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EXCURSION GUIDE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILWAl' 
 
 THE SHORT-LINE THROUGH-CAR ROUTE 
 
 BETWEEN THE 
 
 NORTH AND SOUTH. 
 
 THE VIRGINIA SPRINGS, 
 WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 -H AM) I- 
 
 NORTH GEORGIA 
 
 SUMMER RESORTS. 
 
 JJ. 0J I %!/ 
 
 ISSUED UV ^ - 
 
 THE VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILWAY. 
 
 1882. 
 
Copyright, 18S2, by the \'irginia Midland Railway. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Officers df the Virginia Midland Railway. ... vi 
 
 Preface vii-x 
 
 Washington City i 
 
 Midland Virginia 2 
 
 Alexandria 3 
 
 On to Manassas 4 
 
 Manassas Village 5 
 
 The Manassas Division 6 
 
 Front Royal 7 
 
 The Switzerland of Virginia S 
 
 Riverton and the Luray Caverns 10 
 
 Strasburg 11 
 
 Inducements to Immigrants 12 
 
 Return to the Main Stem, etc 13 
 
 Warrenton 13 
 
 The FaiKiiiier White Sulphur Springs 14 
 
 Culpepper 15 
 
 Mitchell's and Rapidan i6 
 
 Water Power along the Virgin:;! Mi<lland Kaihvay.. 17 
 
 Orange 17 
 
 Orange Court House — The Wilderness 18 
 
 Montpelier 18 
 
 Gordonsville 19 
 
 Somerset and Barboursville 20 
 
 Charlottesville 20 
 
 The Miller School 22 
 
 Grape Culture and Wine Manufacture 22 
 
 The C. & O. R. R.— The Virginia Springs and Sum- 
 mer Resorts 24 
 
 Nelson and Amherst Counties . . 26 
 
 Lynchburg 28 
 
 Lumber, Sumac, Oak Bark, Small Fruits, etc 30 
 
 Summer Resorts on the N. & W. and R. & A. R. 
 
 Railroads 34 
 
 The Franklin Division 35 
 
 Pittsylvania County 36 
 
 Danville 36 
 
 Danville & New River Railroad 37 
 
 The Mountain Resorts of Western North Carolina.. 38 
 
 The Sparkling Catawba Springs 39 
 
 Glen Alpine Springs 40 
 
 Piedmont Springs 40 
 
 Mount Mitchell 41 
 
 Swannanoa Gap 41 
 
 Asheville 42 
 
 The Warm Springs 43 
 
 The Cleveland Mineral Springs 44 
 
 Northeastern Georgia 44 
 
 Conclusion 45 
 
 The Tourist Guide for 1S82 46-48 
 
 Round Trip Tickets by the Virginia Midland R'y... 49 
 Condensed Schedule and Through-Car Service 50 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 page 
 
 C lifton Forge Frontispiece 
 
 Headpiece i 
 
 Clifton, Va 4 
 
 Broad Run Station 6 
 
 Horse Shoe Bend 7 
 
 Deep Cut, Dismal Hollow 9 
 
 N'irginia Midland Railway Bridge at Riverton ' 10 
 
 In Thoroughfare Gap ii 
 
 Montpelier, Va 19 
 
 Bird's-Eye View of Charlottesville, Va 20 
 
 Museum at the University of Virginia 21 
 
 Footpiece 23 
 
 Kanawha Falls 25 
 
 Griffith's Knob 27 
 
 Railway Bridge across Canal at Lynchburg, Va 29 
 
 Railway Bridge across James River at Lynch- 
 burg, \'a 30 
 
 Panther Gap 31 
 
 Lovers' Leap 32 
 
 ' Hawks' Nest 33 
 
 Virginia Midland Railway Station at Danville 37 
 
 From Richmond Hill 38 
 
 View Looking towards Moore's Cut 39 
 
 View above Henry's Station 40 
 
 Alexanders 41 
 
 White Rock 42 
 
 Looking Up the French Broad 43 
 
 The Rapids in the French Broad 44 
 
The Virginia Midland Railway. 
 
 GENERAL OFFICE: ALEXANDRIA, VA. 
 
 OFFICERS: 
 Hon. JnO. S. Barbour, President. 
 CoL T. M. R. Talcott, General Manager. 
 Peyton Randolph, Assistant General Manager. 
 W. M. S. Dunn, Engineer and Superintendent. 
 A. Pope, General Passenger Agent. 
 M. Slaughter, Assistant General Passenger Agent. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 THE aim of this publication is to give the reader, in brief space 
 and compact form, some idea of what the Virginia Midland 
 Railway presents in its course from the capital of the nation to its 
 terminus at Danville, on the border of North Carolina. First, to show 
 that the Midland Railway is the natural and proper outlet of that 
 huge volume of travel which the Baltimore & Ohio and the Pennsyl- 
 vania Railroads pour into Washington City. Second, to demonstrate 
 (as the schedules appended to this volume prove) that it is the 
 Short Line, par excellence, of travel traffic from North to South, and 
 vice versa. Third, to establish beyond dispute, that no other route 
 to the great watering places of Virginia and the sublime scenery of 
 Western North Carolina can compete with the Virginia Midland 
 Railway. Fourth, to place in clear light before the reader of what- 
 ever character — tourist, health-seeker, investor, miner, farmer — the 
 attractive nature of a route which, from beginning to end, pursues 
 the beautiful and airy uplands that lie at the base of the Blue Ridge 
 and other Virginia mountains. The physical features of this region 
 so blessed of heaven, its history, its battlefields, its water-courses, its 
 farming lands, its pastures and meadows, its mines, minerals and ores, 
 its towns and villages, its industries, its orchards and its vineyards — 
 in brief, all that pertains to its past and present, or at least so much 
 of it as may be compressed into a half an hour's reading on the train 
 or at the station, will herein be found. 
 
 From Washington we go to Alexandria, there to muse a while 
 amidst the ancient churches and storied dwellings that tell of Wash- 
 ington and his compeers. Passing through Fairfax, we cross Bull 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Run and pause on the red plateau of Manassas, the scene of 
 two of the most memorable battles of the war of Secession. Thence 
 on the Manassas Division, we thread the gfloomy defiles of Thorouofh- 
 fare Gap and emerge upon the bright and abounding fields of Fau- 
 quier, only to be again lost in the dark, winding mazes of the Blue 
 Ridge Pass near Front Royal. Here, in this thrifty village, we are in 
 the heart of " Mosby's Confederacy. " 
 
 South of F'ront Royal there is a tier of counties, lying imme- 
 diately at the foot of the Blue Ridge Mountains, cut off from rail and 
 ])ut little known. So fertile are they and so beautiful is their scenery 
 that to one of these counties the appropriate name has been given 
 of the " Switzerland of Virginia." West of Front Royal is River- 
 ton, a pretty little centre of industry, where the two branches of the 
 Shenandoah River unite, and where the Manassas Division of the 
 Virginia Midland Railway intersects the Shenandoah Valley Railroad, 
 only twenty-eight miles from the famous Luray Cavern. Further 
 west at Strasburo-, a town of German oriofin, as its name indicates, 
 the Manassas Division unites with the Harper's Ferr)^ and Valley 
 branch of the B. & O. R, R. The gigantic shoulder of the Massa- 
 nutton Mountain, towering above Strasburo-, forms one of the most 
 attractive features of this section. 
 
 Some account is given of the exertions heretofore made, and 
 still being made, by the Virginia Midland Company to induce immi- 
 grants to settle in Virginia ; and then, returning to the main line at 
 Manassas, we pass by Bristoe, Brentsville and Catlett's to Warrenton 
 Junction. Nine miles off, on a branch road, is the gay town of War- 
 renton— one of the prettiest in Virginia — and six miles away are the 
 W^arrenton White Sulphur Springs, which are beyond question the 
 most attractive resort in this part of the State. Culpepper — the 
 home of the " Minute Men," of Revolutionary fame, and the scene of 
 many a hard-fought battle during the late war — is next reached. 
 Then comes Mitchell's Station, in the immediate vicinity of Slaugh- 
 ter's Mountain, where a battle of importance was fought, and we then 
 enter the lovely vale of Rapidan River. Turning aside for a mo- 
 ment to glance at the numerous rivers and minor streams crossed by 
 the Virginia Midland Railway, and to study the water powers which 
 they develop, we enter Orange County, from which a narrow-gauge 
 road leads to the battlefield of the Wilderness and to Fredericksburg. 
 
PREFACE. IX 
 
 In Orange County is Montpelier, the home of President Madison — 
 a beautiful place, and well worth visiting. In Orange also is Gordons- 
 ville, a flourishing village, where, until very recently, the Virginia 
 Midland united with the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad. 
 
 Somerset and Barboursville — stations on the newly-constructed 
 link between Orange and Charlottesville — are passed before we 
 enter the splendid county of Albemarle. Much space is given to 
 this county, to its university town, its great museum of natural history, 
 its fine stock farms, its little-known but important school for the edu- 
 cation of poor boys, and its growing industry of wine-making from 
 native grapes, which has already assumed such large proportions. 
 
 At Charlottesville the Virginia Midland Railway intersects the 
 great highway to the Virginia Springs, the Chesapeake & Ohio Rail- 
 road. A hurried description of these Springs, of the towns and vil- 
 lages, the great furnaces and the grand scenery for which this railroad 
 is remarkable, is given. Coming back to the Virginia Midland Rail- 
 way, we pass through the counties of Nelson and Amherst, where 
 the justly-celebrated pippin and other apples are grown to as much 
 perfection as in Albemarle ; and where, more particularly in Amherst, 
 the development of iron has assumed so much importance of late 
 years. 
 
 Lynchburg, celebrated the world over for its tobacco, and 
 destined to become no less celebrated hereafter for its iron manufac- 
 tures, is next reached. The timber in Campbell and the adjoining 
 counties, the oak bark, sumac, small fruits, etc., that abound in all the 
 counties through and near which the Virginia Midland Railway 
 passes, are duly noticed. 
 
 At Lynchburg the Virginia Midland Railway intersects two 
 other roads of great importance — the Norfolk & Western Railroad 
 and the Richmond & Alleghany Railroad. The numerous Summer 
 resorts, the natural curiosities, and the picturesque scenery upon these 
 roads are taken into account and we pass on to the Franklin Division 
 of the Virginia Midland Railway. The ores that are found upon 
 this Division, and the scenery at Rocky Mount Village, the county 
 seat of Franklin County and the present terminus of this Division, 
 are mentioned; then, passing through Pittsylvania County, we come 
 to Danville, the livest town in all Virginia; where the bright yellow 
 tobacco is prepared in very many factories for the use of the world. 
 
X PREFACE. 
 
 Mention is made of the Danville & New River Railroad, which is 
 completed only as far as Martinsville, the county seat of Henry 
 County, but is to be pushed forward without delay to New River 
 Station on the Norfolk & Western Railroad, and thence to the coal 
 fields of West Virginia. 
 
 In conclusion, the reader is taken by the only available I'outc 
 from the North beyond Danville to Salisbury, on the Western North 
 Carolina Railroad ; from which point, as a fitting conclusion to the 
 manifold objects of interest already passed, he is transported across 
 the dizzy heights of the Blue Ridge Mountain, and along the shining 
 waters of the Swannanoa to the great Southern sanitarium, Asheville, 
 and thence down the turbulent French Broad River to the Warm 
 Springs and Paint Rock, and thence to Morristown on the East Ten- 
 nessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad. A glimpse is given of the 
 resorts in Northeastern Georo^ia, and then the little volume closes. 
 
EXCURSION GUIDE 
 
 VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILWAY. 
 
 THE hope of every American child is to behold with his own eyes the wonders 
 of the capital of his country, which he has so often seen pictured, and the 
 dream of every aspiring American youth is to figure as a leader, however humble, 
 in that great building of white marble, whose mighty dome towers in his imagination 
 thrice as high as it does in reality. 
 
 WASHINGTON CITY, 
 
 the political heart of the nation, to which all the streams of travel tend, and to 
 which all hearts turn, lies immediately upon the northern border of Virginia. To 
 this city — already great and beautiful, but destined to be greater and more beautiful 
 than was Rome in its prime (if the Republic holds together, as all good men pray it 
 may) — come all the currents of the national life, a tide of vast magnitude, which 
 yearly increases in volume as the country grows in population and the attractions 
 of the capital multiply in number and variety. Of the fifty millions who now inhabit 
 the United States, and of the hundred millions who will owe allegiance to the starry- 
 flag ere the century is complete, how many annually visit the capital, how many are 
 fortunate enough to see it once in their life-time.'' The computation could not easily 
 be made, but the number in both cases must be very great. Nor would it be easy 
 to forecast the destiny of the imperial city, or to call up in a vision its magnificence 
 a hundred, two hundred years hence. What will it be, if in God's providence the 
 Republic should last a thousand years, and Washington remain the capital ? It is 
 safe to say that the sun never shone upon such a city, and that the inflamed fancy 
 alike of prophets and poets would be put to shame by its grandeur. 
 
2 EXCURSION GUIDE OF THE 
 
 Enough to know that our seat of government, apart from its political attractions, 
 contains, even now, so much that is of interest in architecture and antiquities, such 
 art collections and such storehouses of knowledge in its museums and its Patent Office 
 as to compete almost on even terms with the great centres of commerce all combined. 
 The actual population of Washington is not above two hundred thousand ; but, like the 
 human heart which it typifies, all the blood of the country, sooner or later, runs 
 through it, and everybody is at one time or another a resident. The ebb and flow of 
 transient visitors and temporary inhabitants is so enormous that railways alone can 
 give prompt ingress and egress to the tide, and these railways, by the very facilities 
 they furnish, but provoke a still greater volume of travel. Do you want to find a 
 particular man on the street .'' Stand where you are and he will pass by after a while. , 
 So, if you want to see anybody, you have only to go to Washington and wait a day 
 or two; he will be sure to turn up. It is worth your while to visit the city, if only 
 to be surprised by the sudden appearance of the very last person in the world that 
 you ever expected to see. 
 
 MIDLAND VIRGINIA. 
 
 Until a very recent period the Washington branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail- 
 road constituted the great aorta ofthe arterial system of the United States, into which 
 the streams of travel from all parts of the country, North, South, East and West, poured, 
 and through which they were again distributed to the several points from which they 
 originally came ; and although the functions of a common conduit for so many hun- 
 dreds, if not thousands, of tributaries, is now shared by another railway, the great 
 volume of passenger travel is still confined to this short, but most important, stem of 
 the Baltimore & Ohio road. The natural prolongation southward of this aortal link, 
 answering somewhat to the right iliac artery of the human system, is found in the 
 Virginia Midland Railway, which traverses the oldest and one of the greatest of States 
 from north to south, beginning at Alexandria and ending at Danville. Of the many 
 competing routes for trade and travel from the two great sections of the country, the 
 Virginia Midland offers facilities and advantages which it may justly claim as peculiarly 
 its own, and in which no other road can hope now or hereafter to obtain more 
 than an imperfect share. In the first place, it connects immediately with the twin 
 systems of railways which pour their united streams into the national capital. In the 
 second place, it affords to these streams a channel of distribution throughout the 
 South and Southwest, which, alike for its directness and its geographical advantages, 
 cannot be surpassed, if, indeed, it can be equaled. Thirdly, for the tourist, the 
 invalid, the artist, the student of history, the man of business and the intending 
 settler, it offers a route on which the monotony of coast travel is simply impossible — 
 a route full of natural beauty, ever changing but never wearying in its variety ; a route 
 through corn and wheat fields, through pastures and beside mountains, over famous 
 fields of battle, in sight of historic homesteads, through healthful upland villages, 
 seats of learning and manufacturing cities ; and, lastly, owing to its midland position, 
 it gives to the traveler, of whatever character, health-seeker or pleasure-hunter, a 
 choice, to the right hand or the left, as his fancy or his need may dictate, of the whole 
 wide range of resorts, seaside, inland and mountain, for which the Old Dominion has 
 long been, and will long continue to be, celebrated. 
 
 Over this Midland route we purpose taking the reader, halting at each locality 
 of note only long enough to mark its chief attractions, and leaving the traveler 
 free to stay as many days or weeks as he may find leisure or inclination so to 
 do, assured that he will be pleased with all and charmed by most of the places 
 to which we will introduce him. 
 
VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILWAY. 3 
 
 Washington and its fascinations definitely set aside for a future and more 
 extended visit, the Summer tourist, casting "one longing, lingering look" behind 
 at the proud dome of the Capitol, finds himself upon the Long Bridge, with the 
 yellow portico of Arlington House on his right, peeping from the wooded hilltops 
 beyond Georgetown. Here lived the Curtises and the Lees. Here lie 11,276 
 Federal dead, of whom 4,077 are unknown even by name. It is the largest Federal 
 cemetery in Virginia, with a single exception — that at Fredericksburg. So much 
 of the estate as is not occupied by graves is given over to freedmen, who are herded 
 here in a large village. 
 
 ALEXANDRIA. 
 
