Class T^fi^ 7 liodk •N?' SMmiSOMAX IlKI'OSlT / /%->-^ &mm%B^ -^S^eSBJi" >^ L_! A: -> " ^ ^ o > DEPARTMENT OF STATE. REPOliTS UPON THK SURVEY OF THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN THE TERRITORY OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE POSSESSIONS OF GREAT BRITAIN FROM THE LAKE OF THE WOODS TO THE SUMMIT OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, AUTHORIZED BY AN ACT OP CONGEESS APPEOVED MAECH 19, 1872. ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL, Esq., COMMISSIONER. Captain W. J. TWINING, CORPS OP ENGINEEES, BREVET MA.IOR U. S. A., CHIEF ASTRONOMER. PUBLISHED IN ACCORDANCE WITH AN ACT OF CONGREl APPROVED MARCH 3, 1877. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1878. 5' [44th Congress, 2d Session. Senate Ex. Doc. No. 41.] MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, COMMUNICATING INFORMATION IN RELATION TO THE BOUNDARY-LINE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND THE POSSESSIONS OF GREAT BRITAIN, FnOM THE NORTHWEST ANGLE OF THE LAKE OF THE WOODS TO THE SUMMIT OP THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. February 2:?, 1877.— Read, ordorod to lie on the table and be printed. To the Senate and House of Representatives : I transmit herewith a report from the Secretary of State bearing date the 20th instant, with its accompaniments, being the report of the commis- sioner of the United States and of the officers of engineers attached to the commission appointed to determine the boundary-Hne between the United States and the possessions of Great Britain, from the northwest angle of the Lake of the Woods to the snmmit of the Rocky Mountains. These reports announce the completion of the labors of this commission, whereby the entire boundary -line between the United States and the possessions of Great Britain is marked and determined, except as to that part of the territory of the United States which was ceded by Russia under the treaty of 1867. U. S. GRANT. Washington, February 23, 1877. Department of State, Washington, February 23, 1877. By the act of March 19, 1872, entitled "An act authorizing the survey and marking of the boundary between the territory of the United States and the possessions of Great Britain, from the Lake of the Woods to the summit of the Rocky Mountains," the President was authorized to co-operate with the Government of Great Britain in the appointment of a joint com- mission for determining stich boundary-line between these points. This boundary to be determined was that defined in the second article of the convention between the United States and Great Britain of October 20, 1818, whereby it was provided "that a line drawn from the most north- REPORTS OF THE COMMISSIONEE AND OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOlEll NORTHERN BOUNDARY. United States Northekn Boundary Commission, Washington^ July 3, 1876. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith tlie original of the final agreement of the commissioners, the original "List of astronomical stations observed," the original official " List of monuments marking the interna- tional boundary-h'ne," and the maps, records, and reports relating to the northern boundary commission, as enumerated in the accompanying letter of the chief astronomer. I would also respectfully report that with the exception of a few exjDenditures necessary in closing the office, not included in my accounts for the quarter ended June bO, 1876, but for which vouchers will be rendered in a few days, all office-expenses have ceased. I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL, Commissioner Northern Boundary Survey. Hon. Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State. United States Northern Boundary Commission, Washington, D. C, June 30, 1876. Sir: I respectfully transmit the following official I'ocords and docu- ments relating to this survey: First. Portfolio containing originals of preliminary maps of the survey. Second. Portfolio containing the joint maps signed by the commis- sioners and chief astronomers. 11 12 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Third. Two boxes marked "U. S. Northern Boundary Commission, 1 872-1 87G. Under convention of London, Oct. 20, 1818." (First.) "Book records." (Second.) "Map records." The contents are marked on the cover of each box, and all indexed and refened to in detail in the accompanying paper, marked "Appendix F to the report of Capt. W. J. Twining, Corps of Engineers, chief astronomer." Fourth. Appendix A to report of chief astronomer, being the report of Capt. J. F. Gregory, assistant astronomer. Fifth. Appendix B, being the report of Lieut. F. V. Greene, assistant. Sixth. Appendix C, hypsometry. Seventh. Appendix D, being a bound copy of the astronomical and geodetic results of the survey, accompanied by a descriptive memoir by Capt. W. J. Twining, chief astronomer. Eighth. Appendix E, giving the complete details of the monuments markins: the boundarv, including the calculated azimuths from each. Ninth. Appendix F, index to maps, showing the record by pages on which each map is based. Tenth. Appendix G, giving the latitude-observations on which the reconnaissance-maps are based, parts 1 and 2. I also transmit the following maps and diagrams: 1. Reconnaissance-maps, 6 sheets. 2. Profile, 1 sheet. 3. Diajrram to illustrate the relative errors of astronomical stations in latitude, resulting from local deflections of the plumb-line. 4. Diagram showing method of tracing parallel. 5. Sketch showing triangulation of Chief Mountain Lake. 6. Map of the vicinity of the northwest point of the Tiake of the Woods; scale, 6 inches ^1 mile. 7. Magnetic chai-t. 8. Drawings of instrument-stands. 9. Drawings of targets. 10. Fifty sets photolitliographs of preliminary maps. UNlTfiD STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 13 The portions of my report not yet complete are as follows: 1. Appendix H, by Mr. Lewis Boss, on the standard declinations of the stars used in the latitude work. This important appendix is to be completed, without further expense to the commission, by Mr. Boss, with the assistance of Professor Newcomb, of the Naval Observatory, and the Nautical Almanac Office. 2. Text of report of chief astronomer, in hands of copying-clerk, and waiting completion of Appendix H. I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, W. J. TWINING, Captain Engineers, Chief Astronomer. Archibald Campbell, Esq., Commissioner Northern Boundary. UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL 1873-1876. 15 REPORT United States Northern Boundary Commission, Washington. Sir: In compliance with instructions received from the Department upon my appointment as "commissioner on the part of the United States to determine and mark the boundary-hne between the United States and British possessions, as defined in the second article of the convention be- tween the United States and Great Britain of October 20, 1818," I have the honor herewith to report generally the results of the labors of the com- mission, and to transmit the detailed report of the same by Maj. "W. J. Twining, United States Engineers, chief astronomer, as far as completed. The second article of the convention of 1818, above referred to, is as follows: Article 2. It is agreed that a line drawn from the most northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods, along the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude, or, if the said point shall not be in the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude, then that a line drawn from the said point due north or south as the case may be, until the said line shall inter- sect the said parallel of north latitude, and from the point of such intersection due -west along and with the said parallel, shall be the line of demarkation between the territories of the United States, and those of His Britannic Majesty, and that the said line shall form the northern boundary of the said territories of the United States, and the southern boundary of the territories of His Britannic Majesty, from the Lake of the Woods to the Stony Mountains. The immediate cause of the authorization by Congress of the deter- mination and demarkation of this portion of the boundary-line between the United States and British possessions is stated by the President in his annual message to Congress, dated December 5, 1870, third session of Forty-first Congress, as follows : N B 2 " 18 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. In April last, while engaged in locating a military reservation near Pembina, a corps of United States engineers discovered that the commonly-received boundary-line between the United States and the British possessions at that i)lace is about forty- seven hundred feet south of the true position of the forty ninth parallel, and that the line, when run on what is now supposed to be the true position of the forty-ninth parallel, would leave the fort of the Hudson Bay Company, at Pembina, within the territory of the United States. This information being communicated to the British Government, I was requested to consent, and did consent, that the British occupation of the fort of the Hudson Bay Company should continue for the present. I deem it important, Iiowever, that this part of the boundary-line should be definitely fixed by a joint commission of the two governments, and I submit herewith estimates of the expense of such a commission on the part of the United States, and recommend that an appropriation be made for that jnirpose. The land-boundary has already been fixed and marked from the summit of the Rocky Jlountains to the Georgian Bay. It should now be in like manner marked from the Lake of the Woods to the summit of the Rocky Mountains. The President's message is accompanied by a correspondence between the State, Treasury, and War Departments, and between the State Depart- ment and British minister, in relation to the difficulties on the frontier arising- from the uncertainty as to the true position of the boundary ; and also by an estimate of the probable cost of a commission for surveying and marking the boundary between the United States and British possessions, made by General Humphreys, Chief of Engineers, in compliance with the request of the State Department. The following is a copy of the letter transmitting the estimate : Office of the Chief of Engineers, WasJiington, D. C, November 23, 1870. SiB: In reply to the communication of the 7th instant from the Department of State asking for an estimate of the probable cost of surveying and marking the bound- ary between the United States and the British possessions, from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, I beg to rei)ly that a properly-organized commission, with two sets of astronomical and surveying parties to expedite the work, would require, from the estimate hereunto annexed, an expenditure of about 8100,000 yearly while actually engaged upon field-duties. But it is not possible to state with certainty the length of time required to trace and mark the whole line, as the progress that would be made depends upon the nature of the country to be passed over. The line is about eight hundred and sixty miles long. The season for working to advantage is short, and although the country is generally an open one, the number of astronomical stations to be occupied, upon which the rate of progress mainly rests, depends so much upon the distance of prominent points of elevation from each other, that they cannot be estimated. From one month to six weeks would, no doubt, making tine allowance for bad KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER. 10 weather, be required to establish astronomically a point on the parallel, to trace its • connection with a preceding one, and to move the party to the next. Should these points average fifty miles apart, there would Ite some seventeen stations, or, say, eight stations for each astronomical party to occupy, which would consume from eight to twelve months' actual field-duty for the completion of the line. It is not probable that the parties can be kept in the field continuously for this length of time, but that the work would have to run through two seasons at least, if not longer. The services of the officers and the greater part of the assistants would be required for another year on office-work to complete the records of the survey, so that the prob- able expense which would be incurred for completing the work might be set down at $325,000. Officers of engineers have been frequently assigned to perform such duties as these, and if the deraarkation of this boundary should be confided to them, the esti- mate should be modified. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, A. A. HUMPHREYS, Brigadier-General and Chief of Engineers. Hon. W. W. Belknap, Secretary of War. In compliance w^ith the recommendation of the President, a joint reso- lution appropriating $100,000 for the survey of the boundary-line between the United States and the British possessions, from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, was introduced into and ])assed the House of Rep- resentatives, but, from want of time or other cause, it failed to pass the Senate. At the succeeding session of Congress, 187 l-'72, the following act passed both houses and became a law, viz : AN ACT autliorizin}; the survey and marking the boundary between the territory of the United States and the possessions of Great Britain, from the Lake of the Woods to the summit of the Eocky Mountains. Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Reinesentatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the President of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, be, and he is hereby, authorized to co-operate with the Gov- ernment of Great Britain in the appointment of a joint commission, in accordance with the plan and estimates of Brig. Gen. A. A. Humphreys, Chief of Engineers, submitted November twenty-third, eighteen hundred and seventy, for determining the boundary- line between the United States and the British possessions, between the Lake of the Woods and the Rocky Mountains : Provided, however, That engineers in the regular service of the United States shall be employed exclusively as engineers in the perform- ance of the duties contemplated by this act, without any additional salary, and the Secretary of War is hereby directed to make the necessary detail of engineers for that purpose. Sec. 2. That fifty thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be required, be, and the same is hereby, appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to carry into effect the object of said joint commission. Approved March 19, 1872. 20 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. The amount of the appropriation for one year, according to the esti- mate of General Humphreys, should have been $100,000, but it was re- duced by Congress to $50,000, a sum insufficient for a vigorous and eco- nomical prosecution of the work, particularly during the fii'st year, as many purchases had to be made for an outfit. In consequence of this reduction, the organization of the commission was deferred by the Department until the month of June, when I received the appointment of commissioner, with instructions to organize a party for the survey of the boundary, in accord- ance with the means provided by Congress. In compliance with the terms of the act creating the, commission, the Chief of Engineers, by direction of the Secretary of War, detailed the following engineer officers for duty with the commission, viz : Capt. and Bvt. Lieut. Col. F. U. Farquhar, Capt. and Bvt. Maj. W. J. Twining, Capt. (then Lieut.) James F. Gregory, and Lieut. F. V. Greene. An office was temporarily rented in Washington for the necessary preparations for the survey. Early in July, Colonel Farquhar, with the engineer officers and civil assistants attached to the commission, left Wash- ington for Saint Paul, Minn., and there organized a party for field operations. Previously to leaving Washington, upon a request made to the Sec- retary of War, the Quartermaster-General was directed to furnish the com- mission with the necessary means of transportation for the field-work of the survey, with the understanding that the mules, wagons, &c., fm-nished were to be returned in good condition at the close of the work in the field. The train was directed to assemble at Fort Abercrombie, on Red River, there to await the arrival of the commission. On my amval in Saint Paul, Second Lieut. 0. D. Ladley, Twenty- second Infantry, who had been detailed by Maj. Gen. W. S. Hancock, then in command of the Department of Dakota, to act as quartermaster and commissary to the commission, reported to me in person and was directed to proceed to Fort Abercrombie in advance of the commission, to put the train in readiness for the march to Fort Pembina, near the forty-ninth parallel. The purchase of supplies for the season's work being made, and the employes required being secured, the commission left Saint Paul for Fort REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER. 21 Abercrombie, and on the 29th of August, with the train, started thence northward for Fort Pembina, and reached that post on the 5th of Sep- tember. Capt. Loyd Wheaton, of the Twentieth Infantry, the officer in command of that post, rendered the commission efficient assistance and faciUtated its operations. General Hancock, having detailed Capt. A. A. Harbach's company, K, Twentieth Infantry, as escort to the commission, I found them there in readiness to enter upon the duties assigned them. The encampment of the commission was at once established in the vicinity of the forty-ninth parallel, near the post erected by Colonel Long in the year 1823, by direction of the government, to mark a point on the boundary-line between the United States and British possessions. Colonel Long at that time was engaged in an expedition to the source of Saint Peter's River, Lake of the Woods, &c. In the narrative published in 1824, compiled from his notes, he makes the following statement : The main object of the party in visiting this place (Pembina) being the determina- tion of the forty-ninth degree of latitude, Mr. Calhonn lost no time in taking observa- tions. The first one which he made was near Mr. Nolen's house, and, although not very satisfactory, yet it showed that we were near to the boundaryliue, as it indicated 48° 59' 27". We then pitched our camp a little farther down on the bank of the liver, and, as near as we could judge, to the boundary-line. A large skin-lodge, which was lent to us, sheltered the gentlemen of the party during our stay there. Our tent-flies were pitched around it for the use of the soldiers. In honor of the President of the United States, this place received the name of Camp Monroe. A flag staif was planted, which, after a series of observations made during four d;iys, was determined to be in latitude 48° 59' 27" north. The magnetic meridian having been ascertained to be 13° 17' 25" east, the distance to the boundary-line was measured off, and an oak post fixed on it, bearing on the north side the letters G. 13., and on the south side, U. S. On the Sth of August at noon the flag was hoisted on the staff, which bore south 44° 25' west of the post at a distance of 207i feet. A national salute was fired at the time, and a procla- mation made by Colonel Long that, by virtue of the authority vested in him by the President of the United States, the country situated ui)oii Red River above that point was declared to be comprehended within the territory of the United States, (pp. 4G and 47, Long's Narrative of an Exi^edition to the Source of Saint Peter's River, Lake Winnepeg, Lake of the Woods, &c., performed in the year 1823, by order of the Hon. John C. Calhcun, Secretary of War.) When astronomical observations and surveys to determine the boundary- line were commenced by the commission, the season had reached the middle of September, leaving a comparatively short period of time for field-work in this high latitude. Tlie British commissioner, Capt. D. R. Cameron, li. A., 22 UNITED STATES JSTOKTHEKN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. and the Eritisli chief astronomer, Capt. S. Anderson, R. E., reached Pem- bina on the 16th and 18th of September. On the latter day the first meet- ing of the joint commission took jjlace, and a general plan of operations was agreed upon for the remainder of the season. The mode of surveying and marking the boundary was discussed, and it was agreed that a point on the forty-nintli parallel of north latitude, close to the western bank of Red River, should be the point of the boundary first to be ascertained. It was also agreed that when the last-named point had been ascertained, the part of the boundary-line to the east of Red River should be determined, and, if practicable, the survey of it completed during the first working sea- son, so as to enable the joint commission to commence the survey of the line westward of the point ascertained near Red River, at the opening of the next year's operations in the field. It was also agreed that such portions of the boundary-line eastward of Red River as may be through wooded country, should be cleared for a breadth of thirty feet, under the direction of the British commissioner, during the winter season, at the joint expense of the two commissions. The manner of permanently marking the line was left for future con- sideration, in order that it might be ascertained by inspection of the country what would be the most desirable and economical material for its demar- kation. On the 1st of October Colonel Farquhar, United States chief astron- omer, left the camp for the Lake of the Woods, to meet the chief astron- omer of the British commission, for the purpose of jointly ascertaining the position of the " northwesternmost point of the Lake of the Woods," the initial point of the boundary -line ; and from that i)oint to determine the boundary-line due south, according to the terms of the treaty, until it reaches the forty-ninth parallel. On the 11th of October, accompanied by Captain Cameron, I took the steamer from Pembina down Red River to Fort Garry, on the way to the northwesternmost point of the Lake of the Woods. On the 14th we started from Fort Garry for the Lake of the Woods, and on the lf)th reached the REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER. 23 vicinity of the northwesternmost point, where we found Colonel Farquhar and Captain Anderson, with their respective parties. After their arrival at the lake they had, with the assistance of native Indians of that region, discovered the remains of the reference monument erected by the United States and Britisli commissioners (Messrs. Porter and Barclay), appointed tinder the sixtli and seventh articles of the treaty of Ghent; from which monument, by a series of courses and distances laid down in their joint report to their governments, the position of the northwesternmost point of the lake was to be ascertained. The northwesternmost point not being on firm ground, could not be marked by a monument. From this report of the chief astronomers I was satisfied with the north- westernmost point of the lake, as ascertained by them and recommended for our acceptance, but Captain Cameron was not disposed to accept the result of their examinations and search for the reference monument, it being his policy in the interest of the Canadian Government, if not the result of instructions, to leave the question of the northwesternmost ])oint of the lake unsettled, because the meridian bovmdary-line from that point southerly to its intersection with the forty-ninth parallel would cut off from the main- land and leave to the United States a portion of tenitoiy, projecting into the lake, of great importance, and almost indispensable to the province of ]\Ianitoba as a means of communication with Canada. Upon this territory a depot and steamboat-landing at the terminus of the Fort Garry road had been established for some time previously to the authorization of the joint commission to determine the boundary. The British commissioner, while declining to agree officially to the northwesternmost point of the lake as determined by the chief astronomers, expressed his willingness to cut a sight-line from that point southerly through the timber along the meridian boundary until it strikes the shore of the lake, withoiit, liowever, at that time agreeing to it as a part of the boundary- line. His object doubtless was to leave the question in abeyance, in the hope that before the boundary was completed to the summit of the Rocky Mountains, or subsequently, some arrangement might be made between the two governments whereby this small but much-coveted and important piece of territory would become a part of the North West Territory. 24 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Having- completed the object of our visit to the Lake of the Woods, we started to Fort Garry on the 25th of October, and reached it on the 2yt]i. In consequence of rainy weather we remained there several days. On the Gth of November we returned to Pembina. By that time the jiarties generally had closed field operations, and those of the United States commission were~ on their way to Fort Abercrombie, where the wagon-train was to be left during the winter season. From there the employes were taken to Saint Paul and discharged for the winter. The last party in the field, under Major Twining, did not reach Saint Paul until the 23d of November, by which time it had become quite cold. The Department having designated Detroit as the place for establishing the office of the commission during the winter, the employes who were no longer required were discharged at Saint Paul. The chief astronomer, with his assistants, repaired to Detroit, where they remained until the opening of the season for field-woi'k in the ensuing spring. Congress, during the session of 1872-73, appropriated $125,000 for the operations of the ensuing fiscal year, making it available upon the passage of the act, as the amount of the previous appropriation was nearly exhausted. Before the resumption of field-work for the year 1873, Colonel Far- quhar, United States chief astronomer, applied to the Engineer Department to be relieved from duty with the boundary commission, preferring his legitimate duties in the Engineer Corps. His request was granted, and Maj. W. J. Twining, the engineer officer next in rank on duty with the commission, became chief astronomer. At the earliest moment practicable, in the year 1873, Major Twining was in the field with his parties. The survey was commenced at the astro- nomical station which had, during the previous year, been determined and marked on the western bank of Red River. Major Twining commenced operations with the intention of completing four hundred miles of the survey during the season, and he accomplished his object. The boundary was marked at intervals of one mile between the United States and the province of l\ranitoba, and ferther west at average intervals of three miles. These monuments were built of earth, or stone wliere it could be found. Those REPOET OF THE GOMMISSIONEE. 25 separating Manitoba from the United States have been replaced by monu- ments of iron. The climate of the country in the vicinity of the boundary cannot be surpassed. The days, though sometimes warm, are always more or less tempered by a pleasant breeze, and the nights in midsummer are cool and refresliing, and sometimes exceedingly cool, even to the freezing-point. The surface of the earth in this region is generally a rolling prairie, gradu- ally but almost imperceptibly rising from Red River to the base of the Rocky Mountains. After crossing Pembina River, thirty -five miles west of Red River, there is a considerable rise in the land. This elevation is called Pembina Mount- ain, though in reality it is only an elevated plateaii. The boundary farther to the west crosses Turtle Mountain, a rough and rugged elevation covered with timber, through the whole extent of which along the boundary a vista of fifteen feet in width was cut. The distance from the east to the west base of the mountain is about thirty-four and one-half miles. By far the larger part of Turtle Mountain falls upon the southern side of the line, and, in consequence of the great scarcity of timber in that latitude, it is a fortu- nate acquisition. At the close of the season's work in October Major Twining withdrew all his parties from the field, with the exception of Lieutenant Greene's, and moved southwardly to Jamestown, Dak., in order to strike the Northern Pacific Railroad at that point, and from there continued his journey to Saint Paul, where the employes for the season's work were discharged, and the officers and assistants repaired to Detroit to bring up the office-work during the winter. Lieutenant Greene with his party remained in the field during the winter, in order to complete the survey of the line between the Lake of the Woods and Red River, it being impracticable to perform that work during the summer season on account of the swampy character of the country. A In consequence of delay in the passage of the appropriation for the boundary commission for the year 1874, it Avas late before I was able to join the parties in the field. On my arrival at Fort Buford, on the Missouri, the military post at which Major Twining laid in his supplies fur the season. 26 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. I found lie had a short time ^^reviously started northwardly, to strike the forty-ninth parallel at the jDoint where the sui'vey terminated at the close of the previous season. As soon as my small train was in readiness, I moved toward the boundary -line, accompanied by a small escort of infantry, five companies of which had been detailed by General Terry as escort to the commission, together with two companies of cavalry. As the commis- sion were moving through a country far from civilization, occupied by Blackfeet and other warlike Indians, this large escort was considered neces- sary to its safety and exemption from molestation. After steadily traveling for seventeen days, on the 2d of August we reached the camp of the cavalry escort. The country over which we passed, following the Missouri and its tributaries, is monotonous and unin- teresting. The cavalry camp A\as near the Tlu-ee Buttes or Sweet Grass Hills, three prominent peaks wliich rise to a great height over the surrounding country, and present a most agreeable relief to tlie eye in contrast with the tameness of the country over which we had recently passed. We here found dehcious, cold, spring water, a great luxury after the unpalatable and unwholesome water we had been obliged to drink on the route wlien not near the Missouri River. From the summit of these peaks on a clear day a fine view of the crest of the Kocky Mountains is obtained. After remaining a day at the cavalry camp, we left for Major Twining's camp, which we reached after a journey of tliirty miles. Captain Gregory and Lieutenant Greene, engineer ofiicers attached to the commission, were encamped in its vicinity. It cre- ated quite a variety in our wilderness life to find such an assemblage of parties in this attractive neighborhood. From Major Twining I learned that two hundred and forty miles of the remainder of the boundary left unfinished last year had already been completed since he reached the boundary, and in a little less time than six weeks. On the 8th of August, a clear, cool, and Ijright day, accompanied by Lieutenant Greene, I rode to the summit of the westernmost of the Three r J u -4: r;:, ^ REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER. 27 Buttes, a distance of about six miles from the camp. The ascent was steep toward the summit, but practicable. From that elevated point the Rocky- Mountains in all their grandeur were in full view, while beneath us it required but little imagination to convert the rolling prairie into an ocean. The summit of the butte is about 1,700 feet above the level of the prairie. On the 12th of August, accompanied by Major Twining, I left the Three Buttes for the Rocky Mountains, the distance being about one hundred and ten miles. We encamped for the night in a very fine position, giving a full view of the group of buttes composing the Sweet-Grass Hills ; for each of the three principal buttes is composed of one chief butte, sur- rounded by others of inferior size, the whole of them covering a consider- able extent of territory. The next morning we moved westward, traveled about twenty-eight miles, and encamped on Milk River. From our camp we had fine views of the Rocky Mountains, the summit being still partially covered with snow. On our journey this day we passed through the country of the Blackfeet Indians, during which time it was deemed pnident to keep closer together and nearer to the escort than usual, but we were not molested. The Indians, knowing that we were well protected by troops, gave us no trouble during the whole survey. Toward the evening of this day, the 13th of August, Captain Cameron, the British commissioner, unexpectedly made his appearance among us, having just returned from the summit of the Rocky Mountains, where the svirvey was rapidly progressing to a conclusion. As this was the last oppor- tunity before the parties would be withdrawn from the field, we held a meeting of the joint commission at our camp. Captain Cameron stated that he was now prepared to agree to the northwesternmost point of the Lake of "the Woods, as determined by the chief astronomers of the United States and British commissions, his government having directed him to acknowl- edge the reference-monument pointed out to the chief astronomers by Indians residing in the vicinity. He also agreed to adopt the astronomical parallel as the true boundary instead of the mean parallel, which he had hitherto strongly urged, and 28 UNITED STATES NORTHEUN BOUNDARY GOM3IISSION. which would have been a great additional expense without any con-espond- ing benefit. These points of difierence being settled, the joint commission adjourned to meet on some future day, after the completion of the office- work, for the purpose of comparing the records of the survey and the final maps of the boundary, prepai'atory to their signature by the commissioners. The day after the meeting of the joint commission, we continued our journey toward the Rocky Mountains over a soft, rolling, grassy prairie. Dui'ing the journey the mountains were constantly in view. No description can do justice to the magnificence of this mountain scenery. As we approached it day by day, the Chief Mountain, near the forty-ninth parallel, stood pre-eminent in distinctness and grandeur, resembling a gigantic obelisk broken off at the summit. There is an infinite variety in the mountain range near the parallel. It requires but little aid of the imagination to see a city in i-uins, in which fortifications, pyramids, and other familiar objects present themselves to the eye. On the 17th of August we reached Chief Mountain Lake, near the base of Chief Mountain, and encamped in its vicinity. On the 20th, with a 2:)ack-train, we started westward over the Rocky Mountains, taking two days in crossing to its western base, and two days in returning. We found the United States and British parties approaching the termination of the line, and searcldng for the monument erected on the summit of the mount- ains at the terminus of the boundary between the United States and Britisli possessions authorized by the treaty of 1846. The monument was at length discovered in a spot very difiicult of access, and therefore the better adapted to 231'eserve it from being disturbed. The survey was carried to the monu- ment, and the line was thus completed from the northwesternmost point of the Lake of the Woods to the summit of the Rocky Mountains. The weather had been so fine during the whole season that there was no inteiTuj^tion to the progress of the survey. The nights were clear, and the astronomical work was rapid and accurate. Being so remote from set- tlements, and in a latitude where winter commences very early, it was most fortunate that the parties were able to leave the field while it was still com- paratively mild. REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER. 29 Arrangements bad been made by Major Twining early in tbe season for the construction of Mackinac boats at Fort Benton, on the Missouri, for the puipose of transporting the party down the Missouri River to Bismarck, the western terminus of the Northern Pacific Raih-oad, and thence to Saint Paul by railroad, to be discharged, Math the exception of the assistants who were required to do the office-work of the commission. By the 12th of September, the various parties in the field having as- sembled at Fort Benton, the fleet of six Mackinac boats started down the river. Major Twining and his assistants accompanied the expedition. At night the boats were fastened to the shore, and the whole party, including officers, bivouacked. They reached Bismarck in eighteen days. On the 1 3th of September I left Fort Benton for Fort Shaw, on Sun River, in Montana, accompanied by General Gibbon, United States Army, who had left his j^ost for Fort Benton, to visit the officers of the commission before their departure for the East. He had been directed by the com- manding general of the Department of Dakota (General Terry) to furnish the commission any additional escort that might be required when it reached the neighborhood of the Rocky Mountains, and he had promptly informed me of his readiness to respond to my requisition for troops, if they should be needed. We reached Fort Shaw, in Montana, a distance of sixty-tlu-ee miles, in about eight hours, traveling in a spring-wagon over the natural sur- face of the ground, which was of a similar character to that over which we had passed on our way to the Rocky Mountains. I remained two days at Fort Shaw. The post was garrisoned by four companies of infantry. It had a very neat and highly military ajopearance, the houses being mainly of adobe and very warm and comfortable. Gen- eral Gibbon took much pride in exhibiting his fine gardens filled Avith vegetables for the troops. The soil is very fertile, and, although the warm season is brief, vegetables come to matvirity rapidly and are of a very fine quality. On the 16th of September I left Fort Shaw for Helena, a distance of eighty miles, and with a relay reached it in twelve hom-s. On the succeed- 30 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. ing clay I attended a fair, at which the various products of Montana, min- eral, animal, and vegetable, -were exhibited. Notwithstanding the liigh latitude of Montana, the winters are comjiaratively mild. The cattle are left at large during that season, and keep in good condition by jiicking up nutritious grass of that region, which remains on the ground throughout the winter covered by snow of a moderate depth. Montana being pro- tected from westerly winds by the Rocky Mountains, the climate is much milder in winter than might naturally be supposed. The next day I started from Helena in a Concord stage, and after traveling steadily four days and three nights I reached Ogden, on Salt Lake, and there took the Union Pacific Railroad for the East. After the chief astronomer and his assistants reached Washington, an office was rented for the purpose of working out the results of the survey, and constructing the maps for the illustration of tlie boundary -line and the country adjacent thereto. The British commission, at the close of the field-work of the survey, returned to London and there executed their office-work. In the month of March last Maj. D. R. Cameron, R. A., Her Britannic Majesty's commis- sioner, announced to me by letter that early in April the work of the British commission would be completed and ready for the final meeting of the joint commission preparatory to closing its proceedings, and requested, if convenient, that I would meet him for that purpose in London. Having submitted the proposition to the Department, I received authority to comply with it. Accordingly, with the assent of the Department, I left the United States on the 1 st of April, in advance of the chief astronomer, who followed on the 19th. On his arrival at London the United States and British chief astronomers compared the records and maps of the respective commissions, and liaving reported that the latter were ready for the signature of the com- missioners, they were duly signed on the 2lJth of May, with a protocol of the final proceedings of the conmiission, of which the following is a copy, viz: HKl'ORT OF TOE COMMlSSrONEK. 31 Record of 'proceedings at a meeting of the commissioncrH appointed rcspeclively by the Presi- dent of the United Stales of America, and by ITcr Britannic Majesty, to ascertain and mark the boundary-line between the respective territories iioilli of D"lw. 3 do sou road. 4 ... do l.,atitndB 4^)^ 20' 50" 4 ■i do G 7 Granite cairn Latitude 490 18' 2:/'.4. L'ltiliidd 49'^ 17' 11" •' MONUMENTS FROM LAKE OF THE WOODS WESTWARD. S ° p a 2 3 4 5 6 7 S 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 to 21 22 23 24 25 25 27 23 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Distance from Lake of the Woods. Nature of monument. Miles Links Stone cairn, 74' 3 5 9 12 15 17 18 2080 21 24 1543 25 6804 29 30 32 5154 33 4936 34 4936 35 4936 36 4936 37 4936 38 4936 39 4936 40 4936 41 4936 42 5319 43 4936 44 5519 45 4936 46 6510 47 4936 48 5JJ9 49 4936 50 5519 51 4936 52 5519 53 4936 54 5519 55 5519 56 5519 57 5519 58 5519 59 5519 60 5519 61 5319 62 5519 Earth mound, 7' x 14' do Iron pillar Earth mound, 7' x 14' do Iron pillar Eartli luound, 7' x 14' Iron villar Earth mound, 7' x 14' Iron pillar Earth mound, 7' x 14' do do , Earth-mound, 10' x 6* . Timber do do do do do do do Iron pillar Earlh mound, 10' x 6' . Iron pillar Earth mound, 10' x 6'. Iron pillar Earth mound, 10' x G' . Iron pillar Earth mound, 10' x 6' . Iron pillar Earth monnd, 10' x 6' . Iron pillar Eartli mound, 10' x 6' . Iron pill.ir do do . do . do do . do . do . do Longitude west of Greenwich. 95 16 55. 3 20 52. 8 23 31. 1 28 47. 8 32 45. 4 36 42. 9 39 21.2 41 01.0 44 37.9 48 50. 8 51 0>.0 55 11.3 56 30. 5 96 00 00 01 16.9 02 26. 03 65. a 05 14.4 06 33. 6 07 52. 7 09 11.9 10 31. 1 11 50.2 13 1.5.2 14 28. 5 15 53. 6 17 06. 9 18 31.9 19 43. 3 21 10. 3 22 23. G 23 48. 6 25 02, 20 27. 27 40.3 2'J 05. 3 :« 24. 5 31 43. 7 33 02. 8 34 22. 35 41 2 37 00. 4 38 19.3 39 38. 7 Azimuth. 1.1 u o a HO ' 90 06 1 07 2 06 3 06 4 06 5 07 6 08 7 07 H 06 9 07 10 07 11 07 12 05 13 00 14 00 13 00 16 00 17 00 IS 00 19 00 20 03 21 00 0.1 00 23 00 24 89 59 25 5:) 26 59 27 90 00 28 00 29 01 30 01 31 01 32 01 33 01 31 01 33 01 36 01 37 01 38 01 39 01 40 01 41 01 42 01 41 '^ 1 Azimuth n o 3 H" o / 270 0!) o 09 3 10 4 09 5 09 « 09 7 08 ti 09 9 09 10 09 11 09 12 09 13 07 14 01 13 01 16 01 17 01 18 01 19 01 20 01 21 01 22 01 23 01 24 01 2.3 02 26 01 27 02 28 02 29 01 30 02 31 02 32 02 33 02 34 02 33 02 36 02 37 02 38 02 39 02 40 02 41 02 42 112 43 02 44 02 45 Kemarlvs. Lake of the 'Woods nstronomical Btatiuu. East of northeast Roseau crosein;' On Kid^p. At Pine Uivor. Marljingea-steruboundiiry of Mani- toba. lu Great lloseau Swamp. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Near 40-MlIo station. Fast of Pointe d'Ormo. "West of Point d'Orme. Between '^"7 and 3^ the Roseau Rivtr at I'ointo d'Orme croaaea the line three tiroes. 36 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. List of the mortumenia marking the international boundary-line, ifc. — Continued. S = ■2 = o a 16 41 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 fil 62 63 64 65 66 67 6S 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 70 77 78 79 HO 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 1)1 02 93 94 95 9G 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 Distance I from Lalvoof \ Nature of luonumeut. Llie Woods. Miles. 63 64 63 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 103 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 IIG 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 134 Linkn. 5519 S519 5519 5319 5319 5519 5519 5519 .5519 5519 5" 19 5519 53.19 5319 5919 5519 5519 5519 5519 5319 5:i9 5519 5519 3319 5519 4930 5519 5519 5519 5519 5919 5519 5519 5519 5319 5519 5519 5519 .5519 5519 5519 6519 5519 5319 5519 5519 5519 5519 5519 5519 5519 5519 6319 5519 5519 5319 5319 5319 5519 5519 5519 .5519 5319 5519 5519 5519 5519 .5519 5519 5519 6005 2307 Iron pillar . (to ... do .... do .... do... do ... .do .do . do . .do . .do. .do . .do. .f-o . .do. .do. .do. 134 5.519 135 5519 do ... do... do ... do ... do . . do... .....do ... do ... do ... do... do... do... do ... do ... do ... do ... do... do ... do... do ... do... do ... do... do... do ... do... do. do . .do .do . . do . .do. do . .do. do. do . .do - -do . .do . do . do . .do . do . .do . .do . do. do . do . .do . do . .do . .do . .do. .do. do . Longitude we&t of Greenwich. 96 40 57. 9 42 17. 1 43 36. 2 44 55. 4 46 14.6 47 33. 8 48 52, 9 50 12.1 51 31. 3 .52 50. 5 ."14 09. 6 55 28. 8 56 48. 58 07. 2 59 2li. 3 97 00 45. 5 02 01. 7 03 2i. 9 04 43. OG 02.2 07 21.4 08 40. 6 09 59. 7 11 18.9 12 38. I 13 51. 5 13 ,57.3 15 16. 4 16 3.3. 6 17 54.8 19 14.0 20 33. 1 21 52.3 23 11 5 24 30. 7 25 49. 8 27 09. 23 28. 2 29 47. 4 31 06. 5 32 2.3. 7 33 44. 9 33 04. 1 36 23. 2 37 42. 4 39 01.6 40 20. 8 41 39.9 42 59. 1 44 18. 3 45 37. 5 46 56. 6 43 23. 7 49 3.3. n 50 54. 1 .52 13. 3 53 32. 5 .54 51. 7 56 10.9 57 30. 6S 49.2 98 CO 08. 4 01 27. 6 02 46. 7 04 05. 9 05 2.3. 1 06 44. 3 08 03. 4 09 22. 6 10 41.8 12 06. 5 14 07.5 14 39. 3 15 o^. 5 a \ Azimuth. 11 a 3 H = ' 90 01 44 01 45 01 46 01 47 01 48 04 49 04 50 04 51 03 bi 04 53 04 54 04 55 04 56 04 57 04 58 04 59 04 60 0! 61 04 6i 04 63 04 64 04 65 04 66 04 67 04 68 02 69 00 70 00 71 00 72 00 73 00 74 00 75 00 76 00 77 00 78 CO 79 00 80 00 81 00 82 00 83 00 84 CO 85 Oil 86 00 87 00 88 00 89 00 90 89 .57 M 57 92 ,57 9i 57 94 57 65 57 96 57 97 57 98 57 99 100 57 101 57 102 56 103 56 104 5fi 105 58 106 54 107 54 108 53 109 SI no 54 HI 54 112 .'.3 113 54 114 SO 00 115 00 iin 00 117 89 58 118 Azimuth. ii O ' 270 02 40 02 47 02 48 02 49 05 50 05 51 05 ,52 04 53 03 54 05 55 03 56 05 .57 05 .58 05 .59 05 60 05 61 01 62 05 63 05 64 05 65 03 66 05 67 05 68 05 69 05 70 no 71 01 72 01 73 01 74 01 75 01 76 Ot 77 01 78 01 79 01 80 01 81 01 82 01 83 01 84 01 85 01 86 01 87 01 88 01 69 01 90 01 91 269 58 92 58 93 r.8 94 58 95 58 96 58 97 58 98 58 99 58 100 58 101 58 102 58 103 57 104 57 105 57 106 58 107 55 108 55 109 55 110 55 111 54 112 54 113 54 114 55 115 270 00 116 CO ll7 00 118 269 59 119 .58 120 liemarka. East of Koseau Ridge. "West of Kuseaa Ridge. West baijk of Joe River. East of Red River. Red River astronomical station. Marais River. Manitoba priucipal meridian. Grant's, or Pointe llicbcl. Base of Pi'uibinn, Monntftin. Near west banlc of Pembina River. Top of ridge west of Pembinn River. Near United States aatronomicBj station No. 4. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER. 37 List of the monuments marling the international bonndarij-Iine, ijc. — Couliniieil. 11 12; 120 131 122 123 121 123 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 13« 13a 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 ISl 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 leo 181 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 193 193 Distance from Lake of the Woods. Miles. I/inks 137 5519 138 5519 139 5519 140 5519 141 5519 142 5519 • 143 5519 144 5519 145 5519 146 651m 147 5519 148 5519 149 5519 150 5519 151 5519 152 5519 153 5519 154 5519 155 5519 156 6519 157 5519 158 5519 159 5519 160 5519 161 6519 162 5519 163 5519 164 5519 165 5519 166 6519 167 5519 168 5519 169 0J20 169 5519 170 6519 l-il 6998 172 7154 175 7662 176 5485 178 6527 180 7412 183 1414 1H3 3911 186 3911 189 1328 191 5717 193 1272 198 3911 201 7911 203 7729 206 209 212 213 218 221 224 227 229 233 235 7729 5582 7729 1996 7729 7248 7729 6470 7245 3787 2660 243 1114 217 0849 249 3036 232 5896 255 2940 256 3860 258 0744 261 264 267 270 273 0744 0741 0744 0744 0744 Nature of mODUment. Iron pillar do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do , do do do .... do , do do do do do do do Stoue cairn, 13' x 7'* . . do» do* Stone cairn, 10' x 0'* . . Earth mound, 16' x 7'* do' Earth mound, 10' x 5'* Earth mound, 9' x 6'* . do- Longitude WL'St of Greenwich. do* do* do* do* do* Earth n.ound, 14' x 6' do* do« do* do* do* do* do* do* do Earth mound, 9' do* Stone cairn, 10' x 7" do* do* do* do* Earth niouud. 8' x 5"' Stone, 16' X 7'* EoTth mound, .V x a" .do* -do* . do* .do' .do* 98 18 36. 8 19 56.0 21 15.2 22 34. 4 2 i 53. 5 25 12.7 26 31. 9 27 51. 1 29 10.2 30 29. 4 31 48.6 33 07. 8 34 26. 9 35 46. 1 37 03. 3 38 24. 5 39 43. 6 41 02. 8 42 22. 43 41.1 45 00. 3 46 19.5 47 38. 7 48 57. 9 50 17.0 61 36.2 52 55. 4 54 14.6 55 33. 7 56 53. 9 58 12. 1 59 31.3 99 00 00. 00 60. 4 02 09. 6 (JO o.i_ o 03 04. 2 09 06. 7 10 04. 3 12 53. 15 40. 1 18 33. 3 19 03. 23 00. 5 26 31.5 29 54.2 34 27. 38 50. 43 27. 7 46 04. 2 50 01.8 63 38. 57 56. 8 100 00 57. 6 05 51. 9 09 44. 6 13 40.9 17 33. 20 18.0 25 05. 5 27 27. 7 30 "IS. 7 37 45.8 42 57. 9 45 59. 9 50 25. 7 53 54. 65 22. 4 57 29. 8 101 01 27. 3 05 24. 8 09 22. 3 13 19.9 17 17.4 Azimuth o_5 89 57 57 58 57 57 67 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 67 57 67 57 57 67 57 67 57 57 57 57 5S 57 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 52 53 54 53 53 63 54 54 54 63 53 53 54 90 01 01 01 02 01 01 01 01 01 00 01 01 01 01 01 01 02 02 02 89 57 57 58 57 57 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 199 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 143 146 147 148 149 150 131 152 1.53 154 155 150 157 1.58 1.39 160 161 162 163 104 103 166 1''.7 168 169 170 171 17.3 174 173 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 18t 183 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 Azimuth 269 58 59 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 68 58 58 5S 58 58 58 58 58 69 58 H I 53 133 65 130 55 137 54 1.38 56 139 53 160 55 I6i 51 162 56 163 50 164 .56 163 57 166 57 167 57 l'J8 56 169 270 04 170 04 171 04 172 01 1-3 03 174 04 1-3 , 01 176 04 177 1 04 178 03 179 03 180 03 181 03 162 03 183 04 184 04 183 01 l-O U.l 187 03 188 00 189 (10 190 (11 191 00 192 00 193 00 194 East bauk of large coul6. Near coule, east bank. Near crossing of Half-Broed trail. WfStern bouuflary of Mauitoba. Sleepy Hollow aatroDomical station. Tiutln Mountain, ea^t, astrouom- ical staticn. Eaist sliore of Boundary Lake. High ridge east of Summit Lake. On slope of TurtU) Alouutain, and oiiraide of timber. East of Tiirlle ]\lonntaiu, west, as- tronomical atatiou. Fir.st crnss'ng of Mouse Kiver on west bauk, ustrouomical Btatiuu. Right bank of South Antler Creek. Left bank of South Autler Creek. 38 UNITED STATES XORTBERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. List of the monuments marking the, international honndary-Une, do do Longitude west of Greenwich, 101 21 14.9 25 12. 4 23 02. 9 30 52. 9 31 23. 7 37 56. 8 41 00.2 46 08. 9 49 15.1 53 00. 1 54 57. 9 57 50. 102 01 53.6 05 51. 1 09 53. 8 13 46. 1 17 56.0 21 41.2 26 2.5. 2 32 16.0 34 41.4 38 30. 8 41 49.7 45 47. 5 48 40. 9 56 UO. 9 53 34. 4 57 51.1 103 02 0.-'. 3 06 49. 1 11 11.2 14 35.7 17 51.2 23 54. 1 28 29. 3 31 24.3 34 53.7 38 16.0 41 39.8 45 16. 4 49 58. 2 5) 52,8 58 53. 5 104 03 08. 6 05 3 1. 09 06. 4 12 14. 6 15 08. 4 18 4.5.5 22 30. 9 27 35. 32 49.4 36 31.7 39 53. 6 43 50. 2 47 12 4 51 26.4 53 49. 4 58 43. 105 03 39. 2 07 39. 12 21. 4 13 45. 9 16 45.6 20 50. 3 24 53. 5 29 58. 3 33 .57. 7 39 53, 1 41 39.2 45 36. 7 49 33. Azimuth 89 57 57 58 52 52 .52 52 52 52 51 51 47 58 58 58 57 57 57 57 90 01 06 05 05 05 06 06 00 00 00 89 59 59 56 57 55 ,56 57 56 90 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 07 89 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 no 02 02 02 02 01 00 00 00 05 04 04 04 03 04 03 04 89 54 51 '° 1 c 1 = S 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 201 205 2:6 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 2J7 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 2tl 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 2.52 253 254 255 356 2.i7 258 259 260 261 262 263 261 Azimuth. 270 00 270 00 269 55 51 55 55 55 55 56 56 49 270 01 01 01 01 01 00 01 08 08 OS 08 Oi 08 07 03 03 1-3 03 03 269 59 269 59 270 00 270 00 269 .59 269 59 270 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 03 269 52 52 52 52 52 52 270 05 05 05 04 05 04 03 03 06 07 07 07 07 07 07 06 269 57 57 57 C 3 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 330 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 2;i9 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 2.52 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 Eeniarks. On pr,iirie near South Antler Creek East hank of Monse River, neaj road. Second cro.ssins Mouse River astr<»nomic.al station. East of Riviere des Lacs. West of Riviere des Lacs. Astronomical station. East bank of conI6. Eist bank Short Creek. British a.)ironomicaI station, Sbori Creek, west hank. Xear Half-Breod road, east bad of Mouse River. West of Mouse R.ver. Third Mouse astronomical station. East of Slouee River. ^Vest ot Mouse Kiver. Grand Cot^^au astronomical station, base of Coteaii. Mid-Cote.tu astronomx.il station. East side of larj;e conl6. West side of large ( ouI6. Big Muddy a.-^tronomical station. East of Pyrnmid Creek. Ou west liluO" Pyramid Creek. East of 13iK JIuddy River. West of Big Muddy Kiver. BuUv Spring, United States astro nomical station No. 11. In a broad valley. In valley of Popl r River. TopLir River astronomical station REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER. 39 Lint of Ihc moiniments marking the international houndarif-linc, 0 .351 352 353 3.54 355 356 357 358 3,59 360 361 363 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 373 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 o / 269 54 54 55 57 40 46 46 46 46 46 51 51 51 51 52 50 270 25 85 25 25 25 25 85 Oi 02 03 02 02 03 03 03 269 58 53 57 57 57 57 55 55 55 55 54 55 54 45 45 40 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 343 346 347 348 349 350 351 353 333 354 355 356 357 358 339 360 361 363 363 304 365 3G6 367 368 369 370 371 372 371 374 373 376 377 378 379 380 335 Stone 10' X 6'* 336 do* 337 .Stone 13' xO" West of Millt Kiver astronomical 338 339 340 Stone, 10' X 6'* do* do* station. On west bank htrgc coulti. 341 do' 342 do* 343 344 345 do* do* do* On crest of spur. Mound ou west slope of spur of East Butte. 34fi do* 347 348 Stf)ne 14' X 8'* . . - j;astof West Butte. 349 350 351 352 Stone, 10' X 6'*t do*t do*t do't Went of West Bu.te. Near Creek. 353 354 do't do*t 355 do*f 356 do* Red Creek astronomical station. 357 . . . . do* East of Red Creek, near Whoop-up 358 359 do* . . do* trail. 3fl0 36 1 36-3 363 do* do* do* do* 364 365 Stone, 12 X 6'* Stone, 10' X 6'* Astronomical station south branch Milk River, ou west bank. :!67 dii* 36e do* 369 do* 370 do* East bluff north branch of Milk 371 37'J do* . .do* River, aatrouotuical station. On Milk River Ridge. In valley. 373 do* On higii ridge. 374 do* East of Saint Mark's River. 375 do* West of Saint Mary's River. 376 do* 377 378 379 Stone. 12' x0"t Stone, 10' X 6'*t do* Rock.v Mountain astronomical at.v tiou, near lake. Eellv River astronomical station. 3al 12' X 6'* Chief Mountain Lake aslronojiic.il 382 7' X 6' station. Summit of Rocky Mountains. * Indicatea that iin iron t :iblt*t wag buried 2 feet deep aud 10 fcot oast of the monument ; and f indicates that an iron tablet was buried also in the center of the uioauiuent. AKCHIBALB CAMPBELL. United States Commissioner. D. li. CAMEKON, Major /i. A., Her £rUannic Maje.st}/'s Commisidoner, May 29, 16TC. W. J. TWINIKG. Captain of Engineers, United States Chief Astronomer. S. ANDERSON. Captain Uoyal Engineers, British Chief Astronomer. UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. REPORTS CHIEF ASTEONOMER AND HIS ASSISTANTS. 41 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Washington, D. C, February 14, 1877. Sir: I have the honor to submit my final report as chief astronomer and surveyor of the northern boundary. The maps and records of the commission have ah-eady been fowarded to the Department,' but the text of my own report has been withheld on account of a delay in completing some computations relating to the decli- nations of the stars used. As it now appears that the work cannot be finished before the 23d of the present month, and as it is desirable that the records should be completed at once, I send my report to you herewith, and will, as soon as practicable, forward to the Department the unfinished discussion of the standard places of fixed stars, as an appendix. As this work forms no part of the record of the commission, but was undertaken as a matter of scientific interest, I can now inform you that the work of the commission is complete. The subreports of the officers, and a complete index of the records, were sent to the Department in July last. In closing my connection with the Northern Boundary Commission, I desire to express my appreciation of the kindly courtesy which you have always extended to me and to the officers under my command, and to say that it is a source of gratification to know that my labors have met with your constant approval. 43 44 UNITED STATES NOKTUEKN BOUNDARY GUMMISSION. My thanks are due to Capt. J. F. Gregory and Lieut. F. V. Greene, and to assistants Lewis Boss, C. L. Doolittle, 0. S. Wilson, and A. Downing for the intelhgent and thorough manner in which they have performed the duties assigned to them. ***** I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, W. J. TWINING, Captain of Engineers, Chief Astronomer. Archibald Campbell, Esq., Commissioner of the Northern Boundary. Washington, February 15, 1877. Sir: In compliarrce with the request of Major Twining, United States Engineers, I have the honor to transmit herewith to the Department his report as chief astronomer of the late Northern Boundary Commission. I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL, Late Commissioner Northern Boundary Survey. Hon. Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State. REPORT OF CAPT. W. J. TWINING, CORPS OP ENGINEERS, BREVET MAJOR, U. S. A., CHIEF ASTRONOMER AND SURVEYOR. 45 repoht. CHAPTER 1. GEXEBAL CHABACTEEISTICS OF THE COUSTEY Sir: Tlie portion of the continent traversed by that part of the northern boundary of the United States sui-\-eyed by this commission, has heret<^jfore been little known, by far the larger part being unexplored. Lying off the usual lines of travel, and presenting no inducement to commercial enter- priise, there was nothing to bring its actual value fairly to the notice of the general public, while the rigor of the climate, the lack of forest, and the distance from railway communication effec-tually checked immigration. To the disadvantages already named may also be added the dangers of Indian warfare and the destruc-tive incursions of grasshoppers. The experience of the British settlements along the Red River of the North, even to Lake Winnipeg, extending through nearly seventy years, has been one of almost unprecedented hardship, degenerating in later times into a mere struggle for existence. Cut off almost entirely from communication with, the outer and progressive world, the forms of civilized life finally gave way, and were superseded by the manners of a nomadic semi-barbarou-s people, though, even in this stage of decay, the natural politeness of a Frencli ancestry and the teachings of a few piou.s priests of the Catholic Cliurch had left their impress on the succeeding generations. The peculiar isolation of the distant regions lying about the Lakes Winnipeg and iLinitoba, and the territory drained by the rivers emptying into these vast bodies of water, is due, not simply to distance from the centers of civilization, for their distance from the settled portions of Canada, and from the ocean communication by the Saint Lawrence, is no greater, and, in fact, is much less, than that of many of the yorthwestem States 47 48 UNITED STATES NORTDERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. and Territories of the United States from their respective centers of trade along the eastern coast. The difficulty has been in the singularly imprac- ticable nature of the country, and of the water-routes lying to the north- west of Lake Superior. This region of swamps and sterile pine-lands has opposed an effectual barrier to communication toward the Canadas, and has forced the traffic of these remote settlements to find an outlet thi-ough Minnesota, and thence to the seaboard. Within the last few years, the rapid growth of the great States of the Northwest has given an impulse to the more distant Territories beyond, so that now the lines of settlement are stretching out, up the rich valley of the Red River, and rapidly extending to the west, along the smaller streams flowing into that Avater-course. Thus a better knowledge of the resources of the great Northwest has been obtained through the slow progress of actual settlement. The survey of the northern boundary, from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, by giving the results of careful examination along a continuous line, has already contributed largely to the actual knowledge necessary to forai a correct judgment in regard to the resources and prob- able future of a vast tract of country which was, at one time, classed, by unthinking and careless writers, as part of the "Great American Desert," and a few years later exalted b}^ the same class of authorities into some- thing little less than a tropical paradise. It is of vital importance to the interests of the Northwest that the question of the fertility and general availability for settlement of the region east of the Rocky Mountains, comprising the northern part of Dakota and Montana, should be definitely settled, in order that a just understanding of the climatic conditions and other considerations may induce a gradual and healthful immigration. It is useless to expect to find repeated in these high northern latitudes all the favorable conditions of soil and climate found in the Middle States. On the other hand, it is not well to exaggerate the excellence of the special productions of the northern lands, since the actual facts are sufficient to warrant their settlement and cultivation. The great agricultural bonanza of America Avas found in tlie valley of the Mississippi, occupied by the Middle Western States. No other portion REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 49 of the continent can unite the various advantages possessed by those broad and fertile jjlaius, since in no other part may we expect to find the richness of soil favored by the climate necessary to a widely- varied production. In the extreme Northwest, we may, however, reasonably expect to find that certain specialties in agriculture will well repay the labor of cultivation. Thus, the test of actual settlement has proved the special adaptation of the soil and climate of the far Northwest to the production of Avlieat, barley, oats, and the hardier sorts of vegetables. In these specialties, the large production compensates for the lack of more varied agricultural resources. There is, however, a limit to the extent of the arable lands fixed by the amount of the annual rain-fall. Commencing with the valley of the Red River, where the annual deposition amounts to fi-om seventeen to nineteen inches, the amount of the rain-fall decreases, until in longitude K)G° it will scarcely exceed seven inches. Here we find a fact which sets a limit to the western extension of the cultivated area of the United States. The same conditions of humidity found along the northern boundary exist also in the southern latitudes, giving to some places almost the character of a desert, although, on the northern line, there i's no great area to which that name can be properly applied. No one can point to a given meridian of longitude upon the map of those great plains, and say that to this line the settlements may extend. The varying conditions of humidity from year to year, or perhaps through series of years, fix their own limit, by the operation of unknown laws. The western line of the cultivated areas may therefore, from time to time, bo advanced or withdrawn, as the variations of the seasons may be favorable, or unfavorable, to production. Over the belt of disputed territory thus established will ultimately be found a straggling line of frontier occupa- tion, clinging to a few advanced points, where favored by the special char- acter of the surroundings. Such a belt of territory will probably be found, of about one hundred miles in width, separating the easily-cultivated from the actually-iiTeclaimable lands. On the forty-ninth parallel, the varying line of settlement will probably be in the vicinity of longitude 102^. What the ultimate eff'ect of tree-planting on the advance of the frontier will be, cannot be predicted. The data ai-e too uncertain to form the basis N B 4 50 UNITED STATES NOETnERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. of any reasonable hypothesis, and all predictions must of necessity be mere idle speculation. The principle of ii-rigation will here find no extensive application. Under the most favorable circumstances, to irrigate a given area implies that the rain-fall of a very much larger area is utilized to increase the pro- duction of the lesser portion. Even then, the conditions of climate must be such as to compensate for the great labor and expense by double crops. Thus, if twelve inches of water were required for purposes of irrigation, the annual precipitation being only six inches, the difference must be sup- plied from the rain-fall of surrounding areas, and as but a small part of this can be saved or applied economically, it is evident that the ratio of the cultivated to the uncultivated lands mvist be exceedingly small. In any case, a system of irrigation can only be applied to the low-lying lands of the valleys bordering the streams. No such condition of low level lands, surrounded by elevated mountains or plains, obtains in the territories of the Northwest in the vicinity of the boundary. The running streams are few and insignificant, for the most part ceasing to flow in summer, and forming only a series of stagnant pools. The valleys are deep and narrow, with constantly- varying elevations. The climate is cold, and the season too short for more than one crop. Under these circumstances, it seems evident that the natural laws under whose operation this immense territory has become what it now is, will scarcely be materially affected by the future efforts of man. A brief explanation of the characteristics of the country will make clear what has been said, and will serve to explain the general scope of the work performed by the engineers of the commission. Considered in a general sense, with regard to level and superficial character, the country extending from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Moimtains, in the vicinity of the forty-ninth parallel of latitude, may bo divided into four distinct areas: 1 st. . The region of swamps, fonning the summit-level drained by the Mississippi, the Red River, and the streams flowing north from the Lake of the Woods; 2d. The valley of the Red River; 3d. The prairie plateau, extending from the eastern escarpment of the Pembina Mountain.s to the Coteau of the Missouri; 4th. The prairie EEPORT OF TOE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 51 plateau from the Coteau of the Missouri to the Rocky Mountains. This latter division is quite diverse in character, being intersected by the Coteau of the Missouri and a narrow belt of the "mauvaises terres," or bad lands of the south. If considered with regard to drainage, the boundary-line will be found to follow very nearly the dividing ridge of that part of the continent. From the base of the mountains eastward as far as the Milk River ridge, the small streams flow to the north into the Bow River, though they take their rise only a few miles south of the line. From the Milk River ridge eastward as far as the Coteau, the drainage is to the south, the line following pretty nearly parallel to the dividing ridges of the Cypress Hills and the Woody Mount- ain. From the Coteaii to the Turtle Mountain, the boundary lies in the valley of the Mouse River, which, after making a deep bend to the south, flows again to the north, and empties into the Assiniboine. East of the Turtle Mountain, the drainage is about equal in both directions, though all the southern waters find their outlet again to the north by the Sheyenne into the Red River. The streams between the valley of the Red River and the Rocky Mount- ains, excepting only the mountain-torrents flowing to the north into the Bow River, and thence into the Saskatchewan, are merely prairie streams, to which the name river is only given by sufferance. Many of them are the most insignificant of rivulets, which, during the melting of the snows in the early spring, may carry a reasonable volume of water, but in the summer consist, for the most part, of a series of pools, more or less stagnant, and with no appreciable cuiTent. The Mouse River and the Milk River are the most considerable of those along the northern boundary, and may be taken as the type of all the prairie streams of Dakota and Montana. Thus, the Mouse River, though having a length of as much as four hundred miles and draining the eastern slope of the Coteau of the Missouri, from the north of Woody Mountain to the bend of the Missouri below Fort Stevenson, yet carries an insignificant volume of water, being reduced to almost nothing during August and September. In like manner, the Milk River, rising near the Rocky Mountains, ceases to flow during the month of August. As these rivers are not fed by springs, the lack of rain and the rapid evaporation 52 UNITED STATES NORTnEEN BOUNDAllY COMMISSION. reduces the volume of their flow in proportion to the distance from theii- sources. It may be said, then, that the boundary -Hne intersects no stream of any importance from the Eed Eiver to the Saint Mary's; and that this, in itself, is sufficient to prove the very small average rain-fall over the included area. Partly from the same cause, doubtless, the proportion of the two Terri- tories bordering upon the line which is covered by natural forests, is remark- ably small. Along the slopes of the Pembina Mountains, the boundary cuts through a distance of thirteen miles, and on the Turtle Mountain, thirty-four miles of a pretty ncai-ly continuous growth of forest. West of the Turtle Mountain, there is no timber to be found near the line, except along the Mouse Eiver. The line actually cuts no growth of trees, or even bushes of any size, for a distance of six hundred miles. In northeastern Dakota, certain kinds of oak, aspen, and birch grow freely where protected from prairie-tires, and it is probable that with such protection the natural forests would extend over a large part of the Territory. Judging from the groAvth along the Mouse River, it seems most probable that the west- ern limit of the extension of the wooded areas, either by natural growth or by artificial planting, will be in the vicinity of longitude 102°. The detailed topography of the country between the Lake of the Woods and the Rocky Mountains is singularly lacking in points of general interest, and I have, therefore, confined the following description to such matters as are necessary to a correct understanding of the astronomical and topograph- ical work of the commission. A most complete and accurate account of the geology and resources of the country in the vicinity of the boundary-line will be found in the report of Mr. Dawson, the geologist accompanying the English expedition, which is already published. An admirable description of the water-communications from Lake Superior to Lake Winnipeg, and of the northwest territory between the boundary-line and the Saskatchewan River, including an account of the Red River settlement and the Hudson's Bay Company, will be found in the report of the Canadian Exploring Expeditions, 1857-'f)8: H. Y. Hind, London, 1846. 