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 WHERE WE • LIVE 
 
 
 EMILIE V. JACOBS 
 
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 •AHOnEGEOGRAFH 
 
Class y- \ ^ ^ 
 Book JE. 
 
 Copyright}! 
 
 "Six 
 
 COPYRIGHT DEPOSrr. 
 
WHERE WE LIVE 
 
 A Home Geography 
 
 EMILIE V. JACOBS 
 
 Supervising Principal of the Richardson L. Wright School, 
 Philadelphia 
 
 n 
 
 DDD 
 D 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 CHRISTOPHER SOWER COMPANY 
 
 124 North Eighteenth Street 
 
n fi 
 
 ■J'/f 
 
 Copyright, 1913, by 
 Christopher Sower Company 
 
 ©CI.A8 54ii8 3 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Foreword 5 
 
 Introduction 7 
 
 PART ONE 
 
 I. Our School 11 
 
 II. The Streets . . 17 
 
 III. The Buildings 22 
 
 IV. The City as a Whole 31 
 
 V. The People 36 
 
 VI. Industries and Occupations 42 
 
 VII. Animals and Plants 46 
 
 VIII. Transportation and Communication 50 
 
 IX. Physiography of the City 54 
 
 X. Direction 66 
 
 PART TWO 
 
 I. The Earth as a Whole 73 
 
 II. The Seasons 79 
 
 III. The Zones 82 
 
 IV. North America 93 
 
 V. Countries of North America . . 100 
 
 VI. Trips 105 
 
 3 
 
MAPS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 I. Philadelphia 10 
 
 II. The Western Hemisphere 74-75 
 
 III. The Eastern Hemisphere 74-75 
 
 IV. The World 82 
 
 V. Surface Map of North America 96 
 
 VI. North America 100 
 
 4 
 
FOREWORD 
 
 Once upon a time as four blind men sat by the roadside they heard 
 the tramp of an elephant's feet, and said one to another, " Here comes an 
 elephant; now we shall know what he is like." The first blind man put 
 out his hand and touched the elephant's broad side. The second took hold 
 of a leg. The third grasped a tusk, and the fourth clutched the animal's 
 tail. 
 
 "Now do you know what an elephant looks like?" asked a friend. 
 
 "Yes," cried the first. "The elephant is broad and flat like a barn 
 door." 
 
 " What !" exclaimed the second. " The elephant is big and round like 
 the trunk of a tree." 
 
 "Not so!" cried the third. "The elephant is hard and smooth like a 
 polished stone." 
 
 "What are you all talking about?" cried the fourth. "The elephant 
 is just like a piece of rope." 
 
 Much so-called teaching of geography leads to just such incomplete and 
 fantastic ideas about geographical concepts. Very mauy children have 
 only vague, incomplete and incorrect conceptions of the things they see. 
 Like these physically and mentally blind men we are too often satisfied 
 with mere wordy descriptions of subjects when we might study the subject 
 at first hand if we would. 
 
 This little book is intended to prevent the giving of informaiion by 
 description, but to suggest ways of directing attention to those things which 
 lie within reach of the child's senses, things which he might pass by, things 
 which are needed now to stimulate an intelligent interest in his surround- 
 ings, things which are needed later for an appreciation and enjoyment of 
 his study of the larger facts and concepts of geography. If the larger 
 geographical concepts are to have accuracy and richness for the child he 
 must have his attention directed to his surroundings. The trite expression 
 
6 FOREWORD 
 
 "from the known to tlie nnknow-n " is good pedagogy, Imt lline must be a 
 "known" on which to l)uihl. 
 
 The book is based upon the author's actual experience in the class-room 
 studying the children at their geography tasks. It has been her experi- 
 ence that the efforts of the teachers to build broad geographical concepts 
 were of no avail because the pupils did not have accurate intimate knowl- 
 edge of the necessary home geography upon which to l)uild. To correct 
 this defect she set about collecting and classifying the necessary material. 
 With the use of this material she not only found that the class teachers 
 had much less difficulty in presenting the study of the earth as a whole, 
 but that an interest beyond all expectation was apparent in the children. 
 
 The following pages are valuable more on account of the things they 
 suggest than upon any geographical facts which they incidentally present. 
 The book is not a text-book on geography ; it is a compendium of sug- 
 gestion on the study of the subject. It makes little effort to present facts, 
 but rather it tells how to gather, classify and study facts. It is intended 
 to be used with children during the age when they especially delight in 
 the making of collections, and is intended to turn to a definite use this 
 childish instinct. 
 
 Map study is based entirely upon the child's experiences as he makes 
 plans of his schoolroom, schoolhouse, streets and city. The suggestions 
 regarding the study of things foreign to the child are based entirely upon 
 his experience in the study of the types with which he has become familiar 
 in his study of his surroundings. 
 
 Milton C. Cooper, 
 Superintendent of District Nine, Philadelphia. . 
 
NTRODUCTION 
 
 Geographical knowledge should progress from the known to the 
 unknown, from the familiar to the unfamiliar. The world is the home of 
 mankind. We can best understand the larger world by a preliminary 
 consideration of our own small intiinate home. We therefore begin to 
 study geography with an account of the child's immediate environment. 
 The school stands for the connnon home of the class. From the school we 
 gradually widen out our teaching to include the surrounding streets and 
 buildings, and finally the whole city. 
 
 We study the various types of pco[)le wliom we meet in our city, and 
 the industries in which they engage in their efforts to obtain the three main 
 necessities of human life, — food, clothing and shelter. The animals and 
 plants sharing the world with man and contributing to his sustenance next 
 focus our attention. 
 
 The home city has peculiar physiographical features distinguishing it 
 from other cities and influencing the life of its inhabitants. The land and 
 water divisions in the immediate environment are studied as types, while 
 those not closely related to our home are reserved for consideration as each 
 one occurs in its local geographical place in the course of study. 
 
 We must know something of direction in order to conveniently locate 
 the streets, buildings and physiographical features near our home. Finally, 
 we will try to realize the great size of the earth, of which our home is but 
 a small portion, by a consideration of the relationshi]) of our city to the 
 rest of the world and to some of this world's great diversities. 
 
 As geography is a study of cause and effect, the early lessons should be 
 mainly oral. Later, in order to obtain a broad knowledge of geogra))hical 
 data, not one but many books should be read. This little book aims to 
 serve as a bridge between the oral lesson and the descri])tive text-book. 
 The presentation of many questions leads the pupil to think out cause and 
 effect, and to connect his, present knowledge with the realm of the unknown. 
 Special care has been exercised to present facts only when facts are abso- 
 
 7 
 
8 INTRODUCTION 
 
 lutely necessary, and only after allowing the pupil the opportunity to first 
 exercise his own reasoning faculties in obtaining the information. 
 
 The excursion is an essential part of every geography course, and everj- 
 effort should l)e made to use this etfective means of teaching. 
 
 Four types of valuable exercises may be suggested in the use of this 
 book: 
 
 1. The pui)ils may read the (juestions orally and give the answers 
 orally. 
 
 2. They may read the questions silently, answering them orally. 
 
 3. They may read the questions orally and write the answers. 
 
 4. Finally, they may silently read the questions and write the answers. 
 All definitions have been carefully avoided as tending to hamper the 
 
 free acquisition of ideas. 
 
 PART I 
 
 TOPICS 
 
 1. The School. 6. The Industries. 
 
 2. The Streets. 7. The Animals and Plants. 
 
 3. The Buildings. 8. Transportation and Communication. 
 
 4. The City as a Whole. 9. The Physiography of the City. 
 
 5. The People. 10. Direction. 
 
 PART II 
 
 1. The Earth as a Whole. 
 
 2. The Seasons. 
 
 3. The Climatic Zones. 
 
 4. North America. 
 
PART ONE 
 
nAP OF 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 .23 + 
 
 SCALE 4- MILES 
 
WHERE WE LIVE-A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 OUR SCHOOL 
 1 
 
 What is the name of our school? 
 Where have you seen this name ? 
 
 A CITY SCHOOL. 
 
 Why was this name given to our school ? 
 On what streets does our school stand ? 
 How Ions: have vou been attending this school? 
 See how nnich you liave noticed as you came here 
 each day. Tell what you can remember of the dif- 
 
 11 
 
12 A HOiME (IKOGKAPHY 
 
 ferent i)ai'ts of the building which can be seen from 
 the street. Describe each of the following parts : 
 
 Walls Roof 
 
 Windows Chimneys 
 
 Doors Fire-escape 
 
 2 
 As you look at the school from the outside what 
 materials do you see that the builders have used? 
 Where have they needed stone, slate, glass, tin, iron, 
 steel, wood? 
 
 Now let us think of the garden and i)lay ground. 
 Tell about the different parts and the materials that 
 have been used in making them. 
 
 What great numbers of workmen were needed 
 before a school like ours could be built ! Who i)ro- 
 cured the stone and the slate? Whose work was 
 needed to obtain the iron, the steel and the tin? 
 Who made the glass? Which workmen shall we 
 thank for the wood ? 
 
 Can you think how the bare lot looked before the 
 school was built ? Many men with shovels and pick- 
 axes dug out the foundation, and numbers of horses 
 and wa2:ons were needed to carrv out the earth. 
 Then came the builders. How were so many mate- 
 rials brought here? 
 
 3 
 
 1. We will go outdoors together and look at the 
 school building. 
 
OUR SCHOOL 
 
 13 
 
 2. We will stand north of the school, south, east 
 and west of it. Notice the position of the parts, their 
 number, shape, size and color. 
 
 3. As we stand at each side, see whether there are 
 any parts wliich you never noticed before or any parts 
 which we forgot to mention yesterday. 
 
 Look at this drawing of a school l)uilding and 
 It is called a plan. Before any school or 
 
 grounds. 
 
 NORTH 
 
 WEST 
 
 E 
 
 GATE 
 
 DRINKIN& WATER 
 I I, 
 
 FLAGPOLE 
 
 PLAYGROUND ^^^e 
 
 •TREE TPEE« 
 
 GAR 
 
 DRINKING WATER 
 . ,f, , ,',.-^U, 
 
 •TftfE TREE' 
 
 DEIN 
 
 
 SCHOOL 
 BUILDING 
 
 EAST 
 
 SOUTH 
 
 church or home is built a plan must be drawn. This 
 is to show the workmen what to do. See how much 
 of the ground is used for the building. Find the 
 garden. What are in the garden? Which is larger, 
 the garden or the playground? What shape is the 
 
14 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 playground ? How many doors are there to the 
 building? In how many ways can you get into the 
 l)lay ground ? 
 
 Try to draw a plan of your school building and 
 yard, showing the gates, the flagpole, the drinking 
 fountains and any other parts you think of. Show 
 which door you use most. 
 
 Note to tlie Teacher. — The pupils should draw the plan upou paper 
 while the teacher draws it upon the blackboard. Infinite care should be 
 exercised to invest every line with its full meaning. Upon the proper 
 interpretation of this first plan will depend much of the pupil's future 
 ability to correctly read a map as the representation of a reality. 
 