 Seven miles south of Washington is Alexandria, once a port of much importance 
 and destined to be so again, when the natural growth of its powerful neighbor shall 
 absorb it, as Georgetown has already been absorbed. The habit is to decry 
 Alexandria as a city that has seen its best days ; but its shipping, its mercantile and 
 manufacturing interests are larger than its detractors would have one believe, and its 
 society is so conspicuous for refinement as to extort praise from its worst enemies. 
 The wonder is that it is not more sought after as a home by those who tire of the 
 fashion and frivolity of the national capital. Upon the breezy and lofty heights, a 
 mile or two out o<f town, and under the shadow of the Episcopal Theological 
 Seminary and its attendant High School, the heat-worn citizen of Washington would 
 find precisely the restoratives needed to build up nightly a frame exhausted by the 
 tropic temperature and burthens of the day. It is simply a delightul spot, which 
 ought to be, and in time will be, crowded with country villas and ornate cottages. 
 The population of Alexandria is put down at 15,000 ; and its grow^th, if not rapid, 
 is secure. Objects of interest, either in the present or past history of the country, are 
 met with almost everywhere. Steam breweries, machine shops and iron foundries, an 
 admirably equipped market house, sash factories and planing mills, a cotton factory, 
 steam flour mills, a new commercial exchange, a handsome granite custom house 
 and post-ofiice, numerous stores and commission houses, furniture manufactories, 
 extensive fish-packing establishments, banks, churches, hotels and stately private 
 dwellings tell of the present. Braddock's headquarters in 1755, previous to the fatal 
 march upon Du Quesne ; Washington's pew in Christ Church, as it was when he 
 occupied it ; the old Masons' Hall, to which Washington belonged ; the house in 
 which Ellsworth, the commander of the New York Zouaves, was killed by Jackson, 
 the hotel-keeper, for tearing down the Confederate flag at the beginning of the late 
 war ; the residence of Canning, the British minister, and many other places of 
 historical note are pointed out. Especially pleasing are the homes of the better class 
 of citizens ; many of them of antiaue architectural patterns , others in large grounds, 
 shaded by ancestral trees and ornamented with rare flowers — evidences of comfort, 
 wealth and elegance. Mount Vernon, eight or nine miles away, is a particular 
 attraction, the drive thither over an excellent road being greatly preferred by many to 
 the stereotype route by the steamer from Washington. At Alexandria are various 
 railroads leading to other points ; the Washington & Cincinnati (incomplete) to the 
 county of Loudon, one of the largest and most fertile in the State ; the Alexandria 
 & Fredericksburg extending to Fredericksburg and thence to Richmond ; while the 
 numerous steamboats plying on the river furnish a pleasant mode of communication 
 with Baltimore, Old Point, Fortress Monroe, Norfolk, etc. The depth of water at the 
 wharves in Alexandria is forty-five feet, and in the Potomac River, down to the 
 Chesapeake Bay, a depth of twenty-seven feet, easily admits the passage of ships of the 
 
4 EXCURSION GUIDE OF THE 
 
 largest tonnage. A canal extending from Alexandria to Cumberland, Md., supplies 
 the city with the well-known coals of that section. A large Federal cemetery contain- 
 ing 3,526 graves is just outside the city, is prettily laid out, kept with scrupulous 
 care, and is a favorite walk at all periods of the year. During the war the Seminary 
 and High School buildings were used as hospitals, having at one time as many as 
 3,000 patients. Of the seventy-six national cemeteries, where are buried 308,331 
 Federal dead, and 21,661 Confederate prisoners of war, seventeen are in the State of 
 Virginia, in which are buried 68,823 Federal soldiers and sailors, 30,888 of whom 
 are known, and 37,935 cannot be identified. 
 
 ON TO MANASSAS. 
 
 "Were it fully manured and inhabited by industrious people, heaven and earth 
 never agreed better to frame a place for man's habitation than Virginia. " So wrote 
 Captain John Smith in 1607. General Washington, in a letter to Sir John Sinclair, 
 called Virginia, "the garden of America;" Daniel Webster, Horace Greeley and 
 Commodore Maury all bear testimony to the excellence of its climate and the fertility 
 of its soil. It is, indeed, "a fruitful and delightsome land," albeit men and manure 
 are in a measure still wanting. Given the men, the manure will soon follow, and to 
 supply the deficiency of the former, the Virginia Midland is actively exerting itself to 
 facilitate immigration. Traversing the Piedmont Section, so highly praised by 
 Washington and Webster, the Midland Road naturally connects itself with the 
 Danville System, which courses along the foot-hills of North and South Carolina, far 
 into Georgia, and now presents an unbroken Piedmont Line from the Potomac River 
 to the industrial metropolis of the South, Atlanta. 
 
 CLIFTON, VA., MANASSAS DIVISION, VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILWAY. 
 
 Following the southwesterly trend of the Blue Ridge mountains, the Virginia 
 Midland road, after it leaves Alexandria, shows an almost continuous ascent until it 
 reaches the memorable battle-field of Manassas. The farming lands of Fairfax 
 county, well adapted to cereals and fruits, will attract the eye of the traveler, and the 
 
VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILWAY. 5 
 
 county seat, a few miles lu tiie right of Fairfax station, is honored as the repository of 
 Washington's will. Pohick Church, which Washington helped to build and in which 
 he worshipped, and Gunston Hall, the residence of George Mason, author of the Bill 
 of Rights, which antedated the Declaration of Independence and embodied many of 
 its best features, are m Fairfax county. 
 
 Clifton, a small village, twenty-two miles from Alexandria and twelve miles from 
 Bull Run battle-held, was named by a Northern settler after Clifton Springs, N. Y. , a 
 very popular 'resort in that section of the country. A saw mill and spoke factory 
 testify to the industry of the inhabitants of Clifton, and a comfortable hotel and board- 
 ing-houses attract yearly many Summer boarders from Northern cities. Clifton was a 
 depot of supplies during the war, of which the surrounding earthworks give some 
 trace. As an evidence of the excellent soil for vineyard purposes, grapes raised in this 
 vicinity commanded at a home market fifteen cents a pound. The fine dairy farm of 
 Judge Fullerton, of N. Y. , is worthy of special notice. 
 
 MANASSAS VILLAGE. 
 
 Bull Run divides Fairflxx and Prince William counties. On this stream was 
 fought the indecisive action of July i8th, 1861, which preceded the first battle of 
 Manassas in the same vicinity on Sunday, July 21st, 1861. The result is familiar to 
 all. Subsequently, in August, 1862, was fought the second battle of Manassas, which 
 lasted three or four days, and with the results of which the reader is also familiar. The 
 battle-fields, five or six mdes from the Village of Manassas, are easily reached by con- 
 veyances or on horseback. 
 
 The village itself, a purely farming one, without manufactures, bears witness to 
 the heart that is in the surrounding country. It has grown up snice the war, is wholly 
 the outbirth of peace and agriculture, has 700 inhabitants, five churches, a hotel of 
 wide repute, ten or more mercantile stores, a flourishing newspaper, and dwelling- 
 houses finished in a style and kept with a neatness that one does not often see outside 
 the North. The flagging of red sand-stone, drawn from neighboring quarries, will be 
 sure to impress the stranger. This stone, excellent in quality and very abundant, is 
 found near the railroad, on the lands of Mrs. F. L. Smith, of Alexandria, and others, 
 and offers inducements for investors, being equal to the Connecticut sand-stone for 
 building purposes. 
 
 Manassas being upon a table-land, a fine view of the surrounding country may 
 be had from the streets of the village ; but from the earthworks, pared down by the 
 hand of time, which mark the outlines of the entrenched camp built by the Confeder- 
 ates, a very wide landscape is seen. The houses occupied by Beauregard and Johnston 
 as headquarters are still standing. The scene, from its mere extent, is most impressive. 
 To the west and north are the dark ranges of the Bull Run Mountains ; on the east 
 and south stretches a vast plain, gently undulating to the remote horizon. Except 
 when the trains are in motion, a solemn hush, a brooding spirit of repose, rests on 
 the scene. The very stillness seems to have within it the repining sound of a low 
 wind in a lone cemetery. One does not find it hard to realize that the storm of war 
 once reveled here and passed on, leaving, it is to be hoped, eternal peace. A double 
 consecration, in which majestic nature and history no less majestic, each have borne 
 an equal part, appears to hallow the place, and the tourist, returning in the twilight 
 from the ruined bastions to his hotel, deeply impressed with all he has seen, carries 
 with him a holy sadness which he will long remember. 
 
6 EXCURSION GUIDE OF THE 
 
 THE MANASSAS DIVISION. 
 
 (mosby's confederacy.) 
 
 At Manassas Junction, a branch railroad, sixty-two miles in length, extends west- 
 wardly through the counties of Prince William, Fauquier and Warren to Strasburg in 
 Shenandoah County. It is the most interesting division of the Midland road, at once 
 pastoral and picturesque — so much so, that the scenery at Thoroughfare Gap, River- 
 ton, and other points along the line have been deemed worthy c5f illustration. 
 Thoroughfare Gap is eleven miles from Manassas, and its gloomy passes, overhung by 
 wooded cliffs, present a strong contrast to the smiling landscapes which are seen on 
 either side of it. If the approach is pleasing, the country west of the Gap is more 
 pleasing still. Fauquier county is famous for its rich farms and fine cattle ; it is, 
 indeed, the home par excellence of Virginia graziers east of the Blue Ridge. The 
 
 
 BROAD RUN STATION, MANASSAS DIVISION, VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILWAY. 
 
 traveler who has time to stop may here study two different styles of farming — the 
 intensive and the extensive — to better advantage, perhaps, than anywhere else in the 
 State. Nor will he be at a loss for a stopping place. There is a succession of clean 
 and prosperous villages on both sides of the Bull Run Mountains — Gainesville, Hay- 
 market, Thoroughfare, Broad Run, Plains, Salem (now called Marshall), Rectortown, 
 Delaplaine, Markham, Linden, Happy Creek, etc. — which will tempt him to lie over 
 for a day or two, merely to enjoy existence in this favored locality. Nay more, the 
 farm-houses along the whole line, but especially between the Bull Run and Blue 
 Ridge Mountains, are in summer time so many boarding-houses, filled with the pick 
 of people from the seaboard cities of Virginia, Washington and Baltimore. You 
 cannot go amiss, in town or country, for delightful shade, plenteous grass, flowers in 
 profusion, the best water in the world, charming society, fresh butter, milk, eggs, 
 fruit, vegetables ; fine horses, abundant vehicles, rides and drives without end, are to 
 be had almost anywhere and in every direction. A little way from the Plains station 
 is one of the sweetest of Virginia villages, Middleburg, in the southern part of the 
 
VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILWAY. 
 
 7 
 
 magnificent county of Loudon, the home in old days of many distinguished families, 
 whose historic houses are well worth visiting at this day. Among them is Oak Hill, 
 the noble residence of President Monroe, now owned by a wealthy gentleman of New 
 York, whose dairy farm is the pride of the whole section. 
 
 Scarcely less picturesque than the scenery at Thoroughfare Gap is tliat which, 
 be"-inning at Linden, the last station in Fauquier County, extends for miles in the 
 direction of Front Royal. Here the passage of the Blue Ridge is effected by bold 
 curves and grades that sweep around and along the flanks and shoulders of the moun- 
 
 HORSE SHOE BEND, MANASSAS DIVISION, VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILWAY. 
 
 tains, shaggy with rocks and pines, or draped with vines and running plants and watered 
 with clear streams that leap from the hills and hurriedly make their way down to the 
 plains below. There are points which are wild, desolate and lonely, as in the midst 
 of the Hartz Mountains ; but, owing to the interference of loftier summits near the 
 line of road, none from which any very commanding view may be obtained. The 
 country east of the Blue Ridge, besides producing almost everything grown in this part 
 of the State, abounds in minerals — marble, jasper and porphyry being most prominent. 
 
 FRONT ROYAL. 
 
 To what the county seat of Warren County owes its peculiar name, no one seems 
 to know. It is a thriving town of 1,200 souls, delightfully placed in as level and 
 lovely a valley as the eye often rests upon, and in the midst of bold but not lofty 
 mountains, which teem with agricultural wealth to their very summits. Two news- 
 papers, hotels, stores, churches, etc., attest the prosperity and rapid growth of the 
 place since the war. The dark, rich soil around the town, the wheat fields laden with 
 grain and the meadows deep with grass, sufficiently account for the growth of Front 
 Royal, apart from the mechanical industries which lie mostly outside of the town 
 proper. But upon the dark red hillside yonder is, perhaps, the most famous vineyard 
 and cellar in the State. Who has not heard of Marcus Buck's wine and brandy ? 
 Their fame has extended over the United States. In developing this important 
 
8 EXCURSION C.l'IDE OF THE 
 
 l)ranch of industry, and in carrying it on to perfection, ]Mr. Buck incurred liabilities 
 that compelled him to part with his valuable establishment, which now in other hands 
 alnindantly requites them for their outlav. 
 
 7'hree miles or less from Front Royal is Allen's Cave, which in former years had 
 an enviable reputation, vying, as many thought, in beauty and magnificence with 
 Weyer's Cave. It is about 1,200 feet long, and contains incrustations and concretions 
 in one of its grottoes, called "Sarah's Saloon," which present a gorgeous appearance. 
 Its reputation, and that of Weyer's Cave as well, have been in a measure eclipsed by 
 the Luray Caverns, of which more hereafter. 
 
 There is a good hotel at Front Royal, and the fishing in the neighboring waters 
 attracts yearly many anglers from the North. In the midst of a tranquility which 
 recalls the village life in England, there are evidences of the activity of a growing 
 town, with a bright future before it. The neat dwellings, the busy stores and the 
 increasing number of houses occupied by artisans and mechanics give unmistakable 
 sign of health and prosperity. 
 
 In 1862 a severe engagement took place near this town between Generals N. P, 
 Banks and Stonewall Jackson. But the place is noted as the rallying point, if not the 
 heart, of " Mosby's Confederacv. " Not a few were the encounters between the 
 the guerilla chief and his foes, within and without the town. 
 
 THE SWITZERLAND OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 On the right of the Virginia Midland road, going South, is a tier of counties 
 which extends along the base of the Blue Ridge Mountains, from the vicinity of Front 
 Royal to within a few miles of Charlottesville, in the county of Albemarle. At no 
 point are they much less than fifteen miles from available railway stations. They are 
 the counties of Rappahannock, Madison and Greene. Being thus isolated, they are 
 comparatively unknown, but in respect of soil, climate, scenery, mineral and agricul- 
 tural wealth, they com{)are favorably with the most celebrated portions of the Com- 
 monwealth. Indeed, they constitute a terra incognita well worth exploring by the 
 artist, the invalid, the sportsman, the lover of herds and flocks, the seeker after mines, 
 ores, water power and manufacturing sites. So lofty, broken, wild and beautiful are 
 the summits of the Blue Ridge, as seen from the cosy villages and quiet highways of 
 Rappahannock, that the county has justly won the name of the Switzerland of 
 Virginia. In Madison and Greene the scenery, if not so wild, is still lovely ; and in 
 the former county there is a valley so sweet, so secluded and so fertile as fully to 
 justify comparison with the vale of happiness in which Rasselas dwelt. To those who 
 not only do not mind horseback exercise or traveling b\' private conveyance or stage, 
 but reall}' enjoy it, and to those also who are never so much charmed as, when away 
 from the beaten track of travel, they encounter good fare and clean beds, we heartily 
 commend these interior and little-known counties of Virginia. Madison and Greene 
 are best reached from Gordonsville, the former junction of the Midland with the 
 Chesapeake & Ohio road ; Rappahannock is accessible by stage from the town of 
 Culpepper ; but the route from Front Roval by private conveyance is over a shorter and 
 better road, and through a more interesting country ; the grazing farms of many large 
 herdsmen, and the scenery combining their attractions, to fascinate and detain the 
 traveler. Board at hotels, some of which are surprisingly good, and at private houses 
 both in the country and in the quaint, pretty villages, may be had on reasonable 
 terms, and the traveler will oftentimes find delightful society among the Summer 
 boarders from the cities of Maryland and \'irginia. 
 
VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILWAY. 
 
 
 DEEP CUT, DISMAL HOLLOW, MANASSAS DIVISION, VA. MID. R'Y. 
 
 At Sperryville, in Rappahannock County, there is an extensive tannery, with 
 capacity to tan 30,000 sides of leather per annum. All along the sides of the Blue 
 Ridge are immense forests of chestnut oak, enough to supply any given amount of 
 the very best bark for tanneries of any capacity, at a cost of not more than four or five 
 dollars per cord, at the place of business. This section is well adapted to the 
 growth of grapes, apples and other fruits, of which a considerable amount is now 
 produced and sold. Stock raising is a branch of business that has in all times been 
 profitably pursued. Numbers of the best horses, cattle and sheep come from this 
 county.. The soil is generally of an excellent quality, and can be purchased at 
 moderate prices. 
 
 Madison county has no railway facilities in its borders, but has good ccuntry roads 
 to the following stations on the main line of the Virginia Midland Railroad, viz. : 
 Culpepper, Mitchell's, Rapidan, Orange, and Gordonsville, the road to the latter 
 place being macadamized, and extending across the Blue Ridge into the valley. The 
 productions of the county are still transported to market in the old-fashioned, but 
 commodious, four and six horse road wagons. These horses, for their size, strength 
 and endurance, are well fitted for the services they perform in these mountain regions. 
 
 The bottom lands of the Robinson and Rapidan rivers are unusually fertile. Ex- 
 traordinary corn crops have been raised for forty consecutive years, without any apparent 
 diminution in quantity. The other productions are tobacco, wheat, oats, rye, and 
 fruit. Iron and copper ores have been discovered in various parts of the county, and 
 only await further facilities of capital, labor and transportation to get to market. It is 
 watered by the Robinson and Rapidan rivers and their tributaries, and has a con- 
 siderable number of grist and flour mills, which latter manufacture for home consump- 
 tion and market a quantity of the best family flour. 
 
 The principal town in the county is Madison Court-House, which is situated on a 
 commanding ridge in the heart of the county. Ex-Gov. James L. Kemper is a resi- 
 dent of this place. 
 
lO 
 
 EXCURSION GUIDE OF THE 
 
 VIRCINTA MIDLAND RAILWAY BRIDCE AT RIVERTON. 
 
 RIVERTON AND THE LURAY CAVERNS. 
 
 Riverton Station is at the junction of the north and south forks of the Shenandoah 
 River, and at the junction of the Front Royal branch of the Manassas Division, two 
 miles from Front Royal. A large amount of freight is received here that comes 
 down the Shenandoah in flat boats from the counties of Rockingham, Page and 
 Warren. The products of the two last mentioned are to a considerable extent 
 tributary to this outlet. Extensive veins of brown hematite and magnetic iron ores 
 have been opened in these counties, and only await the construction of a short con- 
 nection with this railway to get a good and cheap outlet, either in the shape of 
 smelted metal or native ore. A joint stock company of Northern capitalists, with a 
 subscribed capital stock of $ i , ooo, ooo, are now operating with these ores. 
 
 Here the Manassas Division crosses the Shenandoah Valley Railroad, with its mag- 
 nificent scenic and metallurgic attractions. Going northward the traveler in a few minutes 
 finds himself in the midst of the almost unrivaled pasture lands of Clarke County, 
 and surrounded by the historic homes of the gentry of the old days, some of their 
 country seats being on a scale that is truly lordly. Washington's office and lodgings 
 at Soldiers" Rest, where Gen. Daniel Morgan, of Revolutionary fame, once lived ; 
 Greenway Court, the seat of the eccentric Lord Fairfax : the old chapel, built in 1796 ; 
 the homes of Philip Pendleton Cooke, the poet-author of "Florence Vane," and of 
 his scarcely less distinguished brother, John Fsten Cooke, the novelist, are in Clarke 
 county. Nor are historic associations with the late war wanting, many combats and 
 skirmishes having taken place at or near INIillwood and Berryville, the county seat. 
 The lands, originally surveved bv Washington, are as fine as heart could wish ; indeed 
 Clarke is the gem countv of Virginia. 
 
