LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. ®^JtItD.a32inp]p^# |n.- Shelf ..Xf-ii UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. AN EPITOME ENGLISH HISTORY; QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. BY y S. AGNES KUMMER REVISED BY A. M. CHANDLEE. MULTUM IN PARVO.^y ^^ ;^:/ A. S. BARNES & COMPANY, NEW YORK AND CHICAGO. 1883, Copyright^ 1883, by A M. Chandlee. THE LIBRARY or CONGRESS WASHINOTOH ^ PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. T HIS little manual is offered to Teachers and Students of r^ -*" English History, with the hope that it may supply a want ^ which the compiler has found unmet by any of the existing text- books. It is by no means designed to supersede the study of more comprehensive class-books of English History, but merely to act as a handmaiden to them, by presenting in a condensed form the principal dates and facts which, when once fixed in the memory, will add greatly to the facility and enjoyment of more extended study. It was at first designed to limit the use of this little work solely to the pupils for whom it has been prepared, but the success which has attended its partial application in manuscript has induced its publication, in the hope that it may be profitable to others who are interested in this noble study. Edge WORTH School, Baltimore, August 8, 1866. PKEFACE TO THE EEVISED EDITIOJST. rriHE first edition of the " Epitome of English History " was limited to a comparatively small number, and has for some time been exhausted. The success which has attended its use in Edgeworth School, Baltimore, and other similar institu- tions, as well as the favorable testimony of teachers in different parts of the country, has induced the publication of a second edition. Several corrections have been made, and some new matter added to bring the work up to the present time. In the hope that this Epitome may aid both teachers and scholars in studying the history of our mother country, with which we are so closely linked in the civilization of the world, and also be a useful little book of reference in many a household library, it is sent forth by one who, as pupil and teacher in Edge- worth School, was for many years associated with the original compiler. HOMEWOOD, June 4, 1883. AN EPITOME OF English History. BRITAIN TO THE ROMAN INVASION. From Date Unknown to 55 B. C. THIS is the legendary period of British history. Britain was anciently called Albion; it was a desolate waste of marsh land and forest, and its inhab- itants, whom tradition says were descended from Brutus, a Trojan, were barbarians. The Phoenician merchants traded with the Britons for tin several centuries before the Christian era. Shakspeare's " King Lear " was an ancient British monarch of this period. The ancient Britons were Celts. BRITAIN FROM THE ROMAN TO THE SAXON INVASION. 55 B. C— A. D. 449. Invasion of Britain by the Romans under Julius Caesar, 55 B. C. Cassivelaunus or Caswallon was the leader of the Britons. 54 B. C. second invasion of 6 AN EPITOME OF Caesar who penetrated as far as Venilam, the modern St. Albans. For ninety-foar years no other invasion was at- tempted, and the Britons lived in peaceful communica- tion with Rome, but as free as if Caesar had never landed. The Druids were the priests of the Britons. At Stonehenge are the remains of a Druidical temple. Human sacrifices were a terrible feature of Druidical worship. During this period lived Cunobelin, the Cymbeline of Shakspeare. Mock-invasion of Caligula A. D. 40. Invasion of Claudius A. D. 43. The Roman General was Aulus Plautius, and Caractacus was the leader of the Britons ; capture of Camalodunum, the modern Colchester. Vespasian, afterwards Emperor, conquered the Isle of Wight, and his son Titus, the future conqueror of Jerusalem, fought as a private soldier. A. D. 51, Caractacus defeated at Caer-Caradoc in Shropshire and sent captive to Rome. A. D. 59, Sue- tonius appointed by ISTero took the command in Britain, he attacked Anglesey and destroyed the Druids. A. D. 61, Boadicea, " bleeding from the Roman rods," stirred up a revolt, which ended in the defeat and death of the " British Warrior Queen." The town of Londinium, modern London, was laid in ashes. The Romans were now masters of Britain. Agricola appointed to the command A. D. 78. He marched into Caledonia and raised aline of forts from the Clyde to the Forth. ENGLISH HISTORY. 7 A. D. 121, Hadrian built a rampart from the Tyne to Solway Firth. This is known in history as the wall of Severus, because A. D. 208, Severus repaired and perfected it. Severus died at York in 211. St. Alban, first Christian martyr of Great Britain, was beheaded at Verulam 303. Constantius died at York 306, and his son, Constantine the Great, assumed the purple at York. The Scots and Picts invaded Britain and penetrated to London 367. The Britons obtained some assistance from Rome, but it was soon withdrawn. A letter was written to ^tius, Governor of Gaul, A. D. 448, in which Vortigern, Prince of the Britons, entreated the Saxons for aid. Arrival of Hen- gist and Horsa A. D. 449. ENGLAND FROM THE SAXON INVASION TO THE NORMAN CONQUEST A. D. 449 — \o66. This portion of English history may be divided into four periods : 1st. From the first Saxon invasion to the union of the Heptarchy. A. D. 449—827. 2d. From the union of the Heptarchy to the usur pation of the Danes. A. D. 827—1013. 3d. The Danish usurpation. A. D. 1013—1041. 4th. From the restoration of the Anglo-Saxons to the Norman Conquest. A. D. 1041—1066. AN EPITOME OF FIRST PERIOD. From the First Saxon Invasion to the Union of the Hep- tarchy. A. D. 449—827. Vortigern married Eowena, the daughter of Hengist. A. D. 455, Horsa was slain. A. D. 457, Hengist drove the Britons out of Kent, and assumed the kingly power. Encouraged by the success of their countrymen, other bands of German invaders came over at different inter- vals and settled themselves in England. About A. D. 520, died the famous Arthur, King of Britain. Numerous fabulous stories are told about Arthur, his Knights of the Eound Table, and the en- chanter Merlin. A. D. 597, St. Augustine, a monk, came to Britain, which, under the Saxons, had relapsed into heathendom. Augustine converted Ethelbert, King of Kent, and many of his subjects. Ethelbert had married Bertha, daughter of Caribert, King of the Franks. Bertha was a Christian when she came to Kent, and worshipped in the church of St. Martin, Canterbury. St. Martin's is the oldest church in Eng- land, and is generally supposed to have been built by the Eomans, A. D. 187. Ethelbert, Bertha, and St. Augustine were all buried in St. Martin's. St. Paul's Cathedral, London, was founded A. D. 609, and Westminster Abbey by Sebert, King of the East Saxons, A. D. 616. The University of Cambridge was founded A. D. 644. Bede, the historian, usually styled "the Venerable Bede," died at the Monastery of Wear- mouth A. D. 735. A. D. 827, the Saxon kingdoms were united into one ENGLISH HISTORY. 9 monarchy, over which Egbert, King of Wessex, was sole ruler. The country was now first called England, and Winchester was the capital. The Britons had all been driven to Cambria, now Wales, to Cornwall, and to Bretagne in France. SECOND PERIOD. From the Union of the Heptarchy to the Usurpation of the Danes. A. D. 827—1013. Egbert. A. D. 827—836. The Danes invaded England. Egbert was buried at Winchester. Ethelwulf. 83G— 857. Son of Egbert. He married, 1st. Osberga, daughter of Oslac, his cupbearer. 2d. Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald of France. Ethelwulf and Osberga had five sons, all of whom, except the first, wore the English crown ; and one daughter, Ethelswytha. During this reign the Danes invaded England, sailed up the Thames, and burnt the cities of London and Canterbury. Ethelwulf died at Stambridge m Essex, and wp" buried at Steyning in Sussex. Ethelbald. 857—860. Ethelbert. 860—866. Ethelred. 866—871. Sons of Ethelwulf and Osberga. Puring these reigns 10 ' AN EPITOME OF the Danes continued their ravages. They martyred Edmund, King of East Anglia, and his burial-place took the name of Bury St. Edmunds. Alfred the Great. 871 — 901. Son of Ethelwulf and Osberga. He was born at Wantage, died at Farringdon, and was buried at W in- chester. He married Elswitha, daughter of Ethelfrid of Mercia. Alfred had several children ; the best known are : Edward the Elder, who succeeded his father ; Ethelfleda, the most learned and remarkable woman of her time. During this reign there was continual warfare with the Danes. 878, a great peace was concluded between Alfred and Guthrum, the Danish chief. 893, the Danes under Hastings again began to commit ravages, but Alfred finally restored tranquillity to the country. During the reign of Alfred, the University of Oxford was founded. England was divided into counties and hundreds, and trial by jury established. Edward the Elder. 901 — 925. Son of Alfred and Elswitha. He re-established the University of Cambridge. Athelstan. 925 — 941. Son of Edward the Elder and Egwina. He died at Gloucester, and was buried at Malmsbury. He gained ENGLISH HISTORY. 11 numerous victories over the Danes, and caused the Bible to be translated into the Saxon tongue. Edmund I. 941—947. Edred. 947 — 955. Sons of Edward the Elder and Edgifa. Edmund was stabbed by Leolf, a robber. Edred was ruled by Dunstan, Abbot of Glaston- bury. Edwy. 955—959. Edgar the Peaceable. 959—975. Sons of Edmund I. and Elgiva. Edwy married Elgiva, his cousin. Dunstan forced him to divorce Elgiva, who was put to death with great cruelty, and Edwy died of grief. Edgar built monasteries, exterminated wolves, and increased the navy. He was very arrogant, and at Chester his barge on the Dee was rowed by eight vassal princes. Edward II., the Martyr. 975 — 978. Son of Edgar the Peaceable and Ethelfleda. He was stabbed at Corfe Castle by order of his step-mother, Elfrida. Ethelred IL, the Ukready. 978—1013. Died 1016. Son of Edgar the Peaceable and Elfrida. He married, 1st. Elfleda; their son was Edmund ''Ironside." 12 AN EPITOME OF 2d. Emma, sister of Richard II., Puke of ISTormandy ; their sons were : Alfred, who fell into the hands of his enemies and was put to death at Ely ; Edward, surnamed the Confessor. This reign was a series of struggles with the piratical Danes. At first the king was weak and injudicious enough to buy them off with tribute money, called Danegeld. November 13, 1002, Ethelred caused a mas- sacre of the Danes, which they revenged by an invasion under their king Sweyn. Ethelred fled to Normandy ; he subsequently returned to England, but never re- covered his authority. THIRD PERIOD. The Danish Usurpation. A. D. 1013— 1041. Sweyn was virtually sovereign of England for one year, but before he could be crowned he died at Gains- borough . Canute the Great. 1014—1036. Edmund Ieonside. 1016. After many struggles on the part of Edmund Iron- side to regain the kingdom, in 1016, Canute and he made an agreement to divide it between them. About a month afterwards Edmund was murdered at Oxford, and Canute became sole monarch of England. Edmund Ironside left two sons, who were educated in Hungary: Edmund. ENGLISH HISTORY.^ 13 Edward '' the Exile," the father of Edgar Atheling, and of Margaret, who married Malcolm, King of Scotland. Canute married, 1st. Elgiva. Their sons were Sweyn and Harold. 2d. Emma, the widow of Ethelred the Unready. Their son was Hardicanute. Canute died at Shaftesbury, and was buried at Winchester. He wds a wise prince ; his reproof to his courtiers at Southampton is well known. Harold, surnamed Harefoot. 1036 — 1040. Son of Canute and Elgiva. It was during this reign that Alfred, the son of Ethelred and Emma, was mur- dered. Harold died at Oxford. Hardicanute. 1040 — 1041. Son of Canute and Emma. He was wicked and in- temperate, and died at Lambeth after a short reign. FOURTH PERIOD. From the Restoration of the Anglo-Saxons to the Norman Conquest. A. D. 1041—8066. Edward the Coi^fessor. 1041 — 1066. Son of Ethelred and Emma. He married Editha, daughter of Earl Godwin, Edw^ard had been educated in Normandy; he favored foreigners and thereby in- curred the dislike of the English. 14 ''an epitome of The most prominent man of the time was the power- ful Earl G-odwin. He and his family were at one time banished by the king. Soon after his restoration he died, leaving as head of the house his son Harold, who wished to be appointed Edward's successor. The king had nominated Edward the Exile, but a few days after the latter returned to England, he died, and the Con- fessor, passing over the true heir, Edgar Atheling, be- queathed the crown to William of Normandy. Edward built that part of the abbey church at West- minster still called, " The Confessor's Chapel." He was buried there. During this reign the sons of Duncan, King of Scot- land, fled to England to seek assistance from Edward. Their father had been slain by Macbeth, who had also usurped the throne. This story is told by Shakspeare in the tragedy of Macbeth. Harold II. 1066. Harold, the son of Earl Godwin, was crowned king by the Archbishop of York. Whilst Harold was in the north of England, defeating the Norwegians who had landed on the coast, William of Normandy landed at Pevensey, in Sussex. The battle of Hastings was fought between Harold and William, October 14, 1066. William was victorious. Harold was killed, — ^he was buried in Waltham Abbey. Two years later the Con- queror founded an abbey on the site of the battle-field, and called it "Battle Abbey." ENGLISH HISTORY. 15 SAXON LINE OF KINGS. Egbebt 827—836 Ethelwulf. 836—857 Ethelbald. Ethelbert Ethelbed Alfred the Great J sons of Ethelwulf . 857—860 860—866 866—871 L 871—901 Edward the Elder, son of Alfred 901—925 Athelstan 1 ( 925—941 Edmund I.. \ sons of Edward the Elder ■! 941—947 Edred ) (947—955 Edwy.... ) ^„ , (955—959 ^ ^^ \ sons of Edmund I \^^^ ^^^ Edgar the Peaceable) (959—975 Edward the Martyr.. . .) ^ ^ ( 975 — 978 _ ^^ [ sons of Edgar \ _^ ^ Ethelred the Unready) (978—1016 Edmund Ironside, son of Ethelred the Unready 1016 THE DANISH LINE. Canute the Great 1014—1036 Harold Harefoot) ^ ^ (1036—1040 „ ^ sons of Canute i^^,^ .^.. Hardicanute ) 1040—1041 SAXON LINE RESTORED. Edward the Confessor, son of Ethelred the Unready 1041—1066 Harold, son of Earl Godwin 1066 THE NORMAN LINE. William the Conqueror. 1066 — 1087. Born 1027. Son of Eobert, Duke of Normanciy, sur- named " Robert the Magnificent," or more commonly IG AN EPITOME OF '' Robert le Diable/' and Arlotta, daughter of a tanner of Falaise. He was married to Matilda of Flanders, and had four sons and six daughters. Those best known in history are : Robert, ^surnamed Courthose, to whom he left Nor- mandy ; Richard, who was killed in the New Forest ; William Ruf us, King of England ; Henry, afterwards Henry I., to whom he left his mother's fortune; Adela, who married Stephen, Count of Blois, and was the mother of Stephen the Usurper. William the Conqueror met with the accident which caused his death at the burning of the town of Mantes. He died at the abbey of St. Gervaise, near Rouen, and was buried in the abbey of St. Stephen at Caen. Principal Events of his Reign. The conquest of England 1066. His coronation in Westminster Abbey. Edgar Atheling renounced his claim to the crown, and received a pension of a mark a day. The Saxons, the Normans, and the sons of the king rebelled in turn. War with Philip I., King of France. Destruction of Mantes and death of the Conqueror. During this reign the Curfew Bell was instituted — the New Forest made — Domesday Book compiled — Feudal law introduced — and the Tower built. Matilda, wife of the Conqueror, died at Caen, and was buried there in the Convent of the Holy Trinity. ENGLISH HISTORY. 17 She has commemorated the achievements of her war- like husband in the famous Bayeux tapestry, still pre- served in the cathedral of Bayeux. The Channel Isles were annexed to England at the conquest. William II., surnamed Rufus. 1087—1100. Born 1057. Son of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders. He was never married. He died in the New Forest, and was buried at Winchester. Principal Events of his Reign. Invasion of Normandy. Eobert and William united against Henry. First Crusade 1096, in which Eobert and Edgar Atheling join. Preached by Peter the Hermit. During this reign Westminster Hall was built. The sea overflowed 4000 acres of land, situated opposite Deal, and formed what is called Goodwin Sands. The New Forest was fatal to three of the descendants of the Conqueror — his sons Richard and William, and his grandson Richard, son of Robert Courthose. Henry I., surnamed Beauclbec. 1100 — 1135. Born at Selby in Yorkshire, 1070. Son of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders. He was mar- ried, 1st, to Matilda of Scotland, niece of Edgar Athel- ing ; 2d, to Adelicia of Louvain. 18 AN EPITOME OF Henry I, and Matilda of Scotland had two children : William, who was drowned crossing the Channel from Normandy ; Matilda, called ^^the Empress Maude/' who mar- ried first, Henry V., Emperor of Germany, and afterwards Geoffrey Plahtagenet, Count of Anjou. Henry died at St. Denis, in Normandy. His hody was taken to England and interred in the Abbey of St Mary at Eeading. Principal Events of his Reign. War with his brother Robert, Duke of Normandy. Capture of Robert, who was imprisoned for twenty-eight weary years at Cardiff Castle. It is said that he was also deprived of sight. Shipwreck of the "White Ship," and loss of Prince William. The king was so much affected by the death of his son, that " he never smiled again." During this reign the order of " Knights Templars " was instituted. Woollen manufacture was introduced by some Flemings, who settled in Pembrokeshire, Wales. Stephen of Blois. 1135 — 1154. Born 1105. Son of Stephen, Count of Blois, and Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror. He was married to Matilda of Boulogne. All their children, except a daughter who took the veil, died young. The eldest, Prince Eustace, had been proclaimed heir to the throne of England. ENGLISH HISTORY. 19 Stephen died at Dover, and was buried in the Abbey of Feversham. His queen, Matilda, was a noble woman. The beautiful legend on her tomb is, " If ever woman deserved to be carried by angel hands to heaven it was this holy queen." She was buried in the Abbey of Feversham. Principal Events of Ms Reign. Wars with Matilda, daughter of Henry I., who by right of birth should have had the crown. Matilda was aided by the Earl of Gloucester. David, King of Scotland, invaded the north of England in defence of his niece's title, and fought the battle of Northallerton or the Standard. The Scots were defeated. After many years of civil war, most disastrous to the king- dom, Stephen and Matilda made a compromise, by which Stephen was to reign during his lifetime, and the crown to descend to the son of Matilda. Second Crusade 1147, preached by St. Bernard, abbot of Clair- vaux. During this reign lived William of Malmesbury, Geoffrey of Monmouth, and Henry of Huntingdon, historians. 20 AN EPITOME OF NORMAN LINE OF KINGS. William the Conqueror 1066—1087. William II,, surnamed Rufus 1087 — 1100. Henry I., surnamed Beauclerc 1100—1135. Stephen of Blois 1135—1154. THE HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET. Hekry IL, surnamed Plantagek"et. 1154 — 1189. Born 1133. Son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, and Matilda, daughter of Henry I. In him the Saxon line was restored. He married Eleanor of Guienne or Aquitaine, the divorced wife of Louis YII. of France. They had seven children : William, who died in childhood ; Henry, who married Marguerite of France, and died before his father ; Eichard, surnamed Coeur de Lion ; Geoffrey, who married Constance of Bretagne, and was the father of Arthur and the Damsel of Bretagne ; John, surnamed Lackland; Maud, married to Henry the Lion, Duke of Savony ; Joan, married to William, King of Sicily. Henry died of a broken heart at the Castle of Chinon, near Saumur in Anjou, and was buried in the Abbey of Fontevrault. Principal Events of Ms Reign. Disputes with the clergy. Thomas a Becket, son of Gilbert a Becket, a merchant of London, wlio had been hjyglise: history. 21 a Crusader, and of a Saracen lady, was created Arch- bishop of Canterbury. Becket, when eleyated to this high station, changed his demeanor and sided against the king. Henry was much irritated by tlie conduct of Becket, and in an unguarded moment exclaimed, " Is there nobody to deliver me from this turbulent priest?" Four gentlemen of the king's household immediately set out for Canterbury and murdered Becket in the cathedral, before the altar of St. Benedict, 29th December, 1170. Becket was canonized, and pil- grimages were made to his shrine. King Henry was obliged to do public penance at his tomb. Conquest of Ireland 1171. Dermot, King of Leinster, asked assist- ance from Henry to restore him to his sovereignty, from which he had been driven ; he enlisted in his cause the Earl of Pembroke, surnamed Strongbow. The latter married Eva, the daughter of Dermot, and upon the death of Dermot claimed the crown in right of his wife. Henry obhged Strongbow to resign his pretensions, and the whole kingdom of Ireland submitted without a blow. Queen Eleanor encouraged her sons to rebel against their father. Henry, the eldest, died before his father. Geoffrey was killed in a tournament at Paris. After the death of his brothers, Ei chard per- suaded John to join a rebellion against their father. The disaffection of this favorite son, John, caused the king so much grief that it resulted in his death. During this reign the kingdom was divided into cir- cuits. The distinction between Saxons and Normans began to disappear. Glass windows first used in private houses. Nicholas Breakspeare, the only Englishnian 22 AH EPITOME OF who ever wore the tiara, was chosen Pope in 1154, and took the title of Adrain TV, London now became the capital. EiCHAED L, surnamed Cceue de Lioiir. 1189 — 1199. Born at Oxford, 1157. Son of Henry II. and Eleanor of Guienne. He was married to Berengaria, daughter of the king of Navarre, and had no children. Eichard died while besieging the castle of Chains in Aquitaine, and was buried in the Abbey of Fontevrault. Eichard has been installed in romance as the great hero of chilvalry, but although Sir Walter Scott has said that his name is "so dear to Englishmen," and we have been used to identify him with the "Black- Knight" of "Ivanhoe," and the "lion-heart" of "The Talisman," it must not be forgotten that he was a re- bellious and undutiful son. His expedients to raise money were very questionable, and, though brave and frank, he was haughty and avaricious. During his reign of ten years he passed but few months in Eng- land, and he was never known to speak English but once. Principal Events of his Reign. Third Crusade. Sojourn in Sicily. Capture of the Island of Cyprus. Capture of Acre. Battle of Joppa, in which the Christians were victorious. Truce with Saladin for three years, three months, three days, and three hours. Eeturn of the king. His capture, imprison- ment, and release. Tradition says that the place of his captivity was discovered by Blondel, a faithful minstrel. Siege of the castle of Chains, near Limoges. ENGLISH HISTOHY. 23 During this reign lived the celebrated outlaw, Robin Hood. He is the Saxon yeoman Locksley, of Ivanhoe, and was the leader of a band of outlaws, amongst whom were Friar Tuck and Little John ; they lived in Sher- wood Forest. John", surnamed Lackland. 1199 — 1216. Born 1166. Son of Henry II. and Eleanor of Guienne. He was married to Isabella of Angouleme, and had five children. Those best known in history are: Henry, who succeeded him ; Jane, married to Alexander, King of Scotland ; Eleanor, married, first, to the Earl of Pembroke, secondly, to the Earl of Leicester. He died in the castle of Newark, and was buried in Worcester Cathedral. Principal Events of his Reign. Murder of his nephew, Arthur of Bretagne, son of Geoffrey, and rightful heir to the throne. Quarrel with the Pope, Innocent III. The barons compelled John to sign Magna Oharta at Runnymede, near Windsor, 15th June, 1215. John enlisted foreign soldiers and tried to recall all the liberties he had granted. The barons invited Louis, eldest son of the King of France, to their aid, promising to reward him with the crown. Death of the king. Magna Oharta is still preserved in the British Mu- seum. Arthur of Bretagne was supposed to have been murdered at the Castle of Rouen, and his sister, the 24 Ay EPITOME OF Damsel of Bretagne, was imprisoned in Bristol Castle, where she died. John lost his French provinces, hence his surname. HeNEY III. OF WiNCHESTEE. 1216 — 1272. Born 1207. Son of John and Isabella of Angoul^me. He was married to Eleanor of Provence, and had four children. The best known in history are : Edward, who succeeded him ; Edmund, titular King of Sicily ; Margaret, married Alexander III. of Scotland. Henry died at Westminster, and was buried in West- minster Abbey. Principal Events of Ms Reign. Earl of Pembroke appointed Protector of the realm. The French army defeated at Lincoln, 1217. Death of the Earl of Pembroke. The Pope gave Prince Edmund the title of King of Sicily. Great extortion of the Pope and Henry to defray the expenses of this empty honor. The barons, headed by Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, refused to submit to the exactions of the king. The "mad parliament" assembled at Oxford. Louis IX. of France attempted to act as mediator, but he was unsuccessful. The king and Edward taken prisoners at Lewes, 1264. Edward's escape, 1265. Bat- tle of Evesham, in which the party of the king was victorious. The earl of Leicester and his son were slain. 1270, Prince Edward set out on a crusade, the seventh and last ENGLISH IIISTOEY. 25 This was the longest reign in English history, with the exception of that of George III. During this reign and that of Edward I. lived Roger Bacon, a monk, who dwelt at Oxford, and was the first experimental philos- opher in England. He is said to have invented gun- powder, telescopes, reading glasses, and various other things both useful and curious. He was looked upon as a magician. The first parliament met in 1265. Edward L, surnamed Lojtgshanks. 1272—1307. Born A. D. 1239. Son of Henry HI. and Eleanor of Provence. He was twice married : 1st. To Eleanor of Castile, by whom he had fifteen children ; 2d. To Marguerite of France, by whom he had two sons and a daughter. He died at Burgh-on-the-Sands, near Carlisle; his heart was taken to the Holy Land, and his body was buried in Westminster Abbey. His tomb bears this inscription: "Here lies the Hammer of the Scottish Nation." His queen, Eleanor of Castile, surnamed " The Faith- fal," was a lovely woman. She accompanied Edward to the Holy Land, and it is said that she saved his life by sucking the poison from his arm, which had been wounded by a Saracen assassin. Whether this touch- ing legend be strictly true or not, it is certain that Edward always attributed his recovei'y to Eleanor's 2C) AN EFITOMJ^J OF devoted care and attention. Queen Eleanor died 1290, near Grantham, in Lincolnshire. The king followed her corpse in person during thirteen days. At each resting place Edward erected a magnificent cross. Those at Waltham and Northampton still remain. In London the body rested on the spot now occupied by the statue of Charles I., and a cross was built in memory of Ed- ward's chere reine, hence Charing Cross, "dear Queen's Cross."' At this time (1866), that monument is being- restored near the same spot, and is called Hungerford Cross. PrincijMl Events of his Reign. War with Wales. 1282, Llewellyn, the Welsh prince, was killed in a skirmish at Builth, on the Wye. His head, crowned with ivy, was placed on the gate of the Tower of London. 