5*e*V' REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 53 THE LAKE OF THE WOODS. The Lake of the Woods is a name usually api)lied to a group of four lakes lying on the northern boundary of the United States, and nearly in a riglit line with Lakes Superior and Winnipeg. These four lakes, number- ing from the northwest, ai-e the Lac Plat, the Clear Water, the White Fish, and the Lake of the Sand Hills ; the latter, by common usage, has adopted the name Lake of the Woods. The official sanction to this title was given by the commissioners under the sixth and seventh articles of the treaty of Ghent, in fixing the northwest point, and it is, therefore, useless, at this late day, to inquire into the extent and significance of the original term. It is, however, a little difficult to understand the process of reasoning by which those commissioners, while including the Clear Water and the Lake of the Sand Hills under the general title, yet rejected the Lac Plat. The geography of the region has never been well known, and, even at the present time, the northern and eastern shores of this lake-system are but illy defined. The drainage is toward the north, by way of the Winni- peg River, into Lake Winnipeg. The principal affluent is the Rainy River, which enters from the southeast, though a number of small tributaries are received from the south and west, di-aining the swampy belt which borders the lake in those directions. The Rainy River is a stream of three hundred yards in width, flowing with a deep, swift current. The discharge of the lake is by two outlets, with a short series of rapids, into the Winnipeg River. The boundary-line enters the lake from the Rainy River, and, leaving the various islands alternately to the right and left, enters the bay known as the Northwest Angle, at the extreme northern end of which the " most northwest point" is located. The southeastern portion of the Lake of tlie Sand Hills, or, as now known, the Lake of the Woods, therefore, pertains to the domain of the United States. It connects with the Clear Water Lake on the north by channel- ways between numerous rocky islands. The islands cease a short distance south of the entrance to the Northwest Ancle. The western and southern shores are bordered by vast swamps, the division between the swamps and the lake being distinctly marked, in some jilaces, 54 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. by small ridges of sand-hills, but generally only by narrow sandy beaches, or an accumulation of drift-wood and brush. Buffalo Point is quite an open piece of ground, well raised from the lake, and the same is true of the shore where it cuts the forty-ninth parallel. The forests are mostly composed of small pines and tamaracks, though on the higher ground elm, birch, and aspen are found. The waters of the lake are shallow, the greatest depth found in coasting being eighteen feet, though, doubtless, in some parts the depth is much greater. The width of the lake being great (in some directions as much as fifty miles), the winds have an uninterrupted sweep over its surface. It is thus liable to sudden and violent tempests, which make navigation in small boats both difficult and dangerous The vicinity of the Lake of the Woods is inhabited by a few small bands of Ojibway or Chippewa Indians, who subsist by trapping, hunting, and fishing. Their lands are not ceded, and they receive no annuities. Their lovus is doubtful, some living within the lines of the United States, and others on British territory. The only present economical value of the Lake of the Woods is in its being on the line of water and land communi- cation between the eastern and western provinces of the Dominion of Canada. The military route called the Dawson Road has its terminus at the North- west Angle, and though not such a road as ever to enter into competition with the easier, though less direct, routes toward the south, yet answers the purpose for which it was built, in giving a line of independent communica- tion between Manitoba and the Canadas. Great efforts have been made by the Dominion Grovernment to vitilize it for purposes of immigration and general transit ; but I have yet to see the person who has dared its discom- forts a second time. The government supports, by subsidy, two steamers and several steam-launches. The landing at the Northwest Angle is on British soil, but to reach it the vessels pass through American Avaters. The road for twelve miles from the angle is continuous corduroy ; east of that the route passes through a country of sand-ridges, alternating with swamps, or muskegs, for a distance of seventy miles, to Oak Point. It then enters the valley of the Red River, and, after crossing an almost continuous succession of bogs for thirty miles, readies Fort Garry. REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 55 Of the portion of land belonging to the United States cut off by the north and south meridian line, and amounting in all to about one hundred and fifty square miles, much the greater part is covered with a deep bog, on which a few scattering tamaracks struggle for existence. In some local- ities, where the ground is high, deciduous trees predominate, but, ' as a general rule, the forests are composed of coniferous trees of small size and little value. The Lake of the Woods receives two additional tributaries, one from the southwest, called the War Road River, and another from the west, called Reed River. These streams are simply small channels cut in the marshes, or muskegs. They drain a width of marsh varying from eight to sixteen miles in width. By the Reed River, the Indians are in the habit of making a portage to the headwaters of the Roseau River, and thus reaching the Roseau Lake. The actual length of the land portage is eight miles, but this is through a swamp, where the traveler sinks from one to three feet into the mud and water, and may consider himself fortunate if he does not once or more disappear entirely beneath the surface. After reaching the north- eastern branch of the Roseau, the difficulties of the trip are over. LAKE ROSEAU. Lake Roseau is a shallow lake, about three miles in greatest length. The shores are lined with a broad margin of tall grass and reeds, from which the lake takes its name. It is fed by two tributaries, the East Roseau and the Pine River; the former being composed of two branches, one from the north of the boundary and the other draining the broad swamps lying between the Lake of the Woods and the Red Lake in Min- nesota. It discharges into the Roseau River, a tributary of the Red River of the ISTorth. THE ROSEAU RIVER. This stream, after keeping a westerly course south of the boundary, finally crosses at a point thirty-three miles east of Pembina, and, flowing for the rest of its course through Manitoba, enters the Red River thirteen miles north of the line. The stream is used by lumbermen in floating out 56 UNITED STATES NOETHEEN BODNDAEY COMMISSION. logs from tlio pineries near Lake Roseau. It is interrupted, at one point, by rocky rapids, but, with that exception, is a clear flowing stream. Its average fall is not less than two feet to the mile, from which it is quite evident tluit it can never be made navigable excepting above the rapids. It is quite probable that, by cutting down the rapids a few feet, the river might be made to drain, nuich more thoroughly than it does now, the vast region of swamps through which it takes its course. 1"he first effect of cutting down the barrier would be to increase the current, which would again establish nearly the present regimen, but at a lower level. Lateral channels would then rapidly form through the soft material of the marshes, and a general system of natural drainage would establish itself, which would ultimately render available for settlement many hundi-eds of square miles no\v covered by bogs. The greatest depth found in the Roseau Swamp was about fourteen feet, at which a sounding-pole would strike a hard clay j)an. The river flows through the swamp, and at about the same level, for many miles. We may say, then, that a gradual wearing-out of the river- channel to the depth of ten feet would efi"ect the di'ainage of the greater part of this immense swamp. This is the process which is now actually going on, and which will be completed, like all the operations of nature, slowly but none the less surely. From the levels given herewith, it will be seen that the difierence of level between the Red River and the Lake of the Woods is two hundred and fifty feet. Of this, the greatest rise takes place in the first sixteen miles eastward from the Red River. The total rise here amounts to one hundi'ed and seventy feet. This swamp region is, therefore, a summit-level cut off from the Red River Valley by a ridge, through which the Roseau River, the natural channel of drainage, breaks in a series of abrupt rapids, obstructed with bowlders, but through which, in course of time, it will wear a deep and easy channel. At present, the whole of this country nuist remain uninhabited and without any special value. THE KED KIVEK. From the sixteen-inilt' ridge begins the valley proper of the Red River of tlie North. Its characteristics at the boundarv-liuc are identicallv the REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 57 same as those at any other point of section — a valley apparently perfectly level, but in reality sloping toward the river quite rapidly, intersected by small running streams, which are simply the lines of drainage of the prairies, and which, therefore, are exceedingly variable in the amount of their dis- charge. Along these water- courses, as well as on the main river, and, in fact, wherever protection from the prairie fires is offered, will be found lines of forest, mostly of whitewood, but in some cases of oak. The valley is immensely fertile, as has been proved by actual settlement; the only draw- backs being the long and cold winter, the occasional incursions of grass- hoppers, and a liability to heavy floods. Tliese floods in the lower valley were at one time supposed by the half-breeds to be caused by an extraordinary rise of the Missouri River, which, breaking through some low point of the Coteau, poured an immense volume of water into the Mouse River near its southern bend, and caused an overflow in the lower Assiniboine and Red Rivers. This supposition was speedily found to be without basis. A very simple explanation is found in the tortuous course of the river, and in the fact that its course is from south to north. The melting of the snows on the upper waters causes a sudden and violent rise before the outlets are cleared of ice. The natural result is an ice-jam in every sharp bend, which acts as a dam to back the waters over the low-lying lands above. It is said that the river is quite rapidly widening its own channel. But of this I saw no evidence, beyond the ordinary wash which takes place in all alluvial streams where there is a constant cutting away of the banks in the bends of the river, the material excavated being again deposited below. Five small steamers ply on the river between Fort Garry and Moor- head, which is the station on the Northern Pacific Railroad. All the lands along the river and many of its branches are already taken up, and little settlements are beginning to make their appearance at various points. For many years the people of the Northwest have looked upon this valley as the great wheat-field of the world. It seems that this anticipation will, in time, be realized. The valley at the forty-ninth parallel has a width 58 UNITED STATES NOETDERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. of about fifty miles, whicli I do not think is materially reduced toward the south. Taking this as the uniform width, the entire area within the domain of the United States can be estimated at about 10,000 square miles, of which the gi'eater part can be cultivated. The Dominion Government have displayed great activity, and pre- sented many inducements to immigrants to settle in the valley between Pembina and Fort Garry. Their lands have been surveyed nearly on the same plan as the public lands of the United States. They have offered free transportation over the Dawson route, and, if it were not for the intol- erable discomforts of the communication, would probably have succeeded in attracting a very large immigration. As it is, their efforts are by no means a failure. A large colony of Mennonites, amounting to several thousand, have taken up land between Point Michel and the Pembina Mountains. These people apparently selected their homes on British soil, because they dislike a republican form of government. They are industri- ous, sober, and economical, and, although they are destined to great suffer- ing, will doubtless succeed in making for themselves comfortable homes. They have to fear the incursion of grasshoppers, which, if it should befall them in the first years, would be fiital to their enterprise, and discourage all futui-e immigration. The long winters and the scarcity of fuel will try them severely, until they become thoroughly accustomed to provide against the rigors of the climate; but this is a difficulty which has been met and overcome on the prairies of Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa, and which will be met successfully on the plains of Northeastern Dakota and Manitoba. PEMBINA MOUNTAIN. The Pembina Mountain, which bordei's the western edge of the Red River Valley, is not a mountain in the ordinary acceptation of the word, but is dignified by the title only by comparison with the level lands of the region in which it is situated. It is, in reality, the sharp edge of the high prairie plateau which extends westward to the foot of the Coteau of the Missouri. The Pembina River breaks through the escarpment in a deep gorge, causing the apparent width of the rough ground to appear much greater than it really is. The eastern face of the mountain, though quite |V*^. m 'f v^ REPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER. 59 sharp in the vicinity of the boundary, becomes much more gentle both to the north and south, so that at the distance of a few miles it is reduced to a long, rolling slope, at the foot of which the numerous small streams empty- ing into the Red River take their rise. Being protected from prairie-fires, the slopes are covered with a very fair growth of forest, which on the south of the line is mostly of oak of small size. The distance along the line, from the foot of the eastern slope to the level of the second prairie plateau, including the width of the gorge of the Pembina River, is thirteen miles. From the point thus reached, the level prairie extends westward to the foot of the Turtle Mountain, without presenting to the eye any special points worthy of description. TURTLE MOUNTAIN. This elevation, which, like the Pembina Mountain, is only so called by comparison, is an irregular mass of drift, rising at the highest point to not more than 500 feet above the general level. The eastern slope is gentle, while the western escarpment is quite sharp. It is covered by a continuous forest of birch, aspen, and oak, interlaced with briers and wild- pea vines, forming an almost impenetrable thicket. Many fine lakes were found along the line of the boundary, one of which is more than a mile in width. It was named Lake Farquhar, out of courtesy to the first chief astronomer of the commission. . The width of the mountain, from east to west, was found to be thirty -four miles. Its extension in the direction of its greatest length, from northwest to southeast, is somewhat greater. As the. entire contour of the mountain was not surveyed, the exact proportion lying within the limits of the United States cannot be stated exactly, but may be given approximately at two-thirds of the whole. The Indians report that many small prairies are found in the southern part, and that the general surface is less rugged. THE MOUSE RIVEE. From the western slope of the Turtle Mountain to the foot of the Coteau the line ci-osses what may be called the valley of the Mouse River. This stream rises to the north of Woody Mountain, and runs southeast until it strikes the boundary. It then follows, nearly parallel to the line, eastward for about seventy miles, when, making a bold sweep to the south- 60 UNITED STATES NOllTnEKN BOUNDAllY COMMISSION. east for a hundi-ed miles, it doubles back upon its course, and, crossing the line again twenty miles Avest of Turtle Mountain, empties into the Assini- boine. The distance across the bend on the forty-ninth parallel is only fifty miles. The boundary actually crosses this stream four times. There is a good growth of forest along the valley proper of the river, beginning at the second crossing, and ending about twenty miles south of the first ci'ossing west of Turtle Mountain. THE RIVIEEE DES LACS. Sixteen miles west of the second crossing of the Mouse River, the line cuts the head of the Rivi5re des Lacs. This singular stream heads far within the bend of the Mouse River, and, at first sight, impresses one strongly as being an ancient bed of that stream. The lake in which it heads is long and narrow, apparently di-aining only a very small area of flat prairie. It is undoubtedly fed by springs, for the surface-di-ainage is totally inadequate to furnish the necessary water-supply. The water itself is foul with vegetable decay, although there is but little of rank aquatic growth to be seen. Three miles north of the line, and just at the northwest point of this singular lake, stands the prominent butte known as the "Hill of the Mur- dered Scout." So level is the general surface that the. hill, although of small elevation, is the prominent landmark for many miles. Looking from its summit, the deep valley of the Mouse River, on the north and east, may be distinctly traced. Toward the south and west, the Coteau of the Mis- souri bounds the sight, forming apparently a steep and continuous barrier. This illusive appearance is merely the result of distance, for on nearer approach, the mighty ndge becomes a series of swelling- slopes, stretching out in endless convolutions to the far horizon The legend from which this isolated butte takes its name is curiously illustrative of the habits of the nomadic Indian tribes. As told me 1:iy an ancient half-breed, it ran as follows: Late in the fall of 1830, a party of Assiniboines, extending their wanderings far to the east of their own coun- try, camped on the point of the lake to the north of the butte. One of tlu'ir nuni])or, ascending tlic hill to watch the surrounding country for traces REPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOaiER. 61 of hostile occupation, discovered a camp of Sioux close under the hill on the south. Cautiously approaching the crest, he came suddenly upon a Sioux warrior lying rolled in his buffalo-robe, and apparently overcome with sleep. Seizing a large fragment of granite rock, the Assiniboine approached his foe with stealthy step. With one vigorous blow he struck the Sioux, and fearing to have missed his aim, or that it might not have been fatal, turned and ran from the spot. Looking back and seeing his enemy quivering on the ground, he returned and dispatched him. In memory of this deed, which, in the scale of Indian glory, ranks far above the honor of a well-contested fight, he dug in the gravelly soil the figure of a man lying at full length, with outstretched legs and uplifted arms. He also scooped out each of the footprints marking his path as he fled. These marks, though only a few inches deep, were still distinctly -snsible when I visited the spot in the summer of 1873, and will probably remain for many years. In the hollow representing the head of the murdered man there was a red granite stone, smooth, oblong in shape, and aboiit eight inches in greatest diameter, which was said to have been the stone used. From the Hill of the Murdered Scout, the country is a level or gentlv- roUing prairie to the foot of the Coteau. Along the valley of the Mouse River, in this interval, there are numerous outcrops of lignite, for an account of which see Dawson's report, before referred to. THE COTEAU OF THE MISSOUEI. The Coteau of the Missouri is one of the singular physical character- istics of the region. It extends in a direction from northwest to southeast for many hundred miles, with a height of from two hundred to three hun- dred feet. At the line it has a width of forty-five miles, though without a distinct western slope. The eastern slope is distinctly visible for a great distance, and retains its apparent abruptness of outline nearly to the cross- ing of the Northern Pacific Railway, though at that point the rise is so gradual as to be almost imperceptible. What its northern extension may be is not well known, though it certainlj^ extends beyond the Woody Mountain. It consists of a mass of drift, containing no rock in place, and very similar in appearance to Turtle Mountain, which is apparently one of its outlvers. 62 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. From Turtle Mountain to the southeast, there is a series of rough liills with intervals of rolling prairie, extending to Devil's Lake, and thence to Lake Jesse, forming, with the Coteau of the Prairie on the eastern border of Minnesota, a line of drift-formation almost exactly parallel, and similar in character to the Coteau of the Missouri. The Coteau forms, in the latitude of the boundary, pretty nearly the western limit of the area adaj^ted to agricultural purposes, until the fertile belt near the Rocky Mountains is reached, though, as a grazing country, the limit may be placed somewhat farther to the west. The surface of the Coteau consists of an irregular collection of pointed hillocks, growing more and more irregular in design and contour, until they are merged in the bad lands. These bad lands, or "mauvaises terres," as they are termed by the half-breeds, set at defiance all rules of topography, as well as all adequate description. Lacking even the continuous lines of drainage on which the eye may rest, and which give form and system to an ordinary terrain, they stretch in an endless and tiresome succession of arid and treeless hills and ridges, a tumultuous expanse of baked mud. A large part of the country from the western edge of the Coteau to Frenchman's Creek may properly be called "bad lands." In this interval, the line intersects the headwaters of the Quaking Ash, the Little Rocky, and Frenchman's Creek, the first being a tributary of the Missouri and the latter two of the Milk River. Where crossed by the line, they are all small rivulets. Frenchman's Creek, though the largest, is strongly alkaline. WOODY MOUNTAIN. Woody Mountain, to the northeast of the crossing of Frenchman's Creek, lies about twenty miles within the British territory. It is a mass of drift, rising in an irregular plateau to the height of 3,800 feet above sea- level. It is a locality well known in the Northwest as the Avinter rendez- vous of the half-breed hunters. The cart-trail from the Red River settle- ments leads to Woody Mountain, and thence to Fort N. J. Turnay, a trading-post on Frenchman's Creek, from which point a trail leads south- east to Fort Peck, on the ]\Iissnuri River. \ REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 63 Going westward from Frenchman's Creek, the boundary lies about midway between the Milk River and the Cypress Hills, cutting successively the Cottonwood, and the east and west forks of the former. THE THBEE BUTTES. .\ There are no special points of topographical interest until the Three Buttes are reached. These buttes, or " Sweet Grass Hills," as they are called by the half-breeds, lie to the south of the boundary. Each consists of a clump of foot-hills lying around a central cone, which shoots up to a height of 7,000 feet, or more, above sea-level. The slopes of the principal peaks consist of a mass of blocks of broken stone of small size, which are crossed and recrossed as closely as a network of vines, by innumerable paths made by the mountain-sheep. These buttes are the center of the feeding-ground of the great northern herd of buffaloes. This herd, which ranges from the Missouri River north to the Sas- katchewan, made its appearance, going south, about the last of August. The number of animals is beyond all estimation. Looking at the front of the herd from an elevation of 1,800 feet above the plain, I was xmable to see the end in either direction. The half-breeds, Sioux, Assiniboines, Gros Ventres of the prairie, and Blackfeet, all follow the outskirts of this herd; but, with all their wasteful slaughter, they make but little impression upon it. It is even said by the traders at Fort Benton that the number of buffa- loes is increasing, owing to the destruction of the wolves in late years. Numerous small rivulets take their rise among the foot-hills surround- ing the buttes, which, however, owing to the rapid evaporation during the dry season, will scai-cely flow more than two or three miles before they entirely disajjpear. It is not uncommon to see one of these little brooks flowing in the early morning, but drying up during the later hours of the day, and again renewing its flow during the cool hours of the night. It is singular that no timber of any size is to be found among these mountains; the only trees are a stunted pine, growing along the upper slopes. The vicinity of the buttes is the finest grazing country in the north part of Montana, and, being a rendezvous for the migratory herds of buf- 64 UNITED STATES NORTHEEN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. faloes, it is, as a natural consequence, a debatable ground of the Indian tribes in the vicinity. \ The tribes disputing this territory are the Blackfeet, North Assiniboines, and the Grros Ventres of the prairie, though an occasional war-party of Sioux may be found, coming from the direction of the Bear's Paw Mountains. Westward from the Three Buttes the general character of the country improves rapidly. After passing the North Fork of the Milk River, the effect of the Rocky Mountains on the rain-fall can be distinctly seen in the increased growth of the herbage. The soil also improves, gradually but very perceptibly, up to the very base of the Rocky Mountains. The strip of land, of about twenty-five miles in width, lying close to and including the foot-hills of the ' mountains, has been very appropriately called the " fertile belt " THE MILK RIVER RIDGE. The Milk River Ridge, lying between the North Fork of the Milk River and the Saint Mary's, is the dividing-line between the waters flowing to the Missouri and those emptying into the Saskatchewan. The distinc- tion between the two systems is very marked. The streams flowing to the south and east, having their sources in the pi-airie or low down in the foot-hills, are sluggish in their flow, with a more or less alkaline tendency. The South Fork is particularly noticeable for the milky color of its waters, which gives the name of Milk River to the stream into which it flows. West of the Milk River Ridge, however, the two rivers crossed, namely, the Saint Mary's and the Belly River, are both mountain-streams, which take their rise in large lakes lying far up among the nigged peaks of the main divide. The Saint Mary's, although not more than one hundred and fifty feet in width, and having at its summer stage a depth of about three feet, would be a difficult stream to cross in the early spring, owing to its swift current and the rough masses of bowlders which form its bed. The Belly River is of less size but similar in character. THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. The main ridge of the Rocky Mountains, into wliich the line at this point enters, has a general direction from northwest to southeast. 1 liad ■^■, M REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 65 been led to suppose that the ascent to the summit was a gradual slope, and was greatly surprised to find that the rolling prairie abutted sharply against an impassable escarpment of rocky precipices. It was found to be impos- sible to carry a continuous line even so far as the crossing of the Belly River, and the three stations at this point, the Chief Mountain Lake, and the old monument on the summit of the main divide, are connected by traverses. The last station observed astronomically was on the west shore of Chief Mountain Lake, seven miles from the summit, and was reached by rafting from the north end of the lake. The connection between the two final stations was made by a traverse of thirty-five miles, through the South Kootanie Pass. Chief Mountain Lake has a length of nine miles, and is bordered so closely by the precipitous slopes of the surroimding mountains that it is impossible to make one's way along the shore, even on foot. The highest peak of the Rocky Mountains in the vicinity of the bound- ary is at the southeast end of the lake, and has an elevation above the sea- level of 10,400 feet. The elevation of the lake is about 4,000 feet, which may also be taken as the height of the base of the main range. N B 5 CHAPTER II. GENERAL NARRATIVE. The field-work of the commission occupied a part of the summer of 1872, and of the two following years, 1873 and 1874. The act of appropriation authorizing the survey was approved March 19, 1872, but the field-parties of the joint commission did not meet on the line until the 1st of September. At that time the engineer officers attached to the United States commission were Maj. F. U. Farquhar, chief astronomer, Capt. W. J. Twining, Capt. J. F. Gregory, and Lieut. F. V. Greene. Under the instructions of Major Farquhar, I took charge of the astro- nomical parties, and Captain Gregory, assisted by Lieutenant Greene, began the survey of the. line. The initial point of the survey was fixed, by joint observation, at Pem- bina, and the following scheme was agreed upon by the chief astronomers of the two commissions, and approved by the commissioners. Astronomical stations were to be observed at approximate intervals of twenty miles. The points so determined in latitude were to be considered as absolute. The connection from one station to the next in succession, was to be made by a tangent-line to the prime vertical circle at the first sta- tion. From the line so traced and marked upon the ground, the proper calculated off"sets to the circle of latitude were to be measured at certain intervals. From the last calculated off"set the relative error of position due to observation and the local deflection of the plumb-line, was to be deduced, and each intermediate point, already fixed, was to be corrected by the proper proportional amount, depending upon its distance from the initial point. Each commission agreed to make a topographical survey of a belt of territory five miles wide on its own side of the line, and it was agreed to 68 UNITED statp:s nortdern boundary commission consolidate the topographical work of both parties on a series of maps, on a scale of one inch to two miles. It was also finally agi'eed to plant iron monuments along the southern border of Manitoba, from longitude 96° to longitude 99°, at intervals of one mile, and, west of Manitoba, to mark the line by stone pyramids or otherwise, at approximate intervals of three miles, to the sumiuit of the Rocky Mountains. Where forests were encountered, a clear cutting was to be carried through. "The northwest point'' of the Lake of the Woods, as determined by a previous joint commission, was to be recovered, and a due-south line was to be surveyed and marked from that point to the forty-ninth parallel, or until it cut the waters of the lake. The several points of agreement above given were taken by the chief astronomers as the basis of their work, and finally received the approval of both commissioners. During the months of September and October, I observed one latitude station on the Red River and one on the west shore of the Lake of the Woods, where it is intersected by the parallel of 49°. The country being impassable between the two points, it was necessary, in order to reach the latter, to go by way of Fort Garry, thence by the Dawson Road to the Northwest Angle, and by small boats to the parallel. In this duty I was greatly delayed by accidents and the state of the weather. My orders were to observe also at the Northwest Angle, but not to delay beyond the 7th of November. I remained at the angle, after returning from the lower station, until that date, without being able to fix a station, on account of continuous storms. I then returned to Pembina, which I reached on the 14th of November, and there received orders to return to Saint Paul. In the mean time Major Farquhar and Captain Anderson had found what were siapposed to be the remains of the old monument, and after suffi- ciently verifying its position, had started the meridian-line to the south. Lieutenant Greene had carried the first tangent eastward from the Red River thirty-three miles. The English parties had also observed one asti-o- nomical station east of the Red River, in addition to the joint stations at Pembina and the Lake of the Woods. Owing to the lack of funds, the parties of this commission could not EEPOUT OP THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 69 remain in the field during the winter, but left the uncompleted line, between the Red River and tlie Lake of the Woods, for another season. The English commission, being barracked near Pembina, were able to complete their astronomical and topographical work, on that part of the boundary, during the winter. The winter of 1872-73 was passed in active preparation for the folloAV- ing season. The astronomical and topographical notes of the preceding summer were worked, and the declinations of the stars to be used for lati- tude observation were prepared, the computations being made for every fifth day, from June 1 to Sej)tember DO. The office of the commission, during this winter, was located in Detroit, Mich. In the spring of 1873, Major Farquhar having been relieved from the commission at his own request, I was appointed chief astronomer and sur- veyor. The i^arties were organized in Saint Paul, Minn., and reached Pem- bina on the 1st of June. Captain Gregory was placed in charge of an astro- nomical party, I taking one myself, and giving Lieutenant Greene the gen- eral care of the line and the topography. The English being ready to take the field, there was no delay. After observing jointly the stations at Point Michel and the eastern base of the Pembina Mountain, it was thought best, the methods being essentially the same, and the results on the four joint determinations agreeing very nearly, to carry forward the astronomical work by alternate stations. By the methods adopted the line was checked every twenty miles, a new departure being made at each astronomical station. The cutting in Pembina Mountain was cominenced on the east by the English, and on the west by the parties under Lieutenant Gi'eene, and the station on the summit of the plateau of Pembina Mountain was, meanwhile, observed by Assistant Boss. Captain Gregory, having observed at the sta- tion at Long River, moved forward to South Antler Creek, while I took the station on the west side of Turtle Mountain. During these movements the United States parties were accompanied by an escort of two companies of the Seventh Cavalry, and Capt. A A. Harbach's company of the Twentieth Infantry, all being under the com- mand of Maj. Marcus A. Reno. Major Reno established his depot at the 70 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. second crossing of Mouse River, at which point the main body of the escort was collected. In Turtle Mountain the first serious difficulty aud delay was encoun- tered. The cutting at this point, which I had supposed would not exceed twenty miles in length, Avas found to be thirty-four miles. Owing to the dense mass of small undergrowth, the cutting was most difficult, as the parties were not prepared to meet so formidable an obstacle. Leaving Lieutenant Greene at Turtle Mountain, I moved forward to the Riviere des Lacs, and observed the station near that point, while Captain Gregory moved to a station midway between the third and fourth crossings of the Mouse River. It had been agreed between the English chief astronomer and myself, at the beginning of the summer, that we would attempt to complete the survey of the line for the distance of four hundred miles, during that sum- mer. It was now evident that it could be done with ease by the astronomi- cal parties, but that, owing to the delay in Turtle Mountain, the surveyors would have great difficulty in completing their allotted task. I therefore sent Captain Gregory forward to fix the remaining three astronomical points, and established my camp at the Wood End, near the third crossing of Mouse River. The river here is no longer a running stream, the water being found only in pools. The valley also becomes much less distinctly cut, while the wood definitely ceases. The half-breed road which had so conveniently followed near the line for so great a distance, leads up the valley of the river, skirting the edge of the Coteau at a respectful distance, to avoid the rough ground. It was evident that it was to be of no more use to us, as its direction was too much to the north. The advanced party, therefore, reluc- tantly leaving the smooth, beaten path which had seemed like a connecting link with civilized life, turned abruptly westward, and plunged into the hills of the Coteau. The detail of the work performed by this party, as given by Captain Gregory, will be found in his report, which is transmitted here- with. The difficulties encountered, and the sufferings endured by his party, in the storm which shortly after broke upon them, while among the bad KEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 71 lands west of the Coteau, I commend to the consideration of those theorists who have insisted on drawing an isothermal line of 60° through this region. For some days after the departure of the working-parties, the weather remained clear and bright ; but on the 20th of September a sudden fall of the barometer indicated an approaching storm. During the night it broke upon us in a mingled snow and rain, the wind blowing a furious gale from the northwest. Throughout the day flocks of ducks and other aquatic birds had been winging their way towards the south, wliile at night the air was filled with wild-geese urging their flight before the tempest, and piercing the sky with harsh cries and the rushing of wings. My camp being comfort- ably located in a deep valley, and covered from the violence of the wind by a dense grove of trees, I was scarcely aware of the real fury of the stonn. At the Wood End we were apparently on the eastern edge, and the snow, although falling colitinuously for several days, did not lie heavily upon the ground. The working-parties in the Coteau caught its full force, and being on short allowance and without the shelter of timber, suffered severely. The snow fell to the depth of ten inches on a level, while the weather was bitterly cold. It is a source of wonder to me that the entire ti'ain of animals did not perish. On the 8th, Captain Gregory returned with his party, his animals worn out and totally exhausted with fatigue and hunger, they having been for three days without forage. He reported having passed Lieutenant Greene at the three hundred and eighty mile point. That officer, though much delayed, had, with his accustomed energy, pushed his work along regardless of weather, and now reported that he would be at the depot on the 14th. Our supplies being short, I at once started back to the second crossing of Mouse River, reaching it by easy marches in three days Leaving orders here for Lieutenant Greene to join me at Fort Totten, and to use his own discretion in regard to his route, I at once started directly across the coun- try. There was a sufficient supply of provisions, and by eking out the forage with flour and hard bread, I was able to make a half ration of for- age. The prairie had been burning in every direction for several days, and it was evident that not much grass could be found. Fiom previous expe- 72 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. rience, I felt certain that there was no part of that country in which occa- sional pools of water could not be found, and I only feared that we might be caught in another heavy storm while on the open plains. I therefore directed the march toward what I supposed to be the head of the Cut Bank Creek, which we reached after a march of twenty-four miles, having suf- fered much for want of water. We found it to be a succession of pools, and, by following down along the old half-breed trail, crossed the Mouse River two miles south of the mouth of Willow Creek. I hesitated, here, whether to follow south up the Mouse River two days, and then strike for Lake Gereau, or to take the risk of crossing the open plain on a direct course for Devil's Lake. Ascending one of the sand hillocks, and looking east, I could just distinguish the top of a butte resting like a dark spot on the dis- tant horizon. This promised water, and I therefore started for it the next morning. We passed at noon a shallow pond of fresh water, and after marching over a flat plain which would be impassable for wagons in wet weather, camped by a stinking pool in a ridge of hills which ajipears to be a prolongation of Turtle Mountain, though separated from it by a low plain of some width. The prairie fires, which for some days had been burning brightly in every direction, had swept every vestige of grass from these plains, except in the immediate vicinity of the ponds, leaving the ground covered with a light film of ashes. Our march from this point was most distressing, owing to this cause. A strong east wind raised the dust and ashes in clouds, filling the eyes, nose, and mouth with an irritating alkali, which bit and smarted with undying zeal We reached Fort Totten on the 20th October, the only notable camp being that on the Hurricane Lake. This lake, of which I had never hea'-d before, although tolerably familiar with that part of the country, is a beau- tiful sheet of water, perhaps a mile in width. The north and west banks are covered by a heavy forest. Li the lake is a large island, partly tim- bered and partly prairie, connected with the north shore by a swampy penin- sula which is impassable, even on foot. The water is green and clear, and a perfect delight to the traveler wearied and disgusted with the usual alkaline or oftensive fresh waters of the plains. I think this lake is the liead of the EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 73 north branch of the big Coul^, which empties into the Sheyenne, and am quite certain that it had never before been visited by white men. Lieutenant Greene an-ived on the 22d with his party. He liad fol- lowed down the Mouse River from the second crossing until he reached the great bend, and then had made a straight trail to Devil's Lake. I had made arrangements at Pembina to complete the survey between the Red River and the Lake of the Woods during the winter. A work so difficialt could only be justified by the fact that the ground was utterly im- passable in summer. The freezing of the swamps would enable the supply- train to move east as far as the Roseau Lake. I had, therefore, caused hay to be cut at several points, and a part of the winter clothing to be prepared. Lieutenant Greene, being in charge of the topographical work, took charge of the party detailed. The men, though they had had a rather rough sum- mer, most of them, readily volunteered for the winter. Having detailed the party to remain, and provided it witli the necessary transportation, I con- solidated what was left into two parties, and on the morning of the 24th took up the march to Fort Seward. The weather was now unusually cold, with heavy winds from the north and constant snow. The ice on the ponds was five inches thick. The men suffered greatly, as their clothing was hardly suitable for such exposure. We arrived on the 28th at Fort Seward. The animals beinsr worn down with work, I left most of the wagons in store, retaining only enough to can-y forage, and started the herd to Saint Cloud, Minn., under charge of the quartermaster's clerk, with a sufficient number of herders. The remaining men were sent by rail to Saint Paul, where they were discharged. The ofiice was still retained at Detroit, but, the topographers being in the field, no work could be done on the maps. The computers at once began preparation of the ephemeris for the ensuing year. In this ephem- eris the apparent places of the stars to be used were computed for every fifth day. This work being done in the office saved many vexatious delays in the field, and enabled me to count with certainty on a prompt and rapid movement of the several pai-ties. The detail of the winter work in the field, under the charge of Lieutenant Greene, will be found in his report. It presents many jioints 74 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. of interest, on account of its novelty. Its difficulties were met with great good judgment by the officer in charge. Of this the best proof is that no animals were lost, and none of the men seriously frozen, although exposed for months in the ordinary avocations of camp and field during the most severe weather. The capabilities of this region for settlement are already sufficiently proven by practice, but the incidents of the survey shoAv that, with proper forethought and preparation, the rigors of the winter are little to be dreaded. The field-parties finished their allotted task, and returned to Saint Paul on the 14th of March, where they were discharged. Pending the passage of the act of appropriation for the survey, Avork was commenced on the preliminary maps, and all necessary preparation was made for the active field-operations of the ensuing summer. As the parties could not be organized before the passage of the appro- priation for the following year, there would only be four months in which to reach the ground, complete the survey, and to return. Of this time at least one-half would be occupied in travel, leaving only the short space of two months to make the survey. I scarcely expected to accomplish the work in this time, and had made estimates looking toward a retreat by way of Salt Lake, or for a winter's march of six weeks to Fort Abercrombie. Neither of these alternatives presented any great attraction, and it is perhaps due, in part, to this that the survey was pushed along with such remarkable rapidity. All preparations had been made to organize the expedition The train which had wintered at Saint Cloud was sent, under charge of Lieutenant Ladley, by rail to Bismarck, taking up on the way the wagons left at Fort Seward. I was notified of the passage of the appropriation on the 5th of June, and started for Bismarck with the parties fully organized, on the Cth. Reaching Bismarck on the 8th, I found the steamer Fontenelle waiting, but, contrary to the spirit of the contract made at Saint Paul, the boat had been loaded with two hundred tons of freight. This, with our wagons and animals, crammed the steamer to its utmost capacity, and made a rapid trip to Fort Buford an impossibility. The river was high, running with a strong curi'ent, and it was manifest that five days was too little time for the boat, REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 75 loaded as it was, even supposing it possible under any circumstances, which I very much doubted. There was nothing else to be done but to resign one's self to a week of utter weariness and discomfort. In other and more civilized lands the word "steamer" conveys an idea of speed, as well as a certain assurance of comfort, and at least a semblance of the ways and practices of ordinary life. But no one in search of the amenities need look on the deck of an up-river boat. The hull is a shallow box, over which is thrown a light deck and small cabin supported on upright posts. The machinery is rough, primitive in design, and constantly suggestive of un- pleasant accidents. The high-pressure engines, exhausting in the open aii-, thumping over the centers, with leaky cylinders badly packed, or, as in this case, cracked and rudely banded with iron, can hardly be called reassuring. The light, thin upper works, burned in hundi*eds of holes by the sparks which are constantly flying in clouds over the deck, suggest an alternative scarcely more inviting. As an actual fact, however, I do not recollect ever to have heard of a single case of accident by explosion of boilers or by fire on the Upper Missouri. I am disposed to class this, also, among the special providences, rather than to attribute it to any skill on the part of the build- ers or owners. Certainly no thought of anything so worthless as human life entered into their calculation. The power of the machinery is appar- ently calculated with reference to down-stream work in a swift current, for, by the kindliest estimate of its performance, I have not been able to figure an up-stream speed so great as three miles an hour. Owing to the slow progress made by the boat, I was obliged to land the live stock at the Tobacco Garden, and herd it from that point to Fort Buford, where it arrived on the 15th of June, a few hours after the boat. Five days were consumed in shoeing the animals and making other neces- sary preparations. The escort, consisting of two companies of the Seventh Cavalry and five companies of the Sixth Infantry, with their train, was con- centrated here, under the command of Major Marcus A. Reno. On the 21st the expedition started from Fort Buford. Supplies Ctyr six weeks were carried in the train, and arrangements had been made to have further supplies sent up from Fort Benton. On reaching the Big Muddy it was found to be impassable, and we were delayed a day and a half building 76 TnsriTED states northern boundary commission. a bridge. The stream Avas one hundred and twent}^ feet wide and five feet deep, with a soft mud bottom, which made it very difficult to set up the trestles. On the 25tli we reached the Quaking Ash or Poplar River, where the various parties separated. The topographical parties, under Lieutenant Greene, escorted by three companies Sixth Infantry, followed up this stream to the boundary. The details of their march and subsequent operations will be found in the report of Lieutenant Greene. Captain Gregory continued with the main party as far as the Little Rocky, where he branched oS, accompanied by Captain Bryant, with two companies, to the northwest, intending to make his first astronomical station to the east of Frenchman's Creek; but, becoming involved in the bad lands, he was obliged to cross that stream foui-teen miles below the line, at Fort Turnay, and follow up the west bank. I continued with the remainder of the escort, which marched up the valley of the Milk River, passing Fort Belknap, and finally established a camp on the Sandy, a southern branch of the Milk River, about forty-five miles from Fort Benton. At Fort Belknap agency the mails were found, and forwarded to the parties on the line. The supplies from Fort Benton not having arrived, I went to that place on the 12tli of July, and remained until the 24th, at which time the long-expected steamer made her appear- ance, having left, however, the main part of her stores at Cow Island, one hundred and twenty miles down the river. I sent a train, imder charge of Lieutenant Ladley, to bring up what forage was required ; and having sent another supply-train with the necessary supplies to the Sweet Grass Hills, I returned to my camp on the Sandy. From this camp, accompanied by Major Reno, I marched to the East Butte of the Sweet Grass Flills, where the escort had established their per- manent camp. I there learned that Captain Gregory's camp was only eight miles distant, though with rough country between. I therefore sent my train by the trail, and, riding directly across, found Captain Gregory camped on a small pool of water about two miles south of the lino. Lieutenant Greene's advance party was reported to be only a few miles back, and the supply-train from Fort Benton, passing between the first and second buttes, were expected to reach the West Butte the next day. REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 77 On the following day I moved my camp to the West Butte, and encamped on a small brook about one mile north of the line, where the permanent depot was established. This depot was established on the 1st of August. Captain Gregory and the advanced parties of Lieutenant Greene were immediately supplied, and pushed forward without delay. The work advanced rapidly, and at the end of August our line had been joined by traverse with that of the old northwestern boundary survey, on the summit of the Rocky Mountains, and the survey was complete. I then concentrated the parties at the suppl)' depot at the Sweet Grass Hills, and having detached Lieutenant Greene to carry a meridian from the line to Fort Shaw, in order to get a telegraphic connection for longitude, I left the Sweet Grass Hills with the remainder of the men, the escort mean- while taking the direct trail to Fort Buford. I arrived at Fort Benton September 8. Lieutenant Greene joined me again, on the 11th, with his party. I had previously had Mackinaw boats built and in readiness for our arrival, and on the 12th I started down the Missouri with the entire party, in six open boats. After a voyage of eighteen days we arrived at Bismarck, Dak., and thence, by Northern Pacific Railroad, reached Saint Paul, where the parties were discharged. Thus in four months the expedition completed a journey of nearly four thousand miles, three-fourths of which was by land and in open boats by water, and caiTied to completion the survey of three hundred and fifty -five miles of the boundary-line. It will be observed, by reference to the index of the records and maps, that a large amount of work has been done, and much information obtained by the commission, in addition to merely defining the line between the United States and the Dominion of Canada. Besides the official maps, a second series has been made, on a scale of one inch to eight miles, on which the lines of exploration by the different parties have been carefully located. It will be seen that a large number of reconnaissances have been made, which, in the aggregate, give a quite complete ^•iew of the whole region traversed. This series of maps also shows a boat-survey of tlie Missouri River from Fort Benton, Mont., to Bismarck, Dak., made while returning «o VNITKO !i5TATK!* Nv^KVUKKN IHHXIWKY <\>MMl^5Ji^lON. bv the vwu^x*** iittHl «?sj4itt>*tv\l dt*t;»ucT^ wvi>j wv by a cvMVS<*ftt xwuV C il A J' 'J L a J i /, TflP. VORTffWKHT POTWT, lAKK OF TffK WOOUH. FjVf^ry ou(: who i« at, fill fkfniliar with tli^: jAr^>jrraphy of thf; .N'ortJjwr:«t, }i;i« riotic<^;«l tlif; '.t.u<,uii>\()W. «liapo of thr; northc-m \>onri(]n.ry (ti tho fjriit/i^ Sfafr.-H, ;it tiif; Lakfs of tii*: VVood«, Aft^jr cro««)rijr f^kf; Hu\>f^f>r, it follows t,hf; apparorit clianrif;! of tlio wa.t/rr-way« comrriiinicatinj/ vvitii t.lir; f.ako of tJif: Woorl«, and, rfcaclilnjj tiio north wc-jit/:rri fK/int of rfi;i,t lak*^;, dro[;« Htid- df;nly to thf: ftrmtFi, nearly half a rlftgrw;, and follows thfc fr/rty-nlnth [MthWh] f,i' latitude to tho I'acifif; r:/;ai«t, Tlii« cMrionn confij/iiration rennhed from a la^;k of ^eojftaphical knowU:dj.frj at the time when the variotw tr^^tje« defininj( the hoiin^kry were made. The mo«t northwn and defined, in the treaty of Novem- ber 10, 1842. 'I'he latter treaty thu.H mu\)]y (h-Mnan, in rnord Acihxhd lang^uage, what had already been promulj.fated in the treaty of 1818, and the latt/;r, in turn, adjustH r^jrtain difficiiltifrf* Armxi^ nrular previotw tn^tU^ (BeptemberS, 1783; November 19, 1704; De«ftmber 24, 1814> T}iii« we find that tlie f;ommi«»ioner«, under the «ixth and W;venth arti- clfjs of the trftaty of Ghent, fixed and marked the jreographieal ]ifmU.lon of the nort,}i western point, and there rested from their labors, leavin;? to «af>- sequent cornmi.»««ion.«, the duty of marking the line westward, Tlie n5<;ovr^ of thi.s position gave ri«*5 to much Am:nmu>n, and at one 80 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. time promised considerable trouble. The point being indicated, and defi- nitely fixed by the joint commission under the sixth and seventh articles of the treaty of Ghent, admitted of no change of location by the present com- missioners. Its description, by latitude and longitude, was not sufficiently accui'ate to determine its position, since the methods employed were inade- quate. It became necessary, then, to examine the details of the work done by the astronomers of the former commission, in order to fonn a fair judg- ment in regard to the accuracy of their work. During the winter of 1872-73 the necessary copies of the record were obtained, and I was able to deter- mine, within very narrow limits, the true position of the monument. The water of the lake being much higher in 1872 than when the monument was built, the site was overflowed to the depth of several feet. The super- structure had entirely rotted away, being composed of aspen, and there only remained a few fragments of oak to mark the spot. The following letter to the commissioner gives, in detail, the technical points of the position taken by the chief astronomers, in regard to the recovery of the monument : United States Northern Bocndary Commission, In the field, Lat. 49° N., Long. 102° 57' W., October 1, 1873. Sir : In your memorandum of September 15, you request my opluion in regard to the initial point of the United States northern boundary, at the northwest point of the Lake of the Woods, and whether I consider the objection of the English commissioner to the point selected by the English and American chief astronomers, as well taken, and, finally, in case of a difference of opinion between yourself and the English com- missioner, which cannot be reconciled, what means of settlement remain. Before answering these interrogatories, I beg leave to state briefly the means used, originally, to fix the "most northwest" jjoint of the Lake of the Woods, and the method followed in recovering the monument erected at that time. I have before me the reports of Dr. I. L. Tiarks, astronomer (November IS, 1825), and David Thompson, surveyor (October, 1824), who were employed by the British Government to determine the northwest point, and whose reports were adopted at the time by the commissioner ou the part of the United States. From these reports, it appears that a question arose between the angle at the Rat Portage and the northern point of the bay, now known as the Northwest Angle. This question was settled by Tiarks in favor of the latter, en the i)rinciple that the northwest point was that point at ■which, if a line were drawn in the plane of a great circle, making an angle of 45° with the meridian, such a line would cut no other water of the lake. He therefore determined the relative position of the two points in ques- REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 81 tion by means of tht^ir latitude aiitl longitude; tlio latitudes were fixed by means of the sextant, and tbe longitude by the mean of several chronometer determinations. The point fixed as the northwest point being in a swamp, its position was given by certain courses and distances from a reference monument. Tlie question now is to find this monument. It is described by Thompson as a "square monument of logs, twelve feet high by seven feet square, the lower part of oak, the upper part of aspen.'- Its latitude is given by Tiarks 49° 23' 06". 48 north ; its longitude, approximately 95° 14' 38" west from Greenwich. So far as these co-ordinates are concerned, for any purpose of again finding the point, the longitude may be entirely rejected. It appears to have been determined by two chronometers, and as tbe distance traveled, and the elapsed time, were great, it may very easily be wrong by ten miles. It is only given by Tiarks as an approxima- tion. This is of little consequence, as the location of the northwest point, east and west, is confined to the narrow channel of the bay, which, at this point, runs generally north and south, and (the swamp included) has a width of only two hundred or three hun- dred feet. The latitude, then, and the visible channel are the guides to be followed in search- ing for the ancient monument. From the report of Tiarks, I find that the latitude of the monument, that being the point at which he observed, was determined by three series of circum-meridian altitudes of the sun. The results, and number of observations in each, were as given below, viz: Latitudes. Number of observations. 490 23' 02". 37 9 490 23' 03". 60 15 490 23' 09". 24 29 The true mean latitude from these observations is 49° 23' 05" 07, but the latitude, combining according to the number of the observations in each series, is 49° 23' 06".48, which is the result Tiarks adopted. This method of weighting the observations should not have been used, as there is always a constant error in such series, due to the cor- rection for index-error, and, in this case, a small additional inaccuracy arising from the fact that no barometric correction was applied to the refraction. These errors are, however, of comparatively little consequence, and their sum would probably not ex- ceed four seconds of arc. There remains a greater defect, arising from the unknown eccentricity of the sex- tant used. This Tiarks himself recognized, but, as he was more especially concerned in getting the relative latitude of two points within half a degree of each other, he took no means to eliminate the resulting error, which he regarded as being common to both stations. This oversight is fatal when it becomes a question of recovering the exact point of observation, as there may have been an error of eccentricity on the limb of the sex- tant, which would give an error of a half mile in the latitude, though, as the instru- ment was one of very large radius (9"), and made by a maker of great reputation (Troughton), it is not probable that tbe eccentricity was so great. N B 82 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Leaving tbis point for the present, I will state the means used to recover the monu- ment. In the fall of 1872, Major Farquhar and (3aptain Anderson, the chief astronomers of the joint commission lor determining the boundary, observed for latitude near the northwest point of the Lake of the Woods, and, guided by their results and by infor- mation obtained from Indians, discovered what they agreed in su])posing to be the remains of the monument, but in a latitude about Ave hundred feet south of that given by Tiarlis. Its position with reference to the northwest point of the bay, as given by Ihe several courses and distances, is sufficiently exact. The evidence appears to me to be strong enough to warrant them in the conclusion at which they arrived. Owing, however, to the laige possible error in the determination of the latitude by Tiarks, and considering that the northwest i)oint, so determined, lies within what must be acknowledged to be English territory, I am of the opinion that the English com- missioner may, without being considered as acting in an obstructive manner, take the ground that the evidence is not conclusive; but in making such objection, it is incum- bent on him to suggest some other point, as the " most northwestern," which the shape of the bay would render possible. There is another means of reducing the uncertainty of Tiaiks's determination of the latitude, w-hich I respectfully suggest for your consideration, in case of a final dis- agreement between yourself and the English commissioner. It is to take accurate observations for latitude at the angle near the Rat Portage. That station was marked by Thompson by a monument in stone, six feet high and four feet base, which can doubtless still be fouud. Tiarks observed there in the same manner as at the north- west point. Hence, by finding the amount of the error of his work at the Rat Portage, and applying the same correction to his work at the Northwest Angle, ihe error due to the eccentricity of his sextant will be eliminated, and the uncertainty of his latitude will be reduced within a verj' small limit. If the latitude, so found, should still indicate that the monument was near the point agreed upon by Major Earquhar and Captain Anderson, I do not see that any further objection could be made by Her JIajesty's commissioner to an immediate settle- ment of the vexed question. If, however, such objection should still be made, the matter will then have passed beyond my ])rovince as the chief astronomer of the commission. I am, very respectfuHj-, your obedient servant, W. J. TWINING, Captain of Engineers, Chief Astronomer United States 2^orthern Boundary Commission. Archibam) Campbell, Esq., United States Commissioner, Northern Boundary. While the shape and general character of the surroundings of the Northwest Angle of the Lake of the Woods, wei'e such as to confine the search to a very small portion of the bay, the scale of the maps was too small to serve as a definite basis of agreement. A now survey was there- M» 0fh . >.M,tli Wrsl Point .^v-^-^' '■^'.l/, %,. MAP of i}\e vicinity of the i^oKTJii WEST mmr '°A- LAKE OF THE WOODS jr- - ■-"~-^" -"-. 0g'B ;~ 1: 4"'^^' 7" S- ""til -^-r f-^i^-s -;ff»^": :-:^_ REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 83 fore made by an English party already on the ground. This survey was subsequently carried down to the forty-ninth parallel, where it was taken up by the parties under Lieut. F. V. Greene, and continued to the mouth of the Rainy River. The work of the English in the vicinity of the North- west Point was checked by Capt. James F. Gregory, United States Engin- eers. The details will be found in his report, which is transmitted herewith. The position of the Northwest Point, as fixed by Ca2:)t. S. Anderson, R. E., and Maj. F. U. Farquhar, United States Engineers, during the fall of 1872, was not finally agreed to by the commissioners until September, 1874. CHAPTER IV. ASTRONOMICAL DETERMINATIONS OF LATITUDE, AND METHODS OF SURVEY. On account of the peculiar nature of the disputes Hable to arise in regard to an international boundary-line, and the acrimony with which such controversies are usually prosecuted, it has been thought best to give, in a condensed form, the observations made by the United States parties, and the methods employed in fixing the positions of the monuments which mark the line. An abstract of the Bntish tangent-lines and mounds is added, in order to complete the record of the connections between astronomical stations. Official copies of the English astronomical observations are on file in the Department of State. In obedience to the instructions of the commissioner, an official copy of the United States astronomical and geodetic record was transmitted to the chief astronomer of Her Majesty's commission, October 14, 1875. It was accompanied by a descriptive memoir, from which the folloAving expla- nations are taken : Astronomy. — The astronomical record consists of — 1st, The observations made with the zenith telescope to determine latitude ; 2d, Instnimental constants ; od, Abstract of chronometer records ; 4tli, Star catalogues 1872, '73, and '74. Instruments. — The instruments used in determining the latitude were zenith telescopies Nos. 7, 11, and 20, Wlirdemann. Nos. 7 and 11 were of ^5 inches focal length. Both were of small power, and more or less damaged by use. No. 7 was used only on three stations in 1873 : it being found that 85 86 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. the level was badly ground, and that the instrument was loose on its hori- zontal axis. No. 20 was of 32 inches focal length, with a magnifying power of sixty diameters. It was found to be, in every respect, a pei-fect instru- ment. The chronometers used were by Negus, of New York, and Bond, of Boston. In computing the latitude of any station, the arithmetical mean of all the determinations was taken as the true latitude, no weights being applied. It is thought that the accuracy of the computation, and the number of authorities combined in each decHnation, warrant the assumption that the star places are nearly absolute, leaving in the deteraiinations only the error of the observation. This view has been found to be correct, or nearly cor- rect, by subsequently examining the residuals given by each pair of stars, when referred to the mean latitudes of a large number of stations. In order to prevent the suppression of observations, a mathematical criterion was applied. This, while of doubtful utility in computations made under the supervision of one skillful computer, I thought to be desirable as a number of observers were engaged simultaneously, and the computations were to be comjjleted, promptly, in the field. The standard number of observations, thougli varying with different stations, was finally fixed at about sixty, it being found that, with the 32- inch instrument, sixt}- observations would give a mean result of which the probable error would be about four feet. This probable eiTor was consid- ered to be very much within the differences which might arise from the methods employed in computing the declinations of the stars used, and the general eri-ors incident to such work. Instrumental constants. — The observations by which the instrumental constants were determined, are given in full. It will be observed that no eflfort was made to determine the run of the micrometers, nor the differ- ences due to changes of temperature. I am of the opinion that all such corrections are, even under the most favorable circumstances, somewhat hypothetical, and therefore liable to introduce unknown eiTors into the work, and that they are rather matters of curiosity than of practical impor- tance in field-work. EKrORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER. 87 The method of cletermining the mean places of the stars used is the only part of these computations which calls for any special remark. In the fall of 1872, the astronomical party was ordered into the field, under my charge, without time for careful preparation. The only authorities available at the time for computing the star places, were the Greenwich Observations from 1836 to 1867. The computations for the two stations observed in 1872, depended entirely on these observa- tions. During the winter of 1872-73, a careful and systematic examina- tion of the existing authorities was commenced, and the list of stars, as given for 1873, was prepared. This work was continued during the subse- quent winter,' and the results are given in the star catalogue of 1874, which, however, differs very slightly from that of 1873. The principles which were adopted in the discussion of these star places, were mainly derived from the work of Argelander, Bonner Beobach- tungen, Band VII. Some few stars were taken from the second part of that work without modification. These are British Association Catalogue numbers 198, 979, 4918, 5313, 5502, 6114, 75!5, 7377, 8083, 8206, and 8273. The positions uf Greenwich 12 year 73, and B. A. C. 896, were taken from Part I. For the remainder, the following catalogues and observations were con.svilted : Bradley, 1755, B; Lalande, Fedorenko, 1790, Fed; D'Agelet (Gould), 1800, D'A; Lalande, 1800, L.L ; Piazzi, 1800, Pi; Groombridge, 1810, Gr ; Struve, 1830, P. M; Argelander's Abo, 1830, Abo; Taylor's Madras, 1835, T; Jacob's Madras, 1848-1852, J^g, &c.; Bessel's zones (Weisse) (+15° to 45°), 1825, Wa B; Pond's Greenwich, 1830, Pd; Airy's First Cambridge Catalogue, 1830, CC; Riimker, 1836, R; Edinburgh (Henderson^ 1835, 1844, Edinburgh (Smyth), E^,, &c. ; Cambridge (Challis), 1839-1860, Chso, &c. ; Armagh (Robinson), 1840, Arm; Bonn North Zones, 1842, O A; Radclifife Catalogue of 6317 stars, 1845, R C; Radchfife, 1860, RC^; RadcMe, later observations, 1861-1870, R Cc, &c. ; Bonn, (Vol VI). 1866, Arg; Brussels (Quetelet), 1859-1866, Q59, &c. ; Konigsberg; Washington (transit circle), 1867-71, Wn ; Washington Catalogue (mural circle), 1860, Y ; the entire series of Greenwich catalogues and observations since the directorship of Airy, 1836-1871, Ay 40, Ay^.,, Ay^, A}\o, Ayc^, Ay^g, &c.; 88 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Paris observations, 1856-1867, Pje, &c.; Durham, D; the volumes of the Astronomische Nachrichten ; Leiden, 1870, L ; Pulkowa, 1845, Pul. The dates after the name of each catalogue refer to the epochs to which each was reduced, and the initials following the date, the designation by which these catalogues and observations will be subsequently referred to. Systematic corrections, as deduced by Argelander, in Vol. VII, Bonn Obs., were applied to most observations of a date earlier than 1860. In one case, that of Yarnall's Washington Catalogue, a special comparison was made with Wolfer's Fundamental List, in the Tabulae Reductionum, which is the basis of Argelander's work. But this coiTection was omitted in a few of the later reductions. Owing to the great discrepancy in the number of observations on the different stars, the weights were adopted to suit each particular case — i. e., no uniform weight was given to the positions taken from any one catalogue, though a general standard was adopted for each, which Avas nearly as foUows: B ... D'A. Fed . L.L. Pi ., Gr .. .... i X .... 4 .... i J .... J Q .... J .... i P. M 1 Abo.. T .... J .... W2B. Pond . CO.. R ... E . . Ch .. A ... O A. R Ci RC2. R Cg, &c Arg Q . K h 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 i Wu .. Y Ay 40 • - Ay 45 ■ ■ Ay 50 ■ - • 1 1 1 1 Ayen 1 J to 2 1^ to3 Ay(;4 Ayes, &c li P 2 Pnl 2 L (16 symmetrical observations) 4 These weights represent the degree of confidence in the several author- ities when represented by from three to five observations. In a few of the later reductions, the weights were made decimal fractions in all cases, and increased for some of the modern authorities. The ordinary method of combining the observations to obtain the result for 1872, 1873, or 1874, as required, was, briefly, as follows: The right REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 89 iisceiision found in the Greenwich Catalogues, or, these faihng, in that of the British Association, was used to obtain the annual precession in decli- nation, the secular variation in decHnation being taken directly from these authorities. All observations in a given case were then reduced to the required mean epoch, proper motion being always neglected. The result- ing corrections (k) to the value of the assumed declination, the systematic corrections referred to above having been applied, were regarded as made up of three parts: x, a correction to the assumed declination at the required epoch; ti/, a correction varying with the time, or, in other words, the proper motion; and v a residual error of observation. Equations of condition were accordingly made of the form (x-\-ty—]i=0) Vi', in which |j denotes the weight. The value of t was usually taken to the nearest tenth of a year, reckoning from the date of observation, where that could be ascertained, to the required epoch. These equations were treated in the ordinary manner. But the value of x Avas usually derived from observations made in 1830, or later. The following example will serve to illustrate the above explanation: B. A. C. 67. With the annual precession, -f 20".()18, computed for 1864 from the A. R, found in Ay 54 (nsing Struve's constants), and the secular variation, — 0".035, adopted from that catalogue, each set of observations is reduced to the required epoch, 1873.0; a systematic correction having first been ap- plied to the declinations as given by D'A, L. L, Pi, Wa B, Arm, and Y. R Ce^, R Cc8, and R Ceg were combined so as to fonn one equation. Aye,, Ay 69, and Ay 70 were treated in the same manner, the weights in com- bining being strictly according to the number of observations in each year. Rejecting Lalande, we have the following conditional equations and weights, assumed S for 1873 being 37° 15' 53".0: Weight. B. re— 117.0?/— 7.79 = ^ D'A. X— 88.8 -2.77 = 1 Pi. X— 73. —4.41=0 ^ WoB. X- 48. -3.68 = I T. X- 38. -2.20 = 2 90 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Arm. X — 33.9 — 2.25 = 1 Yar. X — 25.7 -1.94=0 1 K. X — 11.2 -2.G0 = \ Ay64 X — 8.5 -O.H5 = 3 Qe.. X — 8.1 -1.25 = \ L. X — 4.1 -0.55 = 4 R. C,, X — 3.7 — 0.5(J = u Ajeo X — 3.G -1.64 = U From the above, result the following normal equations: + 14.8.T— 262.Gv/ = + 22".18 — 262.Gj; + 14339.1?/ = — 907".92 from which, a;= + ".55 and «/ = — ".053 Using T and the succeeding authorities for the value of x, we obtain 37° 15' 53". 55, as the (5 for 1873.0; a result identical with that derived from the direct solution of the normal equations. The following tabic exhibits the reduction, in tabular form. Column one contains the designation of the various authorities; column two, the epoch to which each catalogue is found reduced; column three, the mean epoch of observation (in the cases of B, L. L, Pi, Wo B, and T arbitrarily assumed); column four contains the declination as given by the catalogue itself In cases such as Ayg^ and L, where the observations have been reduced to the date of the catalogue, in some instances with proper motion, the seconds of 8 are adopted so as to correspond with the mean date of observation — i. c, as they would have been had no proper motion been applied; column five contains the system- atic correction as derived from Vol. VII, Part I, Bonn Observations (Arge- lander); column six, the declination as it results from each authority, the precession being applied to reduce it to 1873.0; column seven, the number of observations on which each authority is based; column eight, the final value of the declination for 1873 as it is given by each authority; column nine, the residuals or the corrections which the declination and proper motion adopted for 1873.0 give to each catalogue. REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 91 Catalogue. I? .... D'A .. L.L.. Pi.... WoB. T .... Arm . . Y .... K .... Ajo, . . Qm.-- R C67 . KCes. A.Ves.- L .... R C'eg. Ayeo.- Aj-TO.- Epocb, re. duct ion. 17bb IHOO 1600 1800 1825 18:!5 1840 18(0 18G1 1864 1864 1867 1868 1868 1870 1869 1869 1870 Epoch, ob- servation. 17r36 1784. 2 1795 18C0 1825 1835 1839. 1 1847. 3 1861. 8 1864. 5 1864. 9 1867.8 1868. 8 1868. 8 1868. 9 1869. 8 1869. 8 18i 0. 8 Cat. d. Sys.corr. 36 36 51 51 51 59 37 03 04 11 11 12 12 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 36.6 33.8 32.1 37.2 54.7 15.0 54.9 34.2 55. 4 53.7 54.1 54.4 12.4 14.7 53.5 33.7 34. 5 53.5 —0.4 —1.8 —1.8 +0.9 +0.4 —0.3 +0.5 a 1873.0. No. obs. 37 15 GO. 55. [52. 57. 56. 55. 55. 54. 55. 53. 54. .'>4. 52. 54. 53. .^)3. r,4. 53. 4 4 3 9 1 4 6 4 1 22 1 1 2 4 15 liesulling 6 1873.0. .54. 6 51.1 53. 5 54.1 53.2 53.5 53. 6 55.0 53.4 53. 8 54.3 52. 3 54.6 53. 3 53. 6 54.4 Ilesid- u.als. — 1.0 +2.5 0.0 —0.6 +0.4 +0.1 0.0 —1.5 +0.1 —0.3 —0.7 + 1.3 —1.0 +0.2 —0.1 —0.8 0.0 i!, 1873.0, 37° 15' .'