and intransitive ; and treat voice as a property of transitive verbs only. 11. In parsing a verb, observe the following order: Principal parts, regular or irregular, transi- tive or intransitive, voice, mode, tense, person, number, agreement. 12. The special use of an infinitive or a participle is given after tense. 1. Select the principal clauses. State what connects them. 10 2-3. Select the subordinate clauses, and state what each modifies, 20 4. Give the modifiers of (a) respect ; (J)) affords. 10 5. Parse nil. 10 6. Parse that. 10 7. Select two examples of each part of speech found in the selection. 10 8. Using / as subject, write the future perfect (second future) tense of hid ; tising tliey as subject, write the same tense of go. 10 9. Write a sentence whose subject is modified by an adjective clause, and whose predicate is modified by an adverbial clause. 10 10. Write a sentence containing an interrogative pronoun used (a) as an object of a verb; (b) as an object of a preposition. 10 138 State of New York. department of public instruction. GRAMMAR.— Answers. 3d and 3rd Grades, . . _ . . May 4, 1889. 1. I icill leace aud I can aecer. Cou junction and. 2-3. The clause who covifose modifies yeutlemen ; the clause that have preceded modifies all ; the clause rohile termination affords modifies can sever ; the clause ichich have existed modifies relations. 4. (a) The adjectives the and profound, and the phrases/b?- gentlemen and for all ; {!)) the phrase of itself, aud the object occasion. 5. All is an adjective, specifying, not compared, used like a noun, third person, plural number, masculine gender, object of the preposition for, aud in the objective case. (It is also parsed as an adjective pronoun.) G. I'hat is a pronoun, relative, agreeing with its antecedent all in the third person, plural number and masculine gender, subject of have preceded, nominative case. 7. Answers may differ. 8. I shall have bid (bidden). They will have gone. 9. Ex., The man who was summoned, returned when he had delivered the message. 10. Ex., (a) Whom did you call? (b) Towards what is he drifting? 139 State of New York. uniform examination questions. METHODS. No Answers Furnished. "2d Grade, ..-.-- September 3, 1887. XoTK. — The following indicates the grade of questions used for the four examinations in this subject held in 1SR7: 1st Grade. — All questions in every subject appl^' to first grade licenses. Sd Grade. — All questions in every subject, excepting School Law and Algebra, apply to second grade licenses. Srd (?/'at^e.— Questions printed in italics only, apply to third grade licenses.— See Kegulations. Outline a typical lesson for one of your grades in : 1. Keading; 25 2. Arithmetic; 25 3. Spelling; 25 4. Geography. 25 2d Grade, ...... October 1, 1887. Outline a typical lesson for one of your grades in : 1. Language; 25 2. Physiology and Hygiene ; 25 3. American History; 25 4. Reading. 25 2d Grade, . . . ... November 5, 1887. 1. In cold weather, what means would you use to ventilate a school-room unpro- vided witli ventilating apparatus? 25 2. Outline a programme of recitations for use in an ungraded school, or in your department of a graded school. 25 3. How do you teach penmanship? 25 4. Give methods of controlling a school without recourse to punishment. 25 2d Grade, ------ December 3, 1887. 1. Give a plan for preventing tardiness at school. 25 2. Outline your method of teaching number in primary work. 25 3. Do you use the sentence method, the word method, or the alphabet metiiod, in teaching reading, and what are its advantages over tlie other two? 25 4. Should false syntax be taught as a part of technical grammar? Why? 25 1st Grade, . . - _ . March 13 and 14, 1888. 1. Explain your method of teaching beginners to read. 20 2. What is the synthetic method of teaching Geography? 20 3. Explain the process of dividing one fraction by another. 20 4. What results should be secured by map-drawing? 20 5. State two good rules to be observed in criticising pupils in class-work. 20 Answer a. 1. For 1, 3, 4 and 5, no answers are required to be given here. 2. The synthetic method of teaching Geography, begins with what the child can see at home and in the school-room, and goes from there to the town, county, etc., gradually reaching out to the world as a whole. 1st Grade, May 4 and 5, 1888. 1. In subtracting 27 from G3, how would you explain the reason for each step? 10 2. Do you think it advisable to use diagrams in teaching the analysis of Eng- lish sentences? Give reasons for your opinion. 10 3. Give one rule that ought to be observed by all teachers in framing questions on subjects they are teaching. Give the reason for the rule. 10 4. Describe your method of explaming and illustrating how the diurnal revolu- tion of the earth produces the a])parent daily motion of the sun. 10 5. Give a good method of conducting a spelling exercise, stating the number of words in the lesson, the manner in whicli the pupils spell, and the mauner of criticising and correcting the work. 20 140 State of New York. department of public instructton. METHODS. No Answers Furnished. 1st Grade, May 4 and 5, 1888. 0. Write a short sentence and describe your method of teaching beginners in analysis, what is the subject and why, and what is the predicate and wliy. 10 7. Describe the manner in which you would teach a child the cardinal points of the compass. 10 8. When it is noon on the first meridian, it is 8 o'clock a. m. at longitude 60°; How would you make that plain to a pupil? 10 9. What is a topical analysis? 10' 1st Grade, . . . . . August 14 and 15, 1888. 1. What is the analytic method of instruction? 2. Why is the synthetic method especially applicable to primary instruction? 3. Why should objects be extensively used in primary teaching? 4. What is the chief value of map-drawing in teaching Geography? 5. What mental powers are chiefly used (1) in acquiring elementary knowledge? (2) lu retaining knowledge? (3) In properly applying knowledge? 6. How does the imagination aid in acquiring knowledge of things beyond the reach of the senses? 7. Give reasons (1) For permitting pupils to "look over" while others read. (2) For not permitting them. 8. Apply the Delsarte maxim "impression must precede expression," to a method of teaching primary reading. 9. (1) What is a mental power? (2) How is any mental power properly developed and strengthened? 10. How does a practical knowledge of drawing aid the teacher in giving in- struction in other subjects? 11. Give reasons for separating class work into the four divisions ('/) recitation; (h) instruction; {c) drill; {d) application. 12. State, with reasons, the proper lengths of time that should intervene between preparation (study) and class work (recitation). 13. For what objects siiould pupils be required to solve text-book problems be- fore class? 14. Why is good ventilation essential to good study? 15. How^ is the eye-sight of pupils affected who face a strong light? What is the remedy? 16. Give your views concerning home study by pupils in the public schools. Select ten questions from the sixteen here given. 1st Grade, . . . - - March 12 and 13, 1889. 1. To what mental faculties should the teacher appeal in the instruction and training of young children? 20 2. Briefly describe t\\e irord method in teaching reading. 15 3. Distinguish between ohject teaching and ohjectire tenclnng. 10 4. What is the manner of procedure in teaching by the Gnibe method? 15 5. State three results to be secured in teaching penmanship. 15 6. State three results to be secured in teaching industrial drawing. 15 7. Outline a plan for teaching physiology and hygiene to children in primary classes. 10 Answers. 1. The perceptive faculties, memorj', and iniagiuatiou. 2. Answers may differ. 3. In ohject teaching, the study of the object is the immediate end in view. In objective teaching, the object is introduced for illustration. 4. It consists mainly in teaching addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and fractions toeeiher. 5. Legibility, neatness, uniformity, and rapidity. 6. Answers may differ. 7. Answers may differ. 141 State of New York. UN IF RM EX A MINA TION Q UES T ION'S. PHYSICS. 1st Grade, . . - - - March 13 and 14, 1888. 1. By diagram illustrate two kinds of levers. 10 2. How many valves are necessary for a common lifting pump? In which direction do tiiey open? 10 3. Define impenetrability and inertia. 10 4. Upon what principle does a common thermometer indicate changes of tem- perature? 10 5. Why will cold water poured upon a hot stove lid be likely to break it? 10 6. When you invert a tumbler full of water covered with a paper, what sus- tains the water? 10 7. Why does a teaspoon standing in a tumbler of water appear bent? 10 8. What causes dew? 10 9. Why will smoke rise more readily on some days than on others? 10 10. Why will shavings ignite more readily than large pieces of wood? 10 1st Grade, _-...-. May 4 and 5, 1888. 1. Why are iron tires heated before they are placed on wagon wheels? 10 2. Describe some simple means of developing electricity. 10 3. Define malleability and ductility. 10 4. What degrees on a Fahrenheit thermometer indicate the freezing and boil- ing of water? 10 5. Why will the frost disa))pear from frozen ground when it has been covered with deep snow for several weeks? 10 6. In what form will iron resist the greatest pressure exerted in a direction tending to break it? 10 7. What causes the oil to rise in a lamp wick? 10 8. Why are we not crushed by the enormous weight of the air? 10 '.). Why are different sensations experienced on touching a piece of wood and a piece of iron, each having had equal exposure to heat? 10 10. What is meant by the center of gravity? 10 1st Grade, . . - _ - August 14 and 15, 1888. 1. What causes a balloon to rise? 10 2. What is a vacuum? 10 3. What must be the shape of a lens that magnifies? 10 4. Upon what does the pressure of liquids depend? 10 5. What does a barometer measure? 10 6. What is meant by the specific gravity of a body? 10 7. Name the causes of the trade winds? 10 8. How does the length of a pendulum affect the rapidity of its vibrations? 10 9. What is an echo? . 10 10. How does elevation above the earth's surface affect the boiling point of liquids? 10 142 t State of New York. departmext of public instruction. PHYSICS.— Answers. 1st Grade, - - - - - March 13 and 14, 1888. First class. Second class. Third class. F. F. 1. W^ P. V W. P. V 1'. W. A F. 2. Two — Upward. 3. Impeaetrability, that property of matter in virtue of which no two bodies can occupy the same space at the same time. Inertia, that property of matter in virtue of which a body cannot set itself in motion, nor when in motinn, can it stop itself. 4. That mercury expands and contracts regularly by change in temperature. 5. It causes one side to expand, and thus the brittle iron is broken in bending. 6. The upward pressure of the air. 7. The rays of light in passing from the water to the air are refracted. 8. Principally, the lowering of the temperature after sundown causes condensation of the moist- ure in* the air in contact with a substance that readily radiates its heat. It depends also upon the amount of moisture in the air. 9. The air is heavier, when the smoke rises readily. 10. The shavings are poor conductors of heat and retain it. 1st Grade, ----- . May 4 and 5, 1888. 1. They are made larger by heating from the expansion of the iron. 3. Run a liard rubber comb or a warm dry glass tube on a piece of woolen cloth; it will become cliarged witii electricity and will attract small bits of paper. Other illustrations may be given. 3. Malleability is that property of matter by virtue of which it may be hammered or rolled into thin sheets. Ductility is that property of matter by virtue of whicli it may be drawn into fine tiireads or wire. 4. 32'= and 212'\ 5. The snow is a very poor conductor of heat, and acts like a thick blanket which retains the internal heat of the earth in sufficient amount to graduUy thaw the frozen earth. 6. In the form of a tube. 7. Capillary attraction. 8. The air presses equally in all directions, and the internal pressure balances the external. 9. The different conductivities of the two substances. 10. That portion of a body which being supported, the boily is supported. 1st Grade, . . . . . August 14 and 15, 1888. 1. The weight of the air causing an upward pressure. 2. Space devoid of all matter. 8. Convex. 4. Pressure depends upon the weiglit of the liquid and the height of the coluoin. 5. The comparative weight of the air. G. The specific gravity of a substance shows how many times heavier it is tbau an equal volume of some other l)ody. 7. Heat and the rotation of the eartii. 8. The shorter the pendulum, the more rapid are the ^'ib^ations. 9. A reflected sound 10. It lowers iheboilinij point. 143 State of New York. UXIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. PHYSICS. 1st Grade, . . . . . March 12 and 13, 1889. 1. Define matter; molecule. 10 2. The base of an inclined plane is IG ft., and its attitude is 4 ft. A power of 10 lb. will balance what weight resting on the inclined plane? 10 3. Distinguish between hi'drostatics and hydraulics. 10 4. Explain the application of convection in warming a room. 10 5. Why does a piece of oilclotii feel colder than the carpet wlien both are sub- ject to the same conditions of temperature? 10 fi. What is snow? Why is it advantageous to winter grain? 10 7. What is an echo? 10 8. How may a bar of soft iron be made a temporary magnet? 10 9. State or illustrate the law of diminution in the intensity of light, by increase of distance. 10 10. What causes the water to fly from a revolving grindstone? Give anotlier illustration of the same principle. 