1283, Conquest of Wales, David, brother of Llewellyn, was executed. 1284, Edward, son of the king, was born at Caernarvon, and declared Prince of Wales, and since then the eldest sons of the English sovereigns have always borne that title. 1290, the Jews banished from England, and they were not permitted to return until the time of the Common- wealth. War with Scotland. The "Maid of Norway," grand- child of Alexander IIL of Scotland, and of Margaret, daughter of Henry III. of England, betrothed to Ed-" ward of Caernarvon, died at the Orkney Islands on hei* way to Scotland. There was no direct heir to the tlirone of Scotland ; thirteen claimants appeared, but ENGLISH HISTOIiY. 27 only three of them had any real grounds for their de- mands. The decision was referred to Edward L, who pronounced in favor of John Balliol. 1292, Kobert Bruce disputed the succession. The Scots, headed by Sir William Wallace, were defeated at Ealkirk, 1298. Wallace was executed at Smithfield, London, 23d August, 1305. Robert Bruce, grandson of the Eobert Bruce who had disputed the crown with Balhol, slew the Red Oomyn in the church of the Minorites, at Dumfries. Edward immediately took up arms to re- venge the murder. Bruce was crowned King of Scot- land, at Scone, March 29, 1306. The English king made all haste to reach Scotland, but died near Carlisle, July 7, 1307. Edward, some years previous, had made an unsuc- cessful attempt to recover Guienne. His improvement of the laws has given him the title of ^^the English Justinian.''^ There is a tradition that after the conquest of Wales, Edward caused the massacre of the Welsh bards. This is commemorated in Gray's noble ode, "The Bard." During the war with Scotland, Edward removed to London the great stone, "the stone of destiny," on which the Scottish kings had been crowned from time immemorial. This relic is still preserved in Westmin- ster Abbey, and is fixed to the bottom of Edward the Confessor's chair, the coronation chair, by clamps of iron. It is nothing more than a piece of reddish-gray sandstone, squared and smoothed. Sir William Wallace, the "Knight of Ellershe," is to 2S ~ AN EPITOME OF the Scottish people what Tell is to the Swiss, and Washington to the Americans. He is supposed to have been betrayed to the English by Sir John Menteith. He was tried in Westminster Hall. After his death his head was placed on London Bridge, and his body was quartered and sent to [N'ewcastle, Berwick, Perth, and Aberdeen. Robert Bruce was crowned by Isabella, Countess of Buchan, as her brother, the Earl of Eife, whose duty it was to have placed the crown on the king's head, refused his attendance. King Edward before his death made his son promise that his body should be boiled in a large caldron until the flesh separated from the bones, and that these bones, wrapped in a bull's hide, should be carried at the head of the English army whenever the Scots rebelled. This prom- ise was not fulfilled. Edward II., surnamed Caerkaevo]^. 1307 — 1327. Born A. D. 1284. Son of Edward I. and Eleanor of Castile. He was married to Isabella the Fair, of France, and had four children. The two best known are: Edward, who succeeded him; Jane, married to David II. of Scotland. He was murdered at Berkeley Castle with great cruelty. The Severn re-echoed, ** The shrieks of death, through Berkeley's roof that ring. Shrieks of an agonizing king." The body of this unhappy monarch was buried in Gloucester Cathedral. His Queen Isabella, "she- wolf ENGLISH HISTORY. 29 of France/' was a woman of an odious character. She ■ was imprisoned in Castle Kising for some years before her death. Principal Events of his Reign. Edward disregarded the promise made to his father to continue the war with Scotland. Eecalled Piers Gaveston, and showed him so many favors that it caused great disaffection amongst the barons. Gaves- ton was taken prisoner by the Earl of Pembroke, and executed on Blacklow-hill, near Warwick Castle. War with Scotland renewed. Battle of Bannockburn, June 24, 1314, — the Scots were completely victorious. Hugh de Spenser succeeded Gaveston in the favor of the king. The nobles banded themselves against the De Spensers (father and son), and a period of bloody contentions between the king and the barons ensued. 1322, the Earl of Lancaster was beheaded. The queen contrived to go to France with the Prince of Wales, and then openly sided with the barons against the king. Roger Mortimer, Earl of March, headed the faction against Edward, — he became the favorite of Isabella. 1326, the queen and her party openly took up arms against the king. Edward was taken prisoner and con- ducted to Kenilworth Castle, where he was compelled to sign a formal abdication of the crown in favor of his son Edward, Prince of Wales. After his deposition the king was very cruelly treated, and on the 21st of September, 1327, by the command of the queen and Mortimer, he was murdered in Berkeley Castle. 30 AN EPITOME OF During this reign, 1312, the order of Knights Tem- plars was suppressed. Their property in London was given by Edward II. to the Earl of Pembroke ; at his death it passed to the Knights of St. John of Jerusa- lem, and afterwards to the Crown. In the reign of Edward III. it was leased by the students of law, and has been occupied by them ever since. James I. con- ferred the property upon them. The Temple Church is one of the most interesting monuments of London. It was built in 1183, after the model of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem. It contains many ancient monuments of the Templars. Edwaed IIL of Wikdsor. 1327—1377. Born 1312. Son of Edward 11. and Isabella the Fair of France. He was married to Philippa of Hainault, and had twelve children, seven sons and five daughters. Two sons died in infancy, the others were : 1st. Edward, the Black Prince, married to Joanna of Kent, w^idow of Sir Thomas Holland. The Black Prince died near London, and was buried in Canterbury Cathedral. 2d. Lionel, Duke of Clarence, who died, leaving an only daughter, Philippa, married to Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March. The son of the latter, Koger, Earl of March, was the true heir to the throne of England on the death of Eichard II., but, owing to his youth, his claims were disre- garded, and they were transmitted to his daugh- ter Anne, who married Edmund, son of the ENGLISH HISTORY. 31 Diike of York. Their son Eichard, Duke of York, asserted his claims to the throne, and though he was killed, they were recognized in the person of his son, afterwards Edward IV. 3d. John of Gaunt, "time-honored Lancaster," married, 1st Blanche of Lancaster; 2d. Oonstantia of Castile ; 3d. Katherine Swynford, whose son, John Beaufort, was the great-grandfather of Henry VII. 4th. Edmund of Langley, Duke of York, great- grandfather of Edward IV. 5th. Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester. Edward III. died at Shene, and was buried in West- minster Abbey, Piiilippa was a worthy consort for the "Lion of England." She is buried at the feet of her husband in Westminster Abbey. Principal Events of his Reign. An ineffectual attempt to subjugate Scotland during the minority of the king. The king asserted his power by the execution of Mortimer and the imprisonment of the queen. War with Scotland and France. Edward asserted his claim to the throne of France through his mother Isabella, in defiance of the Salique law. The French defeated in the naval battle of Sluys, 1340. The next two years Edward employed in trying to re- plenish his exhausted treasury, and in attending to the affairs of his kingdom. 1342, EdAvard espoused the 32 AN EPITOME OF cause of Jane, Countess of Montfort, the most extra- ordinary woman of her age, whose husband claimed the succession to the dukedom of Brittany. 1346, Edward made a formidable invasion of France. Battle of Orecy, 26th of August, 1346 ; the Black Prince " won his spurs" in this battle, and the blind king of Bo- hemia was killed. After the battle of Orecy followed the siege of Calais, which lasted eleyen months. Octo- ber 17, 1346, Philippa won the battle of Neville's Cross, near Durham, in which David, King of Scotland, was taken prisoner. The lives of six noble citizens of Calais were spared at the instance of Queen Philippa. A grievous pestilence prevented the immediate prose- cution of the French war. September 19, 1356, was fought the battle of Poitiers, in which the English were completely victorious. King John of France was taken prisoner to London. John was subsequently restored to liberty, but in default of the payment of his ransom he returned to London, and died at the palace of Savoy in the Strand. In 1367 the Black Prince marched into Castile to assist Pedro the Cruel. The Spanish cam- paign and its consequences were very unfortunate to the English. In 1376 died the Black Prince, Edward died in 1377, abandoned by his children, and almost alone. " Mighty victor, mighty lord, Low on his funeral couch he lies ! No pitying heart, no eye, aflFord A tear to grace his obsequies." At this period '^feudalism " was nearly at an end, but the "poetry of feudalism" existed in the order of ENGLISH HISTORY. 33 *^ chivalry." England was yery prosperous. The king encouraged the development of trade and commerce. Coals were first taken from Newcastle to London. Queen Philippa established the cloth manufacture at Norwich. Froissart, author of the Chronicles, was the queen's secretary; and Geoffrey Chaucer, the "father of English poetry," called by Spenser, *' Well of English imdefyled," and author of The Canterbury Tales, was her protege. Edward showed a warm friendship for Jacob Van Arte veldt, commonly styled "the Brewer of Ghent," and it was at his suggestion that the king assumed the royal coat of arms of France. The palace of Windsor was built under the direction of William of Wykeham. Over the great gate is the well known inscription, " This made Wykeham." Wykeham founded Winchester School, and was made Bisho|) of Winchester, aud afterivards Lord Chancellor of England. He took for his motto, '* Manners makyth Men." During this reign and the next also lived John Wycliffe, "the Morning Star of the Reformation ;" he was pro- tected by John of Gaunt. Wycliffe translated the Scriptures into English ; his proselytes were called Lollards. In 1344, the Order of the Knights of the Garter was instituted. The badge of the Order is a dark blue rib- bon, with the motto, "Honi soit qui mal y pense," 34 AN EPIT03IE OF (Evil to him who evil thinks). This Order is the most honorable of any in the world; it consists of twenty-five members, not counting the Sovereign of England, who is head of the Order, princes of the blood, and foreign potentates who are sometimes invested with it as a very high honor. The crest of the King of Bohemia, slain at Orecy, was three ostrich feathers, and his motto, "Ich dien" (I serve) ; they were adopted by Edward the Black Prince, and have ever since been worn as the arms of the Princes of Wales. ^ It is said that " bombards," a sort of cannon, were first used by the English at the battle of Crecy. About this period oil-painting was invented by John Van Eyck, a native of Holland. Queen PhiUippa founded Queen's College at Oxford, and the Hospital of the Nuns of St. Catherine by the Tower. KiCHARD n. OF Bordeaux. 1377—1399. Born 1367. Son of Edward the Black Prince, and Joanna of Kent. He married, 1st. Anne of Bohemia, surnamed the Good : 2d. Isabella of Valois ; and left no children. He was murdered at Pontefract Castle, and buried first at King's Langley, and after- wards in Westminster Abbey. Principal Events of his Reign. 1381, insurrection headed by Wat Tyler. Eichard's conduct was bold and energetic. Wat Tyler was killed at Smithfield, and the insurgents immediately submitted ENGLISH HISTORY. 35 to the king. 1388, battle of Otterboiirne sung in the old ballad of Chevy Chase; — young Percy, surnamed Hotspur, was taken prisoner, and Douglas slain. 1397, the Duke of Gloucester, 'uncle of the king, was accused of high treason, and summoned to be tried by Parlia- ment at Westminster, — before the day appointed it was said that Gloucester had died in prison, but it was sus- pected that he had been murdered by the king's orders. 1398, quarrel between Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Hereford, and Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk; the king banished them the kingdom. 1399, John of Gaunt died, and Richard seized on his estates. Boling- broke returned to claim his rights whilst Richard was in Ireland ; be was joined by a great number of noble- men and followers, and soon made use of his advan- tages to seize upon the crown. Richard was taken prisoner in Flint Castle, he was conveyed to the Tower, where he resigned the crown in favor of *^ my cousin, Henry of Lancaster." He was afterwards formally deposed by a vote of Parliament assembled in Westmin- ster Hall, and removed to Pontefract Castle, where he was murdered or starved to death. Shakspeare has illustrated this reign in one of his ten " Chronicle Plays " Isabella, the youthful Queen of Richard, returned to France, where she afterwards married her cousin, Duke of Orleans. Heistry IV., surnamed Bolikgbroke. 1399 — 1413. Born 1367. Son of John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster. He was married, 36 AN EPITOME OF 1st. To Mary de Bohun, daughter of the Earl of Hereford, by whom he had four sons and two daughters. His sons were, Henry, who succeeded him ; Thomas, Duke of Clarence, who died before Henry V. ; John, Duke of Bedford ; Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, called "the good Duke Humphrey ; " 2d. He married Joanna of Navarre, who had no children. Henry died in "the Jerusalem Chamber" in West- minster Abbey, and was buried in Canterbury Cathedral. Principal Events of Ms Reign. Proclaimed king in Westminster Hall, when he uttered his famous challenge to the realm of England that he, Henry of Lancaster, was the rightful heir. The claims of Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March, a child of seven years old, descended from Lionel, second son of Edward III., were entirely disregarded. The king soon realized the truth of the words put into his mouth by Shakspeare, " Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown." The Welsh made an effort to place^the Earl of March on the throne, — many of the nobles rebelled against " Henry's authority, — the Lollards were persecuted, — Owen Glendower, a Welsh gentleman, was a formidable ENGLISH HISTORY. 37 foe to Henry. 14fch September, 1402, battle of Homil- don-hill, the Scots, under Douglas, were defeated by the Earl of Northumberland and Ms son Henry Percy, surnamed Harry Hotspur. The Earl of Northumber- land, Glendower, and Douglas entered into an alliance against Henry IV. The battle of Shrewsbury was fought July 33, 1403, in which the king was victorious. Henry, Prince of Wales, signalized himself gallantly in this battle. Northumberland was pardoned, but two years later again rebelled; he was joined by Eichard Scroop, Archbishop of York, who was seized, tried, condemned and executed. He was the first English archbishop who perished by the hands of an execu- tioner. Henry's last days were embittered by the conduct of his son Henry, Prince of Wales, who spent his time with riotous and dissolute companions. Chief Justice Gascoigne on one occasion sent '^madcap Harry" to prison for contempt of court; Henry said, when he heard it, ^^ Happy the monarch who possesses a judge so resolute in the discharge of his duty, and a son so willing to submit to the laws ! " 1405, James of Scot- land was taken prisoner while on his way to France, and was not released until 1423. Henry was seized with apoplexy in the chapel of Edward the Confessor, and was removed to the Jerusalem Chamber. It had been predicted that he should die in Jerusalem, so when told where he was he received it as his death-knell. He died March 20, 1413. The career of Prince Hal has been portrayed by 38 AN EPITOME OF Shakspeare in his matchless plays. Sir John Falsfcaif was one of the j oiliest of his gay companions. The story goes that the Prince of Wales tried on the crown before his father's death, and that when Henry asked him by what right he could wear it, the prince replied : " With the sword you won it, and with the sword I will keep it. " Heitry V. OF MoKMOUTH. 1413 — 1422. Born 1388. Son of Henry IV. and Mary de Bohun. He was married to Katherine of Valois, and had one son ; Henry, who succeeded him. He died at Vincennes, near Paris, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. His widow Katherine secretly married Owen Tudor, a Welsh gentleman. Their eldest son Edmund, married to Margaret Beaufort, great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, was the father of Henry, Duke of Eichmond, afterwards Henry VH. Principal Events of his Reign. Henry began his reign by manifesting a generous and prudent policy ; he released the young Earl of March, the true heir to the throne ; he restored the Percys to their estates and honors ; he had the body of Eichard II. removed from Langley and interred at Westminster, by the side of his queen, ^' the good Queen Anne ; " and he gave up his gay companions and applied himself diligently to the affairs of his kingdom. The Lollards, ENGLISH HISTORY. 39 or WyclifFites, suffered a cruel persecution. Four years later, 1418, Lord Oobham was burned in St. Giles' Fields. 1415, Henry determined to invade France ; previous to his departure he discovered a conspiracy headed by the Earl of Cambridge, Lord Scroop, and Sir Thomas Grey, who were tried, condemned, and exe- cuted. Henry landed near Harfleur, August 14, 1415. Charles VI. of France was insane, and the kingdom was distracted by internal factions. Harfleur yielded after a siege of thirty-six days. October 25, 1415, bat- tle of Azincour (Agincourt), in which the French were entirely defeated. This was one of the most glorious victories ever gained by an English army, but it was attended by a fearful sacrifice of human life. After this battle hostilities were interrupted for two years. August 1, 1417, Henry again landed in France. Janu- ary, 1419, Eouen was captured after a protracted siege. 1420, a treaty was concluded at Troyes, the principal articles of which were that Henry should marry Kath- erine, daughter of the French king; that Charles should, during his lifetime, enjoy the title and dignity of King of France under the regency of Henry ; and that the latter should succeed to the throne upon the death of Charles, to the exclusion of the Dauphin. 1422, Henry died at the Castle of Vincennes, in the Bois de Vincennes, near Paris ; his body w^as conducted with great pomp to London, and interred in Westmin- ster Abbey. During this reign each citizen of London w^as ordered to hang a lantern outside of his door at night, from 40 AN EPITOME OF whence arose the custom of lighting the streets. At this time lived Sir Eichard Whittington, '^ thrice Lord Major of London." Hekey VL of Windsor. 1422—1461. Born 1421. Son of Henry V. and Katharine of Valois. He was married to Margaret of Anjou, and had one son, Edward of Lancaster, who was married to Anne, daughter of the Earl of Warwick, and was cruelly slain after the battle of Tewkesbury. Henry was murdered in the Tower, in 1471, and was buried in Chertsey Abbey. His remains were subsequently re- moved to St. G-eorge's Chapel, Windsor. Henry was a feeble monarch but a good man. It was his misfortune to live in an age of violence, yet to be possessed of a saintly and gentle spirit. Gray calls him the " meek usurper." His queen, Margaret of Anjou, was the very reverse of her husband, and she endeavored to supply by her energy and force of character the feebleness of Henry's rule. She is generally portrayed in hideous colors, as unfeminine, cruel and revengeful, but much allowance must be made for the peculiarity of her posi- tion in connection with her resolute and indomitable spirit. After the total defeat of the Lancastrians, Mar- garet was imprisoned in England for five years; she was then liberated, and retired to the home of her father in France. She died at the chateau of Damprierre, and was buried in the Cathedral of Angers. In the breviary of Margaret tliere is one sentence supposed to have been written by herself: " Vanity of vanities, all is vanity." ENGLISH HISTORY. 41 Principal Events of his Reign. The Duke of Bedford was appointed Eegent of France and Protector of England, and the Duke of Gloucester was to hold the latter office during the absence of the Dnke of Bedford in France. 1423, James I. of Scotland was set at liberty after eighteen years captivity; he married Jane Beaufort, daughter of the Duke of Somer- set. Charles VI. of France died two months after the death of Henry V. The Dauphin, Charles VIL of France, asserted his right to the crown, but his pros- pect of success seemed to grow weaker and weaker. 1428, siege of Orleans, under the Earl of Salisbury, who, bein^ killed, was succeeded by the Earl of Suffolk. 1429, the siege of Orleans was raised by Joan of Arc (Jeanne d'Arc), who believed that she was divinely commissioned to restore the fallen fortunes of France. Through her efforts Charles was crowned at Eheims. 1430, the siege of Compiegne, Joan of Arc was taken prisoner, tried for witchcraft, and, to the lasting dis- grace of the Duke of Bedford, was burnt at the stake in Kouen in May, 1431. Charles VIL, who owed her his kingdom, made no effort to save her. The Duke of Bedford died in 1435. The English power in France declined until at last they had nothing left them but Calais. 1445, Henry married Margaret of Anjou, and instead of receiving a dowry with her, he was obliged to surrender Anjou and Maine. 1447, the Duke of Gloucester was impeached and arrested at Bury St. Edmunds ; he was found dead in his bed, and is sup- posed to have been murdered. 1450, the Duke of Suf- 42 AN EPIT03IE OF folk was accused of high treason, — he was banished, intercepted on his passage to France, and murdered. The same year an insurrection, headed by Jack Cade, broke out in Kent. Cade called himself Mortimer, entered London, and as he passed London Stone, struck it with his sword and said : " Now, is Mortimer lord of this city." The insurgents were soon quelled, and Cade was killed. 1452, the Duke of York took up arms. The civil wars which ensued between the Houses of York and Lancaster are called the " Wars of the Eoses," — the Yorkists wore a white rose, the Lancastrians a red one. 1454, Prince Edward was born, and the Duke of York had no longer any hopes of securing the crown peaceably. May, 1455, battle of St. Albans ; ,,the York- ists were victorious, and the king fell into the hands of the Duke of York. For several years there were no open hostilities, and the king was restored to the sov- ereign authority. July 10, 1460, battle of Northamp- ton. Henry was defeated and taken prisoner, and the queen escaped northwards. Parliament assembled, and decided that Henry should continue to reign during his lifetime, but that the Duke of York and his heirs should succeed after Henry's death. December, 1460, battle of Wakefield ; the Lancastrians, headed by Mar- garet, were victorious ; the Duke of York and his son, the Earl of Eutland, were slain. The Duke of York's head was cut off by Margaret's orders, and, encircled with a paper crown, was fixed upon the gates of York : '' So York may overlook the town of York." Margaret set out for London, and was met at St. ENGLISH HISTORY. 43 Albans by the Earl of Warwick with a party of York- ists — this second battle of St. Albans was favorable to the Lancastrians. Edward, the young Duke of York, entered London, March 3, 1461, and was proclaimed king by the people. Henry VL lived ten years longer, but here ends his reign. JoAiq" OF Arc, called the Maid of Orleans, was dis- tinguished for her patriotism, heroism, and piety. Two great modern poets have celebrated her memory, South ey and Schiller, and "Joan of Arc is a heroine to English- men no less than to Frenchmen." Perhaps the most beauti:^ul tribute to her memory is the statue in the gallery of Versailles, executed by the Princess Marie d'Orleans, daughter of the late king, Louis Philippe. London Stone is of great antiquity, and is supposed to have been of Eoman origin. Tradition says that it was in Temple Gardens that the Roses were chosen as badges of the Yorkists and Lancastrians, the Duke of Somerset plucked a red rose and the Earl of Warwick a white one. Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, was the most powerful baron in England. He is called the King-maker, because he was able to make and unmake kings; and "the last of the barons," because he was the last who exercised such a controlling influence in the kingdom, and who maintained it with so great state. The badge of Warwick was "^^the Bear and the Ragged Staff." Shakspeare puts in his mouth these lines : "Now, by my father's badge, old Neville's crest, The rampant bear chain'd to the ragg-ed staff." 44 AN EPITOME OF King Henry founded King's College, Cambridge, and Eton College, near Windsor, " Where grateful Science still adores Her Henry's holy shade." Margaret of Anjou founded Queen's College, Cam- bridge. The Duke of York left three sons : Edward, who became king under the title of Ed- ward IV. ; George,, Duke of Clarence, who married Isabella, eldest daughter of the Earl of Warwick ; Eichard, Duke of Gloucester, who afterwards be- came Ei chard III. Edwakd IV. OF YoEK. 1461—1483. Born 1443. Son of Eichard, Duke of York, and Cecily, daughter of Ealph ISTeville, Earl of Westmore- land. He married Elizabeth Wydville, or Woodville, widow of Sir John Grey, and had eight children. The best known in history are : Edward, who succeeded him ; Eichard, Duke of York; Elizabeth, married to Henry VII. Edward died at Westminster, and was buried in St. George's Chapel, Windsor. His queen is buried by his side. Principal Events of his Reign. Margaret collected a large army and was met by the Earl of Warwick and his forces at Towton ; a battle ENGLISH HISTORY. 45 was fought March 29, 1461, in which the Yorkists were completely victorious. Henry and his family fled to Scotland. Margaret of Anjou went to France in the hope of obtaining aid. After the battle of Hexham, May, 1464, Margaret fled with her son, escaped from the perils of robbers, and went to her father's court and lived some years in seclusion. Henry VI. was im- prisoned in the Tower. The marriage of Edward to Lady Grey gave great offence to the Earl of Warwick, who left the party of the king and sided with the Lan- castrians. The Duke of Clarence joined with Warwick, who, to strengthen his alliance with Margaret of Anjou, espoused his second daughter, Anne, to her son Prince Edward. Warwick landed at Dartmouth, September 13, 1470 ; Henry was released from prison and recog- nized as king under the regency of Warwick and Clar- ence. April 14, 1471, battle of Barnet; the fickle Clarence deserted to his brother, and the Earl of War- wick was defeated and slain. May 4, 1471, battle of Tewkesbury, in which the Lancastrians were totally defeated. Queen Margaret and her son were taken prisoners, and the prince was cruelly slain by King- Edward and his brothers. King Henry died in the Tower a few days afterwards; it is generally supposed that he was murdered by the Duke of Gloucester. 1478, the Duke of Clarence was impeached and con- demned to die ; historians say that he was permitted to choose the manner of his death, and that he was drowned in a butt of Malmsey wine. Edward, at the time of his death, was preparing for a war with Louis XL of France. 