>3".55. An. prec, +S0".014. ;i', -".U.W. Sec. var., ".U3j. The computation was generally carried to hundredths of a second in the details, but is not rigidly correct to that place. The stars comprised in the catalogue of 1873 and 1874 were reduced as above, with the exception of a few declinations for 1874, which were treated in a manner varying so slightly as not to require special explanation. Connection of astronomical stations. — The geodetic record gives the deter- mination of the azimuths for each tangent, the station-errors, and the final offsets to the parallel of latitude in which the station- errors are distributed. These tangents were run with an 8-inch transit-theodolite, Wiirdemann, graduated to 10', reading by two verniers to 10", with illuminated axes, circular and striding level, the tangent-screws working against springs, which was found to be a serious defect. Azimuths. — The instrument was mounted in the meridian of the astro- nomical station, and an approximate 90° turned off, from any data availa- ble. On this approximate line, at a distance of one to three miles, a bull's- eye lantern was placed ; its light, two inches in diameter, at a distance of two miles, gave an image equal to a second-magnitude star. The azimuth of this mark was determined by observations on circumpolar stars near elongation. Tlie stars most frequently used in the early part of the evening in summer were ft and y Cephei and Polaris (eastern elongation), and ft and /'- Ursae Minoris (western elongation). Ten readings were taken on each star, and ten on the mark, live with lamp east and live lamp west. The star-readings Avcre reduced to elongation from ihc recorded time 92 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. (simultaneous time-observations with sextant), and tlie mean of tlie ten constituted the result for that star. The other stars were taken in different parts of the arc, to eliminate errors of graduation, and the final mean was the mean of results by stars. Five stars, with fifty readings, was consid- ei'ed a good determination, although three stars were used when it was not practicable to get more in one night. Treating all the readings (thirty to fifty in number) by least squares, the probable error of this work ranges fr«m 0".8 to 4".0 at a station, with a mean of 1".8. The transit was care- fully leveled before each pointing and the level examined afterward; if deranged, the observation was rejected. Having thus determined the true azimuth of the mai-k, its distance from the transit was chained, and the difi'erence between the azimuth and 270° or 90°, with this distance in feet, gave the solution of a triangle, of which the required side was the distance, in feet, of the mark from the prime vertical sought. Having thus found the direction of the tangent, it Avas traced to the meridian of the next astronomical station by means of the transit, above described, and two targets, the distance being chained at the same time. Tracing the tewr/c«^.— OalHng the point where the transit stood during the azimuth observations (marked with stake and pencil-point), Station 1, the transit was can-ied to Station 2, set up, leveled, and pointed at the target, which Avas over Station 1. The other target, in front, was then by signals, ranged into the line of 1 and 2, and this gave Station 3. The transit was then taken to 3 and the rear target to 2, the front target Avas ranged into line, and gave Station 4 ; and so on to the next astro- nomical station. The collimation was so adjusted that its error was as small as possi- ble, and, to cut out the remaining error from this source, two sights were taken at each station. With clamp north, the telescope was pointed to the back target, and then revolved in the Y" to align one point in front ; the instrument was then turned 180° in azimuth, which brought the clamp south, resighted on the back target, and another point in front similarly determined. The mean of the two was taken as a point of the tangent. REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 93 The telescope was not reversed in the Y", on account of the dust. The targets used are shown in the accompanying report of Lieut. Greene. The communication between the front and rear targets and the transit- instrument, was kept np by means of large flags, and the United States Army signal code of three elements. The men were instructed in this, and quickly learned it, but to insure accuracy each man was provided with a printed card containing the alphabet. A few special signals were added. By this means, and by transporting the targets and men in Hght wagons, as much as eighteen miles of line has been traced in one day. The greatest length of chaining in one day was fifteen miles. In rough ground two chainings were made. At the end of the tangent a series of azimuth observations was taken, similar to those at the beginning, the transit being placed over the terminal stake, and the mark over the stake next before it. The average azimuth-error in eighteen miles was 20"; when less than this, the tangent was considered correct; if over, it was adjusted in computing the offsets for the mounds. The difference between the computed offset from the tangent to the parallel of 49°, and the measured distance to the astronomical mound, was taken to be the "station-error," i. e., the difference between the astronomical and relative geodetic determinations of the two stations. This was distributed between the stations in direct proportion to the distance. This made the forty-ninth parallel, as marked, a line of irreg- ular curvature. Computations. — The astronomical station being considered absolute, the offsets to the mounds were computed by the ordinary formula. For con- venience, a table was computed for latitude 49°, giving the offsets and true azimuth for distances of 1,000 feet up to 200,000. Between the even thousands, the offset was readily intei-polated. The final offset was, then, the sum of this computed offset, ± the proportional part of the station- error, ± the error of the initial point north or south of 49°, ± the correc- tion due to azimuth error. A list of these offsets and the stakes from which they were to be measured was furnished to the "mound party," who followed. Topograx)hy.—A\\ topographical work, except some sketching along the 94 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. tangents, was done with the stadia-rod and a 6-inch theodohte. The theod- oUtes were made by Wiirdeman, and were similar, in nearly all particulars, to the larger transit used on the tangent-line. The cross-hairs were fixed, and the distance was read by noting the number of spaces covered on the rod; the smallest space marked was five feet, and the rod read by estimation to one foot. Each rod was graduated for its own instrument by measuring with great care 1,000 feet, and marking the points covered by the extreme wires ; this distance was then subdivided and marked. The rods read to 1,500 feet, and in rough, broken country were found more accurate than the chain, and at all times more expeditious. The angles were kept by the method of traversing, or "keeping the azimuth"; each recorded angle being the angle of the line of sight with the true meridian, and were counted from 0° to 360°. The line always started from some stake on the tangent from which the azimuth was taken. When practicable the line was again closed on the tangent. Of one thousand four hundred miles of stadia-work, sixty-nine lines, comprising seven hundred and fifty miles, were closed, with an average eiTor of 2.7 feet per 1,000 feet of line. As much as twelve miles of this sort of work, exclusive of side- pointings, has been done in one day by a single party with one theodolite and five rods. The vertical angle was always read, and gave an approx- imation to the vertical heights. In the office, the stadia-readings have all been reduced to horizontal and vertical distances by means of tables. From the horizontal distances, the rectangular co-ordinates were computed, and these gave the error of the line, which was distributed at each station, proportionately to the length of line. The adjusted stations wei-e then plotted by co-ordinates. In projecting the majis the polyconic method has been adopted. Each .sheet is projected with reference to its own central meridian, and to the forty-ninth parallel, as determined at the Lake of the "Woods, for central parallel. The parallel actually marked in ink is the approximate parallel traced on the gi'ound. The length of 1° of longitude, in latitude 49°, is taken to be 240,076 feet. ■m^. , Ijf -T i, ^XP EEPORT OP THE CHIEF ASTRONOMEE. 95 APPENDIX D. SUMMAKY OF ASTRONOMICAL STATIONS, OBSERVED BY THE UNITED STATES ASTRO- NOMICAL PARTIES. a 3 1872. 1 4 1873. 5 6 7 8 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1874. 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 40 Position. Lalve of the Woods Red River, Initial Point . Pointe Michel, 20 miles west of Red River. Pembina Mountain8,east side. PembinaMountainSjWestside Long River Turtle Mountain, west side .. South Antler Creek West of Rivifere des Lacs, 237 miles west of Red River. Mouse River Mid Coteau Bully Spring Four hundred and eight and a half Mile Point. Frenchman's Creek Pool on Prairie East Fork, Milk River. . Milk River Lakes East Butte Red River North Fork, Milk River. Chief Mountain Lake . . Observer. Capt. W.J. Twining., do ...do Capt. J. P. Gregory . . . Assistant Lewis Boss Capt. J. F. Gregory . . . (!apt.W.J.Twiuing.. Capt. J. F. Gregory . . . Capt. W.J. Twining.. Capt. J. F. Gregory. . . ...do ...do ...do .do .do .do .do , .do .do -do .do . 3 S 84 104 60 74 79 82 79 81 72 80 66 64 59 Latitude. 48 .59 45. 67 48 59 55. 92 48 59 57. 20 49 00 02. 50 43 59 51. 55 48 59 58. 54 48 59 53.76 49 01 48.76 49 01 01.63 48 58 10. 29 49 00 44.73 49 01 09.11 48 59 28. 90 48 58 49 00 49 00 48 59 48 59 49 01 48 59 49 00 09.10 02. 95 01.86 55. 39 06. 30 01. 42 59. 31 04.00 ±0.63 ±0. 82 ±0.42 ±0.35 ±0.35 ±0. 828 ±0. 324 ±0.588 ±0. 457 ±0. 408 ±0. 359 ±0. 359 ±0. 303 ±0. 288 ±0. 387 ±0. 326 ±0. 275 ±0. 270 ±0. 335 O o CO ±0.07 ±0.08 ±0.05 ±0.24 ±0.04 ±0. 037 ±0.04 ±0. 092 ±0. 038 ±0. 066 ±0. 056 ±0. 051 ±0. 047 ±0. 043 ±0. 037 ±0. 036 ±0. 045 ±0. 042 ±0. 035 ±0. 034 ±0. 049 Si V a 2 east. 1 do. 2 west. 3 do. 4 do. 5 do. 6 do. 7 do. 8 do. 9 do. 10 do. U do. 12 do. 13 do. 14 do. 15 do. 16 do. 17 do. 18 do. 19 do. 20 do. Note. — The instrument used at stations Nos. 6, 13, and 17 was Wurdemann, No. 11, 25-inch, having a defective level, and being, at station No. 6, also loose upon its horizontal axis. No. 6; being a joint sta- tion, was not reobserved. At stations Nos. 1 and 4, WUrderaann, No. 7, 95-inch was used. At all other BtatioDS, the instrament used was WUrdemann, No. 20, 32-inch. 1872. UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. Observations for Latitude. (Astronomical Station Xo, 1.— Initial point, 2J miles north of Pembina. Datota.— Observer, W. J". Twinins, Captain Tlnited States Engineers.— Zenitb Telescope, Wiiriiemann No. 7.— Chronometer, Negus Sidereal No. 1514.] B. A.C. No. Keadings. Microm. 6553 6560 6728 07-10 6780 6fl7 6937 6970 70iit 7073 7345 7448 7480 7489 7503 7605 7636 7679 7755 7765 7820 78S2 7902 8024 8306 8273 6553 6580 6621 6681 6728 6748 6780 6817 6987 6970 7100 7166 7215 7277 21.041 24. .556 19. 873 24. 727 22. 505 22.647 18. 384 26. 024 19. 8.i3 25.025 19. 844 28. 638 16. 390 28. 04J 20. 696 23. 758 19. 952 23.200 19. 223 27. 602 20. 590 26. 312 1.5. 457 26. 827 28. 703 13.215 29. 075 16. 400 21. 633 25. 043 24. 694 20. 400 19. 742 24. 573 23.112 23.219 18.027 So. 637 14. 974 29. 594 18. 735 27. 579 Level. 40.8 45.8 44.5 39.6 44.3 40.4 45.2 45.7 45.0 29.7 51.7 34.6 45.4 53.4 47.1 50.2 47.8 45.7 47.3 38.7 47.5 43. 1 48. 5 43.6 3t'. 2 41.8 36.5 38.7 40.9 32.1 41.5 3(i. 8 44.0 34. 2 41.3 40.2 43.7 37.6 46.0 30.7 43. B 40.5 41.4 37.0 42.4 47.9 43.2 47.4 44.4 43.9 44.4 00.3 33.2 57.4 46.5 39.9 46.0 42.0 44.9 47.7 40.4 5.5.0 47.0 48.5 44.9 48.4 37.2 38.9 39.8 38.0 39.3 48.8 39.9 45.8 38.7 48.8 42.0 43.3 40.7 47.3 40.2 42.9 46. 6 Merid. dist. Declination. 32 18 19. 33 65 46 U9. 20 43 25 30. 61 54 40 43. 00 57 43 01. 32 40 16 47. 94 36 28 07. 01 61 41 46.54 61 51 22. 63 36 01 58. 89 57 07 32. 77 40 40 47.91 47 03 22.11 51 06 43. 70 43 58 .52 84 .52 03 37. 20 37 57 55. 90 60 06 12. 88 55 36 50. 39 42 12 05. 88 58 47 15. 31 39 05 01. 37 43 49 .55. 53 4il 24 43. 42 41 16 49. 17 56 25 18. 59 20 37 22. 84 67 03 54. t9 32 18 19.50 65 46 09. 4 ) 40 07 48. 03 57 46 29. 44 43 25 30. 85 54 40 4cJ. 28 57 43 01.64 40 16 48. 20 36 28 07. 30 61 41 46.94 42 45 39. 20 55 3:1 33. 94 57 07 33. 17 40 40 48. 37 Correciions. Microm. -2 18. 27 -3 10.94 +0 05. 59 -5 00. 44 +3 23. 45 +5 47. 90 -7 38. 36 -1 21. 11 -2 07. 77 +5 29.61 -i-3 44. 65 -7 27.27 +8 .50. .58 +8 18.60 -2 14.22 +2 48. 92 -3 10.01 +0 04. 23 -4 58. t7 —9 33. 1 1 +5 47. 90 Level. +1.71 -1.39 -1.39 —0.58 -6. 75 -0.9T +2.79 + 1.90 +0.20 -3.46 -0. 05 +0.18 +0.88 -0.58 Eefrac. -3. 40 -0. 04 -1.66 +0.03 1.60 -0.05 — 1. 93 -1.31 -4.30 -1.21 0.00 -0.09 -0.17 +0.10 Eed. to merid. -0.04 -0. 03 0.00 -0.09 .. +0.06 +0.10 -0.13 -U. 02 -0.03 +0.10 +0.07 -0. n +0. 16 +0. 16 Latitude. +.14 48 59 .57. 67 .5.5. 43 58.83 5.5. 67 57.52 .57. 37 57.20 5.5. 85 56.79 54.39 51.25 53.25 55.50 57.03 56.81 56.04 56,31 57.16 .56. L5 .56. 99 48 59 57. SO Remarks. September IC. September 18. 96 EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER. 97 Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 1 — Coutinued. B. A. c. No. 73'15 7448 7505 7ti05 ■7636 7679 7820 7883 796-2 8024 80S3 8128 6728 6748 7100 7166 7215 7277 7345 7448 7480 7489 7503 7605 7636 7679 7755 7765 7787 7800 7820 7883 7962 8034 8036 8059 8083 8128 ?a06 8273 8344 8366 46 67 120 175 198 219 Headinga. Microm. 18. 876 25. 780 19. 967 24. 902 14. 993 29. BID 18.790 27. 620 14.465 26. 120 20. 687 23.-33 20. 834 24.236 17. 837 26. 073 18.725 24. 344 19. 274 2i918 15. 373 26. 807 31. 073 17. 673 20. 195 21. 6i;6 18.223 24. 998 28. 406 15. 865 16. 899 21. 035 31. 106 26. 914 14. 5.58 29. 651 2.5. 650 19. 276 Level. N. 45.9 39.6 43.4 40.6 44.5 43.1 44.0 43.7 43.8 46.6 43.4 43.3 43.0 44.4 40.0 38.7 38.4 53.5 39.4 36.6 40.8 40.7 41.0 40.7 39.5 45.0 39.7 43.5 38.2 47.9 40.6 44.2 41.3 49.0 43 47.7 44.0 44.8 41.2 53.9 4.5.0 45.9 42.2 40.7 40.3 54.4 41.1 49.0 44.8 47.9 44.0 46.5 44.3 45.9 44.6 42.1 44.8 46.4 46.4 45.0 37.2 38.7 39.8 34.8 39.4 42.0 38.7 39.7 39.0 39.9 41.3 36.7 41.9 38.6 43.7 34.0 41.5 38.0 41.1 34.4 43.4 37.4 41.4 40.8 44.7 33.4 42.0 43.2 46.1 48.0 48.8 34.8 Merid. diat. 44. 2 45. 48. 40. 7 45.0 39.7 43.5 48.9 Declination. 47 08 22. 55 51 C6 44.20 45 .58 53. 30 52 03 37. 70 37 .57 X. 32 60 06 13. 46 55 r6 .50. 98 42 13 00. 39 48 49 56. 09 49 24 45. 99 41 16 49. 69 56 25 19. 24 56 27 56. 59 41 22 53. 77 43 25 31. 20 54 40 45. 71 43 45 39. 71 55 33 3). 69 57 07 33. 77 40 40 49. 06 47 08 23. 20 51 06 44. 93 45 58 54. 00 52 03 3d 47 37 57 56. 94 60 06 14. 33 55 30 .51. 81 42 12 07. 10 58 47 16. 83 39 03 05. :,S 52 01 12. 33 45 53 49. 53 48 49 56.93 49 24 46. 85 41 16 50. 48 56 25 20. 2i 49 21 39. 23 48 30 10. 73 56 27 57. 56 41 22 54. 51 30 37 23. 94 67 05 50. 70 60 30 47. 75 60 36 1.5.83 60 49 39. 73 37 15 43. 31 32 .53 43.-1 65 26 53. 04 47 35 13.33 50 16 21. 27 Corrections. Level. Kefrao -7 36. 31 -1 19.66 —2 03. 28 +5 28. 55 -7 28. 64 +8 54. 36 -H 31.59 -3 14. 13 -9 43. 84 +5 47. 35 -7 38. 48 -1 £0.48 -2 13.83 +5 23. 98 +3 41. 04 +2 23. 35 -7 29. 83 +8 47.12 +0 58. 65 +4 26.51 +8 13. 33 -)-6 33. 96 -1-3 51.27 -2 44. 90 -9 53. 72 -1-4 10.74 —1.03 —1.90 -0.88 -0.79 -1-0.83 -1.24 -0.90 -fO. 63 +3.89 -1.35 -1-0.70 -1-0.40 + 1.40 -1-0.61 -1-1.89 -1-1.19 -1-3. 33 -1-2.23 +I.4S -1-4.05 +1.51 +3. .53 -1-3.77 -1-3.47 +1.46 -1.73 -0. 13 -0.03 -0.03 +0.10 -0. 13 +0.16 +0.08 -0.05 -0.17 +0.10 -0.13 -0.02 -0.03 +0.10 +0.07 +0.03 -0.13 +0.10 +0. 02 +0.08 +0.16 -I-.07 -. 03 -0.18 + 0.07 Red. to iDOiid. -1. 13 Latitude. Eemarka. +0.03 48 59 55. 90 53.86 55.70 50.55 54. 23 57.75 55.95 54.90 .58. 08 57. 51 50.15 56.22 53. 23 54.14 54. 19 55.50 55. 37 54.85 55.15 56.67 55.32 55. 64 56. 17 56.54 55.44 48 59 55. 91 September 18. September 21. N B- 98 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Observations for Latitude. — -Station No. 1 — Coatiaued. B. A. c. Ko. Readings. Microm. 12-Tr. 73 345 6937 6970 7024 7073 7100 71C6 7215 7277 7345 7448 7480 74B9 7505 7'i05 7636 7679 77,55 7765 7M0 7882 7962 8024 8036 2059 8083 8128 8206 8373 8344 46 67 120 175 198 219 239 259 487 522 6937 6970 7024 7073 7215 7277 7480 7489 7820 7882 Level. 18.211 25. 198 18.004 25. 759 19. 328 24. 183 15. 336 30. 221 19. 841 28. 531 16.194 27. 923 20. 705 22. 803 20. .523 23. 907 21. 756 29. 935 16. 585 28. 019 28. 371 14. 993 21.610 23. 034 18.331 2I>. 041 28. 103 15. 672 10. 448 30. 095 26. 427 14.365 29.410 23. 959 19. 681 27. &38 17. o; 9 18.899 20. 331 18. 630 26.253 20. 4.52 23. 399 19. 966 28. 728 20. 021 2i.07O 15. 091 26. 414 42.5 40.2 36.6 42. 2 37.3 40.9 34.7 44.4 32.7 45.2 37.5 40.3 36.2 43.6 3,5.0 43.8 38.6 42. 2 36.3 44.5 3.5.6 44.7 36.9 42.0 33.0 48.8 37.0 47.1 31.0 58.0 33. 2 36.7 49.9 40.3 36.6 36.4 41.2 39.4 33.4 .36.4 39.5 34.6 22.9 .35.8 34.0 36.7 35.5 42.9 26.6 39.2 32.7 llerid. dist. 45.9 43.0 3.5. 4 39.7 34.9 31.6 37.5 28.0 39.6 27.4 34. S 32.5 37.(1 29.7 38.3 28.0 35.3 31.7 37.4 29.6 38.3 29.6 37.4 32.8 41.6 20.4 39.3 28.5 45.9 19. 3 39.2 41.0 27. 9 37.2 41.0 41.2 35.9 37. 9 41. 9 40.0 37.5 29.7 42.0 39.9 42. 2 39.4 40. 5 33.7 50. 37.4 44.3 Decliu.ttion. 35 30 / " 67 03 52. 88 30 44 49.74 36 28 08. 24 01 41 48.37 61 51 24. 53 36 03 00. 30 42 45 40, 48 55 33 35. 52 Corrections. Microm. 31 VI .H. I-l 40 40 49. 74 47 08 24. 17 51 06 46. 04 43 5ei 55. 06 52 03 39. 62 37 57 57. 83 60 06 15. 59 53 36 53. 13 43 13 08. 22 .58 47 18.26 39 05 06.04 48 49 49 53.23 24 48. 19 41 50 16 .51. 71 25 21. 75 49 48 21 40.04 36 12.20 36 41 23 59. 14 22 55. 87 Level. 30 37 24. 98 67 05 58. 27 60 30 49. 43 60 49 31.44 37 15 49.55 32 52 44. 83 63 26 53. 81 47 35 13. 79 .50 lU 22. 78 60 25 29. 10 37 48 30.29 47 58 54. 40 50 03 44. 30 36 28 08. 36 61 41 48.65 61 51 24. 72 36 02 00. 42 .57 07 35. 06 40 40 49.87 45 58 55. 37 53 03 39. 83 48 49 .58. 49 49 24 48. 43 +4 34. 85 -5 05. 06 +3 10. 94 -9 44. 75 +5 41.84 -7 41.39 -1 24.89 —2 13. 04 +5 21.74 -i-3 38. 48 -7 29.78 -f 3 46. 30 +0 56. 02 +4 23. 93 +8 09. 00 +6 32. .55 -3 47. 89 -9 51.83 +4 06. 96 -7 03. 23 -0 53.40 -5 58.83 +3 14. 00 +5 44. 67 -1 20.60 -7 23.43 Kef rue -fO. 18 +0. 83 +2. 63 +3.06 -fa. 43 + 1.80 +2. 93 +3.38 +3. 10 +3. 10 +2.79 +1. 90 +3. 10 +3.67 +5. 38 +4.72 4-3. 98 -0. 29 +0.11 -1.12 -0.49 -3.19 -2.77 -1.73 -3.19 -2.18 Red. to laerid. +0.09 -0. 09 +0. 06 -0.17 +0.10 -0. 13 -0. 02 -0. 03 +0.10 +0.07 -0. 13 +0.16 +0.02 +0.08 +0.16 +0.11 -0.05 -0.18 +0.07 -0.13 -0.02 -0.09 +0.06 +0.10 -0. 02 -a 13 L.ititude. Kemarkfl. +0. 16 +0.11 48 39 56. 43 .53. 99 56.03 50.14 56. 68 53. 38 53.38 56. 92 55.61 34. 37 56. 09 55. 13 55. 56 55.20 56. 28 56. 88 56. 34 57. 02 55.42 53. 22 56.44 .56. 32 54.46 53.50 53.75 48 59 53. 74 September 21. September 26. Septeiaber 27. REPOEr OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 99 Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 1 — Coiitinuetl. Keadings. B.A.C. No. Microm. inC2 eon 8083 8206 8273 8344 46 67 120 175 1!)8 219 239 2:9 6624 6681 7024 7073 71C0 7166 7215 7277 7345 744d 74eo 7489 7505 7605 7636 7679 7755 7765 7787 '.800 7820 7883 7962 6024 8036 8059 8083 8128 8206 8273 8344 8366 46 67 120 175 28. 171 14. 674 17. 735 24. 633 29. 036 16. 431 16. 230 30. 438 26. 343 14. 012 29. 012 24. 446 18. 092 27. 1P2 16. 488 24.673 20. 4:6 22. 3C8 27. 240 15. 769 30. 550 19. 232 27. cei 15. 669 27. 341 20. 609 22. 793 21. 0."l 24. 394 13.253 21.654 18. 184 23. 757 18. 7:3 22. 3-0 15.20H £6. 540 29. 498 16. 106 21. 569 23. 035 19. 321 20. 080 28. 536 15. 992 17. 682 21. 8il 31.8';6 27. 675 14.401 29. 49U Level. 39.4 33.2 39.5 29.0 40.5 26.5 36.2 33.4 40.2 40.0 36.9 40.6 36.3 39.1 37.5 39.2 45.0 45. 8 40.0 45.6 44.7 44.0 45.6 46.5 43.0 45. 9 46.5 40.0 48.6 44.4 32.6 44.8 48.1 44.8 48.8 44.5 40.9 46.1 48.9 43.6 50.8 45.9 48.0 36.9 39.9 34.2 33.9 34.6 41.0 3H. 4 40.6 37. 5 44.5 38.2 48.7 37. 5 52.0 43 2 46. 39.2 39.9 44.2 40.7 45.5 43.0 44.6 44.9 39.5 42.1 48.0 42.4 43.6 44.5 44.0 43.4 40.2 45.8 45.3 45.8 4.i.6 47.8 59.3 46.5 42.0 46.1 41.3 45. 8 44.0 45.7 43.7 49.0 4-2.1 47.0 45.2 35.7 33.9 40.0 40. 5 40.4 34.0 36.6 35.9 Merid. dist. 21 DecliD.-itioD. 41 16 51.95 56 25 22. 00 56 27 .59. 54 41 22 30. '.0 30 37 25. 18 67 05 56. 85 60 :'0 49. 79 60 49 31. 79 37 15 49.80 32 .52 4.5. 06 63 26 54. 17 47 35 14. 09 50 16 23. 09 60 25 29. 44 37 48 30. .53 40 07 48. 74 57 46 30. 49 61 51 24. 89 36 02 00. 53 42 45 40.75 55 33 33. 87 57 07 35. 27 40 40 60 01 47 08 24. 56 51 06 46. 48 45 58 5.'). 48 52 0.) 40. 08 37 57 58. 05 60 06 16. 09 55 36 53. 64 42 12 08. 66 38 47 18.83 39 03 07. 07 .52 01 14.22 45 53 51.25 48 49 58. 75 49 21 48. 72 41 16 .52.20 56 23 23. 37 49 21 41.21 4n 36 12. 77 56 27 59. 76 41 22 56. 38 30 37 2.5. 39 67 05 59.21 60 30 50. 13 60 36 18.22 60 49 32. 13 37 15 50. 05 32 53 45. 28 65 26 .54. 53 Corrections. Microm. -1-8 50. 94 4-4. 31. 33 -f 8 15. 06 -1-6 37. 82 -2 41.09 -9 CO. 06 -|-4 09.95 -7 00. 67 -1-2 47.07 ■j-i 14.25 -9 41.45 -1-5 43. 38 -7 39. 13 -1 22. 57 -2 11.54 -1-5 30. 47 -f 3 39. 23 -1-2 20. 71 -7 25. 77 -f 8 46. 81 -1-0 £7. 07 -f 4 25. 88 -1-8 13. 45 -1-6 33. 10 -1-3 50. 28 -2 45. 26 -9 53. 56 Level. -2. 12 -4. 14 -5. C6 -1.12 -2.01 -1.62 -2.09 -2. 47 -0. 01 -0.97 -1-0.97 -fO. 25 -f 0. 43 -fO. 29 -1-1.17 -0. 77 -1-0.99 -1-1.39 -f0.30 4-1.26 4-0. 74 4-0. 38 4-1.63 i 0.27 ■0.09 0.27 4-1.46 Eefrac. 4-0.16 4-0.08 4-0.16 4-0.11 -0.03 -0.18 4-0.07 -0.12 4-0. 03 4-0.06 -0.17 4-0.10 -0. 13 -0.02 -0.03 4-0. 10 4-0.07 4-0. 03 -0. )3 4-0.16 4-0.02 -f0.08 4-0.10 4-0.11 4-0.07 -0.05 —0.18 Ked. to me rid. -i .06 Liilitude. 48 5 J 55.99 55.16 52. 17 56.60 57. 05 57.75 56.52 56. 73 56. 76 50.05 57 60 56.37 66.67 55.68 56.67 54. 95 53. 24 54.86 58. 19 55.51 53.42 54.41 57. 53 5,1. .57 54. 58 50.05 Kemark,4, S'epli'mbir27. September 28. 100 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 1 — Continued. B.A.C. :so. Eeadings. Declination. Corrections. Latitude. liemarlis. Microm. Level. Merid. (list. Microm. Level. Eefrac. Reil. to mel id. If. s. 198 219 239 259 12-Tr. 73 343 401 438 24. 750 18.533 28. 459 17. 677 19. 533 20. 455 29. 607 15. 108 34.0 47.4 37.6 40.5 38.3 40.5 36.3 43.5 41. 3 28.5 37.8 35.1 37.8 35.7 40.0 33.0 m.s. ""'o'ao' Q 1 47 35 14. 33 50 10 23. 39 60 25 29.78 37 48 30. 77 07 05 55. 35 30 44 5i.20 88 04 20. 96 69 36 24. 70 +4 04. 56 -7 04. 14 +4 31.11 +9 32.71 +2. 01 +1.17 -fl. 19 +i.r,7 +0.07 -0. 12 +0.09 +0.18 +0.04 / /' 48 59 56. 13 57. 18 ."i.^ 71 48 59 57. 29 Septeniber 28. 104 determiDationa. Mean latitnde, 43° 59' 55".92 VaUio of micrometer turn used, 78".67.'» Value of one division of level, 0".B9U3 e 1".23 T 0".82 fo 0".13 To 0".08 1873. UNITED STATES NORTH ERN BOUNDARY. Observations for Latitude. r Astronomical Station Ko. 2, east.-Lake of the Woods, 69 miles east of Pembina.— Observer W. J. Twining, Captain United States Engineers.— Zonitli Telescope, Wiirdemann No. 7.— Chronometer, Iseigas hidereal No. 1014. B. A.C. No. 1Q8 219 2S9 2.')9 13-Tr. 73 ■345 401 438 487 5C3 5G0 611 ti5C, 744 75S! 825 890 6728 6748 6937 6970 7024 7073 7100 7166 721 ."i 7277 7345 7448 7480 7489 7505 7605 7636 7679 7787 780U 7820 7862 Readings. Microm 25. 106 19. 194 28. 289 17. 045 19. 395 25.832 28. 470 14.418 18. 487 20.341 25. 658 25. 693 18. C84 23. 081 20.018 14. 154 31. 945 19. 579 24. 787 17. 894 25. 872 19. 397 23. 970 13.914 29. 027 17. 861 26. 255 16. 309 28. 343 20. 173 20. 630 20. 024 23.721 21.801 29. 715 18. 810 24. 070 19. 346 22. 584 15. 670 27. 457 Level. N. 38.3 34.8 3.5.7 48.4 38.1 49.5 39.9 45.9 40.9 46.0 45.9 38.5 39.4 39.0 49.7 40.0 47.2 41.7 40.6 41.8 41.3 40.8 45.5 42.0 43. C 40.3 47.8 45.2 44.7 45.8 44.5 46.8 43.3 44.0 40.6 43.7 47.0 44.0 46.9 45.5 46.6 37.0 40.4 39.4 27.2 38.0 37.1 37.9 32.3 37.7 32.8 32.7 40.3 39.6 40.8 30.1 39.5 32.0 38.8 39.5 40.9 41.7 42.7 38.7 42.2 41.0 44.0 37.8 40.9 42.0 41.4 42.9 40.0 44. 8 44.2 42. r, 45. 1 42. 2 45.0 42.4 43.4 42.5 Morid. m.s. 35 Declination. 47 35 19. 31 50 16 28. 53 60 25 33. 65 37 48 34. 84 67 00 01. 60 30 41 .54.57 28 04 24. 01 69 36 31. 01 47 58 59. 82! 50 02 49. 87 j 50 09 46. 00 63 46 20. 60 34 23 CO. 34 66 49 40. 08 31 13 45. 93 19 28 08. 04 78 54 37. 61 43 25 32. 34 54 40 47. 33 36 28 09. 47 61 41 50.61 01 51 27. 04 36 02 01. 92 42 45 4i 49 55 33 38. 28 57 07 37. 89 40 40 52. 14 47 08 27. 19 51 06 49. 68 45 58 58. 50 52 03 43. 54 37 58 00. 86 60 06 20. 22 55 36 57. 06 42 12 12 00 58 47 2.3. 36 39 00 10. 34 52 01 IP. 47 45 53 55. 13 48 50 o:. 90 49 24 53. 07 Corrections. + 3 52. 56 - 7 22. 31 + 4 1.x 21 + 9 12. 77 - 1 12.93 - 4 59.22 - 2 00. 49 -11 39.84 - 3 24. 87 - 5 13.83 + 2 59. 89 - 9 54. 51 + 5 30. 20 - 7 53. :» - 1 37. 01 - 2 20. 43 -I- 5 11.32 + 3 26. 91 + 2 07. 37 - 7 43. 67 Level. -0.88 +3.94 4-2.81 +3.51 +3. 09 -0.40 +4.00 +3. 53 +0.90 +0.11 +1.10 +0.54 +1. 43 +1.57 +1.35 +1.00 +0.88 +0.76 +0.79 +1.S9 Eefrac +0.07 -0.13 +0.08 +0.17 -0.03 -0.09 -0. 04 -0.26 -0.00 -0.10 +0.05 -0.18 +0.10 -0.13 -0.02 -0.04 -1-0. 09 +0.06 +0.03 -0.13 Ked.to merid. +0.10 +0.11 Latitude. 48 59 45. 83 46. 74 44. 18 43. 90 45. 58 46. 76 46. 47 40. 30 43. 80 40. iS 43.52 40. U 50 09 46. 32 Microm. 63 46 20. 92 34 23 06. 53 06 49 40. 41 31 13 40.09 19 23 0^. 13 78 54 37. 95 77 15 42.38 20 34 20.81 31 15 13.35 66 47 52. 82 02 41 40.92 35 25 24. 25 50 00 09.19 48 Ii4 58. 55 43 25 32. 34 ,54 40 47.34 ,-.7 43 0.3. 99 40 10 50. 03 36 28 09. 43 61 41 50.05 61 51 27. 04 36 02 01.92 Level. Kefiac, Red. to merid. Latitude. + 8 32. 13 4- 41. 89 + 4 11.01 + 7 55. 79 - 4 26. 63 + 6 17. 92 -I- 3 34. 86 - 3 01.78 -10 11.66 + 3 48. 98 - 7 21.13 -f 4 15. 54 + 9 15.37 - 7 19.91 - 1 10.53 - 4 59. 93 - 1 50.71 -U 37.06 + 4 43. 15 - 1 47. C8 - 3 47. 65 - 2 48.46 - 3 2,!. 06 - 08. 42 - 5 15. 99 -f- 2 58. 67 -1-1.28 -fl.62 -1-1.44 -1-1.73 -fl.60 -1-1.91 -fl.70 -1-1. SO -1-1.75 -1-1.57 -1-1.46 -f 2. 38 -1-1.66 -1-1.46 -1-1.64 -f 0. 34 -1-0.04 -1-0.43 -fO.81 -1-0.72 -1-0.38 -1-0.47 -1-1.05 -2.43 -fO. 15 -f 0. 02 -1-0.07 -1-0.15 -0.09 -fO. 11 -fO. 06 -0.05 -0.19 -1-0.07 -0.13 -1-0. 08 -1-0.17 -0. 12 -0. 02 -0.09 -0.04 -0.26 -1-0.10 -0.03 -0.07 -0. 05 -0.06 0.00 -1-0.04 -f0.02 Eemarks. -fl.33 -0.10 -1-1.39 +0.05 48 59 45.38 45.19 45.34 44.77 45. 75 45. 21 43.91 46.25 44.95 44.80 45. 70 46.34 44.97 44.98 40. 20 47.05 46.54 46. 15 45. C6 46. 69 45. 25 45. 83 47.73 46. 10 4.-,. 31 48 .59 4 1. 59 October 17. October 13. KEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEE. 103 Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 2- Continued. Headings. B. A.C. No. 7100 7166 7215 7277 7345 7448 7480 7489 7505 7605 7636 7679 7755 7765 7787 7600 7820 7882 7962 80:>4 fO:iO 8059 808:! 8128 8S06 8i7i 8314 832* 8344 83GI) 46 67 120 175 108 ftl9 12-rr. TS 345 474 4H7 532 560 611 656 741 752 8.>5 896 979 999 1203 1228 14. 524 29. 645 17. 822 26. 184 16. 145 28.138 20. 737 23.160 20.555 24. 269 18. 796 26. 663 19. 490 24. 757 19. 432 22. 6.:8 15. 020 27. 693 28. 609 15. 640 25. 463 26. 591 18. 472 24. 850 ^8.341 16. 275 25.366 18.614 16. 412 20. 572 30. 638 26.041 14. 809 30.284 26. 1k7 20. 357 19. 051 25. 592 14. 892 18. 95H 20. 745 26. 025 26. 115 18. 456 23.046 20. 081 13. 180 30. 905 17. 559 24. 766 2." 217 19. 428 Lt!TCl. 41.5 45.8 40.6 45.6 41.9 40.6 42.8 40.6 43.9 39.0 42.0 40.7 40.6 46.7 43.2 44.0 42.9 43.7 43.4 44. S 44.3 43.9 42.3 45.2 33.7 35.2 33.6 36.5 33.7 33.9 33.7 35.6 34.6 34.8 36.1 32.6 44.9 24.0 34.5 34.4 3.1.1 35.9 32.0 38.2 36.5 32.0 33.7 36.6 23.3 42.8 33.6 38.0 Merid. dist. 43.4 37.9 43.4 38.7 42.4 44.2 43.3 44.4 41.0 46.3 43.5 44.8 44.7 38.6 4.3.0 41.5 42.3 41.8 42.4 41.7 42.2 42.3 44,0 41.0 33.6 32.3 33.9 31.0 33.7 33.9 33. 8 32.0 33.2 33.0 31.7 35.3 23.6 43.6 33.3 33.4 32. C 31.9 35.7 27.7 31.8 36.3 34.6 31.7 4.';. 20.7 35.5 29. B 17 Declination. 28 42 45 43. .n 55 33 38. 35 51 07 37. 97 40 40 52. 20 47 08 27.28 51 06 49.80 45 58 58. 61 52 03 43. 63 37 58 00. 95 60 06 20.41 55 36 57. 83 42 12 12. 13 58 47 2:1. 54 39 05 10. 46 !i3 01 18.65 45 5-1 55. 28 48 50 03. 05 49 24 53. 2.) 41 16 56.27 56 25 27. 76 49 21 46. 10 48 36 17.64 56 28 0.-). 30 41 23 00.76 30 37 2?. 83 67 06 05. 80 73 42 13. 86 24 26 08. 30 60 30 56. 51 60 36 21. 54 60 49 38. 51 37 15 54. 50 32 52 49. 21 65 27 01.34 47 35 19. 82 50 16 29. 07 67 06 02. 27 30 41 54. 90 48 04 21. 05 47 59 00. 34 50 02 50. 41 50 09 40. 58 63 46 27. 24 34 23 06. 71 60 49 40. 73 31 13 46.25 19 28 08. 21 78 54 38. 29 77 15 43. 71 20 34 20. 90 62 41 41.17 35 25 24. 39 Corrections. Microm. Li-vel. - 9 54. 83 + 5 28. 94 - 7 51.77 - 1 35.31 - 2 23. 74 + 5 09. 46 + 3 27. 19 + 2 06. 90 - 7 43. 12 + 8 30. 17 + 44. 37 + 4 10. 89 + 7 54. 65 - 4 25. 61 + 6 IP. 78 -I- 3 3,5. 14 - 3 00. 83 -10 OS. 75 + 3 49. 34 + 4 17, 31 - 7 17.90 - 1 10, 30 - 5 01, 19 - 1 56. 08 -11 37,22 + 4 43. 50 - 3 47,72 +1.51 +0.92 -0.9 J -0,74 -0.99 -1.26 +0,90 +0.38 +0 56 +0,85 +0,83 +0,56 +0,67 + 1,17 +0.81 + 0.81 4-0, 79 +0,73 +0,38 +0.61 +1,17 +0,79 +1, 53 + 0,09 +0,90 +0. 09 + 1. 19 Kefrac. -0.18 +0.10 -0.13 -0.02 -0.04 +0.09 +0, 06 +0,03 -0,13 +0,15 +0, 03 +0,07 +0, 15 -0, 09 +0,11 +0. CO -0.05 -0,19 +0.07 +0,08 -0.12 -0,03 -0,09 -0.04 -0. 26 +0.10 ^0.07 Red, to merid. +0,04 Latitud e. C ' / 48 59 46, 94 45, 04 45 73 45 04 45 91 43 27 45 19 +0,06 +0.11 4,5, 46 43, 19 47, 15 44, 55 42. 78 46.55 45.21 45.53 46,42 47 05 44,24 46 .57 46. 96 45,95 47 23 46 86 Kemarts. October 18. 46,67 4.5.49 4.? 59 46.18 104 UNITED STATES NOETEERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Observations for Latitude. — i^tation N'o. L> — Continued. B. A. C. No. KciLding5i. Declination. Curroctions. Latitude. Keniarfea. ilicrom. Level. Merid. Uist. ilicrom. Level. KeHac. Rod. to merid. N. S 12."4 l-^6i 12-4 1,87 77.n5 7;C5 7820 -8SJ Ro;c 6J09 60S! 8128 82C6 6273 8314 8324 8344 831.8 4U 67 24. 434 20. 121 26. O.ll 11.700 19. 007 24. 2.18 16. 299 28. 098 21. fOl 22. 802 18.528 £4. 900 28. 519 10. 31<9 24. ^.W 18. 078 l.-i. 724 19. 9C4 2;i. 973 25. 354 33.8 3U.6 39.0 41.3 38.4 40.3 37.3 41.0 38.4 41.4 40.7 39.4 39.7 40. C 40.5 38.0 39.4 38. !1 3:). 1 411. 33.8 31.1 41.9 39.4 29.7 37.9 40.7 37.2 40.4 37.5 38.1 39.7 39.0 39.2 39.2 40. G 40.2 411. U 40. 5 39.0 "'o'io / ■' .^(l CO O'.l. 41 48 04 S8. 73 50 CO 10.28 48 04 59. 40 59 47 21.47 39 05 11.08 48 f 03. 88 49 24 54. 15 49 21 47. 13 48 30 18.00 50 28 06.49 41 23 01. 07 3.1 37 29. 53 67 00 07. 29 73 42 15. 40 24 20 C8 87 CO 30 57. 84 60 30 2">. 97 CO 40 3X89 37 15 55.30 - 2 49. 66 - 2 48. 46 + 3 26. 56 - 7 44.14 + 40. 74 + 4 10. 66 + 7 56. 77 - 4 26. 51 + 1! 18. 82 + 3 34. 39 - 3 01.70 +1.24 —0. 22 +0.23 +0.09 +0. 43 +0. 52 +0.34 -0.29 +0.18 -0. 02 +0.04 -0.03 -0.03 +0.00 -0.13 +0,02 +0.07 +0. 13 -0.09 +0.11 +41. 00 -0. 03 +0.05 43 59 4.-.. 60 40.14 44.70 44.83 43. 08 43.33 45. 07 43. 28 43. 71 45.09 48 59 45.91 October 18. October 22. October 23. Moan latitado, 48° 59' 45".C7. 1^'umber of detLTniinations, 84. Value of micrometric turn, 78". 67.*'.. One division of level, 0".89t'5. c 0".95 T 0".0l3 .-J 0".010 To 0".007 1873. UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. Observations for Latitude. I Astronomical Station No. a west— Pointe Michel, 20 miles west of Pembina.— Observer, W. J. Twininj Captain United States Engineers.— Zenith Telescope, Wiirdemanu No. -iO.— Chronometer, Negus Sidereal No. I51J.] B. A.C. No. Eeadings. Declination. Coirections. Latitado. Keniarks. Microm. Level. Merid. Microm. Level. Eefrac. Red. to merid. N. s. dist. 4S04 48=27 11.402 25. 232 27.5 29.5 30.4 28.4 m. «. o / " 50 24 54. 84 47 20 41. 54 + 7 09.11 -0.40 +0. 12 " o / // 48 59 57. 02 June 13. 4897 4918 14. 303 23. 003 29.6 29.0 23.6 29. 4 33 20 00. 78 59 48 45. 01 - 4 29. 93 +0.13 -0.09 57. 50 4937 4974 27.299 9.746 28.9 31.4 29.2 28.2 50 08 58. 41 48 08 62. 24 _ 9 01.03 + 0.65 -0.15 56.20 5026 5097 15. 142 24.201 31.0 32.0 30.1 29.5 38 44 30. 36 59 24 45. 33 - 4 41.08 + 0.76 -0.08 57.45 .5271 5313 20. 705 16.039 30.2 35.0 32.4 27.0 42 48 28. 59 55 06 33. 74 + 2 24. 77 + 1.30 +0.04 57.23 .i.'ioa 55i3 8.387 28.225 31.5 31.5 29.9 30.2 55 29 38. 43 42 03 43. 00 + 10 15.52 + 0.63 +0.18 57.07 5545 5624 P. 402 2il.6a3 30. I 33.0 31.8 29.4 69 02 33. 84 28 35 34.21 + 10 58.43 + 0.20 +0. 20 57.35 .■-1644 5658 17. 608 23.534 36.2 37.0 25.0 34.1 o's-i's' 42 27 54. 98 55 37 64. 69 - 3 03. 87 + 0.92 -0.05 + 0.14 56.98 .5693 .5823 25. 033 12. 491 31.0 30.0 30.0 29.0 31 54 43. 29 63 52 12. 21 + 6 29. 12 + 0.45 + 0.11 56.93 5853 5911 24. 645 13. 329 31.5 28.7 27.4 31.0 49 49 37.51 48 21 57. 24 - 5 51. 11 +0.40 -0.09 56.58 6047 6073 26. 897 10. 595 30.0 33.2 30.0 27.4 1 00 72 12 30. 79 26 04 11.47 - 8 25. 81 + 1.30 -0.15 + 0.29 56.76 6114 6157 12. 660 25. 866 30.0 33.0 31.0 28.9 76 58 33. 44 20 47 39. to + 6 49.75 +0.47 +0.14 5G.98 6268 6389 15. 174 24. 726 32.6 31.5 28.7 29.7 39 20 n. 57 53 43 31. 22 - 4 50.37 + 1.27 -0.09 57.21 6318 6365 13. 697 2l». 380 30.0 33.0 31.2 23. 59 27 44. 99 33 14 52. 87 + 8 37. 63 +0.85 +0. 15 57.56 6937 6970 12. 855 21. 995 29.1 35.5 32.7 27.0 36 27 50. 92 01 41 25. -.9 - 4 43. 59 + l.in -0.08 55.79 7024 7073 15.810 22. 671 30.8 35.3 32. 2 27.0 61 50 61. 86 36 01 43. 91 + 3.33.83 + 1.54 +0.06 57.36 7100 7166 9.606 27. 777 33.3 34.4 29.5 38.4 43 45 2t32 55 33 13. 59 - 9 23. 80 +2. in -0.10 57.18 7215 7377 12.451 24.116 31.0 36.4 32.0 27.3 57 07 13. 88 40 40 33. 00 + 6 01.94 + 1.81 +0.10 57.20 7320 7.Yr.2395 21.900 16.238 31.5 38.0 32.4 36.3 38 09 11.30 59 44 48. 01 + 2 5"i. 69 +2.41 + 0.03 57.81 5271 5313 21.383 16. 896 35.9 29.0 29.0 35.6 ;;::::; 42 43 28. 77 55 06 33. 93 + 2 2.5. 43 +0.07 +0.04 56.92 Juno 14. 5415 5460 28. 835 i>.345 33.0 32.8 32.7 32.9 58 16 10 21 40 00 46. 18 - 8 31. 3T + 0.04 -0. 15 43 59 56. 76 t 1(:5 106 UNITED STATES NORTHEKN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Observations for Latitude— Station No. 2 — Continued. B. A.C. No. lioadings. Declination. Corrections. Latitude. Remarks, Microm. Level. Ucrid. dist. Microm. Level. Kefr.ac. Rwl. to mcrid. N. s. 5502 5523 n.444 29. 280 31.3 33.0 31.1 30.6 tn.s. . o / " 65 29 38. 68 43 09 43. 33 1 II + 10 15.46 +0. 36 +0. 18 " t It 48 59 56. 90 1 •June 14. 554.i 5634 10. 203 31.397 34.0 34.2 32.0 33.2 69 02 33. 10 28 35 24.41 + 10 57.60 +0.67 + 0.20 57 23 T,64i 56^8 15. 165 21. 104 32.2 37.7 33. 2 30.1 "o'ao' 42 27 55. 23 55 37 64.96 - 3 04. 27 + 1.03 -0. 03 +0. 03 56.86 5693 582J 25. 007 12.481 33.2 37.1 34.9 31.2 31 54 43. 50 65 53 12. 49 + 6 28. 63 +0.94 +0.11 57 20 5853 6911 2,3.777 14. 464 34.9 34.8 33.4 33.2 49 49 37. 78 48 21 57.61 - 5 51.01 + 0.69 -0.09 57.28 eii4 6157 12. 256 25. 444 31.2 29.6 20.0 28.0 76 68 33. 74 20 47 39. 90 + 6 49. 19 + 1. 52 + 0.14 57 67 62C8 62b9 13. 559 23.115 23.0 S.8.0 2.3.3 20.1 39 26 13. 83 58 43 31.51 - 4 50. 53 + 1.25 -0,09 57 30 6318 6365 U. 435 88.073 23. 27.2 23.2 21.6 59 27 45.28 38 14 53. 13 + 8 36. 20 + 1.66 +0. 13 57. 32 5271 5313 22. 433 17. 702 .32.0 31.8 32.1 32.8 43 48 29. 03 55 06 34.22 + 2 2C. 79 -0. 25 + 0.03 58. 21 Jnne 15, 5415 54 CO 28. 609 12. 160 34.0 30. 1 31.0 34.9 58 16 10. 46 40 00 46. 40 - 8 30. 18 -0.40 -0.14 57.71 5302 5.123 14.460 34. 324 32.1 32.0 32.6 33.0 65 29 3?. 93 42 09 4.3. 46 + 10 16.33 -0.33 + 0.18 57, 38 5603 5823 24. 835 12. 311 33.0 33.3 32.1 32.8 31 54 42. 72 65 52 12.77 + 6 28. .39 + 0.31 +0. 12 50.76 5P33 5911 26. 5.35 15. 187 33 7 33.0 33.1 33.1 ::::: 49 49 3.8. 05 48 21 57.87 - 5 52. 72 +0.33 -0.09 55.48 6047 6073 26. 791 10. 541 33.0 34.9 31.0 33. 1 73 12 31.36 20 04 11. 90 - 8 24. 20 + 0.40 -0. 15 57.68 6114 6137 12. 559 25. 792 32.9 35.3 34.2 32.1 76 58 34. 02 20 47 40. 11 + 6 50. 59 +0. 42 +0.14 58. 22 62G8 6289 14. 375 23. 898 34.0 38.0 3.3. 5 30.4 39 26 14.09 58 43 31.81 - 4 50. 60 + 1.36 -0.09 58. 56 6:Ut< 6365 11. 5i6 28. 229 32.2 37.0 36.2 32.5 69 27 45. 58 38 14 53. 40 + 8 38. 35 + 0.11 +0.15 58.00 642 1 6470 20, 331 20. 931 34.9 35.1 31.8 34.1 49 17 21.10 48 41 55. 73 + 18.00 + 0.25 +0.01 56. 67 6.153 6586 17.740 21. 529 37.1 33.1 32.1 36.5 32 17 62. 23 65 45 46. 79 - 1 57 47 +0. 30 -0.03 57.37 6634 (681 21.915 1.3.833 36.1 33.5 33. 5 34.4 40 07 29.38 57 45 67. 56 + 3 08. 71 +0. 83 +0.05 58.06 6728 6718 17.214 2!. 702 33.5 3T9 36.0 32.7 43 25 11.77 54 40 24. 38 - 2 51.21 + 0.47 -0.03 57.29 6730 6817 17.938 18. 680 33.8 33.8 31.8 38.0 57 43 39. .37 40 16 23. 91 + 23. 93 -0.94 + 0.01 57. 26 7024 7073 16. 663 23.614 34. 1 35.1 37 36.0 61 50 63.41 30 01 44.43 + 3 33. 70 -0.85 + 0. Oil 58. 33 7100 71li6 10.717 28. 840 38.1 33.4 33.0 3.3. 43 43 24. 83 53 33 1 1. 13 - 9 23. 31 1 1.10 -0.10 58,12 7213 7277 13. 687 23. 400 36.0 34.0 35. n 37. 4 .37 07 14.41 40 40 33.50 1 6 03. 4:! -0. 54 + 0.10 48 59 66. 91 KEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER. Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 2 — Continued. 107 B. A. C. No. 7320 -Yr. 2395 5415 SJOO .5502 5523 5545 5624 5644 5638 5693 5823 5833 5911 6047 6013 6114 C157 0268 62Sa 6318 63G5 6421 6476 6553 0585 6631 6681 6738 6748 678.1 6817 Readings. Microm 20. 895 15. 237 29. 523 13! 033 8.563 28. 372 0.923 31.265 16. 244 21. 177 27.710 15. 153 22. f<37 11.184 27. 671 11.372 13.928 27. 145 16.449 25. 993 12.179 S8. 838 20. 280 SO. 825 17.232 21. 043 21. 779 1.5. 700 17.7,53 23. 332 18. .598 19.311 Level. 37.5 36.5 29.0 28.3 28.1 24.1 2.5. 26.9 30.0 26.5 29. 2 27! 9 28.7 29.7 30.1 30.4 29.7 31.0 40 21.6 27.3 34.8 31.3 31.4 39.5 33.2 31.0 33.3 31.5 33.0 29.0 33.2 34.2 35.6 27.9 28.4 28.0 33.2 31.3 23.4 27.1 31.0 2H. 2 31! 2 30.1 29.8 30.1 30.2 31.4 30.0 21.5 40.0 33.9 27.2 31.0 31.0 33.4 29.6 31.5 30.0 31.0 29.5 33.2 29.0 Merid, dist. 16 Declination. 38 09 11. 79 59 44 48. 53 58 16 10. 98 40 00 46. SO 55 29 39. 49 43 09 43. 98 69 03 33. 94 28 35 23.03 42 27 56. 00 55 37 C.5. SO 31 54 43. 19 65 53 13. 38 49 49 38. 64 48 21 58. 47 72 13 33. 00 26 04 13. 39 76 58 34. C3 20 47 40. 58 39 26 14. 66 58 43 32. 44 59 27 40. 21 38 14 53. 95 49 17 21.71 48 41 50.34 33 17 62. 75 63 45 47. 43 40 07 29. 96 57 46 08. 44 43 25 12. 35 54 40 25. 00 57 42 40. 18 40 16 29. 47 Corrections. Microm. + 2 53. 86 + 0.91 - 8 31.67 -0. 22 + 10 14.03 -1.78 + 11 02.19 -1.29 - 3 04. C9 -0.36 + C 29. 6) -0.51 - 5 53. SO -0.33 - 8 25. 72 + 0.04 + 6 50. 09 -O.IG - 4 56. 13 + 0.02 + 8 3S. 89 + 0.23 + 16.91 + 0.16 - 1 58.25 +0.38 + 3 08. 63 1-0.40 - 3 53. 10 + 0.89 + 52. 13 0.00 Level. Kefrac. + 0.05 -0.15 +0.18 + 0.20 -0. 05 + 0.11 -0. 09 -0.15 + 0.11 -0.09 + 0. 15 +0.01 -0.03 + 0.05 -0 05 + 0.01 Red. to merid. Latitude. o / /' 43 59 57. 01 57.34 54.70 60.60 56.44 57. 53 55.88 56. 36 57.68 57. 35 57.34 56.10 .57. 19 58.27 56.56 43 59 56. 96 Ecraarks. .June 15. .June 17. Rejected. Rejected.isdotib'. lul on record. Me.in latitude (60 determinations), 48° 59' 57".20. e = ± 0".ni T = ± 0".43 f„ = ± 0".n8 To = i 0".05 1873. UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. Observations for Latitude. [Astronomical Station No. 3.— East side of Pembina Mountain, 35 milf s west of rembina.— Observer. J. F. GreKory, Lien- tenant United States EngiDeers.— Zenith Telescope, Wiirdemann No. 11. — Chronometer, Negus Sidereal No. 1481.] B. A. C. No. soae 5097 .■•>271 5313 5415 6400 5502 5523 5545 5C24 56D3 5823 5853 5911 626S 6289 C318 6365 niC'l C470 f.553 6586 6728 6748 6780 6817 7024 7073 4S04 4827 4S07 4918 4937 4974 5026 5097 5271 5313 5415 5460 5502 5523 rLcaJinRs. Microm. 21. 7na 14.477 16.931 21.019 11.609 2.j. 089 26. 8."0 10. 235 2.1. 712 7.871 13. 459 34. 139 14. 596 23. 620 24. 101 16.591 26. 052 11.899 19. O.'^S 18. 882 20. 536 17.69G 22. 819 18. 648 19. 421 18. 732 21. 5."0 15. 4.!8 24. 590 12. 9X, 22 "11 is! Ill 12. 7.S7 27. 4lii; 22. 7.-^2 10.' 545 17. 613 21. 999 12. 484 25.911 28. 01 1 11.182 Level. 42.3 28.2 40.7 41.0 38.8 30.5 37.0 42.6 50.0 12.0 41.2 4.>.6 37.0 31.7 43.0 24.2 48.0 21.8 35.6 31.0 37.5 S5. 4 47.5 28.0 53.5 31.5 43.3 27.0 41.0 27.0 30.6 40. G 2fi. 4i3 33.8 27.0 4.i.5 li'.e 26.0 28.0 15.2 47.6 30.0 45.0 33.6 33.7 35.0 44.3 37.7 32.2 24.8 59.0 34.6 33.2 41.1 46.6 37.6 50.0 32.3 59.2 43.8 50.7 44.6 47.3 3.1.7 55.2 30.0 52. 42.2 58.0 32. 2 43.8 41.0 30.6 44.4 22.0 36.1 43. 5 24.0 57.2 44.0 42. ;i 54.7 22.7 ilerid. dist. Declination. 38 44 30. 73 69 24 45. 70 42 48 29. C2 65 06 34. 22 58 16 10.44 40 00 46.41 55 29 38. 93 42 09 43. 46 69 02 33. 38 28 35 24. 61 31 64 43. 72 65 52 12. 78 49 49 38. 04 48 21 57. 87 39 26 14, 09 58 43 31. 81 59 27 45. 58 38 14 53. 39 49 17 21.09 48 41 55.72 32 18 02 22 65 45 40. 78 41 25 11.78 64 40 24. 39 67 « 39. 57 40 16 28. 91 61 51 02.41 36 01 44. 43 50 24 53. 33 47 20 42. 06 SS 20 10. 30 39 48 45. 59 50 08 58. 99 48 09 04. 43 33 44 30. 73 69 2( 45. 99 42 48 29.28 55 06 34. 47 .18 16 10.72 40 00 46. 64 55 29 39. 20 4> 09 41.93 Corrections. - 4 30. 67 + 2 31. 89 - 6 20. 48 +10 16. 62 +11 02.88 + 6 36. 82 - 5 40. 72 - 4 39.03 + 8 45. 86 + 28. 83 - 1 4.1.52 - 2 34. 97 + 2.1. 71 + 3 47. 50 + 7 13.41 - 4 23. .«0 - 9 05. 40 - 4 28. 89 + 2 41.77 - 8 18. 88 +10 20. 40 Level. + 1.30 - 3. 35 + 3.01 - 6.70 + 4.34 - 5.89 - 8.18 - 6.73 - 5.89 - 4.77 + 0.93 - 9.58 - 3.10 - 0.12 + 2.45 - 5.83 - 7.10 -10.01 - 4.53 Kefrac, -0.08 +0.04 -0.13 +0.17 +0.21 +0. 12 -0. 119 -0.08 +0.14 +0.01 -0.03 —0.04 +0.01 +0.06 +0. 12 -0. 08 -0. 15 -n.cs ^ 0. 05 -0.14 +0.18 Eed. to merid. Latitude. 48 59 00. 10 64.91 64.87 01.00 55. 32 69.03 .19. 25 03.66 58. 75 57.97 63.06 68.30 60.89 01. 40 59. 13 08. 95 58. 61 63. 50 00. 53 59. 65 48 50 64.11 KemarKs. June 15 Juno 16 108 REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 3 — Continued. 109 B. A. C. No. Readinga. Microm. Level, 3S\ 5545 5634 5603 5823 5853 5911 6114 6157 6-J6a 6SS9 6318 6365 6553 6586 6624 6681 6723 6748 6780 6817 6937 6970 7024 7073 7100 7166 7215 7277 5271 5313 5415 5460 5545 5624 5693 5823 5853 5911 6114 6157 6268 6289 6421 6476 5026 5097 5271 5313 5415 5460 27. 443 9.471 15.272 26. 409 15.733 24. 678 26. 088 14. 931 23. P36 15. 977 26. 568 12. 526 21.942 18. 891 18. 186 23. ii78 22.917 18. 451 20. 609 19. 800 23. 927 16. 496 22. 789 10. 919 27.171 12. 316 24. 742 14. 849 23. 190 19. 033 27. 648 13. 971 10. 277 28. 253 2.1.271 14. 522 24. 501 15. 376 13. 513 24.619 15.650 23. 600 10. 939 20. 434 16. 110 23.478 21.561 17. 411 26.820 13. 307 22.0 30.0 3.3.1 10.7 21.6 25.6 28.3 47.0 41.0 41.0 41.0 33.3 28.2 44.5 44.2 44.0 45.5 23.2 34.0 31.2 27.6 42.0 3.i.5 31.7 48.6 18.5 26.1 43.2 23.0 34.0 34.0 38.7 45.0 20.8 15.5 50.5 34.0 20.8 41.0 40.9 39.8 51.1 34.6 48.0 27.5 30.0 32.8 22.0 44.4 09.5 48.3 41.0 38.3 61.0 51.0 47.0 44.4 20.0 32.8 33.3 33.2 39.8 41.5 24.6 24.6 25.0 44! 5 33. 5 30.1 40.4 26.0 32.0 36.7 19.0 49.0 41.6 25.0 46. S 38.5 38.7 34.2 27.0 52.0 57.9 24.7 41.3 49.0 34.1 34.7 3:;. 24.5 42.0 28.9 33.5 31.5 28.8 38.8 n.8 51.8 Merid. dist. Declination. 09 02 33. (14 28 35 24. 62 31 54 42. 95 63 52 13. 07 49 49 36. 57 48 31 58. 16 76 58 34. 32 20 47 40. 34 39 20 14. 36 58 43 33. 12 59 27 45. 89 38 14 53.06 32 18 02. 43 65 45 47. 10 4 I 07 29. 67 57 46 07. 87 43 25 13. 06 54 40 24. 08 57 42 39. 87 40 16 29. 18 36 27 51. 73 61 41 26. 65 61 51 02. '0 36 111 44. 71 42 45 25. 12 55 33 14. 42 .17 07 14. 08 40 40 33.76 42 48 29. 57 55 06 34. 73 58 16 11,00 4U 00 46.90 69 02 33. 93 28 35 25. 06 31 54 43.19 65 S3 13. 38 49 49 38. 64 48 21 58.47 76 58 34. 63 SO 47 40. 58 39 26 14. 66 58 43 32. 44 49 17 21.73 48 41 56. 33 33 44 31. 18 59 34 46. 50 42 48 29. 87 55 06 35. 02 58 16 11.29 40 00 47. 17 CorrectioDB. Microm. Level. +11 07.75 + 6 53. 80 - 5 32. 35 + 6 54. 54 - 4 52. 00 + 8 41.73 - 1 53.36 + 3 09. 19 - 2 45. 93 + 30. 00 - 4 30. 10 + 3 38. 10 - 9 11.94 + 6 07. 57 + 2 34.43 - 8 £8. 17 +11 07. 90 + 6 39. 38 - 5 39. 04 + 6 52. 68 - 4 55. 61 + 18. 39 - 4 3:5. 70 + 2 34. 19 - 8 22. 08 Kefrac. Red. to merid. -11.56 -17.21 -15. 75 + 1. .52 + 5.24 + 0.71 + 2.05 +11.97 + 0.78 - 1.05 + 0.99 - 0.47 - 0.28 + 0.84 - 8.15 - 0.15 - 4.09 - 5.15 - 9.15 + 4.06 + 9. 42 3.63 2.33 3.97 3.04 +0. 21 +0.13 -0.09 +C.15 -0.09 +0.15 -0.04 +0. 05 -0.05 +0.01 -0. 00 +0. 06 -0. 16 +0.10 +0.04 -0. 15 +0.21 +0. 12 -0.09 +0.15 -0.09 0.00 -0.08 +0.04 -0. 15 Latitude. Eem.irks. 48 59 55. 63 64.73 .59. 17 63.54 66.39 63. 37 63.44 69.98 63.17 63.55 63.99 01. 39 07.09 62.73 58. 49 CO. 48 6.3. 51 62. 63 60. 37 64.49 67. 27 61. 04 03. 67 63. 71 43 59 63. 90 .Tune 16. June 18. 110 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Observations for Latitude.— Station Xo. 3 — Continued. B. A. c. No. 5302 5D23 5545 5024 S644 5C58 5G93 5t-i3 5g53 5911 B114 0157 Gacs 6269 6318 6365 6421 0476 0553 6386 C624 6681 6728 6748 6780 6817 0937 0970 7024 7073 7100 71C6 4897 4918 5026 5097 5271 5313 5502 5523 5345 5624 EeadiDgs. Microm. 5644 5638 5693 56i!3 5S53 5911 6114 6137 11. 642 28.471 10. 381 28.305 17. 174 21.800 25. 067 14. 337 24. 095 14. 8c8 13. 223 24.578 15.653 23.287 13. 031 27. 387 19.815 20. 705 18. 022 21.036 22. 423 16. 991 17. 096 21. 397 19. 587 20. 546 16.043 23.560 17.311 23. 087 11.517 26. 487 14. 846 21.63 5!)11 0114 C157 6208 0289 0421 0470 6047 6073 6114 0157 0508 028'.l 0318 0305 0421 6470 6.-.53 658o 6624 61181 6780 6«I7 Readings. 21. 028 17. 220 27. 762 11.010 9.401 29. 009 25.138 13. 555 26. 368 9.814 12. 071 25. 001 14.417 24. 251 20. 694 10 306 27.413 10. 048 9.152 28.712 9.186 30. 070 15.886 22. 112 2.5. 875 13. 055 25.371 13. 740 9. 427 22. 325 14.218 24, 099 19. 707 19. 956 27. 477 10. 840 12.223 25. 082 13.363 23. 207 11.090 27. 982 18.489 18. 723 in. 422 20. 551 22 180 10. 433 1 8. 639 19.1140 Level. 27.0 28.3 29.5 27.0 32.4 21.5 31.0 34.3 34.0 22.0 28.5 27.1 26.9 30.5 25.5 32. 1 30.5 27.8 29.0 27.8 27.0 32.3 25.7 34.6 30.0 29.0 .32. 5 28.1 29.0 31.1 31.2 27.3 2.5.4 30.4 27.9 29.7 28. 2 28! 4 26.3 29.5 28! 3 2.5. 5 28.7 27.8 20.4 30. 5 24.3 23.7 27.1 25.6 28.3 22.3 34.0 26.2 33.2 23.4 35.4 28.3 30.4 31.3 27.4 .30.9 24.8 20.3 29.6 28.0 30.2 31.3 20.2 32.0 21.1 29.9 ^9. ** 29.2 30.8 26.4 30.5 29.5 27.9 27.2 30.7 26.3 21.7 24.3 22. 3 21.3 23.3 26.3 23. 2 27.0 21.0 27.3 24.7 2.5. 27. 24.0 29. 8 Merid dist. Declination. 42 48 31.92 55 00 37. 24 58 16 1.3. 63 40 CO 49. 47 55 29 42. 22 42 09 40! 54 49 49 41.06 48 22 01. 52 72 12 35. 29 20 04 14. 98 70 58 37. C6 20 47 42.91 39 20 17. 70 58 45 35. 88 43 48 32. 42 55 06 37. 06 58 10 14.05 40 00 49. 96 55 29 42. 68 42 09 46. 97 f 9 02 37. 22 28 35 27. 73 42 27 ."9. II 55 37 09. iO 31 54 40. 05 65 52 17. 04 49 49 42. 18 43 22 02. 04 70 58 38.51 20 47 43. 29 39 26 18.27 58 43 30. 47 49 17 2.5.66 48 41 00.26 72 12 30. 10 26 04 15.63 76 58 38.81 20 47 4 !. 49 39 20 18. 55 58 43 30. 78 59 27 50. 58 68 14 5T. 80 49 17 25. 90 48 41 00.56 32 18 06. 49 05 45 51.00 40 07 .34. 00 57 46 12. 64 57 42 44. 60 40 16 33.54 Corrections. llicrom. Level. + 2 10. 77 -0.11 - 8 39. 77 4 0.58 +10 08. 39 -0.53 - 00. 01 -0.91 - 8 33. 03 -0.02 + 6 41.19 -0.09 - 5 03. 12 -0.29 + 2 16.15 +0.42 - 8 40. 18 + 0.53 + 10 06.90 -0.18 + 10 47.98 + 0.40 - 3 13. 18 + 0.80 + 6 19. 16 -0.02 - 6 00. 88 —0. 22 + 6 40. 19 + 0.83 - 5 06.58 + 0.60 + 07. 73 + 0.14 - 8 36. 20 + 1.74 -f 6 38. 98 + 2.45 - 5 07. 30 + 2.01 + 8 2:>. 50 + 1.40 + 07. 26 + 0. 29 - 2 08.11 + 0.49 |. 2 58.31 .| 0. 30 1 12. 44 -10.22 Kefrac. + 0.04 -0.15 + 0.18 -0. 10 -0.10 +0.14 -0.09 + 0.03 -0.15 -to. 18 + 0.21 -0.00 + 0.11 -0.10 +0.14 -0.09 0.00 -0.16 + 0.14 -0. 09 + 0.15 0.00 -0.04 I 0.03 o.on Ked. to merid. Latitude. + 0.21 + 0.03 48 59 5L28 52.21 52. 42 50.58 50.73 51. 29 51. 35 51.04 53.19 51.73 51.06 51.73 50. 80 50.91 52. 06 51. 30 50.83 51. 27 52. 72 .52. 29 51.27 50. 81 51. ,54 52. 02 48 59 51 73 Remarks. June 27. June 29. June .30. EEPORT OP THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEE. Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 4 — Coutinut'il. 115 B. A. C. No. Readings. Decimation. Corrections. Latitude. Hemarks. Microiu. Level. Merid Microm. Level. Eefrac. Eed.to N. S. 6937 0970 14. 652 24. 070 24.2 31.2 30.7 23.7 m.s. / // 36 27 55. 00 61 41 31.31 - 4 52. 40 + 0.22 -0.03 " O / It 43 59 51. 35 June 30. 7024 7073 15.984 22.514 30.4 25.1 24.6 30.1 01 51 07. 33 30 01 48. 83 + 3 22. 61 + 0.18 +0.00 50.93 7100 716G 11.775 3,1. 202 27.0 29.0 28.2 26.2 43 45 27. .53 55 33 18. 97 - 9 31.74 +0.36 -0.10 51. 71 7ai5 7277 13.344 24. 700 27.7 28.3 27.3 27.2 57 07 10.22 40 40 37. 69 + 5 52. 35 + 0.33 +0.10 51.23 7320 7-Yr. 2395 21. 408 16. 100 28.2 2s!o 27.4 27.3 38 09 16.07 59 44 53.08 + 2 46. 37 +0.33 +0.03 51.31 7377 739« 28. 544 9.536 27.4 28.4 28.0 27.3 59 27 42. 94 38 51 40.04 - 9 49.77 +0. U -0. 17 51.06 7416 7453 24. 860 15. 138 29.2 27.0 20.4 28. 9 02 02 41. 73 36 07 04. 01 - 5 01. 65 +0.20 -0. 09 51. 33 7480 7489 18. 406 20.781 26.8 29.0 29.0 2C.2 45 58 44. 45 52 03 27. 37 - 1 13. C9 +0.27 -0. 02 52.47 7505 7605 16. COO 20. 004 20.1 28.1 26.8 27.9 37 57 48. 84 60 06 01. 97 - 2 04. 23 +0.50 -0.03 51. 70 7627 76t6 21. 201 1.5. 044 27.8 28.1 28.0 27.3 23 19 38. 26 72 34 18. 96 + 2 52. 42 + 0.14 + 0.00 51.23 7755 7765 15. 145 22. 486 27.6 29.3 27.8 26.2 58 47 06 83 39 04 59. 98 + 3 47.77 +0.05 + 0.07 48 59 51. 90 Mean latitude (79 determinations), 48° 59' 5l".55. e = 0".53 r = 0".35 £„ = 0".06 lo = 0".04 1873. UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. Observations for Latitude. [ AHtronoinical Station No. 5. — Long Iliver, 77 inilofl woHt, of Pombin.i Obsorvor, J. F. Grpfjory, Licntpnant United St^itea 3Cnj;inecra — Zenith TolcHCopo, Wiirdomanu No. 20.— Clirouonioler, Negus Sidoronl No. I-I8I.J B. A. C. No. Readings. Dfclin.ttion. Correct iona. Latitude. Itomarlia. Micr4)ni J.ovel. Morid. Microm. Level. Eefrac. Red. to nierid. N. S. 5415 54U0 2«. 12 11.438 28.0 31.3 27.2 24. 8 m. s. O ' " 58 10 10.35 40 00 51.97 - 8 30. 73 + 1.03 -0.15 // O ' " 48 59 58. 91 Jnly 9. .■i.'iOS 5523 9. 210 28. 890 28.5 29.4 27.8 20.9 55 29 45. 11 42 09 49. 29 -flO 10.02 +0.71 +-0.18 58.71 5853 ,5911 01117 (1073 25. 170 13.710 20. 003 10. 205 ;'0. 3 27.0 30.8 27.7 23.7 32.7 30.0 32.8 49 49 4,5.02 48 22 04. 93 72 12 39. 02 20 04 17.75 - 5 55. 58 — 8 28. 79 -0.91 -0.90 -0.10 -0.16 58.39 58. 48 fit 14 C157 12. 145 25. 251 30.1 27. 5 30. 5 33.3 70 58 41. 72 i.0 47 4.5. 59 + 6 46. 65 -1.38 +-0.14 59.06 G20fl C289 13. 750 23. 480 30. 5 31.0 31.0 ::o. 5 39 20 21.30 58 43 39. 80 - 5 01. 71 0.00 -0.09 58.78 C3I8 c:j(i5 ii.atio 27. 784 31.0 29. 2 30.3 32.0 59 27 53. 07 38 15 00. 04 + 8 31. 77 + 12. 10 2 03. 40 60 +0.15 +0.00 -0.04 58.48 0421 0470 19.403 19. 8.55 31.0 29.0 31.9 33.2 49 17 28. 95 48 41 03.04 98 57.48 0553 0580 10.791 20. 708 30.0 31. 32. 3 31.1 .32 17 09. 19 -0.40 58. 33 0024 6081 2). 020 10. 150 31.2 33. 32. 31.1 40 07 30. 95 57 45 75. 87 + 3 02. 13 +-0.25 +0.05 58.84 0728 0748 10. 204 21. 990 31.0 32. 33. 32. 5 43 25 19.50 04 40 32. 04 - 2 ,57. 00 —0. 42 -0.05 .57. 97 0780 0817 19. 043 19. 008 31.0 31.2 33. 7 33. 3 57 42 47. 88 40 10 30. .53 -1- 17. 53 -1.07 1 0.00 58.06 7024 7073 1.5.070 33.5 :2.o 30.4 Gl 51 10.02 + 3 28.41 - 9 27. 37 +0.06 -0.17 58. 38 7100 7100 08. 754 27.010 33. 9 30.0 31.9 ;5. 3 42 45 32. ,52 .55 33 9. '.SI -0.00 59.22 7315 7277 13. .'•01 3.5.010 32.1 33. 5 33.0 32.0 .57 07 22. 37 40 40 40. 94 + 5 57. 10 ^- 2 51. 02 - 9 43. 30 -0. 14 +0. 10 58.71 7320 7-Yr. 23i)5 21.919 10. 407 34. 31.9 31.9 34. 1 38 09 19.00 59 44 56. -.fi -.X02 + 0.05 58.08 7377 7398 28. 7011 9. 1 02 ::o. 35.5 3,5. 3 ;:o. ,59 27 45 84 38 51 42, 90 +0.04 -0.18 57.90 7410 7453 23.017 14.045 '.9.8 37.1 30.2 29. 2 02 02 41,87 30 07 00. 83 - 4 57. CO + 0.33 -0.09 59.09 .... 7480 7489 17.981 20. 250 34. 3 32. 2 r2.l .14. 3 45 58 47. 44 .52 03 30.41 - 1 10. 40 +-0. 02 -0. 02 .-•a 52 7505 7005 10. 870 20. 777 34. 34.0 32. 7 33.5 37 57 51. 70 60 00 0,5. 42 - 2 01. 04 +-0. 40 -0.03 48 59 57. 89 lie EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 5 — Contiuued. 117 B. A. C. No. Eeailiugs. Declination. CorrectioDS. Latitude. Kcmarks. Microm. Level. Merid. (list. Microm. Level. Refrac. Red. to tuerid. N. S. 7027 7680 22. 143 10. 391 34.5 30.7 32.8 37.1 m s. r If 25 19 40. 80 72 34 21. 82 + 2 58. 47 -1.03 +0.00 // ' // 48 50 58.79 July 9. 7755 7765 15. 533 93.058 34.1 29.5 33.7 38.5 58 47 09. 69 39 05 02. 71 + 3 53. 48 -1.93 H 0.07 57.83 7787 7t00 16. 456 21. 428 33.5 31.1 34.2 37.0 52 01 0.5. 78 45 53 44. 21 + 2 34. 27 -1.47 + 0.04 57.83 7820 7S82 IS. 52-2 26. 590 34.5 30.7 33.2 3;. 7 48 49 51. 22 49 24 41.57 - 7 16. 49 -1.17 —0.13 58.00 6271 5313 20.965 10. 360 27.9 20.8 22.7 30.6 42 48 34. 48 55 06 39. 52 + 2 22. 88 —1.03 +0.04 58.89 July 10. 541.5 5400 27. f..-,7 11. 000 20.0 24.3 26.0 28.0 58 16 16. 49 40 CO 52. 11 — 8 34. 90 -0.83 -0.15 58.30 5,103 5523 9.644 29. 384 20.9 20.6 2.5. 7 29. ,55 29 4.5. 27 42 09 49. 43 + 10 12.48 -0.97 + 0.18 59.75 5545 5024 8.431 29. 490 2.5.6 25.5 27.1 28.0 69 02 39. 90 28 35 30.01 + 10 53.41 -0. 89 + 0.21 57.69 5044 5058 16. 030 22. 084 26.3 24.6 26.8 28.5 42 28 01. 79 53 38 11. 93 - 3 07. 64 -0.98 -0.03 57. 99 5f53 5911 25.141 13. 708 27.0 23.6 26.2 29.4 49 49 4.5.23 48 22 03. 13 - 5 54. 74 — 1. 11 -0.10 59. 24 5502 552.1 9.359 29. 092 26.8 23.9 28.0 28.9 55 29 44.41 42 09 49. 60 + 10 13.27 - 0. 94 + 0.18 58.51 July 11. 5545 5624 8.358 29. 4J4 30.8 22.2 24.2 33.2 69 02 40.06 28 35 30. 14 + 10 53.93 —0.98 + 0.21 58.20 5644 5658 16.517 22.597 27.5 26.7 27.8 28.6 42 28 01.96 55 38 12.93 - 3 08. 65 —0.49 -0.05 57.91 5033 5B23 24. 571 12.196 28.0 28.9 27.3 97.7 '31 54 48.63 C5 52 20. 37 + 6 23. 97 + 0.43 + 0.11 59. CO 5853 5911 25. 508 14.023 28.1 27.6 28.4 29.1 49 49 4.5. 44 48 92 03. 36 - 5 56. 33 -0.40 -0. 10 58.55 6047 6073 26. 490 10. 035 28.4 28.0 23.0 28.0 72 12 39. 51 96 04 18.11 - 8 30. .56 +0. 09 —0.16 58.18 6114 6157 12. .568 25. 598 29.0 27.3 26.9 28.2 76 58 42. 25 20 47 43. 83 + 6 44. 29 + 0.27 + 0. 15 58.75 6208 6289 13.657 23.449 29. 2 29! 2 26.1 26. I 39 26 21. 79 .58 43 40. 41 — 5 03. 83 + 1.38 —0.08 58.58 6318 6365 11.014 27.441 27.0 31.8 28.5 24.0 59 27 .54. 23 38 15 01. 14 + 8 29. 69 + 1.40 + 0.15 58. 92 6421 6476 19.730 20. 121 97.5 29.0 28.6 27.4 49 17 29. 48 43 42 04. 21 + 11.52 +0.11 0.00 58.48 6553 OJSO 16. 390 20. 403 90.0 27.7 27.2 29.2 32 18 09. 68 63 45 55. 78 — 9 04. 51 + 0.07 -0.04 58. 25 5415 5400 27. 663 10. 938 96.0 31.2 25.1 21.0 58 10 16.81 40 00 52. 40 - 8 38. 31 +2. 47 -0. 15 58.61 July 12. 5.Wi 5323 9.500 29.243 95.0 28.5 27.2 •24 ,55 29 45. 00 42 09 49. 70 +10 10.71 +0.51 +0.18 59.03 5693 5823 25. 271 12. 837 27.7 22.1 20.2 33.0 31 54 48. 79 03 59 20. 59 + 6 23. 80 -2. 10 +0.11 58.50 6047 6073 27. 290 10. 847 27.0 29.0 99.2 27.7 72 12 40.01 20 04 18. 48 - 8 30. 46 -0.20 -0.16 48 59 58. 42 July 13. 118 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Observations for Latitude. — Station Xo. 5 — Continued. B. A. c. No. KeacUnjia. aiicrom. 6114 6157 626S 6i89 C3I8 6365 6481 C476 6553 CS8G 6624 6C81 6738 C748 6780 6817 6937 6970 7024 7073 7100 7166 7215 7277 7320 7-Yr. 2395 7377 7398 7416 7453 7480 7489 7505 7605 7637 76-J6 7755 77115 7787 7809 7820 7883 7962 81)21 8030 8059 8083 8128 5693 5833 12. 438 25.461 14.171 23. 959 11.405 27. 819 19. 551 19.883 16. 285 20. 308 22.581 10. 749 15. 530 21.308 18. 545 19. 037 14. 747 24. 098 15. 478 23. 120 10.387 28. 708 13. 847 25.320 21.691 16. 239 28.719 !i. 813 23. 346 13. 700 17. 876 20. 173 17. 833 21. 763 21. 973 16.311 1.5. 928 23 437 16. 812 21. 730 12. .578 26. 717 27. 693 10. 432 17.011 19. 708 14. 900 23. 707 24.311 1 1. 980 Level. 27.1 29.9 31.1 27.5 27.1 32 28.7 29.0 29.3 30.0 30.8 30.2 31.2 30.0 27.0 34.4 31.8 33.0 26.0 36.7 32.2 30.5 31.5 32.1 32.5 33.1 31.4 33.0 29.5 37.4 33.8 34.0 34.0 3,3.0 34.0 31.0 33.0 30.0 31.3 34.7 34.0 32.0 36.2 30.3 34.0 34.0 33.4 36.0 25. 6 27.0 29.3 27.0 2.5. 6 29.3 29.6 25.5 29.3 29.0 30.0 29.8 29.1 30.1 29. 2 30! 7 34.0 27.0 31.0 30.0 37.0 20.7 31.0 33.0 33. 1 32.0 31.8 31.3 33.0 33.0 35.2 27.7 32.5 31.3 31.1 33. 4 32.1 3.5. 6 33.7 36.7 35. 2 32.0 .32. 35.0 31.0 37.1 .33.0 33. 5 35.0 31.4 2t. 1 24.8 Merid. dist. Declination. 76 58 43. 79 20 47 40. 27 39 26 22. 27 58 43 40. 97 59 27 54. 79 38 15 01.64 49 17 30. OS 48 42 04.76 32 18 10. 16 65 45 56. 40 40 07 38. 05 57 46 17. 21 43 25 20. 71 54 40 33. 88 57 42 49. 15 40 16 37.67 30 27 .59. 95 01 41 35.93 01 51 11.94 30 01 52. 67 43 45 33. 72 55 33 23. 51 57 07 23. 72 40 40 43. 14 38 09 20. 17 59 44 57. 57 59 97 47. 14 38 51 44. 13 63 02 46. 17 36 07 07.98 45 58 48. 67 53 03 31. 68 37 57 53. 96 60 00 06. 25 25 19 41.83 73 34 S3. 08 .••8 47 10. 06 39 05 03. 87 .52 01 07.00 45 53 45. 40 48 49 53. 4 i 49 24 43. 81 41 10 48.68 50 85 16. 26 49 21 36. 59 48 30 08. 42 56 27 54. 30 41 23 54.06 31 54 49. Hi 65 .53 21. 07 Corrections. Microm. + 6 44.07 - 5 03. 70 + 8 29. 29 + 10. 30 - 2 04. 83 + 3 00. 95 - 8 59. 28 + 15.27 - 4 50. 14 + 3 2fi. 08 - 9 58. 45 + 5 5.5. 98 + 2 49. 38 - 9 40.61 - 4 59.29 - 1 11.27 - 2 01.94 + 2 5.5. 68 + 3 53. 99 -\- 2 33. 59 - 7 18.70 + 8 5.5. 54 + 1 0.5.00 + 4 33.20 + 6 32. 60 Level. +0.16 +0.83 +0.89 -0. 27 -0.11 +0.40 +0.29 +0.09 +0.85 -0.22 -0. 29 -0.11 +0.56 -0.14 +0.89 +0.67 +0.56 -0.00 -I.C5 -0.27 -0. 09 -0.30 +0. 20 +0. 41 +0.76 Refrac. +0.14 -0.09 +0.15 0.00 -0.04 +0.05 +0.05 0.00 -0.09 +0.00 -0.17 +0.10 +0.05 -0.18 -0.09 -0. 03 -0.03 +0.06 +0.07 +'J. 04 —0. 13 +0.10 +0. 03 +0.08 +0.11 Bed. to merid. Latitude. Remarks. 48 59 58. 90 58.66 58.54 57.44 58.31 59.03 58.25 58.77 58.55 58.38 59.70 58.90 58.86 58.70 58.58 59. .55 58.19 .57. 60 58. 37 58.50 5a 70 57.81 57.39 57.99 48 59 58. 58 July 13. July 14. REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 119 Observations for Laitiide.— Station No. 5— Coutiiiued. Readings. B. A. C. No. Microm 6047 6073 6114 6157 62(i8 6289 6624 6681 6728 6748 6780 6817 6937 6970 7100 7106 7215 7277 7377 7398 7480 7489 7505 7605 26. 558 ID. 077 12.012 25. 033 13.779 23. 557 22. 568 16. 730 16. 084 21.916 19. 323 19.813 14. 260 23. 573 11. 119 29. 521 13. 823 25. 227 28. 932 10. 002 18. 065 20. 371 17. 392 21.286 Level. N. 27.0 27.0 26.2 29.0 27.1 27.3 22.1 21.0 22. 9 2X6 22.5 20.5 23.6 17.5 21.9 23.4 23.3 28.6 24.2 25.0 29.5 S3.0 27.0 23.5 27.0 27.0 27.7 24.7 26.0 25.7 22.1 23.7 22.0 21.2 22.1 24.1 21.1 27.0 21.0 19.3 2.5. 3 20.5 26 1 25.2 22.5 23.0 24. 2 28.'! Merid. dist. Declination, 72 12 40. 28 26 04 18. 68 76 58 43. 03 20 47 46. 47 39 26 22. 53 58 43 41. 27 40 07 38. 62 57 46 17. 86 43 25 21. 32 54 40 34. 53 57 42 49. 80 40 16 38. 26 36 28 00. 51 61 41 36.59 42 45 34. 34 55 33 24. 17 57 07 24. ?A 40 40 42. 74 59 27 47. 80 38 51 44. 71 45 58 49. 29 52 03 32. 30 37 57 53. 43 60 06 07. 33 Corrections. Microm. - 8 31. 3G + 6 44. 01 - 5 03. 39 + 3 01.14 - 3 00.95 4- 15. 20 - 4 48. 96 - 9 30. 97 + 5 53. 84 - 9 47.04 - 1 11.55 - 2 00. 82 Level. 0.00 +0.02 +0.60 -0.60 +0.74 -0.71 -1.56 +1.11 +1.3G -0.47 -0.22 -0.56 Eel'rac. -0.16 +0. 14 —0.09 +0.03 -0.05 0.00 —0.09 -0.17 +0.10 -0.18 -0.02 -0.03 Red. to merid +0.01 Latitude 48 59 57. 00 59. 56 59. 03 58.83 57.67 58.52 57. 94 59. 22 58.84 58.66 59.00 48 59 58. 97 Remarks. July 14. July 15 Meftn latitude (82 determinations), 48° 59" 58.54". s = ± 0". 49775 7o= ± 0".037 1873. UNITED STATES NOETHERN BOUNDAEY. Ohservations for Latitude. lAstronomicai Station No. 6.-West side of Turtle Monntaiu, 150 miles west of Pembina.-Observer W. J Twinirs, Captaiu United Stales Engineers.— Zenitli Telescope, Wiirdemann No. 20.— Chronometer, Ne^us bidcreal JSo. loU.J B. A.U. No. Eeadinjrs. Microm C047 00":) G114 0137 6289 G421 C476 0553 6580 6624 CG81 6728 6748 6780 6817 7024 7073 7100 7166 7215 7277 7320 7-Tr. 2395 7377 7398 7416 7453 7480 74b9 7.505 7605 7627 7t66 7755 7705 7787 7600 7820 7882 Level. N. Morid. dist. 26. 003 9.279 12. 01 J 24. 7U7 15. 285 25.318 22. 483 22. 546 16. 021 20. 334 24. 035 18. 479 18. 551 24. 602 20. 093 20.9:5 1.5. 965 22. 349 11.376 29. 954 15. 691 26. 8J8 23.725 18. 552 30. 48? 11.284 26. 044 10.117 21.514 24. 142 16. 9:14 21. 127 22. f45 17. 461 l.\9,-|4 21.135 17.841 22. 50 1 13.719 28. 153 26.6 25.0 2.'). 8 25.3 2«. 6 23.6 C6.5 25.1 27.2 25.7 26.8 25.5 24.5 27.5 26.1 26.5 2.-. 27.2 29. 5> 20.5 27.2 26.1 27.0 27.1 27.5 26.0 2^.0 20.0 27.0 28.8 28.7 25.6 27! 1 29. 8 21.0 27.6 25.5 28.7 26.1 Declination. 2.5.2 27.3 26.5 27. 2 25.0 30.0 27.5 28.9 27.0 28.8 27.7 29. 30.1 27.3 23.7 28.3 30.4 28.0 25.5 34.8 28.0 29.1 28.5 28.5 28. 4 30.0 23.0 30.0 28.4 27! 2 27.4 31.0 03 2 29; 7 27.4 3:t. 1 21.4 31.3 28.2 31.4 Corrections. ilicrom. 72 12 43. 86 26 04 21. 51 76 58 40. 73 20 47 49. 07 39 26 26. 09 58 43 45.32 49 17 34. .52 48 42 09. 19 32 18 14.03 63 46 01.29 40 07 42. 37 57 46 22. 03 43 25 25. 30 54 40 38. 84 57 42 .54.19 40 10 42 20 61 51 17. 23 36 01 57.39 42 45 38. 55 55 33 28. 73 57 07 28. 95 40 40 40. 63 38 09 24. 84 59 45 02. 87 59 27 52. 70 38 51 48. 85 62 02 51.50 36 07 12. 58 43 58 53. 65 52 03 36. 81 37 57 57. 52 GO 06 11. 49 25 19 45. 86 72 34 28. 23 58 47 16.03 39 03 08. 48 .52 01 11.97 45 53 51. 00 48 49 57. 74 49 24 48. 38 Level. Eefrac. Red. to merid. ! Latitnde. Kemarks. -S 38. 87 +0 36. 69 -5 11.30 +0 01. 95 -2 13. 82 +2 52. 39 -3 07. 75 +0 06. 89 +3 18.08 -9 36.43 +5 45. 55 -f 2 40. 51 -9 55. 85 -3 08.01 -1 20.61 -2 10. 10 +2 47. 05 4-3 42. 81 +2 24. 68 -7 27. 85 -0.20 -0.58 -0.62 -1.07 -0.63 -0.98 -1.20 -0.98 -1.38 -2.30 +0.85 +0.67 -1.09 -0.89 +0.18 -0.91 -0. CO -1.40 -1.69 -1.07 -0.17 +0. 14 -0.09 0.00 -0.04 +0.05 -0.05 0.00 +0.06 -0.17 +0.10 +0.04 -0.18 -0.09 -0.02 -0.03 +0.06 +0.06 +0.04 -0.13 48 59 53. 45 .54.15 53.09 52. 74 53.15 53.66 53.07 54.10 54.07 54.74 34.30 63.08 53.66 53.05 51.78 53.47 53.55 53 73 54. 51 48 59 54. 01 July 28. 120 KEPOKT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. Ohscrvationn for Latitude. — Station No. G — Coutiuucil. 121 B. A. C. No. 7962 8024 P036 8059 8083 81SS 8206 8S7S 8314 8334 8344 67 3853 5011 6047 6073 6114 6157 6318 6j65 6421 0476 6553 6586 6024 6681 6738 6748 6780 6817 6937 6970 7024 7073 7100 7160 7215 7277 7320 7-Yr. 2305 7377 7398 7416 7453 7480 7489 7755 77G5 Keadinga. Microm. Level. 29. 005 12. 921 19. 824 21. 657 16. P03 25. 370 28. 065 12. 278 22. 333 14. 149 11.419 24. 005 25.300 13. 643 28. 459 11. 723 13. 154 25. 902 14. 298 24. 329 13.114 29. 201 22. 160 22. 170 17. 508 21. 842 23. 411 17. 805 IH. 285 24. 387 20. 369 20. 528 14. 938 24. 599 16.711 23. 009 10. 207 28.901 15. 128 26. 351 22. 163 17.032 30. 154 10. 924 27. 001 17. 049 18. 650 21.P88 15. 7.59 22, «t:5 N. 28.0 28.0 29.8 25.1 28.1 25.7 27. 1 2!<.0 29.4 20.4 29.2 27. 1 22.3 32.0 31.6 31.0 30.6 33.4 31.0 32.5 30.9 33.1 31.0 32.4 31.4 32.1 32.1 31.1 32.3 32.9 32.1 33.2 31.2 33.2 32.0 32.2 31.4 33.0 32.0 31.4 31.4 33.0 33.2 30.3 32.0 32.4 31.5 32.5 31.5 32.8 31.4 29.2 Merid. dist. Declination. 1 10 53. 34 j 25 20. 45 ) 21 41.70 i 36 14.00 ! 27 59. 97 I 22 59. 15 ) 37 30. 63 r 05 58. 26 I 42 0.^ 78 I 26 12.04 I 30 50. 28 r 15 54. 10 ) 49 47. 90 ! 22 09. 44 ! 12 44. 10 i 04 21.71 i 58 46. 98 ) 47 49. 26 I 20 26. 34 i 43 45. 60 I 37 59. 48 ) 15 05. 82 I 17 34. 81 1 42 09. 47 I 18 14.25 i 46 01.01 I 07 42. 05 ■ 40 22. 35 1 25 25. 59 I 40 39.16 ' 42 54.51 I 16 42. 49 ; 28 04. 67 41 41.51 51 17.57 1 01 57.68 I 45 38. 80 . 33 29. 00 ' 07 29.20 I 40 40. 95 1 09 2.5. 13 I 45 03. 20 I 27 53. 04 ! 51 49. 14 : 02 51. 84 1 07 12. 84 I 58 53. 96 I 03 37. 13 1 47 10.35 I 05 08. 77 Corrections. Microm. +8 46. 97 +0 56. 87 +4 26. 00 +8 09. 83 -4 13.93 +6 32. 37 -6 01.09 -8 39. 28 +6 35. 54 -5 11.24 -1-8 21.00 +0 00. 50 -2 14.47 +2 51. 15 -3 09. 33 +0 04. 93 -4 59. 76 4-3 15.41 -9 40. 03 -f 5 45. 12 -1-2 39. 20 -9 56. 06 -5 08. 79 -1 21.06 +3 41. 10 Level. 0.83 -1. 20 -1.09 -1.09 -1.14 -0.85 -3.17 -}-0. 14 +0.85 +0.60 -1-0.70 +0.40 +0.25 +0. 02 +0.60 +0.98 +0.53 +0.38 +0.40 -0.09 +0.27 -0.14 +0.20 0.00 +0.00 Rcfr.ic. +0.16 +0. 02 +0.08 +0.15 -0.08 +0.11 -0.10 -0. 17 +0.14 -0.03 +1.15 O.tO -0.04 +0.05 -0.05 0.00 -0.09 -fO.OO -0.17 +0.10 +0.04 -0.18 -0.09 -0.02 +0. 00 Red. to merid. Latitude. 48 59 53. 20 53.57 53.45 53.3:! 53.76 53.82 .53. 74 53. 60 54. 65 55.24 54. 50 53. 04 53. 09 .53. 72 53. CO 54.41 53.77 53.48 54.16 53. 24 53.68 54.11 53.66 53.87 48 59 54. 32 July 28. July 29. 122 UNITED STATES KOKTHERN BOUiSIDARY COMMISSION. Obscn-alions for Latitude. — Station No. (i — Continued. KeadiDgs. B. A. C. No. 7787 71-00 7;iC3 80-J4 fD36 80J9 POr<:l 8138 8;os 8273 8:il4 (i7 0047 CI14 filj7 6208 e-MV G318 63C5 6431 6470 G553 6588 6634 0681 6738 6748 6780 6817 6»37 6970 7024 7073 7100 7160 7210 7277 7320 7.Yr. 2395 7377 73S8 7410 7453 7180 7489 Microm. 19. 431 23. 998 29. 424 13. 491 20. 541 23. 332 17. 208 35. 715 19. 032 13. 395 23. 057 14. 830 9. 8.-8 23. 430 2-'. 332 11.573 12. 479 2.>. 229 13.037 23. 134 11.720 37. 854 21.511 21.504 1.5. 966 20. 349 23. 407 16. 901 18. 204 34. 404 20. 265 20. 405 1.1. 314 24. 992 1.5. 567 23. 859 9.062 27. 790 14.662 25. 785 23. 254 18. 125 29. 837 10. 554 24. 968 14.96i 30. 600 33. ',74 Level. N. 33. 30.5 31.4 31. li 33.7 31.0 36.2 33.4 30.8 32.1 30.8 33.0 30.7 33. 3 33.4 33.1 33.0 39.9 33.0 34.0 33.0 33.1 33.1 33.5 33.1 34.3 .33.2 33.0 33.7 33.1 33.5 33.5 33.4 34.1 .34.1 33.1 3.3.7 34.1 34.2 31.3 34.7 33.0 32.1 30.7 31.3 38.5 34.5 35.7 30.0 32.1 31,5 31.4 30.2 31.8 31.4 :.o.3 33.1 31.0 33.2 30.0 32. 3 30.0 31.5 32.0 31.0 34.8 33.0 31.0 33.0 33.2 33. 2 32! 1 33.4 31.4 32.4 33. I 32.4 33.0 33.8 33.1 34.2 33.7 3.3.6 34.9 34.3 33.9 33. 7 37.0 33. 4 36.3 .36.4 33.0 37.2 30.3 34.4 33. 2 Merid dial. Declination. O ' " 52 01 12. 28 45 .53 51. 30 41 16 53. 62 50 25 20. 74 49 21 42. 04 4S 30 14.28 50 27 59.20 41 22 59.41 30 37 30. 86 07 05 58. 52 73 43 06. 03 24 26 12. 35 60 30 50. 53 37 10 54. 32 72 12 44. 86 26 04 22.31 70 58 47. 80 20 47 49. 84 39 26 27. 15 58 43 40. 48 59 28 00. 37 38 15 00. 6) 49 17 3.5. 71 48 42 10. 39 33 18 1.5. 09 65 46 02. 62 40 07 43. .54 57 40 23. 37 43 25 26. .53 54 40 40. 18 57 42 55. 55 40 10 43. 43 30 28 05. .59 01 41 42. GO 61 51 18.66 36 01 58. 60 42 40 39. 84 50 33 30. 15 57 07 30. 36 40 40 48. 23 38 09 20. 10 59 40 04. 33 .59 27 54.10 38 51 50.11 63 02 52. 90 36 07 13. 79 45 08 55. 00 53 03 38.31 CoJTCCtiODS. Microm. Level. +3 21.61 +8 40. 39 +0 55. SG +4 S3. 95 +8 07. 97 -4 15.21; +6 30. 26 -8 39.99 -f 6 35. to -5 13.28 +8 20. CO +0 00. 23 -2 15.99 +2 50. 74 -3 10.51 +0 04. 34 -5 00.28 +3 15. 22 -9 41.08 +0 45. 13 +2 39. 14 -9 ,58. 30 -5 10.49 -1 22.97 -0.04 4-0. 03 +0.38 +0.45 -0.04 +0.30 +0.38 +0.33 -0.05 +0.04 -0. 03 +0.51 +0.36 +0.16 +0.31 +0.25 -0.09 -0.29 -0.09 -1. 16 -0.07 +0.09 +0.51 +0.58 Eefrao. +0. 04 +0.16 +0. 02 +0.08 +0.15 -0.08 +0.11 -0.17 +0.14 -0.09 +0.15 0.00 -0.04 +0.05 -0. 05 0.00 -0.09 +0.06 -0. 17 +0. 10 +0. 04 -0. 18 -0. 09 -0.02 Red. to Diorid. Latitude. 48 50 53. 40 r.2. 75 53.82 53.79 52. 77 64.16 53.18 53. 65 53.91 53.49 54.23 53.78 53.19 54.40 53.10 54.08 53.63 53.62 53.00 53.36 53.72 53.74 53.31 48 59 54. 19 lifmarks. July 20. August I. EEPOET OP THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. Observations for Latitude.— Station No. G— ContiDiied. 123 B. A. C. No. Readings. DeclinatioD, Corrections. Latitude. Remarks. Micron] Level. Meritl, Microm, Level, Ref 1 ac Red. (o merid. N. S, (list. 7505 7G05 7C27 76c 6 7755 7765 7787 7600 7820 7862 71163 8034 8036 8059 8083 8128 8206 8373 8314 8324 17, 399 21. C8I 23. 549 18. 632 16 123 23.211 20. 087 24. 646 14. 105 28. 595 28. 845 1I.9CG 18. .108 20. 090 17.314 25. 833 26. 931 11.1-5 23.642 15.411 34.5 .IS. 7 35.2 34,2 34.2 35.2 34.2 33.1 35.7 33.3 34.0 35.0 36,0 32.5 35.3 34.7 35,8 33,4 35,0 33.8 34.2 34.0 34.2 36,3 36,2 35.2 35,9 37.0 34.2 36.9 36.1 34,8 33.9 37.4 .14.1 34.9 34,0 36,9 35,2- 36. 3 7W. s. "o'ao O / It 37 57 58.78 60 00 12. 91 25 19 46. 02 73 34 29, 07 58 47 17, 43 39 05 09, 73 52 01 1.3, 33 45 53 52, 30 48 49 59, 04 49 24 49, 09 41 16 54.69 56 25 21. 75 49 31 43. 01 48 36 15. 25 56 28 00.24 41 23 00.30 30 37 31,66 67 05 59. 44 73 42 06. 93 21 26 12, 96 1 It -2 12, 86 +2 44, 97 +3 39, 92 +2 21,45 -7 29, 59 +8 45, 57 +0 55, 29 +4 24. 32 +8 08, 87 -4 15,39 +0,44 -0.25 -0,44 -1.25 -0,47 -0,42 -0.62 +0,22 -0,38 -0,60 -0,03 +0,00 +0,00 +0,04 -0,13 +0,16 +0, 02 +0,08 +0,15 -0.08 +0, 06 48 59 53. 40 53,07 53.18 53,06 54,17 53, .'.3 53,82 54.89 54,19 48 59 53. 88 Angast 1. Mean latitude (79 determinations), 48° 59' 53", 70. « = 0".53 T = n".35 to = 0",06 To = C",04 1873. UNITED STATES NOKTnEUN BOUNDARY. Observations for Latitude. I Astronomical Station No. 7. — South Antlor Crci'k. Ifl3 miles west of Pembina.— Observer, J. F. Gregory, Lieiiteunut United Stales Engineers. — ZtmitU Telescope, Wii-demanu No. 11.— Cbronomeltr, Negus Sidereal No. 1481.] B. A. C. No. 5693 5d-J3 5sr>:t 5011 C017 0073 fill 4 C157 B268 CJgO K!18 G3G.i C4ai «1TC 6553 G5S6 C6a4 CG81 G7i8 0748 fi7H0 0sl7 6937 C970 7024 7073 7! (10 71U0 7:ko "■Yr. 2395 7377 "398 7416 7453 74?0 7489 7505 7C05 Headings. Microm. 2,\ 327 12.170 22.051 12.252 21.332 13. 388 !]. 490 23.282 19.470 21. 737 13.37G 29. 967 19. 809 22. 891 21. 179 21.718 2C. 022 18. 3.9 21.110 23.130 19. C93 22. 910 19.118 24. 100 16. 731 25. 053 15. 193 27.710 1.5.619 27. t61 24.713 17. 392 27. 6C0 l4.G3fi 23. 827 18. 555 22.333 21. 480 22. 042 22. 542 Level. N. 30. 2 4.5. 3,5. 2 42.3 35.7 43.0 35.8 33. 5 40.1 33.7 39.6 34.8 28.0 31.9 32.3 28.3 30.2 29. G 31.7 30.8 30.7 32.8 32.8 32. 2 31.5 33.9 33. 5 32.4 32.3 35.4 33. 5 34.3 3.\ 1 36.0 33.1 36. 1 34.6 34.0 32. 5 42. 38.7 31.8 39.0 32.0 ,39. 7 4.\6 36. 42.5 ■x.o 42.2 31. 5 2,^.3 28.5 32.7 31.0 3-J.O 30.4 31.9 32. 1 30.0 31.3 32. 1 33.2 31.5 31.7 3;!. 3 33.7 31.1 32. 9 31.8 31.3 30. C 33.4 30.4 31.8 3-!. 7 Merid. dist. Declination. 31 54 62. 20 65 52 25. to 49 49 50. 05 48 22 10. 12 72 12 44. 87 26 t4 22. 33 76 58 47. 81 SO 47 49. 84 39 26 27. 13 58 43 46. 48 59 28 00.37 38 15 00.63 49 17 3.5. 09 48 42 10. 40 32 18 15. 09 65 46 02.62 40 07 43. 54 57 46 23. 37 43 25 26. 53 54 40 40. 18 57 42 55. 55 40 16 43. 43 36 28 05. 60 6i 41 42.60 61 51 19.66 36 01 58. 59 42 45 39. 83 55 33 30. 15 .57 07 30. 36 40 40 48. 23 38 09 26.11 59 45 04. 33 .59 27 54. 10 38 51 50. 11 62 02 52. 96 36 07 13. 79 45 ,58 .5,5. 00 52 03 38. 22 37 ,57 58.78 00 00 12. 92 Co rectious. Microm. + 8 03. 84 - 4 12. 72 - C 46.61 + 8 32. 43 - 3 15.6'1 + 10 I'j. 42 + 1 54. 51 - £0. 03 + 4 45. 83 - 1 1,5.05 + 1 59. .52 - 3 05. 10 + 5 09. 20 - 7 45. 26 + 7 38. 55 + 4 32. 00 - 8 03. 8-9 - 3 15.88 + 31. 09 - 18. .59 Level. + 5.43 +2. 29 +2. 52 -4.25 -1.54 -1.54 4 0.03 -0. 20 -1.C5 +0.07 + 0.46 +0..52 +0.23 + 0.29 + 0.95 + 1.01 + 1.05 +1.77 -I 1.34 -f 4. 97 Kcfc-ac + 0.14 -0.07 -0. 13 + 0.18 —0.05 + 0.18 + 0.C3 0.00 + 0.11 -0. 02 + 0.03 -0.05 + 0.09 -0.13 + 0. 13 +0.08 -0.14 -0.06 + 0.01 -0.01 Red. to merid. Latitude. 48 61 53. 01 49 01 49. 58 49.38 47.18 49.53 48.56 47. 61 48.63 48.34 48.36 49. 50 49.47 48.14 49. 87 4.S. 93 48. 31 49. 15 49.20 49. C5 49 01 .52.23 Remarks. August 1. Eejecteil. 1-,>1 REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 125 Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 7 — Continned. KeadiDgs. B. A.C. No. 7637 768G Level. Microm. 7755 77G5 7767 7S00 7820 7882 7002 ton 8036 8059 8083 8128 8206 8273 8314 8324 46 07 5853 5911 6047 6073 6114 6157 6268 6318 6365 6421 6476 6553 6586 6624 0681 6728 6748 6780 6817 6937 6970 7024 7073 7100 7166 7215 7277 25. 236 I 33. 6 17. 726 I 35. 8 17. 192 ' 33. fl 26. 088 I 36. 1 18. 518 25.376 18. 203 27. 2;)7 33.9 37.0 34.5 24.5 30.7% ; 34.6 7320 7-Tr. 2395 13,612 19. 641 24. 187 16. 791 2P. 917 30. 317 14. 170 23.015 19. 182 22. 173 20. e.'io 24. 407 17. 622 26. 125 15. 187 14. 0.';4 27. 731 lO.OrO 24. 478 13. 141 29. 605 19. 797 32. 966 20. 822 21. 313 26. 143 18. 427 20. 8.52 22.8C0 24. 060 27. 259 18. 786 23. 773 17. 467 25. 804 16. 036 28. 558 16.011 28. 345 22. 645 15.302 41.5 3.M 32.3 33.4 37.0 35.9 41.5 33.8 37.3 33.3 38.0 23.7 23.6 25.7 25.0 24.0 29.5 26.7 27.0 24.5 32.7 25.4 24.7 29. 1 20.5 27.6 34.5 28.5 26.6 23.0 29.8 29.8 24.7 24.6 33.5 29.5 26.3 24.8 36.1 31.0 29. 1 Merid. dist. DecliratioD. .33.7 31.9 34.3 32.0 34.5 31.3 33.6 44.0 34.0 27.0 33.6 36.1 34.7 31.1 32.5 27.5 35.1 31.3 .35. 7 31.0 2.3.6 24.7 24.7 25.6 26.9 21.2 24.4 24.6 26.9 19.3 26.9 26.0 24.0 33.7 26.7 20.7 26.7 29.0 32.8 26.2 27.4 32.7 32.8 24.5 2-1.4 31.9 33.fi 23.0 28. 1 30.0 25 19 4P. fS 72 34 29. 68 58 47 17. 43 39 05 09.73 52 01 13. 34 45 53 52. 30 48 49 59. 07 49 24 49. 70 41 16 ,54. 69 56 25 21. 73 49 21 43. 01 48 36 15. 25 56 28 00. 25 41 22 60.30 30 37 31.66 67 05 59. 43 73 42 06. 93 24 26 12. 96 60 49 29 70 37 15 55. 16 49 49 50. 96 48 22 10. 33 72 12 45. 12 26 04 22. 44 76 58 48. 08 20 47 50. 03 39 26 27. 39 58 43 46. 77 59 28 00. 67 38 15 0(1. 90 49 17 36. 03 48 42 10. 70 32 18 1.5. 36 65 46 02. 96 40 07 43. 84 57 40 23. 72 43 25 26. 86 54 40 40. 54 57 42 I'..';. 91 40 16 43. 74 36 28 0.5. 90 61 41 42.98 61 51 10. 04 36 01 5S. 92 42 45 40. 19 55 33 30. 54 57 07 30. 75 40 40 48. 30 38 09 26. 45 ,59 43 04.73 Corrections. + 4 39. 03 + 5 33. 12 + 4 14.80 - 5 35. 63 +10 38. 45 + 2 48. 90 + 6 16.22 + 9 59. 93 - 2 92.41 - 56. .59 - 4 12,09 - 6 40. 39 + 8 28. 16 - 3 20. 56 + 10 11.70 + 1 57.74 - 18. 32 + 4. 40.C8 - 1 15.35 + 1 58. 86 - 3 05. 20 + 5 09. 75 - 7 45. 24 + 7 38. 26 + 4.32.82 Level. + 1.24 + 1.21 + 1.67 -6.09 + 4.94 -0.72 + 1.31 +5.69 + 1.54 + 1.51 -0.33 + 0.13 + 1.77 + 1.54 + 3.00 -1.57 -2.65 +4.81 -0.20 -2.03 — I.f3 + 0.26 -1.47 + 1.41 +0.05 + 0.09 + 0.10 +0.08 -0.09 +0.19 + 0.05 + 0.10 +0.19 -0.05 -0.02 -0.07 -0. 13 + 0.18 -0. 05 +0.18 + 0.03 0.00 +0. U -0.09 +0.03 -0.05 +0.09 -0.13 + 0.13 +0.08 Red. to La'itnde. o ' '/ 49 01 48. 66 48.01 49.37 42.50 51.80 47.36 48.10 51.36 49. 03 47.33 47.81 47.39 49.16 48.01 49.26 49.57 48.19 55.38 48.13 46.68 47.27 49.08 48.52 49.33 49 01 49. 14 Rem.trks. Angnst 1. Rejected. August 2. Rejected. 126 UNITED STATES NORTDERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Observations for Latitu(lc.— Station No. 7 — Coiitiuued. B. A. c. Ko. -3" 7398 T41fl 7453 7480 74eo 7505 7605 7627 7686 7755 7705 7787 7800 7830 7Cg2 7962 8024 8036 8059 8083 8128 8206 6273 8314 8324 5G93 5823 5&")3 5911 0047 6073 6114 6157 6268 6289 0318 63G5 C421 6476 6553 6586 C624 6681 6728 C748 CTSO C817 EeaUnp's. ilicrom. 25. 457 12. 421 23. 881 18.613 22.033 21.210 22.113 22. C20 25. 206 17. 705 16. 818 85.820 18. 7S9 25. 656 18. 633 27. 681 31. 2.-)2 14. 093 19. 183 23. 707 17. 340 27. 438 30. 377 14. 132 23. 137 19. 399 22. 043 20. 642 27. 540 14. 360 24. 6011 17. 803 26. 631 1.5. 715 14,607 2S. 323 18. 838 24. 140 13.290 29.883 20. 1.50 23. 253 21. 8.35 22. 391 20.321 18.653 21.190 2.!. 219 20. 733 2:i.9l8 Lci •el. N. S. 26.8 33.4 32.7 20.2 Merid. dist. 27.8 34.8 31.6 30.8 59. 5 31.5 31.5 3.>. 1 29.2 33.3 30.5 32.7 33.1 31.0 34.3 31.7 20. 2 3?! 5 31. n 36.6 3 '.2 25.5 28.0 32.3 31.0 23.5 23.0 28.0 26.4 27.0 26.7 32.9 27.4 33.0 29.8 21.8 28.3 27.5 29. 1 29.7 24.7 30 3 25.1 32.0 27.3 27.4 33.7 32.5 25.1 28.0 29. 2 30.7 20.6 30.0 29.8 32.8 38.8 31.7 39.0 30.0 31.5 28.3 33.2 34.5 25.2 32.8 37.2 30.7 39.0 36.0 31.9 32.8 40.6 25.3 24.6 26.6 27.0 2rt. 8 23.5 23.0 23. 7 26.1 34.5 2a 1 38.1 28. 1 33.6 28.0 33.6 27.4 32.0 32.0 27.0 15 Decimation. CorrecUons. Microm. o / " 59 27 54. 74 38 51 50. 47 62 02 53. 37 36 07 14. 13 45 58 55. 38 52 03 38. 60 37 57 59. 13 60 06 13. 30 25 19 47.22 73 34 30. 07 58 47 17. 83 3U 05 10. 08 53 01 13. 72 45 53 53. 67 43 49 59. 45 49 84 50. 07 41 IG 55.02 56 25 22. 12 49 21 43. 37 48 36 15. 60 56 28 00. 61 41 23 00. 64 30 37 31.96 67 05 59. 78 73 42 07.27 24 26 13. 83 60 49 29. 93 37 15 55. 35 31 54 52. 50 65 5-. 25. 39 49 49 50. 45 48 22 10. 54 72 13 45. 36 26 04 22. 63 76 58 48. 34 20 47 50.21 39 26 27. 64 58 43 47. 05 59 27 60.96 38 15 07. 17 40 17 36.20 48 43 11.01 32 18 1,5. 63 65 46 03. 30 40 07 44. 14 57 46 24. 06 43 25 27. 18 54 40 40. 88 57 43 56. 26 40 16 44. 07 - 8 01.34 - 3 15.73 + 30. 58 - 18. 84 + 4 38. 69 + 5 33. 35 + 4 15. 14 - 5 36. 17 + 10 37.53 4- 2 48. 08 + 6 15. 18 +10 03.57 - 2 18. 88 - 52. 05 + 8 09. 09 - 4 14. 76 - 6 45. 20 + 8 29. 60 - 3 16.99 + 10 16.50 + 1 55.29 - 20. 06 + 4 44. 90 - 1 1.5.39 + 1 58. 71 Level. +0.43 + 1.47 + 1.70 +0.23 + 1.24 +0.29 +0. 83 +0. 52 + 1.80 +9. 62 +2.49 -3.60 -2. 49 -5. 99 +0.50 -0.07 +3. 73 +3.17 -3. 95 + 0.20 -0.43 -2. 39 -2. 03 -0.03 + 0.36 Refrac. -0. 14 -0.06 +0.01 -0.01 + 0.09 +0.10 +0.08 -0.09 + 0.19 + 0.05 + 0.10 + 0.19 -0.05 -0.03 + 0.14 -0.07 -0.13 +II.13 -0.05 + 0.18 + 0.03 0.00 -J 0.11 -0.03 + 0.03 Red. to merid. Latitude. +0.03 49 01 48. 55 49.43 49. 28 47.60 48.66 47.69 49.24 49. 02 48.09 50.23 48.40 40.03 48.83 44.58 49.33 45.63 51.38 52.22 47.36 50.95 48.54 46.41 47.08 43.59 49 01 49.27 Eemarkfl. Kejected. August 3. REPOET OF TUE CUIEF ASTRONOMER. Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 7 — Coutiuued. 127 EeatUoffs. B. A.C. No. Micrnm. 7031 7073 7100 7ia6 7215 7277 7320 7-Yr. 2395 7377 7398 7410 7453 7480 7489 7505 7(i05 7627 7686 7755 7765 7787 7800 7820 7882 7962 8024 fO'56 6059 P083 8128 If. 028 20. 328 10.066 28. 629 10. 437 28. ■i63 a.-). 189 17. 8«7 27. 970 14. 953 24.778 19. 523 21.750 20. 933 23. 5J2 23. 035 2"). 744 18. 239 17. 2 iO 20. 237 18. 883 23. 744 IP. 499 27. 5G9 31.608 14.440 19. 200 23.715 16. 848 26. 977 Level. 29.0 3.i. 2 29.7 33.0 2D. 8 34.3 31.0 30.0 30.7 33.0 31.0 33.0 32.0 33.0 33.7 31.1 .'(2. 8 31.4 30.8 34.8 31.8 33.3 33.3 3-3.0 35.3 32.0 30.8 37.1 33.0 36.0 32.0 28.0 31.8 23.8 32.0 28.3 31.5 26.9 32.1 30.0 32.1 .30.0 31.3 30.4 30.8 33.8 31.3 32.7 33.9 30.1 33.0 31.3 31.3 33.3 30.8 34.5 3,5.6 59.2 34.4 30. 5 Meriil. dist. 20 09 Declination. o ' " 61 51 19. 43 36 01 59. 24 42 45 40. 53 55 33 30. 91 .57 07 31. 13 40 40 48. 03 38 09 26. 79 59 45 05. 13 59 27 54. 95 38 51 50. 81 62 03 53. 76 36 07 14. 47 45 53 55. 75 52 03 38. !;9 37 57 59. 48 00 06 13. 70 25 19 47. 53 72 34 30. 47 58 47 18.21 39 05 10.43 52 01 14.10 45 03 53. 