 5 
 
 THE INSIDE OF THE SCHOOL 
 
 As you walk from the school-gate up to your room 
 
 what do you see ? Tell all that you have noticed in 
 
 the corridors, on the staircases, in the cloak-rooms and 
 
 the class-rooms. 
 
 6 
 
 We will go on a little excursion through the school 
 
 today, walking along all of the cori'idors and upon 
 
 all of the staircases. Look esj^ecially to see anything 
 
 that you never saw before, and notice anything that 
 
 you forgot to mention in yesterday's description. 
 
 7 
 Answer the following questions: 
 
 1. How many stoi'ies high is our school ? 
 
 2. How manv class-rooms are on each floor? 
 
OUR SCHOOL 
 
 15 
 
 3. How many otlier rooms are on each floor? 
 
 4. How many staircases does our school have? 
 
 5. Wliat materials liave been used in building the 
 staircases ? 
 
 6. What can be seen in the coriidor nearest your 
 room ? 
 
 7. By how numy doorways can the children leave 
 the buildino- ? 
 
 8. How is your school heated and ventilated ? 
 
 8 
 Describe every- 
 thing that you can 
 see in your class- 
 room. 
 
 9 
 Look at this 
 })lan of a school- 
 room. See if you 
 can draw a plan of 
 yovr school-room. 
 
 10 
 
 o 
 
 I ICHAIR 
 
 □ □□□□□ 
 
 □ □□□□□ 
 
 □ □□□□□ 
 
 □ □□□□□ 
 
 □ □□□□□ 
 
 □ □ □ □ □ n 
 
 WINDOWS 
 
 PLAN OF SCHOOL ROOM 
 
 Make a list of all 
 the materials that have been used in building the inside 
 of your school. Kemend)er all of the following parts : 
 
 Flooi's Windows Coi'ridor furnishings 
 Ceilinsi;s Doors Class-room furnishings 
 
 Walls Staircases 
 
16 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 Now write a list of the kinds of workmen wlio 
 gathered together these materials. Name as many 
 of the kinds of workmen as you can think of who 
 were engaged on the inside work of the building. 
 
 11 
 
 Write a letter to anyone whom you know who 
 lives outside of our city. Tell all about our tine 
 school building and the good workmen by whom it 
 was planned and built. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 THE STREETS 
 1 
 
 On what streets does your school stand? 
 
 On what street do you live? 
 
 What streets do you pass on your way home ? 
 
 What do you think is the finest street that you 
 have ever seen in your city? What makes that so 
 good a street ? 
 
 Name a poor street. What could be done to 
 improve it? 
 
 2 
 
 Why do we have streets ? Can you think of any 
 place where people live where there are no streets? 
 
 Look at the country ])icture shown on page 
 19. How })retty it is ! When would it be pleas- 
 ant to walk there? When would it not be so 
 pleasant? Why? What must be done to a road 
 to make it into a good street? Tell what you can 
 of the different ways of paving, lighting and draining 
 a street, and of the different kinds of name-signs you 
 have seen. 
 
 Now what can be done to make a street beautiful 
 and pleasant in warm weather ? 
 
 2 17 
 
18 
 
 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 How can boys and girls he\\) to keep the streets 
 l)lcasant? 
 
 Here is a i)lan of some of the streets in our city. 
 
 uUUL 
 
 MARKET STREET 
 WEST 
 
 C'-tr^STNUT STREET 
 
 DDE 
 
 S«nSO~i STI?EET 
 
 >.UNUT STREET 
 
 DO DDE 
 
 PLAN OF CITY STREETS. 
 
 start from your liouse and 
 how you come to scliool. 
 
 Draw the shape of tlie 
 school lot. Now show the 
 streets that the school 
 stands upon. Now draw 
 one street beyond each of 
 those streets, and then an- 
 other street l)eyond each 
 one again. If you have 
 not yet drawn the street 
 where yon live, keep on 
 drawing streets till you 
 come to your street. Place 
 a little cross to show your 
 home. With your pencil 
 make a dotted line to show 
 
 On your })lan of the neighborhood place a circle 
 to show the grocery store oi' bakeiy that you ])ass on 
 your way to school. Make a, large dot to show the 
 nearest drug store to school, and with a dotted line 
 explain how you would go there from school if your 
 teacher sent you for a stamp. Make a circle with a 
 
THE STREETS 19 
 
 cross in it to sliow where there is a church, a 
 bank, a factory, or any other important building 
 near your school. If there is a railroad near, show 
 it upon youi- plan. 
 
 Jl 
 
 
 0^ 
 
 'ill ' ) ■£ 
 
 HMH 
 
 W! 
 
 ■Kifli 1 
 
 
 
 
 ■Mi 
 
 * 
 
 A COUNTRY HOME. 
 
 5 
 
 Many of the streets in Philadelphia are named 
 after trees. That is because William Penn. the 
 
20 
 
 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 founder of oni* city, loved trees, and wanted the streets 
 to have tlieir names. Tell some of these old names. 
 
 Broad Street is one of the longest, finest streets in 
 the world. It runs as straight as your ruler for nmny 
 
 NORfH BROAD STREET. 
 (Copyriglii, 1911, William H. Ran, Philadelpbia.) 
 
 miles right through almost the entire length of the 
 city, and is paved with asphalt the whole way. Why 
 is it called Broad Sti'eet ? 
 
 Get as many pictures of the Philadelphia streets 
 as you can and paste them in your note hook with 
 the plan of the streets you drew. 
 
THE STREETS 21 
 
 Market Street is another very fine street. It 
 crosses Broad Street at right angles. It is the great 
 business street of the city. On it are many fine 
 stores. Name some of them. Cars run along the 
 floul>le line of tracks on Market Street. 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 THE BUILDINGS 
 1 
 
 What kinds of buikiings do you pass on yonr way 
 to school? Write a list of all the kinds of buildings 
 that you have ever seen. 
 
 Copy the list of buiklings given below and place 
 a cross beside each kind that you have seen. Tell 
 something about each, whei'e you saw it, of what it 
 was built, or for wliat it was used : 
 
 Residence 
 
 Factory 
 
 Hospital 
 
 School 
 
 Museum 
 
 Government building 
 
 Church 
 
 Library 
 
 Car barn 
 
 Store 
 
 Bank 
 Office 
 
 Railroad station 
 
 Look at these pictures and tell for what each 
 building is used. How do you know ? 
 
 2 
 
 Write a list of any imjiortant buildings you know 
 of in our city. Find the i)icture of City Hall. How 
 did you know it? 
 
 City Hall stands where the two main streets of 
 Philadelphia cross, Broad Street and Market Street. 
 
 22 
 
THE BUILDINGS 
 
 23 
 
 SOUTH BROAD STREET. 
 
 It is built of granite and marble, and is the largest 
 building in America. Far up near the top of the 
 great toAver, which is one of the highest in the world, 
 is an enormous clock with a dial twenty feet across. 
 
24 A HOME GEOGKAPHY 
 
 The huge bronze statue of William Penn, standing at 
 the top of the tower, is six times as tall as a large 
 man. You can ride in an elevator way up into the 
 tow^er and look out in all directions to the great 
 beautiful city stretching aw^ay on all sides. You can 
 see the Delaware and the Schuylkill Eivers. In City 
 Hall are the ofhces of the Mayor, of the Superintend- 
 ents of Police and the Fire Department, and many 
 others. 
 
 Look at pictures of our three railroad stations. 
 They are among the finest in the world. We have 
 three great railroads running into Philadelphia, and 
 these pictures show the terminal or end stations. 
 
 Philadelphia has some of the most interesting, 
 largest, and most beautiful buildings in the whole 
 world. Look at these three i)ictures. They show 
 buildings that thousands of people from all over the 
 world visit during each year. Some of the visitors 
 come hundreds of miles to Philadeli)hia. Would you 
 not like to see these ])laces too? How far would you 
 have to go for the visit ? Try to see one each Satur- 
 day till you have seen them all. 
 
 Independence Hall is a very old building. Al- 
 though it is more than one hundred and fifty years 
 old, it was built so well and has been so well cared 
 for that it is still very beautiful and in good condi- 
 
THE BUILDINGS 
 
 26 
 
 INDEPENDENCE HALL. 
 
 tion. Of what is it mainly built? How will 3'on 
 know this biiildinar when you see it? 
 
 The, men that signed the Declaration of Independ- 
 ence met in Independence Hall. There you may 
 see the old Liberty Bell which we all love because it 
 rang out to tell the people that our country was free 
 from England. You will see many other interesting 
 things when you visit this old building, wiiich used 
 to be called the State House. 
 
 All of the money used in the United States is 
 made in a United States Mint. There are four of 
 
26 
 
 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 these mints, and we have one in Phihidelpliia. What 
 a mao'niticent buildins; it is ! It is made of o-ranite. 
 In it vou can see the bis: bricks of 2:old and silver 
 
 THE UNITED STATES MINT AT PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 which will be made into doHars. You can see the 
 big coining machines and counting machines. Thou- 
 sands of coins are made eveiy day. 
 
 Girard ('ollcfje has many buildings in a beautiful 
 park surrounded by a liigh wall. The uuiin building 
 is one of the most beautiful in this country. Poor 
 orphan boys are here educated and given a good 
 home. Stephen Girard, who lived long ago when 
 George Washington was alive, left enough money to 
 
THE BUILDINGS 
 
 27 
 
 build these tine l)nil(lings and to \ydy for the food, 
 clotliing and teaching of all of these boys. Thou- 
 sands of ])(jor boys have thus been benefited through 
 the goodness and generosity of Stephen Girard. 
 What kind of man do vou think he was? 
 
 There are over eighty parks and squares belong- 
 ing to our city. Some are large and some are small. 
 
 MAIN BUILDING GIRARD COLLEGE. 
 
 When the park is about the size of a city square it is 
 called a square. Which have you visited? What 
 did you see ? What did you do when you were thei'e ? 
 W^hen we visit one of our parks we should remem- 
 ber that it belongs to us, for it belongs to the people 
 of Philadelphia. Do you not like to have the things 
 that belong to you as good, as useful and as beauti- 
 
28 
 
 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 fill as |)ossil)le ? Do you want your home to look 
 sweet and clean and comfortable, or dirty, careless 
 and unpleasant? Do you want your clothing to be 
 strong, neat and pretty, or torn and dirty? We 
 should all take pride in having the things we 
 
 own just as good 
 as possible. When 
 you are in the 
 street, the school, 
 any |)ublic build- 
 ing, or in a park, 
 say to yourself, 
 "This is mine." 
 Then look around 
 and see whether 
 you like the way 
 it looks. Think if 
 there is any way 
 in which you can 
 help to keep it 
 looking well or 
 make it look even 
 better. 
 How can boys and girls help keej) a park beauti- 
 ful as regards the grass, the ])aths, the flower beds, 
 the trees, the buildings? Where does the money 
 come from which pays the caretakei'S of the park ? 
 Some peoi)le visit the park only in spring, summer 
 
 CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
THE BUILDINGS 
 
 29 
 
 or autumn. Everyone knows hoAv delightful it is in 
 those seasons. Man}' do not know how beautiful the 
 bare trees look in winter with their gray or brown 
 branches. There is no more exquisite sight in the 
 world than to see these trees coated with glistening 
 ice out to the tiniest twig, or to see them ridged with 
 
 
 
 
 ♦■>-; ■ 
 
 
 -' .■' 
 
 
 1, "* 
 
 H- 
 
 WINTER SCENE IN FAIKMOUNT PARK. 
 
 pearly white snow. It is a merry sight, too, to see 
 the jolly coasters. 
 