4:6 AN EPITOME OF During this reign the art of printing was introduced into England by William Oaxton, a citizen of London. The first book printed in England was the '' Game and Playe of the Chesse/' in 1474; it was dedicated to George, Duke of Clarence. Edward V. 1483. Born 1471. Son of Edward IV. and Elizabeth Woodville. He was murdered in the Tower and buried there. During the reign of Charles II. his remains were discovered and removed to Westminster Abbey. Principal Events of his Reign. This is the shortest reign in English history, having lasted about three months. The Duke of Gloucester had been nominated Regent by the late king, and soon contrived to get the young king in his own power, and imprisoned his uncle. Lord Rivers, and his step-brother, Lord Grey, in Pontefract Castle, where they were put to death. The queen, with the Duke of York and the five princesses, fled to the Sanctuary at Westminster, but Gloucester obliged her to surrender the Duke of York into his hands. Richard soon had himself pro- claimed king, and the two princes were smothered in the Bloody Tower, and buried at the foot of the north- east staircase in the White Tower. Richard IIL 1483—1485. Born 1452. Son of Richard, Duke of York, and Cecily, daughter of Ralph Neville, Earl of Westmore- ENGLISH HISTORY. 47 land. He was married to Anne of Warwick, widow of Edward, Prince of Wales, who was murdered at Tewkesbury. He had one son, Edward, who died be- fore his father. Richard was killed at the battle of Bos worth, and buried in the Church of the Grey Friars at Leicester. Principal Events of Ms Reign. The Earl of Eichmond, sole representative of the House of Lancaster, who was in Brittany, agreed to marry Elizabeth of York and lay claim to the crown. The Duke of Buckingham, head of the conspiracy in England, was taken and executed, and Henry was obliged to return to Brittany. Richard having, as it is suspected, poisoned his Avife, Anne of Warwick, pro- posed to marry his niece, Elizabeth of York. Henry's partisans advised him to prevent this marriage by a new invasion, and he landed at Milford Haven, August 7, 1485. August 22d, battle of Bosworth. Richard was killed, and the Earl of Richmond was proclaimed king, by the title of Henry VU. Thus ended the wars between the Houses of York and Lancaster. Richard was the last of the Plantagenets. The battle of Bosworth was more important in its consequences than any since the Conquest. The battle of Hastings brought in the feudal system, and the battle of Bosworth put an end to it entirely. On the one occasion the contest ceased at the fall of Harold, on the other upon the death of Richard. Richard wore his crown on the battle-field. It was taken by a sol- 48 AjV epitome of dier, who hid it in a hawthorn bush. Lord Stanley found the crown, and placed it on the head of Henry VII. The latter assumed the deyice of a crown in a thorn bush, and from this circumstance probably ori- ginates the old proverb : '^ Cleave to the crown, though it hang on a bush." There were fourteen sovereigns of the Plantagenet line. PLANTAGENET LINE OF KINGS. Direct Line. Henry II., surnamed Plantagenet 1154—1189. Richard I., Cceur de Lion 1189—1199. John Lackland 1199—1216. Henry III. of Winchester 1216—1272. Edward I., surnamed Longshanks 1272—1307. Edward II, op Caernarvon 1307—1327. Edward III. of Windsor 1327—1377. Richard II. of Bordeaux 1377—1399. HOUSE OF LANCASTER. Henry IV., surnamed Bolingbroke 1399—1413. Henry V. op Monmouth 1413—1423. Henry VL op Westminster 1422 — 1461. HOUSE OF YORK. Edward IV. op York 1461—1483. Edward V 1483 Richard III .1483—1485. ENGLISH HISTORY, 49 HOUSE OF TUDOR. Hei^ry VII. 1485—1509. Born 1455. Son of Edmund, Earl of Eiclimond, and Margaret Beaufort, daughter of the Duke of Somerset. He married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV., and had four children : Arthur, married Katherine of Aragon and died young ; Henry, who succeeded him ; Margaret, married, first, James IV. of Scotland ; and secondly, Douglas, Earl of Angus ; Mary, married, first, Louis XII. of France, and secondly, Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. Henry died at Kichmond and was buried in West- minster Abbey in the magnificent chapel which he built, and which is called by his name. The queen was also buried in Westminster, and her monument is beside that of her royal husband. Henry was a wise and prudent sovereign, but he was arbitrary and tyrannical, and deservedly detested by his subjects. He was swayed by two ruling passions, ava- rice and hatred of the House of York. Principal Events of his Reign. 1487, imposture of Lambert Simnel, who announced that he was the young Earl of Warwick, son of George, Duke of Clarence. He was sustained by some Irish malcontents, and aided by Margaret, Duchess of Bur- gundy, the sister of Edward IV. Henry publicly ex- 50 AN EPITOME OF hibited the real Earl of Warwick, who was a prisoner in the Tower, and soon quelled the rebellion. Lambert Simnel, who confessed that he was the son of a baker at Oxford, was made scullion in the king's kitchen, and by his good conduct rose to be falconer. In 1492 began the long and curious romance of Perkin Warbeck. He was the son of a merchant of Tournay, and his princely appearance and dignity of behavior well fitted him to personate Richard Plantagenet, the young Duke of York, w4io had been smothered in the Tower. He was acknowledged by the Duchess of Burgundy as her nephew, and was kindly received at the court of James lY., the gallant and unfortunate Scottish king. He was married to the Lady Katharine Gordon, cousin of the king. Henry soon bought ofE James's allegiance to Warbeck by the hand of his daughter Margaret — this princess formed the link which in time bound the two kingdoms in one. Perkin made an ineffectual at- tempt to push his fortunes m the south-western part of England; he was taken prisoner to the Tower, tried and condemned, and hanged at Tyburn. Three days after the Earl of Warwick was beheaded on Tower Hill. The rest of Henry's reign was spent in making for- eign alliances and commercial treaties, and in amassing wealth ; in attaining the latter object he was totaiiy unscrupulous, and was aided chiefly by two unprinci- pled men, Empson and Dudley. In 1501, Arthuir, Prince of Wales, was married to Katherine of Aragon, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. The young prince died four months after his marriage, and Henry, being unwilling to return the dowry of the ENGLISH HISTORY. 51 Princess Katherine, negotiated a marriage between her and his second son, Henrj^ Henry VII. was despised and hated by his subjects, and, though by his wise pohcy he had greatly increased the prosperity of England, they hailed his death as a relief from the oppressions of a tyrant. This period is the transition from medieval to mod- ern times. The power of the nobles was entirely broken, and instead of residing in feudal state in their own castles, they became dependents at the court of the sovereign. The popular power rose in opposite pro- portion, and the invention of printing, and the increase of commerce and manufactures, opened a new era to the middle and lower classes of England. 1492, Chris- topher Columbus discovered America. 1497, Henry sent out a small fleet of ships under the command of John Cabot, a Venetian merchant. He discovered Newfoundland, and also the continent of America. His son Sebastian was as great a navigator as his father, and they wore the pioneers in the brilliant path of dis- covery which opened such a rich and inexhaustible mine of wealth to the Old World. During this reign the Star Chamber was instituted or revived. It was an arbitrary court, so called from the hangings of the room in which it was held. It ex- isted until the time of the Long Parliament. Henky VIII. 1509—1547. Born 1491. Son of Henry VII. and EHzabeth of York. He had six wives : 52 AN EPITOME OF 1st. Katlierine of Aragon, whom he diyorced ; 2d. Anne Boleyn, whom he beheaded; 3d. Jane Seymour, who died a natural death ; 4th. Anne of Cleves, whom he divorced; 5th. Katherine Howard, whom he beheaded ; 6th. Katherine Parr, who survived him. He had three children, all of whom succeeded to the throne : Edward, son of Jane Seymour ; Mary, daughter of Katherine of Aragon ; Elizabeth, daughter of Anne Boleyn. Henry died at Whitehall and was buried in St. George's Chapel, Windsor. This monarch was cruel and tyrannical, and has left a name which will be de- servedly odious throughout all time. He murdered more wives and executed more subjects than any Chris- tian sovereign who ever lived; yet, strange to say, he never entirely alienated the affection of his people. He had the ability to select wise counsellors, and though some of them were wicked, none of them were weak ; but he was entirely unscrupulous in his means for re- moving them whenever they had forfeited his favor. Only one of the queens of the royal Bluebeard lies by his side. Katherine of Aragon died at Kimbolton Castle, and was buried at Peterborough. Henry erected the beautiful Abbey-church as a monument to her memory. Anne Boleyn was beheaded within the Tower, on the space before the Church of St. Peter ad Vincula. The spot is marked by a slab, with inscription record- ing the sad circumstance. Her body was buried in St. ENGLISH HISTORY. 53 Peter's Church in the Tower. There is a tradition that it was secretly conveyed to, and interred in, Salle Church, the burial-place of the Boleyns, and that the spot is marked by a black marble slab without inscrip- tion ; but this seems highly improbable. Jane Seymour died at Hampton Court, and was buried in St. George's Chapel, Windsor. Anne of Cleves remained in England after her di- vorce. She died at the Palace of Chelsea, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Katherine Howard was executed on the same spot as Anne Boleyn, and was buried in St. Peter's Church in the Tower. Katherine Parr, after the death of Henry, married Lord Seymour. She died at Sudley Castle, and was buried in the Chapel of Sudley. Princi/pal Events of his Reign, Henry commenced his reign very auspiciously. He united in his person the rival claims of the Yorkists and Lancastrians, therefore he had an undisputed title, and the avarice of his father had provided him with an ample treasury. Soon after his accession Empson and Dudley were convicted of treason and executed. In June, 1509, Henry celebrated his marriage ceremonies with Katherine of Aragon, the dispensation for whiel had been granted six years previous. Henry was per suaded by his father-in-law, Ferdinand of Spain, join a league against France. August 18, 1513, Battk of the Spurs. James IV. of Scotland, the ally oi France, invaded England. Sept. 9, 1513, the battle of 54 AN EPITOME OF Flodden Field; the English were victorious. James IV. was killed, and left an infant son as heir to his throne. 1514, Mary, sister of the king, was married to Louis, King of France, who died soon afterwards. The king was guided almost entirely by the advice of Wol- sey, his favorite. His contemporaries, Francis I. of France, and Charles V. of Spain and Emperor of Ger- many, both sought his alliance, and to effect their ob- ject courted the favor of Wolsey. 1519, arrangements were made for a meeting between Henry and Francis, near Calais. As the former was on his way to France he received a visit from Charles Y. at Canterbury, where the two kings kept Whitsuntide together. 1520, meet- ing of Henry and Francis near Ardres, known as the '* Field of the Cloth of Gold." Henry wrote an attack on Luther, the German reformer, and obtained from Pope Leo X. the title of ^'Defender of the Faith." The ambitious Wolsey failed in his scheme to obtain the tiara, and as the king had adopted a new favorite, Sir Thomas More, he was doomed to fall. His dis- grace was finally caused by the opposition he showed to Anne Boleyn. 1533, the king divorced Katherine of Aragon, on the plea that it was not lawful to marry his brother's widow, but his true motive was the desire to marry Anne Boleyn, a daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn of Norfolk, which he accomplished the same year. This divorce led to a separation from the Church of Eome, as the Pope opposed it and issued a bull against a second marriage. The king was much influ- enced by Thomas Cromwell, who suggested to Henry to declare himself head of the Church in his own do- ENGLISH HISTORY. 55 minions; and, in 1534, an Act of Parliament gave him the title of "Supreme Head on Earth of the Church of England." The blood-thirsty king threatened the lives of those who refused to acknowledge his suprem- acy; the most illustrious victims were Fisher, Bishop of Eochester, and Sir Thomas More. — Thomas Cran- mer obtained the king's notice by a proposal to submit the question of his divorce to the Universities of Europe. He was created Archbishop of Canterbury. Cranmer advised the dissolution of the monasteries, and proposed that out of their revenues new bishoprics should be founded, and colleges of students of divinity annexed to every Cathedral. Unhappily his wise and noble policy was disregarded, and much of the revenue found its way into the king's treasury. It was owing to Cranmer that anything was left for the Church. 1536, Henry's affection for Anne Boleyn began to waver, and he sought a pretext to get rid of her. This was soon found, and she was tried, condemned, and executed. Queen Anne was beheaded on the 19th of May, and on the 20th the king was married to Jane Seymour, daughter of Sir John Seymour of Wiltshire. The late innovations led to much discontent and sev- eral insurrections, which were effectually repressed. Jane Seymour probably saved her head by dying a natural death, and the king sought a foreign alliance. Cromwell proposed Anne, daughter of John, Duke of Cleves. Hans Holbein painted a flattering portrait of the princess, and that determined Henry to marry her. However, the original was so much less attractive than the picture, that Henry soon got tired of his new 56 AX EPIT03IE OF queen. Anne very willingly gave her consent to a di- vorce, and remained m England, comfortably enjoying the manors and estates which had been settled upon her. Cromwell fell into disfavor, and was executed July 28, 1540. On the same day Henry married his fifth queen, Katherine, daughter of Lord Edmund Howard, and niece of the Duke of Norfolk. This lady he beheaded in 1542. The same year James V. of Scot- land died of a broken heart, leaving as his heir a daughter a few weeks old, the celebrated Marie Stuart, Queen of Scots. 1543, Henry married Katherine Parr, daughter of Sir Thomas Parr of Westmoreland. Henry was engaged for about two years in a war with Prance; it was attended with little advantage to either side, and was terminated by the treaty of Boulogne. One of Henry's last acts was to cause the Duke of Norfolk, and his accomplished son Henry Howard, Earl of Sur- rey, to be arrested for treason. Surrey was beheaded, but Henry died the day before that appointed for the execution of the sentence upon the Duke of Norfolk, who was thus spared. Thomas Wolset, the son of a butcher at Ipswich, was '^fashioned to much honor from his cradle." He rose to be a Cardinal, and aspired to the Papacy. He lived in a style of princely splendor, built Hampton Court Palace, and founded Christ Church College, Ox- ford. He died at Leicester Abbey. Wolsey's qualities, good and bad, have been immortalized by Shakespeare in the dialogue between Queen Katherine and Griffith, in the drama of Henry VHI. ENGLISH HISTORY. 57 The Reformation is dated from the reign of Henry VIII., but the seeds of this important change had been sown nearly two centuries before, and were now springing forth to bear abundant fruit. Miles Coyer- dale was the first to translate the whole Bible into Eng- lish; the first edition was printed in Zurich. Cran- mer's or the Great Bible was printed in 1538. In that year injunctions were given to set up the Bible In parish churches. The battle of Flodden Field is celebrated in Sir Wal- ter Scott's poem, Marmion. The celebrated literary men of this reign were: Sir Thomas Wyatt, a poet, the friend of Lord Surrey, who was also a poet ; Sir Thomas More, anther of Utopia ; William Tyndale, a translator of the Bible ; and Eras- mus, a native of Holland, who was Greek Professor at the University of Cambridge. Hans Holbein, a native of Augsburg, was Henry VIH's favorite painter. St. Paul's School, London, was founded during this reign. Edward VL 1547—1553. Born 1537. Son of Henry VIII. and Jane Seymour. He died at Greenwich at the age of sixteen, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Edward was a prince of much promise ; he possessed talents and acquirements beyond his years. His diary, still preserved in the British Museum, is very remark- able. Principal Events of his Reign. The Earl of Hertford, uncle of the young king, was appointed Protector. He was soon after created Duke 58 AN EPITOME OF of Somerset. 1547, the Protector led an army across the border for the purpose of forcing the Scots to con- sent to the nnion of the two kingdoms by the marriage of Edward VI. and Mary Queen of Scots. The En*];- lish gained a decided victory at the battle of Pinkie, but the Protector did not pursue his advantages and returned to England. Shortly afterwards the Scots sent their Queen to Erance, Tvhere she married the dauphiu, afterwards Erancis II. Parliament passed "An Act for the Uniformity of service." The result of this was the ^'Book of the Common Prayer," based upon the ancient Catholic services which had been transmitted from the early days of the Church. Cran- mer greatly aided the work by his zeal and sound judg- ment. He drew up Porty-two Articles, from which the Thirty -nine Articles now in force are derived, and compiled the Church Catechism, except the latter part concerning the Sacraments. The greater part of the people were with the Reformers, but some who resisted the movement were chiefly encouraged in their opposi- tion by Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, and Bonner, bishop of London, who were deposed from their sees and imprisoned. The Protector had a fatal quarrel with his brother. Admiral Lord Seymour, who, on the loss of his wife, the dowager-Queen, Catharine Parr, aspired to the hand of the Princess Elizabeth. Sey- mour was condemned by a bill of attainder, and exe- cuted on Tower Hill, March 20, 1549. 1548—1549, insurrections broke out in Cornwall, Devonshire, and Norfolk ; the latter was headed by one Ket, a tanner. The Protector became unpopular, and a confederacy. ENGLISH HISTORY, 59 headed by the Earl of Warwick, was formed against him. The latter was created Duke of JSTorthumberland. Somerset was first deprived of his Protectorship and afterwards condemned to death. He was executed on Tower Hill, January 22, 1552. The Duke of Northum- berland, having got rid of his great rival, was now the ruling power in the kingdom, though he had no direct authority. He influenced Edward to make a will, by which the crown was left to Lady Jane Grey, to the exclusion of the princesses Mary and Elizabeth. Lady Jane Grey was descended from Mary, sister of Henry Vni., and Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, She was mar- ried to Lord Guilford Dudley, fourth son of the Duke of Northumberland. Edward was dying of consump- tion and was completely in the power of the Duke. He closed his life with a prayer for England and the Church of England. Edward VL founded Christ's Hospital, London, on the site of the Grey Friars Monastery. It is generally called " The Blue Coat School " from the dress worn by the scholars. The Book of Homilies was compiled by Cranmer and Ridley. The latter had been made Bishop of London upon the deposition of Bonner. Maey L 1553—1558. Born 1516. Daughter of Henry VHI. and Kathe- rine of Aragon. She was married to Philip 11. of Spain and had no children. She died in St. James's Palace, London, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. 60 AN EPITOME OF Principal Events of lier Reign, Upon the death of Edward VI. the Duke of Korth- umberland hastened to proclaim Lady Jane Grey. In the meantime Mary was coming to London to claim the throne. Popular justice declared for Mary, and in ten days all those who had endeavored to set aside her succession were prisoners in the Tower. Northumber- land and his associates were convicted of high-treason and beheaded. Sentence was pronounced against Lady Jane Grey and her husband, Guilford Dudley, but the execution of it was delayed for the time. Mary rein- stated Gardiner and Bonner in their sees, and took the former as her chief adviser in civil and ecclesiastical affairs ; the Protestant bishops were imprisoned, and the Eoman Catholic religion was restored. Mary soon after her accession proposed to marry her kinsman, Philip of Spain ; this project was very unpopular to the English, and several attempts were made to resist the marriage by force of arms. The most successful rebel- lion was made in Kent, by Sir Thomas Wyatt ; he penetrated as far as London, but, finding nothing but opposition, was obliged to give up and was taken pris- oner near Temple Bar. This insurrection sealed the fate of Lady Jane Grey and Lord Guilford Dudley, who were beheaded, February 12, 1554. Wyatt was exe- cuted two months later. Mary accused her sister Elizabeth of being implicated in Wyatt's rebellion, and imprisoned her in the Tower. The princess was afterwards removed to the Palace of Woodstock, and kept under strict surveillance. 1554, ENGLISH HISTORY. 61 Mary was married to Philip of Spain; the ceremony took place at Winchester. In November Cardinal Pole came over to England as a legate from the Pope, and, after some concessions from Parliament, he pronounced the kingdom reconciled to the apostolic see. Now followed the Marian persecution, which has left an indelible stain upon the name of the queen, and made her known to all posterity as "Bloody Mary." Two hundred and seventy-seven persons perished at the stake, but, as in the primitive ages, " the blood of mar- tyrs was the seed of the Church." We speak of "the fires of Smithfield," but it was not only in London that the bloody work went on, many suffered in the counties. John Eogers was the first who was mar- tyred, he was burnt at Smithfield ; Hooper at Glouces- ter; Rowland Taylor at Hadley ; Bradford and Philpot at Smithfield ; Ridley, Latimer, and Cranmer, at Ox- ford. The spot where the last three were executed is marked by " the Martyrs' Memorial." Fuller says, "of all the Marian martyrs, Mr. Philpot was the best born gentleman ; Bishop Ridley the profoundest scholar ; Mr. Bradford the holiest and devoutest man; Arch- bishop Cranmer of the mildest and meekest temper; Bishop Hooper of the sternest and austerest nature; Dr. Taylor had the merriest and pleasantest wit ; Mr. Latimer had the plainest and simplest heart." After Cranmer's death Cardinal Pole was made Archbishop of Canterbury. 1557, Philip persuaded Mary to undertake a war with France to support Spanish interests. This was brought to a disastrous end by the loss of Calais, in January, 62 AN EPITOME OF 1558. This was the last French town held by the Eng- lish, in whose possession it had been for over two hun- dred years. This and other disappointments greatly affected the queen's health, and hastened her death. " When I die, Calais will be found written on my heart," were the words she uttered in the depth of her misery. Cardinal Pole died on the same day as the queen. Something may be said in extenuation of Mary's character, as her early training and misfortunes had not developed her more amiable qualities, but she was naturally a tyrant, like her father, with this dis- tinction, that Henry was a tyrant without a conscience, and Mary a tyrant with one. In this reign coaches were first introduced. Elizabeth. 1558—1603. Born 1533. Daughter of Henry VIII. and Anne Bolejm. She never married. Died at Eichmond, and was buried in Westminster Abbey in the same vault with her sister Mary. Her successor, James L, erected a noble monument to her memory. In Elizabeth were united the good and bad qualities of her race. Her glorious reign has rendered her the most popular of English sovereigns, and her people de- lighted to call her " Grood Queen Bess." Her character was twofold ; as a ruler she was wise and politic, and, though tyrannical, she commanded the homage and ad- miration of her subjects, for her one sole aim was the peace and prosperity of her kingdom. As a woman, she displayed very different qualities; she was vain and UMGLrSH SI STORY, 63 weak, and had an insatiable love of admiration. The greatest blot on her memory is her treatment of Mary Queen of Scots, but even that admits of some extenua- tion, and it is not easy to regard it with unprejudiced eye whilst so much romance and sympathy attach to the unfortunate Marie Stuart. Principal Events of her Reign. Elizabeth's accession was hailed with great joy by the people, and, until recently, the 17th of November was called in honor of it "The Queen's Day." Cecil, afterwards Lord Burleigh, was the chief adviser of Eliz- abeth. Through his counsels and those of his brother- in-law. Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord-Keeper of the Seal, the Church was gradually restored to the condition it was in during the reign of Edward VI. The nation generally acquiesced in the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity, and for some time the Church of England was the only religion of the kingdom, and was neither opposed by Romanism nor Dissent ; but in a few years many separated from the established Church, and, from their desire to establish what they considered a purer form of worship, they received the name of Puritans. They are also often called Nonconformists. Elizabeth resolved to remain unmarried, although her royal hand was sought by a long list of suitors, foremost among whom were Philip IT. of Spain, and two of the French princes. In 1568, the party of Marie Stuart in Scot- land was entirely defeated near Glasgow, and the beau- tiful and unhappy queen sought refuge in the domin- ions of her cousin Elizabeth. She landed at Working- G4 AN EPITOME OF ton in Cumberland, and immediately sent to the qneen to entreat her protection and aid. The latter refused to see her until she could clear herself of the grave charge of having assassinated her husband, Lord Darn- ley. Mary was removed from castle to castle until finally she was imprisoned in Fotheringay. During her captivity of nearly nineteen long years, numerous conspiracies were formed to overthrow Elizabeth and place Mary upon the throne. The most formidable were that headed by the Duke of Norfolk, and Babing- ton's Plot. After the frustration of the latter the queen's ministers advised that some decisive step should ber taken, and Mary was tried, and condemned to suffer death for high-treason. The sentence was executed at Fotheringay Castle, February 8, 1587. The next year, 1588, Philip II. of Spain sent his formidable Armada to invade England. The English zealously prepared for resistance ; Lord Howard of Effingham was in com- mand of the navy, and Drake, Hawkins, and Frobisher were amongst those who served under him. The land forces were collected at Tilbury, and there the queen herself reviewed them, and delivered that famous ora- tion which roused the courage and loyalty of her sub- jects to the highest degree. The winds aided the gal- lant English navy, and of the one hundred and thirty ships of the '^Invincible Armada," but fifty-three re- turned to Spain to bear the tidings of their defeat. 1596, expedition to Cadiz. 1599, the Earl of Tyrone was in insurrection in Ireland, and the queen's favorite, Kobert Devereux, Earl of Essex, was appointed Lord Lieutenant of that country to put down the rebellion. ENGLISH HISTORY. 