 Southward, through a district peculiarly rich in picturesque and diversified 
 scenery, the traveler is borne to Luray, the county seat of Page County, and within a 
 short mile of the famous caverns to which the attention of the whole world has been 
 
VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILWAY 
 
 II 
 
 called within the past few years. So much has been written about these caverns, and 
 so many pictures of their wonders have been presented to the public, that it would be 
 a work of supererogation to add anything here. Suffice it to say, that they will amply 
 repay the visitor for the little time and trouble required to reach them. The distance 
 from Riverton on the Manassas Division to the caverns is just twenty-eight miles. A 
 delightful excursion may be made from Baltimore and Washington to the battle-field 
 of Manassas, thence through the wild gorge at Thoroughfare Gap, and the sunny up- 
 
 IN THOROUGHFARE GAP, MANASSAS DIVISION, VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILWAY. 
 
 lands of Fauquier to Front Royal and Riverton, thence to Furay, and, on the return 
 trip, to take in Clarke County, Charlestown (where John Brown was hanged), the 
 romantic heights at Harper's Ferry, and so back to Washington and Baltimore again, 
 a lay-over ticket enabling the tourist to stop just when and where he pleases. 
 
 The confluence of the shining waters of the two branches of the Shenandoah at 
 Riverton furnish an excellent site for the thrifty industrial village that has grown up 
 there, and the scenery presents many points worthy of illustration. During the war 
 both the bridges over the north and south forks of the Shenandoah were burnt, and 
 near Riverton some heavy skirmishing between the Federal and Confederate forces 
 occurred, the former commanded by General Martindale and the latter by General 
 Wickham ; in addition to these were the battles of Chester Gap, Cedar Creek and 
 Front Royal. 
 
 At Buckton Station, five miles from Front Royal, a battle was fought May 22, 
 1862, between Banks' infantry and the cavalry commanded by the Confederate General 
 Ashby ; and five miles north of this place there was a severe engagement between 
 McCausland and a part of General Phil Sheridan's army. The Warren White Sulphur 
 Springs are one mile from Buckton. 
 
 STRASBURG. 
 
 Strasburg, the present western terminus of the Manassas Division of the Virginia 
 Midland Railroad, derives its name from a place in the Fatherland, the original settlers 
 
12 EXCURSION GUIDE OF THE 
 
 of this region being from Germany. It is distant from Alexandria eighty-eight miles, 
 from Harrisonburg fifty, and from Winchester eighteen, having direct railway commu- 
 nication to all of these points, besides to Baltimore City and other places North and 
 West ; and when this company extend their lines to the West Virginia coal-fields and 
 the Ohio river, will be not only a railway centre of no mean importance, but will 
 increase with a growth commensurate with this proposed railway extension. 
 
 At this station there are three churches, two hotels, other improvements, and a 
 population of about 800. Massanuttan Mountain, one of the rarest beautv in this 
 region, is within one mile. The famous Capon Springs, only second in the State to 
 the Greenbrier White Sulphur in point of equipments and the number of its Summer 
 attendants, is within eighteen miles ; Orkney Springs within thirty-seven miles, and the 
 Seven Fountains within twenty miles of this point. 
 
 On the 2 2d of September, 1864, was fought, one mile south of the town, ihe 
 battle of Fisher's Hill, between the forces under General Early and Federal General 
 Sheridan. On the 13th of October of the same year there was heavy skirmishing 
 between Early's Corps and the Federal forces under General Thomas; and on the 19th 
 of the same month, three miles north of the town, there was a severe battle. Banks' 
 Fort is barely fifty feet from the Strasburg Station. The products of the surrounding 
 county are wheat, oats, corn, rye, hay, and a great variety of fruits. 
 
 Shenandoah County, in which Strasburg is situated, is thirty-two miles long, with 
 a mean width of fifteen. The central portion is mountainous, and, like the rest of 
 the Valley counties, the soil is extremely fertile. Despite the ravages of war, through 
 the industry and energy of her people and the great fertility of her soil, prosperity and 
 plenty are again apparent in every home, to which the rebuilding of the IManassas 
 Division, which was entirely destroyed during the war, has to a large extent contributed. 
 At Strasburg the Manassas Division connects with the Harper's Ferry and Valley 
 branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, affording the traveler a direct route north to 
 Winchester and Harper's Ferry, and south to Staunton, and thence via the Chesapeake 
 & Ohio Railroad to the Virginia Springs, passing eii route some of the most superb 
 farms in Virginia — or indeed in the United States. 
 
 INDUCEMENTS TO IMMIGRANTS. 
 
 Before we return to the description of the country along the main stem of the 
 Virginia Midland Railway, it may be well to pause a moment for the purpose of stating 
 very briefly what the Midland Company has done in regard to the great need of Vir- 
 ginia — to-wit, immigration. Of the lands, in so far as farming is concerned, and of 
 the climate, we have already spoken, and shall continue to speak, as we advance from 
 point to point. The mineral interests of the road, if properly treated, would occupy 
 a chapter many pages in length ; we have space here barely to allude to them. Recent 
 discoveries along almost the entire line of the road comprise specular, hematite and 
 magnetic iron ore deposits, asbestos, kaolin, marble, porphyry, gold, jasper, fine clay, 
 plumbago, slate, argentiferous galena, manganese, fire-proof stone, mineral substances 
 for paints, copper, blue, red and gray building stone, etc. The development of 
 these minerals, now lying almost dormant, with the productions of forest, field and 
 garden, will be a constant object of care on the part of the company in the future as it 
 has been in the past, and no pains will be spared in developing the entire resources of 
 the country. 
 
 Recognizing the fact that railroads in the future must to a great extent depend 
 upon the local freight and travel, this company will use every exertion to facilitate 
 
VIRGINIA .MIDLAxXI) RAILWAY. I3 
 
 immigration to, and settLemeat in, tliis region of Virginia. To more efficiently carry 
 out this plan, some years since, the company acquiretl frc^m the Legislature of the 
 State the authority to purchase lands along their lines, with the view of re-selling them 
 on a long credit to actual settlers. This is the first effort of the kind ever made by any 
 railroad corporation in the State, and should commend itself as the most efficient 
 mode yet presented of accomplishing the settlement of surplus lands of that portion 
 of the State through which this company 's lines pa.ss. 
 
 When the Midland Railroad passed into the hands of a Receiver the lands 
 acquired under this authority by the company reverted to their original owners ; but the 
 immigrant may rest assured that all that can be done in his behalf will be done cheer- 
 fully and promptly, whether he wishes to purchase or to examine lands once owned by 
 the company or by other parties ; and to prove this, all that is needed is an application 
 by mail or in person at the office of the company in Washington City or in Alexan- 
 dria. An examination of the map will show that for its entire length the Virginia 
 Midland road runs through the splendid Piedmont district of a State blessed with 
 salubrious air, superabundant water-power and a capacity second to no other for the 
 production of cereals, grasses, fruits, and indeed whatever the soil of Mother Earth in 
 her temperate zone brings forth. 
 
 RETURN TO THE MAIN STEM — BRISTOE, 
 CATLETT'S, Etc. 
 
 Four miles from Manassas Junction, on the main stem of the Viginian Midland 
 Road, is Bristoe Station, and two miles east of that is Brentsville, the seat of govern- 
 ment for Prince William County, a small village with little or no attraction beyond the 
 extensive views which its elevated position commands. Prior to the war and up to the 
 present time the country near Brentsville has been occupied by Northern settlers, who 
 have gathered there in such numbers as to form a community of their own. 
 
 During the war several battles were fought near Bristoe. One on the 27th August, 
 1862, when General Hooker commanded the United States forces, and General Ewell 
 the Confederate. Another on the 14th October, 1863, General Warren commanding 
 the United States, and General A. P. Hill the Confederate States troops. Large quan- 
 tities of sumac are received at this station for shipment to Alexandria and other places. 
 
 Nokesville, named for a Northern settler, is the station next to Bristoe, and then 
 comes Catlett's, where General J. E. B. Stuart made a night attack upon United States 
 General Pope. The lands hereabouts are gently rolling and susceptible of high im- 
 provement ; in fact, some of them have doubled in value since the war. 
 
 WARRENTON. 
 
 Warrenton, the countv seat of Fauquier, is at the terminus of the W^arrenton 
 branch of the Virginia Midland Railway. It has a population of about two thousand, 
 is distant fifty miles from Alexandria, and is situated on a commanding eminence in 
 the very heart of the county. It is a beautiful and well laid-oft' village, and its inhabi- 
 tants include some of the most distinguished citizens of the State and soldiers of the 
 late war. The society in and about this beautiful and growing village has alwa}s been 
 good, and there are good schools, churches and hotel accommodations. Large num- 
 bers of summer visitors, principally from Washington City, spend their leisure time 
 here, and so great are the social and climatic attractions that wealthy persons from 
 both North and South have built permanent or temporary homes in or near the town. 
 Warrenton is proverbially the gayest place in summer in all Virginia. Chief-Justice 
 Marshall, whose portrait adorns the Court-house, and whose descendants still live in 
 
14 EXCURSION GUIDE OF THE 
 
 the county, was born nine miles below Warrenton ; a ruined chimney to the left of Mid- 
 land Station marks the site of the old homestead, Warrenton contains about twenty 
 mercantile and other stores, Episcopal, Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian and Catholic 
 churches, and three educational institutions. 
 
 The branch road from Warrenton Junction to the town is 9 miles long, the junc- 
 tion itself is 48 miles from Washington. 
 
 Fauquier, the county in which Warrenton is situated, was formed in 1759, and 
 named for Lord Francis Fauquier, the then Governor of Virginia. In this county 
 begins the grazing region, which extends, with but few local exceptions, through 
 Culpepper, Rappahannock, Orange, Madison, Albemarle, Nelson and Amherst 
 counties. ♦ 
 
 Fine sheep, cattle and horses are raised in tliis entire region, but nowhere of 
 higher pedigree and qualities than Fauquier. A colt show is held at Upperville, a 
 beautiful village in the northern part of the county, at which is annually exhibited a 
 large number of fine animals, many of them of the best breeds, from direct import- 
 ations from England and other places. The old Virginia fondness for fine horses 
 and fox-hunting is still, to a considerable extent, indulged in. Many gentlemen keep 
 hounds, and the emigrant from old England occasionally brings over an imported 
 breed to have them vanquished in the chase by the more hardy native. There is a 
 disposition, however, everywhere apparent to advance small industries of every kind, 
 and the attention to cattle has so grown within the last ten years that 30,000 head are 
 annually handled in this county alone. There are gold diggings in the southern part 
 of the county, and some fine varieties of iron have been discovered. 
 
 THE FAUQUIER WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 
 
 The gaiety of Warrenton at midsummer stands in little need of outside aid, but 
 is doubled or more nearly quadrupled when the Fauquier White Sulphur Springs, 
 just six miles off, are crowded with the elite of Washington and Baltimore. Life in 
 Warrenton is then a veritable carnival. An excellent road extends from the town to 
 the Springs, the scenery is charming, handsome villas and country homes adorn the 
 gentle slopes on either side, blue mountains immantled in dark-green forest-robes hem 
 in the peaceful landccape, and the road, crowded with equestrians, mounted upon 
 blooded horses and with stylish equipages, presents a scene of the brightest and most 
 animated character. There is a constant interchange of visitors at all hours of the day, 
 but in the dewy mornings, the tranquil sunset hours and the moonlit nights the air is 
 vocal with the whir of swift wheels, the clatter of fast trotters and the laughter of belles 
 and beaux. Happy are they whose summers are spent in Fauquier. 
 
 In place of the old structures which existed previous to the war, there is now at 
 the Fauquier White Sulphur Springs a brick hotel, five stories high, handsome in 
 design, imposing in appearance, built in the most substantial manner, admirably fin- 
 ished and equipped with all modern improvements. It stands upon an eminence 
 which commands a beautiful view. The grounds are plentifully shaded with lofty 
 aspens and sycamores ; hard by runs the upper Rappahannock, a clear stream, fringed 
 with trees that love the water, and flanked by a broad level meadow which seems 
 adapted by nature for the joust on horseback, of which the young Virginians are so 
 fond, and for other pastimes, such as lawn tennis, croquet, etc. In addition to the 
 hotel proper, there are a number of highly ornamented cottages in the Queen Anne 
 and other styles, which are the Summer homes of opulent men from the cities. 
 
 The rooms in the hotel are all airy and cheerful, with spacious hallways running 
 directly through each story. The large ball-room is in the main building. The sur- 
 
VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILWAY. 1 5 
 
 rounding country is wild and picturesque, the air pure and healthy, free from malaria 
 and the annoyance of mosquitoes, and there is, of course, a first-class band of music 
 in attendance during the season. 
 
 It is the determination of the proprietors, Messrs. Tenney & Co. , of Willard 
 House fame, to maintain the standard of excellence which obtained the past season, 
 and they refer to the thousands who patronized the Springs last Summer. 
 
 Terms will be moderate and regulated by the extent of accommodations required. 
 The hotel will be opened the ist of June and close the loth of October. 
 
 The Fauquier White Sulphur Springs may be reached in three hours' time from 
 Washington via the Virginia Midland Railway, which so times its special trains as to 
 enable men of business in Washington and Baltimore to spend the night with their 
 families at this delightful resort and to return in time for business the next morning. 
 
 Concerning the water, it is sufficient to say that it is equal to any water of its kind 
 in Virginia or elsewhere, containing not only sulphates in various forms, but also mag- 
 nesia, chlorides, soda, potassia, iron and gaseous matter. Testimonials as to its virtues 
 in many diseases may be had of the proprietors at any time on application. Dr. 
 Thomas Antisell, of Washington, D.C.,says: "The source of the mineral ingredients 
 of the spring lies in the country, which is an aluminous slate, the beds of which lie 
 nearly horizontal or with slight slope, and holding between their layers sandy ferrugi- 
 nous seams, in which are imbedded crystals of iron pyrites, with some hydrated oxyde of 
 manganese. The iron in the water is derived from the crystals of pyrites, the sulphur 
 separating from which has in part become acidified and united with the earthy bases, 
 and perhaps with the protoxyde of iron, to form a soluble iron salt." 
 
 CULPEPPER. 
 
 Passing through Fauquier, the Virginia Midland Road enters the fine county of 
 Culpepper, which was formed in 1748 and named for Lord Culpepper, who was Gov- 
 ernor of Virginia from 1680 to 1683. Between Warrenton Junction and the town of 
 Culpepper are Midland, Bealeton, Rappahannock and Brandy stations, at each of which 
 engagements of greater or less importance took place during the war. Being debatable 
 ground, Culpepper was fought over, trampled upon and denuded of its timber by the 
 contending armies as no other county was. Its comparatively level surface affords an 
 excellent field for cavalry manoeuvres, and the heaviest battle between bodies of this 
 arm of the service, that occurred during the war, took place at Brandy Station, June 
 9th, 1863, Pleasanton commanding the Federals and J. E. B. Stuart the Confederates. 
 
 The mineral wealth of Culpepper County has only been partially explored. Some 
 rich specimens of magnetic iron ore have been found between the towns of Culpepper 
 and Mitchell's Station ; ore is seen on the railroad track between these two points on 
 the farm of Major E. B. Hill, other surface indications have been found on Slaughter's 
 Mountain and vicinity, and ores of the hematite series are found near the Madison 
 County line. 
 
 Numerous undeveloped mineral spings exist, and Culpepper abounds in building 
 stone which, under experiments at the Smithsonian Institution, withstood a pressure 
 of more than 48,000 lbs. to the square inch without fracture. 
 
 Culpepper, the county seat, first called Fairfax, after the lord of that name, is a 
 town of enterprise and of business prosperity, with 2,000 inhabitants. A large Federal 
 cemetery, containing 1,349 graves, in 901 of which lie unknown bodies, is situated just 
 outside the town. Culpepper was, during the autumn of 1863, the headquarters of 
 General Meade, commanding the army of the Potomac. General Grant also had his 
 headquarters here during the winter and early spring of 1864. 
 
1 6 EXCURSION GUIDE OF THE 
 
 The town is immediately on the line of the Virginia Midland Railway. Its prox- 
 imity to rail and its unsurpassed air and water make it a desirable Summer resort, and 
 its hotels and boarding-houses are lilled every year. It has a large number of dry-goods 
 stores and commission houses, one of the handsomest and most costly court-houses 
 in the State, many churches, representing every Protestant denomination, schools for 
 both sexes, a bank, and mills for the manufacture and grinding of grain, sumac, guano, 
 bark and plaster. A great amount of produce is shipped from this point. Here the 
 traveler may find a public conveyance which runs daily to Sperryville and Washington 
 in Rappahannock County. The neatly kept Federal cemetery, the many new and hand- 
 some private dwellings and the beautiful scenery which aroused the enthusiasm of N. 
 P. Willis, combine to make Culpepper a place of unusual attraction. A little below 
 the town, a cutting through rock, so obstinate alike to the pick and the blast that it 
 ])roke every contractor who undertook it, and had finally to be completed by the company, 
 will attract the geologist and others who are curious about such matters. In revolu- 
 tionary times Culpepper County was famed for its " Minute Men," who, as Randolph 
 of Roanoke said, "were raised in a minute, armed in a minute, marched in a minute, 
 fought in a minute and vanquished in a minute ;" but of late years has been dis- 
 tinguished by its Agricultural Society, whose exhibitions have at times rivaled those of 
 the State Agricultural Society at Richmond. 
 
 MITCHELL'S AND RAPIDAN. 
 
 Mitchell's Station is 69 miles from Alexandria, and 7 from the county seat, Cul- 
 pepper. The battle of Slaughter's, better known as Cedar Mountain, was fought near 
 this place on the 9th of August, 1862. Two miles from this, and immediately on the 
 line of the railroad, there is an excellent vein of magnetic iron ore, and near the same 
 locality a mineral containing seventy-one per cent of silica, which has stood extraordi- 
 nary tests of heat. This amount of silica so near the surface, with a good soil over it, 
 makes it the best natural soil known to grape culture, the fruit on the vines being as 
 perfect as when a mountain elevation is had. Commencing here and running in the 
 direction of the Rapidan valley, are to be found exceedingly fine grass lands. Large 
 crops of hay, the usual cereal productions, and large amounts of sumac are annually 
 shipped from this station. 
 
