aassJElLi'__3i 
 Book. '39 
 
 C^y^^'A 2L, 
 

 THE 
 
 FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND. 
 
» . 
 
THE 
 
 U( ',3^ p^ 
 
 FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND 
 
 AS PORTEAYED IN 
 
 MAmJSCRIPTS, PROYESTCIAL RECORDS AI^J"D 
 EARLY DOCUMENTS, 
 
 REV. EDWARD D. NEILL, A. B., 
 
 Author of "English Colonization op America," "Virginia Compant op 
 
 London," "Terra Marlb," " Fairfaxes of England and America," 
 
 "History of Minnesota," etc. 
 
 ff 
 
 \J "Ifec falsa dicere, nee vera reticere." 
 
 ALBANY: 
 JOEL MIJNSELL. 
 
 1876. 
 

 
PEEFACE. 
 
 Every year, the citizens of ancient Padua crowd 
 the costly church, dedicated to their townsman, 
 the Italian Saint Anthony, and hang upon its 
 walls, or around the shrine, sketches in oil, or 
 water colors, commemorative of important events 
 in their lives. 
 
 One of the many good results of the centennial 
 year of the American Republic j is the taking down 
 from the garrets, the neglected portraits of our 
 forefathers, the removal of the stains and dust, 
 the substitution of new frames, for those battered 
 and worm eaten, and in remembering their labors 
 for posterity. 
 
 With the aid of manuscripts, brought to light 
 during the last decade, and access to the papers of 
 the British Kecord Office, we can now portray 
 more accurately, and hang in a better light, the 
 Founders of Maryland. 
 
 The object of this little book, is to state facts, 
 which had become obscured or forgotten, concern- 
 
6 Preface. 
 
 ing the first European settlers on the shores of the 
 Potomac River, and Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 Bearing in mind, the sentiment of Hieronymus 
 in a letter to Epiphanius : " Malem aliena vere- 
 cunde dicere, quam jura imprudenter ingerere," 
 I have recorded facts, gleaned from the manuscript 
 Provincial Records at the capital of Maryland, and 
 other documents of the Provincial period, rather 
 than obtruded my own opinions. 
 
 Edward D. Neill. 
 Macalester College, 
 
 near Falls of Saint Anthony, 
 
 Minnesota. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Henry Fleet, Early Indian Trader, - . . ^^"9 
 
 Fleet's Journal of a Voyage in Ship Warwick, 19 
 
 William Claiborne of Kent Island, - - 38 
 
 Embarcation of Lord Baltimore's Colony. - 59 
 
 Leonard Calvert, First Governor, - - - 65 
 
 Thomas Cornwallis, Commissioner, - - . 69 
 
 Jerome Hawley, Commission '•r, .... 33 
 
 Early Religious History, - . . . . gir 
 Condition of Religion during the Ascendancy op 
 
 Parliament, -...._ j^o 
 Religious Parties from the Accession of Charles 
 
 the Second to A.D. 1700, - . . . 141 
 
 Addenda, ----... i»77 
 
FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND. 
 
 HENRY FLEET. 
 
 J3EFORE the charter ofMary land was granted, Eng- 
 lish men, engaged in the beaver trade, had settled upon 
 the isles and shores of the Chesapeake Bay and its tri- 
 butaries. As one turns over the pages of the large 
 manuscript volumes in folio, prepared by the Secretary 
 of the London Company, he reads that on July 21st, 
 1621, a paper was read from Ensign Savage, relating 
 to the great trade of furs, by Frenchmen, in the Great 
 Bay. The letters of John Pory, Secretary of the Vir- 
 ginia Colony, also informed the Company of a disco- 
 very, by him and others, into the Great Bay northward, 
 where he left " settled, very happily, near an hundred 
 Englishmen, with hope of a good trade of furs." 
 Among the first points, occupied by traders, was the 
 island situated at the head of the Chesapeake Bay, near 
 the mouth of the Susquehanna River, which was called 
 Palmer's Island, after Edward Palmer, a nephew of 
 the unfortunate Sir Thomas Overbury, poisoned by the 
 malicious arrangements of the wanton wife of the 
 Earl of Somerset. Camden speaks of Palmer as a 
 
10 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 curious and diligent antiquary, and the quaint Fuller 
 writes : 
 
 " His plenteous estate afforded him opportunity to 
 put forward the ingenuity implanted by nature, for 
 the public good, resolving to erect an academy in 
 Virginia. In order whereunto he purchased an island, 
 called Palmer's Island unto this day, but in pursuance 
 thereof was at many thousand pounds expense, some 
 instruments employed therein, not discharging the 
 trust reposed in them with corresponding fidelity."^ 
 
 Another point, occupied by the whites was the junc- 
 tion of Potomac Creek with Potomac River, in what 
 is now Strafford County, Virginia. In the fall of 1621 
 the ship Warwick and pinnace Tiger, sailed from 
 the Thames with supplies, and thirty-eight young 
 women, selected with care, as wives for Virginia 
 planters. On the voyage, the Captain of the Tiger 
 fell in with a vessel of Turks, and was captured, but 
 at length, was rescued by the coming up of another 
 friendly ship, in company of which, he arrived with 
 the maids, at Jamestown. The Tiger was then sent 
 under Spilman, an experienced trader, with twenty-six 
 men to trade for corn in the upper Potomac, and they 
 
 ' .^^^™;"'f ^^^^"'i' ^s ™ai-bed upon Augustine Hermann's Map of Vir 
 ginia and Maryland, published in 1673, which I have examined in the 
 British Museum, is the island now known as Watson's Island, a few 
 rods above the bridge of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Bal imore 
 
Fight with Anacostans. 11 
 
 erected a stockade at Potomac Creek. On this voyage, 
 with twenty-one men, Spilman landed among the 
 Anacostans, who lived on and near the site of the city 
 of Washington, and five men remained on board, who 
 were attacked by the savages, whom they repulsed, by 
 the discharge of cannon. Those on shore were either 
 killed or made prisoners, and among the latter was 
 Henry Fleet, who became one of the prominent asso- 
 ciates of Governor Calvert, in establishing the Province 
 of Maryland. 
 
 After a capitivity of several years he returned to 
 England, and magnified the truth in the manner 
 of Hennepin and La Hontan. One of the letter writers 
 of that day says : " Here is one, whose name is Fleet, 
 newly come from Virginia, who being lately ransomed 
 from the Indians, with whom he hath long lived, till 
 he hath left his own language, reporteth that he hath 
 oftentimes been within sight of the South Seas, that 
 he hath seen Indians besprinkle their paintings with 
 powder of gold, that he had likewise seen rare pre- 
 cious stones among them, and plenty of black fox, 
 which of all others is the richest fur."^ 
 
 By his rose-colored representations, he induced Lon- 
 don merchants, to engage in the Potomac beaver trade. 
 In September, 1627, William Cloberry a prominent 
 London merchant, placed the Paramour, a vessel of 
 
 ' Mead, in Streeter's Early Maryland Papers. 
 
12 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 one hundred tons, in chars^e of Fleet.^ Four years 
 later, Fleet is again in England, and on the 4th day 
 of July, 1631, the ship Warwick with John Dunton as 
 Master, and Henry Fleet factor, sailed for America. 
 After visiting 'Hew England, the vessel, on the 21st of 
 October, arrived at the mouth of James River, in 
 Chesapeake Bay. Five days later, he reached the 
 town of Yowaccomoco, where he had lived with the 
 Indians for several years, and found that they, by 
 reason of his absence, had burned the beaver skins, as 
 was their custom. He then entered into an agree- 
 ment that they should preserve the furs during the 
 winter, and promised that he would come in the spring, 
 and give them merchandize in exchange. Receiving 
 eight hundred bushels of Indian corn, he sailed on the 
 6th of December, but owing to a storm, was obliged 
 to anchor in James River. Fleet writes to his partners 
 in London : " Divers that seemed to be my friends, 
 advised me to visit the Governor.^ I showed myself 
 
 ' Bruce's British State Papers. 
 
 * Governor Jolin Harvey was, in early life, a captain in the East 
 Indies. Late in the year 1639, he succeeded Pott, as Governor of 
 Virginia. On the 15th of September 1634 Lord Baltimore asked 
 Windebank, Secretary of State, to thank Harvey for assistance rendered 
 the Maryland Colony. Three days after the King's Secretary sent a 
 flattering note to the Governor. On the 16th of December Harvey 
 wrote " Desirous to do Lord Baltimore all the service he is able, but 
 his power is not great, being limited by his commission, to the greater 
 number of voices at the Council table, where almost all are against 
 him, especially when it concerns Maryland." 
 
 In May 1635 he was deposed as Governor and sent to England by 
 
Fleet at Accomac. 13 
 
 willing, yet watched an opportunity that might be 
 convenient for my purpose, being not minded to 
 adventure my fortunes at the disposing of the Gover- 
 nor." On the 10th of January he slipped away from 
 Point Comfort, and on the 7th of February, was trad- 
 ing with the fishermen of the New England coast. 
 On the 6th of March, he stopped at the Isle of Shoals, 
 near Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and procured pro- 
 visionSj'for a return voyage, and from thence, went to 
 Massachusetts Bay. 
 
 On the 9th of April, 1632, in company with a pin- 
 nace of twenty tons, Fleet steered for Southern waters. 
 On the 13th of May, he arrived at the Accomac settle- 
 ment, of which Captain William Clayborne was the 
 prominent man. After a visit of three days, Clayborne 
 in a small vessel accompanied him across the Chesa- 
 peake Bay. Eight days after this, he arrived again at 
 Yowaccomoco, and found that one Charles Harman ^ 
 
 the Council, for the usurpation of power without respect to the vote of 
 the Council,and for upholding the Marylanders in attacking Clayborne's 
 pinnace, and for knocking out some of the teeth of a Capt. Stevens 
 with a cudgel. 
 
 The King on the 3d of April 1636 gave Harvey a new commission 
 as Governor, and on the 18th of January 1637 returned to Jamestown 
 and resumed his position. He was succeeded by Sir Francis Wyatt in 
 November 1639, and died after much bodily suifering, leaving many 
 debts. 
 
 '^Charles Harman was a planter of Accomac and at this time thirty- 
 two years of age. He came to Virginia in 1622, in the Ship Further- 
 ance. In 1625 his servants on his i)lantation were John Askuuie aged 
 twenty-two, and Robert Fennell who came in 1624 in the ship Charles, 
 
14 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 an Indian trader had already secured most of the 
 beaver. Resting here, he immediately sent his brother 
 Edward toward the Falls of the Potomac, to secure 
 furs. On the 26th of May, he reached the town of 
 Potomac, in what is now Strafford County, Va., and on 
 the 1st of June, sent back the pinnace of twenty tons, 
 with a cargo of Indian corn, and proceeded to Piscat- 
 toway the residence of a powerful chief, and from 
 thence, visited the Anacostans, an adjoining band, who 
 traded with the Canada Indians, and by whom he had 
 been captured several years before. On Tuesday, the 
 26th of June, he anchored two leagues below the Falls 
 of the Potomac, in the vicinity of what is now the city 
 of Washington. He writes, in his journal, which is 
 still preserved, in the library of Lambeth Palace ; 
 
 " This place without all question is the most pleasant 
 and healthful place in all* this country, and most con- 
 venient for habitation, the air temperate in summer, 
 and not violent in winter. The 27th of June, I 
 manned my shallop, and went up w^th the flood, the 
 tide rising four feet, at this place. We had not rowed 
 above three miles, but we might hear the Falls to roar, 
 about six miles distant." 
 
 After trading with the Indians in the neighborhood, 
 he returned to Piscattoway, about fifteen miles below 
 
 and James Knott aged twenty-three who came in 1617 in the ship 
 George. Harman at one time represented Accomac in the Virginia 
 Assembly. 
 
Visit to Governor Harvey. 15 
 
 Washington, and on the 28th of August, met a boat, 
 containing John Utie a Virginia councillor, Charles 
 Harmon a trader, and six others who came to bring 
 hira before Governor Harvey for illicit trading. 
 
 The Governor w^as grasping and unscrupulous and 
 seems to have winked at Fleet's irregularities. On 
 the 7th of September, the latter anchored at Jamestown, 
 and writes in his journal : " The Governor, bearing 
 himself like a noble gentleman, showed me very much 
 favor, and used me with unexpected courtesy. Captain 
 Utie did acquaint the Council with the success of the 
 voyage, and every man seemed to be desirous to be a 
 partner with me. ***** The Court was called the 
 14th of September, where an order was made, which I 
 have here enclosed, and I find that the Governor hath 
 favored me therein." 
 
 There is in the Public Eecord OflLice, at London, a 
 complaint of Grifiith & Co., owners of the ship War- 
 wick, in which they state that three years before, they 
 had sent the ship to Virginia, for trade and discovery, 
 of which Henry Fleet was factor, with commission to 
 return in a year, but, that by authority of Governor 
 Harvey, Fleet had retained the vessel and its profits to 
 their great loss.^ 
 
 Other London merchants in that day found the Vir- 
 ginians slippery fellows, and were ready to endorse 
 
 ' Sainsbury's State Papers. 
 
16 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 the sentiments of the Dutch captain De Vries, who had 
 been a guest of Governor Harvey, and wrote as follows 
 in his book of voyages : " Tiie English there are very 
 hospitable, but they are not proper persons to trade 
 with. You must look out when you trade with them, 
 Peter is always by Paul or you will be stuck in the 
 tail. If they can deceive any one, they account it 
 among themselves a Roman action. They say in their 
 language, ' He played him an English trick.' " 
 
 The next mention of Fleet, is in connection with th 
 settlement of the Calvert colony. Governor Leonard 
 Calvert, before landing his company made a reconnois- 
 sance of the Potomac, as far as Piscattoway. The in- 
 terpreter, Father White says, was Henry Fleet, and 
 " one of the Protestants of Virginia." The journal of 
 the Jesuit continued : "The Governor had taken with 
 him, as a companion on his voyage, Henry Fleet, a 
 Captain from the Virginia colony, a man especially 
 acceptable to the savages, well versed in their language, 
 and acquainted with the country. This man was at 
 first, very intimate with us, afterwards, being misled by 
 the evil counsels of one Clayborne, he became very 
 hostile to us, and excited the natives to anger against 
 us, by all the means in his power. 
 
 " In the meantime, however, while he was still on 
 friendly terms with us, he pointed out to the Governor, 
 a spot so charming in its situation, that Europe can 
 scarcely show one to surpass it." Thus Fleet's old 
 
Fleet's Trading Post. 17 
 
 trading post, Yowaccomoco, was transformed into the 
 town of Saint Mary, and Leonard Calvert and liis asso- 
 ciates began there to build a rival commonwealth to 
 Virginia. 
 
 A few weeks after the Calvert colonitits landed, on 
 May 9, 1634, there were assigned to Fleet, two thousand 
 acres on St. George River, St. George's Hundred, 
 which was subsequently known as the Manor of West 
 Saint Mary. 
 
 In the legislature of 1638, the first Assembly in 
 Maryland, whose records have been preserved, were 
 Henry Fleet and his brothers Edward, John, and Rey- 
 nold, and on the 21st of the next February another 
 legislature was called by the Governor, to assemble " at 
 the house, where Captain Fleets lately dwelt." 
 
 After the civil war in England began, Fleet identi 
 fi.ed himself with Virginia, and by its legislature on 
 April 5th, 1645, Captain Fleet was authorized " as a 
 tit person acquainted with the language of the Indians, 
 and accustomed to intercourse with them, to trade with 
 the Rappahannocks, or any Indians, not in amity with 
 Opechancanough." The next year, he was appointed 
 to organize an expedition against the Indians, and build 
 a fort, in the valley of the Rappahannoc river. In De- 
 cember, 1652, he sat as a member of the Virginia 
 legislature, from Lancaster County, and with his old 
 rival William Clayborne was authorized ." to discover 
 and enjoy such benefits and trades, for fourteen years, 
 
18 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 as they shall find oub in places where no English have 
 ever been and discovered, nor have had particular 
 trade, and to take up such lands, by patents, proving 
 their rights, as they shall think good." 
 
 In 1654, he is last mentioned, as an interpreter to a 
 proposed expedition against the Indians. Upon the 
 Coast Survey Map of the Potomac, in the Report of 
 1860, Fleet's Point appears between the 37th and 38th 
 degrees of latitude, and here perhaps, the old and hardy 
 pioneer may have last lived. 
 
A BRIEF JOURNAL 
 
 OF A VOYAGE MADE IN THE BARK VIRGINIA, TO VIRGINIA 
 AND OTHER PARTS OF THE CONTINENT OF AMERICA. 
 
 XN the library of the Archbishop of Canterbury, a 
 Lambeth, is a manuscript journal with the above title, 
 writen by Capt. Henry Fleet. In 1664 it belonged to 
 William Griffith A.M., who was, probably, the son of 
 Henry Griffith, one of the owners of the Warwick, and 
 may have been the Oxford graduate, who was Chan- 
 cellor of dioceses of St, Asaph and Bangor. In pre- 
 senting the journal to American readers, bad and 
 obsolete spelUngs have been corrected, with the excep- 
 tion of those of proper names. 
 
 JOUENAL. 
 "The 4th of July 1631, we weighed anchor from 
 the Downs, and sailed for New England, where we 
 arrived in the harbor of Pascattouaie, the 9th of 
 September, making some stay upon the coast of New 
 England. From thence, on Monday the 19th of Sep- 
 tember, we sailed directly for Virginia, where we came 
 to anchor in the bay there, the 21st of October, but 
 made little stay. From thence we set sail for the river 
 of Potomack, where we arrived the 26th of October at 
 
20 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 an Indian town called Yowaccomoco, being at the 
 mouth of the river, where I found that, by reason of 
 my absence, the Indians had not preserved their beaver, 
 but burned it, as the custom is, whereupon I endea- 
 voured by persuasion to alter that custom, and to pre- 
 serve it for me against the next spring, promising to 
 come there with commodities in exchange by the first 
 of April. Here I was tempted to run up the river to 
 the heads, there to trade with a strange populous 
 nation, called Mowhaks,^ man-eaters, but after good 
 deliberation, I conceived many inconveniences that 
 might fall out. First, I considered that I was engaged 
 to pay a quantity of Indian corn in New England, the 
 neglect whereof might be prejudicial both to them 
 that should have it, and to me that promised payment. 
 And when I observed that winter was very forward, 
 and that if I should proceed and be frozen in, it might 
 be a great hindrance to my proceedings ; therefore 1 
 did forbear, and making all the convenient haste I 
 could, I took into the barque her lading of Indian corn 
 as I supposed, being persuaded and overruled by John 
 Dunton, whom I entertained as master. But upon the 
 delivery of our lading found not above 800 bushels to 
 our great hindrance. 
 
 " The 6th of December we weighed anchor, shaping 
 our course directly for New England, but the wind 
 
 ' The Maquas, Mawhawks, Mowliaks, or Mohawks were then a 
 fierce tribe west and south of Albany, N. Y., but Fleet exaggerates in 
 calling them, man-eaters. 
 
Corn for New England. 21 
 
 being contrary, ending with a fearful storm, we were 
 forced into the inhabited riverof James Town. There 
 were divers envious people, who would have executed 
 their malice upon us had it not been for a rumour of 
 a commission they supposed I had, which I took great 
 pains to procure, but (time being precious and my 
 charge great) I came away only with the copy. Divers 
 that seemed to be my friends advised me to visit the 
 Governor. I showed myself willing, yet watched an 
 opportunity that might be convenient for my purpose, 
 being not minded to adventure my fortunes at the 
 disposing of the Governor. 
 
 " Then we did a little replenish our provisions. But 
 at this time I was much troubled with the seamen, 
 all of them resolving not to stir until the spring, alleg- 
 ing that it was impossible to gain a passage in winter, 
 and that the load being corn, was the more dangerous. 
 But the master and his mate, who were engaged for 
 the delivery of the corn, laboured to persuade and en- 
 courage them to proceed, showing that it would be 
 for their benefit ; so that, with threats and fair persua- 
 sions, at last I prevailed. 
 
 " On Tuesday, the 10th of January, we set sail from 
 Point Comfort and arrived at Pascattoway, in New 
 England, on Tuesday the 7th of February, where we 
 delivered our corn, the quantity being 700 bushels. 
 
 " On Tuesday, the 16th of March, we weighed 
 anchor and sailed to the Isle of Shoals, where we fur- 
 
22 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 inshed ourselves with provisions of victual. Sunday, 
 the llth^of March, we sailed for the Massachusetts 
 Bay, and arrived there on the 19th day. I wanted 
 commodities to trade with the Indians, and here 1 
 endeavoured to fit myself if I could. I did obtain some, 
 but it proved of little value, and was the overthrow of 
 my voyage. 
 
 "From the Massachusetts, was sent with me a small 
 pinnace of the burthen of twenty tons, the which I 
 was to freight with Indian corn for trucking stuff, vvhicli 
 proved to me like that I had before from the Bay, and 
 Pascattoway, from whence I had some likewise. Yet 
 this was not the greatest wrong I received by this 
 barque, as shall hereafter be related. 
 
 " On Monday, the 9th of April, 1632, we both weighed 
 anchor, and shaped our course for Virginia, but the 
 sixth day being stormy weather we lost our pinnace. 
 Contrary winds and gusty weather, with the insuffi- 
 ciency of the master, made our return to Virginia 
 tedious, to the overthrow of the voyage. But it so 
 pleased God that we anchored against the English 
 colony the 13th of May, when, for want of wind, being 
 a flat calm, we came to an anchor at Acomack. Hav- 
 ing some English commodities I sold them for tobacco. 
 Wednesday, the 16th of May, we shaped our course 
 for the river of Patomack, with the company of Cap- 
 tain Claybourne, being in a small vessel. By the 
 relation of him and others of the plantation of Aco- 
 
Charles Harman, Trader. 23 
 
 mack, the Governor of Virginia was much displeased 
 with me, unto whom complaints had been made by 
 divers of the country, and it had been discovered by 
 one of my company that was run away, how that I 
 had but the copy of my commission. Friday, the 17th 
 of May, we might discern a sail making toward us 
 about two o'clock in the afternoon. She came up to us, 
 and we found that it was the pinnace that came out 
 with us, which having had a short passage, had been 
 up the river of Patomack, at Yowocomaco, an Indian 
 town, where she had stayed three weeks, and then I 
 was certified, that he who had usually been in those 
 parts with me, after my last departure, came there and 
 went up the river to truck, where he found good store 
 of beaver, and being furnished with commodities such 
 as Virginia aflbrds, did beat about from town to 
 town for beaver, but prevailed not. And in the end, 
 coming where my barque had been, that town having 
 300 weight of beaver, he then reported that I was 
 dead, they supposing his vessel to be the same that I 
 was to come in, desired them to bring me dead or 
 alive, and this report caused some distraction for the 
 present, who supposed that by reason of my long ab- 
 sence, past my appointed time, some mischance had 
 befallen me. And the Indians there disposed of their 
 beaver to Charles Harman, being 300 weight, who 
 departed but three days before I came there. 
 
 " This relation did much trouble me, fearing (having 
 
24 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 contrary winds) that the Indians might be persuaded 
 to dispose of all their beaver before they could have 
 notice of my being in safety, they themselves having 
 no use at all for it, being not accustomed to take pains 
 to dress it and make coats of it Monday, the 21st of 
 May, we came to an anchor at the mouth of the river, 
 where hastening ashore, I sent two Indians, in company 
 with my brother Edward, to the Emperor, being three 
 days' journey towards the Falls. And so sailing to 
 the other side of the river, I sent two Indians more, 
 giving express order to all of them not to miss an In- 
 dian town and to certify them of my arrival. But it 
 so happened that he (Harman) had cleared both sides 
 of the river, so far as the Emperor's where these In- 
 dians, when they came, certified him of my being well, 
 and of my brother's being there, so that afterwards he 
 could not get a skin, but he made a very hand of it, 
 and an unexpected trade for the time, at a small charge, 
 having gotten 1500 weight of beaver, and cleared 
 fourteen towns. There were yet three that were at 
 the disposing of the Emperor, so the barque and ray- 
 self passing by divers towns, came to the town of Pato- 
 mack on Saturday, the 26th of May.^ There I gave 
 the pinnace her lading of Indian corn, and sent her 
 away the 1st of June, with letters from our company 
 to their friends in London, and elsewhere in England, 
 which were safely conveyed from New England. The 
 
 • Potomac town supposed to be at the mouth of Potomac Creek in 
 Virginia. 
 
Massomack Indians. 25 
 
 same day, with a north-west whid (Charles Harman 
 staj'ing no longer), we set sail, and the third we arrived 
 at the Emperor's, but before we could come to the town 
 he was paddled aboard, by a petty king, in a canoe. 
 
 When he came be used divers speeches, and alleged 
 many circumstances for the excuse of the beaver which 
 Charles Harman had of his men in that river, and after 
 compliments used, he presented me with one hundred 
 and fourteen beaver skins, which put me into a little 
 comfort after so much ill success. Yet this was noth- 
 ing, in regard to the great change at his town, and at 
 a little town by him called the Nacostines, where I had 
 almost 800 weight of beaver. There is but little 
 friendship between the Emperor, and the Nacostines,^ 
 he being fearful to punish them, because they are pro- 
 tected by the Massomacks or Cannyda Indians, who 
 have used to convey all such English truck as cometh 
 into the river to the Massomacks. 
 
 " The ISTacostines before, here occasioned the kill- 
 ing of twenty men of our English, myself then being 
 taken prisoner and detained five years, which was in 
 the time of Sir Francis Wyatt, he being the Governor 
 of Virginia.^ The 13th of June I had some conference 
 with an interpreter of Massomack^ and of divers other 
 
 ' The Nacostines or Anacostans lived near the site of the city of 
 "Washington. The suburb opposite the Navy Yard is now called 
 Anacostia, and Mason's Island is often called Analostan. 
 
 " See page 11. 
 
 ^ Daniel Gookin, formerly of Virginia and a friend of the Massachu- 
 setts Indian missionary, John Eliot, in a History of the Indians in Now 
 4 
 
26 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 Indians that had been lately with them, whose rela- 
 tion was very strange in regard of the abundance of 
 people there, compared to all the other poor number 
 of natives which are in Patomack and places adjacent, 
 where are not above five thousand persons, and also 
 of the infinite store of beaver they use in coats. 
 Divers were the imaginations that I did conceive about 
 this discovery, and understanding that the river was 
 not for shipping, where the people were, not yet for 
 boats to pass, but for canoes only. I found all my 
 neighbor Indians to be against my design, the Pascat- 
 towies having had- a great slaughter formerly by them 
 to the number of one thousand persons in ray time. 
 They coming in their birchen canoes did seek to 
 withdraw me from having any commerce with the 
 other Indians, and the JSTacostines were earnest in the 
 matter, because they knew that our trade might hinder 
 their benefit. Yet I endeavored to prosecute my trade 
 with them nevertheless, and therefore made choice 
 of two trusty Indians to be sent along with my brother, 
 who could travel well. 
 
 England, writes : " There is a numerous race of Indians that live upon 
 a great lake or sea. Some report it to be salt water, while others fresh. 
 * * * * This people I conceive to be the same that Capt. Smith in his 
 History of Virginia doth in several places call Massawomeks. * * * 
 Now the place where he met with and heard of this great people of 
 Massawomeks was at the head of the Chesapeake Bay or Gulf, which 
 lieth in the latitude of 40 degrees, nearest ; and he saith, they had re- 
 course thither from the lakes or seas where they lived, in canoes of 
 bark of trees." 
 
Fish and Game. 27 
 
 " I find the Indians of that populous place are 
 governed by four kings, whose towns are of several 
 names, Tonhoga,i Mosticuni, Shaunetowa,2and Ussera- 
 hak,3 reported above thirty thousand persons, and that 
 they have palisades about the towns made with great 
 trees, and with scalFolds upon the walls. Unto these 
 four kings, I sent four presents in beads, l)clls, hatchets, 
 knives, and coats, to the value of X8 sterlino-, 
 
 " The 14th of June they set forth, and I entreated 
 them to bring these Indians down to the water to the 
 Falls, where they should find me with the ship. On 
 Monday, the 25th of June, we set safl for the town of 
 Tohoga, when we came to an anchor two leagues 
 short of the Falls,* being in the latitude of 41, on the 
 26th of June. This place without all question is the 
 most pleasant and healthful place in all this country, 
 and most convenient for habitation, the air temper- 
 ate in summer and not violent in winter. It abouudeth 
 with all manner of fish. The Indians in one night 
 commonly will catch thirty sturgeons in a place where 
 the river is not above twelve fathom broad. And as 
 for deer, buffaloes, bears, turkeys, the woods do swarm 
 with them, and the soil is exceedingly fertile, but 
 above this place the country is rocky and mountainous 
 like Cannida. 
 
 ' Toliogfas or Tiogas ? 
 
 * Shawnees V 
 
 ' Outouacs or Ottowas ? 
 
 ' Nine miles above Washington. 
 
28 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 "The 27th of June I manned my shallop, and went 
 up with the flood, the tide rising about four feet in 
 height at this place. We had not rowed above three 
 miles, but we might hear the Fallw to roar about six 
 miles distant, by which it appears that the river is 
 separated with rocks, but only in that one place, for 
 beyond is a fair river. The 3d of July, my brother, 
 with the two Indians, came thither, in which journey 
 they were seven days going, and five days coming back 
 to this place. Tliey all didafiirm that in one palisado, 
 and that being the last of thirty, there were three 
 hundred houses, and in every house forty skins at 
 least, in bundles and piles. To this king was delivered 
 the four presents, who dispersed them to the rest. The 
 entertainment they had I omit as tedious to relate. 
 There came with them, one-half of the way, one hun- 
 dred and ten Indians, laden with beaver, which could 
 not be less than 4000 weight. These Indians were 
 made choice of by the whole nation, to see what we 
 were, what was our intent, and whether friends or 
 foes, and what commodities we had, but they were met 
 with by the way by the Nacostines, who told them we 
 purposed to destroy those that came in our way, in 
 revenge of the Pascattowaies, being hired to do so for 
 114 skins, which were delivered aforesaid, for a present, 
 as a preparative. 
 
 " But see the inventions of devils ; the life of my 
 brother, by this tale of the Nacostiues, was much en- 
 
Fleet's Brother Returns. 29 
 
 dangered. The next morning I went to the Nacostines 
 to know the reason of this business, who answered, 
 they did know no otherwise, but that if I would 
 make a firm league with them, and give their king a 
 a present, then they would undertake to bring those 
 other Indians down. The refusal of this offer, was the 
 greatest folly that I have ever committed, in mine 
 opinion. 
 
 " The 10th of July, about one o'clock we discerned 
 an Indian on the other side of the river, who with a 
 shrill sound, cried, 'Quo! Quo! Quo!' holding up 
 a beaver skin upon a pole. I went ashore to him, who 
 then gave me the beaver skin, with his hatchet, and 
 laid down his head with a strange kind of behavior, 
 using some few words, which I learned, but to me it 
 was a foreign language. I cheered him, told him he 
 was a good man, and clapped him on the breast with 
 my hands. Whereupon he started up, and used some 
 complimental speech, leaving his things with me ran 
 up the hill. 
 
 "Within the space of half an hour, he returned, 
 with five more, one being a woman, and an interpreter, 
 at which 1 rejoiced, and so I expressed myself to them, 
 showing them courtesies. These were laden with 
 beaver, and came from a town called Usserahak, where 
 were seven thousand Indians. I carried these Indians 
 aboard, and traded with them for their skins. They 
 drew a plot of their country, and told me there came 
 
30 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 with them sixty canoes, but were interrupted by the 
 Nacostines, who always do wait for thera, and were 
 hindered by them. Yet these, it would seem, were 
 resolute, not fearing death, and would adventure to 
 come down. These promised, if I would show them my 
 truck, to get great store of canoes to come down with 
 one thousand Indians that should trade with me. I 
 had but little, not worth above one hundred pound 
 sterling, and such as was not fit for these Indians to 
 trade with, who delight in hatchets, and knives of 
 large size, broad-cloth, and coats, shirts, and Scottish 
 stockings. The womeu desire bells, and some kind 
 of beads. 
 
 " The 11th of July there came from another place 
 seven lusty men, with strange attire; they had red 
 fringe, and two of them had beaver coats, which they 
 gave me. Their language was haughty, and they 
 seemed to ask me what I did there, and demanded to 
 see my truck, which, upon view, they scorned. They 
 had two axes, such as Captain Kirk traded in Cannida, 
 which he bought at Whits of Wapping, and there I 
 bought mine, and think I had as good as he. But 
 these Indians, after they came aboard, seemed to be 
 fair conditioned, and one of them, taking a piece of 
 chalk, made a plain demonstration of their country, 
 which was nothing different from the former plot drawn 
 by the other Indians. These called themselves Mosti- 
 kums, but afterwards I found they were of a people 
 
Cannibalism of Natives. 31 
 
 three days' journey from these, and were called Herec- 
 keenes,^ who, with their own beaver, and what they get 
 of those that do adjoin upon them, do drive a trade iu 
 Cannida, at the plantation, which is fifteen days' journey 
 from thi« place. These people delight not in toys, but 
 in useful commodities. 
 
 " There was one William Elderton very desirous to 
 go with them, but being cannibals I advised him rather 
 to go with the others, whither I had sent a present, 
 telling him tbey had no good intentions, yet upon his 
 earnest entreaty, though unwilling, I licensed him to 
 proceed, and sent a present with him to their king, 
 one of them aflirming that they were a people of one 
 of the four aforenamed nations. But I advised my 
 man to carry no truck along, lest it might be a means 
 to endanger his life. Nevertheless, as I was after- 
 wards informed, he carried a coat, and other things to 
 the value of ten shillings more, and on the 14th of 
 July departed. 
 
 " The 15th of July the Indians were returned with 
 the interpreter, according to promise, and, being come, 
 looked about for William our interpreter, to whom I 
 made relation whither he was gone, and they seemed 
 to lament for him, as if he were lost, saying, that the 
 men with whom he went would eat him, that these 
 people were not their friends, but that they wereHere- 
 cheenes. At the departure of these Indians, they told 
 
 'Iroquois? 
 
32 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 me that two hundred Indians were come to the place 
 from whence they came with store of English truck to 
 trade for beaver, and told us they had a purpose to 
 come down and visit us, and take a view of our com- 
 modities, and they inquired after divers kinds of com- 
 modities, of which I had some very good, part of 
 which I gave them, and sent them away, desiring them 
 to follow after the other Indians, and to get away my 
 man. All this time did my truck spend not so much 
 upon beaver as upon victuals, having nothing but 
 what we bought of the Indians, of whom we had fish, 
 beans, and boiled corn. The seamen, nevertheless, 
 hoped to sell away all their clothes for beaver. 
 
 "The 18th of July I went to the Pascattowaies, and 
 there excused myself for trading with those that were 
 enemies, and from thence I hired sixteen Indians, and 
 brought them to the ship, and made one of them my 
 merchant, and delivered to them, equally divided, the 
 best part of my truck, which they carried up for me, 
 to trade with their countrymen ; and I gave charge to 
 the factor to find out my man, and to bring him along 
 with them when they came back. 
 
 " The 7th of August these Indians returned, and the 
 Tohogaes sent me eighty skins with the truck again, 
 who showed these Indians great packs of beaver, say- 
 ing there were nine hundred of them coming down by 
 winter, after they had received assurance of our love 
 by the Usserahaks, although the Nacostines had much 
 
Beaver Trade. 83 
 
 labored the contrary. And yet they were all at a 
 stand for a time, by reason of two rumors that had 
 raised, the one, that I had no good truck, neither for 
 quantity, nor for quality ; the other that one of our 
 men was slain by the Hirechenes, three days' journey 
 beyond them, and that they had beguiled us with the 
 name of Mosticums, one of their confederate nations. 
 Nevertheless, they being desirous to have some trial of 
 us, had sent us these skins, minding to have an answer 
 whether we woulcL^r^^^^P^^^^JI^S^^s deceit or no? 
 and that they would come all four nations and trade 
 with us upon theif^guard. ^jj 
 
 " I liked this rfistjfcj^ very welL^Jut ^as unwilling 
 to protract time, beca TO^ hu i d bi lt little victuals, and 
 small store of trucking stuff, and therefore I sailed 
 down to Pascattowie, and so to a town on this side of 
 it called Moyumpse. Here came three cannibals of 
 Usserahak, Tohoga, and Mosticum ; these used many 
 complimenting speeches and rude orations, showing 
 that they desired us to stay fifteen days, and they 
 would come with a great number of people that should 
 trade with us as formerly they had spoken. I gave 
 them all courteous entertainment, and so sent them 
 back again. 
 