 Fairmo7frd Park is the largest and most beautiful 
 city park in our country, and there is only one other 
 as large in the whole world. It includes many miles 
 of beautiful country, with hills and grassy fields, 
 flower beds and magnificent trees. There are many 
 
30 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 s})lendid diives and paths, and a trolley line running 
 througb it. There are statues of great men like 
 Washington and Lincoln. There are interesting 
 buildings, too. These are some of them : 
 
 Zooloc:ical Gardens William Penn's house 
 Horticultural Hall Mansions 
 Memorial Hall Boat-houses 
 
 Which have you visited ? Tell something that is 
 beautiful about them, and what they are used for. 
 
CHAPTER lY 
 
 THE CITY AS A WHOLE 
 
 Think of the pictures tliat you saw with the 
 exhibition hiiitern yesterday. 
 1. What rivers did vou see ? 
 
 BIRD S-EYE VIEW OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 2. Which buildings did you tliinlv were very 
 beautiful ? 
 
 3. What was each used for? 
 
 31 
 
32 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 4. What liuve we in our city that does much 
 good for the people? 
 
 o. Which of the phices tliat were shown in the 
 pictures have you ever visited ? 
 
 6. What places would you like to visit? 
 
 2 
 
 PREPARATION FOR A TRIP TO SOME OBSERVATORY, TOWER 
 OR ROOF-GARDEN FROM WHICH AN EXTENSIVE VIEW 
 OF THE CITY CAN BE SEEN 
 
 What place shall we visit? Why? Draw a plan 
 to include the school and the place to be visited. 
 
 How many blocks must we go? Shall we ride or 
 walk ? In what directions shall we go ? 
 
 When we are up high we can look over the city. 
 First, we w ill try to find our school. In what direc- 
 tion shall we need to face? Then let us notice what 
 lies between us and our school. See if you can find 
 any parks or large buildings which you know. Try 
 to find the street upon which your home stands. 
 Then we shall look beyond our school for any familiar 
 buildings or parks, and look for your street if you did 
 not see it before. Notice how far the city stretches 
 and try to see what cuts it off or bounds it. 
 
 Next we shall turn and look in the opposite direc- 
 tion. What direction will that be ? Find any familiar 
 places. HoW' can you know which are homes, scliools, 
 churches or factories? See how^ far the city extends 
 and what cuts off or bounds it on this side. 
 
THE CITY AS A WHOLE 33 
 
 In what other directions shall we look? Again 
 we shall notice the familiar and unfamiliar places and 
 the city boundaries. 
 
 3 
 
 THE TRIP 
 
 4 
 
 Was the view of the city like what you expected ? 
 What surprised you? What did we see most of? 
 Make a list of all the places you remember seeing. 
 Think of each view separately; north, south, east and 
 west. Tell of anything you saw as you looked in 
 each direction. Why could we see so much ? How 
 could we see even farther? 
 
 5 
 
 Philadelphia is one of the great cities of the world. 
 It is called '' The City of Homes." Can you tell why ? 
 Over one and one-half million people live here. 
 William Penn founded Philadelphia. He planned to 
 have a pleasant country town. How surprised he 
 would be if he could see ]io\v great the city has be- 
 come to-day. It is hard for us to believe that two 
 hundred and fifty years ago there Avere no houses, 
 churches, schools or even streets. All this land was 
 wild country, mostly woods. When William Penn 
 came and began to ])lan the city he gave it the beau- 
 tiful name "Philadelphia," which means "brotherly 
 
 3 
 
34 
 
 A HOME GEOGKAPHY 
 
 WILLIAM PENN IN YOUNG MANHOOD. 
 
THE OITY AS A WHOLE 
 
 35 
 
 love." All the people of Philadelphia shouhl try to 
 make this a real city of brotherly love by treating all 
 of the people living here with kindness, just as if we 
 were all brothers and sisters. If we are true to the 
 good name of our dear city we will be kind and fair 
 
 WILLIAM I'KNN S HOI SE 
 
 to all, rich and poor, American and foreigner, white 
 and colored people. That is one way of showing our 
 thankfulness for our splendid city. 
 
CHAPTER Y 
 
 THE PEOPLE 
 1 
 
 Think of the thousands of houses which you saw 
 as you looked over the city. There are people living 
 in nearly all of those houses. Just think of tlie thou- 
 sands and thousands of people wdio live in Philadel- 
 phia. There are more than a million and a half. 
 How many people go to your school? There are 
 about two Inmdred and fifty schools in Philadelphia, 
 and nearly two hundred thousand school children. 
 
 Most of these people look much alike, but some 
 are very different in appearance. Name some of the 
 different kinds of people wdiom you have seen. How 
 do you distinguish a negro and Chinaman or Mongo- 
 lian from a white i)erson or Caucasian ? Tell about 
 their hair, skin or any other peculiar features. 
 
 Each kind of people is called a race. The pictures 
 show some of the races we see in Philadelphia, Cau- 
 casian, Mongolian and negro. The Chinese and Jap- 
 anese are called Mongolians. 
 
 2 
 
 THE INDIANS 
 
 The Indians lived at this place which we now call 
 Philadelphia long before there were any white people 
 here or any city. Where these hundreds of buildings 
 
THE PEOPLE 
 
 37 
 
 stand there was wild country, fields and woods. 
 Under the trees stood the Indian wigwams made of 
 skins and branches. After William Penn landed with 
 
 AN INDIAN FAMILY. 
 
 his companions he began at once to make friends with 
 the Indians. As the red men were living upon the 
 land, Penn thought that it was only fair and honest 
 to buy from them the land that the English people 
 wanted for their homes. The Indians could not use 
 money, so he gave them blankets and other presents 
 
38 
 
 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 which pleased them very Hiucli. Tlie Indians i)roni- 
 ised William Penn to live in peace with the white 
 men and they kept their i)romise for many years. 
 
 Most of the white 
 settlers who came 
 in those early days 
 to other parts of 
 our land did not 
 act in this noble 
 way. When they 
 wanted land on 
 which to build their 
 homes they drove 
 the Indians away, 
 killing many of 
 them. Thus these 
 unjustly treated In- 
 dians became the 
 enemies of the 
 white men, and 
 often treated them 
 very cruelly in return. Let us remember that the 
 Indians were the tirst owners of this land of ours and 
 that they should be treated as William Penn showed 
 us, with kindness and justice. 
 
 Those wild Indians of long ago had many noble 
 traits. They were strong and brave and feailess. 
 
 Read in some of your school books about Indians and their homes. 
 
 INDIAN CHIEF. 
 
THE PEOPLE 
 
 39 
 
 THE NEGROEvS 
 
 There were no negroes in this country till many 
 years after Columbus and the other white men began 
 to settle here. Some white men went far across the 
 sea to Africa. They stole 
 the negroes away from 
 their homes, cariied them 
 to their ships and sailed 
 back to this country. 
 Then these white men 
 sold the negroes to other 
 men for money. The i)()or 
 colored men had to work 
 terribly hard as slaves 
 and received no pay for 
 their work. At last they 
 were freed by Abraham 
 Lincoln and others who 
 helped him. 
 
 The negroes have much ^,.„„^ 
 
 that is fine in their char- 
 acter. Even when they were slaves they often grew 
 to love their masters so dearly that they would do 
 anything in the world, even give up their lives,, for 
 their masters. The negroes have been treated with 
 frightful cruelty by many of the white |)eople, and yet 
 those colored people have been wonderfully patient 
 
40 
 
 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 and cheerful through all of the hard times. We 
 should always remember that God made the negro 
 as well as the white num. The colored boy could 
 not choose his skin and hair any more than you could 
 clioose yours. Fair-minded people will try to be 
 honest, kind and just to the negi'oes. 
 
 ■ 
 
 K^'^^^K^ ^ 
 
 1 
 
 H^P 
 
 ^^)^. ■ 
 
 m 
 
 P 
 
 
 1 
 
 liHi**>;S ' 
 
 
 P 
 
 Hi 
 
 P^^^^^SH 
 
 ^^ 
 
 THE CHINESE 
 
 Many Chinamen 
 have .come to our 
 country from their 
 distant homes in 
 China. Their coun- 
 try is so crowded, 
 and it is so hard 
 to earn a living 
 there, that most of 
 the people are very 
 poor. 
 
 The Chinese liv- 
 ing in our country 
 are peaceful and 
 quiet. They work 
 very hard in their 
 laundries and other places of business ; yet there are 
 many white people so cruel and thoughtless as to rid- 
 icule a Chinaman whenever they see one. These white 
 people should remember that God made the China- 
 
 CHINESE MANDARIN AND SERVANT. 
 
THE PEOPLE 41 
 
 man and that he is a stranger here in our country. 
 Is it not even worse to ill-treat a stranger than one 
 who is at home ? The color of our skin and hair is 
 not very important. It matters far more whether we 
 are honest, loving, industrious and fair-minded. The 
 negro, Indian and Chinese boys or girls are just as 
 good as white l)03^s or girls if they try to do what is 
 right. 
 
CHAPTER YI 
 
 INDUSTRIES AND OCCUPATIONS 
 1 
 
 Which members of your family work? Why do 
 they work ? For what is the money they earn spent ? 
 Think which of these things are absolutely necessary 
 to keep us alive. 
 
 We all need food. 
 
 We all need clothing. 
 
 We all need homes or shelter. 
 
 W^ithout these provisions we should die. 
 
 How do we get our food, our clothing and our 
 homes? How did people get tliem when there wei'e 
 no stores and no money ? Do you know of any peo- 
 ple who were compelled to get things in this way? 
 
 lu a school reader, read about how primitive people lived. 
 
 2 
 
 THE .SOIL 
 
 We have two kinds of food, vegetable food, v^^hich 
 grows from the ground, and animal food. Name 
 some foods of each kind. All plants grow out of the 
 earth or soil. The soil is necessary to produce our 
 aninuil food also. The meat we eat comes from 
 sheep, cows, chickens and other animals. These ani- 
 mals all live on vegetable food. Without good soil 
 
 42 
 
INDUSTRIES AND OCCUPATIONS 43 
 
 there would be no grass noi hay. No grass would 
 mean no food for cows and sheep. So we see that all 
 of our food really comes from the soil. 
 