10 PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 1st Grade, _ . _ - - March 13 and 1-4, 1888. 1. Name three functions or offices of the skin, 10 2. Name the vessels by which the blood passes from the riglit side of the heart to the left. 10 3. What danger is there in encouraging children to walk at too early an age? 10 4. Why do alcoholic stimulants make the stomach feel wdl? Why not use them for that purpose? 10 5. Of what use is the hair that grows in the nostrils? Of what use is the ear wax? 10 6. Why does a hot foot-bath relieve headache? 10 7. Describe a bull and socket joint and give two examples. 10 8. What is the name of the poisonous element in tobacco? 10 9. What substance in the body is harder than bone? 10 10. What is chyle? 10 1st Grade, May 4 and 5, 1888. 1. Define anatomy, physiology, hygiene. 10 2. What provision has nature made for reducing the tciupcrature of the body and so preventing it from becoming excessively heated? 10 3. IIow may an habitually .stooping posture injure the health? 10 4. Describe the manner in which the bones of the skull are generally united. 10 5. Of wiiat three parts is the cerebro-spinal system of nerves composed? 10 144 State of New York. department of public ins t itu c t j on. PHYSICS.— Answers. 1st Grade, . . . . . March 12 and 13, 1889. 1. Anything that can be perceived by the senses. The smallest portion of matter that can exist alone. 2. 40 lbs. 3. Hydrostatics treats of liquids at rest. Hydraulics treats of liquids in motion. 4. The air near the source of heat becomes heated and rises ; the upper portions of air descend and are in turn heated. 5. Because of its greater power to conduct heat. 6. Frozen vapor. As a covering, it prevents the rapid radiation of heat. 7. A reflected sound. 8. By passing around it a current of electricity, through a coil of insulated wire. 9. The intensity of light decreases as the square of the distance increases. Illus- trations may differ. 10. Centrifugal force. Illustrations may differ. PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.— Answers. 1st Grade, ..... March 13 and 14, 1888. 1. Protection, excretion, absorptiou. 2. Pulmonary arteries, pulmonary capillaries, pulmonary veins. 3. The danger that the legs will become crooked because the bones are then so flexible. 4. Because they intensify the vital action and flow of blood. Because this unnat- ural stimulation leads to overaction and disease. 5. It protects the nasal cavity from dust and any other substance that might be drawn in with the breath. It protects the ear drum from insects. 6. Because it causes the blood to cii'culate freely in tlie lower eitremitics and so relieves congestion of the blood in the brain. 7. It consists of a socket at the end of one bone, and a ball fitting into it at the end of the other bone; the slioulder-joint and the hip-joint. 8. Nicotine. 9. The enamel of the teeth. 10. It is the food after it has undergone the processes of digestion. 1st Grade, ------ May 4 and 5, 1888. 1. Anatomy is a science which treats of the structure of the body; physiologv, of the functions of the various organs; and hygiene of the laws of health. 2. Perspiration. 3. It may cramp the vital organs, and curve the spine. 4. By sutures, or irregular edges. 5. The brain, the spinal cord, and the spinal nerves. 145 State of New York. UNIFORM EXAMINA TION QUESTION'S. PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 1st Grade, --.... May 4 and 5, 1888. 6. What ;iro bronchial tu 10 7. Describe the corpuscles of the blood. What is the effect of alcohol upon them? 10 8. Which two of the special senses does the tongue possess in a high degree of perfection? Are the nerve fibres near the surface of the tongue numerous or few? 10 9. Of what part of the skin are the hair and nails a part or modification? 10 10. Where is the cardiac orifice? Where is the pylorus? 10 1st Grade, . _ . . . August 14 and 15, 1888. 1. How are bones constructed to combine firmness and strength with lightness? 10 2. When a muscle is in action, how does it compare with the same muscle in a state of relaxation, as to length? As to thickness? As to hardness? 10 3. Wiiy is it more wearisome to stand still than to walk about? 10 4. Name one or more provisions, in the structure of the skeleton, by which the body is protected from shocks and jars. 10 5. What occasions the necessity for food? 10 6. What process must the fat, we take as food, undergo l:)efore it can be ab- sorbed into the blood? Describe the process. 10 7. Name five articles of food that are rich in albumen. 10 8. Wliat fluid of the body has the power to dissolve albuminoid foods? In what condition is albumen most readily dissolved, when coagulated or uncoagulatedi' 10 9. Describe some experiment which you have seen, or of which you have read, showing the effect of alcohol on albumen. 10 10. How does the function of a sensitive nerve-fibre differ from that of a motor- fibre? 10 1st Grade, ..... March 12 and 13, 1889. 1. What effect on the heart's action has the use of tobacco by children, or the excessive use of it by adults? 10 2. Where does the saliva originate? 10 3. In what two ways is the system benefitted by exercise in the open air? 10 4. How is the capacity of the chest cavity affected by the contraction of the intercostal muscles? 10 5. State in general terms, the office of the kidneys. 10 C. When beef is eaten, which of the digestive fluids is principally concerned in dissolving or digesting it? 10 7. Mention three places where the sense of touch is particularly keen. 10 8. In what two ways is the process of perspiration beneficial to tlie system? 10 9. Give two objections to having windows of a school-room in front of the pupils. 10 10. Give three directions for preserving the teeth, to which the attention of children should be called. 10 146 State of New York. department of public instrjj gtion. PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.— Answers. 1st Grade, ..-..- May 4 and 5, 1888. 6. The tubes branching off from the windpipe into the lungs. 7. They are vcrj^ minute, disc-shaped bodies of a red color; they are shrunken V)y alcohol, and rendered incapable of doing their work. 8. Touch and taste. The nerves, there, are very numerous. 9. Of the cuticle. 10. At the juncture of oesophagus and stomach. At the junction of duodenum or small intestine with the stomach. Ist Grade, . - . . . August 14 and 15, 1888. 1. The outer part is hard and strong, the inner part being hollow or porous. 2. It is shorter. It is thicker. It is harder. 3. Because in walking, the muscles are continually changing from activity to rest, while in standing still, some are kept constantly contracted. 4. There are elastic pads of cartilage between joints, the bones are curved and somewhat flexible. 5. All vital action causes waste of tissue; this waste must be repaired by the nutri- ment of food. 6. It must be emulsified, that is, separated into very fine particles which will thor- oughly mix with water, as in the case of milk. 7. Eggs, meat, grain, milk, cheese. 8. The gastric juice. When uncoagulated. 9. Pour alcohol on the white of an a^g and it coagulates it. 10. The sensitive nerve-fibre is stimulated at the outer extremity, e. g., in the skin or muscle, and communicates the impression inward to the spinal chord or brain ; while the motor-nerve acts in the opposite direction, from the nerve center out- ward to the muscle or skin. 1st Grade, . - . . . March 12 and 13, 1889. 1. It weakens the action of the heart. 2. It is secreted from the blood, by glands located near the lower jaw. 3. The muscles are strengthened by exercise. The blood is aerated with pure air. 4. It is enlarged. 5. Their office is to eliminate poisonous matter (urea) from the blood. 6. The gastric juice. 7. Answers may differ. 8. It eliminates poisonous matter from the blood, and assists in regulating the tem- perature of the body. 9. It is injurious to the eyes. It induces the habit of leaning forward when studying, 10. Answers may differ. 147 State of New York. uniform ex am in a tion questions. PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . September 3, 1887. Note. — The following indicates the grade of questions used for the four examinations in this subject held iu 18S7 : 1st Grade. — All questions in every subject apply to first grade licenses. 2d Grade. — All questions iu every subject, excepting School Law and Algebra, ajjply to second grade licenses. 3rd Grade. — Questions printed in italics only, apply to third grade licenses. 1. Describe the shape and fosiiion of the heart. 15 2. What are muscles ? 10 3. Hoic are the hones classified ? Of tchat is bone composed ? 10 4. Name the digestive organs. 10 5. HoiD may the teaclier 'promote the health of 2)U2Jilsf 15 6. Give a general description of the brain. 20 7. Mention the principal organs contained in each of the two great cavities of the trunk. 20 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . _ . . October 1, 1887. 1. Describe three hinds of joints., and mention one of each kind. 10 2. W7iat is the object of respiration ? Mention the jjrincipal organs of the respira- tory system. 10 3. Name the bones of the shall. 10 4. In case of a wound, how may ice determine whether the blood is flowing from a vein or an artery ? If from the former, where should the bandage be apiplied? 15 5. What are stimulants ? What are narcotics ? Give an e.vample of each. 15 G. Mention five hindrances to digestion. 25 7. Locate and describe the stomacli. 15 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, _ . . - November 5, 1887. 1. Name the organs of circulation in order, beginning irith theheart. 12 2. Mention three causes of decay of the teeth. 12 3. E.rplain how the blood circulates through the bones. 12 4. Describe the effect of alcohol on the lining of the stomach. 12 5. Dow many bones in tlie forearm? Name them. 12 6. Give three examples of reflex action. 20 7. Explain how an extensive burn may cause congestion of the hings. 20 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, ... - December 3, 1887. 1. Give the classification of the teeth and the number in each class for an adult. 12 2. Are rubber overshoes a healthful covering for the feet if constantly worn f Why ? 12 148 State of New York. department of public i n s t itu c t 1 n . PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.— Answers. 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . September 3, 1887. 1. The heart is the organ which propels the blood, and is situated just to the left of the centre -of the chest. It is a hollow, muscular organ, shaped like a strawberrj-, and suspended with the point downward. 2. The muscles are the instruments of motion. They art composed of fine fibres or strings, held together by connective tissue, and bound up in smooth, silky casings of thin membrane. 3. First, the bones of the head; second, the bones of the trunk; third, the bones of the upper extremities; fourth, the bones of the lower extremities. The bones are composed of ani- mal matter which gives toughness and elasticity, and, of mineral matter which gives hard- ness and stiffness. 4. First, the mouth and salivary glands; second, the stomach; third, the pancreas; fourth, the liver; fifth, the intestines. 5. By insisting upon the proper care and arrangement of the school premises. By imparting a knowledge of hygienic laws and directing obedience thereto. 6. The brain, the principal organ of intelligence, is situated in the head, and is surrounded and protected by the bones of the skull. It is divided into tvro parts — the cerebrum or great brain, and the cerebellum or little brain, separated by membrane. The substance of the brain consists of white and gray matter. The outer surface is furrowed. It is believed that the cerebrum is the chief organ of the mind. 7. The smaller cavity, the chest, contains the lungs and heart. The abdomen, the largest cavitv of the body, contains the stomach, liver and'kidneys. 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . October 1, 1887. 1. Immovable, — sutures of the skull, skull and upper jaw, etc. Slightly movable, — vertebra column. Freelj' movable, — hip, carpus, etc. 2. To furnish oxygen to the blood, and remove carbonic acid. Lungs, larynx, trachea, bronchia, and air vesicles. 3. One frontal, one occipital, two temporal, one sphenoid, two parietal, and one ethmoid. 4. By its color, and by manner of its flow ; venous blood is dark, and flows in a steady stream ; arterial blood is "light, and flows in jets. Below the wound. 5. Stimulants are substances which excite. Narcotics stupefy. Alcohol taken iu a small quan- tity is a stimulant; opium is a narcotic. 6. 1. Eating too fast; 2. Strong excitement; 3. Great fatigue ; 4. Mental effort; 5. Too much liquid with food. 7. It is a pear-shaped sac, lying obliquely across the body, immediately below the diaphraghm. That of an adult averages, when moderately full, twelve inches in length (transversely)^ and four inches in breadth (vertically;. 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . _ - . November 5, 1887. 1. The heart, the arteries, the capillaries, and the veins. 2. Want of cleaning; breaking the enamel by biting hard substances; and cracking the enamel by taking into the mouth substances either very hot or very cold. 3. The blood flows from the arteries of the periosteum into the Haversian canals of the bone, and, if the bone is hollow, through into the blood vessels of the marrow, then out again into the veins of the periosteum. 4. Alcohol first distends the blood vessels, then hardens the membranes, and by continual use, finally ulcerate them. 5. Two. The ulna and the radius. 