 " At this time I had certain news of a small pinnace 
 with eight men, that made inquiry in all places for me, 
 with whom was Charles Harman.* The Indians would 
 
 ' See page 13. 
 
34 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 willingly have put them by from me, or I could have 
 shifted them in the night, or taken them, as I pleased ; 
 but, knowing my designs to be fair and honest, I feared 
 nothing that miirht happen by this means. And now, 
 after much toil and some misery, I was desirous of 
 variety of company. 
 
 " The 28th of August, in the morning, I discerned 
 the barque, and having the shallop which I built 
 amongst the Indians, I manned her with ten men and 
 all manner of munition, with a full resolution to (dis- 
 cover) what they were, and what were their intentions. 
 Being come near them, I judged what they were and 
 went aboard, where I found Captain John Uty, one 
 of the Council of Virginia.^ In which barque I stayed 
 with them by the space of two hours, and then invited 
 them aboard my ship, where, being entered into my 
 cabin, after a civil pause, this salutation was used: — 
 
 " Captain Fleet, I am sorry to bring ill news, and to 
 trouble you in these courses, being so good ; but as I 
 am an instrument, so I pray you to excuse me, for, in 
 the King's name I arrest you, your ship, and goods, 
 and likewise your company, to answer such things as 
 the Governor and Council shall object." 
 
 I obeyed ; yet I conceived that I might use my own 
 discretion, and most of his company being servants, 
 and ill-used, were willing to have followed me, yea, 
 though it had been to have gone for England. 
 
 ' See notice of Utie on page 48. 
 
Fleet's Arrest. 35 
 
 "The iiOth of August we came t(^ r'ulonuick ; here 
 was I tempted to take in corn, and then to proceed 
 for New Eugkind ; but wanting truck, and having 
 much tobacco due to me in Virginia, I was unwilling 
 to take any irregular course, especially in that I con- 
 ceived all my hopes and future fortunes depended upon 
 the trade and traffic that was to be had out of this 
 river. 
 
 "I took in some provisions, and came down to a 
 town called Patobanos,' where I found that all the In- 
 dians below the cannibals, which are in number five 
 thousand persons in the river of Patomack, will take 
 pains this winter in the killing of beavers and preserve 
 the furs for me now that they begin to find what benefit 
 may accrue to them thereby. By this means I shall 
 have in readiness at least five or six thousand weight 
 against my next coming to trade there. Thursday, 
 the 6th of September 1632, we came to the river of 
 James Town, and on the 7th day anchored at James 
 Town, and I went ashore the same night. 
 
 " The Governor, bearing himself like a noble gen- 
 tleman, showed me very much favor, and used me with 
 unexpected courtesy. Captain Utye did acquaint the 
 Council with the success of the voyage, and every man 
 seemed to be desirous to be a partner with me in these 
 employments. I made as fair weather as might be 
 with them, to the end I might know what would be 
 
 ' Also called Potopaco and Potobatto, now Port Tobacco. 
 
36 The Founders or Maryland. 
 
 the business in question and what they would or could 
 object, that I might see what issue it would come to. 
 
 " The Court was called the 14th of September, 
 wliere an order was made, which I have here enclosed, 
 and I find that the Governor hath favored me therein. 
 After this day, I had free power to dispose of myself. 
 Whereupon I took into consideration my business, 
 and what course would be most for mine advantage, 
 and what was fittest for me to resolve upon. I con- 
 ceived it would be prejudicial to my designs to lose 
 the advantage of the spring, because of the infancy of 
 this project, considering how needful it was to settle 
 this course of trade with the Indians so newly begun, 
 and now that I had gotten X200 worth of (beaver) in 
 readiness, and some of it very good. 
 
 " And I having now built a new barque of sixteen 
 tons, and fitted myself with a partner that joineth with 
 me for a moiety in that vessel, which we have sent to 
 the Cannadies with provisions, and such merchandize, 
 are there good commodities, and so to the Medeiras 
 and Tenarifife. The loading is corn, meal, beef, pork, 
 and clapboards. For myself, I hope to be gone up the 
 river within the six days. 
 
 "And so, beloved friends, that shall have the pe- 
 rusal of this journal, I hope that you will hold me ex- 
 cused in the method of this relation, and bear with 
 my weakness in penning the same. And consider 
 that time would not permit me to use any rhetoric in 
 
End of Jouknal. 37 
 
 the form of this discourse, which, to sa}' truly, I am 
 but a stranger unto as yet, considering that in my in- 
 fancy and prime time of youth, which might have ad- 
 vantaged my study that way, and enabled me with 
 more learning, I was for many years together com- 
 pelled to live amongst these people, whose prisoner I 
 was, and by that means am a hetter proficient in the 
 Indian language than mine own, and am made more 
 able that way. 
 
 " The thing that I have endeavored herein is, in 
 plain phrase, to make such relation of my voyage as 
 may give some satisfaction to my good friends, whose 
 longing thoughts may hereby have a little content, by 
 perusing this discourse, wherein it will appear how I 
 proceeded, and what success I have had, and how I 
 am like to speed if God permit. All which particulars, 
 the whole ship's company are ready to testify on be- 
 half of this Journal." 
 
WILLIAM CLAYBORISrE. 
 
 AJN the Eelation of the Successful Beginnings of 
 Lord Baltimore's Plantation iu Maryland, written a 
 few weeks after the landing of Leonard Calvert and 
 associates, it is stated, that William Clay borne came 
 " from parts in Virginia where we intend to plant," 
 and said that the Indians were alarmed, by reason of a 
 rumor that some one had raised, of six ships that were 
 come, with a power of Spaniards." 
 
 Clayborne was above the majority of the Virginia 
 colonists in birth and intellectual culture. He had a 
 very different training from Henry Fleet, his rival in 
 the Indian trade, who once wrote " tliat in my infancy 
 and prime time of youth, I was for years together com- 
 pelled to live among these people whose prisoner I 
 was, and by that means am a better proficient in the 
 Indian language, than mine own." 
 
 He was the second son of Sir Edward Cleburne or 
 Clayborne of Westmoreland, and was one of the colo- 
 nial officers appointed in 1621, by the London Com- 
 pany for Virginia,and for many years Secretary of the 
 Colony. 
 
 Among his early companions at Jamestown were 
 
Companions of Clayborne. 39 
 
 the estimable Grovernor, Sir Francis Wyatt and his 
 gentle wife, the niece of Sir Edwin Sandys, the head 
 of the London Company. The chaplain was Rev. 
 Haut Wyatt, A.M., the Governor's brother. The 
 Treasurer of the Colony was George Sandys, poet and 
 translator of Ovid, and brother of Sir Edwin. The 
 Secretary was another poet, Christopher Davison, the 
 son of that Sir William, in wh(5se employ William 
 Brewster of Plymouth Rock once was. The surgeon 
 general John Pott, was also a Master of Arts.' In 
 1621 the London Company writes : " It is our express 
 will that the tenants belonging to ever}- office, be fixed 
 to his certain place, on the lands set out, for which 
 Mr. Cleyburne ^ is chosen to be our Surveyor, who at 
 the Company's very great charge is set out." 
 
 In 1G27 Clayborne commanded an expedition against 
 the Indians, and landing at the junction of the York 
 and Pamunkey River destroyed the village and corn- 
 
 ' Oxford University in 1605 conferred tlie degree of A.M. on John 
 Pott and George Calvert afterwards the first Lord Baltimore. See 
 Wood's Athenw Oxonienses. 
 
 " The name is variously spelt, Cleyburne, Cleburne, Clybourne, 
 Clibourne. The following pedigree is found in the Visitation of 
 Cumberland, published by the Harleian Society of London. 
 
 Robert Clyborne of Westmoreland. 
 
 Edward Clyborne his son. 
 
 Children of Edward. 
 
 Richard Cliburne. 
 
 John Clibourne. 
 
 Thomas Clibourne. 
 
 William Clibourne. 
 
 Elizabeth married John Thwaits. 
 
40 The Founders of Maryland. "^~^ 
 
 fields, and for his services received the land on which 
 the Indians had dwelt. In October of this year, one 
 arrived at Jamestown, who caused much dissension. 
 
 Lord Baltimore in early life was known as George 
 Calvert, the son of a worthy Yorkshire farmer. A 
 graduate of Oxford, and an attache of Cecil, Earl of 
 Salisbury, he attracted the attention of James the First, 
 and when about twenty-five years of age, was appointed 
 one of the Secretaries of State. 
 
 A good linguist, a ready writer, and possessing exe- 
 cutive talent, he was soon recognized as a right hand 
 man of the King, and an antagonist of the people's 
 party in the House of Commons. In 1624 he repre- 
 sented Oxford in Parliament, opposed freedom of 
 speech, and defended the royal prerogative. In 1625 
 he announced his conversion to the Church of Rome,^ 
 and when Charles the First came to the throne, the 
 oath of allegiance being ofl:ered to him, as one of the 
 Privy Council, he hesitated and was relieved of duties 
 at Court, and went to his estate in Ireland. 
 
 While a member of the Church of England, in 1620, 
 he had planted a colony at Ferryland in New Found- 
 
 ' Goodman formerly Bisliop of Gloucester of the Clmrcli of England, 
 after lie united with the Churcli of Rome, says that Calvert was con- 
 verted by Gondomar, the Spanish Ambassador, " and Count Arundel 
 whose daughter Secretary Calvert's son had married." This is a 
 strange error. Ann Arundel wife of Cecil Calvert *died July 24, 1649, 
 at the age of thirty-four. When Gondomar was in England she was 
 about six years of age, and certainly not married to Secretary Oal vert's 
 son. 
 
First Lord Baltimore. 41 
 
 land, awcl on May 21st, 1627, lie writes to his intimate 
 friend Sir Thomas Wentworth : 
 
 " I am heartily sorry, that I am farther from my 
 hopes of seeing you, before my leaving this town, 
 which will be now within these three or four days, 
 being bound for a long journey, to a place which I have 
 had a long desire to visit, and have now the oppor- 
 tunity and leave to do it. 
 
 " It is New Foundland I mean, which it imports me 
 more than in curiosity, only to see, for I must either 
 go and settle it in better order or else give it over, and 
 lose all the charges I have been at hitherto, for other 
 men to build their fortunes upon. And I had rather 
 be esteemed a fool by some, for the hazard of one 
 month's journey, than to prove myself one certainly 
 for six years by past, if the business be now lost for 
 the want of a little pains and care." ^ 
 
 Arriving at Ferryland on the 23d of July bringing 
 two priests of the Church of Rome, he astonished the 
 minister of the Church of England in charge of the 
 colonists. After a brief visit, he went back to England 
 and in the summer of 1628 returned with a second 
 wife,^ and several children by his first wife, and a 
 
 ' Strafford's Letters, vol. 1, p. 39, Dublin, 1740. 
 
 * There has been much confusion as to Lord Baltimore's family re- 
 lations. 
 
 Davis and Hildreth erroneously intimate that Governor Leonard 
 Calvert was an illegitimate child, and bore the baton in his escutcheon. 
 Governor Stuyvesant of New York, who corresponded with Governor 
 6 
 
42 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 Eoman Catholic priest. The Church of England 
 clergyman was sent home, and in October complained 
 to the authorities of England, that contrary to law, 
 mass was publicly celebrated in New Foundland. In 
 a few months Lord Baltimore found the country too 
 cold for a residence, and he wrote a letter dated August 
 19th, 1629, to his old friend King Charles, in which he 
 uses these words. 
 
 "Have met with grave difficulties and incumbrances 
 here, which in this place are no longer to be resisted, 
 but enforce me presently to quit my residence and to 
 shift to some other warmer climate of this new world 
 where the winter be shorter and less rigorous. 
 
 " For here your Majesty may please to understand 
 that I have found by too dear bought experience, which 
 other men for their private interests always concealed 
 from me, that from the middlest of October, to the 
 middlest of May there is a sad fare of winter upon all 
 this land, both sea and land so frozen for the greater 
 part of the time, as they are not penetrable ; no plant 
 or vegetable thing appearing out of the earth until it 
 be about the beginning of May, nor fish in the sea; 
 
 Philip Calvert, does however state that Philip was the illegitimate 
 child of Leonard Calvert's father, the first Lord Baltimore. 
 
 Lodge, Burke and other writers on the peerage never allude to the 
 second wife of Lord Baltimore. It is possible that he was privately 
 married in Ireland, and not a,ccording to the laws of the Church of 
 England. There is a mystery about the second wife. In one of the 
 Ayscough MSS. of the British Museum it is stated that she was lost 
 at sea, and there the subject is dropped. 
 
New Foundland Climate. 43 
 
 besides the air is so intolerable cold as it is hardly to 
 be endured. 
 
 "By means whereof, and of much salt meat, my house 
 hath been an hospital, all this winter, of 100 persons, 
 fifty sick at a time, myself being one, and nine or ten 
 of them died. 
 
 "Hereupon I have had strong temptations to leave 
 all proceedings in plantations, and being much decayed 
 in ray strength to retire myself to my former quiet, but 
 my inclination carrying me naturally to these kind of 
 works, and not knowing how better to employ the poor 
 remainder of my days, than with other good subjects, 
 to further the best I may, the enlarging your Majesty's 
 empire in this part of the world, I am determined to 
 commit this place to fishermen that are able to en- 
 counter storms and hard weather, and to remove my- 
 self with some forty persons to your Majesty's domain, 
 Virginia, w^here if your Majesty will please to grant 
 me a precinct of land with such privileges as the King, 
 your father was pleased to grant me here, I shall en- 
 deavor to the utmost to deserve it." ^ 
 
 Waiting for no reply he sailed away, and early in 
 October 1629, with his children and their step-mother 
 and attendants arrived at Jamestown. He expressed 
 a desire to John Pott the acting Governor, who pro- 
 bably received the degree of A.M. from Oxford on 
 
 ' Virginia State Papers. 
 
44 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 the same day as he obtained the honor, to settle in that 
 country, but was informed that it was the law that 
 every new-comer should take the oath of allegiance 
 and supremacy, but this he refused and the following 
 statement signed by Governor John Pott, Samuel 
 Matthews, Roger Smyth and William Clayborue pre- 
 pared on IS'ovember 30th, 1629, was forwarded to the 
 King's Privy Council. ^ 
 
 " May it please your Lordships to understand, that 
 about the beginning of October last, there arrived in 
 the colony the Lord Baltimore, from his plantation 
 at New Foundland, with an intention, as we are in- 
 formed, rather to plant himself to the southward of 
 the settlement here, although he hath seemed well 
 affected to this place, and willing to make his resi- 
 dence therein with his whole family. 
 
 " We were readily inclined to render to his Lord- 
 ship all those respects which were due unto the 
 honor of his person, which might testify with how 
 much gladness we desire to receive and to entertain 
 him, as being of that eminence and degree whose pre- 
 sence and affection might give great advancement to 
 the plantation. 
 
 " Thereupon, according to the instructions from 
 your Lordships, and the usual course hekl in this place, 
 we tendered the oaths of supremacy and allegiance to 
 
 * Va. MSS. Library of Congress. 
 
Baltimore takes the Oath. 45 
 
 his Lordship and some of his followers, who, making 
 profession of the Romish religion, utterly refused to 
 take the same, a thing we could not have doubted in 
 him, whose former employments under his late Ma- 
 jesty might have endeared to us a persuasion he 
 would not have made a denial of that, in point whereof, 
 consists the loyalty and fidelity which every true sub- 
 ject oweth unto his Sovereign. 
 
 " His Lordship, therefore, offered to take the oath, 
 a copy whereof is included, but, in true discharge of 
 the trust imposed on us by his Majesty, we could not 
 imagine that so much latitude was left for us to de- 
 cline from the prescribed form so strictly exacted, 
 and so well justified and defended by the pen of our 
 late Sovereign, King James of happy memory ; and 
 among the blessings and favors for which we are 
 bound to bless God, and which this colony hath re- 
 ceived from his Most Gracious Majesty, there is none 
 whereby it hath been made more happy than in the 
 freedom of our religion which we have enjoyed, and 
 that no Papists have been sufl:ered to settle their abode 
 amongst us, the continuance whereof we now humbly 
 implore from his Most Sacred Majesty, and earnestly 
 beseech your Lordships, that by your mediations and 
 counsels, the same may be established and confirmed 
 unto us." 
 
 Not discouraged by his cold reception, leaving his 
 family, he went to England to sue for a grant of land. 
 
46 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 In the British State Paper Office there is the following 
 petition preserved, addressed to Lord Dorchester, Sec- 
 retary of State, in Baltimore's own hand. 
 
 "That your Lordship would be pleased to procure 
 rae a letter from my Lords of the Council to the Go- 
 vernor of Virginia in favor of my wife now there, that 
 he would afford her his best assistance upon her return 
 into England in all things reasonable for her accom- 
 modation, in her passage and for recovery of any debts 
 due unto me in Virginia, or for disposing of her ser- 
 vants according to the custom of the country if she 
 shall think fit to leave any behind her or upon any 
 other occasion, wherein she may have use of his law- 
 ful favor. 
 
 " Moreover that your Lordship would be pleased to 
 move his Majesty that whereas upon my humble suit 
 unto him from Newfoundland for a proportion to be 
 granted unto me in Virginia, he was graciously pleased 
 to signify by Sir Francis Cottington that I should have 
 any part not already granted, that his Majesty would 
 give me leave to choose such a part now, and to pass 
 it unto me, with the like power and privileges as the 
 King his father of happy memory did grant me that 
 precinct in Newfoundland, and I shall contribute my 
 best endeavors, with the rest of his loyal subjects, to 
 enlarge his Empire in that part of the world, by such 
 gentlemen and others, as will adventure to join with 
 me, though I go not myself in person." 
 
Baltimore secures a Tract. 47 
 
 Joseph Mead, Chaplain of Archbishop Laud, on 
 February 12, 1629-30, writes : " Though his Lord- 
 ship [Baltimore] is extolling that country to the skies, 
 yet he is preparing a bark to send to fetch his Lady 
 and servants from thence, because the King will not 
 permit him to go back again." 
 
 In October, 1629, Sir Robert Heath, the Attorney 
 General of England, obtained a grant of land in America, 
 between the degrees of 31 and 36 of north latitude, 
 under the name of the " Province of Carolana," and 
 two days before Mead wrote, an association of gentle- 
 men asked for two degrees of land, to be held under 
 Heath, as Lord Paramount, with liberty to appoint 
 all officers both civil and ecclesiastical. On April 30, 
 1630, the Privy Council ordered, that no aliens should 
 be settled in Carolana, without special direction, nor 
 any but Protestants.^ 
 
 Lord Baltimore at length, in February, 1631, se- 
 cured a tract of land south of James River, and a 
 charter was prepared ; but Clayborne, Secretary of Vir- 
 ginia, and ex-Governor Francis West, a brother of late 
 Lord Delaware, then in London, made such representa- 
 tions that it was revoked. Undaunted, he persevered, 
 and on the ground that it was not occupied by English 
 subjects, obtained a grant for lands, north and east of 
 the Potomac.^ The King said, " Let us name it after 
 
 ' Saiusbury's State Papers. 
 ^ See Charter. 
 
48 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 the Queen. What think you of Mariana V Balti- 
 more objected, because, that was also the name of the 
 Spanish historian, who taught that the will of the peo- 
 ple was higher than the law of tyrants. Charles then 
 modified the name and said, " Let it be Terra Marias."^ 
 At this time, Clayborne had a plantation on the east 
 side of the Chesapeake Bay, and trading posts at Kent 
 Island and Palmer's Island at the mouth of the Susque- 
 hanna, the latter of which he claims to have discovered.^ 
 
 As soon as it was known that Lord Baltimore had 
 obtained a patent for the Chesapeake region, on the 
 ground that it had not been occupied, the London 
 partners of Clayborne and Virginia planters com- 
 plained, that the grant was within their limits, cover- 
 ing the places of their traffic, and so near to their 
 habitations, as will give a general disheartening to the 
 planters if they be divided into several governments. 
 George Lord Baltimore died on April 9, 1632, and his 
 son Cecil succeeded to the title. On the 28th of June, 
 1633, both parties were heard, and on the 3d of July 
 the Privy Council " for the preventing of further ques- 
 tions and differences did order that the planters on 
 each side shall have free traffic and commerce, each 
 with the other," also that Lord Baltimore should 
 be left to his patent, and the others to the course of 
 law according to their desire. 
 
 Upon the arrival of Leonard Calvert's expedition at 
 
 ' Ayscougli MSS. 
 ' Annapolis MSS. 
 
Calvert at James River. 49 
 
 the James River, Calvert claimed that Oayboriieand 
 the people of Keut Island should acknowledge his 
 jurisdiction. As the inhabitants had been repre- 
 sented in the Virginia Legislature, Clayborne consulted 
 the Council of Virginia as to the proper course to pur- 
 sue, and they replied " that they knew no reason why 
 they should render up the right of the Isle of Kent, 
 more than any other formerly given by his Majesty's 
 patent." Governor Calvert forbade his trading in the 
 Chesapeake without his license, and under the influ- 
 ence of Fleet was made to believe that he was inciting 
 the Indians to resistance. 
 
 Clayborne on the 20th of June 1634, held a confer- 
 ence with the Chief of the Patuxentsin the presence 
 of George Calvert the brother of the Governor, Fred- 
 erick the brother of Sir John Winter^ and others of 
 the Maryland Colony, and two prominent Virginians 
 John Utie^ and Samuel Mathews.^ After examining 
 the Chief, through a sworn interpreter, the whole was 
 written out and approved by both Marylanders and 
 Virginians. 
 
 ' Frederick Winter died before 1638 ; George Calvert lived and died 
 in Virginia. 
 
 " John Utye or Utie came to Virginia in 1620 in the ship Francis 
 Bona Ventura and was followed in 1621, in the ship Sea Flower by 
 Ann his wife, and an infant son. 
 
 3 Samuel Matthews came to Virginia in 1622, in tlie ship South- 
 ampton, and lived at Blunt Point, a little distance above Newports 
 News. He was thrifty and intelligent. His wife was tlie daugliter 
 of Sir Thomas Hinton. He was a type of the early planter, " lived 
 bravely, kept a good house, and was a true lover of Virginia." 
 7 
 
50 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 The Chief, in his statement, denied that Clayborpe 
 had prejudiced his tribe against th6 Marylanders, and 
 said that Fleet " was a liar and that if he were present 
 he would tell him so to his face."^ 
 
 The explorer of the Delaware River Captain Thomas 
 Young, a friend of Lord Baltimore, who was at James- 
 town in July, 1634, wrote for Secretary Windebank 
 an entirely different version and adds : " This, so far 
 as I can learn, is the true state, wherein my Lord of 
 Baltimore's Plantation stands with those of Virginia, 
 which perhaps may prove dangerous enough for them, 
 if there be not some present order taken in England 
 for suppressing the insolence of Clayborne and his ac- 
 complices, and for disjointing this faction, which is so 
 fast linked and united, as I am persuaded will not by 
 the Governor be easily dissevered or overruled, with- 
 out some strong and powerful addition to his present 
 authority, by some new powers from England. And it 
 will be to little purpose, for my Lord to proceed in his 
 Colony, against which they have so exasperated and 
 incensed all the English Colony of Virginia ; as here 
 it is accounted a crime almost as heinous as treason to 
 favor, nay, to speak well of that colony of my Lord's. 
 
 "And I have observed myself a palpable kind of 
 strangeness and distance between those of the best 
 sort in the country which have formerly been very 
 
 ' Streeter's Early Papers. 
 
The Pocomoke Conflict. 51 
 
 familiar and loving to one another, onl}^ because the 
 one hath been suspected to have been a well wisher to 
 the Plantation of Marjdand." ^ 
 
 Of the Council of Virginia but two were friendly to 
 the Maryland Colony. Lord Baltimore upon receiving 
 intelligence of the position of affairs on the 4th of 
 September, instructed Leonard Calvert and his Com- 
 missioners in Maryland, that if Clayborne would not 
 acknowledge his patent, to seize and detain him close 
 prisoner at Saint Mary, and if they can, " take posses- 
 sion of his plantation on the Isle of Kent." 
 
 On October 8tli however, the King wrote from Hamp- 
 ton Court, to the Virginia Council and all Lieutenants 
 of Provinces in America, requiring " them to be assist- 
 ing the planters in Ketish Island, that they may peace- 
 ably enjoy the fruits of their labors, and forbids Lord 
 Baltimore or his agents to do them any violence." 
 
 It is not strange that orders so contradictory should 
 have induced bloodshed. In the spring of 1635, Corn- 
 wallis proceeded, as one of the Maryland Commis- 
 sioners, to search in the waters of the Chesapeake, for 
 Virginians trading without a Maryland license. 
 
 The goods of a trader named Harmon were seized, 
 and a pinnace called the Long Tail belonging to Clay- 
 borne captured.^ Clayborne sent from Kent Island a 
 
 ' Young in Aspinwall Papers. Mass. Hist. Soc. Publications, 4th 
 Series, vol. ix. 
 ' Report of Parliament (Committee of the Navy Dec. 31, 1652. 
 
52 The Foundees of Maryland. 
 
 boat with Lt. Ratcliff Warren and thirteen others to 
 recover his property, and on the 23d of April, in the 
 Focomoke met Commissioner Cornwallis with two 
 pinnaces the St. Margaret and St. Helen, when a con- 
 flict took place and William Ashmore of the Maryland 
 side, and Lt. Warren, John Bellson, and William 
 Dawson of the Virginians were killed. Again on the 
 10th of May, in the harbor of Great Wighcomoco, 
 Cornwallis met Thomas Smith of Kent Island who was 
 arrested, tried for piracy by the Maryland Assembly, 
 and sentenced to be hung. 
 
 When the Virginians learned that their Governor, 
 John Harvey, approved of Governor Calvert's course 
 towards Clayborne, they were very indignant, and de- 
 termined no longer to acknowledge his authority. 
 
 Four days after Warren was killed, a public meeting 
 was held at Yorktown at tli6 house of William Warren, 
 perhaps a relative, Speaker of the Virginia Assembly, 
 to consider the conduct of Harvey. The next day the 
 Governor called a meeting of his Council. His friend 
 and Secretary of the Colony Richard Kemp writes : 
 
 " The Governor demanded if they had knowledge of 
 the people's grievances. Mr. Minilie^ answered that 
 
 ' George Minifie arrived in the year 1623, in the ship Samuel. His 
 plantation was between Blunt Point and Jamestown. De Vries visited 
 in 1633, the James River and in his journal writes "Arrived at Little- 
 town where Menifit lives. He has a garden of two acres full of prim- 
 roses, apple, pear and cheery trees, the various fruits of Holland, with 
 different kinds of sweet smelling herbs, rosemary, sage, marjoram. 
 
Governor Harvey Arrested. 53 
 
 their chiefest grievance was the not sending the answer 
 of the late Assembly. The Governor rising from his 
 place replied, ' Do you say so ? I arrest you upon sus- 
 picion of treason to his Majesty.' Whereupon Captain 
 Uty and Captain Mathews both of the Council laid 
 hands upon the Governor using these words : ' And 
 we, you, upon suspicion of treasO^n to his Majesty.'- 
 The Council then demanded that he should go to Eng- 
 land, to which he reluctantly consented, and on the 
 7th of May John West a brother of Lord Delaware 
 was chosen acting Governor, and a Committee consist- 
 ing of Uty and Peirce were sent to confer with the 
 Governor of Maryland. 
 
 A correspondent of Thomas Wentworth, the Ea>l 
 of Strafford, on August 19th, 1635, alludes to this diffi- 
 culty, in these words : 
 
 " Sir John Harvey Governor of Virginia being in- 
 vited on board of a ship, was suddenly carried away 
 and is now brought into England. The company allege 
 he was a Marylauder, that is, one that favored too much 
 my Lord Baltimore's Plantation, to their prejudice ; 
 but it is ill taken, that the Company of their ovvu 
 authority, should hurry him away in that manner."^ 
 
 thyme. Around the house were planted peach trees which were 
 hiirdly in bloom." 
 
 The Dutch Captain says that these were the first peach trees h"^ 
 saw in North America. 
 
 ' Strafford Papers. 
 
54 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 While the examination of Harvey was proceeding in 
 England, Clayborne remained in undisturbed posses- 
 sion of Kent Island, until 1637, when he went to 
 England leaving "George Evelyn^ in charge, who ac- 
 knowledged the jurisdiction of Maryland, and Clay- 
 
 ' The Evelyns and Calverts were of Flemish extraction/ Sir John 
 Evelyn had a son Robert of Goodstone Surrey who died before 1639^ 
 whose wife was Susan daughter of Gregory Young of Yorlj:. George 
 and Robert Evelyn were nephews of Capt. Thomas Young who was 
 authorized on Sept. 22, 1633, by the King to fit out ships, appoint 
 officers, and to make discoveries in America. Among the officers ap- 
 pointed were Robert Evelyn, a surgeon named Scott, and Alexander 
 Baker of St. Holborn's parish, Middlesex, described by Young as 
 " skillful in mines and trying of metals." 
 
 Stopping at Point Comfort for repairs and supplies, he left there on 
 the 20th of July 1634, and on the 24th entered Delaware Bay. Slowly 
 ascending the Delaware on the 22d of August he reached the Schuyl- 
 kill, and after stopping five days again sailed, and on the 29th came 
 to shoal water below the Falls. 
 
 Early in 1635 Lt. Robert Evelyn returned to England, and in 1637 
 appears again in America, and is appointed Surveyor of Virginia. His 
 brother George probably came to Maryland at this time. At Piney 
 Point on the Potomac George obtained a grant called the Manor of 
 Evelynton and on April 3, 1638, entered lands for the following persons. 
 Thomas Hebden, Daniel Wickliff, Randall Revell, 
 
 James Cloughton, Hugh Howard, John Walker, 
 
 Henry Lee, John Wortley, John Richardson, 
 
 John Hill, V^^m. Medcalf, Philip West, 
 
 Edmund Parris, Howell Morgan, Matthew Roedlen, 
 
 Roger Baxter, Thomas Orley, Wm. Williamson, 
 
 Thomas Keane, Andrew Baker, John Hatch. 
 
 Samuel Scovell, 
 
 Through the Mynne family the Evelyns were related to the Calverts. 
 Elizabeth Mynne, daughter of George Mynne, a relative of the wife of 
 the first Lord Baltimore married a Richard Evelyn, and when she died 
 in 1692, left the Manor of Horton, to Charles, 4th Lord Baltimore. 
 
Clayborne'S'^sle OF Kent, '55 
 
 borne's goods were^ seized at Palmer's Island,^ as well 
 as this point. WMLe the Maryland Assembly was 
 confiscating his .estate, Clayborne w.a^s not idle in 
 London^ and vOn' the 4th of April,. 16§8, the Coramis- 
 sioners-df Plantations reported the right and title to 
 the Isle of Kent to be absolutely' with him, and that 
 thfe violence complained of, by- him, to be left to the 
 .^courts of justice." 
 
 The following uote'on the 14th of July was also sent 
 to Cecil, Lord Baltimore : " The King understands 
 that contrary to his pleasure. Lord Baltimore's agents 
 have slain thre^ persons, possessed themselves of the 
 island by force, and seized the persons and estates of 
 
 ' Among others, the following were taken by Lord Baltimore's 
 agents at Palmer's Island. 
 
 Servants. 
 Edward GriflBn, William Jones, 
 
 Richard Roymont, William Freeman. 
 
 Books. 
 A Statute Book. 
 Five or Six Little Books. 
 One Great Book of Mr. Perkins. 
 
 The latter may have been one of the volumes sent out from London , 
 At a meeting of the Virginia Company on November 15, 1620, as the 
 reading of the minutes was finished, "a stranger stepped in" and 
 presented a map of Sir Walter Raleigh's, containing a description of 
 Guiana, and with the same, four Great Books, as the gift of one who 
 desired his name might not be known. Three of these folios were the 
 works of Perkins the distinguished divine of Cambridge University. 
 The donor desired these books might be sent to the college in Vir- 
 ginia, there to remain in safety to the use of the collegiate educators, 
 and not suffered at any time to be lent abroad. See History of Vir 
 ginia Company, published by Munsell, Albany, page 197. 
 
56 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 the planters. These disorders have been referred to 
 the Commissiooers for Plantations. He is therefore 
 commanded to allow the planters and their agents to 
 have free enjoyment of their possessions v^ithout further 
 trouble, until the cause is decided." 
 
 In the year 1644, between October and Christmas, 
 with a party of men from Chicacoan in Virginia, Clay- 
 borne took possession of Kent Isle but did not remain, 
 and in 1646 came again with forty persons under a 
 commission from Governor Berkeley of Virginia, but 
 in the next year was compelled to retire. 
 
 During these troubles Sir Edmund Plowden, who 
 as early as July 1632, had obtained a patent for Long 
 Isle, and forty leagues between 39 and 40 degrees of 
 north latitude was visiting Virginia and Maryland, and 
 in the "Description of the Province of New Albion," 
 published in 1648, speaks of " Captain Claiborne, 
 heretofore Secretary now Treasurer of Virginia," and 
 adds: 
 
 " Now Kent Isle, was with many households of 
 English, by Captain Clayborn before seated, and be- 
 cause his Majesty by his privy signet shortly after 
 declared that it was not his intention to grant any 
 lands before seated and habited, and for that, it lyeth 
 by the Maryland printed card, clear northward, within 
 Albion and not in Maryland, and not only late Sea- 
 men, but old depositions in Clayborn's hand shows it 
 to be out of Maryland, and for that Albion's privy 
 
Baltimore's Officers Removed. ^7 
 
 signet is elder and before Maryland patent, Clayborn 
 by force entered and thrust Master Calvert out of 
 Kent."^ 
 
 In 1640, we iind tliat Clayborne had returned to 
 America, and on the 20th of June petitioned the Vir- 
 ginia authorities for 3000 acres of land at the town of 
 Patomack where in 1622 the English had built a fort, 
 which was on the Virginia side of the Potomac, a few 
 miles from Potopaco, Maryland. 
 
 The beheading of King Charles by the Parliament 
 of England led to a compromise with the Virginians. 
 In 1652 William Clayborne and Richard Bennett as 
 Commissioners of Parliament removed Lord Balti- 
 more's officers in Maryland and appointed others, in 
 the name of the keepers of the liberty of England. 
 For five years he performed the duties of Commis- 
 sioner, and after this period lived at the junction of the 
 York and Pamunkey on the site of the Indian village 
 Candayack, now called West Point. In Herrmau's 
 Map prepared for Lord Baltimore, and published in 
 1673, the neck of land is called Clayborne. After the 
 
 ' In 1632 Plowden and others petitioned for Long Isle or Isle Plow- 
 den, and other isles between 39th and 40th degree of north latitude, 
 with 40 leagues square of adjoining continent to be granted " a County 
 Palatine or body politic by the name of New Albion." The King, on 
 the 24th of July, ordered the letters patent to be granted. See Straf- 
 ford's Letters, vol. I, pp. 73, 73. In Hazard's Annals of Pennsylvania 
 there is a deposition that Sir Edmund Plowden, residing in Virginia 
 in 1643, bought of Philip White of Eaquotan, the half of a bark. He 
 returned to England, was imprisoned for debt and died A.D. 1655. 
 6 
 
58 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 restoration of Charles the Second, he was again hon- 
 ored with the Secretaryship of Virginia, which he had 
 first held about forty years before, and in 1666 was 
 chosen a member of the legislature. The time of his 
 death has not been ascertained. His son Thomas was 
 killed by the Indians, and his tombstone a few years 
 ago was visible. The Quaker preacher, Thomas 
 Story, speaks of visiting, in 1699, William Clayborne 
 of Pamunkey IsTeck, who was probably another son of 
 the old Virginia Secretary, and Parliament Commis- 
 sioner. 
 