04 48 49 59. 83 49 24 50. 44 41 16 55.38 56 25 23. 49 49 21 43. 73 48 30 1.5.90 56 28 00. 97 41 23 00.98 Corrections. + 5 08. 38 - 7 40. 77 + 7 38.03 + 4 31.30 - 8 03. 03 - 3 15.24 + 30. 35 - 18. .32 + 4 38. 84 I- 5 .W. IG + 4 14.91 - 5 30. 99 + 10 37.80 + 2 47. 75 + 6 10.33 +0.72 + 0.09 + 1.24 + 3.^8 +0. 53 + 0.02 + 1.0? +0.07 I 0.07 + 0.52 + 0.20 + 0.21 + 0. 65 + 1.01 + 1.01 Ilefrac. + 0.03 -0. 13 +0. 13 +0.03 -0.14 -0.06 +0. 01 -0.01 + 0.09 +0. 10 + 0.08 -".09 + 0.19 +0.05 + 0.10 Red. to merid. + 0.11 Latitndo. 40 01 4^. :2 49. 51 49. 29 50.11 49.63 49.43 48. 92 48. 33 48.00 48. 10 48. 82 48.28 47. 64 48. 65 48.42 EcQiark.s. Mean latitude (81 determinations), 49^ 01' iS".1C,. I = 1".223 T = 0".828 €„ = 0".13G Tj = 0".092 1873. UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY Ohservations for Latitude. [Astrontiroical S'ation No. S — about 7 miles west of RiTi^^*^ i'cs Lacs, 237 miles west of rembina. — Obserrer, "W. .T.Twining, Captain United States Engineers.— Zenith Telescope, 'Wiirileaiann No. 20. — Clironometer, Negus Sidereal No l.')13.) B. A. C. No. r.eadinss. Corrections. Latitude. Kemarks. Microm. Level. Merid dist. Declination. Micrttiu. Level. Refrac. Eod. to merid. N. S. (i476 20. 615 2J.717 26.1 24.3 26.5 2d 7 m.s. / '/ 49 17 39. 33 . 48 42 14. 17 +1 05. 22 -1.07 4-0.02 " -5 ' " 49 01 00. 94 August 10. 6553 65«> 18. IS.-1 20. 479 26.3 26.4 26.5 27.1 .12 Ifl 18. 39 65 46 06.90 -1 11.18 -O.CO , -0.02 01.28 6C24 6li*l 2:1. 451 15. 917 26.6 28.1 26.9 25.8 40 07 47. 32 57 46 27. •.7 4-3 5a 76 -fO.44 4-0.02 01. 70 67-i8 6i4d 17. 792 21.871 26.7 26.9 27.1 27.0 43 25 30. 64 54 40 44. 69 -2 00. 56 -0. 11 -0. C-3 00.97 6780 6817 17.0S9 19. 300 17.1 34.3 36.6 19.6 57 43 00. 17 40 16 47. 50 +1 C8.60 - 1. 07 4-0. 02 01.41 6937 6970 24.983 22.610 26.1 27.8 28.8 27.3 36 28 09. 68 01 41 47.63 -3 56. 65 -0.49 ' -0.07 01 43 7024 7073 15. 942 24.294 26. a 27.0 28.3 2T.8 61 51 2.1.75 30 02 02. 60 +4 1'). 14 -0. 65 4-0. 07 01.83 7100 71G6 10.574 27. 246 26.9 26.9 28.0 28.0 42 45 44. 43 55 31 35.26 -8 37. 29 —0. 49 1 -0. 15 01.91 7215 7277 12. 679 25.851 2« 6 27.4 28.2 27.3 57 07 r>. 51 40 40 52. 58 +6 48. 69 -0.33 4-0.11 Oi r.3 7320 7yr.2;i95 22.919 15.750 2.5.5 27.3 28.9 27.3 38 09 30. 64 59 45 09. 60 +3 42. 44 -0. 76 4-0. 06 01. 80 7377 73'JS 27. 326 10. 107 28.1 24.0 26. 6 30.8 59 27 .54. .55 38 51 54. 73 -8 54. 2 i -1.18 -0.16 01. .-5 7416 7453 21.811 13.890 27.3 25.0 27.3 29.0 62 02 58. 44 36 07 18.32 -4 0-..77 -1.13 1 -0.07 01.41 74SD 746SI 19. 861 20. 563 26. 6 26.0 25.1 28.8 45 59 00. 03 52 03 43. 47 -0 21.78 -0.96 O.CO 50.01 Ri'jected. 7505 761.5 18. 754 20. 972 26. 8 21.0 28.0 '.9.6 37 53 03. 44 00 116 lA 43 -1 08.82 -0. 8", -0.0; 01.24 7627 76.S6 22.112 14.713 S'i.l 2'. 3 23. 7 ' 30. 8 23 19 50. 87 72 34 .15. 36 +3 49. 57 -O.S0 4-0.08 01. 81 7755 77C5 14.399 23. 436 20. 1 2!'. 9 31. I 26. 9 58 47 22. 93 39 0-. 14. 49 +4 40. 40 -i-1.05 4-0. C8 CO. 2! 77,-7 7c0J 17. 399 •a. S80 99. 2 ' 2^ 32. 7 2.4 .52 01 18.61 43 53 57. 5^ 4-3 21.28 4-1.32 4-0.0.; 00.73 7820 7682 13.r5J 20. 521 28 1 31. 5 36.0 24.7 48 .-M) 04.26 49 24 54. 89 -0 29. lis 4-1. 70 -0. 11 01. 25 7P62 8024 2^. 794 9.865 •V.9 31 2 32.0 99.0 41 16 .'.O 51 to 23 27. 04 4-9 V. 32 4-0 25 4-0. 18 .... -- 01.02 6036 t03'J 17. 800 21.600 313 31.0 3a 3 31.0 49 21 48.13 48 36 20. 30 -fl 57.90 -0.31 4-0.03 49 01 01.82 IJf^ REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. Observations for Latitude. — Station N'o. S — Cuiitinncd. 129 Keadings. B. A. C. No. Microm e083 8128 820S 8273 6314 6324 8344 67 6047 6073 G1I4 6157 6268 6289 6533 6386 6C24 6C81 0728 C74B 6780 6817 CP37 0970 7024 7073 7627 7686 7755 7765 7787 7800 7820 7882 7962 8024 8036 8059 6206 ■ 8273 6314 8324 8344 67 6114 6157 6268 6269 6318 6365 14.016 25.441 27. 750 'J. 975 21.055 14. 851 n.305 23. 940 26. 810 12. 117 10. 435 25. 205 14. 821 22. 825 17. 690 19. 959 23.010 15. 434 17. 189 21. 225 17. 954 20. 191 15. 735 23. 350 14. 964 23.334 24. 150 16. 825 14. 472 23.545 16. 9C0 23. 499 13. 807 26. 358 29. 319 10. 395 18.015 21. 799 2=. 404 10. 656 22. 465 16.232 8.483 23.112 10.SI7 25. 045 12. 694 20. 70S 10. 580 38. 785 Level. 30.0 30.3 31.4 29.5 30.0 30.5 30.0 29.7 23.3 28.0 24.4 27.6 2.1.1 25.8 24.5 25.9 26.8 23. G 25 3 i3.C 26.1 22.4 2.1.7 24.0 25.5 27.2 24.7 28.0 25.7 24.8 27.5 27.fi 26.0 29.0 29.1 26.7 28.8 2M.5 28.5 27.4 29.2 27.0 29.0 2a 8 27.0 30.0 28.9 27.0 Merit! . (list. 31.0 30.8 ?0.0 32.0 31.5 31.0 31.4 32.0 24.5 22.1 25.9 22.8 25.6 25.0 28.0 26.9 25.8 29.0 27.0 28.9 26.0 29.8 26.4 2.5. 9 24.0 27.0 24.9 24.0 27.1 24.0 26.7 27.7 25.0 26.8 23.0 26.0 23.0 29.0 28.0 28.9 28.9 30.0 28.0 31.5 25.9 22.0 29.7 £7.0 28.1 29.9 Declination. Correctiona. Microm. 50. 23 0.5. 50 41 23 04.93 30 37 35. 83 67 00 04. 50 73 42 1 1. 97 24 20 16.7-J 60 30 50. 34 37 15 59.20 72 12 47. 64 20 04 24. 69 76 58 .50. 98 20 47 52. 12 39 26 30. 39 58 43 50. 21 32 18 18.61 65 40 07. 25 40 07 47. .57 57 46 28.08 43 25 30. 92 54 40 44. 04 57 43 00. 49 40 16 47.84 30 28 69. 97 61 41 47.98 01 51 24. 10 36 02 03. 10 25 19 51. 13 72 34 3.5. 76 58 43 23.32 39 03 14.84 .52 01 19. 02 45 53 57.91 48 50 04. 03 49 24 55. 27 41 16 59. 86 5G 25 27. 44 49 21 48. 48 48 36 20. 68 30 37 3fi. 14 67 06 04. 94 73 42 12. 30 24 26 17. 00 60 30 36. 72 37 15 59.57 76 58 51. 14 SO 47 52. 24 39 26 30. 56 58 43 50. 42 .59 28 04.41 3rt 13 10.27 +5 20. 56 +9 11.51 -3 12.40 +7 31.27 -7 36. 07 +7 40. 14 -4 08.34 -1 10.40 +3 55. 00 -2 05. 23 +1 09.41 -3 56. 27 -)-4 19.70 +3 47. 28 +4 41.51 +3 23. SO -6 29. 43 +9 47. Iii +1 57.41 +9 10. 08 -3 1.3.39 +7 33. 84 +7 .39. 14 -4 08.57 +9 24. F6 Level. -0.33 -0.25 -0.44 —0.83 +1.49 +0.74 +0.07 -1. CO -0.98 -1.50 -1.63 -1 Rcfrac. +0.10 +0.17 -O.OG +0.13 -0.14 +0. 10 -0.07 -0.02 +0.07 -0. 03 +0.02 Kod. to mciitl. -1.20 +0.08 +0.P3 +0.08 +0. 36 +0. 08 -0.87 +0.06 +0.00 -0.11 +0. 22 +0.19 +0. 18 +0.03 +0.09 +0.17 -0.07 -0.06 -C.74 +0.13 +2.21 +0 lU +0.07 -0.07 -0.47 +0.17 Latitado. ■I'J 01 01.54 01. G3 Kciuarkt*. 01.30 01. 39 01. 55 August 17 02.59 01. 96 01. 51 Ol.t'g .14 01.97 01.61 02. 18 01.67 01.03 00.85 01.01 01.22 02.20 01.48 00. .56 01.38 03.20 Angusl 18. Kcjecteil. 01.92 01 01.92 N B- 130 UNITED STATES NOETHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Observations for Latitude. ^Statio a No. 8 — Continued. B. A. c. No. Keadinge. 6421 (i47C 6553 65S6 6624 6681 6728 6748 6780 6^17 6937 6970 7024 7073 7416 7453 7480 74'19 7.'i0,'> 7605 7627 7686 7755 776.') 7830 7(rea 6114 6157 6afi8 6289 6318 6365 6421 6476 P553 6586 6624 6681 6728 6748 69.')7 6970 7024 7073 7100 7166 7215 7277 19.0,56 21. 135 18.083 20. 379 23. 465 15. 914 17. 856 21. 944 17. 895 20. 077 15. 250 22. 894 14. 884 23. 194 23. 926 15.965 19.211 19. 844 Level. 7320 7-Yr. 2395 15. -105 23.724 10, 9.-.7 27. 635 12.063 2.). 21)7 22. 63H 1.5. 522 17. 20. 933 194 22 is! 654 297 13. 998 23. 113 11. 27. 635 126 10 25 877 746 13 21 419 444 11 29 502 700 18.625 20. 726 17 19 304 585 22 15 8H 2i5 17 21 225 15 22 0-<6 719 31.5 24.0 27.5 29.3 23.8 28.3 27.7 29.4 28.6 27.9 29.1 29.0 28.6 29.6 27.1 30.8 30.1 29.0 29.0 30.8 30.9 30.7 31.0 28 5 30.0 30.8 26.1 26. 5 20. 3 30.1 23.7 28.8 25.1 32.7 29.1 27.8 28.7 99.6 30.0 28.6 29.2 30.0 29.0 29.6 30.0 29.0 31.9 28.1 28.9 30.1 39.1 30.0 30.0 31.0 31.0 32.4 31.5 30.8 Merid. diet. 29.5 28.9 29.7 30.6 31.4 29.9 31.1 32.4 31.6 33.0 3i 3 31.1 33. 5 31.4 34.0 30. 5 33.0 34.0 Declination. Corrections. 29.0 30.6 30.0 30.0 3U.3 30. 2 31. G 32.2 32. 1 31.5 3) 3 33. 3 32.2 34 8 31. 4 33. 6 3.-.. 31.0 3j. 1 3'}. 5 37. 34.1 33.7 49 17 39. 84 48 42 14. 64 32 18 IS. 81 65 46 07. 52 40 07 47. 80 57 46 28. 36 43 25 31. 18 54 40 4."). 28 57 43 00. 79 40 16 48. 10 36 23 in. 24 61 41 48.31 61 51 24. 44 36 02 03. 38 62 02 59.21 30 07 18.95 45 59 00. 75 52 03 44.22 37 58 04. 09 6j 06 19. 92 25 19 51.42 72 31 30.16 58 47 23. 72 39 05 15. 18 48 .50 0.5.01 49 24 55. 64 76 58 51.27 20 47 52, 32 39 96 30. 70 58 43 50. 59 ,59 S8 04. 60 38 15 111. 43 49 17 40,03 48 42 14.8'. 32 18 18,97 65 4:1 07. 75 49 07 48. 00 57 46 28. 61 43 25 31. 40 51 40 45.53 36 S8 1 ', 47 01 41 4 '.61 61 51 21.75 36 OJ 1, 62 42 45 45. 33 55 33 36. 20 .57 07 36. 57 40 40 .53.50 38 09 31.55 59 45 10.79 MicrOTU. +1 04.51 -1 11.24 +3 54. 29 -2 06. 84 +1 07. 70 -3 ,57.17 +4 17.84 -4 07.01 Levfl. -1 10.15 +3 48.27 +4 42.81 -6 27. .57 +7 41.35 -4 09.00 ■f 9 24. 64 + 1 05 19 -1 10.77 +3 55, 06 -2 06. 56 -3 56.83 +4 18. 12 -8 37. 48 +6 47.82 -0.51 — 0. 02 -0.27 -0. 33 -0.60 -0.11 -0.18 -0.47 -0 19.64 I 4-0,02 -0,07 -1-0.14 -0.87 -0. 33 -1.69 -f0.04 -0.76 -0,76 -0.89 -1.00 -0.44 -0.80 -1.16 -0.71 -1.11 Kefrac. -1-3 40.79 I -0. 18 +0.02 -0.02 +0.07 -0.03 +0.02 —0.07 +0.08 -0.07 -0.01 -0.02 +0. 08 +0.08 -0.11 +0.16 -0.07 +0.17 +0. 02 -0. 02 +0.07 -0.0! -0.07 +0.08 -0.15 +0.11 -hO.OO Red. to uielid. Latitude. 49 01 01.20 01. fc9 02. 17 01.03 01.. 57 01.92 01. 65 ftl. 53 02. 85 01. II 02. 28 01.47 02. 3 J 01.61 01. 62 01. .56 01.88 01. 6S 02.44 01.44 01. 84 01.23 02. 45 01.86 49 01 01.84 August. 19. EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 131 Observations for Lalitudc— Station No. 8— Continued. n. A.c. No. Headings. Declinatioa. Corrections. Latitude. Hemarks. llicrom. Level. Merid. d;st. llicrom. r , i Ked. to merid. N. s. Level. Eefrac. 7:i-7 7398 28. 015 11. 64U 34.7 32.2 33.8 36. 1 m.s. 59 28 00. 63 38 51 55. OJ -8 .55.81 n -0.07 -9. 10 " O / // 4'J 01 01. 53 7416 7453 33. 461 25. 510 35.1 32.0 3:1.1 30.3 62 03 50. 50 30 07 19. 2.) -4 00.70 -0.51 -0.07 02. 1 1 748:) 7489 19. 807 aO. 505 34.5 33.0 34.1 3.-). 8 .:::;;; 45 .W 01.05 52 03 44. 56 -0 19. 83 -0..53 -0.01 02. 47 7627 7680 22. B95 IS. 035 3.1.9 34.1 35.8 30.1 2'i 19 51. 60 72 34 30 54 +3 4a 35 -0.87 +0.C8 49 01 01. 60 Mean I.Ttitudo (72 determinations), 49° 01' 01". 03. e = 0".487 T = C".324 £j = 0".0574 io = 0".0383 18 7 8. UNITED STATES NOETDERN BODNDAliY, Observations for Latitude. Astronomical Station No. 9— Mouse liiver, 271 miles west of rembina.— ObseiTcr, J. F. Gregory, Lieutenant tTnited States Engineers.— Zenith Telescope, "W'iirdemaDn No. 20. — Chronometf r, Negus Sidereal No. 1481.] B. A, C. No. (■.047 6073 C114 61,^7 6203 «2t:9 G318 036.'') 6421 6476 6553 638G 6624 6681 6728 6748 67.'^0 6817 0937 6970 7024 7073 7100 7160 7215 7277 7627 7686 7755 7703 77,S7 7800 7902 8024 80.16 8039 8083 8128 8200 8273 Keadings. Micron). Level. 96.020 9.158 H. 480 21.645 13. 109 20. 400 15. 037 26.212 21. Ml lA 942 17. 203 23. 727 21. 512 19.811 16. 192 24.231 22. 230 19. 445 l.i. 1.59 26. 148 20. 831 23. 130 11.334 29. 883 17. 408 23.718 21. 2.''2 19! 730 19. 336 22. 330 21.130 22. 042 23. 531 12. 332 21. 831 20. 347 18. 064 23.117 26. 701 16. 485 28.5 27.2 28.0 28.7 33.5 25.2 30.4 29.7 28.3 33.4 32.8 30.1 32.5 29.1 33.0 30.6 30.6 34.8 37.9 26.9 30.8 38.7 34.3 31. 1 31.7 40.8 2fj_ 2 20.0 24.7 SO. 1 32. 3 21.0 24.8 28.5 27.0 25.5 26.2 28.5 28.1 28.2 2.5.0 33.0 28.7 31.0 33.0 29.3 30.8 33.7 31.3 34.7 31.0 33.6 33.7 30.0 2?. 1 39.3 3,->. 5 28.3 32.6 30.3 30.5 1:9. 3 24 32.1 28.3 25.8 28. 2 20' 7 22 33. 9 29.8 20. 5 28. 1 30.0 Merid. dist. Declination. Coirections. 72 12 AB. 12 20 04 24. SO 70 53 51. 28 20 47 52.32 39 26 31). 70 58 43 50. 59 59 28 04. 61 38 15 10. 43 49 17 40. 03 48 42 14. 83 32 18 18. 98 05 40 07. 70 40 07 48.00 57 46 2 J. 61 43 23 31.40 54 40 45.53 57 43 01,03 40 16 48.32 30 28 10. 45 01 41 48. 60 01 51 24.75 36 02 03. 02 42 45 43. 33 55 33 .30. 26 57 07 36. 57 40 40 53. 51 25 19 51. 66 72 34 36. 54 58 47 24. 14 39 03 ir>. 50 52 01 19.76 43 ,53 58. 43 41 17 00.53 50 25 28. 20 49 21 49. 21 48 30 21,40 50 28 06. 64 41 23 00.07 30 37 30. 74 07 06 0.3.71 Microm. Level, -10 26.49 +0. 33 + 4 48. £0 +0.13 - 6 59. 51 +O0J + 6 32. CO +0. 13 — 1 47.31 -0. 20 - 4 02. 39 -0.5" + 1 03.20 -1.44 - 4 58. 6S -P. 33 - 1 43.47 +0. 56 - 48. 29 -0.85 + 1 25.42 +1.,87 -11 28.80 -1. 03 + 3 54. 44 +2.19 + 57. 44 -2.39 + 1 51. 46 -0.85 + 33. 88 -1.34 + 6 .iO.O!) -0. 83 - 54.70 -0. 10 + 231. 30 -0,98 + 6 19.57 -1.83 Eefrac. -0.21 +0.10 -0. 12 +0. U -0.03 -0.08 +0.02 -0.08 -0. 03 -0.12 +0. 03 -0.20 +0.07 +0.02 +0.03 +0.01 +0.12 -0.02 +0.04 +0.12 lied, to merifl. L-titude. 48 58 10. 09 10. 33 11.01 10. 66 09. 86 10.38 10.08 09.37 11.74 10.23 11.51 10.71 11.74 09.17 10.46 11.05 09.74 10.42 09.72 48 58 09. 09 Kemarlis. Angi-st 19. Vi-i EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. Observations for Latitude.— Station No. 9— Continued. 133 Eeadinss. li. A. C. 46 67 6647 6073 6114 6157 6C68 6:!89 6318 6365 6^21 6476 6553 6586 6624 661^1 6728 6748 6780 6817 6937 6J';0 7024 7073 7100 7166 7215 7277 7320 7-Tr. 23U5 7377 739'i 7416 7453 7505 7605 7627 7056 7755 7765 7787 7800 79B2 8324 8030 8059 8083 8I2< 22. OCO 14. 500 29.448 12. 595 17.288 25. 030 16. 539 27. t63 16. 024 26. 575 22. 945 20. 018 17. 474 24. 031 21. 705 £0. CG9 10. 435 24. 494 22. 852 20. 029 15.735 26. 748 19. 862 22. 107 11.007 30. 473 18.513 24. 803 21. 451 20. 157 31. 136 12. 056 20. 976 15. 053 18.653 2.3. 840 18.351 24. 903 21.563 SO. Ill 19. 864 22. 79.! 21. 937 22. 738 26. 859 15. 666 22.316 20. 796 19. 533 23. 605 Level. 26.3 33.0 25.7 33.0 15.7 17.1 16.5 19.1 16.0 19.8 17.0 19.7 19.3 19.5 19.3 20.5 21.9 19.8 19.2 23.0 21.9 20.3 23.5 22.3 21.6 21.7 23.5 22.8 22.9 22.3 23.5 23.7 2-2.0 21.7 21.9 24.5 23.2 22.7 25.2 23.6 25.0 2.J. a 21.0 21.6 28.3 23.8 27.6 29.7 23.1 33.0 26 7 16.3 15.9 17.8 15.5 18.9 16.0 19.0 17.3 18.7 19.0 19.7 19.3 18.8 21.1 21.9 18.5 20.8 21.9 22.5 19.8 21.0 22.0 22.0 21.0 22.0 22.0 22.6 21.7 22.5 21.8 22.0 23.5 21.0 21.8 22.3 23.9 21.5 22.0 24.3 22.3 21.0 24.6 27.1 20.5 iTvrid. disi. Dcclin.'itinu. CO 49 34. 20 37 10 00. -.0 72 12 48. 52 26 04 24. t7 76 58 51. 53 20 47 52.38 39 20 30. f 3 .58 4.1 50. 74 59 28 04. 70 38 15 10.56 49 17 40. 15 48 42 15. 01 32 18 l!l. 13 65 40 07.97 40 07 48. 19 57 46 ';9. 05 43 25 31.61 5» 40 4.1. 77 57 43 01.30 40 16 48.54 36 28 10. 69 61 41 48.89 61 51 25.04 36 02 03. 85 42 45 4.5. 58 55 33 36. 56 57 07 36. 87 40 40 53. 77 38 09 31.81 59 45 11.11 59 28 Of. 98 38 51 55. 96 62 02 59. 90 36 07 19. 50 45 59 01. 35 52 03 44. 88 37 58 04. 67 60 06 19.93 25 19 51. 89 72 34 30. 91 58 47 24. 44 39 05 15. 79 52 01 20.09 45 53 58. 78 41 17 00.86 56 25 23. 55 49 21 49 55 43 36 21.75 50 28 07. f>l 41 23 ll'i. 33 Corrcctiofls. MieT'M - 4 39. 40 -10 £6.16 ■j- 4 47. 67 - 7 00. 73 + 6 32. 01 - 1 48.75 - 4 03. 62 + 1 00. 78 - 4 59. 42 - 1 44.89 - C 49. 18 4- 1 25. 27 -11 29. 80 + 3 53. 70 + 48. 08 -11 43.90 - 7 00. 09 - 3 15.72 - 4 03. 43 + 53. 95 + I 48. 79 + 20. 76 + 6 55. fO - 56. 47 + 2 31.29 Levtl. +2.13 -0.33 +0.20 +0.75 +0.29 +0.13 +0.3G +0.26 +0.59 +0.59 0. 00 +0.49 +0.29 +0. 72 1-0.56 1-0.49 +0.72 +0.07 +0.26 +0.49 +0.40 +0.33 +0. 52 +0.75 + 1.41 Eefrsc. -0.06 -0.21 +0. 10 -0.12 + 0.11 -0.03 -0.08 +0. 02 -0.08 -0.03 -0. 12 +0. 03 -0.2) +0.07 +0. 02 -0.21 -0.15 -0.05 -0. OT +0.02 -1-0.03 +0.01 +0 12 -o.o; +0.01 Eed. to mt'rid. Latitude. 48 53 09. CO 09.85 10. 12 10.09 10.07 08.93 10.21 09.68 09.78 10.59 10. 49 10.23 11.30 09.81 ir-. 12 01-65 09 58 10.4; 09. 06 08.88 09.39 01.51 11.29 CO. 91 43 .58 09.4: August £0. 134 UNITED STATES KORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 9 — Continued. Ecark8. 43 58 0,-'. 63 11. 3-. 06. 92 08.88 09. H 10. 86 OT. 93 09.38 11.77 11.57 10. 96 09. 54 11.18 10.76 10.60 11.65 11.56 11.31 10.82 11.11 11.31 in, ;6 09.69 09.63 48 53 11. 91 Keje.Ifd. Au.-ust21. KEPOKT OF TEE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 9— C'outinued. 135 B. A. C. No. ■7850 7882 7962 8024 8036 8059 8083 8128 8206 8273 8314 8324 120 173 198 219 239 259 12- Tr. 73 345 401 438 Readi] Micron) 13. ,503 28. 590 21. 783 20. 282 18.519 82. 657 26.341 16. 143 25. 885 16. 053 24. 8.50 17.315 11.619 30. o;o 23.283 19. 759 28. 092 14. 173 19.053 23. 243 27. 372 15. 119 21.0 20.2 21.8 50.0 20.7 92.0 20.8 21.5 21.0 20.7 20.7 21.0 20.3 22.6 22.0 21.6 22.0 21.6 21.8 22.5 21.7 SI. 1 21.9 23.0 20.8 22.0 20.8 22. G 22.0 20.8 29.0 20.8 21.0 21.1 21.1 20.8 22.5 20.6 91.9 22.0 91.7 22.0 22.0 21. a 22.3 23.0 23.0 22.0 Merid, dist. Declination. 48 ,50 OO. 00 49 24 56. 63 41 17 01.16 56 23 28. 90 49 21 49. 88 48 3C 22. 00 56 28 07. 35 41 23 06. 68 30 37 37. 28 67 00 CO. 86 73 42 13. 85 24 26 18. 04 60 49 34. 83 37 10 00. 70 32 52 57. 60 65 37 01. 97 47 35 94. 51 50 16 32. 59 60 25 38. 46 37 48 42.41 67 06 03. 81 1 30 45 03. 22 28 04 34. 84 j 69 36 31.18 I Corrections. Microm. Level. 11 frac. Red. to merid. / // " // „ - 9 20. 54 -0.52 -0.16 + 6 53. 49 -0.59 +0.12 - 55. 77 -0.03 -0.02 + 2 33. 74 -0. IC +0.01 + 18. 82 -0. )6 +0. 12 - 6 05. 30 -0.07 -0. 12 - 4 39. 00 -0.07 -0.00 -11 47. 77 +0. 13 -0.22 + 9 10. 93 -0.03 +0.03 - 8 59. 44 +0. 30 -0. 10 + 2 35. 68 -0.82 +0. 05 + 7 35. 25 -0.03 +0.14 Mean latitude (80 determinations), 48° 58' 10''. 29. £ = ± 0".8721 T = ± 0". 3889. £„= ± 0".0974. T(= ± 0".0b58. Latitude. 48 58 10. 10 10. 12 10.15 10. 61 10.85 10. 45 07.71 11.92 09.48 11.19 08.43 48 58 ). 87 Kemarka. Rejected. 18 7 3. UNITED STATES NORTHERlS" BOUNDARY. Observations for Latitude. [Astronomical Station Jfo. 10— Mi3 7480 74S9 7305 7605 7637 76i^6 7:6> 7620 7r83 7962 8D34 S036 S05J 8031 I 813? , Readings. CorrectioDs. Level. ilicrom. 21.961 16. 351 in. 372 20. 733 18.347 21. 212 23. 843 I 16.974 20.0 19.0 2i0 17,6 17.0 19.3 17.5 19.7 1.4 17. C05 2i 343 19.2G4 20.780 15. 828 24. 102 19.0 19.0 1,=.0 £0.0 211.0 20.5 16. 932 24 543 11.337 •in. 717 14.010 26.395 ; 23.0(1 16. 671 29. 171 11.210 24. 397 15. 713 20. 069 31. 490 18. 071 21. 680 23. 486 16 890 16. 016 24. 383 17. 236 23. 008 13.973 27.213 29. 437 , 11.233 ' 1.=.541 21. 597 1.-.. 877 35.6;.! 20.0 19. 2 29.5 20.0 20.2 2U.0 SO. 5 22.0 19.8 22.4 22.1 20.7 22.1 21.2 25.1 18.5 1 23.2 23.2 21.4 aa. 1 23.0 24.0 21. 8 ia4 20.9 21.7 18.6 18.0 19. 1 17.0 19.5 17.2 20.2 19.2 19.2 20. 5 19.0 19.5 19.4 20.0 21.0 19. 7 20.6 20.2 £1.0 20.4 19.0 22.0 19.6 20.0 21.7 20.3 21.2 17.3 23. I 22.4 21.2 21.6 23.5 il.O £4. 2 M rul dist. Dec'lnation. ilicroiu. 23. 1 21.1 23 3 23 23.7 23.3 33.9 S3. 6 23.4 34.0 ("3 41 35 25 50 00 43 03 49 17 48 43 33 18 65 46 40 07 57 46 43 25 54 40 57 43 40 10 36 28 61 41 61 51 3G 03 42 45 55 33 57 07 4(1 40 38 C9 59 45 59 28 38 52 03 03 36 07 45 59 5i 03 46.81 33. 13 15.71 03.98 4a M 17. 83 21.50 11.45 51. 14 32. 48 34.97 49. 59 0.-.. 23 51.96 14.18 53.47 - 2 54. 06 - 1 54. 37 + 44. 99 - 1 32.03 + 3 33. 10 - 2 27. 07 + 47. 04 Level. , Refrac. f0.03 , -0.03 29. 76 07. 51! 49.71 41.34 41. to 5--. CO 36.00 16.38 06. 32 00.34 05.40 23. 77 06.26 50.11 37 5.< 00 06 25 19 72 31 58 47 39 05 52 01 45 54 43 50 49 25 41 17 56 '.ii> 09. 13 25.66 5.% 53 I 43.0 J 30.25 20.53 25.66 oa97 11.13 0L83 05. 91 3).4i 49 21 48 36 : 56 28 41 2 i 12 fO 11.46 -fO. 10 -0.03 -0. 56 +0. 01 + 0.11 -0.03 -0.07 -f^O.06 -0. 09 -0. 04 -0. 33 +0. C2 - 4 lasS +0.36 -0.08 + 3 57. 05 —0. 40 +0. 07 I - e 50. 47 +0. 04 j -0. 16 + U 24.31 -0.23 +0. U + 3 17. 65 j +0.69 +0.03 1 - 9 17.25 +0.14 i -0.16 - 4 29.44 tO. 35 -0.08 - 44. 1^ ; +0. 40 I -0. 02 - 1 33. 3 i -l\27 -0.03 . + 3 34.68 ^0.18 ' +0.07 + 4 19.70 -0. 11 -|0. 0:< I T 01. 20 , +0. 03 +0. 05 - :0. 74 -0.14 j -0.13 + 9 24.51 -0. 16 +0. 17 +0 01 -I- 1 3^83 -0.29 +1.0: I + j C2.46 -0.35 tT.O' I Red. to meiid. Latitude. Remarks. 49 00 45. 93 45.61 44. 81 Septembe 44. .-iS 44.96 45.08 45.35 45. .53 4:>. .38 48. 94 Rejected. 44.13 44.58 46.06 45.31 44.45 44.40 44. 19 45.13 46. 15 45. 76 44. 70 4". 71 4 1 00 44. 4S , Miau nf station (66dctarnituatiau!i). 41P 03' 44" . = ± 0".6783 r = ± 0" 4.-.75 t„ = J^ «".0835 7„ = i 0".0563 18 7 3. UNITED STATES XORTHEEN BOUNDAEY. Observations for Latitude. [ Astronomical Station No. 11— BuMy Sprin*:, 363 miles west of Pembina.— Observer, J. F. Gregory, Uuited States Eoginecrs.- Zeniih Telescope, Wiirdemaon No. 20. — Chronometer, Xegus -Sidereal Xo. 1431.] B. A. C. Ko. 6937 C970 7024 70T3 71C0 7166 7215 7277 7320 r-Tr. 2395 7377 7398 7416 7453 74eo 7489 7627 76f6 77.55 7765 7787 78110 7820 7882 7962 8034 8036 8059 80.83 8128 8206 82T3 6624 6681 6728 6748 6780 C8 7 Keadings. Microio- 16. 3f0 24. 002 16.264 24. 570 11. 697 28. 350 13. 186 16. 399 23.491 16.338 28.683 11.4.38 23.802 1.5. 846 19. 6^2 20 260 23.864 16. 524 15. 451 24.530 17. 430 23.981 14. 309 26.822 29. 415 10. 560 18. 093 21. 778 15. 571 26.022 28. 640 10.918 24.776 17.237 13. 058 22. 063 18. 379 20. 627 16. 195 2:3.839 Level. X. 15.9 17.0 18.4 14.5 17 1 15. 5 17.1 16.8 20.0 14.3 19.3 15.3 21.0 14.3 19.1 17.0 2.3.0 14.1 18.0 18.7 18.3 13.3 17.0 80.0 20.5 19.0 17.7 20.2 18.2 17.0 17.0 16.5 13.0 20.3 16.0 H.O 1.5.3 15 3 17 3 17.7 17.0 15.3 14.0 18.0 15.4 17.0 16.1 18.0 15. 1 21.1 17.0 21.0 15.3 S22.3 17.7 20.5 14.4 23.7 20.1 19.4 in. 7 19.5 20.7 ia9 17.7 18.0 19.1 16.0 ;7. 5 18.6 1&6 19.0 16.7 10.0 14.9 16. C 15.9 16.0 16 I 16 7 Merid. dist. DeclinatiOD. Corrections. ilicrom. 36 27 75. 73 61 41 55.47 61 51 31.82 36 02 09. 17 42 45 51. 51 55 33 43. 46 57 07 43. 99 40 40 59. 96 38 09 37. 86 59 45 18.70 59 28 08. 74 38 52 02. 28 62 03 07. 92 36 07 25. 68 45 53 68. 48 52 03 52. 49 25 19 56. 99 72 34 45. 95 58 47 32. 95 39 05 22. 73 52 01 28. 22 45 54 06.41 48 .10 13.61 49 25 04. 35 41 17 08.23 56 23 .37. 20 49 21 57 67 48 36 29. K 56 58 1.". 67 41 23 13. SI 30 37 43. 28 67 00 i5. 17 40 07 5-2. 45 57 40 31.15 43 25 36. .52 51 40 51. 30 57 43 07 14 4) 16 53.56 3; 2-! 1'.83 61 41 5-.61 - 3 56. 49 + 4 17. 71 - 8 36. 70 4- 6 47. 79 + 3 41. t'4 - 8 53. 07 - 4 06. 85 - 19 80 4- 3 47. 74 + 4 41. 70 -I- 3 23.26 - 6 28.25 4- 9 4.5. 02 + 1 54 34 Level. Eefrac. Red. to merid. -0.02 -i-0.20 -0.09 -0. C4 -0.42 -0.70 -0.51 -0.47 -0.22 -0. 02 -0.5- -0.5? -0. -fO. 83 -1-0. 02 9 09.87 , -0.91 3 53. 9 • ' 4^1. 47 2 04. .36 -0.1s -0.07 4-0.08 -0.13 4-0. 12 4-0.00 -0. 10 -0.07 -0.01 40.08 4-0. OS 4-0.17 4-0.01 4- 5 24. 27 , -0. 20 4-0. 10 4-0.17 4-0.07 -0.03 4- 1 09. 7i; - 0. 11 0. 00 I - 3 :7. 17 , 4-0.4) -0.07 Latitude. 49 01 09. 02 08.49 10.34 09.85 09.89 09.52 09.37 10.20 09.07 09. DO 10.0,-1 10.04 08.76 03.74 C8.91 08.30 U8.70 09.37 0?.97 49 01 09. 01 Bemarks. September 14. September 15. 131) 140 UNITED STATES NORTBERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Observations for Latitude.— Station Xo. 11— Continued. B. A. C. Ilratliugs. 7034 -.073 7100 71(iO 7-215 7277 7320 7-Tr. 239 j 7377 73'JS 7416 7433 7480 748'J 7(27 7066 7755 7765 7787 7800 7820 7882 7962 f024 8036 8059 8083 8128 8206 8-473 8314 8324 46 67 1-20 175 198 219 239 259 Gr. l.J.Yr. 73 345 474 487 522 SCO 611 656 Microm 15. 743 24. 063 12.190 28. 882 13. 348 26. 401 23. 183 16. 112 29. 0I"5 11.713 23. 913 15. 892 20. 021 20.741 23.841 16. 529 16.257 19.5 25. 294 19. 17. 020 23. 532 14. 849 27. 4L0 29. 770 10. 938 18. 752 2-2. 457 14. Sol 25. 264 28. 800 11.141 22.977 16. 706 C8. 112 24. 564 11.045 28. 407 25. 207 15. 525 14. 048 19. 229 19. 181 25. 804 23.613 10. 243 N. S, 17.0 18.8 19.0 16.4 17.2 18.1 19.0 19.0 17.7 SO. 3 eo. 4 18.0 19.1 19.8 19.1 18.9 19.7 19.0 17.2 •23. 2 20.0 21.9 37.0 03.6 2-2.0 19.8 21.0 2-2.0 21.7 21.0 21.0 22. fi0..3 23.0 CO. 2 23. 26.021 I 21. 14.110 21. 14.8:9 21.4 25.409 19.7 20.461 21.0 19.000 I 20.2 2;>. .) 17.0 16.8 19 S3.0 Morid. (list. Declination. CorrectioEs. 17.4 15.7 1.5.0 18.0 17.0 16.5 16.3 17.0 18. 5 15.7 16. 18.3 17.5 17.0 18.2 19.1 19.0 19.5 IS. 8 19.4 21.0 1C>. 20.0 18.7 03.3 37.0 18.4 21.0 20.0 19.5 20.0 ■20.3 20.7 19.5 21.0 19.0 ■:o. 1 18.1 20.0 19.0 19. 21.0 1.-,. 1 1.1. 1 -23.8 -23.8 21.7 17.7 20.0 20. « 61 51 32.06 36 02 09. 34 42 43 51. 72 j 55 33 43. 70 57 07 44. 24 40 41 00. 18 38 on 38. 08 59 44 79. C3 59 27 69. 03 38 51 6-3. £2 62 02 68. 21 Ui u7 £5. 91 45 59 08 74 52 03 5-2. 78 25 19 57. 24 72 34 46. 28 58 47 33. 29 39 05 23. 00 ' 52 00 88. 55 45 M 06. 72 48 50 13. 92 49 24 64. 63 41 17 08. 53 56 25 37. 56 49 21 58.00 48 36 30. 15 56 28 16. 03 41 23 14.11 30 37 43. 54 67 06 15.57 73 42 23. 16 24 26 23. 51 60 49 40. 07 37 16 07. 55 :'2 53 03. 88 65 27 10. 52 47 35 31.97 50 16 40. 21 60 25 46. C5 37 48 48. 96 67 06 11.93 .•)0 44 68.96 48 04 33.19 47 59 11.48 .50 03 (11.57 50 09 57. 64 63 46 36. 27 34 -23 19.21 66 49 49. 52 31 13 59.14 4- 4 18.15 - 8 37. 73 + 6 45. 00 + 3 39. 40 - 8 56. 53 - 4 08.87 - 2-2. 34 + 3 46. 67 + 4 40. 40 + 3 2-2. 05 - 6 30. 36 + 9 44.31 + 1 54 96 + 5 23. 09 + 9 07. ill - 3 14. 57 - 1 50.09 - 8 58. 70 + 5 00. 41 - 6 09. 57 + 5 27. 34 Level. rLefiac. +0.C0 4-0.07 4-P. 40 +1. 05 -1-0. f 5 -1-0.91 -1-0. r8 -1-0. 16 0.00 -fO. 11 -fO. 70 4-0.71 4-0.07 4-0.53 -1-0.78 4-0. 53 4-0. 62 4-0.74 -fl. 11 -fO.96 +0. 25 01. 49 4-0. 80 6 06.78 4-0.76 3 48. 67 45. 33 -1-0. rs +0.11 40. C 8 -0.15 4-0.12 40.06 -0.16 -0.07 -O.OI 4 0. cs 40. o.< +».oa -0.11 +0.17 +0.03 +0.10 +0.17 -0.07 -0.03 -0. 17 +0.03 -0.10 +0.10 0.00 -0. 10 Eeil. to mciid. Latitude. 49 01 09.53 10. 50 07. 73 09.07 09. P.! 09.03 09. 39 08.87 08.63 09. 85 CO. 59 -0.67 j. -0. 02 I Keniarks. 0?. 24 09.13 08. 1 79 08. 42 09 22 08 81 09.07 07.69 09 10 08 16 08 82 09 29 09 58 49 01 on 12 KEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER. Observations for Lutitwle.— Station No. 11— Contiuuert. 141 B. A.C. Ko. Heailingg. Correction.?. La;itude. KemarkH. Microni Level. Merid. di3t. Declination Microm. Level. Eefrac Kod. to niorid. N. S. 805 896 9. 996 30. 150 21.7 i.0.5 19.4 20.5 m. s. o / // 19 28 22. CO 78 54 45. 42 -10 25.33 +0. 51 -0.24 " / // 49 01 08. 95 979 999 l:i. 740 25. 245 20.7 21.0 20.4 19.7 77 15 49.48 20 34 33. to + 5 56. 97* +0.30 +0.13 08.85 1101 1127 16.758 21. 498 19.5 23.4 21.1 17.1 25 12 24. 28 72 54 45. 07 - 2 27. 07 +1.05 -0.05 08.61 1203 1228 22. 920 18. 021 21.0 20.0 19.3 19.6 62 41 48.36 35 25 33. 33 - 2 32. 00 +0.C0 -0.04 09. 40 1354 1287 21. 869 IS. 890 on o Tao 17.7 20.7 50 00 16. 65 48 05 05. 18 - 1 32. 43 +0. 62 -0.02 09.18 0624 C081 23. 926 16. 419 12.8 17.1 11.7 07.9 40 07 53. 54 57 46 34. 28 + 3 .52. 92 +2. 30 +0.07 08.70 September Hi. 6728 6748 17. 802 21. 818 9.3 13.0 15.7 12.0 43 25 36. 04 54 40 51. 50 - 2 04.61 -1.20 -0.03 08.23 6780 6817 18. 8S3 21.108 14.1 9.5 10.7 15.6 57 43 07 29 40 16 53. 09 + 1 09.04 -0. CO +0.00 08.93 6937 6970 16. 638 24.285 15.4 11.2 10.6 15.0 36 28 15. 98 61 41 55.91 - 3. 57 27 +0.22 -0.07 08.83 7024 7073 16. 208 24. 506 14.1 12.1 12.0 14.2 61 51 32.27 36 02 09. 50 + 4 17. 47 0.00 +0.08 08.84 - 7100 7166 11.797 28. 481 14.0 12. 7 12.5 14.0 42 45 51.90 55 33 43. 93 - 8 37. 00 +0. 04 -0. 15 10.14 7215 7277 13.310 26. 408 14.0 13.8 13.4 14.1 57 07 44. 48 40 40 CO. 38 + 6 46.40 +0.07 +0. 12 09.02 7787 7800 17. 290 23. 748 7.4 23.6 22.2 0.1 52 01 28. 84 45 54 07. 00 + 3 20. 38 +0.60 +0. 06 08. 06 7820 7882 14. 768 27. 378 15.2 lAO 14.7 12.0 48 ,50 14. 22 49 25 04. 99 - 6 31. 26 +1. 45 -0.11 09. C8 7962 8024 29. 672 10. 882 19.0 16.5 12.0 14.7 41 17 08.81 56 25 37. 90 + 9 43. 01 + 1.9(; +0. 17 08.50 8036 8059 18. 190 21. 854 1.5. 18.U 10.0 13.0 49 21 5H. 33 48 36 30. 48 + 1 53. 68 +0. 89 +0.03 09.01 8083 8128 1.5.180 25.581 17.0 17.0 13.4 14.0 .'.0 28 16. 39 41 22 74.41 + 5 22. 72 +1.61 +0.10 09.83 8206 8273 28. 886 11.211 16.0 16. ti 15.8 15.8 .3(1 37 43. 79 67 06 15. 95 + 9 08. 41 +0.27 +0.17 08.72 8314 8324 22. 958 16. 670 18. D 14.7 14.2 17.4 73 42 23. 56 24 26 23. 73 - 3 15.10 + 0.25 -0.07 49 01 08. 73 Mean latitude (04 determinations), 49° 01' 09".ll. £ T To = 0".613 = 0".408 = 0".077 = 0".05I 1873. UNITED STATES KORTHERN BOUNDARY. Observations for Latitude. AtitroDoinical Station No. 12 — 408 miles west of Pembina. — Observer, J, F. Gregory, Lieutenant United States Engiiieers,- Zeuitli Telescope, "Wiirdemauu No. 'iO. — Cbrouometer, Nej^us Sidereal No. 1481. J IJ A. C. No. litadingB. Corrections. 7100 71(.C 73-20 ^T^. tS'J.T 7377 73118 7416 7453 74f'0 748a 7505 7t,U5 7027 70!!0 7755 7703 7787 7e00 6.'>53 GS8u 0024 (ifi!-l (.72-< 0748 0780 Crl7 0937 09T0 7024 7073 7213 7277 7.320 7-Yr. 2395 Microra. 7377 7398 71 1 G ;iJ3 10.330 30. 243 14. 907 84. 783 22. 027 18. 179 30. 500 0.973 25. 685 14.445 18.233 22.181 17. R39 23. 206 22. 020 17. 973 17. 073 22. 840 18. 981 23. 224 10. 737 23. 259 22, 406 18. lis 16. 338 2X 022 20. 4M 19.410 14.585 25. 490 17. 449 23.512 14. 960 24. 789 22. 147 1,8. .330 30. 575 10. 035 23. 543 14. 2-0 Levil. N. 14.0 18.0 14.3 10.0 15.0 14.7 14.7 10. 8 13.0 19.0 14.2 18.5 17.0 15.3 15.7 18.0 13.0 £0.0 17.3 14.2 13.8 14.8 14.8 12.0 13.8 14.0 12.4 1.5. G I 11.0 18.9 12.8 13.8 U.6 13.0 It. 1 17.0 14.1 13.0 14.0 13.0 17.0 13.3 17.0 15.8 16.5 17.0 17.0 14.6 17.0 13.0 17.5 13.8 l.->. 17.1 1G.9 14.7 19.8 12.8 15.0 17.9 12.8 12.0 11.7 14.0 12.8 12.0 11.3 11.3 Merid. di3t. Declination. 13.5 13.1 12.4 15.0 1.5.8 10.0 13.0 14.1 I .37 1 40 45 52. 47 33 44. 65 07 4.3. 24 41 01.00 i 09 38. r 8 I 45 £0. 17 1 28 10, £0 < 53 03, Zii ! 03 09. 49 ; 07 20. 70 ) 59 09. 80 • 03 53. 94 J 58 12. 31 ) 06 29. 93 i 19 58. 18 ! 34 47. 78 ? 47 34. 72 ) 05 24. C8 ! 01 29. 89 ■) 54 07. 9G i 18 23.90 ) 40 13. 58 ) 07 52. 85 I 40 34. 77 i 25 37. 07 I 40 52. 03 r 43 07. 90 ) IG 54. 10 i CS 10. .30 I 41 56.70 I 31 33. 12 i 03 10.10 r 07 43. 43 J 41 01.17 i 09 39. 04 ) 45 20. 38 ) 28 10.42 3 53 03. 51! i 03 01. 74 } 07 2 •. 93 Micrcm. -10 17. CO -f 5 00. 43 -1- 1 .".9. 39 - 10 30. 911 - 5 48. 73 - 2 03 .':o - 2 .33 73 -f 2 05 85 + 2 58.94 + 1 40.62 - 2 50 71 T 2 14 GO - 3 46 CO - 32 27 - 5 38 33 + 2 37 CO T- 5 04 97 + 1 5' 43 - 13 37 C3 - 5 4 >. 4 1 Levtl. +0. 27 -0.56 -0.83 -0.C2 +0.89 -rO. 31 4-0.04 +0.47 +0.09 -0.31 +0. 83 +!). 38 +0.80 +0.53 +1. 33 —0.2; -0. 18 1 0. 31 0.00 -I 0. 09 Eefrac, -0.18 +0.09 +0,(3 -0.19 -0. 10 -0.03 -0. 05 +0.01 +0. 03 +0. 03 -0.06 +0. (3 -0.07 -0.01 -0. 10 +0.04 +0. 0,1 +0. o: -0. I'J -0.10 Red. *o merid. Latitude. Kemai-li! 45 59 30. 99 Sp.ptember20. Ktjected. 29.08 I 28.09 29. C9 ! I ."0. 10 29. 03 28. 38 29,34 28,48 29.23 23.32 Sci)teuiber2l. 28.82 I 29.29 29.23 29.47 aa52 28.18 23. C8 I 29.18 ' 43 39 £8.83 11-2 EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMEIi. 143 Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 12 — Coul-iuuecl. B. A. c. No. 7480 7.189 7505 7G05 7027 imii 7755 7705 7787 7800 7820 7882 7902 8024 8036 8059 8206 8273 8314 8324 120 175 198 219 239 259 0. 12Yr. 73 345 401 438 Eeadinffs. Level. 7215 7277 7320 7-Yr. 2395 7377 7398 7416 7453 C553 0580 6624 6681 6738 6748 6; 80 C817 18. 333 22. 303 17. 379 22. 953 21. 723 17. 680 17. 485 23. 2iO 19. 492 22. 035 12, 907 28. 767 28. 250 12. 099 19.676 20. 094 16.802 24. 000 £6.911 12. 533 24. 722 15. 160 23. 577 16. 755 10. 146 30. 755 23. 518 17. 091 27. 198 12. on 16. 694 24. 016 28. 269 ll,2e9 14. 77.-^ 24. 583 21.549 17. 751 30. 538 9.942 25. 133 13. 890 17. 210 22. 690 22.271 19. 970 16. 271 23. 569 20. 902 19. 844 13.0 10. 1 15.6 13.0 16.0 13.8 14.7 15.7 14.4 10.0 13.0 17.1 12.2 20 14.7 16. 14.fi 14.0 14.0 15.7 13.0 15.8 15 7 13.7 13.0 13.8 10. 8 11.4 13.0 I'y. 6 14.6 09.9 15.7 11.3 19.5 14.3 14.fi 20.9 21.1 1,1.7 19.0 30.5 20.0 20.7 18.3 22.4 19.0 22.0 14.6 11. 1 11.6 15.7 12.8 15.5 14.5 13.1 14.5 13.0 15.6 12.0 17.2 09.0 14.4 12.4 13.2 13.2 13.5 12. 2 14.8 11.7 12.0 14.0 14.2 13.6 10.3 15.4 14.0 11.0 12.1 17.0 11.8 10.1 13.3 19.4 15.1 1G.8 19.5 13.0 12.8 18.7 19.5 18.8 19.7 19.9 22. 3 iSs 23.0 19.0 Mcrjfl. (list. Corrections. Det-liualioD. 45 59 10. 00 52 03 54. 17 37 58 12. 48 60 00 30. 19 25 19 58. 35 72 34 48. 07 58 47 34. 98 39 05 24. 28 52 01 30 14 45 54 08. 20 48 ,50 lii, 47 49 25 06. 28 41 17 09.97 56 25 39. 37 49 21 59. 68 48 30 31. 82 56 28 17. 89 41 23 15.03 30 .37 44. 77 07 00 17. 65 73 42 25. 32 24 '.6 24. 57 60 49 51. 04 37 10 09. 03 32 53 05. i2 65 27 12. 58 47 35 33. 69 50 16 42 00 60 25 48. 03 37 48 50. 43 67 00 14.02 30 45 10.21 28 04 41.33 09 36 42 99 57 07 4''. 55 40 41 02.12 38 09 39.97 59 45 21. 64 59 28 11.70 38 52 04. 50 03 03 09. 12 30 07 27. 90 32 IS 2.1. 38 05 40 14, 38 40 07 53. 51 57 46 J5. 06 41 2') 37. 89 54 40 5 ]. 02 57 4 I 08. 94 40 10 55 o;i - 2 03. 18 - 2 52. 95 + 2 05. 44 4- 2 57. 94 -(- 1 39.07 - 8 12. 10 + 8 02.51 + 12. 97 + 3 41.47 + 7 26.05 - 4 5C. 00 - 3 31.67 -10 L9. 45 + 3 19.41 - 7 50. 90 + 3 4". 18 + 8 40. 85 + 5 04.22 J- 1 57.84 -10 39.04 - 5 48.81 - 2 50. 03 4- 2 13.4" _ :; 40. 4 I - 33. 8:i Level. It +0. 76 +0. 29 +0. 33 +0. 02 +0. 05 +0. 50 +1.34 +0.87 +0. 49 +0. !r9 +0. 51 +0. 70 -0.22 +0.50 +0.80 -1.03 -O.fO +0.25 +0.87 +0.67 + !. 18 +0. 27 +1. 2". -0 fl.> r.cfrac. -0.03 -0.05 +0.04 +0.05 +0.02 -0.14 +0,14 0.00 +0.07 +0.14 -0.10 -0.00 -0.20 +0.00 -0. 14 +0.08 +0. 17 +0.09 + 0.03 -0.19 -0.10 -0. 0'! +0. O'i -0.f7 -0.01 Eed. to meiid. Latitude. o / '/ 48 59 29. 63 28. 03 29.02 28. 24 28.91 £9. 20 28.66 29. 59 28. 79 28.29 29.29 29. 07 29.03 27. 88 20.29 28.35 28.98 28. 89 29.53 29. .37 30.73 Keniarks. SeptcniVcr26. Ktjected. 29. CO I Soptotiibpr28. 2.'-'. 31 48 59 29. 10 144 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Observations for Latitude.— Station Xo. 12 — Contiuued. B. A. c. No. 13-rr. 6937 6970 7024 7073 7215 7277 7416 7453 7!"62 8024 e036 8059 80t-3 8128 8-206 8273 8314 8:H4 46 67 120 175 ins 219 S39 259 73 345 401 438 474 487 522 560 611 656 Keadings. Microm, Level. 14. 762 25.696 17. 778 23. 762 14.958 24. 729 25. 273 13. 927 28. 283 12. 813 20. 514 20. 896 16. 0t9 20. 066 26. 883 12. 546 24. 981 15. 396 2.1. 210 16. 467 9.912 30. 563 23. 709 17. 306 27. 661 12. 474 16. 145 23. 383 23. 1.50 11. 258 12. 6H5 17. 858 21.111 27.811 25. 072 14. 400 22 20.5 21. 2 2U7 21.6 19.6 20.8 18.0 22.0 18.5 19.0 20.0 21.0 18.4 19.0 20.7 20.3 19.2 20.9 17.0 22. 2 loiS 20.5 18.2 20.2 18.6 20. 4 19.0 21.3 19.0 21.0 20. 5 19.5 19.1 21.0 19.4 Merid. d:st. 19.6 I 20.7 19.9 1 19.5 19.2 21.0 l.o.O 20.7 17.7 21.7 21.0 20.0 IS.O 21.5 21.0 19.1 19.9 20.7 19.1 22.8 17.4 23.4 19.0 21.6 19.6 21.2 19.9 21.0 19.3 •i2. 20.0 SO. 3 21.3 21.2 20.0 21.5 DecUuation. 36 28 17. 45 61 41 58.06 01 51 34. 55 36 02 11. 10 57 07 46. 99 40 41 02.50 62 03 11.. 57 36 07 28. 30 41 17 11.79 56 25 41. 62 49 22 01. 77 48 36 33. 90 56 28 20. 18 41 23 17.51 30 37 46. 30 67 06 20. 20 73 42 27. 97 24 26 25. 87 00 49 53. 48 37 16 10. 79 32 53 06. 81 65 27 15. 07 47 35 35.75 50 16 44. 12 60 95 51. 00 37 48 52. 15 67 06 16. 47 30 45 11.65 23 04 42. 64 69 36 46. 47 48 04 36. 79 47 59 15. 05 .50 03 05. 20 50 10 01.21 63 46 40. 29 34 23 21. 9i Corrections. Microm. - 5 39. 23 4- 2 34. 04 + 5 08. 17 - 5 52. 04 + 8 00. 00 + 11. »5 + 3 39. 58 + 7 24. 84 - 4 57. 40 - 3 29. 22 -10 40.75 + 3 18. 67 - 7 51.21 + 3 44. £8 + 8 44. 12 - 7 49. 32 - 1 40.93 Level. +0.49 +0.78 +0. 22 +0.02 +0 25 -0.44 -0.25 -0.09 -0.23 -0.89 -0.47 -0.42 -0.44 -0.33 -0.22 -0.25 -0.36 Kfefrac. -0.10 +0.04 +0.09 -0.10 +0.14 +0.00 +0.07 +0.14 -0.10 -0.06 -0.20 +0.06 -0.14 +0.07 +0.16 -0.13 -0.03 -0.23 -0.10 Eed. to merid. Latitudo. 48 59 28. 90 28.31 28. 23 27. 82 27.10 29.24 28. 25 28.14 29.17 31.96 29. 52 28.25 29.78 28.38 28.62 29.30 as. 80 48 59 29. 63 Remaiks. Rejected. Kojected. ileim latitude (.'9 dcte:miii.".tion.«), 46° 59* 2S".90. c = -t 0".530 T = ± 0". 339 t„ = ± 0".071 T„ = ± 0".047 18 7 4. UNITED STATES NORTnERN BOUNDARY. Observations for Latitude. [Aatronoinical Station No. IT — Frenchman's Creek, 462 milea west of Penibiua, Dakota.— Observer, J. F. Gregory. Captaiu United Spates Engineers. — ZeQitli Telescope, "Wiirdmaun No. 20. — Cbronometer, Negu.s Sidereal No. 1513.] B. A. C. Ko. Read ngs. Declination. Corrections. La.il nde. Rt^niarks Miorom. Level. Merid. Microui. Level Refrac. Red. to N. S. 5271 biVi 20. 7.'i6 19. 345 18.1 17.5 12.9 13.0 m. s. O 1 " 42 48 19 24 55 06 20.21 ( 1' + 43. 83 +2. 10 +0.01 " 48 .58 08. 72 July 0. 5415 6460 30. 581 10. 810 19.0 14 4 10.3 14.5 58 10 03. 5H 40 00 40. 09 -10 14. 15 +1. 92 -0. 18 09.42 5502 55-J3 12.232 28. 800 14.5 12.6 H.O 16.0 55 29 33. 43 43 09 37. 93 + 8 34. 6:, -0.05 +0. l.i 09. 83 5545 5624 11. 166 29. 043 14.1 11.7 14.2 15.7 69 02 28. 67 28 35 19. 85 + 9 15.31 -0.91 +0.17 08. 83 5C44 5658 15. 9,12 25. 238 14.0 13.0 13.0 14.0 42 27 51. 65 55 38 02. 05 - 4 48. 45 0.00 -0.03 08. 33 5693 58J3 25. 073 15. 953 16.0 12.8 10.2 11.0 31 54 39. 58 65 52 11.88 + 4 43. 29 +1.03 4-0. 09 10. 14 58J3 5911 27. 097 12. 907 16.0 1.3.8 10.9 1.3. 5 49 49 37. 69 48 21 59. 09 - 7 39. 42 +1.20 -0.13 10.04 6047 6073 29.821 10.010 14.5 13.0 13. 5 l.'i. 4 72 12 34. 3.-) 26 04 14. 32 -10 15.08 -0.31 -0.20 08.74 6114 6157 15.499 25. (J9I 14.5 1.5.2 14.0 12. 5 76 58 38. 39 20 47 42. 38 + 4 57. 95 +0.71 +0. 11 09. 15 cson 6245 14. 896 26.0117 11.5 16.8 14.4 12.5 79 58 50. 54 17 45 47. 93 + 5 47. 94 +0. 9d -i-0. 13 0^. 30 6263 62S9 13. 473 26. 733 16.0 16.5 13.4 13.0 39 25 19. 96 58 43 38. 68 - 6 51. 90 + 1.3C -0. 12 08.60 6318 6365 14. 078 26. 006 14.5 17.3 14 8 12.3 59 27 52. 94 38 15 00. 73 + 6 41.58 +1. 03 +0.11 09.57 6421 6476 22.001 28. 817 17.3 13.0 12.9 17.5 49 17 31. 18 48 42 04. 42 - 1 38.90 -0. 02 -0. 02 09.86 6553 6580 16.736 24. 364 13.9 17.6 17.0 13.3 32 18 13. 26 65 45 58. 63 - 3 56. 95 +0. 27 -0.C8 08.68 6624 6681 21. 897 19. 693 16.7 14.5 14.2 16.6 40 07 40 91 57 40 19. 93 + 1 OS. 4fi +0.09 +0. 03 08.99 6728 0748 15.330 24. 780 14.7 17.5 16.8 14.0 43 25 2.1. 40 54 40 38. 82 - 4 53. 55 +0.31 -0.08 08.79 6780 0817 22. 391 19. 192 14.2 17.1 17.0 14.2 57 43 53. 99 40 16 43. 20 - 1 39. 37 +0.03 -0.03 01. 24 6830 6865 13. 9S7 27. 280 IG.O 16.0 1.5.8 15.5 47 36 20. 92 50 33 46.91 - 6 5i. 10 + 0. 11! -(\ 13 08. 86 6!)37 C970 13. 902 26. 982 16.7 16.0 15.0 16.0 30 28 07. 32 61 41 43.09 - C 46. 30 +0. 38 -0. 13 09. 16 7024 7073 27. 668 30. 494 17.3 14.7 14.8 17.5 61 51 19. rs 36 02 01.79 + 1 27. 78 -0.07 +0.03 4-( 58 08.63 N n- -10 145 146 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Observations for Latitude. — Station I^'o. 13 — Continued. B.A c. Xo. 7100 7166 7215 7277 7320 7-Tr. 2395 7377 7398 7J16 7433 7505 7566 7595 7605 7627 76S6 T755 7765 7787 7800 7R2I) 7S82 7907 7945 7962 8024 5115 5178 5271 5313 5415 5460 5502 5323 5545 5624 5044 5658 5693 5823 58.53 5911 6047 6073 0114 6157 6206 6245 6268 6239 ■Roadings. Microm. 9.184 31. 344 16. 433 24. 046 20. 740 19. 168 31. 523 8.683 27. 065 13. 505 1.589 !.■>. 830 3,3. 480 8.478 20. 640 18. 971 19. 060 22. 459 20. 287 21. 146 11.531 29. 747 10.498 29. 181- Level. N. 17.0 15.3 26. 858 13.719 27. 399 14. 869 21.291 19.917 00. 439 10. 643 12.2?0 28. 825 11.433 29. 301 16. 033 25. 333 25. 8C6 16. 677 27. 900 13. 133 29. 960 10. 141 1.5. COO 2.5. 227 1.5. 193 26. 419 13. 771 26. 985 16.0 17.1 15.1 18.7 16.1 17.6 17.1 17.0 17.5 17.0 16.4 19.5 17.7 17.1 16.1 18.5 19.0 16.9 17.3 18.0 19.0 17.7 40.2 42.7 18.2 12.0 12.8 17.0 14.5 12.0 13.0 14.2 1.';. 13.4 13.7 1.'.. 16.0 12.4 17.1 14.8 18.3 13.9 16.1 17.0 18.0 1.5.8 Merid. dist. 15.0 17.1 15. 7 17. 16.7 16.5 17. 1 16.0 1,8.5 15.1 17.8 16.5 17.0 17.4 17.0 17.5 18.1 15.7 17.8 18.2 19.1 17.0 10.8 19.2 18.8 18.5 17.5 19.5 38.4 37.7 06.1 13.2 12.6 09.0 12.0 14.5 14.0 13.5 13.0 14.7 14.5 14.4 13.5 17.7 13.9 10.7 13.3 18.2 16.0 15.4 14.7 17. 1 Declination. Corrections. Microm. Level. Kefrac 42 45 42.93 55 33 33.01 57 07 33. 50 40 40 52. 92 38 09 31. 86 59 45 09. 05 59 27 59. 43 38 51 56. 63 62 02 58. 73 36 07 20. 77 37 58 06. 67 37 42 22. 33 60 32 13. 99 CO 06 20. 67 25 19 56. 90 72 34 38. 21 58 47 26. 78 39 03 19. 89 .52 01 23.24 43 54 02. 56 48 .50 09 41 49 25 00. 63 74 42 48. 12 22 54 10. 38 41 17 06.45 50 25 34. 53 61 CO 24. 50 37 02 47. 09 43 48 19.45 55 06 26. 43 58 16 03. 82 40 00 40. 32 55 29 33. 68 42 09 38. 17 C9 02 28. 95 23 35 20. 09 42 27 51.91 53 38 02. 33 31 54 39. 83 65 52 12. 20 49 49 38. 00 48 21 39. 40 72 12 34. 70 26 04 14. 59 76 59 38. 73 20 47 42. 64 79 58 50. 90 17 45 48. 21 .39 26 20. 28 ,58 43 39. 04 -11 28. 36 + 3 56. 48 + 48. 83 -11 49.32 - 7 01.21 - 9 08. 26 - 4 o:>. 06 + 51. 84 + 1 45. 58 + 26. 63 - 9 25. 84 4- 9 40. 33 + 6 48. 14 - 6 29. 22 + 42. 68 -10 14.92 + 8 33. 94 + 9 15. 03 - 4 48. 80 + 4 43. 58 - 7 38.65 -10 15 64 + 4 59. 04 + 5 48. 71 - 50. 47 +0.04 -0.25 0.00 -1-0.04 -0.13 +0.02 -0.09 +0.47 -0.27 -0.33 -0. 02 -0. 22 -0.07 +1.52 +2.43 +1.83 O.PO -0.07 + 0. 16 -0.04 -0.20 +0.07 +0.02 -0.20 -0.12 -0.16 -0.07 +0.02 +0.03 +0.01 -0.16 +0.20 +0. 12 -0.11 +0.01 -0.18 +0.15 +0.17 -0.08 +0.09 Eed. to merid. -0. 62 -0.13 +0 29 -0.20 +0, 16 40.11 +0.38 +0.13 +0. 43 -0. 12 Latitude. Remarka. 48 58 09. 45 09.51 09.30 03.57 08.29 09.76 08.45 09.88 08.67 09.26 09.02 09.58 03.03 07.99 08.06 08.80 10.01 09. 65 08.34 09.64 09.30 09.10 09.99 08.77 ' 48 ,58 09. 52 July ■ REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. Observations for Latitude.— Station S'o. 13— Coutiuued. 147 B. A. C. No. 6318 0365 6421 6476 6553 6586 6624 6661 6728 6748 6780 6817 6830 6803 6937 6970 7024 7073 7100 Tt66 7215 7277 7320 7-Tr. 2395 7377 7398 7416 7453 7480 7489 7505 756C 7595 7605 7627 7686 7755 7765 7787 7600 7820 7882 7907 7945 7962 8024 Eeadmgs. Micron' Level. 13.885 26. 646 22. 291 19. 091 16. 9(>3 24. 528 21. 695 19. 478 15. TOO 19. 25. 139 19. 5 1.5.7 18.0 19.6 17.0 18.3 20. S Merid. dist. 17,6 17.4 16.8 20.0 19.8 17.9 19.0 19.0 19. 20. 2-3. 580 19. .381 13. 598 19. 4 26. 961 16. 19.3 17.8 13. 875 26. 925 19. 025 21.859 9.601 31. 771 16. C20 24.231 20. 697 23. 19. 140 21. 4 20.0 19.2 19.2 20.5 18.8 21.8 18. 6 20. 18.3 20.4 19.8 19.5 20.0 22.2 19.6 22.3 33. 087 9.240 27.180 22.6 13.603 23.0 20.5 24.0 17.751 24. 027 1.273 16. 508 34. 187 9.197 20. 803 19. 190 19. 2^6 22. C94 20. 256 21.116 11.255 29. 4.57 11.190 23.0 29. 870 23. 6 21.8 24.9 23.9 24.3 24. 23.7 2.5.0 24.0 23.0 23.0 21.0 24.4 27. 538 14.378 25.2 21.6 19.7 20 9 20.7 19.1 22.2 20!8 20.5 23.6 20.5 22.0 21.9 23.6 20.7 22.0 22.4 23.0 23.5 22.0 23.6 24 " 24.1 26.0 22.3 24.0 23.9 24.6 24.0 22.2 26.7 DccUnatioD. 59 27 53. 31 38 15 01. 07 49 17 31.54 48 42 04. 79 32 18 12. 58 es 45 59. 01 40 07 41. 26 57 46 20.31 43 25 25. 70 54 40 39. £0 57 42 54. 37 40 16 43. CO 47 36 21.29 50 33 47. 29 .36 28 07. 67 61 41 4.3.48 61 51 20. 36 36 02 02. 13 42 45 43. 27 55 33 33. 37 57 07 33. 9>i 40 40 53. 22 38 09 32. 19 59 45 09. 41 59 27 59. 80 38 51 56. 97 62 03 59. 09 36 07 21.09 45 59 02. 24 52 03 45. 04 37 58 06. 99 37 42 22, 64 60 32 14.32 60 06 20. 99 25 19 57. 17 72 34 38. 52 58 47 27. 06 39 05 20. 18 52 01 23, 54 45 54 03, 87 48 50 09, 71 49 25 00. 97 74 42 48. 40 23 54 10. 64 Corrections. Microm. + 6 42. 61 - 1 39. 40 - 3 50. 86 + 1 OS. 87 - 4 53. 02 - 1 39.37 - 6 55. 10 - 6 45. 37 + 1 28. 03 -11 28.67 + 3 56. 42 + 43. 37 -11 49.51 - 7 01.74 - 3 14.95 - 9 09.16 - 4 06. 14 Level. 41 17 06.73 56 25 34. 82 + 50.11 + 1 45. 86 + 26. 78 - 9 25. 53 + 9 40. 26 + 6 48. 79 -0. 2:l -0.04 +0.2.> -0. 22 -0. 16 -0. f 8 -1. 16 -0.78 -0.29 +0. 54 -0. 25 +0.38 +0.09 +0.38 +0.54 +0.65 +0. 47 +0.76 -0.51 -0.65 -0.36 -0.45 -0.47 Eefrac +0.11 -e. 02 -0.08 +0. 02 -0.08 -0.03 -0. 12 -0.12 +0.03 -0.20 +0,07 +0.02 -0.20 -0. 12 -0.05 -0, 16 -0,07 +0,02 +0, 03 +0,01 -0. 16 +0.20 +0.13 Eed. to iiieiid. Latitnde. Mean latitude (68 determination £ = 0". 538 T = 0". 359 c„ = 0". 065 To = 0". 043 s), 48° 58' 00". 10. 48 58 09. 60 08.71 09.10 09.46 09. S2 09. CO 07.91 09, 30 09,01 09, 99 09,89 09. 57 08. 76 08,01 09 09 Fl 0» 25 08 7,1 09,(0 0.1, 34 09, 29 C9, 53 48 58 09, 21 Rem art 8. 1874. UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. Observations for Latitude. [Astronomical Station No. 14 — COO miles west of Pembina. — Observer, J. F. Gregory, Captain United States Engineers Zenith Telescope, Wijrdemann Ko. 20. — Chronometer, Negns Sidereal No. 1513.] Headings. B. A. C. No. .'.ll.'i 54C0 550-2 55-23 5543 5624 5644 5058 5693 5S23 5853 5911 6047 6073 6114 6157 6-206 0245 6268 6389 6553 6586 6624 6681 6728 6748 6780 C817 6830 6865 6937 6970 7024 7073 7100 7215 7277 Slicrom. 7:i20 7.Tr. -2395 148 23. 883 12. 763 10. 139 30. 331 9.770 31. 265 1,^. 319 24. 010 -26. 969 14. 239 -20. 973 14. 784 28. 321 1-2. 1-27 1.3. 021 26. 864 12. 917 27. 782 15. 441 23.043 18. 304 2-2. 334 23. 426 17. 620 17.118 -2-2. 973 20. 498 20. 667 15. 653 25. -150 15. 449 24. 895 17. 291 23.769 11.1-20 29. 658 14. 590 25.815 2-2. 693 17. 519 Level. •22.0 •20.6 22. 6 ■20.0 22.7 21.9 21.7 -24.4 2-2.2 -24.0 23.5 23.6 -24.8 2-2.3 23.4 24.2 2.5.4 -23.3 2.). 7 '24.3 24.7 25.4 25.9 21.0 27. 3 24.5 23.5 -26.3 25.0 37.5 24.0 25.8 25.8 24.0 26.0 25.1 2.5.5 •26.0 24.9 -27.9 19.3 21.5 20. 2 -22.4 20.7 22.0 22.0 19.3 21.0 20.6 21.7 2-3.1 •21.3 24.7 23.7 •23. 6 23.0 •25.3 •23. 2 •24.7 23.5 22.0 21.8 •23.8 20. 9 •24.0 24.0 21.5 23.5 ■24.3 ■24.8 •37.0 •24.8 30. 26.0 26.5 •23.8 M»^rid. dist. Declination. 58 10 01. 51 40 CO 41. 00 55 39 34. 43 42 09 38. 88 09 02 29. 70 •28 35 •20. 73 42 27 5-2. 67 55 38 03. 13 31 54 40. .'i3 65 53 13. 08 49 49 38. 80 48 '23 CO. ^29 72 12 3.5. 67 20 04 1.-). 36 70 58 39. 72 SO 47 43. -37 79 58 51.91 17 45 48. 92 39 26 21. ^24 53 43 40. 11 33 18 13. 53 65 46 60. 15 40 07 4-2. 29 57 46 21. 45 43 25 26. 83 54 40 40. 34 57 43 5.5. .52 40 16 44. 00 47 35 2^2. 40 50 33 48.41 30 28 0.9. 70 01 41 44.65 01 51 21. ,54 30 03 03. 17 42 45 44. 30 55 33 34. 53 57 07 35. 01 40 40 54. 29 38 09 33. 24 59 45 10.55 Corrections. - 8 20.11 +10 26. 91 +11 07.70 - 2 £6. 78 4- 35. 43 - 5 47. .53 - 8 23. 03 + 6 51. 37 + 7 41.75 - 4 53. 27 - 2 03. 18 + 3 10.33 - 3 01. 67 + n.46 - 5 04. 32 - 4 53. 42 + 3 21. 33 - 9 35.85 + 5 4a 70 -■ 3 40. 73 Level. Eefrac. +0.40 -0.15 +0.13 +0.18 +0.42 +0.21 +1.07 -0.0.1 +0.1-9 +0. 12 +0. 74 -0. 10 +0. 25 -0.16 +0. 07 +0.15 +0. 09 4-0. 19 +0.47 -0.09 +0.89 -0.04 +0.96 +0.05 +1. 52 -0.05 +1.36 0.00 +1.56 -0.03 0.00 -0.09 -0.43 +0.06 -0.07 -0. 17 -0.07 +0.10 +0. 50 +0.05 Hed. to merid. Latitude. 49 00 0^2. 69 03.87 03.54 02.14 03.24 02.68 0-3. 57 03. 14 03.41 02.78 0-2.51 03.23 03.18 0-2. 91 0-2. .56 03. 16 03.19 03.35 03. 37 49 00 03. 22 Remarks. July 10. REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 14 — Continued. 149 B. A. C. No. "377 7308 7«6 7453 7480 7489 750.') 75C<; 7595 7(i03 7755 77GS 77f9 7800 7820 7883 7907 7945 7962 80i4 8036 8059 5971 5313 5415 5400 5502 5523 5545 3K24 5644 56.58 5693 5823 5853 5911 6048 6073 6114 6157 6206 6245 6268 62=9 6318 6363 6431 6476 6553 6586 Eeadings. Microm. 30. 036 10. 833 S5.246 15.298 18.861 21. 527 2.732 17. OliO 32. 036 7.042 17. 157 24. 192 18. 449 22. 950 12.917 27. 503 8.573 30. 691 28. 526 11. 764 19. 462 21. 047 23. 347 18. 313 28. 627 12. 533 10. 273 30. 443 9.713 31. 204 17. 506 23. 193 27. 378 14. 063 25. 841 14.663 29. 013 12. 330 13. 870 27. 096 12. 803 27. 625 V\ 487 23. 119 11.945 28. 488 2\117 20. 513 18. 53! 22. 550 Level. 24.1 30.0 26.7 27.5 30.3 26.8 32.3 32.8 26.0 26.0 30.0 26.0 26.8 28.9 27.7 28.6 28.5 26.4 27. 2 29^7 33.0 25.7 17.9 22.7 18.0 17.3 18.9 18.0 19.0 19.2 20.3 19.5 20.8 20.8 19.7 23.0 23.5 20.5 23.7 19.9 23.6 22.0 c)n o 24] 21.4 25.2 23.5 23.0 22.1 33.8 28.0 22.6 26.8 26.5 24.1 28.1 00. 7 23^0 30.0 30.6 26.8 31.0 30.0 28.0 99.7 28.0 28.0 30.2 29.0 27.1 24.0 31.0 17.5 13.0 18.3 19. 8 18.6 19.8 19.0 19.7 18.5 19.3 18.2 19.5 20.6 18.0 19.3 22.5 19.5 23.7 20. 1 22.0 22.0 20.4 23.0 19.8 24.0 2^.9 Merid. (list. Decliuation. 40 28 00. 94 51 58. 02 03 00.21 07 22. 11 59 03. 33 03 46. 13 58 08. 01 42 23. 66 33 1,5.43 06 22. 09 47 28.11 05 21. 18 01 24. 57 54 03. 87 50 10. 71 23 01. 9C 43 4". 35 34 11.46 17 07. 66 23 35. 73 21 50. 75 36 29. 17 48 CO. 21 06 27. 26 16 04. 69 00 41. 17 i 29 34. 62 I 09 39. 07 I 02 29. 90 1 35 20. 93 1 27 53. 89 . 38 03. 37 54 40. 74 i 52 13.35 I 49 .39. 1:; 1 23 00. 36 : 13 0.'.. 97 : 04 1.5. 60 1 58 40. 04 I 47 4.). 00 I 58 52 21 ' 43 49 14 I 36 21. .'3 I 43 40. 44 I 27 54.71 i 15 03. 33 I 17 32.93 i 43 06. 19 I 18 1.3. 83 . 46 00. 53 Corrections. Microm. - 9 57. 19 - 5 09. 01 - 1 22.81 - 7 16.96 - 2 13.68 + 3 38. 53 + 2 19. 81 - 7 33. 08 +11 33.26 -I- 8 40. 68 + 49. 2i + 2 36. 37 - 8 19.93 +10 26. 54 +11 07. 58 - 2 56. 53 + 34. 97 - 5 47. 23 - 8 38. 54 + 50. 84 + 7 40. 43 - 4 59. 20 + 8 33. 88 + 12. 27 - 2 04.78 Level. +0.78 +0.£0 +1.09 +1.29 +1.12 -0.40 -0.51 -0.31 -0.74 +0. 18 -fO.83 +2. 25 -0.63 -0.33 -0.11 +0.43 +0.87 +0.91 +0. 49 H-3. 09 +9.78 +0.83 +0.83 +0.71 +0. 67 Refrac. -0. 18 -0.09 -0.02 -0. 13 -0.04 +0.06 +0.03 -0. 13 +0.25 +0.15 +0.C2 +0.04 -0. 15 +0. 18 +0.C1 -0,05 ^-0. 12 -0. 10 -0.16 +9. 13 +0. 19 -0.09 + 0. 13 0, OD -0. r4 Eed.to merid. Latitude. 49 00 02.90 02.20 02. 99 03.74 03. 25 03.83 03.55 02 81 03.17 02. 72 03. 04 02. 39 02. 23 03.24 03. 09 02.00 03.00 03.40 02.57 1 2. 90 O-'.O; 02. 54 03. 40 02.57 4J 00 C3. 03 KeniarkH. July II. 150 UNITED STATES NOETHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Ohservatiuns for Latitude. — Station 2\o. 14 — Contiuued. B. A. c. No. 6634 6681 6723 6748 6780 6817 6830 6865 6937 6970 7024 7073 7100 7100 7215 7377 7320 7.Tr. 2395 7377 7398 7416 7453 7480 7489 7505 7560 7505 7005 7627 768G 7755 7765 7787 7800 7820 7882 7907 7945 7962 8024 8036 8059 Readings. Microra. 23. 459 17.605 17. 264 23. 121 20. 338 20. 731 1.5. 8S2 25. 584 15. 453 24. 917 17. 740 24. 186 10. 863 29. 410 14.507 25. 777 23. 428 18. 255 S9. 855 10. 020 23. 528 15. 570 in. 053 31.707 2. 950 18. 208 32. 253 7. 249 22. 549 17. 283 17. 283 24. 279 18. 600 33. 053 13. 289 27. 934 8.500 30. 755 29. 185 12. 454 19. 2D3 20.871 Level. N. 24.0 24.8 23.5 25. 9 24.7 24.8 24.0 37.0 24.2 24.7 23.7 26.0 24.0 34.8 24.6 23. 9 27.0 22. 5 23.4 27.1 25.4 24.8 24.2 26.0 2.5.9 36.0 25.4 25.0 24.7 26.5 20.7 35.0 27.1 23.8 26.0 37.0 26.0 37.0 20.1 33.7 27.0 28.0 22.3 23.4 24.0 22.0 23.8 24.0 25 23.0 34.7 24.0 25.9 22. 2 24.1 23.8 23.8 21.9 31.4 20.2 26.5 21.8 23.8 24.5 24.7 23.3 23.6 33.7 24. 3 25. 25.0 23.7 23.9 25.4 23. 2 20.7 34.7 24.0 23.0 24.4 31.0 19.0 25 24.7 MoriJ. Uiat. Decimation. 40 07 43. 62 57 46 21. 82 43 25 27. 18 34 40 40. 71 57 42 53. 89 40 16 45.01 47 30 22. 76 50 33 48. 80 36 28 09. 04 01 41 45. 04 01 51 21.93 30 02 03. 51 42 45 44. 72 53 33 34.91 57 07 35. 39 40 40 64. 65 38 09 33. 69 59 45 10. 94 59 28 01.33 33 51 58. 37 62 03 1. i:o 36 07 22. 45 45 f.9 0.3. 69 52 03 40. 60 37 58 08. 36 37 42 24. 00 60 32 15. 79 60 06 22. 46 25 19 ,S8. 39 73 31 39.93 58 47 28. 47 39 05 21. 51 .53 01 24.92 45 54 04. 33 43 50 11.07 49 25 03.31 74 42 49.09 33 51 11. 78 41 17 07.99 56 25 36. 07 49 21 57. 09 48 30 29. 50 Corrections. Microm. + 2 59. 98 - 3 01. 94 + 12. 21 - 5 03. 34 - 4 53. 98 -f .■; 20. 23 - 9 36. 12 + 5 48. 22 + 2 40. 09 - 9 57. 50 - 5 09. 33 - 1 23.44 - 7 10.33 - 2 13.54 + 2 43. 01 + 3 37. 32 f 2 IS. 14 - 7 34. 93 4-11 31.31 + 8 39. 71 + 49. 03 Level. +0.91 +0.70 +0. 38 +0.76 +0.04 +0.13 +0.20 -0.04 +0. 43 +0.27 +0.42 +0.49 +0.76 -1-0.51 +0.56 +0.54 +0. 33 +0.96 +0.80 +0.71 +1.05 Eefrac. +0,05 -0.03 0.00 -0. OS -0.09 +0.06 -0. 17 +0.10 +0. 05 -0.18 -0.09 -0.02 -0. 13 -0.04 +0.05 + 0.06 +0.03 -0. 13 +0. 25 +0.15 +0.03 Red. to mcrid. Latitude. 49 CO 03. 16 03.71 03. 04 03. 23 03.99 03. 14 03.71 03.30 03. 43 03.43 02. 53 0.3. 13 04. 27 03. 34 03. 33 03.91 03. 01 03. fO 03. 09 02. 00 49 00 03. 38 Remarks. Mean latitude (66 determinationr,), 49=> 00' 02".95. e = 0".454 T = 0".303 e„ = O.'MISO T„ = 0".037 18 74. UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. Ohscrvations for Latitude. [Astrnnomical Station No. 15— East Fork of Milk Eiver, 553 Diilos west of PembiBa.— Obaerrer, J. F. Gregory, Captain United States Engineers. — Zenitli Telescope, Wiirdemann No. iiO.— Cbronometer, Kegus Sidereal No. 1513.] i.. A. C. No. 5G-14 5658 5603 5323 6047 6073 6114 6157 630G 6345 6368 6380 6318 6365 6421 6476 6553 6566 6624 6081 6728 6748 6780 6817 6630 68G5 68. 01 -5 48.00 -8 23.75 +0 49.29 +7 ;;9. 11 Level. -1.23 -0. C9 -fO. 04 -1.05 -0. 60 0,00 -0.18 -0, l'4 -0,49 -0, 25 -0,31 -0,49 -0,94 -1,03 -0, 69 +0,07 -0,29 -0,07 -0.09 -0.36 -0.71 -1.20 -2. 30 -0.20 -0,49 Ktfl.-ic, -0,02 -0,05 +0. 12 -0. 10 -0. 10 +0.14 +0 18 -0. (,9 -i-0. 15 0.00 -0.04 +0.05 -0.05 0.00 -0.08 -0. 09 +0. 00 -0.17 +0.10 +0,04 -0. 18 -0,10 -0, 10 +0, 14 -i 18 Ked. to merid. L:ititude. 49 fO 01.03 01.11 01,73 01.07 01.93 01, 96 01, 18 01,75 01.01 01.78 01.73 01.83 01,49 01.:i4 01,. «7 02,15 02. 15 09. fO 02. (:(i C2. 45 01,97 01,80 CO, 83 02.28 4 ) CO 00. 80 Item.'irkp. Julv 10. Jtily 17 EEPOUT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. Observations for Latitude — Station No. 15— Coutiiiiiod. 153 B. A. C. No. 0:118 6it9 0ni8 mas 6491 6-17G 6553 6580 66:4 00 ■jl 6738 6748 6780 0817 0830 0865 0937 6970 7024 7073 7100 7106 7-215 7:>77 7390 Gr. 7-Yr.2395 7377 7398 7410 7453 7480 7489 7o05 7566 7595 7605 Headings. Level. Microm N. 15 500 25. 178 19. 322 28. 813 21.019 21,366 19.007 23. 058 24.144 18. 434 17. 580 2.!. 5,'3 21. 134 91. 448 10.014 25. 803 16. ino 25. 620 17. 744 24. 113 10.242 £8. 883 15. 482 20. 018 23. 331 18.221 30. 722 11.433 25. 953 15. 909 19. 475 22. 197 3. 339 18. 589 32. 099 7.707 14.5 14.4 13.0 14.8 10.0 14.0 14.7 15.8 I.';. 4 19.0 18.0 17.0 16.0 18.0 16.7 17.6 15 7 18.8 17.7 16.9 16.5 18.7 18.7 16.9 19.5 17.8 19. C 17.8 18.4 19.6 18.5 20.0 19.0 19.0 20.5 20.6 14.5 14.7 16.0 15.0 14.7 17.7 17.6 16.8 17.1 14.6 15 8 16.8 18.0 10.0 17.6 17.0 19.5 10.9 IS. 1 19.3 19.9 18.0 Uerid. dist. 17.6 21.1 18.7 20.6 21.0 20.4 19.8 20.9 19.7 20.7 21.4 20. 2 20.4 Declination. 39 20 2.3. 03 58 43 42.14 .59 97 .50. 4J 38 15 03. 87 49 17 34.65 48 42 03. 99 33 18 15. 32 65 46 02.42 40 07 44. 31 57 40 23. 73 43 25 28. 96 54 40 42.64 57 42 57. 84 40 16 46. 77 47 36 24. 04 50 33 50. 70 36 28 10. 76 61 41 47.05 01 51 21. 95 30 02 05. 24 42 45 46. CO 55 33 36.93 57 07 37.41 40 40 56. 51 38 09 35. 42 59 45 12. 97 .59 28 03. 36 38 52 00. 20 02 03 02.66 36 07 24. 24 45 59 05. 63 52 03 48. 49 37 58 10. 18 37 42 95 81 60 32 17. 79 60 06 24. 46 Corrections. -5 00. 03 +8 3-2. £0 +0 10.78 -2 05. 84 +9 57. 37 -3 04.01 +0 09. 75 -5 05. 94 -4 5.5. 72 +3 17.84 -9 39. 05 +5 45. 92 +2 38. 73 -9 59. 17 Level. -0.71 -0.54 -0.87 +0.60 +0. 54 0.00 -0.07 -0.42 -0. 02 -0.60 -0.69 -0.45 -0. .58 Kefran, -5 10.13 -0.49 -7 18.30 -2 15. OS -0.47 -0.33 -0.09 +0. 15 0.00 -0.04 -f0.05 -0.05 0.00 -0.C8 -0.09 +0.06 -0.17 +0.10 +0.04 -0.18 -0.09 -0.02 -0.13 -0.04 Red. to meiid. Mean Latitude (62 determina'ious), 49° 00' 01". 86. £ = 0". 437 I = 0". 2.«8 fo = 0". 054 To = 0". 0J6 Latitude. 49 OD 01.79 01. K5 01. ,52 02. 12 02.01 01.68 02. 05 01.58 02. 67 01.87 01.94 02.29 02 51 01.85 J^emarks. 02. 74 . Eejccted. I 02. 02 I 02. 90 I 49 00 01. 8D : 1874. UNITED STATES KOKTHEKN BOUNDAEY. Observations for Latitude. [AdtroDomical Station No. 16— ililk Eiver Lakes, 588 milea west of Pembina.— Obserrer, J. F. Gregory. Captain United States Engineers.— Zenitli Teleseopc, Wiirdemann Ho. £0.— Chronometer, Xegus Sidereal Ko. 1513.J B. A. C. No. 5(J58 5693 5;23 5853 5911 6647 6073 61H 6157 6206 C345 6268 C2S9 6318 C365 6421 6476 6553 6536 6624 6681 6723 6748 67=0 6817 6830 6865 6937 6370 7024 7073 7100 71C0 Headings. ilicrom 7320 (;.7.Tr.23UJ 7S77 7398 17. 641 23. 601 26. 843 14, 362 26. 146 14. 728 28.287 1 1. 825 13.611 26. 547 12. 914 27. 457 15. 380 25. 303 12. 386 2-. 659 20. ,')35 20. 625 18. 463 22. 7R7 23. 670 18; 159 17. 173 23. 350 20. 922 20. 993 15. 323 25. 409 l.-i. 918 25. 716 17. 957 24. 003 11.334 30. 231 15.520 26. 403 22. 769 17.917 39. 303 10. 747 Level. N. 16.0 17.5 17.1 18.1 18.0 li).2 19.0 17.1 17.5 21.0 18.0 20.4 19.7 19.2 19.8 19.7 18.5 19.7 17.8 20.4 18. 5 20.7 20.7 17.7 20.5 19.0 18.0 23.5 21.6 18.7 20.6 20. o 21.0 1.". 20.0 19.5 21.7 18.8 18.4 17.0 17.0 18. 6 19.0 21.0 21.1 22.0 22.0 18.1 21.6 19.) 19.7 20.7 20.6 22.6 20.8 20.4 21.0 20. 1 21.8 20.0 21.3 19.5 19. 5 22.8 20.0 21.6 20. 21.0 21.0 21.0 20. r ■s>.; 21. n 22. 3 20.0 22.7 Merid. Dist. Declin.ation. 42 27 55. 03 55 38 05.62 31 54 42.71 65 52 15. 92 49 49 41. 67 48 £2 03. 17 72 12 3,5. 90 26 04 17. 86 70 58 43. 06 20 47 40. 70 49 53 55. 35 17 45 51. 19 39 26 24. 42 53 43 43. 71 59 27 5?. 02 38 15 05. 30 49 17 36. 22 48 42 09. 50 32 18 16.71 05 46 04. 10 40 07 45. 85 57 40 25. 57 43 25 30. 57 54 40 44. 3'; 57 42 59. 61 40 16 48. 36 47 36 20. 31 50 33 54, 10 30 28 12. 31 61 41 48. 87 01 51 25.77 36 02 00. 81 42 45 48.24 55 33 38. 69 57 07 39.20 40 40 58. 12 3S 09 3i:. 99 59 45 M.77 5.1 28 05. 15 38 52 01.79 Corrections. Microm. Level. - 3 0.5. 14 + 6 26. 45 - 5 54. 68 - 8 31. 36 + 6 41. 83 + 7 31.75 - 5 OS. 24 + 8 25. 49 -I- C2. 80 - 2 14. 32 + 2 51.19 - 3 11.88 + 02. 21 - 5 13. SO - 5 04, 36 + 3 09. 67 - 9 47.00 + 5 38. 06 + 2 30. 72 -10. 07. 47 -0. 42 -0.09 -1.29 -1.56 -0.36 -0.51 -0.33 -1,34 -0.38 -0.65 -0.80 -0.36 -0.87 -0.47 +0.16 —0,60 -0.13 -1.16 -0.85 -0. 49 licfrac. Eed. to merid. -0,05 +0.12 -0.10 -0.16 +0,14 +0.18 -0.09 +0.15 0.00 -0.04 +0. 05 -0,1' 0. 00 -0.08 -0. 09 +0,06 -0,17 +0.10 +0.04 — n ' Latitude. 48 59 54.71 55, 79 56,35 55.30 55.99 54.69 .55. 40 55.96 65. 28 55. 42 56.15 53.18 55.32 56. 35 56,30 55.42 56.16 55. ,50 55. 79 43 59 55. "3 Remarks. July 22. 154 EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. Observations for Latitude. — 8lation No. 10 — Ooutiuued. 155 B.A.C. • No. 7416 7453 7480 7489 7505 7560 7595 7605 5545 5624 5644 5658 5C93 5S20 5853 5911 6047 6073 0114 6157 62(16 6245 6268 62W 0318 6365 6421 0476 6553 6586 6624 6681 7024 7073 7100 7ICC 7215 7277 7320 r-Tr. 23115 7377 7398 7416 7453 7480 7489 7566 7595 7627 7686 Readings. Microm. 25. 581 15.292 19.248 22. 216 2.807 18.0.i5 32. 420 7. 429 10.214 31. 374 17. 939 23. 919 26. 715 14. 317 26. 145 14. 649 28. 396 11.821 13. 790 26. 678 12. 805 27. 306 15. 567 25. 553 12.231 28.400 20. 349 20. 411 18. 486 23. 833 23. 370 17. 922 17. 673 23. 743 11.037 29. 951 14.941 25. 792 22. 820 17. 990 30. 177 10. 612 25.236 14. 903 19.214 22. 207 18.241 33. 630 23. 615 17. 705 Level. N. 20.0 20.8 19.5 21.0 19.7 19.1 21.0 20.7 14.8 10.0 13.4 12.7 10.0 19.0 14.0 10.0 20.6 10.0 19.8 16.0 20.0 ir. 7 18.0 19.5 19.0 18.0 20.3 13.0 1.5.5 17.0 1.5.4 15.0 14.8 16.0 15.0 16.5 15.4 14.0 17.0 14.8 17.0 14.8 17.7 16.3 15.3 19.0 17.0 18.0 17.0 19.0 22.0 21.0 21.9 20.0 21.1 21. 9 20 5 20.8 11.5 16.8 14.3 15.6 17.7 10.8 15.7 14.0 13.2 IB. 14.8 17.5 14.8 19.0 17.0 16.0 16.5 17.3 15.0 22.0 18.7 17.1 17.7 18.0 17.2 15.8 17.0 10.0 17.3 18.7 15.7 lK.3 10.4 19.5 17.1 19.0 19.1 17. 1 19. n 18.6 19.2 17.3 Meiid. dist. Declin.ition. 62 03 04. 42 36 07 25. 79 45 59 07. 29 52 03 49. 21 37 .58 11.74 37 42 27. 36 60 33 19 53 CO 00 26. 20 69 02 32. 17 28 35 22. 94 42 27 55. 24 55 3d 05. 88 31 54 42.91 65 52 16. 18 49 49 41. 93 48 22 03. 44 72 12 39. 20 26 04 18. 09 76 58 43. 36 20 47 45. 93 79 58 ,55. 68 17 45 51. 42 39 26 24.72 58 43 44. 04 59 27 58. 36 38 15 0.5. 60 49 17 36. 56 48 42 09. 84 32 18 17. 02 65 46 04. 53 40 07 46. 18 57 46 25. 83 61 51 26. 17 36 02 07. 15 42 45 48. 61 55 33 39. 09 57 07 39. 60 40 40 58. 50 38 09 37. 34 59 45 15. 17 59 28 05. 55 38 52 02. 15 62 03 04. 80 30 07 20. 14 45 59 07. 66 52 03 50. 59 37 43 27. 71 CO 32 19.93 25 20 01. 64 72 34 43. 99 Corrections. Microm. 5 19.61 1 32. 19 — 7 26.33 - 2 23. 57 +10 57. 29 - 3 05. 76 + 6 25. 13 - 5 57. 10 - 8 34. 87 + 6 40. 34 + 7 30. 44 - 5 10. 20 + 8 23. 26 4- 01. 93 - 3 15.03 + 2 49. 23 + 3 08. 55 - 9 47. 53 + 5 37. 06 + 2 30. 03 -10 07.75 - 5 19.11 - 1 33.97 - 7 20. 97 4- 2 32. :>2 Level. -0.49 -0.45 -0. ,51 -0.33 -0.65 -0.85 +0.11 + 0.07 +1.20 +0.91 +0. 42 +1.00 +0.71 -0. 83 -0.74 -1.18 -0.49 -0. 33 -1.47 -0.49 -0.91 -0.47 -0.42 -a 5i -0. 11 Refrac. -O.09 -0.03 -0.13 -0.04 +0.21 -0.05 +0 12 -0.10 -^0. 16 +0.14 +0. 18 +0.09 +0.15 0.00 -0.04 +0.05 +0.06 -0 17 +0.10 +0.04 -0.18 -0.09 -0. 02 -0. 13 +0.0i Red. to meiid. Latitude. o / // 48 59 ,54.91 56. 53 5.'). 03 54. 40 53.90 54. 90 55. 55 54. 83 56. 03 54,59 55.09 55. 10 51. 30 54.96 54. 10 54. 78 55. 82 54.74 55. 83 55.01 55. 80 55. 72 Remarks. July 23. 156 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Observations for Latitude. — Station No. IG — Continued. B. A. C. No. Eeadings. DeclinatioD. Corrections. Latitude. Itemarlifl. Microm Level. Moriil. didt. Microm. Level. Refrac. Eed. to mtrid. N. S, 16.7 21.7 77ri5 7765 17.306 23. 959 19.8 14.0 m. s. o / // 58 47 32. 47 39 05 25. 19 / n 4- 3 20. 66 -1.03 +0. 06 " ' // 48 59 54. 53 7787 7800 18. 470 23. 579 17.0 16.2 19.0 18.3 52 01 28.83 45 54 08. 02 + 2 07.61 -0.91 +0. (13 55.13 7820 7682 13.023 27. 966 13.9 10.3 20.8 17.8 48 50 14. 89 49 25 C6. 07 - 7 44.17 -1.87 -0.13 .54. 31 7U07 7945 9.149 31.100 17.5 13.8 16.0 19.3 74 42 53. 47 22 54 14. 87 +11 21.86 -0.87 +0.24 55. 40 5693 5820 27. 131 14. 728 15.5 14.9 13.8 16.9 31 51 43.29 65 52 16. 61 + 6 25. 27 -0,07 +0. 12 55. 24 .July 25. 5911 26. 443 14.967 15.7 14.0 16.0 18.0 49 49 43. 36 48 S3 03. 69 - 5 06, 48 -0,96 -0.10 55. 59 6047 C073 28. 395 11, 828 17.1 19.0 16.0 14.0 72 12 39. 73 26 01 18.51 - 8 31,63 +1.36 -0. 16 ,55. 70 6114 6157 13. 663 26.501 17.4 15.5 16.0 17.7 76 58 43.91 20 47 46. 33 + 6 4:), 65 -0,18 +0.11 55. 73 6506 624:. 12. 900 27. 4;i7 19.3 12.2 14.0 21.1 79 58 .56.21 17 45 51.83 + 7 31., 56 -0.80 +0. is 54. 97 6368 6289 14.980 24.917 16.1 16.8 17.4 17.0 39 26 25.20 58 43 44. 65 - 5 08. 67 -0.33 —0. 09 55.86 6318 6365 12. 336 28. 563 19.7 12.0 14.3 22.0 .59 27 58. 98 38 15 06. 16 + 8 24.06 -1.03 +0. 15 55.76 6421 6476 20. 532 20. 594 1.5.0 18.3 19.7 16.4 49 17 37. 19 43 42 10. 48 + 01.93 -0.63 0. (10 55. 14 6553 6586 18. 359 22. 723 17.5 17.3 17.7 18.3 32 IP 17. 59 65 4G 05. 23 - 2 1.5. .56 -0.27 -0.04 55.54 6624 6G81 23. 470 18. 000 16. 3 17. 2 19.0 18.5 40 07 46. 70 57 46 26. 55 4- 2 49, 91 -0.89 +0. 05 55. 70 6728 6748 17. 026 23. 283 19,0 19.2 17.7 17.8 43 25 31. 58 54 40 45. 46 - 3 11,36 +0.60 -0. 05 54.71 6780 6817 20. 760 20. 758 19. 5 19.0 16.8 17.5 .57 43 00.71 40 16 49. 37 - 00. 06 +0.94 0.00 5.5. 92 6830 6805 15.468 25. 627 18.0 19.2 18.1 17.1 47 ,30 27. 3< 50 33 53. 52 - 5 1,5, .57 +0.45 -0.08 5.5. 25 6937 6970 15. 526 25. 408 19.0 19. 7 17.4 17.2 36 28 13. 32 61 41 50.03 - 5 06. 96 +0.91 -0.09 .5.5. 53 7024 7073 17. 833 23. 877 18.7 17.7 18.6 19.0 61 51 26.94 36 03 07. 83 + 3 08. 06 -0. 27 +0. 05 5.1 32 7100 7166 10. 971 29. 909 17. 5 19.5 19.0 17.2 4 ! 45 49. 33 55 33 3!l. 77 - 9 48,27 +0.13 -0. 17 56.29 7215 7277 1.5.317 26. 134 19,0 17.0 17.6 19.0 57 07 40. 3M 40 40 59. 20 + 5 36. 01 -0. 13 +0. 10 55. 77 7330 7.Yr. S395 22. 687 17. 894 17. 5 19.0 18.7 17.2 38 09 38. 01 ,59 45 1.5.96 + 2 2^. 88 +0.13 +0. 01 56. 05 7377 7398 30. 153 10. 538 16.0 20.2 20.6 10.0 59 28 06. 34 38 53 02. 86 -10 09.27 -0.09 -0. 18 55. 06 7116 7453 2--. 600 15. 251 19.6 17.6 17.0 18.7 63 03 05. 59 36 07 26. 83 - 5 21.47 +0.33 -0. 1(1 54.97 7480 7489 18. 680 21.701 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.7 45 59 08. 4 1 53 03 51. 30 - 1 .33.93 -0.16 -0.03 48 59 55. 77 REPORT OP THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. Observations for Latitude. — Station No. IG — Continued. 157 B. A. C. No. Headings. Declination. Corrections. Latitude. Koniarks. Microm. Level. Me rid, dist. Microm. Level. Eefrae, r.ed. til meliil. N. S. 7505 7Se6 7595 7605 2. 510 17. 752 32. 178 7.183 17,0 17.0 19.8 19.7 19.3 19.5 17.1 17.2 -"- m. s. / '/ 37 58 12. 80 37 42 28.41 CO 32 20. 71 CO 06 27. 33 - 7 28.11 - 2 23. 10 +0.04 +0. 04 II -(I. 13 -0.04 O / It 48 59 56. 36 .54, 93 7027 7686 25. 351 17. 458 13.8 23.0 22,6 14.1 ■• 25 20 02. 26 72 34 44. 77 + 2 32. 08 +0.02 +0. ()5 5.'-. K 7755 7765 17. 265 23. B93 18.4 18.5 19.0 18.8 58 47 33. 24 39 C5 2,5. 89 + 3 25. 89 -0,20 +0. OC 55. 31 7787 780O 18.506 22. 576 17.5 20.0 20.0 17.3 52 01 29. 59 45 51 08. 75 + 2 00. 43 +0.04 +0.03 48 59 53. 67 Mean h titude (75 determinations), 46° 59' 5S". 39. e - T = £„ = = 0". 580 = 0". 387 = 0". 007 = 0". 043 1874. UNITED STATES NORTHERX BOUNDARY. Observations for Latitude. Astronomical Station No. 17 — "Enst Batte, 634 miles weat of Pembira. — Observer, J. F. Gregory, Captain Engiuoers. — Zenitli Telescope, Wiirdemann No. 20. — Cbrouometor, Negns SiderearNo, 1513.J TJnited States • B A. C. No. Head ings. Declination. Corrections. Latitude. Remarks. Microm. Level. Merid. dist. Microm. Level. Eefrac. Red. to merid. N. S. 5fi44 5658 16. 716 24.241 21.5 14.7 19.5 26.1 m. s. / // 42 27 56. 12 55 38 00. 62 - 3 53. 75 -2.10 -0.07 " / /' 48 59 05. 55 July 29. 5693 5Si3 25. 893 15.032 19.8 18.1 21 2 24! 8 31 51 43.74 05 52 17.39 + 5 37. 37 -1,81 +0.10 06.17 5?53 5911 2!!. 703 13. 693 21.0 17.0 22.0 26,0 49 49 43. 05 48 22 04, 62 - 6 44. 13 -2.23 -0,11 07.37 (i047 t;073 28. 813 10. 087 20.5 22.0 23.0 21.5 72 12 40. 5M 26 04 19. 11 - 9 23. 05 -0, 45 -0,20 00.16 C114 6157 14.470 25. 782 20.7 22,5 23.5 21.9 76 58 41. RO 20 47 40. 93 + 5 51,20 -0.49 +0,13 06.70 6206 6J45 13. 482 26. 393 20.7 23.1 21.0 21. R 79 58 67. 18 17 45 52.39 + 41.00 -0. 45 +0,15 05.54 6Q68 0i89 14.373 25. 940 23 21.9 22.0 23.1 39 26 2'!. 13 5S 43 4,\ 65 - 5 59, 31 -0.01 -0. 10 OC. 44 6318 63115 12. 897 27. 500 22.0 22.2 23.1 23. 6 59 27 .59. 99 33 15 07.07 -f 7 31.01 -0. 50 +0. 13 00.71 6421 6-176 20. 980 19. 441 21.5 2!. 5 25.1 24.0 49 17 38.27 48 42 11.53 - 48, 09 -0.91 -0, 02 05.88 6553 6586 16. 182 22. 153 23.1 23. 6 24.4 24.1 32 18 If. 51 05 4J 00. 42 - 3 0.5. 48 —0.40 -0. 05 06. 53 6624 6681 21.503 17. 678 23,0 24,1 216 23.3 40 07 47.81 57 40 27. 70 + 1 53 82 -0.1. +0.03 06,47 6728 6748 16. 661 24. 476 23,9 22. 3 23,6 25,0 43 25 32. 71 54 4J 45. 09 - 4 02. 76 —0. 54 -0.07 06, 33 67,-0 6817 21. 353 19.771 23.5 22.5 21.4 24. 3 57 43 CI. 98 40 16 ;o.50 — 49, 14 -0.38 -0. 02 06,70 6M30 6865 14.047 25. 790 24.3 22. 00 5 21b 47 30 2,=!. 60 60 3! .54.70 - 6 (4. 77 -0.27 -0. 10 06. 54 C937 6970 14. 525 2.5. 980 £2.3 •;3.6 24.7 23.7 36 23 14. 43 61 41 51.37 - 5 .'5. 83 -0. 5I-, -0. 10 00,41 -inn 7 1 66 D.771 30.341 26.0 22.0 21.9 2.'). 5 42 45 50, 56 .55 3,! 41,22 -10 33.57 +0. 27 -0. 19 07, 00 7215 7277 15.673 21.850 23.0 2:;. 5 25.0 57 07 41,75 40 41 10,46 4- 4 45. 1.7 +0.54 +0.0f! 06, 79 G.7 7350 ■Yr.23',15 21.409 18. 273 24. 5 25.7 24, 5 23.5 38 09 39.26 59 45 17. 38 + 1 37. 41 +0. 49 +0. 03 06. 25 7377 7398 30. 771 9.510 21.0 20.5 25. 2 2X0 .59 2>' 07.75 38 52 04. 10 -11 (0.43 +0.51 -0. 19 05. 81 7416 7453 26. CO.? 14. 043 26.0 23.5 23.0 26.6 Oi 01 07.00 36 07 28. 05 - 6 11. 67 +0.18 -0.11 48 59 05. 95 15S EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 17 — Coutiuued. 159 PweadijiKS. B. A. C. No. ilicrom. 7480 7489 7505 7566 7595 7605 7627 7686 7755 77C5 7787 7800 7820 7882 7907 7045 5644 5C58 5693 5823 5R53 5911 6114 6157 6206 6245 5693 5823 5853 5911 6047 6073 6114 6157 6208 6245 62C8 6289 C318 6365 6421 6476 6553 6586 6624 6681 6728 6748 6780 U817 17. 948 22. 617 2.010 17. 237 33. 280 8.314 21.554 18. 286 17. 820 22.830 19. 096 21. 553 12. 048 28. 062 9.738 30. 023 10. .WS 24. 143 26. 244 15. 442 20. 757 13. 072 14. 525 25. 827 13. 451 26. 398 26. 272 Ts! 468 26. 650 13.561 28. 697 10. 576 14. 377 25. 650 13. 476 26. 363 14. 065 25.653 13. 224 27. 794 20. 780 19. 185 17. 238 23. 200 22. 3C0 18. 578 10.378 24.253 21.009 19. 376 Level. X. 26.0 24.5 20.9 27.0 24.8 24. 2 24.9 26.7 23.7 24.8 20.0 20.9 25.7 27.7 24.0 13.7 17.3 14,0 11.8 16.1 13.0 13.3 16.6 15.1 13.0 13.0 17.5 16.9 12.2 14.8 15.6 l.-).2 17.3 16. 1 16.4 19.0 14.3 10.4 16.5 16.3 10.5 19.2 14.8 18.3 16.0 16.4 18.0 16.0 18.8 24.0 26.0 23.7 24.0 26.6 27.0 26.5 25.1 26.0 28.0 27.0 2.5.0 24.9 27.0 2.1.3 29.6 14.8 11.0 14.4 16.0 14.9 19.0 14.0 10.0 17.1 19.8 17.5 15.0 15.7 20.4 19.0 18.0 18.2 16.1 17.1 17.4 14.8 19.3 17.3 17.0 17.3 17.0 14.8 19.4 15.3 17.8 17.4 15.8 18.0 15 2 Morid. (list. 13 16 05 DecUnatioD. o ' // 45 59 09. 75 52 03 52. 74 37 53 14.05 37 42 29. C6 60 32 22. 16 CO 00 28.81 25 20 0.5. 35 72 34.40.21 58 47 34. 66 39 05 27. 16 .52 01 30. 96 43 54 10. 08 48 50 17. 00 49 25 08. 17 24 42 55. 62 22 54 16. 53 42 27 56. 24 53 38 06. 94 31 54 43. 85 65 52 17. 44 49 49 43. 20 48 22 04. 79 76 58 44. 99 20 47 47. 05 79 58 57. .39 17 45 52.51 31 54 44.24 05 52 17.97 49 49 43. 74 48 22 05. 34 72 12 41.39 20 04 19. 76 76 5 4 22.0 23. 4 23.3 21.6 23. 4 ilia 21.0 33.7 20.9 23.7 23.0 22.0 14.8 14.0 17.0 13.9 14.9 15.8 14.0 16.2 18.5 13.3 17.4 13.0 14.0 19.0 18.8 19.0 22.5 31.3 21.1 31.9 25.0 18.4 21. 9 21.2 20.6 23.1 21.9 22. 3 21.0 23.0 23.0 31.0 33. 30.8 22.0 20.9 22.0 21.9 21.0 23.0 23.1 2.3. 23.0 21.0 24.0 31.0 22.5 22.0 15.0 16.0 13.9 17.5 16.9 10.1 17.9 10.3 14.8 20. (I 23.0 17.3 18.0 18.2 Morid. dist. Declination. 43 32. 81 33 25. 83 I 20 06. 03 I 34 49. 93 47 38. 28 05 39. 35 01 34.46 54 13.45 r,0 20. 41 35 11.56 43 59. 22 54 19. 08 17 16.68 25 45. 23 22 06. 02 36 38. 35 2-? 23. 73 33 33. 42 37 54. 70 00 23. 35 42 30. 90 20 36. 41 49 57. 89 10 18. 87 53 16.03 27 19.00 35 43.41 10 50. 45 25 5(i. 33 49 00.01 on 23. .58 45 21.49 04 .53.01 36 51. 67 26 49 41.01 23 00. 68 12 42.90 01 21.03 58 47. 31 47 48. 74 53 59. 85 45 54. 17 26 28. 03 43 48. 53 28 02. 90 15 09.70 17 41.18 43 14. 54 18 31.14 46 09. 83 Corrections. Microm. - 27. 79 + 3 33. 78 + 4 20. 83 + 3 07. 71 - 6 44. 29 +13 23. 34 + 9 30. 38 + 1 40. 18 + 5 07. 71 + 8 53. 20 - 3 32. 69 - 2 00 89 - 9 16. 15 + 4 44. 85 - 6 36.95 + 5 09. 70 + 10 09.80 - 4 53. 43 - 7 30. 10 + 7 41. 14 + 8 31. 19 - 4 (10.39 + 9 26.71 + 1 o:.. 14 - 1 I'.15 Level. -0.18 -0.07 -0.27 -0.51 0.00 -0.33 0.00 +0. 20 +0. 11 +0.11 +0. 20 -0.27 +0. 03 —0.09 -0. 25 -0. 49 -0.11 -0.51 -0. 89 -0. 07 -1.91 -1.40 +0. 36 Eefr.ac, -0.11 +0.07 +0.08 +0.05 -0.11 +0. 20 +11. 17 +0. 03 +0. 09 +0. 17 -0.07 -0.01 -0.17 +0. 03 -0.11 +0. 10 +0.19 -0. lis -0. 15 +0.17 +0.19 -0.07 +0 17 +0. Oi -0. 03 Red. to luoiid. Latitude. 49 01 01.24 01.76 CO. 93 m 41 01.31 01.21 01.50 03. 05 01.37 01. .3!) 01.03 01. .57 01.70 01. 09 01. 43 03. 24 03. 09 01.79 01.57 01. 83 00. 50 111.45 01.27 01.03 1) 01 01.07 Remarlia. Angu-st 9. E. A. C. No. 6624 6681 7024 7073 7100 7166 7215 727T 7962 8024 eone t059 8083 8123 8206 8273 83H 8324 120 175 198 219 239 259 Gr. 12-Tr. 73 345 401 433 REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. Observations for Latitude—Station Mo. 18— Continued. 163 Headings. Microm. Level. 24. 242 16. 824 16.741 24. 745 11.575 28.541 14.015 26. 798 29. 251 10. 904 18. 453 21.0-6 15.0.50 24, 964 20. 178 12. 057 23.650 16.8J1 22. 548 18. 432 11. 770 29. 705 25. 954 16. 125 26. 963 13. 768 15. 462 25.417 30. 509 10.886 N. 18.7 19.0 17.8 19.3 20.7 16.1 17.1 20.0 20.6 17.9 30.3 19.4 17.9 20.7 18.8 21.0 21.0 18.0 22.0 19.4 20.7 21.0 21.5 20.0 18.5 23.1 20.1 29.2 21.6 19.5 19.0 19.1 19.9 16.0 16.6 21.4 20.1 17.8 18.5 21.9 ID. 7 20.4 22.0 19.1 21.7 19.0 19.0 22.0 18.6 21.0 19.8 19.7 Merid, dist. Corrections. Declin.ation. 19.0 20.6 22.0 17.4 20.5 20.5 19.5 21.7 08 12 40 07 50. 85 57 46 31. 21 61 51 32. 17 36 02 12. 21 I 42 45 54. 06 55 33 45. 07 57 07 45. 04 40 41 03.94 41 17 17.05 56 25 45. 61 49 22 06. 39 48 36 38. 72 56 28 24.11 41 23 23.76 50 37 5,5. 01 67 06 23.72 73 42 31. 28 24 26 30. 73 60 49 58. 24 37 16 19. 18 32 53 16. 35 65 27 19. 94 47 35 42. 73 50 16 5U. 77 60 25 56. 05 37 49 00. 90 67 06 23. 92 30 45 21. 77 28 04 53. 28 69 36 51. 95 Microm. + 3 50. 43 + 4 08. 63 - 8 47. 01 + 6 37. 08 + 9 29. 91 + 1 39.81 + 5 07. 96 + 8 51. 83 - 3 32. 13 - 2 07. 86 - 9 17.11 + 4 4.3. 57 - 6 28. 13 + 5 09. 23 Level. -0.09 -0.18 -0.27 -0.18 -0.42 -0.00 -0. .56 -O.£0 -0.45 +0.40 +0.49 +0.42 +0.49 -0.16 liefr.^c +10 09. 55 -0. 02 +0.07 +0.07 -0.15 +0.11 +0.17 +0.02 +0. 0(1 +0.17 -0.07 -0.03 -0.17 +0.08 -0.11 +0.10 +0.19 Red. to werid. Latitude. +0.01 +0.02 49 01 01.44 00.72 02.13 01.80 00.99 02.29 01. 42 01.18 01.35 01.22 01.35 00. 82 01.02 03. 01 49 01 02.33 Mean Lititude (00 deteruiinationa), 49° 01' 0I."42 t = 0".413 r = 0".275 fo = 0".0d3 7-0 = 0".035 Kemarks. 1874. UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. Observations for Latitude. Astronomical Station No. 19— North Fork of Milk River, 710 miles west of Pembina.— Observer, J. F. Gregory, Captain Uuiteil States Engineers — Zenith Telescope, Wiirdemann No. SO.— Chronometer, Negus Sidereal No. 1513.] Eeadings. 15. A. C. No. 6047 6073 6114 6157 7320 Gr.7-Yr.2395 7377 7398 7416 7453 7400 7489 7566 7595 7627 7686 7755 7765 7820 7882 7907 7945 7962 e024 8036 8059 8083 8128 8206 8273 8314 83S4 46 67 120 175 198 219 239 259 l(i4 Levtl Microm. S7. 507 11.014 13. 263 26. 102 23. 286 17. 546 29. 720 10. 045 25. 470 15. o;o 18. 189 21. 317 13. 187 27. 686 22. 264 17. 447 17.064 23.601 12. 651 27. 720 8. 693 30. 527 28. 237 11.938 19. SOS 21.083 15. 475 23. 341 27. 474 12. 364 24. 599 15. 760 23. 132 16.985 10. 431 30. 373 23. 895 16.773 27. 147 12. 669 N. 15.5 18.0 16.9 18.5 19.0 17.5 18.5 18.6 18.0 20.7 19.9 18.8 19.5 20.6 19.5 21.9 21.0 20.6 21.5 21.4 20.9 21.8 22.3 21.1 21.9 20.7 21.5 22.0 23.4 20.7 22. 8 20.8 25.2 21.9 2,5.5 21.8 24.4 22. 3 2.1.5 23.8 19.0 17.0 18. 6 17,0 18.0 20.5 19.8 20.0 20.7 18.4 19.1 20.6 20.7 19.7 20.8 19. 20.9 21.0 20.8 21.5 22.0 21.6 Meritl. ilist. Declination. 21.1 23.9 22. 2 23.7 23.0 23.9 22. 3 25.6 23. 6 25.7 21.9 25.4 22.0 25.8 23.0 25.0 24.0 23.8 73 12 43 54 26 04 21. 45 76 58 47. 95 20 47 49. 17 38 09 43. 70 59 45 23. 69 59 28 13.09 33 52 03. 70 03 03 12. 44 36 07 32. 54 45 59 14. 69 52 03 57. 94 37 42 34. 27 60 b2 27. 58 25 20 07.25 72 34 51. 75 58 47 40. 04 39. 05 31. 86 48 50 22. 07 49 25 13. 24 74 43 01. 04 22 54 20.29 41 17 18.34 50 25 40.97 49 22 07. 09 48 36 40.01 56 28 25. 40 41 23 24. 97 30 37 56. 07 67 06 25. 06 73 43 32. 61 24 26 37. 69 00 49 59. 50 37 16 20.27 32 .53 17. 39 65 27 21. 14 47 35 43. 87 50 16 51. 90 CO 25 57. 79 37 49 01. 95 Corrections. Microm. - 8 32. 32 + 40. 68 + 2 27. 24 -10 11.16 - 5 23. 00 - 1 37.17 - 7 30. 38 + 2 29. 63 + 3 23. 06 - 7 48. 09 + 11 18.23 + 8 26. 30 + 36. 50 + 4 04. 34 + 7 49. 30 - 4 34. .57 - 3 10.94 -10 19.46 + 3 41.23 - 7 29. 73 Level. -0.56 -0.04 -0.45 -0.60 -0.09 -0. 22 -0.07 + 0.36 -0.07 + 0. 13 -0.20 -0. 13 -0.74 -0.54 -0.85 -1.27 -0.-04 —0.11 -0. 29 -0.11 Kefrac. -0.17 + 0.14 + 0.04 -0.18 -0.10 -0.02 -0.13 + 0.05 4-0.06 -0. 13 + 0.23 +0. 15 + 0.01 + 0.07 + 0.15 -0.09 -0. 05 -0.20 i 0.06 -0.13 lied, to mend. L.atitude. 48 59 59. 45 59.34 60.05 58.95 59.24 58.91 00. 34 59. 54 59. 00 59.56 58.93 58.97 59. 02 59.08 59.23 59. 22 58.85 59. 50 58.88 48 59 59. 90 Eemarks. August 13. EEPOET OF THE CQIEF ASTliONOMER. Obscrralions for Latitude. — Station No. I'J — Coutiiiued. 165 B. A. C. No. Gr. IS-Tr. 73 345 401 438 5693 5823 5853 5911 6047 6073 6114 6157 6306 6345 63f8 0389 6318 6365 6421 6476 6553 6586 6624 6681 6748 6780 6817 6830 6865 6937 6970 70:4 7073 6853 5911 0047 0073 6114 6157 0206 6345 6268 6289 6318 6365 6421 6470 6553 6586 Eoadinga. Mierom, 15. 943 23. 893 28. 9r3 11.313 26. 935 14.465 26. S62 14.792 27. 858 11.341 13. 754 26. 657 12. 392 26. 920 14.710 24,691 12. 193 i.8. 353 20. 210 20.211 18. «67 22. 6f-0 23. 277 17. 890 16. 675 22. 931 20. 421 20. 397 14. 9.'i8 25. 159 15. 321 25. 244 17. 430 33.411 2.5.919 14. 453 28. 123 11. 582 13.232 20.123 12.811 27. 323 14.895 24. 872 11.996 28. 181 20. 100 20.119 18. 580 22. 963 Level. 22.6 22.3 24.0 23.3 12.8 8.0 14.6 10.5 14.8 13.0 13.0 15.0 12.8 14.7 15.0 14.1 13.0 15.7 14.0 14.8 16.0 13.7 14.0 14.9 13.9 15.9 16.0 13.0 14.9 13.0 14.6 16.0 16.0 13.9 14.9 14.5 14.6 19.0 15.7 16.8 1,5.9 17.1 17.2 15.6 15.1 18.9 16.5 18.0 19.0 Ifi. 1 25.1 25.4 23.8 24.3 9.0 16.4 10,4 15.9 12.9 14.8 14.7 13.0 1.5.6 13.9 13.0 14.0 15.2 13,0 14,7 14.0 13.0 16.0 1.7.9 1.5. 5 16.8 14.9 14.9 17.8 15,9 17.7 15.9 14.6 14.8 16.9 10.9 17.7 17.7 13.0 16.8 16.1 17.1 16.4 16.6 18.3 19.0 16.4 19. 17.8 17.4 20,4 Merid, dist. Declination. 67 06 25. 17 30 45 22. 73 28 04 54. 21 69 36 52. 98 31 54 4, I. 54 05 52 19. 72 49 49 4,=.. 54 48 23 07. 20 72 12 43. 69 26 04 21. 57 76 58 48.11 20 47 49.26 79 59 00. 73 17 45 54. 69 39 26 29. 46 58 43 49. 48 .59 28 03. 90 38 15 10. .56 49 17 42, 19 48 42 15. 59 32 18 22.04 65 40 11.07 40 07 51. 88 57 46 33. 47 43 25 37. 08 54 40 51. 49 57 43 06.91 40 10 54. 86 47 36 33. 30 50 33 59, 6 i 36 28 18. 76 61 41 66.08 61 51 33.65 36 02 13.41 49 49 45. 67 48 22 07. 40 72 12 43. 85 26 04 21. 68 76 53 48. 28 20 47 49. 38 79 59 00. 91 17 45 54. SO 39 20 29. 01 58 43 49. 68 r.9 28 04. 10 33 15 10. 74 49 17 42. 40 48 42 15. 80 32 18 2i2:l 05 46 11,33 Corrections, Mici'om, + 4 06, 95 + 9 06, 40 -f 6 27. 30 - 5 56, 29 - 8 33, 07 + 6 40,81 + 7 31.28 - 5 10, 13 + 8 21. 98 + 00. 03 - 2 17. 08 + 2 47. 34 - 3 14,33 - 00. 75 - 5 16, 87 - 5 08.21 + 3 0.5. 79 - 5 50. 17 - 8 33,81 + 6 40. 43 + 7 30. 79 - 5 09. 92 + 8 23, 75 + 00. 59 Level, -1.25 -0.18 -1,03 -0,27 +0,03 +0.07 -0. 45 +0.47 + 0.11 +0.03 + 0.16 —0,50 -0. 42 -0, 8,1 -1.27 + 0.P2 -0.4;) -1.16 +0, 65 -0. 09 -0 11 -0.47 + 0.31 -0.51 -O.CO liefrac. Red. to merid. +0.08 + 0,17 + 0, 12 -0,10 -0.17 ■i 0.14 + 0. 17 -0. 09 + 0.15 0.60 -0.04 + 0.05 -0.05 a 00 -0 08 -0.09 + 0.05 -0.10 -0,17 +0. 14 + 0,17 -P. 09 +0.15 OOO -0,04 +0.01 Latitudfj Komarks. 48 59 59. 73 59,08 59. 09 69, 74 .59,41 59, 70 58,71 59. 72 59. 47 58.94 59, .59 59.00 59. 48 59.31 58.24 59.41 58.97 59.10 59,43 69.31 58.70 69. 17 00.01 59. 18 48 ,59 69, 3,i Aujxu,st 14. August 15. 166 UNITED STATES NORTHEKN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 19 — Contiuued. B. A. c. No. 6624 6681 6728 0748 6780 6817 6937 6970 7024 7073 7100 7166 7215 7277 7330 Gr. 7-Tr. 2395 7377 7398 7416 7453 7480 7489 7566 7595 7627 7686 7755 7765 7787 7800 7820 7882 ReadiDgs. Microm 23. 296 17.899 16. 821 23.141 20. 603 20. 532 15. 058 25. 296 15. 486 25.416 17. 273 23.238 10.540 29. 568 15. 100 25. 839 22. 361 17. 655 30. 404 10.703 25.696 15. 286 19. 024 22. 166 12. 955 27. 510 22.497 17. 692 17. 332 23. 857 18. 587 22. 559 13.226 28.325 Level. 17.3 17.8 17.2 21.2 19.0 19.0 18.7 22.0 19.1 21.1 19.0 21.2 21.9 18.4 19.2 20.5 21.5 19.7 17.9 23.1 21.2 20.0 21.3 19.9 20.4 20.0 19.9 19.5 19.6 19.8 17.6 21.7 21.7 17.7 19.5 19.4 20.1 16.4 18.8 19.1 20.0 17.3 20.7 18.8 21.4 19.3 18.8 22.4 21.6 20.7 20.0 21.8 23.8 lb. 5 20.4 22.0 20 5 21.8 20.6 ao. 9 20.6 20.4 20.0 19.9 21.9 17.7 17.6 22.0 Merid. dial. Decliu.alion. 40 07 52. 