6. The act of walking without mental effort; playing upon musical instruments, especiallj' those that require the use of the fingers; the expert use of tools by skilled mechanics, etc. v. By closing the perspiratory glands, and thus overworking the lungs iu the effort to discharge through them the impurities of the body that naturally escape through the skin. 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . December 3, 1887. 1. Incisors — eight in number; canines — four in number; bicuspids — eight; and molars — twelve. 2. No. They prevent perspiration by causing the moisture to accumulate instead of allowing it to escape as nature designs. 149 State of New York. uniform examina tion q uestions. PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 1st, 2d, and 3rd Grades, .... December 3, 1887. 3. Describe the effect of alcohol upon the digestive organs and the digestite fluids. 12 4. Distinguish "between carbonaceous foods and nitrogenous foods. Give examples of each. 12 5. Describe and locate the tricuspid and the bictisjnd valves. 12 G. Explain why persons after a long or severe sickness are extremely sensitive to a jar. 20 7. Describe the need of ventilation and some of the causes by which the air in a room is polluted 20 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . January 7, 1888. 1. Mention four common causes of colds. 20 2. What artery carries dark blood, and what vein bright red blood? 20 3. What causes vital heat? 20 4. W'hat is meant by the expression, the right and the left heart? 20 5. What is the difference between the material of the bones of a cliild and those of an adult? 20 2d and 3rd Grades, . - . - . February, 1888. 1. (a) Of how many parts is the vertebral column comjiosed? (b) What com- mon name is applied to all the parts? 20 2. (a) Where is the spinal chord located? {b) In what part of the spinal cord is the gray matter? 20 3. Explain why cleanliness of the skin is conducive to health. 20 4. What is the office of the saliva; (a) In mastication? (b) In digestion? 20 5. What argument would you employ to convince a man of his error, if he used alcoholic drinks, believing he would thereby be better able to endure exposure in cold weather? 20 2d and 3rd Grades, ..... March 3, 1888. 1. Describe the mucous membrane. 10 2. Where is the larynx located? 10 3. How are the tones of the voice modulated, as to pitch? 10 4. What exchange of gases takes place in the lungs? 10 5. Describe the aorta. 10 6. Name five fluids which are agents in digesting the food. 20 7. What fluid contains pepsin? Wliat office is performed by the pepsin? 10 8. What effect is supposed to be produced upon the pepsin when alcohol is taken into the stomach? 10 9. Describe the pia mater. 10 150 State of New York. department of public instruction. PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIGNE.— Answers. 1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . _ - December 3, 1887. 3. The continued use of alcohol dilates the blood vessels, hardens the membranes, and weakens the absorbents ; it also absorbs and retains the moisture fi'ora the digestive juices, coagu- lates and precipitates the pepsin, and changes the condition and power of the bile. 4. Carbonaceous foods contain much carbon, and produce animal or vital heat in a large degree; the}' are less valuable as producers of tissue and muscle. Examples : Fat meat, sugar, etc. Nitrogenous foods mainly produce or form tissues and muscles. Examples: Cheese, lean meat, whites of eggs, etc. 5. The tricuspid valve consists of three folds of membrane in the opening from the right auricle into the right ventricle, and the bicuspid valve of two folds of membrane in the opening from the left auricle into the left ventricle. These valves are so arranged that the blood may pass freely into the ventricles, but they close the opening if the blood sets back toward the auricles. 6. The fats, tissues and cartilages that form the packing for the joints have been largely absorbed, and sickness has prevented their replacement by assimilation of food ; hence a lar causes a concussion to the bones, not observed in health. 7. Fresh air is needed to purify the blood as it passes through the lungs, and to carry off the exhalations from the body. Air in a room is polluted by breathing, by perspiration, by lights or fires, and, in general, by any cause that exhausts the oiygen and generates carbonic acid gas. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . January 7, 1888. 1. No answer required. 2. The pulmonary artery carries dark blood from the heart to the lungs, and the pulmonary vein carries red blood from the lungs to the heart. 3. The chemical action of the oxygen in the blood, upon the tissues in the capillaries. ■1. The right auricle and right ventricle taken together are known as the right heart, i. e., the right side of the heart, — and the left auricle and left ventricle, as the left heart. 5. The bones of the child have a larger proportion of cartilage to the mineral matter than have those of an adult. 2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . , February, 1888. 1. {a) 24. (//) Vertebrne. 2. (rt) It extends through the middle of the spinal column, (h) The inner part, 3. It keeps the pores free from obstruction, giving free exit for excretions. 4. (a) It softens and lubricates the food, (b) It changes starch to sugar. 5. Though the circulation would be simulated, causing him to feel warmer at first, a reaction would ensue and he would suffer more from cold than if he abstained from the use of the stimulant. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . . March 3, 1888. 1. It is a continuation of tlie skin of a more delicate texture, lining the alimentary canal and all the cavities opening from it. 2. At the upper extremity of the wind pipe. 3. By stretching or relaxing the vocal chords. 4. Oxygen of the air enters the blood and carbonic acid in the blood enters the air. 5. It is the great artery that conducts the purified blood from the left ventricle of the heart. 6. Saliva, gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juice, intestinal fluid. 7. Tlie gastric juice. It dissolves the albuminoids of the food. 8. It is supposed to coagulate it. 9. It is a membrane enveloping the brain, protecting it, and distributing blood to the brain through its many blood vessels. 151 State of New York. UNIFORM EXAMINA TION QUESTIONS. PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 2d and 3rd Grades, . _ . . - March 13, 1888. 1. Why does severe physical or meutal labor immediately after eating hinder digestion? 20 2. Define two of the following: plasma; fibrin; clot; serum. 20 3. What veins are provided with valves? * 20 4. Describe the peristaltic movement of the stomach. 20 5. Should ice-water be taken during a meal? Wiiy? 20 2d and 3rd Grades, .... March, 1888, Special. 1. What organs secrete (a) the saliva, (i'^) the gastric juice, (c) the bile, (d) the pancreatic juice? 20 2. A child is less liable to break a bone than an old person. Why? 20 3. Tell the use of {a) the heart, {I) the stomach, (c) the capillaries, {d) the trachea. 20 4. Give two reasons why a frequent change of air in a school-room is specially important. 20 5. Name three kinds of teetli in each jaw, 20 2d and 3rd Grades, . . _ . . April 7, 1888. 1. What are the four divisions of the human heart? 20 2. What causes the arm to move at will? 20 3. State two reasons why too rapid eating causes indigestion. 20 4. AVhat effect has alcohol on the temperature of the body? 20 5. What is the usual temperature of the human body? What should be the temperature of a school-room? 20 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . May 5, 1888. 1. Describe the diaphragm. 10 2. What is the pulse? 10 3. What is the pupil of the eye? 10 4. Name two reasons which a teacher might give pupils in advising them to bathe frequently. 10 5. What would be good advice for a teacher of hygiene to give in reference to the times for eating? Give reasons for the advice. 10 6. What gland secretes the bile? 10 7. Describe the movement of the walls of the stomach, when containing food. For what purpose is the movement? 10 8. What part of a bone is hardest? 10 9. What beneficial purpose is served by the readiness of the blood to coaiju- late? ' ^ 10 10. Does alcohol impart heat to the body? State some fact wliich you have observed or of wliich you have read, to prove your assertion. 10 152 State of New York. dei art me nt of p ubli c ins tltuc tion. PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 13, 1 8880 1. The blood required to stimulate the digestive organs is drawn by the physical or mental exer- tion, to the muscles or to the brain. 2. Plasma,— the thin colorless liquid that comprises the great bulk of the blood. Fibrin, — an ingredient of the blood that hardens when the blood escapes from the veins or the arteries. Clot, — hardened fibrin mi.xed with corpuscles, and useful in being nature's means of .stop- ping hemorrhages. Serum, — a clear yellow liquid remaining after a blood clot has formed. . S. The larger veins that conduct blood upward when the body is in an erect position. 4. The peristaltic movement is the peculiar churning movement caused by the contraction alter- nately, of the longitudinal and circular fibres of the muscle that forms one of the coats of the stomach. 5. No. The low temperature of the water checks the flow of the digestive juices, and thus re- tards digestion. 2d and 3rd Grades, . - . . March, 1888, Special. 1. (a) Salivary glands; (/<) stomach ; (c) liver; (e called incisors. The pointed teeth next back of the incisors are called cuspids. The next back of the cuspids are the bicuspids. The back teeth are called molar.-. 2d and 3rd Grades, ..... April 7, 1888. 1. Right auricle ; right ventricle ; left auricle; left ventricle. 2. The contraction of a muscle, by a nervous impulse sent from the brain. 5. From imperfect mastication, (a) sufBcient saliva is not mincled with the food; {]>) the food presents too little surface for the action of the gastric juices of tiie stomach. 4. The tem))erature is at first raised above normal temjoerature, then lowered below. 5. 98i». From 68= to 70°. 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - - May 5, 1888. 1. It is a muscular partition separating the cavities of the chest and abdomen. 2. It is the blood flowing through the arteries in wavelets caused by the pulsations of the heart. 3. The small opening in the front part of the eye, through which the light passes in. 4. (1) It produces cleanliness, which is desirable in itself. (2) It secures a healthful activity in the glands of the skin. 5. Not more than four meals a day would be advisable. Meals should be regular. If a meal is taken just before going to bed, it ought to be a light one. The stomach, like other organs, needs regular periods of rest. The stomach, like other organs, needs to be at rest during sleep. 6. The liver. 7. The muscles in the walls of the stomach, by successive contractions and relaxations, keep the food in constant motion, and, in this way, the digestive fluid becomes thoroughly mixed with the food. 8. The outside. 9. In case of wounds, the clotted blood stops further bleeding. 10. No. It is related, on good authority, that Arctic explorers who use alcohol have less power of enduring the cold than those who abstain from its use. 153 State of New York. UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 2d and 3rd Grades, ------ June, 1888. 1. What are the lacteals? 10 2. How is the redness of a drunkard's face caused? 10 3. What are the best times for cleaning the teeth? Would you use warm or cold water? A hard or a soft brush? 10 4. Describe the action of a muscle by which it produces motion. 10 5. How are the bones held together at the movable joints? 10 6. Describe connective tissue and explain its office. 10 7. What muscular movement, necessary for respiration, is obstructed by tight lacing ? 10 8. "What functions of the skin have led to its being called the "third lung?" 10 9. In what season of the year do we need the greatest amount of sugar and fat in our food? 10 10. In what part of the ej-e is the retina? Of what nerve is it a part? 10 2d and 3d Grades, _ - . - August 14, 1888. 1. What is the normal number of molar teeth in the permanent set? 10 2. Of what use is the sense of taste aside from the pleasure it yields? 10 3. Where is the medulla oblongata located? 10 4. Give the number and names of the bones in the fore-arm. 10 5. What is the proper temperature for a study-room, by the Fahrenheit ther- mometer? 10 6. Describe a good way of arranging the windows of a school room for venti- lating the room, when there is no other means of ventilation. 10 7. Give an ilhistration of an involuntary muscle; also give a definition of the term. 10 8. What cavities in the lower jsart of the heart? 10 9. Name five organs which are located in the cavity of the abdomen. 10 10. Of what three parts is the ear composed? 10 2d and 3rd Grades, ----- September 1, 1888. 1. What name is given to the whole series of bones united together? 10 2. When a muscle acts, what effect does it produce upon the joints between its ends? 10 3. Name five articles of food tliat are rich in starch. 10 4. Name a fluid of the body that has the power to convert starch into sugar. 10 5. What important work is done by the muscular walls of the stomach while digestion is going on:' 10 G. What ingredient of air is of vital im])ortance in respiration? 10 7. When is a room well ventilated? 10 8. What prevents the pulse from being felt in the veins? 10 9. Describe a spinal nerve. 10 10. What is a tonic? a stimulant? a narcotic? How could alcoliol be so admin- istered as to produce either of these three effects? 10 154 State of New York. department of public instrv ction. PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, ------ June, 1888. 