EMBARCATION OF MARYLAND COLONISTS. 
 
 VV E are now prepared to notice the pioneers of Lord 
 Baltimore's Plantation in Maryland. It has been al 
 ready stated, that the Privy Council, after hearing the 
 arguments of the Virginia planters, ordered, on July 
 3d, 1633, that Lord Baltimore should be left to his 
 patent, and the Virginians " to the course of law, ac- 
 cording to their desire." A number of friends joined 
 with Cecil Lord Baltimore, in fitting out an expedition 
 On the 31st of the same month, in which the decision 
 of the Council was announced, the following order 
 was issued by that body. 
 
 " Whereas the good ship called the Ark of Maryland 
 of the burthen of about 350 tons, whereof one Lowe 
 is Master, is set forth by our very good Lord, the Lord 
 Baltimore for his Lordship's plantation at Maryland in 
 America and manned with about 40 men. Forasmuch 
 as his Lordship hath desired, that the men belonging 
 to his said ship, may be free from press or interruption, 
 these are to will and require you, to forbear to take 
 up, or press any, the officers, seamen, mariners or 
 others l)elouging to his Lordship's said ship either in 
 her voyage to Maryland, or in her return for England, 
 
60 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 and that yon permit niid suffer her quietlj' to pass and 
 return without any let or hindrance, stay or interruption 
 whatsoever."^ A pinnace of twenty tons, commanded 
 by Captain Winter, called The Dove, accompanied 
 the Ark. 
 
 On the 19th of October, Coke the Secretary of State, ^ 
 informed Admiral Penington " that the Ark, Richard 
 Lowe^ Master, carrying men for Lord Baltimore to 
 his Jiew plantation in or about New England, had sailed 
 from Gravesend contrary to orders, the company in 
 charge of Capt. Winter^ not having taken the oath of 
 allegiance,"^ and directed him to have the expedition 
 
 ' Copied from original in British Public Record Office. 
 
 * Sainsbury's State Papers. 
 
 ' In the M'd Assembly of 16^38 was Richard Loe probably the same 
 person. He died in 1639 and John Lewger, the first Secretary of the 
 Province, was his executor. He bequeathed to Lewger's wife, " a satin 
 petticoat." See Annapolis MSS. 
 
 * A Capt. Robert Winter was in the Assembly of 1638. On Janu- 
 ary 13, 1637-38, he transported the following servants, Richard Browne, 
 Arthur Webb, John Speed, Bartholomew Phillips, Thomas White, 
 Rowland Morgan, George Tailor, aged 15 years. Before September 
 1638 he died. See Annapolis MSS. 
 
 ^ Po|)e Pius the Fifth had freed English subjects, from allegiance 
 to the Sovereign of England. After the Gun Powder Plot the Oath 
 of Allegiance was required of all persons sailing to English colonies- 
 It begins as follows. 
 
 " I A B do truly and sincerely acknowledge, profess, 
 
 testify, and declare in my conscience before God and the World, that 
 our Sovereign Lord King James is lawful and righteous King of this 
 realm, and all other his Majesty's dominions and countries, and that 
 the Pope, neither of himself, nor by any authority by the Church or 
 See of Rome, or by any other means with any other, hath any i)ower 
 or authority to depose the King, or to dispose of any of his Majesty's 
 
Oath of Allegiance. 61 
 
 brought back. After the vessels were again anchored, 
 near Gravesend. they were visited by Edward Watkins 
 the London Searcher, who reported to the Privy 
 Council as follows: "According to your Lordship's 
 order of the 25th day of this instant month of October, 
 I have been at Tillbury Hope where I found a ship 
 and pinnace belonging to the Right Honorable Cecil 
 Lord Baltimore where I offered the oath of allegiance 
 to all and every the persons aboard, to the number of 
 about 128, who took the same, and inquiring of the 
 Master of the Ship whether any more persons were to 
 go the said voyage, he answered that some few others 
 were shipped who had forsaken the ship and given 
 over the voyage, by reason of the stay of said ships. "^ 
 The vessels after they left the Thames stopped at 
 the Isle of Wight, where the Jesuit Father White, and 
 others who had forsaken the ship, were probably re- 
 ceived. On the 22d of November they sailed from 
 this Isle. Father White writes : "Yet we were not 
 without apprehension, for the sailors were murmuring 
 among themselves, saying that they were expecting a 
 
 kingdoms or dominions," etc. Anotber clause reads : " Also I do 
 swear from my heart, that notwithstanding any declaration or sentence 
 of excommunication , or deprivation made or granted by the Pope or 
 his successors ******! will bear faith and true allegiance to his 
 Majesty," etc. Again " And I do believe, and in conscience am resolv- 
 ed, that neither the Pope, nor any person whatsoever, hath power to 
 absolve me of this oath," etc. 
 
 ' Copy, from original, in British Public Record Office. 
 
62 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 messenger with letters from London, and from this it 
 seemed as if they were ever contriving to delay ns." 
 
 After the ships had been at sea several weeks, Cecil 
 Lord Baltimore wrote to his deceased father's intimate 
 friend, Wentworth, known in history as Earl of 
 Strafford, the following account of the difficulties of 
 sending out the first ships to his Plantation : 
 
 " After many difficulties since your Lordship's de- 
 parture from hence, in the proceedings of my Planta- 
 tion wherein I felt your Lordship's absence, I have at 
 last sent away my ships, and have deferred my going 
 till another time, and indeed my Lord, my ships are 
 gone : after having been so man}' ways troubled by 
 my adversaries, after they had endeavored to over- 
 throw my business at the Council Board, after they 
 had informed by several means some of the Lords of 
 the Council that I intended to carry over nuns into 
 Spain, and soldiers to serve that King, which I believe 
 your Lordship will laugh at, as well they did, after 
 they had gotten Mr. Attorney General to make an in- 
 formation in the Star-Chamber that my ships were 
 departed from Gravesend without any cockets from 
 the Custom House, and in contempt of all authority, 
 my people abusing the King's officers, and refusing to 
 take the oath of allegiance ; whereupon their Lord- 
 ships sent present order to several captains of the 
 King's ships who lay in the Downs, to seaich for my 
 ships in the river, and to follow them into the narrow 
 
Second Lord Baltimore. 63 
 
 seas, if they were gone out, and to bring them back to 
 Gravesend, which they did, and all this done before I 
 knew anything of it, but imagined all the while that 
 my ships were well advanced on their voyage; but 
 not to trouble your Lordship with too many circum- 
 stances, I, as soon as I had notice of it, made it plainly 
 appear unto their Lordships, that Mr. Attorney was 
 abused and misinformed, and that there was not any 
 just cause of complaint in any of the former accusa- 
 tions, and that every one of them was most notoriously 
 and maliciously false, whereupon they were pleased to 
 restore my ships to their former liberty. 
 
 " After they had likewise corrupted and seduced my 
 mariners, and defamed the business all they could by 
 their scandalous reports, I have as I said, at last, by 
 the help of some of your Lordship's good friends and 
 mine, overcome these difficulties, and sent a hopeful 
 colony into Maryland with a fair and probable expecta- 
 tion of good success, however without any danger of 
 any great prejudice unto myself, in respect that others 
 are joined with me in the adventure. There are two 
 of my brothers gone, with very near twenty other gen- 
 tlemen of very good fashion, and three hundred labor- 
 ing men well provided in all things."^ 
 
 The following were the few persons above the con- 
 dition of laboring men : 
 
 Strafford's Letters. 
 
64 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 Leonard Calvert, Governor. Frederick Winter. 
 
 Thonoas Cornw^allis, Commissioner. John Saunders. 
 Jerome Hawley, " Thomas Dorrell. 
 
 Andrew White, Priest. Edward Cranfield. 
 
 John Altham, alias Gravener, Priest. Cagt^John Hill. 
 George Calvert, Baltimore's brother. Henry Green. 
 Justinian Snow, Factor. John Medcalf. 
 
 Henry Wiseman. Nicholas Fairfax. 
 
 Richard Gerard. William Saire. 
 
 Edward Winter. John Baxter. 
 
 Fairfax and others died before they reached their 
 destination, others survived but a little while after 
 landing, and some left the Plantation. 
 
 Saunders, the partner of Cornwallisin business, died 
 soon after arrival in Maryland, the brothers of Sir 
 John Winter lived but two or three years,^ George 
 Calvert went to Virginia and was in sympathy with 
 Clayborne, and died before the year 1653,^ Richard 
 Gerard who was about twenty years of age when he 
 landed at St. Mary, remained in America about one 
 year. During the civil war in England he adhered to 
 the King and was Governor of Denbigh Castle. After 
 the restoration of monarchy, he was made one of the 
 cup bearers of Charles the Second.^ 
 
 1 Annapolis MSS. 
 
 " In the statement of Lord Baltimore's Case, published in London 
 in 1653, it is stated, that both of his brothers, Leonard and George 
 Calvert, had died in America. 
 
 * Foster's Lancashire. 
 
GOVERNOR LEONARD CALVERT. 
 
 The Government of the Plantation was entrusted by 
 Cecil, Lord Baltimore, to his brother Leonard Calvert 
 as Deputy, with two commissioners, Thomas Corn wallis 
 and Jerome Hawley, as friends and advisers. 
 
 Leonard Calvert was the second son of George Cal- 
 vert the first Lord Baltimore, born about A.D., 1606, 
 and thus twenty-eight years of age at the time of Ins 
 landing at Saint Mary. In early life he had lived m 
 Ireland, and in the spring of 1629 under a letter of 
 marque, sailed in the ship St. Claude for Newfound- 
 land, and it was in this ship probably, that his father 
 and family went to Virginia, in the autumn of that 
 
 year.^ 
 
 His life as Governor of Maryland was not distm- 
 guished for boldness and originality, and his relative 
 George Evelyn the Commander of Kent Island once 
 sneertngly said, "Who was his grandfather but a gra- 
 zier? what was his father? what was Leonard Cal- 
 vert himself at school but a dunce and a blockhead."^ 
 
 He appears to have been greatly under the influence 
 of Margaret Brent, a strong-minded woman, who on 
 
 See Page 43. 
 ! Streeter's Evelyn. 
 
 9 
 
66 The Foundees of Maryland. 
 
 November 22, 1638, arrived in Maryland with her sister 
 Marj", and brothers Fulk and Giles. 
 
 Cecil Lord Baltimore, in 1639 was so poor, that he 
 and his wife and children were obliged to live at the 
 house of his father-in-law, Earl Arundel,^ and his 
 brother Leonard, when he died on the 9th of June 
 1647, was far from rich. 
 
 His successor as the head of the Province, Thomas 
 Green, has left on record an interesting statement of 
 the last events of his life. About six hours before he 
 expired, in Green's presence he said to Margaret Brent, 
 " I make you my sole executor. Take all, and pay all." 
 After these words he desired all to leave the room, 
 but Margaret with whom he had private conference. 
 When Green was again invited to his bed-side, he 
 heard him say " I give my wearing clothes to James 
 Lindsay and Richard William my servants, specifying 
 his cloth suit to Richard William, and his black suit 
 to James Lindsay, and his wearing linen to be divided 
 between them. I give my colt to my godson Leonard 
 Green," and also requested that the iirst mare colt that 
 should fall, be given to Mrs. Temperance Pypott of 
 Virginia."^ 
 
 Under this nuncupative will, Margaret Brent claimed 
 and held the house in which Governor Calvert resided. 
 
 ' Bruoe's State Papers. 
 ' Annapolis Manuscripts. 
 
Leonard Calvert's Will. 67 
 
 Recognized by the Maryland Assembly of 1648, as 
 the attorney of Governor Calvert, she demanded a vote 
 in that body, against which Governor Green protested. 
 With masculine vigor, she then claimed to be the 
 representative of the Lord Proprietary, and, in turn, 
 protested against all the acts of the Assembly. 
 
 Lord Baltimore was displeased at her position and 
 wrote "bitter invectives," but the Assembly of 1640, 
 defended her, with a gallantry worthy of the courtiers 
 of Queen Elizabeth. They stated to the Proprietary 
 in England: "As for Mistress Brent's undertaking, 
 and me.idlingwith your estate, we do verily beheve, 
 and in conscience report, that it was better for the 
 colony's safety, at that time, in her hands, than in any 
 man's else,^ in the whole Province, after your brother's 
 death ; for the soldiers would never have treated any 
 other with that civility and respect, and though they 
 was ever ready at several times to run into mutiny, 
 yet she still pacified them, till at last things were 
 brought to that strait, that she must be admitted and 
 declared your Lordship's attorney, by order of Court." 
 In the early records, there is a notice of this lady 
 journeying, in May, 1643, lo the Isle of Kent, ac- 
 companied by Anne a lame maid servant of Sir Ed- 
 mund Plowden. Until late in life, the Attorney of 
 
 • « o«v man's else " may be a slip of the pen, not a 
 1 The expression any man s eiso i^ j 
 
 pun. 
 
68 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 Leonard Calvert retained her powers of fascination. 
 When fifty-seven years old, in 1658, she states to the 
 Provincial Court, " that Thomas White lately deceased 
 out of the tender love and affection he bore unto the 
 petitioner, intended if he had lived to have married 
 her, and did by his last will give unto the said peti 
 tioner his whole estate which he was possessed of in 
 his life time."' Three years after this, she was alive, 
 but the precise date of the death of Leonard Calvert's 
 best friend, has not been ascertained. 
 
 ' Annapolis Manuscripts. 
 
THOMAS CORNWALLIS, COMMISSIONER. 
 
 Commissioner Thomas ComwalHs was the 
 most prominent of the founders of Maryland. In 
 mental endowments, well known ancestry, and 
 worldly goods, he had no superior. 
 
 His grandfather was Sir Charles Cornwallis,^ distin- 
 
 'CORNWALLIS PEDIGREE. 
 
 Sir Thomas Cornwallis, Kt. Comptroller of tlie Houseliold 
 of Queen Mary. Married Anne daughter of Sir Jolin Jer- 
 nino-ham. Died 1604. Had two sons and three daughters. 
 
 Sir William. Sir Charles. Knighted by King James and 
 
 Ambassador to Spain.Married Elizabeth dau. 
 of Thomas Fincham, Esq. Had two sons. 
 
 Sir William, Kt. , married 
 Catharine daughter of Sir Philip 
 ParkerofErwarton, Suffolk. Had 
 six sons and five daughters. 
 
 Thomas, married Anne dau. of 
 Samuel Bevercott of Ordsallnear 
 Scrooby, and probably sister of 
 Sam'l the postmaster of Scrooby, 
 before .William Brewster who be- 
 came the head of the first Puri- 
 tan colony in America. 
 
 Thomas, 2d son, Com'r of 
 
 A brotheTof the Maryland Commissioner was Rector of a Suffolk 
 Parish, and on a brass tablet in the church is a Latin inscription which 
 translated reads : 
 
 " Here are placed the remains of the holy man Philip Cornwaleys, 
 former Rector of this Church, youngest son of William Cornwaleys. 
 Knight. Died Dec. 30, 1688." 
 
 In the grave yard there is a stone in memory of " Frances wife ot 
 Samuel Richardson, Clerk, daughter of Thomas Cornwallis Esq., died 
 June 34, 1684," who was probably the aunt of the Maryland Com- 
 missioner. 
 
70 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 guished as the English Ambassador at the court of 
 Spain, and subsequently as the Treasurer of King 
 James' son, Henry, Prince of Wales. In 1614, he fell 
 under the displeasure of the King, because he sympa- 
 thized with certain members of Parliament, who were 
 opposed to the marriage of Prince Charles with a 
 daughter of the King of France, and the suppression 
 of faithful Puritan ministers. 
 
 His father Sir William, K't, was noted for his literary 
 tastes, and printed essays. The Commissioner was 
 born in 1603, and was thirty-one years of age, when 
 he landed on the shores of the Potomac. 
 
 In 1635, he commanded the expedition against the 
 Virginians, trading in the Chesapeake.^ 
 
 After Evelyn became Commander of Kent Island, 
 on Dec. 3d, 1637, he was licensed to trade with the 
 Indians, and shipped in the pinnace St. Thomas for 
 that island, axes, and other articles in the name of his 
 fellow commissioner Jerome Hawley. 
 
 The Charter of Maryland conferred monarchical 
 power upon the Proprietary. It authorized him to 
 prepare laws, and submit them to any legislature con- 
 vened, and dissolved at his pleasure. In 1637, Lord 
 Baltimore instructed Governor Calvert to call a legis- 
 lature, and present a code of laws sent out from Eng- 
 land, for their acceptance. In January, 1638, the 
 Assembly convened pursuant to notice. The Governor, 
 
 ' See page 51. 
 
Monarchical Powers. 71 
 
 and Secretary Lewger/ although but few members 
 were present, desired that the laws prepared by the 
 Proprietary should be assented to after a single 
 reading, to which Cornwallis objected. The Governor 
 continued to press the question, but when the vote 
 was taken, a large majority refused, at that time, to 
 accept the laws. After a brief adjournment, the as- 
 sembly met in February, and the delegates then re- 
 solved that all laws should be read three times on three 
 several days, before a vote should be taken, and they 
 also expressed a wish that all bills might emanate 
 from their own committee. Governor Calvert, restive 
 at the independence of the members, again proposed to 
 adjourn, which Cornwallis described in a pamphlet of 
 the day as " that noble, right valiant, and politic sol- 
 
 * Wood in Athenoi Oxoniensis states that John Lewger, the first 
 Secretary of the Province was born in London 1603 and took the degree 
 ofA.B. in 1619 at Trinity College, Oxford, and in 1622 was made 
 A.M. Became a Bachelor of Divinity on the same day as Phil. Nye, 
 the prominent member of the Westminster Assembly of Divines. In 
 1632 he was a Rector of the Church of England in Essex, but under 
 the influence of Chillingworth became a Roman Catholic, and soon 
 after, Chillingworth renounced the Church of Rome and wrote a book 
 in which he states : " The Bible, and that only, is the religion of Pro- 
 testants, and every one by making use of the helps and assistances 
 that God has placed in his hands, must learn that, and understand it 
 for himself, as well as he can." 
 
 Lewger after joining the Roman Church was appointed by his 
 college classmate Cecil, Lord Baltimore, Secretary of Maryland and in 
 November 1637 arrived with his wife, and son John aged nine years, 
 Martha Williamson a maid servant, and several others. 
 
 The Annapolis Records mention Cicely and Elizabeth Lewger who 
 were probably born in the Province. The wife of the Secretary died 
 
72 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 dier " opposed, and said "that they could not spend 
 their time in any business better than this for the 
 country's good." 
 
 The Governor replied that he would be accountable 
 to no man, and adjourned the Assembly until the 5th 
 of March. The freemen then convened and after pass- 
 ing such Acts as they approved, on the 19th, the As- 
 sembly was dissolved. 
 
 Lord Baltimore now receded from his arbitrary po- 
 sition, and told his brother that he would assent to all 
 laws enacted by the Provincial legislature, not coutraiy 
 to the laws of England, subject to the final approval 
 of the Proprietary. 
 
 The next legislature convened in February 1639, 
 and enacted the law of England " that Holy Church 
 shall have and enjoy all her rights, liberties and fran- 
 
 in a few jears, and soon after the civil war broke out under Ingle he 
 went back to England and never returned. Being a widower he entered 
 the priesthood and lived at Lord Baltimore's house in London. Ben- 
 jamin Denham, the Earl of Winchester's Chaplain in 1667 writes: 
 *' All that is treated of in_the Privy Council about Eoman Catholics is 
 discovered to Lord Brudenell, and Lord Baltimore, Governor of Mary- 
 land, whose Chaplain, an English recusant, now a Romish priest, was 
 one of the vice-gerents there in Charles the First's time." — 
 Crreen's State Papers. He died about this period. 
 
 John Lewger Jr. remained in the Province, and when twenty years 
 of age, acted as temporary clerk of the Assembly of 1647-48. By pro- 
 fession he was a Surveyor. On August 28th, 1650, he secured the house 
 which had been his Father's at Saint Mary. In his will dated Nov. 
 6, 1669, he alludes to his " loving wife Martha," his sons William and 
 John, and gives his daughter Elizabeth " his cow Muley." — See 
 Annapolis Manuscripts. 
 
The Cohnwallis Mansion. 73 
 
 ohi8e3 wholly and without blemish " which Church 
 nnder the charter, was the Church of England 
 
 Soon after Cornwallis had finished a substantial 
 bnck house, the best in the colony, in 1640, he visited 
 England, and in December, 1641, retnrned to Mary, 
 land, in a ship, commanded by Captain Eichard Ingle 
 and took his seat in the legislature which in March' 
 1642, was convened. ' 
 
 The very tirst step of this Assembly was to declare 
 that ,t conid not be adjourned without its consent 
 another advance in the direction of republicanism. ' 
 The next year an order was issued to the Colonial 
 Surveyor " to lay out 4000 acres of land in any part of 
 Patowmack river upward of Port Tobacco creek, for 
 Capt. Cornwaleys." 
 
 Owing to an order for reorganization of the govern- 
 ment received from Lord Baltimore, Governor Calvert 
 convened an Assembly on the Sth of September 1642 
 Under the reconstruction, Cornwallis was designated 
 as a Councillor but " he absolutely refused to take the 
 oath of a Councillor according to the requirements of 
 the last commission." 
 
 In the spring of 1643, Leonard Calvert sailed for 
 England and Giles Brent became acting Governor, who 
 commissioned Cornwallis to lead an expedition against 
 the Susquehanna Indians. The author of Nova Al 
 b.on writes, that with fifty-three " raw and tired 
 
74 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 Marylanders" he met two hundred and fifty Indians 
 and killed twenty-nine. 
 
 In November 1643, a London ship commanded by 
 Richard Ingle sailed for America. Upon its arrival 
 at Saint Mary, by virtae of a commission granted by 
 Charles the First, acting Governor Brent captured the 
 vessel, Ingle escaping, and tendered the crew an oath 
 against Parliament. In January 1644, he summoned 
 Ingle to yield his body to the Sherifi" of Saint Mary 
 County to answer for treason against his Majesty, but 
 he did not appear, and left the Province. 
 
 When the war between the King and Parliament 
 commenced, Cornwallis was living with more comfort 
 and elegance than any one in Maryland. In his own 
 language: "By God's blessing upon his endeavors, 
 he had acquired a settled and comfortable subsistence 
 having a comfortable dwelling house furnished with 
 plate, linen hangings, bedding, brass, pewter, and all 
 manner of household stufl*, worth at least a thousand 
 pounds, about twenty servants, at least a hundred 
 breed cattle, a great stock of swine and goats, some 
 sheep and horses, a new pinnace about twenty tons, 
 well rigged and fitted, besides a new shallop and other 
 small boats." 
 
 Appointing Cuthbert Fenwick his agent he sailed 
 for England in April, 1644, where he found his cousin 
 Sir Frederick Cornwallis one of the best friends 
 of King Charles, and Governor Leonard Calvert who 
 
Ingle's Petition. 76 
 
 did not return to Maryland until the following Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 Ingle, smarting under the seizure of his ship, was 
 commissioned by Parliament, to cruise in the waters of 
 the Chesapeake, against malignants as the friends of 
 the King were called, and in February 1645, appearep 
 in the ship Reformation, near St. Inigo creek, when 
 there was an uprising in favor of Parliament, in 
 which all the servants of Cornwallis participated, ex- 
 cept some negroes and a tailor named Richard Hervey- 
 Fenwick, his agent, was taken aboard Ingle's ship, and 
 a party led by John Sturman, his son Thomas, and 
 "William Hardwick took possession of the mansion, 
 burned the fences, killed the swine, took the cattle, 
 wrenched off the locks from the doors, and damaged 
 his estate to the amount of two or three thousand 
 pounds. When Ingle returned to England with Father 
 White the Jesuit as a prisoner, Cornwallis, who was 
 there, instituted a suit against him, which called forth 
 in February, 1646, the following memorial to the 
 Lords in Parliament assembled. 
 
 " The humble petition of Richard Ingle, showing 
 That whereas the petitioner, having taken the cove- 
 nant, and going out with letters of marque, as Cap- 
 tain of the ship the Reformation, of London, and 
 sailing to Maryland, where, finding the Governor of 
 that Province to have received a commission from 
 Oxford to seize upon all ships belonging to London, 
 
76 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 and to execute a tyrannical power against the Protest- 
 ants, and such as adhered to the Parliament, and to 
 press wicked oaths upon them, and to endeavor their 
 extirpation, the petitioner, conceiving himself, not 
 only by his warrant, but in his fidelity to the Parlia- 
 ment, to be conscientiously obliged to come to their 
 assistance, did venture his life and fortune in landing 
 his men and assisting the said well afi'ected Protest- 
 ants against the i-aid tyrannical government and the 
 Papists and malignants. It pleased God to enable 
 him to take divers places from them, and to make 
 him a support to the said well aifected. But since his 
 return to England, the said Papists and malignants, 
 conspiring together, have brought fictitious acts 
 against him, at the common law, in the name of 
 Thomas Cornwallis and others, for pretended trespass 
 in taking away their goods, in the parish of St. Chris- 
 topher's, London, which are the very goods that were 
 by force of war justly and lawfully taken from these 
 wicked Papists and malignants in Maryland, and with 
 which he relieved the poor distressed Protestants there, 
 who otherwise must have starved, and been rooted out. 
 " Now, forasmuch as your Lordships in Parliament 
 of State, by the order annexed, were pleased to direct 
 an ordinance to be framed for the settlement of the 
 said province of Maryland, under the Committee of 
 Plantations, and for the indemnity of the actors in it, 
 and for that such false and feigned actions for matters 
 
CoRNWALLis Servants. 77 
 
 of war acted in foreign parts, are not tryable at common 
 law, but, if at all, before the Court and Marshall ; and 
 for that it would be a dangerous example to permit 
 Papists and malignants to bring actions of trespass or 
 otherwise against the well affected for fighting and 
 standing for the Parliament : 
 
 " The petitioner most humbly beseecheth your Lord- 
 ships to be pleased to direct that this business may be 
 heard before your Lordships at the bar, or to refer it 
 to a committee to report the true state of the case, and 
 to order that the said suits against the petitioner at the 
 common law maybe staid, and no further proceeded in." 
 
 For eight years Cornwallis attended to business in 
 London, and in 1652 returned to Maryland, now under 
 the control of the friends of Parliament, to demand com- 
 pensation for injuries done by certain persons to his 
 property, during the Ingle revolution. To secure the 
 amount of land due to him, for the transportation of 
 servants, the following memorandum was filed. 
 
 SERVANTS BROUGHT A.D. 1634, 
 
 Twelve in the Ark, besides five more received by 
 the death of his partner, John Saunders. 
 
 The same year brought from Virginia 
 Cuthbert Fenwick.^ John ITorton, Sr.^ 
 
 Christopher Martin. ^ John Norton, Jr. 
 
 ' Member of Assembly 1638, and other years. 
 ' A tailor); Assemblymau in 1638. 
 ' Assemblyman in 1638. 
 
78 
 
 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 A.D. 1635. 
 Zacbary Mottershead.^ Walter Waterling.^ 
 
 John Gage,^ Francis Van Ejden. 
 
 A.D. 1636. 
 John Cook. Eichard Hill. 
 
 Tho. York, killed at Nantioke. Restitutia Tue.^ 
 Daniel Clocker.^ 
 
 A.D. 1637. 
 
 Charles Maynard. 
 Stephen Gray. 
 Francis Shirley. 
 
 Nicholas Gwyther.^ 
 Edmund Jaques. 
 Richard Farmer. 
 Edmund Deering. 
 George, a tailor. 
 
 William Durford. 
 Henry Brooke. 
 George, a Smith. 
 
 Ann Wiggin. 
 Alice Moreman.* 
 
 A. D. 1639. 
 
 William Freak. 
 Morris Freeman. 
 Jeremiah Coote, 
 Martha Jackson. 
 
 A.D. 1640. 
 
 Edward Matthews. 
 Hannah Ford. 
 
 ' Assemblyman in 1638. 
 ^ Signer of Protestant Declaration in 1648. 
 = Married in 1639 to John Hollis. 
 
 * Married in 1639 to Francis Gray, carpenter, wbo was in Assem- 
 bly, of 1638. 
 
 ' Sheriff of St. Mary County. 
 
Francis Anthill. 
 Richard Harvey.^ 
 Charles Rawlinson. 
 Richard Harris. 
 Thomas Harrison. 
 
 CoRNWALLis Servants. 
 
 A.D. 1641. 
 
 Edward "Ward. 
 Robert King. 
 Mary Phillips. 
 John Wheatley. 
 Wheatley's wife. 
 
 79 
 
 Thomas Rockwood. 
 John Rockwood. 
 
 Magdalene Wittle. 
 
 A.D. 1642. 
 
 A.D. 1646. 
 A.D. 1651. 
 
 Elizabeth Batte. 
 
 John Maylande. 
 John Eston. 
 Sarah Lindle. 
 
 Robert Curtis. 
 William Sinckleare. 
 Thomas Frisell. 
 William Wells. 
 
 In another memorandum he mentions the follow- 
 ing persons : 
 
 A.D. 1633-34. 
 John Hallowes. Roger Walter. 
 
 JohnHolden. Roger Morgan. 
 
 Josias, drowned. 
 
 A.D. 1635. 
 William Penshoot. Richard Brown. 
 
 Richard Cole. Richard Brock. 
 
 John Medley.2 
 
 In a mem orial to the Assembly of Maryland Corn- 
 
 'A tailor. 
 
 ' In Legislature A.D., 1647. 
 
80 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 wallis uses this language : " It is well known, he 
 hath at his great cost and charges, from the first plant- 
 ing of this Province for the space of twenty-eight years, 
 been one of the greatest propagators and increasers 
 thereof, by the yearly transportation of servants, 
 whereof divers have been of very good rank and 
 quality, towards whom and the rest he hath always 
 been so careful to discharge a good conscience, in the 
 true performance of his promise and obligations, that 
 he was never taxed with any breach thereof, though it 
 is also well known and he doth truly aver it, that the 
 charge of so great a family, as he hath always main- 
 tained was never defrayed by their labor."^ 
 
 He appears now to be making arrangements for 
 building on the point of the Potomac, above Potopaco. 
 A contract was made on November 23, 1652, with 
 Cornelius Canada brickmaker, and former servant of 
 Governor Green, to deliver thirty-six thousand sound, 
 well burned bricks, before a certain day in June, 
 1653, and another twenty-four thousand before the 
 24tli of June, 1654.^ 
 
 In 1654, he again visited England, and before he re- 
 turned, was married to a young maiden, Penelope, 
 daughter of John Wiseman of Middle Temple, and 
 Tyrrels, in county Essex.^ The marriage probably 
 
 ' Annapolis Manuscripts. 
 
 * Private Correspondence of Jane, Lady Cornwallis, 1613-1664. 
 London, 1843. 
 
CoRNWALLis Posterity. 81 
 
 took place in 1657, his wife at that time being twenty- 
 one years of age. 
 
 In 1658 he appears in Maryland with hisyoung wife, 
 and early in 1G59, left, never to return. His aftairs in 
 the Province, were entrusted to an attorney, and he 
 began to be designated as a " merchant of London." 
 
 In Norfolk County, England, there is a place called 
 Maryland Point, named by a retired American mer- 
 chant who built a house there, and that person is sup- 
 posed to have been Thomas Cornwallis of Burnham 
 Thorpe, the best and wisest of the founders of Mary- 
 land. He died in 1676 at the age of seventy-two, 
 leaving a widow forty years of age, by whom he had 
 four sons and six daughters. 
 
 His second sou Thomas born in 1662, just after his 
 mother's return from Maryland, was a clergyman of 
 the Church of England, and died in 1731, Rector of a 
 parish in Suffolk. 
 
 A son of the Suffolk Rector, William, born in 1708, 
 also became a clergyman and died in 1746, Rector of 
 Chelmondester, Suffolk. 
 
 William's son, William, born in 1751, followed in 
 
 the footsteps of his father and grandfather and became 
 
 Rector of Wittersham and Elam, Kent. His wife Mary 
 
 was a woman of piety and culture, and published 
 
 " Observations on the canonical Scriptures," the last 
 
 edition of which was published in 1828, in four volumes. 
 
 His daughter Caroline Frances, was a Greek and 
 11 
 
82 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 Hebrew scholar, poetess, brilliant writer, and friend of 
 Sismondi. She wrote the article on Wydiffe and Ms 
 Times, in the Westminster Review of July 1854, and 
 on the Capabilities and Disabilities of Woman, in January 
 1857, and was the authoress oi Pericles, a tale of Athens, 
 a Prize Essay on Juvenile Delinquency, and a series of 
 valuable works on physiology, Greek philosophy, and 
 the development of Christian doctrine and practice, 
 published as Small Books on Great Subjects.^ 
 
 She died unmarried in 1858, the last descendant of 
 Thomas, the second son of the prudent Commissioner 
 of Maryland. 
 
 Letters of Caroline Frances Cornwallis, London, 1864. 
 
JEROME HAWLEY, COMMISSIONER. 
 
 O EROME Hawley vtrs the joint commissioner 
 with Coriiwallis, in settling the Province of Maryland. 
 He was the son of James Hawley of Brentford near 
 London, and seems when a young man to have had 
 some connection with the trial of the dissolute wife of 
 the Earl of Somerset, for conspiring to poison the poet 
 Sir Thomas Overbury, the nephew of the person after 
 whom Palmer's Island, in the Susquehanna, was named. 
 Among the British State Papers, there is an order to 
 the commissioners in the Overbury Case, from King 
 James, datedNovember 25, 1615, directing that "Jerome 
 son of James Hawley now close prisoner in the Gate 
 House, be released, on condition of his not going 
 farther than his father's house at Brentford.^ 
 
 About this time, Jerome Hawley reported that Sir 
 John Leeds and wife declared, that the King " was 
 unwieldy, could not unlock a door, but might jump 
 out of the window," and Lady Leeds further said, she 
 vrould speak treason, because the King said " most 
 women were atheists or papists.''^ 
 
 • Green State Papers. 
 
 " Green State Papers. 
 
84 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 After the accession of Charles the First to the throne, 
 he was one of the sewers or superintendent of the ban- 
 quets of Queen Henrietta Maria. 
 
 His brother Henry, by the influence of the Puritan 
 Earl of Warwick, became Governor of Barbadoes in 
 1686, and while he was visiting England in 1638 
 another brother, William, acted as Deputy.^ 
 
 After Cornwallis killed some of the Virginians in 
 Maryland waters, Jerome Hawley immediately sailed 
 for England to defend the action of his fellow com- 
 missioner, and in June 1635 arrived in London, and 
 appeared before the Privy Council. He remained there 
 for a long period, and on the 27th of June 1636, pro- 
 posed to meet the King at Court, on the next Sunday, 
 to make some proposals relative to the tobacco trade, 
 and on the 4th of August, an order was issued to the 
 Governor and Council of Virginia,that all tobacco should 
 be consigned to London in English ships, and duly 
 inspected. Early the next year, Jerome Hawley was 
 appointed to receive the annual rent of twelve pence, 
 upon every fifty acres of land granted in Virginia, and 
 was made Treasurer of the Colony. Arriving at 
 Jamestown he took the oath of allegiance, and entered 
 upon his duties. 
 
 On February 26, 1638, one George Eeade writes to 
 his brother, a clerk of Secretary Windebank : " Mr. 
 
 Sainsbury Papers. 
 
James Hawley's Letter. 85 
 
 Hawley has not proved the man he took him for, hav- 
 ing neither given any satisfaction for money, received 
 of him, nor brought him any servants." 
 
 In the summer of 1638 Treasurer Hawley died, and 
 Thomas Cornwallis was the administrator of his estate. 
 From the account of administration rendered ou April 
 20, 1639, it is evident that Hawley was poor. His 
 brother William, removed from Barbadoes, and in 
 1650, was one of the signers of the Protestant Declara- 
 tion. The following letter of James, another brother 
 of Jerome living at Brentford has been preserved,^ 
 addressed to Captain William Hawley. 
 
 "■ Loving Brother : I received lately a letter from 
 you dated the 26th ot February last, by which, to un- 
 derstand of your good health doth much gladden me. 
 As concerning your intent for Maryland I do like well 
 of it, and do herewith send you the copy of writings 
 betwixt my brother Jerome deceased, and myself from 
 which will appear a large sum of money to be due unto 
 me, from him, which by virtue of my power of attorney, 
 I do authorize you to receive in my behalf. 
 