65 Essex managed affairs badly, and, having returned to England without permission, fell into disgrace with the queen. His subsequent conduct did not tend to rein- state him in her favor, and, in IGOl, he was seized and conveyed a prisoner to the Tower. His trial and con- demnation speedily followed, and he was beheaded on Tower Hill. Mount joy, the successor of Essex in Ire- land, defeated Tyrone and compelled him to surrender. In March, 1603, the queen died, having equivocally named James VI. of Scotland as her successor. During this reign Sir Thomas Gresham, a relative of the queen, founded the *^ Royal Exchange," which was opened by Elizabeth in person. The bounds of the English nation were much extended by the discoveries of Gilbert, Drake, Frobisher, and Ealeigh ; and in 1600 the East India Company was founded. It is in literature, however, that the " Elizabethan Age" is chiefly illustrious. The queen, "that bright occidental star of most happy memory," was a woman of high attainments, and a warm encourager of learning and literary men. The great statesmen of this period were William Cecil, Lord Burleigh, and Francis Wal- singham. Among the poets and prose writers, Richard Hooker, Beaumont and Fletcher, Edmund Spenser, Sir Philip Sidney, Sir Walter Raleigh, and William Shak- speare, are names unrivalled in any age or country. EHzabetli founded Trinity College, Dublin, and West- minster School, London. The chief favourite of her middle life was Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester. 66 AN EPITOME OF SOVEREIGNS OF THE HOUSE OF TUDOR. Henky VII 1485—1509 Henry VIII 1509—1547 Edward VI 1547—1553 Mary 1 1553—1558 Elizabeth 1558—1603 HOUSE OF STUART. James I. 1603—1625. Born 1566. Son of Lord Darnley and Mary Queen of Scots. He was married to Anne of Denmark, and had several children, only three of whom survived the age of childhood; Henry, who died at the age of eighteen ; Charles, who succeeded his father ; Elizabeth, married Frederick, Elector- Palatine, afterwards King of Bohemia. James died in the palace of Theobalds, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. He earned the reputation of being " the wisest fool in Christendom;" he was a scholar without having the sense to avail himself of his learn- ing; in person he was ungainly, his manners were awkward, his habits very unbecoming his station, and his lack of personal courage provoked the contempt of his courtiers. He was much influenced by unworthy- favorites, upon whom he lavished his revenues; but whatever were the faults and frailties of his life, on his death-bed he showed Christian courao-e and resign atioii. ENGLISH HISTORY. 67 As a sovereign James was unpopular; he held the belief in the divine right of kings, and was very despotic. He was always an advocate for peace, and willing to make any concessions for its preservation. Principal Events of his Reign. James chose as his prime minister Eobert Cecil, son of the great Lord Burleigh, to the exclusion of Cecil's rival, Sir Walter Ealeigh. The latter was accused of being concerned in a plot for placing on the throne Lady Arabella Stuart, cousin of the king, and was im- prisoned in the Tower for twelve years. 1605, discovery of the Gunpowder Plot, which was a scheme of the Romanists for destroying the king, the Prince of Wales, and the Parliament, by blowing up the Houses of Par- liament on the opening of the session, Nov. 5th. G-uy Fawkes was seized in the vaults, and he finally made a confession which revealed the other conspirators. Some of them were executed, and others of them were killed in trying to resist the party sent to arrest them. 1612, died Henry, Prince of Wales, a youth of great promise. On the death of Eobert Cecil, Earl of Sahsbury, the king took as his prime favorite a Scotch adventurer named Eobert Carr, whom he created Earl of Somerset. The Earl and his wife were accused of being implicated in the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury, and upon the arrival of a new favorite at court, George Villiers, they were tried and sentenced to be banished the kingdom. The new favorite was made Duke of Buckingham, and loaded with honors. 1617, Sir Walter Ealeigh was released for the purpose of undertaking an expedition 68 ^A' EPITOME OF to Guiana, but, as it proved unsuccessful, the unfortunate man was arrested and convicted under his former sen- tence. He was executed in the Old Palace Yard, West- minster. 1619, the English were very desirous to render assistance to the Elector-Palatine, who had been elected King of Bohemia. James refused aid until too late, and the Prince lost both Bohemia and the Palatinate. James was continually at variance with his Parliament, who refused to grant the subsidies he demanded. A marriage between " Baby Charles " and the Infanta of Spain now became the darling scheme of James, and negotiations ensued. The prince, becoming weary of the delay which attended them, set out for Spain with the Duke of Buckingham, traveling incognito. The king demanded, as a condition of the marriage, that his son-in-law should be restored to the Palatinate, but as this was refused by the King of Spain, the treaty was broken off. Application was then made for the hand of Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry IV. of France, and whilst the negotiations were pending the king died. During this reign English colonies were established in North America. The two principal were the settle- ment of Jamestown in Virginia, by the London or South Virginia Company, in 1607, and that at Massachusetts Bay, by the Plymouth Company, in 1620. James re- newed the charter of the East India Company, which had been granted but for a limited time, and thus the foreign trade of the kingdom was greatly increased. The authorized translation of the Bible was published in 1611. It was the work of forty-seven learned men, from the Universities and Westminster; it has ever ENGLISH HISTORY. 69 since been the only version in the English language acknowledged by the Anglican Church, and is the noblest monument of the Anglo-Saxon language. Francis Bacon, Lord Chancellor, created by James I. Baron Verulam and Viscount St. Albans, "The greatest, wisest, meanest of mankind," was, in 1621, found guilty of bribery, and disgraced from his high position. Elizabeth, daughter of James I. was the heroine of a sad romance. Reduced by her hus- band's misfortunes to absolute penury, she still showed a brave spirit, and occupied herself in the education of her children. Her sons. Prince Charles and Prince Bupert, subsequently joined their unfortunate uncle, Charles I.; and it was through her youngest daughter Sophia, who married Ernest Augustus, of Brunswick, and was the mother of George I., that the present royal family came to the throne. The following popular rhyme will aid the memory in retaining the date of the gunpowder plot: " Remember, remember, the fifth of November, The Gunpowder plot, shall ne'er be forgot." Charles L 1625—1649. Born 1600. Son of James I. and Anne of Denmark. Married Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry IV. of France, and had seven children. Those best known are : Charles, afterwards Charles II. ; James, Duke of York, who also succeeded to the throne ; Mary, married to William II., Prince of Orange ; Henrietta, married to Philip, Duke of Orleans. 70 AN EPIT03IE OF He was beheaded before the palace of Whitehall; and buried in St. George's Chapel, Windsor. In personal appearance Charles presented a great contrast to his father ; he was gifted with intellect and taste, in manner the most accomplished gentleman in England, and possessed of a courtly grace and fascination which few could resist. His private character was unblamable. He inherited from his father high ideas of the kingly prerogative, and also his failing of being influenced by his favorites. He was infirm of purpose, and has been charged with a want of sincerity; but when his fortunes fell and he was in the hands of his enemies, his character beamed with all the virtues of a Christian and a gen- tleman. The greatest fault of his reign was his weakness in consenting to the sacrifice of Strafford, a fatal step which was subsequently visited upon him in his own misfortunes, and which he bitterly regretted to his dying hour on the scaffold. The king was attended on that awful occasion by Bishop Juxon. The last sentence he uttered was, " I go from a corruptible to an incor- ruptible crown," and before laying his head on the block he uttered the mysterious word, "Eemember." Until the year 1859 the 30th of January was appointed throughout the English dominions as a day of national humiliation, and a special service was used appropriate to the commemoration. This observance was abolished by Act of Parliament, as also the hohdays on the an- niversaries of the Gunpowder Plot, and the restoration of Charles 11. Henrietta Maria was not a favorite with the English people. During her royal husband's troubles in 1644, ENGLISH HISTORY. 71 she escaped to France, where she received an affectionate welcome. Upon the restoration she went to England but soon returned to France, where she died at the palace of Oolombe, near Paris, Her fnneral oration was pronounced by the celebrated Bossuet. Her heart was given to the Nuns of the Convent of Chaillot, which she had founded, and her body was buried with her fathers at St. Denis. Principal Events of Ms Reign. The marriage with the French princess, which had been negotiated in the previous reign, was concluded by proxy before James was laid in the tomb. The New Parliament, which assembled in June 1625, refused to grant supplies to Charles, who immediately raised loans from private persons, and fitted out an expedition to Cadiz, which terminated very disastrously for the English. The next Parliament impeached Buckingham of high treason. The king was indignant, forced upon his favorite as indemnity the Chancellorship of the University of Oxford, and, to save him from further prosecution, dissolved the Parliament. In 1627, Charles sent a fleet to the assistance of the Huguenots, who were besieged in La Rochelle; it was commanded by the Duke of Buckingham, and termi- nated most ingloriously for the English. The next Parliament refused to grant subsidies until Charles gave his assent to the celebrated " Petition of Right." He did this in a way which offended the Commons and they renewed their attack upon Buckingham, whom the king continued to uphold. The favorite went to Ports- 72 AN EPITOME OF mouth to superintend preparations for a now attack upon La Rochelle^ and was there assassinated by a man named John Felton. The expedition to La Eochelle was entrusted to the Earl of Lindsay, but he arrived too late to relieve the Huguenots, who had been obliged to surrender. The Parliament of 1629 was a very stormy one. The principal question at issue was the royal right to levy tonnage and poundage, but political questions had be- come embittered by religious differences. Oliver Crom- well made his maiden-speech during this session. A great tumult having arisen in the House of Commons, the king went there in person, but was refused admittance. Indignant at these proceedings Charles immediately dissolved Parliament, and declared his intention to rule alone, and for eleven years England was under absolute government. During this period two men became very prominent. Sir Thomas Wentworth, afterv^ard Earl of Strafford; and Laud, Bishop of London, afterward Arch- bishop of Canterbury. The authority of the Star Chamber was much extended, and some heavy fines and severe punishments were imposed. In 1634, a tax called ship-money was levied. The maritime counties com- plied cheerfully, but those in the interior refused to pay it. The first to protest was John Hampden. 'His cause was tried in Westminster Hall, where decision was given in favor of the crown. But having withstood ^ Charles '^with dauntless breast,^' he was exalted by public opinion to a hero and patriot, and became one of the king's most powerful opponents. About this time Charles endeavored to establish Episcopacy in EXGLISir HISTORT. 73 Scotland, but it met with the most yioient opposition. The Presbyterians banded themselves together by a ^^ Solemn League and Covenant," and raised a con- siderable army. In 1640, as war with Scotland seemed inevitable and Charles was totally without means to carry it on, he was obliged to assemble Parliament. As the latter refused supplies and disapproved his arbitrary measures, Charles speedily dissolved it again, to the great discontent of the people. Meantime tlie difficulties between the king and Scotland grew worse. The Scots under Leslie crossed into England, and, after a success- ful skirmish, took possession of Newcastle. The king summoned a Council at York, in which it was decided that no appeal to arms should be made for two months, that a Parliament should be called to settle the difficul- ties, and that during the interval the Scots should be maintained at the expense of the northern English counties. November 3d, 1640, the famous '' Long Parliament " met. Strafford was impeached by the Commons of High Treason, and a few days afterwards Laud was arrested on the same charge. Stratford was tried in Westminster Hall and a Bill of Attainder passed against him. The king was in an agonizing- state of irresolution whether to sign the bill or to save his faithful favorite. His fears finally prevailed, and bis assent to the execution was given. When Strafford heard it he exclaimed, *' Put not your trust in princes.'' The Star Chamber was abolished, and several other arbitrary measures reformed. Charles went to Scotland, and was rapidly recovering the popular favor, when his cause was materially injured by a rebellion in Ireland. 74: AN EPITOME OF In 1642, Charles came to an open rupture with the Parliament, and both parties felt that there Avas no appeal but to the svv'ord. The king and his sons, the Prince of Wales and the Duke of York, went to York. He demanded admittance into Hull, the military maga- zine of the ^orth, but, being refused by the governor, he was compelled to active measures and set up his standard at Nottingham, August, 1642. For the next six years raged all the horrors of civil war. The king was supported by the clergy, the landed gentry, the Universities, and the majority of the nobles ; amongst his generals were his nephew, Prince Eupert, Lord Lindsay, and the Marquis of Nev/castle. Lord Falk- land adhered to the royal cause, but he was bitterly opposed to the struggle. The Parliamentarians con- sisied of the middle classes of England, of tradesmen, shopkeepers, dissenters, and a minority of the nobility ; among their leaders were John Hampden, Oliver Crom- well, Lord Essex, Lord Fairfax, Sir William Waller, and the Earl of Manchester. The first engagement was fought at Edgehill, Octo- ber 23, 1642, without any decided result. Charles made Oxford his head-quarters. Battles and sieges fol- lowed. Hampden was killed at Chalgrove, near Oxford. The Scots joined their forces with those of the Parlia- ment, and Prince Eupert was totally defeated at Mars- ton Moor, July 2, 1644. By this reverse the king lost the northern counties. In 1645, after a long imprison- ment. Archbishop Laud was tried, condemned, and executed. The king's last battle was fought at Naseby, June 14, 1645; the Parliamentary forces were com- ENGLISH HISTORY. 75 pletely victorious, the king was obliged to flee, and his army was broken and dispersed. The fall of Bristol completed the ruin of the royalists, and the king, driven to extreme measures, sought refuge amongst his countrymen, the Scots. To their lasting disgrace they delivered him to the English Parliament, and he was conveyed to Holm by House, Northamptonshire, one of his own royal residences. Meantime there were dissen- sions amongst his enemies, and the army, led on by Cromwell, arrayed itself against the Parliament. The king was forcibly taken to Hampton Court, from whence he escaped to Carisbrooke Castle, Isle of Wight. Cromwell prepared the way for severe measures against the king, by exchiding all members from Parliament who were not Independents and Eepublicans. He was aided in this arbitrary joroceeding by Colonel Pride, and it is known as "Pride's Purge." Charles was taken from Carisbrooke to Hurst Castle, to Windsor, and finally to St. James's Palace, London. He was tried by a " High Court of Justice " appointed solely by the Commons, who were assembled in Westminster Hall, and sentenced to death. He was beheaded at White- hall, January 30, 1649. During the civil war of this reign the Eoyalists as- sumed the name of Cavaliers, and were distinguished by their long, flowing locks ; the Parliamentarians were called Roundheads, from their close-cropped hair. At this period lived A¥illiam Harvey, who discovered the circulation of the blood. He announced this important discovery in 1616. At the battle of Edgehill he was 76 AN EFITOME OF guardian to the Princes Charles and James. During this reign died John Donne and George Herbert, emi- nent divines ; and Ben Jonson, a celebrated dramatic writer. A great statesman and orator of this reign was John Pym, who led the impeachment of Strafford. The Dutch painters Kubens and Vandyke enjoyed the pa- tronaoje of Charles. THE COMMONWEALTH. 1649—1660. On the death of Charles I. the Commonwealth was proclaimed, and the House of Lords was declared by the Commons to be "useless and dangerous." Crom- well was appointed Lord Lieutenant to Ireland, and having tranquillized that country left his son-in-law, Ireton, as his deputy, and went to settle affairs in Scot- land. The Scots had refused to acknowledge the Ee- public, and had proclaimed Prince Charles as their king. Charles landed in Scotland in 1650, but he was little more than a prisoner in the hands of his adher- ents. Parliament prepared to defend the Common- wealth, and Cromwell was appointed commander-in- chief of its armies. The Scottish army, commanded by General Leslie, was defeated at Dunbar, September 3, 1650. Charles was crowned at Scone, January 1, 1651. On the 3d of September of the same year he was totally defeated at Worcester, and obliged to flee to France. The English navy, under command of Blake, Monk, and Penn, gained signal victories over the Dutch fleet ENGLESH HISTORY. 77 under Van Tromp and De Kuyter. In April, 1653, Cromwell took the extraordinary measure of disbanding the Long Parliament. Having dismissed the members, he locked the doors, put the keys in his pocket, and re- turned to Whitehall, where he had taken up his resi- dence, Dictator of England. The Long Parliament was succeeded by the Little Parliament, or, as it is sometimes called from one of its chief orators, Bare- bone's Parliament, which consisted of members ap- proved by Cromwell. December 10, 1653, Oliver Crom- well was made " Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland." The Eepublic was very prosperous ; Jamaica was taken from the Span- iards, the power of Holland was humbled, the cause of the persecuted Vaudois was vindicated, commerce flour- ished, and in all the civilized states of Europe the English power was felt and respected. But though the nation was in high esteem abroad, at home there was much secret discontent. Cromwell sought the title as well as power of king, but when it was offered him by Parliament he did not dare to accept, and he lived in constant dread of assassination. This apprehension and domestic afflictions hurried him to the grave, and he died at Whitehall, September 3, 1658. Eicliard Cromwell, his eldest son, was immediately proclaimed head of the Commonwealth, but his tastes and political feelings ill-qualified him for the position. He soon signed an abdication, and the Long Parliament was restored. General Monk, who was in command of the English army in Scotland, marched on to London, called a new Parliament, and proposed the restoration 70 ^l.Y EPITOME Ot of Charles Stuart to the throne of his ancestors. This proposal was received with universal joy, and May 8, 1660, Charles 11. was proclaimed king, and the Com- monwealth was at an end. During the period of the Eepublic and the next two reigns, many great names flourished in literature. Jeremy Taylor, an eminent divine, chaplain to Laud, suffered greatly during the civil wars, and on the res- toration was made bishop of Down and Connor in Ire- land. " The quaint Fuller," Bishop Hal], Isaac Bar- row, and Archbishop Leighton, were also prominent among English divines; Cowley, Marvell, Butler, and Waller, were distinguished as poets; Sir Matthew Hale as one of the most upright of judges ; Lord Clarendon as an historian ; and Izaak Walton as a biographer, and more particularly as the ^^Eather of Anglers." But the greatest name in this period of literature was that of John Milton, the uncompromising Puritan, and the author of Paradise Lost. He was Latin Secretary to Cromwell. Oliver Cromwell, "the uncrowned King of England," was born in Huntingdon, and descended from an an- cient and honorable house. He is one of the most extraordinary men in history, and owed his success chiefly to his great military talents, his courage, and indomitable energy. His peculiarities were not unlike those of the great Napoleon, and no occasion was too'' dignified or important to restrain him from indulging his passion for practical jokes. His love for his family was the most amiable trait of his character, but his ENGLISH HISTORY. 79 children did not share his a,mbition, and disapproved his course. Cromwell was buried in Westminster Abbey, but on the Restoration his body was exhumed, hanged at Tyburn, and buried under the gallows. Richard Cromwell, after his abdication, spent some time in traveling, and then settled down in obscurity on his farm of Cheshunt in Herts, where he died at a good old age. It is said that he changed his name to Clark. Chaeles IL 1660—1685. Born 1630. Son of Charles I. and Henrietta Maria of France. He was married to Catherine of Braganza, by whom he had no children. He died at Whitehall, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Charles was possessed of excellent qualities, but they were almost obscured by his great vices and follies, and he had not profited by the lessons of adversity. Rochester was the author of the following epigram on the " Merry Mon- arch : " " Here lies our Sovereign Lord the King, Whose word no one relies on; He never said a foolish thing, And never did a wise one." Catherine of Braganza survived Charles. At the Rev- olution of 1688 she returned to Portugal, where she died. Principal Events of his Reign, Charles chose Edward Hyde (afterwards Lord Claren- don), the faithful friend of his exile, to be Chancellor 80 AN EPITOME OF and Lord-Keeper of the Seal. An Act of Indemnity was passed pardoning all who had taken part against the Crown, excepting those who were immediately con- cerned in the king's death. In 1663, Dnnkirk was sold to France for £400,000. War was declared against Holland, February 22, 1665. The Duke of York was in command of the navy, and gained a signal victory off the coast of Suffolk. In the same year the plague broke out, and raged with dreadful violence, and the following year, 1666, the Great Fire destroyed about five-sixths of the whole city of London. Louis XIV. of France united with the Dutch against England, and, in 1667, De Euyter sailed up the Thames and burned several ships at Chatham. A disgraceful peace was soon afterwards concluded, and the English had gained but little advantage during the war except the acquisi- tion of New York in ISTorth America. Clarendon was unjustly blamed for the reverses of the Enghsh, and dismissed from office. The ministry then formed was called the '' Cabal," from the initial letters of the names of its members : Clifford, Ashley, Buckingham, ArlingtoD, and Lauderdale. 1668, the "triple alliance" was formed to check the ambitious progress of Louis XIV. In this reign the Habeas Corpus Act was passed, and a bill was introduced to exclude the Duke of York from the succession, as he was a Koman Catholic, but it was rejected. There were several conspiracies formed to overthrow the Government, the chief of which were the j)lot of Titus Gates, that of Monmouth and Alger- non Sidney, and the Eye House plot. Several of the conspirators were executed; the most bitterly lamented E2sGLISH HISTORY. 81 was Lord Eussell, a very popular man. Charles died in the Romish faith. A modern historian has thus briefly painted his character: ^^The falsest, meanest, merriest of mankind." In the diaries of Pepys and John Evelyn we have a graphic picture of the court life of this reign. Sir Christopher Wren, the famous architect, rebuilt St. Paul's, and many of the city churches, which had been destroyed by the Great Fire. He designed the monu- ment on Fish-street hill, which is erected on the spot where the fire first broke out. Sir Christopher Wren is buried in St. Paul's Cathedral. Charles II. founded Chelsea Hospital. In 1682, Pennsylvania was settled by Quakers under William Penn. James II. 1685 — 1688. Born 1633. Son of Charles I. and Henrietta Maria of France. He Avas married, first to Anne Hyde, daughter of Lord Clarendon, by whom he had two daughters : Mary, married William of Nassau, Prince of Orange; Anne, married George, Prince of Denmark. Secondly, he married Mary Beatrice of Modena, by whom he had a son ; James Francis Edward, afterwards called the Pretender. He died at St. Germains in 1701, and was buried in the 82 AN EPITOME OF Churcb of the English Benedictines in Paris. In 1813, his remains were removed to St. Germains. James was unpopular before he came to the throne; he was bigoted and arbitrary, and his determination to force Papac}' upon the nation lost him his crown. After his expulsion he retired to France, where he was received with great generosity by Louis XIV. Principal Events of Ms Reign. James commenced his reign by attempts to re-establish the Roman Catholic religion, which gave great dis- pleasure to the nation. The Duke of Monmouth raised a rebellion in the west of England. It proved unsuccessful, and Mon- mouth w^as captured and taken to London, where he was executed on Tower Hill. His followers were tried by the cruel Judge Jeffreys, afterwards Lord Chancellor of England, and butchered without mercy ; even in- nocent women were not spared, and Alice Lisle, deaf, aged, and feeble, was executed at Winchester for hav- ing lodged two fugitives from the battle. James grew more and more bold in his efforts to restore Papacy ; he forced prelates of his own faith on the Universities, and issued a ^^Declaration for Liberty of Conscience," which was leveled against the liberties of the Church of England. Seven Bishops petitioned against it ; San- croft, the Primate ; Lloyd, of St. Asaph ; Turner, of Ely; Lake, of Chichester; Ken, of Bath and Wells ; AVhite, of Peterborough ; and Trelawney, of Bristol. They were committed to the Tower, and on their way ENGLISH HISTORY. 83 down the river the banks were crowded with sym- pathizing spectators. After a lon^ trial they were acquitted, to the great mortification of the king and joy of the people. In September, 1688, the heads of the Church party in England invited William of Orange, son-in-law of the king, to be their champion in the cause of civil and rehgions liberty. He accepted these advances, and landed at Torbay, November 5th ; he was joined by the nobility, clergy, and military, and even the Prince of Denmark and the Princess Anne. James made no resistance; he was allowed to escape to France, and the revolution was effected without a blow. In this year, 1688, died John Bunyan, author of Pilgrim's Progress. William III. of Nassau. 