 Rapidan Station, five miles south of Mitchell's, deserves special attention be- 
 cause of its exquisite scenery and its prolific, well-tilled soil. Nowhere on the line is 
 there a spot which so forcibly recalls the best portions of the North. The place has a 
 reputation almost national for beauty and fertility. From the station little idea can be 
 formed of the varied and charming landscapes that are commanded by the eminences 
 on which the homes of the well-to-do farmers are situated. On one side are the rolling 
 dark-red hills of (3range, on the other the plains of Culpepper, yellow with wheat ; in 
 the 'middle distance are two small mountains of symmetrical form ; to the east is the 
 bold and rugged summit of Clarke's Mountain, which was Lee's signal station during 
 the war ; far to the west and south runs the azure wall of the Blue Ridge, and in the 
 midst is the silver river, gently winding down the valley. Wealthy merchants of Bal- 
 timore and Richmond have their country homes here, and a generous rivalry in farm- 
 ing, with ample means and a soil that was originally rich, has made Rapidan as near an 
 earthly Paradise as one is apt to find in the world. 
 
 The Rapidan River was for many months the dividing line between the Northern 
 and Southern armies, as earthworks still show. A dam across the stream makes a 
 beautiful waterfall, which may be seen from the station, and develops abundant power 
 for the flouring mills adjacent. Corn, wheat, oats, etc., are grown in vast quantities, 
 
VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILWAY. IJ 
 
 and of late years great attention has been paid to hay, which has proved a most 
 remunerative crop. Fat beeves, sheep and hogs of improved breeds abound, but 
 comparatively little attention is bestowed upon dairy products. The village itself is 
 quite small, but the country around is thickly settled with people, all of whom appear 
 to be in easy, and many in prosperous, circumstances. 
 
 WATER POWER ALONG THE VIRGINIA MIDLAND 
 
 RAILWAY. 
 
 Although the mill at Rapidan is one of the few visible from the car window as 
 the traveler goes southward on the Virginia Midland Railway, it must not be inferred 
 that there is in any of the counties along the line a deficiency of water courses or of 
 the power which they afford. Quite the contrary. No State of its size in the globe 
 can boast so many great rivers as Virginia, and the Midland Road, running the whole 
 length of the Piedmont region, necessarily cuts these rivers and many of their affluents 
 at points more or less near their sources in the mountains, and just where their power 
 is most available. On this head we cannot do better than to quote from the excellent 
 "Descriptive Account of the Virginia Midland Railroad," wdiich was published a few 
 years ago by Dr. J. C. Hill, of Alexandria, and to which we have been, as we shall 
 hereafter be, indebted. Dr. Hill says : 
 
 "From the Potomac, at Alexandria, to the River Dan, on the North Carolina 
 border, fine water powers abound. All the great water courses of the State head in or 
 beyond the Piedmont district, are necessarily crossed by the tracks of the Virginia 
 Midland Railroad, and many of them at, or near these crossings, afford splendid 
 water-power facilities." Those at Alexandria on the Potomac, at Lynchburg on the 
 James, and at Danville on the Dan, are treated of in the enumeration of the respective 
 resources of these places. 
 
 Four miles below the railroad crossing, on the Rappahannock River, at a place 
 called Wheatley's Mills, is one of the cheapest as well as most superior water-powers 
 to be found in any country. The whole stream in the river can be turned out by a 
 dam three feet high into a place called Marsh Run, giving to the power a fall of forty- 
 four feet, with a capacity to build up innumerable industries, the values of which 
 would be almost incalculable, enough to supply, if properly economized, the wants of 
 an entire State. 
 
 In Culpepper and Orange counties, on the Rapidan and tributaries, there are 
 numerous powers, with a maximum fall of fifteen feet. In Nelson on the Rockfish, 
 in Amherst on the Buffalo, and other streams in Campbell on the James and others, 
 and in Pittsylvania on the Staunton and Dan rivers, there are powers of magnitude 
 enough to run the machinery of the State of Massachusetts. This does not include 
 streams of minor capacity, with power sufficient to operate the ordinary grist, saw and 
 flour mills. These water courses, besides answering the purposes of manufacturing, 
 could, in many places, be utilized for irrigation. 
 
 ORANGE. 
 
 Orange, the county which the Virginia Midland Railway next enters, derives its 
 name from the color of its soil, and originally embraced all of Virginia west of the 
 Blue Ridge. Beautifully diversified, it seems made expressly for the suburban homes 
 of gentlemen of means who live in cities. In almost every vale there is a stream ; 
 from every hilltop a beautiful view. The air is pure. The natives love their county 
 with inexpressible devotion. It is a favored land. Much of it has been injured by 
 exhausting crops and slovenly farming, but its recuperative power is very great. 
 
1 8 EXCURSION GUIDE OF THE 
 
 Colonel John Willis contends that Orange is better for grazing purposes than the 
 Valley or the counties of Southwest Virginia. "Whether or not, " says he, "these 
 views are just as to cattle grazing, it will scarcely be questioned that our red hills are 
 the favored home of sheep. Well-drained hills to graze and sleep on, pure and 
 abundant water, winters not too cold nor summers too hot, grasses abundant, but not 
 too luxuriant or succulent ; our sheep are always healthy, and foot ail, rot, and all 
 other diseases often so fatal to sheep, are rarely found in our flocks. With common 
 Western ewes a farmer may triple and often quadruple his outlay in fifteen or eighteen 
 months. This, too, with a very small consumption of grain or other provender." 
 
 Better corn land cannot be found, and, of course, there is iron — the color of the 
 soil leaves no doubt on that point. Near Madison River station, four miles from the 
 county seat, veins of red, yellow and brown hematite run for a long distance in close 
 proximity to the track of the Virginia Midland Raihvay, and quite recently a Penn- 
 sylvania company has leased, and is actively working the mines on the lands of Major 
 Erasmus Taylor. Veins 25 feet thick are found. Near this same station valuable 
 marble and limestone deposits have been profitably worked. 
 
 Orange Court House — The Wilderness. 
 
 The best way to reach the battlefields of the Wilderness and of Spottsylvania Court 
 House is to take the Virginia Midland Railway at Washington for the county seat of 
 Orange, 86 miles distant. There a narrow-gauge road, 40 miles long, will conduct 
 the traveler to the fields so desperately fought over by Grant and Lee, and also to 
 Fredericksburg, a quaint old town, well worth visiting for its own sake as well as for 
 that of the battles which occurred in and around it. Not far from the narrow-gauge 
 line are the gold fields from which Commodore Stockton reaped such a harvest, and 
 which, it is confidently expected, will yield still richer harvests in time to come when 
 thoroughly developed. 
 
 Orange Village contained in 1880 a population of 763. Its importance has been 
 much enhanced since the completion of the narrow-gauge road to Fredericksburg and 
 the continuation of the Virginia Midland Railway directly to Charlottesville, instead 
 of the indirect route by way of Gordonsville, where for many years the Midland Road 
 made connections with Charlottesville via the Chesapeake and Ohio Road. For the 
 benefit, partly of local and partly also of through passenger traffic northward, trains 
 still run daily over the nine-mile link between Orange and Gordonsville. Situated 
 upon commanding and beautiful hills, Orange and the country immediately around it 
 contain, it is said, more elegant residences than any of the towns along the line of this 
 road. It has a court-house, an Episcopal, a Baptist, a Methodist and Presbyterian 
 churches ; two weekly newspapers, one or two good hotels, and several good boarding- 
 houses, with ample accommodations for resident, transient and Summer visitors ; good 
 public and private schools ; and quite a number of mercantile stores and other similar 
 improvements. During the war a conflict took place in this town between the Federal 
 and Confederate forces, commanded respectively by General Broadhead and Colonel 
 William E. Jones ; and another, a very severe (jne, at Rochelle, about six miles from 
 Orange Court House ; Generals Kilpatrick and Buford commanding the Federals, and 
 General J. E. B. Stuart the Confederates. 
 
 MONTPELIER. 
 
 President Zachary Taylor was born in Orange County, the house of his nativity 
 being, as some assert, still in existence. James Waddel, the blind preacher, whose 
 eloquence is so glowingly described in Wirt's "British Spy," lived and preached in 
 
VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILWAY. 
 
 19 
 
 Orange. The house in which he lived still stands near Gordonsville. Patrick Henry 
 and Governor Barbour both conlirm Wirt's account of his marvelous oratorical 
 powers. About four miles from Orange Court House, on an eminence and amidst 
 grand old trees is Montpelier, or more correctly INIontpellier, the country seat of James 
 
 MONTPELIER, NEAP. ORANGE COURT HOUSE, VA. 
 
 Madison, President of the United States from 1809 to 18 17. It is a noble edifice, a 
 gentleman's home. Originally it was furnished with plain but rich furniture, and or- 
 namented with busts, pictures, etc., most of which have been scattered amongst his 
 connections who live in this and other counties. An extensive lawn surrounds the 
 house, level as a floor in front, and commanding a magnificent view of the mountains, 
 but in the rear falling into a lovely green dell, shaded by tall trees. On the east is a 
 large garden, containing a great variety of native and exotic plants and fruit trees. Mr. 
 Madison died at Montpelier, June 28th, 1836, at the great age of 87. His tomb, and 
 that of his wife, together with others of his family, are inclosed in a little cemetery a 
 few hundred yards in front of the house. After many vicissitudes, Montpelier House 
 and the large and valuable farm attached to it have passed into the hands of Northern 
 purchasers, whose purpose, it is said, is to place it in that thorough repair which it has 
 so long needed. 
 
 GORDONSVILLE. 
 
 Gordonsville, the former junction of the Virginia Midland with the Chesapeake 
 and Ohio Railroad, has a population of fifteen hundred, with forty stores ami places of 
 business, four manufacturing establishments, several hotels and boarding-houses, one 
 newspaper — Gordonsville Gazette— ^we churches, six schools, three livery stables, etc. 
 The buildings, almost all of wood, have been put up hastily, yet the most of them are 
 in good taste and well suited to the purpose for which they are intended. Gordons- 
 ville must continue to be a place of considerable trade, as most of Greene and Madi- 
 son, and portions of Albemarle, Orange and Louisa are tributary to it. 
 
 The country around Gordonsville is so attractive, and the society so good, that 
 many Englishmen and Northerners have chosen it in preference to any other part of the 
 
20 
 
 EXCURSION GUIDE OF THE 
 
 State. The late Dr. Cadmus, of New York, on a farm near the village, entered largely 
 into the culture of grapes and the manufacture of wine, an industry which is still more 
 largely followed in the adjoining county of Albemarle. Improved breeds of horses, 
 cattle, sheep, pigs, etc., have occupied the attention of the English settlers and of 
 native Virginians as well, and the peculiarly English feature of monthly or bi-monthly 
 fairs for the sale of horses, etc., imparts to Gordonsville a life and animation not often 
 seen in Virginia. Board is so reasonable, living so abundant, the climate so healthful, 
 and access to the cities so easv that many families make Gordonsville their Summer 
 
 home. 
 
 SOMERSET AND BARBOURSVILLE. 
 
 Returning to the main line of the Virginia Midland Railway at Orange, we pass 
 en route to Charlottesville, on the newly constructed link, the stations of Somerset, 
 Barboursville and Bethel, places of minor importance as yet, but destined to the 
 growth that almost invariably attends railway stations located in good farming dis- 
 tricts. The fertile soil and charming scenery on the western base of the southwest 
 mountain range long ago drew to this region, secluded as it then was, one of Virginia's 
 most distinguished sons. Governor James Barbour, whose home, now occupied by his 
 no less distinguished son, B.Johnson Barbour, Ese]. , may be seen immediately on the 
 left of the road as we approach Barboursville Station. Now that the rail has reached 
 this hitherto isolated section, the quiet little village of Barboursville and the adjoining 
 county of Greene, which lies right under the shadow of some of the boldest peaks of 
 the Blue Ridge, together with its equally attractive neighbor, Madison County, will 
 become points of special interest to those who seek the tonic and the balm of our 
 Virsrinia Hitrhlands. 
 
 bird's-eye view of CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA., FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 CHARLOTTESVILLE. 
 
 The approach to Charlottesville on the Virginia Midland Railway, along a range 
 of low wooded hills and through a narrow valley, gives no conception of the magnifi- 
 cent county of Albemarle into which we have now entered. To see it to advantage, to 
 
VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILWAY 
 
 21 
 
 study its man_v points of interest, one must give tliis goodly county a day or two, or 
 still better, a week or two, on horseback or in an open vehicle. Nor in the space 
 allotted us is it possible to do more than enumerate the manifold objects which in 
 town and country imperatively claim the attention of the historian, the scholar, the 
 scientist, the artist, the farmer, the manufacturer. l"he University of Virginia ; Mon- 
 ffcello, the home of Jefferson, on its lofty and beautiful plateau ; his mutilated tomb 
 on the mountain side below ; the Brooke's Museum of Natural History, with its 
 fat simile of the INIammoth, the only one in the United States ; the Observatory 
 for the great telescope, given by Cyrus McCormick ; the Ragged Mountains, 
 made famous by one of Edgar A. Poe "s weirdest stories ; the woolen mills ; the 
 cellars of the Monticello Wine Company, whose native wines received the prize 
 at the Paris Exhibition ; the stock farm of S. W. Ficklen, Esq. ; the farm of Mr. 
 Brennan, formerly of New York, well-nigh perfect in its every aspect ; the cultured 
 and polished society of the University of Charlottesville — turn where you will there is 
 something to edify ana to charm. Wisc was the forethought of the philosophic states- 
 man in selecting Albemarle as the site of that institution of learning of which, next to 
 the Declaration of Independence, he was most proud — poetic the faculty which 
 prompted him to build the house of his fame amid scenery that is lovely even to fasci- 
 nation. And how pathetic the lately printed declaration of his gifted granddaughter, 
 that "of the ten thousand acres once owned by Jefferson, all that now remains is lOo 
 square feet of burial ground and a tomb hacked to pieces by vandals." 
 
 Charlottesville is on the right bank of the Rivanna River, and immediately on 
 the line of the Virginia Midland Railway, at the intersection with the Chesapeake and 
 Ohio Railroad. It was incorporated in 1762, and named in honor of Queen Char- 
 lotte. It is iiS miles from Alexandria, 115 miles from Washington City, 97 miles 
 
 MUSEUM AT THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 from Richmond and 20 miles from the base of the Blue Ridge. The University of 
 Virginia, founded in 1825, is beyond question one of the most famous schools in the 
 Union. Its standard is higher and its examinations more rigid than those of any other 
 
22 EXCURSION GUIDE OF THE 
 
 school whatever in the United States. Before the war its average attendance was 600 
 students ; now, owing to the impoverishment of the Southern people, the numbers 
 rarely exceed 400. Near the University grounds are buried 1,500 Confederate soldiers. 
 The town contains nine churches, embracing almost every creed ; two weekly news- 
 papers — the Jeffersonian Repuhlican and the Chronicle — three job printing ofifices, four 
 public and six private schools, three hotels and a number of private boarding-houses, 
 two national and two savings banks, two livery stables, a large number of mercantile 
 stores, and, in addition to these, a smoking tobacco and cigar factory, plough, broom, 
 wheat, fan, carriage and wagon establishments, and one foundry. Outside of the town 
 the Charlottesville Woolen Mills, heretofore spoken of, are doing a large and lucra- 
 tive business. The cigar factory manufactures near a million of cigars annually. Two 
 wine companies have been organized. The wine made here of the native grape is 
 large in quantity and excellent in quality. The surrounding country produces every- 
 thing grown in this latitude, and the lands command the highest market prices. 
 
 The Miller School. 
 
 In the well-named Ragged Mountains there was born, early in this or late in 
 the last century, a boy named Samuel Miller. Illegitimate, obscure, poor as poverty 
 itself, absolutely without education, this boy's destiny was to eclipse in real life the 
 dreams in which Poe's imagination rioted when he chose as the scene of his story the 
 wild hills among which this poor boy was born. Samuel Miller, at the time of his 
 death, some twenty years ago, was the richest man in Virginia. He had no legitimate 
 heir. He made a few small, private bequests, left a large sum to the University of 
 Virginia, founded an orphan asylum in Lynchburg, and then the bulk of his fortune 
 (which originally amounted to millions, but had been sadly shorn by losses of many 
 kinds) went to the endowment of a manual labor school for poor boys ; first of Albe- 
 marle County and next of the State at large. In memory of his humble origin, and 
 at his special request, this school was built in the very heart of the scenes of his child- 
 hood, and there it now stands— a marvel of architectural solidity and beauty, startling 
 the beholder, in spite of his mental preparation, by its strong contrast with the un- 
 tamed solitude around it. It is admirably managed, has one hundred occupants, who 
 are at no expense whatever, from the time they enter until they leave, and is undoubt- 
 edly doing a great deal of good in a direction where there is the greatest need. 
 