14 67 46 32.74 43 25 37.33 54 40 51. 76 57 43 07.19 40 16 55. 11 47 36 33. .'■>6 50 33 59. t9 36 28 19. 01 01 41 56. 99 61 51 33. 99 36 02 13. 69 42 45 55. 67 55 33 46. 90 57 07 47.53 40 41 05. 60 38 09 44. 29 59 45 ai. 34 59 28 13. 74 33 52 09. 24 62 03 13. 10 36 07 33. U6 45 59 15.29 52 03 58. 56 37 43 34. 83 60 33 28. 25 25 20 07. 69 72 34 52. 44 58 47 40. 70 39 05 32. 42 52 01 36.80 45 54 15. 66 48 50 33. 68 49 25 13. 85 Correctiuna. Microm. + 2 47. 65 - 3 16.32 - 02. 21 - 5 18. 02 - 5 08. 46 + 3 05. 29 - 9 51.07 + 5 33. 59 -i 2 26. !8 -10 11.97 - 5 23. 37 - 1 37.60 - 7 32. 13 + 2 29. 26 + 3 22. 69 + 2 0.3. 48 - 7 49. 02 Level. -0.85 +0. 42 + 0.02 + 0.76 +0.16 -0.11 -0. 20 -0.58 -0.13 -0.29 -0. 37 -0.35 -0.25 -0.36 -0.11 -0.07 -0.04 Red. to inerid. +0.05 -0.05 0.00 -0.08 -0.09 +0.05 -0.18 + 0.10 + 0.04 -0.18 -0. 10 -0. 03 -0.13 -I 0. J + 0.06 + 0.03 -0.13 L.-ititude. o ' It 48 59 59. 39 58.60 58.90 59.38 59.61 59.07 69.84 59. 67 59.90 59.05 69.34 50.05 59.03 59.01 59.20 59. 67 48 59 59. 08 RemtiTks. Mean latitude (62 determiniitious), 48° 59' 59".31. e ~ ± 0" 405 r = ± 0".-J70 . = ± 0".0,',1 To = ± 0".034 1874. UNITED STATES NOKTHEEN BOUNDARY. Observations for Latitude. [Astrouomical Statiou No. 20— Chief Mountain Lake, 759 miles -west of Pembina.— Observer, J. F. Gregory, Capt.iiii United States Engineers.— Zenitli Telescope, Wiirdemann No. 20.— Cbronometcr, Negus Sidereal No. 1518. B. A. C. No. 6206 6245 6268 6289 631K 0365 64;l C47C 6553 6586 6624 6681 6728 6748 6780 6817 6830 6665 6937 6970 7100 7166 6318 6363 6421 C476 6553 6566 6624 6681 6728 6748 6780 6817 6830 6865 6937 6970 7024 7073 Eeadin^a. Microm 12. 304 26. 924 14.930 24. 796 11.820 2s. 126 19. 966 20. 007 17. 940 22. 260 22. 959 17. 491 16. 777 22. 997 20. 160 20. 175 14. 701 24.8G1 14. 923 24. 804 10.803 29. 773 11.713 27. 979 20. 178 20.201 18. 278 22. 618 2.3. 153 17. 724 17. 027 23.230 20. 540 20. 543 14. 949 25. 124 15. 293 25.178 17. 742 23.738 Level. 20.5 20.0 19.8 22. 1 23.1 19.0 21.5 21.9 21.8 22.0 20.8 23.0 21.5 26.2 24.1 22.1 24.0 23.0 23.0 26.1 24.0 24.0 19.9 13.1 16.9 18.7 17.9 17.8 15.7 21.0 15.9 21.0 18.0 18.0 17.2 19.9 10.9 21.0 19.5 19.0 20.5 21.1 22. 4 20! 1 20.2 24.0 21.8 21.5 22. 2 23.0 24.0 22. 4 24.1 19.9 21.8 24.0 22.1 24.0 24.6 21.3 23.9 25.0 14.5 21.8 18.4 16.8 17.8 18.5 20.fi 10.0 20.9 10.0 19.0 19.0 19.9 17.2 20.6 10.3 18.0 18.0 Merid. dist. 12 Declination 70 59 02. 47 17 45 55. 86 39 26 31. 12 53 43 51. 38 59 28 03. 84 38 15 13. 36 49 17 44.25 48 42 17. 69 32 18 23. no 05 46 13.53 40 07 64. 02 57 46 35. 01 43 25 39. 43 54 40 54. 09 57 43 09. 53 40 16 57. 23 47 36 35. 85 50 34 03. 31 36 28 21. 13 01 41 59.62 42 45 58. 17 55 53 49. 60 59 28 06. 12 38 15 13. 59 49 17 44. 53 48 42 18. 00 32 IS 24. 16 65 46 13. 93 40 07 54. 34 57 46 35.43 43 23 39. 81 54 40 54. 53 57 43 10. 03 40.16 57.61 47 36 30. 28 50 34 03. 75 36 28 21. 53 61 42 00. 14 61 51 37.23 36 02 16. 31 Corrections. Microm. + 7 34. 14 - 5 06. 28 4- 8 26. 51 + 01. 27 - 2 14. 19 + 2 50. 78 - 3 13.21 + 00. 47 - 5 15. 00 - 5 00. 93 - 9 49. 27 + 8 25. 27 + 02. 5S - 2 14.81 + 2 48. 04 - 3 12. 87 + 00. 09 - 5 IG. 07 - 5 07. 05 + 3 06. 25 Level. -0.11 -0.13 -0.09 +0.02 -0.31 -0.58 +0.83 +0.09 +0.20 +0.71 -0.20 -0.74 +0.09 -0.13 +0.02 0.00 -0.45 0.00 +0.22 +0. 43 Keffac. +0.17 -0.09 +0.15 0.00 -0.04 +0.03 -0.05 0.00 -0.03 -0.09 — 0. 18 +0.15 0.00 -0.04 +0. 05 -0.03 0.00 -0.08 -0. 09 +0. 03 Red. to merid. Laitude. +0.01 +0.02 49 CO 03. 36 04.75 05.07 02.27 04. 17 04.77 04.33 03.90 03.60 04.06 04.25 04. 03 03.94 04.06 03.59 04.24 03.46 03.37 03.91 49 (10 03. 49 Remarks. Angnst 23. Rejected. August 25. 1(37 168 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Obsen-aUons for LatiUide.— Station Xo. 20— Continuetl. B. A. C. No. Keadinos. 7100 <1GC 7215 7277 7320 Gr. 7-Tr. 2395 7377 7398 7416 7403 7480 74gi| 7.566 7595 7627 76t6 77.55 7765 77?7 7800 7820 7883 7007 7945 7962 8024 8036 8059 8083 8728 8900 8273 8314 8324 120 175 1!)H 219 239 259 Or. 12Tr.73 345 401 438 471 487 MJcrom. 10.618 2D. 621 14. 974 25. 726 22. 365 17. 644 30. 478 10. 797 25. 629 15. 230 1.?. 723 21.831 12. 939 27. 473 22. 344 17. 530 17. 106 23. 670 18.562 22. 519 13. 171 28. 240 9.096 30. 964 28.478 12.160 19. 589 20. 782 16. 072 23. 950 28. 612 13. 507 24.841 10.017 2.3. 237 17 159 10. 071 30. 557 23. 877 16. 699 27. 602 13. 154 16. 974 21.273 29. 607 I1.9C5 13.895 19.097 91. .561 28. 2.54 Level. N. 18.6 21.0 18.4 90.9 19.0 21.0 19.0 20.5 90.0 20.0 19.0 22.0 20.1 91.0 20.0 91.0 19.0 91.6 20.5 90.7 19.8 21.0 19.8 20.7 19.4 21. 2 21.0 19.0 19.6 20.9 19.0 21.1 20.0 20.5 20. 2 90. 4 19.8 21.0 19.0 21. 1 19.9 20.1 20.8 20.1 19.9 90.0 90. 9 21.0 19.0 17.0 19.8 18.1 19.8 18.0 90.0 1H.6 19.5 19.8 90.9 IS. 19.8 19. 9 19.8 19.4 21.7 18. 5 20.1 19.8 20.7 19. 7 21.0 19.9 20.9 19.5 19.8 21.4 21.0 19.0 21.3 20.1 21.4 90.7 21.0 20.9 21.4 21.0 92. 6 20.2 20.0 23. 5 21.9 21.5 91.1 99. 22.0 91.9 21.8 21.9 Merid. dist. 18 Declination. Corrections. ilicrom. Level. Kefrac. Red. to merid. t " 42 45 58. 61 53 33 60. 15 57 67 50. 84 40 41 OS. 55 Sa 09 47. 18 59 45 26. 81 59 28 17. 27 38 52 12.22 62 03 16. 73 36 07 35. 92 45 .59 18. 58 52 04 02. CO 37 42 37. 83 60 39 31. 93 25 20 10. 21 72 34 56. 30 58 47 44. 42 39 05 3.5. 56 .52 01 40. 36 45 54 19. 06 48 50 26.18 49 95 17. 37 74 43 0.5. 64 22 54 23. 20 41 17 22. 08 56 23 51. 28 49 22 11. 80 43 36 44. 09 56 28 29. 75 41 23 28. -6 30 37 59. 35 67 00 99. 33 73 42 30. 93 24 90 40. 53 60 50 03. 54 37 16 23. 06 32 53 20. 57 05 27 25. 03 47 35 47. 42 50 16 ,5.5.49 60 96 01.55 37 49 05. 13 07 00 99. 09 30 45 25. 59 28 04 56.92 69 30 56. 35 43 04 4?. 34 47 59 26. 49 50 03 10.51 50 10 12.38 - 9 50. 28 -f 5 33. 99 + 2 26. 65 -10 11.35 - 5 9;t. 02 - J 30.54 - 7 31. 47 + 2 29. 54 + 3 23. 90 + 2 02. 92 - 7 48. 09 +11 19.29 + 8 26. 89 + 37. 06 + 4 04.71 + 7 49. 21 - 4 34. 10 - 3 08. 80 -10 17.72 + 3 42. 97 - 7 28. 80 + 4 08. 47 + 9 08.01 - 1 10.51 - 7 26.03 +0.80 +0.16 +0.49 +0.90 +0.16 +0.47 +0.47 +0.40 +0.09 +0.29 +0.09 -0.09 +0.04 -0.27 -0. 09 -0.16 -0.30 -0. 49 -0.36 -0.60 -0. 93 -0.70 -0.49 -0. 09 -0.67 -0.18 +0.10 +0.04 -0.18 -0.10 -0. 02 -0.13 +0.05 +0.06 +0.03 -0.13 +0.23 +0.15 +0.01 +0.07 +0.15 -0.09 -0.05 -0. 90 +0. no ^ +0. 04 -0. 13 +0.0S +0.17 -0. 02 -0.13 Latitude. 49 CO 04. 72 03.94 04.18 03.41 03.30 04.20 03.75 03. 24 01.04 02. 95 03.65 03.83 03.70 04.74 04.01 03.57 04.18 04. 33 04. 52 03.93 03. 44 05.13 04.33 04.32 49 00 03.53 Remarks. August 25. EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEU. Observations for Latitude.— Station No. 20— Coutiiuied. 1(39 I 1 B. A. C. No. Ecadings. Declination. Corrections. Latitude. Remarks. Microm. Level. Merid. dist. Miciom. Levol. Refrac. Red. to merid. N. S. fill 650 744 752 825 S9G 25. 608 15. 730 29. 361 18. 3C0 8.840 31. 493 SCO 14.1 20.0 22.0 19.2 23.1 15.8 S8.0 23.0 20. 5 23.4 19.7 m. s. ' '/ 03 40 50. 37 34 23 34. 48 06 50 03. 04 31 11 14.07 19 28 37. 66 78 54 58. 00 / // - 5 06. 84 - 2 04. 28 -11 43.0- -0.62 -0. 32 -0 18 -0. 00 -0.04 -0. 26 O / II 49 00 04. 87 03.91 49 00 03. 72 Angnst 23. Mean latitude (10 dcterminaliout), 4,° CO" 04". 00 t = 0".503 T = 0".335 to = 0".073 To = 0".049 1872, UNITED STATES NOETHERN BOUNDAEY. September 12. Station, Camp No. 1, xeak Pembina, Dak. Observations to determine the value of one turn of tlic micrometer of Zenith Telescope WUrdemann Xo. 7, by the eastern elongation of Folaris, Chronometer Xef/iis 1514, sidereal. [Ob.sprver, W. J. Tn-iuing, Captaiu Uniteil States Engiiieurs.] log cot S = 8.37967(ie log tang <() = O.()6082-.i0 log cos (, = H.-i40-19a6 t„ = S8=> 2j' ll".8 fa in time = 5' 53" 40>.8 Cliio. A. E. = 1' IS" 37>.5 Cliro. time of clong. = 19'' 18'° 56'.7 A. E. of Polaris, 1' IS"" 41'.5 6 of Polaris, 88<= .17' S0".7 Assumed ij', 48° 59' 5li".5 siu (z — :^) — cos 5 sin (T — T„) log coscc i = 0-0001248 log sin ij = 9.K777735 log CCS z„ = 9 877,S!18:! Za = 40° 58' 55".S ■^'^yH'i'~,T,^^ notation and method adopted in this computation are derived from the .article on the Zenith Telescope paeo 300 Vol. II, Chauvenet's Spherical .and Practical Astronomy. f ,i b """. 170 1872. UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. September 21. Station, Camp No. 1, neab Pembina, Dak. Obnervations to determine the value of one division of the level of Zenith Telescope Wilrdc- mann No. 7, in terms of the micrometer. Marie, crosshairs of Zenith Telescope No. 11. [Observer, W. J. Twining, Captain TJuited States Engineers.] No. a a ;= o |-| a ^ 7i Means. a o IS it j5« Meaua. Level, first position. Level, second position. O p o a- §i - 3 ■32 0.2 1.2 V V V N. S. N. S. 1 23. 583 .583 .587 23. 584 21. 071 .057 .066 24.005 10.0 10.3 10.2 64.8 64.7 64.9 54.5 54.4 54.0 20.2 20. 3 20.4 44.3 48.1 1.0838 .0375 . 003306 3 2-1. v:>5 .075 .077 34. 0C9 24. 592 .578 .571 24. 580 16.4 15.9 16.3 58.2 58.8 58.3 60.2 60.0 60.0 14.3 14.5 14.3 44.0 51.1 1. 1591 .0158 .000350 a 24..'i7l .575 .587 24. 578 24. 983 .993 .987 24. 987 18.1 18.3 18.3 56.0 5.5.8 53.9 54.0 54.0 53.8 20.2 2(1. 2 20.3 35.6 40.9 1. 1489 .0056 . 000031 4 31. 987 .096 .090 24. 993 25. 414 .413 .413 25. 413 17.9 18.3 18.« 56.3 56.0 55.8 .54.7 5.5.3 54.7 19.3 18.4 19.2 37.0 42.0 1. 1351 .00 3 . 000067 5 34. S95 . 993 .es9 24. 992 25. 393 .406 .395 25. 398 18.8 18.3 18.3 55.0 55.3 65.2 54.0 53.9 54.0 19.2 19.7 19.5 35.5 40.6 1. 1437 .0004 . COOUOO 6 33.393 .405 .400 25.399 25. 857 .eiio .807 25. 803 16.0 16.1 10.0 .57.1 67.2 57.3 54.5 54.4 54.5 18.3 18.6 18.2 38.0 46.4 1.2003 . 05(i9 . 003237 7 25. 848 .8(13 .8(53 25.858 20. 275 .269 .278 26. 274 16.3 16. 3 16.1 56.3 56.2 56.8 53 3 53.2 53.3 19.0 19. 1 18.8 37.3 41.6 1.1153 .0280 . 000784 8 17. 034 .039 .038 17. 037 17. 400 .400 .398 17.399 20.5 20.6 20.6 51.2 50.9 50.5 53.8 52.4 53.3 18.3 18.6 18.0 32. 1 36.2 1. 1377 . 01.56 . 000343 il 17. 403 . 393 .398 17. 398 17. 765 .77:; .766 17.768 18.3 18.7 18.3 52.2 53.0 53.1 49.3 49.3 49. 3 21.0 21.1 21.0 30.9 37.0 1. 1974 .0541 . 003937 10 17.701 .7tJ9 17. 707 18. ICO . l:!0 .134 18. 131 19.2 19.2 19.1 50.9 50.8 50.7 49.7 51.2 51.4 20.2 18.6 18.6 31.0 35.4 1. 130 1 .0330 . 0C0339 •11 16.323 . 233 .243 18. 233 18. 532 . .541 . .538 18. 534 21.0 21.0 21.0 49.0 49.0 49.1 50. 2 50.0 49.9 19.7 19.8 20. 1 29.0 30.2 1.0414- M( an of 1'' level = 11. 1433 ± .0076 £ = O-l 0356 T = OJ 0.'40 e„ = OJ.IIIW T„ = 0''.0076 I'iZ.T.Ml cro. -^ 0' .78675 I'iZ. r. Level ii 6".89U 5 * Kejei'ted. 171 18 7 3. UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. June 15. Station, Camp No. 2, 20 otles west of Pemrixa. Observations to determine the value of one (livision of the level of Zenith Telescope Wilrdc- maun No. 20, in terms of the mieromcter. Murk, cross-hairs of Transit Telescone Xo. 4. [Observer, Lewis Boss.] No. □ a 'S.2 1 21.031) . OJf| . 10 2 21. ->n . .'i fO .510 3 27. on,-> .o:io . 102 4 2C. 701 .7J8 .7-10 5 14. 820 . 820 .820 G SO. 308 ..3.=;0 .304 7 10.8.->(1 . 8r>2 8 21.430 . 4:i8 .440 21. !I40 . 002 . O^'.'i 10 22. .TIO ..■"..'il 11 14. .'):i(i . .'.23 . 3:in 12 13. 000 . 004 . 8!W 13 13.411 .412 .42J Mcau8. 21. 030 21. 538 27. 09: 21.002 22. .'•>48 21 .542 . 530 .540 22. 131 .134 .128 27. 042 . (!.")>■ .050 2- .38:) . 3.-8 . 383 £0. 383 . 302 .384 20. 886 .883 . 80i 21 412 43-: 457 21 080 003 <)7(i 22 559 5-.H 518 2! 058 053 001 13 014 005 012 13 410 410 413 12 833 824 820 Moans, 20. 380 20. 880 21.443 21.080 13. 010 Lovcl, first Ifositiou. N. 13.0 13. G 14.0 08.0 (8.2 0.8. 4 07.3 07.8 07.0 0.5.2 0.5. 05. 1 07.4 07.0 00. 3 07.3 00. 05. 5 0,5.7 05. (1 05. 1 10.0 00.5 09.0 00. 2 05. 5 05. 3 tt7. 07.0 07.7 40.3 40. 3 40. 2 43. 4 4.1. 2 43, 1 4,8 1 48.2 48.0 50. 1 40.8 49.2 50.4 49.5 40. C 51.8 51. 9 51.9 48.0 48. .5 40. 2 4,*. 1 40. 4 49. 40.3 .'0. 1 50.2 45.0 4.5. 4 40,0 48,0 4!l, 40, 40, 4 46.7 40.7 05, 0,5, 1 05, 2 10,5 10,7 111. 8 05. 5 05, (i 0,5, 7 Level, Second position. 48.5 40.3 49.4 51.2 .52, .52, 1 4,5. 44.8 44.2 49. 2 49, I 49.2 44.4 44,0 43,4 4,5, 44,0 43,8 4^.0 48,3 4-,0 4^,3 4\3 48, 1 44,2 44,2 44,0 42. 42,7 42, 8 00,2 00 3 0,5.8 10,4 10,4 00.8 08, 07 5 07,4 10,2 00.0 08.0 00.5 0.5.8 05.4 12.1 12.4 12,7 07. 1 07, 1 07, 10.9 1 1. 3 12, 10,2 10,8 11,3 07.0 1 0, 00. 00.4 00, 5 10,1 10,2 10,0 11,4 1 1, 5 11.5 48.0 48 2 4,'-, 5 43, 3 43. 3 44,0 45 40, 2 40. 3 3.-;. 6 43.' SO c 5G. 1 52.8 1.512 1.382 1.383 .045 .011 . 000301 . 0C68S9 . 005184 . 003304 . (00484 ,0001 OB 17v! REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 173 Value of level — Continued. Mean value of 1"' of level in tennd of micro. 1.4397. e = .042 T = .0-28 £o = .010 To = .007 l^ot micro. = ''.62035 1'' of level = ".fc93t) ± .0043 1873. UNITED STATES NOETHERN BOUND AEY, June 13. Statiox, Astboxosiical Cajsip No. 2. Observations to determine the value of one turn of the inicromMcr of Zenith Telescope Wurdemann No. 20, at the eastern elonfjafion of Polaris, Chronometer Negus 1513, sidereal. [Observer, AY. J. Twining (.'apttiiu United Slates Engineers. J A. R. of Pol.iris, 1'1I"45>.C3 6 of Polaris, »8° 37' 42". 1 it>, '18° 50' .57". log cot .5 = 8. 379198 lo!;tanu 0= 0.060824 loK CO.S la = H. 440322 ((J )u time = 5''5.'"4l'.2 A. K. = 1'' ll"" 45-.ti Sid. time of elong. = 19'' IV" 04".4 Cbro. fast = 00' 3'» 35>.4 Cbro tinieof eloDi = lu' aii" 39'.8 sin (2— Tyl = cos d &'m T ~ T^ log sin ^ = 9. 99987.5 log sin = 9. 877774 log cos ?„ = 9. 877899 ?n = 40° 58 5.5".0 Level. T. 1-Ta Z-Z, S-2 ? ^ c c i i .2 § IT Z-Z \ V 1 I vv Sj .S c i*. .o a N. s. -= = o t-.5 - c a 1 g = ti 'i. CC .= ?i s o 5 « £ > A. 7>l. s. h. m. /?. 1, ti II 1 25. 28.8 32.8 18 59 02. -00 22 37. 8 +486. 74 19 +0.10 - .0014 9.0014 560. 42 62. 259 .184 33856 2 24.5 28.5 33.0 19 00 32. 5 21 07.3 454. 39 20 0.50 . 0072 9. 0072 558. 76 62 035 40 1600 3 24. 28.7 32.8 1 57.5 19 42. 3 423. 50 ,81 0.05 .0007 9. 0007 559. 59 62. 172 97 9409 4 23.5 28.5 33.0 3 £5.0 18 14.8 392. 68 22 0.80 .0115 9.0115 558. 96 62. 027 48 2304 5 23. 28.1 33.2 4 49.5 10 50.3 36J. 43 23 0. 90 .0130 9.0130 559. 39 62. 065 10 100 6 22.5 28.7 32.9 6 21.0 15 1,8. 8 329. 06 24 0.25 .0036 9. 0036 559. Oil 62. 096 21 441 7 22. 29.0 33.0 7 47. 5 13 52. 3 298. 66 25 0.66 .0086 9. f 086 558. 39 61. 981 91 8281 8 21.5 28.7 33.2 9 09.5 12 30. 3 269. 27 26 +0. 25 .0050 9. 0050 559. 47 62. 138 63 3909 9 21. 29.0 32.9 10 37.5 11 02.3 237. 71 27 -0.35 - .0.504 8. 9950 5-9. 63 62.216 .141 19881 10 20.5 29. 33.0 11 59. 09 40. 8 20i 48 28 0.(0 + . OOilO 9. OOOO 501. 03 62. 337 .2(!2 68044 U 20. 28.7 33.2 13 33. 08 06. 8 174. 75 29 +0. 6U . 0086 9. 0080 558. 44 01.989 86 7396 12 19.5 29.0 32.9 14 57. 5 06 42. 3 144. 43 30 0. 35 . 0050 9. 0050 559. 62 62.145 70 4900 1) 19. 29.0 33.0 10 25. 05 14.8 113.02 31 0.60 .0086 9. 00,"6 559. 15 61 068 07 49 H 18.5 28.6 33.3 17 51. 5 03 48. 3 81.97 32 0.35 . 00.50 9. 0050 5,57. 95 61.960 .115 13325 15 18. 28.8 33.1 19 17.0 02 22. 7 51.24 33 0.95 . 0137 9.0137 559. 03 62 019 56 31.36 Hi 17.5 23.8 33.0 20 45. 5 -00 00 54. 3 + 19. .50 34 0.75 .0108 9.0108 558. 70 62 3 72 5184 17 17. 28.4 33.4 22 10. 5 +00 00 30. 7 - 11.02 35 0.75 .0108 9. 0108 557. 23 61.839 .236 55690 1-1 1(1. 5 29.1 32.8 23 38. 5 01 58. 7 42 02 36 -t-0.85 + .0122 9. 0122 558. 81 62.006 69 4761 19 20 IC. 1.5. 5 29.1 28.9 32.9 34 4 25 0.5. 26 30. 5 03 25. 2 04 50. 7 73. 03 101.37 21 1,5. 29. 33.0 27 57. 5 06 17. 7 135. 60 M >.aa 02".075 ± .011 22 14.5 29.4 32.3 29 23. 07 43. 2 166. 28 23 14. 29. 3 32.6 30 4a 5 09 OS 7 156. 96 Mea 1, 62". 07 24 13.5 29. 5 33.2 32 19. 10 39. 2 229. 43 Dorr, for refrac., 4. 0".03 25 13. 29. 5 32.3 33 43.5 12 03. 7 259. 73 V.iluo of aeturn of micron ., 62".04 1 2li 12.5 29. 3.). 35 03. 5 13 2-'. 7 290. 20 27 12. 28.0 33. 2 36 37. 14 57.2 .321.92 £ = 0".118 2S 11.5 29.0 33.0 38 02. 5 lii 22.7 352. 55 T = 0".079 29 11. 29. 4 32.7 39 29. 5 17 49.7 383. 69 f„ = 0".028 30 10. 5 29. 33.2 40 57. 5 19 17.7 41.5. 19 T, = 0".010 31 10. 29. 5 32 3 42 24. 20 44. 2 446. 13 32 9.5 29.0 3.i.0 43 47. 5 22 07. 7 47.5. 98 33 9. 29.8 32.2 45 10.5 23 30. 7 507. 78 34 8.5 29.6 32.3 40 44. 5 25 04. 7 539. 20 35 8. 29.0 :i2.0 48 05.9 26 26. 1 568. 21 30 7.5 30.0 32.0 49 39. +00 27 59. 2 -601.43 174 1873. UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. June 14. Station, Astroxojiical Camp TSo. 2. Observaiions to determine the vahie of one turn of the micrometer of Zenith Telescope i eastern elongation of Folaris, Chronometer Xeptis 1513, Wiirdemanti iV'o. 20, c(t the sidereal. [Observer, "W. J. Twining, Captain TJnitcd States Engineers.] log cot I = e. 373203 loE tang * = 0. 0110824 log cos („ = 8. ■I40033 'o = ,'.6 i of Polaris, eS° 37' 4:i".0 88= 2.V l-".8 sin (Z - Zo) = cos d sin (T - To) - Si'.W" 41" .2 Ih 11" 4G'.6 Ull< 18" 0,'i'.4 CO'' 3" 3,"i".0 Itl'Sl" 40". 4 log sin (? = 0. 000125 log sin = n. 977744 log cos r„ = f>. H77,S119 Za =^ 40° 58' nD".0 bo a Level. .a E (h* '5 T r-n 2-^0 1 a: e z-z- > P ^ V ?)ii a o N. S. .3 2 Ct-, o o o a« Sa" '2 sa =: ^ s o O 5 5 rt P- h. m. s. m. s. „ It If 1 29. 24.7 24.5 18 48 44.0 -32 56.4 -707. 20 21 - .8 -.0115 9. 9885 620. 17 62. 088 .012 144 2 28.5 24.3 29.7 50 10. 5 31 29.9 070. 65 22 .4 .0058 9. 9942 • 621. 04 02. 140 40 lOU 3 28. 24.3 24.7 51 45.5 29 54. 9 642. 65 23 .35 .0030 9. 99.50 61H.81 61,912 .188 33344 4 27.5 24.4 24.6 53 11.5 28 28. 9 012.02 24 .4 .0038 9. 9942 017.63 01. 798 .303 912C4 5 27. 24.4 24.0 54 33. 5 27 06. 9 5f2. 79 25 .4 .0058 9. 9942 020. ,52 62. Of 8 12 144 6 20.5 24.3 24.6 55 59. 23 41. 4 552.30 26 .4 . Oi)58 9. 9942 621. 62 02. 198 9,S 9601 7 26. 24.3 24.5 57 22. 5 24 17.9 522. 49 27 1.05 .0151 9. 9K49 022. 10 62.310 .210 44100 8 25.5 24.3 24.5 of 54. 5 22 4.5.9 489. 63 3d 1.0 .0144 9. 9856 020. .53 62. 143 43 1H49 9 25. 24.0 2.">. 19 00 21. 5 21 ia9 458. 54 29 .6 . UOl-6 9.9914 621. .56 63.210 .110 12100 10 24.5 24.0 24.9 01 50. 5 19 49.9 436. 71 30 .6 . 0j86 9.9914 620. 05 63. 058 42 1764 11 24. 24.0 24.8 03 1.5. 18 25. 4 3n6. 48 31 .7 .0101 9. 9899 620. 13 03. 070 24 .570 12 23.5 24.0 25.0 04 46. 5 16 5.3. 9 363. 72 32 .63 .0094 9.99B6 01 7. .33 01.790 .310 90IOO 13 23. 23. 7 2.i.2 06 09. 5 15 30. 9 33.5. 42 33 .35 . 00,50 9. 9950 021.11 62. 142 43 1704 14 22.5 24.0 24.9 07 34. 5 14 05. 9 303. 54 34 .03 .0094 9. 9900 6.2. 74 62 333 . 233 54289 15 22.0 24.0 25.0 09 04. 12 36. 4 271.45 35 .45 .0005 9. 9933 C21.27 62. 167 07 4489 16 21.5 23.8 2S.0 10 26. 11 14.4 242. 05 36 .30 .0043 9. 9937 621. 77 63. 204 .104 10816 17 21.0 23.7 25.0 11 6.5.5 9 44.9 £09. 95 37 .30 .0043 9. 99.57 619.56 61. 983 .117 13089 18 20. 5 23.5 25.0 13 21.0 8 19.4 179. 27 38 .15 . 0022 9. 9978 021.07 63.121 21 441 19 20. 23.5 25.0 14 47. 5 52. 9 148. 23 39 .10 .0014 9. 9980 620. 78 62. 087 13 169 20 19.5 23. 5 24.9 16 14.0 5 20. 4 117.10 40 -.10 -.0014 9. 9966 621, 36 C2. 145 43 21135 21 19. 23.4 24.8 17 33. 4 02.4 87.03 22 18.5 23.6 24.8 19 05. 5 2 34.9 55.61 23 24 18. 17.5 2.3. 5 23.5 24.6 24.5 20 34. 21 56.0 - 1 06. 4 + 1.5. 6 - 23.84 + .5.00 Mean 62" 100 ± . 021 25 26 27 28 17. 16.5 16. 15.5 23.5 2.3.4 22.8 22.9 24.5 24.5 25.1 25.1 23 25. 5 24 63. 5 26 18.0 27 43. 1 43. 1 3 13.1 4 37.6 6 04.6 37.73 09.32 99.67 130. eo Corr. <'or Vahio of one lean, 62". 0997 refr., — ". 0314 urn, 62". 068 29 15. 22.8 25.0 29 14. 5 7 34.1 163.03 0.112 0.094 0. 032 0.021 30 31 32 14.5 14. 13.5 22.9 22.9 22.8 25. 25.1 25.1 30 39. 32 03. 5 33 27. 8 58.6 10 23. 1 n 46.6 193. 34 223. 65 2-a 00 r = 33 13. 22. 9 25. 1 34 66. 5 13 16.1 283. (i9 To = 34 35 12.5 12. 22 8 23.0 2.5.0 24. 9 36 30. 37 55. 5 14 49. 6 16 15. 1 319. 20 319. i-2 Mt an l\v T peight of the tw ) scTies— first ta ken Ji mc 13, 36 11.5 23.0 24.8 39 19.0 17 3S. 6 37!)! 72 SCCl ud, Jul! s 14. Adoiited val le of onetnm 02' . 0.35 ± .014. 37 11. . 23.0 24. 9 40 42. 5 19 02. 1 409.61 .'« III. 5 23. 24.8 42 12. 5 20 32. 1 441. ?0 39 10. 2!.0 24.7 43 38. 5 21 58. 1 472. .55 40 9.5 23.0 24.6 19 45 07. +23 20. +504.17 175 1873. UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. June 13. Station, Camp No. 3. Observation for value of one division of level of Zenith Tvkucope No. 11, WiiriJemann, in terms of the micrometer. [Observer, Lieut. J. F. Gregory.; si o Eeadings. Differences. Id. V ■vv Slicronieter. Level. c'*^ ilierom. Levil. 6 Snccessive. Mean a. N. S. t. d. il!i. 4 9!). 5 ns. 3 99. 03 CO. 3 10. 1 1 81.5 1-3. ri 1 1 80.0 1 81.3 82.9 78.2 03.7 1 81.7 1 80.8 18.0 02. 58.3 14.0 82.7 48. 23 1.714 + . 040 .OOiO 00. 9 2 03. 1 52.5 00.4 3 29. 2 28.2 2 52.2 2 52.0 18.0 GC.9 08.4 10.0 71.4 43.95 1. 625 - .C44 .0019 3 27.5 3 S8. 3 19.0 07.7 70.3 47.80 1. .^.IC - .073 . 00.03 3 27. 28. 2 .11. 2 3 28.8 CO. 1 12.0 3 98.7 99. 4 4 4 02.5 3 99.1 4 01.9 . 3 99. 3 4 83.1 80.8 4 00.2 4 00.1 19.0 OS. 08.3 09. C 71.4 40. SO 1. .045 - .124 . 0104 81.2 4 83.2 80.5 81.6 5 50.2 58. C 4 81.7 4 81.4 19.0 C3.0 58.5 Vx 1 81. C 48. 95 1. 1:07 - .0112 .0000 c 5C. 1 5 58. a 58.6 50. C 3!l. 3 38.3 5 57.0 5 57. 4 17.7 C4.0 CO.O 13.9 75.0 44.30 1.707 + . 038 . 0014 7 37.7 C 38.0 33. 8 38. 7 7 07.7 o;i. C 38.4 6 30. 8 19. 64.0 58. C 14.1 81.0 44.85 1. 800 + .137 . 0188 8 08.1 7 08.3 20.3 57.7 71.5 43.05 I. 638 - .031 .0010 17G EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 177 Observations for value of one division of level, c£c. — Continued. Eeadings. Differences. Id V tJB Micrometer. Level. <«—* O'^ Microm. Level. 1 Successive. Means. N. S. ( d. 7 07.5 07.5 06.8 7 07.3 64.0 14.0 7 8."). 3 88.0 9 88.3 7 86.3 87.9 86.9 8 52. 3 52.4 7 87.2 7 87.0 17.7 63.0 00.3 1.5. 79.9 46.3 1. 726 + .057 .0032 10 .51.9 8 53.7 54.0 51.8 9 26.8 29.0 8 52.2 8 53.2 24.5 65.8 54. 8 12.7 65.2 39. 15 1.665 -0.004 .0000 u 27.1 9 27. 6 21.0 57.3 74.4 44.70 1.664 - .005 .0000 9 98. 3 2H. 9 2d. 9 28.4 64.1 14.2 10 07. 09.0 12 07.5 10 03. 2 06.1 10.3 10 81.3 80.4 10 07. 8 10 03.2 19.7 63.0 58. 5 15. 4 79.4 41.35 1.790 + .121 .0146 13 83.0 10 82. 7 80. 80.7 11 63.2 59. 8 10 81.6 10 81.1 19.9 60.2 58.5 12.1 73.4 4,3. 10 1.703 + . 0.34 .0012 14 60.0 11 60.0 60.9 68.9 12 37. 3 35.3 11 00.7 11 63.3 19.7 65.0 .58.0 13.4 79.6 46. 50 1. 712 + .043 .0018 15 36.2 12 37. 4 36.8 36.8 13 16.8 16.8 12 36.2 12 37. 19.7 66.0 58.7 12.0 72.9 45. 30 1.609 - .060 .0036 16 20.8 13 17. 6 17.4 17.3 13 98. 8 14 01.5 13 18. 1 13 17. 4 19.5 63.0 5S. 5 15.0 81.1 46. 50 1.744 + .075 .0050 17 13 99. 9 14 03. 4 01.2 0i5 14 70. 2 74.9 14 00. 1 14 02. 4 17.0 60.0 60.9 18.0 82.7 45. 95 1.800 4- .131 .0172 18 76.7 14 75.9 19.2 58.7 73. 5 40.75 1.804 - .135 .0182 N B- -12 178 TTNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COJIMISSION. Observations for value of one division of level, &c. — Continaed. i n Eeaslings. DiffercDces. 1 ■!. il t>v Micrometer. Level. *t; w Microm. Level. D Snccessivo. Means. X. S. t d. 14 74.5 76.0 74.9 14 75. 1 63. 3 lao 15 48. 2 47.9 19 46.0 13 47. 47- - !■; 1-. 7 17. C 13 47. 4 15 47. 4 32.3 63.0 .55. 7 15.2 72 3 45.85 1.577 - .092 .0083 20 19.9 IG 01. 00.7 02.3 69.5 16 B3.3 16 1.^.7 16 02.0 20.5 53.0 57.6 19.7 71.3 43.03 1.680 + .011 .0001 oi 69 4 6:j. fi7.5 17 .17. 3 37.9 16 19. 1 16 69. 19.6 63.0 5a5 13.1 07.1 33.90 1.728 + .059 .00!3 22 36.0 17 36. 7 36.5 37.0 1^ M - 17 37. I 17 36. 7 32.7 66.3 53.3 11.7 07.3 43.25 1. .593 - .o:< 18 11. 3 14.0 ILO 13 87. 9 86.2 13 11.3 18 121 21.3 64.0 56.5 14.0 74.6 44.90 1.1-61 - .003 .0001 24 91.0 18 9L5 90.0 91.1 19 57. 2 56.2 18 83.4 18 90. 9 19.5 63.0 58.5 13.4 76.3 41.50 :.". 10 -f .046 .0021 35 55.0 19 57. 1 54.3 55.8 20 33.9 33. 2 19 36.1 19 .53. 7 22.3 63.0 53.8 13.5 6.1. 2 40. 1.'. - .037 .0032 2G .•iO.O 31.6 21 04.4 03.7 20 32 4 •20 34. 4 19.8 62.8 53.5 13.7 76.7 45. Ill !- . 032 .0010 27 03.0 21 04. 8 02.9 04.2 21 Si 2 80.3 21 03.7 21 04.0 20.0 68.5 33.2 10.0 69.3 43.65 1.025 - .044 .0319 23 82.5 21 SI. 7 20.0 5a5 77.7 4S.50 1.603 - .007 EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. Observations for value of one division of level, . 40.85 1.501 - .078 .0001 40 29 41. 2 41.4 42.0 30 16. 8 16.0 16.5 29 41.5 30 16. 4 68.0 21.5 12. 58.3 74.9 46.40 1.G14 - .055 .0030 41 .30 17.2 18.6 17.9 30 i-n. 7 80.5 81.8 30 17. 9 30 81.0 64. 24.2 16.0 55.3 03. 1 30.80 1. .'^.85 - .084 .0071 .2400 d = 1.GG88 ± .003. 1873. UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOONDARY. June 14. Station, Camp No. 3. Determination of value of one turn of the Mia-ometer, Zenith Telescope Wiirdemann No. 11, hy observation of Polaris at eastern elongation. [ObaeiTer, Captain J. r. Gregory, United States Engineers.] ip = 49° 00' 02". Time of elong. by cbron. 1431, lO' 25" 28>.0. .0 « |.b Level. son .H « 6 _ E i" <^ «j.2 |i — '5*i ^ g a ^ T T-T„ Z-Za .a a H f" Z-Z' A- V N. s. h. m. s. TTt'. f!. It ,, 1 a 39.0 42.0 18 62 58. 5 - 32 29. 3 + 697. 6 1 -witb 12 15.477 404.0 73. 763 .616 a 8.5 38.5 42.2 54 33. 5 30 54. .5 668.0 2 13 .477 411.2 75. 079 . 680 3 9. 38.3 42.3 66 12.2 29 15.8 628 8 3 14 .434 408.1 74.416 .017 4 9.5 37.3 42.5 67 58. 2 27 29. 8 .590. 9 4 13 .4.S7 407.1 74. 194 . 205 5 10. 38.5 42.4 18 59 29.2 25 58. 8 558.5 •15 16 .475 413.3 75. 489 1. mio] 111 6 10.5 37.0 44.4 19 01 22. :< 24 05. 7 518.1 6 17 .498 409.7 74. 510 7 11. 37.5 44.0 03 08. 5 22 19.5 480.2 7 18 .508 408.0 74. 074 .325 8 11.5 37.7 44.5 04 57.0 20 31. 448.4 8 19 .409 400.8 73. 966 .433 9 12. 38.4 44.0 06 39. 3 18 48. 7 404 e 9 20 . 4.'2 407.1 74. 201 . 1..8 10 12.5 37.5 44.0 08 20. 5 17 07.5 368.5 10 21 .492 408.4 74. 363 .0:10 11 13. 37.8 44.2 10 05. 15 23. 331.1 11 22 . 497 407.8 74. 186 .213 12 13.5 37.7 43.5 11 50.0 13 38. 29.3. 6 23 34 .482 406.9 74. 225 . 174 13 14. 37.3 44.0 13 32. 5 11 5.5.5 256. 8 24 35 .490 409. 8 74.294 . 1C5 14 14.5 37.8 43.7 15 13.2 10 14.8 220. 7 25 36 .490 409.0 74. 499 . 100 15 15. 37.1 44.0 16 56. 08 32. 183.8 26 37 .488 409. 3 74. 5f 1 .182 IG l.\5 37.1 04.0 18 43. 4 06 44.0 14.5. 2 27 38 . 492 407.8 74. 253 . 140 17 16. 37.0 44. C 20 26. 2 05 01. 8 108.4 28 39 .492 408.7 74.417 .018 18 16.5 37.8 4:1.4 23 06. 7 03 21. 3 72.2 S9 40 .498 410.8 74.718 .319 19 17. 37.1 44.0 23 51. 5 - 01 30. 5 + 34.6 30 41 .492 407.2 74.144 . C55 20 17.5 36.7 44.5 25 34. 5 + 00 06. 5 - 02. 3 31 42 .488 407.4 74. 235 . 164 21 18. 36.8 44.2 27 19. 01 51.0 39.9 32 43 .488 411.1 74. 909 .510 22 18.5 37.3 44.0 29 01.7 03 33. 7 76.7 33 44 5.480 407.1 74. S07 . 192 23 24 19. 19.5 36.7 36.0 44.5 44.6 30 40. 5 32 28. 05 18. 5 07 00. 114.3 150. 8 25 20. 36.fi 4.5.0 34 11.3 08 43. 3 187.8 J2= 7 1". 347 .0:i0 1". 31 ± . 26 20.5 36. C 44.7 3.5 51. 5 10 23. 5 223.8 Corr. for ae of one t 27 28 21. 21.5 36.4 36.0 44.9 43.0 37 36. 39 23. 12 08. 13 55. 261.3 299. 6 V.il irn = 7 03 29 22. 35.8 45.1 41 02.5 15 34. 5 335. 3 30 22.5 35.8 45.2 42 51. 17 23.0 374.1 ♦ Rpjfcteil t This is t 31 32 33 23. 23.5 24. 36.0 36.1 36.0 4.-,. 44 30. 5 19 02. 5 469. 4 le intervn: 3. 5 revoh itions corr ccteil for 45.0 4.5.1 46 09.3 47 58. 5 20 41.3 S2 30. 5 445.0 484.1 tbe differenc e in the le -els at the two obseri nations. 34 24.5 35.7 45.6 49 42. 3 24 14.3 521.2 35 25. 36.0 4.5.2 51 27.2 23 59.2 558.6 30 25.5 36.0 45.0 53 15.0 27 47. 596.8 37 26. 36.0 45.5 54 56.0 29 28. 633. 1 38 26.5 36.0 45.5 50 37.2 31 09. 2 669.1 39 27. 35.6 45.6 19 58 27.2 32 59. 2 708.3 40 27.5 36.0 45.5 20 00 14.2 34 46. 2 746.1 41 28. 3.5.6 46.0 01 53.2 36 25. 2 781.3 42 28.5 35.6 46.0 (13 33. 3 28 0.5. 3 816.8 43 29. 35.7 46.0 03 24.3 39 50. 3 836.1 44 29.5 35.4 46.2 20 07 04. + 41 36. 9 - 891.2 181 1873. UNITED STATES NOETHERN BOUNDARY. July 19. Station, Turtle Mouktadj Depot (east side), Dak. Observations to determine the value of one division of the level of Zenith Telescope WUrde- mann i\'o. 11 in terms of the micrometer. Mark, cross-hairs of Transit Telescope No-. i. [Observer, W. J. Twining, Captain United States Engineers.] No. H Means. .9-2 if 3. Means. Love posi . first tion. Level, second position. a J3. p. H •S.5 a fa II V 82 0724 N. s: N. S. 1 21. 4!lj .4r8 .4^3 21. 489 20. 775 .785 . 772 20. 777 57.4 57.5 57.0 1.5.0 1,5.0 15.2 15.0 15.8 15.5 57.8 57.9 ^>f^. 2 42. 4 71.2 1.079 ' I'.i. mo .0^0 .Oiil .509 19.913 20. 002 .031 .010 .016 20. 010 10.9 10.8 17.0 10.9 57.2 57.1 57.1 57.0 57.7 57.0 .57.8 57.7 1.5. 3 15.9 1,5. 9 15.8 41.0 70.3 1.715 46 2110 :i 20. 508 .5d7 20. 593 21. 382 .381 .305 21.370 15. 7 1.5.6 15.5 .'^8. 2 58. 58. 8 58.5 .58.5 15.4 1,5.5 15. « 43.0 78.3 1. 821 60 3600 4 • 21. 3.57 .303 21.358 29. 098 .096 .096 22. 097 15.9 10.1 16.2 58.8 .58. 8 58.7 .57.5 57.6 57.7 17.3 17.3 17. 5 41.4 73.0 1.785 24 576 5 22. 008 .OKU .103 22. 097 22. 825 .808 .t07 23. 813 19.3 19.3 19.2 50. 4 5(;. 8 50.9 59.0 00.0 1:0.0 16. 10.7 10.7 40.4 71.0 1. 772 11 121 li 22.811 .ml .805 22. 808 23. 490 .500 ..503 23. 602 19.8 19.9 19.9 57. 3 57.4 58.6 58. 5 £8.0 1.=. 2 18.2 1.-. 2 38.9 09.4 1.784 23 029 ~ 23. 407 .401 .407 23. 485 24. 265 .203 .206 24. 205 16.0 10.0 15.8 01.3 01.4 01.8 58.7 58.7 58. 8 18.5 18.0 18.6 42.9 78.0 1.818 57 3219 8 24. 2.')2 " !27C .2.')0 24.259 24. 939 .947 .941 24. 942 20.9 21.0 21.3 50.9 50.9 £6.9 fO.9 10.9 01.0 16.8 16.8 16.8 39.9 68.3 1.712 49 2401 1) 10 21.920 . 942 .938 25. 703 .714 .713 25. 090 .713 .600 20. 450 .403 .458 25. 700 26.457 18.5 18.5 18.3 18.0 17.9 17.9 .■^9. 5 59.0 r9. 59. n (0.1 00.0 61.0 61.1 00.8 60.8 60.9 61.0 10.8 16.7 10.9 10.6 16.5 16.5 42.7 41.3 76.7 74.7 1. 790 1.725 35 36 1235 1296 25. 710 I (iiv. of level = 1.701 div. microm. £ = .049 r = .033 f„ = .016 T„ = .010 \m 1873- UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. July 18. Station, Tuiitle Mouxtain Depot (east side). Dak. Observations to determine the value of one turn of the micrometer of Zenith Telescope Wilrde- mann No. 11, hj the eastern elongation of Polaris; Chronometer 1513 Negus. [Observer, W. J. Twining, Capt.-iiu "DDited States Engineers.) log cot (5 = 8.3790943 log tang = 0.061C7-)3 log cos ?„ = 8.4407C93 lo = 8H° 25' 08".2 t(t in time = j"" 5 »■" 40\.5 A. E. r; II' 12» n\5 Sid. time of elong. = 19'' IS'" HT'.O Clironoiuetercorr. = 0'' IJ"' 25^8 Cllro. time elong. = W' 31'"02«.8 A. E. of Polaris, 1'' 12'" 1>. R S of PoLiris, 88" 37' 4:i".3 Assumed (S, 49° 03' 17".0 sin (Z-Xj) = 008(5 sin (T-T„) log sin 6 = 9.9998750 log sin = 9.8781401 log cosr„ = 9.8782(i45 Za = 40° 05' 34" a Level. 5 a g 1 rt '^i o 0^ ' a 1 i £ T T-T„ 2-Zo ■=4 ■2 M ■5 z-Z' z V V !> E £ N. S. Q a (f. .« *" o V sa 5c ^ s a f3 Q > h. m. if. ■ m. 8. „ // ,, 1 28. 30.5 35.8 19 01 5.5.5 -29 07. 3 -635. 55 22 -1..50 . 0364 10. 4736 780. 85 74. 554 .210 44100 2 27.5 30.3 36.3 03 41.5 27 31. 3 587. 78 23 1. 05 .0185 . 4815 779. 14 . 3.i5 9 81 3rt44 3 27. 30.0 30.5 05 20. 25 36. 8 ojO. 52 24 1.05 .0185 . 4815 779. 89 .406 62 4 20.5 30.0 36.5 07 o;). 5 23 53. 3 513.68 25 1.05 . 0185 . 4815 780. 06 . 4 -.'3 79 6241 5 26. 30.0 36.5 08 .52. 22 10. 8 470. 98 20 1. 05 .0185 .4815 780.01 .418 74 5.1 7fj 6 25. 5 29.8 30.7 10 34. 5 20 23. 3 440. 34 27 1.45 . 0335 . 4745 1 780. 99 .5GI .217 47(t87 7 25. 29.8 36.9 12 20. 18 4i8 402. 01 28 1. 25 .0230 . 4781) 1 780. 49 .4)-8 .144 20730 8 24.5 29.8 36.9 14 04 16 58. 8 36.5. 39 29 1.10 .0211 . 4789 1 779. 77 .413 G!) 4711 1 9 24. 29.9 37.0 15 50. 5 15 12.3 337. 25 30 1.25 .03-.0 .47t0 , 778.10 . *2t,0 84 7056 10 23.5 21.9 37.1 17 34. 13 28. 8 210. 17 31 1.25 . 0230 . 4780 1 778. 54 . :i(\'2 42 1764 11 23. 30.0 37.1 19 15. 5 11 47.3 2r.3. 79 32 1. 30 . 0329 .4771 ' 779. 12 . 3(i4 2U 400 12 2i5 29.8 37.3 SO 59, 10 03. 8 216. C8 33 1. 15 . 6202 . 4798 779. 29 .413 60 4761 13 22. 29. 7 37. 4 23 42. 5 8 20. 3 178. 12 34 l.OO .0170 .4824 j 778.34 . 2rr2 92 84G4 14 21.5 29.7 37.0 24 27. 5 r, 3.5. 3 141.88 35 .00 .0108 . 4842 1 779. 14 . 3 1 G 28 784 15 21. 29.8 37.6 26 09. 4 53. 8 105. 40 30 1.05 . (185 . 4815 ' 778. 30 . srif) 89 7921 16 20.5 29.7 37.6 27 53. 3 09.8 68.13 37 .(0 . 0106 . 4894 i 778. 82 .248 96 9216 17 20. 29. H .37.7 2!) 37. 5 - 1 2.5.3 - .30.63 38 . 55 .0097 .4903 ; 778.95 . 254 90 8 100 18 19.5 29.8 37. G 31 20.0 + 17. 2 + 0.17 39 . 55 .f017 . 4903 , 779. 39 . 2!)() 48 2304 19 19. 21.6 37. H 33 OJ. 2 00. 2 43.15 49 .91 .01.58 . 4842 1 779. 07 .309 35 1225 2,-,!l:>| 20 18.5 2.1. 38.0 34 4^.5 3 45.7 81.03 41 .85 .0150 .48.50 ' 777. HI . 16 J l(il 21 22 23 24 18. 17.5 17. 16.5 29.6 2.1.0 21. 7 29.6 38.0 37.9 37.8 38.2 S6 39 5 33 1,5. 5 39 56. 41 42.0 5 27. 7 7 12.7 8 53. 2 10 3 1. 2 117.62 15.5. 30 191.36 231. 37 4J -0.75 - .0132 10. 4868 777. 77 .l(iO 178 31684 I tlean valu 1 of one turn, 74".3'1 4 ± .010 25 10. 21.0 38.2 43 25. 5 12 23.7 260. 48 2(5 1.5. 5 29.6 38. 2 45 07. 3 14 04. 7 301.03 Mf.ati 71". 3-14 27 15. 21.0 38.8 46 r.2. 5 15 41. 7 311. 65 CoiT. foi' reirau. ".031 i 2j 14.5 2\ 1 38.7 48 36. 5 17 3.i. 7 377. 88 \':ilnc oi o no turn of mitrom. 74".308 29 14. 29. I 3^.6 50 18.5 19 15. 7 414.38 3(1 13. 5 29. 1 38.7 02 03. 5 20 57. 7 450. 85 c — 0".110 31 13. 29. 1 38.8 53 4.5. 5 23 43. 7 488. 37 r = 0".071 32 12.5 SI. 1 38.8 65 29. 24 26. 2 53.5. 33 £{, — 0".034 3.) 1.'. 29.1 38.9 57 13.5 26 10. 7 502.61 Tf, = 0".016 34 11.5 21.2 38.9 19 58 .59. 27 56. 2 6 (1. 22 35 I). 29. 2 33.9 20 00 43. 29 40.2 17. 20 30 11'. 5 21l! T 39.0 02 23. 31 20.2 673. 84 37 10. 29. 5 38.6 04 01.5 33 06. 7 710.69 ?,H 9.5 29.5 38. 5 05 55. 5 34 .52. 7 748. 33 39 9. 29.6 38.5 07 40. 5 36 37.7 785. ^6 40 8.5 29.1 39.1 09 24. 38 21.2 832 23 41 8. 29. 1 39. a 11 07.5 40 04. 7 858. 8'i 42 7.5 21.2 39.1 20 12 51. + 41 4.'-'. 2 895. 39 If.i 1874. UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. June 18.5. FoitT EuFOKD, Dakota. Observations to determine the value of one turn of the micrometer of Zenith Telescope Wiirdemann No. 20 ; Chronometer Negus No. 1513, eastern elongation of Polaris. [Observer, J. F. Gregory, Captain TJnited States Engineers.) CbroDometer-time of elongation, 19'' 18™ 12". No. Chronom. Correction to motion Correction Corrected No Chronom. Correction to motion in vertical Correctiftn Corrected 15 rev. in- time. in vertical. lor levfl. time. lime. lor level. time. terval. V 1 h. m. s- 18 38 40. + 11.8 s. + 0-0 h. m. s. 18 38 52. 4 31 h. in. s. 19 2i 21. 9 0. s. - 0.7 h. m. s. 19 22 21. 2 260.8. 8 s. 3, 7 2 40 07. 9 10.5 + 0.7 40 19. 1 33 23 50. 5 0. 0.8 23 49. 7 10.6 5.5 3 41 38.0 9.3 + 0.7 41 48.0 33 25 10.3 0. 1.1 25 15.2 07. 2 2, 1 4 43 08.2 8.3 - 0.4 43 14.1 34 20 44.9 - 0.1 1.1 26 4 J. 7 Ooid 4^5 5 44 32.8 7.3 + 0.7 44 40.8 35 28 10.6 0.2 1. 1 28 09.3 08. 5 3 4 6 46 00. 8 0.3 + 0.4 46 07. 5 .•i6 29 37. 0.2 1.2 20 35. 6 08. 1 3. 7 47 27. 6 5.5 + 0.0 47 33. 7 37 31 03. 9 0.4 1.2 31 02.3 0,8. 3.5 8 48 54. 3 4.7 + 0.9 48 .59.9 38 32 33. 4 0.5 1.2 32 31.7 IL 8 G. 7 9 50 24. 4. 1 0.0 50 as. 1 39 33 59. 0.8 1.2 33 57.0 08. 9 3. 8 10 51 51.3 3.4 0.0 51 54. 7 40 35 27. 1.0 1.4 35 24.6 09. 9 4,8 11 53 20. 6 2.9 0.0 53 23. 5 41 36 52. 6 1.3 1.4 30 49. 9 06. 4 1.3 12 54 48.0 2.4 + 0.4 54 50. 8 42 38 20. 7 1.5 1.4 38 17. 8 07.0 1, LI 56 13. 7 2.0 + 0.1 56 15. 8 43 39 46. 1.9 1.4 39 42. 7 06.9 I, 8 14 57 ^3. 4 1.6 + 0.1 57 45. 1 44 41 13.8 2.3 1.4 41 10. 1 05, 0. 1 IS 18 59 10. 1.3 + 0.1 18 .59 11.4 45 42 40. 2.8 1.4 42 35. 8 01. 4 0.7 IB 19 00 38.4 1.0 + 0.2 19 00 39. 6 46 44 09. 4 3.3 1.4 44 04. 7 0.5. 1 0.0 17 02 01. 4 0.8 + 0.2 03 05. 4 47 45 35. 4 3.9 1.4 45 30. 1 04.7 0, 4 18 01 33.5 0.6 - 0.2 03 33. 9 48 47 07. 9 4.5 1.4 46 56.0 ((2. 1 3, 19 05 (10. 0.4 - 0.5 04 59. 9 49 48 29. 5.3 2. 1 48 21.0 01.7 3. 4 20 06 27. 7 0.3 - 0.5 OS 27. 5 50 49 57. 5 0.1 1.9 49 49, 5 02. 3. 1 21 07 52. 3 0.2 0.0 07 52. 5 51 51 25. 7.0 1.9 51 10. 1 2603. 6 1.5 22 09 23. 3 + 0.1 - 0.4 09 23. 52 52 52. 8 8.0 1.9 52 42. 9 2599. 9 5.2 23 24 25 10 40.0 0. - 0.4 10 48.6 ,53 54 19.7 0.0 2.1 .54 08.6 2000. 5.1 12 16. 8 0. - 0.4 12 16.4 54 55 49. 1 10.1 2.1 55 36. 9 00.5 4.6 13 41.9 0. - 0.4 13 41.5 55 57 14.7 11.3 1.8 57 01.6 00.1 .5.0 26 15 08. 6 0. - 1.2 15 07. 4 .56 19 58 45. 12.7 1.6 53 .30. 7 03.3 1. 8 27 IC 35. 0. - 0.2 10 34. 8 57 20 00 13. 14.1 1.6 19 59 57.9 03. 1 2, 28 16 03. 5 0. - 0.1 18 03. 4 58 01 41.5 1.5. 1.0 20 01 24.3 00.0 4,2 29 19 29. 0. - 0.1 19 28. 9 .59 03 08. 17.3 1.5 03 40.8 00.9 4.2 30 19 20 56. 0. - 0.2 19 20 55. 8 60 20 04 38.3 - 19.0 - 1.5 20 04 17. 8 2002.0 3. 1 LEVEL OESERVAT10X3. 1st conta 601 li com ctat T3,5.0 act at r 5 5 ^V.alueufc ne divisi™ of level, 0".89 3. No N. S. No. N. S. Mean, 2(^05».05 ± .438 d. d. d- d. 1 18. G 19.1 27 19. 7 19. 5 lo.'; 3.41.58161 2 18.5 19. 1 28 19.6 19. 5 log 15 co.s S 8.3';720;4 4 19.0 18.7 30 19.8 19.6 log\ al. one turn, 1.79:i0235 5 18.6 10.2 31 30. 10.4 v il. one turn, oa".090.) 6 18.8 10. I 33 20.2 19.3 C orrocti< n fo rref acHi>ii, — 0".03I5 7 18.7 19.2 34 20. 3 19.4 t 'orrected y.i. UL- one lu n, 02".059 i .010. 8 18.6 19. 3 36 20.5 19.5 9 19.0 10.(1 40 20.6 19.5 12 18.8 19.1 47 20.7 10. 5 13 19.0 10. 1 49 21.0 19.3 16 19.0 10. 2 50 21.0 10.5 18 10.3 10.1 53 21.1 19.4 Mean value ml opted, givin » the deter uiination of June 18, d uublo weight. 10 19.5 10. 1 55 21.0 19. 6 C9".126. 21 10. 2 lil. 2 56 21. 10.7 22 10.6 10.3 50 21.0 19.8 2'.i 20.5 19.5 184 18 7 4. UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. June 1-4.5. Fort Bufoed, Dakota. Observations to determine the value of one turn of the micrometer of Zenith Telescope Wiirdcmann No. 20, elongation of B. A. G. No. 240 [eastern), Chronometer Negus 1513, sidereal. [Observer, J. F. Gregory, Captain United Statoa Engineers.] Chronometer-time of elougatioD, IS*" 50™ 20'. B. A. C. 240, apparent place, June 14.5, 1874, A. R., O' 48'" 50>.2 ; S 83° 20' 36". So. Chronom. time. Correction to motion in vertical. Correction for level. Corrected time. No. Clironom. time. Correction to uioiion in vertical. Correction for level. Corrected time. ISrev. in- terval. V s. h. m. a. s. K. h. m. 8. h. m. s. s. ^ h. tn. s. e. 1 18 36 05. + 1.6 - 1.3 18 36 05. 3 31 19 U 58.0 - .7 + .7 19 11 58.0 2152. 7 2.0 o 37 15.5 1.3 1.3 37 15.5 32 13 10. 5 .9 0.7 13 10.3 54.8 4.1 3 38 27. 1.1 1.3 38 26. 8 33 14 23. 1.1 1. 1 14 23.0 50. 2 5.5 4 30 38. .9 1.3 39 37. 6 34 15 33. 5 1.3 1.2 13 33. 4 55.8 5.1 5 40 51. 5 .7 1.3 40 60. 9 35 16 46. 1.6 .8 16 45.2 64.3 3.6 a 41 59.0 .5 1.3 41 58.2 36 17 .3.3. 5 1.9 1.0 17 54.6 50.4 ,3.7 7 43 16. .4 1.3 43 15. 1 37 19 08. 2.2 .0 19 06. 8 51.7 1.0 8 44 28. .3 1.3 44 27. 33 20 21. 2.6 .0 20 19.4 .32. 4 1.7 9 43 38. .2 1.1 45 37. 1 39 21 32.0 3.1 .0 21 29.9 52.8 2.1 10 40 49.0 .1 1.0 40 48. 1 40 22 45. 3.5 .0 22 42. 5 54.4 3.7 11 48 01. 5 + -1 0.8 48 00. 8 41 23 58. 4.0 .0 93 53. 52.2 1.5 la 49 14.5 .0 0.8 49 13.7 42 25 118. 4.5 .0 23 05. 5 50.8 .1 13 50 29. .0 1.0 50 28. 43 26 20. 6. 1 .0 20 13.9 47. 9 2.8 14 51 41.0 .0 0.9 51 40. 1 44 27 34. 5 5.8 .0 27 2 '. 7 49.0 1. 1 15 il 48. .0 0.7 52 47. 3 45 28 46. 5 6r4 .0 28 41. 1 .33. 8 3. 1 10 54 07.5 .0 1.2 54 01.3 40 29 58. 7.2 .0 29 51.8 51.5 .8 17 55 15.5 .0 .8 5.3 14.7 47 31 11.0 8.1 .0 31 03.9 49.2 1.5 18 50 23. .0 .U 66 24. 2 43 33 22. 8.9 .0 32 14. 1 49. 9 .8 10 57 36. 5 .0 .0 57 33. 7 49 33 36. 5 9.8 1.0 33 27. 7 5J.0 1.3 20 18 58 48. .0 .8 18 .38 47.2 .50 34 48. 10.8 9.0 34 39. 2 52. 1.3 21 19 00 '. .0 .4 19 00 01. 51 3(i 01.0 11.9 1.3 36 .30. C 49.0 1.7 Si 01 13.0 .0 - .4 (11 13.4 52 37 12. 5 13.0 2.5 37 02. 48. (i 2.1 23 OJ 28. .0 + 3 02 28. 3 53 38 23. 5 14.2 2. 5 38 13. 8 4.3. 5 .3.2 24 03 39. .0 .4 03 39. 4 54 39 39. 15.4 2.3 39 23. 9 40.5 4.2 33 04 48. 3 — .1 .7 04 49. 1 ,35 40 50. 5 IB. 8 2.5 4-1 30.9 47. 1 3.0 20 03 59. .2 .7 05 59. 5 56 42 05. 18.9 2. 3 41 49.3 4'J. 3 0.9 27 07 15. _ o .3 07 13. 1 .37 43 16.5 19. li 2.3 42 59. 4 44.3 6.4 23 08 23.5 is .7 08 2:!. 9 53 44 32. 21.4 2.5 44 13.1 49. 2 1.5 20 00 3li. .4 .7 09 36. 3 59 43 44.0 23. 2.5 43 23. 5 47.2 3.3 30 19 10 49.0 - .5 + .7 19 10 4 '. 2 CO 19 46 53. 5 - 24.7 + 2.9 19 40 33.7 2144.6 6.2 LEVEL 0B3EKVATI0NS. Ist confu 6. t:j cohUi ■t nt T 34.3 ct a! T 4.5 , Value of ouii divlBion of level, 0".fc9 i. Xo. N. s. No. N. S. No. N. s. Me.xn, 2150'.- log, 3.332583! lo,' 15 cost!, 8.4612331 ± .412 1 > 1 9 d. 23.0 24.0 d. 23.7 21.8 23 24 d. 21.3 24.1 d. 21.5 21. 3 52 5.1 d. 23.3 23.3 d. 23.7 23. - 10 11 11 14 15 24.9 24.8 21.9 24.8 94.7 23. 9 21.0 23. 9 23. 9 24.0 23 27 28 33 34 24.0 21.1 24.0 23.9 2!. 8 24.7 24.4 24.7 25.0 23.0 55 59 (10 23.3 2). 3 2). 2 2''. 7 23.9 26.0 log Cor Value of one value one turn, 1.79J8il value one turn, 62".2D4. rectlun lor ref., — 0".0[1.^ turn eorrecleil, Oi'MTC > ± .012 10 25.0 23.8 33 21.0 24.8 17 21.8 24.0 36 24.0 23.0 21 24.5 24.1 50 23. 6 2.). 3 22 24.1 24.5 51 23.8 23.3 18 7-4. UNITED STATES XOETHEEN BOaNDARY, June 15.5. FoKT BuFORD, Dakota. Observations to determine the valiie of one turn of the micrometer of Zenith Telcscupc Wurdemann No. 20, Chronometer Negtis 1513, eastern elongation of Polaris. (Observer, J. F. Gregory, Capt.'uii United States Engineers.] Chronometer-time of elongation, lO*" IS™ 10'. Xo. Chronom. time. Correction to motion in vertical. CoiToction for level. Corrected time. \o. Chronom. time. Correction to motion in TerticaL Correction for level. Corrected time. 19 rev. in- terval. V h. m. s. £. J h. m. s. h. m. s. s. s. h. 7n. s. s. ft. 1 IS 3 J 1-2.0 -f 17.3 - i!2 18 33 2.*. I 25 19 OS 19. 8 1 ^.T -f .0 19 OS ^20. 6 209-2 5 3.3 O 31 30.6 1.5.7 1. 1 34 SI. 2 26 09 47.0 !i . 3 09 47. 6 1 93.4 4.2 3 30 07. 7 14. 1 1.2 30 20. 27 11 13.4 0. .5 11 13.9 1 93.3 4.1 4 37 33.6 1^2 7 1.9 37 40. 4 28 12 43. 0. .7 12 43.7 97.3 ai 5 39 00.0 11.3 2. '2 39 18.1 29 14 oa9 0. .8 14 09.0 90.9 1.7 6 40 37. 4 10.0 2^4 40 4.=.. 30 13 33. 0. 1. I 13 34. 1 89.1 .1 7 42 04. 7 9.0 2.4 42 11.3 31 16 59.9 0. 1.1 16 59. 3 88.0 1.2 8 43 30. e ,^.0 9.1 43 36. 5 32 18 27. 5 0. 1.0 18 28. 5 92.0 •2.8 9 41 57.5 6.9 ai 45 Oi. 3 33 19 54. 0. 1.0 19 5.3.0 9-2.7 3.5 10 46 27. 6.0 l.S 46 31.9 34 21 21.4 0. 1.1 21 22. 5 91.3 9.1 11 47 54.7 5 2 1.7 47 5S. 2 33 99 47. C 0. 1.2 29 4a 8 90.6 1.4 1-2 49 2.3. 6 4.5 1.7 49 90. 4 36 24 IJ. 6 0. 1.0 24 16. 6 90.2 I.O 13 50 51.2 3.S 1.7 50 53.3 37 25 41. 3 0. 1.0 25 4-> 3 89.0 2 14 52 IC. 8 3.3 1.7 52 18. 4 38 27 07. 8 _ . 1 1.1 27 08. 8 90.4 12 15 53 47. 5 2.7 1.7 53 48.5 39 98 3.1. .'2 .9 28 33. 7 87.2 2.0 ir> 55 15.6 2.3 1.7 53 16.2 40 30 03. 7 .3 1.5 30 04. 9 88.7 .5 17 56 30. 5 1.9 1.4 56 40. 41 31 '29. .4 1.7 31 30.9 90.9 1.7 i; ,~- T^ - 1.5 1.4 58 13. 9 42 32 5a 9 .6 1.8 39 59. 4 85.5 3.7 1.2 - .4 18 59 36. 8 43 34 9-2. 4 .8 1.8 34 23. 4 86.6 2.0 1 1 , : , . . , .9 _1_ .'J 19 01 O.'i. 4 44 33 48. 1 1.0 1.8 33 4a 9 83.5 5.7 •Jl (I.; 3-'. II , 7 4- •* 02 33. 1 43 37 16. 4 1.3 1.8 37 16. 9 ai.s 5.4 ■i-3 03 5A 5 .5 - .3 1 58. 7 40 38 45. 8 1.7 1.8 35 45. 9 87.2 2.0 23 05 27. 6 .4 4- .4 05 28. 4 47 40 11.3 2.0 •2.1 1 40 11.4 ai.o 6.9 24 19 C6 51. 5 + .2 -r -0 19 06 S.i. 3 48 19 41 39. 9 - 2.1 + -2.1 19 41 3,'^.9 1 2osao 5.6 LEVEL OBS ^EVATIOX'5. 4s\h coS'tact a'tfllsl ^"I- "f ™« d'^^^"" "^ '«-*' '^"'^^ Xo. X. s. Xo. N. S. Mr .in, 20S9'.2 1 2 3 20.0 19.9 20.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 30 32 34 19.4 19.7 19.7 20.3 20.3 2D. 6 logc ; li! lincbiw 3 S, a 3772074 n c-r-ora? 4 5 20.2 21.3 1?.7 13.5 .35 3; 19.6 19. S ■20.6 91.6 log 12. r07i'l'l2 6 7 8 9 10 20.4 20.4 S).4 20.4 20.4 Id 5 l->. 5 1.7 li7 I'.O 33 39 41 41 47 19. 7 19.^ 19.7 19. 11 19.5 20.6 20. 5 ^.0.9 21.0 21. 2 log v.ilae of one tnrn, 1. 7P40973 value one turn, r.2'.2I4 Coirectioa forref. - i:'.032 Trae valae one turn, 0^2".912 ± '.015 n 20. 1 J 9. a 10 2;). 1 19. S so 19.8 •20.0 21 19.7 90.0 2-J •20.0 19.8 93 19.7 20.0 24 19.5 •20.0 ■26 I'l.O •20.0 1 .^ 19.5 20 1 1 l::C 18 7 3. UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. Determination of Chronometer corrections of Chronomcttr Negus Sidereal 1514, &.5 -12 01.8 -11 .58.5 -11 r.,1.3 O / // 49 00 04 40 03 05 Km. s. 6 30 41 fi 32 02 in. s. - ti 00. - 7 21. 1 - 7 22. 4 - 7 21.8 - 7 21. 8 - 7 26. C - 7 25. C Station Xo.3 .Sun Station Xo. 3 Sun Station Xo.3 Snn , Sun Station Xo. 3 Sun a Lyra> o Bootis a Lyra? a Luotis Sou 49 CO 05 49 00 00 32 03 6 35 39 St.ationXo. 5 Station X^o. 5 -11 14.1 -11 10.7 -11 20.0 -11 19.4 -11 19.5 -11 20.4 -II 23.1 -11 23.7 -11 23.5 -11 24.1 -11 25.2 -11 2.5.9 -11 27.5 -11 28.2 -11 30.0 -11 31.4 -22 03. 5 -22 05.5 -22 0,5. 3 -2: 11.8 Station Xo. 5 Sun Station Xo.5 Sou Sun....: Sun St.ationXo.5 Station Xo.5 Station Xo. 5 . . . . Sun Station Xo.5 Sun Snn Station Xo. 5 Station Xo. 5 Sun Station Xo. 5 Station Xo.5 Station Xo.5 Sun Sun Stittiun Xo. 5 Turtle Monntain Dc-pot , Sun a Aqnil.Ti altiJOtis a Aquil.Tj 40 00 00 49 03 14 49 05 00 49 01 50 C 35 39 6 30 22 C 44 [32] 6 45 52 Station Xo. 7 Sun Sun Sun Station Xo. 7 Slation X'o. 7 ISS REPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 189 Sextant Time — Continued. station. Date. Station No. 7 Station No. 9 Station No. 9 Station No. 9 Station No. 9 Station No. 9 Temporary Camp Near camp Station No. :0 .... St.ntion No. 10 ... Station No. 10 .... Station No. 10 Camp near No. 10. Near No. 10 Stony Creek Station No. 11 .... StationNo.il .... Station No. 11 Station No. 11 Station No. 11 StationNo.il .... Station No. 12 ... . Station No. 12 Station No. 12 Station No. 12 .... Temporary Camp. Ang. Ang. Aug. Aug. Ang. Ang. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Oct. 7 18 19 20 30 31, a. m. l,p. m. 3, p. m. 4 3, a. m. 6 7, a. m. 3 9 12, p.m. 14, p. m. 14 15 16 16 17 20 21 22 28.5 6 Objeots. Son Sun Sun Sun Sun Sun Sun Sun aEootis Sun Sun Snn Son Sun Snn Sun a Bootis Snn Snn a Bootis aBootis a Andromedas aBootis Sun Sun Sun a Lyrae a Andromedse Clironometer need. N. 1319 m. 8 . N. 1319 m. s . N. 1319 m. 8 . N. 1319 m. 8 . N. 1319 m. s . N. 1319 m. 3 . N. 1319 m. a . N. 1319 m. s . N. 1319 m. 3 . N.lSlOm.s. N. 1319 m. 3 . N. 1319 m. s. N. 1319 m. 8 . N. 1319 m. 6 . N. 1319 m. s . N. 1319 m. 8 . N. 1481 Sid.. N. 1319 m. s . N. 1319 m. s . N.1481 aid.. N. 1481 aid . . N. 1481 sid . . N. 1319 01.3 . N. 1319 m. 8 . N. 1319 m. s . N.1481 Sid.. Observed correction. m. s. -11 54.0 -18 21.2 -18 17.3 -17 52.3 -17 50. 1 -17 49.0 -19 10. 1 -20 24. -21 10. 8 -21 [13. 0] -21 06. -21 04. 4 -20 09. 2 -20 06. 8 -24 12. 1 -35 02. 5 -37 40. 8 -23 06. 9 -21 59.2 -37 39. 8 -37 42 5 -41 37.7 -23 39. -23 31.0 -27 58. G -23 05. 3 Latitude. Longi- tude. / // 49 01 50 A. TO. s. 6 4o 52 48 58 18 6 53 44 48 58 18 6 52 44 49 01 30 6 54 [27] 48 58 00 55 [30) 40 00 40 G 56 22 49 00 40 6 50 22 48 58 30 6 55 [30] 48 58 30 C 55 [30] 49 01 00 6 58 [32] 49 CO 55 7 00 49 49 00 55 49 00 10 49 00 lU 7 00 49 49 00 00 7 04 50 48 59 30 48 59 30 7 04 50 49 02 40 6 51 [50] Correction to 1481. •in. 8. -22 13. 6 -29 17.6 -29 19. 7 -29 31.6 -29 32. 1 -29 33. 9 -31 05.0 -32 20. 8 -33 11.5 -33[1G.3] -33 12.3 -33 12.7 -32 21. -32 22. 5 -37 40. 8 -37 40.7 -37 44. 5 -37 39. 8 -37 42. 5 -41 37.7 -41 40. 1 -41 37.6 -41 25.6 -28 05. 3 1873. UNITED STATES NORTHEEN BOUNDAEY. Determination of chronomeler correctionH and resulting corrections of Sidereal Chronom- eter Negus 1513, tised tcith Zenith Telescope for determination of Latitude. SEXTANT. Station. Date. Objects. Chronometer used. Observed correction. Latitude. Lcngi- tndo. 1 Correction to 1513. Juue Juno o 3 San N. 1319 m. s N. 1514 Sid . . h. m. 8. + 3 25. 9 + 30. 5 / '/ 48.56 45 h. m. s. C 28 55 m. s. — 1 48. 8 a Aquilaj a Bootis N. 1319 ni. s 4- 3 84. 9 + 3 33. 8 + 28. 5 48 56 45 6 28 55 — 1 48.0 8 Sun N. 1319 m. 8 48 56 51 6 28 55 — 1 50. 4 Juno ;i /? Leonis a Aquila? N.1514 Sid.. 48 50 51 6 28 55 — 1 51.2 June 10.4 f3 Lfonis a Lyrce N. 1.514 Sid . - — 1 17.2 49 05 04 30 41 - 3 30. 7 Juno Juno 10.5 13 Sun a Aquilaj a lioutis B. 188 m. B . B. 188 m. s.- —1 17 30.7 — 1 17 .■'0 9 49 CO 04 49 00 04 30 41 30 41 . - 3 36. 5 — 3 35. 7 Camp Xo. 2 Camp No. -2 10 Sun B. 18Bra.6-. —1 17 31. 4 49 CO 04 30 41 — 3 37. Juue 19 a AquillD /? Lfcouia B. 168 lu. s . —1 17 31.7 49 00 04 30 4 1 _ 3 37. i Tenii)c>rarj Camp Camp No. 4 1 19 47.3 48 68 45 6 32 58 - 5 54. 3 Juno 23 a Aquilfle a Bootis N. 1513 sid .. — C 00. 4 48 59 53 6 33 04 — 00. 4 June June Jul.y July 20. 5 Sun B. 188 m.s-.- B. 188 m. 8 . —1 19 53. 5 1 19 55. 5 48 59 52 48 59 52 33 01 33 04 — 03. — 6 05. 5 Camp No. 4 Camp No. 5 Turtle MouDtain Depot Q f5un B 188 ni. s 1 on 09 o 48 59 58 C 35 39 — 8 39. 4 13.5 Sun E. 188iu. s . -1 26 14.7 40 03 15 C 39 2i —12 24. 4 Turtle Mouutuiu Depot Jul.v 18 Sun B. 188 m. s . . —1 SO t;i. 1 49 03 15 39 22 —12 25. 8 a Aquilaa a Bootis Turtle Mountain Depot Jul.v 23 Sun B. 188 m. s. . . — 1 20 20.3 49 0) 15 39 22 -12 27. 8 Temporary Camp July 25 a Aquilie a Bootis N. 1513 Sid . - - 14 38.0 49 08 14 41 :'4 —14 38. Statiou No. G July 20.5 B. 188 m. s .- -1 29 08.9 48 59 45 C 42 04 —15 09. 2 a Amiromedaj . . Station No, () July 29 o AqnillD a Bootia B. 18Sm. s... —1 29 10.9 48 .':9 42 6 42 01 -15 OD. 8 Station No. G A«s 1- o AqniliD a Bootis B. 188m. 3... -1 29 12. C 48 59 42 C 4J 04 —15 09. 4 Station No G Aug 5 ISFi-sn^i a Buotia B. 188 m. s . —1 29 14.3 48 59 42 42 04 —15 11.4 Awf e Pi.S:isi a Booti.S B. 18«m. s..- —1 29 1.5.7 48 59 42 6 42 04 —15 12.4 Aug 10. 45 San o BootiH a AntlronictlaJ . . B. 188ni.s . -1 30 50. C 49 01 02 49 45 -22 50. 1 I'.lll REPORT OF TOE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. Sextant Time — Coiitiuued. I'Jl Station, Date. Objects. Cbronometer used. Observed correction. Latitude. Longi- tude. Correction to 1513. Aug. 20. 4 Aug. 20.4 Ang. 28.3 Sept. Sun B.lSSm.s... N. 1513sid.. B. 188 m. 8. . . N. 1513 Sid.. N. 1513 Sid . . }u m. «. -1 30 57. 9 -1 30 5). 3 — 23 010 — 24 55. 4 / " 49 01 02 4'J 01 03 49 01 36 49 01 30 h. m. ft. 6 49 43 49 45 6 51 .58 G 51 r>8 m. s. —22 50. 1 —32 47. 4 —25 CO. —24 55. 4 a Bootis a Andromeda3 . . a Bootis a AEdromcdaj .. iff Pegasi a Bootis a Andromedoa . . Wood Enil Depot Camp "Wood End Depot Camp a AndroniediB .. 1874. UNITED STATES NOETHERN BOUNDARY. Determination of Chronometer corrections, and correction of Chronometer Negus 1513, ichenever used in Latitude worl; iOth parallel. SEXTANT. station. Fort Bufora . Fort Buford . Fort Bnford . Fort Buford . Fort Bnford Big llnddy Frenchman's Point Quaking Ash Little Porcupine Creek. Buggy Creek Kooky Creek Praii-ie Fort Tnrnay Station Xo. 13 . St.ition No. 13 . Station No. 14 . Station No. 14 . Station No. 14 . Date. Station No. 15 . Station No. K . Station No. 16 . Station ITo. 16 . Temporary Station, near No.l' Station No. 17 Station No. 17 Sweet Grass Depot Station No. 13 June 15 June 16 Jane 18 Juno IS June 20 June 22 June 25 June 26 June 23 Juno 30 July 2 July 3 July 4 Jnly 5 July 8 July 10 July 11 July 13 Jaly 15 July 20 July 22 Jnly 25 July 27 July 29 Ang. a Aug. 4 Aug. 8 Objects. bun. Sun. Sun. a Aqniho. a Boutis . . Sun. Sun Sun. Sun. a Aquihe aBootis.. Sun. Sun. Sun. a Cygni . . a Bootis . a Cygni . . a Bootis. . a Cygni a Bootis Sun. San. nt'ygni . a Bot)lis . aCjgni. a Bootis. a Cygni , a Bootis. I Sun a Cygni . a Bootis. a Bootis Sun Sun Sun Sun Chronometer nsed. 1319 m. s.. 1319 ni. s.. 1319 m. s. . 1431 tid .. 1319 m. s.. 1319 m. s.. 1319 m. S-. 131Dm. 8.. 1.513 sid . . Observed correction. 1.319 m. 8. 1319 m. s. 1319 m. s. 1513 6id.. , 1513 sid.. . 1513 sid.. . 1319 m. s. . 1319 m. s. . 1513 sid.. . 1319 m. s. .1513 sid . . 1319 m. s. 1319 m. 8. 1513 6id.. 1319 m. 8 1319 m. 8. 1.513 aid.. 1319 m. 8. m. s. +20 03.2 +20 06. 5 +20 08. -38 43. 8 +20 09. 6 +17 50. 8 .+16 39.8 +15 36.2 - 8 03. 1 +10 00.9 + 8 29. 8 + 8 10. -12 53. 4 -13 42.7 -13 42. + 3 52. 7 + 3 52. 7 -16 58.4 - 40. 4 -21 46.4 - 3 43. 4 - 3 41. 2 -27 3S. 3 - 7 39. 9 - 7 34. 1 -30 26. 9 -10 43.7 Latitude. 48 09 10 48 08 33 48 07 58 43 04 55 43 10 18 48 29 37 43 42 50 48 44 05 48 58 03 43 5S 03 40 00 03 40 DO 03 49 00 03 49 00 03 49 00 03 43 59 55 48 59 53 48 56 24 48 59 06 43 fO 07 49 01 13 41> 01 tlU Longi- tude. h. m. s. 6 55 52 6 58 18 6 59 35 7 00 40 7 01 02 7 06 23 7 07 58 7 08 20 7 08 47 7 09 35 7 09 35 7 12 52 7 12 53 7 12 52 7 17 00 j 7 17 36 7 20 41 7 20 41 1513 correc- tion. 7 24 44 7 26 10 7 2j 03 -C8 03. 1 -12 .53.4 -13 41 7 -13 42.0 -16 59.3 -16 53. 7 -16 53.4 -21 44. 3 -21 46. 4 -24 49. 9 -24 .50. 2 -27 33. 3 -23 55. 3 -29 00. 5 -30 2a 9 -33 54. 3 19.> station. EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTKONOMER. Sextant Time — Continued. 193 station No. 19 Station nfiar No. 20 Station near No. 20 StationNo.20 Station No. 20 Sweet Grass Depot, No. 2 Fort Benton Date. Ang. 13 Aug. 18 Aug. 19 Aug. 23 Aug. 25 Sept. 1 Sept. 10 Objects. Son a Bootis a AudroniedEB .. a Bootis a Amlroniedie - . . Sun Sun a Bootis a Androuiedai.. . a Andromedro.. . a Cor. Bor aOpluucIii Chronometer used. N. 131!) m. 8 N. 1513 Sid. N. 1513 sid. N. 1513 sid. N. 1513 Bid. N. 1513 sid. N. 1513 sid- Observed correction. Latitude. Longi- tude. TO. s. -14 33. C / // 49 00 00 h. m. s. 7 31 55 -40 04. 5 49 03 02 7 35 33 -40 05. 8 49 03 02 7 35 33 -40 OC. 7 49 00 00 7 35 33 -40 00.2 49 00 04 7 35 33 -30 49. 4 49 01 08 7 2G 09 -27 24. 2 47 48 50 7 23 39 1515correc. tion. m. s, -36 19.0 -40 04.5 -40 05. 8 -40 00. 7 -40 09. 2 -30 49. 4 -27 24. 2 N U- -13 1872. UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. Declinations adopted in reducing observations for Latitude. B. A. C. No. Declinations. Proper motion. B. A. C. No. Declinations. Proper motion. 6353 32 18 05. 05 + 0.018 8344 o 60 30 // 35.40 - 0.046 6SS6 05 43 51.78 + 0.007 S306 60 36 03.66 - 0.033 6624 40 07 37.06 40 00 49 ia20 - 0.045 6681 s^ 46 11.73 + 0.007 67 37 13 34.15 - 0.007 6728 43 25 14.20 - 0.044 120 32 52 29.42 - 0.051 0749 54 40 27. .53 + 0.134 175 63 26 42.31 + 0.050 - 0.000 6780 57 42 43.81 - 0. n07 198 47 33 CO. 36 6817 40 16 31.70 219 50 16 09.92 - 0.03 6037 36 .-.1. CO '"+'6.'63i" 6970 01 41 28.95 + 0.049 2.39 60 23 17.69 + 0. 146 259 37 48 16.18 + 0.0!8 702 J 61 51 0.3. 11 4- 0.015 12-Tr. 73 67 05 45.39 - 0.015 7073 36 01 42.79 -- 0.018 345 30 44 36.35 - 0.000 71C0 42 43 22.04 + 0. 0.33 401 23 04 06. 32 - 0. 112 7106 55 33 16.22 - 0.071 7215 57 07 15.06 - 0.243 4.38. 69 36 10.50 - 0.064 474 43 04 04.39 - 0.0.53 T277 40 40 31.33 - 0.022 4S7 47 58 43.65 - 0. 100 7343 47 08 0.3.22 + 0.009 522 50 02 34.31 - 0.022 744S 51 06 2(i. 96 500 50 09 31.05 - 0.040 7480 43 53 37.16 '"^^'o.'iofi" 7469 32 03 20.60 - 0.026 611 63 46 13.75 + 0.02 656 34 22 50.86 - 0.026 7505 37 57 39.50 + 0.096 744 66 49 29.67 - 0.007 7603 CO 05 56.87 - 0.030 7.52 31 13 31.05 - 0.036 7036 53 36 31.35 - 0.020 825 19 27 52.53 - 0.049 7079 42 11 49.83 - 0.003 7735 58 46 59.94 - 0.043 896 78 54 31.62 - 0.013 979 77 15 37.25 - 0.0(56 7765 39 04 48.49 H- 0. on 999 20 34 06. 72 - 0.063 7787 52 00 55. 40 - 0.033 1101 31 15 02.09 - 0.030 7800 43 53 32. 54 - 0.042 1127 60 17 4a 73 - 0.107 7820 43 49 40.43 - 0.033 7882 49 24 30.23 - 0.042 1203 02 41 37.13 - 0.023 1223 35 25 1.5. 26 — 0.(119 7962 41 16 34.03 - 0.01 1254 50 CO 0.3. 91 - 0.063 8024 56 25 04.79 - 0.01 1237 48 04 53.39 - 0.026 8036 49 21 2.3.34 + 0. 1295 8059 43 33 51. 99 - - 0. 1170 8083 56 27 42.37 + 0. 2685 8128 41 22 38.86 + 0. 003 8206 30 37 03. 1 1 - 0.021 8273 67 03 41. 43 - 0.006 8314 73 41 ,53. 20 - O.OU 6324 24 23 43. 42 i 191 1873. PNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. Declinations adopted in reducing observations for Latitude. B. A. C. Ko. DecliuatioD. Proper motion. B. A. C. Ko. Declination. Proper motion. 4804 50 24 49.84 .131 7605 o CO 06 13.22 .015 4827 47 20 37.33 .027 7C27 25 19 42.37 _ ,0075 4897 38 20 07.99 + .123 7686 72 34 33. 19 _ , 1075 4918 59 48 39.80 + .168 77.-.5 58 47 18. 30 _ ,031 4937 50 08 55.05 .232 7765 39 05 07.44 _ ,026 4974 48 08 59. 49 + .053 7787 52 01 13. 30 _ ,010 60J6 38 44 29.73 .019 7800 45 53 51.29 _ , 010 5097 59 24 4143 + .032 7830 48 49 58. 64 „ , 0235 5271 42 48 27.63 ■1- .586 7883 49 24 49. 59 + ,004 5313 55 00 33.40 + .103 7962 41 16 53. 26 ,001 5415 58 16 10.11 + .675 8024 56 25 23,50 ,030 5460 40 00 48.42 .033 80.!6 49 21 43. 35 + ,149 5502 55 29 39.82 _ .013 8059 48 36 15. 55 + ,1185 5523 42 09 45.66 + .040 8083 50 28 02. 16 + ,209 5545 69 02 33.80 + .020 8128 41 22 59.17 + ,011 5624 28 35 28.73 + .031 8200 30 37 28. 13 ,016 5644 42 27 58.60 .029 8273 67 Oil 04. 43 _ ,006 5658 55 38 07. 53 _ .031 8314 73 42 13. 23 _ , 0035 5603 31 54 46.89 _ .056 8324 2( 26 07.77 _ ,043 5833 65 53 16.19 + .031 8344 60 30 55.40 - .036 5853 49 43 42.35 + .053 8366 60 36 24.40 _ ,003 5911 43 22 03. 80 .028 46 60 49 33.23 _ , 020 6047 72 12 37. 29 _ .279 67 37 15 53. 54 _ .055 6073 26 04 18.19 _ .010 120 32 62 49.48 + .024 6114 76 58 40. 41) + .235 175 65 27 01. .57 .038 6157 20 47 46.51 .020 198 47 35 30.14 ,000 6268 39 26 21. 66 + . 00.-. 219 60 16 29. 04 _ ,040 6289 58 43 39. 93 + .0.=i5 239 60 25 37.25 + ,116 6318 59 27 53. 95 + .033 2,59 37 48 3.5. f 4 + , 0105 6365 38 10 01.35 + .038 12- Yr. 73 67 06 04.70 ,015 6421 49 17 30.01 + .001 345 30 44 54.93 _ ,016 6476 48 42 04.99 .143 401 28 04 26.00 _ ,089 6553 32 18 10.48 + .018 438 69 36 36. 23 _ ,047 C586 65 45 57.76 + .007 474 48 04 23.47 _ ,021 6624 40 07 38.74 + .003 487 47 59 01.80 _ ,125 6681 57 46 18.78 .0174 523 50 02 52. 55 _ ,028 6728 43 25 2S.03 .044 560 60 09 49. 02 _ , 051 6748 54 40 35.81 + .134 Oil 63 46 31.05 + .0035 6780 57 42 51.54 _ .050 050 34 23 07.59 .048 6817 40 16 39.13 - .037 744 60 49 46. 32 - .0035 0937 36 23 01.47 + .031 752 31 13 47.28 _ ,038 6970 61 41 39.74 + .049 825 19 28 0^. 03 _ ,0.54 7024 61 51 16.11 + .019 896 78 54 40.44 _ ,015 7073 36 01 54.70 .019 979 77 15 51.10 _ . 006 7100 43 43 36. 33 + .073 999 20 34 19.85 _ .on 7106 55 3J 27.80 . 01)73 1039 25 12 12. 39 _ .103 7215 57 07 28.45 — .243 1007 73 54 40. 70 _ ,039 7277 40 40 44.75 _ .026 1101 31 15 13. 75 _ ,040 7320 3i 03 22.77 _ .013 1127 66 48 00.56 _ ,094 7.Yr. 2395 59 43 OJ.20 ~ .036 1C03 62 41 48.87 + .012 7377 59 87 53.22 _ .017 1228 35 23 25.93 ,011 7398 33 51 47.05 _ .033 1234 50 00 14.3; _ .040 7116 62 02 53. 53 + .031 1387 43 03 03.41 _ .038 7453 30 07 10. .^3 .UI9 7480 43 58 53.89 + .106 7489 42 03 36.93 .001 7005 37 57 55.78 + .085 195 1874. UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. Declinations adopted in reducing observations for Latitude. B. A. C. No. Declination. Proper motion. B. A. C. No. Declination. Proper motion. 5115 / " 61 06 111. 30 - .028 7595 o 60 32 23.18 // - .020 5ns 37 02 4.1.83 + .007 7605 60 06 29. 32 - .015 5271 43 48 17.32 + ..386 7627 25 19 59. 13 - .0075 5313 55 06 23.08 -1- . 103 7666 72 34 49.28 - . 1075 5415 58 10 00.65 + . (KHS 7755 58- 47 33.94 - .031 5400 40 00 39.81 - .0143 7765 39 05 25. 14 - .036 5soa 53 29 31.40 - .013 7737 53 01 31.23 - .010 5523 42 09 37. .'i8 + .010 7800 45 54 09.30 - .010 5545 69 02 36.08 + .0253 78C0 48 50 16.77 - .0225 5624 28 33 21.90 + .031 7882 49 25 08.14 1 + .004 5644 42 27 51.91 - .0289 7907 74 42 59.80 . + .003 5B58 55 33 01.00 - .0304 7945 23 54 11.01 - .024 5693 31 54 41. .33 - .0123 7902 41 17 11.96 - .0048 5823 65 52 11.44 + .0138 8024 56 25 43. 43 - .0035 5S53 49 49 38.29 + .056 t=036 49 22 02.34 + . 149 5911 43 22 00. 19 - .010 8059 48 36 35.08 + .1185 6017 72 12 33.82 - .2091 8083 56 28 21.95 + .2685 6073 26 04 17.03 + .0090 8128 41 22 18.83 + .011 6114 76 53 40.21 + .235 8206 30 37 47.97 - .016 6157 SO 47 40. 10 - .020 8273 67 06 24.40 - . 0063 6206 79 33 53.27 + .087 a314 73 42 33.26 - .0025 6215 17 43 31.80 - .034 8324 24 26 27.77 - .043 6268 39 26 23. 13 + .002 8344 60 31 15.47 - .036 6289 53 43 41.76 + . 032 8366 60 36 44.45 - .003 6318 59 87 .30.21 + .0132 46 60 49 58. 24 - .020 6363 33 15 04. 23 -1- .0082 67 37 16 13.51 - .053 6421 49 17 35.00 + .00095 120 32 53 09.44 + .021 6476 43 42 08. .34 - . 1349 175 65 27 21. 36 - .038 6553 32 18 16.08 + .0222 198 47 35 39. 92 - .003 6:86 65 46 03.89 + .017 219 50 16 48.72 - .040 6624 40 07 45.20 + .09262 239 60 23 57.05 + .146 + . 0165 66S1 57 46 23.37 - .0178 259 37 48 55.44 6728 43 25 30. St + .00.33 7-Tr. 73 67 06 23.98 - .015 6743 54 40 44.3^ + . 1400 345 30 45 14.21 - .016 6780 37 43 00.03 — . O.iO 401 28 04 44.92 - .089 6817 40 16 43.03 - .0.37 433 69 36 55.02 - .047 6830 47 36 26.33 - .012 474 48 04 42.02 - .021 6863 59 33 52.73 + .011 437 47 .39 20.25 - .125 1 6937 36 23 11.93 + .0313 522 50 03 10.87 - .006 1 6970 61 41 59.2;) + .0.7 560 50 10 06.99 - .051 7021 61 31 27.43 + .019 611 63 46 48.69 + .0035 7073 30 03 06.51 - .019 656 34 23 24.82 - .043 71U0 43 43 43.5) + .073 744 66 49 02.81 - .0035 716tj ,33 33 40.31 - . 0073 752 31 14 C3. 67 - .038 7215 57 07 41.23 - .215 825 19 23 23.60 - .034 7277 40 49 53.43 - .026 816 78 55 01.24 - .015 7320 33 0) 37.01 -i- . 0023 979 77 16 01.87 - .006 7-Yr. 2395 59 43 17.44 - .036 999 20 34 33.47 - .081 7377 59 23 07.91 - .017 102) 25 12 25.64 - .103 7398 33 52 01.90 - .023 U67 72 54 59.46 - .039 7416 63 03 07.66 + .031 1101 31 15 26.07 - .040 7433 30 07 23. 33 - .025 1127 66 48 12. 39 — .094 7480 43 59 03.49 + . 102 1203 62 41 59.93 + .012 74S9 52 03 .32.37 - .0103 1228 33 25 36.64 - .011 7.")03 37 58 11.76 + .085 1234 30 00 21. 52 — .040 7506 37 42 27.40 + .003 1237 48 05 12.00 - .038 196 1874. UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. Preliminary computations relating to Observations made at Fort Bvford, Dak., to determine the value of one revolution of micrometer of Zenith Telescope Wiirdemann No. 20. Bedaction of B. A. C. 240 from mean place 1850 to apparent place June 14.5, 1874. FORMULA. tan * (3' + z) = tan J (>!i' — 'p) cos J (e,' + £,) h (2' - 2) *(t,' ■t,) tang i (i^' — i//) siu J (£,' + £,) sin J = sin J (i//' — \p) siu J (£,' + c,) p = ein e (tan S + tan J 9 cos A) j? sin A W --!) = 1 — j; cos A tan i (■!' - i) = tan J eos i (A' + .4) cos J (A' — J-) e, = 239 37' 54".23e4 >(< £,' = 23° 27' 54".2603 v(/' : 41' 58".72 ; 62' 07".5l log tan i (^' - 4i) = 7.466900 log cos I («,' + ci) = 9.962512 log tan Hz- + z) = 7.429412 i (j! + z) = 9' 14".42 log sin i W - i/i) = 7.466898 log sin \ (£,' + £,) = 9.600090 log sin i fl = 7.066988 J (9 = 4' 00".5 log tan J fl = 7.066988 log cos \(A' -^ A) = 9.990808 log sec J (A' — A)= 0.000014 tan i (* - d) = 7.057810 4 (i' - i)= 3' 55".63 h' -i = +7' 51".3 /z' = 0".5 i' -f,= \1' 50".8 J = 880 12/ 5g//.2 i' = 88° 20' 49".0 FormultB for apparent A. E. and ■? : log I (£,' - £,) 8.037426 n log tan * W — ■/<) ( 7.466900 log sin \ (£,' + £,) 5 = 7.066990 9.600090 log 4 (z' - z) = 0.970436 ?^ t (z* - Z) = -9".34 Z' = 9' 05".08 z = 9' 23".76 : a +Z+ I tan 6 = log ton * e = 7.066988 log cos A = 9.991508 7.058496 log 32.109 = 1.506627 log sin Q = 7.367720 logp = 8.874347 log siu A = 9.291894 a. c. log (1 - p cos A) = 0.033120 log tan (A' — A) = 8.199361 (4' - A) = 0° 54' 24" Nat. Xo. 32.108 .001 -.A' + z o= OOk 44»32\41 := 11° 08' 06" z = + 9' 24" 0=+ 07" A= 11° 17' 37" A' -A= 00° 54' 24" < • j£, _ j.^o 12/ 01'/ ■" z'=+ 09' 05".l i [-8 = - 09".8 o = 12° 20' 56".3 _ 001' 49»23>.75 T /i' = + 2'.78 a' = 001" 49" 2C'.53 Mean 1874.0 : 12° 21' 38".0 a' — (5 = / + T (1 + s sin (G + o) tan 6 h sin (H + o) ^^ (in time) i' — 6= T ii' + g cos {0 + a) + h cos (iT + a) sin 5 + i cos ij (in arc) June 14.5 : J 88° 20' 36" A. E. = 12° 14' 48" = OO' 48" 59'.2 Zen. dist. and chron. time of elongation computed by formulae as follows; tg = cot 6 ton 1^ (?2 = cosec S sin <^ Tg = (time elong.) = A. K. — (chron. corr'n) — te Microm. Talues computed by formnlje as follows ; z" = seconds of arc in direction of vertical from elongation, t = diff. of elong. and time of obserration. _ cos d sin t fi^j. ^jjiuij ^^y j,g written z" = 15 cos. 5 [( - i ( 15 sin 1") = ('] , in which ( is in seconds of time, sin 1" J (15 sin 1") 2^3= "corr'n to motion in vertical". Corr'n for level, ± [4 (» — s) — J («o — «o)] |g ^^g ^ 197 SUMMARY OF ASTRONOJIICAL STATIONS OBSERVED PARTIES. BY THE BRITISH ASTRONOMICAL S > So 2^ 0) s No. Position. Observer. Latitude. g = o -2 o = ^s <4H o d ;2; c -^ Eh 1 A Northwest atiftle Lake of the Wor ds o / // 49 22 19. 137 33 (Ki II .131 1 Galwev 48 59 47. 451 43 93 .088 3 4 Pine River Featlitrstoubangh 49 00 28. 39 48 59 54. 399 49 00 00.95 42 35 31 CO 78 77 .109 .101 . 093 Red River Featbersloulia»j;h 5 6 Points; Miebel Gal wev 48 59 57. 274 49 00 03.272 20 41 74 93 .14 .104 Penibiiia Mountains.- -. FeatlierstonliaugU 9 10 Sleei)y Hollow Turtle Mountain cost .. Gal w e y 49 00 14. 183 48 59 57.25 38 40 92 80 .089 .103 Fe-!tberstoubaiigh 12 Sonris River 1st Galwev 49 00 17. 701 39 92 .07 14 Sonris River 2d do 48 59 58. 963 49 97 .11 10 IH 20 22 Featberstoubaugh Galwev 49 00 23. 41 49 00 54. 462 49 00 04. 658 43 59 59. 615 47 38 34 35 99 91 70 78 .107 .07 .093 .097 Coteau . . Featbtrstoubaugh Galwc v Piireuiiiiie Rivtr 24 Little Roekv Creek Featberstoubaugh 43 59 49. .521 37 C9 .081 20 2S :'o 32 Cottouwood Could Galwev . -. ...... 49 01 00. 123 48 43 44. 237 48 59 55. 985 48 59 48. 274 33 35 30 40 87 00 80 05 .070 .0.58 .004 .067 Featberstoubaugh Galwey . . ... West Fork ... Milk River Featherstonbaugh 34 30 38 West liutte.. Galwev 49 00 12. 068 48 59 58.667 49 CO 04.019 40 34 41 85 08 83 . . . .052 .067 .051 Jlilk River ...... Featberstoubaugh Galwev Cliief Mouutaiu 3'J Belly River . . . Featberstoubaugh 49 04 03. 43 23 70 .092 Abstract of Appendix C to report of Capt. W. J. Twining, Chief Astronomer. ALTITUDES OF ASXnOXOillCAL CAMPS, &c. Loryitude Above Above Cauips, &,c. Latitude. west of Statiou Location of camp. Greeuwicb. No. 1. ■::. 1 1 1 ' " Fid. Feet. Station No. 1 4'J 00 00 97 13 51.5 788.0 Boundary-line, wist bank of Rtd River. Station No. 2 east 49 00 00 95 17 24(). 3 1034. 2 On boniidary-Iiue, at Lake of Ibo Woods. Station No. 3 east 49 CO 00 168.0 95(i. (! Ou boundary-line, 10 miles east of Red Ri\( r. Station No. 4 east 49 CO 00 90 47 200. 994.0 Ou br undnry-liue, 20.5 miles east of Red l.'ivei-. Station northwest angle 49 22 20 95 09 252. 5 1040. 5 Transit post near landing. North- west Au^Ie, Lake of the Woods. Lake of t be Woods 49 00 00 243. 4 1031.4 Water snrlaoe — uieau of St at ion No. 2 and Northwest Anglo. 198 REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 199 Abstract of Appendix C, cCc— Coutiuued. ALTITUDES OF ASTRONOMICAL CAMPS, &c. Cauip.s. Latitude of camps. O a o s ■=1 a u < Above sea means. Location of camp. Red Kiver . II 49 00 00. 00 O ' ' 97 13 51. 5 748.0 790.0 843. 7 1030. 1 1531.0 ISi^a. 2 2093. 164.5.0 198.'>. 4 1817. 3 1745. 3 1980. 7 214.5. 5 2532. () 2861. 8 lied River at Pembina. Barometer at Fort Pem- bina. Near Pembina River. East slope of Pembina Mountains. West slope of Pembina Mountains. Long River. West slope of Turtle Mountain. On Soutb Antler Creek. Pool OL praiiie. On Mouse River. Do. Do. In Cotiau of the Missouri. Camp at Bully Spring. Near Poplar River. Station No. 2.... Station No. 3 .... Station No. 4 Station No. 5 Station No. C .... Station No. 7 Station No. 8 Wood End, No. 1 . 49 00 00. 00 49 00 00. 00 48 59 51. 55 49 00 00. 00 48 59 53. 76 49 01 48.70 49 01 01.63 97 40 25. 4 98 00 33. 4 98 16 00. 8 98 54 52. 9 100 31 15. 7 101 28 05. 4 102 26 28. 2 Station No. 9 Station No. 10... Station No. 11 ... Station No. 12 ... 48 58 10. 29 49 00 44. 73 49 01 09. 11 48 59 28. 90 103 11 14.7 104 05 37. 9 105 12 26.0 106 i2 39.5 377.5 717.6 iisi.o Camj)?, &c Fort Benton - . . Station No. 13 , Station No. 14 , Station No. 15 , Station No. 16 . Station No. 17 . Britisb depot United States camp British mound Do Station No. 18 Station No. 19 Station No. 20 47 48 50. 00 48 58 09. 10 49 00 02. 95 49 00 01. 86 48 59 55. 39 46 59 06. 30 49 01 08. 40 49 00 00.00 49 00 00. 00 49 01 01.42 48 59 59. 31 49 00 04. 00 110 39 48. 107 23 .53. 8 108 13 15.5 109 24 14.5 110 10 26.7 111 11 10.2 112 00 .51.7 112 58 .58. 5 a O a a a ci l; X Above o > o < 2674. 192.0 2866. 267. 8 2941. 8 100. 2770. 148.7 2822. 7 1049. 3723. 2 1063. 4 3737. 4 1086. 3 37()0. 3 1654. 3 4328. 3 1620. 4294. 827. 2 3.501.2 1641.3 4315. 3 1539. 4 4213. 4 Location of cami>. On Missouri River. Rigbt bank of Frenchman's Creek. Pool on prairie. East Fork of Milk River. Milk River lakes. Near East Butte, Sweetgrass Hills. Near Sweetgrass Hills. Do. Brilish AVest Butte astronomical slat ion. 7,124 feet west of above. Red River (branch of Milk River). North Fork of Milk River. West shore of Chief Mountain L-ike. CONNECTION OF ASTRONOMICAL STATIONS. DETAILS OF UNITED STATES TANGENT LINES. UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 1. Winter 1873-'74. From Joint Astronomical Station at liul liivcr to Britinh Astronomicai Station, Lieuten- ant Galicty, at West Roseau. [Observer, Lieut. F. Y. Gieeiie. — TraDsit "VN" urdemann t^-ia. No. 71. ] AZEilUTHS. Date. Position of instrument. Pcsition of mark. No. of readings. Star. Azimuths. November li ( Initial point 61. 3 feet ) north of 49=. 5,280 feet west of in- strument. 03 QO 00 QO i TTrsa;Minoris...'W.E.. 51 Cephei ...nearE.E.. Polaris . ..nearU. C. Polaris ...nearU.C- Mean o / /* 270 01 09. 0C.4 02.0 08.3 33 270 01 06. 3 The tangent prolonged to the west psissed through a point 1.7 feet south of tho mark. The mounds on this tangent "were built before azimuth observations livere taken at the eastt-ru extremity. These ohservationa gave the error of the tangent in azimuth 1' 32", the lino running south of east. This error was corrected in placing the iron pillars. STATION ERROR. Computed offsetdueto 108.011 feet 320.2 Initial point was nurth of 41)'^ f>l.3 To keep in cutting, otisot was made to south 35. 2G.3 2!»3, 9 The measured offset 1G6. 1 Station error, "West Roseau Astronomical Station, south. 127,8 TANGENT LINE AND MOUNDS. Distances. M. Ch.Lks] 1 00 00 2 on no 3 on en ■1 nil nn 5 00 00 1) no (1(1 7 on CO H no nn il nn no 1(1 00 no 11 on no 12 no 00 13 nn nn 14 on no 15 nn (in 1(1 no (in 17 on nn IS nn no HI nn 110 ■Ji nn (Id 20 30 53 Feet. 5,280 10,5t)0 15 840 21,120 26,400 31,G.-0 3(5,900 42,240 47,.'-i20 52,800 .W,080 03,3(10 08,040 73,!I20 7;l,2U0 84,480 89,7(10 K. (W) lcn,320 1(15,0(10 UHon ^ „ « .■^ o t- •+- a s o .S. tl £ ^ ^ rt rjl W o 4- _ _ + (1.8 o.a 01.3 3. 1 12.4 01.3 0.9 18.7 61. 3 12.2 24.9 01.3 19.1 31.2 01. 3 27.6 37.4 01. 3 37. 5 43. (1 (11.3 49.0 49.9 61.3 62. n 5.5. 2 61.3 7(1. 5 02. 4 01.3 92. 6 08.0 01.3 25.0 110.2 74.8 01.3 2.5.0 129. 3 81.1 01.3 2.5.0 150.0 87.3 01.3 2,5. n 172.2 93. 5 01.3 2,5. 19.5.9 99.7 01.3 3.5. 2-.II. 5 lOfi. 01.3 35. 248. n 1 12. 3 01.3 3.5. 270. 3 1 IH. 5 01.3 3.5. n 3nil. 1 124. 7 01.3 35. 32(1 2 127. 8 61.3 3.5. Final offset. 00. 7 south. Iron pillar. ■west 385 feet. 70. 6 south. llo. 73. 1 south. Do. 74. south. Do. 73. 4 south. Do. 71. 1 south. Do. 07.4 south. Do. 02. 2 south. Do. 54.5 south. Do. 47.2 south. Do. 12.3 south. Do. 0. 9 south. Uo. 11. 9 north. Do. 20. 4 north. Do. 42. 4 uorlh. Do. 69. 9 uorth. Do. 88. 2 north. Do. 109. 4 north. Do. 131. 5 north. Do. 155. 1 north. Do. 10(1. 1 north. Do. 200 UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 2. Winter 1873-'7i. From West Boseav Astronomical Station to Fine Ridge Astronomical Station. This tangent was ran in three p.irta. First part, from West Ecscan Astronomical Station to Point D'Orme ; second part, from"Point D'Orme to Forty-mile Station ; third part, from Forty-mile Station to Piue Kidge Astronomical Station. [Observer, Lieut. F. V. Greene.— Transit Wiirdemann 8-in. No. 71.] PART FIRST.-AZIMUTHS. Date. Position of instrument. Position of mark. No. of readings. Star. Azimuth. Nov. 21 Nov. 21 Nov. 21 Nov. 21 Nov. 25 Nov. 27 1 •-3.9 feet north of 49°.... About 1 mile north f 1» 10 1 10 1 19 10 10 Cephei -W.-E.. Polaris U.C.. 51 Cephei E.E.. d UrsaiMiuoris . ..W. E.. Polaris before TJ. C. . Polaris near L. C. o / // 4 62 10. 3 51 59. 8 51 38.5 51 12.8 50 47. 7 53 3-2.5 60 4 51 43. The above azimuth is that of the Target from the initial point of P.art First, Tangent No. 2. The mean of 50 angles between the Target and Tangent No. 3 85 08 54.5 Mean azimuth of ra.ark 4 51 43.6 Azimuth of the tangent 90 00 38.1 Initial point. Target. P.-irt First. PART SECOND.-AZIMUTnS. Date. Position of instrument. Deo. 5 Dec. 2 Dec. 5 Deo. 5 Deo. 5 Dec. 5 Deo. Initial point of Part 2, on post est-ablished by A. L. Russell. Position of mark. Eastof instrument 4,591 feet, and in center of cutting. No. of readings. 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 star. Polaris Polaris 1 Draconis Polaris Polaris y Cephei , Polaris A Ursae Minoris ... L.C. ... U.C. ...W.E. ....u.c. ....u.c. ...W.E- ....U.O. ...W.E. Mean This mean is the azimuth of the Part Second of Tangent 2. Meau of 67 angles between Tangent No. 2 and Target Azimuth of T.irget Meiin of 85 .angles between Part First and Target P.irt First started south True azimuth .at 69,709 feet . Error in nmning the line ... Azimuth. Target. Part Second. P.irt Fir.it. 90 00 19. 8 01 39. 3 00 29. 8 00 48.9 01 11.2 00 69.7 01 12.7 01 23. 7 go 01 00 6 89 57 29. 7 00 03 30. 9 89 48 44.2 38.1 270 14 08.6 270 13 50. 6 201 202 UNITED STATES NORTnEKN BOUXDAKY ('OMMISSION. United States Tangent 2fo. 2 — Coiitiuueil. TART TUIRD.— AZIMUTHS. Dec. 9 Di c. il Dec. il Deo. 1".! Di'c. 1'.^ Dec. rj Dec. r.2 Dec. I'i Dec. I'j D7 east „f'(Coji^toy"f'^uttnii,Mu..le^^ PemUiuii. 10 10 10 10 ."i 10 10 10 10 G 10 10 Star. f Uri4n) Minoris IT. C . Pt)]jiri.s Ileal' U. G. 7^ Urs;o Minoiis Tf. C. 1 Draconia K. K . 6 Ursiu Miuoris.-.W. E. 51 (-'ephei E. li. )? Cepbei W.E. jtf Ursa) Minoris L. C . I'lilaris uoar II. C . A l)rncuiiis L.C y^ Ursa) Miuoris L.C. Polaris U.C. Mean. Tbo above moan is tbo azimntb of Part Tbird. Mean ol" til augles between Tanseiit, Part Tliird, aiul Target . Mean of 57 lui^les between Part Second and Target . Azimuth of Part Second. True a/.iniutb at dislaiico of 33,827 feot. Aziuuitb too proat at Forty-mllo Station . Azimuth too great at Point D'Ormo Error in running lino . Azimutli. Target Part Second. Part Third. rortymilc Station. PIXE RIDGE— AZIMUTHS. B9 •IS 6i. 8 •)■.! U-J. SI 4J 51. 5 4J 51. 5 43 03. (i 43 14.,'> 43 00. G 4S 44. 3 43 0.-). .5 43 SS. 4 43 47. 9 43 3.-). 3 e'J 43 3il. 80 34 50. C 0!< 3S. 4 90 00 54. 7 270 07 270 00 43.7 24. 01 1 19.7 00. G Date. Dec. 20 Positiou of instniuK'nt. Position of mark. readings. ' ^tar. Azimuth. 5 lifi feci aoiUh of Initial \ Poiut. On tnnfiont, west of in- ^stninti'nt. 5 ' A Draconia 5 r)y-niile Station was a nuridi;in connecting Parts Second and Tbird, tbe latter being run from Pine Kidge Astrrnoniiral Station westward by Captain I'^ealbersionbau^b. li. K. Lieut' uanl tin one made use of the Kngli^b enttiujrs tbrnu;:h the tinibi r ()bstrvation« for aximutb bt ing ditlicult to obtain, owmu to cloudy wealher and extrenie eobi, one azimuth ^^a* d'termimd at each point, whib- the other was detei - mired by n-pi tilion ot argh's. REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER 203 United States Tangent Ho. 2 — Coutinued. STATION EBEOE. ^ „ ■ -Ferf. Part First length, 60,709.2 Compat(;d oni^et 133.4 Initial Point north of 40^ 3,9 Termiii.ll Point sooth of 49' 129.5 Measured oflket between Partaland3 316.8 Part Second length, 33,627.6 Initial Point north of 49° 187.3 Computed ofiset 31.3 Feet. Terminal Point north of 49= 156.0 Part Third length, e7.914.6 Initial Point, Pine Bidge north of 49° 59.6 Computed ofiJset 212.2 Terminal Point south of 43® I.'j2.6 Measured of&et between Parts 2 and 3 311.6 Terminal Point of Part Second, north of 49= 219.0 Station error of West Eoscaii, north 03.0 Note. — This is the station error given by the tangent without taking its azimuth into consideration, and is u.-^ed correctly in computing the intermediate offsets to the parallel, since the olfsets are measured from the tangent itself as run. It is, Iiowever, not the true station error. Part First deviates to the pouth of the tnie tangent 49".3, which in alength of 69,709.2 ft. gives 10.0 south. Part Second deviates to the south 1' 12".3, which in a length of 33,&27.6 ft gives 15.3 south. Part Third deviates to the south 23".7, which in a length of 87.914.6 ft. gives 10.1 south. The tangent, if continuous, would then have been still farther to the north of Pine Bidgo 42.0 And the true etation error is West Eoseau, north 103.0 TANGENT LIN-E (PAET FIRST) AXD MOUNDS. 2 i 5 . *"f a .= = Z !"" ^ Final offiset Eemarkc. -530 « a a 2 f^ s-" c X s M. Ch. Lk!. Feet. + SO 3G 53 21 00 00 00 2,809 Iron pillar, w-st 385 feet. 0.2 0.9 3.9 4.6 Ronih.. 22 CO 00 f, 149 1.8 2.6 3.9 4.7 south.. Uo. 23 00 CO 13, 429 5.0 4.4 3.9 3.3 south.. Do. 24 00 00 18,709 9.(. ■'. ft 0. 4 .si 6 ■ =■ Dec. 29 Terminal point of Sec- On t.angent, about 1 mile 5 Polaris ,L. C. 14 43.8 g 14 13.7 ^ Dec. ond part. west of iu.sirument. 1 s Polaris W.E.. Dec. 26 5 Polaris L.C.. 15 34. 1 H 15 25. 1 I - Dec. 29 5 Polaris W. E.. Dec. I 5 A Draconis L. C. 16 05. 1 (■ g 16 28. 7 J < Dec. 1 5 51 Cephoi E. E.- Meau 50 270 15 04. True azimuth at a distanc 3 of 77,302 feet 270 14 35, south of east Difference in azimuth— United States determin.ition — Tangent 28.4 25.5 Tangent started, north of east These differences being small and in opposite directions, the English Tangent is considered straight and its azimuth correct. 205 206 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. United States Tangent No. 3.— Tangent Line. — Continued. AZIMUTHS.— AT LAKE OF THE WOODS STATION. [Observer, Liout. F. V. Greene.— Transit Wiirdemann 8-in. No. ST.] Date. Dec. 31 Position of instrument. ; On .astionomical post marking 49o. Position of m.irk. Two miles west of in- strament. No. of readings. 10 10 20 Star. 51 Cephei E.E. d UrstB MlDoris.W. E. Mean . Difference in azimuth between the TTnit-'d States and English determinations— tangent south of west, Initi;il Point Part First Initial Point Part .Sec.nnd, azimuth observod Me;ui of 20 angles between Part Second and meridian Azimuth of meridian _. Supplement of mean of 20 angles between meridian and Part First . Azimuth of Part First, Terminal Point True azimuth at distance 91,133 feet Difference in TTnited States and English determinations— Tangent north of west. Azimuth. 