1. They are vessels which absorlj the chyle from the intestines and convey it to the tlioracic duct. 2. By the capillaries of the face becoming enlarged and distended with blood. 3. Immediately after meals; not excessively cold water; a soft brush. 4. It contracts, becoming shorter and tiiicker. 5. By ligaments attached to either bone. 6. It is composed of fine, white, strong fibres; its office is to bind together the other tissues of the body. 7. The muscles which raise the ribs are prevented from doing their work, because the constriction around the waist holds the ribs down. 8. The functions of excretion and absorption. 9. In winter. 10. In the back part; it is a part of the optic nerve. 2d and 3rd Grades, . - - - - August 14, 1888. 1. 12. 2. We use it, to some extent, to distinguish proper from improper food. 3. Below the brain and above the spinal cord. 4. Two: the ulna and the radius. 5. About 68 degrees. G. Raise the lower sash a few inches and insert a piece of board to fill the opening below ; this allows a passage of air between the sashes, which passes upwards instead of striking the heads of the pupils. 7. The heart. An involuntary muscle is one which contracts and relaxes without the direction of the will. 8. The ventricles. 9. The stomach, the liver, tlie i)ancreas, the spleen, tiie kidneys, the intestines. 10. The outer ear, the middle ear or tympanum and the inner ear or labyrinth. 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - September 1, 1888. 1. The skeleton. 2. It may bend it, if extended, or it may extend it, if bent. 3. Flour, corn meal, potatoes, rice, sago. 4. The saliva. The intestinal juice. 5. They move the food about in the stomacii and so mix it with the gastric juice, and drive it out of the stomach when it is properly reduced. 0. Oxygen. 7. When there is free ingress of fresh air and egress of the vitiated air. 8. The capillaries so obstruct the passage as to prevent the pulse wave from extend- ing into the veins. 9. It is a nerve taking its origin in the spinal cord and extending from it, to the right or left, to some other part of the body. 10. A tonic is a medicine that imparts vigor to the body. A stimulant is a medicine that gives a (piick but transient impulse to the action of the heart. A narcotic is a medicine or i)oison tiiat produces insensibility to ])ain, or stupor, and in large doses, death In small doses, properly administered, it acts as atonic; in larger doses, it becomes a stimulant; in still larger over-doses, it becomes a narcotic. 155 State of New York. UNIFORM EXAMINA TION QUESTIONS. PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . September 11, 1888. 1. What is the office of the epiglottis? 10 2. Describe the relative position of a pair of flexor and extensor muscles as to the joint they serve to move. 10 3. What change must starch undergo before it can be al)Sorbed into the blood? 10 4. Name an inorganic substance in food of -which the bones are largely com- posed. 10 5. In what way may the teeth be used to aid the stomach and lighten its work? 10 6. In what way does the oxygen of the air reach the blood? 10 7. Which way is the heart (above or below, to the right or left, in front or beliind) from the right lung? From the diaphragm? From tlie sternum or breast bone? From the thoracic duct? From the stomach? 10 8. If the body came in contact with no external impurities, would there be need of bathing? Why? 10 9. Name four different organs of special sense? 10 10. If a person drink alcoliol in sufficient quantities to cause it to act as a stim- ulant, will there be danger of injury to the heart and blood-vessels? Give the reason for your answer. I'O 2d and 3rd Grades, - ... October 6, 1888. 1. With wliat bone does the femur, or thigh bone articulate above? With what, below? 10 2. Describe the action, respectively, of a flexor muscle and of the corresponding- extensor. 10 3. What effect lias disuse, or inactivity, on a muscle? 10 4. Name some fluid of tiie body which is capable of emulsifying the fatty part of the food so that it can be absorbed into the blood. 10 5. What disease is often the result of hasty eating and insufficiently masticat- ing the food? ' 10 C. In which membrane of the stomach is the gastric juice secreted? 10 7. Why is good ventilation necessary to good health? 10 8. Into what vessels does the blood pass after leaving the capillaries? 10 9. AVhat part of the nervous system is included within the spinal column? 10 10. What is the use of tlie clioroid coat of the eyeball? i 10 2d and 3rd Grades, .... - November 3, 1888. 1. In what condition must the flexor and the extensor muscle be, resi^ectively, to hold the limb straiglit and rigid? 10 2. What circumstance stimulates the salivary glands to secrete the saliva copiously? 10 3. "What circumstance stimulates the flow of the gastric juice? 10 4. By what muscular action is the cavity of the chest enlarged? 10 5. What causes the air to pass down the trachea into the lungs, when the cavity of the chest is enlarged? 10 6. Why does a weak person or an invalid need more clothing than a i)er- sou of robust health? 10 156 State of New York. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - September 11, 1888. 1. To prevent solid or liquid substances from entering the windpipe. 3. The flexor is on the inside of the joint or the side toward which it bends; the extensor is on the opposite or outside. 3. It must be converted to sugar, 4. Lime. 5. They may chew the food until it is finely masticated. 6. It enters the lungs and then finds its way through the tissue of the air-sacs, by- osmose, to the capillaries of the lungs. 7. To the left. Above. Behind. In front. Above. 8. Yes. Because of the excretions that come from the pores of the skin. 9. The eye, the ear, the nose, the tongue. 10. There will be danger; because of the excessive action of the heart. 2d and 3rd Grades, - . . _ . October 6, 1888. 1. The pelvis. The tibia. 2. The flexor contracts and bends the limb at the joint. The extensor contracts and extends or straightens the limb at the joint. 3. It causes it to become soft and weak, and so, incapable of use. 4. The pancreatic juice 5. Dyspepsia. 6. In the inner or lining membraite. 7. Because good ventilation means a sufficient supply of oxygen to the blood, with- out which every part of the body suffers. 8. Into the veins. 9. The spinal chord. 10. To absorb those rays of light which do not pass directly to the retina, so that they may not confuse the image by being reflected to the retina. 2d and 3rd Grades, ..... November 3, 1888. 1. They must botli be contracted. 2. The presence of palatable food in the mouth, or even the thought of it. 3. The presence of food in the stomach. 4. By the contraction of the muscular fibres of the diaphragm, and the intercostal muscles; in the former case, the diaphragm is lowered, and in the latter case, the ribs arc raised. 5. The pressure of the atmosjihcre. 6. Because the heat of the body, called animal heat, is produced by the action, chemical and muscular, going on in the body; and this vital action is more intense in proportion to the physical strength. Hence, the greater iieat and less need of protection in the case of the robust jaerson. 157 State of New York. un if oem ex a mix a ti n q ue stl ns . PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . . November 3, 1888. 7. Why does the fracture of the spinal column produce paralysis? 10 8. In what way does the action of the muscles aid the heart and lighten its labors? 10 9. What effect has the presence of alcohol in large quantities in the stomach, on the lining membrane of the stomach, and on the flow and action of the gastric juice? 10 10. Where is the organ of the voice located? What is it called? 10 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . _ January 5, 1889. 1. Locate the following: {) At a point away from the heart, i. e., the wound should be between the compress and the heart. 5. The lungs. 6. Of the skin. 7. («) The membrane that lines the joints. (A) It secretes a fluid that lubricates tlie joints to prevent friction. 8. The converting of certain elements of the food into living tissue. 9. It coagulates and precipitates the pepsin, one of its most efficient agents in tic process of digestion. 10. Because in children the tissues are worn out faster than in adults, and conse- quently a greater amount proportionally of waste animal matter is thrown off by respiration and perspiration. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 2, 1889. 1. Its office or work in the economy of the body. '2. It has two grciit divisions, and each of these consists of two parts or liemispheres. The great divisions are the cerebrum, situated in the front and upper part of the head; and the cerebellum, situated in the lower and back part of tlie head. 159 State of New York. Uj\I F li M E X A MI JVA TION QUESTIONS. PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . - March 2, 1889. 3_4. (^a) Name two conditious that are uecessary iu order to keep the skin healthy. Q}) How may these conditions be attained? 20 0. Give two causes of near sightedness, that are liable to be found in school work. 10 6. Name in order, commencing with the mouth, the parts of t!ie alimentary canal. 10 7. State the diflercnce in form and use between incisors and molars. 10 8. "What are extensor muscles? Locate one. 10 9. What is congestion? 10 10. Give two facts in regard to the structure of the skull, that especially tit it to be a protection for the brain. 10 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 12, 1889. 1. What is dentine? 10 3, What element in the blood seems designed to stop hemorrhage? 10 3. What are the metacarpal bones? 10 4. What is the common name given to the sternum? to the clavicle? to the scapula? 10 5. What is the function of tiie sebaceous glands? 10 6. {(i) How- may exercise weaken a muscle? [h) Why is change of physical employment restful? 10 7. What benefits are derived from a thorough rubbing of the skin by a dry flesh brush or towel? 10 8. Of what use are tears? By what secreted? What provisiou is made for their, escape from the eye in ordinary quantities? • 10 9. Mention five narcotic poisons. 10 10. Locate the aorta; the jugular veins; the portal vein; the pulmonary artery. 10 2d and 3rd Grades, .... - April 6, 1889. 1. What is the largest gland in the body? Where located? What is its func- tion? 10 2. What acts constitute respiration? What muscles are employed iu regulating these acts? 10 3. What is the patella? What is its use? 10 4. Mention three causes that quicken the circulation. 10 5. Name the organs of the nervous system. 10 6. What is the general effect upon the system of tlie use of alcohol? 10 7. How is the temperature of tlie different parts of the body kept substan- tially e(]ual under normal conditions? 10 8. IIow are the muscles attached to the bones which they are intended to move ? 10 9. Name four conditions that tend to develop consumption. 10 10. How may exercise relieve headache caused by over mental exertion? 10 160 State of New York. b epa n tmen t f p ub li g ins tr u c ti n. PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 2, 1889. 3-4. (a) That the glands of the skiu be kept opea ; that the blood be kept circulating freelj in it; that the air have access to it. (Any two of the foregoing.) (h) By keeping the skiu clean ; by exercise or by friction ; by wearing loose clothing. 5. Too great or long-continued use of the eyes; poor light; a habitual stooping posture when studying. (5. The mouth, the throat, the oesophagus, the stomach, the small intestine, and the large intestine. 7. The incisors are sharp, chisel-shaped teeth used to cut off portions of food; the molars are broad and flat on top, and are used for crushing, or grinding the food. S. Muscles whose functions are to straighten or extend joints. Ex., The muscle on the back of the arm that straightens the elbow joint. 9. An unnatural accumulation of blood in the vessels of a part or organ. ]0. The skull is composed of two compact plates or layers of bone with a spongy substance between them, and it is in several parts or pieces joined by notched edges or sutures — these conditions of structure tending to break the force of any concussion. 2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . . March 12, 1889. 1. It is the bony matter of which the greater part of a tooth is composed. 2. Fibrin. 3. The bones of the hanrl, i. e., the bones beyond the wrist. 4. Breast bone. Collar bone. Shoulder blade. 5. To oil the skin and hair, keeping them soft and pliable. 6. By being too violent, too spasmodic, or too long continued. Because other sets of muscles are put in use, and the sets ordinarily used, have rest. 7. The circulation of the blood in the skin is quickened, the worn out scales of the cuticle and the excretions from perspiration are removed. 8. To moisten and clean the surface of the eye. By the lachrymal gland situated in the upper and outer part of the eye socket. The nasal duct situated at the inner angle of the eye, carries, them into the nose. 9. Answers may differ. 10. The aorta in its downward course is in the back part of the chest and abdomen, just in front of the spinal column. The jugular veins are on each side of the neck and carry the blood from the head. The portal vein is in the right side of the abdomen and connects veins of the stomach and intestines with the liver. The pulmonary artery extends from the right ventricle to the lungs. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . - . April 6, 1889. 1. The liver. On the right side below the diaphragm. Its known function is to secrete the bile. 2. Inhalation and exhalation. Tlie diaphragm and the intercostal muscles. 