 Grape Culture and Wine Manufacture. 
 Grapes flourish everywhere along the line of the Virginia Midland Railway, the 
 slopes of the Bull Run range, the Southwest mountains and the foot hills of the Blue. 
 Ridge, being their natural habitat. On many farms in many counties grapes are ex- 
 tensively grown for sale in the Northern markets ; but nowhere has grape culture 
 and wine-making attained such proportions as in Albemarle County, which promises 
 to become the centre of this industry on the Atlantic side of the continent. In view 
 of this fact, we again quote from Dr. Hill's valuable little book. He says, page 14 : 
 " The Superintendent of Garden and Grounds, in his annual report for 1869 to Con- 
 gress, speaking of the most healthy grape of the Northern States, says : 'Of course, 
 its quality is generally improved by the length and genialty of the season of growth ; 
 for example : Those who are familiar with the fruit only as the production of Massa- 
 chusetts would not recognize its flavor and vinous character when ripened in Virginia. 
 The mountain slopes and plateaus in Virginia and other Southern States must be 
 looked upon as the great producing regions on this continent for a certain class of fine 
 wines, not excepting California and other favored sections of the Pacific coast. We 
 
VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILWAY 
 
 23 
 
 must depend upon this section for the coming wine grape. '"' Dr. Hill continues : 
 "There is hardly a doubt about the truth of these statements, which apply equally 
 well to a district of comparatively flat land running through Culpepper County, Vir- 
 ginia, the substrata rock of which contains, by analysis made for the writer at the 
 Smithsonian Institute in Wasb-agtun City, 71 per cent, of silica. The absorbing 
 power of this metamorphic rock is extraordinary, and secures beyond question what 
 is absolutely necessary for the grape-drainage. Indeed, the most experienced and sci- 
 entific vineyardist could not have ordered the making of a better vineland, except as to 
 elevation. Vigorous native grape vines, however, can be seen in many places running- 
 on the ground, with fruit as fine and sound as if it had the greatest possible elevation. 
 Possessing this advantage, the Virginia grape has others of value to the vineyardist. 
 It can be easily cultivated and manured ; the fruit readily gathered and carted out, and 
 being immediately on the line of the Virginia Midland Railway, shipped to market 
 at trifling cost. This land should command the highest price known among vine- 
 growers, and yet, on account of the lack of knowledge of these important facts, is 
 comparatively cheap. In addition, it is a fine natural grass land, and, in support of 
 the theory advanced, and contrary to the well-established one of 'the green belt' or 
 'vernal zone.' has the earliest Spring and the latest Fall grapes, which would materi- 
 ally tend to establish the fact that the absorption qualities of the substrata rock re- 
 ferred to act as chief agent in producing these results. The metamorphic rock has, 
 besides the 71 per cent, of silica, 10 of lime and several of alumina and potash, and 
 when pulverized by natural or artificial modes, restores to the soil the elements which 
 are so necessary to the full development and growth of the plant." In regard to the 
 yield and prices of grapes grown on lands through which the Virginia Midland Rail- 
 way runs, Dr. Hill makes the following statements: "Messrs. Miller & Wood, of 
 Rappahannock County: Concords, 5,000 pounds; Catawbas, 2,500 pounds; Dela- 
 ware, 1,000 pounds; Clinton, 2,000 pounds per acre; average price five cents per 
 pound. Best, market grape, the Catawba. Mr. Wm. Hotop, of Charlottesville, fourteen 
 acres, in Delaware, Norton, Iris and Concord. The Delaware brought in New York 
 15 cents. Iris 11 cents, and Concord 8 cents per pound, ^h: H. M. Armistead, of 
 Campbell County, from a vineyard of three acres and three thousand vines made 800 
 gallons of wine per acre, which sells from |2. 50 to $5 per gallon. The vines are Iris, 
 Concord, Ionia, Alvey, Delaware, Rogers' No. 14 and 15, Hartford, Clinton and 
 Catawba, six to eight years in bearing. These grapes are comparatively free from rot 
 and mildew, and are all superior for wine or table use." 
 
24 EXCURSION GUIDE OF THE 
 
 THE CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO RAILROAD-THE VIR- 
 GINIA SPRINGS AND SUMMER RESORTS. 
 
 It has been stated that at Charlottesville the Virginia Midland Railway unites with 
 the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad just at the point where the latter begins in earnest 
 the ascent from the uplands of the Piedmont District to the high grades that lead to 
 the summit of the Blue Ridge INIountains at Rocktish Gap. It is almost needless to 
 add that this great road — the Chesapeake and Ohio — traverses the boldest and most 
 picturesque scenery in Virginia, and in its course virtually monopolizes the most cele- 
 brated watering places within its borders. The bare enumeration of these springs 
 would fill a page or more of this book ; an account of their curative properties would 
 occupy our whole space, and a description of their scenic and social attractions would 
 swell the pamphlet into an octavo volume. And if, in addition to all this, a detailed 
 recital of the towns, the villages, the farms, the mineral lands, the forests of timber, 
 the ore banks, the furnaces (constantly increasing in numbers and magnitude), and 
 the coal measures, with the accessories of their constant and progressive development, 
 were given, the octavo volume would assume the proportions of a library. A mere 
 outline of the more important features of the Chesapeake and Ohio road is all that is 
 here possible. 
 
 From the delicious and varied scenery at Rockfish Gap, the road quickly descends 
 to Waynesboro, in Augusta County, where it intersects the Shenandoah Valley Road, 
 which, within the year, has been prolonged to Roanoke, on the Norfolk and Western 
 Railroad. Staunton, with its many asylums and female schools, its bustle and its 
 thrift, is now reached, and at Buffalo Gap the North Mountain is crossed — Elliott's 
 Knob, the highest peak of the Blue Ridge, dominating the scene. Many Summer re- 
 sorts of local note have been passed and we have entered the iron region, as the fur- 
 nace on the right shows. At Goshen we cross the headwaters of the James River, and 
 are almost within sight of the romantic Goshen Pass, through which a stage road leads 
 to the academic town of Lexington, where Lee and Stonewall Jackson lie buried, 
 near the institutions of learning with which their names are inseparably associated. 
 En route are the Cold Sulphur Springs and the Rockbridge Baths. At Millboro, a 
 neat and growing village, with a hotel of enviable repute, passengers leave the railway 
 for the famous thermal waters of Bath County, the Hot and the Warm Springs, and 
 also for the Jordan and Rockbridge Alum Springs. Descending the Alleghany range 
 on which Millboro is situated, and passing the station near Longdale furnace, the 
 Chesapeake and Ohio road at Williamson's unites with the Richmond and Alleghany 
 Road very close to the justly celebrated scenery at Clifton Forge. A few miles further 
 on is the great Lowmoor furnace, beyond which is Covington, the point of departure 
 for the Healing Springs. Here begins the bold and costly gradients by which the 
 great centre of attraction, the White Sulphur Springs, is reached in its mountain fast- 
 ness. Midway (or a little beyond) the ascent of this portion of the Appalachian chain 
 is Alleghany Station, from which stages run to the Old Sweet and the Sweet Chalybeate 
 or Red Sweet Springs. As to the recent improvements of the White Sulphur, it is 
 enough to say that the immense enlargement of the main hotel, begun last Summer, has 
 been completed, and continued by the introduction of all the modern facilities and 
 conveniences, additional drainage and sewerage, more new cottages, a large lake, a 
 race-course, etc., the determination of the proprietors being to keep "The White" 
 fully abreast with the times and with the demands which will be made upon it, in com- 
 mon with the other Virginia Springs, in consequence of the westward and eastward 
 extensions of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad. 
 
VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILWAY. 
 
 sinBiiiiiiinii 
 
 liliiisiilillHltllUS 
 
 ^ ^^,^ 
 
 KANAWHA FALLS, C. AND O. RAILWAY. 
 
 Beyond the White Sulphur are the Salt Sulphur, the Red Sulphur and other 
 Springs, the wooded chasms that have been cloven by the limpid waters of the Green- 
 brier River, the mingling streams at Hinton, the forges and conical hills at Quinne- 
 mont, the dizzy inclines at Sewell and a dozen other places, the towering precipices at 
 Hawk's Nest, the gray and awful canon of New River, the junction of the New River 
 with the Gaoley, the great Falls of the Kanawha, the mining towns at Cannelton, 
 Blacksburg, Coalburg and elsewhere ; Charleston, the capital of West Virginia, with 
 its busy industries, its little stern-wheel steamers — the first infallible note of the West 
 — and so on to the young city of Huntingdon, on the banks of the Ohio, and thence 
 again to Lexington in the heart of the renowned blue grass region of Kentucky, from 
 which point the Chesapeake and Ohio, a true trans-continental railroad, aspires to and 
 will soon attain, by links rapidly nearing completion, the Pacific Ocean. Already on 
 
26 EXCURSION GUIDE OF THE 
 
 the east, the line that stretches from Richmond over the historic peninsula between the 
 York and the James rivers, pierces the ancient and long-isolated seats of the earliest 
 civilization in America, terminating at the grand haven of Newport News, in sight of 
 Hampton, Old Point Comfort, Fortress Monroe, Norfolk and the Capes of Virginia, 
 that look across the Atlantic to Gibraltar and the coasts of Africa. 
 
 By special arrangements between the two companies, the Virginia Midland and 
 the Chesapeake and Ohio railways are enabled to transport passengers from the North 
 and East on a faster schedule, in a more commodious manner and with fewer changes 
 than by any other route whatsoever to the White Sulphur Springs, and from that place, 
 as a radiating centre, the two roads have it in their power to offer visitors such inter- 
 changes from mountain heights to sea-shore breezes, and such variety of excursions as 
 defy competition on the part of other roads. In the morning the invalid may inhale 
 the ozone and feast on the mountain mutton, the trout and the venison of the Alle- 
 ghanies, and at night regale himself on the hogfish, sheepshead, the crabs, terrapins 
 and oysters of the Hygeia Hotel at Old Point Comfort, while his ears are ravished by the 
 plash of the waves and his lungs refreshed' by the salt air of the Chesapeake Bay. If a 
 longer excursion be desired, what could be better than a trip of a week or ten days' dura- 
 tion, extending from "The White," via Charlottesville, to the great tobacco centres at 
 Lynchburg and Danville, thence to Salisbury in the gold section of North Carolina, 
 and thence again through the glorious mountain regions of Western North Carolina, 
 along the bright Swannanoa to Asheville, thronged with countless Summer visitors, and 
 down the impetuous French Broad River to the Warm Springs and Paint Rock, thence 
 on to Morristown, Tenn., from which place the traveler, completing his detour, 
 would return via the East Tennessee and Georgia Railroad and the Norfolk and Western 
 Railroad, through the beautiful scenery of Southwestern Virginia to Lynchburg, and 
 so back by Charlottesville to the White Sulphur again. But this is only one of the 
 many charming excursions which the rapid integration of the great passenger routes 
 and the interchange of railroad courtesies and facilities will offer to the invalid and 
 tourist who seeks health and recreation in the Virginia mountains. 
 
 NELSON AND AMHERST COUNTIES. 
 
 (fruit culture. ) 
 Coming back to the main stem of the Virginia INIidland Railway at Charlottes- 
 ville, we encounter on the route to Lynchburg a rough, mountainous section, not at 
 all inviting to the eye of the agriculturist. But on each side, beyond the rude hills 
 near the track, are pleasant valleys and good farming lands. On the left, not many 
 miles away, lies the rich valley of the James River, where very recently the tardy 
 course of traffic by canal has given place to the rapid transit of the Richmond and 
 Alleghany Railroad. Indications of ore increase — nor are they mere indications, for 
 on the northern bank of the James, in the belt of countr\- between the river and the 
 Virginia Midland Road, the aggregate mineral wealth — augmenting as we approach 
 Lynchburg — is incalculable. We have also entered, par e.xcellcjice, the fruit region. 
 All parts of Nelson County are well adapted to the growth of fruit, but especially of 
 apples and grapes. The finest and largest apples exhibited at the annual meeting of 
 the Pomological Society of the United States, held at Boston, Mass., in the fall of 
 1873, came from Nelson County. The two most excellent varieties were the Albe- 
 marle Pippin and the Pilot. The former has heretofore been considered superior to 
 all others, but the latter, which has its habitat in Nelson, surpas.sed, it is said, even the 
 famous pippin in some of its qualities. Dr. Hill has gathered the following facts in 
 regard to apples, etc., in this and other counties along the Virginia Midland Railway: 
 
VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILWAY. 
 
 27 
 
 
 GRIFFITH'S KXOB, C. ANP O. RAIIAVAV. 
 
 "The Agricultural Bureau Report of 1871 shows that Mr. C. Gillingham of 
 Accotink, Fairfax County, has a nursery of one hundred acres of peaches, one hun- 
 dred of apples and ten of pears. From five hundred peach trees three hundred 
 bushels of peaches were sold, at an average price of $1 per bushel. The pears 
 brought $4 per bushel. I\Ir. Gillingham recommends as the best apples for early 
 marketing, 'Edward's Early," Hagloe, Astrachan, and Early Ripe ; of Fall apples, the 
 Grovenstein. the Fall Pippin, and the Maiden's Blush ; and of Winter apples, the 
 Albemarle Pippin, Abram. Bowling's Sweet, Ridge Pippin, etc. 
 
 "Messrs. Miller & "Wood, Washington, Rappahannock County, have one hundred 
 acres in apples, thirtv-two feet apart, with peach trees intervening. The apple trees 
 yielded last year one hundred and fifty bushels per acre, worth $1.25 per bushel. The 
 crop was shortened one-third by the drought. Their best market variety is the Pippin. 
 
28 EXCURSION (lUIDE OF THE 
 
 " I\Ir. James Newman, Gordonsville, Orange County, has two hundred bearing 
 apple trees, averaging twelve bushels each, or three hundred bushels per acre, worth 
 twenty-eight to thirty cents per bushel at the oixhard. The loss of trees is about two 
 per cent, per annum, from unknown causes. The loss of fruit is rare. The Albe- 
 marle Pippin is the best market variety. This is a very low estimate of what can be 
 done in the way of fruit-raising in this locality. Mr. Goss, of Orange County, has a 
 great reputation as an apple grower." 
 
 "Mr. R. E. Davis, Nelly's Ford, Nelson County, has three thousand bearing 
 apple trees on eighty-nine acres. The yield per annum ranges from one to fifteen 
 bu.shels per tree; losses, about twenty per cent. He prefers, as the market varieties, 
 the Pippin, Esopus, Spitzenberg, Baldwin, etc." 
 
 In this, and the adjoining county of Amherst, the annual proceeds of certain 
 orchards pay the entire original cost of the lands. 
 
 "Mr. John C. Murrell, Campbell Court House, raises three hundred bushels of 
 apples per acre, worth fifty cents per bushel. His best market varieties are Wine-sap, 
 Russet and Lady apple. '' 
 
 Nelson County, formed from Amherst in 1807, and named for Thomas Nelson, 
 who was Governor of Virginia in 1771, is about twenty-six miles long and twenty 
 broad. It is watered by the Rockfish, Tye and Piney rivers, the first emptying into 
 the James at Howardsville, the others uniting and emptying in at New Market. These 
 and other mountain streams give to the country a superabundance of fine water-power 
 for manufacturing purposes. 
 
 Amherst County was formed from Albemarle County in 1761, and is about twenty- 
 two miles long and nineteen wide. It is watered by the Pedlar, Buffalo and numerous 
 smaller streams. The passage of the James through the Blue Ridge is a magnificent 
 spectacle. The Richmond and Alleghany Railroad, from Lynchburg to the county of 
 Rockbridge, winds along the mountains through scenes most wild and romantic. 
 Lofty mountains rise on every side, and shadow the ravines and rapids below. Nothing 
 more sublime in all the length of this mountain chain from the Potomac to the James. 
 
 The soil of this county is naturally fertile, of a dark, rich, red hue, and the scenery 
 beautifully diversified. The productions are tobacco, wheat, corn, oats, rye and fruits. 
 The apples grown here, as in the county of Nelson, are of a very superior quality. 
 Recently large veins of magnetic and brown hematite iron ores have been discovered, 
 and are being developed by local and foreign capital. Discoveries have been made of 
 a great many other valuable mineral substances. Years ago gold was found, *and a 
 rich variety of copper was worked. Barytes, manganese, plumbago, emery, limestone, 
 marble, slate, soapstone and kaolin have also been found. Different kinds of mineral 
 springs have been discovered, but none of them improved or frequented. 
 
 Since the war, and more particularly since the reaction from the panic of 1873, 
 the county seat of Amherst, in common with other towns along the Virginia Midland 
 Railway, has exhibited an activity unknown in the old days. Population about 600 ; 
 a newspaper, many stores, churches, etc. ; scenery very beautiful ; climate all that heart 
 can ask ; living abundant — in a word, a first-rate Summering place for flimilies and 
 children. 
 
 LYNCHBURG. 
 
 Precipitous as Quebec : " live," almost, as Chicago ; famous throughout the world 
 for its smoking and chewing tobaccos .; noted all over the United States for the 
 indomitable push of its inhabitants ; an important railroad centre ; romantically 
 situated, with water as pure as air, and air like the ether itself Lynchburg, the portal 
 of the busy and prolific Southwest, proudly surveys the magnificent scenery far stretched 
 
VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILWAY 
 
 29 
 
 RAIIAVAY BRinCiE ACROSS JAMES RIVER CANAL AT LYNCHBURG, VA. 
 
 on every side around her. Time was when Lvnchburt;- truthfully claimed to be, with a 
 solitary exception, the wealthiest c\iy per capita on the American Continent, and wealth 
 is there still. Tobacco holds sway, as it has done for near a century, but the day is not 
 distant when iron in its various forms will eclipse the Indian weed, and Lynchburg will 
 become the Pittsburgh of Virginia, and perhaps of the South; 
 
 A bewildering scene meets the eye of the traveler as he alights at the Midland 
 Station in Lynchburg. Such a medley of railways and water courses is rarely ever seen 
 outside, and still less inside, of a city. The Virginia Midland,- the Norfolk and Western 
 and the Richmond and Alleghany railways all come together just at the confluence of 
 Blackwater Creek, with the James River and Kanawha Canal (or what is left of it) 
 and the James River itself. Factories, mills, foundries, railway shops, lumber and 
 coal yards, saw and planing mills, are all piled together in a narrow area under the 
 southern bluffs which cut off all view of the city proper. Truly a stirring scene. 
 
 Named for the author of the summary Lynch law (or for a relative of his) the 
 town had in 1880 a population of about 16,000 : it is now nearer 20,000. 
 
 There are in Lynchburg eight banks and banking houses — two national, three 
 State and three private. The capital in the incorporated banks aggregates $800,000, 
 with a discount line in conjunction with the private banks of about one million and a 
 half; four newspapers — three daily and one weekly; four first-class hotels, and a num- 
 ber of excellent private boarding houses, ten or twelve churches, nine public and sev- 
 eral private schools, water and gas works, a large number of mercantile stores and 
 commission houses, and, on the suburbs, beautiful and commodious fair grounds. 
 These are the property of the Agricultural and Mechanical Society, which has adorned 
 them with well-arranged and appropriate buildings. This society offers annually a 
 large and expensive list of premiums to exhibitors. The most attractive exhibits are 
 the native minerals, and each year the quality and variety entered have increased. 
 