 " Upon the decease of my brother Jerome, one Corn- 
 wallis did seize upon his estate, pretending that he was 
 indebted unto him, but I am informed it was only a 
 doubtful pretence, to defraud me. 
 
 " If by your means, anything may be gotten, I will 
 
 Annapolis Manuscripts. 
 
86 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 assist you for the present. My brother Heury, hath 
 promised to procure a letter from my Lord Baltimore, 
 in your behalf, which will be much to your advantage. 
 As concerning the Statute, I send you only a copy thereof 
 at present, but if it will be useful to you, you may have 
 the original sent unto you, when you require it. You 
 must pretend your own right as next heir to brother 
 Jerome, as well as my interest, for indeed there is only 
 one daughter of his, before you, which is at Brabant, 
 and mindeth not the same. 
 
 So with my hearty desire of your good prosperity 
 and welfare, at present cease, resting ever 
 
 Your loving brother, 
 
 James IIawley. 
 Brentford, Co. Middlesex, 30tli of July, 1649. 
 
RELIGIOl^ m THE PHOYINCE, UNTIL THE 
 EXECUTION" OF CHARLES THE FIRST. 
 
 \JN the 29th of October, 1632, in cousequence of a 
 rumor that persons were on board, who had scruples 
 of conscience against the oath of allegiance, Edward 
 Hawkins, a Searcher of London, visited the Ark and 
 the Dove, and administered the following Oath, to all 
 whom he found. 
 
 "I do truly and sincerely acknowledge, profess, 
 testify, and declare in my conscience, before God and 
 the world ; 
 
 "That our Sovereign Lord, King Charles, is Jawful 
 and rightful King of this realm, and of all pther his 
 Majesty's dominions and countrie, and that the Pope 
 neither of himself, nor by any authority by the Church, 
 or See of Rome, or by any other means with any other, 
 hath any power or authority to depose the King, or to 
 dispose of any of his Majesty's Kingdoms or dominions ; 
 or to authorize any foreign Prince, to invade or annoy 
 him or his countries; or to discharge any of his subjects 
 of their allegiance, and obedience to his Majesty; or 
 to give license or leave to any of them to bear arms, 
 raise tumults, or to ofl'er any violence or hurt, to his 
 
88 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 Majesty's royal person, state, or government, or to any 
 of his Majesty's subjects within liis Majesty's domains. 
 
 "And I do swear from my heart, that notwithstand. 
 ing any dechiration, or sentence of excommunication, 
 or deprivation, made or granted by the Pope, or his suc- 
 cessors, or l)y any authority derived, or pretended to 
 be derived from him, or his See, against the said King, 
 his heir or successors, or any absohition of the said 
 subjects from their obedience, I will bear faith and 
 true allegiance to his Majesty, his heirs and successors, 
 and him and them will defend to the uttermost of my 
 power, against all conspiracies and attempts whatso- 
 ever, which shall be made against his or their persons, 
 their crown and dignity, by reason or color of any 
 such sentence, or declaration, or otherwise; and will 
 do my best endeavor to disclose and make known 
 unto his Majesty, his heirs and successors, all treasons, 
 or traitorous conspiracies, which I shall know or hear 
 of, to be against him or any of them. 
 
 " And I do further swear, that I do from my heart, 
 abhor, detest, and abjure, as impious and heretical, 
 this damnable doctrine and position ; that, Princes 
 which be excommunicated or deprived b}^ the Pope, 
 may be deposed or murthered by their subjects, or any 
 other whatsoever. 
 
 "And I do believe, and in conscience am resolved, 
 that neither the Pope, nor any person whatsoever, hath 
 power to absolve me of this Oath, or any part thereof, 
 
Departure from England. 89 
 
 which I acknowledge by good and full authority to be 
 lawfully ministered unto me, and do renounce all par- 
 dons, and dispensations to the contrary. And all those 
 things I do plainly and sincerely acknowledge and 
 swear, according to these express words by me spoke, 
 and according to the plain, and common sense and 
 understanding of the same words, without any equi- 
 vocation or mental evasion, or secret reservation 
 whatsoever. And I do make this recognition and ac- 
 knowledgment heartily, willingly, and truly upon the 
 true faith of a Christian : So help me God." 
 
 After this oath was taken, the vessels proceeded to 
 the Isle of Wight, when Father White and others 
 who had not taken the oath, had an opportunity to 
 ccme aboard. White, m his Journal, published by the 
 Maryland Historical Society, thus describes the sail- 
 ing of Lord Baltimore's colony, for America. 
 
 " On the twenty-second of November, in the year 
 1633, being St. Cecilia's day, we set sail from Cowes, 
 in the Isle of Wight, with a gentle east wind blowing. 
 And after committing the principal parts of the ship to 
 the protection of God especially, and of His most Holy 
 Mother, and St. Ignatius, we sailed on a little way be- 
 tween the two shores, and the wind failing us, we 
 stopped opposite Yarmouth Castle, which is near the 
 southern end of the same island. 
 
 " Here we were received with a cheerful salute of 
 
 artillery. Yet we were not without apprehension, for 
 12 
 
90 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 the sailors were murmuriug among themselves, saying 
 that they were expecting a messenger with letters from 
 London, and from this it seemed as if they were even 
 contriving to delay us. But God brought their plans 
 to confusion, for that very night a favorable but strong 
 wind arose, and a French cutter, which had put into 
 the same harbor with us, being forced to set sail, came 
 near running into our pinnace. The latter, therefore, 
 to avoid being run down, having cut away and lost an 
 anchor, set sail without delay, and since it was danger- 
 ous to drift about in that place, made haste to get 
 further out to sea. And so, that we might not lose 
 sight of our pinnace, we determined to follow. Thus 
 the designs of the sailors who were plotting against us, 
 were frustrated. This happened on the 23d of IsTo- 
 vember, St. Clement's day." 
 
 Father White also states, that " if you except the 
 usual sea-sickness, no one was attacked by any disease, 
 until the festival of the nativity of our Lord. 
 /^" In order that the day might be better kept, wine 
 was given out, and those who drank of it too freely 
 I were seized the next day with a fever, and of these not 
 long afterwards, about twelve died, of whom two 
 were Catholics." 
 
 l^ewport, the commander of the first expedition for 
 the settlement of Virginia, planted a cross^ near the 
 
 ' Newport's Relation. 
 
Jesuit Missionaries. 
 
 91 
 
 Falls of James Elver, suitably mscribefl,and took pos- 
 session of the country in the name of Christ, and King 
 James. The Maryland colonists claimed the region* 
 between the Potomac and Atlantic, in March 1634, 
 with similar ceremonies. 
 
 During the year 1635, the Jesuit Mission near 
 Saint Mary, was composed of Father White, Altham 
 alias Gravener, Thomas Gervase, and John Knowles, 
 lay-assistant.^ Like the Jesuits of Canada, engaging 
 'in trade and farming, as a means of support, they 
 employed many servants.^ 
 
 On the nth of December, 1635, the Privy Council 
 of England considered a charge, that Francis Rabnett 
 of Maryland, a servant of a brother of Sir John Win- 
 ter, had declared " that it" was lawful and meritorious 
 
 ' In the catalogue of Clerkenwell College, 1627, in the Camden 
 Society Publications are the following names : 
 Johannes Gravenerius. 
 Thomas Gervasii. 
 Philippus Fisherus [alias Musket]. 
 
 " In the Annapolis Land Records there is the following list of ser- 
 vants of Mr. Andrew White and Altham for 1633-4 : 
 
 Thos. Statham, Robert Simpson, Mary Jennings, 
 
 Matthias Sousa, John Hilliard, 
 
 M. Rogers, John Hill, 
 
 John Bryant, Wm. Ashmore, 
 
 Mich. Hervey, Robt. Edwards, 
 
 Wm. Edwyn, Thos. Grimston, 
 
 H'y Bishop, Thos. Hatch, 
 
 John Thornton, Lewis Fremonds, 
 
 Rich'd Cole, John Elkin, 
 
 Rich'd Nevill or Nicholl, 
 
 Robert Shirley, 
 Christopher Carnock, 
 Rich'd Lusthead, 
 Thos. Charinton, 
 Rich'd Duke, 
 John Thomson, 
 John Hollis, 
 Thos. Hodges. 
 
92 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 to kill a heretic king." Commissioner Hawley, who 
 
 was present at the discussion, was asked ifjie had 
 evef~decTared that " he^a^_ccm5e_to plant in Mar}'- 
 Jand the Romish religioji," He '' utterly denig ^" 
 that he had eyei^^^^^jg t,hM J_stn.tpmpntJ 
 
 Before or during the year 1637, came Fathers Fer- 
 dinand Pulton,^ Thomas Copley,^ and lay-brother 
 Walter Morley. 
 
 Copley was the grandson of Thomas Copley, who 
 fled to Paris during Queen Elizabeth's reign, and 
 was knighted by the King of France. His father, 
 William, married MargareitaPrideaux, who had been 
 educated under her aunt, a Prioress at Louvaiu. 
 Among the records of the Province of Maryland, at 
 Annapolis, is the following warrant of Charles the First. 
 
 " Whereas Thomas Copley gentleman, an alieii born, 
 is a recusant, and may be subject to be troubled for 
 his religion, and forasmuch we are well satisfied of the 
 conditions and qualities of the said Thomas Copley 
 and of his loyalty and obedience towards us we do 
 
 ' State Papers. 
 
 ' On Nov. 30, 1638, applied for land due by conditions of plantation, 
 for transporting 
 
 Walter Morley, Richard Disney, and Charles, the Welshman. 
 
 'On August 8, 1637, Mr. Thomas Copley and Mr. John Knolls 
 transported. 
 
 Robert Kadger, Luke Gardner, Walter King, 
 
 Thos. Davison, Thos. Motham, George White, 
 
 Richard Cos, John Martin, John Tue, 
 
 Robert Sedgrave, Jas. Compton, 
 
Father Copley. 93 
 
 hereby will and require you, and every of you whom 
 it may concern, to permit and further the said Thomas 
 Copley freely and quietly to attend in any place, and 
 to go about and follow his occupation, without molest- 
 ing or troubling him, by any means whatsoever for 
 matters of religion, or the persons and places of those 
 unto whom he shall resort, and this shall be your 
 warrant in his behalf. 
 
 " Give, under our signet, at our Palace at Westmins- 
 ter, the 10th day of December, in the 10th year of 
 our reign." 
 
 Among the Land Office memoranda is the follow- 
 ing : " Thomas Copley Esq., demandeth 4000 acres of 
 land, due by conditions of plantations, for transporting 
 into this Province himself and twenty able men, at 
 his own charge to plant and inhabit, in the year 1637." 
 
 A few months later, it is recorded that there has 
 been " shipped in the St. Margaret, for Thomas Cop- 
 ley Esq., cloth, hatchets, knives, hoes, to trade with 
 the Indians for beaver. 
 
 On IS^ovember 30th of this year, also came John 
 Lewger the first Secretary of the Province, who had 
 been a fellow student of Cecil, Lord Baltimore, at 
 Oxford, and after graduation a clergyman of the 
 Church of England. Becoming a member of the 
 Church of Rome, he was made Secretary of the Colony 
 and exercised great influence.^ Soon after his arrival 
 
 ^ See page 69. 
 
94 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 there was a revival of religion, which the Jesuit 
 Relation of 1638 alludes to, in these words : 
 
 " Four fathers gave their attention to this Mission, 
 with one assistant in temporal affairs; and he, indeed, 
 after enduring severe toils for the space of five years, 
 with the greatest patience, humility, and ardent love 
 chanced to be seized by the disease prevailing at the 
 time, and happily exchanged this wretched life, for an 
 immortal one. 
 
 " He was also shortly followed by one of the Fathers, 
 who was young indeed, but on account of his remarka- 
 ble qualities of mind, evidently of great promise. He 
 had scarcely spent two months in this mission, when 
 to the great grief of all of us, he was carried off by the 
 common sickness prevailing in the Colony, from which 
 no one of the three preceding priests had escaped un- 
 harmed, yet we have not ceased to labor to the best of 
 our ability among the neighboring people. 
 
 " And though the rulers of this Colony have not yet 
 allowed us to dwell among the savages, both on account 
 of the prevailing sickness and also because of the 
 hostile disposition * * * * yet we hope that one of 
 us will shortly secure a station among the barbarians. 
 
 "Meanwhile, we devote ourselves more zealously to 
 the English, and since there are Protestants as well as 
 Catholics in the Colony, we have labored for both and 
 God has blessed our labors. For among the Protestants, 
 nearly all who have come from England in this year, 
 
Protestants Converted. 95 
 
 1638, and many others have been converted to the faith, 
 together with four servants, and five mechanics whom 
 we hired for a month, and have in the meantime won 
 
 " The sick and the dying, who have been very nu- 
 merous this year and who dwelt far apart we have 
 assisted in every way so that not even a single one has 
 died without the sacraments. We have buried very 
 many and baptized various persons. And although 
 there are not wanting frequent occasions of dissension, 
 yet none of any importance has arisen here in the last 
 nine months, which we have not immediately allayed." 
 
 It was in July of this year, that William Lewis^ was 
 fined for his contemptuous speeches concerning the 
 clergy of the Church of England. Robert Sedgrave,^ 
 one of the servants transported by Father Copley, drew 
 up the following complaint, to be signed by the free- 
 men and then presented to the Governor and Council. 
 
 " This is to give you notice of the abuses and scan- 
 dalous reproaches which God and his ministers do 
 daily suffer by William Lewis of St. Marie's, who saith 
 that our ministers, are ministers of the Divell, and 
 that our books are made by the instruments of the 
 Divell, and further saith, that those servants which are 
 
 ' William Lewis in Nov., 1638, married Ursula Gifford. He was in 
 
 the figlit against the friends of Parliament in the spring of 1G55 and 
 
 executed for treason. Ilis widow in 1G57 married a (ieorge Guttridge. 
 
 ^ Sedgrave, Duke, and others hired by the Jesuits were Protest- 
 ants. 
 
96 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 under liis charge shall not keep nor read any book 
 which doth appertain to our religion, within the house 
 of the said William Lewis, to the great discomfort of 
 those poor bondmen which are under his subjection, 
 especially in this heathen country, where no godly 
 minister is to teach and instruct ignorant people in the 
 grounds of religion. And as for people which cometh 
 unto the said Lewis, or otherwise to pass the week, 
 the said Lewis taketh occasion to call them into his 
 chamber, and there laboureth with all vehemency, 
 craft, and subtlety to delude ignorant persons, 
 
 " Therefore we beseech you, brethren in our Lord 
 and Saviour Christ Jesus, that you who have power, 
 that you will do in what lieth in you, to have these 
 absurd abuses and the ridiculous crimes to be re- 
 claimed, and that God and his ministers may not be 
 so heinously trodden down by such ignominious 
 speeches," etc. 
 
 It was in the year 1638, that the first Maryland 
 Assembly met, whose proceedings have been preserved. 
 The persons present, or voting by proxy, were ninety, 
 of whom twelve were Roman Catholics, including the 
 Jesuits White, Altham, and Copley. In 1639, the 
 Jesuit Mission consisted of Father John Brock, alias 
 Morgan,'Si!iperior, Philip Fisher, alias Musket, Thomas 
 Copley^ and John Gravener, and in a letter one of 
 
 ' John Gee, iu Foot out of the Snare, published in 1624, mentions 
 Father Fisher alias Musket, and Copley and Poulton. He writes, 
 
Indian Chief's Dream. 97 
 
 them states : " This year twelve heretics m all, wearied 
 of former errors, have returned to favor with God and 
 the Church." 
 
 Missions were be^un among the Indians, and Father 
 White visited Piseatawa}- on the Potomac not many 
 miles below Washington, where the Chief Tayac united 
 with the Church of Rome. The Jesuit Relation states 
 that the Chief had a wonderful vision : 
 
 " That his father, deceased some time before, ap- 
 peared to be present before his eyes, accompanied by 
 a god of a black color, whom he worshipped beseech- 
 ing him that he would not desert him. 
 
 "At a short distance a most hideous demon, with a 
 certain Snow, an obstinate heretic from England : and 
 at length in another part the Governor of the Colony 
 and Father White appeared, a god also being his com- 
 panion, but much more beautiful, who excelled the 
 unstained snow in whiteness, seeming gently to beckon 
 the King to him. From that time he treated both the 
 Governor and Father with the greatest affection." 
 
 Justinian Snow was one of the founders of Maryland, 
 
 " Father Musket a secular priest lodging over against St. Andrew's 
 church, Holborn, a frequent preacher and one that hath much concourse 
 of people to his chamber." 
 
 In Rush worth, vol. iv, pp. 44, 68, it is mentioned that Fisher for a 
 time was in Newgate Prison, hut by the influence of Secretary. Win- 
 debank was released and harbored until he found an opportunity to 
 go to America. 
 
 Gee alludes to " Father Copley Junior one that hath newly taken 
 orders, and come from beyond seas." , 
 
 13 
 
98 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 and Lord Baltimore's factor iu the Indian trade. A 
 brother Abel was clerk in the Chancery Office, London, 
 and Marmaduke, another, came afterwards to the Pro- 
 vince, and both he and Justinian, in 1638, were mem- 
 bers of the Assembly. 
 
 The latter died in 1639, and Marmadnke became 
 administrator, but in consequence of sickness returned 
 to England, and was living in 1659 in County Straf- 
 ford, at Fenny Hill. In the absence of Marmaduke, 
 Surgeon Thomas Gerrard, who married his sister 
 Susanna, attended to the affairs of the brothers Snow. 
 On the 21st of August, 1638, Lord Baltimore relin- 
 quished the right to frame laws to be assented to by 
 the Provincial Assembly, and granted to them the 
 privilege of making their own laws, subject to his ap- 
 proval. Under this privilege, a legislature convened, 
 on the 25th of February, 1639, and the first law 
 enacted was, "that Holy Church shall have and enjoy 
 all her rights, liberties, and franchises, wholly and 
 without blemish." 
 
 This is the language of the English Statute Book, 
 since the days of Henry the Second, who ratified 
 Magna Charta. It was enacted, A.D. 1225, that : " The 
 Church of England shall be free, and shall have all 
 her rights and liabilities inviolable." Fifty years later 
 in the days of Edward the First, it was declared that 
 " the peace of the Holy Church shall be kept and 
 maintained in all points." A century later, in the 
 
Holy Church of England. 99 
 
 reign of Edward the Third, the phraseology is, " Holy 
 Church shall have all her liberties and franchises in 
 quietness." 
 
 In A.D. 1377, at the commencement of the reign of 
 Richard the Second, it was declared that, " Holy 
 Church shall have and enjoy all her rights, liberties 
 and franchises wholly and without blemish." 
 
 During the reign of Henry the Eighth, it was enacted 
 by Parliament, that the King of England should be 
 "Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England," 
 any usage, custom, foreign laws, foreign authority, 
 prescription, or any thing or things to the contrary 
 notwithstanding. After this period, the Holy Church 
 of the English Statute, was that Church, of which the 
 King was the supreme head. 
 
 By the charter of Maryland, the ecclesiastical law of 
 England, was made the law of the Province.^ 
 
 In 1642 Father White and three other Jesuits were in 
 Maryland. Father Philip Fisher, the Superior, was 
 at Saint Mary, Roger Rigby on the Patuxent, and 
 Andrew White at Piscataway, on the Potomac, nearly 
 opposite Mount Vernon. 
 
 Notwithstanding there was no Church of England 
 minister in the Province, the Snow family, and other 
 Protestant Catholics, appear to have held religious 
 
 1 Sir Edward Nortliey, Attorney General of England, gave tliia 
 decision : 
 
 " As to the said clause in the grant of the province of Maryland, I 
 am of opinion the same doth not give him power to do anything 
 contrary to the ecclesiastical laws of England."— Chalmers's Opinions, 
 
100 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 services. Surgeon Thomas Gerrard, whose wife and 
 son-in-law were decided Protestant Catholics, had 
 legal difficulties in 1642, relative to the use of a chapel, 
 probably growing out of his position, as the acting 
 administrator of the estate of Justinian Snow. 
 
 David Wickliti:7 iti March, 1642, complained to the 
 Assembly, in behalf of the Protestant Catholics, that 
 Gerrard had taken away the key of their chapel, and 
 removed the books. The case was heard, and he was 
 ordered to relinquish all title to the chapel, to restore 
 the books, and pay a fine of five hundred pounds of 
 tobacco, for the support of the first Protestant Catho- 
 lic minister who should settle in the Province. 
 
 The news, that the only religious teachers in Mary- 
 land, were Jesuits, created great dissatisfaction in 
 England, and the House of Commons, on December 1, 
 1641, presented an address to Charles the First, at 
 Hampton Court, in which they complained that he 
 had permitted " another State moulded within this 
 State, independent in government, contrary in interest 
 and affection, secretly corrupting the ignorant or neg- 
 ligent professors of religion."^ Lord Baltimore per- 
 ceived that loyal English subjects would continue to 
 shun Maryland, if he continued to favor the Jesuits, 
 and his poverty was so great, that unless he received a 
 revenue from his Province, he must continue to depend 
 
 ^ Wickliff in 1638 was entered as one of tbe servants of George 
 Evelyn. 
 * Rushworth, vol. iv. 
 
Baltimore offends Jesuits. 101 
 
 upon his father-in-law, Earl Arundel, for bread to sup- 
 port his family. Determining to attract Protestant 
 colonists, he offended the Jesuits. Without his con- 
 sent, they had received a present of land from the 
 converted Piscataway Chief, and he therefore sent over 
 certain instructions, for the obtaining of land. 
 
 When (Governor Calvert and Secretary Lewger sub- 
 mitted these papers to the Jesuits, they objected. 
 
 A memorandum still preserved and supposed to be 
 in the handwriting of John Lewger says: 
 
 " The Governor and I went to the good men about 
 difficulties. 
 
 " 1. About putting the statute of mortmain on all 
 lands. Gov. Calvert construed it, so as that no man 
 could have an additional grant, except he would accept 
 the statute, for all his land. 
 
 " 2. One of the good men thought that publishing the 
 conditions of Plantation would not incur excommuni- 
 cation, but thought it might be a mortal sin, to propose 
 an act or obligations against good manners or piety, 
 or to assent to it. 
 
 " 3. The oath in the instructions to be tendered to 
 such as were to take land, was decided to be against 
 conscience, and to incur excommunication bullae ccence^ 
 to publish or administer any such oath." 
 
 ' The Pope's Bull " In coena Domini" was read every year on the 
 day of the Lord's Supper or Maundy Thursday, and contained excom- 
 munications and anathemas against heretics and all who disturbed or 
 opposed the jurisdiction of the Holy See. 
 
102 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 The Governor and Lewger shrank from obeying 
 Lord Baltimore, as they not did wish to be excommu- 
 nicated from the Church of Rome. In September, 
 1642, two Jesuits in England desired to join the Mary- 
 land Mission, but Baltimore said, that he " could not 
 in prudence allow them to go, unless an agreement was 
 first made." On the 5th of October Lord Baltimore's 
 sister wrote : " I have been with my brother, but he is 
 inexorable until all conditions be agreed upon between 
 you." 
 
 A few days after, the Jesuits assented to the follow- 
 ing positions of the Proprietary. 
 
 " Considering the dependence of the Government 
 of Maryland on the state of England, unto which it 
 must, as near as may be, be comformable, no ecclesi- 
 astical person whatever inhabiting or being within the 
 said Province ought to pretend or expect, nor is Lord 
 Baltimore or any of his ofiicers, although they be 
 Roman Catholics, obliged in conscience to allow 
 said ecclesiastics, in said Province, any more or other 
 privileges, exemptions or immunities for their per- 
 sons, lands or goods, than is allowed by his Majesty 
 or his officers and magistrates to like persons in Eng- 
 land." 
 
 " And any magistrates may proceed against the 
 person, goods, etc., of such ecclesiastic for the doing 
 of right and justice to another, or for maintaining his 
 Proprietary prerogatives, and jurisdictions, just as 
 against any other person, residing in said Province. 
 
Father White a Prisoner. 103 
 
 " These things to be done, without incurring the 
 censure of buUoe ccence, or committing a sin for so 
 doing.^ 
 
 The Priests did not keep faith with Lord Baltimore, 
 as we discover from the Jesuit Relation of this period. 
 It says : " When our people declared it to be repugnant 
 to the laws of the Church, two priests were sent from 
 England, who might teach the contrary, but the re- 
 verse of what was expected, happened ; for our reasons 
 being heard, and the thing itself being more clearly 
 understood, they easily fell in with our opinion," 
 
 The civil war in England growing out of resistance 
 of the Parliament to the arbitrary demands of the 
 King, induced strife in Maryland. 
 
 Under a letter of marque granted by Charles the 
 First to Governor Calvert, he seized the ship of Capt. 
 Richard Ingle of London in 1643. Ingle in retaliation 
 obtained a commission from Parliament, and appeared 
 with the ship Reformation, and attacked those who 
 would not acknowledge the " Keepers of the liberties 
 of England " as Parliament was styled. 
 
 During his stay Father Copley's house at Potopaco 
 was attacked as well as the Jesuit plantation of St. 
 Jingo. Fathers White and Fisher were taken pri- 
 soners, and brought to London. White was tried and 
 found guilty of teaching doctrines contrary to the 
 laws of England, but on the 4th of July, 1646, judg- 
 
 ' Streeter's Early Maryland Papers. . 
 
104 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 ment was stayed. After remaining in Newgate pri- 
 son for many months, in January 7, 1648, the House 
 of Commons " did concur with the Lords in granting 
 the petition of Andrew White, a Jesuit, who was 
 brought out of America, into the kingdom, by force, 
 upon an English ship," and he was ordered to be dis- 
 charged provided he left the kingdom, within fifteen 
 days.^ He never returned to America, but Father 
 Fisher appears to have resumed labor in 1649, with 
 one companion, probably Father Lawrence Starkey 
 who came at this time to Maryland. A letter of 
 Fisher is extant addressed to his Superior in which he 
 writes under date of March 1, 1648-9 : 
 
 " Although my companion and myself reached Vir- 
 ginia on the 7th of January, after a tolerable journey 
 of seven weeks, there I left my companion, and availed 
 myself of the opportunity of proceeding to Maryland, 
 where I arrived in the course of February." 
 
 During the uprising of the friends of Parliament 
 under Ingle, Father Copley seems to have remained at 
 St. Inigo. In a relation, appended to Father White's 
 journal, there is narrated a very wonderful and indeli- 
 cate story which proves that the Jesuit mission was not 
 entirely broken up. It is in these words : 
 
 " It has been established by custom and usage of the 
 Catholics who live in Maryland during the whole night 
 of the 31st of July, following the festival of St. Ignatius, 
 
 ' House of Common's Journal. 
 
A Soldier's Indelicacy. 105 
 
 to honor with a salute of cannon, their tutelar guard- 
 ian and patron saint. 
 
 ""Wherefore in the year 1646, mindful of the solemn 
 custom, the anniversary of the holy father being ended, 
 they wished the night also consecrated to the honor of 
 the same, by the continual discharge of artillery. At 
 this time there were in the neighborhood certain sol- 
 diers, unjust plunderers. Englishmen indeed by birth, 
 of the heterodox faith, who, coming the year before 
 with a fleet had invaded with arms almost the entire 
 colony, had plundered, burnt, and finally having ab- 
 ducted the priests and driven the Governor himself 
 into exile, had reduced it to a miserable servitude. 
 These had protection in a certain fortified citadel, built 
 for their own defence, situated about five miles from 
 the others; but now aroused by the nocturnal report 
 of the cannon, the day after, that is, on the first of 
 August, rush upon us with arms, break into the houses 
 of the Catholics, and plunder whatever there is of 
 arms or powder. 
 
 " After a while, when at length they had made an end 
 of plundering, and had arranged their departure, one 
 of them, a fellow of a beastly disposition and a scofier 
 both contemptible and blasphemous who dared to 
 assail St. Ignatius himself with filthy scurrility and a 
 more filthy act. 
 
 ' " Away to the wicked cross with you. Papists,' says 
 14 
 
106 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 he ' who take delight in saluting your poor saint, by 
 the firing of cannon, I have a cannon too, and I will 
 give him a salute more suitable and appropriate to so 
 miserable a saint.' 
 
 " This being said (let me not offend the delicacy of 
 your ears) he resounded with a loud report, and de- 
 parted, while his companions deride with their insolent 
 laughter. 
 
 "Buthisimpiousand wicked scurrility cost the wretch 
 dear ; for, scarcely had he proceeded two hundred 
 paces from the place, when he felt a commotion of the 
 bowels within, and that he was solicited to privacy ; 
 and when he had gone about the same distance on 
 his way, he had to withdraw privately again, com- 
 plaining of an unusual pain of his bowels, the like 
 of which he had never felt in bis life before. The re- 
 maining part of his journey ; to wit: four miles, was 
 accomplished in a boat, in which space, the severe 
 torture of his bowels and the looseness of his belly 
 frequently compelled him to land. Having arrived at 
 the Fort, scarcely in possession of his mind, through 
 80 great pain, he rolls himself at one time on the ground, 
 at another casts himself on a bench, again on a bed, 
 crying out all the time with a loud voice ' I am burning 
 up ! I am burning up ! There is a fire in my belly ! 
 There is a fire in my bowels !' 
 
 " The officers, having pitied the deplorable fate of 
 their comrade, carry him at length, placed iu a boat 
 
A Wonderful Story. 107 
 
 to a certain Thomas Hebden a skilful surgeon,^ but 
 the malady had proceeded further than could be cured 
 or alleviated by his art. In the meantime you could 
 hear nothing else coming from his lips, but that well 
 known and mournful cry 'I am burning up! I am 
 burning up ! Fire! Fire!' 
 
 " The day after, which was the 2d of August, his in- 
 tolerable suffering growing worse every hour, his 
 bowels began to be voided, piecemeal. But on the 
 3d of August, furious and raging, he passed larger 
 portions of the intestines some of which were a foot, 
 some a foot and a half, others two feet long. At 
 length the fourth day drained the whole pump, so that 
 it left nothing remaining but the abdomen empty and 
 void. Still surviving, he saw the dawning of the fifth 
 day, when the unhappy wretch ceased to see and live, 
 an example to posterity of divine vengeance warning 
 mankind. 
 
 "Discitejustitiam,moniti et non contemneredivos.' 
 Innumerable persons still living, saw the intestines of 
 the dead man for many mouths hang upon the fence 
 posts ; among whom was he who has added his testi- 
 mony to these things, and with his hands handled the 
 bowels, blackened, and as if crisped up, by this fire, of 
 modern Judas." 
 
 - Thomas Hebden was in the employ of George Evelyn of Evelyn- 
 ton Manor at Piney Point in 1638, and a member of the Assembly. 
 Streeter says he was a carpenter. In his will he requested Father 
 Copley to pray for his soul. 
 
RELIGIOUS CONDITION DURING THE AS- 
 CENDENCY OF PARLIAMENT. 
 
 -L/ORD Baltimore, finding that few colonists would 
 go to Maryland from England, undeterred by the threat 
 ofexcoramunication, appealed to Massachusetts through 
 Major Edward Gibbons, described in an old chronicle 
 as the "younger brother of the house of an honorable 
 extractiw], "^ the owner of a windmill at St. Mary, a 
 trader in the Potomac, and a prominent citizen of 
 Boston. Gibbons once lost a vessel in the waters ofVir- 
 ginia and Maryland, and perhaps the Jesuits' letter of 
 1642 alludes to him in these words : " Father White 
 suffered no little inconvenience from a hard-hearted 
 and troublesome captain of New England, whom he 
 had engaged for the purpose of taking him and his 
 effects, from whom he was in fear a little while after, 
 not without cause, that he would be either cast into the 
 sea, or be carried with his property to New England, 
 ivhich is full of Puritan Calvinists, that is of all Calvin- 
 ist heresy. 
 
 " Silently committing the thing to God, at length in 
 
 Scottow. 
 
Invitation to Puritans. 109 
 
 safety reached Potomac, they vulgarly call it Patemeak, 
 in which harbor, when they had cast anchor, the ship 
 stuck so fast, bound by a great quantity of ice, that for 
 the space of seventeen days, it could not be moved. 
 Walking on the ice, as if on land, the Father departed 
 for the town ; and when the ice was broken up, the 
 ship driven and jammed by the force and violence of 
 the ice, sunk, the cargo being in a great measure re- 
 covered." 
 
 The year after the Jesuits refused to yield to the 
 Proprietary, on the 13th of October, 1643, Governor 
 Winthrop of Massachusetts makes the following entry 
 in his Journal : 
 
 " The Lord Baltimore being owner of much land near / 
 Virginia, being himself a Papist and his brother Mr. / 
 Calvert, the Governor there a Papist also, but the 
 colony consisting of both Protestant and Papist, he 
 wrote a letter to Capt. Gibbons of Boston and sent him 
 a commission wherein he made a tender of land in 
 Maryland to any of oul's that would transport them- 
 selves thither with free liberty of religion, and all other 
 privileges which the place affords, paying such annual 
 rent as should be agreed upon, but our Captain had no 
 mind to further his desire, nor had any of our people 
 temptation that way." 
 
 By an unexpected Providence, settlers at last came 
 from Virginia, and the fortunes of Lord Baltimore by 
 their advent were greatly improved. The Puritans of 
 
110 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 Nansemond County, Virginia, in 1643 had secured the 
 services of Rev. William Tompson a graduate of Ox- 
 ford, John Knowles of Immanuel College, Cambridge, 
 and Thomas James for their parishes. They were 
 coldly received by Governor Berkeley, and his chaplain 
 Thomas Harrison, because they were non-conformists. 
 One month before the great massacre by the Indians, 
 Berkeley secured the passage of an act forbidding any 
 to officiate in churches who did not use the Book of 
 Common Prayer. In a little while, the three ministers 
 retired, but soon the Governor of Virginia was sur- 
 prised by his able chaplain, Harrison, becoming a non- 
 conformist, leaving Jamestown, and preaching to the 
 Puritans of Nansemond and Elizabeth River.^ 
 
 In 1644, Roger "Williams of Rhode Island visited 
 England and published a treatise on religious toleration, 
 of which, a Chaplain of the Archbishop of Canterbury 
 wrote: "Witness the book printed, 1644, called The 
 Bloody Tenet, which the author affirmeth he wrote in 
 milk ; and if he did so, he hath put much rats-bane 
 into it, as namely : That it is the will and command 
 of God that since the coming of his Son, the Lord 
 Jesus, a permission of the most Paganish, Jewish, Turk- 
 ish or Anti-Christian consciences, and worships, be 
 granted to all men in all nations and countries ; that 
 Civil States with their officers of justice, are not Go- 
 
 Calamy^and Winthrop. 
 
Liberty of Conscience. Ill 
 
 vernors or defenders of the spiritual and Christian 
 state and worship."^ 
 
 At the same period, it was urged by the friends of 
 Roger Williams " that the Parliament will provide that 
 particular and private congregations may have public 
 protection ; that all statutes against the Separatists be 
 reviewed and repealed ; that the Press may be free 
 for any man that writes nothing scandalous or danger- 
 ous to the State ; that this Parliament prove themselves 
 loving fathers to all sorts of good men, bearing respect 
 unto all, and so inviting an equal assistance and affec- 
 tion from all." 
 
 On October 27th, 1645, the House of Commons or- 
 dered : " That the inhabitants of the Summer Islands, 
 and such others as shall join themselves to them, shall, 
 without any molestation or trouble, have and enjoy 
 the liberty of the conscience, in matters of God's wor- 
 ship, as well in those parts of America, where they are 
 now planted, as in all other parts of America where 
 they may hereafter plant. "^ 
 
 The Rev. Patrick Copland,^ Governor Sayle and 
 
 1 Featley's Dipper dipped. 
 
 "^ Journal of House of Commons. 
 