3. The knee pan, i. e., a heart-shaped bone in front of the knee joint. Its use is to change the direction of the force exerted by the muscles that straighten the knee joint. -1. Answers may differ. 5. The brain, the spinal cord, and the nerves. ^ G. The necessary conditions of waste and repair are partially checked. 7. By the constant circulation of the blood. 8. By tendons. 9. Answers may differ. 10. By drawing a part of the blood from the brain to other portions of the body. 161 State of New York. UNIFORM EXAMINA TION Q UES 7^ IONS. PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . . May 4, 1889. 1. What matter in the composition of bones gives them toughness and elasticity? 10 2. Mention three qualities of muscle that it should be the aim of training to secure. 10 3. State some means by Avhicb nature purifies the air. 10 4. Give two uses of the fatty substances of the body. 10 5. Where are the muscles that move the fingers located? 10 6. Why does the skin become red with exercise? How is it cooled? 10 7. How may a chill resulting from bathing be prevented? 10 8. Of what tissue is the heart composed? How is it nourished? 10 9. Why is severe mental labor liable to induce cold feet? 10 10. Why is the warmth of the fire more apparent to the palm tlian to the out- side of the hand? 10 SCHOOL LAW. 1st Grade, ...... September 3, 1887. 1. State three ways in which a teacher may be licensed. 20 2. Mention the legal holidays in this State. 20 3. Is a teacher authorized to hold religious exercises during school hours? 20 4. Has the teacher authority to expel a pupil? To suspend? 20 5. What legal remedy has a teacher against an}' person who creates a willful disturbance during school hours? 20 1st Grade, ...... October 1, 1887. 1. May a district change from one to three trustees? 20 2. What authority has a teacher to inflict corporal punishment? 20 3. What does the law require of a teacher before he can make a legal contract to teach a common school? 20 4. In whom is the authority vested to regulate the attendance of pupils, tlie course of study, and the selection of text-books? 20 5. How frequently does the law provide that the compensation of teachers shall become due aud payable? 20 1st Grade, ------ November 5, 1887. 1. What vacancies in office may the trustee of a school district fill by appoint- ment? 20 2. What authority has a teacher over pupils on tlie way to and from school? 20 3. Upon what basis is the public school fund apportioned {a) to the counties of the State? (&) To the several school districts of a county? 20 162 State of New York. department of public ixstructton. PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.— Answers. 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - May 4, 1889. 1. The animal matter. 2. Strength, endurance, and mobility. 3. Answers may differ. 4. Answers maj^ differ. 5. lu the forearm. 6. Because of the unusual amount of blood circulating througli it. By perspiration. 7. By securing a prompt reaction of the blood to the surface of tlie body, as by friction. 8. It is of muscular tissue. By blood circulating through it, as in other muscles, and reaching its walls through the coronary artery. 9. Because mental effort, if long continued, calls an undue amount of blood to the brain from the other parts of the body. 10. Because the sensory nerves are so much more abundant iu the jialni than in the back of the hand. SCHOOL LAW.— Answers. 1st Grade, ..-.-- September 3, 1887. 1. By State Superintendent of Public Instrnction; by school commissioners, or other officers with similar functions; by obtaining a diploma from a State normal school. 2. January 1, February 22, May 30, July 4, first Monday in September, December 25, any general election day in this State, every Saturday afternoon and Thanksgiving day. 3. A teacher has no authority to insist upon religious exercises of any kind. 4. No. Yes; the teacher may suspend for the day, or long enough for consultation with trustees. 5. He may enter complaint against such offender before any justice of the peace of the county, or the mayor or any alderman, recorder or other magistrate of the city, wherein the offense was committed. 1st Grade, ..-.-. October 1, 1887. 1. Yes. 2. The same authority that a parent has. 3. It requires him to have an unexpired license. 4. In trustees and boards of education. 5. As often as the end of each calendar month of the term of .employment. 1st Grade, ------ November 5, 1887. 1. District clerk; district librarian ; and district collector. 2. None. 3. (a) The number of schools taught b}' duly licensed teachers for the prescribed term of twenty- eight weeks, and upon the population as shown bj' the last census. (6) The number of teachers employed for at least twenty-eight weeks in the preceding school year, the number of children of school age residing in the district on the 30th day of June, preceding, and the average attendance of resident pupils at the district school during the preceding school year. 163 State ok New York. UNIFORM EXAMINA TION Q VESTIOXS. SCHOOL LAW. 1st Grade, . . . . . November 5, 1887. 4. What relatives is a trustee prohibited from hiring as teachers? 20 5. What power has the trustee of a school district to purchase globes, maps, and other school apparatus for the use of the school without the vote of the district? 20 1st Grade, ------ December 3, 1887. 1. (a) What notice to voters is necessary in calling a special school meeting? Qi) What matters can be legally acted upon at sucli meeting? 20 2. («) How may a school district change from three trustees to one? {b) From one trustee to three? 20 3. Has a trustee, or a board of trustees, the power to allow the use of the school-house for religious meetings against the wisli of the district? 20 4. How many days must elapse between the voting of a tax by a district meeting and the delivery of the tax-list and warrant to the collector? 20 5. Can a teacher make up lost time by teaching on a holiday? 20 1st Grade, . . . - - March 13 and 14, 1888. 1. Who is at the head of the school affairs of the State? Of the county? Of the school district? Of the school-room? 20 2. State briefly the provisions of the law of 1887 relative to the employment and pay of teachers. 20 3. What is the salary of a school commissioner? How may it be increased? 20 4. State within what degree of relationship is a trustee prohibited from em- ploying a teacher, except by vote of a district meeting. 20 5. State the provisions of the new law in respect to school out-buildings. 20 1st Grade, ------ May 4 and 5, 1888. 1. How can a common school district change from three trustees to one? 20 2. (rt) What officers apportion the public moneys among the school districts? Q)) Upon what oflicer docs the trustee draw orders to pay teachers that money? 20 o. For what officers may women vote in this State? 20 4. For what term of olRce is a sole trustee elected? The several trustees, when a district changes from one trustee to three? Each of three trustees after a first election of three trustees by a district? 20 5. What is the ruling of the Department of Public Instruction in regard to the teacher's authority over pupils on the Avay to and from school? 20 164 State of New York. derabtmext f p ub l 1 c i xs t ru c t i ox. SCHOOL LAW.— Answers. 1st Grade, --_... November 5, 1887. 4. Relatives within the second degree, either by blood or by marriage, viz. : father, mother, grandfather, grandmother, son, daughter, grandson, granddaughter, brother, or sister. 6. He has power to expend for such purpose sums not to e.xceed fifteen dollars in any one school y ear. ^ 1st Grade, -.-... December 3, 1887. 1. (rt) A notice specifying when and for what purpose tlie meeting is called, to be given to each voter personally, or to be left at his place of residence if he can- not be found, at least five days before tiie time designated for tiie meeting; (l>) only tiiose fully set fortli in the notice. 2. {a) By resolution adopted by a majority vote at an annual school meeting; {h) by a resolution adopted by a two-third vote at an annual school meeting. 3. A sole trustee has that power, and a board of trustees has that power if no one of its members dissents. 4. Thirty days. 5. He can if he have the consent of the trustees thereto; otherwise he cannot. 1st Grade, - . _ . . March 13 and 14, 1888. 1. State Superintendent. School commissioner. Trustee. Teacher. 2. The trustee must give the teacher a written minute of tlie terms agreed on, signed by trustee ; the ])ay of teacher shall be due and payable at least as often as at the end of each calendar month. 3. The salary is $1,000, with $200 audited by supervisors for expense. By board of supervisors. 4. Second. 5. See the law in the school reifister. 1st Grade, ...... May 4 and 5, 1888. 1. By adopting, at an annual meeting, by a majority vote, a resolution that the district change from three trustees to one, and afterward dispensing with the election of a trustee until the trustees then in office vacate tlieir office by reason of expiration of term for which they were elected, or otherwise. 2. (rt) The school commissioners. {}>) The supervisor. 3. School district officers. * 4. One year. One for one year, one for two years, and one for three years. Three years. 5. The teaclier has no legal control over the pupil before reaching the school premises, or after leaving tliem upon dismissal. 165 State of New York. UNIF ORM EXAMIXATIOXQUESTIO XS. SCHOOL LAW. 1st Grade, .... - August 14 and 15, 1888. 1. How may a trustee be legally autliorized to employ a teacher wlio is within the second degree of relationship? 10 2. In addition to being a resident of the district and of full age, what are the qualirications, any one of which entitles a person to vote at a district meeti^? 10 3. Where does the law direct that the boundaries of school districts shall be recorded? 10 4. "Who are authorized to fix the rate of tuition for non-resident pupils? 10 5. "What schools only are exempt from tlie provisions of the law requiring schools to be closed during the session of a teachers' institute:' 10 6. "What officer has power to remove a trustee or member of a board of educa- tion from office, for cause? 10 7. Who is legally responsible for the safe-keeping of the school register? 10 8. What officer has authority to create a new school district? 10 9. When is the beginning and when the close of the school year? 10 10. What is the time for holding the annual school meeting? 10 1st Grade, ..... March 12 and 13, 1889. 1. (rt) Who is the Superintendent of Public Instruction elect? (&) What is the length of his term of office? (c) When was he elected? (d) How was he elected? 10 2. Give three causes for which a school commissioner may annul a teacher's certificate. 10 3. What is a joint school district? 10 4. Under the supervision of what school commissioner is the school in a joint school district? 10 5-6. (rt) What is the least time that a public school must be taught each school year, to entitle it to share in the public school moneys? (i) What days upon which school is not actually taught may be taken as part of such time? ' " 20 7. Who is responsible for the safe keeping of the school register during the term of school? 10 8. What defines and limits the business that may be brought before a special school meeting? 10 9. How long a time must a teacher have taught, to be eligible to a certificate of the second grade? To one of the first grade? 10 10. What is the regulation of the Department of Public Instruction in regard to the endorsing of teachers' certificates, by school commissioners? 10 166 State of New York. department of public instruotion. SCHOOL LAW.— Answers. 1st Grade, . . . . . August 14 and 15, 1888. 1. By a two-thirds vote of au annual meeting or of a special meeting called for that purpose. 3. First,— being entitled to hold real estate under the laws of New York and either owning or renting real estate subject to taxation in the district. Second, — being a citizen and assessed upon the last completed assessment roll of the town, for personal property in a sum not less than fifty dollars. Third,-- being a citizen and the parent or guardian of a child of school age who has attended the district school at least eight weeks during the preced- ing school year and who still resides with such parent or guardian. 3. In the office of the town clerk of the town or towns in which the district is situated. 4. Trustees and boards of education. 5. The schools of incorporated cities. G. The Superintendent of Public Instruction. 7. The teacher. 8. The school commissioner. 9. The school year begins August 21st and ends August 20th. 10. The last Tuesday in August and at 7:00 p. m. if no other hour has been fixed by the district, 1st Grade, . - . . . March 12 and 13, 1889. 1. (rt) Andrew S. Draper, (h) Three years. (c) February 14, 1889. (i r/'i -f ifi. 10 ARITHMETIC. June 4, 1887, 1. Distinguish between arithmetic as a science and as an art. 3. With f for a dividend and f for a divisor, prove that the quotient equals the product of the dividend multiplied by the reciprocal of the divisor. 3. Prove that the greatest common divisor of any given numbers is the product of all their common prime factors. 4. Find the cost of the flooring for a building 24 by 67 feet, the building be- ing 3 stories high and the flooring U inches thick, at $18.75 per M. 5. Find the proceeds of a bankable note for $500 at four months, when dis- counted at six per cent. Jvmo 2, 1888. 8i X tV 3i-^ 1. Reduce the fraction -rV of -1- ' f of 7 170 State of New York. DEPARTMENT OFPUBLIO INSTRUCTION. QUESTIONS USED IN EXAMINATIONS FOR STATE SCHOLARSHIPS AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY. ALGEBRA.— Answers. June 1, 1889. 1. None required. 3. 4 {ci' — x^). 3. X = 4. y = 3. 4. a^ — 3a- I + 3a5- — l^. 