 Our clothing, too, is dependent upon the soil. 
 The cotton plant grows up out of the ground. The 
 wool comes from the sheep, which eats grass w^hich 
 grows from the ground. 
 
 Even our homes could not be built without prod- 
 ucts from the earth or soil. Think how^ much wood 
 is used in the construction of a house. The trees 
 which gi'ow in the soil give us all the wood. Much 
 iron, steel, copper, brass and nickel are used in our 
 homes. Stones and bricks form part of many houses. 
 All of these things come out of the earth. What a 
 wonderful thing is the soil! Out of it come our 
 food, our clothing and our shelter! 
 
 In one of your books read the wonderful story of how we obtain a 
 loaf of bread. 
 
 3 
 
 Write a list of all the kinds of work you can think 
 of which are done in Philadelphia. 
 
 Place a number 1 beside all of those which may 
 be called lueaving. Place a number 2 beside all w^hich 
 may be called mamifacturing clothmg. Place a num- 
 ber 3 beside all which are the manufacture of furni- 
 ture. Mark the manufacture of foods number 4. Mark 
 shijjlmilding number 5, locomotive building number 6, 
 
44 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 Ijrinting and hook-making number 7, iron and steel 
 work number 8. 
 
 Write a list of these eight leading industries of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 4 
 
 We will go to-morrow to visit a factory in which 
 some food or clothing is manufactured. Look at the 
 map of the city. Find your school. Find the factory. 
 How far will we go and in what direction ? What is 
 the name of the place we will visit? Notice all of 
 the things made there. Try to remember all of the 
 materials needed at the factory, and find out where 
 these materials come from. Try to remember just 
 how the articles are made. Find out what will be 
 done with the things that are manufactured. Notice 
 the number and kinds of machines used. See how 
 many workmen are employed. 
 
 5 
 
 AFTER THE TRIP 
 
 Write a letter to a friend in another class telling 
 all about your visit. Mention these points : 
 
 1. Where you went. 
 
 2. What was made. 
 
 3. How it was made. 
 
 4. The materials used. 
 
 5. The machinery. 
 
 6. The workmen. 
 
INDUSTRIES AND OCCUPATIONS 45 
 
 7. The usefulness of the factory. 
 
 8. The care and skill of the workmen. 
 
 9. Anything else interesting about the trip. 
 
 6 
 
 Philadelphia is the greatest workshop in the 
 world. There are more workmen here that do line, 
 careful work than in any other city. Some of the 
 goods manufactured in our city are sent thousands of 
 miles away to other people who need them. Among 
 the many things made in Philadelphia in very large 
 quantities are locomotives, street cars, iron and steel 
 work, carpets, oil cloth, saws, curtains, shoes, stock- 
 ings, underwear, felt hats. 
 
 Read about the raaDiifacture of the articles which you saw being made 
 at the factory. 
 
 7 
 There are many workers in our city who do not 
 make things with their hands. Most of their work 
 is done with their minds, though, of course, their 
 hands help too. Name some of these. What kind 
 of w^ork does each of the following do ? 
 
 Teacher Lawyer Minister 
 
 Doctor Author Banker 
 
CHAPTER Vll 
 
 ANIMALS AND PLANTS 
 1 
 
 There are many other living creatures in tlie city 
 beside people. Write a list of all the kinds of ani- 
 mals you have ever seen in Philadelphia. 
 
 AMERICAN BUFFALO. 
 
 Some of these animals live near the homes of men. 
 They are tame. Men take care of them and see that 
 they get food. Many of these animals are very useful 
 to us. Wi'ite a list of these tame animals. At the 
 to}) of the list write Domestic Animals. Of what use 
 
 46 
 
ANIMALS AND PLANTS 
 
 47 
 
 is each of the following animals when alive ? Which 
 are useful after they are killed ? Of what use to man 
 is each one ? 
 
 Horse 
 
 Pig 
 
 Chicken 
 
 Cow 
 
 Dog 
 
 Duck 
 
 Sheep 
 
 Cat 
 
 Pigeon. 
 
 Read about how our meat is supplied to us. 
 
 Write a list of all the wild animals you have seen 
 in or near Philadelphia. Where did you see them ? 
 How were they prevented 
 from harming people ? 
 Where was the natural 
 home of these animals? 
 How did they get their 
 food ? How do they now 
 get their food ? 
 
 Some of these ani- 
 mals so closely resemble 
 the domestic animals that 
 they are said to belong to 
 the same family. Head "''"^^^^ 
 
 the names of the animals belonging to the same fam- 
 ily and tell in what way they resemble each other. 
 Tell which are domestic and which are wild. 
 
48 
 
 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 Cat 
 
 THE CAT FAMILY 
 
 Lion 
 
 Tiger 
 
 Leopard 
 
 THE DOG FAMILY 
 
 Dog 
 
 Fox 
 
 Wolf 
 
 THE HORSE FAMILY 
 
 Horse Zebra 
 
 THE cow FAMILY 
 
 Cow Buffalo 
 
 Describe some of these wild animals 
 
 Elephant 
 
 Squirrel 
 
 Bear 
 
 There are also many 
 fish, birds and insects. 
 
 Paste in your notebook 
 any pictures of animals. 
 
 3 
 
 Take a trip to the 
 Zoological Gardens and 
 see these animals. 
 
 Fox 
 
 Wolf 
 Deer 
 
 Which domestic or wild animals are useful to us 
 in obtaining food, clothing and shelter? 
 
ANIMALS AND PLANTS 
 
 49 
 
 5 
 
 PLANTS 
 
 We cannot live without food, clothing and shelter. 
 Let us see how plants helj) us to obtain these three 
 great necessities. 
 
 Write a list of 
 all the plants that 
 you can name. 
 
 Draw a line 
 under each that is 
 useful for food. 
 
 Draw two lines 
 under each that is 
 useful for dothimj. 
 
 Draw three lines 
 under each that 
 is useful in making 
 or furnishing our elk. 
 
 liomes or sheltei'. 
 
 Of what use are the plants tliat are not under- 
 lined ? Are they beautiful ? How dull the world 
 would be without flowers! 
 
 We have : 
 
 1. Food plants. 
 
 2. Clothing plants. 
 
 3. Shelter plants. 
 
 4. Ornamental plants. 
 
 4 
 
CHAPTER YIII 
 
 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION 
 
 1 
 
 Think of the foods wbicli you had on your dinner 
 table yesterday. Where did each come from ? How 
 did it get here? Was there anything which came 
 from right here in tlie city, and which did not have 
 to take a long journey either to the factory where it 
 was manufactured or to the store where it was 
 sold ? 
 
 Examine the clotliing you are wearing. Of what 
 material is each aiticle made? Where did the ma- 
 terials come from ? Where were they manufactured ? 
 Which had to come a long journey to Philadelphia? 
 
 Look around the school-room and name the ma- 
 terials which had to travel to Philadelphia before 
 being ready for use. 
 
 Imagine trying to get our food, our clotliing and 
 our shelter materials right here in the city. How 
 much could we be sure of havino- ? 
 
 Perhaps you have seen products being bi'ought 
 into the city. You may have seen the milk trains 
 unloading their many shining cans. Surely you 
 
 50 
 
TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION 
 
 51 
 
 have seen the freight cars with their signs painted 
 on the outside telling that they are refrigerator cars, 
 or coal cars, oi* other kinds of cars. What do they 
 carry ? 
 
 Most of the things we need are brought here 
 on trains. Where are our largest freight railroad 
 stations? W^here is the nearest station to our 
 school ? 
 
 Some pi'oducts are brought from the country in 
 wagons. You have 
 seen the big 'hay 
 wagons which have 
 come a long way 
 from some farm to 
 bring food for the 
 city horses. 
 
 How else are 
 products brought? 
 Coffee, rubber, pep- 
 per, chocolate and 
 much silk are brought here from distant lands in 
 ships. If you go to the wharves along the river 
 you can see hundreds of busy men unloading the 
 big steamers. 
 
 3 
 
 Ships and railroads carry not only foods but peo- 
 ple, too. There are many ways of carrying people 
 and products. These are some of the ways : 
 
 CHINESE TRANSPORTATION. 
 
52 
 
 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 1. On the backs of animals, as horses, camels, ele- 
 phants. 
 
 2. In wheelbarrows. 
 
 3. In wagons. 
 
 4. In automobiles. 
 
 5. In trolley cars. 
 
 6. In railroad 
 trains. 
 
 7. On boats, or 
 ships. 
 
 8. In sleighs. 
 
 9. On bicycles. 
 10. In airships. 
 In which of these 
 
 ways have you trav- 
 eled? Can you tell 
 what power is used 
 in each case? 
 In order to travel safely and quickly we need 
 more than something in which to carry the people 
 and products. We must have good wagon roads, well 
 built railroads, tunnels through the mountains, and 
 bridges over the rivers. Lighthouses are necessary 
 to warn the vessels of the rocks at night or in the 
 storms. 
 
 TRANSPORTATION IN ARABIA. 
 
 T\lien people need things from a distance they 
 cannot always go all the way to the place and bring 
 
TEANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION 53 
 
 back the products or articles. It is quicker and 
 easier to send messages asking for what is needed. 
 How would your mother send an order to the butcher 
 for meat if she did not wish to go for it ? How could 
 a farmer send a message to the city ordering new milk 
 cans and strawberry boxes ? How do messages come 
 to your house ? 
 
 In olden days the persons had to carry all of their 
 messages for themselves or send them V)y other per- 
 sons. The messenger w'ould often run for miles with- 
 out resting so as to deliver the letters as soon as 
 possible. At last the people decided to give all of 
 their letters to a postman who would ride on horse- 
 l)ack from place to place with the mail. Stage- 
 coaches were next used. It took a week for a coach 
 to go as far as a train can go now in a few hours. 
 Our mail is now carried from one city to another by 
 trains or vessels, and then the letter carriers deliver 
 it at our houses. 
 
 The (juickest way to send a message is by cable, 
 telegraph, telephone or wireless message. Over the 
 electric wires or through the air the words are flashed 
 for miles in a few minutes. 
 
CHAPTER IX 
 
 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE CITY 
 
 SURFACE FEATURES OF PHILADELPHIA 
 
 1. Hill and plain. 
 
 2. River and island. 
 
 3. Peninsula. 
 
 i 
 
 HILL AND PLAIN 
 
 Some of the streets of our city are flat and level, 
 but some slope like hills. Can you name a street 
 which is level, and one that slants or slopes ? Which 
 street do you like best to walk on? Why? Do you 
 prefer the level or the sloping street when roller-skat- 
 ing ? Why ? Which is best when you are coasting ? 
 
 You have been to the park or country and noticed 
 that some of the fields are nearly fiat, wdiile some lie 
 on slopes or hills. We call the fiat part of the land, 
 whether in the city or country, a plain. The sloping 
 part of the land foruis a hill. Have we mostly hills 
 or plains in Philadelphia ? 
 