 ^ Patrick Copland was an earnest and useful clerofyman of whom 
 too little has been known. In 1614 he was Chaplain of one of the 
 ships of the East India Company. In 1616 returned to England ac- 
 companied by a talented native youth whom he had taught chietly by 
 signs, " to speak, to read, and write the English tongue, both Koman 
 and Secretary, within less than the space of a year." At his sugges- 
 tion the lad was publicly baptized on Dec. 22, 1616, in St. Dennis 
 church, London, " as the first fruits of India." 
 
 / 
 
112 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 others for conscience sake left the Somers Islands, and 
 settled at Eleuthera, a small isle of the Bahamas 
 group, adjoining Guariahani or Cat Island, the first 
 land of the "West, seen by Columbus. Sayle visited 
 the Puritans of Virginia, and invited them to go to 
 the Patmos, which their fellow religionists had selected, 
 but they declined. 
 
 The Rev. Thomas Harrison, in a letter dated No- 
 vember 2, 1646, and sent to Governor Winthrop of 
 Massachusetts, by Capt. Edward Gibbons, afterwards 
 appointed Admiral of Maryland, writes : " Had your 
 proposition found us risen up, in a posture of removal, 
 there is weight and force enough [in yours] to have 
 staked us down again." 
 
 Not long after, in 1617, Copland with bis pupil, sailed for tbe Indian 
 Ocean in the Royal James, one of the fleet which Sir Thomas Dale, 
 late Governor of Virginia, assumed the command of on Sept. 19, 1618. 
 In the presence of Dale, in view of an impending naval conflict with 
 the Dutch on the 2d of December, Copland preached on the Royal 
 James. On the 9th of August, 1619, Dale died, and his old associate 
 Sir Thomas Gates died in the same service the next year. 
 
 On the 26th of April, 1620, Copland in the Royal James went to 
 Japan. 
 
 Leaving Java in February, 1621, the ship slowly returned to 
 England, and having become interested in Virginia by conversing 
 with Dale and Gates, on the homeward voyage he collected from 
 fellow passengers, £70, for a church or school in Virginia. 
 
 Arriving in the Thames about the middle of September, the next 
 mouth John Ferrar, Deputy Governor of Virginia Company, announced 
 the collection, to the members. The nest year Copland preached be- 
 fore the Company, and the sermon was published with the following 
 title : 
 
 Virginia's God be thanked | or | a Sermon of | Thanksgiuing | for 
 
Virginia Puritans. 
 
 113 
 
 The steady persistence of HaiTisou, and the increase 
 of his congregations, irritated Governor Berkeley, and 
 
 the happie | Successe of the affayres in | Virginia this last pyeare | 
 preached by Patrick Copland at | i?ow-Church, in Cheapside, before 
 the Honorable | Virginia Company, on Thursday, the 18 | of Aprill 
 1623. And now published by | the Commandement of the said hono \ ra- 
 ble Company. | Hereunto are adjoyne'd some Epistles, | written first in 
 Latine (and now Englished) in the East Indies by Peter Pope, an 
 Indian youth, | liorne in the Bay of Bengale, who was first taught ] 
 and converted by the said P. C. And after bap- 1 tized by Master John 
 Wood, Dr. in Divinitie | in a famous Assemhly, before the Right \ 
 WorshipfuU, the East India Company, \ at S. Denis in Fan-Church 
 Streete | in London, December 33, | 1610 | London | Printed by J. D. 
 for William Sheffard and John Bellamie, and are to be soldjat his shop, 
 at the two Grey- j hounds in Corne-hill, neere the Royall | Exchange 
 1623.1 
 
 In this sermon is an allusion to the motto of the Seal of the Virginia 
 Company, which was the motto of the Colony until the Revolution of 
 1776. He speaks of " Tliis noble Plantation tending so highly to the 
 advancenient of the Gospel, and to the honoring of our dread Sove- 
 reign, by inlarging of his kingdoms, and adding a fifth crown unto 
 his other four ; for ' En dat Virginia quintam,' is the motto of the 
 legal seal of Virginia." 
 
 On October 20, 1619, the Company appointed a Committee to meet 
 at Sir Edwin Sandys', " to take a cote for Virginia, and agree upon the 
 Seale." On the 15th of the nest month the device was presented for 
 inspection. When the seal was presented to King James, he looked 
 at the reverse with the figure of St. George slaying the Dragon, with 
 
 the motto, ' ' Fas alium supe- 
 rare draconem," referring to 
 the heathenism of the In- 
 dians, and ordered that the 
 motto should not be used. 
 The face of the legal seal 
 was an escutcheon, quart- 
 ered with the arms of Eng- 
 land, France, Scotland, and 
 Ireland ; crested with a 
 maiden Queen, with flowing 
 hair and eastern crown ; sup- 
 porters, two men in armor. 
 15 
 
114 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 in the face of the action of Parliament, he influenced 
 the Assemhly of Virginia, on the 3d of November, 1647, 
 to enact the following : 
 
 " Upon divers informations presented to this Assem- 
 
 Spenser, Sir Walter Raleigh's friend, dedicated his Fairy Queen 
 to Elizabeth " Queen of England, France, Ireland, and Virginia." 
 After James of Scotland became King of England, Virginia could 
 be called, in compliment, the fifth kingdom. 
 
 In the " Mask of Flowers," played by the Gentlemen of Gray's Inn 
 upon 12th night, 1613-14 in honor of the nuptials of Somerset, 
 Kawasha, a God of the Virginians appears, and in the play occurs 
 the following : 
 
 " But now is Britannie fit to bo 
 A seat for a flfth Monarchie. 
 
 Copland was elected Rector of the College at Henrico, but the mas. 
 sacre by the Indians in the spring of 1622 thwarted his design of re- 
 siding in Virginia. 
 
 John Ferrar's brother Nicholas, who became a clergyman, sympa- 
 thized with Copland in the desire to educate the Indian children of 
 North America, and aided in establishing a school at the Somers 
 Islands. When he became a non-conformist is unknown. 
 
 In December, 1638, the celebrated divine Hugh Peters, then of 
 Salem, Mass., writes a letter " To my worthy and reverend Brother, 
 Mr. Copeland, Minister of the Gospel in Bermudas." 
 
 While residing in Pagets' tribe, Copland gave a tract of land for a free 
 school. In a letter from this settlement, dated 4th of December, 1639, 
 and addressed to Governor Winthrop of Boston, he thanks him for 
 twelve New England Indians sent to be educated, but were left at 
 Providence island. He adds : " If they had safely arrived here, I 
 would have had a care of them to have disposed of them to such hon- 
 est men, as should have trained them up in the principles of religion, 
 and so when they had been fit for your plantation, have returned them 
 again to have done God some service, in being instruments to do some 
 good for their country." 
 
 He then tells Winthrop how the Dutch at Amboyna, East Indies, 
 copied the Jesuit method of training and educated their own children 
 and the native youth in the same school, each acquiring the other's 
 language. He continues : " Being at Naugasack, a famous city of 
 Japan, I saw with my own eyes, monuments of many fair churches 
 
Act of Uniformity. 115 
 
 bly against several ministers for their neglect and re- 
 fractory refusing, after warning given to them, to read 
 Common Prayer in Divine service upon the Sabbath 
 days, contrary to the canons of the Church, and the 
 Acts of Parliament therein established : for future 
 remedy hereof, 
 
 " Be it enacted, by Governor, Council and Burgesses 
 of this Grand Assembly, That all ministers in their 
 
 and a University which sometimes they had there, but by their prag- 
 matic intermeddling with State matters was banished from Japan." 
 He then stated that he had ' ' a Papist catechism in my study, imprinted 
 at Naugasack, with the Italian letters, in Japan tongue." 
 
 The letter concludes by recommending for education George Stirke, 
 the son of a lately deceased scholar, poet, and minister of the Islands. 
 Young Stirke entered Cambridge, graduated in 1641, and became a 
 man of science. 
 
 Although the House of Commons in 1645, had ordered liberty of 
 conscience and worship in the Plantations, the Independents of Somers 
 Island and Virginia were oppressed by those in power. 
 
 In behalf of the Congregationalists of the former place. Captain 
 Sayle explored and selected one of the isles of the Bahamas, for the 
 use of all who desire entire freedom of worship. He then went to Vir- 
 ginia and extended an invitation to Rev. Mr. Harrison's congregation 
 to cast in their lot with them. In November, 1646, he and the Rev. 
 Mr. Golding came to Boston and from thence sailed to England, 
 where they obtained a patent from Parliament, for the settling of 
 Eleuthera, with provision for entire liberty of conscience. Upon 
 Sayle's return, about seventy persons left Somers Island for Eleuthera, 
 among whom was the venerable Patrick Copland nearly eighty years 
 of age. The isle proved a dreary place, and they suffered for food. 
 The Boston churches hearing of their destitution in 1650 or 1651, sent 
 to them a ship filled with supplies, which arrived on Sunday, just as 
 their faithful pastor had finished an exposition of the 23d Psalm. 
 
 Authorities consulted in preparing of the above sketch : Calendar of 
 East India Co. Papers; Virginia Co. MSS.; Hubbard, Winslow, 
 Johnson, Winthrop, Nichols Progresses of King James. 
 
116 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 several cures throughout the Colony do duly, upon 
 every Sabbath day, read such prayers as are appointed 
 and prescribed unto them, by the said Book of Common 
 Prayer. 
 
 " And be it further enacted, as a further penalty to 
 such as have neglected, or shall neglect their duty 
 herein, that no parishioners shall be compelled, either 
 by distress or otherwise, to pay any manner of tithes or 
 duties, to any non-conformist aforesaid." 
 f The next year Berkeley ordered Harrison, and Elder 
 
 William Durand to leave Virffinia.^ Harrison went 
 
 ^ William Durand of Upper Norfolk in Virg-inia had listened to 
 the preaching of Rev. John Davenport, first minister of New Haven, 
 Ct., when he was Vicar of St. Stephens, Coleman street, London. 
 
 There came with him to Maryland in 1648, his wife, his daughter 
 Elizabeth, and four other children. Two freemen, William Pell and 
 
 Archer, and servants Thomas Marsli, Margaret Marsh, William 
 
 Warren, William Hogg, and Ann Coles. The Commissioners who 
 in 1653, made a treaty with the Susquehannas, at the Severn 
 River were Richard Bennett, Edward Lloyd, William Fuller, Leonard 
 Strong and TJiomas Marsh. 
 
 In October 1651, Durand obtained a grant of laud at the Cliffs of 
 the Chespeake in Calvert County, near the possessions of Leonard 
 Strong and William Fuller. In 1654, he was made Secretary of the 
 Province. When the Quakers arrived he was kind to them, and one 
 of the Society of Friends in 1658, writes " William Fuller abides 
 unmoved : I know not but that William Durand doth the like. " 
 
 Rev. Thomas Harrison received the degree of D.D. , after he went to 
 England. On October 11th, 1649, the Council of State wrote to Gov- 
 ernor Berkeley that they were informed, by petition of the congrega- 
 tion of Nansemond, that their minister Mr. Harrison, an able man, of 
 unblamable conversation had been banished the Colony because he 
 would not conform to the use of the Common Prayer Book, and as 
 lie could not be ignorant, that the use of it was prohibited by Parlia- 
 ment, he was directed to allow Mr. Harrison to return to his ministry," 
 
Puritans in Maryland. 117 
 
 to Boston, consulted with friends, and as a result sailed 
 for England, to complain of Berkeley's tyranny, and 
 Durand began to negotiate for a settlement in Mary- 
 land. 
 
 Upon the express assurance, that there would be a 
 modification of the oaths of office and fidelity, an en- 
 joyment of liberty of conscience, and the privilege of 
 choice in officers, the Virginia non-conformists agreed 
 to remove to the banks of the Severn.' 
 
 Harrison never went back but became Chaplain of Cromwell's son 
 Henry, when Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. He was in Dublin at the 
 time of Oliver Cromwell's death, and preiched a funeral sermon from 
 Lamentations 5 ch. 16 v. " The crown is fallen from our head ; wo 
 unto us that we have sinned. " It was published with the following 
 title:" Threni Hyb(?rnici: or Ireland sympathizing with England and 
 Scotland, in a sad lamentation for the loss of their Josiah. Repre- 
 sented in a sermon at Christ Church in Dublin, before his Excellency 
 the Lord Deputy, withdivers of the Nobility, Gentry, and Commonality 
 there assembled to celebrate a funeral solemnity, upon the death of 
 the Lord Protector ; by Dr. Harrison, Chief Chaplain to his said Ex- 
 cellency." 
 
 Upon the accession of Charles the Second, unable to accept the 
 terms of conformity, he retired to Chester, England. An officer on 
 the 3d of July, 1665, reports : " A conventicle of one hundred persons 
 was appointed at the house of Dr. Thomas Harrison, late Chaplain of 
 Harry Cromwell , broke open the house, found some under the beds, 
 others in the closets, and ^thirty were taken before the Mayor." 
 
 Just before he left America, he married Dorothy, daughter of 
 Samuel Symonds formerly of Yeldham, Essex, who came to Ipswich, 
 Mass., in "1637 and died in 1678, having been_for several years Deputy 
 Governor, and respected for his great worth. Mrs. Lucy Downing, sister 
 of Gov. Winthrop, of Mass. , in a letter to her nephew, John Winthrop of 
 Ct., writes under date of Dec. 17, 1648. " You hear, I believe, our 
 cousin Dorothy Simonds, is now won and wedded to Mr. Harrison, 
 the Virginia minister." 
 
 1 Hammond. 
 
118 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 William Stoue of Hungar's JSTeck, Eastern Shore of 
 Yirginia, a nephew of Thomas Stone, haberdasher of 
 London, and brother-in-law of Francis Doughty,^ a 
 non-conformist minister, was on the 6th of August, 
 1648, commissioned Governor, in the place of Thomas 
 Green. 
 
 In accordance with stipulations with the Puritans, 
 in his commission, is found for the first time, the 
 pledge, not to disturb any person professing to believe 
 in Jesus Christ merely for, or in respect of his or her 
 reliscion, or the free exercise thereof.^ 
 
 ^ In Governor Stone's will Francis Doughty is called his brother-in- 
 law. Donghty was the son of a Bristol akleriuan and probably the 
 same person who when Vicar of Sodbury, Gloucester, had been arraigned 
 before the High Commissioner, for contempt of his Sacred Majesty, 
 having spoken of him, in prayer, as "Charles by common election, 
 and general consent. King of England." 
 
 In 1639, he came to Massachusetts, and from thence went to Long 
 Island, and while there used to preach to the English-speaking mem- 
 bers of the Reformed Church in Manhattan, now New York City. 
 His daughter Mary, there married Adrian Vander Donk, a Leyden 
 ■') graduate and distinguished lawyer. After his decease, she became the 
 \ wife of Hugh O'Neal of Patuxent, Maryland, and her father appears 
 to have resided in the same vicinity. Herrman, one of the New 
 Netherlands Commissioners, says that while he was dining with 
 Philip Calvert, on Sunday, the 12th of October, 1659, " Mr. Doughty, 
 the minister accidentally called." 
 
 ^ Streeter who made a thorough investigation says : " Mr. Chalmers 
 was in error, when he asserted, that in the oath taken by the Governor 
 and Council, beticeen the years 1637 and 1657, there was a clause bind- 
 ing them not to molest any one, on account of his religion, who pro- 
 fessed to believe in Jesus Christ. The oath of 1639 is the first on 
 record administered to the Governor and Council ; and it most carefully 
 avoids all allusion to religion. The same form was certainly in use, 
 as late as April, 1643, when James Neal took the oath of Councillor, 
 
Plowden on Toleration. 119 
 
 Plowden, who had lived in Virginia, at the time of 
 the controversy, between Berkeley and the non-con- 
 formists, in the description of Nova Albion, pub- 
 lished in London, 1648, advocated the principle, insisted 
 upon by the Puritans, as a condition of residence in 
 Maryland. He writes of religion in these words : " I 
 conceive the Holland way, now practiced, best to 
 content all parties. By Act of Parliament or Genera) 
 Assembly to settle and establish all the fundamentals 
 necessary to salvation, as the three creeds, the com- 
 mandments, preaching on the Lord's Bay, and great 
 days, and catechism in the afternoon, the sacraments 
 of the altar and baptism 
 
 "But no persecution to an}' dissenting, and to all such, 
 as to the Walloons, free chapels, and to punish all as 
 seditious and for contempt, as bitter, rail, and condemn 
 others of the contrary ; for this argument or persuasion, 
 all religious ceremonies r church discipline should be 
 acted in mildness, love, and charity, and gentle lan- 
 guage, not to disturb the peace or quietness of the in- 
 habitants." 
 
 as is distinctly stated, according to the form described in tlie act of 
 Assembly of March, 1639. 
 
 If Chalmers meant by the expression " between 1637," for 1637, 
 as many have contended, he was clearly mistaken ; if he intended to 
 leave the date unfixed, he has given himself large scope, and afforded 
 ground for false inferences. 
 
 The prohibition in regard to molesting believers in Christ cannot 
 be found in any commission before that to Governor Stone in August, 
 1648. Streeter's Early Papers ; M'd Hist. Soc. Publication, 1876, 
 pp. 243, 244. 
 
120 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 The legislature of 1649 embodied the agreement, 
 and the principle recognized in Stone's commission, in 
 the " Act concerning Religion." 
 
 Hammond, a friend of Lord Baltimore, but hostile 
 to the non-conformists, asserts, that the inhabitants were 
 composed of conformists, non-conformists, and a " few 
 Papists." 
 
 ' In a pamphlet published at London, in 1656, he 
 writes : " And there was in Virginia, a certain people 
 congregated into a church, calling themselves Inde- 
 pendents, which daily increasing, several consultations 
 were held by the State of that Colony, how to suppress 
 them, which was duly put in execution, as first, the 
 pastor was banished, next other teachers, then many by 
 informations clapt up in prsion, then generally dis- 
 armed, which was very harsh. ******** 
 
 "Maryland was counted by them as a refuge, the 
 Lord Proprietor and his Governor solicited, and several 
 addresses made for their admittance and entertainment 
 into that Province." These conditions were presented ; 
 "that they should have convenient portion of land 
 assigned, the liberty of conscience, and privilege 
 to choose their own otficers." He continues, " An 
 Assembly was called throughout the whole country, 
 after their coming over, consisting as well of them- 
 selves, as the rest, and because there were some 
 few Papists that first inhabited, these themselves, and 
 others, being of difierent judgments, an Act was passed 
 
Act Concerning Religion. 121 
 
 that all professing in Jesus Christ should have equal 
 justice."^ Hammond further states, that at the request 
 of the Virginia Puritans, " the oath of fidelity was 
 overhauled, and this clause added to it, ' provided it 
 infringe not the liberty of conscience.' " 
 
 The Act was not approved by Lord Baltimore for 
 many months. In the Record Book, the following note 
 is appended, signed Philip Calvert. " An Act of As- 
 sembly, 21st April, 1G49, confirmed by the Lord Pro- 
 prietary by an instrument under his hand and seal 
 dated Aug. 26, 1650. "^ 
 
 Lord Baltimore's defence before Parliament, speaks 
 of this law originating in Maryland. He writes in one 
 place : " Although those laws were assented unto by the 
 Lord Baltimore in August, 1650, yet it appears, that 
 some of them were enacted in Maryland, by the As- 
 sembly there, in April 1649." In another place, speak- 
 ing of a law of 1650, is the following statement : 
 
 " It was one of those laws passed by the Assembly 
 in Maryland, in April 1650, when the people there 
 knew of the late King's death, a year after, the other 
 law above mentioned, with divers others, which were 
 enacted in April, 1649,^ as aforesaid, though in the iu- 
 
 ■ Lcdli and BacheL Loudon, 165G. 
 
 ' Annapolis Manuscripts. 
 
 * Blome in Ins Britdmiia published in 1673, at London, and to which 
 book Cecil, Lord Baltimore was a subscriber, asserts that " His Lord- 
 ship, by advice of the General Assembly of the province, hath lono' 
 since established a model of good and wholesome laws, with toleration 
 of religion, to all sorts, that profess faith in Christ. " 
 16 
 
122 TlIK h'oilNDI'lIv'S Ol" M AK'YLANI). 
 
 /2^r()HHiii(!iil, of l.li(!in :ill luirci, wlicii l.lic Ijord lialtinioro 
 ^;iV(i li'iH ii,SH(!iil (<) l-licin ;i,il()<j;clli('r, in Aii^hhI, \()^>(), \i 
 WiiH vvrill,(!ii l)('l()i-(! ir, Ixu^aiiHC! tluiy vv(M"(( IranHpoHCid 
 lior<!, ill Hiich ordcw, uh (.he. Loid I'mltiiiiorc! I,li()iit2;lil, 
 lit,, iiccordiii^' to IIh; ii:il,iir(^, :uid iiioit! or Ichh iniporl- 
 aiico of lIiciM, i)l:i(;iii<^ llu; Act cHuicernint; Ivciligion 
 firHl,.'" 
 
 TITiH Act wiiH(H)iili-ary to tli(! tca(;liiiiii,H ol'llio Churcli 
 
 of KoiiK!, niiKH^ it, WMH l,lu! rc(;()i!,iiiti()ii of (HiriHtiaiiH 
 
 who rcj(!ct,(Ml lli(! To])!^, iiiid ^vllcll the AHH('nd)ly ol" 
 
 ICJO met, iJierc; w:ih an cxpi-cHsioii of diNHatiHliiotioii. 
 
 '^riic l)iirg-(^HKCH ol' t,lio AHscinhly Wi'vo as IbllowH. 
 
 Joliii llaUili, St. (ilc!()ri;(^'H Iliiudi-ed. 
 
 Walter Jieaiio, 
 
 John Medley, Niiwtovvii " 
 
 William lirougli, 
 
 Robert Kobiim, 
 
 FraiiciH i*oM(!y, 
 
 riiili[) Jjaiid, 
 
 FranciH BrookH, 
 
 ThoiiiaH MathewH, 
 
 TiioinuB Steririan, 
 
 (^corgo MannerB, " " " 
 
 JumcBCox, Aiuie Aniiidci 
 
 Georges riiddin-t,.)!!, 
 WluMi tluMlelegateHctanie to he Hworii, all the Ivoinan 
 Catholics, four in number, obJe(;tcd to the j)riMci|)IeH 
 of the Act eoneerning Religion, paHHed by the hint 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 St. 
 
 ('lenienl'H 
 
 
 St. 
 
 Mary'n 
 
 
 (I 
 
 (C 
 
 
 St. 
 
 Inigo'rt 
 
 
 St. 
 
 Miehael'H 
 
 
 7'he Lord IhiUimorc' h (Jane. Loiulou, Woo. 
 
Wilkinson the Clkhgyman. 123 
 
 Assembly. Medley, Manners, and Land thought it 
 was not right to have a perpetual law upon the sub- 
 ject, but Tliornas Matliews, who came from the precinct 
 in which the home of the Jesuits was situated, told the 
 Assembly, that he could not take the oath of toleration, 
 "as he wished to be guided, in matters of conscience, 
 by 8[)iritual counsel."^ 
 
 He was then censured and expelled, and Cuthbert 
 Fenwick was returned in his place. 
 
 It was not, until after the Act concerning Religion, 
 was passed, that any Protestant clergyman per- 
 manently settled in the Province. 
 
 About the year 1650, there arrived William Wilkin- 
 son, Cl'k, about fifty years of age, with his wife, 
 daughters Mary, Rebecca, Elizabeth, step-daughter 
 Margaret, and servants Robert Cortiish, and Ann 
 Stevens. Like Father Thomas Copley, he engaged 
 in trade, to assist in his support.^ 
 
 ' Anna])()liH Manuscripts. 
 
 ' Early in 1654 Stringer, a carpenter, dml at Wilkinson's liouse, and 
 left chests, locked up in the store. In rendering the account of this 
 man's estate, the Minister prijsents a curious niingling of charges, in 
 tobacco V eight. 
 
 For the use of his boat and a boy. lbs. 50 
 
 " l)oarding at his house 7 or 8 days and 2 men. 400 
 
 " funcnil scnnoii. 100 
 
 " " dinner. 300 
 
 " a plank for his coffin. 60 
 
 In his will niad(! May 29, 166'{,his daughter Rebecca is spoken of as 
 the wife of William Ilatton, and Eli/.a as tli(r wifc! of Thomas Dent. 
 Dent was among the first settlers in the District of ('olumljia. 
 In 1662 he entered a tract of land called Gisborough, on the east 
 Bide of AnacoBtan River, in a branch called Eastern Branch. The name 
 
r24 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 In 1652 Captain William Mitchell, oue of the worst 
 men in the Province, was appointed a member of the 
 Council, by Lord Baltimore. He was suspected of 
 poisoning his wife on a voyage to America. Ann, 
 daughter of Elizabeth Bolton, of St. Martins in the 
 Fields, Middlesex, was hired as a servant, to act as 
 governess, whom he harshly used, and then sold to 
 Francis Brooke, for a wife. 
 
 At a Court, held on 22d of June, 1652, at Saint 
 Mary's, Thomas Cole, aged thirty-two years, deposed : 
 *' That before coming out of England he was at Mr. 
 Edmond Plowden's chamber. He asked me with 
 whom I lived? I replied Capt. Mitchell. He persuad- 
 ing me not to go with him to Virginia, asked me ' Of 
 what religion he was, and whether I ever saw him go 
 to church ? ' I made answer ' I never saw him go to 
 church.' He replied, ' that Captain Mitchell being 
 among a company of gentlemen, he wondered, that the 
 world had been, so many hundred years, deluded with 
 a man and a pigeon.'" 
 
 Mr. Plowden then told Cole, that by the dove, was 
 meant " the Holy Ghost," and by the man, " our 
 Saviour, Christ." 
 
 The Province of Maryland, in 1652, by commission- 
 
 is still retained, and the U. S. Government Asylum for the Insane is 
 on or near the tract. 
 
 The place was probably called from Gisborough a town on the flats 
 of the river Tees in North Yorkshire, where a Dent family lived. 
 
 In 1G72 Rev. Mr. Nicholet of Sal(;m, Mass., wlio had lived in Mary- 
 land, spoke of five Protestants whom he often met, Mr. Dent, Mr. 
 Hatton, Mr. Hill, Mr. Hanson, and Mr. Thoroughgood. 
 
Conflict with Proprietary. 125 
 
 era from Parliament, was reduced and settled with the 
 authority ot the Commonwealth of England, and Go- 
 vernor Stone was continued in office, having promised 
 to issue all writs and other processes in the name of 
 "the keepers of the liberty of England." 
 
 The next year, under directions from Lord Balti- 
 more, Stone violated the compact, and began to issue 
 writs in the Lord Proprietary's name, to admit to the 
 Council only those appointed by Lord Baltimore, and 
 require the inhabitants to take an oath of fidelity, 
 which if refused by any colonist, after three months 
 his lands were to be confiscated for the use of the Pro- 
 prietary. 
 
 At the request of Richard Preston, and over one 
 hundred other planters, the Parliament Commissioners 
 visited Maryland, and on the 20th of July, 1654, 
 Stone " laid down his power as Governor of this pro- 
 vince under his Lordship, and did promise for the 
 future to submit to such government as shall be 
 selected by the Commissioners, in the name and under 
 the authority of His Highness, the Lord Protector." 
 
 In 1653 Lord Baltimore printed the statement of his 
 reasons, as presented to Parliament, why his charter 
 should not be abrogated. The last is as follows: "If 
 the Lord Baltimore should by this Commonwealth, be 
 prejudiced in any of the rights or privileges of his 
 patent of that Province ; it would be a great discour- 
 agement, to others in foreign plantations, upon any 
 exigency to adhere to the interest of this Common- 
 
126 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 wealth ; because it is notoriously known, that by his 
 express direction, his officers and the people there did 
 adhere to the interest of this Commonwealth, when 
 all other English plantations, except New England, 
 declared against the Parliament, and at that time re- 
 ceived their friends, in time of distress, for which, he 
 was like, divers times, to be deprived of his interest 
 there, by the colony of Virginia, and others, who had 
 commissions from the late King's eldest son, for that 
 purpose, as appears by a commission, granted by him 
 to Sir Wm. Davenant."^ 
 
 In this pamphlet he also states that his opponents in 
 Maryland were " obscure and factious fellows." 
 
 1 Sir Wm. Davenant K't was Sliakspeare's godson, and like his 
 godfather was given to poetry. On the 16th day of February, 1649-50, 
 Charles issued a commission from his exile in Jersey, the opening para- 
 graphs of which were as follows : 
 
 " Whereas the Lord Baltimore, Proprietary of the Province and 
 plantations in Maryland, in America doth visibly adhere to the rebels 
 of England, and admit all kinds of schismatics and sectaries, and other 
 ill affected persons, with the said plantations of Maryland, so that we 
 have cause to apprehend very great prejudice to our service thereby, 
 and very great danger to our plantations in Virginia, who have car- 
 ried themselves, with so much loyalty and fidelity to the King, our 
 Father of blessed memory, and to us, Know ye, therefore, that we 
 reposing special trust and confidence in the courage, conduct, loyalty, 
 and good affection of Sir Wm. Davenant, and for prevention of the 
 danger and inconveniences above mentioned, do by these presents, 
 nominate, constitute, and appoint you, our Lieutenant Governor of the 
 said province or plantations of Maryland." 
 
 With the aid of Queen Henrietta Maria, Davenant sailed from a port 
 in Normandy, with a company of weavers and mechanics, but on the 
 voyage, was captured, and brought to England. Lodged in the Tower, 
 he there finished his poem of Gondibert, and at length was released 
 " from durance vile," by the intercession of the great Puritan poet, John 
 Milton. 
 
Fathers Copley and Starket. 127 
 
 A review of this publication was in 1655, printed in 
 London, which thus answers this allusion. 
 
 " The Lord Baltimore pretends, in print, his enter- 
 tainment in Maryland, of the Parliament friends thrust 
 out of Virginia; but those very men whom he so 
 styles, coming thither, being promised by Captain 
 Stone, he would decline urging the oath upon them, 
 complain of it, to the Parliament, are in answer there 
 unto vilified by Lord Baltimore, and publicly taxed 
 for obscure and factious fellows : and in his later letters, 
 termed the basest of men, and unworthy of the least 
 favor or forbearance. 
 
 " Such advantages doth he make on all sides, at such 
 a distance, and in such uncomposed times, that he 
 confidently takes the liberty, to aver such extreme 
 and contrary things, which amaze other men, that see 
 them. The place as himself confessed, had been de- 
 serted, if not peopled from Virginia." 
 
 In 1652, Father Thomas Copley died, and Father 
 Lawrence Starkey assumed the duties he performed. 
 Starkey was born in Lancashire in 1606, and at the 
 age of thirty joined the order of Jesuits. He came to 
 Maryland in 1649, and died in February, 1657, and 
 Ralph Crouch appears to have been his successor. Sur- 
 geon Henry Hooper, who died about the year 1650, left 
 a legacy to Ralph Crouch for such " pious uses as he 
 thinks fit." 
 
 A complaint was made to the Provincial Court in 
 the spring of 1654, that Luke Gardiner who had been 
 
128 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 in the service of Father Copley did in " an uncivil, re- 
 fractory, and insolent manner, detain at his house 
 Eleanor Hatton, sister-in-law of Lt. Richard Banks, 
 and niece of his Lordship's Secretary Thomas Hatton 
 endeavoring as was " probably reported to train her 
 up in the Roman Catholic religion, contrary to the 
 mind and will of her mother and uncle." 
 
 Lt. Richard Banks was authorized to go and take 
 her from the custody of Gardiner. 
 
 This year Father Francis Fitzherbert, without any 
 companion, sailed for Maryland. The vessel, in which 
 he was a passenger, was exposed to a series of gales. 
 The Jesuit Relation for that year says : " The 
 tempest lasted, in all, two months, whence, the opin- 
 ion arose, that it was not on account of the violence 
 of the ship, or atmosphere, but was occasioned by 
 the malevolence of witches. Forthwith they seize 
 a little old woman suspected of sorcery, guilty or 
 not guilty, they slay her, suspected of this and after 
 examining her with the strictest scrutiny, very heinous 
 sin." The tragedy is more fully alluded to in the 
 Provincial Records. Mr. Henry Corby n, a young 
 merchant from London,^ described the circumstance 
 
 ' Henry Corbyu or Corbiu was twenty-five years of age in 1654, and 
 was the Ibundor of the Virginia family of that name. He lived between 
 the liappaliannock and Potomac. In 1657 was the register of the 
 vestry ot tlio Parish. The immigrants Wasliiugton came about the 
 same time. 
 
 His son Gavvin was Prrsident of the Council of Virginia and liad 
 four daughters, and three sons, one of whom, Richard, in 1754 used his 
 influence to procure young Washington a commission, which he en- 
 closed with the following note : 
 
 " Dear (ieorge : 1 inclose you a commission. God prosper you with 
 it. Your friend, Richard Corbin, " 
 
Mary Lee Hung. 129 
 
 to the Governor and Council of Maryland. He was a 
 passenger on the ship Charity, John Bosworth, Master. 
 Two or three weeks before they reached the Chesapeake, 
 it was rumored among the sailors, that Mary Lee, one 
 of the passengers, was a witch, and they asked the 
 Captain to have a trial, but he at first refused. The 
 ship daily became more leaky, and the Captain con- 
 sulted with Corbyn and Robert Chipsham also a mer- 
 chant, and to allay the fears of the seamen it was 
 decided to allow an examination. 
 
 Two of the seamen, without orders, searched her 
 body and declared she had witch marks. During the 
 night, she was fastened to the capstan, and the next 
 morning, the marks " for the most part were shrunk 
 into her body." -The sailors then asked Corbyn to 
 examine her, and she confessed she was a witch. The 
 Captain of the ship retired to his cabin, and the sailors, 
 notwithstanding his protest, took and hung her, and 
 then cast her body in the sea. 
 
 Francis Darby, Gent., aged thirty- nineyears,depo8ed, 
 that this statement was correct, and he was probably 
 Father Francis Fitzherbert, as it was common for 
 Jesuits to take another name, when on a journey. ^ 
 
 During the sway of the Parliament commissioners, 
 Thomas Mathews, William Boreman, John Pyle, and 
 John Dandy ^ acknowledged their belief in the su- 
 premacy of the Pope. 
 
 ' Annapolis manuscript record. 
 
 " John Dandy had been in Clayborne's employ at Kent Island, and 
 was a violent blacksmith. In October, 1G40, he was summoned by the 
 Assembly to answer for misdemeanors. In October, lG57,he was tried 
 17 
 
130 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 On the 30th of November, 1657, Lord Baltimore 
 agreed to forget past controversies, to omit the clauses 
 in the oath of fidelity, to which the Protestants of the 
 Province objected, and did further promise " that he 
 would never give his assent to the repeal of a law es- 
 tablished in Maryland, whereby all persons professing 
 to believe in Jesus Christ have freedom of conscience 
 there," and then the Commissioners of Parliament sur- 
 rendered their power, and once more he appointed his 
 own officers. 
 
 The next year Maryland linked herself with Massa- 
 chusetts in the persecution of the Quakers. 
 
 Toward the latter part of 1657 a ship arrived at 
 Jamestown with Thomas Thurston and Josiah Cole, 
 preachers of the Society of Friends. They were looked 
 upon as disturbers of the peace and imprisoned by the 
 Virginians. After their release they went to Maryland 
 and were kindly received by the Puritans William Du- 
 rand and William Fuller, and hospitably entertained 
 by Richard Preston of Patuxent^ and his son-in-law 
 William Berry. As they were conscientiously opposed 
 to swearing, they in the place of judicial oaths, simply 
 affirmed. This fact, and the wearing of their hats, gave 
 offence to Lord Baltimore's officers. 
 
 At a court held at Patuxent July 8, 1668, a warrant 
 was issued for Cole and Thurston because they had 
 
 for cruelty to a servant causing bis death, found guilty and hung on 
 an island at the mouth of Leonard's Creek. 
 
 ' Richard Preston in 1649 came with seven in his family, and entered 
 land for 73 persons. 
 
Quakers Whipped. 131 
 
 remained in the Province, above one month, without 
 taking the oath of fidelity. Two weeks later, *' taking 
 into consideration the insolent behavior of some people 
 called Quakers, who at the Court, in contempt of an 
 order there made and proclaimed, would presumptu- 
 ously stand covered," the authorities banished them 
 and they made their way to the Dutch settlement at 
 Manhattan through the Indian country. 
 