5. X^i — yH or y '3 — .fJa, ARITHMETIC— Answers. June 4, 1887- 1. As a Science arithmetic investigates, classifies and arranges tlie principles and rules of the subjec ; as an Art, it applies the principles^ind ruL for compu tatious to the practical affairs of life. compu- 1 1 -^ \ = 1 X 1^ = 4, reciprocal of \. | = lxfxi = |, reciprocal of 4. X = ^ X # = 4A f = |xfxi = fx(fxi) = a. The greatest common divisor of any given numbers is their greatest common factor. This greatest common factor must be either a prime^ or a comport" number. If prime, it is the greatest common prime factor of all the o-iveu numbers; and if composite, it is the product of prime factors found in the , given numbers. These prime factors must be common to all the aiveu num bers and must be all the prime factors common to those numbers 67 sq. ft. X 3 X li x 24 = 7,236 sq. ft. of floorinf^ 7,236 sq. ft. = 7.236 M ft. ° 118.75 X 7.2.36 = $135.67i, cost of flooring. 4 mo., 3 da. == 4.1 mo. = .0205, rate of discount. .0205, rate, = $.0205, discount on $1. $1 — $.0205 = .f .9795, proceeds of $1. $.9795 X 500 = $489.75, proceeds of note. 4. 5. June 2, 1888. 8i tV J 1 9 .8 16 tV = 3i 1 1 9 of ^ = X s-s- = 63 V 35 816 _ 44 — "R^ ■12 8 5 2 _ 170 ^TIT^ = 17^ 69 7 171 Ans. State of New York. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. QUESTIONS USED IN EXAMINATIONS FOR STATE SCHOLARSHIPS AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY. ARITHMETIC. June 2, 1888. 2. Divide | by 2.5, to the quotient add the divisor, and from that sum sub- tract the dividend. Give the fractional part of the answer in a decimal. 3. Find the prime factors of 20930. 4. A rectangular field containing 1\ acres is 30 rods wide. How much will it cost to build a fence from one corner to the diagonally opposite corner at $2 a rod ? 5. If tlie interest on $300 for 1 y. 8 m, be $36, find what would be the interest on $212.50 for 3 y. 4 m. 24 d. at the same rate per cent. June 1, 1889. 1. Define notation ; numeration. Write with figures two million, forty-three thousand, eighty. Write in words 60,030,016. 10 2. Reduce .0468 T. to a compound number. 10 3. Divide 87f by -^^ of 25|i. 10 4. Find the amount of $635 from Nov. 13, 1888, to June 6, 1889, interest at 5^ per annum. 10 5. Required the cost of three 16-foot boards each 17 inches wide at one end and 14 inches at the other, at $23 per M. 10 GEOGRAPHY. June 4, 1887. 1. Through what bodies and streams of water do the bounding lines of New- York State pass? 2. Bound your own county by other counties. 3. Describe the Hudson river, stating {a) where it rises; Qi) in what direction it flows ; (c) into what it flows. 4. Name the five Great Lakes of North America, giving the outlet of each. 5. Locate each of the following cities, and state for what each is noted : New York, Washington, London, St. Petersburg, and Rome. 172 State of New York. department of public instruction. questions used in examinations for state scholarships at CORNELL UNIVEESITY. ARITHMETIC— Answers. June 2, 1888. 3. -i- = .«75 .875 -=- 2.5 = .35 .35 + 3.5 - .875 = 1.975. 3. 2)20930 5)10465 7)2093 13 )299 23 Factors, 3, 5, 7, 13, 23. 4. 7^ acres = 1,200 square rods. 1,200 -^ 30 = 40 == lengtli. |/30-^ + 40^ = 50 = length of diagonal. $2 X 50 = $100 = cost. 5. The rate per cent per annum not varying, the interest will vary as the base and also as the time. Hence, 212.50, 3y. 4m. 24d. „„ 2125 408 „ „ ^^^ „„ ^o dsrro a-> * X -^^— — — — — X 36 = X — X 6 == 2.125 X 28.48=$52.03. Ans. 300.00 ly. 8m. Od. 1000 100 June 1, 1889. 1. Notation is the process of writing or expressing numbers by characters. Numeration is the process of reading numbers expressed by characters. 2,043,080. Sixty million, thirty thousand, sixteen. 3. 93 lbs. 9.6 oz. 3 4.6 6 1 4. $653.90. 5. $1,426 +, in practice, $1.43. GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. June 4, 1887. 1. They pass through Lakes Erie, Ontario and Champlain, and Long Island Sound, and through the Niagara, St. Lawrence, Pouhney, Hudson and Delaware rivers. 2. (This question can only be answered by knowing in what county the examined person lives.) 3. The Hudson river (a) rises in the Adirondack mouutains, {h) takes a southerly course, and (c) flows into New York bay. 4. They are Lake Superior with its outlet, St. Mary's river; Lake Michigan, outlet Mackinaw strait; Lake Huron, outlet St. Clair river; Lake Erie, outlet Niagara river; and Lake Ontario, outlet St. Lawrence river. 5. New York is located on the Hudson and East rivers, and is the metropolis of the Western Continent. Washington on the Potomac river is the capital of the United States. London on the Thames is the largest city in the world. St. Petersburg on the Neva river is the metropolis of Russia, and Rome on the Tiber river is the home of the Pope, the head of the Roman Catholic church. 173 State of New York. department of public instruction. questions used in examinations for state scholarships at CORNELL UNIVERSITY. GEOGRAPHY. June 2, 1888. 1. In what points is New York the leading State in the Union? 2. Draw an outline map of New York, number the parallels that form the northern and the southern boundaries, and locate Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse and Albany. 3. Name the principal city in the southern part of the United States, in the western part, on the great lakes, and the twin cities in the northern part. 4. Name (a) the principal possessions of the British Empire, and (l>) three of its important military outposts. 5. Trace the short route for vessels from England to Australia. June 1, 1889. 1. E.\'plain wjiy Ireland is called the "Emerald Isle." 2. Name four large rivers of Europe ; state where each rises, in what direction it flows, and into what body of water it flows. 3. Locate Vancouver island, and name its capital and metropolis. 4. Locate two great river basins of Nortli America ; name the principal river of each with at least two of its tributaries. 5. Draw an outline map of New York, showing the drainage system of the entire State, including principal rivers, lakes and mountains. GEOMETRY. June 4, 1887. Note. — Draw diagrams, for refereuce in all demonstratious. 1. Draw and define («) a circumference; (&) a diameter; {r) a radius; {d) an arc; (e) a chord; (/) a tangent. 2. Prove that the sum of the angles of any right-line plane triangle equals two right angles. 3. When any two angles of any plane triangle are given, how is the third angle found ? 4. Prove that the side of an inscribed hexagon equals the radius of the circum- scribing circle. 5. Deduce a rule for finding the area of a circle. 174 State of New York. department of public instruction. questions used in examinations for state scholarships at ^ COENELL UNIVERSITY. GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. June 2, 1888. 1. Population, wealth, commerce, manufactures. 2. Parallels 42° and 45°. 3. New Orleans, San Francisco, Chicago, Minneapolis and St. Paul. 4. The British Isles, British America, Cape Colony, Australia, Hindoostan, British Guiana. Gibraltar, Malta, Aden, Cyprus, Halifax. 5. Altantic ocean. Strait of Gibraltar, Mediterrfinean sea, Suez canal, Red sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian sea, Indian ocean. June 1, 1889. 1. The influence of the Gulf stream makes its climate warm and moist, so that its fields are fresh and green during the entire year. 2. Answers may differ. 3. It is in the soutli-western part of British America. Its capital and metropolis is Victoria. 4. Answers may differ. 5. Answers may differ. GEOMETRY.— Answers. June 4, 1887. 1. Answer unnecessary. 2. Prove, 1st. That if a side of a triangle be produced, the exterior angle thus formed equals the sum of the two oi)posite interior angles ; and 2d. That the sum of the exterior angle and the adjacent interior angle equals (a) two right angles; and (4) the sum of the angles of the triangle. 3. By subtracting the sum of the given angles from 180°, i. e., from two right angles. 4. Prove, 1st. That if a regular hexagon be divided into triangles by lines from the center to each angle of the hexagon, the angles at the center are eacli equal to 60°, and that the sum of the two remaining angles in each triangle so formed is 120"; and 2d. That each triangle is isosceles, and that the angles opposite the equal sides are each (50°. 5. Prove, 1st. That the area of a regular polj-gon equals one-half its perimeter multiplied by the altitude of one of the equal triangles that compose the polygon ; and 2d. That when the sides of the polygon are increased indefinitely, its perimeter will coincide with the periphery of the circumscribed circle, and the altitude of each of its equal triangles with the radius of the circle. 175 State of New York. department of public instruction. questions used in examinations for state scholarships at CORNELL UNIVERSITY. GEOMETRY. June 2, 1888. Arranged in about the order of difficulty and importance. Credit is given for completeness and intelligence of answers, conclusiveness of reasoning, and accuracy of diagrams. 1. Prove tliat if two angles of a triangle are unequal, the side opposite the greater angle is the greater. 3. An exterior angle of a regular polygon is two-fifths of a right angle; how many sides has the polygon? Give full solution. 3. Prove that the diagonals of a paralleiogram bisect each other. 176 State of New York. department of public instruction. questions used in examinations for state scholarships at CORNELL UNIVERSITY. GEOMETRY.— Answers. June 2, 1888. 1. In the triangle A B C let angle B be greater than angle A. We are to prove A C greater than BC. Draw B D, making angle D B A = angle A. Then A D = B D. A B (If two angles of triangle are equal, the sides opposite them are equal.) ' DB-fDC>BC. Substitute for D B its equal A D. AD + DOBC. or A C > B C. 2. Ten sides. 1st solution. — The exterior angles being equal and together equal to 4 rt. angles, ?i | = 4. ,i = 4 -J- f = 10. 2d solution. — If exterior angle == | rt. angle, an interior angle = f rt. angle. 2ji^-4_, 10 71 — 20 = 8 H. 3 re = 20. re =10. 3. Let A B C N be a parallelogram, and A_ let the diagonals cut each other at X, we are to prove N X = B X and A X = X C. In the triangles A X B and N X C, A B ^ N C (being opposite sides of a parallelogram), angle X N C = angle X B A, and angle X C N = angle X A B. ' N C (When two parallel lines are cut by a third line, the alternate interior angles are equal.) .-. The triangles A X B and N X C are equal (having a side and two adj. angles of one equal respectively to a side and two adj. angles of the other). Therefore A X = X C and N X = X B (being homologous sides of equal triangles). 177 State of New York. depar tment of public instruction. questions used in examinations for state scholarships at CORNELL UNIVERSITY. GEOMETRY. June 2, 1888. 4. If, in a angle ABC, the bisector of the angle BAG meet the opposite side in a point D, — prove that AB : AC :: BD : DC. 5. Find the area of a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle whose radius is eight feet. (Carry work in two places of decimals.) June 1, 1889. 1. Illustrate by figure (a) circumference; (?>) arc; (c) chord; (d) diameter; (e) radius; (/) tangent; (g) secant. 2. When is a circle said to be circumscribed about a polygon? 3. Prove that the sum of the angles of a plane triangle is 180°. 4. Prove that an angle in a semi-circle is a right angle. 178 State of New York. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. QUESTIONS USED IN EXAMINATIONS FOR STATE SCHOLARSHIPS AT COENELL UNIVERSITY. GEOMETRY.— Answers. June 2, 1888. 4. Draw C E parallel to D A meeting B A produced in the point E ; •. • the line B A E meets the parallels A D, C E in the points A, E .-. Z B A D= Z BE C and •.• the line A C meets the parallels A D, C E in the points A, C .-. ZDAC=ZACE but Z B A D = Z D A C by con- struction ; A . •. Z B E C = Z A C E, . •. A A C E is isosceles, . •. side A E = side A C. Now the triangle B E C is cut by a line A D parallel to a side C E. .-. BA:AE = BD:DC, but A E = A C .-. AB:AC = BD: DC ** 5. As a side of a reg. insc. hexagon equals radius, to find apothem is to find the altitude of an equilateral triangle, whose sides are each 8 feet. Denoting apothem by p, jj^ = 8'^ — 4- = 48 ^, = 6.93 — Area = ?2lii:^^:i!^ = 106.32 -ft. 166 -h ft. Aus. June 1, 1889. 1. No answer need be given here. 2. When the circumference of the circle includes the apex of every angle of the polygon. 3. Steps in construction : A D I. Draw triangle, as A B C. II. Produce line BC, asCE. III. Draw C D parallel to B A. Steps in proof : I. Angle B equals angle D C E. II. Angle A equals angle A C D. III. Sum of angles B, A, and A CD equals sum of angles A C B, A CD, and DCE, equals two right angles, equals 180°. 4. Steps in proof: I. Angle B is measured by one-half the subtended arc C A. Al^ ^C n. Arc C A is one-half the circumference, or 180% and one-half of 180° is 90°, or the measure of a right angle. 179 State of New York. department of public inst ruc ti on. questions used in examinations for state scholarships at COKNELL UNIVEKSITY. GEOMETRY. June 1, 1889. 5. Construct a regular circumscribed hexagon, and give the steps in its construc- tion. GRAMMAR. June 4, 1887. 1. Write a sentence containing a clause or proposition used adverbially. 2. Write a sentence liaving a infinitive used as an object of a transitive verb. 3. Analyze (using any recognized system) the following sentence: That landscape which fills the traveler with rapture is regarded with indifference by him who sees it every day from liis window. 4. Parse the word hrklge in the following sentence: He ordered the bridge to be broken down. 5. Parse the words loriting and letters in the sentence : He is engaged in writing letters. June 2, 1888. 