1689—1702. Reigned jointly with Maey II., his wife. William, born 1650, was the son of the Prince of Orange, and Mary, eldest daughter of Charles I. Mary, born 1662, was the daughter of James II. and Anne Hyde. They both died at Kensington, Mary in 1694, and William in 1702, and were buried in Westminster Abbey. They had no children. Principal Events of this Reign, A short interregnum occurred after the flight of James, and on the 13th February, 1689, the Prince and Princess of Orange were proclaimed king and queen, under the title of William III. and Mary IL The 84 AN EPITOME OF Scots accepted the new sovereigns after a slight resist- ance, but there was more opposition to them in Ireland. James took advantage of the feeling and landed in that country supported by a French army. Londonderry was besieged by the Jacobites, as James's followers were called, and was not relieved before the beleaguered in- habitants had suffered the last extremity of famine. William resolved to take the field in person, and landed at Carrickfergus. On the 12th of July, 1690, was fought the battle of the Boyne, which decided the for- tunes of James, who fled to France. William's veteran general, Marshal Von Schomberg, was killed. Before the king went to Ireland the Bill of Rights was passed, and it was also enacted that should the sovereign be- come a Papist, or marry a Papist, the subject should be absolved from allegiance. In 1691, the campaign in Ireland was closed, and William had time to prosecute his military plans on the Continent. Marlborough was his general during this expedition, which was termi- nated by the peace of Pyswick, September 20, 1697. James TI. died in 1701, and Louis XIV. immediately acknowledged his son, the Pretender, King of England. William indignantly prepared for war, but he did not live to see the preparations completed. His death resulted from injuries received by a fall from his horse. His consort, Mary, had died in 1694. In 1701, when the only surviving son of Princess Anne died, an act of Parliament settled the succession on the descendants of the unfortunate Elizabeth, daughter of James I., ex- queen of Bohemia and Princess Palatine of the Rhine. Mary did not take an active part in the affairs of the ENGLISH HISTORY. 85 governmert, except when William was absent in Ireland or on the continent, when she ruled with ability and success. The massacre of Glencoe was a great stain upon the administration of William. During this reign, Whitehall was destroyed by fire; the Banqueting Hall alone was saved. Chiefly through the instrumentality of Dr. Thomas Bray, the two great Societies of the Church of England were founded ; the " Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge," and the ^' Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts," familiarly known as the C. K. S. and S. P. G. societies. At this time flourished Dryden, the poet ; Sir Isaac Newton, and Sir Robert Boyle, the great philosophers ; Daniel De Foe, author of Robinson Crusoe; and Bishop Burnet, an historian. During this reign the Czar of Muscovy, Peter the Great, came to England to become practically acquainted with various manufactures. He was lodged for a time in the house of John Evelyn, author of the " Diary." The Triennial Bill was passed, and the Bank of England was founded in this reign. Chelsea Hospital, for invalid soldiers, was finished, and Greenwich Palace was given up as a hospital for disabled sailors. A^KE. 1702—1714. Born 1664. Daughter of James II. and Anne Hyde. She was married to George, Prince of Denmark, and had many children, only one of whom, George, Duke of Gloucester, lived beyond the age of infancy ; he died 80 AN EPITOME OF i aged eleven. Anne died at Kensington, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Anne was a selfish and weak woman, and completely under the influence of her confidantes. The Duchess of Marlborough, Sarah Jen- nings, was for a long time the favorite, and she and the queen corresponded under the assumed names of Mrs. Morley and Mrs. Freeman; but she was afterwards sup- planted by Abigail Hill, Lady Mash am. Anne was called ^^the Good Queen Anne." Her husband, Prince George, had a seat in the House of Lords, but took no othsr share in the government. Principal Events of her Reign. Anne's reign commenced with the war of the Spanish succession, in which England, Holland, and Germany were allied against France. Marlborough commanded the army, and his forces, combined with those of Prince Eugene, gained the "famous victory" of Blenheim. By this Marlborough was raised to the highest honors ; the queen gaye him the royal palace of Woodstock, near Oxford, and the nation there built him a splendid man- sion, called in comphment, Blenheim. In the same year, 1704, Sir George Rooke took the fortress of Gibraltar, which has ever since remained in the possession of the English. In 1707, the two kingdoms of England and Scotland were united into one nation under the name^ of Great Britain, and it was agreed that they should be represented by one and the same parliament. Marl- borough's successes on the Continent continued, and he won the victories of Ramillies, Oudenarde, and Mai- ENGLISH HISTORY. 87 plaquet. Shortly afterwards he fell into disgrace through court intrigues, and was dismissed from his command. The peace of Utrecht was concluded in 1713 ; by it Newfoundland, Hudson's Bay, and the Island of St. Kitts were ceded to the English. On the 31st of July, 1714, Queen Anne died. The reign of Queen Anne is sometimes called the Augustan age of English literature. Periodical litera- ture was originated by Addison and Steele in the '^Tat- ler*' and the "Spectator." Dean Swift excelled in satirical writing; and Pope was first among the poets. John Locke was a philosophical writer; he drew up a constitution for the State of South Carolina. It was at this time that the terms Whig and Tory became party words ; the Whigs favored the house of Hanover, and the Tories were for absolute monarchy, and friends to the Stuarts. In 1710, the people were greatly excited by the famous trial of Dr. Sacheverel. The Cathedral of St. Paul's was finished in this reign, it having occupied thirty-five years to rebuild it. SOVEREIGNS OF THE HOUSE OF STUART. James 1 1603—1625 Chables 1 1625—1649 Commonwealth 1649 — 166C Charles II 1660—1685 James II 1685—1688 Interregnum of two months. William III. (and Mary II.) 1639—1702 Anne 1702—1714 88 AN EPITOME OF HOUSE OF HANOVER OR BRUNSWICK. George I. 1714—1727. Born 1G60. Son of Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover, and Sophia, daughter of Erederick, Elector Palatine, and Elizabeth, daughter of James I. He mar- ried Sophia Dorothea of Zell, and had two children: George Augustus, who succeeded him; Dorothea Sophia, married Frederick William, king of Prussia. He died near Osnabruck in Hanover, and was buried in the Schlosskirche, Hanover. George I. was possessed of some good qualities; he was sagacious, industrious and sincere; but his ignorance of the English language and habits, and his unreasonable fondness for his native country, prevented him from gaining the affections of his new subjects. They regarded him with suspicion as a foreigner, whose interest in Hanover was stronger than that in Great Britain. In his domestic relations George I. was very unfortunate. He was separated from his wife, who was imprisoned for thirty-two years; and he lived at constant and bitter variance with his son. and successor. Principal Events of his Reign. Party spirit at this time ran very high; the king showed a decided preference for the Whigs, and re- moved many of the leading Tories from office. Lord Bolingbroke, the Duke of Ormond, and the Earl of Oxford, were impeached of high treason ; the two former escaped to the continent, but the latter was ENGLISH HISTORY. 89 committed to the Tower. These impeachments led to some serious disturbances, which gave occasion to the passage of the Riot Act. The Pretender, son of James II., known by the title of the Chevalier de St. George, asserted his claim to the throne, but his cause was ma- terially injured by the death of Louis XIV., who had promised him aid. September 6, 1715, the Earl of Mar raised the standard of the Pretender in the Highlands. NoYember 13, the Jacobites, in the north of England, were defeated and taken prisoners at Preston. The Pretender landed in Scotland on the 22d of December, and the 23d of January was fixed for his coronation, but before that day the Duke of Argyle, who com- manded the forces of the king, had driven him from the country, and he was glad once more to seek refuge in France. The king was inexorable in his punish- ment of the rebels, and many of them were executed. Thus ended ^-The Fifteen." In 1716, the Septennial Act was passed, by which the duration of Parliament was limited to seven years. 1718, Admiral Byng de- feated the Spanish fleet in the Mediterranean. The quadruple alliance was formed by England, France, Holland, and Germany, and, in 1720, the king of Spain was obliged to announce his accession to it. In the same year misery and ruin were spread over the country by the bursting of the South Sea Bubble. It was borrowed from Law's Mississippi Scheme in Paris, and was chiefly contrived by Sir John Blunt. The king died during a visit to Hanover. During this reign the order of Knights of the Bath 90 AN EPITOME OF was revived. The eccentric Lady Mary Wortley Mon- tague introduced inoculation into England; it was first practised upon some criminals in 1721.- Sir Eobert Walpole rose to political power daring this reign, and was Prime Minister at the time of the king's death. Fahrenheit's thermometer was invented in this reign. Geoege IL 1727-1760. Born 1683. Son of George I. and Sophia Dorothea of Zell. He was married to Princess Caroline Wilhel- mina of Anspach, and had two sons and five daughters. His sons were : Frederick, Prince of Wales, who married Augusta, Princess of Saxe-Gotba, and had a large family of children. His eldest son was George, after- wards George IH. He died in 1751. George William, Duke of Cumberland. He died at Kensington and was buried in Westmin- ster Abbey. He did not possess any brilliant qualities as a ruler; he was just and sincere, and like all the Hanoverian kings possessed personal courage in an emi- nent degree, but he was hasty in temper, without intel- lect or refinement, and avaricious. Like his father, he preferred Hanover to England, and was at enmity with his eldest son. Principal Events of his Reign. Sir Eobert Walpole was continued in office as Prime Minister, and soon wielded an immense power in Par- liament. Queen Caroline supported the policy of Wal- ENGLISH HISTORY. 91 pole, aDcL by her extraordinary influence and tact, so controlled affairs that she was, in effect, the sovereign of the kingdom. In 1737, the Prince of Wales, who was very popular, came to an open rupture with his father, and he was banished from court; this dissen- sion in the royal family was soon followed by the death of the Queen, a wise and amiable woman, who was much regretted. The commercial interests of England had been much injured by the interference of the Spanish government, and, as the latter refused redress, war was declared in 1739. Admiral Vernon took Porto Bello, and gained some other advantages in the Spanish set- tlements in America. A continental war was raging to support the terms of the Pragmatic Sanction, which guaranteed the imperial succession to Maria Theresa of Austria.- The English espoused the cause of the em- press. The king led the army in person, and, aided by his son, the Duke of Cumberland, gained the battle of Dettingen, June 27, 1743. In 1745 the allies lost the battle of Eontenoy. In 1744, Charles Edward, son of the first Pretender, attempted an invasion of England, but was unsuccessful. His ill fortune did not deter him from making another effort in Scotland the follow- ing year; he landed on the coast of Inverness, and raised his standard at Glenfinnan. He gained an in- considerable victory at Preston Pans, and afterwards pushed his arms into England as far as Derby ; but he was compelled to retreat, and was finally defeated at Culloden by the Duke of Cumberland, April 16, 1746. *^ The Forty-five' was the last attempt made by the Stuarts to recover the crown of Great Britain. Charles 92 AN EPITOME OF Edward, or the Chevalier, as he was called, wandered in the Highlands for some months, but at last he was able to make his escape to France. He subsequently resided in Italy under the title of the Count of Albany. His followers suffered terribly from the severity of the Duke of Cumberland. Lords Kilmarnock, Balmerino, and Lovat, were beheaded on Tower Hill. In 1748, the Continental war was terminated by the peace of Aix-la- Chapelle. In 1751, Frederick, Prince of Wales, died, and his eldest son, George, was created Prince of Wales. In 1755, a war broke out between the English and French colonies in America, which led to the Seven Years' War. In 1755, General Braddock was defeated near Fort Duquesne, now Pittsburg, in Pennsylvania. His aid-de-camp was George Washington, a native of Virginia, who was afterwards to play such a prominent part in the separation from the mother country. In March, 1757, Admiral Byng was shot for having failed to act with decision in the Mediterranean. At this time Lord Clive gained great successes for the English arms in India. In 1758, the celebrated Mr. Pitt, after- wards Lord Chatham, was placed at the head of the British ministy, and he sketched out the plan of the American campaign. The English were everywhere victorious, but their crowning glory was the capture of Quebec, by General Wolfe ; after this the Canadas sur- rendered to them. In the midst of triumphs by sea and by land, in Europe, America, and India, George II. died. In 1752, the Gregorian calendar was adopted in Eng- ENGLISH HISTORY. 93 land, and eleven days were taken out of the month of September. This change gave rise to the distinctions of " Old Style/^ and "New Style." During this reign flourished Gay, author of the " Beggars' Opera ; " Dr. Arbuthnot, a celebrated Scotch physician ; James Thomson, author of " The Seasons ; " Dr. Watts; Bishop Butler, who wrote the ''Analogy;" Bishop Berkeley, who conferred great benefits on the English colonies in America ; Young, author of " Night Thoughts ; " and Thomas Gray, author of " The Bard," and •' Elegy written in a Country Churchyard." Wolfe repeated the latter poem to the officers by his side as he was floating down the St. Lawrence, the night before the capture of Quebec, and added, "I would rather be the autlior of that poem, than take Quebec." During this reign Anson sailed round the world ; and the dis- astrous massacre of the Black Hole of Calcutta took place. The rise of Methodism dates from this reign. The founder was John Wesley, and he was aided by George Whitefield, a distinguished preacher. A great painter during this reign was WilUam Hogarth. George IH. 1760—1820. Born 1738. Son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. He was married to Charlotte Sophia, Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and had a large family of children. Those best known are : George, afterwards Prince Regent, who succeeded him ; 94 AN EPITOME OF William Henry, Duke of Clarence, who became King William IV. ; Edward, Duke of Kent, who married Victoria, Princess-Dowager of Leiningen, and sister of Prince Leopold of Saxe-Ooburg ; Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, who be- came King of Hanover on the death of William IV.; Adolphus Frederick, Duke of Cambridge. George III. died at Windsor, and was buried in St. George's Chapel. He was obstinate and narrow- minded; but his faults were redeemed in his private character by his domestic virtues, his honesty, his sim- ple tastes, and sincere piety. One advantage George III. had over his predecessors of the same name — he was a true Englishman, and in his first speech declared that he gloried in the name of Briton. At different periods of his life he suffered from a mental malady, which at last became incurable. Principal Events of his Reign. The Earl of Bute, who was high in favor with the new king, supplanted Pitt in the ministry. Spain, leagued with France by the Family Compact, declared war against England. The Peace of Paris was con- cluded in February, 1763, and by this treaty several valuable colonies in America were secured to Great , Britain. In the same year the peace of Hubertsburg put an end to the Seven Years' War. About this time John Wilkes became very notorious on account of an article which he had contributed to No. 45 of *^The ENGLISH HISTORY. 95 North Briton/' a weekly paper of which he was editor. The paper created a violent excitement in the political world, which lasted several years. Soon after appeared the famous Letters of Junius, In 1765, Parliament passed the Stamp Act, which was very obnoxious to the American colouies, and was the first link in the chain of events which led to the Revolution. Patrick Henry opposed it with a burst of eloquence in the Virginia House of Burgesses. Edmund Burke spoke against it with equal eloquence in the House of Commons. The Act was afterwards repealed, but this concession failed to appease the colonists, who had other grievances to complain of. Parliament still maintained the right to tax the Colonies. The tax on tea was especially obnox- ious, and in December, 1773, "Boston harbor grew black with unexpected tea,'' to quote Carlyle. Benja- min Franklin, agent in London for the Colonists, vaiuly strove to effect a reconciliation between them and the Inother-country. The Great Commoner, now Earl of Chatham, warned the Lords against forcing taxation. Erequent changes in the ministry weakened the power of the home government; thirteen colonies banded themselves together and elected a Congress. In 1774, they drew up a Declaration of Eights and Liberties, and sent a petition to the king, stating their grievances, and asking for redress. The petition was shghted, and on the 4th of July, 1776, the famous Declaration of Independence was issued. Meanwhile actual hostihties had commenced April 19, 1775, at Lexington, where the American troops were victorious. The battle of Bunker's Hill soon followed. The Ameri- 96 ^4.V EPITOME OF cans were assisted in their struggle by the French. George Washington was Commander-in-chief of the American forces, and Lafayette of the French. The war was terminated by the surrender of Lord Corn- wallis at Yorktown, October 19, 1781. Gibraltar, which had been besieged by the French and Spaniards for three years, was relieved in 1782. During the prepara- tions made to equip a fleet for this service the Royal George was lost in Portsmouth harbor, and nine hun- dred persons perished. January 20, 1783, a treaty of peace was signed at Versailles, and the independence of the United States was recognized. About this time Captain James Cook was making himself famous by his explorations in the South Seas. He made three voyages around the world between the years 1767 and 1779. He was killed in 1779 at the Sandwich Islands which he had discovered and named. In 1783 Mr. Pitt, son of Lord Chatham, was made Prime Minister at the age of twenty-four. 1788, impeachment of War- ren Hastings for alleged cruelty in India. Burke led the impeachment, and Fox and Sheridan were on the same side. The trial lingered on for seven years, and finally ended in the acquittal of Hastings, who received a pension from the East India Company. The king suffered from temporary attacks of mental derange- ment. In April, 1789, he went in state to St. Paul's to give thanks for his recovery from one of these afflictions. In the same year, 1789, the Ke volution broke out in France, and the wildest anarchy reigned in that coun- try. After the execution of Louis XVL, January, 1793, France declared war against England and Holland. ENGLISH EISTORY. 97 The Duke of York commanded the Englisli navy ; some victories were gained, and several French islands in the West Indies were captured. At this time Napo- leon Bonaparte commenced his extraordinary and bril- liant career. The allies one by one deserted England, until, after the peace of Oampo Formio, she was left alone to struggle with the giant foe. Napoleon went to Egypt, where he was followed by the English fleet under Admiral Nelson. August 1, 1798, was fought the Battle of the Nile, in which the whole French fleet, except four ships, was destroyed or captured. For this victory Nelson was created Baron Nelson of the Nile. In this year there was a rebellion in Ireland, probably caused by the evil influence of the French Eevolution. In 1799 the siege and capture of Serin gapatam. Janu- ary 1, 1801, the Union of Great Britain and Ireland was proclaimed. In April, 1801, Nelson gained the battle of Copenhagen. Napoleon continued his suc- cesses on the Continent, and in 1802 was elected Con- sul for life, and in 1804 he was created emperor. Oc- tober 21, 1805, was fought the naval battle of Trafal- gar, in which the English were successful, but Lord Nelson was killed. He was buried in St. Paul's Cathe- dral. In 1806 Pitt and Fox died. In the same year Napoleon issued his decrees from Berlin, which pro- hibited all intercourse with England ; the bombard- ment of Copenhagen followed, and the sufferings it caused are amongst the most painful incidents of the war. Spain was occupied by the French, and her king displaced by Joseph Bonaparte, brother of the emperor. In this distress the Spaniards applied to Great Britain 98 AN EPITOME OF for aid, and the memorable Peninsular War was the consequence. The British troops were commanded by Sir Arthur Wellesley, afterwards the illustrious Duke of "Wellington. January, 1809, Sir John Moore fell at Corunna, and was buried on " the field of his fame and his glory." In 1810 the king had a return of his former malady, from which he never again entirely re- covered ; he also became blind. Under these circum- stances it vv^as necessary for some head to be appointed for the government, and the Prince of Wales was made Eegent. In 1812 Mr. Perceval, then Prime Minister, was shot in the lobby of the House of Commons. Wel- lington gained splendid victories in Spain, and finally drove the French from the Peninsula. In 1812 Napo- leon retreated from Moscow ; and his reverses roused the alHes to new efforts to humble this mighty con- queror. March 30, 1814, they gained a victory near Paris, and the next day they entered the French capital. On the 11th of April Napoleon signed his abdication at Fontainebleau, and then retired to the Island of Elba. While these events were passing on the Continent the government had to turn its serious attention to the war with the United States, which had commenced in 1812, and had assumed a very important and threatening aspect. The naval battles were fought principally on the Great Lakes, and the Americans were generally victori- ous. January 8, 1815, General Jackson gained the battle of New Orleans, and the war was terminated by a treaty of peace which was signed at Ghent in December, 1814. In 1815, while a Congress at Vienna was deliberating on the affairs of Europe, Napoleon suddenly appeared ENGLISH HISTORY. 99 again in France. The allied forces immediately pre- pared to resist liim, and the decisive battle was fouglit at Waterloo, June 18, 1815. Wellington was the hero of the battle, but some honor belongs to Bliicher, who commanded the Prussian forces. Napoleon's cause was completely lost, the allies entered Paris in triumph, and the fallen chief was caged in the island of St. Helena. In 1815 Ceylon passed completely under British rule. In 1816 the pirates of Algiers were subdued, and many Christian slaves liberated. In 1816 the Princess Charlotte, only child of the Prince Eegent, was married to Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg. Her death in the following year cast a gloom over the nation. A year later Queen Charlotte died. In 1819 the Prin- cess Victoria was born, and in 1820 her father, Edward Duke of Kent, died. The king survived him but a few days, and thus ended the longest and most eventful reign in English history. The last of the Stuarts, Henry, Cardinal Duke of York, died at Korae in 1807. He was buried with his father, James Francis, and his brother, Charles Edward, in a church at Eome, where a beautiful monument of white marble bears the names, James HI., Charles III, and Henry IX., Kings of England. It was placed there at the expense of the Prince Eegent. In this reign electricity was discovered; gas used for lighting the streets; the safety lamp invented; vaccina- tion practised; telescopes improved; and steam applied to navigation and printing. It would be difficult to name all the great men and literary characters of this period. The principal were: — Goldsmith, Burns, 100 AN EPITOME OF Oowper, Shelley, Keats, Byron, and Sir Walter Scott, poets ; Dr. Samuel Johnson, the great philosopher and lexicographer, and his biographer Boswell; Adam Smith, founder of political economy; Hume and Gib- bon, historians; Burke and Sheridan, orators and states- men ; Sir Joshua Eeynolds, the first president of the Eoyal Academy, Thomas Gainsborough, and Benjamin West, painters; John Flaxman, sculptor ; John Howard, the philanthropist; and James Watt, Josiah Wedgewood, Sir Richard Arkwriglit, Sir William Herschel, and Sir Humphrey Davy, inventors. George IV. 1820—1830. Born 1762. Son of George III. and Charlotte Sophia, princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. He was married to Princess Caroline of Brunswick, and had one daughter: Charlotte, who married Prince Leopold of Saxe- Coburg, and died November 1817. She was buried in St. George's Chapel, Windsor. George IV. died at Windsor, and was buried in. St. George's Chapel. '^The first gentleman in Europe" was a character whom we can neither admire nor respect. He wasted his talents and trifled away his advantages, and in old age became very morose and unhappy. The Princess Charlotte was greatly beloved by the people, and her death was very much regretted. Her residence, Claremont, continued in the possession of the widowed Leopold, the late king of the Belgians. He ENGLISH HISTORY. 101 married a second time^ and when his father-in-law, Louis Philippe of France, was expelled from his dominions, he offered Claremont as a residence to the exiled royal family. Prmcipal Events of his Reign. A plot was formed to murder the cabinet ministers, but it was discovered and the perpetrators executed. Queen Carohne was tried and acquitted. Having been refused admittance to Westminster Abbey on the corona- tion of her husband, she died soon afterwards of mor- tification and a broken heart, August 1821. In this year the king visited Ireland and Hanover, and in the following year he went to Scotland. In 1824 there was a great Money Panic. Banks stopped pay- ment, and there was great distress. Greece made vig- orous efforts to throw off the Turkish yoke, and this was finally accomplished at the battle of Navarino, Oct. 20, 1827, in which the Greeks were aided by the combined fleets of England, France, and Eussia. Greece became independent, and Otho of Bavaria was placed on the throne. Lord Byron espoused the cause of the Greeks very warmly, and died at Missolonghi in 1824. In 1829 the Eoman Catholic Emancipation Act was passed. The king died, after a lingering illness, in 1830. William IV. 1830—1837. Born 1765. Son of George III. and Charlotte Sophia, princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. He was married to 102 AN EPIT03IE OF Adelaide, princess of Saxe-Meiningen, and had two children who died in infancy. He died at Windsor, and was buried in St. George's Chapel. The *^ Sailor King" was much beloved by his people. He had good sound sense, and a kindly heart, and his reign was a useful one. Principal Events of his Reign. In 1830 there was a second revolution in France. Charles X. was driven from the throne, and Louis Philippe was made King of the French. About the same time the Belgians separated from Holland, and appointed Prince Leopold their king. During this year, 1830, the first railway in England was opened between Liverpool and Manchester. The engineer of this road was George Stephenson, who was the improver if not the inventor of the Locomotive Engine, He was assisted in this great enterprise by his son Kobert, celebrated as the engineer of theMenai Tubular Bridge. In 1832 the Eeforni Bill was passed. Its opposition in the House of Lords was received with great indigna- tion by the people, and disgraceful mobs followed. In 1833 was passed the Act for the Abolition of Slavery in the British dominions. In the following year the houses of ParHament were destroyed by fire. Many reforms were made in the poor laws, and in 1835 the Municipal Act, by which the Town Councils were re- formed, was passed. In this year aid was sent from England to Queen Isabella of Spain. Several noted authors died during this reign. In September 1832 died ENGLISH HISTORY. 