 Preston and others were fined for entertaining the 
 preachers, and one was whipped for refusing to assist 
 a Sheriff in arresting Thurston. 
 
 The council, in 1659, issued an " order to seize and 
 whip them, from constable to constable," until they 
 be sent out of the Province. 
 
 Francis Howgill published at London, in 1660, a 
 pamphlet entitled " The Deceiver of the Nations disco- 
 vered^ and his cruelty made manifest, 7nore especially his 
 cruel works of darkness in Mariland, and Virginia.'^ 
 
 Alluding to the treatment of Cole and Thurston he 
 remarks : 
 
 "The Indians, whom they judged to be heathen, 
 exceeded in kindness, in courtesies, in love, and 
 mercy, unto them, who were strangers, which is a shame 
 to the mad, rash rulers of Mariland that have acted 
 80 barbarously to our people, and them that came to 
 visit them in the name of the Lord, that instead of 
 receiving them, rejected them, and made order after 
 order, and warrant after warrant, for pursuing, banish-, 
 ing and whipping of them, who came to them, in the 
 name of the Lord, in such haste, that I have seen fifteen 
 
132 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 warrants out against one man, in a little time, and in 
 one province." 
 
 Josiah Cole, traveling in company with Jacob Lnm- 
 brozo, the Jew doctor, in July 1658, asked " whether 
 the Jews did look for a Messiah?" Lumbrozo an- 
 swered ; " Yes." Then Cole asked " Who he was that 
 was crucified at Jerusalem ? " The Jew replied : 
 " He was a man," Then the Quaker, asked " How 
 did he do all his miracles?" and the answer was: 
 " He did them by art magic." Cole continued : 
 " How did his disciples do the same miracles, after he 
 was crucified ? " The Doctor replied " he taught them 
 his art." Some months after Cole and Thurston were 
 banished, Lumbrozo was arraigned for blasphemy, when 
 he stated to the court, that he " said not any thing scofiP- 
 ingly, or in derogation of him Christians acknowledge 
 for 'their Messiah," but merely declared his belief as a 
 Jew. 
 
 The same year that the Quakers appeared. Father 
 Fitzherbert was arraigned. Henry Coursey, described 
 by Lord Baltimore as " a person of good repute and 
 credit, and well esteemed by all the inhabitants of 
 Maryland, he being of the Church of England," wrote 
 to his Lordship as follows : 
 
 " Since I wrote my last to you, I have received a 
 message from Mrs. Gerrard, which is, that Mr. Fitz- 
 herbert, hath threatened excommunication to Mr. 
 Gerrard, because he doth not bring to church, his 
 wife and children. And further, Mr. Fitzherbert saith, 
 
Father Fitzherbert Distracts. 133 
 
 that he hath written home, to the heads of the Church, 
 in England, and that if it be their judgments to have 
 it so, he will come with a party, and compel them. 
 My Lord, this I offer to your Lordship, as Mrs. Ger- 
 rard's relation, who, I think, would not offer to re- 
 port any such thing, if it were not so. And, my 
 Lord, I thank God, the government of the country is 
 now in your officers' hand, but I think, and have good 
 reasons to think so, that it will not long continue 
 there, if such things be not remedied. 
 
 " I told Mr. Fitzherbert of it, about a year since, in 
 private, and also that such things were against the law 
 of the country. 
 
 " Yet, his answer was, that he must be directed by 
 his conscience, more than by the law of any country. 
 I do not my Lord, thrust myself upon any business of 
 quarrel, but it is peace and quietness I desire. And 
 I hope, your Lordship hath no other cause but to 
 wish the same, and so I refer the consideration of it to 
 you." 
 
 On the 5th of October, 1658, his Lordship's At- 
 torney General, at a Court held at St. Leonard's Creek, 
 presented the following : 
 
 " An information of his Lordship's attorney against 
 Francis Fitzherbert, for practising of treason and sedi- 
 tion, and giving out rebellious and mutinous speeches, 
 in this his Lordship's Province of Maryland, and en- 
 deavouring, as far as in him lay, to raise distraction 
 and disturbances in this his Lordship's said Province. 
 
134 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 *' 1. Francis Fitzherbert did, on the 24th of August, 
 1658, traitorously and seditiously, at a general meet- 
 ing, in arms, of the people of the upper part of Patux- 
 ent River, to muster, endeavor to seduce and draw 
 from their religion, the inhabitants there met together." 
 
 The second and third charges were of the same pur- 
 port. 
 
 " 4. That he hath rebelliously and mutinously said, 
 that if Thomas Grerrard Esq., of the Council, did not 
 come and bring his wife and children to his church, 
 he would come and force them to the Church, con- 
 trary to a known Act of Assembly for this Province." 
 
 For the prosecution there were several witnesses. 
 A son-in-law of Gerrard, Robevt Slye the husband of 
 his daughter Susannah, deposed : That some time in 
 or about July or August in the year 1656, Mr. Fitz- 
 herbert being at his house, he asked him, who it was, 
 that raised the report that he had beaten his Irish ser- 
 vants, because they refused to be of the same religion 
 with him. Mr. Fitzherbert replied, that he would not 
 and could not disclose the author, but he further said 
 that Mr. Gerrard had beaten an Irish servant of his, 
 because she refused to be a Protestant, or go to prayer 
 with the family that were so. To which Mr. Slye re- 
 plied that the story was unfounded. 
 
 Mr. Fitzherbert then said, that " Gerrard, although 
 he professed himself a Roman Catholic, yet his life 
 and conversation were not agreeable to his profession, 
 because he brought not his wife and children to the 
 church." 
 
Fitzherbert's Trial. 135 
 
 ****** u -^Y. Fitzherbert told the deponent 
 further, that if Mr. Gerrard brought not his children 
 freely to his church, nor educated them in the princi- 
 ples of the Romish religion, he would take such a 
 course, that he would undertake their education in Mr. 
 Gerrard's own house, whether Mr. Gerrard would give 
 way thereunto or no." 
 
 To the charges Fitzherbert demurred. 
 
 " 1. Neither denying or confessing the matter here 
 objected, since by the very first law of this country, 
 Holy Church, within this province, shall have, and 
 enjoy all her rights, liberties and franchises, wholly 
 and without blemish, amongst which that of preaching 
 and teaching is not the least. 
 
 " Neither imports it what church is there meant ; since 
 by the true intent of the Act concerning Religion, 
 every church professing to believe in God the Father, 
 Son, and Holy Ghost, is accounted Holy Church here. 
 
 2. Because, by the act entitled, An Act concerning 
 Religion, it is provided that no person whatsoever, pro- 
 fessing to believe in Jesus Christ, shall be molested, for 
 or in respect of his or her religion, or the free exercise 
 thereof. And undoubtedly preaching and teaching, is 
 the free exercise of every Churchman's religion. And 
 upon this I crave judgment." 
 
 The Court decided that the charges of mutiny and 
 sedition had not been proved. Gerrard, it was evident, 
 was not a Roman Catholic at heart. 
 
 After the compromise by Lord Baltimore with the 
 
136 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 Parliament Commissioners, he appointed Josias Fen- 
 dall, Governor. On the 28th of February 1659, the 
 Assembly convened at Thomas Gerrard's house, and 
 on the first of March, the lower branch of the legisla- 
 ture adjourned to the residence of Robert Slye, his son 
 in-law, and declared itself the highest court of juris- 
 diction in the Province. Gerrard and his fellow coun- 
 cillor Utie, with the Governor, assented to this position, 
 and the upper house ceased to sit as a distinct body, 
 and the Assembly as the source of power issued com- 
 missions. 
 
 Soon after this republican movement, Gerrard seems 
 to have changed his residence to Virginia.^ 
 
 The Provincial Records contain an account of the 
 hanging of a witch, in 1659, in the presence of John 
 Washington the first American ancestor of George 
 Washington, as he was coming from England. Wash- 
 
 ' He lived at Masthotick Creek, the southern boundary of West- 
 moreland Co., Va. On March 3d 1670 he entered into a compact with 
 his neighbors John Lee, Henry Corbin and Isaac Allerton, to build a 
 banqueting house at or near their respective lands. 
 
 John Lee was a relative of Col. Richard Lee a friend of Parliament 
 during the civil war. Isaac Allerton graduated in 1650 at Harvard. 
 His mother, Fear Brewster, was the wife of Isaac Allerton Sr. who 
 came with her father, the leader of the Puritans, to Plymouth Rock in 
 the May Flower. Hancock, the son of Richard Lee, married the 
 daughter of Isaac A-llerton, thus, on the banks of the Potomac, at an 
 early day, the families of those who were useful and faithful to the 
 interests of the commonwealth of England intermarried. 
 
 In the will of Thomas Gerrard dated Feb. 5, 1673, he expressed a 
 wish to be buried in Maryland, by the side of his first wife Susanna 
 Snow, and appointed Major Isaac Allerton, John Lee, and John Cooper 
 to settle his estate. 
 
 On Herrmau's Map of Virginia and Maryland, engraved by 
 Faithorne, drawn in 1670, Allerton's plantation is marked. 
 
Washington's Ancestors. 137 
 
 ington complained to the authorities of Maryland 
 against Edward Prescott for hanging a witch, and the 
 proceedings of the Court were as follows : 
 
 " Present October 5, 1659, at Mr. George Reade's 
 house Josias Fendall Esq., Governor Philip Calvert 
 Esq. Secretary, Capt. William Stone, Mr. Thomas 
 Gerrard, Col. Nathaniel Utye, Mr. Baker Brooke, and 
 Mr. Edward Lloyd. 
 
 " Whereas John Washington^ of Westmoreland 
 County hath made comp" ag'st Edward Prescott, 
 Merch't Accusing ye s'd Prescott of ifelony unto ye 
 Gouvernor of this Province, alleging how that hee ye 
 
 * J. L. Chester, Esq., of London, a careful investigator, lias pointed 
 out the mistake of Sparks, Irving and others in supposing that John 
 Washington was the son of Lawrence of Sulgrave. 
 
 General Washington in a letter to the Earl of Buchan states that 
 his ancestors were related to the Fairfaxes. 
 
 Henry Fairfax, Sheriff of Yorkshire, and Richard Washington 
 married sisters, Anna and Eleanora Harrison of South Cave, York- 
 shire. 
 
 William, son of Henry Fairfax, became President of the Council of 
 Virginia, and his daughter married Lawrence, the brother of General 
 George Washington. Henry Washington had a son Richard, who 
 was in Lincoln's Inn. (See Fairfaxes of America, Munsell, Albany, 
 1868, p. 58.) 
 
 Mr. Chester in a letter to me, writes of this Richard, as follows : " In 
 reply to your inquiries about Henry Washington of South Cave, I am 
 able to say that he did have a son Richard. Henry Washington was 
 married to Eleanor Harrison in 1689 and this Richard was their eldest 
 son, born the next year. His father died in 1718, and the widow 
 lived in St. Andrews' Holborn, London. She had seven children, two 
 were baptized at South Cave, and five at Doncaster or in London." 
 
 It is probable that John Washington was one of the sons of Richard 
 of Lincoln's Inn, and grandson of Henry, and that the Richard Wash- 
 ington of London, with whom General George Wasliington frequently 
 corresponded, was his cousin, and the son of another child of Richard 
 of Lincoln's Inn. 
 
 18 
 
138 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 s'd Prescott hanged a witch, on his ship, as hee was 
 outward bound from England within the last yeare, 
 upon wich complaynt of ye s'd Washington the Gov'r 
 caused ye s'd Edward Prescott to bee arrested. Tak- 
 ing bond for his appearance att this Provincial Court 
 of 40,000 lbs. Tobacco. Gyving moreover notice to ye 
 s'd Washington, by letter of his proceedings therein, 
 a copie of wich I'tre, with the said Washington's an- 
 swere thereto are as followeth : 
 
 " Mr. Washington, Upon yo'r complaynt to mee y't 
 Mr. Prescott did in his voyage from England hither 
 cause a woman to bee executed for a witch, I have 
 caused him be apprehended uppon suspition of flelony 
 and Pve intend to bind him over to ye Provincial 
 Court to answer it, where I doe allso expect you to bee 
 to make good ye charge. Hee will be called uppon 
 his Tryal ye 4th or 5th of October next, at ye Court, 
 to be held there at Patux't neare Mr Fenwick's 
 house, where I suppose you will not fayle to bee. 
 Witnesses examined in Virginia will bee of no value 
 here in this case, for they must be face to face, with 
 ye party accused, or they stand for nothing. I thought 
 good to acquaynt you with this, that you may not come 
 unprovided. 
 
 " This at present S' is all from 
 
 Yo'r iFriend 
 
 JosiAS Fendall. 
 
 29'" September. 
 
A Witch Hung. 139 
 
 " Hon'ble S". Yo" of this 29'" instant, this day I 
 received. I am sorry y't my extraordinary occasions, 
 will not permit me to bee at ye next Provincial Court 
 to bee held at Mary Land ye 4*'' of this next month. 
 
 Because then, God willing, I intend to gett my 
 
 young Sonne baptized.' All ye company andGossips'' 
 
 being already invited. Besides in this short time wit. 
 
 nesses cannot bee gott to come over. But if Mr. Pres- 
 
 cott bee bound to answer at ye next Provinciall Court 
 
 after this, I shall doe what lyeth in my power, to get 
 
 them over, S" I shall desire you for to acquaynt mee, 
 
 whether Mr. Prescott be bound over to ye next Court, 
 
 and when ye Court is, that I may have sometime for 
 
 to provide evidence. 
 
 Yo'r ffriend & Serv't, 
 
 30 Sept. 1659. John Washington. 
 
 " To which complaint Edward Prescott submitting 
 himself to trial, denied not, that one Elizabeth Rich- 
 ardson was hanged on his ship, as he was outward 
 
 ' The Rev. Mr. Cole was the first clero-yman on the Virginia side 
 of the Potomac and at this time lived at Matschotick, Westmoreland, 
 a near neighbor of the pioneer settlers Lee, Gerrard, Washington, 
 and Isaac Allerton the grandson of William Brewster, the head of the 
 Puritans of Plymouth Rock. 
 
 "Gossips, sponsors for an infant in baptism from the Anglo-Saxon 
 God and syb or sip kindred or affinity. Verstegan says, " Our Christ- 
 ian ancestors understanding a spiritual affinity to grow between the 
 parents, and such as undertook for the child at baptism, called each 
 other by the name of God-sib, which is as much to say, as that they 
 were sib together, that is of kin together through God." 
 
110 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 bound, the last year, from England, and near the West 
 Isles by Master John Greene, and the company, hung." 
 No one appearing to deny this plea, that he was not 
 responsible for the acts of Greene and his crew, the 
 accused was discharged. 
 
THE CONDITION" OF RELIGION FROM THE 
 ACCESSION OF CHARLES THE SECOND UN- 
 TIL A.D. 1700. 
 
 -L HE absence of towns, and the separation of plan- 
 tations bj numerous streams and dense forests were un- 
 favorable to the upbuilding of churches. As there 
 were no centres of population, the accession of Charles 
 the Second found only one clergyman, who was more 
 than sixty years of age, employed in the duties of his 
 profession. 
 
 The Society of Friends with their migratory evan- 
 gelists of both sexes, discovered a field in Maryland, 
 ripe for their labors. The non-conformists who came 
 from Virginia, as they were not able in their scattered 
 residences, to support a pastor, willingly listened to 
 preaching of the Gospel, by the new sect developed by 
 the agitations of the Cromwellian era. Among the 
 earliest, to brave the discomforts of traveling in the 
 wilderness, to speak of the love of Jesus, for sinful 
 humanity, was Elizabeth Harris, the wife of a prosper- 
 ous London merchant. After her return to England, 
 a convert named Robert Clarkson wrote as follows : 
 
 " Dear Heart : I salute thee in the tender love of the 
 Father, which moved thee, towards us, and do own 
 
142 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 thee, to bave been a minister by the good will of God, 
 to bear outward testimony to the inward truth on me 
 and others, even as many as the Lord in tender love 
 and mercy, did give an ear to hear. Praise be to his 
 name forever, of which and of life, God hath made my 
 wife partaker with me, and hath established our hearts 
 in his fear. And likewise, Ann Dorsey, in a more 
 large measure; her husband I hope abideth faithfal; 
 likewise John Baldwin and Henry Carliue. Charles 
 Balye, the young man who was with us, at our parting, 
 abides convinced, and several others,in these parts, where 
 he dwells. Elizabeth Beaseley abides as she was, 
 when thou wasthere. Thomas Cole and William Cole^ 
 have made open confession of the truth, likewise 
 Henry Woolchurch, and many others, sufi'er the 
 reproachful name. William Fuller abides unmoved.^ 
 I know not but that William Durand doth the like, 
 he frequenta our meeting but seldom. ***** ^^ 
 have disposed of the most part of the books which were 
 
 \ ' William Cole became a Quaker preacher and in 1663 was impri- 
 soned at Jamestown for violating the statutes. Besse, vol. 3, p. 138. 
 
 " William Fuller was appointed on July 23, 1654, by the Agents of 
 Parliament, with Richard Preston, William Durand, and others, Com- 
 missioners for the government of Maryland. When Stone and his 
 forces appeared on Sunday, March 25, 1655, Fuller at the head of one 
 hundred and twenty men marched around the peninsula in the 
 southern suburb of Annapolis, with the colors of the Commonwealth 
 of England flying. A skirmish took place and the color-bearer was 
 killed. This led to a short and sharp engagement in which the Balti- 
 more party under Stone was completely routed, threw down their 
 arms, and begged for mercy. 
 
 In adopting the tenets of the Society of Friends, Fuller relinquished 
 military exercises. 
 
Quaker Preachers. 143 
 
 sent, so that all parts are furnished and every one that 
 desires it, may have benefit by them, at Herring Creek, 
 Roade River, South River, all about Severn the Broad 
 Neck and thereabout, the Seven Mountains, and Kent. 
 With my dear love, I salute thy husband, and rest 
 with thee and the gathered ones, in the eternal word, 
 which abideth for ever." 
 
 Thus in 1657, before the arrival of Cole and Thurs- 
 ton, to which allusion has been made, the planting of 
 Quakerism had commenced, and Preston, Berry and 
 the more sober-minded citizens, listened gladly to the 
 tenets of the society. 
 
 In the autumn of 1663, Alice Ambrose^ and Mary 
 Tomkins, were at the Cliffs of the Chesapeake, in Cal- 
 vert County, having retreated from J^ew England, 
 where, says Bishop, they " suffered thirty-two stripes 
 apiece, with a nine corded whip, three knots in each 
 cord, being drawn up to the pillory, in such an uncivil 
 manner, as is not to be rehearsed, with a running knot 
 about their hands, the very first lash of which, drew 
 the blood, and made it run down, in abundance, from 
 their breasts.'' 
 
 From thence, they wrote to George Fox, in England, 
 telling him of their " good service and sufferings for 
 the Lord." 
 
 John Burnyeat of Cumberland, in 1665, was im- 
 pelled to leave England, and visit Maryland, where he 
 
 * Alice Ambrose afterwards married Jolm Gary, supposed to have 
 been the son of the wife of Dr. Peter Sharpe, who was a widow Gary. 
 
144 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 held large meetings and " Friends were greatly com- 
 forted, and several were convinced." In 1671, he 
 made a second visit, accompanied by Daniel Gould of 
 Rhode Island. One day in 1672, as he was about to 
 sail for England, unexpectedly to all, a ship from Ja- 
 maica appeared in the Patuxeut river, having on 
 board George Fox, whose name is so prominently 
 identified with the religious history of the seventeenth 
 century, and several other Quakers, one of whom was 
 William Edmundson, a native of Westmoreland, and 
 once a soldier in Cromwell's army. 
 
 Feeling that his stay must be brief, the feet of Fox 
 had scarcely touehed the sands of the Patuxent before 
 he began to preach. For four days he expounded his 
 doctrines, with singular clearness, and with a voice 
 remarkable for mellowness, prayed from the depths of 
 his soul, and as a result, five or six justices of the 
 peace, and many " world's people," who came from 
 curiosity, went away from the meetings, much inter- 
 ested. 
 
 Partly by land, and partly by water, he hastened 
 to the CliiFs, in Calvert Count}', and addressed a large 
 assembly, and then, crossing the Chesapeake Bay, 
 crowds gathered to listen, and a judge's wife was frank 
 to say " she had rather hear him once, than the priests 
 a thousand times." 
 
 Returning to the western shore, he spoke at the 
 Severn, where the numbers were so great that no build- 
 ing was large enough to hold the congregation. 
 
George Fox's Labors. 145 
 
 The next day he was at Abraham Birkhead's, six or 
 seven miles distant, and there the Speaker of the As- 
 sembly was convinced; then mounting his horse he 
 rode to Dr. Peter Sharpe's at the CUffs of Calvert. 
 Here was a " heavenly meeting," many of the upper 
 sort of people present, and a wife of one of the Go- 
 vernor's councillors was convinced. 
 
 Some Roman Catholics came to deride but they had 
 no heart to oppose. From thence he rode eighteen 
 miles to James Preston's, on the Patuxent, where an 
 Indian chief and some of his tribe came to see the 
 strange man who was lifting up his voice, like John 
 the Baptist, in the wilderness. After a tour to Vir- 
 ginia and Carolina he came back to Preston's on the 
 twenty-seventh of the eleventh month, 1G72, and soon 
 began to travel amid snow storms, to declare the truth 
 in Christ, as he understood it. Taking a boat at the 
 Cliffs, for the Eastern Shore, he was obliged to pass a 
 night without fiie. In Somerset County, he held a 
 meeting at Anamessex, and then proceeded to Hun- 
 ger's Creek, Little Choptank, Tredhaven, Wye, and 
 to John Taylor's on Kent Island. 
 
 His labors had been incessant; neither wintry sleet 
 nor the burning sun detained. He forded streams, 
 slept in the woods, and in barns, with as much serenity, 
 as in the comfortable houses of his friends, and was 
 truly a wonder unto many. 
 
 Before he returned to England, he rested a few days 
 at the Cliffs, went up to Annapolis, attended the meet- 
 19 
 
146 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 ing of the Provincial Assembly, and early in 1673, 
 sailed for his native land.^ 
 
 Edmundsou proceeded to N"orth Carolina, while Fox 
 visited ISTew England. In 1672 the former, upon his 
 return, visited the valley of the James River, called 
 upon Governor Berkeley and met with Major General 
 Richard Bennett, late Commissioner of Parliament 
 for Maryland. He writes in his Journal : 
 
 " As I returned, it was laid upon me to visit the 
 Governor Sir William Barclay, and to speak with him 
 about Friend's sufferings. I went about six miles out 
 of my way, to speak with him, accompanied by William 
 Garrett, an honest, ancient Friend. I told the Go- 
 vernor, that I came from Ireland, where his brother 
 vras Lord Lieutenant, who w-as kind to our Friends ; 
 and if he had any service for me to his brother, I would 
 willingly do it ; and as his brother was kind to our 
 Friends in Ireland I hoped he would be so to our 
 Friends in Virginia. 
 
 " He was very peevish, and brittle, and I could fasten 
 nothing on him, with all the soft arguments I could 
 
 use. 
 
 
 "The next day, was the men's meeting at William 
 Wright's house, the justice [Taverner] went to the 
 meeting, about eight or nine miles, and several other 
 
 1 After Fox arrived in England he sent a copy of the Writings of 
 Edward Burroughs to several gentlemen, among others to Judge 
 Stevens and Justices Johnson and Coleman of Anamessex, Maryland, 
 and to Major General Bennett, Lt. Col. Waters, and Col. Thomas Dew 
 of Nansemond Co., Virginia. Boicden, vol. 1, p. 381. 
 
Major General Bennett. 147 
 
 persons came to the meeting, particularly Richard 
 Bennett, alias Major General Bennett. Justice Tavern- 
 er's wife came to me and told me that the Major General 
 and others were below staying to speak with me ; so 
 I went down to them. They were courteous, and said, 
 they only stayed to see me, and acknowledge what I 
 had spoken in the meeting, was truth. I told them, the 
 reason of our Friends drawing apart from them, was 
 to lay down a method, to provide for our poor widows, 
 and fatherless children. ********* ^he 
 Major General replied, he was glad to hear, there was 
 such care and order among us. He further said, he 
 was a man of great estate, and many of our Friends 
 poor men ; therefore, he desired to contribute with 
 them. He likewise asked me, how I was treated by 
 the Governor ? I told him, that he was brittle and 
 peevish, and I could get nothing fastened on him. 
 He asked me ' If the Governor called me dog, r^gue,^ 
 etc ? I said, ' No.' ' Then ' said he 'you took him in his 
 best humor, those being his usual terms, when he is 
 angry , for he is an enemy to every appearance of good.' 
 
 " They were tender and loving, and we parted so, the 
 Major General desiring to see me at his house, which 
 I was willing to do, and accordingly went. 
 
 " He was a solid, wise man, receiving the truth, and 
 died in the same, leaving two Friends executors." 
 
 Dr. Peter Sharpe of the Cliffs, whose name is per- 
 petuated .by Sharpe's Island, in the Chesapeake, in 
 his will, made in 1672, says : " I give to Friends, in ye 
 
148 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 ministry, viz : Alice Gary, William Cole, and Sarah 
 Mash, if then in being ; Winlock Christeson and his 
 wife, John Burnyeat, and Daniel Gould, in money or 
 goods, at the choice of my executors, forty shillings 
 worth apiece ; also for a perpetual standing, a horse 
 for the use of Friends in ye Ministry, and to be placed 
 at a convenient place for their use." 
 
 The "Wenlock Christeson of the will, or Christopher- 
 son, is the same person, who when sentenced to death 
 at Boston, uttered the memorable words : " For the last 
 man that was put to death here, are five come in his 
 room. If you have power, take my life from me, God 
 can raise up the same principle in ten of his servants, 
 and send them among you, in my room." 
 
 In 1674, Christeson, with others, ask the Provincial 
 Assembly for permission to affirm, instead of taking 
 the usual oaths prescribed by law. 
 
 The Rev. John Yeo of the Church of England ap- 
 pears in Maryland in 1675, and was disturbed by the 
 movements of the Quakers, Mennonite Baptists, Roman 
 Catholics and other non-conformists. From the Pa- 
 tuxent, on the 25th of May, 1676, he wrote the following 
 letter of lamentations to Sheldon, Archbishop of Can- 
 terbury. 
 
 " Most Reverend Father : Be pleased to pardon this 
 presumption of mine, in presenting to y"' serious 
 notice these rude and undigested lines, w"*" (with hum- 
 ble submission) are to acquaint y°' Grace, with y' 
 deplorable estate and condition of the Province of Mary- 
 land, for want of an established ministry. 
 
Rev. John Yeo. 149 
 
 " Here are in this Province ten or twelve thousand \ 
 souls, and but three Protestant ministers of us, y' are \ 
 conformable to y* doctrine and discipline of y' Church 
 of England. 
 
 " Others there are (I must confess) y' runne before 
 they are sent, and pretend they are ministers of the 
 Gospell, y' never had a legall call or ordination to 
 such an holy office ; neither indeed are they qualified 
 for it, being, for the most part, such as never under- 
 stood anything of learning, and yet take upon them to 
 be dispensers of the "Word, and to administer y* Sacra- 
 ment of Baptism ; and sow seeds of division amongst 
 y' people, and no law provided for y' suppression of 
 such in this Province. 
 
 "Society here is in great necessitieof able and learned 
 men to comfort the gainsayers, especially having soe 
 many profest enemies as the Popish Priests and Jesuits 
 are who are incouraged and provided for. And y' 
 Quaker takes care and provides for those y' are speakers 
 in their conventicles; but noe care is taken, or provision 
 made, for the building up Christians in the Protestant 
 Religion ; by means whereof, not only many dayly 
 fall away, either to Popery, Quakerism, or Fanati- 
 cisme, but also the Lord's Day is prophaned, religion 
 despised, and all notorious vices committed ; so that 
 it is become a Sodom of uncleanness, and a pest house 
 of iniquity. 
 
 " I doubt not, but y"' Grace will take it into consider- 
 ation, and do y"' utmost for our eternall welfare ; and 
 
150 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 now is y time y* y"" Grace may be an instrument of 
 universall reformation, with greatest facility. Cecilius, 
 Lord Barron Baltemore, and absolute Proprietor of 
 Maryland being dead, and Charles Lord Barron Balte- 
 more and our Governor being bound for England this 
 year, as I nm informed, to receive a further confirma- 
 tion of y Province from His Majestie, at w''*' time, 1 
 doubt not, but y"' Grace may soe prevaile with, as y* 
 a maintenance for a Protestant ministry may be es- 
 tablished as well in this Province, as in Virginia, Bar- 
 bados, and all other His Majesties plantations in West 
 Indies ; and then there will be encouragement for able 
 men to come amongst us, and y* some person may 
 have power to examine all such ministers as shall be 
 admitted into any county or parish, in w' Diocia, and 
 by w' Bishop they were ordained, and to exhibit their 
 I'rs of Orders to testitie the same, as y'l think the gene- 
 ralitie of the people may be brought by degrees to a 
 uniformitie ; provided we had more ministers y' were 
 truly conformable to our mother y* Church, and none 
 but such suffered to preach amongst us. As for my 
 own p*, God is my witness, I have done my utmost 
 indeavor in order thereunto, and shall (by God's as- 
 sistance) whiles I have a being here, give manifest 
 proof of my faithful obedience to the Canons and Con- 
 stitution of our sacred mother. 
 
 "Yet one thing cannot be obtained here, viz. Conse- 
 cration of Churches and Church-yards, to y^ end y* 
 Christians might be decently buried together, whereas 
 
Few Roman Catholics. 151 
 
 now, they bury iti the several! plantations where they 
 lived : unless y*"" Grace thought it sufficient to give a 
 Dispensation to some pious ministers together with y' 
 manner and forme, to doe the same. And confident 
 I am y' you will not be wanting in any thing y' may 
 tend most to God's glorie, and the good of the Church, 
 by w°^ you will engage thousands of soules to pray for 
 y" Grace's everlasting happiness." 
 
 The Archbishop of Canterbury referred Yeo's let- 
 ter to Compton, Bishop of London, who on the 17th 
 of July, 1677, wrote : " In Maryland, there is no settled 
 maintenance for the ministry at all, the want whereof 
 does occasion a total want of ministers and divine 
 worship, except among those of the Romish belief, 
 who 'tis conjectured do not amount to one of a hun- 
 dred of the people." 
 
 Lord Baltimore to the application of the Bishop 
 replied, tliat the Act of 1649, confirmed in 1676, tole- 
 rated and protected every sect, and continued " Four 
 ministers of the Church of England are in possession 
 of plantations which offered them a decent subsist- 
 ence.^ That, from the various religious tenets of the 
 
 * The Rev. Wm. Wilkinson died iu 16G3, and Francis Doiiglity 
 was probably dead. The four ministers referred to were perhaps Yeo ; 
 Coode a political agitator ; the minister sent out by Charles the Second 
 referred to in letter of Mary Taney, see page 160 ; and Matthew Hill. 
 The last was a native of Yorkshire, educated at Magdalene Colleo-e 
 and Rector at Thirsk, but ejected by the Act of Uniformity. He came 
 about 1669 to Charles County, Maryland. His father-in-law Walter 
 Bayne had entered a tract of 5000 acres called Barbadoes, on the east 
 side of the main fresh run of Port Tobacco creek. Calamy says, after 
 he was settled and had bright hopes " new troubles arose. He was a 
 good scholar, a lively preacher, and of a free and generous spirit." 
 
152 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 members of the Assembly, it would be extremely diffi- 
 cult, if not impossible, to induce it to consent to a law, 
 that shall oblige any sect to maintain other ministers, 
 than its own." 
 
 Yeo does not appear to have been remarkable for 
 learning, or Christian charity.^ In December, 1677, 
 
 ' The following letter is preserved among the New York MS. Re- 
 cords at Albany, addressed " To Mr. Henry Smith at Capt. Greges his 
 house, present These at N. Yorke." 
 
 Whorekill, November the 14th, 1678. 
 Worthy Sir, 
 
 Yours of the 5th 1 Rec'd the 7th Instant in w<^^ you desired me 
 to minde Capt. Avery, to swear the Evidences, that these depositions 
 might be sent to you ; in order to your desire, I did the same day write 
 a warrant, and Carried it myselfe to Avery, and he signed it and Im- 
 ediately I ride w*^ it to the Sherieflfe who w*'' all expedition served 
 it upon most of the evidences, but the day before they were to appears 
 to give in there Testimony, the s'd Avery came to your house, and did 
 abuse me at a very high Rate & Thretning to send me to Yorke to 
 answer w* I had done, viz., written a warrant W^^ did, as he said, 
 properly belong to the Gierke's office for bringing it to him to signe 
 when he was as he pretended Drunke (to his Creditt be it spoken) at 
 w<=^ time, he absolutely refused to examine any evidence, unless it 
 were by express order of the Governor, notwithstanding the warrant 
 was for them, to give in there Evidence, in the behalfe of our Sov- 
 raigne Lord, the king and Avery did then take away the warrant and 
 Toare his name out it, neither would he Returne it any more to the 
 sherife, but I wti^ much Intreaty and some thretning gott a Coppy of 
 it Attested, a Coppy of w'^'^ I have sent you. 
 
 Avery is very greate with Helms & there gange : there is never a 
 Barrell the better Herring amongst severall of them, they are very 
 Briske againe now, since the sloop brought noe order for there coming 
 to Yorke ; and now Helms saith, that all y^ men in the Countrey shall 
 never gett him to Yorke. Avery sideing with them, you are daily 
 abused, and I am counted amongst them, the worst of men. Helms 
 cannot leave his Tricks yet, for when M'' Clark's Goods came down, 
 out of i doz. Reapehooks he Borrowed six, for he left not one ; he 
 kept them severall dayes, till at last old Tom told Clarke's serv'ts that 
 his M"^ had them, and went and fetched y« hooks to them. 
 
Yeo's Certificate. 153 
 
 he moved from the Patuxent to Whorekill, what is 
 now called Lewes, in Delaware, and there became in- 
 volved in local disputes. The following certificate 
 dated March 28, 1678, was given by the Court, on the 
 Delaware. 
 
 "John Yeo, minister, being lately arrived out of 
 Maryland, appeared in Court, and exhibited and pro- 
 duced his letters of ordination and license to read 
 divine service, administer the holy sacraments, and 
 preach the word of God according to the laws and con- 
 stitution of the Church of England. 
 
 "The Court accepts said John Yeo, upon the appro- 
 bation of his honor the Governor, to be maintained 
 by the free willing gifts, whereunto, the said John 
 Yeo declared himself contented." 
 
 In 1680 he was arraigned for mutinous expressions 
 against the Duke of York, the town and the Court, 
 but was acquitted. After this he appears to have re- 
 turned to Calvert County, Maryland, and from thence, 
 
 He bath also lately bought hoggs ****** * * * lie did one 
 the 14th of the last month declare before some people y* y'= king did 
 allow dutch waights and measures to pass in this countrey, but the 
 Governor did cheate the countrey of it, mv'^^ of y'= Scurrolous speeches 
 ye 2Q^^ of 8^"K The day after our arrivall at y« Whorekill sold 
 Corn^ the Clark's place for one quart of wine, at M'' Vines his house 
 & one the Tuesday after he acted as clarke at y^ Court. I heartily 
 long to see you home and then I doubt not but all will be well. M''s 
 Smith presents her Afiections to you, she is mightily troubled at your 
 absence. I have seen very few women Grieve more for the death of A 
 husband, than she grieves for your Long absence, Espetially in that 
 you came not with the sloops. Thus not doubting, but that you will 
 
 in a short time all your Enimies and Returne victorious, I 
 
 am. Sir, Your Ready friend and Serv't, John Yeo." 
 
 20 
 
154 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 in 1682, went to Baltimore County where, about the 
 
 year 1686, he died. 
 
 Another form of Christian faith was planted in 
 
 Maryland, in 1680, and the Province became the rival 
 
 of Holland, in varieties of religious belief, and to it 
 
 were applicable the lines of Andrew Marvell, written 
 
 concerning Amsterdam. 
 