1. Analyze the following sentence: When the last sunshine of expiring day 111 summer's twilight weeps itself away, Who hath not felt the aqftness of the hour Sink on the heart, as deio along the Hower? 2. Parse the italicized words. 3. Why are certain forms of the verb called principal parts? Illustrate. 4. Name different uses of it, there and that. Illustrate by sentences. 5. Correct the following sentences: The teaclier told every boy to bring their books. New York is larger than any city of the United States. 180 State -of New York. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. QUESTIONS USED IN EXAMINATIONS FOR STATE SCHOLARSHIPS AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY. GEOMETRY.— Answers. June 1, 1889. 5. Steps in coustruction : I. With radius of circle for a chord, construct regu- b lar inscribed hexagon ABC D E F. II. Draw tangent to circle and parallel to sides of inscribed liexagon, to points of intersection by radii produced, the sides of the required circum scribed hexagon a b c d e f . GRAMMAR.— Answers. June 4, 1887. 1, 2, 3. Answers unnecessary. 4. Bridge is subject of the infinitive to he broken, and is in the objective case. 5. Writing is a verb, etc., participle, object of preposition in, and in objective case Letters is the object of icriting, and in objective case. June 2, 1888. 1. Complex declarativre sentence. Principal clause, Who hath not felt the softness of the hour sink on the heart. Subject, Who uuinoditied. Simple predicate, hath felt, moditied by adverbial element, no^ and by adverbial clause. When away. Hat it felt has for its object, softness sink . Sinkia modified by adverbial element, as dew (sinks) alona the Jiower. IFAfw, conjunctive adverb, or subordinate connective, connecting the clause which it begins f As, conjunctive adverb of manner, connecting its clause to sink. iSew, noun subject of sinks, understood. 3. Because they are parts of all forms of the verb; as the present participle of the progressive form; the past participle of the passive voice and of the pres. pert., past perf. and fut. perf., indc, active voice. 4. /i! is used as a jjersonal pronoun, as a subject of an impersonal verb, and to stand before a verb in the place of the subject, when that subject is an infinitive or a clause following the verb. Examples: He off ered me the book, and I took ?7. /drains. It is base to lie. It is true, that no man is perfect. There is used as an adverb of place, as an introductory ex- pletive. Example: The>'e was a great contest there. That is used as a relative pronoun, as a demonstrative, as a conjunction, and to introduce a clause used substantively. E.\am- ple of last use : That he should act thus is strange. 6. The teacher told every boy to bring his books. New York is larger than any other city of the United States. 181 State of New York. department of public instruction. questions used in examinations for state scholarships at COKNELL UNIVERSITY. GRAMMAR. June 1, 1889. Senators! Conscious of a serious desire to deserve your approval, and aware that that would be secured only by constant devotion to your service, the Chair assumed with diffidence the great trust conferred Ijy your suffrage, which to-day, he relin- quishes with the profoundest gratitude for the honor of your resolution of commen- dation ; and declares that the Senate now stands adjourned, sine die. John J. Ingalls. The following questions refer to the above selection : j^OTES. — 1. In uamiug a clause, include only its unnioditied subject and unmodified predicate. 2. Subordinate clauses include («) subject clauses; (A) objective clauses; (c) adjective clauses; {d ) adverbial clauses. 3. The ierm j)hrase is applied onl}' to a preposition and its object. In naming a jdirase, give only the preposition and its unmoditied object. 4. A modifier may be a word, phrase, or clause. 5. An object of a transitive verb is classed as a modifier of that verb. 6. Onlv eight parts of speech are recognized — the articles the and a forming a subdivision of adjectives, and participles being one of the modifications of verbs. 7. Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 1. Name all the clauses, classifying them as principal or subordinate. State what each subordinate clause modifies. 2. What are the modifiers of («) desire ; (b) Chair ; {c) trust ? '6. Parse [a) only ; (h) and in the last line. 4. Decline the personal pronouns found in the selection. 5. What modes are found in the selection? Mention all verbs found in each mode. (Participles may or may not be classed as modes of the verb.) PHYSIOLOGY. June 4, 1887. 1. Describe a ligament and explain its use. 2. Describe a tendon and explain its use. 3. With wluit bones does the humerus articulate? 4. State the location and explain the use of the perspiratory glands. 5. Which of the digestive fluids is most concerned in tlie digestion of lean meat? 182 State of New York. department of public ixstr uc tion. questions used in examinations for state scholarships at CORNELL UNIVERSITY. GRAMMAR.— Answers. June 1, 1889. 1. Principal clause, Chair assumed and declares. (By supplying the subject, tliere may be two principal clauses.) Subordinate clauses: The clause that that icould te secured modifies aware ; the clause which he relinquishes modifies trust; the clause that Senate stands adjourned, modifies declares. 3. {a) Adjectives a and serious, and infinitive to deserve ; (h) the adjectives tlie, con- scious and aware ; (c) the adjectives the and cjreat, the participle conferred, and the clause which he relinquislies. 3. (rt) On??/ modifies the adverbial phrase hy devotion, and is an adverb; (h) and connects the verbs assumed and declares, and is, therefore, a conjunction. Singular. Plural. Nominative, You. You. Possessive, Your. Your. Objective, You. You. Nominative, He. They. Possessive, His. Their. Objective, Him. Them, Indicative: Assumed, relinquishes, declares and stands. Potential : Would he secured. Infinitive : To deserve. Participial: Conferred diad adjourned. PHYSIOLOGY.— Answers. June 4, 1887. 1. A ligament is a strong, unyielding, white band. Its use is to hold bones together at the joints. 2. A tendon is a strong white band or chord. Its use is to attach a muscle to a bone, especially where the point of attachment is at some distance from the muscle or on the other side of a joint. 3. Humerus articulates with scapula above and with radius below. 4. The perspiratory glands are located in the cutis or true skin, and their function is to secrete the perspiration from the blood. 5. The gastric juice. 183 State of New York. department of public instruction. questions used in examinations for state scholarships at CORNELL ITNIVERSIY. PHYSIOLOGY. June 2, 1888. 1. What is the office of the lungs? How does expired air differ from inspired? 2. (rt) Trace the circulation of the blood, beginning with the veins, ih) What, at various points, prevents Its backward flow? 3. Describe (a) the junction and (?>) tlie structure of the bones of tlie skull, and re- mark on evidence of design in structure and union of the parts. 4. Mention (a) three movements effected by involuntary muscles, {1>) one by muscles partially voluntary. 5. Remark on wisdom shown in 4 (a). How does tlie eye adjust itself to a bright light, and how to a dim one? June 1, 1889. 1. What are the main divisions of the spinal column? 2. Give an example in human anatomy of a lever of each kind. 3. What action must take place to enable a person to bend his arm at the elbow, at will? 4. What is the most important muscle involved in breathing? 5. Show the course of the blood in passing through the heart. 184 State of New York. department of public instruction. questions used in examinations for state scholarships at CORN^ELL TTNIYERSITY. PHYSIOLOGY— Answers. Jime 2, 1888. 1. To purify the blood and to supply it with oxygen. It contains carbonic acid, watery vapor aud waste particles of animal matter. 2. (a) From the veins it goes in succession to the right auricle, right ventricle, by the pulmonary artery to the lungs, by the pulmonary veins to the left auricle, left ventricle, aorta, smaller arteries, capillaries, veins, etc. (b) The mitral and tricuspid valves of the heart, and numerous valves in the veins. 3. (a) The bones of the skull are joined by irregular dovetailings, called sutures, by which the different parts are joined together almost as firmly as if they were one bone; and yet the sutures tend to prevent a fracture from extendmg. (b) The skull has a dome form," which gives great strength. The bones are composed of three plates, the outer extremely hard and tough, the middle one spongy so as not to convey the shock of blows to the brain, and the inner very hard and smooth. 4. Pulsation of the heart, ordinary breathing, movements of the stomach in digestion, winking, contraction and dilatation of the iris, and in general all vital processes, (b) Breathing, winking. 5. {a) Vital processes are independent of the will, that thej^ may not suffer from caprice, inat- tention or passion. Men would much oftener commit suicide, if they could paralyze the heart by an act of the will, (b) By contraction of the pupil, and by expansion of the pupil. June 1, 1889. 1. Cervical, dorsal, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx. 2. Answers may differ. 3. The nervous energy is transmitted from the brain by the nerves to muscles of the arm, which thereby contract and draw the tendon attached to the bones of the arm. 4. The diaphragm. 5. The blood is returned from the general circulation to the right auricle, is forced thence to the right ventricle, by which it is driven throagh the pulmonary artery to the lungs, then back to the heart ; it then enters the left auricle, by that forced into the left ventricle, which again sends it into the general circulation. 185 State of New York. department of public ins th u c t i on. entrance examinations questions at STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. ARITHMETIC. No AnsTvers Furnished. September 7, 1887. The work should be written out in full in the answers. Correct answers will receive five credits each, and a proportionately less number will be allowed as the answer approximates correctness. 1. Express by Arabic and by Roman characters two million, twenty thousand, one hundred and nineteen. 2. Express by words and by Arabic characters MLXDCCXLIV. 3. Express by words 290902029092209. 4. What is the least number that will exactly contain 48, 20, 21 and 24? 5. What is the greatest number that will exactly divide 505, 703, and 4343? G. Perform the operations indicated by signs in the following: •3* + 2^^, 3| - 2^j, 3| X 2/^, 3f - 2-,\. 7. If A. and B. can mow a field in seven days, and A., B. and C. mow it in five days for $25, what ought C. to receive? 8. Give tlie tables for avoirdupois weight and for square measure. 9. If it is 1 h. and 30 m. p. m. at Louisville, longitude 85°, 30' west, when it is 12 h. 35 m. and 40 sec. at Mexico, what is the longitude of Mexico? 10. Write three-eights of one-tenth decimally and reduce it to a simple decimal. 11. Divide five-hundredths by five hundred, decimally. 12. If a merchant buys cloth at 36 cents and sells at 40 cents what is the ratio of his gain? If lie sells at 40 cents and loses four cents, what is the ratio of his loss? 13. What is the rate of interest in this State, and what does the expression mean? What is usury, and what is the penalty in this State? 14. What rate per cent is one-eighth, one-third, one-twelfth? 15. What rate per cent of the whole should C. receive in the seventh example? 16. What is the face of a note worth $5,679.45, with interest at 17 per cent? 17. If a banker pay 101| per cent, for five per cent bonds due in one year, what rate of interest will he receive? 18. With five bushels of wheat at 80 cents per bushel and five bushels of rye at 60 cents per bushel, how many bushels of oats must be added to make a mixture worth 50 cents per bushel? 19. What is the square root of 389,017? 20. What is the cube root of 389,017? February 1, 1888. The work should be written out in full in the answers. Correct answers will receive ten credits each, and a proportionately less number will be allowed as the answer approximates correctness. 1. Exjn-ess in words: (^0 3050050813; (h) 50002.0004; (f) $10103043.5075; {d) 103.75 per cent; (e) MDCCCLXXXVIII. 2. Find the sum of all the prime numbers to 50. 186 State of New York. depa r tment of p ublic ins t li uction. entrance examinations questions at STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. ARITHMETIC. No Answers Furnislieil. February 1, 1888. 3. To f of a score add i of a dozen, and from the sum substract f of a hundred. What is the remainder? 4. Two frigates, with different numbers of guns, fire the same number of rounds; the one fires 608 and the other 1,102 shots. How many guns lias each? 5. What must be the length of a load of wood that is four feet wide and five and one-tliird feet high, to contain two cords? 6. A board 16 feet long is 23 inches wide at one end and tapers to a point, what is its value at 4i cents a square foot? 7. Bought a hogshead of molasses, containing 128 gallons, at 65 cents a gallon; paid 80 cents for cartage, and lost 16 gallons by leakage. At what price per gallon must the remainder be sold to gain one- fifth of the entire cost? 8. Sold 50 sofas for |2,250. Sold 25 at a gain of 20 per cent, and 25 at a loss of 20 per cent. What was the gain or loss on the transaction? 