103 the famous Sir Walter Scott, aged 62 years. The great Wilhani Wilberforce, the first to bring forward a raotion for the abolition of slavery, dying in 1833, lived just long enough to see the triumph of the cause for which he had labored for more than forty years. In 1834 Coleridge died, and in 1835 Charles Lamb and Felicia Hemans. Other writers of this and the preceding reign were: — Thomas Moore, Thomas Campbell, Thomas Hood, Samuel Eogers, Eobert Southey, Poet Laureate from 1813 to 1843, and William Wordsworth, who suc- ceeded Southey as Laureate, and died in 1850. Alexan"drika Victoria. 1837. Born May 24, 1819. Daughter of Edward, Duke of Kent, and the Princess Maria Louise Victoria of Saxe-Coburg. February 10, 1840, she was married to Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, who died Decem- ber 14, 1861. He had received the title of Prince Consort. They had nine children: 1. Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa, Princess-Royal, born Nov. 21, 1840, married 1858 to Frederick William, Crown-Prince of Prussia. 2. Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, heir apparent to the throne, born Nov. 9, 1841, married March 10, 1863, to Princess Alexandra of Denmark. Their children are: — Albert Victor Christian Edward, born Jan. 8, 1864 ; George, born June 3,1865; Louise, born Feb. 20, 1867; Victoria Alexandra Olga Mary, born July 6, 1868; Augusta, born Nov. 26, 1869. 104 AN EPITOME OF 3. Alice Maud Marj, born April 25, 1843, mar- ried July 1, 1862, to Louis, Prince of Hesse- Darmstadt, died Dec. 14, 1878. 4. Alfred Ernest Albert, of the Royal Navy, created in 1874 Duke of Edinburgh, heir apparent to the Dukedom of Saxe-Ooburg, born Aug. 6, 1844, married Jan. 23, 1874, to the Grand- Duchess Marie of Russia. 5. Helena Augusta Victoria, born May 25, 1846, married July 5, 1866, to Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg. 6. Louise Caroline Alberta, born March 18, 1848, married March 21, 1871, to the Marquis of Lome. 7. Arthur William Patrick Albert, created Duke of Con naught and Strathearne, born May 1, 1850, married March 13, 1879, to Princess Louise Margarethe, daughter of Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia. 8. Leopold George Duncan Albert, born April 7, 1853, married April 27, 1882, to Princess Helena of Waldeck. 9. Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore, born April 14, 1857. On the death of William IV., his brother Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, succeeded to the throne of Hanover, as that kingdom is controlled by the Salic law. On the 28th of June, 1838, Victoria was crowned in Westminster Abbey. In the same year the first steamship sailed from England to America. In 1840 Penny Postage was made general, owing to the efforts of Rowland Hill. From 1839-1842 there was ENGLISH HISTORY. 105 war in Afghanistan. The proximity of that country to the Indian empire made it important to the English that they should be on friendly terms with its sovereign. In 1855 an alliance was made with Dost Mohammed, who had usurped the throne. The former Afghan prince. Shah Shoojah, had been killed. About the same time England aided Turkey in a war with the Pasha of Egypt. The latter was forced to withdraw his troops from Syria. England was also at war with China. In 1842 a peace was concluded, by which Hong Kong was ceded to Britain, and several ports in China were opened to foreign trade. For some years England had much trouble with the Sikhs, a warlike tribe of the Punjaub in India. After much fighting the Punjaub was finally annexed to the Indian empire in 1849. The repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 was a very important political event. In 1849 died the Queen-dowager Adelaide; and in the same year the queen visited Ireland. In 1850 died Sir Kobert Peel. In 1851 a great inter- national exhibition was held in London, the idea of which originated with Prince Albert. 1852 died the Duke of Wellington, the ''^Iron Duke," and the ''hero of a hundred fights." He was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral. In 1854 commenced the famous Crimean war, which terminated with the fall of Sebastopol in September, 1855. A treaty of peace was signed at Paris, March 30, 1856. In the same year the French and English troops forced China to open five new ports for trade, and allow British subjects to travel through the country. In 1857 a formidable insurrection broke out in India. 106 ^.Y EPITOME OF After its suppression the government of the country passed from the control of the East India Company into the dominion of the crown. In 1858 Jews were admitted to Parliament. A third war with China broke out in 1860, which however did not last long. The dis- trict of Kooloon was ceded to Britain. In 1860 the Prince of Wales visited America, and was everywhere received with great cordiality and enthusiasm. In March, 1861, died the Duchess of Kent, and in Decem- ber of the same year, the queen, the royal family, and the w^hole nation suffered an irreparable loss in the death of Prince Albert. The Kensington Museum of Art and Science owes its foundation to this noble prince. In 1863 the Prince of Wales was married to the Princess Alexandra of Denmark; the ceremony took place in St. George's Chapel, Windsor. In the same year her brother, George of Denmark, was elected King of Greece. Lord Palmerston died in 1865. That year and the following one were marked by Fenian plots in Ireland and England. The Habeas Corpus Act was for a time suspended in Ireland. In 1866, by means of the Great Eastern, a submarine cable was successfully laid from Valentia to Newfoundland. The broken cable of the previous year was raised and mended, and formed another link between the two continents. Three years later a French cable was laid. In 1867 the Second Ee- form Bill was passed; and the British possessions in North America were united into the Dominion of Canada, to consist of four provinces: Ontario, Que- bec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. The capital of the Dominion is Ottawa. 1868 was marked by the ENGLISH HISTORY. 107 Abyssinian war. King Theodore shot himself in April, 1868. Sir Eobert Napier who conducted the war was rewarded for his success with the title of Lord JSTapier of Magdala. In 1869 the Irish Church was disestab- lished and disendowed, and her bishops no longer al- lowed a seat in the House of Lords. The Suez Canal, the work of the great French engineer, M. Lesseps, was opened the same year. In 1870 the Irish Laud Act and the English Education Bill were passed. 1871, South Kensington Exhibition, visited by over a million people ; Mont Oenis Tunnel opened for use ; Bishop Patteson of Melanesia murdered by natives of Vera Cruz ; ISTovember 10, Henry M. Stanley, an American, discovered Dr. Livingstone at Ujiji on Lake Tangan- yika. He sent home letters to his daughter Agnes. Letters were received from him until July of 1872. In 1872 there was another International Exhibition at South Kensington ; and in 1873 an Exhibition at Vienna, visited by over seven million people. In the same year the Shah of Persia made a visit to England ; January 15, the Ex-emperor Louis Napoleon was buried at Ohiselhurst ; on the same day the Prince Im- perial met the friends of the empire, and was saluted as Napoleon IV. ; June 29, Prince Frederick William, second son of the Princess Alice and Prince Louis of Hesse, was killed by falling from a window of the royal palace at Darmstadt 1873-1874, the Ashantee War. January, 1874^ marriage of Prince Alfred and the Grand Duchess Marie Alexandre vna. They were mar- ried in the Winter Palace, St. Petersburg. The Ortho- dox ceremony was performed by Greek ecclesiastics. 108 AN EPITOME OF and the Anglican by Dean Stanley. In this year the king of the Fiji Islands ceded his country to the Brit- ish government ; the remains of Dr. Livingstone were brought to England, and interred in Westminster Abbey; Prince Arthur took his seat in the House of Lords as Duke of Connaught ; and Trinity Church, the first English Protestant place of worship within the walls of Rome, was erected. St. Paul's had been built by the Church in America some years previous. Janu- ary 1, 1877, Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India at Delhi ; the telephone was first used in Eng- land in this year, and the Transvaal Eepublic annexed to the British Empire. 1878, Cyprus ceded to Eng- land ; July 2d, Anglican Conference opened at Lam- beth Palace, attended by ninety-five prelates; Cleopa- tra's Needle raised on the Thames embankment ; death of the Princess Alice. She died of diphtheria, Decem- ber 14th, the anniversary of her father's death. Her youngest daughter died a few days before of the same disease. She left two sons and four daughters. 1879, a great famine in Ireland ; marriage of Prince Arthur to the Princess Louise Margarethe of Prussia. 1881, death of the Earl of Beaconsfield. April 27, 1882, mar- riage of Leopold, youngest son of Queen Victoria, to the Princess Helena of Waldeck at Windsor; May 16th, assassination of Lord Frederick Cavendish, Chief Sec- retary for Ireland, and Thomas Burke, Under Secretary, in Phoenix Park, Dublin ; September 17th, death of the Rev. Dr. E. B. Pusey; December 3d, death of Dr. Tait, archbishop of Canterbury, and Primate of all England, aged 71 years. In this year England was at war in Egypt. ENGLISH HISTORY. 109 The great men in the realms of Literature, Art and Science of the reign of Victoria are so numerous that there is not space in this little volume for even a pass- ing notice of their achievements. The following are the names of some of the eminent men and women who have recently passed from us : — Charlotte Bronte died in 1855 ; Henry Hallam and Lord Macaulay in 1859 ; E. B. Browning in 1861; Thackeray in 1863; Charles Dickens in 1870; Lord Lytton in 1873; Henry Kingsley in 1876; George EHot in 1880; Thomas Carlyle in 1881; Anthony Trollope and Charles Darwin in 1882. Among painters : — Sir David Wilkie died in 1 841 ; Joseph Turner in 1851; Sir Edwin Landseer in 1871; Sir Francis Chantrey, the sculptor, in 1848. Sir Joseph Paxton, designer of the Crystal Palace, died in 1865. The great explorers of this reign have been: — David Livingstone, John Speke, and Sir Samuel Baker in Africa; and Sir John Franklin and Robert Maclure, the discoverers of the Northwest Passage. Alfred Tennyson is the Poet Laureate. SOVEREIGNS OF THE HOUSE OF HANOVER OR BRUNSWICK. George 1 1714—1727 George II 1727—1760 George III 1760—1820 George IV 1820—1830 William IV 1830—1837 Victoria 1837 — Long may she reign ! QUESTIOI^S ON ElSrULISH HISTOEY 1. Which is the legendary period of British history ? 2. What was the ancient name of England ? 3. What is the tradition as to the origin of the Britons ? 4.. Who were the Phoenicians ? 5. Why were they early acquainted with Britain ? 6. Who was King Lear ? 7. Give the date of the first Roman Invasion of Britain. 8. Who led the Roman Army, and what do you know of him? 9. Who was leader of the Britons ? 10. What invasion took place 54 B. C. ? 11. How far did Caesar penetrate ? 12. What was the ancient name of St. Albans ? 13. For how many years were the Britons unmolested ? 14. Who were the Druids? 15. Where is Stonehenge V 16. What island was devoted to the residence of the Druids ? 17. What was a terrible feature of Druidical Worship ? 18. Who was Cymbeline, and by whom has he been immor- talized ? 19. What can you say about the mock-invasion of Caligula? 20. When did Claudius invade Britain ? 21. Who was the Roman general that led the invasion of Claudius? 22. Who was Caractacus ? 23. What was the ancient name of Colchester ? 112 QUESTIONS ON 24. Who conquered the Isle of Wight ? 35. Who was Titus? 26. When and where was Caractaciis defeated, and what was the result ? 27. Who took command in Britain A. D. 59 ? 28. Who destroyed the Druids ? 29. What happened A. D. 61 ? 30. Who has called Boadicea, " the British warrior queen ? " 31. What was the Roman name of London ? 32. When was Agricola appointed to the command of Britain? 33. What did Agricola raise ? 34 What did Hadrian build ? 35. Why is Hadrian's rampart called the wall of Severus 36. Where did Severus die ? 37. Who was the first Christian martyr of Great Britain ? 38. Where did he suffer, and at what date ? 39. When and where did Constantius die ? 40. Where was Constantino the Great first proclaimed Emperor? 41 . When did the Scots and Picts penetrate to London ? 42. Relate about the letter sent to iEtius. 43. What did Vortigern do in 448 ? 44. What is the date of the Saxon Invasion ? 45. Who were Hengist and Horsa ? 46. How may the interval between the Saxon Invasion and the Norman Conquest be divided ? 47. What is the 1st period 't 48. Whom did Vortigern marry? 49. When was Horsa slain ? 50. What occurred in 457 ? 51. What followed from the successes of Hengist ? 52. Who was Arthur and when did he die ? 53. Is his history altogether fabulous ? 54. Who was St. Augustine? 55. Had Britain ever been Christianized before St. Augustine was sent there ? 56. Why had it, as a state, relapsed into heathendom ? ENGLISH HISTORY. 113 57. Who was Bertha? 58. Whom did St. Augustine convert to Christianity? 59. What can you say about St. Martin's Church, Canterbury ? 60. When was St. Paul's Cathedral founded ? 61. When, and by whom, was Westminster Abbey founded ? 62. What was founded A. D. 644 ? 63. What do you know of the Venerable Bede ? 64. What important event occurred in A. D. 827 ? 65. What was the Saxon capital of England ? 66. Where had the Britons been driven to? 67. What is the 2d Period between the Saxon Invasion and the Norman Conquest ? 68. Who was Egbert, and where was he buried ? 69. Whom did Ethelwulf marry? 70. What occurred during the reign of Ethelwulf ? 71. What three kings succeeded ? 72. Who was Alfred the Great ? and give dates of his reign. 73. Who are the best known of Alfred's children? 74. Who gave Alfred much trouble ? 75. What occurred in 878 ? 76. What benefits resulted from Alfred's reign ? 77. Who succeeded Alfred ? 78. Who was Athelstan ? 79. Name some of the principal events of his reign. 80. Who were Edmund I. and Eldred 81. How did Edmund die ? 82. Who was St. Dunstan ? 83. Whom did Edwy marry, and what followed ? 84. What can you say of Edgar the Peaceable ? 85. How did Edward the Martyr die ? 86. What was the surname of Ethelred II., and why? 87. Who was Edmund Ironside ? 88. Who was Emma, the wife of Ethelred ? 89. Name the sons of Ethelred and Emma. 90. What was the subsequent fate of Alfred ? 91. What was Danegeld? 114 QUESTIONS ON 92. When did the massacre of the Danes take place ? 93. Who revenged this massacre ? 94. What became of Ethelred ? 95. What is the 3d Period between the Saxon Invasion and the Norman Conquest ? 96. What can you say of Sweyn ? 97. What became of Edmund Ironside ? 98. Name the sons of Edmund Ironside. 99. Who was descended from Edward the Exile ? 100. Whom did Canute marry ? 101. Who was Hardicanute ? 102. Where did Canute die, and where was he buried? 103. Relate an incident in the reign of Canute. 104. What was the surname of Harold, son of Canute? 105. What was the fate of Hardicanute ? 106. What is the 4th Period between the Saxon Invasion and the Norman Conquest ? 107. Who succeeded Hardicanute, and what are the dates of his reign ? 108. Whom did Edward the Confessor marry ? 109. Where had he been educated, and what was the result ? 110. Who was Earl Godwin? 111. To whom did Edward the Confessor leave the crown of England? 112. Who was the true heir? 113. Where was Edward the Confessor buried ? 114. Relate the story of Macbeth. 115. Who was Harold II., and by whom was he crowned ? 116. Who disputed his claims to the throne? 117. Where was the fate of England decided ? 118. Where was Harold buried ? 119. What was built on the site of the battle-field? 120. Give the date of William the Conqueror's accession. 131. Whose son was he ? 122. What was his father's surname ? 123. To whom was William the Conqueror married ? ENGLISH HISTORY, 115 124 Mention tlie children of William and Matilda who are best known in history ? 125. What was the fate of Richard, second son of the Con- queror ? 126. How did William the Conqueror divide his possessions amongst his sons ? 127. To whom was Adela married, and who was descended from her? 128. What caused William's death ? 129. Where did he die, and where was he buried ? 130. Where was William the Conqueror crowned ? 131. Upon what conditions did Edgar Atheling resign all claim to the crown ? 132. What rebellions occurred during this reign ? 133. With whom was William at war at the time of his death? 134. What was the object of the Curfew bell ? 135. Where was the New Forest, and why was it made ? 136. What was the Feudal law ? 137. Where did Matilda, wife of the Conqueror, die, and where was she buried ? 138. W^hat is the Bayeux tapestry, and where is it preserved ? 139. Who succeeded William the Conqueror, and what are the dates of his reign ? 140. Where did William Rufus die, and where is he buried ? 141. Give the date of the 1st Crusade. 142. What where the Crusades ? 143. How was Robert enabled to go to the Holy Land ? 144. When was the Tower built ? 145. What do you know of Westminster Hall ? 146. What is Goodwin Sands ? 147. How was the crime of having depopulated such a vast tract of land as the New Forest visited upon the descendants of the Conqueror ? 148. Who succeeded William Rufus ? 149. What was his surname, and why was it given ? 150. Who was the proper heir to the throne ? 116 QUESTIONS ON 151. Whom did Henry I. marry ? 152. Why did he marry Matilda of Scotland ? 153. Who were the children of Henry and Matilda ? 154. What was the fate of Prince William ? 155. Whom did Matilda marry ? 156. What is she called in history ? 157. Where did Henry die ? 158. Where was he buried? 159. With whom did Henry I. war ? 160. What was the fate of Eobert ? 161. What effect did the death of Prince William have upon the king? 162. What Order was established during this reign ? 163. Why did Stephen of Blois claim the throne upon the death of Henry I. ? 164. Who was the queen of Stephen ? 165. What was the character of Matilda of Boulogne ? 166. Who was Prince Eustace? 167. Where did Stephen die ? 168. Where were Stephen and his queen buried ? 169. What was the state of the kingdom during this reign ? 170. Who was the most powerful supporter of Matilda's cause 1 171. Who fought the battle of Northallerton ? 172. What was the result? 173. What compromise was made by Stephen and Matilda ? 174. Give the date of the 2d Crusade. 175. Who was William of Malmesbury ? 176. How many kings were there of the Norman Line ? 177. Give their names and the dates of their reigns. 178. What House succeeded the Norman kings? 179. Whence came the title? 180. Whose son was Henry II. ? 181. What was restored in the person of Henry II. ? 182. Whom did he marry ? 183. To whom had Eleanor been previously married ? 184. Name the children of Henry II. and Eleanor ? EXGLISR HISTORY. 117 185. To wliom was Priuce Henry married? 186. Relate the circumstauce of lais death. 187. What was the surname of Richard? 188. Who was Constance of Bretagne ? 189. To whom was Joan married ? 190. What caused Henry's death, and where did he die ? 191. Where was Henry II. buried ? 192. Who was Thomas a Becket ? 193. Relate an anecdote to prove the intimacy which existed between Becket and the king. 194. Why was Becket created Archbishop of Canterbury ? 195. What was the effect of his elevation to the Archbishopric ? 196. What led to the murder of Becket ? 197. Relate the circumstances connected with the murder. 198. How was Becket's memory honored ? 199. How did Henry publicly show his regret for the murder ? 200. When was Ireland conquered ? 201. What circumstances led to the Conquest ? 202. How did Eleanor use her influence over her sons ? 203. What was the fate of Geoffrey ? 204. Who joined Richard in his last rebellion against his father? 205. Why was that "the most unkindest cut of all ?" 206. How did it affect the king? 207. How was the kingdom divided for judicial purposes? 208. What great improvement in houses was introduced during this reign ? 209. Who was Nicholas Breakspear ? 210. Who succeeded Henry II. ? 211. How many years did he reign ? 212. To whom was Richard married ? 213. What was the cause of Richard's death ? 214. How has Richard been regarded in romance ? 215. What does Sir Walter Scott say of him ? 216. What was his true character ? 217. Did he show much affection for his kingdom and sub- jects ? 118 QUESTIONS ON 218. Relate the incidents connected with IJichard's setting out on the Crusade. 219. What island did Richard capture ? 220. Who were victorious in the battle of Joppa ? 221. What truce was made between Richard and Saladin ? 222. Relate the adventures connected with the capture of the king on his return from the Holy Land. 223. What story is connected with his release? 224. How was Richard wounded at Chains? 225. Where is he buried ? 226. Who was Robin Hood ? 227. Who succeeded Richard I. ? 228. What was his surname, and why did he receive it ? 229. Whom did he marry ? 230. Name the children of John. 231. What was the fate of Arthur of Bretagne ? 232. Why did the king dispute with Innocent III. ? 233. What did the barons compel John to sign ? 234. When and where was Magna Charta signed? 235. What was John's conduct after he had signed the charter ? 236. Whom did the barons call to their aid ? 237. Where did John die, and where was he buried? 238. Where is Magna Charta still preserved ? 239. Where was Arthur murdered ? 240. What became of the Damsel of Bretagne? 241. Give the dates of the reign of Henry III. 242. Whom did he marry ? 243. Mention Henry's children. 244. Whom did Margaret marry ? 245. Why was Eleanor of Provence a very unpopular queen ? 246. Who was protector of the realm ? 247. What was the character of the Earl of Pembroke ? 248. Where was the French army defeated ? 249. What great loss did the king and country sustain in 1219 ? 250. What title did the Pope bestow on Edmund, son of the king? ENGLISH HISTORY, 119 251. To what did this empty honor lead ? 252. Who headed the barons ? 253. What was the " Mad Parliament?" 254. Where did it assemble ? 255. Who tried to act as mediator between Henry and the barons ? 256. When was the battle of Lewes fought ? 257. What was the result ? 258. How did Prince Edward effect his escape ? 259. What battle was fought in 1265 ? 260. Which party was victorious, and who were slain ? 261. When did Prince Edward set out on a crusade ? 262. Who accompanied him ? 263. How long did Henry HI. reign ? 264. Where did he die, and where is he buried ? 265. Who was Roger Bacon ? 266. What was the surname of Edward I. ? 267. Was it well applied ? 268. Whom did he marry ? 269. What was the surname of Eleanor of Castile ? 270. Relate the legend of her devotion in the Holy Land. 271. Where did Queen Eleanor die ? 272. What respect did Edward pay to her remains ? 273. What monuments were erected to her memory ? 274. What is the origin of the name Charing Cross ? 275. What is being built to replace the old monumental Charing Cross ? 276. Where did Edward die? 277. What singular directions did he give concerning his body ? 278. Where was he buried ? 279. What inscription is there upon his tomb ? 280. Where was Edward at the time of his father's death? 281. What war did he undertake a few years after his accession ? 282. When and where was Llewellyn killed ? 283. Where was his head placed after his death ? 284. When was Wales finally conquered ? 120 QUESTIONS ON 285. What was the fate of David, brother of Llewellyn ? 386. What is the reason that the eldest sons of the English sovereigns are styled Prince of Wales ? 287. When were the Jews banished from England ? 288. How long were they excluded from the kingdom ? 289. What was the origin of the war with Scotland ? 290. Who was the Maid of Norway ? 291. How many competitors were there for the crown of Scot- land? 292. Name the two most important. 293. In whose favor did Edward decide ? 294. When did the battle of Falkirk take place, and who were victorious ? 295. What was the character of Sir William Wallace ? 296. By whom was he betrayed to the English ? 297. Where was he tried, and where executed ? 298. What disposition was made of the remains of Wallace ? 299. Who was Robert Bruce ? 300. Where and by whom was the Red Comyn slain? 301. To what did this murder lead? 302. Where was Bruce crowned king of Scotland ? 303. Who placed the crown upon his head ? 304. How was King Edward stopped in his revengeful purpose ? 305. What attempt had Edward made in France? 306. What name is given to Edward I., and why ? 307. What is the subject of Gray's "Bard ?" 308. Relate the history of " the Stone of Destiny." 309. Why was Edward II. surnamed " Caernarvon T 310. Whose son was he ? 311. What are the dates of his reign? 312. To whom was he married ? 313. Where was he murdered ? 314. What were " re-echoed by the Severn " on that dreadful night ? 315. Where was Edward II. buried ? 316. What does Gray, the poet, call Isabella ? ENGLISH HISTORY. 121 317. Where was she imprisoned ? 318. Did Edward keep the promises made to his father ? 319. What was the consequence of the favoritism shown to Gaveston ? 320. Where was Gaveston executed ? 321. When was the battle of Bannockburn fought ? 322. Who were victorious ? 323. Who succeeded Gaveston in the favor of the king ? 324. What ensued? 325. What part did the queen take in these contentions ? 326. Who was Roger Mortimer ? 327. What occurred in 1326 ? 328. What was the fate of Edward ? 329. What order was suppressed during this reign ? 330. What disposition was made of their property in London ? 331. What can you say of Temple Church ? 332. What is the surname of Edward III. ? 333. How many years did he reign ? 334. To whom was he married? 335. Name the sons of Edward III. 336. To whom was the Black Prince married ? 337. Where did he die, and where is he buried? 338. Name the descendants of Lionel, Duke of Clarence. 339. What is John of Gaunt called ? 340. To whom was he married ? 341. Where did Edward III. die? 342. Where are Edward and Philippa buried ? 343. How did theking assert his power, when of an age to govern? 344. Upon what pretext did Edward make war with France ? 345. What is the Salique law ? 346. What great naval battle was fought and with what result ? 347. How did Edward employ the next two years ? 348. Why was the French war renewed ? 349. When was the battle of Crecy fought ? 350. Who was killed at Crecy, and under what circumstances ? 351. Who distinguished himself greatly in this battle? ^ 122 QUESTIONS ON 352. How long did tlie siege of Calais last ? 353. How was it terminated ? 354. What battle was won by Philippa ? 