 2 
 
 Some plains and some hills are covered with trees. 
 If you were in the woods, surrounded by trees, how 
 
 54 
 
PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE CITY 
 
 55 
 
 would you know whether you were on a phiin or on a 
 hill? 
 
 Some hills look very different from others. Some 
 slope very gradually, while some are very steep. 
 Some are in the city streets. Others are great fields 
 of grass for cows to graze upon. Othei's are i)lanted 
 
 HILLS AND VALLEYS. 
 
 with corn, wheat, rye or vegetables. There are also 
 wooded hills covered with trees. How do we know 
 that all of these are hills? 
 
 In the same way the plains vary greatly. While 
 some have been made into city streets, others are 
 great, flat, grassy fields with streams sometimes flow- 
 
56 
 
 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 ing through them. Some phiins are covered with 
 forests. Others are planted with grain and vegeta- 
 bles. How do you know that these are plains when 
 there are so many different kinds? 
 
 Look at the pictures and decide which show hills 
 and which show plains. 
 
 THE DELAWARE RIVER. 
 
 Which is easier for a farmer to plough, a hill or a 
 plain ? Why ? 
 
 If you were sent upon an errand would you choose 
 to go by way of a hilly street or a level street? Which 
 is the pleasantest place for a country summer house, 
 upon a hill or upon a plain ? 
 
 How must the farmer help his horses w^hen pull- 
 ing a heavy load up or down a hill ? 
 
PHYSIOGEAPHY OF THE CITY , 57 
 
 RIVERS 
 
 Have you ever seen a river? What river flows 
 past Philadelphia? What river flows right through 
 Philadelphia? Which of these rivers have you seen? 
 Where were you when you saw it? How did it look? 
 What did you see along the banks? What did you 
 see on the river? Did you see any ways of crossing 
 the river ? 
 
 THE DELAWARE RIVER 
 
 If you go down to the eastern part of our city and 
 stand on a wharf you can get a fine view of the Dela- 
 ware River. You can see the water continually flow- 
 ing swiftly toward the south, where it will soon reach 
 the great ocean. All along the shores you will see 
 wharves. It was all beautiful country along the 
 banks of the river before men built the wharves. 
 Could large vessels land then ? Why not? 
 
 Watch the life on the river. There goes a great 
 ferry-boat crowded with people on the way to Cam- 
 den. They want to take trains for Atlantic City, 
 Cape May and Wild wood. See that great steamer 
 coming up the river ! It has come from England, far 
 across the great ocean. Those people crowding the 
 decks have been on board for six days and nights. 
 Some look very happy, for they are coming home to 
 
58 
 
 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 their families and friends. Some look sad, for they 
 have left their homes far behind them. 
 
 Down in the hold of the vessel are huge bags of 
 mail. There are hundreds of great boxes, crates and 
 trunks packed with linen, cloth, clothing and cutlery. 
 
 I 
 
 AN OCEAN STEAMSHIP. 
 (Copyright, 1911, William H. Ran, Philadelphia.) 
 
 6 
 
 We can visit Cramps' shipyard which lies on the 
 banks of the Delaware River. We shall see enormous 
 vessels being built. Hundreds of workmen will be 
 seen sawing, hammering and painting on the frame- 
 
PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE CITY 
 
 59 
 
 work of a big whip. From a distance they look as 
 small as Hies moving about on the great frame. 
 
 Many fine fish are caught in the river. Have you 
 heard of Delaware shad ? 
 
 CRAMPS SHIPYARD. 
 
 Do you think the Delaware River is useful to our 
 city ? In what ways does it help us ? 
 
 8 
 
 THE SCHUYLKILL RIVER 
 
 Let us go to Fairmount Park and take a l)oat and 
 row down the Schuylkill River. How beautiful the 
 
60 
 
 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 park looks ! See the grassy banks, the many fine 
 trees, and the hills beyond. Now we are passing a 
 piece of land which lies right out in the river with 
 water all around it. We call it an island. It has 
 grass and trees upon it. There is a bridge which 
 stretcher across the river trom one bank to the other. 
 
 There on our 
 right is an- 
 other island. 
 It is a strip 
 of land lying 
 out in the 
 river. 
 
 Away up 
 on the hill 
 to the right 
 we can just 
 see the dome 
 
 of Memorial Hall. We now pass under two more 
 bridges. Up on the hill to the right we can see 
 some of the buildings of the Zoological Gardens. On 
 we go, past many other I'owboats. Those pretty little 
 buildings in a row, right along the water s edge on our 
 left, are the boathouses. There is a long boat just 
 starting out. See how swiftly it glides down the 
 sloping boards into the water! How beautifully the 
 six oarsmen row, keeping exact time with each other 
 on each stroke of the oars ! 
 
 MEMORIAL HALL. 
 
PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE CITY 
 
 61 
 
 There are several pumping stations along the 
 river. Let us land and go into one of these buildings. 
 See the great shining wheels and pumps. The engines 
 are working day and night to send the water through 
 great pipes under the streets up into the city buildings. 
 
 ELEPHANT IN THE 
 
 The water that runs in your bathroom comes out of 
 the Schuylkill River. When you take a drink in our 
 school yard, you are swallowing some of the Schuylkill 
 River water. These great water-works pump millions 
 of gallons of water each day into the homes, scliools, 
 mills and factories. For what purpose do we use this 
 water ? 
 
62 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 10 
 
 Plants need more than good soil to make them 
 grow. They will wither and die unless they have 
 plenty of rain to keep the soil soft and moist. There 
 are many places in the world where no ti'ees, nor 
 grass, nor plants of any kind can grow. This is 
 because there is no water to wet the earth. 
 
 We all know that clouds bring the rain ; but how 
 do the clouds get the water? Whenever there is 
 water on the earth, as in the rivers, the air is con- 
 tinually drawing up the moisture in tiny invisible 
 drops. This moisture rises in the air and forms 
 clouds. When the clouds get very heavy, down comes 
 the water which we call rain. In cold weather it 
 often falls as snow. 
 
 Where there are no rivers there can be no rain, 
 for the air cannot draw up moisture to form clouds. 
 Where there are rivers there is plenty of rain and the 
 soil is kept fertile. Plants will grow in it. Do you see 
 how our food, our clothing and our shelter are depend- 
 ent upon rainfall ? Do you see how we are kept alive 
 by rivers? 
 
 11 
 
 Think of the many, many uses of rivers. There 
 are thousands of useful rivers in the world. 
 
 What are the three great necessities of human life ? 
 
 How do rivers help us to get food and clothing, and 
 to build our homes and make them comfortable ? 
 
PHYSIOGRAPHY OP THE CITY 63 
 
 12 
 
 SOME usp:s of rivers 
 
 1. Water 8ui)ply; washing; and drinking. 
 
 2. Water ])ower ; flour, textile and planing mills. 
 8. Comuierce ; transportation. 
 
 4. Life ; fish, plants. 
 
 5. Fertility of soil, rainfall. 
 
 6. Beauty of scenery. 
 
 13 
 
 Look at the map of Phihidelphia. Find the lines 
 that represent the Delaware River and the Schuylkill 
 River. Notice how the rivers bend. See the bridges. 
 Find Fairmount Park. Find Cramps' Shipyard. 
 
 14 
 
 ISLANDS 
 
 Do you remember as we rowed down the Schuylkill 
 River we saw some large portions of land lying right out 
 in the river? The water lay around them on all sides, 
 We call such j)ortions of land islands. If you were 
 standing on the shore and wanted to get to an 
 island in the river, how could you do it? If you 
 had no boat, vou miarht swim across the water. 
 Sometimes a bridge connects an island with the 
 main land. 
 
 What was on the island we saw ? Some islands 
 are no larger than this room. Others are so large that 
 it would take days to travel around them. Whether 
 
64 
 
 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 they are large or small they all have water entirely 
 around them. 
 
 Some of 118 have been to a large island that has 
 been built u\) into a city. Who has visited Atlantic 
 City? Why did the train have to go over a bridge 
 before we arrived in the city ? New York City forms 
 
 PART OF A ROCKY ISLAND. 
 
 another island. You can take a boat and go com- 
 pletely around it. 
 
 Look at the map of Philadelphia and see if you 
 could go in a boat completely around our city. At 
 what pait w^ould the boat not be able to pass? 
 Why not? 
 
 Philadelphia is not an island, for the water is not 
 
PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE CITY^ 65 
 
 entirely around it; Init it is nearly an island. The 
 word "peninsula" means " nearly an island." Why 
 is Philadelphia a peninsula ? 
 
 Look at the pictures of islands and see how many 
 kinds you can see. 
 
 Find an island that is all wooded. Find one that 
 has fields. Find one that is rocky and steep and one 
 that is level and built into a city. 
 
 Some islands ai-e so large as to have many cities 
 built upon them, and there are many farms and much 
 woods beside on the same islands. Some have many 
 rivers flowing through them. 
 
 If you were on a large island how could you prove 
 that it was an island ? If you wanted to leave it how 
 could you do so? Look at the map of Pliiladelphia 
 and find the islands in the river. 
 
CHAPTER X 
 
 DIRECTION 
 A LESSON IN THE SCHOOL YARD AT NOON TIME 
 
 Face the sun. We are facing the south. Does the 
 sun always lie south of us? Where was it early this 
 morning when it arose ? That was east. Where will 
 it be at sunset ? That is west. Move your hand to 
 show the sun's daily journey from east to south to 
 west. The sun is south of us only at noon time. 
 
 Face your shadow. Now the sun is behind you. 
 
 What direction is back of you ? You ^'e facing north. 
 Look at the shadows of the school, of the fence, of the 
 pole, and of all the other children. They are all fall- 
 ing to the north. Can you make your shadow fall 
 east or west or south ? Why not ? When only will 
 shadows fall north ? Can you think of any time when 
 the shadows would fall east or west ? Could they ever 
 fall south? Why not? 
 
 66 
 
DIRECTION 67 
 
 2 
 
 Draw this diagram on the yard pavement, and 
 mark the parts that are north, south, east and west. 
 Stand at the middle of the cross. Fa<3e north. What 
 is behind you? What direction is at your right side 
 and which is at your left side ? Learn these words : 
 
 "When 1 face the north the south is behind me; 
 the east is at my right hand and the west is at my 
 left hand." 
 
 If you pass a weather vane on your way home, see 
 if you can read the letters on it and find out what 
 they mean. 
 
 3 
 
 With soft chalk draw a line on your desk with one 
 end toward the north and one end toward the south. 
 Mark N for north and S for south. Draw a line across 
 the middle of it, and mark E for east and W for west. 
 
 What is north of you, south of you, east of you 
 and west of you ? 
 
 In wdiat direction from you is your teacher's desk? 
 
 On what side of you are the blackboards? On 
 which side are the windows ? 
 
 Walk tow^ard the north, toward the east, toward the 
 south, toward the west. 
 