9. Bought a number of eggs and sold 11 of them for what 18 cost me. What was my gain per cent? 10. A bookseller wishes to mark up the price of a book which he is now selling for $2, so that he can deduct 15 per cent and yet receive the present price. What must be the market price? September, 1888. The work should be written out in full in the answers. Correct answers will receive teu credits each, and a proportionately less number will be allowed as the answer approximates correctness or shows knowledge of principles. In order to secure admission, candidates must gain an average of seventy credits in the three branches and not fall below sixty credits in any one of them. 1. Find the least common multiple of 24, 44, 65, 100. 2. Exfiress in Arabic and also in Roman notation five million and fifty-three, 3. What is the difference between .75 divided by 75 and 75 divided by .75? 4. A pole extended into the mud 5f feet; i of its length was in the river and \ of it in the air; what was the length ot the pole? 5. Find the exact amount of $68 from March 13 to .June 15, 1888, interest 6 per cent per annum. 6. How many acres in a field 210 ch. long and 50 ch. wide? 7. How many bbls. will a cistern hold whose depth is 7 ft., length 8 ft., width 5 ft.? 8. It took 9 horses to move a stick of timber weighing 12,590 lbs. How many pounds would a stick weigh which could be moved by 7 horses? Solve by proportion. 9. Mr. A. sold a horse for $275, which was 5 per cent less than he asked for it, and his asking price was 5 per cent more than the horse cost him; what was the cost of the horse? 10. Find the square root of 60.516. 187 State of New York. department of public instruct ion. entrance examination questions at STATE I^ORMAL SCHOOLS. ARITHMETIC. No Answers Furnislied. February, 1889. The work sliould be written out in full in the answers. Correct answers will receive ten credits each, and a proportionately less number will be allowed as the answer approximates correctness or shows knowledge of principles. In order to secure admission, candidates must gain an average of seventy credits in the three branches and not fall below sixty credits in any one of them. 1. Express in words («) 3540100000; {h) 3.141592; (c) 106.5 per cent. Write in Arabic numerals one hundred three per cent. Write in Roman numerals 1889. 2. Add the fraction one hundred eighty-seven two hundred twenty-firsts to tlie fraction four hundred thirty-seven two hundred forty-sevenths, first reducing them to fractions having a least common denominator. 3. A man purchased a rectangular field 18 rods wide, containing 10 acres 146 square rods of land. The land cost him $80 per acre, and he surrounded it by a fence costing 80 cents per rod. IIow much did the land cost, and how much the fence? 4. A farmer has a bin 7 feet long, 5 feet wide and 4 feet deep, which holds 112 bushels of corn. How deep must be made another wliich is 20 feet long and 9 feet wide, so that it may hold 864 bushels? 5. 20.0265 per cent of the air (by volume) is oxygen. How many cubic feet of oxygen in a school room 12 feet wide, 18 feet 2.75 inches long, and 8 feet high? 6. By selling a carriage for $117 a dealer lost 10 per cent of its cost. For liow much should lie have sold it to gain 10 per cent of its cost? 7. On a bond and mortgage securing $500, dated January 1, 1887, and bearing the legal rate of interest in this State, tlie following payments have been made: July 1, 1887, $100; January 1, 1889, $10. How much is still due Februarv 1, 1889? 8. Which pays the better as an investment, a per cent mortgage, or Western Union Telegraph stock which pays 5 percent per annum, and can be bought (includ- ing brokerage) for 83.25 per cent of its par value? 9. A 90 day note for $650 is discounted at a bank on the day of its date. Allowing the usual days of grace, what is the discount I 10. Extract the square root of 201.64. GEOGRAPHY. No Answers Furnished. September 7, 1887. Correct answers will receive four credits each and :i proportionately less number will be allowed as the answer apjiroximates correctness. 1. Define equator, tropic, ecliptic. 2. Define latitude and longitude. Name two places which have no latitude. Wliat is the prime meridian? 3. Name all the causes of the regular change of seasons. 188 State of New York. department of public instruction. entrance examination questions at STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. GEOGRAPHY. No Answers Furnished. September 7, 1887. 4. What is the province of physical geography? 5. What are the principal causes of climatic differences? 6. What are ocean currents? Describe one of the most important. 7. How is rain caused? 8. Define and give example of water-shed, delta, estuary, cauou. 9. Name the largest river of each of the grand divisions; give its general direction and tell into what body of water it liows. 10. Define and give example of mountain, volcano, plateau, plain, valley, promontory. 11. Name the principal mountain range in each of the grand divisions and one of its loftiest peaks. 12. What IS the latitude of New York city? 13. What States are adjacent to Pennsylvania? 14. What are the natural boundaries of Illinois? 15. How does the climate of the Pacific States differ from that of the Atlantic States in the same latitude? Explain the difference. 16. Locate five of the most important cities of the United States. 17. In wliat does the natural wealth of the United States consist? 18. Locate the most important city in each of the following countries: England, France, Austria, Germany, Turkey. Russia, Japan, Brazil. 19. What are the characteristics of the Mongolian race? 20. Which grand division has the longest coast-line in proportion to its area? What are the advantages of such a coast-line? 21. What are the principal grain-producing regions of the world? 22. Locate Dresden, Halifax, Belfast, Borneo, Tasmania, Sicily, Java, Canton, Cal- cutta. 23. Locate Lakes Geneva, Thun, Baikal, Wetter, George, Titicaca, Pontchartrain, Killarney . 24. What are the principal forms of government in civilized nations? 25. Which form predominates in Asia? in Europe? in South America? February 1, 1888. Correct answers will receive ten credits each, and a proportionately less number will be allowed as the answer approximates correctness. 1. What causes produce the changes of seasons? 2. State clearly the uses of the parallels and meridians. 3. What determines the positions of the Arctic Circle and the Tropic of Cancer? 4. What is a water-shed, a delta, an isthmus, a strait, a plateau? Give an example of each as seen on the earth's surface. 5. Pass by water from Dulutli, ^linn., to Quebec, naming each body of water traveled over. 189 State of New York. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRV CTION. ENTRANCE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS AT STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. GEOGRAPHY. No Answers Kuriiisliecl. February 1, 1888. 6. What is the advantage of the Suez canal? 7. Name three peninsulas of southern Europe and the three corresponding ones of southern Asia. 8. Why are there no long rivers on the Pacific coast of South America? 9. Is the word up correctly used in speaking of the direction north ? Give reasons for your answer. 10. What and Avhere are the following: Liberia, Alaska, Bermuda, Calcutta, Crimea, Baltic, Marseilles. September, 1888. 1. Which is the longer, the equator or a meridian circle? 2. Name the zones; tell their boundaries, and describe the general character of climate in each. 3. Give two proofs that the earth is round. 4. Tell the important things yon know about Egypt and the river Nile. 5. Describe the principal river .systems of the United States. G. Name all the seas on the cast coast of Asia, beginning on the north. 7. Name the States bordering on the left bank of the Mississippi river, and give the capital of each. 3. Locate four great plains. 9. Going from Buffalo to New York city by the Central railroad, through what cities would you pass? 10. Name three capes on the coast of Europe. February, 1889. 1. Trace the waters of Lake Superior to the sea. 2. Name the largest five cities of the United States. 3. Name and locate the three leading commercial cities of the world. 4. Locate the Alps, Pyrenees, Apennines, Carpathian and Caucasian mountains. 5. Describe the largest river of Europe. 6. What are the three leading political powers of Europe? 7. Which is the most populous country in Asia? Name its three principal cities, 8. Which is the most progressive country of Asia? Reasons for answer. 9. Describe the ^Mississippi river, naming its chief tributaries from east and west. 10. Describe the course of the Gulf stream, and state its effect upon the climate of Europe. 190 State of New York. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. ENTRANCE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS AT STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. GRAMMAR. No Answers I'uniislied. September 7, 1887. Correct answers will receive ten credits each, and a proportionately less number will be allowed as answers approximate correctness. Selection. — (1) " In those happy days, a well-regulated family always rose witli the dawn, dined at eleven, went to bed at sundown. (2) Dinner was inva- riably a private meal; and the fat old burghers sliowed incontestable symptons of disapprobation and uneasiness at being surprised by a visit from a neighbor on such occasions. (3) But, though our worthy ancestors were thus singularly averse to giving dinners, they kept up the social bonds of intimacy by occa- sional banquetings called tea-parties." 1. Tell the kinds of nouns in the above selection, and the case of each noun, and the word that governs it. 2. Write the word famil>/ in the plural form, and the word ancestors in the possessive case. 3. Give the adjectives in the selection, with the word to which each adjective belongs; and compare all that can properly be compared. 4. Decline the j^ronouns I, thou, he, she, it, who. 5. Give the principal parts of the irregular verbs in the selection, and give the first verb in the potential mode, present perfect tense ; and give the third person singular of the verb ie in all the modes and tenses. 6. Tell whicli words are conjunctions and which are prepositions. 7. Tell what kind of phrases are used in the selection, and which are adjective in value, and which are adverbial. 8. Mention all the adverbs given, and compare those that can properly be compared. 9. Are sentences (1) and (2) simple, compound or complex? 10. Analyze the third sentence by any method you prefer. February 1, 1888. 1. At last Mr Peters called hini. 2. Helens brother remarked Ive done ray best. 3. O what a noise you make in my house. 4. Mr Lobster what are yon doing. 5. My fatlier discouraged me by ridiculing my performances and telling me that verse makers were generally beggars. I. Punctuate each sentence correctly. Name and give the rule for tlie use of each punctuation mark. II. Give the reason for the use of each capital letter. III. iMark each simple subject and predicate in sentences 1, 4 and 5. IV. Give the case of each noun in these sentences. V. Name and give the definition of each part of speech in sentence 5. VI. Give the principal parts of each verb in tiiese sentences. VII. Define the word him in sentence 1, and In-other in sentence 2. VIII. Give the use of each phrase in these sentences. IX. Parse the word called in sentence 1, and the word father in sentence 5. X. "Write a composition, of not less than fifty words, on some recent journey you have taken. 191 State of New York. D EPA R TMEN T OF P UBL I V 1X8 TltUC TION. ENTRANCE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS AT STATE NOKMAL SCHOOLS. GRAMMAR. No Answers Furnished. September, 1888. 1. What are the properties of nouns? of verbs? 3. Decline who, he, I, sister. 3. Write a sentence containing an objective clause. 4. When are the forms mine, theirs and thine used? 5. Write the plural of fly, girl, Miss .Tones, son-in-law, money, child, basis, focus, t, 8. 6. Write the past tense and past participle of do, hear, learn, teach, see, sit, lie, lay set, choose. 7. Give an example of a simple, a complex, and a compound sentence. 8. Write the following sentences with the errors corrected: Can you learn me to write? He was much effected by the news. Will I find you at home? Money is scarce, and times hard. I knew it was him. I called but you was not at home. Every one of the witnesses testify to the same thing. Them that seek wisdom shall find it. I bought this at Parker's and Miller's store. 9. " Enraptured witli the beautiful scenery before him he determined to explore this strange, new country, which was worth more than the wealth of the Indies." Analyze the above sentence by any method, and parse enraptured, henutiful, ex2)lore, which. 10. Write a composition, of a hundred words or more, on one of the following subjects : (1). An account of an excursion and picnic. (2). A description of a school-room (speak of its excellencies and its defects). Give attention to jiunctuation and capitalization, as well as to the language employed. February, 1889. Selection. — (1) "The Northmen were people in whom Americans have much reason for feeling interested." (2) "They were one of the finest and strong- est races of men ever known in the world, and they were the ancestors of most of us." (3) I shall write you a letter to-morrow. 1. What is a common noun? 2. Mention the proper nouns in the above selections, and tell why you think they arc proper nouns. 3. Mention the pronouns in the selections, and tell to what class of pronouns they belong. 4. Give the case of each noun and pronoun in the selections. 5. Compare the adjectives in the selections, which admit of comparison. G. What is an auxiliary verb? 7. Give the tense of each verb in the selections. 8. Give the principal parts of each verb in the selections. 9. Decline the pronouns in the selections. 10. Parse you and letter in sentence (3). 192 I LIBRARY OF CONGRESS