26!) 59 26. 5 03.2 4,5.2 270 ]-• 04.0 90 17 22.9 179 57 41. 1 90 14 12. 7 89 43 S8. 4 89 42 4B. UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 1. 1873. Prom Joint Astronomical Station JTo. 1 to Joint Astronomical Station No. 2. [Observer, Lieut. F. V. Greene. — Transit Wiirdemnim S-in. No. 71.] AZnnjTHS. Date. Position of instrument. Position of mark. No. of readings. Star. Azimutb. Nov. 6 5 Initial Point 61. 3 feet I north of 49". 5,280 feet irest of in. Btrament. n 33 i TJrsaj Minoris AV. E.. 51 Cephei ...nearE.E.. Polaris . . . near U. C . . Polaris .. nearU. C. O ' /' 270 01 09. 06.4 OS.O 08.3 270 01 06. 3 Tangent was rnn on this azimuth. Date. Position of InstrameDt. Position of mark. No. of readings. Star. Azimuth. Jnne 17 Station 33, SO™ { t 32 Camelopirdalis.W.E . . Polaris E. E.. Mean / " 260 41 42. 3 64.1 12 53. 2 ± 3". 7 34.0 Azimntb determined from a scries of repetitions fron a Tangent No. 2 Mean 369 41 43.6 1 06.3 Cangent started north 35,000 feet 269 40 37. 3 269 40 04. 8 ilrror of tangent, north 33.5 STATION EREOE. Chained distance from Station 34 of Tangent tojoint monnd 49°... Tangent started north of 49° Computed offset for distance of 106,277 feet. Feet. 2.'i9. 4 CI. 3 320.7 310.1 Owing to the uncertainty of the azimuth of this tangent it was agreed to accept Lieutenant Galwey's azimnth as correct. His tangent started 29" south ot this, which solving the spherical triangle, gives the distance between the tangents at Station 34, 22. 3 feet. The actu.-J distance is 21. 4 feet. The mean line is south of this tangent at Station 34 Giving the station error of Astronomical Station at Michell, north 21.8 32.4 207 208 UNITED STATES NORTflBIiN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. United States Tangent No. 1 — Contiiunnl.. TANGEXT LINE. 1 C £ 3: Distances. 1 S a CI a Final offsol to mouuti. Remarks. p. C5 a a C3 3q u w M. Ch. Us. Feet. + + 1 2 Initial Point. "'0' "m 6c" ""4,'3C6' 1 00 00 5, 280 0.8 01.3 0.5 60. south. Iron piUar, vrest 385 feet. 3 1 17 32 6,423 4 1 54 10 8,1-51 5 1 '■) «1 10.534 2 00 00 10, 660 3.1 61. 3 1.0 57. 2 south. Iron pillar, west 385 feet. G 2 37 71 13, 049 3 (.0 00 1."), 840 c.n 61.3 1.6 52. 8 south. Iron pilUr, west 38.". feet. 7 3 34 09 18, 090 8 3 70 18 21,066 4 00 00 21, l-'ll 12. 2 01. 3 2.1 47. south. Iron pillar, wret 385 ftet. 9 4 39 00 23, (;!14 10 4 79 32 26, 355 5 00 00 26, 400 19.1 61.3 2.6 39.6 south. Iron pillar, west 385 feet. 11 5 38 88 28, 966 1-2 1; 00 00 31,660 27.5 61.3 3.1 30. 7 sonth. 14 C 79 CO 65 00 36, 937 36, 960 Iron pill.ir, west 38.5 foot. "'37.' 5 iiV.i "3.1 '"26.1 soalh. 15 7 79 63 42, 210 8 00 CO 42, 240 49.0 01.3 4.2 8. 1 south. Iron pillar, west 385 feet. 9 00 00 47, 520 62.0 61.3 4.7 5. 4 north. Iron pillar, west 385 feet. 16 9 01 25 47, 6113 17 10 00 CO 52, f CO -C. 5 61.3 5.2 20. 4 north. Iron pillar, west 385 feet. ie 10 40 00 5.% 410 11) 11 00 CO 58, 080 92.6 61.3 5.8 37.1 north. Iron pillar, west 385 feet. ao 11 40 00 60, 720 21 12 00 00 63, 300 110.2 61.3 6.3 5,i.2 north. Iron pillar, west 385 feet. 22 12 40 00 66, (00 2.1 13 00 00 08, 640 129. 3 61.3 6.8 74. B north. Iron piUar, west 365 feet. 24 13 40 OIJ 71, 280 25 14 00 CO 73, 920 150.0 61.3 7.3 90.0 north. Iron pillir, west 385 feet. 2li 14 40 00 76, 560 27 15 00 CD 79,2C0 jr-o 61.3 7.9 118. 8 north. Iron pillar, west 385 feet. 28 15 40 00 81, 840 29 16 00 CO 84, 41-0 195.9 61.3 8.4 143. north. Iron pillar, west 385 feet. 30 17 00 CO 89, 760 220. 5 (il.3 8.9 I615. 1 north. Iron pillar, west 385 feet- 31 18 00 CO 95, 040 248.0 61.3 9.4 196. 1 north. Iron pillar, west 385 feet. 32 19 00 CO ICO, 320 276. 3 61.3 10.0 225. north. Iron pillar, west 385 feet. 33 20 00 00 1115, 600 306. 1 61.3 10.5 2.')5. 3 north. Iron pillar, west 385 feet. 34 20 10 26 106,277 310.1 61.3 10.6 259.4 north. Meridian of Joint Astronoiuioal Station. UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 2. 1873. From Joint Astronomical Station at Michel to Joint Astronomical Station at Pembina Mountain East. [Observer, Lieut. F. V. GreoDc— Transit Wurdeniann Sin. No. 71] AZIMUTHS. Date. Position of instrument. Position of marls. Star. Azimuths. June 14 46. 5 feet north of 49°.... 3,154.7 feet west. J 270 01 55, 7 55.1 British determination.. 270 01 55. 4 The tangent was run through a point 20.88 inches south of the mark and prolonged to meridian of Astronomical Station, Pembina Mountain East. The difference between the British and United .States tangents at this point was inappreciable. The azimuth was checlied at the terminal point by Lieutenant Galwey, K. E. STATION EEEOE. Lieutenant Galwey, K. E., gives the Station Error, Station Pembina Mountain East-south 55.05 feet. OFFSETS TO PARALLEL, ^or list of oflfeets and position of mounds and iron pillars, see Lieutenant Galwey's repoit. UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 3. 1873. From United States Astronomical Station JVb. 4 (Captain Twining), Fast to Pembina River crossing. [Observer, Lieut. F. V. Greene.— Transit Wiirdimann 8-in. No. 87.] AZIMUTHS. Date. Position of instrument. Position of marli. No. of readings. Star. Azimuth. July 4 Initial Point 49° 4447.8 W f 8 8 S 8 8 8 32 Camelopardalis. . jff Cephei Polaris y Cephei UrsEe Minoris . . . Mean .W.E. .. E E. ...E.E. ...E.E.. ..W.E.. ' 270 03 40. 6 4 20. 7 4 03. 1 4 00. 4 15. 5 40 270 04 04. ± 2" " Mark was moved 5.3 feet sonth, and tangent run through that point. TANGENT LINE AND MOUNDS. m a Di8t.ances. f 1 B o o a a ■s u a .2 s CD Final offset to mound. Kemarlia. 1 3 M. Ch.Lks. Feet. + Initial Point, iron pillar 520 feet east. Iron pillar. Earth mound, 12' X 5'. Pembina River. 00 66 66 1 40 00 3 03 43 3 17 54 4,400 7, 920 10, 000 16, 998 1.8 7.0 1. 8 north. 7. north. N B- -14 i09 UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 4. 1873. From United States Astronomical Station No. 4 {Assistant Lewis Boss), west side of Pem- bina Mountain, to Long River, United States Astronomical Station No. 5 [Lieutenant Gregory). [Observer, Lieut. F. V. Greene. — Transit Wiirdemauu 8-ln. No. 87.] AZIMUTHS. D.ate. rosition of instranient. Position of mark. No. of readings. Star. Azimnth. July 4 luitiil point 49° 4, 447. 8 "W f 1 i 8 8 I 8 35 Camelopardalia. . ..W. E.. /SCephei E.E.. PoLaris E. E.. V Cepbei E. E . . /5 UrsjB Minoris W.E.. o / // 2T0 03 40. 6 4 20.7 4 0.1. 1 4 00.0 4 15.5 40 270 04 04.0 ±2". 7 Mark was moved south T). 3 ftot, an d tangent ~un thron;;h tbat point. DatP. Position of iuatrument. Po.sitiou of m;uk. No. of readings. Star. Azimnth. July U Station No. 27 Station No. -26 1 i /y Opbei Pc.Uiris y Ct-phei Mean . . . E. E.. -E. E.. .E.E.. 1 II 89 31 17. 2 24.6 20.4 21 89 31 20. 6 ± 2". 4 89 30 39. 5 Azimuth duo to distance, Error in running the line. 155,410. feet 41.1 There hcini; no reason to sufpeet an error at any station, this total error of 41". 1 is distributed at the rate of 1". 62 at each staiioii. The accumulated error, in feet, arising from each individnal error in pointinj;, is calculated separately for 15, 21,23,211. 27,28, 2!>, and 29J miles. At Ibe other st:itions it is interpoUited from these and placed in the column headed "Error of lino," and is subtractive. STATION ERROR. Feet. Chained distance from Station No. 27 to Astronomical Moand 49° 565.2 Computed otl'set for dist.Tiiee, 155,100 feet 660.0 Error of Line, dtio to azimuth deviation United States Astronomical Station No. 5, south TANGENT LINE AND MOUND.S. 04.8 12.0 i§ ^-" CO Distances. o ® o © Final offset to mound. Remarks. p. L. o o n f? to O w m 21. Ch. Lks. Feet. + Initial Point. 1 2 2 67 -M Ort 40 4,447 11, !14 Earth mound. 3.4 0.3 5. 9 2. 8 south.. 3 » 00 OU I'l, 810 (1.9 0.4 8.5 2. soutli . . Do. 4 4 21 34 22, 528 13. 9 0. f) 11.4 2.0 north.. Do. 5 5 07 98.5 2C, 921). 5 19.8 0. G 14.3 4. 9 north.. Do. 6 6 50 47 3J, (;09 33. 0.8 18.0 14. 2nortli . Do. 210 REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 211 United States Tangent ¥0. 4 — Coutinued. TANGENT LINE AND MOUNDS. 1 1 S w § Distances. 1 a Final nffaet to mound. Eem.irks. B. (» rt a •^ K 1 M. Ch. Lks. Feet. + 7 7 61 49 41,018 40.2 1.0 21.8 23. 4 north.. Earth mound. 8 8 46 99 45,341 50.4 1.2 24.1 31. 1 north. - Do. 9 11 18 48, 256 63.9 1.4 25.7 36. 8 north . . Do. 10 10 05 58.2 53,168.2 77.fi 1.6 28.4 47. 6 north.. Do. 11 10 60 67 56, 804 88.6 1.8 30.0 56. Snorlh.. Do. n CD 00 58, 080 93.6 1.9 31.0 59. 7 north.. Do. 13 12 41 59 66, 105 119.9 2.2 35.2 82. 5 north.. Do. 13 13 14 69 00 35 00 73,217 73, 9:J0 Earth mound. ' 150.0 as' 39.'5' 108. 6 north.. 14 15 07 41 79, 689 174.3 2.9 42.6 138. 8 north.. Do. 16 00 00 84, 480 19.5. 9 3.0 4,5. 1 147. 8 north-. Do. 15 17 04 68 90, 069 223. 7 .3.4 48.1 171. 2 north-. Do. IC 17 77 6R 94,887 246.7 3.6 50.6 193. 5north.. Stone monnd, 12' X 5'. 17 18 74 79 99, 976 274.5 4.2 53.3 217.0 north.. Earth mound, 8' X 3'. Ifi 19 19 20 51 03 72.5 91 103. 713. 5 101;, 1U8 Earth mound, IS' X 7'. "369.' 6' "5.0' '56.' 7" 247.' 9 north-! 20 21 21 22 31 03 63.8 53 112, 067. 8 116,393 Earth monnd, 16' X 6'. "sn.f "5.1' 'cb'.s 205. i north!! 22 22 23 43 00 87.3 00 119,055.3 181,440 Earth monnd, 8' X 3'. '463." 4 "6.3' '(■ 69 42 02. 4 ± 2".7 89 43 03. 9 Azimuth due to distance 95,1 12 foot En 01. 5 STATION EEROE. ^^^^ Chained distance from Station 13 to Astronomical Mound on 49°. . . 93. 75 Computed otfset for distance of 90,760 feet 257. Sleepy Hollow Astronomical Mound, 49o, south 163.25 TANGENT LINE AND MOUNDS. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Distances. 2f. Ch. ifc. U 110 00 .52 55 1 30 76 3 36 86 4 76 15 5 54 50 7 .58 50 10 63 57 11 41 81 13 52 23 15 61 06 17 40 42 18 01 09 18 26 09 Feet 3,468 7,310 18, 274 26, 146 29, 997 40, 821 56, 996 00, 839 72, 080 83, 230 92, 428 9,'., 112 96, 762 ^ o 'a i* u « U cc + _ 9.0 0.0 0.3 4.8 8.8 31.0 24.7 50.0 45.7 06. 8 89.2 90.3 100. 9 lOi. 8 142.4 119.2 190. 2 138.7 248.5 157.1 257.0 103.3 Final oflfset to mound. 0.0 4. 5 south . . 22.2 south.. 25.9 south.. 21.1 south.. 7. 1 south .. 1.9 south .. 23. 2 north . . 51.5 north . . 91.4 north .- 93. 7 north . . Eemarks. Initial Point, mound of Asttououiical Station No. 5. Stone mound, 6' X 4'. Stone mound, 13' X "'. Stone mound, 13' X 7'. Do. Do. Stone mound, 10' X 6'. Earth mound, 10' X 7'. Do. Earth mound, 10' x 5', Terminal Point, Sleepy Hollow meridian. On the parallel established by the above mounds, iron pillars were placed, in 1675, by Capt. J. F. Gregory, United States Engineers, as follows: Distance /rom InituU Point of United Statcii Tangent -Vo. 5. Jf. Ch. 2 42. 14 4 42. 1 4 5 42. 1.-. 21-2 UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 6. 1873. From United States Astronomical Station No. 6, at Turtle Mountain West (Captain Twin- ing), eastward into Turtle Mountain. [Observer, Lieut. F. V. Greene. — Transit Wiirdemann 8-in. Ko. 87.] AZIMUTH. Date. Position of instrnment. Position of mark. No. of readings. Star. Azimnth. Aug. 1 f2.2 feet north of 49°, and :,678 feet east of { meridian of United J States Astronomical (. Station No. 6. 8,123 feet west of merid- 1, ian of United States Astronomical Station No. 6. r 8 i 1 1 8 I 8 Polaris E.. 32 Camelopardalis 'W.. Ursa Minoris W. . y"^ Ursre Minoris "W".. y Cephei E.. O t II 2D9 50 59.6 58.4 49.2 47.3 23.3 40 269 50 47. 6 ± 3".2 The tangent was rnn through 8. point 20.2 feet north of the mark. The Station Error .as given by the English is, United States Astronomical Station No. 6 North, 100.76 feet. The t-angent line was cut through the woods. The following are the stations: TANGENT LINE AND MOUNDS. *: & tl. £ o CO Distances. 'i n Final offset to mound. Romarks. o 1 i .2 o m o CO o M. Ch. Lks. Feet. + 25 42 1,678 1 75 45 4,980 2 2 39 63 13, 176 3 2 68 50 15,081 6.3 8.4 O 1 A. 3 soutb . . Earth mound. 4 3 23 07 17, 363 5 3 64 88 20,122 4 24 45 22, 731 7 4 57 23 24, 897 16.9 13.9 O .1 0.8 north .. Eartli mound. 8 5 27 72 28,230 9 ti 22 65 43, 735 52.3 24.3 2.:> 25.8 north .. Earth mound. 10 S 31 57 44, 324 11 B 58 76 46, 118 13 9 20 30 48, 860 14 10 32 78 51, 963 313 UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 7. 1873. From United States Astronomieol Station No. C, at Turtle Mountain West {Captain Twin- ing), to British Astronomical Station ai first crossing Mouse River (Lieutenant Galaey). [Observer, Lieut F. V. Greeue.— Trausit Wiirdemann 8-iD. No. 87.] AZIMUTHS. Date. Position of instrument. Position of mark. No. of readings. Star. Azimuth. Aug. 1 fS.a fiet nurtli of 49°, anil 1,076 feet east ot meridian of United Slates Astrnnoinical (, Station No. 6. 8,123 feet west of the meridian ol Uniteii 1 States Astronomical j Station No. «. f 8 8 s 8 H 8 Poinds E.. 32 Camelopardalia W.. ^ Ursaj Minons W.. y^ Urs;o Minoris W.. J Cepbei E.. / II 269 50 5!l. 6 58.4 49. a 47.3 23.3 40 Mean 2b9 50 47. 6 ± 3".2 The tangeut was run through a point 26.2 feet north of mark. Date. Position of instrument. Position of maik. No. of readings. Star. Azimuth. Aug. 5 Az Station 9 of Tangent . . . Station 8 of Tangent- . . . 04 + 1,678 - 98,282 feet .. ) 8 1 8 I 8 Polaris 32 Camelopardalia .. y^ Ursa) Minoris y Cephei Mean ... E.. ...W.. ...W.. ... E.. O ' // c9 41 23. 8 33.3 36.8 17.9 32 89 41 27. 9 ± 2".8 89 41 28.2 En CO. 3 STATION EEKOU. The chained distance from Station 10 of Tangent tt) British Astronomical Para Tangent started north Computed otf^iet f. r distance, ]0r),095 feet- 398.2 303. 2 This 95.0 feet is used, without (nor, in determining the oflsets to intermediate mounds ; hut it is not the true Station Error, because the tangent did not make an angle ot 90° with Captain Iwming's n)eridi:iu, lint with a meridian 1,078 feet east of the Astronomical Station. Taking the initial point of the tangent on the meridian of United States Astronomical Station No. fJ, the computed otfdet ij 3).i The measured ofl'set is 396 feet + 2.2 feet 3 feet and tangent run tbrougli tliat point. Djvte. Position of instrument. Position of mark. No. of readings. Star. Azimiitb. Aug. 29 Station 9 Station 8 f 8 i 8 8 I 8 40 Polaris /? Ursas Minoris . . ys Ursai Minoris I Uraaj Minoris Y Cepbei E.. ' II 89 41 30. 8 32.2 38.8 22.6 28.4 89 41 30.C±1".2 89 39 41. 4 07,698 feet Error of line to north 1 49.2 STATION ERROR. A strong southerly gale w-is blowing at Stations 0, 1, and 2, turning the telescope to the north. The error of 10ft".2 is distributed at these three stations, or 36".5 at each, and the result of each separate erorr is calculated and subtracted from the station error of 221 feet given by the line as run. The sum of these errors is 58 feet. Feet. Chained distance from Station 11 to Astronomical Mound 49° 148. Computed otlset duo to distance 119,576.8 feet 369.0 221.0 sao British Astronomical station south 163.0 215 216 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. United States Tangent No. 8 — Continued. TANGENT LINE AND MOUNDS. CD a o 3i Distances. -2 i o o a o "el ^ a o 1-1 w Final offset to mound. Remarks. 1 3 4 5 a 7 8 9 10 11 M. Ch.Lks. Feet. + - + Initial Point, meridian of United States Astronom- ical Station No. 7. Stone mound, 10' X 0'. Do. Earth mound, 10' X 0'. Stone monnd, 10' X 0'. Earth mound, 12' X C. Stone mound, 10' X 6'. Do. Terminal Point, meridian of British Astronomical Station. 1 10 17 2 11 73 4 04 75 7 40 0,1 9 05 41 13 ,57 24 IG (15 49 18 72 77 20 31 70 21 03 08 22 51 77 071 11,334 25, 303 30,001 51, 837 72,418 84, 842 99, 843 107, 608 111,083 119,577 3.5 10.2 43.0 73.0 143.9 197.6 21.3 47.8 74.9 97.9 130. 8 160.3 17. 8 south.. 31. 6 south.. 31. 9 south.. 24. 3 south.. 7. 1 north . 37. 3 north.. 318.4 203.7 114.7north.. 369.0 221.0 148.0 north.. Error at— Feet. Station 2,... 1. 6 south. Station 3.... 1. 2 north. Station 4.... 3. 5 north. Station 5 r>. 9 north. St.ation 6 9. 7 north. St.ation 7 12. north. Station 9... 10.2nortll. NoTE.-ln revising the.so notes in 1875 an error was discovered in the computed offset at Station 11, whicli should bo 302.7 instead of 309.0 leet. This raaljes the mounds erroneously built as in the column to the right. Owing to the uncer- tainty in the azimuth, the station error of 163.3 feet south is not disturbed. UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 9. 1873. From United States Astronomical Station JVo. 8 {Captain Twining), to British Astronom- ical Station at Short Creek {Captain Feather stonhangh). [Observer, Lieut. F. V. Greene.— Transit ■Wiirdemann Sin. No. 87.) AZIMUTHS. Date. Position of instrnmont. Position of mark. No. o£ readings. Star. Azimuth. Sept. 1 5 711 feet west \ l Potais E.. /? Ur.sa5 Minoris W.. y' Ursa) Minoria W.. o ' " 269 49 17. 9 20.8 4.5.9 24 26D 49 28. 3 ± 3". 1 T.angent was ran through a point 17.5 foot north of the Mark. Date. Position of instrument. Position of mark. No. of readiii;:^8. Star. Azimuth. Sept. 5 Station 10 1 I Polaris Ursaj Minoria y' TJrsaj Miuoiia E.. * " 269 43 11. 43 16. 8 43 53. 1 43 40. 7 269 43 15. 1 ± 3". 7 269 43 11. 1 4.0 A^zimath dae to distance, £ Mean 32 STATION ERKOR. Feet. Chained distance from Station 10 to British Astronomical Monnd 49° 430. 3 Computed ofiset for a length of 94,410 foet S44.C Station error, British Astronomical Station north 175. 6 TANGENT LINE AND MOUNDS. 1 Distances. *5 o I § I a "a , o H Fin.ll offset to mound. Eem.irka. 1 3 4 5 6 7 a a 10 ilf. Ch.Vcs. Feet. + + Initial Point, meridian Astronomical Station No. 8. Stone mound, 8' X 6'. Earth mound, 14' X 6'. Stone mound, 8' X 6'. Earth mound, 10' X C. Stone mound, 10' X 6'. Earth mound, 15' X 7'. Meridian British Astronomical Station. 1 06 53 2 06 59 4 34 48 21 40 9 13 20 9 05 09 11 54 14 14 54 45 16 69 68 17 70 46 5,711 10, 995 23,396 33, 093 a, 393 51,816 61,653 77,514 89, 079 94,410 15.0 31.1 64.3 43.6 61.6 90.0 53. 6 north.. 93. 7 north.. 154. 3 north.. 104.3 104.9 218.0 244.6 114.8 143.1 165.7 175.6 219.1 north.. 308.0 north.. 383. 7 north.. 420. 2 north . . 217 UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 10. 1873. From United States Astronomical Station No. 9 {Lieutenant Gregory) to British Astronom- ical Station, at Grand Coteau {Lieutenant Galwey). [Observer, Lieut. F. V. Greene.— Transit Wiiidemanu 8-in. No. 87.] AZIMUTHS. Date. Position of instrument. Position of mark. No. of readiuga. Star. Azimuth. Sept. 9 4'jo parallel 3025. 3 feet west 1 « Polaris E .. B tlrsai Minoris W.. 1-2 Ursa) ilinoris W.. y Cephei E.. Mean 1 II 270 00 19. 5 12.1 30.8 07.8 270 00 15. 8 ± 1". 9 32 Tangent was ran throngh a point 0.3 feet sonth of mark. Date. Sept. l.T PoGition of instrument. Station 9. Position of mark. Station 8. No. of readiugs. Star. Polaris B Ursio Minoris . j-2 Ursa) Minoris. . y Cephoi .,E.. W.. .W.. ..E.. Mean. Tangent started with an azimuth of . Azimuth due to distiince, 93.928 feet . Eiror of line to sonth (This error was taken as the sum of the errors of observation at both stations.) Azimuth. 89 42 43. 3 41 3S.9 41 ;,(!. 3 42 01. H STATION EEEOE. Feel. The effect of the azimuth error in feet at the terminal point is 2.7 The ch.iined distance from station 10 of taogeut to iJiiti-sh astronomical mound 185.0 182. 3 Computed offset for a length of 94,799 feet 246.7 Station error of British Astronomical Station, south 64. 4 TANGENT LINE AND MOUNDS. 1 to Distances. 1 o © C 5 o z to Final offset to mound. KemarkH. 1 3 4 .■) (i 7 8 9 10 Jlf. Ch. Lks. Feet. + - Initial ]ioint, meridian of Astronomical Station. Earth mound, 2U'xii'. Do. Earth mound, 16'xfi'. Do. Stone mound, ll'xV. Terminal point, meridian ol P.rilisli .\sticnoniicaI Station. 45 83 2 46 55 .■■> 04 13 8 40 SI 9 511 K2 12 37 04 13 08 82 15 25 71 17 C3 15 17 77 35 3,025 13, f32 2i;, r,-2 41,894 DO. 874 (15, 844 Cn, 222 80, 897 '.13, 928 94, 805. 2 "71.0" "8.9' 17.3 "33.' i' 3. 8 south .. 2. 3 north - . . 37. 9 north.. 17;). G 4.5. 52.6 86. 4no-th.. 127. north.. 2-1 n. 7 61.7 1 185. U north.. ■>l>i UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 11. 1873. From United States Astronomical Station No. 10 at Mid Cotcau {Lieutenant Gregory) to British Astronomical Station [Captain Featlierstonliatigh). [Observer, Lieut. F. V. Greene. — Transit Wiir4 03 95 126, 981 442. 7 218.4 20.0 11.2 092. 3 north.. Stone mound, lO'xG'. 11 1 25 58 30 135, 8.52 506.7 233. 9 20.0 11.9 772. 5 north.. Meridian of British Astronomical Station. 221 UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 14. 1874. From United States Astronomical StaHon No. 13 ( Captain Gregory) to British Astronom- ical Station [Lieutenant Galicey). [Observer, Lieut. F. V. Greene.— Transit WUrdemonn 8-in. No. 87.] AZIMITTHS. Date. July 8 Position of instrument. 318 feet e.ist iinrl 11.4 feet north of United State.s Astronomical Mound 4a°. Position of mai'k. 11,8-25 feet west of in* strument. No of readiniis. 10 10 10 10 10 star. Polaris E . Cephei E . > C^pliei E . /^ Ursie Minoris W. ■y2 Ursje Minoris W . Mean. Aline perpendicular to the meridian through the mound -would hove an azimuth at the initial ■ tof point ( The marli -was then south of the tangent . Azimuth. 2G3 10 31.0 24 ■} 53.2 46.2 41. •,> 208 10 39- ± 1 270 00 03. !) ..... 1 49 24. 9 The tangent was ruu through a point 376.5 feet north of the mark. Date. July 10 Position of instrument. Station 7. Position of mark. Station fi . Ko. of readinjis. to 10 10 10 Star. Polaris E . y Cephei E . Ursse Minoris W . , y^ Ursae Minoris W . Mean True azimuth at a distance 87,873 foet . , ^ iO 42 07 70 57 S7 6 6 80 4t 03.3 ± 1".2 89 4:i 21 7 Tangent north 38".6. This error is taten to be the Pum of the errors of the azimuth observations at both extremities, i.e , the whole lino ran north 10". 3, which gives at Station 7, an error of 6.3 feet north. STATIOX EEPvOR. The chained offset to the mound from Station 7 3-]9. The computed oflset to the mound from Station 7 Sl'^. 137.0 The initi.U point Tvas north 11.4 The error of azimuth was north 8.3 19.7 Station en-or of British Astronomical Station north 156. 7 TANGENT LINE AND MOUNDS. i§ c "d "n a £ Distances. 5 ■- J, ©*o n Final offs»t Keraarks. © c i- P. ^3 « c rt e g cfi O !C n H il. Ch. LU Feet. + + _ (> •i 2,-< CG 12, 452 4.3 22.3 1.1 14. 1 north Stone mound. 10' X 6'. 3 6 37 20 34, 135 3>.0 60.0 3.2 78.3 north Do. 9 49 68 50, 799 70.9 90.6 4.8 14.1.3 north Do. 4 12 3-> 30 «.% 6911 118. 5 117.1 6.2 218. north . D... o 14 35 H2 76, 284 159.7 136.0 7. I 277. 2u((ith . Do. 7 Ifi 51 41 87, 873 212.0 156.7 8.3 349.0 north . Do. UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 15, 1874. From United States Astronomical Station No. 14 (Captain Gregory) to British Astronom- ical Station {Cajitain Feathcrstonliaugh). [Obserrer, Lieat. F. V. Greene. — Transit Wurdemann 8-iu. Xo. 87.] AZIMUTHS. Date. Position of instrument. Position of mark. No. of readings. Star. Azimnth. July 12 < 20 feet north of monnd } 49°. 11.352.5 feet west of iu- strnment. oooo Polaris y Cepliei ti TJrsffi Minoris . . - ) ' tfrsfe Minoris . . . Meaji ... E.. ... E.. o / // 271 57 51. 6 54.1 35.4 44.4 40 271 57 46. 4 ± 2".0 Tangent line was ran throngli a point 389 feet south of mark. Date. Position of instrument. Position of mark. No. of readiugs. Star. Azimuth. July 17 Station 10 Station 11 oooo Polaris E .. J-' Cepbei E . . tS Ursas Hiuoris W.. V^Ursa) Minoiia W.. Mean t n 2G9 35 30. 2 2S.fi 7.1. 2 m 269 35 49. 1 ± 3".5 269 35 18. ice 130,975 feet Error of line to north 31.1 This error was mado in sighting from Station 8 to Stiition W, a distance of 7* miles, and gives Station 10, north of true tan- gent 6.2 feet, Station 11, north of true tangent 6.4 feet. STATION EEEOE. Feet. The chained oifset to mound at Station 11 394.3 The computed offset to mound at Station 11 564.5 170. 2 The initial point was north 20. The error of azimuth 6.4 26. 4 Station error of British Astronomical Station, south 143. 8 TANGENT LINE AND MOUNDS. Distances. M. Oh. Lks. 3 43 56 H 38 58 10 62 97 13 02 52 17 49 48 20 46 62 24 64 47 37 12 71 Feet. 18, 649 44, 780 56, 956 68, 8116 93, 026 108, 677 130, 975 14 1, 399 + 9.6 55.0 89.1 129. 1 237.5 324. 3 471.1 564.5 18.6 41.8 57.0 68.9 93.0 103.7 131.0 143.8 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 6.2 6.4 Final offset to mound. 29. south 9. 8 south 12. 1 north 40. 2 north 124. 5 north 195. 6 north 313. 9 north 394. 3 north Remarks. Stonemound, lO'xO'. Do. Do Do Do. Do. Do. Do. 223 UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 16. 1874. This Tangent teas in hco parts, both starting at United States Astronomical Station No. 15, at the' East Fori: of Milk liiver ; one part, east 8.5 miles, connecting icith Captain Feather stonhaugWs 'Tangent, the other, icest 13.3 miles, to Lieutenant Galwey's station on the West Fork. (Observer, Lieut. F. V. Greene.— Transit Wiirdemaim 8-in. No. 87.) AZIMUTHS. Date. July 21 Position of instrument. ; 877 feet west nnfl 121.2 feet north of the [ mound. Position of mark. 1 14,124 feet east of the I instrument. No. of readings. r 10 I 10 1 10 I 10 40 Star, Pol.iris E .. y Cephei E . . /y Ursa) Minoris W . j2 Ursai Minoris W . . Mean. The azimuth at this point of a perpendicular to the meridian of Capt.iin Gregory's Astronom- ical Mound Azimutii. 83 19 48. 3 52. 4 •18.4 57.4 86 ID 51. G ± 0".6 89 69 60. 1 The tangent line was ran through a point 411 feet south of mark. No azimuth olwerv.itions were taken at tho eastern extremity, , , , , , „-, . . i , i- No azimuth observations were taken at the western extremity, the sky being cloudy. The tangent was chocked in azi- muth on Lieutonaut Galwcy's meridian and found correct withiu 10", STATION ERROE EAST, Feet. Initial point, north 'E'? Computed offset for distance 44,793 feet 6j. I TTnited States determination of 49°, south - C8. I Distance from extremity to British determination of 49°, south 507. Station error United Sti.tes Station, north 538. 9 STATION ERROR WEST. Computed offset due to distance 70,052 feet i:.'4, 7 Initial point, north I'-''- - United States determination of 49", north of tangent 11-5 Actual ofl'^et to mound, south 15j. 2 Station error British Station, south ICIJ-' 2\'4 REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 225 United States Tangent No. IC— Coutiuned. TANGENT LINE (EAST) AND MOUNDS. 1 Distances. f i .2 « .2 Final ofifaet to mound. Rcmarta. 4 M. Ch. Ll-8. 6 37 69 2 40 71 Feet 34, 161 13,247 32.0 4.1 106.4 41.2 123.2 123.2 197. 6 south . 100. 3 south . Stone .and earth mound, 10'x6'. Stone mound, 10'X6'. TANGENT LINE (WEST) AND MOUNDS. c u £ a to Distances. 1 S o O 1 ■2» Final offset to mound. Remarks. M.Ch.Zks. Feet. + 2 4 G 8 1 66 38 4 21 7H 7 17 83 9 08 95 13 2) 40 9,601 23, 557 38, 137 48,111 70, 052 2.6 14.0 39.9 63.6 134.7 23.0 53.0 90.8 114.5 106.7 123.2 lia.2 1S3. 2 123.2 123.2 143. 6 south - 162. 2 south . 174.1 south . 174.1 south . 155. 2 south . Stone mound, lO'xO'. Do. Do. Earth mound, 12'x7'. Meridi.an British Astronomical St.ation. N B- -15 UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 17. 1874. From. United States Astronomical Station JVb. 16 (Captain Gregory) to British Astronomical Station ( Captain Featherstonhavgh). [Observer, Lient. F.V. Greene.— Transit "Wiirdeminn 8-in. No. 87.] AZIMUTHS. Date. Position of instrament. Position of mark. No. of readings. Star. Azimatb. July 25 34. 5 feet nortli of 49° .. < 12,104 feet west of in- I stmment. ( 10 ] 10 < 10 Polaris Urste Minoria y- Urs» Jliuoria . . . E.. ' " 268 43 42. 50 52.8 30 268 43 43. 9 ± 1".0 1 Tangent line rnn through a point 268.25 feet north of the mark. Station 6 of the tangent was on the meridian of the terminal point of a tangent rnn east by Captain reatherstonhaugh. The azimuth was checked here by putting a stake on United States tangent, on the meridian of next British tangent stake, measuring the distance between the twotangentsKteach point. By these means the azimuth of the United Statoe tangent was found to be 89 34 Jb.2 True azimuth for 133,810 feet 89 34 48. Azimuth error ^'^ Feet. Length of Captain Feathorstonhaugh's tangent is i?.Vim Length of Lieutenant Greene's tangent is '^-■•"'" Total length of tangent 133,810 STATION EKKOE. At Station 6, the distance from United States tangent to British determination of 49°. . . . 32. 7 Feet. The initial point was north of 49° o?i'c The computed offset for 112,360 feet -- 346.6 Distance from United States tangent to United States determination of 49° 3i.i. 1 Station error, British A.stmnomical Station, south 2.9.4 TANGENT LINE AND MOUNDS. 1 s 3 . 5 g :- H Final offset Eemarks ^ to mound. 3 to i3 i iS to g Feet. + ,1 16, 082 7.4 33.6 34.5 60.7sonth.. Earth and stone mound 10' X 6'. A 32, 2.i0 28. 5 67. 3 34.5 73. 3 south . Do. 4 45, "49 57.6 95.6 34.5 72. 5 south. - Stone mound. 10' X «'. 5 70, 3G4 135.9 147.0 34.5 45. 6 south... No mound built. 6 112,360 347.3 234.6 34.5 78. 2 north.. British mound. 22c UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 18. 1874. From United States Astronomlml Station No. 17 (Captain Gregory) to British Astronomical Station (Lieutenant Galicey). [Observer, Liont, F. V. Greene.— Transit Wiiraemann 8-in. No. 87.] AZIMUTHS. Date. Aug. Position of instruiucnt. ( ta. 3 feet smith .and 1,479 feet ) < e.ist of United States astro- > ( Domical mound. ) Position of mark. 10,G77 feet west of in- strument. No. of readiDM. 10 10 10 St.ar. Polaris E .. /y Ursai Minoris .."W.. j-^Ursai Minoris ..W.. Me.an The azimutli at this point of aporpendicular to the meridian of United States astronomical mound. Azimuth. O / II 870 04 03. 7 02.3 04.5 270 04 03. 5 ± 1". 1 270 00 17. 3 3 40. 2 Tanaent run through a point 13. 3 feet south of mark. Total length of t-mgent is 89,630 feet. STATION EEROK. Chained offset from United States t.ingont to British Aatronomical Station 49°, north .... 40 Computed offset for distance, 89,036 feet 220 6 Initial point, eonth '.]. 40" 3 Station error of British Astronomical Station, sonth 266.9 TANGENT LINE AXD MOUNDS. *! ^ 1 u a £ c . d «« a Final offset to monnd. Eemarks. .H c. t. =< rt OS a "rt M R 02 W Feet. + + A 18, 269 9.2 54.8 42.3 3. 3 south .. Stone monnd, 10' X C. 4 37,085 37.8 112.2 42.3 31. 1 south . Do. b 58, 305 93.3 175.5 42.3 39. 9 south .. Do. 7 82, 500 1S6.9 245.0 42.3 16.4south... Do. 8 89,636 220.6 206.9 43.3 4.0 south... British astronomical moand- -Meridian. 2Si7 UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 19. 1874. From United States Astronomical Station No. 18 {Captain Gregory) to British Astronom ical Station (Captain Featlicrstonhauyk). [Oliserver, Liout. F. V. Groeno. — Transit Wurdemaun 8-iu. No. 87.] AZIMUTHS. Date, Position of instruiueut. Position of m.irk. No. of [■eadiugs. Star. Azimuth. A\ig. 9 C 125.3 feet north and 174.0 feet) < ■\ve3t of I'lutcd States as- > t tronoraical mound. ) 18,324 feet -west of in- strument. f 10 ] 10 1 10 no ■ ii Ursai Minori8..."W.. li Ccphci E .. y Cephei E .. D / // 270 34 20. 4 41.5 34.0 270 34 33. ± 1' 269 59 58. 1 . 16 Azimuth at this point of the por[ endicular to tho meridian through tl le astronomical monnd. . 34 33. 9 Taugeiit was rim tbrongh a point 184.3 feet south of mark. Date. Position of instrument. Position of mark. No. of readings. St.ir. Azimuth. Ans. 13 f Terminal point of tangent l < oil meridian of British as- > ( tronoinical mound 49^. ) On tangent f 10 ) 10 1 't PoIari.s E .. y Cepbei E ., IS Ursa) Minoris.-W.. V^Ursa) Minoris.-'n'.. Mean 89 36 15. a 01.2 30.3 CO. 8 35 eO 36 18.5±1". 43 89 35 27. 9 50. 6 STATION EEKOE. The British ran east 16,834.6 feet, from a point 13 feet east and 11 leot Houth of British astronomical mound 49°. Fed. Lieutenant Greene's chaining 113, 251. British 10,834.6 British initial point, east 13.0 Tot.al length of tangent 130, 098. 6 The me.asnred offset, nortli. Initial point, south Computed ntiset due to distance, north Station eiror, Britisli Astronomical Station, south TANGENT LINE AND MOUNDS. Feet. 604,9 125. 3 479.6 404.6 1 •3 o c 3 Tl § 6 Final offset to mound. Remarks. rt m a ■s 8 CC P o M a Feet. + + + o W, 4!W 9.4 2.1 125. 3 136. Snorth.. Stone mound, lO'XG . A 41, too 48.0 4.8 12,5. 3 178. 1 north. Do. H 58. 8r>7 9.5. 1 6.7 12,5.3 2-J7.1 north.. Do. (; 74, 708 1.53.2 8.5 125. 3 2.M7.0 north-. Do. D 89, 035 217. 5 10.2 12.5. 3 3.53. north.. Do. 100, 000 2 ,-4.5 11.5 12.5. 3 411. 3 north.. Do. 9 130, 098. fi 4f4. 6 1.5.0 125.3 604. 9 north . . Meridian British Astronomical Station. UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 20. 1874. From United States Astronomical Station No. 19 {Captain (Jre(iory)to British Astronom- ical Station [Lieutenant Galicey). (Observer, Lieut. F. V. Greiue.— Transit 'Wiirclcmarn 8 iu. No. 87.) AZIMUXnS. Date. Aug. 14 Position of instrument. ( 3.4 foet south and 124 feet i < cast of United SMtts as- ^ ( tronom'" ' tronomical mound. Position of mark. No. of readings. 17,7i0 feet west of in- strument. 1 II Star. y Cepbci E Polaris E .. 13 Ursa3 Minoris .."W. V'' Ur.sa; Minoris .."W". 40 i Mean. Azimutli at this point of a perpendicular to tie mcridiau tbrongb the astronomical mound Azimuth. 269 58 28. 1 38.9 02.3 12.3 260 68 20. 4 ± 1". 6 209 59 5S. .1 langont was run through a point 8.5 foet north bl the mark. Date. Position of instrument. Position of mark. No. of readings. Star. Azimuth. Aug. 30 C 153.1 feet east and 124.1 feet) < soutli of British aslronom- > ( cal mound. ) Station 5 of tangent <, 10 1 6 y Cepbci E.. Polaris E.. Mean . 80 38 41. 7 53.3 16 80 38 47. 5 ± 1". 4 to 38 40. 4 Azimuth due to distauce, 112,562 feet irror of line 1.1 rotal length of tangent 112,714 feet. STATION ERnOR. Feet. Chained distance from United States tangent to British determination 49° 114 1 Computed offset for distance 112,714 feet 348.7 2"4 6 Initial point "3".! Station error, British Astronomical St.ation, south 228. TANGENT LINE AND MOUNDS. c ig c t^ '.J s S *- a Pinal ofTsei Remarks. c = to mound. & c •s a ■p ai m W Feet. + _ + 1 17, 720 8.6 ■.a. 8 3.4 23.8south... Stone mound, 10'x6'. A 36, 650 36.8 7.3.9 3.4 33. 7 south . . . Stone mound, 12'X6'. 2 56, 072 86.3 113.1 3.4 23. 4 south... Stone mound, ll'X7'. 1 71,212 130. 3 143.8 3.4 1.2soulh... Stone mound, ll'xS'. 85, 350 200. 172.3 ,1.4 31.1noith... Stone mound, 12'X7'. 5 105, 986 112,562 308.4 214. 1 3.4 97. 7 north .. Stone mound, 12'x6'. Terminal point of tangent. .... 112, 714 nuTidinn. •229 CONNECTION OF ASTRONOMICAL STATIONS. DETAILS OF BRITISH TANGENT LINES AND MOUNDS, COMPILED FKOM THE KECORD- BOOKS OF CAPT. A. FEATHERSTONHAUGH, R. E., AND LIEUT. W. J. GALWEY, R. E. BRITISH TANGENT No. 1. 1872. From Lale of the Woods to Pine Ridge Astronomical Station. [Tron"liton & Siois Transit Theodolite F. O. No. 1.— In two parts : Part First, L.ite of the 'Woods to East Eosean River, "observer Colonel Forrest ; Part Second, Pine Eidge to East Eosean Eiver, obserrer A. Featherstonhaugh, R. E.] AZIMUTHS.— PAET FERST. [The aziuuitb of Part First was checked by W. J. (Jalwey, E. E.] Date. Position of instrument. Position of mark. Star. Azimuth. 1»73. Feb. 24 ( At Terminal Point, I" J C \ miles l.ali.S feet from > At 17-raile point - < < Lakri of Woods. ) ( a Ur-^a? Minoria 1 It 8!) -11 47. 43. 57. Mean fU 41 49. f9 42 50. 1 01 The tangent -was rnn through a point (1,372 .* f< et X sin 1' 01" =) 4.0 inches sinlh of the mark, to -within three miles of Ibe Lake of the Woods, and found correct. AZIMUTHS.— PAP.T SECOND. Date. Position of instrument. Position of mark. | Star. Azimuth. 1872. ,r „{. 53.125 cbains west of As- .NOV. b / tronomical Station. ue.So chains west of in- ( 51 Cephei o / // 2G9 59 00. 93 53 48.96 Mean ■Jf 9 5S .'54. 7.T The tangent was prolonged on the correct azimuth to East Eosean Elver. No record of this. STATION EEEOE. Feet. Part Second started north 77. Offset due to uistance 1114- Part Second south of 49o 8". Part Second north of Part First 52S. (jfl Cl.i. 66 Offset from Part First due to distance 227. Cfi Station error Pine Eidge Astronomical Station, north 38.-^. 2:i0 EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 281 British Tangent No. 1 — Coutiuued. PART FIEST.— OFFSETS TO PAEALLEL. 3.S ^ a 9Z 6 north.. 14 150. 00 170. 39 320.39 north. - 15 172.20 182.56 354.76 north.. Earth mound. 16 195. 92 194. 73 390.65 north.. 17 820.53 206. 90 427.43 north.. Iron pillar. 17.20 227.66 210.00 437.66 north.. Post fixed by A. Featherstonhaugh, E. E. PAET SECOND.— OFFSETS TO PAEALLEL. a.§ a ^ a rt . 1" C to !0 o .t^ o ll^ gK s,s, Is ■o-S Final ofiFaet in feet. Eemarlss. S-2 o .«5^ *Ck § s So n R o cc w M. Oh. Jlf. OA. + 10 20. 80 21 00.00 142. 4 90.94 106.0 132.58 77.0 77.0 100.6 south... 118.6 south... Earth mound. Iron pillar. 10 72.05 cast... 24 15. 48 7 56.57 east... 45.48 93. 71 77.0 125.3 south... Earth mound. 25 68. 04 6 04.01 east... 28. 00 73.59 77.0 122. C south... Iron pillar. 29 00. 00 2 72.05 east... 06.44 35.27 77.0 105. 8 south . . . Earth mound. 30 00. 00 1 72.05 east... 02.76 23.11 77.0 97. 3 south... 32 51.54 79. 49 west . . BIJITISH TANGENT No. li. 1873. From Joint Astronomical Station No. 1, at Bed River, to Joint Astronomical Station No. 2, at Pointe Michel. [Observer, Lieut. W. J. Galwoy, K. E.— Transit Tlieodulite "-in. 1'. 0. No. 3.] AZIMUTHS. Date. Position of instrument. Position of murlv. No. of readings. star. Azimutli. May 29 Instrument on azinuitli po.st. { West of iustrnment 3,.'j"'2 5 i feet. f j / // 270 00 36. 9 23. 1 19.0 04.6 04.3 Polaris a Ursa3 Majoris 270 00 17. G Tangi-.ut was run tlirouKli a point t3,^ili.:> it. >; sin 17". 0) 3,1". in. aoutb of ILe mark. TIjo tangent was checkeil at Pointe Micliel by repeating tlie angle between it and the Mnbel meridian. IlesuU: Tangent running uortb 14". 8. STATION ERIIOE. Feet. Measured distance from terminal point of tangent to 40° — 2H0. 79 Tangent started north CI. 25 Offset due to distance 20 ni. 075 ft. 342. 04 310.07 Station error ?^" ^? Station error by Lieutenant Greene's tangent ■'2. 04 Mean station error, Michel north ■ 32. 3 Mounds were built by Lieutenant Greene. (See his report, page 208.) 232 BEITISH TANGENT No. 3. 1873. From Joint Astronomical Station JVo. 2, at Michel, to Join Astronomical iStation No. 3, Femhina Mountain, east, [Troaghton & Sima Trausit Thoodolite, 7-in. F. 0. No. 3.— Observer. "W. J. Galwei , K.E.] AZIMUTHS. Date. Juno 15 Position of instrnment. Inatrament on astronomical meridian. Posilion of mark. No. of readings. 3,154.7 feet westofinatrn ment. Star. Aziruutli. Polaria United States determination. Wean Tangent was run through point 20.88 inches south of the mark. At Joint Aatronomical Station, Perabina Mountain cast, the angle between the tangent and the astronomical meridian of Captain Featheratonbaugh gave the azimuth of tangent True azimuth due to distance Azimuth error to north . 270 01 55. 1 55.7 80 45 2-1. 3 8y 44 48. 3 This error was considered cumnlative, and was distributed at each station proportionally to its distance from Michel. STATION ERIIOII. Feet. The adjusted tangent was at Pembina Monntain, south of 49° 76. G Error of initial puiuc nonu ^G.5 123.1 Offset due to distance • 178. 15 Station error Pembina Mountain Astronomical Station, south 55. 05 OFFSET TO PARALLEL. a o a 1 .g-2 pa o . a o a s ■3 as o p. III p,.S 58 a ■".9 Fiual oflfaet in foot. 3 ft o to <) N M. Oh. + .. _ 21 00 4, COS 0.59 3.1 0.05 46.5 49.06 siiiilh. 22 00 9, H83 2.68 6.7 0.17 46.5 511. 69 south. 23 no 15,163 6.31 10.3 0.35 46.5 50.85 suulh. 24 00 20, 443 11.48 13.9 0. 58 46.5 49.51 soulh. 25 00 -25, 723 18. 17 17.5 0.87 46.5 46.70 south. 26 13. 84 31,916 29.16 21.7 1.31 46.5 40. 34 sonth. 27 00 3fi,2s3 3C. 14 24.7 1.63 46.5 36. 69 sovith. 28 00 41,563 47.42 28.3 2.09 46.5 29. 47 sotlth. 29 00 46,843 60. 24 31.9 2.63 46.5 20. 77 south. 30 00 52, 123 74.58 35.5 3.26 46.5 10. 68 sonth. 31 00 57, 40'1 90.46 39. 1 3. 90 46.5 00. 90 north. 32 00 63, 683 107.88 42.7 4.74 46.5 13. 93 north. 33 00 67, 963 126. 8 46.3 5.56 46.5 28. 44 north. 34 CO 73, 243 147.26 49.9 6.37 40.5 44.49 noith. 35 00 78, 523 169. 26 53. 5 7.24 46.5 63.02 north. 2iote. — The iron monuments were subsoquently erected at points 5!33 links west of the above points. 23i BRITISH TANGENT No. 4. 1873. From Pemhina Mountain east to Pembina River, connecting with Lieutenant Greene's Tangent from Pemhina Moxmtain icest. [Tronghton & Sims Transit Theodolite F. O. No. 1.— OlJserver, A. Featherstonhangh, E. E.l AZIMUTHS. The azimuth at initial point was determined by observing an assumed meridian with an astronomical transit and read ing a series of angles between this meridian and the tangent as follows : Face rit/ht. Face Ifft. 89 5D 37. 5 89 59 5a. 5 25. 50. 52.5 40. 27.5 40. 45. 35. 45. 60. 40. 27.5 89 59 a7. 5 89 59 43. 4 Mean of above means 8!) 59 -lO. -15 Observed azirauth of meridian 00 00 09.2 Azimuth of tangent 270 00 28. 75 The tangent was run through a point 12.15 inches north of tho mark to Pembina River. A line connecting with this tiingent waa rim ea-it, from Pomhiiia Mouutaia wosr, by Lieutenant G^reene. The parallel was marked without station error, near the last picket of Lieutenant Greene's line. It was agreed to con- sider this the true 49°. STATION ERROR. Feet. Measured offset from Lieutenant Greene's tangent to 49® 00. C8 Error of initial point south .' IC. 94 17.62 Offset duo to distance 8 miles 2,985 feet 5(3.12 Station error, Pembina Mountain west, south 73.74 OFFSETS TO PARALLEL. CJ O a Is a 34^ « ^ 11 1^ H ah ■■~ a Remarks. aH ^.s '3'" i~ a «''^ a o rt tt a O •/i w (^ M. CJis. + + 1 00. 0.8 8.0 16.0 B. 1 north. 1 65.51 2. 5 15.5 16.9 3. 9 north. 3 00. 0. H 2."». 7 10.9 2. fluth. 8 00. 48.0 08.8 16.9 3.0 south. 8 45.81 50.8 73.7 16. 9 0. south. 'J31 BRITISU TANGENT No. 5. 1873. From Sleepy Hollow Astronomical Station to Astronomical Station Turtle Mountain east. [Troughton & Sims 7-in. Transit Theodolite F. O. Xo. 3.— Observer, VT. J. Galwey, R B.J AZIMUTHS. Date. Position of instrnment. Position of m-irk. Star. Azimuth. "Weight. July 5 i Instrnment on meridi.an of < Astronomical Station at ( Sleepy Hollow. ? 2,300 feet west of instni-( i meut. I O ' " 270 06 17.29 32.29 1 2 270 06 27. 3 The tangent was run through a point (3,300 X sin 6' 27".3) = 51.78 in. sonth of the mark to a point 12 miles west, when azimuth observations were taken with the followiug result : Position of instrument. Position of mark. .July 13 Instrument on tangent Mark on tangent Polaris. True .azimuth Azimuth error, neglected as inappreciable Azimuth. ■Weight. 89 48 02. 7 8!) 47 52. 4 10.3 The tangent was run to Astronomical Station at Turtle Wonntain east, where the azimuth was examined by Captain Featherstonhangh and an error of 7" found, which was neglected. STATION ERROR. Feet. Measured offset at termiu.il point of tangent to 49° 110.78 Error of initial point north 52.16 Station error, Turtle Mouutain east, Astronomical Station south 159. 25 OFFSETS TO PARALLEL. S.S ■s d ■s 1 111 o Final offset iu feet. 5.5 •§ ^ C3 it. P o a> iS + _ 80.00 0.77 7.76 52.10 59. 15 south. 160. CO 3.06 15. 53 53.16 64. 02 south. 240. 00 6.89 23.28 52. IG 08. 55 south. 320. 00 12. 24 31.04 53. 16 70. 96 south. 410. 48 20.15 39.83 52. 16 71.84 south. 453. 17 24. 50 43.97 52.16 71. .57 south. 560. 1 37.50 54.33 53 16 68. 99 south. 658. U6 .51. -9 63.84 52.16 64. 21 sontb. 771. 29 71.14 74.83 62.16 55. 85 sonth. 880. 110 92. 57 85.38 52. 16 44. 97 south. 933. 61 104. 23 90.58 52.10 38. 51 south. 1, 016. 04 123. 88 98.03 52. 16 26. 91 south. 1, 094. 77 143.33 106.21 52. 16 1.5. 04 south. 1,200.00 172. SO 110.42 52.16 03. 63 north. 1, 273. 78 19103 123. 57 52. 16 18.30 north. 1,387.911 230. 36 134.66 .52. 16 43. 54 north. 1,480.00 201.94 143. 59 5316 60. 19 north. 1, 5J0. 05 283. 02 149. 34 52. 16 88. 12 north. 1,641.41 322. 19 159. 25 52. 16 110.78 north. Note —The parallel between Sleepy Hollow and Turtle Mount.ain was subscqaently marked by mounds 9 feet in diam- eter and 6 leet high, with berme and trench, at the following distances from inili.il point : 340.00 ch.ains, 453.17 chains, 658.06 chains 933.61 chains, 1,200.00 chains, and 1,480.00 chains. All other mounds were destroyed. 235 BRITISH TANGENT No. (5. 1873. From Turtle Mountain East ioicard Turtle Mountain West. [Trougbtou & Sims Transit Xlieodolitc I". 0. Xo. 1.— Obsirver, A. Fualhcrstoubaugli, R. li.J AZIMUTHS. The azimuth at iuitial point was determined by a series of angles between tbe meridian of astronomical transit and the tangent as follows : Facf right Tace UfL O 1 II ' /' 69 5S .10 89 59 02. 5 39 05 58 52.5 59 15 59 05 5S SO 59 00 5S 57. 5 Means, SO 58 59. 5 89 59 00 Mean of above means f 9 5S 59. 75 Azimuth of meridian 35y 59 0;i. t?5 Azimuth of tangent iiTO CO 04.1 Tho tancrent was prolonged on this azimuth about 24 miles, wheve it was connected with Lieuteniuit Greene's tangent run east froiu Turtle Mountain west. Azimuth observations wei-e here taken by Mr. King, witb following results : Date. Position of instrument. . Position of mark. Star. Azimnlh. On tangent Ou tiiugent f Polaris i 6 Urs^ Miuoris \ 51 Cepliei \ p Cepbei ileau o / // 89 36 19. 75 35 00. 20 34 50. 75 35 5.5. 75 K) 35 34. 65 t9 36 17 Tri le azimnth Err 4i 35 The length of Captain Featberstonhaogh's tangent was. The length of Lieutenant Greene's tauirent was M. Ch. 23 C5. 03 10 32. 76 Distance between stations, Turtle Monntain east and Turtle Mountain west . STATION ERROR. Measured offset from Lieutenant Greene's line to 49^ ileasured offset from British tangent to United States tangent 49th parallel north of British tangent, by United States determination 49th parallel north of British t;u>geni, by offset due to distance Station error. Turtle Mountain west north of Turtle Monntain east OFFSETS TO PARALLEL. Ftet. 82. t9 451.64 534. 53 433.77 10O.7C _ ^ „ tt; = ^ r-^ c^ Final <»Ilset in feet. llomark.-^. X ;: = rt ^ ^' X it. Ch. _^ -r 3 OU.O 6 8 12.7 19.5 north. 5 58.53 25.1 ';i. 3 49.4 north. 9 CO.O 62. 38.0 1(0.0 north. 11 22.67 97. 5 47. (! 14.'>. 1 noitb. 15 CO.O 172. 2 (53.4 2J5. 6 north. 17 75. 19 24li. 3 75.8 322.1 north. 21 00. 337. 5 f 8. 8 426.3 no lb. 23 67.41 433. S 100. 7 534.;) toltl). *foU'. — A post was pl.aced in the interior of eai-li mound, being sunk 3 ft-et in the grounil and marked 49^. In the autumn of lp".4 an iron tablet was buried 3 feet in the gioiuid, 10 feet east of each mound. •2M BRITISH TA^TGEXT Xo. 7. 1873. From fir at Crossing, Mouse Biter, to South Antler Creel: [Trongbton i Sims Astronomical Transit and Tin. Transit Theodolite F. O. 5o. 3. — Observer, W. -J. Galwcv, E. E.] AZi: At the iL'rial 7- :_t cf tli^^r* Tr jirt'o^ i: ?:r:= ET^ The r -. SKt 5: 2i3 : the angle l>et.24 46.13 1>:9. 01 north 1,211.62 175. 553 179. 28 46. 13 308. 70 north 1, 454. 85 2.53.11 2l.'i.27 46. 13 422. 25 north 1,712.64 S.'.0. 76 253. 42 46.13 558. 05 north 1, 859. 48 413. 49 275. 15 46.13 642. 51 north Xot€. — The form and marking of the mounds ■were, in every respect, similar to those on the tangent from 1st crosaiog. Mouse Kiver, to South Antler Creek. 240 BRITISH TANGENT No. 11. 1873. From British Astronomical Station to Astronomical Station near Bully Spring. [Tronghton & Sims Transit Theodolite F. 0. No. 1.— Observer, A. Featherstonliangh, E. E.] AZIMUTHS. o / // The azimnth, at the initial point, of n mark placed approximaf elj- on the tangent, 4,343. 4 feet distant, was determined from a series of readings of the anfile between tlic mark and tlie zenith telescope meridian, the azimnth of which was dotermitied with Astronomical Transit F. O. No. 1 to be 360 06 44.30 Mean ot readings of angle gcj 59 35, 05 Azimuth of mark 90 OG 20. 55 To get on the true tangent, the mark should be moved north, or the instrument south (4,343.4 ft. X sin 6'20".5J = )8.01 ft. The tangent had been started from a point B.58 ft. south of observing post, using ^, , <■ 1 1 ■ 1 » o-i, . . .-, ■ ■ — 18 5G - f.Ol = 0.57 the same mark for a back sight. The tangent was consequently in error sin . „ „ = 27". southing; i. e., the azimnth of the tangent, as started, was . -.. ! 2G9 59 33.00 The line was prolonged on this azimuth 1,141.17 chains, when the azimnth was checked in the same manner as above. Azimuth of observed meridian 359 57 03^ 53 Mean reading of .angle between meridian and tangent '. go 11 44! 16 Az'muth of tangent 69 4o 39. 37 Computed azimuth due to distance S9 45 48.00 Azimu< h error, south 8^3 Azimuth error, south ,at initial point 27.00 Mean azimuth error, south to this point, i. e. 1,141.17 chains 17. 81 This error in azimuth was considered cumulative. Beyond Pyramid Creek the ground was very broken, the line crossing a range of hill.s about 5 miles distant. To convey signal so far being difficult, a mark, approximately in line, was placed on this range. The mean angle between this mark and the meridian observed above was 89 49 31. 25 Azimuth of meridian 359 57 33, 53 Azimuth of mark ^9 46 54.78 Azimuth of mark due to distance, 1,141.17 chains '.'.'.'''.". 89 45 48^00 Azimuth of mark in error 1 06. 78 The line was prolonged on this erroneous azimuth 826. 19 chains to the meridi.an of Bullv Springs Astro- nomical Station, making a total length of tangent 1,968.06 chains. The azimnth was not ag.ain tested. STATION EKliOll. Feet. Measured oifset from terminal point to 49° 693.00 Error of initial point, south 130.68 562. 32 Azimuth error up to 1,141.17 chains — 6. 14 Azimuth error beyond 1,141.17 chains +17.82 Computed olTset due to distance, 24 miles 48.06 chains - 462. 66 Station error. Bully Springs Station, north 111,34 OFFSETS TO PARALLEL. a H. 43 38.4 217. 48 north. 23.4315 430. 20 176. 78 38.4 281. 82 north. Note.— The tangent having been run under very favorable circumstances, and time pressing, its azimntb was not checktd at the terminal point. 'M-2 BRITISH TANGENT No. 13. 1874. From Little Rocky Crcelc to Frenchman's Creek. [Troughton & Sims Transit Theodolite F. O. No. 1.— Observer, A. FeatherstonliauL'b, R. E. 1 AZIMUTHS. The azimuth of a mark placed approximately on the tangent west of the initial point was determined o ' " from a series ol readings of the ang^o between the mark and the zenith telescope meridian, the azi- muth of which was observed with .aatronomical transit F. O. No. 1, and found to be 00 00 IC T Mean reading of angle between meridi.an and mark .!!'!!"!!!!.'!!. go 00 05 78 Azimuth of mark ^70 00 10 ^■'> The t.ingent was run on this azimuth from the initial point 18.075 chains, south of 411° for a rtiatanco of C47 58 chains- here the line was shifted north 16.7 chains, and the new line continued to the west side of Frenchman's Creek The terminal point of British tangent w.is connected with tho United States astronomical mound (■igo) bv a United States traverse. ^ / wj d, uuiucu Length of British tangent ?nrB*'«' Departure of United St.ites tr.-iverso .'.'.'.'.'.'-'.'.''.'.'-'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.''.' 193 65 jif e*}2g Total distance between astronomical stations 28 19. 98 = 2259 98 STATION EEEOE. The station error was determined by Lieuten.tnt Greene to be Frencbm.in's Creek Station, i. e.. United Feet States Astronomical Station No. 13 north ... 4g g OFFSETS TO PARALLEL. 1^ o 1^ o'^ u Final offset in Kemark.s. S3 P c s* *^ feet. ^ 3 '. a s £'o h'" o O CO w" M. Ch. + + + 00. 00 0.0 0.0 1193. 1193. north.. Earth mound, 6'xl4'. 2 63.61 5.9 4.6 1193. 1303.5 north.. Rock mound, 6'XIO'. 5 40.2-2 23.1 9.0 1193. 122,1.1 north.. IJo. 8 55.81 57.9 14.2 88.8 160.9 north.. Do. 12 29.00 110.8 20.2 88.8 225. 8 north.. Do. 14 43. 68 161. 7 23.7 88.8 274.2 north.. Do. 19 29. 62 887.1 31.7 88.8 407.6 north.. Do. 22 27.71 383. 1 36.6 88.8 507.5 north.. Earth mound, 6'xl2'. 25 66. 33 511.5 42.3 88.8 042. 6 north-. Rock mound, 6'XIO'. iV'o(«.-The azimuth deviation being small (10''.52) was neglected, but it is practically included in the station error, tablets were uniformly 10 feet east of the eastern base of the mound and two feet below the surface of the ground. 243 Iron BRITISH TANGENT No. 14. 1874. From Cottonwood Creek to United States Astronomical Station N^o. 14. [Tronghton & Sims, 7iii. Transit Theodolite, F. O., No. 3.— Observer, W. 3. Galwey, E. E J AZIMUTHS. Date. Position of instrnment. Position of mark. St.ir. Azimnth. July 1 < On meridian of astro- l Domical utation. 1,405.2 feet west of in- etrnment. fPolaris J. ..do i do / " 270 00 03. 5 869 59 58. 4 270 00 07. 8 270 00 13. 270 CO 05. 7 [ ..do Mean The tangent was proloDged on this erroneous azimnth to 12.5-niil6 point, -where azimuth obserTations were taken 1 follows : Date. Position of instrnment. Position of mark. star. Azimuth. July 3 On tan ""cnt Polaria 269 47 35. 1 49.3 269 47 42.2 269 47 29.5 li 7 5.7 Error, which was ueglecte Error in running the line . 7.0 STATION ERKOE. Measnred offset from terminal point to 49'. Error of initial point, south Computed offset due to distance, 20 miles 3,993 feet Station error, United States Astronomical Station No. 14, south . OFFSETS TO PARALLEL. Fed. 29?. 75 21.72 277. 03 329. 74 15 r 1^ a •a o i^^ 'Z 2 Final offset. « S 2 la a o =1 U O in feet. P O !fl H + + 240. 00 6.89 7. 62 21. 72 20. 99 north. 480. CO 27.55 15.24 21. 72 34. 03 north. 720. 00 61.09 22. 85 21. 72 CO. 8fi north. 9C0. 00 110.20 30.47 21. 72 101. 45 north. 1,200.00 172.20 3S.09 21. 72 l.'iS. 83 north. 1, 440. 00 247. 97 45.71 21.72 223. 9d north. A'off —Circular stone mounds 10 feet in diameter and 6 feet high, having aberme 2 feet wide, trench 1.5 feet wide and 1 foot deep, were erected at the distances from initial point of tangent given above. An iron tablet was sunk 6 incliea in center of each mound, marking the v^at-X. determination of 40° p.^r.^llel. An iron tablet was also sunk 18 inches in the ground, 15 fec^t east of tbe center of the mound. 244 BRITISH TANGENT No. 15. 1874. From Astronomical Station No. 28 to Astronomical Station No. 29, East Fork. [Tronghtou & Sims Astronomical Traoait F. 0. No. 1.— Observer, A. Fcitherstonhangh, R. E.J AZIMUTHS. o / »/ Tlie azimuth of a mark placed approximately on the tangent west of the initial point was determined from a scries of readings of the angle between the mark and the zenith telescope meridian the azimnth of which was observed with astronomical transit F. O. Ko. 1 and found to be ' ISO 01 43 11 Mean reading of angle between meiidiau and mark ['\ gg ^t) og'gg Azimuth of mark 270 01 10 79 The tangent was mu on this azimuth 1451.58 chains, when azimnth observations were taken on PoKiris with a 7-in. theodolite F. 0. No. 2. Mean of two observations on Polaris ao jt qi -r- True azimnth ""::"::::::::v:::::::::\v.v.:\:::::: II filkll Error in azimuth, noith T^TT^ Error in azimuth, north, at initial point '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.v.'.,','.'.'.'.'.'.',',,]', i lo'^r Error in azimuth in running ^>G~01 Tho mean azimuth of the whole line was assumed .*..."!!!!"!!!.".*.!![!'." 270 01 18 00 The British tangent at distance west of initial point - 14 "ilfu Met United States tangent running east at distance from East Fork \....\V......... 678! 58 Giving total length of tangent, 26 miles 50. 16 chains = "il30^ STATION EEKOE. Pert. Lieutenant Greene, in bis report, gives station error of East Fork Station, north . 438. 9 OFFSETS TO PARALLEL. a . ® g u C5 •t ° ia ^ n.2 13 ® 5I .5* Final offset in feet. Kemarks. .§ S"" a cd ^ M. Ch. + + + 00. 00 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.10 1.5. north.. Kock mound, 0'X12'. 3 00. 00 6.9 49.4 e.u 15.0 65. 3 north.. Rock mound, 6'XIO'. 5 58. 83- 25.2 94.5 11.5 1.5. 12 !. 2 north . - Do. 8 75. 35 61.2 147.3 17.8 15.0 SO.-). 7 north.. Do. 11 5:<.fi!) lOl'J 192.4 2!. 3 1.5. 288. 3 north.. Iio. 15 12. 00 175.6 249. 7 30.2 15.0 410. 1 norlh.. Do. 17 08. 03 223.6 281.9 34.1 15.0 480. 4 north. . Do. of 2'fee't'i^\h'e '"ouu'd '"'™ '""^'^'^ "' * uniform distance of 10 feet east of the eastern bases of tho mounds, and at a depth 245 BRITISH TANGEI^T No. 16. 1874. From West Forlc Milk River to United States Astronomical Station No. 16. [Trougbtou & Sims "-iu. Transit Tbeodoiito F. O. No. 3.— Obacrrer, W. J. Galwey, E. E.) AZIMUTHS. Date. Position of inatrumont. Position of mark. Star. Azimath. Jaly U 5 On Dieridiau orastronoDiical sta- ( tion. ^2,050.9 feet west of iustrament o < // 269 59 11.88 19.73 15.08 16.13 269 59 15. 7 1 ...do 1 ...do I ...do Afpfin Tho tangent was rnn tbroutrh a point (ii,050.9 feet X sin 44".3 =) 5.5 inches nurth of the mark and proloufed to termiual point where azimutb observatious were taken, aa follows: ° Dato. Position of instrument. Poaitiou of mark. .Star. Azimutb. July 20 On tangent I Pol.-iris 1 ...do 1 -. do . ... / // t9 38 44. liG 50. 28 4.). 09 48.24 True azimutli 1... do. ;;:;;::::::: Me.an 89 38 47. :i 89 38 18. 2 Azimuth error 29.1 No correction was made for this error in azimnth, it being considered cumulative. STATION ERROR. Measured offset from terminal point to 49° Error of iuilial point, eouth Computed uilset for distance 21 miles 59.29 chains Station error, United States Ai^jtronomical Station No. 16, south . OFFSETS TO PARALLEL. 223,23 s . ® a "rt a >. ajP- ■g| u — •- Final offset §1 £« in feet. s *i £o a o UJ W Chains. + + 240. 00 C.t9 30.80 G.46 17. 45 south. 4f-0. 00 27. 55 61.00 (!.4C 27. 5!) south. 720. 00 (il. 09 !)2. 40 (i.46 23. 95 south. iii;o. 00 110. SO 12.3. 21 ti.40 6. 55 south. 1200. 00 172. 20 154. 01 0. 40 24. 65 north. 1440. 00 247. 97 1S4.81 6.40 69. 62 north. Kutr -CiKuIar stono mounds 10 feet in di.Tiuetor .-iiid feet high, having a bermo 2 feet wide, trench 1 5 feet wide and 1 loot di'ep, were erected at distances fiom initial iioiut of tangent given above. An iron tirhlet wa.s .sunk (i inches in center of lach mouuil. marking the exact determination of 49° parallel. An iron tahha was also sunk 18 inches in the ground, 15 feet east from the center of the mound. 24G BRITISH TANGENT No. 17. 1874. From British Astronomical Station near Milk River to Astronomical Station East Butte. [Tronghton & Sims Astronomical Transit F. O. No. 1.— Observer, A. Fcatherstonhaugh, E. E.] AZIMUTHS. This t.TOsent was prolonged eastward 3S5 chains to connect tbe United States tangent from Milk Eiver Lake's Station and was run westward 19 miles 60.22 chains, when it joined United States tangent from East Butte eastward. O I II The azimnth of a mark placed approximately on the tangent east of the initial point w,is determined from a series of readings of the anglo between tbe mark and the zenith telescope meridian, the azi- muth of which was found with astronomical transit to be 00 00 27. 26 2Iean angle to tangent east '.''.'.".".'". 8ii 50 48.7.5 Azimuth of mark 90 00 16. 01 The tangent e.ist was rnn on this azimuth, .and its connection with United States tangent, and resulting station error, are given in Lieutenant Greene's report. The t,angent west was mn on the same azimuth to its terminus, where azimuth observations were taken with Troufhton & Sims 7-in. Theodolite F. 0. No. 2 on Polaris, at various hour angles, as follows: Face right. Face left. O I II o I II 80 41 21.0 89 41 08.0 41 13.0 23.0 41 08.0 18.5 40 57. 5 18. Means, 89 41 09.9 89 41 16.0 o I II General mean i 9 41 13. 4 True izimnth 89 40 20. Error in azimuth, north .%;t. 4 Error in azimuth, north, at initial point 16. 01 Error in azimuth, north, in running 37.39 The adopted azimuth error for the whole line was north.. 34.62 If. Ch. Length of British tangent west 19 60. 22 Length of United States tangent east 73.33 Total length of t.ingent 20 53. 60 STATION EEEOR. Lieuten.int Greenegivea st.ation error East Butte Station, south, 470.9 feet. OFFSETS TO PARALLEL. a . i ° t. 'ffl . |b £ I-. ^ '£% o ^"3 1.9 S .2 C'o Final offset in feet. Eem.nrks (5 u tc 47 BKITISH TANGENT Nu. IS". 1874. From West Butte to United States Astronomical Station No. 18. Troughton &. Sims 7-in. Transit ThcoiloUti\ F. 0. No. 3.— Observer, W. J. Galwey, li. E ] AZIMUTHS. The iizimath at initial poiut was determined by repeating the angle between the mark and the meridian of aslronom- ical transit. Mean of four sets of angles between mark and meridian of astronomical transit 00 00 05. Correction for level 3.0 00 00 0?. Azimuth of meridian 359 59 50.7 Azimuth of mark 2i;9 59 ii.7 The tangent was prolonged on this azimuth to its terminal point, where azimuth observations were taken as foUow.s: Position of instrument. On tangent at terminal point Position of mark. t^ Final offset S3 g=S °z in feet. .11 P.-S a .2 5 P o a-j w Chains. + + aiii. 22 7.25 10!l. 82 99. 33 n. 74 north. 4Kn. 07 2H. M5 21C.H1 99.33 145. 73 north. 7J9. no m. '2 325. 00 99. 33 289. 99 north. nco. 00 110. ';iO 428. 20 99 33 +39. 07 north. 1,200.00 1-2. '^O 535. 25 99. 33 608. 12 north. 1,-15:.54 254. (15 650. 13 90.33 804. 85 north. f^ote. — Circular stone mouml.s wiii! built on ibis tau;;ent .similar to those built nu tanfj;ent8 Nos. 14 and 18. 248 BRITISH TANGENT No. 19. 1874. From South Branch Milk River to North Branch Milk Biver. [Tronghton and Sims Astronomical Transit F. O. No. 1.— Observer, A. Featherstonliaugb, E. E.] "^ AZIMUTHS. The line wa3 started on an approximate azimuth of 270° and prolonged 536.09 chains where azimath observations wen taken on Polaris near eastern elongation, as follows : Face right Face left. 89 54 19. 6 t:9 53 .IS. 6 54 11. 6 50. 6 53 58. 6 49. 6 54 09. G 56.6 54.6 52. B 57.6 Mean. 8;1 54 09.8 89 53 54.3 o / // General me.an 89 51 03 True azimuth 89 53 41 Error in azimath, north 121 The line was continued on this azimuth to its terminal point where azimuth observations on Polaris at various hour angles gave following results: Face right. Face left. 80 44 25 t 89 44 05 24 • 07 28 Ifi 27 21 Mean, 89 44 26 89 44 12 I If General mean 89 44 19 True azimuth 69 40 41 Error in azimuth, north 3 38 Previous error in azimuth, north 1 21 Previous error in azimuth in running. . . 2 17 This eiTor ie attributed to the nature of the ground, which rendered very short sights necessary. The deviation in azi- moth is taken as 1' 21" north for the first part of the line, i. e., 586.09 chains, and as 1' 21" + J (2' 17") = 2' 30" north for the rest of the line. Tho tangent was prolonged cost from South Branch Milk Eiver to connect United States tangent with Astronomical Station No. 36 — azimuth deviation north 1' 21". Ch Total distance between Astronomical Station No. :K> and Astronomical Station No. 36 1, 971. 19 Total dist.ince between Astronomical Station No. 30 and Astronomical Station No. 37 1, 550. 82 STATION EEEGIiS. Feet. Astronomical Station No. 36 north of Astronomical Station No. 35 l.'i.'o .Astronomical Station No. 37 south of Astronomical S.'aiiou No. 36 CO. OFFSETS TO PAEALLEL. W. If. Ch. 3 1.5.07 00 00. 00 2 59. 43 5 73. 31 8 73. 34 13 20. 20 16 29. 22 £.2 a 7.8 0.0 5.7 26.8 60.9 134.4 20X5 OS 1.9 0.0 9.3 20. 1 30.4 43.1 5.1. C 6.7 0.0 5.7 12.4 21.3 3». 49.9 = 1 1^ 11.0 11.0 ll.O 11 11.0 11.0 11.0 Final offset in feet. nenmrks. 23 6 north.. 11 north.. 1 7 north-. 5. 3 north.. 1 SO 3 north.. 62 4 north.. 110 3 north.. 171. 3 north..! Eock mound 0' X 10'. Eock mounil C' X 12'. Eock mound 6' X 10'. Do. 1)0. Do. Do. I Xute.— All iron talilct was buried 2 feet in the ground 10 fett ra.st of the haso of each mound. '2i0 BRITISH TANGENT No. 20. 1874. From Chief Mountain Astronomical Station to BeUy River Astronomical Station. [Tronghton & Sims 7-in. Transit Theodolite F. O. No. 3.— Observer, W. J. Galwey, E. E.] AZIMUin. Date. Position of instrnmeut. Position of mark. Star. Azimuth. Aug. 13 C On meridian of aatro- \ nomical station. 4,596.2 feet west of in- Btrument. r Polaris / // 2t)9 M 26. 35 2.3. 45 31.45 31.05 1 Do . 1 Do [ Do 'Ml 54 28. 1 The tangent was run throngh a point (4,506.2 ft. X sin 5' 31".!)) 7 ft. 4.5 in. to norlh of the mark. Tlie tangent was run to 017.03 ch. from initial poiut. The cbaining was carried on to a point A (see diagr.im) from which a true base-line, A B, was measured, and the distances of the points C and D determined b.y triangulation. The cbaining was continued from D to F, the terminal point of tangent. The nnderbrnsb. dead-fall, and standing timber being so dense as to give no hope of connecting with Captain Featherstonhaugh's astronomical station on Belly Kiver by means of the tangent a point, K, in trigonometrical connection with his station was established and observed from points A and B. To find position of K with respect to A : Angle B A K = Cil^ 47' 16". 9 Angle A B K = 94" 48' 51". 3 P p K M' Angle B A U = 52° 35' 15". 4 Let K M' and A II bo meridians passing through A and K,and A Pbe perpendicular, drawn trom A to A il ; 2>the intersection of a small circle, ?'. c. a jiarallel of lalitTule drawn through A. Ihe poiut K is north of A- The distance Kjj = KP-pP The .angle F A K = Cilo 4;' 10". 9 - 52° 35' 15". 4 = 17° 12' 01". 5 A F m.akes an angle with meridian A M of 90° -}- 59". 75, multiplied by distance in miles of point A Irom point of departure. 381. 65 .•. angle F A M = 90° + 59". 75 x — gij— = 90° + 4' 45" = 90° 4' 45" The perpendicular at A, i. e. A P, makes with A K an angle = 90° - M A K = C0° - (90° 4' 45" - 17° 12' 01". 5.) = 17° 07' 16". 5 K P = A H sin 17° 7' 16". 5 . -,, . ^ sin A B K AK = AB , = 72.31 ' sin A K. B i sin 94^ 48' : 1".3 sin 1..0 23' 51" : 271. 49 ch. .'.KP = 72.34 ■ sin 94° 48' 51". 3 sin 15° 23' 51 AP = A Kcos 17° 7' 10" sin 17° 7' 16". 5 = 79.925 eh. 5 = 259. 4(i eh. P p = otfset to parallel due to distance from A consid* ered as initial point = 8. 05 It. K is north ot A 79. 92.) ch. X 66 - 8. 05 ft. = 5,275. 05 ft. - 8. 05 ft. = 5,267 ft. To find position of A with respect to 49° parallel: Feet. Initial point of tangent north of 49° parallel 18.07 Ofi'set from A due to distance, 381.Gjch 17.42 A north of 49° parallel . .65 .•. K is norlli of English determin.ation of 49°. 5,267 ft. 4- .05 ft. = 5,267. 65 ft. Distance of K from initial point along t.angent is 381. 05 ch. -|- 259. 40 ch. = 041. 11 ch 250 EEPOET OP THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEE. 251 British Tangent No. 20 — Coutinued. 1874. STATION EEKOR. By Captain Featberstonhangh's triangnlation K is Dorth of Ms determination of 49° pnrallel 83.919 chains. . = 5 ^3S 'c5 Byliientenant Galwey S^ianorth of 49= parallel , ."j'series Astronomical Station at Belly Eiver sonf h of Chief Mountain Astronomical Station 07X.00 The meiidian of K (diagram on previons page) -was east of the meridian of Captain Featherstonhangh's as-xo- nomical mound at Belly River, measured on the tangent on 40 Distance of £from initial point, .ilong the tangent '...".'.'....'....... 64l!ll Total distance from Chief Mountain Astronomical Station to astronomical mound at Belly Eiver "isasi OFFSETS TO PARALLEL. a. 2 a •3 . &H ^ . '^ » ."S © ^S:i "^ 9 e- V. a Final ofi'set in "^".A 3 d al O"^ feet. .a.5-S i §1 A xn « + _ 243.45 7.09 77. .37 18.07 88. 35 south. 445. 15 23. 70 14L48 18.07 135. H5 south. 853.53 89.94 271.00 18.07 199. 13 south. JVote. -Circular stone mounds, 10 feet diameter and (i feet high, with berme 2 feet wiilo and trench 18"X 12", were erected at above distances from initial point. That at 852.53 chains was Captain Feattierstouhangh's astronomical mound, and was bnilt by him. An iron tablet marking exact determination of parallel was sunk 6 inches in the ground in center of mound. No tablets were placed outside the mounds except at astronomical mound. TRIANGULATION. To connect Belly Bivcr Astronomical Station with 49tk Parallel and Boclcy Mountain Astronomical Station. [Observer, A. Feathorstnnh.iugb, E. E.] ABSTRACT OF TRIANGLES. TKUIN'GULATION. Triangle. Aogle. Observed angle. Correc- tion. Reduced angle. ABD BAB ABD ABB / // 71 27 55.84 72 35 36. 7 33 56 22. 10 - 5.3 71 28 00 72 35 38 35 56 22 ABE ABE AEB BAB 72 27 13. 3 53 08 24. 58 54 24 39. 10 +17.04 72 27 07 53 08 17 54 24 30 DE A BE A ABE EAB 31 33 50 22 33 21.8 125 53 35 -13.2 31 33 50 22 33 30 125 53 40 AC D A OB ABO D A C 23 43 54. 87 40 23 17. 4 113 54 24.58 +30. 85 23 43 42 40 22 05 113 54 13 D E BCE DEO CD E 44 31 13. 62 73 32 49. 17 62 55 49. 2 +22 44 31 30 72 32 43 03 55 42 BEP BEP PBE E P D 47 19 35 88 16 49. 4 44 23 37. 5 + 1.9 47 19 35 88 10 49 44 23 30 DPS BPB DBF PBB 35 02 16. 6 70 03 17. 64 74 53 59 -26. 70 35 02 24 70 03 26 74 54 10 BAP BAP A PB A BP 43 55 00.84 25 13 5.\ 85 110 50 21.2 -42. 13 43 65 15 25 14 09 110 50 30 A C E ACE A E CE A 18 47 48. 74 120 13 00. 42 40 58 59. 17 -11.07 18 47 53 120 13 04 40 59 03 APE A PE EAP AE P 19 09 41.67 81 57 34. 16 78 53 25 +40. 83 19 09 28 81 57 21 78 53 11 BPK PBE BPK BKP 61 36 25 88 25 58 29 57 37 (*) 61 36 25 88 25 58 29 57 37 MIC.lSUliEMEST THOJI THE ZENITH TELESCOPE TO THE 49Tn rAItALLEL OF I..\TITtJDE. Jl/e;ti^nred dip. south of zee. tel. = . 7.5" P fionth of by triangulatiou Offset to i)ar.aliel for westing of P from 102.333.163 = 2.5213.339 \<>g'p sin I'lfcot.) For mid. lat. betweeu P and Chains. 1. 152 332. 169 0.004 log 00 P.soutbof O O Houtli of zen. tel. P south of zen. tel. Zen. tel. north of 49° J» north of 49° . 0058361 0. 5155178 1. 8195439 2.3350017 216.30.1 0.73 217. 033 243. 48 log £6.427 log number of feet in 1" A V log 06 P M= 43.2 chains, log sin az. = 1.42205 = 2.00579 = 8. 18045 Chains. 1. 60829 Pnorth of 49°. 40. ,578 P north of 49° jtr north of 49" Eaatinc = 1.63.348 = 9.99191 1. 62739 Chains. 42. 403 log log cos azimuth M X T)\e. Cor. number 1. 63.'-)49 9. 28157 0. 91705 Chain.t. 8.201 Northing. 40. 37H 48. t39 1. 08876 9. 99102 1.07978 49. t03 . 1 ^"'^'TV"', .?;--*';'"?^''' •'■'■^P ch:nn.s -B-as measured ..long If X, The point (ailing in a hollow a site for Ihe mound was Sjlected at 1 1.34 cbain.-j west of A A stono mound, 6 feet by 13 feet was built at r. An iron tablet was buiiod 2ttot in tu') gronnd 10 lont oast of the ba.se of the mound. * Last not observoil. 2.52 TRIANGULATION— ContiDued. Side. Length Chains. Azimulb. Latitude. Departure. Station. Lalitade. Departure. / // Chains. Chains. Chains. Chain.'). A S 57. 007 109 51 01.37 S. 56.203 E. 10.003 S. 09. COO 163. 564 W. 00. 000 69. 901 A D 95. 826 241 18 57. 27 D S. S. 183. ,'.04 149. COO W. E. 09. 901 20. 601 B D 92. 236 377 15 23. 37 P(.) S. 332. 1G4 W. 49. 300 A E 68. 043 115 26 22.21 00. COO 00. 000 B E 58.033 02 18 05. 21 S. 138.012 E. 11.534 A S. 138. 012 E 11.534 D E (,) 143. 69 S. 194. 16J W. CO. 8304 F Q S. 332. 179 W. 49. 296 D E (,) 143.715 D E (meaD) 143. 702 83 52 51.88 S. 00. 000 138.012 E. 00.000 11.534 D 195. 49 SCO 57 03. 79 S. 183.664 W. 69. 901 A S. S. 138.013 56. 203 E. E. 11.534 10. 002 a E l,'t!.47 156 25 33. 88 S. 167.245 E. 72.9768 B S. S. 194.215 137. 949 E. 21. 596 70. 902 A C U) 138. 499 Ph) S. 332. 164 W. 49. 300 A (2) 138. 489 C 00. 000 00. 000 A (mean) 138. 495 175 13 21.79 S. 138.012 E. 11.534 S. 107.245 E. 73. 9708 E s. 107. 245 E. 73. 9768 P D(i) 151. OSS a. 164. 933 W. 133. 381 P (1) s. J32. 108 W. 49. 30 1 /• D (2) 151. 0J4 P D (3) 151. 015 P (1) s. 332. 164 W. 49. .300 P D (mean) 151. 022 172 09 33. 37 S. 149.600 E. 20.601 P (2) s. .179 W. .290 P (3) s. .164 W. .300 PA (,) 203. 477 P (4) s. .108 W. . 304 P (mean) s. 332. 169 W. 40.301 PA (j) S03. 452 P A (uiran) 203. 464 19- 23 42. 27 S. 194. 167 ■W. OO.SIiOl r 00. 000 00. 000 P E (,) 205. 30 X 00. 000 E. B. 1.34 1.34 P E (2I 205. 319 N 48. 839 W. 10. 0J8 U N 4,- 839 W. 8. 698 P E (mean) 20.5. 31 216 33 10. 8S S. 164.923 W. 123. 231 s. 8. 261 W. 42. 403 P X 40. 578 W. 51.101 P B 1,55. 103 207 13 07. 03 S. 137.949 ■W. 70.902 N 43, 486 E. 262. 451 *E N 84. 064 E. 211.350 P K 266. 03 80 35 31. 37 N. 43.486 E. 262. 451 * This is the K referred to by Lieutenant Galwey in bis report. 2W NOTES OX GEODETIC FORMULA. By LiErT. F. V. Greene. The formalse used in obtaiDing the oflFsets from the tangent to the parallel are simply modifications of the general formulae for geodetic latitudes, longitudes, and azimuths. The general problem is, given the latitude and longitude of M, the length of M M' and its azimuth at M; required the latitude and longitude of 21', and the azimuth of 21 M' at M'. If the earth were a perfect sphere, the solution of the spherical tri- angle, of which three parts are given, would afford the desired result exactly; and the early geographers used this solution, taking as a radius of the terrestrial sphere the radius of curvature, as accurately as their knowl- edge of the earth's figure gave it, at the middle point of 21 21'. The error was not so large as would at first appear, being only about two feet in fifty miles. In the measurement of the French arc of meridian, however, more accurate for- mulae were devised — that is, to the formulae, as derived above, were applied corrections necessitated by the spheroidal figure of the earth. And in deducing the formulae, in- stead of using Xapier's Analogies directly, formulae derived from these were used, in which the values of sines, cosines, &c., were expressed in the form of a series. This is really only an approximation "of indefinite accuracy," but in its application it gives results numerically more accurate than the direct formulae, owing to the imperfection of the tables of logarithmic sines, &c., for very small arcs. The corrections on account of spheroidal figure will be readily apparent from the accompanying figure. Let 21 and 21' be the two points, and Pthe pole of the earth; N 21 the normal at J/, and p the pole of a sphere with that radius; if' N the normal at 21' ; Pa the meridian from which longitudes are reckoned. Now the solution by spherical trigonometry gives for colatitndeof 21' the arc p 21' =p K' 21'; but the true colatitude is the angle p X 21'. being the angle between the normal at M' and the axis. The difference between the two is the angle JV 21' X = ':■. ^^ There is, evidently, no correction to the longitude for the angle 21 p 21' = ,1/ P 21', since each is the angle cut from two planes by a plane per- pendicular to their intersection. 255 256 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY CU.^LMISSION. The correction to the azimiitli is tbe difl'creuce between tbe angle p M' M and P M' M. This correction can always be neglected, being equal to less than oneteuth of a second in a hundred miles. The general formulse arc then as follows (neglecting terms beyond second order, which can be done for distances less than flfty miles):* («) H -E' = {u cos ^ + i «2 sin 1" sin^ Z tan fi") (1 + e= cos- E) V sill Z . „ tan E (h) P' -P = —77- - * «= sill 1" Sm 2 Z — — Tr ^ ' COS 11 " cos M ((■) Z' —Z = ISOo — n sin Z tan J5 + J iC- sin 1" sin 2 ^ ( 1 + 2 tan= E) in which U = i : — ; = A ^^^^ -y a sm 1" j\ sin 1" and J\r= Normal or radius of curvature E and E' — Latitudes. P and P' = Longitudes. Z and Z' = Azimuths. jj~ "^fjo > and the formulse become («') E-E' = E^- ^^y£^''= ^^ ^' >«^' ^ = 2-^383317 J^ 1" cos E tan E (//) P'-P=zEy ^- rr =^EC' log C" = 9.0302014 ^ ' A sill c' Z = 90O _ A' ' ,„ = 90° -EC" log C" = 9 00S04I2 i\' sin 1 Of these logarithms the first is tbe logarithm of C, in feet, obtained b.v multiplying C in arc by 101.34, the value of one second of latitude at 49°. The others arc in arc. From these .simple formula}, by substituting for E the length of tangent in feet, we can form a table of offsets and azimuths for the argument E. In the table used in the field, the arguments were miles and thousands of feet; between the latter it was ea-^y to interpolate. A portion of this table is here given. * See Puissant, Traits de G^od^sie (edition ISIU), livro III, chapitre XV. In addition lo the solution indicated above, he gives a very elegant method, first proptsed by Legeudre, which employs the difler- ential calculus. Each of the required qu.antities is necessarily a limctiou of Ihe length of M M'. These functions are developed by Maolaurin's theorem, and for the diflerential co-efficients arc snbttiruted their values in terms of the circular functions. Tbe resulting formulae are the eauie as those given above, after a])plying the spheroidal correction for latitude. REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. OFFSETS AST) AZIMUTHS. 257 Miles. E. B—H\ Z'. Feet. Feet. o ,. # 1000 .03 89 .59 48.7 2000 .11 37.4 3000 .24 26.1 4000 .44 14.8 5000 .69 03. 5 1 5280 .76 00.2 6000 .99 58 52.1 7000 1.34 40.9 8000 1,76 29.6 9000 2.22 18.3 10000 2.74 07.0 2 10560 3.06 00.5 3 15840 6.88 57 00.7 4 21120 12.24 56 00.9 5 26400 19.12 55 01.2 10 52800 76.49 50 02.4 15 79200 172. 10 45 03.6 20 105600 305. 96 40 04.8 25 132000 478. 06 35 06.0 30 158400 688.40 30 07.2 In tbis connection, it is a matter of some interest to see how much numerical error would result from neglecting the spheroidal corrections. These results are shown in the accompanying table, in which the column con- tains the accurate offsets, and Oi those derived from the formulse, neglecting spheroidal corrections. Milee. 0. 0,. 5 19.12 19.07 10 76.49 76.27 15 172. 10 171.61 20 305. 96 305. 