 Which boy or girl is north of you ? Which pupil 
 is west of you ? 
 
 What is south of your room? What is east of it? 
 
 On what side of your room is the corridor? On 
 
68 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 which side is the street ? On which side is the school 
 yard ? 
 
 What is north of your teacher's desk? What is 
 south of your teacher's chair? What is west of the 
 table? What is east of the aquarium? 
 
 4 
 
 Draw a plan of your desk. Mark north, south, 
 east and west upon it. Hang it up with north at the 
 top. Draw a plan of your schoolroom. Mark the 
 
 POINTS OF THE COMPASS. 
 
 north, south, east and west. Hang up the plan with 
 north at the top. 
 
 Look at the plan of the city. We call it a map. 
 North is at the top. Find the Delaware and Schuyl- 
 kill Rivers. At which side of the city are they? 
 
 Look at a plan of the entire school floor with all 
 of the rooms and the corridor. How shall we hang it? 
 
 5 
 
 Men have made plans of the city, the country, and 
 the whole world. These plans which show the land 
 
DIRECTION 69 
 
 and water are called maps. On all maps north is 
 usually at the top. 
 
 Look at the map of the whole world. How can 
 you tell which part means land and which means 
 water? What direction is at the top of the map, at 
 the bottom, at the right side, and at the left side ? 
 
 6 
 
 See where we find the north-east, soutli-east, south- 
 west and north-west. 
 
PART TWO 
 
CHAPTER I 
 
 THE EARTH AS A WHOLE 
 1 
 
 Long ago wise men found out that the great earth 
 on which we live is not flat, but round like a ball. It 
 
 is so very large, and we see so small a part of it at one 
 time, that it looks flat to us. Take a piece of paper 
 and tear out a small hole. Hold the hole over your 
 
 73 
 
74 A HOME GEOGKAPHY 
 
 globe SO that a small part of the surface shows through. 
 Does the small piece of the globe look very curved ? 
 
 These men noticed ships sailing away across the 
 water. When the ships w^ere far away the lower part 
 of the boat could not be seen. More and more dis- 
 appeared till only the tops of the masts could be seen; 
 and at last they were gone too. If you make a little 
 paper boat and let it sail flat across your desk and 
 then try it over the globe, you can see how this proves 
 that the earth is not flat. 
 
 Did you ever see an eclipse of the moon ? The big 
 round shadow was the earth's shadow. Why was the 
 shadow round ? 
 
 A globe shows the shape of the earth. 
 
 2 
 
 Look at all of the globes and maps in the room. 
 Find how the land and the water are shown. Can you 
 see any islands, any peninsulas? A tiny dot may 
 mean the whole of Philadelphia. Do you remember 
 how^ we looked down on Philadelphia from a great 
 height and saw the thousands of houses? Just think 
 of this tiny dot meaning all of our city. 
 
 3 
 
 How are the rivers drawn ? Think of the great 
 wide flowing Delaware River with its wharves and 
 its boats, It comes from miles north of Philadel- 
 
f ^ SV,i— -" NOHTH POLE ^**>[S^ /^ /) 
 
 ^' 
 
 (jniatctjc Circle 
 
 
C,\JjJ^ ITORTH POL? -i^/ /• /I 
 
 Circle 
 
 c r ic 
 
THE EAKTH AS A WHOLE 75 
 
 phia, and flows on miles south of Philadelphia. 
 This little black line means all of that great broad 
 river. 
 
 Why do we have such tiny things to represent such 
 great things ? 
 
 See this land called North America. It would 
 take five days and nights in a fast express train 
 to travel straight across it. 
 
 4 
 
 We can cut the globe in half and make a flat map 
 of the two parts side by side. 
 
 Anothei' name for the globe is sphere. ''Hemi" 
 means "half," so each half of the globe is called a 
 "hemisphere." 
 
 One half is called the Eastern Hemisphere and the 
 other half the Western Hemisphere. 
 
 In the Western Hemisphere we have the Western 
 Continent, which is America. This Western Continent 
 is made of two grand divisions, North America and 
 South America. Why are they so named ? We live 
 in North America. Find Philadelphia and the Dela- 
 ware River. North America was joined to South 
 America by a narrow strip of land called the Isthmus 
 of Panama. Look at the map and think why millions 
 of dollars have been spent through many years to cut 
 through this isthmus. Now vessels can pass through 
 this Panama Canal. 
 
76 A HOME GEOGKAPHY 
 
 Look at the map of the Western Hemisphere and 
 notice what it contains besides the Western Continent 
 of America. There is more water than land. This 
 water forms the great oceans. 
 
 Perhaps you have been to Atlantic City and seen 
 the Atlantic Ocean. Do you remember the big waves 
 which rolled in on the sandy beach and the pretty 
 white caps far out ? Did you see the big nets drawn 
 in full of hundreds of fish ? Perhaps you bathed in 
 the ocean and got your mouth full of water. It did 
 not taste like the water we drink, for it was salty. 
 All of the water of the ocean is salt water, but the 
 water of rivers is fresh. 
 
 The oceans are very large. It would take us five or 
 six days and nights on a great steamer to cross to the 
 other side of the Atlantic Ocean. In what direction 
 would we go? 
 
 5 
 
 On the western side of America there is another 
 great ocean, the Pacific Ocean. It has salt water like 
 the Atlantic Ocean, and it also is constantly in motion 
 with great waves. 
 
 North of North America, in the intensely cold 
 region, is the Arctic Ocean. Great masses of ice called 
 icebergs and ice floes are floating through this ocean. 
 
 Far south of South America is the Antarctic Ocean. 
 It does not touch South America. It too is in the cold 
 part of the world. 
 
THE EAKTH AS A WHOLE 77 
 
 6 
 
 Do you know of any people wlio came here from 
 England, Ireland, France, Germany, Italy or Russia ? 
 Their homes were in the Eastern Hemisphere. The 
 Eastern Hemisphere has a great mass of land called 
 the Eastern Continent. The Eastern Continent is com- 
 posed of three grand divisions, Europe, Asia and Africa. 
 
 Find the great island named Australia. That is 
 sometimes called the Australian Continent because it 
 is so large. 
 
 The same oceans which are in the Western Hemi- 
 sphere extend into the Eastern Hemisphere. Can you 
 name them? The Eastern Hemisphere also contains 
 the Indian Ocean, which is not in the Western Hemi- 
 sphere. 
 
 8 
 
 1. How can people go from North America to 
 Europe ? 
 
 2. How do the Chinese, whose home is in Asia, 
 come to America? 
 
 3. Nearly all of the rul)ber which we use for auto- 
 mobile tires, overshoes, erasers, and hundreds of other 
 articles comes from South Ameri-ca. Over what ocean 
 does it come ? 
 
 4. On what ocean did Peary sail on his journey to 
 the North Pole ? 
 
78 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 5. When Amundsen searched for the South Pole, 
 he started fi'om an ishind near Australia. On what 
 oceans did he sail ? 
 
 6. When the first negroes were bi'ouglit here from 
 Africa over what ocean did they come ? 
 
 7. What ocean trip is shortest from Africa to Asia ? 
 
 8. Of what use is the ocean ? 
 
 9. Which ocean can we reach most quickly from 
 Philadelphia? How long would it take us to get 
 there ? 
 
 10. How long would it take us to reach the Pacific 
 Ocean ? 
 
 " Behold the sea, * >i< * splendid and strong, yet beautiful as the 
 rose or the rainbow ; full of food, uourisher of man, purger of the world, 
 creating a sweet climate." — Emerson. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 THE SEASONS 
 1 
 
 What kind of weather are we having now ? What 
 kind will we have in July, in December, in April, in 
 October? 
 
 What do we call the warm season? What is 
 the cold season? What are the mild seasons? 
 How many seasons have we ? 
 
 2 
 
 What kind of clothing do we need in winter? 
 
 What work in your home is different in winter from 
 what is done in summer? What season gives the 
 school janitor most work? Why? 
 
 If you have been to the park in winter you have 
 seen how different it looks from the way it does in 
 sunmier time. Tell how. In what ways do the city 
 streets differ in winter and in summer? 
 
 Name some winter and some summer spoi'ts and 
 games. 
 
 There are certain kinds of industries which can be 
 engaged in only in summer and some only in winter. 
 Decide which of the following are summer and which 
 
 79 
 
80 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 are winter industries, and which require work in more 
 than one season: 
 
 Ice cutting Building 
 
 Farming Preserving 
 
 Lumbering Fishing 
 
 3 
 
 What season do we have when the warm summer 
 is over, and before the cold winter has set in ? How 
 do the city streets look then ? How do you think the 
 farm looks then ? 
 
 Autumn or fall is a busy time on the farm. The 
 last of the vegetables must be taken in and stored 
 away for the winter. The ripe apples and nuts must 
 be gathered too. The corn is brought in from the fields 
 and stored in the barns for the winter food of the farm 
 animals. 
 
 4 
 
 After the long cold winter is over the days grow^ 
 gradually milder and warmer until spring has come. 
 Are you glad when spring comes ? Why ? 
 
 In your schoolroom you can tell when spring is 
 here. How pleasant the air feels as it blows in through 
 the w^indow ! It seems to kiss us wdth its warm breath. 
 You can hear the birds chirping as if they were happy. 
 Perhaps a bee will buzz into the room. Many of the 
 children will bring to school the dainty little spring 
 
THE SEASONS 81 
 
 flowers, anemones, blood root, liepatica, violets and 
 buttercups. 
 
 Out in the country all nature is busy. The tree 
 buds are swelling and bursting. The grass and flow- 
 ers are springing up. The birds are building their 
 nests. The farmer is ploughing and planting his fields. 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 THE ZONES 
 1 
 
 All parts of the earth do not have seasons such as 
 we have. If we should travel north we should find 
 the climate growing colder and colder. After a long 
 time we should come to a region of intense cold. The 
 ground would be covered with ice and snow all the 
 year through, both winter and summer. This most 
 northern part of the earth is called the North Pole. 
 The region around it is the North Frigid Zone. There 
 is a South Pole and a South Frigid Zone as cold as the 
 northern one. You can see where they are on the 
 diagram. 
 
 If we start from Philadeli)hia on a trip south we 
 tind it constantly growing warmer. At last we come 
 to a place where it is extremely warm in both summer 
 and winter. That region is called the Torrid Zone 
 because " torrid " means "hot." This hot zone extends 
 right around the middle part of the earth. The very 
 hottest part through the middle is the Equator. 
 Notice on the drawing that we live in a zone between 
 the very cold region, or Frigid Zone, and the very 
 warm region, or Torrid Zone. Our zone is called the 
 North Temperate Zone. We have here spring, summer, 
 
 82 
 
J.-^ 
 
THE ZONES 
 
 83 
 
 autumn and winter. Our weather is seldom so cold 
 as in the Frigid Zones, nor so warm as in the Torrid 
 Zone. Our spring and autumn are mild or temperate. 
 