 " Sure, when Religioa, did itself embark 
 
 And from the East, would Westward steer its bark. 
 
 It struck; and splitting on this unknown ground, 
 
 Each one thence pillaged the first piece he found ; 
 
 Hence, Amsterdam, Turk, Christian, Pagan, Jew, 
 
 Staple of sects, and mint of schism grew ; 
 
 That bank of conscience, where not one, so strange 
 
 Opinion, but finds credit and exchange, 
 
 In vain for Catholics, ourselves we bear, 
 
 The Universal Church is only there." 
 
 The visionary but pure-minded priest Labadie, after 
 he withdrew from the Church of Rome, urged some 
 peculiar views, which were not acceptable to the Re- 
 formed Churches, and after much persecution, he and 
 his adherents were sheltered in Friesland, a province 
 of the Netherlands. 
 
 In 1679 Danker and Sluyter were sent by the La- 
 badists to select a site for a colony in North Ame- 
 rica. Arriving at Manhattan, now New York City, 
 on October the twentieth, they became acquainted with 
 Ephraim Herrman, clerk of the Court of Newcastle 
 and Upland on the Delaware River, and son of Au- 
 gustine Herrman, the proprietor of Bohemia Manor, 
 in Maryland. 
 
Labadists Arrive. 155 
 
 With him, these delegates descended the Delaware, 
 passed Tacony, a Swedish settlement, now a suburb 
 of Philadelphia, and rested on Tinicum Island, a few 
 miles below that city. 
 
 While the Labadists were neat in dress, frugal in 
 living, and like the Quakers depended much upon 
 the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, yet there was no 
 affinity between these religionists. Danker, in his 
 journal, says, that while he was at a Swede's house, 
 on the Island, " there arrived three Quakers, of whom 
 one was the great prophetess, who travels through 
 the whole country, in order to quake. She lives in 
 Maryland, and forsakes husband and children, planta- 
 tion, and all, and goes off" for this purpose. She had 
 been to Boston,^ and was there arrested by the au- 
 thorities, in account of her quaking." 
 
 On the 1st of December, the Labadists arrived at 
 the plantation of Caspar, anotlier sou of Herrman, 
 situated between the Delaware River and Chesapeake 
 Bay. From thence they went to Augustine Herr- 
 man's, " the uppermost plantation of Maryland, that 
 is as high up as it is yet inhabited by Christians."^ 
 
 Danker, on Sunday, the 30th of December, 1679, 
 writes in his journal : 
 
 " Augustine is a Bohemian and formerly lived in 
 the Manathaus, and had possession of farms and planta- 
 
 ' Perhaps Alice Gary, see page 143. 
 
 ^ Auofustine Herrman a native of Prague came to Manhattan about 
 1649 as clerk or factor to the brothers Gabri. In 1650 he was one of 
 the selectmen of Manhattan. 
 
156 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 tions, but for some reason, I know not what, disagree- 
 ing with the Dutch Governor Stuyvesant, he repaired 
 to this place, which is laid down upon a complete 
 map which he has made of Maryland and Virginia, 
 where he is very well acquainted, which map he has 
 dedicated to the King.^ 
 
 " In consequence of his having done the people a 
 great service, he has been presented with a tract of 
 laud often hundred or twelve hundred acres, which 
 he knowing where the best land is, has chosen up 
 here, and given it the name Bohemia." 
 
 He adds : " He was very miserable both in body 
 
 and soul. His plantation was going much into decay, 
 
 as well as his body, for want of attention. There was 
 
 not a Christian man to serve him, as the term is, but 
 
 only negroes."- 
 
 On another page, speaking of the children, he 
 
 ■writes : " They are all of a Dutch mother, after whose 
 
 death, the father married an English woman, the most 
 
 willful and despicable creature that can be found. He 
 
 ' The Map alluded to is called " Virginia and Maryland as it is 
 planted aud inhabited this present year 1670 ; surveyed and exactly 
 drawne by the only labours and endeavours of Augustine Herrman, 
 Bohemiensis." 
 
 It was the only map engraved by Faithorne who was distinguished 
 for crayon portraits, and delicate copper plate engraving. The only 
 one I have ever seen, is in the British Museum. It is in four folio 
 sheets, and at the bottom, has a portrait of Herrman. Lately the state 
 of Virginia has had a reduced copy, printed by the litho-photographic 
 process. 
 
 ^ Negroes were considered infidels, and not allowed to be baptized, 
 as baptism was supposed to give freedom to slaves. The Assembly of 
 1715 enacted the following : 
 
The Herrman Family. 157 
 
 is a very godless person, and the wife by her wicked- 
 ness has compelled all the children to leave the father's 
 house and live elsewhere." 
 
 Several of the children embraced the tenets of Laba- 
 die.^ After Danker returned to Manhattan, he wrote 
 that Ephraim Herrman was on a visit, and with his 
 wife rejoicing in their faith. Under date of the 4th of 
 June he writes: "Visited by Ephraim and one Peter 
 Beyaert, a deacon of the Dutch Church, a very good 
 soul, whom the Lord had begun to trouble and en- 
 lighten." 
 
 Danker and Sluyter returned to Frieslaud and a 
 colony was organized to proceed to Maryland. The 
 
 " Forasmncli as many people have neglected to baptize their negroes, 
 or to suffer them to be baptized, on a vague apprehension, that negroes 
 by receiving sacrament of baptism are manumitted or set free. 
 
 " Be it,hereby, furtherdec]ared,and enacted, that no negro or negroes* 
 by receiving the holy sacrament of baptism, is thereby manumitted or 
 set free, nor hath any right or title to manumission, more than he or 
 they had before, any law, usage, or custom to the contrary notwith- 
 standing." 
 
 ' He was married on Dec. 10, 1650, to a Dutch woman at Manhattan, 
 and she had the following children 
 
 Ephraim George baptized Sept. 1, 1652. 
 Caspar " July 2, 1656. 
 
 Anna Magaritta " March 2, 1658. 
 Judith " May 7, 1660. 
 
 Francina " March 12, 1662. 
 
 By an Act of the Maryland Assembly in 1666, these were all natu- 
 ralized. 
 
 Anna Margaritta married Matthias Vanderhuyden, and her daughter 
 Anna Francina, became the second wife of Edward Shippen a wealthy 
 Quaker of Philadelphia, who in 1675, had been whipped on Boston 
 Common, for speaking against the established religion. A descendant 
 of this Edward Shippen was the wife of Benedict Arnold, the traitor 
 to the American cause during the war of the Revolution. 
 
158 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 company arrived iu New York on the 27th of July, 
 1683. Deacon Peter Bayard the hatter and nephew 
 of Governor Stuyvesant, leaving his family, united 
 with them. 
 
 On the 11th of August, 1684, Augustus Herrman 
 makes a deed, conveying certain lands to Peter Sluyter, 
 Joseph Dankaerts, Petrus Bayard of New York, John 
 Moll and Arnold de la Grange of Dehiware. 
 
 The Labadist colon)'-, like all communist organiza- 
 tions, had a brief existence. Bownas, as a Quaker 
 preacher, describes a visit to it, in 1702: 
 
 "When supper came in, it was placed upon a long 
 table, in a large room, where, when all things were 
 ready, about twenty men or upwards came in, at a 
 call, but no women. 
 
 " We all sat down, they placing me and my companion 
 near the head of the table, and having paused a short 
 space, one pulled off his hat, but not the rest till a 
 short space after ; and then one after another they all 
 pulled their hats off, and as that occurred sat silent, 
 uttered no words that we could hear, for half or quarter 
 of an hour ; and as they did not uncover at once, so 
 did not they cover again, at once, but, as they put on 
 their hats, fell to eating, not regarding those who were 
 still uncovered, so that it might be two minutes' time, 
 or more, between the first and last putting off their 
 hats. 
 
 " I, afterward, queried with my companion concerning 
 the reason of their conduct, and he gave, for this an- 
 
Labadist Settlement. 159 
 
 swer, that they held it unlawful to pray, till they felt 
 some inward motive for the'purpose, and that secret 
 prayer was more acceptable than to utter words. 
 
 "I, likewise, queried, ' If they had no women among 
 them ?' He told me they had, but the women all by 
 themselves; having all things in common, respect- 
 ing their household affairs, so that none could claim 
 any more right than another to any part of the stock. 
 All men, whether rich or poor, must put what they had 
 in the common stock, and likewise, if they had a mind 
 to leave, they must go out empty handed.' 
 
 " They frequently expound the Scriptures among 
 themselves ; and being a very large family, in all up- 
 ward of one hundred men, women, and children, they 
 carried on the manufacturing of linen, and had a very 
 large plantation of corn, tobacco, jQax and hemp, to- 
 gether with cattle of several kinds." 
 
 In 1681, a sum of money was paid out of the secret 
 service fund of the king for the payment of the passage 
 of the Rev. Jonathan Sanders, to Maryland ;^ and in 
 1683 the Rev. Duel Pead^ and William Mullett were 
 designated for labor in the Province. 
 
 ' There is among the British Public Records a recommendation of 
 the Rev. Ambrose Sanderson by the Privy Council dated Oct. 8th, 1681, 
 as a suitable minister for Protestant subjects, addressed to the Proprie- 
 tary of Maryland, but there is no evidence that he came to America 
 nor do we find any mention of Jonathan Saunders. 
 
 " In Westminster Abbey on April 18, 1663, Paul Thorndyke, son of 
 John Thorndyke of New England, aged twenty, ancestor of the Ameri- 
 can family ; and, Duell Pead, one of the King's scholars about sixteen 
 years of age, was baptized by the Dean, publicly, in the font, then 
 
160 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 In 1685, according to a letter of Mary Taney, wife 
 of the sheriff of Calvert County, the ancestor of the 
 late distinguished Chief Justice of the United States 
 of America, there was no Church of England minister 
 then residing in her vicinity. Under date of the 14th 
 of July she wrote to the Archbishop of Canterbur3^ 
 
 " May it please your Grace ; I am now to repeat my 
 request to your Grace, for a church in the place of 
 Maryland where Hive ; but first I humbly thank your 
 Grace, that you were pleased to hear so favorably, 
 and own my desires very reasonable, and to encourage 
 the inhabitants to make a petition to the King. 
 
 Our want of a minister, and the many blessings our 
 Saviour designed us by them, is a misery, which I and 
 a numerous family, and many others in Maryland, 
 have groaned under. We are seized with extreme 
 horror when we think, that for want of the Gospel 
 our children and posterity are in danger to be con- 
 dettined to infidelity or to apostacy. We do not ques- 
 tion God's care of us, but think your Grace, and the 
 Right Reverend, your Bishops, the proper instruments 
 
 newly set up." lu 1664 he was a member of Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, and in 1671 was Chaplain on board H. M. ship Rupert, 
 Among the entries in the Camden Society's volume entitled " Secret 
 Services of Chas. II and James II " under date of 14 June, 1683, is the 
 payment of £20 to Duell Pead, Clerk, bounty to him for the charge of 
 his transportation to Maryland." If he ever came to America, he did 
 not long remain, for in 1691 he was licensed as Curate or Minister of 
 St. James, Clerkenwell. See Chester's Westminster Abbey Registers. 
 He had a son Deuel, who in 1712, received the degree of A.M. from 
 Cambridge University, and was probably the clergyman who was 
 settled at Annapolis, Maryland, and also preached in Virginia. 
 
Mart Taney's Plea. 161 
 
 of 80 great a blessing to us. We are not, I hope, so 
 foreign to your jurisdiction, but we may be owned 
 your stray flock ; however, the commission to go, and 
 baptize, and teach all nations, is large enough. But 
 I am sure we are, by a late custom upon tobacco, 
 sufficiently acknowledged subjects of the King of 
 England, and therefore by his protection, not only our 
 persons and estates, but of what is more dear to us, 
 our religion. I question not but that your Grace is 
 sensible, that without a temple it will be impracticable, 
 neither can we expect a minister to hold out, to ride 
 ten miles in a morning, and before he can dine, ten 
 more, and from house to house, in hot weather, will 
 dishearten a minister, if not kill him. 
 
 Your Grace is so sensible of our sad condition, and 
 for your place and piety's sake, have so great an in- 
 fluence on our most religious and gracious King, that 
 if 1 had not your Grace's promise to depend upon, I 
 could not question your Grace's intercession and pre- 
 vailing. £500 or £600 for a church, with some small 
 encouragement for a minister, will be extremely less 
 charge, than honor, to his Majesty. 
 
 One church settled according to the Church of Eng- 
 land, which is the sum of our request, will prove a 
 nursery of religion and loyalty through the whole Pro- 
 vince. But your Grace needs no arguments from me, 
 but only this, it is in your power to give us many happy 
 opportunities to praise God for this and innumerable 
 
 mercies, and to importune His goodness, to bless his 
 21 
 
162 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 Majesty, with a long and prosperous reign over us, 
 and long continue to your Grace, the great blessing of 
 being an instrument of good to his Church. And now 
 that I may be no more troublesome, I humbly entreat 
 your pardon to the well meant zeal of 
 
 Your Grrace's most obedient servant, 
 
 Mary Taney. 
 
 Accompanying this letter was the followingPetition : 
 
 " To the Most Reverend the Archbishops, and 'the 
 rest of the Right Reverend the Bishops, the humble 
 petition of Mary Taney, on the behalf of herself and 
 others his Majesty's subjects inhabitants of the Province 
 of Maryland. 
 
 " Sheweth, That your petitioner in her petition to the 
 King's Majesty, setting forth That the said Province, 
 being without a church or any settled ministry, to the 
 great grief of all his Majesty's loyal subjects there, his 
 late Majesty, King Charles the Second of blessed 
 memory, was graciously pleased to send over thither, 
 a minister, and a parcel of Bibles, and other church 
 books of considerable value, in order to the settlement 
 of a church and ministry there. 
 
 " That the said minister dying, and the inhabitants 
 who have no other trade but in tobacco, being so very 
 poor that they are not able to maintain a minister, 
 chiefly by reason of his Majesty's customs, here upon 
 tobacco, which causes the inhabitants to sell it there, 
 to the merchants, at their own rates. By means 
 whereof so good a work as was intended by his said 
 
Rev. Paul Bertrand. 163 
 
 late Majesty is like to miscarry, to the utter ruin of 
 many poor souls, unless supplied by his Majesty. 
 
 " Praying his Majesty, that a certain parcel of tobacco, 
 of one hundred hogsheads or thereabouts, of the growth 
 or product of the said Province, may be custom free, 
 for and towards the maintenance of an orthodox divine, 
 at Colvert Town, in the said Province, or otherwise 
 allow maintenance for a minister there. 
 
 "Your petitioner, therefore, most humbly prays, that 
 your Lordships will be pleased, not only to meditite 
 with his Majesty and in your petitioner's behalf request 
 him to grant her desire in such petition, but likewise, 
 that your Lordships will vouchsafe to contribute to- 
 wards the building of a church at Colvert Town, as 
 your Lordships in charity and goodness shall think 
 meet." 
 
 A little while after this petition was received, on 
 the 29th of September, 1685, a sum of money was 
 given from the secret service fund of the King, to 
 defray the passage of the Rev. Paul Bertrand to Mary- 
 land. 
 
 There is preserved the report of this clergyman 
 dated the 12th of September, 1689, written in French, 
 addressed to the Bishop of London, which describes 
 the condition of religion in the province at that time.^ 
 
 Year after year the members of the Society of 
 Friends increased, and were respected. Li a reply to 
 
 ' See Stevens's Catalogfue of Manuscripts presented by George 
 Peabody to Maryland Historical Society. 
 
164 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 a petition, that Quakers might be allowed to affirm, in 
 the place of taking the usual oath, the Upper House 
 of the Assembly on the 6th of September, 1681, took 
 the following action : 
 
 " Upon reading the paper, delivered yesterday, by 
 William Berry and Richard Johns,' this House do say ; 
 That if the rights and privileges of a free born English- 
 man, settled on him by Magna Oharta, so often con- 
 firmed by subsequent parliaments, can be preserved by 
 yea, and nay, in wills and testaments, and other occur- 
 rents, the Lower House may do well to prepare such a 
 law, and that the Upper House will consider of it." 
 
 Subsequently, the Quakers presented an able and 
 logical argument for a change in the law concerning 
 oaths. It opened with the following dignified and 
 eloquent preamble: " "We are Englishmen ourselves, 
 and free born, although in scorn commonly called 
 Quakers, and therefore, so far from desiring the least 
 breach of Magna Charta or of the least privilege be- 
 longing to a free-born Englishman, that we had rather 
 suffer many degrees more than we do, if it was possible, 
 than willingly admit of the least violation of those 
 ancient rights and liberties, which are indeed our 
 birth-right and so often confirmed to us, by subsequent 
 Parliaments. And had we not been full well assured 
 that our sufferings may be redressed, and our request 
 granted, without the violating of Magna Charta in the 
 least degree, we would not have desired it." 
 
 • Richard Johns was a distant relative of the founder of Johns 
 Hopkins University at Baltimore. 
 
William Penn's Arrival. 165 
 
 The argument had a good effect, and the Lower 
 House of the Assembly voted for a modification of the 
 statute, but Lord Baltimore did not give his approval. 
 
 The period was arriving when the cause of the 
 Quakers was to receive a powerful impulse. As 
 William Penn, the son of a British Admiral, in early 
 life a student at Oxford and Paris, heard of the 
 oppression of his fellow religionists, under the statutes 
 of Maryland and Virginia, he conceived the project of 
 " a free colony for all mankind," wherein entire liberty 
 of conscience should be allowed. 
 
 From the hour that Penn made his treaty under the 
 shade of the elm trees on the Delaware, Quakerism was 
 more respected. 
 
 The men that began to build on the rectangular 
 streets of the newly surveyed city of Philadelphia, 
 were industrious, and glad to welcome as sharers in 
 the municipal government, the Jew or the Turk, the 
 Calvinist or Roman Catholic. 
 
 Not long after he sailed up the Delaware he pro- 
 ceeded to visit the societies of Friends on the tri- 
 butaries of the Chesapeake. Subsequently he made a 
 second visit and conducted Lord and Lady Baltimore^ 
 to a religious meeting at Tred Haven. Richardson, 
 who was one of the preachers, describes Lady Balti- 
 more, as " a notable, wise, natural, and courteously 
 carriaged woman." 
 
 ' Lady Baltimore had been the widow of Henry Sewall of Patuxent, 
 one of the councillors of the Province. 
 
166 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 After Penn's return to England, Quakerism was 
 strengthened in America, by the arrival of Thomas 
 Story, another man of cultivated intellect. He had 
 received in England a complete education, and was 
 not only a proficient in Greek and mathematics, but 
 also skilled in the arts of music and fencing. His asso- 
 ciations in youth were with an excessive ritualism. 
 The church he attended conformed to the " new fan- 
 gleism " that crept back again to the Chur(;h of England 
 in the days of Archbishop Laud. For a time he was 
 very zealous in the observance of rubrics, but in time 
 they became a burden, and at length he bounded over 
 to that Society of Friends, which well nigh forgot that 
 man was a compound of flesh and spirit, and demanded 
 a few expressive rites. 
 
 Having studied law, Story came to Pennsylvania, 
 was made Master of the Rolls and Keeper of the Great 
 Seal, and subsequently Mayor of the city of Phila- 
 delphia.^ 
 
 On the 27th of the 3d month, 1699 0. S., he attended 
 the yearly meeting of the Quakers at West Piver, 
 County, Maryland, in company with a distinguished 
 physician of Philadelphia, whom Penn called, " tender 
 Griffith Owen." On the 13th of the next month Story 
 says in his journal, " came one Henry Hall, a priest 
 of the Church of England, and with others of his motion 
 eaves-dropped the meeting, but came not in." Richard 
 
 ' Story, in 1706, married a daughter of Edward Shippen of Phila 
 delpliia. 
 
Story, Quaker Preacher. 167 
 
 Johns, a promiueDt member of the meeting, then arose, 
 and made the following confession of faith. 
 
 " We believe that the Lord Jesus Christ, who was 
 born of the Virgin Mary, being conceived bj the pro- 
 raise and influence of the Holy Ghost, is the true Mes- 
 siah or Saviour; that he died upon the cross at 
 Jerusalem, a propitiation and sacrifice for the sins of 
 all mankind ; that he rose from the dead on the third 
 day, ascended, and seated on the right hand of the 
 Majesty on high, making intercession for us ; and in 
 the fulness of time shall come to judge both the living 
 and the dead, and reward all according to their work. " 
 
 The next day the clergyman and his friends again 
 lurked near the meeting, and Story says: 
 
 " My companion in his testimony apprehending they 
 were within hearing, cried aloud to them to come forth 
 out of their holes, and appear openly like men, and if 
 they had anything to say, after meeting was over, they 
 should be heard." 
 
 Story next challenged them to prove their call to 
 the ministry," which they, taking upon them to do, only 
 told us that Christ called the apostles, and they ordained 
 others, and they again others in succession to that time." 
 
 Then Story demanded proof " who they were that 
 the apostles ordained, and who from age to age suc- 
 cessors ordained, wherein if they justly failed they 
 were to be rejected as no ministers of Clirist, since they 
 had rested the matter on such a succession." "Many 
 people," continues the journal," called out to the clergy- 
 
168 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 man. ' We will pay yon the tobacco, being obliged 
 by law, that is forty ponnds of tobacco for every negro 
 slave, but we will never hear you more.' While we 
 were yet in the gallery one climbed up into a window, 
 and cried out with a loud voice to Henry Hall, ' Sir, 
 you have broken a canon of the Church ; you have 
 baptized several negroes, who being infidels, baptism 
 ought not to have been administered to them.' 
 
 " At this the priest was enraged, but made no 
 answer to the charge, only fumed and fretted and 
 threatened the man to trounce him. 
 
 "Then I observed to the people that if these negroes 
 were made Christians in this sense, members of 
 Christ, children of God, inheritors of the kingdom of 
 heaven, received into the body of the Church of Christ, 
 as the language is at the time of sprinkling, how could 
 they now detain them longer as slaves ? Several 
 justices of the peace being ashamed of their priest, 
 slid out of the meeting as unobservabie as might be, 
 and the people in general contemned them as such, 
 who behind the back of the Quakers had greatly re- 
 proached and belied them, but face to face were 
 utterly subdued by them. That night several of the 
 justices, lodging with our friend Samuel Chew,^ ex- 
 pressed their sentiments altogether in our favor, and 
 
 ' Samuel Chew was the son of Samuel Chew of Chewton, Somer- 
 setshire, England. He was a physician and became Chief Justice of 
 Delaware. His son Benjamin, was born on West River in 1722, studied 
 law at the Inner Temple, London, and ultimately became the Chief 
 Justice of Pennsylvania. 
 
Sir Thomas Lawrence. 169 
 
 the priests were really ignorant men in matters of 
 religion." 
 
 Sir Thomas Lawrence,^ the Secretary of the colony, 
 wincing under the plain arguments of Story, com- 
 plained of what he called the tart expressions of the 
 Quaker, to the Lords of Trade and Plantations. 
 William Penn being in England, his attention was 
 called to the subject, to which he alludes in a letter to 
 a friend : 
 
 "A silly knight ! Though I hope it comes of offi- 
 cious weakness, the talent of the gentleman, with some 
 malice. Matters there are never attacked by Thomas 
 Story, nor in irreverent tones. 
 
 " I never heeded it, only said, that if the gentleman 
 had sense enough for his office, he might have known 
 this tale was no part of it, that Thomas Story was dis- 
 creet and temperate, and did not exceed in his retorts 
 and returns. 
 
 " But 'tis children's play to provoke a combat and 
 then cry out that such a one beats them ; that I hoped 
 they were not a committee of conscience and religion, 
 and that it showed the shallowness of the gentleman 
 that played the busybody in it." 
 
 At the commencement of the eighteenth century 
 the Quakers exercised a powerful ir.fluence in the 
 colonies. Men were forced to admit, that they were 
 keepers at home, industrious, intelligent, not given to 
 
 ' Sir Thomas Lawrence, son of Sir John, B't, having spent all his 
 estate was made Secretary of Maryland in 169G and in 1713, died 
 there. — Notes and Queries, Dec. 27, 1873. 
 22 
 
170 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 wine or brawling, cleanly in their habits, and honest 
 in their commercial transactions. 
 
 The yearly meeting of the Society was eagerly looked 
 for by all classes. Edmuudson well observed, " Yearly 
 meeting in Maryland, many people resort to it and 
 transact a deal of trade with one another, so that it is 
 a kind of market or change, where the captains of ships 
 and the planters meet and settle their affairs, and this 
 draws abundance of people." Occurring as it did near 
 the Whitsuntide holidays, the black slaves flocked 
 thither to enjoy rest for a few days from the exhaust- 
 ing labors of the tobacco field. Families from the 
 different counties rolled there, in ponderous old- 
 fashioned carriages for the purpose of social reunion, 
 young men came on fine horses, to compare them and 
 give a trial of their speed, and others went to confer 
 with the beautiful and pure minded maidens, who, in 
 their plain drab dresses and scooped bonnets, were to 
 them far more interesting than the angels, who seemed 
 cold and distant, because they had neither flesh nor 
 blood. 
 
 The accession of James the Second to the throne of 
 England, although he was in religious sympathy with 
 Charles Lord Baltimore, brought trouble to the Pro- 
 prietary of Maryland. 
 
 The King, fond of arbitrary power, determined to 
 make all of his colonial governments directly depend- 
 ent upon the Crown, and in April, 1687, ordered a 
 writ of quo warranto to be issued against the charter 
 of Maryland, but before there could be a hearing of 
 
First Printing Press. 171 
 
 the case, James was an exile, and William and Mary 
 by the revolution of 1688 ascended the throne. 
 
 Taking advantage of the new order of affairs in Eng- 
 land, John Coode a clergyman, the Titus Oates of 
 Maryland, described as a " democratic Fergupon in 
 principles of government, an Hobbist or worse in 
 principles of religion," became the leader of the party 
 in the Province in favor of abroo-atins: the charter. 
 
 In April, 1689, was formed " an association in arms 
 for the defence of the Protestant religicm, and for as- 
 serting the rights of King William and Queen Mary 
 to the province of Maryland and all the English 
 dominion." 
 
 A statement was printed for them, by Richard Nut- 
 head at Saint Mary, a copy of which is preserved in 
 the British Museum library, affording the first evidence 
 of a printing press in Maryland. 
 
 After the accession of William and Mary, the King 
 of England appointed the Governors of Maryland. 
 Lionel Copley was in 1691 commissioned as Governor, 
 and soon after his arrival an Act for the establishment 
 of the Protestant religion was passed, and the ten 
 counties divided into twenty parishes. 
 
 The opposition of the Quakers was so great that the 
 law was a dead letter. After the death of Copley, in 
 1694, Nicholson became Governor, and with him, there 
 came in the mouth of August, six clergymen,^ making 
 
 ' Dickinson, a Quaker preacher, under date of 8tli llrao, 1695 0. S., 
 writes at the Downs : 
 
 " Several priests were going over into Maryland Laving heard that 
 
172 The Foundees of Maryland. 
 
 the whole number in the Province, nine. He suc- 
 ceeded in passing a law forbidding public worship to 
 Roman Catholics, but in 1695, under the influence of 
 Quakers and Romanists, the invidious legislation was 
 repealed, but the very next year it was enacted, that 
 the Church of England in the Province, should enjoy 
 all the rights, established by law, in the kingdom of 
 England, and it was proposed that a Bishop should be 
 appointed, who should, as a representative of the clergy, 
 have a seat in the Upper House of the Assembly. 
 
 The Eev. Dr. Thomas Bray, who had in 1696 been ap- 
 pointed Commissary for the clergy, in company with 
 Sir Thomas Lawrence, Secretary of Maryland, waited 
 on Anne, the Princess of Denmark, to request her ac- 
 ceptance ofthe respect shown her by naming the capital 
 of Maryland, Annapolis. Bray having received a do- 
 nation for libraries from the Princess, he presented books 
 to tbe amount of £400 to the capital. Some of these 
 books are still on the shelves of the library of St. John's 
 College in that eity, and on the covers is stamped " De 
 Bibliotheca Annapolitana.^ In March, 1700, Bray 
 arrived and preached before the legislative Assem- 
 
 the Government had laid a tax of forty pounds of tobacco on eacli in- 
 habitant for the advancement of the priest's wages." 
 
 These were probably the clergymen recentlj'^ ordained at Saint 
 Paul's Cathedral, London. 
 
 In 1698 a Rev. Mr. Gaddes was at Annapolis, and Rev. Chs. H'y 
 Hall at Herring Creek. 
 
 ^ The following is from the book of St. James Parish : " 1698. Books 
 received ye Rev. Ch's H'y Hall May. A Catalogue of books be- 
 longing to ye library of St. James Parish in Ann Arundel Co., sent by 
 ye Rev. Dr. Bray, and marked thus " belonging to ye library of Her- 
 ring Creeke, Ann Arundel County." 
 
Parochial Libraries. 173 
 
 blj at Annapolis. At this session, it was reenacted, 
 that the Church of England should be the established 
 church of Maryland. As before, the Quakers used 
 their influence with the King, to prevent, while J'r. 
 Bray went back to England to secure, its approval. 
 
 The biographer of Bray writes : " Though the law, 
 with much solicitation and struggling, was preserved 
 
 The following parocliial libraries were sent to Maryland by Dr. 
 Bray in tlie course of a few years. 
 
 Books 
 
 Annapolis, 1095 
 
 St. Mary's, 314 
 
 Herring Creek, 150 
 
 South River, 109 
 
 North Sassafras, 43 
 
 King and Queen's Parish, 196 
 
 Christ Church, Calvert County, 43 
 
 All Saints,. 49 
 
 St. Paul's, Calvert County, 106 
 
 Great Choptank, Dorchester Ccunty, 76 
 
 St. Paul's, Baltimore " 43 
 
 Stepney, Somerset " 60 
 
 l^OTto Batto, Charles " 30 
 
 St. Peter's, Talbot " 10 
 
 St. Michael's " 15 
 
 All Faith's, Calvert " 11 
 
 Nanjemoy, Charles " 10 
 
 Piscatoway, " " 10 
 
 Broad Neck, Ann Arundel " 10 
 
 St. John's, Baltimore " 10 
 
 St. George's, " " 10 
 
 Kent Island, 10 
 
 Dorchester, 10 
 
 Snow Hill, Somerset " 10 
 
 South Sassafras, 10 
 
 St. Paul's, Kent County, 35 
 
 /- William and Mary, Charles County, 26 
 
 Somerset, Somerset " 20 
 
 Coventry, " " 25 
 
 St. Paul's Talbot " ... 2 
 
174 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 from being totally disannulled, yet many of the excep- 
 tions which the Quakers made against it, sticking with 
 the Lords of Trade, all that could be obtained was, that 
 Dr. Bray might, with advice of Council, draw up 
 another bill, according to the instructions of that 
 Board, and sending the bill to Maryland, had the pro- 
 mise, that his Majesty, upon its return, would confirm 
 it." 
 
 The law drawn up by Dr. Bray was submitted to an 
 Assembly begun at Annapolis, the 16th day of March, 
 1701-2, and was approved by the King. It was styled 
 *' An Act for the establishment of religious worship 
 in this Province, according to the Church of England : 
 and for the maintenance of ministers." 
 
 The Act provided, that " the dissenters, commonly 
 called Quakers " should have the privilege of making 
 a solemn affirmation or declaration instead of the usual 
 
 oath. 
 
 Although absent in body, the interests of the Epis- 
 copal church in Maryland were not forgotten by Dr. 
 Bray, and a Rev. Mr. Hewetson, of Ireland, was re 
 commended as superintendent of the clergy. In a 
 letter, written at Chelsea, August 27, 1703, and 
 addressed to Mr. Smithson, Speaker of the Maryland 
 Assembly, he alludes to the rude treatment by the 
 Governor, of himself and the clergyman, whom he had 
 suggested for suft'ragan or commissary, and proposes 
 that the Maryland legislature shall set apart one of the 
 best parishes, as the cure of a suffragan, to be appointed 
 
Conclusion. 175 
 
 by the Bishop of London, and build a house for his 
 residence. He further suggests that the glebe should 
 be stocked with ten negroes, twenty cattle, and twenty 
 hogs. It had been proposed, that the suiFragan should 
 have a seat at the Council Board of the Province, but 
 this did not receive his approval, and he thought that 
 this officer should not reside on the same side of the 
 Bay as the Governor of the province. 
 
 We enter not upon the eighteenth century. The 
 aim of this little book has been attained, if it has 
 brought to light a few facts not hitherto published re- 
 lative to the mode of life, the struggles, and principles 
 of those who were the founders of Maryland. 
 
ADDENDA. 
 
 • ♦*■■■ 
 
 CLAYBORNE FAMILY AND ARMS. 
 
 X HIS family from an early period, dwelt in West- 
 moreland, on the borders of Cumberland. 
 
 In the days of Richard the Second, there was a knight 
 of "Westmoreland, Robert de Clyborne, who bore on 
 his arms the Saxon motto " Clibbor ne scearn " which 
 has been variously translated, "A burden shames not," 
 " Untouched by shame," or " Adversity no Disgrace." 
 
 Over the door of Cleburne Hall erected in 1577, near 
 Westmoreland, not far from Penreth, Curaberhmd, is 
 cut the same arms given to Robert Clyborne in the 
 Visitation of Cumberland, published by the Har- 
 leian Society; quartering of four. First and fourth 
 argents : three cheverous interlaced in base, chief 
 sable : second and third, argent saltier engrailed vert, 
 over all a mullet for difference. 
 
 The Visitation of Cumberland calls the father 
 of William Clayborne of Virginia, Edward ; and his 
 grandfather Robert, but some writers state that his 
 father's name was Edmund, and his grandfather's 
 Raphe or Rich'd, the result perhaps of careless tran- 
 scription. 
 
 23 
 
178 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 Thomas, an elder brother of the Virginia Clayborn, 
 in 1580, married Agnes daughter of Sir John Lowther, 
 of the distinguished family of Lowther Hall, West- 
 moreland. 
 
 A son of Thomas, named William, resided in Tip- 
 perary County, Ireland, and in the ancient church of 
 Kilbarron on the east side of Lough Derg near where 
 it flows into the Shannon, not far from Killaloe, is a 
 Btone over a vault, in the chancel with the following 
 coat of arms, and inscription : 
 Crest. — A Dove and olive branch. 
 Arms. — Argent three chevronels braced in base sa. 
 
 A. chief and bordure of the last. 
 Motto. — Pax et copia. 
 
 Inscription. 
 
 Gulielmus Cleburne de Ballicultan, obiit vigesimo 
 secundo die, mensis Octobris, Anno Domini, 1684. 
 
 William Clayborne on his return from England, as 
 Treasurer of Virginia, sought for 3000 acres of land, 
 near Potomac Creek, and perhaps it was through his 
 influence, that the Legislature of Virginia, in 1653, 
 designated the region from Machodac Creek to the 
 Falls of the Potomac, Westmoreland County. 
 
Addenda. 179 
 
 SIR EDMUI^D PLOWDEJSr. 
 
 JoiR Edmund Plowden was the great grandson of 
 Edmund Plowden the distinguished jurist whose com- 
 mentaries on law, Chief Justice Coke called " exquisite 
 and elaborate." 
 
 Francis his grandfather born in 1562, married in 
 Oxfordshire, and died in 1652, at the age of ninety. 
 
 Edmund resided after his marriage, about A.D., 
 1610, atWanstead, Hampshire. His' wife, was Mabel, 
 daughter of Peter Mariner of that place. 
 
 Although he had been educated a Roman Catholic, 
 before he came to America he conformed to the 
 Church of England. 
 
 In 1632, he petitioned King Charles, for a tract of 
 land, to be " exempted from all appeal and subjection 
 to the Governor and Company of Virginia, and with 
 8uch other additions, privileges and dignities, like as 
 have been heretofore granted to Sir George Calvert 
 K't, late Lord Calvert in Kew Foundland, together 
 with the usual grants and privileges that other colonies 
 have for governing, and ordering their planters and 
 subordinates, and for supplying of corn, cattle and 
 necessaries from your Majesty's Kingdom of Ireland, 
 with power to take artificers and laborers there." 
 