08 The formulsB used in the British Ordnance Survey are derived by solving the spherical triangle by Kapler's Analogies, and then introducing the correction to the latitude in the form of a series. Their general form is as follows, the letters repre- senting the same quantities as before : — •^ ^ • ^ cos J (90° — H + 0) ^ ^ ^ ' sin i ("Juo - £ + W) ^ N B- -17 258 UNITED STATES NORTHEEN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. B siu i {Z' + !: + Z)\ ^ V2 '^ 'J C = i -fil-cos^S siu 2 Z 1 — e^ w _ 490 f tl'ese reduce to eosj(410-f) tan i (Z' + P) = > -^ cos J (41° + ^) -f) sin 4 ( 410 tanJ(Z'-P)= — =-^ ^^ sini (^410 + ^j ,, _ JT sin 4 (Z' - 9(P ) / /'Z;\=' c os' j {Z' - 00O) \ " ii; siu 4 (Z' + i!(p) V \.v J il: y For general purposes of geodetic calculation, these formal^ are as convenient as those given by Puissant; but for our special purposes they are extremely inconvenient, for the variable quantity K, or length of tangent, does not appear as a factor, but as part of a factor, and all three equations must be solved to obtain a single offset, whereas, as vre have seen, with Puissaut's formula only one equation need be solved, viz, H — W = E} C. The numerical result is exactly the same, in both cases. CHAPTER V. THE MEAN AND ASTEONOMICAL PARALLEL. An astronomical parallel of latitude is the line of intersection of the surface of the earth by a cone whose apex is at the center of normals and whose elements make an angle with the axis of the earth equal to the complement of the latitude. The earth being considered a spheroid or an ellipsoid of revolution, each parallel of latitude is mathematically a circle. But owing to iiregu- larities of elevation in the surface, the parallel is actually a curve of irregu- lar curvature, approximating, however, very closely, in its general course, to a circle. Rejecting instrumental and local errors, such a curve would be determined by fixing each point astronomically. If the connection between successive astronomical stations on a given parallel of latitude were made by tangents to a small circle, the resulting errors would be veiy great, depending on the relative altitude of the stations and the latitude. As, however, in practice, the stations are connected by tangents to a gi'eat circle, the resulting errors are insignificant and may be neglected. It is manifestly the true and the only possible parallel of latitude, althougli not a mathematical figure. For purposes of geodetic computation, it must be referred to a uniform sea-level, when it becomes a circle. For all ordinary purposes, this may be assumed as the true shape. In marking a parallel of latitude on the actual surface of the earth, another and most serious difficulty is at once encountered in the anomalous deflections of the plumb-line, due to local attractions. All astronomical determinations are referred, by means of the level, to the direction of the resultant force of gravity. If, then, this direction is afiected by the protru- sion above the surface of mountain-masses, or by variations in the density 259 260 TXN^ITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. of the earth's crust below the smface, each astronomical determination will be in error by the amount of such deflection. Science aifords only approx- imate methods of coiTecting these errors, and they of such difficult and doubtful application as to be of no practical use, except in extreme cases, and for exceptional purposes. In a triangulation, the relation of the various points depends solely on the measurement of horizontal angles, and is not appreciably alfected by local disturbances, though the whole system will be in error by the amount of the error in position of the astronomical station to which it is i-efen-ed. If, therefore, it were desired to lay out upon the surface of the earth a mathematical circle of latitude, the relative positions would be made to depend upon a series of triangles, referred to a measm-ed base and a mean astronomical position. But in the definition of a circle of latitude for the purposes of a boundary, practical rather tlian mathematical considerations determine the methods to be followed. The ruling conditions may be briefly stated. The boundary must be clearly defined by visible monu- ments, and the positions of these marks must be such that, in case of their loss, the points can be easily and accurately recovered. The only simple method of recovery is by asti'onomical observation, and since the local deflections of the plumb-line are supposed not to varj^ for long periods of time, the process is easy and accurate. At the time of the organization of this joint commission, the chief astronomers of the English and United States commissions were in accord in this view, that the parallel of latitude, as defined by astronomical obser- vation at successive points, was, for the pm-pose required, a true parallel, and the only one that would fulfiU the practical condition of being readily recovered. The question as presented, and which at the time gave rise to much discussion, was whether to define upon the groimd an astronomical parallel of latitude, as above described, or a uniform line depending upon the mean of the astronomical stations. The recommendation of the chief astronomers was based on the following grounds: 1st, that the portion of the parallel of 49° included within the operations of the commission, being only about one-twentieth of the entire circle of latitude, was not sufficient to fix, with any mathematical accuracy, the true position of the mean line U.S.NORTHEIBN BOUNDARY COMMISSION DIAGRAM sh ovrmo ETHO'OapTRAClNG PARALLEL horizontal Scale Imcli — 10 miles Scale of Ordaiatesluick - 1000 feet -erimle 193 7 S Eully Sprmg zz^aoa 1115 N 4.53 .. ■■ 82 2 S Foplax Eiver 181 7 N 8.18 ■■ ■■ 99.5 N \1: 9- EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER, 261 of 49°, and that, therefore, if such a parallel were described, depending on the mean of the astronomical stations, no known 23oint of the boundary would be in latitude 49°; 2d, that as the amplitude of the arcs included between the mean and the astronomical parallels, would in many cases be very considerable, grave errors and complications might arise in the subse- quent recovery of any lost portion of the boundary; 3d, that the definition of a mean line would involve a readjustment of the whole boundary, after the first careful survey should have been completed, and consequently a very considerable increase of expense, without any practical benefit accru- ing; 4th, that for every purpose except that of geodetic computation, a parallel consisting of points determined astronomically (instrumental en-ors aside) is a true parallel of latitude, and, therefore, fulfills the stipulations of the treaty under which the joint commission was organized. These views were accepted by the commissioners, and the following scheme adopted for the definition of the boundary: Astronomical positions were to be determined at approximate intervals of twenty miles. These stations were to be connected by tracing upon the ground tangents to the prime vertical circles at each successive point. From these tangents, checked and con-ected for errors of azimuth, the calculated offsets to the small circle of latitude were to be measured at convenient intervals, varying from one to three miles. From the last-measured off"set the relative station- error was to be found, and distributed between the stations in the ratio of the distances. From this method it results that the boundary -line, as actually traced, is an irregular curve, affected at each astronomical station by instrumental eiTors and by the local deflections of the plumb-line, but making the closest probable approximation, at every point, to a tnie astronomical parallel. In the accompanying diagram I have attempted to explain, by a graphic representation, the amount of the discrepancies between the line actually defined and a mean line, and to show approximately the probable causes of relative errors indicated. I have also added to this report a table of azimuths, showing the actual direction from each monument to the next succeeding one going west (see page 35 to page 40). As this is a subject with which comparatively few persons are familiar, 262 UNITED STATES NOETHEEN BODNDAEY COMMISSION. a short statement of the amount of such i*elative eiTors in other geodetic work, and of the methods by which it has been attempted to correct them, will not be out of place; after which will naturally follow the application of the general theory to the case in hand. (For full and complete discus- sion, see Encyclopedia of Astronomy, Airy; English Ordnance Survey, Clarke; Figure of the Earth, Pratt, fourth edition.) Local deflections of the plumb-Une, due to the attraction of compara- tively small masses, is argued from the general law of attractions, from direct experiment, and from the lack of agreement between the astronom- ical and geodetic determinations of the relation of points on the earth's surface, as developed in the measurement of certain meridional arcs, which discrepancies exceed in amount any possible instrumental error or error of calculation. The first experiments on local deflection were directed toward the de- termination of the mean density of the earth. In the progress of this in- vestigation at Shehallein, Scotland, an anomalous deflection, amounting to 11". 6, was found between two stations on opposite sides of the mountain. Various other measures of deflection were obtained at diflei'ent times by similar methods, but none of any reliable accuracy until, in investigating the form of the earth by the measurement of meridional arcs, relative errors which could not be reconciled were found to exist between most, if not all, of the astronomical points. Even in this case the absolute deflections were not found, since each station was referred to the mean of all by a mean curve which reduced the sum of the errors to a minimum, and which, thei-efore, only approximately satisfied the conditions — that is, the method would not detect constant or uniformly varying errors. In the three great measured arcs the local errors due to deflection vary from — 3".384 to +4".826 in the Anglo-GalHc, from — 2".429 to -f 3".809 in the Russian, and from — 3". 155 to -f 3".122 in the Indian arc, showing an extreme range of 8".210, 6".238, and 6".277, respectively (Pratt's Figure of the Earth). As each second of arc represents about one hundred and one feet, the discrepancies are quite apparent, and are readily detected by geodetic methods of any tolerable accm-acy. Other and much larger relative errors have been discovered, amounting to 20", 30", and even 40" EBPOET OF THE CDIEF ASTEONOMEE. 263 (Airy's Figure of the Earth, Encyclopedia of Astronomy), though the data in these extreme cases are not entirely reliable. The fact of local deflections being established, the attention of mathe- maticians was turned to the investigation of the causes and probable coitcc- tions. In this much ingenuity has been displayed, but with very small results. Starting with the general law that every particle of matter attracts each other particle with a force varying directly with the mass and inversely with the square of the distance, the attraction of masses of mathematical forms on dis- tant particles was found by dividing mountain-ranges and other elevations into volumes bearing known mathematical relations ; the probable deflection of the plumb-line due to such causes was found for different distances, on the supposition that the mean density of the large volumes was uniform for diff"erent parts of the earth's crust. Thus, it was found that at the northern station of the great Indian arc the attraction of the Himalayas should cause a deflection of 28", which should decrease at the next two principal stations by 15".9 and 21".l, respectively, while the deficiency of matter in the ocean should produce similar northern deflections. These calculations were not absolute, since the contour of the mountains and of the ocean-bed was only approximately known, but the approxirnations were supposed to be suffi- ciently close. It was found, however, that the actual deflections were much smaller than those given by calculation, and that, in many cases, the deflection was toward the ocean. The explanation of this Ues in the vary- ing density of the earth's crust. The facts discovered indicate that the den- sity is greatest in the depressed, and less in the elevated portions. This follows naturally, although in reality independent of any special theory, from the fluid hypothesis of the earth's formation. The process of cooling from the surface inward was accompanied by a corresponding contraction and increase of density. From this contraction resulted enormous strains on the interior fluid portion, wliich were relieved by fractures of the crust and the upheaval of mountain-ranges. While the thickness of the solid portion is now so great as to prevent general catastrophes, such as very probably occurred in earlier times, yet there still remain vast molten masses inclosed within the crust, which from time to time give evidence of their presence by volcanic eruptions. 264 UNITED STATES NOETHEEN BOUNDAEY COMMISSION. From this theory of the gradual cooling and conti-action of the earth's crust, the attraction of the plnmb-line toward the ocean naturally follows, since the density would be greatest beneath the depressed basins into which the waters of the seas gradually flowed. In calculating the deflections of the plumb-line due to visible mountain- masses, it has been found that the calculated relative errors very largely exceed those derived from the observations and geodetic connections. From this, a deficiency of matter beneath the mountain-ranges was at once in- ferred, either resulting from vacant spaces or from a decreased density. The latter supposition recommends itself as the most probable, and most in accord with the accepted theory of the gradual consolidation of the earth's crust. The effect of a very slight deficiency in density on the direction of the plumb is strikingly shown by the subjoined table, taken from Pratt's Figure of the Earth: — Deflections cansed by an excess or defect of matter prevaUlng through a semi cubic space 200 miles in each horizontal side and 100 miles deep, the density of the excess or defect being T5o ofihe earth\s density at the center of the semi cubic space. Distance of the mid-point of tue semi-cubic space from the sta- tion, measured alouj; the chord, in miles. 400 600 bOO 1,000 When that center is 50 miles deep l".-7 0". 81 0". 46 0".20 From this we see at once how great the local disturbance from this cause may be, and over what immense distances the appreciable effects may extend. It also, as a natural consequence, indicates that every effort to cal- culate the amount of the errors resulting from local deflections must be con- fined to localities where the immediate effect of large visible masses, near at hand, will greatly exceed in amount the resultant of all the distant dis- turbing forces. The accompanying sketches will illustrate sufficiently the amount of the local deflections along the northern boundary, from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, and will make clear to land-surveyors, BEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 265 and others who may have occasion to close their work on this line, the cause of the constant changes in the azimuths, which, unless perfectly understood, might at some time give much trouble in adjusting their work. The first diagram, showing the " method of tracing the parallel," gives the actual line, as adjusted and marked, between the, astronomical stations at the Mid-Coteau and at the Poplar River, including two intermediate stations, the heavy line being the boundary, as marked, and the light con- tinuous line the relative position of the mean parallel of latitude, deduced from the entire series of forty-one stations between the Lake of the Woods and the summit of the Rocky Mountains. The remaining lines show the method of connecting the stations, the calculated offsets, and the manner of distributing the relative errors in latitude due to local deflections of the plumb-line. This discrepancy between succeeding astronomical points I have been in the habit of designating as the " Station-error." From the attached table, it will be seen that the station-errors affect the azimiiths between different stations by a variable quantity, but in every case by an amount sufficient to be easily appreciable with ordinary survey- ing instruments. In regard to the accuracy of the instrumental line, a few words of explanation will be sufficient to indicate at about what amount the limit of error for the astronomical and other instiaimental work may be fixed. Of the forty-one astronomical stations, four were observed jointly by the two commissions, the difference in the determinations in each case being thirty-two feet, twenty-nine feet, seven feet, and twenty-seven feet, respect- ively. As those were the first stations observed, and as the general quality of the work constantly improved, it is probable that if the others had been observed jointly, a very considerable reduction in the average discrepancies would have been found. Of the remaining stations, seventeen were observed by the United States, nineteen by the English astronomers, and one jointly by the Northwestern Boundary Commission. The mean of the probable errors of the British stations was ±"-088, and of those of the United States d=".059. The average of the probable errors is then a fraction over seven feet. Although such mathematical probable errors are more or less falla- cious owing to the fact that constant errors are not included, still they give 266 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. a fair measui-e of the general character of tte work done, and offer sufficient ground for tlie conclusion that, if re-observed, the difference in any one case M'ould hardly exceed twenty-five feet, while a general mean would probably not exceed seven feet. From an examination of the geodetic connections, it will be seen that the mean error of the connecting tangents, in azimuth, is about 14", which would imply an error of connection between the stations of nine feet. In agreements between the chief astronomers of the joint commission in beginning the work, the limit of eiTor was supposed to be less than fifty feet in the astronomical positions and the geodetic connection between two neighboring stations. From the results of the work this may safely be taken as the extreme limit, while the average errors, everything included, will doubtless be much smaller. Assuming, then, that the limiting error is fifty feet, we find that the supposition will account for less than one-fourth of the average station-eiTOr, which, as will be seen by reference to Table A, amounts to 2". 146, or about two hundred and seventeen feet, each station being referred to the mean of all, or less than one-sixteenth of the extreme deflection, as shown at station 34. To illustrate this matter more fully, I have prepared the accompanying diagram, showing the "relative errors of astronomical stations in latitude, resulting from local deflections of the plumb-line." It must be borne in mind that in tracing a parallel by observed latitudes, only one component of the deflection is detected — that is, the component in the direction north and south — since that in the direction east and west depends on a determi- nation of longitude more accurate than is compatible with the economic interests of such a survey. The diagram referred to shows: 1st. A profile of the line ; 2d. The relation of each astronomical position to the mean parallel; 3d. The topography, so far as known, extending for half a degree on either side. It is scarcely necessary to say that beyond five miles, which was tlie limit of actual survey, the contours are only approximatel}' known. In examining the profile, the first general fact which strikes the eye is that from the lowest point of the basin of the Red River to the foot of the Rocky Mountains, a distance of about seven hundred and forty miles, there is a gradual rise of about 3,425 feet, or an average of 4.6 feet to the mile. 49° --■-r, Ph.„, -:,„,_ EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 267 But this profile is not drawn along the axis of greatest slope. The axial line of the Coteau of the Missouri extends from northwest to southeast, making nearly an angle of 45° with the meridian. As this Coteau consists of a mass of drift deposited by icebergs grounding against the inclined plane when in a state of submergence, it necessarily represents very nearly the line of equal altitude, from which it follows that the line of greatest slope is in a direction from southwest to northeast. The general direction of the base of the Rocky Mountains also conforms to this view. It is then evident that, taking into account both the large mountain-masses and the general slope of the comparatively level country, the deflections should be found toward the southwest, and increasing from east to west, and that the mean parallel, as determined from these stations, probably dips to the south at the western end. In considering the line more in detail, the effect of purely local attrac- tions is at once seen, strongly predominating over the supposed general direction of the deflection. Beginning at station No. 1 on the Lake of the Woods, the station-errors accumulate rapidly toward the north, reaching a maximum at No. 5. This curious effect is probably due to one of two causes, or perhaps in part to both. The tii'st is the difference in the density of the substratum extending from station 1 to station 4 (Dawson's report on the geology along the forty-ninth parallel, a case very similar to the anom- alous deflection observed at Moscow, and attributed by Pratt to the presence of a dike of increased density beneath the surface), while a second cause may be found in an increased density of the strata underlying the system of lakes to the north, represented by lakes Manitoba and Winnipeg. Going west, these effects diminish, while that of the high plateau of Northern Dakota is sensibly felt, so that at station 9 the line is again in its normal position, and so remains, with slight variations, due to local irregularities, as far as station 23. From this point the attraction of the high divide be- tween the Milk River and the waters of the Saskatchewan makes itself felt, increasing to a maximum at station 29, south of the C3^press Hills. Here the enormous intrusive masses of the three buttes produce a violent disturb- ing effect, drawing the astronomical parallel to the south, at an average rate of fourteen feet to the mile, for a distance of one himdred miles, reaching iwreiiii!H55J10KTriKi) s a: I— o Q. H UJ ■J) (/I -z c EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEOISTOMER, APPENDIX A. 277 rence. There were many containing alkaline water, some of them large enough to be called lakes ; but the water usually held such large quantities of salts that animals could not drink it. We were frequently compelled to use water sufficiently alkaline to be altogether disgusting to the taste, and the best of the fresh water found was full of insect hfe and vegetable matter. At Station No. 10 1 was obliged to divide my party, and leaving the major portion of it and all of the animals in camp near a pool of surface- water, in charge of the officer commanding the military escort, to establish the station at a point ten miles farther west. I took with me for the pur- pose my assistants, three men, and ten soldiers, and had cooked provisions and water sent us, daily, from the main camp. At Station No. 12 I was obliged to adopt the same plan, and, leaving the main camp at a spring, which is the source of one of the tributaries of the Poplar River, to estab- lish the station six miles farther westward. Near Station No. 11 I fortu- nately found a Hving spring with an ample supply of good water, which the men of my party at once christened " Bully Spring," and this name I have continued in the official record. ■ On the 23d of September, when the work at Station No. 12 was about half done, there began a furious snow-storm, which continued, almost with- out interruption, until the 29th, during which time the daily minimum ther- mometer reading varied from +14° to -f 34 . The storm began with mingled rain and snow, which froze upon the grass, and made it impossible for the animals to get much nourishment. The foraffe-ration was short, and from this time imtil their arrival at Wood End depot they had only a daily allowance of three pounds, half of which was either flour or hard-bread. They were consequently much exhausted, and, to make matters worse, we found, upon our eastward march, the whole Coteau countiy a black desert, as the prairie-fires had passed over it, leaving only here and there, around the edges of what had been water-pools, small patches of dried grass containing little or no nutriment. We lost, however, but two animals, and they belonged to the escort transportation. We arrived at Wood End depot on the 6th of October, and thence, in company with the Chief Astronomer's party, marched via Fort Totten to 278 ONITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION, Jamestown, Dak., where the transportation, equipage, &c., was turned over to tlie quartermaster, the parties proceeding by rail to Saint Paul. From the second crossing of the boundary-line with the Mouse River, reckonino- from the east, a reconnaissance survey was made of the trail to Fort Totten, and also from the latter place to Fort Seward, the former dis- tance being one hundred and seventy and the latter eighty-one miles. The military escort to my party was commanded during the entire season by Lieut, (now Capt.) C. 0. Bradley, Twentieth United States Infantry. His command consisted, at first, of fourteen enlisted men, of Company K of his regiment. This force was increased by four privates of the Seventh Cavalry, on the 9th of August, and again, by six privates of Company K, Twentieth Infantry, on the 30th of August. My relations, both official and personal, with Captain Bradley were always of the most pleasant kind, and I have to thank him and the soldiers of his command, not only for the faithful performance of legitimate duty as military escort, but more especially for frequent aid in helping along the work. In the latter part of the season a few days' delay would have pre- vented the completion of the work to the point proposed, and these days were saved to nie by the assistance willingly rendered by the soldiers in gathering stones and building the mounds which mark the parallel at the stations. Mr. Wilson was detached from my party at Fort Totten and attached to the line and topographical party, which, under Lieutenant Greene, was to work during the winter from the Red River eastward. Mr. Mark accom- panied me to the office at Detroit, but soon after left the service of the Commission. The rest of the party were paid off and discharged upon our arrival at Saint Paul on the 28th of October. SEASON OF 1874. From the experience of the preceding season, in regard to the relative rapidity with which the various parties of the survey could accomplish their work, it was believed by the Chief Astronomer and myself that one astro- nomical party, with an organization somewhat stronger than that of my party of the i)receding season, would be al)lc to accomplish, in the allotted REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 279 time, what astronomical woi"k remained to be done, and to keep it at all times in advance of that of tlie line and topographical parties. But one astronomical party was therefore placed in the field, to the chai-ge of which I was assigned, with Mr. Lewis Boss and Mr. A. J. Edgerton as assistants. In order, however, that no untoward accident to the personnel, or instru- mental outfit of my part}^, should comj^ass a failure to attain the purposes of the expedition, the Chief Astronomer kept with him a complete instru- mental outfit, a copy of the ephemeris, text and note books, and, in fact, the means of organizing another astronomical party; but, fortunately, the contingencies provided for did not arise, and the one party accomplished in ample time all of the work expected of it. At Saint Paul, as in the preceding seasons, I employed the men of my party, and with them, in comi^any with the other parties of the survey, left Saint Paul on the 4th of June, proceeding by rail and steamboat, via Bis- marck, Dak., to Fort Buford, Dak., where we arrived on the 13th of June. At Fort Buford, pending the completion of arrangements for field- service of the transportation for our own parties and the military escort, I observed witli the zenith telescope for latitude, and also for the values of the instrumental constants of the instrument used. The results are given in the astronomical report. My party comprised during the season, besides myself and assistants, one foreman, two cooks, one waiter, five laborer's, six teamsters, and one scout. Dr. Elliott Coues, United States Army, Surgeon and Naturalist of the Commission, and three laborers, who were imder his especial direction, were attached to my party during the entire season, for our mutual con- venience of transportation, supply, and protection. An assistant to Dr. Coiies also joined the party at the Sweetgrass Hills, on the 5th of August. For transportation of the whole, instruments, equipage, &c , and from thirt}' to forty daj-s' rations and forage, I had one four-mule spring-wagon, three six-mule Army-wagons, two two-mule Min- nesota wagons, a horse and buckboard for Dr. Coues, and a horse for myself The horse ridden by my scout, George Boyd, was his personal propert}', but was foraged with the train-animals The military escort assigned to accompany my party consisted of 280 UNITED STATES KOETHEEN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Company D, Sixth United States Infantry, about forty men, and three Indian scouts, commanded by Capt. Montgomery Bryant, Sixth Infantry (now Major Fom-teenth Infantry), with Lieut. F. SV. Thibaut, Sixth Infan- try, second in command. This escort remained with my party from the time of leaving Fort Buford until we reached the Sweetgrass Hills depot, on our return from the Rocky Mountains. On the 21st of June, the entire expedition and the military escort left Fort Buford, taking the Fort Peck trail, along the north bank of the Mis- souri River. We were delayed two days at the Big Muddy River, which, because of the deep mud on the l)ottom and along the banks, was not ford- able. A crib and trestle bridge was constructed across it, on the 2od and 24th, by my own and Lieutenant Greene's parties, and the train crossed on the 25th. On the 26th, Lieutenant Greene's part}^ and escort left the main column, to strike the boundary-line near the point where his last season's work terminated. The main column arrived, July 1, at a point on the north bank of the Milk River, in longitude about 106° 53', and nearlj^ opposite an old trading-post known as "Tom Campbell's houses," where I left it with my party, escort, and a contract wagon-train from Fort Buford, which was carrying rations and forage with which to form a depot of sup- plies on or near the boundary-line. My objective point was on the boundary-Hne, about the usual distance between United States stations (forty miles) west of Station Xo. 12, the last station occupied in 1873. I therefore turned northward, July 2, from the main trail, and essayed to march along the east bank of Rocky Creek, as the general course of that stream appeared to be from the northwest, hoping, in case it did not lead us far enough to the westward, that we might be able to cross it near the boundary -line. I soon found, however, that we were getting into a country of bad-lands, impracticable for Avagons, and there- fore turned about, and followed the stream down to a in-acticable crossing near its forks. Thence, we marched across the broken country which is the dividing ridge between the Rocky and Frenchman's Creeks, to the east bank of the latter. As it was impossible to reach the bed of Frenchman's Creek in the vicinity of the i)oInt where we approached the bluffs, and as an inspection revealed the same rough bad-lands for several miles forther ■1 ■■1 U -, .* ,.f REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 281 north, I turned southward again, and made for the known crossino- about three miles below the trading-post, Fort N J. Turnay. It was fortunate that we d:d so, as I afterward learned from the topographical parties that there was no practicable crossing for more than thirty miles, up-stream, from Fort Turnay. The valley, or rather gulch, of Frenchman's Creek varies from one to two miles in width, and is abruptly terminated, on both sides, by ragged, steep hills, similar in character to those of the bad-lands south of the Mis- souri Eiver. The bottom is comparatively level, and through it the stream winds sinuously. The creek, at ordinary stages of water, is about fifty yards wide, and has a rapid current, probably of about two miles an hour. The water is clear, but very unpleasantly alkaline, and at low stages of water is so strongly impregnated with salts as to be entirely unfit for use. We found Fort Turnay, which was a log structure, comprising storehouse and dwelling, occupied by two independent traders. They informed me that they were so much annoyed, and subjected to so much loss of prop- erty, by raids upon them by Indians, and were also kept so much upon the alert for their personal safety, that they purposed burning the buildings and leaving the country, which purpose was, I believe, carried into effect later in the season. Only the day before our arrival, a party of Sioux, from Fort Peck, had been entertained by them at a propitiatory feast, after which the guests displayed their gratitude for favors received by running off nine of the eleven horses belonging to their hosts. The two horses left were abandoned only because they were too much broken down to keep up with the rapid movements of the party. We left Fort Turnay on the 5th of July, and arrived at a pool of water near the boundary-hne the same evening. The weather had been intensely hot every day during our march from the Milk River, and water very scarce. The last day's march wfvs twenty-five miles long, without water, and the thermometer at 105°, in the shade, at 3 p. m. Men and animals were, there- fore, much fatigued upon arrival in camp, and eagerly sought the much- needed repose. On July 6, according to instructions received from the Chief Astron- omer, I adjusted accounts with Mr. Leiglifon, ..wuer of the wagou-train 282 UNITED STATES iSORTOERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. which liad accompanied us with supplies from Fort Buford, and sent back to Fort Turnay, to be stored until we could send for them, such rations and forage as I was unable to cany in my wagons. Astronomical work was begun at Station No. 13 on the 6th, and finished on the 8tli, on which date the march westward along the boundary- line was begun. From this time forward until our arrival at the Sweetgrass Hills depot, August 3, the weather was favorable for asti'onomical work, and Stations Nos. 14, 15, 16, and 17 were successively established. The country over which we had traveled from Station No. 1 3 had been very dry, and much of it alkaline in character. Water was scarce, and usually unpleasantly alkaline. We had found no wood along the line, and w-ere therefore obliged to i^lace our dependence for fuel upon buftalo-chips, which were everywhere abundant. At the East Fork, however, I obtained a load of wood by sending twelve miles down the fork to a small grove of cottonwood-trees, and this lasted us until our arrival at the depot camp, eked out, as before, by " bois des vetches." On the 13th of July, while on the march from Station No. 15 to No. J 6, my scout, George Boyd, aided by the Indian scouts, killed the first bufiFalo Ave had seen — a lone old bull. After that date we frequently saw small bands, and at times, when we got to close quarters with them, killed moi-e perhaps than our needs justified. Upon our return fi-om the Rocky Mountains to the Sweetgrass Hills, the plains and the eastern slopes of the hills were literally black with the creatures, and for days, upon our march toward Foit Benton, the plains presented a similar appearance, for nearly 180 degrees of the horizon, from the north around b}' the east. The buffalo find every pool of water existing upon the prairie, and are in the habit of standing in them to rid themselves of the flies Avhich are their peculiar pests. Wherever, therefore, the buffalo had preceded us we found tlie pools were mud-holes, which were loaded with buffalo excreta. Some- times the water which we were compelled to drink, even of pools large enough to be called ponds or small lakes, was so impregnated with buffalo- urine as to partake of its color, and to be altogether disgusting to the stomach. REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 283 Between Station No. 15 and the Milk Rivef we saw various camps and hunting-parties of Indians, supposed to be Sioux, and my scout, Boyd, had several intervie\^s with bands of Assiniboines, but we were not, at any time, molested by them. Upon arrival at the Sweetgrass Hills depot it became necessary to make some repairs to my wagons, which had become much shrunken by the con- tinued dry weather. The 4th and 5th of August were therefore spent in resetting tires and reshoeing the animals. The march westward was resumed on the 6th of August, and Stations Nos. 18, 19, and 20 were, thereafter, successively established. Work at the latter station, which was the last one of the survey, was completed on the 26th of August There had been, therefore, between the 6th of July and the 26th of August, eight astronomical stations established, and three hundred and fifty- four miles marched. The average number of hours that we were in camp near stations was eighty-nine, and the average length of march for every day, excluding those at stations and the depot, was 18.6 miles, the shortest march being four, and the longest thirty-four miles. Camp at Chief Mountain Lake was broken, and the march eastward, to join the Chief Astronomer's party at the Sweetgrass Hills depot, begun on the 27th, and finished on the 31st of August. At this point the militaiy escort was relieved from duty with my party, as they were to march back to their station at Fort Buford, and we were to go to Fort Benton, and thence, by Mackinac boats, down the Missouri River to Bismarck. I desire to express my sense of grateful appreciation to j\Iajor Bryant for the kind cheerfulness with which the movements of his command were always made to correspond with those which I deemed necessary for my party. On the 4th of September, in company Avith the parties of the Commis- sioner and Chief Astronomer, we left the boundary-line to march to Fort Benton, ai-riving at the latter place on the 8th instant. A reconnaissance survey of the route traveled was made by Mr. Boss, the initial point being fixed, by triangulation, from the astronomical station near the Sweetgrass Hills depot, and the terminal points at P^ort Benton by sextant observations. 284 UNITED STATES KOETHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. The distance traveled between tlie two points was one hundred and fourteen miles. At Fort Benton we were joined by Lieutenant Greene's parties, which had come from the boundarj'-line via Fort Shaw. The transportation, camp-equipage, &c., of the parties was turned over to the quartermaster of the Commission for transportation to Fort Shaw, and the parties, save those men who desired to remain in Montana, and were paid off and discharged at Fort Benton, embarked on the I'ith of September, in Mackinac boats, to row down the Missouri Eiver to Bismarck. There were six boats, with an officer or assistant in charge of each, and the Chief Astronomer in charge of the Avhole. The crews and freight were so divided as to give about equal loads to the boats, and as nearl}^ as pos- sible equal power for propulsion. We ariived at Fort Buford on the 23d, and at Bismarck on the 30th of September. The distance, by river, from Benton to Bismarck, as determined by the astronomically-checked boat survey make by Lieutenant Greene's parties, is eight hundred and five miles. The same distance is popularly supposed to be, from the estimates of steamboat-men, one thousand two hundred and fifty-six miles. We left Bismarck, by the Northern Pacific Railroad, October 2, and arrived in Saint Paul October 3, where, as in previous seasons, the men of the party were paid off and discharged. The ofiicers and assistants thence proceeded to Washington, where the usual routine of office-work was resumed. In closing this report, I desire to make mention of the admirable man- ner ill which all duties required of them were perfoi-med by m}- assistants during the whole progress of the survey. Especially am I indebted to Mr. Boss and Sir. Wilson, not only for cheerful performance of the duties devolved upon them, but also for zeal in the furtherance of the work which was equaled only by the discretion and accuracy with which their work was done. I desire also to mention my foreman, William Batson, who, by the exercise of an acute intelligence and untiring energy, relieved me of much personal responsibility, and contributed not a little to the harmony and comfort of my parties. EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 285 SEASON OF 1875 A portion of the United States Northern bo;inclary-line whicli lies across the valley of the Red Eiver, and extends some distance beyond its eastern and western limits, is marked at even-mile intervals (with one exception, which will be hereafter noted) by cast-iron pillars, of which alternate ones were placed in position by parties of the British and United States Commissions, respectively. Those of the British Commission were placed in 1874, and to place those of the United States Commission, I went, under instructions from the Chief Astronomei-, to the boundary-line, in the summer of 1875. The United States pillars were made at Detroit, Mich., upon the same general plan and specifications as those which mark our Northeastern bound- ary-line, differing from the latter only in the inscriptions upon them. They ai-e hollow iron castings, three-eighths of an inch in thickness, in the form of a truncated pyramid, eight feet high, eight inches square at bottom, four inches square at top, with solid pyramidal cap, and an octagonal flange, one inch in thickness, at bottom. Upon opposite faces are cast, in letters two inches high, the inscriptions "Convention of London," and "October 20, 1818." The inscriptions begin about four and a half feet above the base, and read upward. The interiors are filled with well-seasoned cedar posts, sawed to fit, and securely spiked, through spike-holes cast in the pillars for the purpose. The average weight of the pillars, when completed and painted, was two hundred and eighty-five pounds. I arrived at Detroit August 3, inspected the pillars upon completion, and, finding them all perfect and according to specifications, shipped them, on the 8th instant, via the Great Lakes and Northern Pacific Railroad, to Moorhead, Minn. I then went by rail to Saint Paul, where I employed a foreman, obtained such equipage and materials as wei'e necessary for a working party, and left for Moorhead upon the receipt, August 15, of tele- graphic advices that the pillars would arrive there the next day. From Moorhead, I shipped the pillars, equipage, &c., and myself took passage, August 16, on the steamboat Dakota, for Pembina. Owing to the low 28(3 rNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY (JOMMISSION. stage of water in the Red River, we were so frequently groanded on bars and rapids that we did not arrive at our destination until the 2r)th instant. At Pembina I organized a working part}' by employing four additional men and three teams, and began setting the pillars on the 2d of Septenibei-. The similar pillars which had been placed by the British parties the preceding autumn, were at two-mile intervals, reckoning eastward and westward from the point of intersection of the boundary-line with the prin- cipal meridian of the Dominion province of Manitoba, and nn- instractions were to place the United States pillars midway between them, in order that the intervals between pillars should be even miles. The mounds erected when the survey of this portion of the boundary-line was made, in 1873, were at even-mile intervals, reckoning eastward and Avestward from the initial astronomical station. No. 1, on the west bank of the Red River. The principal meridian of Manitoba crossed the boundary-line five chains eighty- three links, or o84.8 feet west of the mound nearest it, and, therefore, each pillar was to be placed the same distance west of its corresponding- mound. The sites for them had been marked, over a portion of the line, by the parties wdiich placed the British pillars, with a peg and a small earth mound. When the pegs were found intact the pillars Avere there placed ; if they were missing, or when, as on the line eastward from Roseau Ridge to Roseau River, no sites had been marked, they were established Avith theodolite and chain, by means of the distance mentioned and the direction given by the adjacent mound and the next iron pillar. From the Red RiA^er eastward to the twenty-mile point, the mounds Avere in erroneous positions, owing to an error made in the field-calculations, Avhich was discovered and corrected in the subsequent office-computations. They were north of the line proportionally to the distances from the east and west ends of the tangents to the point of junction, the greatest error being lfi.9 feet at the ten-mile point. (For details see Lieutenant Greene's report "Details of Tangents.'") The errors were corrected, and all of the iron pillars placed in their proper positions. The pillars Avere all set four feet in the ground, with their inscription- faces to the north and south, aiul the earth around tliem Avell settled. They were placed in their exact sites by means of stakes north and south and RRrORT OF THE CDIEF ASTRONOMEK, APPENDIX A. 287 east and west of the pegs marking their sites; upon which alignment Avas made in the two directions, before and during the time that tliey were being secured by bowlders and earth. There were seventeen pillars set east, and forty-three west of the Red River; the most easterly and most westerly being, respectively, n3 miles 55.10 chains and 170 miles 55.19 chains west of the astronomical station at the Lake of the Woods (No. 1 east). The intervening ones are all at their proper intervals, with two exceptions, viz, an extra pillar was placed in the mound marking the initial point of the sin-vey near the Red River (Station No. 1), and the pillar next west of the Pembina River was set in the mound 13*4 miles 32.07 chains west of the Lake of the Woods station. This latter site was selected for two reasons: first, on accoiint of its con- spicuous position, on the crest of the high ridge west of the river; and second, because it would have been at a great expense of time and labor to have carried it, by hand, down the precipitous bluffs, to an obscure position in the gulch below. The work was completed, and the men and teams of the party paid off and discharged on the 7th of October. From the 2d of September to the latter date, we were accompanied by a military escort, detailed by order of Brigadier-General Terry, commanding Department of Dakota, consisting of twelve enlisted men of the Twentieth Infantry, from tlie garrison of Fort Pembina, commanded by Lieut. C. H. Low of the same regiment. To Lieutenant Low and his men I am indebted for much assistance in expe- diting the work. Upon my return to Pembina, I found instructions from the Chief Astronomer, directing me to proceed to the Northwest Angle of the Lake of the Woods, for purposes which are detailed in a special paper concerning that locality. I accordingly left Pembina on the 8th of October, proceeded by stage to Winnipeg, Manitoba, and thence, by special conveyance, to my destination, and having performed the duty with which I was charged, returned to Pembina, on the 15th; and after adjusting the business affairs of the Commission there and at Saint Paul, I returned to Washington on the 2d of November. 288 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. ASTRONOMY. The latitudes of all of the astronomical stations were determined by observations, with the zenith telescope, of the dilYerences of nearly equal meridian zenith distances of stars, north and south of the zenith. This method and instrument are now in such general use that only such descrip- tion of them is necessary as will explain the features and circumstances l^eculiar to our work. INSTRUMENTS. The zenith telescopes used were Nos. 9, 11, and 20, Wiirdemann. Kos. 9 and 11 were of twenty -five inches focal length, of small magnifying power, and were considerably worn by use upon the survey of our North- western boundary-line, from the Pacific Ocean to the summit of the Rocky Moimtains. Ko. 20 was a new instrument, made for the Commission in 1872 and '73, of thirty-two inches focal length, and a magnifying power of sixty diameters. No. 9 was used by Captain Twining, at Stations Nos. 1 and 1 east, and with it good results were obtained. No. 1 1 was used by myself, at Stations Nos. 3, 7, and 9, and found to be entirely unreliable. It was afterward discovered that durino- the time of observations at Station No. 3, the telescope was loose upon its horizontal axis. Though this fault was afterward remedied, an irredeemable one was the badly-ground level attached to the telescope, which would often sud- denly indicate large changes in the adjustments that could not be detected by means of the striding-level. The instrument Avas, in fact, faulty to a degree that rendered the attaimnent of precise results with it impossible. It was soon discarded and replaced by No. 20, which was used at sixteen stations and at Fort Buford, and found to be, in all respects, a perfect instrument. I N S T K C M E N T - S T A X D S . From the beginning of the work up to Station No. 5, the instruments were mounted upon wooden ])osts, about twenty inches in diameter and six feet long, sunk four feet in the ground. Well-seasoned logs were selected, us. NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION IINSTRUMiNT STAND) DEVISED BY CAP^WJ. TWINING. Corps of Enc.ineers h Sc&l bill- Owck scj-eir d /Laiwed. Je/ralt screw e. Ruhlvf \vashcr rf 'I'abU bolts h I'.lp/dLuin of oaJt j'rA "le inn-k k PU/L ef &lAnouljLJ- aaJc Jrd/ne. 1 Opcii. steel ■d^nip!, in Oak tdbU n OuHjici iron iic^^ j'm- Ljlj'Hino' J> Wnnch REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 289 and the portion above gi-ound painted to prevent swelling, shrinking, and twisting with atmospheric changes. They served their purpose very well, but as our field of labor was, for the most part, a treeless country, it was very desii-able to have some sort of a stand which could be conveniently transported from station to station. Such an one was devised by Captain Twining', and manufactured to his order at the Detroit Locomotive Works. Three pointed steel bars, two inches in diameter and six and a half feet long, were driven four and a half feet into the ground, and formed a part of a rigid system, with a braced triangular frame-work of oak, twenty-nine inches high, whose horizontal section was an isosoles triangle, of about fourteen inches base. The connectidn between the bars and frame-work was effected by open steel clamps at top and bottom of the frame-work, which were closed by bolts and nuts, after the bars were driven. The table, which w^as a solid ti-iangular piece of oak, three inches thick, w^as joined to the bars by means of bolts attached to its bottom, three for each bar, and intermediate flanged female screws, with bolt-holes, which fitted the corresponding male screws upon the bar-heads. Between these flanged screws and the table-bottom were placed soft- rubber w^'ashers, to allow the table to be brought to a firm bearing, by means of the bolts and nuts, when the top surfaces of the flanges were not in the same plane, or any of them not parallel to the bottom of the surface of the table. On the bars, below the flanged female screws, were brass chock-screws, which worked against the former, and held them firmly in position. To place the stand in position, the top soil was first removed from a triangular space a little larger than the table of the stand. The frame-work w^as then placed upon the hard soil, the bars inserted in the open clamps, and driven with iron-bound wooden malls of twenty-five pounds weight. The bar-heads were protected during the driving by chilled-iron heads, temporarily screwed on. These were then removed, the clamps tightened, and the table screwed down. The whole was then covered with a blanket bag, to protect the metal from the effects of sudden changes of tempera- ture, and consequent disturbance of the adjustments of the surmounting instrument N B 19 290 UNITED STATES XORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. In hard and gravelly soils the bars were driven with considerable diffi- culty, sinking slowly under the impulses given by the twenty-five pound malls, swung by stalwart men, but in no instance was I unable to use the stand by reason of not being able to sink the bars. Small bowlders struck, were either broken or forced aside, and sometimes the bars themselves were slightly sprung, not effecting, however, any damage. In a few cases large bowlders were struck, necessitating the choice of another position for the stand. I used this stand at thirteen stations, and fottnd it to be sufficiently stable, much more convenient to work around than a post, and there was no settling. The labor of placing and removal was much less than with posts, and could be accomplished in half the time. I think, however, that the bars would answer their purpose as well if they were made but five feet long; they would then have to be driven only three feet in the ground, which would afford ample stability, while the labor of dri%ang them, and of digging them out, would be greatly lessened. At Station No. 20, the instrument was mounted upon a structure of limestone slabs and small pieces of rock. As each slab had uneven sur- faces, and was of varying thickness, its points of support were three small stones of selected sizes, so placed on the slab below as to make the top surface of the supported slab as nearly level as possible. Although the arrangement answered tolerably well, it was neither as stable nor as convenient as our instrument-stand. The latter 1 was unable to tran.sport up Chief Mountain Lake, and was, therefore, compelled to supply its place in any manner that I best could. SEXTANTS. The sextants used were Nos. 1452 and 1455, Stackpole & Bro. They were purchased by the Commission, and possess some peculiarities which were made from designs by Professor Harkness, United States Navy. They are of six-inch i-adius, are graduated to 10', and read by vernier to 10". The vernier-plate is beveled, and the attached reading-microscope is inclined to the liuib in tlie direction of the graduation-lines, an an-ange- REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 291 ment whicli I do not consider desirable, especially for niglit-work. A find- ing-level is attached to the index-bar, which is a great convenience to inexperienced observers. An eye-piece shade, with several glasses of various depths of the same color, was found to be a decided convenience for use in sun-observations, obviating the use of the shades of the index and horizon glasses, and, there- fore, eliminating the jjossibilities of eiTors arising from difierent refractions by those shades. The instruments were well made, and were, on the whole, very satis- factory. Mr. Boss made an extended series of investigations in 1873 to obtain the corrections for eccentricity of No. 1452. They consisted of compari- sons of observed angular distances of stars with the same distances com- puted. As the results obtained do not elsewhere appear, they are here tabulated. Corrections due to eccentricity — Sextant, 1452, Staclcpole <& Bro. At— Corrections. At— Correctious. o // // 10 — 0.5 80 — 11.2 For angles not given tbe 20 — 1.3 90 — 13.6 correction is obtained 30 — 2.3 100 — 16.1 by interpolation. 40 — 3.6 110 — 18.9 50 — 5.2 120 — 21.7 60 — 7.0 130 — 24.7 70 — 8.0 140 — 27.7 CHRONOMETERS. The chronometers used by mj party in 1873 were Negus break- circuit sidereal No. 1481; Bond sidereal No. 235; Negus mean solar No. 1319. In 1874 I had Negus break-circuit sidereal No. 1513 instead of 1481, the others being the same. The break-circuit chronometers were swung in gimbals, and the others were in leather cases. They were usually packed for transportation in a cotton-lined box, and were carried in the spring instrument-wagon. Their performances were quite satisfactory, as may be ascertained by reference to the special paper on chronometer performances. 292 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. ASTRONOMICAL TRANSITS. I earned, during the season of 1873, astronomical transit No. 30, Wiir- demann, and, in 1874, No. 4, Wiii'demann. These were Httle used. A few observations for instrumental constants and time were made at Station No. 7. MANNEROFWORK. It was customary, when upon the march, to make daily observations with the sextant for time and latitude ; sometimes of the sun, but oftener • of well-known stars. When marching over portions of the country which were not after- ward to be surveyed by the topographical parties, daily observations were made, when practicable, of stars east and west for time, and north and south for latitude. By means of the prismatic compass and odometer as full reconnaissance-notes as possible were made of the trail between points of astronomical observation. When marching along the boundary-line the same care as to survey of route, &c., was not exercised, as this was to be the field of the topo- graphical parties, and only such notes of bearings and distances were kept as would enable us, at any time, to know our approximate position with reference to points upon the boundary-line; chronometers were, however, usually compared daily, at noon, both in camp and upon the march. When it happened that we arrived before noon in the vicinity of a proposed astronomical station, a halt was made in sufficient time to take circummeridian observations of the sun for latitude, for which the corre- sponding time-observations were made when the sun had attained an hour- angle great enough to give sufficiently accurate results. To make these observations, and to compute the latitude from the data so obtained, and the longitude from the compass and odometer record of march from the preceding station, or the chronometers, usually involved a delay of two and a half or three hours. From the position so established, it was easy to proceed, by compass and odometer, to a point near the 49tli parallel, and at the proper distance from the preceding station. In case of arrival in sucli vicinity after noon, it was necessary to go REPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEK, APPENDIX A. 293 into camp and await the result of night observations. In several instances, however, I was spared this delay through the courtesy of the Chief Astron- omer of the British Commission, who had driven pickets upon which were recorded the results of observations made by him while on reconnaissance expeditions, thus affording me fixed points on which to base trail-surveys. A site for camp and the observatory was then selected as near the 49th parallel as the necessities of camp life, such as proximity to water and grass, would pemrit, and the zenith telescope was prepared for use. I rarely found it possible to put the instrument in perfect adjustment until after sun- down, because of the rapid changes in temperature which occurred during the latter part of the afternoon. The difference between the highest tem- perature on July 6, 1874, and the lowest on the succeeding night was 56°. 3; •in many instances the changes inside of twenty-four hours were as much as 40° to 50°. The instrument was placed in the meridian by means of an observation of Polaris at any convenient even minute of time, for which the azimuth of the star was computed in advance. It was rarely necessary to repeat this adjustment at any station, though a convenient test of its accuracy was afforded by eye comparison with the micrometer comb-scale of the distances from mid-wire of stars observed at culmination. If these distances, so estimated, did not exceed thi-ee microm- eter turns (one turn r=:62"), the adjustment was considered satisfactory; if unsatisfactory, it could be repeated in about twenty minutes' time. In latitude observations the star bisection was always perfected at the instant of culmination, jvhich time, as well as that of each even ten seconds and the last even five seconds of the preceding half minute, was called by the recorder, who had before him the chronometer, and the computed chro- nometer time of culmination on the programme arranged for the night. Chronometer corrections were ascertained by means of sextant obser- vations east and west. The observations of each night were computed the following morning ; frequently those of the last night at a station were computed as fast as talcen. On the day following tlie iirst niglit's work llie distance on the meridian 294 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. from the center of the insti-ument to the 49th parallel, as given by the mean of the results, was carefully measured, and a picket driven there (in latitude 49°: 1" of latitude = 101.34 feet). The teams were then employed during the remainder of the days at the station in hauling stone for the mound to this picket. When the requisite number of results were obtained, and the final lat- itude deduced, the difference between it and the result of the first night's work was laid off on the ground, north or south, from the picket before mentioned, and another picket driven, around which was piled the stone for the mound which marks the boundary-line. The mounds were conical in form, and varied in dimensions with the comparative difficulty experienced in obtaining stones. The smallest was about five feet high, and eight feet in diameter at base, and the largest' eight feet high, and sixteen feet in diameter at base. When timber was obtainable there was usuully a post sunk three feet in the ground, around which the mound was built ; otherwise the top soil was removed and a circle of small bowlders laid around a central stone used in the place of the picket. This was then covered with earth and the mound piled upon it. Upon completion of the mound, which was usually before noon of the day succeeding the last night's work at a station, camp was broken and the march begun for the next station. BLANK FORMS. The blank forms used for computations in the field were so convenient that I deem them worthy of preservation, and to that end attach specimens hereto : 1. Time by single altitude. 2. Latitude by Polaris off meridian. 3. Latitude by circummeridian altitudes. 4. Programme for zenith-telescope observations. 5. Comparison of chronometers. 6. Record and reduction of zenith-telescope observations. Nos. 1 , 2, 3, and 4 were arranged in blocks of one hundred fornis, from EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 295 which each form was detached for file as computations upon it were com- pleted. No. 5 was in book-form of half quires ; the specimen shown is one- half of one page. No. 6 was in book-fomi of foiir quires ; the specimens shown are the headings of opposite pages. RESULTS. There are appended hereto complete records of the astronomical sta- tions. They are in order as follows: — 1. Star Catalogues, 1872, '73, '74. 2. Latitude determinations with the zenith telescope. 3. Instrumental constants. 4. Abstract of chronometer records. 5. Results at British astronomical stations. 6. Reconnaissance-positions. The large number of independent observations made with the sextant for time and latitude, are not appended. They, alone, would make a consid- erable volume, and are not considered essential to a faithful presentation of the record. STAli CATALOGUES. The star lists comprise all stars used for observation with the zenith telescope. Their designating numbers are those of the British Association Catalogue, and the mean declinations and proper motions those adopted for the year. The list for 1872 was used at but two stations, No. 1 and No. 1 east. The mean declinations were derived from the catalogues of the Greenwich observatory. The mean declinations for 1873 and 1874 were obtained b}^ homogeneous reduction, according to the method of Arffelander,from all reliable authorities obtainable. This has been the work of Mr. Lewis Boss, to whom great credit is due for the correct and altogether admirable manner in which his work has been performed. As he is engaged in the preparation of an elaborate report upon the subject of these star places, I will not enlarge upon them here, and will only add, that a careful examination of the latitude results obtained, and of the residuals of each pair of stars, referred to the mean latitudes of the several stations, affords 296 UNITED STATES NOKTHERN BOUNDAKY COMMISSIOiSr. ample evidence to warrant the conclusion that the errors of determination are almost wholly those of observation, including, of course, instrumental errors, and that the mean places of the stars may be considered as very nearly approaching absolute accuracy. The lists for 1873 and 1874 comprise one hundred and twenty-four and one hundred and twenty-eight stars, respectively, in declination from -f 17° 45' 52" to 7?° 58' 65", and in right ascension from 13"^ 22" to 4'' 05™, wliich were the hours of possible observation dui'ing the field-seasons. . The ephemeris, as constructed for use in the field, consisted of: — 1st. Table of mean places for the year; R. A. from any reliable author- ity; annual precession and proper motion. Logarithms of the constants ft' h' d d', corresponding to Bessel's formulae and notation for reduction from mean to apparent place. 2d. Logarithms of day numbers for the day and sidereal hours speci- fied, computed for a mean longitude of the stations. 3d. Table of apparent places, for every five days of the probable time of field-work. This time, in 1873, was from May 20 to October 22, and in lb74, from June 24 to October 12. Declinations for other dates than those given in the table, were obtained by interpolation, the difference between a declination so obtained, and one directly reduced, being inappreciable. LATITUDE RESULTS The final result for the latitude of each station is the arithmetical mean of all of the determinations at that station, without regard to time of obser- vation or the pairs of stars observed. This method was chosen, because the probable erj-or of declination is so far inside of that of observation as to render weighting, not only a work of unnecessary refinement, but pos- itively undesirable. For the same reason, it is believed that the final accuracy is about the same at stations, so far as it depends upon the number of dififei'ent pairs of stars observed. At no station has the time of observation covered a period of less than two entire nights. In those instances, when there were two or three nights IIEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER, ArPENDIX A. 297 of observation, the number of observations made on the several nights were nearly the same, and the mean result given is nearly that of the mean of the results taken by nights. At those stations where there was a greater number of nights' woi-k, the numbers of observations of the several nights do greatly vary, and it would be manifestly unfair to give, for the final result, the mean of the nights' results, unless less weight were given to the night of few observations, and this is practically done by taking the mean of all the results. There have been no results rejected by arbitrary selection. At each station, Peirce's Critei'ion for the rejection of doubtful obsei-vations was applied to the results, before striking the final mean. While there is much doubt of the actual utility of the application of such mathematical criterion when the results are in the hands of a competent and judicious computer, it nevertheless gives some standard rule for computers to follow, and affords means of comparing results obtained by different, observers, which would not be comparable if results were rejected at will. It also dissipates doubts which might arise as to the constant good judgment of a computer in select- ing results for rejection, especially under tlie pressure of necessary haste in completing the computations, which always obtained in our field work. INSTRUMENTAL CONSTANTS. Observations for the value of level divisions and micrometer turns of each zenith telescope, were made once or twice each season that such instru- ment was used, except that the value obtained for the level of zenith telescope No. 20, in 1873, was used in 1874. The permanent marks used in the level-value determinations were either the crosswires of astronomical transits or transit theodolites. For value of micrometer turns, observations were made upon a circum- polar star, usually Polaris, near elongation. For zenith telescope No. 20, those used in 1874 depend upon three series of observations: two of Polaris, and one of B. A. C. No. 240, made at Fort Buford. I desired to reobserve for the constant values of No. 20, but there were no occasions, during the season of 1874, when such observations would 298 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. have been practicable, that the time was not employed in latitude work, or that I was not too much fatigued, by such work, to make the results of value. It was not considered of sufficient importance to justify a night's delay for the purpose, as the latitude results demonstrated, by accompany- ing results obtained from pairs of stai-s with large and small diffei'ences of zenith distances, that the micrometer values used were amply good. No corrections for run of micrometer, or for variations in the value of micrometer-turns for changes of temperature, have been applied, the inves- tigations of these errors being considered moi-e curious than useful in their relation to field-astronomy. The following synoptical table explains the general character of the latitude-work The results of observations at all the stations of 1873 and 1874 are included between the limits here given, except those of Nos. 3, 7, and 9, which were determined with the poor instrument (No. 11) before described, and which, though not absolutely bad, are not comparable with the rest of the work. . 1873. 1874. a «^ •X 3 o u s c p rz o S 6 = 2; a 3 c ^ o 1 o 5 CIS IS .2 ' a s a 1 Greatest extreme range of results at any station . Least extreme range of results at any station Greatest probable error of single determination .. Least probable error of single determination Greatest probable error of final result n 3.43 2.28 a 457 0.324 0.056 0.037 66 59 C6 %l 66 82 10 12 10 5 10 5 // 2.68 1.83 0. 393 0.228 0.049 0.029 75 60 47 62 47 62 16 18 20 15 20 15 Least probable error of tinal result Number of independent determinations of latitude witb zenith telescope N amber of same rejected by criterion 5 167c } 187^ I 1873. \ 1874. 73.. 561 74.. 520 1873.. II 3 No star forms a compound of more than one pair, and the results show that it is better that each pair should be separately observed; that is, that several pairs should not be grouped for the same setting. In the computations for probable error, the residuals are the differences EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, ARPENDIX A. 299 between the arithmetical means of all of the determinations and the indi- vidual determinations; which is the method usually, but not universally, adhered to in like field work. RESULTS AT BRITISH STATIONS. The appended list of results obtained at the British astronomical sta- tions is compiled from the record of the British Commission furnished the United States Commission. (See page 198.) The declinations of stars used by the astronomers of the British Com- mission were taken from the publications of the Greenwich Observatory, and the individual results obtained were combined by weights. RECONNAISSANCE POSITIONS. In the following table are given the astronomical positions of points on line of march from Fort Buford to the boundary -line at Station No. 1 3. The latitude of Fort Buford was determined, by myself, with zenith tele- scope No. 20. The large probable error of final result is accounted for by the facts that there were but twenty determinations, by observation of eleven pairs of stars, and that the declinations of these stars were from other sources than our own catalogue, which did not contain stars of suitable declination for that latitude. The other positions given are from sextant observations by my assist- ant, Mr. Lewis Boss. Positions. Latitude. Longitude. Fort Buford fflaff-staff 1 Q 1 II II 47 59 15.58 ± 0.192 48 09 10 48 08 38 48 07 58 48 04 55 48 16 18 48 29 37 48 42 50 48 44 05 o / /' 103 58 00 104 54 25.5 104 53 46.5 105 09 52.5 106 00 28.5 106 35 46.5 106 59 33 107 04 54 107 11 45 Riff Muddv River . . ................. Frenchman's Point (Missouri River) Poplar River (or Quaking A-^h River) Little Porcunine River Fort Turuay (Frenchman's Creek) 300 UNITED STATES NORTOERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. H T P S O M E T R y AND M E T E O R O L O G Y. The vertical element of the survey along the boundary-line depends upon the barometric determinations of the altitudes of astronomical camps, &c., upon which, as bases, are adjusted and closed the vertical surveys of the topographical parties. The instruments used in this connection by each astronomical party were two cistern-barometers. Green, two aneroid barometers, two psy- chrometers, one maximum and one minimum thermometer, one black-bulb thermometer. Those under mv care were in constant use from the Red River to the Rocky Mountains, and, with the exception of the black-bulb thermometer, which was broken eai'ly in the first season and never replaced, were safely carried through all of the vicissitudes incident to two years' service in the field, a piece of good fortune rarely equaled in the histories of these fragile instruments. The practice at astronomical camps was to record daily at 7 a. m., 2 p. m., and 9 p. m. the readings of the barometers, attached thermometers, and psy chrometer, tlie extra barometers being read for the pm-pose of detect- ing any change of instrumental errors which might occur, and also to afl'ord the means of continuing the record, reduced to the same zero, in case of accident to the standard barometer. General meteorological phenomena were noted three times daily, and the maximum and minimum thermometers were read at 7 a. m. and 9 p m. The computations of the altitudes of all stations have been made by comparison of daily means with the daily means of synchi'onous observa- tions made at a permanent station. For the season of 1873 tlie permanent station was Fort Pembina, Dak., where the record was kept by an observer employed by the Commission. For season of 1874 comparison was made with the record of the United States Signal-Service station at Fort Benton, Montana, a copy of which, for the time of our field-service, Avas furnished, upon application, by the Chief Signal-OfRcer of tlie Army. The formulae and tables employed in the reduction may be found in REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A, 801 Williamson's treatise on the " Use of the Barometer, &c.", Professional Papers Corps of Engineers, No. 15, and " are those of Plantamour (Guyot's tables D, 72-79), rearranged and adapted to English measures." The reductions have been made by daily means, and each result thus obtained given equal weight in the final result. In those cases where, for lack of a sufficient number of daily means, single observations have been admitted, much less weight than that given a daily mean has been accorded them — generally about one-quarter. No corrections for abnormal and horary oscillations of the weight of the atmosphere have been applied, as we had no sufficiently-extended series of observations made under circumstances favorable for the purpose of deducing these corrections. The only hourly series attempted was recorded at Captain Twining's camp, at "Wood End Depot, September 23 to 30, 1873, and that time was, unfortunately, the period of the severe equinoctial storm of that year. The great horizontal distances between barometers compared intro- duces an element of uncertainty in the results, on account of the different local conditions to which the two instruments may be subject at correspond- ing times of observations. This source of error would be practically elim- inated in cases of long-extended series of observations, because abnormal results would be indicated by comparison with a large number of results, and might be rejected, or, if admitted, they would have little weight in the general result, by reason of comparatively small numbers. This condition obtained at few of our stations, as, in the majority of cases, the determinations depend upon a small number of daily means, and necessarily so, because the time allowed for barometi-ic observation at any station was strictly limited to that required for the purpose of astronomical observation. 