 The great staple of trade and manufacture, however, in this city is tobacco, and 
 it is estimated that there are some seventy or eighty establishments engaged in its 
 
30 
 
 EXCURSION GUIDL OF THE 
 
 RAILWAY BRinOE ACROSS THE JAMES RIVER AT LYNCHBURf?, VA. 
 
 manufacture or manipulation in some form. The Lynchburg brands of smoking and 
 chewing tobacco are those best known in the markets of the world. Ample water 
 power is afforded by the James River for rolling mills, foundries, flour mills, bark and 
 extract manufactories, etc. Few places are so admirably fitted for industrial en- 
 terprises and for every kind of manuflictures. Labor is cheap, living is cheap, water 
 power is cheap and abundant, coal, iron and lumber are within easy reach, railways on 
 the river bank radiate to all points of the compass — all the factors that capital and 
 skill demand are here : and the future of Lynchburg as an industrial centre is beyond 
 peradventurc. 
 
 LrMiiER, Sumac, Oak B.\rk. Small Fruit.s, Etc. 
 
 Campbell C'ountv, in which Lynchburg is situated, and the adjoining county — 
 Pittsvlvania — until penetrated a few years ago by the Danville extension of the Vir- 
 ginia Midland Railway, constituted a terra incognila, so cut off were they from rail- 
 ways. Large tracts of original timber were practically inaccessible and untouched. 
 These have to some extent fallen under the lumberman's axe, Imt much remains and 
 many saw mills are kept busv at different points along the line, or a little distance 
 from it. What is true of these two counties is also true of others that are near the 
 J\Iidland road. The amount of timber, its variety and value, and especially the pines 
 (jf great size that are found in the country south of Lynchburg, deserve more than 
 the passing notice here given. 
 
 Sumac abounds in Virginia. The demand for it being unlimited, large and an- 
 nually increasing amounts are forwarded from every station on the line of the Virginia 
 Midland Railway. It can be gathered at a comparatively small cost, and readily sold 
 for cash to the numerous competing mills in and out of the State. Heretofore, the 
 proprietors of the land permitted the freedmen to collect this article wherever they 
 found it growing. Now, it is getting to be regarded by the owners of the soil (as it 
 deserves to be) more in the light of property, as in some places it yields to the gath- 
 
VIRCilNIA MIDLAND RAILWAY. 3 1 
 
 erer what the owner would consider, under existing circumstances, a fair annual rent 
 for out lands ; and some experts say that, if properly planted, cured and gathered at 
 the proper season, it could be made a paying crop. Certain it is the adaptability of 
 most soils for its production is almost everywhere evident. Two specimens, grown in 
 Virginia, were tested by Miller's method at the Agricultural Bureau at Washington, 
 with the view of substituting it for the foreign article in the manufacture of fine leather, 
 and were found to contain respectively "19^ and 17} percent, of tannin." The 
 extracted dye stuff is said to be superior to the Sicilian variety, 2,000,000 pounds of 
 which are annually imported into the United States. At Alexandria, Culpepper. 
 Orange Court House, Gordonsville, Charlottesville, Lynchburg and other places 
 large mills, many of them steam, are kept going day and night during the gathering 
 and delivering season to meet the demand. Besides, all along the Blue Ridge, in 
 close proximity to the Virginia Midland Railway, grow immense forests of chestnut 
 oak, the bark of which is considered the very best known for tanning purposes. The 
 oak-tanned leather is superior to the hemlock, which latter has been very much dim in- 
 
 
 PANTHER GAP, LOOKING EAST, C. AND O. RAILWA-i 
 
32 
 
 EXCURSION GUIDE OF THE 
 
 ished in the forests of New York, Pennsylvania and other Norlhern and Eastern States, 
 and those engaged in this profitable business will sooner or later have to resort to 
 the better article of chestnut oak in Virginia, where tanneries can be located and run 
 more cheaply and profitably than in other sections of the United States ; and at no 
 distant day this immediate section will become the tanning centre of the Union. 
 Already there has been established at Sperryville, Rappahannock County, by C. C. 
 Smoot & Sons, of Alexandria, a very large branch tannery. They now tan 20,000 
 sides of sole leather, for which they find quick sale in the adjacent cities, and they 
 have made preparations to extend their vat capacity to 30,000 sides, to enable them 
 to supply in part the great demand for pure chestnut oak leather. This article having 
 taken the premium at the recent Vienna Exposition, there is an increasing demand 
 for it that the European market cannot supply, or even compete for, on account of the 
 greater abundance of oak bark supply in this region. 
 
 Small fruits grow in such wanton profusion that it is hard to speak about them 
 with moderation, and well nigh impossible to exaggerate their quantity, variety and 
 excellence. In Orange and its sister counties the section hands have no little trouble 
 in keeping the road bed clear of strawberry vines. The Commissioner of Agriculture 
 says: "The strawberry, raspberry and blackberry are indigenous plants in Virginia. 
 The latter, when cultivated, attains a large size and fine flavor. Large quantities are 
 gathered from the old fields and woods and sold in the Washington market. Other 
 wild fruits are held in high esteem, and are sold at good prices — whortleberries, chin- 
 quepins, chestnuts, walnuts, hickory nuts, etc., etc." Large fields of strawberries are 
 cultivated, and yet the supply falls short of the demand. Raspberries, currants and 
 gooseberries have an increasing demand ; indeed, of these small fruits it may correctly 
 be said that the public appetite " grows by what it feeds upon." In garden vegetables 
 
 lovers' leap, on the JAMES RIVER, orPOSn'E LYNCHBURrr, VA. 
 
 everything required for the most sumptuous table is grown to perfection. To enlighten 
 persons not acquainted with the productions of our soil and climate, Dr. Hill men- 
 tions the following vegetables, grown by the most simple means of cultivation : 
 
VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILWAY 
 
 33 
 
 "Peas, beans, potatoes (both Irish and sweet), watermelons, cantaloupes, pump- 
 kins, squashes, cucumbers, cabbages, turnips, radishes, asparagus, spinach, celery, 
 tomatoes, peanuts, leeks and onions ; " and he might have added lettuce, chickorv, 
 cauliflower, cress and an endless variety of other things, all of which can be profit- 
 ably raised on the various soils to be found in the Piedmont region, and shipped either 
 North or South to good markets. Speaking within bounds, tons of blackberries, 
 dewberries and cherries are allowed each year to rot in the ground or upon the 
 trees, because the people are too indolent or too thoughtless to gather them. Colored 
 men and women have been known to refuse themselves to assist, or allow their children 
 to assist, the whites in gathering cherries, although offered pay in money or half the 
 gathered crop. 
 
 
 HAWK S NEST, FROM SOUTH BANK OF NEW RIVER, C. AND O. RAILWAY. 
 
34 EXCURSION GUIDE OF THE 
 
 SUMMER RESORTS ON THE NORFOLK & WESTERN 
 
 AND thp: 
 
 RICHMOND & ALLEGHANY RAILROADS. 
 
 The breezy liills and the excellent hotels of Lynchburg tempt numbers of people 
 to make that bustling city a Summer resort for weeks and sometimes months together. 
 Each year the numbers increase. But, beginning at Lynchburg, the country along the 
 line of the Norfolk and Western Railroad, like that along the Manassas Division of the 
 Virginia ]\Ldland Railway, becomes in Summer time one vast boarding-house. At 
 the first visit of hot weather the people of Texas and the lower parts of the Gulf 
 States begin to crowd in :-a little later Vicksburg, Memphis and other cities north of 
 the Gulf pour in their tide, and still latter, come the dwellers of the seaboard cities of 
 Virginia and the Carolinas, until almost every farmhouse, and certainly every town, 
 village, hamlet and railway station has its quota of health and pleasure seekers. These, 
 be it remembered, are in addition to the contingent of the regular watering-places. 
 Not unfrequently the hotels and boarding-houses in the towns and villages are, if pos- 
 sible, more crowded than the Springs themselves. Nor is this to be wondered at. 
 Although the watering-places on the Norfolk and Western Railroad have not the national 
 celebrity that some of those on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad have, they are never- 
 theless as numerous, varied and meritorious as the better-known system of medicinal 
 waters on the latter line. 
 
 The Bedford Alum Springs are but ten miles from Lynchburg, and on both sides 
 of the Norfolk and Western Railroad there is a succession of watering-places and Sum- 
 mer resorts stretching from Bedford to the terminus of the line at Bristol, 200 miles 
 away — the Blue Ridge, Coyner's, the Alleghany, the Montgomery, White Sulphui", the 
 Vellow Sulphur, the New River White, the Salt Pond, the Peaks of Otter, Natural 
 Bridge, the Seven Springs, the Washington Springs, the Salt Works at Saltville, the 
 Natural Tunnel, etc. To these add the attractive mountain towns — Liberty, Salem, 
 Wytheville, Christiansburg, Newbern, Marion, Abingdon, the Agricultural College at 
 Blacksburg, and Emory and Henry College near Glade Spring. Of the scenery it is 
 needless to speak — Puncheon River Falls, the White Top, Bald Knob, the New River 
 at Eggleston's and countless others must be seen to be fully appreciated. 
 
 The great extent and richness of the mineral deposits on the Norfolk and Western 
 Railroad, only guessed and scratched at for generations, have now become scientifi- 
 cally known, and have attracted investments already exceeding a million dollars, and 
 rapidly increasing. Every variety of metal — gold, iron, zinc, lead, copper, barytes — 
 crops out of this pactolian soil, and the hands of skill and experience alone are needed 
 to reap the rich fruit. In one single county along the line (Wythe), there are fourteen 
 iron furnaces, with capacities ranging from 1,000 to 3,000 tons, whose yield aggregates 
 over a million of dollars yearly. 
 
 Game is abundant, as well as fish. There is superior mutton, beef, poultry, but- 
 ter and eggs, for the refreshment of the inner man. Board is cheap, the fare excellent 
 and abundant at the various private boarding-houses, and the body being so repaired 
 the mind will be the better enabled to take in the poetic glories of the mountains and 
 the shady forests that hide their eternal crowns. 
 
 The list of Summer resorts in the shape of springs, hotels, boarding-houses and 
 private families, who will entertain visitors during the coming Summer, will be 
 furnished on application to the Norfolk and Western authorities and agents. 
 
 But the point of greatest attraction at this time is the nascent town of Roanoke, 
 formerly called Big Lick. Here the Norfolk and Western Railroad unites with the 
 
VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILWAY. 35 
 
 Shenandoah Valley Road, and here the slow-going folk of old Virginia are about to 
 behold a spectacle hitherto confined to the West, viz., a town springing into full and 
 busy life as if by magic. Seventy-five acres have been leveled to receive the vast 
 depots, station, shops, etc., of the company; upon the hills close by houses for em- 
 ployes are going up literally by the hundred ; in addition to which the Pennsylvania 
 Steel Company is about to erect a furnace of great size, with the necessary buildings 
 and dwellings for its officers and workmen. The population suddenly brought to this 
 obscure hamlet will amount to 4,000 or 5,000 souls, with an e.xpected increase to 8,000 
 or 10,000 — an expectation by no means fanciful, for Roanoke is in the very heart of 
 the best agricultural portion of Virginia and in the midst of scenery of consummate 
 beauty. 
 
 One point we should like long to dwell upon, but must content ourselves by 
 simply touching. It is this : Railroads fail of their moral purpose if they do not bring 
 together the people, especially of the hitherto-discordant sections, and thus weld the 
 national life into a firm and harmonious whole. Why, then, should not the men of 
 the North and East, who flock to the Greenbrier White Sulphur, avail themselves of the 
 opportunity afforded them by excursion tickets to spend a few days among the water- 
 ing places of Southwestern Virginia.^ In no other way can they so easily, and at such 
 trifling cost, acquaint themselves with the men of the South, their wives and children. 
 Putting it upon the lowest plane, the acquaintance thus made could hardly fail to result 
 in business relations which would prove profitable, and at all events the change of base 
 to fresh scenes of natural beauty and to a society wholly different from that which they 
 see at home, would be a novelty at once pleasing and instructive. 
 
 Although the Richmond and Alleghany Railroad has no watering-place of import- 
 ance immediately upon its line, so far as now completed, it can with justice claim to be 
 one of the most attractive roads, in a purely artistic point of view, in or out of Vir- 
 ginia. A valley so fertile and so beautiful as that of James River is seldom found, and 
 beginning with the softer landscapes near Richmond the road, ascending by the gen- 
 tlest grades to the mountains, becomes more and more picturesque each mile of the way 
 until the climax of the bold, the wild, we might almost say the terrible, is reached 
 amid the cloven heights at Balcony Falls, and thence onward to the sublime perspec- 
 tives at Clifton Forge. He who wishes thoroughly to enjoy a trip to the Natural 
 Bridge (which is to be made a rival of the Luray Caverns by its new owner, Mr. 
 Parsons), Lexington, etc., would do well to take the Richmond and Alleghany Railroad. 
 Nor is the scenery all. The road claims, and with good show of reason, to be one of 
 the first mineral roads in the United States. Those who desire to investigate iron ores, 
 in endless variety and boundless in quantity, will be abundantly gratified by a tour 
 over this new claimant for public favor, which undoubtedly has a great destiny and that 
 not distant. 
 
 The Franklin Division. 
 
 At Franklin Junction, about 40 miles from Lynchburg, begins the Franklin Divi- 
 sion. The country to this point is uninteresting and sadly worn by bad tillage. 
 Franklin Division extends a distance of 10 miles to Rocky Mount, the seat of govern- 
 ment of Franklin County. The road is narrow gauge, and along it are numerous de- 
 posits of iron ore, some of them of fine quality. At Pittsville, nine miles from the 
 junction, magnetic ores in great quantity have been mined and shipped to Pennsylvania. 
 From these ores, mingled in due proportion with others, Bessemer steel of excellent 
 quality is said to be made. Crossing Pig River, the road runs up Ridder's Creek to 
 the southern end of Smith's Mountain, and thence by Pen Hook, Union Hall, Glade 
 Hill and White Rock to Rocky Mount. At various points veins of iron and other 
 
2,6 EXCURSION GUIDE OF THE 
 
 minerals intersect the road diagonally. Barytes, limestone, manganese, kaolin, anti- 
 mony, copper, asbestos, nickel, gold and silver are found in greater or less quantities. 
 
 Franklin County, formed in 1784, from Bedford and Henry counties, has the 
 honor of being the birthplace of General Jubal A. Early of Confederate fame. The 
 soil has a clay foundation, and it is well adapted to farming. Very large crops of 
 tobacco, corn, oats and wheat are made. Rocky Mount, the county seat, 179 miles 
 southeast of Richmond, had in 1880 a population of 300, and is rapidly growing. 
 
 The scenery around the village is uncommonly fine. Bald Knob — a mighty 
 rock — rises in lonely grandeur almost within the corporate limits, and from its gray 
 summit green valleys, rounded hills, blue and misty peaks, billowy ranges of moun- 
 tains and a seeming plain that stretches away into the hazy distance, form a panorama 
 of almost unsurpassed magnificence. Easily reached on foot or on horseback, the 
 Knob is the centre of attraction, alike to the young and the old in the pearly morn- 
 ings and golden evenings when Summer brings its recurring throng of visitors. 
 Franklin County is, so to speak, a "brand new" county in the midst of an old State, 
 being but lately opened to rail ; now that it is in communication with "ail the world 
 and the rest of mankind," Rocky Mountain and Bald Knob may reckon upon a large 
 accession of tourists and admirers. 
 
 PITTSYLVANIA COUNTY. 
 
 Pittsylvania County was formed in 1767 from the county of Halifax, and named 
 after the great I'n^lish statesman, William Pitt, afterwards Lord Chatham. It is 
 watered by the Staunton, Banister and Dan rivers, besides numerous creeks and 
 streams. It is remarkable fur the variety and value of its timber and for the superior 
 quality of its tobacco, the land in certain parts of the county being peculiarly adapted 
 to the "bright yellow"' tobacco, which has become so popular since the war. Over 
 and again men have cleared from a single crop of this tobacco enough money to 
 pay for their entire farms. An agent of the Russian government, who had been sent 
 out to study practically the Virginia method of growing tobacco, selected Pittsylvania 
 County as the best field for his experiment, bought a farm, and, after two or three 
 years of cultivation, was so pleased with the result of his farming that when he went 
 back to Russia to make his report, he expressed the wish and the purpose to return 
 to Virginia and make it his home for life. But his government could not spare him. 
 
 Chatham, the county seat, is on a branch of the Banister River, near the centre 
 of the county and immediately on the line of the Virginia Midland Railway. It had 
 in 1880 a population of five hundred, two large tobacco warehouses and several 
 manufactories of tobacco, stores, churches and schools. It is noted for its society and 
 for a hotel, which, more than any other now extant, recalls the Okl ^^irginia Tavern in 
 its prime. 
 
 DANVILLE. 
 
 Danville, the terminus of the Virginia Midland Railway, is situated on the south 
 bank of the River Dan, 239 miles from Washington and 4 miles from the North Caro- 
 lina line. From the number of roads projected and in process of construction to all 
 points South, it bids fair to be one of the principal railway centres of the Southern 
 country. It is a rapidly growing and progressive town, with a population in 1880 of 
 7,536. No town in the State has a more energetic population, and no business men a 
 higher reputation. It has six or eight churches, several excellent colleges and institu- 
 tions of learning for both sexes, a capital hotel, eight warehouses for the sale of leaf 
 tobacco, whole streets of factories for the manufacture of chewing and smoking tobacco, 
 
VIRC;iNIA MIDLAND RATT-WAY. 
 
 37 
 
 
 VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILWAY STATION AT DANVILLE, VA. 
 
 foundries, flour and saw mills, fruit and tobacco box factories, several machine shops, 
 banks, newspapers and almost unlimited water power for manufacturing of every kind. 
 Strangers will be profoundly impressed with Danville. Those who are disposed to 
 twit Virginians for their want of enterprise will be amazed at the push and snap of 
 the people of this indomitable little city. Nowhere in the world do business men work 
 as they do in Danville, and nowhere in the South is there a town which so forcibly re- 
 calls Lowell, Lynn, Fall River and other manufacturing centres of the North and East. 
 Factory after factory, built in the most substantial manner ; swarms of black opera- 
 tives and streams of wagons, laden with the bright yellow tobacco of North Carolina 
 and Virginia, impart to the place a life and activity seen nowhere else in all the South, 
 except at Atlanta. The handsome private dwellings in modern styles, the ornamented 
 grounds, the stately trees, the shrubbery and abundant flowers also recall the North 
 most vividly. Li a word, Danville is the embodiment of energy and progress. 
 
 Danville and New River Railroad. 
 
 From Danville an admirably built, narrow-gauge road runs to Martinsville, the 
 county seat of Henry — a county famous for its tobacco, its timber, its ores, its scenery. 
 etc. The Danville and New River Railroad, for that is its name, will be pushed to a 
 connection with the Norfolk and Western Railroad, at New River Station, and, when 
 completed, will become a most important outlet for the coals and mineral wealth of 
 West Virginia. 
 