 In June, 1632, the great seal of State was affixed to 
 the charter of Maryland, and issued to Cecil, the 
 Second Lord Baltimore, and the next month Charles 
 the First, from his court at Oatlands, issued an order 
 
180 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 for a grant of laud in answer to the petition of Sir John 
 Lawrence, Baronet, and Sir Edward Plowden Kn't. 
 The king writes : 
 
 " Our pleasure is, and we do hereby authorize and 
 require you, upon the receipt of these, our letters, 
 forthwith to cause a grant of the said Isle, called the 
 Isle Plovvden, or Long Isle between 39 and 40 degrees 
 North Latitude, and of forty leagues square of the ad- 
 joining continent * * * * to be holden of us, as 
 of our crown of Ireland, by the name of ISlew Albion, 
 with such privileges, additions and dignities to Sir 
 Edmund Plowden, his deputies and assigns, as first 
 Governor of the premises, etc." 
 
 Plowden appears to have been a choleric and eccen- 
 tric person. In the year 1635, his wife Mabel com- 
 plains, to the High Commission Court, that because 
 she refused to sell an estate, which she brought on her 
 marriage, twenty-five years before, worth £3000 per 
 annum, her husband had treated her with extreme 
 cruelty. By the persuasion of friends, the complaint 
 was dropped, and the wife consented to return once 
 more to Plowden's house, but he soon began, as before, 
 ill treatment. 
 
 Another complaint on May 3, 1638, was lodged by the 
 Rev. Philip Eofield, for twenty-five years rector of the 
 parish of Lasham, Hampshire, for beating his wife, 
 about to become a mother, because Plowden and the 
 clergyman had disagreed upon the terms of a certain 
 lease. 
 
Addenda. 181 
 
 111 the year 1634, Captain Yoiiug and his nephew 
 Robert Evelyn commenced the exploration of the 
 Delaware River, and other parts of the province of 
 New Albion. After this voyage Evelyn returned to 
 England and in 1637 received an appointment as Sur- 
 veyor of the Virginia Colony. In 1641 there was pub- 
 lished a small quarto with title "Direction for ad- 
 venturers, and true description of the healthiest, 
 pleasantest, and richest plantation of New Albion, in 
 North Virginia, in a letter from Mayster Robert 
 Eveline, who lived there many years." 
 
 At the time of its publication Plowden was still in 
 England. The first sentence of Evelyn's letter is as 
 follows : 
 
 "Sir Edmund, our noble Governor and Lord Earl 
 Palatine, persisting still, in his noble purpose, to go on 
 with his plantation, on Delaware or Charles River, 
 just midway between New England and Virginia, 
 where, with my uncle, Young, I several years resided, 
 hath often informed himself both of me, and Master 
 Stratton, as I perceive by the hands subscribed of 
 Edward Monmouth, Tenis Palee, and as Master Buck- 
 ham, Master White, and other ship masters and sailors 
 whose hands I know, and it to be true, that there lived 
 and traded with me. And I should very gladly according 
 to his desire have waited upon you in person, had I 
 not next week been passing to Virginia." 
 
 In concluding the letter, Evelyn remarks : " If my 
 Lord Palatine will bring with him three hundred men, 
 
182 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 or more, there is no doubt, but he may grow rich. * * 
 And truly I believe ray Lord of Baltimore will be glad 
 of my Lord Palatine's plantation and assistance, and 
 against any enemy or bad neighbor. *** + ]; shaU 
 entreat you to believe me, as a gentleman and Christ- 
 ian, I write to you nothing but the truth, and hope 
 there, to take opportunity, in due season, to visit you, 
 and do all the good offices in Virginia, my place and 
 friends can serve 3^ou in." 
 
 Li 1642 Plowden was residing in Virginia, and in 
 1648 by way of Boston he returned to England, where 
 the same year he published a description of the Pro- 
 vince of New Albion in which are the following state- 
 ments ; 
 
 " After seventeen years discovery there, and trial 
 made, is begun to be planted and stored by the Governor 
 and Company of New Albion, consisting of forty-four 
 lords, baronets, knights, and merchants; who for the 
 true informing of themselves, their friends, adventurers 
 and partners, by residents and traders there, four 
 several years, out of their journal books, namely, 
 Captain Browne, a shipmaster, and Master Stratford his 
 mate; and by Captain Claybourn fourteen years there 
 trading, and Constantine his Indian, there born and 
 bred ; and by Master Robert Evelin four years there, 
 yet by eight of their hands sub.'^cribed and enrolled do 
 testify this to be the true state of the country and 
 Delaware Bay, or Charles' Biver." 
 
 Allusion has been made to the fact that in this book 
 
Addenda. 183 
 
 a year before the passage of Maryland Act on Religion 
 a scheme of toleration is presented. 
 
 The precise date of Plowden's death has not been 
 ascertained but his will was made 29tli of July, 1651, 
 in which he styles himself " Sir Edmund Plowden, 
 Lord Earl Palatinate, Governor and Captain General 
 of New Albion in North America." 
 
 His sister Elizabeth, married Sir Arthur Lake the 
 son of Sir Tliomas who, like Sir George Calvert, was 
 a Secretary of State, under King James and before 
 1634, she was a widow. The facts in this notice have 
 been obtained from Visitation of Oxfordshire, De- 
 scription of New Albion, Straftbrd's Letters, Bruce's 
 Calendars of State Papers and Burke's Landed Gentry. 
 
 THOMAS COPLEY, S. J. 
 
 X HE warrant of protection, given by order of Charles 
 the First, to Father Copley, printed on the ninety- 
 second page of this volume, was obtained upon the 
 plea, that he was tarrying in England, attending to his 
 father's estate. 
 
 In the Calendar of State Papers for 1634, under date 
 of 1st of December, Thomas Copley, in a petition to 
 the King, states, that he is an alien born, and therefore 
 conceives he is not liable to trouble, for his religion, 
 by the laws of the realm, yet fearing he may be molested 
 
184 The Founders of Maryland. 
 
 by some messengers, while following occasions which 
 concern his father's, and his own estate, prays his 
 Majesty to refer this petition to one of the principal 
 Secretaries. 
 
 The attention of Secretary Winclebank was called to 
 the request, and on the 10th of the month, the warrant 
 was issued. 
 
 SHIP WARWICK 
 
 xluBB ARD in History of New England states that 
 Ferdiuando Gorges with John Mason, George Griffith 
 and other associates, employed men for several years, 
 to search for a great lake, in province of Laconia, for 
 which, in 1629, they had received a patent. 
 
 The ship Warwick, in the summer of 1630, arrived 
 at Piscataquay, New Hampshire, biinging as passenger 
 Capt. Walter Neale to act as Governor of the infant 
 settlement in that region. 
 
Index. 
 
 187 
 
 Cole, William, 142, 158. 
 
 Coles, Ann, 11(5. 
 
 Coleman of Anamessex, 146. 
 
 Compton, Bishop of London, 151. 
 
 Compton, .James, 92, 
 
 Coode, Rev. John, 151. 
 
 Cook, .John, 78. 
 
 Copte, Jeremiah, 78. 
 
 Copland Rev. Patrick, chaplain, 
 111; teaclies East Indians, 
 111; with Sir Tlios. Dale, 
 112; in Java, 112; collection 
 for Va. ,112; sermcm to Va. 
 Co., 113; letter from Husli 
 Peters, 114; to Wiiithrop, 
 114; at Eieuihera. 115. 
 
 Copley, Tliomas, Jesuit, 96, 97; 
 his petition. 184; letter from 
 king, 92 ; ids ancestry, 92 ; 
 land warrant, 93; trades in 
 beaver, 93 ; his honse seized, 
 103; at St. Inigo, 104. 
 
 Corbin, Henry, notice of, 128; 
 sees a witcli Imng, 128. 
 
 Corbin, Richard, friend of Wash- 
 ington, 128. 
 
 Cornish, Robert, 123. 
 
 Corn sent to New England, 20, 24. 
 
 Cornwallis, Sir Cliarles, G9. 
 
 Cornwallis, Wm , K't, 70. 
 
 Cornwallis, Caroline Francis, 81 ; 
 her books, 83; her death, 82. 
 
 Cornwallis, Mar^^Sl. 
 
 Cornwallis, Thomas, seizes Clay- 
 borne's vessels, 51 ; at Poco- 
 mokc, 52 ; ancestry of, 69 ; 
 trades with Indians, 70; val- 
 uable legislator, 73 ; liis fair 
 honse, 73 ; returns from Eng- 
 land, 73 ; lias lands at Poto- 
 paco, 73 ; declines Councillor- 
 ship, 73; tiglits Indians, 73; 
 goes to England, 74 ; suit 
 against Ingle, 75 ; list of ser- 
 vants, 77; kindness to ser- 
 vants, 80 ; purchases bricks, 
 80; nnirri(S,80. 
 
 Cornwiillis, Rev. Thomas, 81. 
 
 Cornwallis, William Sr., 81. 
 
 Cornwallis, William Jr., 81. 
 
 Collington, Sir Francis, 46. 
 
 Coursey, llenry, complains of 
 Jesuit, 132. 
 
 Cox, James, 122. 
 
 Cox, Richard, 92. 
 
 Craufield, Edward, 64. 
 
 Crouch, Ralph, 127. 
 Curtis, Robert, 79. 
 
 Dale, Sir Thomas, death of, 113. 
 
 Dandy, John, huu'^-, 129. 
 
 Danker or Dankaerts, a Labadist, 
 154; at Manhattan, 154; 
 atTinicum, 155; at Bohemia 
 Manor, 155 ; visits Augustus 
 Herrman, 156 ; describes 
 Herrman family, 156 ; visited 
 by Peter Bayard, 157. 
 
 Darby, Francis, 129. 
 
 Davenant, Will, poet, 126; ap- 
 pointed Gov. of Md.,126. 
 
 Davenport, Rev. John, 116. 
 
 Davison, Christopher, poet, and 
 SecretaryofVa.,39. 
 
 Davison, Thomas, 92. 
 
 Uavison, Sir William, 39. ^ 
 
 Dawson, AVilliam, killed, 52. — 
 
 Deering, Edward, 78. 
 
 De-la-Grange, Arnold, 158. 
 
 Delaware River explored, 50, 54. 
 
 Dent, Thomas, settles at Gis- 
 borough, 123. 
 
 De Vries, describes Virginia, 16 ; 
 first peach orchard, 52. 
 
 Dew, Col. Thomas, 146. 
 
 Dorchester, Lord, Secretary of 
 State, 46. 
 
 Dorrell, Thomas, 64. 
 
 Dorse}% Ann, 142. 
 
 Doughty, Rev. Francis, notice of, 
 118; brother-in-law of Gov. 
 Stone, 118; at Manhattan, 
 118; his daughter, 118. 
 
 Dove, ship searched, 61. 
 
 Dream ot Indian Chief, 97. 
 
 Duke, Richard, 91, 95. 
 
 Dunton,John, Captain of War- 
 wick, 12, 20. 
 
 Durand, William, of Va., 116; 
 settles at Severn, 116; his 
 fomily, 116; Secretary of 
 Province, 116; kind to 
 Quakers, 116, 130; coua- 
 cillor, 142. 
 
 Edmondson, William, Quaker 
 preacher, 144; visits Gov. 
 Herkeli-\', 146. 
 
 Edwards, Robert, 91. 
 
 Edwyn, 91. 
 
 Elderton, Wm., interpreter, 31. 
 
 Eleuthera, Isle of, 112. 
 
1 
 
 Index. 
 
 Elpin, John, 91. 
 
 Embarcation of Maryland Colo- 
 nists, 59. 
 
 Eston, John, 79. 
 
 Evelyn, George, at Kent. Island, 
 54, 107 ; his ancestry, 54 ; 
 servants, 54; calls Gov. Cal- 
 vert a dunce, 65. 
 
 Evelyn, Richard, 54. 
 
 Evelyn, Robert, 54. 
 
 Evelynton Manor, 54. 
 
 Fairfax, Henry, 137. 
 
 Fairfax, Nicholas, 64. 
 
 Fairfax, William, 137. 
 
 Falls of Potomac, 24, 28." 
 
 Farmer, Richard, 78. 
 
 Fendall, Josias, Governor, 137; 
 letter to John Washington, 
 138. 
 
 Fennell, Robert, 13. 
 
 Fenwick, Cuthbert, 74, 77, 123, 
 138. 
 
 Ferrar, John, 112, 114. 
 
 Ferrar, Nicholas, 114. 
 
 Fisher, Philip, Jesuit, 91, 97, 99, 
 103, 104. 
 
 Fitzherbert, Francis, Jesuit, 128 ; 
 sees a witch hung, 128 ; 
 threatens Thomas Gerrard, 
 132; tried for sedition, 133; 
 on Act for Religion, 135 ; 
 
 Fleet. Edward, 14, 24, 28; in leg- 
 islature, 17 ; 
 
 Fleet, Henry, visits England, 11 
 taken by Auacostans, 4, 25 
 commands the Paramour, 11 
 factor of ship Warwick, 12 
 trades in New England, 12 
 19 ; at Isle of Shoals, 13, 21 
 visits Clayborne, 13, 22 ; visits 
 Potomac Falls, 14, 27 ; before 
 Gov. Hawley, 15, 34, 35 ; un- 
 faithful to Griffith & Co., 15 ; 
 interprets for Gov. Calvert, 
 16 ; receives a land grant, 17 ; 
 in Maryland legislature, 17 ; 
 in Rappahannock region, 17 ; 
 in Virginia legislature, 17 ; his 
 Journal, 19-36 ; builds new 
 pinnace, 36 ; ilhterate, 37 ; 
 called a liar, 50. 
 
 Fleet, John, in legislature, 17. 
 
 Fleet, Reynold, in legislature, 17. 
 
 Fleet's Point, Va., 18. 
 
 Ford, Hannah, 78. 
 
 Fox, George, Quaker preacher, 
 143; at Patuxent, 144; at 
 Severn, 144; at Cliffs, 145; 
 in Somerset, 145 ; in Annapo- 
 lis, 146. 
 
 Freak, William, 78. 
 
 Freeman, Morris, 78. 
 
 Freeman, William, 55. 
 
 Fremonds, Lewis, 91. 
 
 Frisell, Thomas, 79. 
 
 Fuller, Thos.,notice of Palmer, 10. 
 
 Fuller, Capt. William, 116,142; 
 kind to Quakers, 130. 
 
 Fur trade in Chesapeake, 9. 
 
 Gage, John, 78. 
 
 Gardner, Luke, 92; detains 
 Eleanor Hatton,128. 
 
 Garrett, William, an ancient 
 Friend, 146. 
 
 Gary, Alice, 142, 148, 155. '• 
 
 Gary, John, 142. 
 
 Gates, Sir Thos., death of, 112. 
 
 Gee, .John, 96. 
 
 George, a smith, 78. 
 
 Gerard, Richard, early colonist, 
 64 ; cup-bearer Charles 2d, 64. 
 
 Gerrard, Thomas, surgeon, 98 ; 
 wife a Protestant, 98; fined 
 for closing a chaj^el, 100 ; his 
 wife complains of Fitzherbert, 
 Jesuit, 1.33 ; Assembly meets 
 at his house, 136 ; removes to 
 Va., 136 ; death of, 136. 
 
 Gervase, Thomas, Jesuit, 91. 
 
 Gibbons, Edward, of Boston, 108 ; 
 letter from Baltimore, 109 ; 
 Admiral of Province, 112. 
 
 Gisborough, settletl by Thomas 
 Dent, 123. 
 
 Gondomar, Spanish Ambassador, 
 40. 
 
 Goodman, Bp. of Gloucester, 40. 
 
 Gookin, Daniel, 25. 
 
 Gossip, derivation of, 139. 
 
 Gould, Daniel, Quaker preacher, 
 144, 148. 
 
 Gravener, Jesuit, 91. 
 
 Gra)', Francis, 78. 
 
 Gray, Stephen, 78. 
 
 Green, Henry, 64. 
 
 Green, Leonard, godson of Gov. 
 Calvert, 66. 
 
 Green, Gov. Thomas, removed, 
 118; account of Gov. Cal- 
 vert's will, 66. 
 
Index. 
 
 189 
 
 Griffin, Edmund, 55. 
 
 Grifflih, George «& Co., complaint 
 
 of, 15 ; owners of Warwick, 
 
 19. 
 Griffith, William, A.M., 19. 
 Guiana, Raleigh's maj) of, 55. 
 Guttridge, George marries widow 
 
 of Lt. Lewis, 95. 
 Gwyther, Nicholas, 78. 
 
 Hall, Rev. Henry, 166: at Her- 
 ring Creek, 172. 
 
 Hallowes, John, 79. 
 
 Hanunond.on Toleration Act 120. 
 
 Harrison, Anna, of South Cave, 
 137. 
 
 Harrison, Eleanor, of South Cave, 
 137. 
 
 Harrison, Thomas, 79. 
 
 Harrison, Rev. Thomas, 110; be- 
 comes non conformist, 110; 
 letter to Winthroj), 112; re- 
 ceives degree of D.D., 116; 
 marries cousin of Gov. Wiu- 
 throp,117 ; chaplain of Henry 
 Cromwell, 117; sermon on 
 Oliver Cromwell, 117. 
 
 Hardwick, William, 75. 
 
 Harman, Charles, 13, 15, 23, 25, 
 33 ; goods seized, 50. 
 
 Har)-is, Elizabeth, Quakeress, 141. 
 
 Harris, Richard, 79. 
 
 Harvey, John, Gov. of Virginia, 
 12; deposed, 13,53; knocks 
 out teeth, 13; re-instated, 13; 
 dies poor, 13; favors Henry 
 Fleet, 36. 
 
 Harvey, Richard, 79. 
 
 Hatch, Jolm, 54, 122. 
 
 Hatch, Thomas, 91. 
 
 Hatton, Eleanor, detained by 
 Gardner, 128. 
 
 Hatton, Thomas, Secretary of 
 Province, 128. 
 
 Hatton, William, 123. 
 
 Hawley, Henry, 84,86. 
 
 llawle\\ James, Sr.,83. 
 
 Hawley, James Jr., 85. 
 
 Hawk'}', Jerome, Com'r, 83 ; early 
 life, 83; visits England, 84; 
 Treasurer of Va., 84; com- 
 plaint against, 84 ; death, 85. 
 
 Hawley, William, 85. 
 
 Heath, Sir ]inbert,47. 
 
 Hebden, Thos, 54; surgeon, 107; 
 asks prayer for his soul, 107. 
 
 Hervey, John, tailor, 75. 
 Hervey, Michael, 91. 
 Hereckenes, Indians, 31, 33. 
 Herrman, Augustine, 155, 156; 
 
 his map, ^10, 57, 136, 156 ; 
 
 his wives, 157. 
 Herrman, .\nna Margaritta, 157. 
 Herrman, Caspar, 155, 157. 
 Herrman, Ephraim, 154, 157. 
 Herrman, Francina, 157. 
 Herrman, Judith, 157. 
 Hill, Capt., 04. 
 Hill, John, 54,91. 
 Hill, Richard, 78. 
 Hill, Rev. Matthew, 151. 
 Hilliard, John, 91. 
 Hinton, Sir Thomas, 49. 
 Hodges, Thomas, 91. 
 Hogg, William, 116. 
 Holden, John, 79. 
 Hollis, John, 78,91. 
 Hooper, Henry, surgeon, 127. 
 Hopkins, John, 164. 
 Horton, Manor of, 54. 
 Howgill, Fr., Quaker preacher, 
 
 131. 
 
 Indians, Anacostan, 25, 28, 32; 
 Canada, 25; Hereckenes, 31, 
 33 ; ]\Iassomack, 25 ; Mosti- 
 cum, 27, 30, 33 ; Mohawk, 20 ; 
 Pascattowies, 26, 28, 32 ; Pa- 
 tuxeut, 40; Rappaliannock, 
 17; Shaunetowa, 27; Ton- 
 hoga, 27, 32 ; Usserahak, 27, 
 29, 32. 
 
 Ingle, Capt. Richard, 73; ship 
 captured, 74; relaliates, 75, 
 103; pelilious Parliament, 
 75; takes Father White, 75, 
 103. 
 
 Jacques, Edward, 78. 
 
 Jackson, Martha, 78. 
 
 James, Rev. Thos., 110. 
 
 Jennings, Mary, 91. 
 
 Jesuit, John Altham, see Gra- 
 vener ; John Brock, 96; 
 Thomas Copley, 92, 96, 103. 
 104, 107,127; Ralph Cnmch, 
 127; Francis . Fitzherbert, 
 133; Thomas Gervase, 91; 
 John Gravener, 91, 96; 
 John Knowles, 91 ; ]Mor- 
 g.n, alias Brock; Walter 
 ilorley, 92, 93; Ferdinand 
 
190 
 
 Index. 
 
 Pulton, 93, 96 ; Roger Rigby, 
 99 ; Lawrence Starkey, 104, 
 127 ; Andrew White, 75, 89, 
 99, 103. 
 
 Jesuits, Parliament complains of, 
 100; controversy with Balti- 
 more, 101 ; oppose Balti- 
 more's oath, 101; violate 
 compact, 103 ; relation ot 1st 
 voyage, 89 ; Protestant con- 
 versions, 94; Indian dream, 
 97 ; disputes with Proprietary 
 103; indelicate soldier, 105; 
 New England captahi, 108 ; 
 witch hanging, 138. 
 
 Jew, Doctor Lumbrozo, 132. 
 
 Johns, Richard, on oaths, 164; his 
 creed. 167. 
 
 Jones, William, 55. 
 
 Josias, a servant, 79. 
 
 Kadger, Robert, 93. 
 Keane, Thomas, 54. 
 Kemp, Richard, Sec. of Va., 53. 
 Kentlsland, 47. 49,51,54. 
 King, Robert, 79. 
 King, AValter, 93. 
 Kirk, Captain, of Canada, 30. 
 Knott, James, 14. 
 Knowles, Jesuit, 91. 
 Knowles, Rev. John, Protestant, 
 110. 
 
 Labadie leaves Ch. of Rome, 154. 
 
 Labadists, mode of life, 155 ; in 
 Maryland. 15S; described by 
 Bownas, 158. 
 
 Lambeth Palace Library, 14, 19 
 
 Lambrozd, Jew Doctor, 133. 
 
 Land, Philip, 122. 
 
 Lawrence. Sir Thomas, 169 ; 
 called silly knight, 169. 
 
 Lee, John, 136. 
 
 Lee, Hancock, marries Miss Al- 
 lerton, 136. 
 
 Lee, Henry, 54. 
 
 Lee, Mary!^ hung as a witch, 139. 
 
 Lee, Richard, 136. 
 
 Leeds, Sir John, 83. 
 
 Lewis, William, abuses Protest- 
 ants, 95. 
 
 Lewger, Rev. John, Sec. of Md., 
 60, 93 ; joins Ch. of Rome, 71 ; 
 arrival in Province, 71, 93; 
 his servants, 71 ; legacy to 
 wife, 60 ; wife's death, 72. 
 
 Lewger, John, son of Rev. John, 
 73; his will, 73. 
 
 Library at Annapolis, 173 ; at Her- 
 ring Creek, 173. 
 
 Libraries of Parishes, 173. 
 
 Lindle, Sarah, 79. 
 
 Lindsay, James, servant, 66. 
 
 Lloyd, Edward, 137. 
 
 London Company, see Virginia 
 Co. 
 
 Jjowe, Richard, Capt. of Ark, 60. 
 
 Lusthead, Richard, 91. 
 
 Malignants, 76. 
 
 Manners, George, 33. 
 
 Martin, Christojiher, 77. 
 
 Martin, John, 93. 
 
 Marsh, Mar-aret, 116. 
 
 Marsh, Sarah, 148. 
 
 Marsh, Thomas, 116. 
 
 Marvel 1, Andrew, poet, 154. 
 
 Mar3'land, origin of name, 48 ; 
 
 point in England, 81. 
 Massachusetts Bay, 21. 
 Massonnick Indians, 35. 
 Mathews, Thomas, expelled, 133. 
 Matthews, Edward, 78. 
 Matthews, Samuel, 44, 53 ; notice 
 
 of, 48. 
 Maylande, John, 79. 
 Maynard, Charles, 78. 
 Mead, Joseph, on Lord Baltimore, 
 
 47. 
 Medcalf, John, 64. 
 Medcalf, William, 54. 
 Medley, John, 79, 122. 
 Minitie, George, 52 ; his peach 
 
 orchard, 52. 
 Mitchell, Capt. W., skeptic, 134; 
 
 his ivife, 134; governess, 134. 
 Moll, John, 158. 
 Moreman, Alice, 78. 
 Morgan, Howell, 54. 
 Morgan, Roger, 79. 
 Morgan, Rowland, 54. 
 Morley, Walter, lay-brother, 93. 
 Mosticum Indians, 27, 30, 33. 
 Motham, Thomas, 93. 
 Mottershead. Zachery, 78. 
 Movvhak Indians, 20. 
 Moyumpse, Indian town, 33. 
 
 Nacostines, 25, 28, 32. 
 
 Neal. Capt. Walter, at Piscataqua, 
 
 184. 
 Nevill or Nicholl, Richard, 91. 
 
Index. 
 
 191 
 
 New Albion, 56, 57. 
 
 New Foundlaud, Baltimore at, 
 
 41. 
 Newport, Capt., plants the cross, 
 
 91. 
 Nicholet, Rev. Mr., 124. 
 Northey, Sir Edward, 99. 
 Norton, John, Sr., 77. 
 Norton, John, Jr., 77. 
 Nuthead, Richard, printer, 171. 
 
 Oath, of allesiance, 60, 87 ; tolera- 
 tion, ll8; fidelity, altered, 
 121, 127. 
 
 O'Neal, Hugh, 118. 
 
 Opecliancauough, Indian chief, 
 17. 
 
 Orle3\ Thomas, 54. 
 
 Overbury, Sir Thomas, 9, 83. 
 
 Owen, Dr. Griffith, Quaker 
 preacher, 166. 
 
 Palmer, Edward, noticed, 9. . 
 
 Palmer's Island, 9, 48, 55, 86^ 
 
 Parris, Edmund, 54. 
 
 Patobano, see Porto Batto. 
 
 Patuxent Indians, 49 ; chief friend 
 of Clayborne, 49. 
 
 Peach orchard, early, 52. 
 
 Pead, Rev, Duell, Sr., 159; Jr., 
 159. 
 
 Peirce, Capt. William, 52. 
 
 Penington, Admiral, 60. 
 
 Penn,''William, 165, 169. 
 
 Penshoot, William, 179. 
 
 Perkins, Doctor, works of, 55. 
 
 Peters, Rev. Hugh, 114. 
 
 Philips, Bartholomew, 60. 
 
 Phillips, Mary, 79. 
 
 Piscattoway or Piscataqua, New 
 England, 19, 21 ; Maryland, 
 14,l5, 33, 36 ; Chief's dream, 
 97. 
 
 Plowden, Sir Edmund, 56, 57; 
 land grant, 57 : speaks of 
 Clayborne, 56 ; time of death, 
 57 : accuses Mitchell of blas- 
 phemy, 124; ske:ch of his 
 life, 179-183. 
 
 Pocomake River, fight at, 52. 
 
 Pope's Bull, In coeua Domini, 
 101. 
 
 Porto Batto, 35, 57 ; Cornwallis 
 grant at, 80. 
 
 Pory, John, Secretary of Va., 9. 
 
 Posey, Francis, 122. 
 
 Potomac Creek stockade, 11 ; 
 Falls, 14, 28 ; Indian village, 
 14, 24, 35. 
 
 Pott, John, A.M., surgeon, 39 ; 
 Governor of Va., 43. 
 
 Prescott, Edward, accused of 
 hanging a witch, 137. 
 
 Preston, James, Quaker, 145. 
 
 Preston, Richard, Quaker,125,130, 
 
 Printing press at St. Mary, 171. 
 
 Protestant Catholics, 99 ; minis- 
 ters in Va., Ill; ministers 
 in Md., 149, 151. 
 
 Protestants abused, 96. 
 
 Puddington, Geo., 122. 
 
 Puritans in Maryland, 127 ; Vir- 
 ginia, 110. 
 
 Pypott, Mrs. Temperance, 66. 
 
 Quakers, arrival of, 130 ; perse- 
 cuted, 131 ; their preachers, 
 140 ; petition on oaths, 164. 
 
 Rabnet, Francis, servant, 91. 
 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 55. 
 Rappahannock Indians, 17. 
 Rawlinson, Charles, 79. 
 Reade, George, 137. 
 Reformation, Capt. Ingle's ship, 
 
 75. 
 Revell, Randall, 53. 
 Ricliardson, Elizabeth, hung, 139. 
 Robins, Robert, 122. 
 Rockwood, John, 79. 
 Rockwood, Thomas, 79. 
 Roedler, Matthew, 54. 
 Rogers, M., 91. 
 Roymont, Richard, 55. 
 
 Saire, William, 64. 
 
 Sandys, Sir Edwin, 39, 113. 
 
 Sandys, George, 39. 
 
 Saunders, John, 64. 
 
 Saunders, Rev.Jouathan, 155, 159. 
 
 Saunderson, Rev. Ambrose, 155. 
 
 Savage, Ensign, 9. 
 
 Sayle, Capt., explores Eleuthera, 
 115. 
 
 Scovell, Samuel, 54. 
 
 Seal of Virginia described, 113. 
 
 Sedgrave, Robert, 92 ; in behalt 
 of Protestanis, 95. 
 
 Servants, of Cornwallis, 77; Pul- 
 ton, 92; Wilkinson, 123; 
 White, 91 ; Copley, 92; Eve- 
 lyn, 54; Clayborne, 55. 
 
192 
 
 Index. 
 
 Sliarpe, Dr. Peter, Quaker, 145 ; 
 bis will, 147. 
 
 Shaunetowa Indians, 27. 
 
 Ship, Ark, 59, 60 ; Bona Ventura 
 49 ; Charles, 13 : Charity, 129 
 i>ove, fiO; Furtherance, 13 
 George, 14 ; Paramour, 11 
 Samuel, 53 ; Sea Flower, 49 
 Soutliamplon, 49 ; Tiger, 10 
 Warwick, 10, 12, 15 ; Refor- 
 mation, 75. 
 
 Shippen, Edward, 157, 166. 
 
 Shirley, Francis, 78. 
 
 Shirely, Robert, 91. 
 
 Simpson, Robert, 91. 
 
 Sinckleare, William, 79. 
 
 Slyc, Robert, son-in-law of Ger- 
 rard, 134, 136. 
 
 Sluyter, Peter, Labadist, 154, 158. 
 
 Smith, Roger, 44. 
 
 Smith, Thomas, sentenced to 
 death, 52. 
 
 Snow, Justinian, Baltimore's fac- 
 tor, 64 ; a heretic, 97. 
 
 Snow, Abel, 98. 
 
 Snow, Marmaduke, 98. 
 
 Snow, Susaunnh, wife of Surgeon 
 Gerrard, 98 ; family Protest- 
 ant, 99. 
 
 Soldier's indelicacy, 105. 
 
 Somerset, Eail of, 9. 
 
 Sousa, Matthias, 91. 
 
 Speed, John, 60. 
 
 Spilman, Henry, 11. 
 
 St. Mary, old Yowaccomoco, 17. 
 
 Starkey, Lawrence, Jesuit, 104, 
 127. 
 
 Statham, Thomas, 91. 
 
 Sterman or Sturmau, John, 75. 
 
 Sterman or Sturman, Thomas, 
 75, 122. 
 
 Stevens, Ann, 123. 
 
 Stevens, Judge, of Auamessex, 
 146. 
 
 Stirke, George, 115. 
 
 Stirke, Rev.'Mr.,115. 
 
 Stone, Gov.. Wm., notice of, 
 118; removed, 125; council- 
 lor, 137 ; in battle, 14a. 
 
 Stone, Thomas, of London, 118. 
 
 Story, Thomas, Quaker preacher, 
 166; controversy with Hall, 
 166. 
 
 Streeter, S. F., on Toleration Oath, 
 118. 
 
 Stringer, death of, 123. 
 
 Strong, Leonard, 116. 
 Stuyvesant, Governor, 156. 
 Symonds, Dorothy, marries Rev. 
 Thomas Harrison, 117. 
 
 Tailor, George, 60. 
 
 Taney, Marj^, letter to Arch- 
 bishop, 160 ; petitions for a 
 church, 162. 
 
 Tayac, Piscataway chief, 97. 
 
 Terra Marise, origin of name, 48. 
 
 Thomson, John, 91. 
 
 Thornton, John, 91. 
 
 Thurston, Thomas, Quaker 
 preacher, 180. 
 
 Tiger, ship ascends Potomac, 11. 
 
 Toleration, The Act of, 120, 121, 
 130 ; Jesuit view of, 135 ; in 
 Parliament, 111 ; Roger Wil- 
 liams on. 111 ; Plovvden on, 
 119; Oath, 118, 123; verses on, 
 154. 
 
 Tompkins, Mary, Quakeress, 143. , 
 
 Tompson, Rev. W.,110. 
 
 Tonhoga Indians, 27, 32. 
 
 Tue, Ji.hn, 92. 
 
 Tue, Restiluta, 78. 
 
 Turks, cnpture ship Tiger, 10. 
 
 Usserahak Indians, 37, 29, 31, 33. 
 
 Utie, or Uty, John, 15, 34,53; no- 
 tice of, 49. 
 
 Utie, or Uty, Ann, wdfe of John, 
 49. 
 
 Urie, Nathaniel, 137. 
 
 Van Eyden, Francis, 78. 
 Virginia Company's Journal, 9, 
 
 55 ; seal, 113 ; council, 49, 51 ; 
 
 Puritans, 113, 117; go to 
 
 Maryland, 117. 
 Virginians described, 16. 
 
 Walker, John, 54. 
 Walter, Roger, 79. 
 Ward, Edward, 79. 
 Warren, Ratcliff, 52. 
 Warren, William, 52 
 Warteilinir, Walter, 78. 
 Warwick,"ship, 12, 184. 
 Washington, ancestry, 136, 187. 
 Washington, George, 128. 
 Washington, Henry, 137. 
 Washington, Lawrence, 137. 
 Washington, Richard, 137. 
 Watkins, Edward, 61, 87. 
 
Index. 
 
 193 
 
 Watson's Island, see Palmer 's. 
 
 Webb, Arlluir, 60. 
 
 Wells, William, 79. 
 
 Wentworth, Sir Thomas, letters 
 to, 41, 53, 63. 
 
 West, Francis, Gov. of Va., 49. 
 
 West, John, his brother, 53. 
 
 West, Philip, 54. 
 
 West Point, or Pamunkey, 57. 
 
 Wheatley, John, 79. 
 
 White, Andrew, Jesuit, 64 ; notice 
 of Clayborne, 16; notice of 
 Fleet, 16 ; at Isle of Wight, 
 61 ; prisoner, 75 ; pardoned, 
 103, 104. 
 
 White, George, 93. 
 
 White, Thomas, 60. 
 
 White, Philip, 57. 
 
 Wickliffe, Daniel, 54, 100. 
 
 Wiofgin, Ann, 75. 
 
 Wilkinson, Rev. William, 123, 
 
 151 ; many pursuits, 123! 
 
 charge for sermon, 123. 
 Williams, Roger, his plea, HI. 
 Williamson, William, 54. 
 Windebank, Sec. of State, 50. 
 Winter, Sir John, 49, 64, 91 ; his 
 
 brother Edward, 64. 
 Winter, Frederick, 64. 
 Wiseman, Henry, 64. 
 Wiseman, Penelope, 80. 
 Witch hanging, 128, 137, 139. 
 Wortlcy, John, 54. 
 W'oolchurch, Henry, 143. 
 Wyatt, Gov. Francis, 13, 25, 39. 
 Wyatt, Rev. Haut, 39. 
 
 25 
 
CORKIGENDA. 
 
 Page 91, Caption. Bark Virginia, should read Bark Warwick. 
 
 45, Running title. Takes the oath, should read refuses the oath. 
 66, Richard William, should read Richard Willand. 
 71, Oxoniensis, should read Oxonienses. 
 87, Edward Hawkins, should read Edward Watkins. 
 103, St. Jingo, should read St. Iriigo. 
 
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