355. Wben was the battle of Poitiers fought ? 356. What two kings were prisoners in London at the same time? 357. Where did King John of France die ? 358. What war did the Black Prince undertake in 1367 ? 359. Was it advantageous to England ? 360. Why was Edward's son called " the Black Prince ?" 361. Repeat Gray's lines which refer to Edward III.'s lonely death-bed. 362. What was the condition of England at this period? 363. What new branch of trade was opened? 364. What did the Queen establish at JS'orwich? 365. Who was Froissart? 366. Who was Geoffrey Chaucer? 367. What is he styled by Spenser? 368. Who was Jacob Van Artevelt ? 369. Under whose direction was the palace of Windsor built? 370. What inscription is placed over the great gate ? 371. What was the subsequent ca,reer of Wykeham ? 372. What was Wykeham's motto ? 373. What school did he found? 374. Who was John Wycliffe ? 375. By whom was he protected ? 376. What were his followers called? 377. What order was instituted in 1344? 378. Give the popular story of its origin. 379. Give some description of this order. 380. What is the crest of the Princes of Wales? 381. By what right do they bear it ? 382. What new weapon was introduced at the battle of Crecy ? 383. By whom was oil-painting invented ? 384. What institutions were founded by Queen Philippa?* 385. Where was Richard II. born ? ENGLISH HISTORY. 123 386. What relationship did he bear to Edward III. ? 387. Whose son was he ? 388. To whom was Richard II married ? 389. Where was he murdered ? 390. Where was he buried ? 391. What occurred in 1381 ? 392. What was Richard's conduct on that occasion? 393. Where was Wat Tyler killed? 394. What does the ballad of Chevy Chase commemorate? 395. Why was the battle of Otterbourne fought ? 396. Who was the Duke of Gloucester ? 397. Of what was he accused ? 398. Where was he to be tried, and what occurred before the trial ? 399. What quarrel was brought before the king in 1398, and what was his decision ? 400. When did John of Gaunt die ? 401. Upon what pretest did Henry Bolingbroke return to England? 402. Where was Richard at the time? 403. How did Henry improve his advantages? 404. Where was Richard taken prisoner? 405. What was his subsequent fate? 406. What became of the youthful queen of Richard after the murder of her husband ? 407. Give the dates of the reign of Henry IV. 408. Whose son was he ? 409. Who was his first wife ? 410. Name their sons. 411. Who was Henry's second wife? 412. Where did Henry IV. die? 413. Where was lie buried ? 414. Where was Henry IV. proclaimed king ? 415. What challenge did he utter on the occasion? 416. Who was the rightful heir to the crown ? 417. Was the early part of this reign peaceful ? 134 QUESTIONS ON 418. What disturbances occurred. 419. When was the battle of Homildon Hill fought ? 420. What was the result ? 431. Who entered into an alliance against Henry ? 422. When was the battle of Shrewsbury fought ? 423. Who distinguished himself in this battle ? 424. What of Northumberland ? 425. What was the fate of Archbishop Scroop ? 426. How were Henry's last days embittered ? 427. Give an anecdote of the Prince of Wales and Judge Gas- coigne. 428. What royal prisoner was in England at this time ? 429. How did he fall into Henry's hands ? 430. How long did he remain prisoner ? 431. Where was Henry seized with apoplexy ? 432. What prediction had been made concerning the place of his death ? 433. Describe the scene which took place between the King and the Prince of Wales, shortly before the death of the former. 434. Mention the most celebrated of the Prince's jolly com- panions. 435. Where are his mad pranks and follies portrayed ? 436. Who was the mother of Henry V. ? 437. What are the dates of his reign ? 488. To whom was he married ? 439. Where did he die and where was he buried ? 440. Who was Katherine of Valois' second husband? 441. To whom was their eldest son married ? 442. How did Henry V. commence his reign ? 443. Who suffered persecution under this king ? 444. Where was Lord Cobham burned ? ^ 445. When did Henry determine to invade Prance ? 416. What conspiracy was discovered previous to his departure? 447. Where did Henry land ? 448. Why did he undertake this expedition ? ENGLISH HISTORY. 125 449. How long did the siege of Harfleur last ? 450. When was the battle of Azincourt fought? 451. Who were victorious ? 452. What followed this great battle ? 453. When did Henry invade France a second time ? 454. What city was captured after a long siege ? 455. Give the terms of the treaty of Troyes. 456. From whence arose the custom of lighting the streets of London ? 457. Who was Sir Richard Whittington, and why has he a place in " nursery classics ?" 458. What was the parentage of Henry VI. ? 459. To whom was he married ? 460. What was the name of their only son and whom did he marry ? 461. How and where did Edward of Lancaster die ? 462. Where was Henry VI. murdered ? 463. Where was he interred, and to what chapel were his remains afterwards removed ? 464. What was Henry's character ? 465. What does the poet Gray call him ? 466. What was the character of Margaret of Anjou 1 467. Relate the history of Margaret after the downfall of the Lancastrians. 468. In what brief sentence did she sum up her experience of life? 469. Who was appointed Regent upon the death of Henry V. ? 470. To whom was James I. of Scotland married ? 471. When did Charles VI. of France die? 472. Who asserted his claims to the throne ? 473. What occurred in 1428 ? 474. Who raised the siege of Orleans ? 475. Who was Joan of Arc ? 476. Where was Charles VII. crowned ? 477. When was Joan of Arc taken prisoner ? 478. Of what was she accused? 126 QUESTIONS OJV 479. Who condemned her to death ? 480. Where did she suffer the penalty of this cruel sentence? 481. When did Bedford die ? 482. What effect had his death upon the English arms in France ? 483. Did Henry make a politic marriage? 484. What occurred in 1447 ? 485. What happened to the Duke of Suffolk? 486. Describe the insurrection of Jack Cade ? 487. How did it end ? 488. Who took up arms in 1452 ? 489. What are these civil wars called, and why ? 490. Who were victorious at the first battle of St. Albans ? 491. Did the king at that time remain a prisoner in the hands of the Duke of York ? 492. What was the result of the battle of Northampton ? 493. What decision was made by Parliament? 494. What battle was fought in December, 1460 ? 495. Who were victorious ? 496. Who were slain in this battle ? 497. How did Margaret treat her fallen foe? 498. What did she do after the battle ? 499. Which party gained the second battle of St. Albans ? 500. Who was proclaimed king in March, 1461 ? 501. How long did Henry VI. live after his deposition ? 502. For what was Joan of Arc distinguished? 503. What modern poets have celebrated her memory ? 504. What is one of the most beautiful tributes to this heroic woman ? 505. What can you say of London Stone ? 506. Where were the badges of the Roses chosen ? 507. Who was the most powerful baron of this period ? 508. What is he called ? 509. What was the badge of Warwick ? 510. What colleges did Henry VI. found ? 511. What college was founded by Margaret of Anjou? ENGLISH HISTORY. 127 512. How many sons did tlie Duke of York leave, and name them? 513. Give the dates of the reign of Edward IV, 514. What was his parentage ? 515. To whom was he married ? 516. Name their sons and eldest daughter. 517. Where did Edward IV. die? 518. Where was he buried and who lies by his side ? 519. When was the battle of Towton fought ? 520. Where did Margaret go after this defeat ? 521. What battle was fought in May, 1464 ? 522. Relate an incident which occurred to Margaret and her son after this battle. 523. What gave great offence to Warwick ? 524. How did he resent it ? 525. How did Warwick strengthen his alliance with Margaret of Anjou? 526. When did Warwick land at Dartmouth ? 527. By what was this followed ? 528. What occurred at the battle of Barnet ? 529. What battle decided the fate of the Lancastrians? 530. What became of Prince Edward ? 531. What became of the Duke of Clarence ? 532. What preparations was Edward IV. making at the time of his death? 533. By whom was printing introduced into England? 534. What was the first book printed in England ? 535. Who was Edward V. ? 536. Where was he murdered ? 537. When were his remains discovered ? 538. What was the length of this reign ? 539. Who had been nominated regent by Edward IV. ? 540. How did lie use his power ? 541. Where did the queen and her other children find refuge? 542. Where were the young princes smothered? 543. Where were their remains at first interred ? 128 QUESTIONS ON 544. What is tlie date of the accession of Ricliard III. ? 545. Whose son was he ? 546. Whom did he marry ? 547. Where was Richard killed ? 548. Had he any children ? 549. Who was at this time the representative of the House of Lancaster ? 550. What right had he to this claim ? 551. What did the Earl of Richmond agree to do ? 552. Who headed the conspiracy in England ? 553. What matrimonial arrangements did Richard propose to make after the death of Anne of Warwick ? 554. How was this marriage prevented ? 555. When did the battle of Bos worth take place ? 556. Why was this battle so important in its results ? 557. To what battle may it be compared ? 558. Relate the story connected with Richard's crown. 559. To what proverb did this give rise ? 560. How many sovereigns were there of the House of Plantagenet ? 561. How many in the direct line ? 562. How many of the House of Lancaster? 563. How many of the House of York ? 564. Name the Plantagenet kings and give the dates of their reigns. 565. Which of the Plantagenet kings were particularly noted for their love of war and conquest ? 566. Which were very weak sovereigns ? 567. What House succeeded to that of Plantagenet ? 568. Who was Henry VH. ? 569. Why was he induced to marry Elizabeth of York ? 570. Name his children. 571. To whom was Margaret married ? 572. To whom was Mary married ? 573. Where was Henry VII. buried ? 574. Who reposes by his side ? 575. What was the character of this sovereign ? ENGLISH HISTORY. 129 578. By what two passions was he swayed ? 577. What title was assumed by Lambert Simnel ? 578. By whom was he supported ? 579. How did Henry quell the rebellion? 580. How was Simnel punished ? 581. What new Pretender made his appearance in 1492? 582. What was his origin ? 583. By whom was he acknowledged ? 584. How did Henry buy off James of Scotland ? 585. What followed ? 586. What became of the young Earl of Warwick ? 587. How was the rest of Henry's reign spent ? 588. Who were his agents ? 589. To whom was Arthur, Prince of Wales, married ? 590. What negotiations followed the death of that prince ? 591. Sow was Henry regarded by his subjects ? 592. What change took place in the state of society at about this period ? 593. What discovery was made in 1492 ? 594. What was the result of the first English expedition to the New World, and by whom was it commanded ? 595. What was the Star Chamber ? 596. When did Henry Vlll. begin to reign ? 597. Name his wives. 598. Name his children. 599. Where did Henry die, and where was he buried ? 600. What was the character of Henry VIII.? 601. In what respect did he show great ability ? 602. What monument did Henry erect to the memory of Kathe- rine of Aragon ? 603. Where was Anne Boleyn beheaded ? 604. Where was she buried, and what is the tradition connected with her interment ? 605. Which of Henry's wives reposes beside her husband ? 606. Where did Anne of Cleves die ? 607. Where was Katherine Howard beheaded and buried ? 130 QUESTIONS ON 608. To whom was Katherine Parr married after the death of Henry ? 609. Under what circumstances did Henry VIH. commence his reign ? 610. How were Dudley and Empson punished ? 611. How was Henry drawn into a war with France ? 612. What two memorable battles took place in 1513 ? 613. What was the result of the battle of Flodden ? 614. Who was at this time the favorite of the King ? 615. Name two great contemporaries of Henry. 616. What two royal meetings took place in 1520? 617. Why did Henry obtain the title of Defender of the Faith? 618. What was Wolsey's greatest ambition? 619. What caused his fall ? 620. Who succeded him in the King's favor ? 621. Upon what plea did Henry divorce Katherine of Aragon ? 622. To what did this divorce lead ? 623. Under whose suggestion did Henry act ? 624. What title was given him in 1534 by Act of Parliament ? 625. Why were Sir Thomas More and Bishop Fisher executed ? 626. How did Cranmer obtain the notice of the king ? 627. To what high office was he exalted ? 628. What proposals did he make with reference to the monas- teries ? 629. Was this wise policy adopted ? 630. To what did the innovations in the Church lead ? 631. How was Henry induced to marry Anne of Cleves? 632. What did Anne of Cleves do after her divorce ? 633. What caused the death of James V. of Scotland? 634. Whom did he leave as his heir ? 635. Mention one of the last acts of Henry's life. 636. What was the fate of Surrey ? 637. How did the Duke of Norfolk escape the same death ? 638. What was Wolsey's origin ? 639. What great monument still " speaks his virtue " at Oxford ? 040. Where did he die ? ENGLISH HISTORY. 131 641. Wlien is the Reformation usually dated ? 642. Is this strictly correct ? 643. Who translated the first Bible entire into English ? 644. When was Cranmer's Bible published ? 645. Name some of the celebrated literary men of this period. 646. Who was Hans Holbein ? 647. What celebrated school in London was founded during this reign ? 648. When did Edward VL succeed to the throne ? 649. At what age did he die ? 650. Why was his early death much regretted? 651. Who was appointed Protector upon the death of Henry vm.? 652. Why did Somerset lead an army into Scotland ? 653. What battle was fought, and with what success ? 654. To whom was Mary Stuart afterwards married ? 655. What Act of Parliament was passed in 1549 ? 656. What is the Book of Common Prayer ? 657. Who greatly aided in compiling this work, and what else did he frame ? 658. Who steadfastly opposed the Reformers? 659. What led to the fall of Seymour? 660. Who formed a confederacy against Somerset ? 661. What was the fate of the Protector ? 662.^ How did the Duke of Northumberland use his power? 663. What claim had Lady Jane Grey to the throne ? 664. Why was Northumberland particularly interested in her advancement ? 685. How did Edward VI. close his life ? 666. What is Christ's Hospital ? 667. By whom was the Book of Homilies compiled ? 668. Whose daughter was Mary I. ? 669. How long did she reign ? 670. To whom was she married ? 671. Where is she buried ? 672. What followed the death of Edward VL ? 13^ QUESTIONS ON 673. What became of Northumberland and his associates ? 674. What efforts did Mary make to restore the supremacy of Rome? 675. How was Mary's marriage regarded by her subjects? 676. Give an account of Wyatt's insurrection ? 677. To what execution did it lead ? 678. Of what was the princess Elizabeth accused ? 679. How was she treated ? 680. Wiio was sent as legate from the Pope in 1554, and with what authority? 681. How did Mary obtain her abhorrent title ? 682. How many persons are said to have been martyred during these persecutions ? 683. Name some of the most eminent martyrs. 684. What does Fuller say of these worthies? 685. Who was made Archbishop of Canterbury on the death of Cranmer ? 686. What war did Philip induce Mary to undertake ? 687. With what disastrous result did it terminate? 688. How did this affect the Queen ? 689. When did Cardinal Pole die? 690. What may be said in extenuation of Mary's character ? 691. What distinction is there between her character and that of her father ? 692. When did Elizabeth ascend the throne ? 693. Which of Henry's queens was the mother of Elizabeth ? 694. Where did she die, and where was she buried ? 695. Who erected a monument to her memory ? 696. What can you say of Elizabeth's character ? 697. What is the greatest blot on her memory ? 698. Can any extenuation be offered for her course ? 699. How was Elizabeth's accession received by her subjects ? 700. Who was her chief adviser ? 701. What very important steps were taken in regard to the Church ? 702. Did the nation acquiesce in this change ? EiXGLESH HISTORY. 133 703. What was Elizabetli's decision in respect to matrimony? 704. Mention some of the chief suitors for the crown matri- monial. 705. What occurred in Scotland in 1568 ? 706. Where did Marie Stuart seek refuge? 707. Where did she land? 708. How did Elizabeth receive her appeal for protection and aid ? 709. Where was the Scotch queen finally imprisoned ? 710. How long did her imprisonment last ? 711. What efforts were made for her release ? 712. How did her sad history terminate ? 713. How did Philip II. menace England, and when? 714. Who commanded the royal navy ? 715. What eminent men served under him? 716. How did the queen encourage the army ? 717. What was the result of this formidable invasion ? 718. What expedition was undertaken in 1596, and how did it terminate ? 719. What insurrection occurred in 1599 ? 720. What appointment was given to the Earl of Essex ? 721. How did he fulfil his trust ? 722. Why did he not regain the queen's favor ? 723. Where was he beheaded ? 724. Who accepted the office Essex had vacated in Ireland ? 725. What success had he in that country ? 726. Did Elizabeth appoint a successor ? 727. Who founded the Royal Exchange ? 728. How were the English dominions much extended during this reign ? 729. What was founded in 1600 ? 730. For what is this reign chiefly remarkable ? 731. Mention some of the great statesmen of this period. 782. Mention some eminent prose writers and poets. 733. What college was founded by Elizabeth ? 734. What public school did she establish ? 735. How many Tudor sovereigns were there ? 13-i QUESTIONS ON 736. Give their names and the dates of their reign. 737. What House succeeded that of Tudor? 788. Who was the first Stuart King of England ? 739. What claim had he to the throne ? 740. To whom was he married ? 741. Mention his children. 742. To whom was his daughter Elizabeth married ? 743. Where did James I. die, and where was he buried ? 744. What epigram illustrates his character ? 745. What was his personal appearance ? 746. By whom was he influenced ? 747. What great qualities did he show on his death-bed ? 748. What was James's character as a sovereign ? 749. Who was made prime minister on James's accession ? 750. How did this create dissatisfaction ? 751. Upon what accusation was Raleigh arrested? 752. How long did he remain a prisoner ? 753. What was the Gunpowder Plot ? 754. How was it revealed ? 755. Who was the chief conspirator ? 756. What penalty did the conspirators suffer for their crime? 757. What occurred in 1612 ? 758. "Whom did the king take as his favorite on the death of Cecil? 759. What dignity was bestowed upon him ? 760. How did he fall into disgrace ? 761. How did James show his fondness for the new favorite ? 762. Why was Sir Walter Raleigh released from his long im- prisonment ? 763. Upon what pretext was he re-arrested ? 764. Where was he executed ? 765. To what position had the Elector Palatine been raised? 766. Were the English people favorable to his cause ? 767. Did the king accede to their wishes ? 768. What losses did the unfortunate Elector sustain ? 769. Why was James at constant variance with his Parliament ? ENGLISH BISTORT. 13£' 770. What matrimonial scheme did the King propose for his son Charles ? 771. What romantic journey was undertaken by the Prince and Buckingham ? 772. Why was the alliance broken off? 773. What negotiations for another marriage were then entered upon ? 774. Which were the two principal colonies settled in America during this reign ? 775. Give the dates of both settlements. 776. What charter was renewed by James ? 777. When was the authorized version of the Bible published ? 778. What can you say of this work ? 779. Who was Francis Bacon ? 780. Why was he disgraced from his high office ? 781. What was the sad history of Elizabeth, daughter of James I. ? 782. Who were her sons ? 783. How is she the ancestress of the present line of sovereigns ? 784. Repeat the rhyme that fixes the date of the Gunpowder Plot upon the memory. 785. What is the date of the accession of Charles I. ? 786. Whom did he marry ? 787. Which of his sons came to the throne? 788. To whom was his daughter Mary married ? 789. To whom was the Princess Henrietta married ? 790. Where was Charles beheaded ? 791. Where was the Royal Martyr interred? 792. What was Charles's private character ? 793. What was his character as a sovereign ? 794. What was the greatest fault of his reign ? 795. Who ministered to the king during his last moments? 796. What were the last words Charles uttered ? 797. How was the 30th January formerly observed ? 798. When was this practice given up ? 799. Where did Henrietta Maria remain during her husband's troubles ? 136 QUESTIONS ON 800. Where did she reside after the restoration ? 801. Where did she die ? 802. By whom was her funeral oration pronounced ? 803. Where was she buried? 804. When was the marriage of Charles with Henrietta Maria concluded ? 805. What occarred on the assembling of the new Parliament? 806. How did Charles act on their refusal ? 807. What charge did the next Parliament prefer against Buck- ingham ? 808. How did the king indemnify him for this prosecution ? 809. What expedition was fitted out in 1627 ? 81 0. How did it terminate ? 811. Upon what condition did Parliament grant the king sup- plies ? 812. How did Charles act? 813. What was the fate of the Duke of Buckingham ? 814. To whom was the expedition to La Rochelle then intrusted ? 815. How did it end ? 816. What is said of the Parliament of 1629 ? 817. What was the principal question at issue ? 818. Who began his political career during this reign ? 819. Why was the Parliament dissolved ? 820. What did Charles then do ? 821. How long did this absolute government continue? 822. Who was placed over civil affairs ? 823. Who was head in spiritual matters ? 824. What is said of the Star Chamber during this period ? 825. How did Charles raise money ? 826. Was this measure well received ? 827. Who was the first to protest ? 828. Where and how was the cause decided ? 829. To what was Hampden exalted by public opinion ? 830. What did Charles endeavor to establish in Scotland ? 831. What did the Presbyterians do ? 832. What was Charles obliged to do in 1640 ? ENGLISH HISTORY. 137 833. Did it relieve Mm of his difficulties ? 834. By whom were the Scotch commanded ? 835. What did they do ? 836. What was the decision of the Council of York ? 837. What name is given to the Parliament that assembled November, 1640? 838. Who was impeached by the Commons? 839. What occurred to Laud a few days afterwards? 840. Where was Strafford tried ? 841. How was his sentence received by the king? 842. Did he give his assent to the bill ? 843. What did Strafford exclaim when told of the king's decision ? 844. What was abolished at this time ? 845. What injured the king's cause in Scotland? 846. When did the king and Parliament come to an open rup- ture? 847. To what place did Charles retire? 848. What was the conduct of the Governor of Hull when Charles demanded admission into the town? 849. Where did the king raise his standard ? 850. Bj whom was Charles supported ? 851. What classes sided with the Parliament ? 853. Name some of the royal leaders? 853. Mention the principal commanders of the Parliamentarian forces ? 854. When and where was the first engagement fought ? 855. Where did Charles fix his headquarters? 856. Where was Hampden killed ? 857. With whom did the Scots side ? 858. Where was Prince Rupert totally defeated ? 859. How did this affect the king ? 860. When was Archbishop Laud executed ? 861. When and where was the king's last battle fought? 863. What became of his army ? 863. What completed the ruin of the royalists ? 864. Where did the king seek refuge ? 138 QUESTIONS ON 865. How did tlie Scots betray Ms trust in tliem ? 866. What was the price for which they sold their king ? 867. Where was Charles conveyed after the sale ? 868. Were his enemies at peace amongst themselves ? 869. To what place was he removed ? 870. To what castle did he escape from there ? 871. How did Cromwell prepare the way for the king's con- demnation ? 872. What was ' ' Pride's Purge ? " 873. To what other castles was Charles taken from Carisbrooke ? 874. By what authority was he tried ? 875. When was he beheaded ? 876. What name was assumed by the Royalists during the civil wars ? 877. What were the Parliamentarians called ? 878. Who was William Harvey ? 879. Mention two eminent divines of this period ? 880. Who was Ben Jonson ? 881. What proclamation was made on the day of Charles's execution ? 882. What resolution was passed by the House of Commons ? 883. What office was given to Cromwell ? 884. Whom did he appoint as his deputy, when obliged to go to Scotland? 885. What stand did the Scots take ? 886. What was Charles Stuart's position in Scotland? 887. Who was appointed commander-in-chief of the Parliamen- tarian forces ? 888. Where were the Scots defeated ? 889. When and where was Charles crowned ? 890. When was the battle of Worcester fought ? 891. With what result to Charles? 892. Who were in command of the navy? 893. What victories did they gain ? 894. What extraordinary step did Cromwell take in 1653 ? 895. By what was the Long Parliament succeeded ? EKGLISH HISTORY. 139 896. To wliat office was Cromwell raised ? 897. What was the condition of the Republic abroad ? 898. Were affairs at home equally prosperous ? 899. To what did Cromwell aspire ? 900. What shortened his days ? 901. When and where did he die ? 902. Who was immediately proclaimed Protector ? 903. Was he qualified for the position ? 904. What was restored on his abdication ? 905. Who was in command of the army in Scotland ? 906. What course did he adopt? 907. How was his proposal received ? 908. When was Charles 11, proclaimed? 909. Who was Jeremy Taylor ? 910. Mention some prominent English divines of this period ? 911. Who were eminent as poets ? 912. Who was Sir Matthew Hale ? 913. Who was Isaak Walton ? 914. Mention the great literary genius of the age ? 915. Where was Oliver Cromwell born? 916. To what did he chiefly owe his success? 917. What is said of his peculiarities ? 918. What was the most amiable trait of his character ? 919. Did his children sympathize with his ambition ? 920. Where was Cromwell buried ? 921. How were his remains treated after the Restoration ? 922. What became of Richard Cromwell after his resignation ? 923. Whose son was Charles H.? 924. To whom was he married ? 925. Where did he die, and where was he buried? 926. What was his character ? 927. What epigram did Rochester write on Charles II. ? 928. What became of Catherine of Braganza after the Revolution of 1688 ? 929. Whom did Charles choose as chancellor and keeper of the Great Seal ? 140 QUESTIONS ON 930. What was the act of Indemnity ? 931. What was done in reference to Dunkirk in 1663 ? 932. What was declared in 1665 ? 933. Who commanded the British fleet ? 934. What occurred in the same year, 1665 ? 935. By what calamity was this followed in 1666 ? 936. What happened in 1667 ? 937. What was concluded soon afterwards ? 938. What was the chief advantage which the English had gained during the war ? 939. What was the cause of Clarendon's disgrace ? 940. What ministry was then formed ? 941 . What is the origin of the name ? 942. Why was " the triple alliance " formed ? 943. What important act was passed at this time ? 944. Why was it proposed to exclude the Duke of York from the succession ? 