 The elevated site of Martinsville, its romantic surroundings, and the fact that it is 
 on the highway to the Pinnacles of the Dan, coupled with the further fact that it has 
 ample accommodation at its hotels and boarding-houses for Summer lodgers, must 
 secure for it a larger patronage than it has heretofore enjoyed, now that access to it is 
 so easy. The population is about four hundred. 
 
 A few miles from Danville, the Danville and New River Railroad connects with 
 another narrow-gauge road, that runs toward Leakesville, Mocksville, etc., in North 
 
38 
 
 EXCURSION GUIDE OF THE 
 
 Carolina, passing en route that charming and fertile district to which Colonel William 
 Byrd, in the " Westover Manuscripts, " gave the appropriate name of the Land of 
 Eden. Among the many attractions of these two roads, the excellent fishing in the 
 streams which they intersect deserves special mention. 
 
 At Danville, the Virginia l\iidland Railway unites with the main stem of the 
 Richmond and Danville system. This great highway from North to South, ibllowing 
 the trend of the Appalachian Chain through North Carolina, South Carolina and 
 Northern Georgia to Atlanta, keeps always in sight of the mountains, amidst pic- 
 turesque scenery, upon high and healthful grades, and thus secures — what no other 
 road in the United States can claim — undisputed right to the title of the Great Con- 
 tinental Piedmont Line of North America. The many points of interest along its 
 route, and especially those in North Georgia, and upon the Western North Carolina 
 Division, which confessedly has no rival in scenic attractions, are treated in detail in 
 separate publications of the Passenger Department of the Associated Railways. All 
 that we shall here attempt will be to give, in the following section, an outline of the 
 principal attractions in Western North Carolina and Northeastern Georgia. 
 
 FROM RTCHMOND HILL, LOOKING DOWN THE FRENCH BROAD. 
 
 THE MOUNTAIN RESORTS OF WESTERN NORTH 
 
 CAROLINA. 
 
 From Danville, the Virginia Midland Division, being merged into the Richmond 
 and Danville Railway, pursues its southerly course always upon elevated lands and in 
 sight of the mountains through Reidsville, High Point, Greensboro' and other attrac- 
 tive villages to Salisbury, at which point the Western North Carolina Division of the 
 Richmond and Danville system begins. At Salisbury, and a little further on at Char- 
 lotte, those who are interested in such matters may profitably study the gold develop- 
 ment of North Carolina. Salisbury is the residence of Miss Fisher, the novelist ; a 
 large Federal cemetery is there, and, during the late war, many prisoners were there 
 confined by the Confederate authorities. It has a population of 3, 500, many stores. 
 
VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILWAY. 
 
 39 
 
 churches, and handsome private edifices, and is rapidly growing. The Western North 
 Carolina Railroad, leaving Salisbury, passes through Third Creek and Elmwood 
 stations to the prosperous town of Statesville. From Statesville a branch road leads 
 direct to Charlotte, traversing a fertile country and passing some villages of note and 
 a watering-place which has a local reputation, but needs development. From States- 
 ville, going westward to Catawba and Newton, we come to Hickory, a village which 
 has sprung up of late years in a wooded district, has numerous stores and churches, 
 two hotels, and is rapidly acquiring repute as a tobacco-manufacturing centre. Before 
 reaching Hickory, we begin to catch glimpses of the mountains. Brushy Ridge being 
 on the north, and South Mountain, a quite imposing object, on the south of the line. 
 In the northwest are the Linnville Mountains, a high range, running parallel with the 
 Blue Ridge. 
 
 VIEW T,0OKING TO\V.\RDS MOORE'S CUT, WESTERN N. C. RR. 
 
 THE SPARKLING CATAWBA SPRINGS. 
 
 Seven miles northeast of Hickory and about the same distance from Conover on 
 the Western North Carolina Road, are the sparkling Catawba Springs, Dr. E. O. 
 Elliott, proprietor. Through beautiful meadow grounds runs the noted Sulphur 
 Springs Creek, its cascades and shady coves joining the waters of the Catawba River at 
 a picturesque spot some two miles distant. Situated on a ridge, with a northern 
 exposure, and in the midst of a thick pine grove intermingled with other growths, the 
 grounds command a splendid view of the mountains that lie westward. In a healthy 
 section, convenient to many natural resorts on the river or in the forest, and accessible 
 by an easy road from Hickory, the Catawba Springs have long enjoyed an enviable 
 reputation. In addition to the principal hotel, there are a number of cabins and 
 cottages, ranged in a semi-circle and reaching to the castle on the summit of the 
 grounds, from which a grand view may be obtained. The larger spring — No. i — is 
 White Sulphur, and has a temperature of 58 degrees ; while that of No. 2, the Blue 
 Sulphur, though separated from the former by the short space of only 10 feet, is 61 
 degrees. There is still a third, newly discovered spring, and a bath-house, 25 feet 
 
40 
 
 EXCURSION GUIDE TO THE 
 
 square, with a depth of 4^ feet, where shower, warm, tepid, cold or plunge baths may 
 be had at any hour of the day. The curative properties of the water are well attested, 
 and evidence of their virtue may be had by applying to the proprietor at Hickory or 
 the Springs. 
 
 The second station beyond Hickory is Morganton, the county seat of Burke 
 County, where, on a noble eminence, stands the new State Asylum for the Insane, 
 planned on a grand scale, with every modern improvement and convenience. The 
 magnificent panorama which one may see from the elevated points at Morganton 
 cannot here be dwelt upon. There are two hotels at Morganton, one of which is 
 exceedingly well kept. 
 
 GLEN ALPINE SPRINGS. 
 
 Fifteen miles away from Morganton, through shaded mountain highways and 
 byways, but nearer still from Glen Alpine Station, are the Glen Alpine Springs, a new 
 and successful applicant for public favor. The size and villa-like beauty of the hotel, 
 its complete equipment and admirable appointments of every kind, the beautiful and 
 shapely trees, the rocky footpaths of the glen, Cascade Florence and the lovely vales 
 with the mountains in the distance, say nothing of the salubrious air and the delicious 
 water, combine to make Glen Alpine Springs one of the most delightful watering- 
 places in North Carolina. "The main spring, which has been handsomely inclosed, is 
 strongly impregnated with minerals, including iron, magnesium, calcium, potassium, 
 lithium, sodium, chlorine, hydro-chloric acid, hydro-sulphuric acid, carbonic acid gas," 
 and its waters are said to afford relief or entire cure in many cases of pulmonary and 
 scrofulous affections, dyspepsia, bladder and kidney derangements, etc., etc. 
 
 PIEDMONT SPRINGS. 
 
 Twenty miles from Morganton, over a cool forest road, the tourist is led to the 
 Piedmont Springs, sulphur and chalybeate. These waters are accounted among the 
 most palatable and powerful mineral waters in the South, and are within easy reach of 
 
 VIEW ABOVE henry's STATION, ON THE WESTERN N. C. RR. 
 
VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILWAY. 4I 
 
 the wildest and most interesting mountain scenery in the Appalachian range. The 
 best points for excursions to the Roan, the Grandfather, the Falls of Linnville, etc., is 
 the Piedmont Springs. Comfortable hacks meet the train at Morganton and land 
 passengers at the springs within four hours. Mr. James Pearcey is the proprietor. 
 
 MOUNT MITCHELL. 
 
 This, the loftiest, and certainly one of the grandest peaks in Western North 
 Carolina, is accessible by buggy or horse from Henry, thirty miles beyond Glen Alpine 
 Station. There are numberless other high mountains within range of the Western 
 North Carolina Railroad, but the ascent of Mount Mitchell seems to be the favorite 
 excursion for hardy tourists, who are willing to encounter a rough ride and plain fare 
 for the sake of the beautiful and grand in nature. Any attempt at description of the 
 scener}' at Mount Mitchell would be out of place here. The reader is referred to the 
 fascinating pages of Miss Fisher's "Land of the Sky," and Mr. Fdward King's book 
 on " The Great South." 
 
 SWANANNOA GAP. 
 
 From Henry Station to Swanannoa Gap, where the Western North Carolina Rail- 
 road crosses the Blue Ridge Mountain, the distance by the old stage road is about 3^ 
 miles. The elevation overcome at this point is very great, and is accomplished by 
 engineering so bold, yet so secure, that the bare sight of it cannot fail to gratify even 
 those most experienced in such matters. It is indeed a triumph in railway construc- 
 tion, and there is nothing approaching it this side of Mount Washington. We will not 
 forestall the reader's enjoyment by so much as an outline of the curves and gradients 
 over which he will be safely lifted thousands of feet into the very heavens. Suffice 
 it to say, that this portion of the Western North Carolina Railroad in itself constitutes 
 an attraction greater than the combined beauties found on half a dozen other roads. 
 The tunnel, 1,800 feet long, at the summit was but recently completed, and as yet, 
 hotels, etc., to enable the traveler to remain over and enjoy the wild grandeur 
 of nature in her sternest mood, are wanting, but these in due time will be supplied. 
 
 ALEXANDERS, ON THE FRENCH BROAD. 
 
42 
 
 EXCURSION GUIDE OF THE 
 
 ASHEVILLE. 
 
 Upon an elevated range of hills near tiie confluence of the Swanannoa and the 
 French Broad rivers, and surrounded by hills still higher, is Asheville, the capital of 
 Western North Carolina, now known and justly celebrated the world over for the 
 marvelous purity of its atmosphere and for the entrancing beauty of its mountain- 
 locked landscapes. It has a population of about 3,500, which is rapidly increasing 
 by accessions literally from all quarters of the globe. Here, again, as at Swanannoa 
 Gap, we shall refrain from anticipating the great enjoyment that is in store for the 
 tourist and more particularly for the invalid who makes Asheville his Summer, and 
 still better, his Winter home. The far-reaching fame of Asheville as a sanitarium for 
 persons with weak lungs or otherwise debilitated, brings to it each recurring season so 
 many sojourners that good hotels, boarding-houses and livery stables are a matter of 
 necessity. Good as these alreatly are, it is certain that in the future they will continue 
 to improve and keep pace with the times, until they equal in all respects the very best 
 accommodations to be had at the most frequented resorts of the North and East. The 
 determination of the railway authorities is to furnish transportation as comfortable, 
 elegant and luxurious as modern art can contrive, and the feeling of the people 
 of Asheville, both great and small, is to leave nothing undone that will conduce to the 
 comfort of the thousands of guests who annually congregate in the beautiful little 
 mountain city of which they are so proud. 
 
 WHITE ROCK IN THE FRENCH BROAD, BELOW MARSHALL. 
 
 It remains only to add that the elevation of Asheville above the sea is 2.250 feet, 
 and that the climate is at once so soft, so dry, and yet so bracing as to fit it not merely 
 for the temporary lodging of pulmonary invalids, but for their permanent home. 
 INIany have already found refuge in Asheville from the bitter and humid winds of the 
 North and Northwest. Some have come even from England to prolong their days in 
 the sweet sunshine and delicious air of this Arcady of the Western world. 
 
VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILWAY. 
 
 43 
 
 LOOKING UP THE FRENCH BROAD, ABOVE WARM SPRINGS. 
 
 THE WARM SPRINGS. 
 
 The Ducktown Division of the Western North Carolina Railroad is now in 
 rapid course of construction from Asheville to the uncesthetic town first named 
 near the borders of Georgia. Ten miles from Waynesville on this division are the 
 White Sulphur Springs. We cannot pause to describe them, and, leaving out of the 
 account the manifold objects of beauty in and around Asheville, we proceed at once 
 down the lovely French Broad River to the Warm Springs. The road hugs the river 
 bank closely all the way, pushing out into it at times, crossing and recrossing it at 
 various points, and shadowed all the way by lofty mountains, crowned with forests 
 or cultivated fields, and gray with immemorial rocks. There are many stations 
 between Asheville and the Warm Springs at which the tourist will be constrained to 
 linger, so inviting are they, and such hunting and such fishing do they afford. We 
 cannot linger with him, but hasten on through yawning chasms cloven by the rapid 
 river in the process of ages, to the Warm Springs, which are in Madison County, about 
 seven miles from the Tennessee line. A large brick hotel with a noble portico and a 
 number of cottages, enough to furnish excellent accommodation to six or seven 
 hundred guests, are situated in beautiful grounds, immediately upon the banks of the 
 clear, swift river. Other cottages and villas, some of them unusually handsome, 
 adorn the rounded hills near the hotel inclosure. These are owned by private 
 individuals. Mountains of varying height, but never varying in the picturesque, and 
 sometimes approaching the sublime, enfold the hotel and cottages, as if to shut out 
 intruders from the busy work-day world. But they are not to be kept back. On 
 account of the sweet seclusion as much almost as for the delicious bath, which works 
 such wonders upon the rheumatic, the gouty, and others, the Warm Springs have long 
 been a favorite resort for both sick and well from all parts of the South and Southwest, 
 and yearly the number of guests is increasing. If the bath at the Warm Springs had 
 no hygienic properties whatever, the beauties of nature alone would suffice to fill the 
 hotel and cottages to repletion. Within half an hour's walk are natural charms 
 
44 
 
 EXCURSION GUIDE OF THE 
 
 enough to satisfy the most exacting ; but when to these is superadded Paint Rock, 
 Evergreen Island, the BubbHng Springs and a dozen other attractions, there is, indeed, 
 a feast of loveliness which well might bring satiety, if that were possible. 
 
 THE RAPIDS, LOOKING DOWN THE FRENCH BROAD, ABOVE WARM SPRINGS. 
 
 THE CLEVELAND MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 Fifty-four miles west of Charlotte, two miles from Shelby, and only one mile 
 from the Carolina Central Railway, are the Cleveland Mineral Springs, which for half 
 a century or more have been known to possess rare medicinal virtues. 
 
 Only within the last few years, however, have they been brought prominently 
 before the public. The services of one of the first chemists in the country have 
 revealed the fact that they not only surpass many of the popular springs in Virginia, 
 but in some properties have not their equal in the United States. The springs are 
 three in number, viz. : The White Sulphur Spring, the Iodine or Red Sulphur Spring, 
 and the Chalybeate Spring, The waters are specially adapted to dyspepsia, rheu- 
 matism, rheumatic gout, paralysis, torpid liver, jaundice, dropsy, diseases of the 
 urinary organs, cutaneous diseases, malarial poison, teething of children, diseases 
 of females, debility, and anaemia. A number of good comfortable rooms and 
 cottages, in addition to the large brick hotel, have recently been refurnished, and 
 several important improvements have been made in and about the premises. Mr. S. 
 McBride Poston is proprietor ; Mr. L. S. Williams, of Charlotte, is superintendent, 
 and L. Alexander, M. D., is resident physician. 
 
 NORTHEASTERN GEORGIA. 
 
 On the line of the Richmond and Danville Railway, in Northeastern Georgia, 
 the number of watering places, mountain resorts, etc., is very great. Prominent 
 among these are the New Holland and White Sulphur Springs, near Gainesville ; 
 Mount Airy, Toccoa and Tallulah Falls, Currahee Mountain, Mount Yonah, etc. 
 
VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILWAY. 45 
 
 A particular description of these resorts, accompanied by many illustrations, not onlv 
 of the mountain scenes and pleasure places, but of the interesting gold regions of 
 Georgia as well, will be found in the various publications of the Richmond and Dan- 
 ville Railroad Company, on application to 
 
 A. POPE, Gen' I Passenger Agent, 
 
 Richmond, Virginia. 
 
 CONCLUSION 
 
 WHILE we have treated of these different Pleasure and Health Resorts 
 to as great a length as our space will permit, this work would be in- 
 complete without a Tourists' Guide, Ticket Tariff, Through Time Table, List 
 of Routes and Directory of Agencies, which we furnish our readers on the follow- 
 ing pages. 
 
 The Tourists' Guide for 1882 will enable those whose interest may have 
 been awakened through perusal of this book to determine what resorts they shall 
 visit, the Ticket Tariff informing them the exact cost of transportation, and the Time 
 Table the time occupied in transit. 
 
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 ROUND TRIP TICKETS 
 
 TO THE 
 
 SITJ^JKJSR (JlE SORTS 
 
 UPON THE LINE OF OR REACHED BY THE 
 
 VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILWAY, 
 
 FOR THE SEASON OF 1882. 
 
 Tickets placed on sale June ist, 1882 ; good to Return until October Jisty 
 1882, inelnsi^'c. Tohe zvitJidraivn from sale October loth, 1882. 
 
 NAME OF SPRINGS. 
 
 ON LINE OF 
 
 Afton, Va 
 
 Abingdon, Va 
 
 Asheville, N. C 
 
 Bath Alum, Va 
 
 Big Tunnel, Va , 
 
 Bedford Alum Springs, Va 
 
 Blue Ridge, Va 
 
 Buffalo Lythia, Va 
 
 Capon Springs, Va 
 
 Cold Sulphur Springs, Va 
 
 Covington, Va 
 
 Christiansburg, V^a , 
 
 Coyners, Va 
 
 Daggers Springs, Va 
 
 Deer Park, Md 
 
 Fauquier White Sulplir Spr'gs. Va 
 
 Goshen, Va 
 
 Glade Springs, Va 
 
 *Glenwood, Va 
 
 Healing Springs, V'a 
 
 Hot Springs, Va 
 
 Jordan's Springs, Va . 
 
 Kanawha Falls, Va 
 
 Liberty, Va 
 
 Luray, Va 
 
 Millboro', Va 
 
 Millboro' Springs, Va 
 
 Morehead City, N. C 
 
 Mountain Lake, INId 
 
 Natural Bridge, Va 
 
 New River, Va 
 
 Oakland, Md 
 
 Orkney Springs, Va 
 
 Rawley Springs, Va 
 
 Rockbridge Baths, Va 
 
 Rock Enon, Va 
 
 Rocking Mineral, Va 
 
 Rockbridge Alum, Va 
 
 Red Sulphur, Va 
 
 Roanoke, Va 
 
 Rural Retreat, Va 
 
 Salt Sulphur Springs, Va 
 
 Salem, Va 
 
 Shenandoah Alum Springs, Va. . . . 
 
 Staunton, Va 
 
 Striblings Springs, Va 
 
 Sweet Springs, W. Va 
 
 Sweet Chalybeate Springs, Va.. .. 
 