 ^qRTH PQi^g 
 
 ■South pott- 
 THE ZONES. 
 
 Find the South Temperate Zone. Its climate is 
 just like ours. What seasons do they have there? 
 What zone lies north of it and which south of it? 
 
 Copy the diagram of the zones in your note-book. 
 
 THE TEMPERATE ZONE— OUR ZONE 
 
 Most of the people of the world live in one of the 
 Temperate Zones, and most of the great cities are in 
 these zones. People can work better here where we 
 do not have either intensely hot nor intensely cold 
 weather all of the time. There are two Temperate 
 
84 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 Zones, the North Temperate Zone and the South Tem- 
 perate Zone. In which do we live ? 
 
 Some plants grow best in the Temperate Zones, 
 while others live best in the Torrid Zone. Scarcelv 
 any grow in the Frigid Zones. Name all the plants 
 you can think of that live in our zone. These plants 
 grow during the summer and rest or die when winter 
 comes. 
 
 SOME PLANTS OF THE TEMPERATE ZONES 
 
 Poplar Fruit trees 
 
 Maple Wheat 
 
 Chestnut Corn 
 
 Oak Cotton 
 
 Walnut I'arm vegetables 
 
 Pine Familiar garden plants 
 
 None of these plants can grow well in either the 
 intense cold of the Frigid Zones or the great heat of 
 the Torrid Zone. 
 
 3 
 
 Many animals live better in our zone than in any 
 other zone. They need temperate climate. 
 
 SOME ANIMALS OF THE TEMPERATE ZONES 
 
 Horse Squirrel 
 
 Cow Bear 
 
 Sheep Wolf 
 
 Pig Rabbit 
 

 THE 
 
 ZONES 
 
 
 Cat 
 
 
 
 Fox 
 
 Dog 
 
 
 
 Deer 
 
 Zebra 
 
 
 
 Buffalo 
 
 Giraffe 
 
 
 
 Goat 
 
 85 
 
 Which are domestic and which are wild animals? 
 Describe each and tell how it is useful to man. 
 
 '^ 
 
 4 
 
 THE HOT ZONE 
 
 If we take a long trip to the south we find it grow- 
 ing warmer and warmer until at last we have reached 
 a land where it is warm all the year through. This is 
 the Torrid Zone. 
 
 The plants do not rest nor die in winter there, for 
 there is no cold weather. These plants keep right on 
 growing through the year. Many of the trees grow 
 very, very high and have tremendous leaves. 
 
SQ 
 
 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 In Hoi'ticultiiral Hall the temperature is kept as 
 warm as in the Torrid Zone, so that the Hot Zone 
 plants will grow there. You can see these plants 
 there : 
 
 Palm 
 
 Rubber 
 
 Giant ferns 
 
 Coffee 
 
 Bamboo 
 
 Banana 
 
 In the for- 
 ests of the 
 Hot Zone the 
 trees grow 
 very high and 
 close together. The sunlight cannot shine through the 
 dense masses of leaves. There are great quantities of 
 bushes and vines growing all around the tree trunks. 
 It is impossible to walk through these forests without 
 first chopping out a pathway with a hatchet. 
 
 HORTICLLTUKAL HALL. 
 
 In these forests live many of the fierce animals 
 which you have seen in cages in the Zoological Gardens. 
 
 SOME ANIMALS OF THE TORRID ZONE 
 
 Monkey Elephant 
 
 Camel Snake 
 
THE ZONES 
 
 Lion Parrot 
 
 Tiger Kbinoceros 
 
 Leopard Wild Cat 
 
 Describe these and tell of what use thev are. 
 
 87 
 
 A TROPICAL JUNGLE. 
 
 Why are some of the buildings in the Zoological 
 Gardens so warm ? 
 
 The Torrid Zone was the first home of the negroes 
 before they were brought to America. There are many 
 
88 A -HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 negroes and Indians living in the Hot Zone now. Many 
 are but half-civilized. Some are savage. As they do 
 not need large warm homes like ours, some live in small 
 huts made of the l^ranches of trees, earth and straw. 
 A few of these homes together make a village. These 
 people get their food by hunting in the forest and fish- 
 ing in the rivers and ocean. They also eat the fruits 
 that grow wild in the forests. There are some cities 
 in the Torrid Zone, but none so large as Philadelphia. 
 These cities have been built mostly by the civilized 
 white people. The streets are often shaded with 
 beautiful palm trees. The buildings are generally 
 small, as the people live and work out of doors as 
 much as possible. 
 
 WHAT THE TEMPERATE AND TORRID ZONES DO FOR EACH OTHER 
 
 The people living in the Torrid Zone send to us 
 Temperate Zone i)eople many useful things that do not 
 grow here. These are some of them : 
 
 Cocoanuts Chocolate 
 
 Bananas Pepper 
 
 Coffee Palm leaves 
 
 Rul)ber Mahogany 
 
 In return the Temperate Zone people send to the 
 
 Torrid Zone inhabitants things that they do not have. 
 
 In the Hot Zone there are no large factories in which 
 
 to manufacture goods, so we send there : 
 
THE ZONES 
 
 
 Farm tools 
 
 Guns 
 
 Woven goods 
 
 Knives 
 
 Books 
 
 Clothing 
 
 89 
 
 8 
 
 THE COLD ZONES 
 
 At the most northern part of the earth and at the 
 most southern part are regions of intense cold. The 
 
 AN ESKIMO FAMILY. 
 
 earth is entirely covered with ice and snow all of the 
 year. The water is filled with masses of floating ice 
 and snow. Our coldest winter days are not nearly so 
 cold as the climate of the North and South Frigid 
 
90 
 
 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 Zones. It is even bard to tell which is land and which 
 is water. 
 
 Of course no trees, nor grass, nor plants, nor 
 
 animals, nor people of 
 any kind can live in that 
 intense cold. At the 
 parts near the Temper- 
 ate Zones, where it is 
 slightly warmer, there are 
 some very small dwarfed 
 trees not more than a 
 foot or two high, and per- 
 haps a little moss. It is 
 here that the Eskimos 
 live; but most of the 
 North Frigid Zone and 
 the South Frigid Zone 
 is a stretch of frozen 
 whiteness on all sides, 
 with no living thing of 
 any kind. During the 
 summer the sun never sets, so that there is twilight 
 all night. In winter the sun never rises above the 
 horizon, so there are months of darkness. 
 
 These frozen lands are the regions through which 
 so many brave explorers have traveled trying to find 
 the most northern part called the North Pole, and the 
 most southern part, the South Pole. Many of these 
 
 ESKIMO BOY. 
 
THE ZONES 91 
 
 fearless men have never returned from the Frigid 
 Zones. They have starved or been frozen to 
 death. 
 
 At last, after trying for twenty-seven years, Robert 
 E. Peary, an American, reached the North Pole on 
 April 6, 1909. All Americans are very proud of this 
 brave, determined, fearless man, who would not stop 
 until he had done what he set out to do. 
 
 Roald Amundsen, a brave Norwegian, reached the 
 South Pole on December 14:, 1911, after suffering many 
 hardships. 
 
 9 
 
 Peary has written a book in which he tells about 
 his travels. Up in the north he met the Eskimos, who 
 l)elong to the Indian family. They Mve in snow houses 
 in the winter. In summer, which is also very cold, they 
 live in skin tents. These Eskimos di'ess in warm furs. 
 They have no schools nor churches, but they are a 
 kind and peaceful people. They were veiy good to 
 the white explorers in the north. 
 
 The Eskimo travels mostly on foot, but carries loads 
 on sledges drawn by dogs. The Eskimo's dogs are his 
 best friends. Without them he could not manage to 
 carry home the animals he kills for food and clothing. 
 He also uses boats which he makes of skins. 
 
 Many of the Frigid Zone animals are covered with 
 heavy fur. Why? 
 
92 A HOME GEOGKAPHY 
 
 SOME FRIGID ZONE ANIMALS 
 
 Dog Polar Bear Seal 
 
 Eeindeer Whale Penguin 
 
 10 
 
 WHAT THE FRIGID AND TEMPERATE ZONES DO FOR EACH OTHER 
 
 Men o'o to the Frioid Zones and catch seals and 
 other animals and bring back the skins for the Tem- 
 perate Zone people. 
 
 The whale, which lives in the ocean of the Frigid 
 Zone, is also very useful. From it we get the whale- 
 bone, oil and also a fertilizer to help our farm crops to 
 grow. Great quantities of whale meat are eaten by 
 some people of the Temperate Zones. 
 
 The Eskimos of the Frigid Zone are glad to have 
 from the Temperate Zones manufactured articles like 
 pans, knives and guns. 
 
 11 
 
 1. What kinds of people did you see in the lantern 
 exhibition ? 
 
 2. Wliy are the Temperate Zone people more civil- 
 ized than the Frigid Zone people ? 
 
 3. Name some animals of each zone. 
 
 4. In which zones is it best to live ? Why ? 
 
 5. As you sit at your desk point toward the North 
 Pole, toward the South Frigid Zone, the North Frigid 
 Zone, the South Temperate Zone, the Equator, the 
 South Pole, the Torrid Zone. 
 
CHAPTER lY 
 
 NORTH AMERICA 
 1 
 
 Find Philadelphia on the map of Nortli America. 
 Locate it on all of our maps and globes. 
 
 North America is a very large portion of land. 
 You could sail along its shores for thousands of miles. 
 At its widest part you could not cross it in a fast 
 express train in less than five days and nights. There 
 are thousands of cities in this great grand division, 
 for there are millions of people here. Most of them 
 are white or Caucasian. There are also many Indians, 
 Negroes, Eskimos and Mongolians. 
 
 Much of the land is dense forest, and much is 
 fertile farm land. A small part has so few rivers and 
 such a scarcity of rainfall that the land is dry and 
 arid. Little grows upon it but coarse grass and cactus. 
 This region is called a desert. 
 
 2 
 
 North America stretches far up north into the 
 North Frigid Zone and far south into the Torrid Zone, 
 but most of it lies in the North Temperate Zone. 
 What plants and animals live in North America ? It 
 is separated from Asia by a narrow strip of w^ater called 
 Behring Strait. How did North America used to be 
 
 93 
 
94 
 
 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 connected with South America? Why is the separa- 
 tion called a canal and not an isthmus ? 
 
 3 
 Three great oceans wash the shores of North Amer- 
 ica. Name 
 them. The 
 coast line is 
 very irregu- 
 lar. Notice 
 on the map 
 that at places 
 part of the 
 ocean ex- 
 tends far into 
 the land, 
 hrmmg gtiJ/s 
 a n d hays. 
 Hudson Bay, 
 Gulf of Mex- 
 ico and Gulf 
 of St. Law- 
 rence are 
 all parts of 
 which ocean? 
 
 The waves are not so high in the bays and gulfs as in 
 the open ocean. The land keeps off some of the wind. 
 Vessels that are waiting to be laden with cargo lie in 
 these sheltered gulfs and bays. Why ? 
 