945. What conspiracies were formed during this reign ? 946. Who was the most lamented of the condemned conspirators ? 947. In what faith did (Charles die ? 948. How has his character been briefly summed up ? 949. What writers give us a graphic picture of the court life of this reign? 950. Who was Sir Christopher Wren ? 951. What is the Fish-street-hill monument? 952. What Hospital did Charles found ? 953. When and by whom was Pennsylvania settled ? 954. Who succeeded Charles II. ? 955. Whose son was he ? 956. Who was his first wife ? 957. Name their two daughters. 958. Who was James's second wife ? 959. Who was their son, and what is he called in history ? 960. Where did James die, and where was he buried ? 961. Where were his remains removed to in 1813? 962. What was the character of James II. ? ENGLISH HISTORY. 141 963. By whom was lie received after his expulsion from England? 964. How did James commence his reign ? 965. Who raised a rebellion in the west of England ? 966. What was his fate? 967. By whom were his followers tried ? 968. Relate the sad fate of Alice Lisle. 969. What measures did James adopt to restore the Papacy ? 970. Name the seven Bishops who were sent to the Tower by James. 971. How were the Bishops encouraged in their passage down the Thames ? 972. What was the result of the trial ? 973. What occurred in 1688? 974. Where did William of Orange land ? 975. By whom was he joined? 976. What did James do? 977. Who was William of Orange? 978. Who reigned jointly with him, and whose daughter was she? 979. How long did William survive the queen ? 980. Where did they die, and where were they buried ? 981. What was the interregnum ? 982. When were William and Mary proclaimed king and queen ? 983. Were the new sovereigns accepted by the Scots ? 984. What was the state of feeling in Ireland? 985. How did James take advantage of this ? 986. What can you say of the siege of Derry ? 987. What were James's followers called? 988. Who took the field in person ? 989. When was the battle of the Boyne fought ? 990. Who was killed in this battle ? 991. What bill was passed about this time ? 992. What statute was enacted ? 993. What did William do when the Irish campaign was closed ? 994. Who commanded this expedition ? 995. What treaty was signed in 1697 ? ltl:;3 QUESTIONS ON 996. When did James die ? 997. What did Louis XIV. immediately do ? 998. How did William act in consequence ? 999. What caused his death ? 1000. Did Mary II. have much part in the affairs of the Govern- ment? 1001. What Act of Parliament w^as passed on the death of the Duke of Gloucester, the only surviving son of the Princess Anne ? 1003. What place was destroyed during this reign? 1003. Was any portion of it saved ? 1004. What two great societies were founded through the in- strumentality of Dr. Thomas Bray ? 1005. How are they familiarly known ? 1006. What great men flourished at this period ? 1007. Why did Peter the Great sojourn in England? 1 008. In whose house did he lodge for some time ? 1009. Whose daughter was Queen Anne ? 1010. To whom was she married ? 1011. Had she any children? 1012. Where did Anne die, and where was she buried? 1013. What was her character ? 10 14. Who were her two great favorites ? 1015. What title has been given to Anne ? 1016. With what war did Anne's reign commence? 1017. What three powers were allied against France ? 1018. Who commanded the English forces ? 1019. What famous victory did he gain with the aid of Prince Eugene ? 1020. How was he rewarded by his sovereign ? 1021. What token of gratitude was shown him by the nation ? 1022. Who took the fortress of Gibraltar ? 1023. When were England and Scotland united ? 1024. Under what name ? 1025. How were they to be represented ? 1026. What other victories were gained by Marlborough ? ENGLISH HISTORY, 143 1027. What happened to him afterwards? 1038. What peace was concluded in 1713 ? 1029. What territories did Great Britain gain by this treaty? 1030. What is the reign of Queen Anne sometimes called ? 1031. Who originated periodical writing? 1032. In what did Dean Swift excel ? 1033. Who was Alexander Pope ? 1034. Who was John Locke ? 1035. What is meant by the terms Whig and Tory ? 1036. What exciting trial occurred in 1710 ? 1037. How long was the Cathedral of St. Paul's in rebuilding? 1038. How many sovereigns were there of the House of Stuart? 1039. Give their names and the dates of their reigns ? 1040. How long did the Commonwealth last ? 1041. What House succeeded to that of Stuart ? 1042. Who was the first king of the line ? 1043. What claim had he to the British throne ? 1044. To whom was he married ? 1045. Name his children. 1046. Where did George I. die, and where is he buried ? 1047. What was his character ? 1048. What was the fate of Sophia Dorothea? 1049. With which political party did the king assimilate ? 1050. Whp t measures were taken against several prominent Tories? 1051. Why was the Riot Act passed? 1052. By what name was James Edward, the Pretender, known ? 1053. Who raised the Pretender's standard in the Highlands ? 1054. Where were the Jacobites of the North of England defeated ? 1055. When did the Pretender land in Scotland? 1056. Who commanded the forces of the King ? 1057. What became of the Pretender ? 1058. What Act was passed in 1716? 1059. What victory was gained by Admiral Byng? 1060. What was the Quadruple alliance? 1061. What financial crisis occurred in 1730? 1063. What order wa s revived in this reign ? 144 QUESTIONS ON 1063. By whom was inoculation introduced in England ? 1064. Who was Sir Robert Walpole ? 1065. By whom was George I. succeeded? 1066. To whom was he married ? 1067. Name his sons. 1068. To whom was Frederick, Prince of Wales, married ? 1069. Where did George II. die, and where was he buried ? 1070. What was his character? 1071. What is said of Queen Caroline ? 1073. What domestic difficulty occurred in 1737 ? 1073. By what was this soon after followed? 1074. How were the commercial interests of England seriously affected? 1075. To what did this lead? 1076. What was the Pragmatic Sanction ? 1077. Whose cause did England espouse ? 1078. By whom was the battle of Dettingen fought ? 1079. Where did the allies meet with a serious reverse ? 1080. What attempt was made by Charles Edward, the Pretender, in 1744? 1081. How did he carry out his plans the following year? 1082. Where did he raise his standard ? 1083. Where did he gain an inconsiderable victory ? 1084. How far did he penetrate into England ? 1085. Where was he finally defeated, and by whom ? 1086. What afterwards became of the Pretender? 1087. What lords were beheaded on Tower Hill ? 1088. What peace was concluded in 1748? 1089. What war broke out in 1755? 1090. To what great contest did it lead ? 1091. Where was General Braddock defeated? 1092. Who was his aid-de-camp ? 1093. What was the fate of Admiral Byng ? 1094. What victories were gained by Lord Clive ? 1095. Who was at the head of the ministry in 1758 ? 1090. What plan did he sketch out? UNOLISS HISTORY. 145 1097. Who was the hero of Quebec ? 1098. What followed his great victory ? 1099. What was the military condition of England at the death of George II. ? 1100. What is meant by Old and New Style ? 1101. Who was the author of the " Beggar's Opera?" 1103. Mention a celebrated Scotch physician who lived during this reign. 1103. Who was the author of the " Seasons?" 1104. Who wrote the Analogy ? 1105. What is said of Bishop Berkeley ? 1106. Who was Thomas Gray? 1107. What was General Wolfe's eulogy on Gray's Elegy? 1108. What was the Black Hole of Calcutta? 1109. Whose son was George III.? 1110. To whom was he married ? 1111. Mention his sons. 1113. Where did George die, and where was he buried ? 1113. What was his character? 1114. What advantage did he possess over his predecessors ? 1115. With what was George afflicted at different times ? 1116. Who supplanted Pitt in the ministry? 1117. What terminated the Seven Years' War? ] 118. What were secured to Great Britain by this treaty ? 1119. How did John Wilkes become notorious ? 1130. What Act was passed by Parliament in 1765? 1131. How was it received in America? 1133. Who was Patrick Henry ? 1133. How was the power of the government weakened ? 1134. What memorable event took place July 4th, 1776? 1135. By whom were the Americans aided in this war ? 1136. Who was Lafayette ? 1137. WTio was commander-in-chief of the American forces ? 1138. How was the Revolutionary war terminated ? 1139. When was the siege of Gibraltar raised? 1130. When and where was the Royal George lost ? 146 QUESTIONS ON 1131. What treaty was signed at Versailles in 1783 ? 1133. When did the Revolution break out in France ? 1133. When was Louis XVI. executed? 1134. Against whom did France declare war? 1135. Who commanded the English navy ? 1136. What was England's position after the peace of Campio Formio? 1137. What country did Napoleon invade in 1798? 1138. Who was sent out against the French ? 1139. What great naval victory did he gain? 1140. When was the union of Great Britain and Ireland pro- claimed ? 1141. What rapid advances were made by Napoleon ? 1143. When was the battle of Trafalgar fought ? 1143. With what result ? 1144. What was the purport of the Berlin decrees? 1145. What measures were adopted by England ? 1146. What important events had transpired in Spain ? 1147. Did the English respond to an appeal for aid ? 1148. By whom were the British troops commanded ? 1149. What battle was fought in January, 1809? 1150. Why was the Prince of Wales appointed Regent in 1810 ? 1151. What was the fate of Mr. Perceval, the Prime Minister? 1152. How did the Peninsular war end ? 1153. When did Napoleon retreat from Moscow ? 1154. When did the allies enter Paris ? 1155. To what humiliating steps was the Emperor forced ? 1156. What was the place of his banishment? 1157. Relate some particulars of the American war of 1812. 1158. Where was a treaty of peace signed ? 1159. How was the Congress of Vienna, in 1815, brought to an abrupt close ? 1160. What memorable battle brought Napoleon's military career to a close ? 1161. Who was the hero of this battle ? 1163. Who commanded the Prussian Army ? ENGLISH HISTORY. 147 1163. What was done with Napoleon ? 1164. To whom was the Princess Charlotte married? 1165. When did the Duke of Kent die ? 1166. Why is this reign particularly memorable ? 1167. W^hat were the most important inventions and discoveries of this reign ? 1168. Mention some great poets of the age ? 1169. Who was Adam Smith? 1170. Who was Dr. Johnson ? 1171. Name the eminent painters of that time? 1173. How was Edmund Burke distinguished ? 1173. Why was John Howard remarkable? 1174. Who was George IV. ? 1175. To whom was he married ? 1176. Name his only child ? 1177. Where was she buried ? 1178. Where did George die, and where was he buried ! 1179. What was George IV.'s character ? U80. What can you say of Princess Charlotte's residence, Clare- mont? 1181. What plot was discovered early in this reign? 1182. What was the principal cause of the death of Queen Caro- line? 1183. When was the battle of Navarino fought ? 1184. What advantages did it obtain for Greece ? 1185. What Act was passed in 1829 ? 1186. Who was William IV. ? - 1187. To whom was he married ? 1188. Where did he die, and where was he buried ? 1189. What celebrated bill was passed in 1832? 1190. How was its opposition in the House of Peers received by the people ? 1191. What occurred in 1834? 1192. When was the first railway opened in England? 1193. Whose daughter is Victoria, the reigning Queen? 1194. To whom was she married ? 148 QUESTIONS ON 1195. What title did he receive? 1196. Name the Queen's children. 1197. To whom is the Princess Royal married ? 1198. Who is heir apparent to the throne? 1199. To whom is the Princess Alice married ? 1200. What title has been given to Prince Alfred ? 1301. Who succeeded to the kingdom of Hanover on the death of William IV.? 1202. Why did it pass from the English crown ? 1203. When did the first steamship sail from England to America ? 1204. What Exhibition was held in 1851 ? 1205. By whom was it projected? 1206. When did the Duke of Wellington die? 1207. What war commenced in 1854? 1208. With what did it terminate ? 1209. Where was a treaty of peace signed ? 1210. What insurrection broke out in 1857 ? 1211. What change was afterwards made in the government of India ? 1212. What occurred in 1860 ? 1213. How was he received during his visit ? 1214. When did the Duchess of Kent die ? 1215. What calamity befell the nation in December of the same year? 1216. When was the Prince of Wales married? 1217. Where did the ceremony take place ? 1218. Who was made King of Greece the same year ? 1219. When did Lord Palmerston die ? 1320. When was the Atlantic cable laid? 1221. What occurred in 1867 ? 1222. What events marked the year 1868 ? 1223. What occurred in 1869 ? 1224. What bills were passed in 1870 ? 1225. Name the events of 1871. 1226. When was the next International Exhibition ? 1227. What occurred in 1873 ? ENGLISH HISTORY. 149 1228. What in 1874 ? 1329. When was Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India? 1230. What other events the same year ? 1231. What occurred in 1878 ? 1232. What in 1879 ? 1233. When did the Earl of Beaconsfield die ? 1234. Mention some events of 1882. 1235. Mention some distinguished writers of the reign of Vic- toria? 1236. Who have been the chief painters ? 1237. Who designed the Crystal Palace? 1238. Mention some noted explorers. 1239. Who is the Poet Laureate ? 1240. Name the sovereigns of the House of Hanover, and give the dates of their reigns. THE NATIONAL SERIES OF STANDARD SCHOOL-BOOKS. GENERAL HISTORY. Monteith's Youth's History of the United States. A History of the United States for beginners. It is arranged upon the cateclietical plan, with illustrative maps and engravings, review questions, dates in parentlieses (that their study may be optional with the younger class of learners), and interesting biograjihical sketches of all persons who have been prominently identified with the history of our country. Willard's United States. School and University Editions. The plan of this standard worlc is chronologically exhibited in front of the titlepage. Tlie maps and sketches are found useful assistants to the memory ; and dates, usually so difficult to remember, are so systematically arranged as in a great degree to obviate the difficulty. Candor, impartiality, and accuracy are the distinguishing features of the narrative portion. Willard's Universal History. New Edition. The most valuable features of the '■ United States " are reproduced in tJiis. The peculiarities of the work are its great conciseness and the prominence given to the (ihronological order of events. The margin marks each successive era with great dis- tinctness, so that the pupil retains not only the event but its time, and thus fixes the order of history firmly and usefully in his mind. Mrs. Willaj-d's books are constantly revised, and at all times written up to embrace importanb historical events of recent date. Professor Arthur Gilma,n has edited the last twenty-five years to 1882. Lancaster's English History. By the Master of the Stoughton Grammar School, Boston. The most practical of the "brief books." Though short, it is not, a bare and uninteresting outline, but contains enough of explanation and detail to make intelligible the cause and effect of events. Their relations to the history and development of the American people is made specially prominent. Willis's Historical Reader. Being Collier's Great Events of History adapted to American schools. This rare epitome of general history, rem arkable for its charming style and judicious selection of events on which the destinies of nations have turned, has been skilfully manipulated by Professor Willis, with as few changes as would bring the United States into its proper position in the historical persDcctive. As reader or text-book it has few equals and no superior. Berard's History of England. By an authoress well known for the success of her History of the United States. The social life of the English people is felicitously interwoven, as in fact, with the civil and military transactions of the realm. Ricord's History of Rome. Possesses the charm of an attractive romance. The fables with which this history abounds are introduced in such a way as not to deceive the inexperienced, while adding materially to the value of the work as a reliable index to the character and institutions, as well as the history of the Roman people. THE NATIONAL SERIES OF STANDARD SCHOOL-BOOKS. HISTORY — Continued. Hanna's Bible History. The only compendium of Bible narrative •which aflfords a connected and chronological view of the important events there recorded, divested of all superfluous detail. Summary of History; American, French, and English. A \rell-proportioned outline of leading events, condensing the substance of the more extensive text-books in common use into a series of statements so brief, that eveiy word may be committed to memory, and yet so comprehensive that it presents an accxirate though general view of the whole continuous life of nations. Marsh's Ecclesiastical History. Affording the History of the Church in all ages, with accounts of the pagan world during the biblical periods, and the character, rise, and progress of all religions, as well as the various sects of the worshippers of Christ. The work is entirely non-sectarian, though strictly catholic. A separate volume contains carefully prepared questions for class use. Mill's History of the Ancient Hebrews. With valuable Chronological Charts, prepared by Professor Edwards of N. Y. This is a succinct account of the chosen people of God to the time of the destruction of Jerusalem. Complete in one volume. Topical History Chart Book. By Miss Ida P. Whitcomb. To be used in connection with any History, Ancient or Modern, instead of the ordinary blank book for summary. It embodies the names of contemforary riders from the earliest to the present time, with blanks under each, in which the pupil may write the summary of the life of the ruler. Oilman's First Steps in General History. A "suggestive outline" of rare compactness. Each country is treated by itself, and the United States receive special attention. Frequent maps, conteniporai-y events in tables, references to standard works for fuller details, and a minute Index constitute the " Illustrative Apparatus." From no other work that we know of can so succinct a view of the world's history be obtained. Considering the necessary limitation of space, the style is surprisingly vivid, and at times even ornate. In all respects a charming, though not the less practical, text-book. Baker's Brief History of Texas. Dimitry's History of Louisana. Alison's Napoleon First. The history of Europe from 1788 to 1815. By Archibald Alison. Abridged by Edward 8. Gould. One vol., 8vo, with appendix, questions, and maps. 550 pages. Lord's Points of History. The salient points in the history of the world arranged catechetically for class use or for review and examination of teacher or pupil. By John Lord, LL.D. 12mo, 300 Images. Carrington's Battle Maps and Charts of the American Revolution. Topographical Maps and Chronological Charts of every battle, with 3 steel portraits of Washington. 8vo, cloth. Condit's History of the English Bible. For theological and historical students this book has an intrinsic value. It gives the history of all the English translations down to the present time, together with a careful review of their influence upon B)iglish literature and language. 23 THE NATIONAL SERIES OF STANDARD SCHOOL-BOOKS. -^ ' " J!M(gSIlMllFiS®IFILiiai ^ ith an account of their monuments, ature, and manners. 340 pages. 0. Profusely illustrated. In this work the political history, which occupies nearly, if not all, the ordinary school text, is condensed to the salient and essential facts, in Older to give room for a clear outline ot the literature, religion, architecture, ( haracter, habits, &c., of each nation. Surely it is as important to know 5ome- tliuig about Plato as all about Caesar, and to learn how the ancients wrote then- books as how they fought their battles. The chapters on Manners and Cus- toms and the Scenes in Real Life repre- sent the people of history as men and women subject to the same wants, hopes and fears as ourselves, and so bring the distant past near to us. The Scenes, which are intended only for reading, are the result of a careful study of the unequalled collections of monuments in the London and Berlin Museums, of the ruins in Rome and Pompeii, and of the latest authorities on the domestic life of ancient peoples. Though intentionally written in a semi-romantic style, they are accurate pictures of what 7)iiqht have occurred, and some of them are simple transcriptions of the details sculptured in Assyrian alabaster or painted on Egyptian walls. THE NATIONAL SERIES OF STANDARD SCHOOL-BOOKS. Yn&IO'RY — Continued. The extracts made from the sacred books of the East are not specimens of their style and teachings, but only gems selected often from a mass of matter, much of which would be absurd, meaningless, and even revolting. It has not seemed best to cumber a book like this with selections conveying no moral lesson. The numerous cross-references, the abundant dates in parenthesis, the pronunciation of the names in the Index, the choice reading references at the close of each general subject, and the novel Historical Recreations in the Appendix, will be of service to teacher and pupil alike. Though designed primarily for a text-book, a large class of persons — general readers, who desire to know something about the progress of historic criticism and the recent discoveries made among the resurrected monuments of the East, but have no leisure to read the ponderous volumes of Brugsch, Layard, Grote, Mommsen, and Ihne — will find this volume just what they need. From Homer B. Spkague, Head Master Girls' High School, West Newton St. , Bos- ton, Mass. " I beg to recommend in strong terms the adoption of Barnes's 'History of Ancient Peoples ' as a text-book. It is about as nearly perfect as could be hoped for. The adoption would give great relish to the study of Ancient History." task. impresses the great outlines indelibly upon the memory. HE Brief History of France. By the author of the " Bri'^f United States," with all the attractive features of that jiopu- lar work (which see) and new ones of its^own. It is believed that the History of France has never before been presented in such brief compass, and this is effected without sacrificing one particle of interest. The book reads like a romance, and, while drawing the student by an irresistible fascination to his THB NATIONAL SERIES OF STANDARD SCHOOL-BOOKS. DR. STEELE'S ONE-TERM SERIES, IN ALL THE SCIENCES. Steele's 14-Weeks Course in Chemistry. Steele's 14-Weeks Course in Astronomy. Steele's 14-Weeks Course in Physics. Steele's 14-Weeks Course in Geology. Steele's 14-Weeks Course in Physiology. Steele's 14-Weeks Course in Zoology. Steele's 14-Weeks Course in Botany. Our text-books in these studies are, as a general thing, dull and uninteresting. They contain from 400 to 600 pages of dry facts and unconnected details. They abound in that which the student cannot learn, much less remember. The pupil commences the study, is confused by tlie fine print and coarse print, and neither knowing exactly what to learn nor what to hasten over, is crowded through the single term generally assigned to each branch, and frequently comes to the close without a definite and exact idea of a single scientific princix)le. Steele's " Fourteen- Weeks Courses " contain only that which every well-informed per- son should know, while all that which concerns only 'the professional scientist is omitted. The language is clear, simple, and interesting, and the illustrations bring the subject within the range of home life and daily experience. They give such of the general principles and the prominent facts as a pupil can make familiar as household words within a single term. The type is large and open ; there is no fine print to annoy ; the cuts are copies of genuine experiments or natural phenomena, and are of fine execution. In fine, by a system of condensation peculiarly his own, the author reduces each branch to tlie limits of a sm^]e term of study, while sacrificing nothing that is essential, and nothing that is usually retained from tlie study of the larger manuals in common use. Thus the student has rare opportunity to economize his time, or rather to employ that which he has to the best advantage. A notable feature is the author's charming "style," fortified by an enthusiasm over his subject in which the student will not fail to partake. Believing that Natural Science is full of fascination, he has moulded it into a form that attracts the attention and kindles the enthusiasm of the pupil. The recent editions contain the author's " Practical Questions " on a plan never before attempted in scientific text-books. These are questions as to the nature and cause of common phenomena, and are not directly answered in the text, the design being to test and promote an intelligent use of the student's knowledge of the foregoing principles. Steele's Key to all His Works. This work is mainly composed of answers to tlie Practical Questions, and solutions of the problems, in the author's celebi-ated " Fourteen-Weeks Courses " in the several sciences, withmanyhints to teachers, minortables, &c. Should be on every teacher's desk. Prof. J. Dorman Steele is an indefatigable student, as well as author, and his books have reached a fabulous circulation. It is safe to say of his books that they have accomplished more tangible and better results in the class-room than any other ever offiered to American schools, and have been translated into more languages for foreign schools. They are even produced in raised type for the blind. 32 THE NATIONAL SERIES OF STANDARD SCHOOL-EOOKS. LITERATURE. Gilman's First Steps in English Literature. The character and plan of this exquisite little text-book may be best understood from an analysis of its contents : Introduction. Historical Period of Immature English, with Chart ; Definition of Terms ; Languages of Europe, with Chart ; Period of Mature English, with Chart ; a Chart of Bible Translations, a Bibliography or Guide to General Reading, and other aids to the student. Cleveland's Compendiums. 3 vols. 12mo. English Literature. Asierican Literature. English Literature of the XIXth CEiS'TURY. In these volumes are gatliered the cream of the literature of the Englisl^-spcaking people for the school-room and the general reader. Their reputation is national. More than 125,000 copies have been sold. Boyd's English Classics. 6 vols. Cloth. 12mo. Milton's Paradise Lost. Thomson's Seasons. Young's Night Thoughts. Pollok's Course of Time. Cowper's Task, Table Talk, &c. Lord Bacon's Essays. This series of annotated editions of great English writers in prt.ise and poetry is designed for critical reading and parsing in schools. Prof. J. R, Boyd proves himself an editor of high capacity, and the works themselves need no encomium. As auxiliary to the study of belles-lettres, &c., these works have no equal. Pope's Essay on Man. 16mo. Paper. Pope's Homer's Iliad. 32mo. Roan. The metrical translation of tlie great jioet of antiquity, and the matchless "Essay on the Nature and State of Man," by Alexander Pope, afford superior exercise in literature and parsing. POLITICAL ECONOMY. Champlin's Lessons on Political Economy. An improvement on previous treatises, being shorter, yet containing everything essential, with a view of recent questions in finance, &c., which is not elsewhere found. 39 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 021 933 819 3 '. ^ 1