 Shawsville, Va 
 
 Warrenton, Va 
 
 Warm Springs, N. C 
 
 M'arm Springs, Va 
 
 White Sulphur Springs, W. Va 
 
 Wytheville, Va 
 
 ♦Station for Natural Bridge. 
 
 Chesapeake & Ohio Railway. . . . . 
 
 Norfolk & AVestern Railroad 
 
 Western North Carolina Railroad 
 
 Chesapeake & Ohio Railway 
 
 Norfolk & Western Railroad 
 
 Virginia Midland Railway 
 
 Norfolk & Western Railroad 
 
 Richmond & Danville Railroad.. 
 Valley Branch Bait. & Ohio R. R. 
 Chesapeake & Ohio Railway 
 
 Norfolk & Western Railroad. 
 
 Richmond & Alleghany Railroad 
 
 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad 
 
 Virginia Midland Railway 
 
 Chesapeake & Ohio Railvvay 
 
 Norfolk & Western Railroad. . . . 
 
 Shenandoah ^'alley Railway. . . 
 
 " Limited 5 days... . 
 
 Chesapeake & Ohio Railway 
 
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 19 50 
 "9 75 
 
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 19 65 
 
 20 75 
 
 21 65 
 
 19 95 
 21 90 
 
 Valley Branch Halt. & Ohio R. R 
 Chesapeake & Ohio Railway. . . . 
 Norfolk & Western Railroad. . . . 
 
 Shenandoah Valley Railroad 
 
 " Limited 5 days.. . . . 
 Chesapeake & Ohio Railway 
 
 Midland North Carolina Railroad 
 
 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad 
 
 Richmond & Alleghany Railroad 
 
 Norfolk & Western Railroad 
 
 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad 
 
 Valley Branch Bait. & Ohio R. R 
 
 Richmond & Alleghanv Railroad. 
 \'allev Branch Balt.&Ohio R. R. 
 
 Chesapeake & Ohio Railway. 
 Norfolk & Western Railroad. 
 
 Chesapeake & Ohio Railway. . . . 
 
 Norfolk & Western Railroad 
 
 Valley Branch Bait. & Ohio R. R. 
 Chesapeake & Ohio Railway 
 
 Norfolk & Western Railroad 
 
 Virginia Midland Railway 
 
 Western North Carolina Railroad 
 Chesapeake & Ohio Railway. . . . 
 
 Norfolk & AVestern Railroad. . . . 
 
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 5 50 
 8 15 
 
 21 90 
 I- 65 
 19 90 
 
 7 25 
 19 40 
 19 90 
 12 15 
 18 00 
 
 6 25 
 10 55 
 15 75 
 
 6 75 
 17 65 
 
 8 75 
 12 75 
 14 75 
 14 75 
 
 7 10 
 10 00 
 
 17 IS 
 12 75 
 9 90 
 
 tRates from Alexandria, Va., f i.oo less than Washington. 
 
52 
 
 CONDENSED SCHEDULE 
 
 — AND- 
 
 THROUGH CAR SERVICE. 
 
 Via 
 Charlottesville & C. & 0. R.R. 
 
 *No. 54. 
 
 No. 52. 
 
 Via ■ 
 Lynchburg or Danville. 
 
 *No.50. 
 
 + No. 52. 
 
 Lve New York via Pa. R. R.. . 
 " Philadelphia " 
 " Baltimore via B & P 
 
 Arr Washington '• 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 6 
 8 
 
 00 night 
 
 55 A.M. 
 
 50 '■ 
 15 ' 
 
 3.40 P. M. 
 5-55 
 8.55 " 
 10.15 " 
 
 Lve New York via Pa. R.R,t.. 
 
 " Philadelphia " t.. 
 
 '' Baltimore via B.&P.RRt.. 
 .\rr Washington " $.. 
 
 9.00 p. M. 
 12.30 A.M. 
 4.20 " 
 6.00 " 
 
 3.40 P. M. 
 5-55 " 
 8.55 " 
 10.15 " 
 
 Lve Wash'ton via Va. Mid Ry. 
 
 " Alexandria " 
 Arr Charlottesville " 
 Lve Charl'tsville via C. & O. R. 
 
 8 
 8 
 12 
 12 
 I 
 I 
 I 
 2 
 3 
 3 
 4 
 4 
 5 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 10 
 
 I 
 
 20 A.M. 
 
 45 " 
 00 M. 
 05 P. M. 
 00 " 
 28 " 
 
 30 " 
 
 00 " 
 
 18 " 
 
 35 " 
 15 " 
 
 51 " 
 32 " 
 45 ' 
 45 " 
 25 " 
 40 " 
 35 A.M. 
 
 *io.35 P. M. 
 11.00 " 
 2.45 A.M. 
 3.10 " 
 4.08 " 
 
 4.17 " 
 4 20 " 
 5.00 " 
 6.20 " 
 
 6.37 " 
 
 7.20 
 
 8.17 " 
 
 9.05 " 
 
 q.20 " 
 10.41 " 
 11.05 " 
 
 2.15 P. M. 
 
 6.00 " 
 
 Lve Wash"gton via Va.Mid.RyJ 
 " Alexandria •' j 
 " Charlottesville " 
 
 Arr Lynchburg " 
 
 7.00 A.M. 
 
 7-35 " 
 12.05 P- M- 
 2.25 " 
 
 *io.35 p. M. 
 11.00 "■ 
 
 2.55 A.M. 
 
 4-55 " 
 
 Arr Alton 
 " Blue Ridge 
 " Waynesboro 
 " Staunton via C. & O. Ry. . 
 " Goshen 
 
 " Millboro " 
 " Clifton Forge 
 " Covington " 
 " AUeghanv " 
 " White Sulphur " 
 " Alderson " 
 " Lowell " 
 
 Lve Lynchb'g viaN.& W.R.R. 
 Arr Liberty " 
 
 •• Blue Ridge 
 
 " (oyners " 
 
 " Roanoke " 
 
 " Salem " 
 
 " Christiansburg '" 
 
 " Wytheville " 
 
 " Abingdon " 
 
 2.40 P. M. 
 
 3-33 " 
 4.15 " 
 4-25 " 
 4.40 " 
 
 4-55 " 
 6.00 " 
 8.05 " 
 10.15 " 
 
 
 Lve Lynchb'g via R. & A.R.R. . 
 Att Glenvvood " 
 " Natural Bridge " 
 
 *2.40 p. M. 
 
 4-15 " 
 4.20 
 
 
 " Huntington " 
 
 Lve Lynchb'g via Va. Mid. Ry . . 
 Arr Danville '" 
 Lve Danville via R. & D. R.R. . 
 Arr Greensboro' 
 
 " Salisbury " 
 Lve Salisbury via W.N.C.R R. . 
 Arr Hickory " 
 
 " Henry " 
 
 " Asheville " 
 
 " Warm Springs 
 
 ♦2.50 P. M. 
 
 6.05 " 
 6.35 " 
 
 8.55 : 
 II. 12 
 
 *ii.45 " 
 3.30 A.M. 
 
 7.06 " 
 9.42 " 
 1.08 P. M. 
 
 *5.oo A.M. 
 7.20 " 
 
 7-43 '■ 
 9.30 • 
 
 Via 
 Manassas Branch of Virginia Midland R. R. 
 
 + No. 12. 
 
 Lve Alexandria via Va. Mid R\ 
 Arr River Station " 
 
 
 7.45 A.M. 
 
 11.55 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lve Riverton via S. V. R. R 
 
 2.25 p. M. 
 
 3-45 " 
 6.30 " 
 
 7.40 " 
 
 
 
 Lve Greensboro' via R. & D. R. R 
 
 Arr Raleigh " 
 
 " Goldsboro' " 
 
 
 
 ♦9.30 A.M. 
 1.40 P. M. 
 
 "■ Staunton " 
 
 Lve River Station via Va. Mid. Ry 
 
 12.00 M. 
 12.22 P M. 
 
 1.36 - 
 
 2.52 ' 
 
 3-56 " 
 
 5.00 
 
 3-50 " 
 
 Arr Strasburg " 
 Lve Strasburg via V. Bch. B. & 
 Arr Mount Jackson 
 " Harrisonburg " 
 " Staunton " 
 
 0. 
 
 R. r!'.!. 
 
 LveGoldsboro' via Mid. N. C. R. R 
 
 i Arr Morehead City " 
 
 4.00 P. M. 
 9.00 " 
 
 * Daily. 
 
 t Daily, except Sunday, between New York and Washington. Daily south of Washington. 
 
 i Passengers from Washington and points north thereof, if desirable, can leave New York at 12.00 night ; 
 Philadelphia, 3.55 a.m.; Baltimore, 6.50 a.m., and Washington, 8.20 a. m., and overtake Train No. 50 at Charlottes- 
 ville, connecting with through Sleeper to Atlanta, Ga., without change, via Lynchburg, Danville and Charlotte. 
 
 PULLMAN SLEEPING CAR AND SOLID TRAIN SERVICE. 
 
 On No. 54, via C. & O. Railway, Ptillman Sleeper Washington to Louisville, without change, and 
 solid train Washington to Louisville. 
 
 On No. 52, via C. & O. Railway, Pullman Sleeper Baltimore to White Sulphur Springs. 
 
 On No. 50, via Lynchburg and Bristol, Pullman Sleeper Washington to New Orleans without 
 change. 
 
 On No. 50, via Lynchburg, Danville and Charlotte, Pullman Palace Sleeping Car New York to 
 Atlanta without change, and Pullman Sleeper Greensboro' to Henry's Station (breakfast house) for 
 accommodation of pas.sengers for Asheville, Warm Springs and points on W. N. C. R. R. 
 
 On No. 53, Pullman Sleeper between Greensboro', N. C, and White Sulphur, via Charlottesville. 
 
 N. McDANIEL, J. L. WALDROP, JNO. A. JONES, 
 
 Agent, Passenger Agent, , Passenger Agent, 
 
 601 Penn. Avenue, Washington, D. C. 5 West Union Square, N. Y. Baltimore, Md 
 
53 
 
 ROUTES. 
 
 FROINI SAVANNAH, GA. 
 
 Tickets from Jacksonville and Fernandina, 
 
 Fla., via Same Route. 
 
 To Vir;^inia Springs on C. ami O. R. R. 
 
 No. I. Via Auijusla, Columbia, Charlotte, Dan- 
 ville, Lynchburg, Charlottesville and C. 
 and O. Railway ; returning same route. 
 
 No. 2. Via Macon, Atlanta, Charlotte, Danville, 
 Lynchburg, Charlottesville and C. and 
 O. Railroad ; returning same route. 
 
 To Virginia Springs on N. and W. R. R. 
 
 No. 3. Same as route No. i to Lynchburg, thence 
 
 N. and W. Railroad ; returning same 
 
 route. 
 No. 4, Same as route No. 2 to Lynchburg, thence 
 
 N. and W. Railroad ; returning same 
 
 route. 
 
 FROM CHARLESTON, S. C. 
 
 To Virginia Springs on C. and O. R. R. 
 
 No. 5. Via Columbia, thence as per route No. i. 
 
 To Virginia Springs mt N, and W. R. R. 
 No. 6. Via Columbia, thence same as No. 3. 
 
 FROM AUOUSTA, GA., AND COLUMBIA, 
 
 S. C. 
 Tickets from Macon, Ga., via Same Routes. 
 
 To Virginia Springs on C. and O. R. R. 
 No. 7. Same as route No. i. 
 
 FROM ATLANTA, GA. 
 
 The routes from Atlanta to the various Summer 
 jioints herein named are equally applicable from 
 Macon, Columbus, Montgomery, Mobile, Pensa- 
 cola, Selma, New Orleans and all Texas points, 
 for all of which places the route via Atlanta and 
 Charlotte is many miles the shortest. 
 
 To J'irginia Springs on C. and O. R. R. 
 
 No. 8. Via Charlotte, Danville, Charlottesville 
 and C. and O. Railroad ; returning 
 same route. 
 
 ROUTES FROM 
 
 To AsJuT'illc and Westt-rn Nor/h Carolina Points 
 on IV. N. C. R. R. 
 
 No. ia. Fron^ Washington, via Lvnchburg, Dan- 
 ville, Salisbury and W. N. C. R. R. ; 
 returning same route. 
 
 No. 2 A. Same as No. ia to Salisbury, thence via 
 Charlotte, Spartanburg and A. and S. 
 R. R. (stage between Hendersonville 
 and Asheville) ; returning same routes. 
 
 To White SulpJiitr a\id Other Springs on C. and 
 O. R. R. 
 
 No. 3A. From Washington, same as route No. 
 
 EASTERN CITIES. 
 
 I A to Charlottesville, thence by C. and O. R. R. 
 
 To Alontgotnery, IVhite and Other Springs on 
 N. and IV. R. R. 
 
 No. 4A. From Washington, same as route No. 
 I A to Lynchburg, thence by N. and 
 W. R. R. 
 
 To Natural Bridge and Otlier Points on R. attd 
 A. R. R. 
 
 No. 5A. Same as No. lA to Lynchburg, thence 
 by R. and A. R. R. 
 
dp 
 
 54 
 
 DIRECTORY OF AGENCIES 
 
 WHERE THROUGH TICKETS ARE SOLD, INFORMATION GIVEN, TIME CARDS 
 
 FURNISHED AND SLEEPING-CAR BERTHS AND SECTIONS RESERVED 
 
 TO ALL POINTS IN OR VIA THE VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILWAY. 
 
 NORTHERN. 
 
 In Boston — At Office, 306 Washington Street 
 (adjoining Old Soutli Cliurch) ; 205, 211, 214 
 and 232 Washington Street ; 3 Old State 
 House ; at offices of all New York lines, 
 and all the principal railroad ticket offices in 
 the East. 
 
 In Nkw York — At Offices, 5 West Union Square 
 and 229 Broadway (opposite New Post Office) ; 
 849 and 315 Broadway ; No. I Astor House ; 
 at the office of the New York Transfer Com- 
 pany, 944 Broadway ; and at the offices of 
 the Pennsylvania R. R. Company, foot of 
 Cortlandt and Desbrosses Streets. 
 
 In Brooklyn — At Dodd's Express, No. 4 Court 
 Street, and Brooklyn Anne.x Depot, foot of 
 Fulton Street. 
 
 In Jersey City — At Pennsylvania Railroad 
 Depot. 
 
 In Philadelphia — At 838, iioo and 1348 
 Chestnut Street, and at Pennsylvania Rail- 
 road Depot, Broad Street. 
 
 In Baltimore — At Office, northeast and south- 
 east corner Baltimore and Calvert Streets ; 
 Depot Baltimore and Potomac Railroad ; also 
 at Niagara Falls, Buffalo, Canandaigua, 
 Syracuse, Elmira and all intermediate points 
 on Northern Central Railroad. 
 
 In Washington — At Office, 601 Pennsylvania 
 Avenue ; corner Sixth Street and Pennsyl- 
 vania Avenue ; Thirteenth Street and Penn- 
 sylvania Avenue ; Depot Alexandria &nd 
 Fredericksburg Railway. 
 
 In Richmond— At Depot Richmond and Dan- 
 ville Railroad ; or at Garber & Co.'s, 1000 
 Main Street, and Exchange Hotel. 
 
 And at Coupon Ticket Offices of all prominent 
 Northwestern, Middle and Eastern States 
 
 railways. 
 
 SOUTHERN. 
 
 In San Antonio, Texas — At Galveston, Har- 
 risburg and San Antonio Railroad Depot and 
 Ticket Office. 
 
 In Galveston, Texas — At Galveston, Houston 
 and Henderson Railroad Depot and Ticket 
 Office, and Morgan Line Steamers Office. 
 
 In Houston, Texas — At Texas and New Orleans 
 Railroad Depot and Ticket Office. 
 
 In New Orleans, La. — Ticket Agent New Or- 
 leans and Mobile Railroad Office, corner 
 Camp and Common Streets, opposite City 
 Hotel ; also Office of R. and D. Line, 146 
 Common Street, and at Depot of N. O. and 
 M. Railroad. 
 
 In Mobile, Ala. — Mobile and Montgomery Rail- 
 road Office, Battle House, and M. and M. 
 Railroad Depot. 
 
 In Vjcksburg — At Depot Vicksburg and Mer- 
 idian Railroad. 
 
 In Selma, Ala. — At Selma and Montgomery 
 Railroad Depot. 
 
 In Montgomery, .A.la. — At Western Railroad 
 Depot. 
 
 In CoLfMBUS, Ga. — At Depot Southwestern 
 Railroad and Western Railroad of Alabama. 
 
 In Atlanta, Ga.- — At Richmond and Danville 
 Railroad and Georgia Railroad Ticket Offices, 
 Union Depot. 
 
 In Macon, (Va. — At Depot of Georgia Central 
 and Macon and Augusta Railroads, and 
 Union Ticket Office, Mulberry Street. 
 
 In St. Augustine, Fla. — At Railroad Ticket 
 Office ; F. J. Ballard, St. George Street. 
 
 In Jacksonville, Fla. — At Ticket Offices Savan- 
 nah, Florida and Western Railway. 
 
 In Athens, Ga. — At Georgia Railroad Depot, 
 and Depot Northeastern Railroad of Georgia. 
 
 In Savannah, Ga. — Wm. Bren, 22 Bull Street, 
 Special Ticket Agent ; H. L. Schreiner, 
 Agent, Congress Street (opposite Johnson 
 Scjuare) ; Depot of Georgia Central Railroad, 
 and Ticket Office Charleston and Savannah 
 Railway, S. F. & W. Railway Depot. 
 
 In Augusta, Ga. — At Ticket Office, Union Depot. 
 
 In Aiken, S. C— At Ticket Office, Highland 
 
 Park Hotel. 
 In Columbia, S. C. — At Charlotte, Columbia 
 
 and Augusta Railroad Depot. 
 In Charleston, S. C. — At Office, 109 East Bay 
 
 Street ; Asa Butterfield, Charleston Hotel : 
 
 and Depot South Carolina Railroad. 
 In Charlotte, N. C. — At Depot of Richmond 
 
 and Danville Railroad. 
 In Raleigh, N. C. — At Depot of Richmond and 
 
 Danville Railroad. 
 In Goldsboro, N. C. — At Depot of Richmond 
 
 and Danville Railroad. 
 
 A>id all principal Railroad Stations and Ticket 
 Offices in the South. 
 
.1 : -a: -a