 ATLANTIC CITY LIGHTHOUSE. 
 
NORTH AMERICA 95 
 
 At many places along the shore the land juts out 
 into the ocean in capes. Many of these points of land 
 have special names. Look on the map for them. 
 There are light liouses built on most of these capes to 
 warn the ships in the dark and in the storms to keep 
 away from the dangerous rocks and shore. A cape is 
 often a pleasant place for a summer home. There is 
 so much water around it that the sea breezes sweep 
 across it and make it delightfully cool. 
 
 4 
 
 Do you remember the great Delaware River with 
 its many boats and steamers? There are hundreds of 
 rivers in North America flowing for miles, until at last 
 they reach the ocean. 
 
 5 
 
 There are many high hills, some so very high as 
 to be called tiumntcmis. There is a chain of these 
 mountains called the Eastern Highlands along the 
 eastern part of North America. They extend for 
 many miles north and south. The scenery in this 
 region is very beautiful. The mountains are covered 
 mostly with forests of pine, spruce, oak, uiaple, chest- 
 nut and other trees. These are cut down for lumber. 
 In the wilder parts of these forests live squirrels, rab- 
 bits, bears and snakes. At places the trees have been 
 cut down to make room for fields of grain. 
 
96 
 
 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 SURFACE MAP OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
NORTH AMERICA 97 
 
 The mountains are full of useful minerals. Great 
 quantities of coal and iron are mined in the Eastern 
 Highlands. 
 
 6 
 
 The highest mountains in North America are the 
 Western Highlands in the western part. One great 
 chain or range extends the entire length of North 
 America from the Arctic Ocean down into South 
 America. Great forests grow on these mountains. 
 In some places are huge masses of rock on which 
 nothing grows, so this range has been called the Rocky 
 Mountains. It is always bitter cold at the top of some 
 of these mountains because they reach so high. Even 
 in summer they are capped with snow. Nowhere in 
 the world can more magniticent scenery be found. 
 
 West of the Rocky Mountains is the Pacitic Moun-' 
 tain System. 
 
 Gold and silver are ndned in the Western High- 
 lands. In the wild parts of the forests, where no 
 people live, deer, wolves and bears may be found. 
 
 7 
 The low land between the mountains we call phu'ns 
 or valleys. There is a Great Central Plain which 
 reaches from the Eastern Highlands to the Western 
 Highlands. There are many rivers in this valley. 
 The Mississip[)i and the Missouri Rivers are the 
 largest. 
 
98 
 
 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 8 
 
 You remember how rivei's make I'ainfall and fertile 
 soil. The Great Central Plain has some of the best 
 farm land in the world. In the northern cold part 
 hardly anything grows, but in the central part great 
 quantities of corn, grain, fruits and vegetables are 
 
 SHEEP ON THE PLAINS. 
 
 raised. In the south the plantations or farms raise 
 sugar cane, cotton, tobacco, rice and coffee. 
 
 On the w^estern plains great herds of thousands of 
 sheep and cattle are raised. 
 
 In the Great Central Plain are hundreds of cities 
 where the farm products ai'e sold. Here, too, the 
 farmers buy the farm tools and machinery which they 
 
NORTH AMERICA 99 
 
 need. In the cities the wheat is ground into flour and 
 the logs from the forests are sawed into planks or made 
 into furniture. 
 
 9 
 
 East of the central part of the Great Central Plain 
 are five of the largest lakes in the world. When you 
 are in a boat in the middle of any one of them you 
 cannot see the land on any side. They are called the 
 Great Lakes. Their names are Superior, Michigan, 
 Huron, Erie and Ontario. They are all joined to- 
 gether, and from the last a large river runs into the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence. It has the same name as the 
 gulf. 
 
 There are many other smaller lakes in North 
 America where the land is low and the water from the 
 rivers and streams fills up the hollows. All but the 
 Great Salt Lake have fresh water like the rivers. 
 
 Of what use are lakes ? 
 
CHAPTER Y 
 
 COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA 
 1 
 
 North America contains several different countries. 
 Each is under a separate government. These countries 
 are United States, British America, Danish America, 
 Mexico and Central America. Each country has its 
 own ruler and its own laws. Each has a special flag 
 and its own kind of money and postage stamps. 
 
 2 
 
 THE UNITED STATES 
 
 We live in the best one of these counti'ies, for we 
 have the best ways of obtaining our food, our clothing 
 and our shelter. Our chmate is good, for we are in 
 the North Temperate Zone. Our soil is very fertile. 
 The Great Central Pkiin of North America passes 
 through the central part of the United States. We 
 raise fruits, vegetables, corn, wheat, rice and sugar for 
 food. We have immense farms for raising cows and 
 sheep too. Our clothing is supplied by the thousands 
 of sheep we raise and from the cotton we grow here. 
 The Western and Eastern Highlands pass through our 
 country. 
 
 We have a great quantity of lumber, stone, coal 
 and iron for making our comfortable homes. In what 
 
 100 
 
NORTH POLE 
 
 ^ 
 
 C. \yas}nnfjton^^^^^^^y^ 
 
 o o 
 
 
COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA 
 
 101 
 
 part of the country is each of these products obtained ? 
 Why ? Right in oui* own United States is found nearly 
 everything that is necessary to make us comfortable 
 and happy. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 1 
 
 COTTON FIELD. 
 
 We have hundreds of cities with homes, factories, 
 schools, hospitals and churches. Over every public 
 building floats our beautiful flag, the Stars and Stripes. 
 
 Our laws are made in the capital, which is named 
 Washington, after George Washington, our first presi- 
 dent. Find Washington on the map. It is not far 
 from Philadelphia. We can go there in four hours. 
 
102 
 
 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 It is a beautiful city. The Capitol building is one of 
 
 the tinest in the world. The President of the United 
 
 States lives in the White House. 
 
 Alaska, in the north-west, and the island of Porto 
 
 Rico, in the south-east, belong to the United States. 
 
 We own other islands in 
 other parts of the world. 
 
 3 
 
 British America is our 
 next neighbor on the 
 north. It includes all 
 of the Dominion of Can- 
 ada and the Island of 
 Newfoundland. It be- 
 longs to England or Great 
 Britain in Europe. 
 
 The Great Central Plain 
 and the Western High- 
 lands pass through it, and 
 yet it is not a rich country with many people like the 
 United States. Can you tell why ? 
 
 There are large crops of fruit and grain in the 
 southern part only of British America. In this part 
 only are there any large cities. The few people in the 
 northern part go there to hunt the animals for furs 
 and to find gold. Many whales live in the cold waters 
 of the Atlantic Ocean and Hudson Bay. Are they of 
 use to man ? 
 
 tt 
 
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 P^ * 
 
 ■if 
 
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 kn 
 
 BBk; 
 
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 MOUNTAIN GOAT. 
 
COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA 103 
 
 4 
 
 Banish America is the name given to the two 
 ishmds Greenland and Icehind, because they belong 
 to Denmark, a coiinti-y of Europe. 
 
 Greenland lies in which zones? What kind of 
 climate has it ? A few white people and some Eskimos 
 live in the southern part. The northern part has no 
 life at all. 
 
 What do you know of the people, the plants and 
 the animals of this region ? 
 
 In what zone is Iceland ? Why is the climate very 
 cold ? Many tish are caught in the ocean around Ice- 
 land. The people on the island are able to raise little 
 but grass to feed their sheep and cattle. 
 
 There are many mountains in Iceland. Some of 
 them send out steam and melted rock and are called 
 volcanoes. 
 
 5 
 
 Mexico is our southern neighbor. This country has 
 a president and a government somewhat like ours. 
 
 Both Indians and white people live in Mexico. 
 The climate is so warm in the valleys that the people 
 living there cannot work so hard as they do in the 
 United States. So they do not have large factories ' 
 and many fine schools, hospitals and libraries as we 
 have. Why do they not build these on the mountains 
 where the climate is pleasant ? 
 
 They have large plantations where they raise 
 
104 A HOME GEOGKAPHY 
 
 rubber, siigai', cotton, coffee, tobacco and fruit and 
 many cattle. 
 
 The gi'eat Western Higldands extend down through 
 Mexico, and silver, copper and coal are mined in them. 
 Some of these mountains are volcanoes. What does 
 this mean ? 
 
 6 
 
 Central America is still warmer than Mexico. It 
 is entirely in what zone? The plants and animals are 
 much like those of Mexico. 
 
 7 
 
 The West Indies consist of many islands. The 
 largest are Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica and Porto Kico. 
 Which belongs to the United States ? These islands 
 have a warm climate. What do you think is raised 
 on the plantations by the white people and negroes? 
 
 The West Indies separate a part of the ocean from 
 the main Atlantic Ocean. This smaller part is called 
 the Caribbean Sea. Notice wdiat countries it touches. 
 
CHAPTER YI 
 
 TRIPS 
 1 
 
 Suppose you were lo sail from Philadelphia to 
 Iceland. 
 
 1. What would you take with you that the people 
 would be glad to get ? 
 
 2. What kind of clothing would you need for the 
 trip? 
 
 • 3. Over what Avater would you sail? 
 
 4. In what direction would vou 2:0? 
 
 5. What countries would you pass ? 
 
 6. How could you tell w-hen you were getting near 
 Iceland ? 
 
 7. What w^ould you see in Iceland ?. 
 
 8. Could you bring back to the people at home 
 anything useful? 
 
 2 
 
 Let us go to visit the Panama Canal, keeping our 
 vessel close to the shore all the way. 
 
 1. What clothing shall we need ? Why? 
 
 2. What countries shall w^e pass ? What islands, 
 peninsulas and capes ? 
 
 o. On what water shall we sail ? 
 
 105 
 
106 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 
 
 L Wliat would the people be glad to have from 
 Philadeli)hia? 
 
 5. Where could we stop to get some coffee, rubber 
 and bananas to bring back? 
 
 3 
 
 Plan a trip along the Pacilic Ocean. 
 
 1. Where will you start? 
 
 2. Where will you go ? 
 
 3. What will you see at the place from which you 
 start and at the end of the trip ? 
 
 4. What interesting places will you pass ? 
 
 4 
 
 Let us cross our country by train from Philadelphia 
 to the Pacilic Coast. 
 
 1. How long shall we be on the train ? 
 
 2. Describe the scenery as we go west. 
 
 3. What rivers shall we cross? 
 
 4. What kinds of industries could we visit on the 
 way across? 
 
 5 
 
 How far can a boat sail if it starts in the Gulf of 
 St. Lawrence to go as far west as possible ? 
 
 6 
 
 A trip u}) the Mississippi River. 
 1. How would the climate change? 
 
TEIPS 107 
 
 2. What name is given to this part of the land 
 through which the river flows? 
 
 3. What scenes could we expect to see on the 
 shores of the river? 
 
 4. What products would the boats we pass be 
 carrying? 
 
SEP 23 1918