302 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. The barometric heights of the eight astronomical stations of 1874 have been reduced by comparison with three Signal-Service stations. The results are given in the following table: — Stilt iou. g 'J c < c o pa > C SI < S s .a o li < o ■a . '-a < c < Locality of station. No. 13. No. 14. No. 15. No. Ki. No. 17. No. 18. No. 19. No. 20. Feet. 2, 094 2, 240 1,937 1,929 2, 898 2, 624 3, 554 3,580 Feet. 19i 2C8 100 149 1,049 827 1,G41 1,539 Feet. 3,201 3, 039 3, 240 3. 1()5 2, 21)2 2, 583 1,641 1,726 Feet. 2, 884 3, 030 2, 727 2, 719 3, (188 3,414 4,343 4,375 Feet. 2, 866 2,942 2,770 2,823 3,723 3, 501 4, 315 4,213 2,857 3,019 2, 818 2,893 3,795 3, 475 4,417 4,331 Frencbiuaii's Creek, west bank. Pool on prairie. East Fork Milk River. Milk River lake.s. East Butte Sneetgrass Hills. Red River, west bank. North Fork Milk River. Chief Mountain Lake. Fort Pembina a Cheyenne abovi Fort Benton ab bo\e se.1 Feet. 760 6,058 Dve sea . 2,674 The results obtained by reference to Fort Benton are those accepted for the altitudes of these stations, and are considered the most reliable, because the horizontal distances between stations compared are much less than in the other cases, and the general climatic and local conditions more nearly similar. Apppended is a table giving the altitudes of thirtj'-two positions, on or near the boundary-line, with verbal description of location, latitude, and longitude, and height above station of comparison and above the sea. Also, record of each station, and of station of comparison, and the work of reduction. The records at stations Nos. 2, 4, G, 8, Wood End Depot, Lake of the Woods, and Northwest Angle were made under the supervision of Captain Twining; those at Nos. 2, 3, and 4, east, under the supervision of Lieu- tenant Greene, and at the rest of the stations under my own supervision, except at the British depot, Sweetgrass Hills, where a semi-daily record of an aneroid barometer was kept during the month of August, 1874, and a transcript of it forwarded to me by the Chief Astronomer of the British Commission. EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 303 THE NORTHWEST ANGLE, LAKE OF THE WOODS. By this title is popularly and generally designated the arm or bay of the Lake of the Woods, at whose northwestern extremity is the point decided, by the Joint Commissioners appointed to carry into effect the 7th Article of the Treaty of Ghent, to be the most northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods. To the locality especial interest attaches, from the fact that the most northwestern point mentioned is the initial point of the boundary-line which it was our work to detei-mine, and because a portion of the American waters of the bay, and of one of the streams emptying into it, form a part of the Dominion Government route of travel and trans- portation from Lake Superior to Winnipeg, Manitoba. In order to arrive at a clear understanding of the purpose and methods pursued in the work at the Northwest Angle, I quote the following from the declaration of the Commissioners appointed to establish the boundary- line under the 7th Article of the Treaty of Ghent: — Section 19. Resolved, Tbat the following ('escribed line (also represented on said maps as before mentioned) is, in the opinion of the Commissioners, so far as the same extends, tbe true Boundary intended by the before mentioned Treaties: — Namely, * * * * * thence through the middle of the waters of this Bay to the Nortbwe.st extremity of the same, being the most Northwestern i)oiut of the Lake of the Woods, and Irom a monument erected iu this Bay, on the nearest firm ground to tbe above Northwest extremity of said Bay, the courses and distances are as follows: viz, 1st, N. 560 W. 15051 feet. 2d, N. 6° W. 8GU feet. 3d, N. 28° W. G15.4 feet. 4tb, N. 27° 10' W. 495.4 feet, oth, N. 5° 10' E. 1322* feet. 6th, N. 7° 45' W, 493 feet. The variation being 12° East. The termination of this 6th or last course and distance being the above said most Northwestern Point of the Lake of the Woods, as designated by the 7th Article of the Treaty of Ghent, and being in Latitude Forty-nine degrees, twenty- three minutes, and fifty-five seconds North of tbe Equator, and in longitude Ninety- five degrees, fourteen minutes, and thirty-eight seconds, west from the observatory at Greenwich. To discover and re-establish this "most NorthwesteiTi point," and to trace, thence, the meridian boundary-line, and to make such sui-\'eys at the Northwest Angle as should be necessary, I was directed by Maj. F. U. Farquhar, then Chief Astronomer of the Commission, to accompany him to the Lake of the Woods, with a portion of my topographical party, and such instruments, rations, camp-equipage, &c., as would be needed for a month's work. 304 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. We accordingly broke camp on the boundary-line, near the Red River, on the morning of the Ist of October, 1872, marched to Winnipeg, Mani- toba, in three and one-half days, distance sixty-eight miles, crossed the Red River, and went into camp at Saint Boniface, opposite Winnipeg, on the evening of October 4. Breaking camp next morning, we marched over the Canadian Government road, known as the "Dawson road," to the North- Avest Angle, arriving there upon the evening of October 9, the distance from Saint Boniface being one hundred and ten miles. We were associated in the work at the Angle with Capt. Samuel Anderson, Royal Engineers, Chief Astronomer of the British Commission, who, with his detachment of English sappers, arrived the same evening. We were also accompanied to the Angle by Capt. W. J. Twining, United States Engineers, and Lieut. W. J. Galwey, Roj-al Engineers, who, with their astronomical parties, were on their way to determine the 49th parallel on the west shore of the Lake of the Woods. The country in the vicinity of the Northwest Angle is low and swaqapy, and covered with a dense growth of coniferous trees, mostly tamaracks; the hiii-her ridsres, which howcAer are of slifjht elevation, are covered with groves of poplars. Vast tracts of the country have been ravaged by forest fires, leaving the bui-nt portions impassable by reason of the dead-fall. The trees are mostly small; few having a diameter of trunk, at base, of more than six or eight inches, although I secured one dead pine of about twenty- six inches diameter at four feet above the ground, the trunk of which was cut into sections eight feet long, and used for obser^-ing-posts. The soil is generally sandy, covered in most places with a considerable depth of vege- table mold. The point of land included between the northwest arm of the lake and the first considerable stream emptying into it (see accompanying map), on both sides of the meridian boundary-line, is at times occupied by consider- able numbers of Ojibway Indians, who come there annually to receive their annuities from the Canadian Government, to fish, to trade at the adjacent Hudson's Bay Company's store, and to adjust, among themselves, the prop- erty acquired, by various methods of gambling. The point marked "Dock"' on the map was the terminus of the Daw- REPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 305 son road, and the landing-place of the Canadian Government boats at the time of our visit to the Angle in 1872. At the present time, 1875, the terminus of said road, the government buildings, and the Hudson's Bay Company's store are located on British teri-itory, on the north bank of the same creek, and adjacent to the meridian boundary-line. We found at the Angle the camp of a surveying-party of the British Commission, in charge of Colonel Forrest, who were engaged in making a survey of the entire northwest arm of the lake, which was aftei-ward con- tinued along the west shore of the lake to the 49th parallel. Colonel For- rest, at various times before our arrival, had sought to discover some trace of the reference monument before alluded to, but his search had been in vain. He had sought information as to its location from the Indians in the vicinity, and elicited to the effect that some of them remembered the visit of the party which erected it, in October, 1824, and that but few years had elapsed since its total disappearance. They however refused to point out the locality, which they claimed to know, except upoi . payment of extrav- agant rewards to themselves and their tribe. After several pow-wows with them. Colonel Forrest, discrediting their statements, had given up hopes of discovering anything from them, and refused to treat further with them. Colonel Forrest stated to me that some Indians had brought to his camp a portion of an oaken log, charred and much decayed, which they averred was a portion of the center post of the old monument. As before, they refused to say where they had gotten it, unless their preposterous demands were complied with, and carried it away with them when they found they were not to obtain the compensation sought. It is not necessary to seek far for reasons which would explain the disappeai-ance, in the course of forty-eight years, of a wooden post sur- rounded by a crib- work of logs. First, it was in a locality frequently visited by Indians, whose habits of wanton destruction are well known; second, the locality in question has been ravaged by forest fires ; third, natural decay, which was hastened by the fact, as will hereafter appear, of its being much in the water. We had as data for our search the map of the Commissioners of 1825, on which were marked the positions of the reference monument, the " most northwestern N B 20 306 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. point," and the place where the astronomical observations were made. We had given, also, the latitude and longitude of the most northwestern point, and the courses and distances connecting this point with the reference monument. The official map was, however, di-awn to so small a scale (two inches to one mile), that details of locahties, such as the most northwestern point, &c., were not recognizable; but the points of land marked "monument" and "observatory" were distinguished, and in the vicinity of the former point thorough search was made for some trace of the monument by Major Fai-quhar, Captain Anderson, and myself, assisted by the men of our re- spective parties. This proving unsuccessful, it became necessary to await the completion of Colonel Forrest's detailed survey. During this interval I verified this survey by independent observations for azimuth and by rerunning the transit lines upon the northeastern shore of the bay, and resurveying in vicinity of the point of land marked "observatory" on the official map. Separate plats having been made and found in agreement, several points in latitude 49° 23' 55" (official latitude of most northwestern point) were platted from latitudes obtained by sextant-observations, and from them wei'e platted the official courses and distances to the reference- monument. Faihng to obtain by this means any trace of the exact site of the monument, as was supposed on account of the probable discrepancy which would reasonably exist between the official latitude and the latitude derived from our observations, and as the joint commissioners who were to follow us from the Red Eiver had not yet arrived. Major Farquhar directed me to select a point on the tongue of land on which we supposed should be the most northwest point, to erect there a station, make azimuth-observa- tions, and begin the cutting of the due-south line. The station, pyramidal, with twenty -foot center post, was erected, and the cutting begun, but sud- denly abandoned for cause, as will appeal". Mr. James McKay, then member of ParHament of the province of Manitoba, and manager for the Dominion government of the "Dawson route," arrived at the Northwest Angle and became at once interested in the search for the lost monument-site. Mr. McKay is of mixed descent, and speaks with fluency the language of the Ojibways, having spent a large EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 307 portion of his life among them. On this account, and because of his official position and strong personality, he has much influence with the Indians, and obtained one of the old chiefs, who said he knew the place where the monument had been, to go with him and point it out. Accordingly the Indian, accompanied by Mr. McKay, Major Farquhar, and Captain Ander- son, went in a canoe to the point of land which we had searched over so many times, and directed attention to a place, directly off the point, among* the rushes which everywhere fringe the shore, and in about two and a half feet of water, which he said he knew to be the place where the monument had been. By wading. Major Farquhar discovered what were to him and those accompanying him satisfactory evidences that this was indeed the monu- ment-site, and especially as the descriptions heretofore given proved that it must have been in this immediate vicinity. There were depressions where portions of two logs had evidently lain at right angles with each other, and, in the included angle, a cavity such as would have been left by the removal of a log, and whence had probably been taken the log before mentioned as having been brought to Colonel Forrest's camp. The Indians said that the water-surface was, at the time of our visit to the Angle, eight feet higher than it was at the time the monument was erected, and this statement was partially substantiated by the fact that within the knowledge of the white people living at the Angle, there had been no season in which the water had been so high, in the fall of the year. With the water even four feet lower, this site would have been on "firm ground," as such term would be understood in a country low and swampy, like that in the vicinity of the Angle, and, moreover, in a place very con- venient for making the necessary connections with the point marked "ob- servatory," and with the "most northwestern point." We had been misled by the statement of the commissioners, that it was "A monument erected in this Bay, on the nearest firm ground to tlie above northwest extremity of said Bay," which induced us to constantly search too far inland, whei'e, to the northeast of the point under discussion, and nearer to the most northwestern point, we had found a ledge of granite, in place. 308 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION, The occupation of this rock, however, would have involved the sur- veyors in a large amount of heavy timber cutting, which was probably, at that time, not practicable. To sum up the evidence that the point under consideration is the site of the original reference monument, we find the following: It is in correct position, according to the official map of the commis- sioners, as nearly as can be selected on a map whose scale is two inches to one mile. The same is true for the most northwestern point, when connected with this position by the official bearings and distances. It was pointed out by an Ojibway chief, and recognized by other In- dians, all of whom averred that they remembered the visit, to tlie Angle, of the party that erected the monument, which they had frequently seen in after years. The official latitude of the most northwestern point, before quoted, differs from that obtained by Captain Anderson, with the zenith telescope, of the same point (accepting this site as correct) by only 4". 7; a very close agreement, when we consider that the original latitude was determined by sun observations, with a sextant. It was in a prominent and convenient position for connecting with the point marked ''observatory," and with the most northwestern point, involv- ing no timber cutting. Confirmatory evidence in the shape of a letter from Mr. Barclay, Com- missioner of the Commission of 1824, who describes the original monument as having been an oaken center post, surrounded by a crib-work of logs seven feet square. This coincides with the description, given by the Indians, of the mon- ument, and accounts for the relative positions of the depressions discovered by Major Farquliar. As the evidence that the traces found were those of the remains of the old monument was considered satisfactory, the site was accepted by the Chief Astronomers of the Joint Commission, and a station there erected was connected with the due south line through the Northwest Point, and with the astronomical station, by means of a triangle whose base-line, upon the opposite slioro of the bay, was tliree times carefully CUTTING ON MERIDIAN NORTH WEST POINT LAKE C^ i HE WOODS IIEPORT OF THE COIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 309 measured. Tlie correction to the measured angles is all applied to the angle at the monument, because that angle was measured with a six-inch Negus theodolite, with verniers, whose least count was thirty seconds, and the angles at the base-stations were measured by careful repetitions, with an eight-inch Wiirdemann transit, with verniers reading to ten seconds. It was agreed between the Chief Astronomers of the British and United States Commission, that the due south line should be laid off jointly. Observations for azimuth of the base-line were made by Captain Anderson, upon Polaris near elongation, and by myself, upon Polaris at greatest eastern and western elongations. My observations at West Base, October 18, on Polaris at eastern elongation, gave for azimuth of base-line 119° 03' 14".l, and at East Base, October 19, at western elongation of Polaris, 119° 03' 19".2. The azimuth adopted by the Chief Astronomers of the Joint Commission, after a comparison of results, was 119° 03' 10".0. I then planted a post upon the base-line, at a measured distance from West Base of 138'.4, being the point of intersection of the due south line through Northwest Point with the base-line (obtained as in the following pages), and measured, by careful repetitions, with the eight-inch Wiirdemann transit, the angle between the base-line and the due south line. At a distance south from this post of about a half mile, another post similar to it was planted; the two giving the direction of the meridian boundary-line. As it was now late in the season, and we were not prepared for winter work, T left the Angle on the 31st of October, by Major Farquhar's order, and arrived at Fort Pembina on the 7th of November. The work of cutting through the timbered swamps, on the due south line, to the shore line of the Lake of the Woods, was intrusted to the supervision of the British parties, and was accomplished in 1872. The permanent iron pillars marking this line, were placed in the fall of 187 i. In the autumn of 1875, being then engaged in placing the permanent iron pillars on the 49th parallel, I, by direction of the Chief Astronomer, visited the Northwest Angle, and verified, by observation, the correctness of the positions of the tlu-ee iron pillars nearest the Northwest Point, and the direction of the cutting to the south. I found portions of the various 310 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. wooden posts located at the Angle in 1872, still standing; but they will soon liave disappeared, as the squaws chop then- kindling-wood from them. The Dominion Government has erected several buildings, warehouses, stage-station, &c., on British territory, immediately adjoining the boundary- line. The present steamboat-dock, and the terminus of the Dawson road are near the buildings. The government boats are, however, still obliged to pass through nearly a mile of American waters, to reach their dock at the tenninus of the Dawson road. Appended, are the computations of the surveys, connecting the refer- ence-monument with the due south hue thi-ough the Northwest Point, and the Northwest Point with the astronomical station. Also, a map of the Northwest Angle, upon Avhich are marked all of the points hereinbefore discussed. Computations of surveys. Stations. Measured augles. Correc- tions. Corrected angles. Azimuth and length of base-line. West-base East-base Monument O ' II 96 53 12.3 46 OS 33. 36 58 20.0 // 0.0 0.0 —5. 9 O 1 II 96 53 12.3 46 08 33. 6 36 58 14.1 119° 03' 10" 2, 191. feet. log 2191.0 3. 3400424 log sin, west-base 9. 99685.52 A. C. log sin, nion't 0. 2208290 3. 3406424 log sin, east-base 9. 8579758 A. C. log sin, mou'c 0. 2208290 3. 5583206 3. 4194472 M. - E. B. 3,616.8 W. B. — M. 2,626.9 West-base — east-base, s. 60° 50' 50"; E. 2,191.0 feet. log dist. 3. 3406424 log cos az. 9. 6862922 3. 3406424 log sin az. 9. 9415973 3. 0269346 3. 2822397 S. 1,064.0 Monument — west-base S 22° 09' E. 1,915.3 57".7 ; W. 2,026.9 feet. log dist. 3.4194472 log cos az. 9. 9606553 3.4194472 log sin az. 9. .5766773 3. 3861025 2. 9961245 S. 2,432.8 W. 990.8 EEPOKT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEE, APPENDIX B. 311 The courses and distances from the reference-monument to the "most Northwestern point," as established by the Commissioners, under the seventh article of the treaty of Ghent, are as follows: — 1st, N. 5G° W 1,565} feet. 2cl, N. 6°W SOlifeet. 3d, N. 28° W 615.4 feet The variation being: 12° east. 4th, N. 27° 10' W 495.4 feet 5th, N. 5<^ 10' E 1,322} feot. 6th, N. 7° 45' W 493 feet. These courses and distances give, with true bearings, the following results for latitude and departure: — Northing. 3. 1946531 9. 8569341 Ist course. log COS. 2d course. log COS. 3d course, log cos. 4th course. log COS. 5th course, log COS. 6t.h course, log cos. log dist. 44°, log sin 1126. 1 3. 0515872 2. 9352053 9.9976143 log dist. 6°, log sin. 856.8 591.6 2. 9328696 2. 7891575 9. 9828416 2.7719991 2. 6949560 9. 9846033 log dist. 16°, log sin log dist. 15° 10', log 478.1 2. 6795593 3. 1213957 9. 9802081 log dist. 17° 10', log 1263. 6 3. 1016033 2.6928469 9.9988041 log dist. 4° 15', log 8 491.6 2. 6916510 3. 1946531 9. 8417713 3. 0364244 2. 9352553 9. 0192346 1. 9544899 2.7891575 9. 4403381 2. 2294956 2. 6949560 2.1126397 3. 1213957 2.5914418 2. 6928469 1.5627149 Easting. Westing. 1087.5 90,1 160. C 129. C 4807. 8 total northing. 390.3 36.5 516.9 Total westing, West-base, west of ref. mon't, 1.386. 7 510.9 869.8 990.8 Northwest Point, east of west-base, 121. Referring to the accompanying map, in tlie right angled triangle west-base A P, there is given the distance west-base A, and by subtracting the azimuth of the base-line (119° 03' 10") from 180°, is obtained the angle opposite and equal to the angle at P; hence log 121.0 = 2. 0827854 A. C. log sin 60° 56' 50" = 0. 0584027 138.4 feet =^ 2. 1411881 which is the distance laid off on the base-line, from west-base to the meri- dian line through the Northwest Point. 312 UNITED STATES NOKTUEKN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. The astronomical latitude post was connected with the post at east- base, as follows — bearing being true: Transit post to stake "A" N. 25° 25' 30" ; E. 325.1 feet. Northing. Easting, logdist. 2.2510170 logdist. 2.5120170 log cos az. 9. 9D57589 ^ log sin az. 9. 6327905 293.6 2.4677759 2.1448075 139.6 Stake "A" — east-base, N. 41^ 35' 30" ; E. 847.0 feet, logdist. 2.9278834 logdist. 2.9278834 log cos az. 9. 8738404 log sin az. 9. 8220487 633. 5 2. 8017238 927. 1 total northing. Zenith telesco]ie post to transit post. Transit post to east-base, East-base to reference monument, Reference monument to Northwest Point, 4807. 8 2. 7499321 Total easti 562.3 ng, 701.9 Northing. Easting. Westing. 6.0 927.1 3496. 8 ;, 4807.8 701.9 28.0 924.2 869.8 Zenith telescope post to Northwest Point, 9237. 7 1822. 701.9 1120. 1 Latitude of zenith telescope post (Anderson), 49° 22' 19". 137 9237.7 feet = 1' 31". 146 Latitude of Northwest Point, 49° 23' 50". 28 Longitude of Northwest Point (by survey of British party from Astronomical Station Lake of Woods), 95° 08' 56". 7 CHIEF MOUNTAIN LAKE. Chief Mountain Lake lies at the eastern base of the main divide of the Rocky Mountains, and across our northern boundary-line, in longitude about 113° 53' west from Greenwich. To the east of it is an outlying range of mountains, which, breaking from the main range some miles south of the head of the lake, trends along its eastern shore, and terminates abruptly near its foot. The lake consists of two quite distinct basins, connected by a narrow and deep strait. Of these the most southerly is seven miles long, and varies from a half mile to nearly a mile in width. It is by far the larger, constituting, in fact, the body of the lake, and will be understood when in the following narrative the term lake is used. Hemmed in on all sides by ranges of towering, precipitous mountains, whose peaks rise from two thousand to six thousand four hundred feet RErOliT OP THE CUIEE ASTliONOMER, APPENDIX A. 313 above it, the lake is unapproachable by any route save by the valley of its outlet, the Waterton River. By tuiDing northward, therefore, from a point on the boundary-lino about twenty miles east of the lake, we headed oflf the outlying mountain- range described, and following up the valley of the Waterton River, reached the foot of the lake, with our wagons, on the 18th of August. Camp was pitched the same evening on a fine shingle-beach at the foot of the lake, a position which, besides the practical desideratum of proximity to an abund- ant supply of pure, cold water, afforded us also a comprehensive view of lake and mountain scenery, which, for picturesque beauty and grandeur, is probably not excelled, if equaled, by any on the continent. The lake and neighboring mountain-streams abound with delicious fish, and the vicinity of our camp with dusky-grouse. One fish, said to bo a salmon-trout, weighing over twenty-one pounds, was caught from the lake by a soldier, with a hook fashioned from the rim-wire of some tin utensil ; and many red-speckled trout were caught from the mountain- streams that weighed in the vicinity of three pounds. Tlie water of the lake is, of course, clear and cold, and of great depth. I regret that I had at hand no means of taking soundings, A piece of twine over three hundred feet long, with a heavy weight attached, did not reach bottom when let out at a point about two hundred yards from the shore, near Station No. 20. There is no current perceptible except near the out- let of the northern basin before mentioned. The purpose of my visit was to establish on the shore of the lake the last astronomical station of the survey, and to make a geodetic and topo- graphical survey of the lake and neighboring mountain-region. Having found by observations with the sextant for latitude that our camp was three and a half miles north of the 49th parallel, I was obliged to cast about for means of water-transportation to the boundary-line, as a very cursory examination was sufficient to demonstrate tlie unfeasibility of a journey there by land, on account of the precipitous nature of the mountain-sides. After some experiments with improvised boats composed of wagon- boxes with covers of tent-canvas, which failed on account of the permea- 314 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. bllity to water of the thin canvas, I finally achieved success in two boats which were modifications of the above. One of these was a wagon-box with the ends and all cracks covered with pieces of raw-hide closely tacked on, and the whole covered with canvas. The other, as the supply of hide Avas exhausted, was a wagon-box fastened on top of a raft composed of seven logs, to which additional buoyancy was given by securing empty water-casks between the outside logs on each side of the raft. Paddles were used for propulsion, the paddlers being squatted in the bottom, as the crankiness of the boats would not permit the use of elevated seats such as are necessary for oarsmen. We were ready for the trip up the lake on the evening of the 20th, but a severe storm came up that night which lasted for two days, causing delay and some damage to our boats, which, however, was soon repaired. On the evening of the 22d, the night, though dai-k, was still, and I determined to take advantage of the lull to make, at least, part of the distance to the boundary-line before daylight. Leaving the main portion of my party in charge of Dr. Elliott Coues, United States Ai-my, I embarked, about 8 p. m., with my assistants, Mr. Boss and Mr. Edgerton, and five men, the necessary instruments, seven days' rations, and as much camp-equipage as was absolutely necessary. Once fairly out upon the lake the darkness appeared thicker than before, and land-positions were totally unrecogniza- ble. The labor of forcing the unwieldy and heavil}^ -loaded crafts through the water, and our constrained positions in the bottoms of the boats, which we were unable to relieve by change, as the slightest motion produced unpleasant tips, suggestive of capsize and the certain loss of all our instru- ments, made us all very tired, and we were glad to find a convenient little beach where we landed about 11 p. m., and bivouacked for the night. We had made, in the three hours of toilsome paddling, about one and a half miles. In the early morning we were again under way, and arrived about 9 a. m. at a good landing-place on the western shore, which was opposite a point on the eastern shore previously determined, by triangulation from the sextant position before mentioned, to be, approximately, in latitude 49°. There we landed our effects, and near by, on a convenient bottom-land, IIEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEK, APPENDIX A. ;U5 set up the observatory, where astronomical work was begun the same evening. On the 24th I made an exploration up the ravine of a creek which tumbles down between the mountains, west of Station No. 20, with the hope of finding some accessible points, by means of which a trigonomet- rical connection could be effected between my station and the Akamina station — the last station established by the Northwestern Boundary Survey in 1861. The latter is on the main divide of the mountains, and, as I knew, only about seven miles west of Station No. 20. After several hours of toilsome climbing, I became persuaded that the project was impracticable, and reluctantly abandoned it. The latitude-work was completed, and the stone mound which marks the boundary-line erected, on the 2Gth. The instniments, &c., were repacked in the boats the same afternoon, and although the wind was blowing almost a gale from the south, making the lake very rough, it was a fair wind for us, and all hands preferred taking the chances of disaster in the day-time, to risking the possibilities of another night-trip. We therefore started about 3 p. m., and by means of square sails extemporized from tent-flies, sped along in quite gallant style. Our unceas- ing efforts were, however, required to keep the crafts before the wind, and tolerably free from water. The surf was running very high upon the beach near camp, and I greatly feared the danger of capsize in the attempt to land there, for which there was no alternative ; but this calamity was averted by several of my men, who from the shore were anxiously watching our prog- ress. They appreciated the situation, and making into the breakers, at exactly the proper moment, seized each boat, as she arrived in shoal water, and bore her upon the wave-crests, high and diy upon the beach. Immediate preparations were made for the march eastward, which was begun next morning, August 27. The geodetic and topographical work, I gave into the hands of my assistant, Mr. Lewis Boss, who, laboring under many difficulties, rapidly and accurately performed it. As soon as boat No. 1 was completed, he used it to transport himself, men, and instruments, from point to point on the lake, until we were ready for our trip to Station No. 20. He accom- 316 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. panied me there, and finished his work by the same means, during the time tliat I was busy at the station. Though the boat was more manageable when not loaded down with freight, it was yet veiy unwieldy, and could be propelled but slowly with great expenditure of power, and as the lake was subject to sudden flaws and squalls, crossing it in such a craft, was not only difficult but a matter of considerable concern as to safety. The geodetic work consisted of a base-line, 1,199.2 feet long, several times carefully measured with a chain, and twenty-four triangles dependent upon it, whose angles were measured, by repetitions, with a six-inch Negus theodolite, reading by verniers to thirty seconds. The azimuth of the base-line was deteiTnined, by observations of Polaris near eastern elongation, on the nights of August 18 and 19, to be 0° 51' 36". There were taken at each of the twenty-one tngonometrical stations occupied, numerous horizontal and vei-tical angles to jirominent mountain- peaks, by means of which twenty such peaks have been platted, and their elevations above the lake determined. The topography is laid down from continuous shore-line sketches, and numerous profile sketches made at the various stations. The accompanying sketch shows, on a scale of m^wj ^^^ scheme of triangulation accomplished, and, incidentally, the heights above the lake of the mountain-peaks located. The height of the lake-surface was determined, barometrically, to be four thousand two hundred and thirteen feet above the sea. From the mean of numerous differences between the true bearings of triangulation-lines and the compass-bearings of the same, the magnetic variation was ascertained to be east 23° 19'. CHRONOMETER PERFORMANCES. In connection with my work during the seasons of 1873 and 1874, observations with the sextant, for local time, were made at nineteen points on the boundarj'-line where longitudes were afterward determined. The chronometers r.sed were subject to conditions similar to those which gene- EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 317 rally pertain to those expeditions of exploration or sui'vey which, from the nature of the coiintry traversed, can use wagons as their means of trans- jDortation. Therefore, if the longitudes of these points were accurately known, we should have data for estimating, with considei'able accuracy, within what probable limit of error chronometric differences of longitude ai-e reliable, when obtained with similar instruments used under similar circumstances. Unfortunately, the longitude of any station is possibly in error to an amount sufficient to largely increase such estimate, but as it does not pi'obably exceed, at any station, five or six seconds of time (!"=: 999.75 feet in latitude 49°), there are still data affording some interesting comparisons with chronometer-longitudes. We may also satisfactorily ascertain how the chronometers were per- forming at various stages during the progress of the work, inasmuch as only the difference of the errors of the accepted longitude of consecutive stations enters to affect the determination of the traveling rates between those sta- tions, and this is inappreciable, in comparison with the possible errors of rates derived from observations with the sextant, made at short intervals of time. The great and frequent changes of temperature to which the chronom- eters were subject, and the incomplete record of the same, the necessarily rough method of transportation, and the method employed to obtain rates, all combine to preclude refinement in the discussion of results; but I know of no expedition which covers so great an extent of time and travel, where the checks are as good, and this has induced me to elaborate the accompa- nying tables. The chronometers used are enumerated in the tables. Nos. 1481 and 1513, Negus, were new instruments, purchased by the commission in 1873. They were swung in gimbals. 1319, Negus, was the property of the Navy Department, and was not a new instrument. 235, Bond, was an old instru- ment, formerly used on the survey of the northwestern boundary-line. The last two were in ordinary leather cases. All were habitually trans- ported from station to station in a four-spring wagon, generally, in 1873, incased in a cotton-padded box, but in 1874, under the care of an assistant, on the cushioned seat of the wagon. In camp, they were kept in the Fold-out Placeholder This fold-out is being digitized, and will be inserted at future date. i B18 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. observatory tent, -where they were free from disturbance, but subjected to greater ranges of temperature than obtained in the open air; the minimum temperatures in the tent and outside being about the same, while, on hot days, the maximum in the tent exceeded, by several degrees, that of the open air. It was usual to compare the chronometers daily at noon, for which time the corrections were deduced when sun-observations for time were made east and west at corresponding hour-angles. When the observations- were made at night, or only east or west, they were compared at the time of observation. The longitude of Station No. 1 was determined telegraphically by an officer of the British Commission working at that station, in connection with an observer at the Chicago Observatory. From this is deduced that of the succeeding stations, including No. 19, by means of the chained distances along the line between stations. The longitude of Station No. 20, and our determination of the longitude of Akamiua Station, depend upon traverse-lines connecting them with the British Station, marked on the joint maps No. 38. The longitude of Akamina Station, so determined, differs from the result obtained by the astronomers of the Northwestern Boundary Survey, by the method of lunar culminations, by 2.1 seconds of time, the latter being the greater. The longitude of the meridian-line traced by Lieutenant Greene from the boundary-line to Fort Shaw, Montana, is less than the longitude of the same derived from the land-survey determination of their principal meridian near Fort Shaw bv 8.5 seconds of time. Transportation of chronometers from Fort Shaw to Bozeman, Mont., of which the longitude is known by telegraph, gave a longitude for our meridian-line 4.1 seconds of time greater than the boundary-determination of the same. Taking into consideration all of the circumstances attending the various determinations (for details of these longitudes see Lieutenant Greene's re- port), I think we may safely say that the error in the accepted longitude of any station does not, in oil probability, exceed the amount stated. Table I gives the errors of the chronometers on Washington time for REPORT OP THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 319 the dates and stations recorded in columns 1 and 2. There are also jriven the maximum and minimum open-air temperatures for various dates during- the seasons. These were recorded from thermometers hung near the tent in which the chronometers were kept, except for dates September 7, 8, and 12, which are from the record., of Wood End Depot. Table II shows the rates of the chronometers derived from observa- tions on dates given in column 1, which are so selected as to show rates when the chronometers were stationary and traveling alternately. The sources of error in these rate-determinations are the difference of the errors in longitude of consecutive stations, which enters directly into the ti-aveling rates, but is probably very small, and the algebraic sum of the errors of the chronometer-corrections for the two dates from which the rates are derived, which is diminished proportionately to the number of days intervening between the dates of the observations from which the rates were determined. I do not think that the error of obsei'\'ation, in an}- case, is as much as two seconds, as the observations were usually made at corresponding hour- angles east and west, or with a sextant whose eccentricity had been care- fully determined. The results do not show any decided changes of rates, from stationary to traveling, and vice versa ; they are probably small, and are obscured by the error mentioned. The general rates for the seasons were quite well preserved until the time of low mean temperatures. For instance, during the season of 1873, to the last of August, and of 1874, the season-rate of any chronometer does not differ from any rate given for it in the table by more than 018 in 1873, and V.2 in 1874, reaching those limits only in single instances. In 1873, however, the rates of chronometers 1319, 1481, and 235, for .September, differ from their rates of the rest of the season b}^ 2'.4, V.G, and 2^6, respectively, and the rates of the last half of September, from the same, by 3\G, 2*.8, and 315, respectively. The reason for the very large losing rates during September, 1873, is obvious from an inspection of the temper- atures to which they were then subject. There have been many discussions of the effects upon the rates of well- 320 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. compeusated chronometers of various degrees of temperature, but none that I know of where they were subjected to so great extremes as were ours. Chronometers on trial at the Greenwich Observatory are, in the com-se of several months, subjected to temperatures between the limits of +40° and +95°, during which time their daily rates are weekly summed, in the order of dates and the order of temperatui-es, for the purpose exhibited in Table III. In the discussions of the chronometric expeditions between Liverpool and Cambridge, Professor Bond deduces formulae for temperature-correc- tions to the rate for limits of temperature 20° either way from the compen- sation-temperature. But, in our work, we had at times extremes of tem- perature of over 50° within twenty-four hours' time, and the extremes, during the season of 1873, were 81° apart, so that none of the discussions are applicable in this case. There only remains to be said in reference to this important point, that our results do not show sensible changes in rates for variation of temperature such as usually occur during ordinary summer and fall weather, say for a variation of 25° either way from G5°.* When, however, the minimum was daily below 40° for a continued period, as in September, 1873, the rates became in-egular, and when the minimum was continuously 35° and below, entirely unreliable Wliether, at ordinary winter- temperatures, we might expect uniform losing rates to be estab- lished, there are not sufficient data to decide, but from the record of chro- nometer 1455 (see Table IIj, such would appear to be the case. This chro- nometer was used by Lieutenant Greene during the summer of 1873 and the following winter. The record of temperatures for the months given is from the record of the Medical Department, United States Army, kept at Fort Pembina. (See Circular No. 8, War Department, S. G. 0., 1875.) It also appears from the table that chronometers 1481, 235, and 1319, in 1873, and 1513, 235, and 1319, in 187 I, were meritorious hi the order named. This decision is confirmed in Table III, in which, following the method adopted at the Greenwich Observatory, in the tabulated results of * la other words tbe changes due to variation of teitiperature are obscured by errors iu rate-determinations and by changes of rate due to jolting, &c., of the chro- nometers. REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 321 the trials of chronometers for purchase, the order of merit is determined by means of the differences between the greatest and least weekly rates, and the greatest differences between the rates of consecutive weeks. The weekly rates in Table III are derived from Table I, by interpolation, and of course are only approximate, but near enough the truth to make the comparisons indicated. Table IV gives the accepted longitudes of nineteen points on or near the boundary-line, and the longitudes, by chronometers, of seventeen of them. The rates used in calculating the difference of longitude between consecutive stations, are those obtained at the nearest preceding station, and are used in preference to the mean of those at the stations whose difference in longitude is required, because of the long time elapsed, in some instances, and because at the latter stations in 1874, and at the last in 1873, no rates Avere determined. In some instances, all of the chronometers were not compared and the differences mentioned depend upon two, and, from Station 20 to Sweetgrass Hills, upon one chronometei'. The longitude, by chro- nometers, of any station given in the table, is the sum of the mean of chronometi-ic differences between the preceding stations; the difference, therefore, at any station, between the accepted and chronometer-longitude, is the total difference, by the two methods, from the initial station. It is usual with expeditions which determine longitude by transporta- tion of chronometers, to return them to the starting-point, or to arrive with them at some point of which the longitude is known, and by means of the differences of chronometer-errors at the starting and terminal points, the difference of longitude between the two points, and the elapsed time, to deduce a daily rate, which is assumed to have been uniform during time of travel, by means of which intermediate points are fixed in longitude. To make a case nearly similar, I use tlie data of Table IV, and rates for 1873 deduced from the observations of June 7 and 8, and August 31, and rates for 1874 derived from the dates July 5.3, and August 13.3, as given in Table II. There result the chronometer-longitudes given in Table V, which, as was to be expected, agree generally better with the accepted longitudes than do those of Table IV, excepting of course Stations 10, 11, and 12, where low temperatures prevailed. iN u 21 322 UNITED STATES NOETHERif BOUNDARY COMMISSION. The mean of the differences between the accepted longitudes and the longitudes of the stations by either of the mentioned methods, or between the latter, excepting the last three stations of 1873, is less than two seconds of time, and the greatest difference, at any station, only reaches five seconds, the same stations excepted. K we suppose that the mean eiTor of the accepted longitude increases the mean differences mentioned by two seconds, and that the greatest error at any station increases the greatest difference by six seconds, which is taking the most unfavorable combinations possible, we have, for the mean error of the chi'onometer-longitudes of stations, four seconds of time, and for the limit of eiTor, eleven seconds, or, in latitude 49°, about four-fifths of a mile and two miles respectively. REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 323 Table I. Errors of Chronometers on Washington time. station. Fort Pembiiia No. 2 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 7 7 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 n 11 12 12 12 Date. 1873. JuDe 2 7 8 10 rj. )c 15 17.17 26 2U 30 July 1 6 9 13 13 30 Aog. 1 2 7 18 19 29 30 31 •1.3 5 6 7.04 15. 13 17.34 21 22 S8.C4 Sept Mean time cbr. 1319, Negus &.Co. Slow. «. 55.5 03.1 03.4 06.2 10. (i 1(5.9 23.6 37.1 43.9 41.3 43.6 50.5 5,-.. 5 58.0 CO. 2 If. 3 21.9 25. 3 88.5 29.8 54.0 ,57.9 23. 9 25. 1 20. 2 41.4 39.2 43.6 48.2 13.1 21.2 39.8 44.8 20.2 Sidereal chr. 1481, Negiia & Co. Slow. s. 38.4 30.0 29.3 28.7 28.0 24.3 13.0 07.1 07.6 04.0 03.0 59.5 55.7 36.3 34.3 34.5 28.0 26,3 14.8 13.7 00.8 00.3 58.4 .58.4 53.6 57.6 57.2 50.4 54.5 57.8 00.3 13.3 Sidereal chr. 235, Bond & Son, Slow, h. ni. s. 41,7 41.2 43.0 45.1 40.5 36.9 32.9 32.0 27.3 26.5 26.2 22,9 17,6 18.4 SO. 3 16.1 14.5 09.7 10.7 12.8 13.6 14.6 20.2 06 07 07 22.9 23.8 36.1 47.0 5.5.2 OI.fi 18.6 Date. 1873. Jane 15 Id 17 18 19 20 21 23 29 30 July 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ID 11 12 13 14 15 16 30 31 Ang. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Air tempcr- aturoa. Max. Min. o 84 68 85 62 86 74 88 03 73 68 78 66 08 55 66 55 73 66 77 47 83 35 86 53 80 48 66 44 70 33 83 32 68 45 74 33 72 49 77 32 84 49 88 54 88 45 68 34 83 53 72 60 80 49 66 49 73 44 86 35 87 39 95 53 76 62 80 50 91 60 94 58 Air temper- Date. atures. M.ax. Min. 1873. o o Aug. 9 89 45 10 91 40 U 89 48 12 83 52 19 97 55 20 75 43 21 79 27 23 81 37 23 80 53 24 81 42 25 72 55 26 90 57 28 94 49 29 79 38 30 86 41 31 89 43 Sept. 4 73 35 5 76 25 6 73 35 7? 75 S3 81 to 28 12? 62 37 15 73 33 16 77 26 17 73 30 20 71 32 21 65 30 22 79 .30 23 C9 34 24 50 29 25 51 29 26 47 24 27 47 19 28 49 14 29 49 17 Station. No. 13 13 , 14 14 14 15 15 16 , 16 17 17 Depot Camp , No. 18 19 20 20 Sweet-grass Hills Date. 18' July Ang. 4. .5.3 8.3 10.2 10.8 12.4 13.4 20.35 23- 2 25! 4 29.0 2 13.55 18.4 25.1 Sept 1.4 Mean time clir. 1319, Negus & Co. Slow. m. 08 2 08 00.9 08.6 12.5 13.6 14.9 16.5 20.2 23.8 26.0 29.5 3.5.3 36.2 37. 3 44.2 Sidereal chr. 1513. Negns & Co. Slow. h. m. 1 47 40.1 40.8 41.0 41.5 41.9 39.8 37.7 39.0 38.8 30.5 31.3 29 3 24.1 21.3 16.8 11.7 05.4 Sidereal chr. 235, Bond &. Son. Fast. 47.9 47.4 48.3 49.7 49.8 51.8 54.4 9 55 45.0 45.8 50.3 53.2 58.1 58.8 Date. Air t^^mpor- .atures. Max. Min. 1874. July 6 101 101 98 98 93 93 89 8S 87 89 89 Date. 1874. Julv 23 " 30 31 Aug. 1 2 8 9 10 14 15 10 Sept. 3 Air temper- atures. Max. Min. 85 84 84 84 80 79 85 85 76 77 77 105 324 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Table II. Daily rates. Dates. Mean time cLr. 131'J, Negus &. Co. 1873. Juno 2 to 8.. June 8 to 13. 16. June 12. 10 to 17. 17. June 17. 17 to 26. June 17.17 to 2!). June 26 to July 15. June 2'J to July 15. July 15 to 30 July 30 to Aup. 7. Aug. 7 to 18. Aug. 18to3l Aug. 31 to Sept. 4. 3. Sept. 4. 3 to 7.04. Sept. 7. 04 to 1.5. 13. Se])t. 15. 13 to 17. 34. Sept. 17. 34 to 21. Sept. 21 to 28. 04. June 2 to Aug. 31. Juno 8 to Ang.31. June H to Sept. 28. 04. Aug. 31 to Sept. 28. 04. Sept. 1.5. 13 to 28. 04. 1.3 losing 1. 7 losing 2. 3 losing 1. 6 losing 1. 2 losing 1. 2 lo.sing 1. 4 losing 2. 2 losing 2. 5 losiug 3. 5 losing 2. 5 losing 3. losing 5. 5 losing 4. 3 losing 5. 9 losing 1. 7 losing 2. 3 losing 4. 2 losing 5. 3 losing Sidereal ctr. I4bl, Negus & Co. Sidereal chr. 2:5, Bond &. Son. Traveling or sta- tionary. 1. 4 gaining 0. 3 gaining 0. 9 gaining 1.3 gaining 0. 9 gaining 1. 3 gaining 1.3gainiug 1. 1 gaining 1. 3 gaining 0.0 gaining 0. 4 gaining 0. Bgaining 1. 9 losing 0. 8 losing 2. 1 losing 1. 1 gaining 0.7 gaining 0. 5 losin, 1. 7 losin. 0. 3 losing 0. 5 gaining 0. 3 gaining 0. 9 gaining 0. 4 gaining 0. 4gaiuinj 0. 4gaiuin< 0. 4 losiug 1. 3 losiug 1. 3 loiiing 1.5 losing 4. 9 losing 2. 2 losing 2. 8 losing 0. 3gainin; 0. 3 losing 2. 3 losing 3.2 losing S. T. S. T. T. S. S. T. S. T. S. T. S. T. S. X. ,s. T. and S. T. and S. T. .and S. T. and S. T. and S. Dates. Mean time chr. 1319, Negus & Co. Sidereal chr. 1513, Negus & Co 1874. July 5.3 to 8.3. July 8.3 to 10.2. July 10. 2 to ij. 4. July 12.4 to 15.4. July 15. 4 to 20. 35. July 20. 35 to 23. 2. Julv~22."2 to 25.4. July 25. 4 to 29. July 29 to Aug. 2. Aug. 2 to 4 .. Aug.4to8.. Aug. 8 to 13. 55. Aug. 13.55 to 18.4. Aug. 18. 4 to 25. 1. Aug. 25. 1 to Sirpt. 1. 4. July 5.3 to Aug. 13.55. July 5.3 to Sept. 1. 4. 2. 6 losing 2. losing . 1. 1 losing . 0.5 losing. 0. 8 losing 1. 9 losing 0. 7 losing 1. losing 1. 6 losing 0. 5 losing 0. 3 losing 1.2 losing 1. 1 losing 0. 2 losing 0.2 losing 0. 4 losing 0. 7 grrining 0. 4 gaining 0. 7 losing 0.0 0. 6 gaining 1.3 gaining 1. Ogaining 1.3 gaining 0. 5 gaining 0. 9 gaining 0. Sgaining 0. 9gaininj 0. Sgaining 0. 6 gaining Sidcre.al chr. 235, 3ond&Son. Traveling or sta- tionaiy. 0. 2 losing S. 0.7 gaining T. 0. Sgaining S. 0. 7 gaining T. 0. S gaining S. T. S. 0.0 T. 1. 1 gaining S. 1. Sgaining 1.3 gaining 0.0 T. T. T. T. S. T. 0.3 gaining T. and S. T. and S. Dates. Mean time cbr. 1455, Negus Sc Co. Traveling or ^io- tionary. FOnT PEMBINA. Mouth. Temperature. 1873. June 14 to July 4 . . . July 4 to 22 Jnly 23 to Sept. 1 . . . . Sent 1 to 15 s. 0. 45 gaining. 1.0 losing .- 3. 9 losing . . T. and S. T. and S. T. and S. T. and S. T. and S. T. and S. T. and S. T. and S. T. and S. T. and S. T. and S. Mean. Max. Min. !873-'74. November . . December.. . January o 15.65 6.76 - 3.17 4,". 35 37 o -25 -27 -44 S.pt. 15 to 30 Nov. 6 to Dec. 5 Dec.5to9 Dec.Oto 13 Dec. 12to 19 Dec, 19 to 90 Doc. 20 to Jan. 17. . . . a 3 losing . 0.0 losing .. 5, 3 losing .. 3. 1 losing .. 5. 1 losing . . 6.7 losing .. 7. 1 losing . . EEPOllT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 325 Table III. Weeldif rates, 1S73. M o © i -■ 00 o> CD ^ -< o o CI No. of chronometer. 2 □ _2 s o p or-: o >> GO'S D £ u 00 P 1-5 ^3 1-5 ^Z 1-5 ^5 t i fc. a * No. of chronometer. in fe 11 p o 1° & IB so P to S3 - So c is ft Ol (H s~ 5 s. ». s. «. s. lo 5 -31.7 + 5.3 -33.3 - 0.2 -51.0 -13.9 -51.0 -!3.9 -7.3 +11.2 -- 5.9 43.7 25.1 1481 + 7.2 + 2.0 9.3 -11.3 -25.7 -31.3 -31.3 37.2 Temperatures : o Maximum 94 38 76 25 7J 33 79 26 79 14 Minimum _ 1 Wee/i/?/ rates, 1874. No. orohTonometer. "a 1-5 0> 3 ■3 1-5 «5 CI o a >. "3 1-5 a oei 1? s ■§ ■ <1 s o ■s to •5 pi a o cc D to P 2 1 D >> i M 00 '^ i 1 s Greatest differ- ence between consecutive 1319 >. -13.8 - 1.8 + 1.9 o 101 44 e. -4.7 +3.5 -1-3.9 9°8 50 e. -7.1 +0.8 -0.4 o 89 57 «. -9.2 +6.2 -f7.4 84 48 e. -2.3 -j-7.7 4-5.9 o 85 48 -9.6 +4.6 -1-6.4 o 83 33 s. ' '+5."6 -1-8.9 "+6.'6' --2.1 -13.8 - 1.8 - 0.4 -2.3 4-7.7 4-8.9 «. 11.5 9.5 9.3 e. 9.1 3 1 7.8 1513 235 Teraperatarea : Maximam ^^nimnni Note. — The sign + indicates a gaining, and — a losing rate. 326 DNLTED STATES NOllTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Table IV. Relative Longitudes of Stations, by Chronometers from Fort Pembina, and by Chain from Station No. 1. station. Date. Fort Pombina (flag-ttaff) Eate U. S. Station No. 3. Eatos as at Fort U.S.Station No. 3. Eate TJ. S. Station No. 5.. Eale U.S. Station No. 7. 1873. June 2 8 10 Pembina. June 12 IS. 16 17. IT Correction to local time. Mean time chr. 1319, Negus & Co. June 2C 30 July 15 rL.ate U. S St.i.tion No. 9. Eate IT. S. Station No. 10. Rate XT. S. Station, No. 11.... Rate XT. S. Station No. 12 . U.S.Station No. 13»... Rate U. S. Station No. 14 Rate U. S. Station No. 15 . Rate U. S. Station No. lU . Rate U. S. Station No. 17 ... . Eate Depot Camp Sweet- grasps Hills. U. S. Station No. 18 . . U. S. St.ation No. 19 .. Carup near Sweet-ffrasa IJilb. U.S.Station No. 20 Rate . July 30 Aug. 7 Aug. 18 30 Sept. 4.3 7.04 Sept. 15. 13 17.34 Sept. 21 July 5.3 8.3 July 10.2 12.4 July i:>-i 20.35 July 22. Jnly 29 Aug. 2 Aug. 8 Aug. 13. 2 Septw 1. 4 Ang. la 4 25.1 711. 8. + 3 23. 9 -j- 3 3.1. 8 Losing 1.32 + 1 50. 4 + C34.5 + 4fi.5 Losing 2. 32 - 2 35. 7 - 2 12. Losing 1. 22 - 12 05. 5 - 11 54. Losing 1. 44 - 18 21.2 - 17 50. 1 Losing 9. fi - 21 10.8 - 21 04. Losing 2. 48 - 25 06. S - 24 54. 36 Losing 5. 49 - 23 39. - 6 57. 02 + 7 03. 00 Losing 2. 59 4- 3 52. 7 -I- 3 55. 1 Losing 1. (19 - 46. 4 - 42. 07 Losing 0. 75 - 3 43. 4 - 3 41.23 Losing 0. 68 - 7 39. 9 - 7 34. 1 Losing 1. 45 - 8 57. 5 Sidereal chr. 1481. Negua & Co. m. 5. - 4 04.30 - 4 12.79 Gaining 1. 4 - 5 59. 95 - 7 20. 88 - 7 26. 09 Gaining 1. 01 - 11 14.1 Rates 10 48. 73 Rates as at Sta - 14 33. 1 ? No compari- J son. - 11 31.36 Gaining 0. 91 - 22 03. 48 - 22 13. 58 Gaining 1.26 - 29 17.595 - 23 32. 103 Gaining 1.21 - 3! 11.52 - 33 12. 67 Gaining 0. 42 - 37 46. 656 - 37 42. 5 Losing 1. 88 - 41 40.084 Sid. chr. 1513, Negu.s & Co. - 13 42. 70 - 13 42. CO Losing 0. 23 - 16 50. 26 - IC 58. 37 Losing 0. 405 - 21 44.28 - 21 46. 4 Gaining 0.43 - 24 49. 68 - 24 50. 16 Gaining 0. 09 - 23 53. 3 - 29 00. 5 Gaining 1. 3 - 30 26. 9 Sidereal chr. 235, Bond Sc Son. /LongitudeofS vLongitudeofF h. m. s. - 1 17 06. 78 - 1 17 09. 34 Gaining 0.51 (- o © aa at Station - 32 24. 78 tion No. 17. - 36 19. 04 - 40 04. 47 — 40 09. 2 Gaining 0. 70(1 - 1 20 54. 14 - 1 21 04.21 Gaining 0.67 - 1 31 22.24 - 1 31 25.30 Gaining 0.38 - 1 38 22. 69 - 1 38 16. 77 Losing 0. 33 - ) 41 49.63 - 1 41 46.06 Losing 1. 31 - 1 46 00. 948 - 1 45 50. 05 Losing 4. 93 - 1 49 42. (196 -11 57 10.7 -11 57 10.25 Losing 0. 15 -12 00 29.06 -12 00 30. 05 Gaining 0. 45 -12 05 1.5.9 -12 05 18.48 Gaining 0. 52 )No compar- ison. -12 12 17. 6 -12 12 22. II Gaining 1 13 -12 13 49.4 No. 17. -12 15 47. 02 -12 19 39. 7 JNocorapaii* ? 5 son. 5 tation No. 1 ort Pembin m. s. 1 46.33 1 44.36 1 45.35 1 18.75 1 18.13 M. M. SI. M. M. 1 18.44 3 43. 30 3 39. 09 3 38.26 3 40. 22 10 12. 88 10 18.47 10 07. 98 U. 10 13.11 6 44. 14 6 50. 10 6 53. 21 6 49. 17 3 35. 07 3 33. 01 3 32. 03 3 33. 57 4 23. 28 ■1 30. CO 4 2.5. 49 M. 4 26. 46 4 03. 40 4 04. 47 4 10.69 M. 4 00. 85 Longitude west of Washington. By chro- nometer from Fort Pembina. bytelegraph a'flag-statf Jum. 8. 1 22 2d 12 1 23 46. 56 1 27 26. 78 1 37 39. 89 By chain from Stat'n No. 1. h.m. s. 1 90 43 04\ 1 20 42.77./ 1 23 49. 81 1 27 27. 08 1 37 30. i 1 44 29. 06 1 44 32. 36 1 48 02. 63 1 52 29. 09 1 .50 35. 94 M. M. M. M. M. 3 18.45 3 17.70 3 19. 10 3 18.42 4 45. 55 4 47.12 4 44. 50 4 45. 72 3 02.62 3 02. 69 3 02.03 4 01.78 4 04. 82 4 03. 30 1 26.54 1 2,3.80 1 2.5.01 1 25. 13 1 57.. 35 1 .32.08 1 53. 10 I 54.38 3 52 35 3 47. 50 3 40. 82 3 48. 90 9 24. 95 2 04 41.24 2 09 20. 96 2 12 29. 61 2 16 32. 91 2 17 58. 04 2 23 41. 38 2 17 56. 54 2 27 21.49 1 48 09. 88 1 52 37. 04 1 56 37. 9 2 01 22. 82 2 04 40. 22 2 09 24. 12 2 12 28.91 2 16 31.77 2 17 56. 17 2 23 41.28 2 17 54.07 'Initial station for chronometer longitudes 1874. EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER, APPENDIX A. Table V. Note. — Eesalts obtained by using uniform rates for the eeasons. 327 1873. 1874. h. m. t. 1 20 42.77 1 22 23. 79 1 23 47. 91 1 27 26. 93 1 37 43. 34 1 44 34.35 1 48 05. 40 1 52 23. .57 1 56 15. 55 h. m. ». 2 01 22.82 2 04 39. 57 2 09 24. 59 2 12 27.51 2 16 30. f 6 2 17 50. SO 2 19 53. 00 2 23 44. 23 2 IT 53. 36 2 27 18. 66 Chronometer-longitude, btation No. 2 No. 3 No. 5 No. 7 No. 9 No. 10 No.ll No, 12 Chronometer-longitude, Station No. 14 No. 15 No. 16 No. 17 Depot Camp Station No. 16 No. 19 Camp, September 1.4 . StationNo.20 JAMES F. GKEGOEY, Captain of Ungiiveen. APPENDIX B To REPORT OF CAPT. W. J. TWINING. CORPS OF ENGINEERS, CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 329 REPORT OF FIRST LIEUT. F. V. GREENE, UNITED STATES ENGINEERS. United States Northern Boundary Commission, Washington, D. C, June 30, 1876. Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith the following report of the work done under my charge, upon the survey of the boundary-line of the United States, from the Lake of the "Woods to the Rocky Mountains. I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, F. V. GREENE, First Lieutenant of Engineers. Capt. Wm. J. Twining, United States Engineers, Chief Astronomer PEELIMINARY. By Special Orders No. 131, War Department, Adjutant- General's Office, June 7, 1872, I was "detailed for duty upon the joint commission for the survey of the boundary-line along the forty-ninth parallel, in accordance with the act of Congress approved March 19, 1872," and was directed to report in person to the Adjutant-General. By letter of July 2, 1872, that officer directed me to report to the Department of State, which I did, by letter, on the 3d of July, and in reply received a letter, dated Cth July, 1872, from Charles Hale, Acting Secretary of State, du-ecting me to report to Maj. F. U. Farquhar, Corps of Engineers, then Chief Astronomer of the Commission. I did so on the same day, and have since been continuously 331 832 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. on duty with the Commission, and under the orders of the Chief Astrono- mer. The portion of the survey intrusted to me in the field comprised the immediate charge and direction of the parties engaged iipon geodetic and topographical operations, and the making of reconnaissance-surveys of all routes passed over by these parties, outside of the belt of more accurate surveys. The geodetic work was that necessary to establish and mark the forty-ninth parallel between adjacent astronomical stations; the topograph- ical work was to survey a belt not less than five miles in width, on the United States side of the boundary. In the office, I have had the immediate charge, under your general supervision, of the preparation of all the maps of the Commission. Before desci'ibing these operations in detail, I deem it proper to give a short narrative of the various seasons' work. This, however, will be limited to the most concise statement of the movements of my pailies, and will not include any description of the country, or account of the many details which make up "plains experience," such as means of supply, lack of wood and water, troubles from prairie-fires, hail and snow storms, &c. Although habitually separated from the parties of other officers, and acting under general instructions only, yet, on the whole, I passed over nearly the same gi'ound as yourself and Captain Gregory, whose experiences were also about the same as my own, and whose reports, doubtless, give comjolete information on these points. I shall, however, subsequently speak more in detail of the monument on the summit of the Rocky Mountains, and of the swamps of the Roseau country, as I was the only officer of the United States Commission who visited those localities. SEASON OF 1872. By dhection of Maj. F. U. Farquhar, then Chief Astronomer of the Commission, I left Washington on the 1st of August, for Pembina, Dak., charged with the safe transportation of all the instruments for the survey, contained in thirty-two boxes. Mr. Lewis Boss, assistant astronomer, accompanied me. Our route was via New York and Buffalo, by steamer through the lakes to Duluth, and thence to Pembina by rail and boat. We KEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER, APPENDIX B. 333 arrived at Fort Pembina on tlie 17th of August, with the instruments in good order, and began observations with the sextant and chronometers to establish an approximate latitude and longitude for the initial point of the survey. The rest of the commission arrived overland on the 5th of Septem- ber, and the regular work of the season was then begun. While encamped on the Red River, I made a topographical survey with theodolite and chain of the Red River, from the boundary-line to a point five and a half miles south of it. This was done under Captain Gregory's direction, between the 10th and 20th of September. On the depai-ture of the commissioner and other officei's of the commission for the Lake of the Woods, October 2, I was left at Pembina with a party of twenty-five men, with instructions from Major Farquhar to trace a tangent line eastward until I met a British party coming west. By the 6th of November I had reached the Roseau River, thirty-three miles from Pembina, without seeing any signs of a Brit- ish party, and on the 9th I received an order from Major Farquhar to return at once to Pembina. There I reported to Captain Gregory, and returned to the States with him. In the ofiice at Detroit, during the winter of 1872- '73, the topographical work of the summer was plotted and drawn. SEASON OF 1873. The organization for this year comprised a tangent party and two topographical parties, under Mr. F. Von Schrader (succeeded in September by Mr. C. L. Doolittle) and Mr. A. Downing, in all about fifty men. Mr. L. Chauvenet acted as recorder and computer for azimuth observations, and, owing* to the pressure of topographical work, a stadia party was organ- ized for him. From September 1 to October 13 I was accompanied by an escort of twenty-five cavalry-men under command of Lieut. R. IL L. Alex- ander, Seventh Cavalry. We began work at Pembina on the 8th of June, and continued it without interruption until the 3d of October; over two weeks (9th to 25th August) having been devoted to cutting a sight-line in Turtle Mountain. On the 3d of October we were at the British astronom- ical station, three hundred and eighty-four miles from Pembina, with the geodetic and topographical work completed up to that point. The lateness of the season and scantiness of supplies on hand precluded the idea of 334 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. finishing the topography of the twenty-four miles intervening between us and Captain Gregory's most westerly station, and on the 4th of October I turned eastward. At the supply depot on the Mouse River I found, Octo- ber 13, your letter directing me to follow on to Fort Totten. I took a route along the Mouse Eiver on its southern bend, in order to make a reconnais- sance of its course. Leaving this river after it had turned to the north, I struck eastwardly, across the burnt prairies and salt lakes, for Fort Totten, reaching that post October 22. On the 24th, yourself and the astronomical parties left for Fort Seward and the States, and on the 25th I left for Fort Pembina, under yovir instructions, to complete the survey of the boundary between the Lake of the Woods and Red River. During the winter, Mr. 0. S. Wilson was assigned to me as recorder and computer, in place of Mr. Chauvenet. A full account of this winter's work will be given in another place. We reached Fort Pembina on the 29th of October, and returned there, on the completion of the survey, on the 5th of February, 1874. About half of the men were discharged here, and with the balance I marched to Breckenridge, and there took the cars to Saint Paul, where the parties were disbanded on the 16th February. On the 20th of February I reported to you in the office at Detroit, with my assistants and records. Before leaving Pembina I sent Foreman Kennedy, with three men and two dog-sleds, to Turtle Mountain, to construct the moimds which we had been obliged to leave unbuilt during the summer, the British cutting not being completed until October 5. They performed this service, and reached Saint Paul March 5. The office- work, at Detroit, was continued from March 1 to June 1, 1874. Mr. Doolittle and Mi-. Wilson were engaged in adjusting the stadia- lines ; Mr. E. Mahlo and Mr. V. T. McGillycuddy in plotting and draught- ing. Mr. Downing was obliged by private business to leave the survey from March to November, 1874. During our absence in the field the following summer Mr. Mahlo was left in the office engaged in draughting. REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 335 SEASON OF 1874. The organization for tliis year comprised a tangent-party, three topo- graphical parties, under Messrs. Doolittle, McGillycuddy, and Wilson (in addition to the latter's duties as recorder), and a party of mound-builders — in all, counting scouts and teamsters, about seventy men. Mr. B. Vitzthum was attached to my party as draughtsman. The escort, under command of Capt. E. R. Ames, consisted of Companies E and I, Sixth Infantry, and twelve Indian scouts. The greater part of E Company was detached Au- gust 1. The various working-parties and their escorts left Fort Buford on the 21st of July, following the Benton trail up the Missouri. On the 26th my parties and escort left the main column near the mouth of Poplar River and struck northward along that stream. At the principal forks I detached Messrs. Doolittle and McGillycuddy, with their parties and a small escort, to follow and reconnoiter the west fork, myself, with the other parties, fol- lowing the east fork. The east fork brought us, June 29, to Lieutenant Gal- wey's station, where we had concluded work in 1873, and the next day I moved on to Captain Gregory's station on the west fork, where Mr. Doolittle arrived the day after. On the 1st of July the regular work of the season was begun at four hundred and eight miles from Pembina (the topography at three hundred and eighty-four miles) and it was canied on without interruption until Au- gust 18, when I arrived at your camp on Chief Mountain Lake in the Rocky Mountains, seven hundred and fifty-eight miles from Pembina; the geodetic work was completed to that point, and the topographical and mound parties were a short distance behind. The country beyond being impracticable for wagons, you directed me to fit out a pack-train, in order to reach the monument placed on the summit of the Rocky Mountains by the Northwest Boundary Commission in 1860. We left Chief Mountain Lake on the 20th, and reached Akamina Station, near the summit, on the 23d, the distance being over forty miles by the trail, although only seven in a direct line. Mr. Wilson carried a stadia-line from Chief Mountain Lake over the divide, by the Kootenay Pass, and connected it on known points of the British ti-averse earned along the KIshenehn Valley to Akamina Station, in 1860. This connected the sura- 336 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. m it-monument with that on Chief Mountain Lake. After completing- the triangulation about the summit I returned to Chief Mountain Lake, Aug-ust 28, and devoted the following day to locating the peaks in the neighbor- hood. August 30 we began the return march, and reached the supply- depot at the Sweetgrass Hills September 2. Here my escort was relieved. On the 31st of August, at the Bi-itish Astronomical Station near Chief Mountain, I met Mr. Doolittle, and joining to his party that of the mound- builders, making their total strength about twenty men, I directed him to follow and reconnoiter the " Riplinger Road," skirting the base of the mountains, to the Blackfoot agency on the Teton River ; thence to march to Benton, via Fort Shaw. He reached Fort Benton, without accident, on the 9th of September. I picked up Mr. McGillycuddy's party at the Sweet- grass Hills, and with it and the tangent-party, about thirty men in all, I started, September 4, due south, through the Piegan and Blackfoot country, for Fort Shaw, amving there September 8. The object of taking this route was to reconnoiter the country, and, principally, to run a meridian-line to Fort Shaw for longitude purposes. This line was traced partly by Mr. Wilson and partly by myself. From Fort Shaw we marched to Fort Ben- ton, where I reported to you September IL The next day the whole Com- mission began the boat-journey down the Missouri. During this journey I hud charge of the survey of the river, making the astronomical observations myself. Messrs. Doolittle and McGillycuddy relieved each other in taking compass-bearings and sketches. We reached Bismarck, Dak., on October 1. The office-work was resumed on the 1st of November, at Washington, and has been carried on, uninterruptedly, to this date. Messrs. Doolittle and Wilson reduced the stadia-readings and adjusted the co-ordinates of the topographical-surveys between November 1, 1874, and April 1, 1875. The series of preliminary maps was finished October 1, 1875; photo-lithographic copies were made of each sheet as soon as it was finished. The series of final maps was commenced August 1, 1875, and finished April 15, 1876. The series of reconnaissance maps was begun November 1, 1874, and fin- ished February 1, 1876. Special tracings of various sheets have been made from time to time. The office-force has usually comprised eight drau"htsmen. REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 337 SEASON OF 1875. You directed me to proceed to Fort Shaw and make certain observa- tions thei'e. I left Washington June 30, and, proceeding by way of Salt Lake, reached Fort Shaw July 11. I remained there ten days, and made an extended series of azimuth-observations on the meridian-line of 1874, of latitude-observations with the sextant at Fort Shaw, and a triangulation to connect the meridian, and consequently the boundaiy-surveys, with Fort Shaw and the land-surveys. I arrived in Washington, on my return, on September 3. Summary of Jield-icorlc. O CO Number of azimuth stations Number of latitude observations (sextant) Number of time observations (sextant) Miles of tangent lines Miles of timber cuttiug; Number of mounds built Miles of topographical lines (stadia) Miles of reconnaissance lines (compass) Miles of Missouri River travel and reconnaissance. Miles of march between camps 15 14 104 223. 3 10.3 98 380 250 951 8 10 34 56.5 42 50 365 98 542 B CO 15 58 90 176.5 44 542 550 807 1,010 as a 1 17 12 o H 39 9!1 240 456. 3 52.3 198 1,287 898 807 2,503 This seems to be an appropriate place to acknowledge my indebted- ness to the assistants who have been associated with me, and to the officers who have commanded my escorts. Messrs. C. L Doolittle,* 0. S. Wilson, and A. Downing, have been with me in the office and field for more than two years, including the winter campaign in the swamps around the Lake of the Woods. To them I owe my most cordial thanks for their unremitting labors, the excellent character of their work, and their cheerful and ready compliance with all instructions, involving no matter what hardship. Mr. F. von Schraderf was the principal topographical assistant in 1872 and part of 1873, and rendered excellent service; as did also Dr. V. T. McGillycuddy J in 1874. Mr. L. Chauvenet * Now Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy at Lehigh University, Penn- sylvania. t Now Second Lieutenant Twelfth Infantry, United States Army. X Since Topographer of the Black Hills Expedition, 1875. N B 22 338 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Avas recorder in 1873, and showed great aptitude for his work, although somewhat embarrassed by lack of experience and by ill health. In the office, in addition to Messrs. McGillicuddy and Downing, the draughtsmen have been Messrs. E. Mahlo, A. A. Aguirre, A. von Haake, A. Pohlers, and H. S. Hebard, all of whom rendered good service. Messrs. B. Vitzthum and Penny were also employed for short periods. With the officers of the escorts my relations were alwaj^s of the most cordial nature, and although usually superior to me in rank, they never failed to accede to my requests in distributing their commands, if they could do so without violating the positive instructions of their own superiors. In 1872, Capt. A. A. Harbach's company of the TAventieth Infantry remained with me when tlie rest of the commission went to the Northwest Angle. We met no Indians in the short distance which we penetrated eastward, but when we came to an impassable swamp, and had to make a quarter of a mile of corduroy-road, Captain Harbach at once ordered out his whole company to assist in it. From June, 187o, to March, 1874, I was accompanied by an escort only during September and a part of Octolier. This cavalry detachment was commanded by Lieut. R. II. L. Alexander, since deceased, who used every eflFort to assist us. In 1874 my escort was considerably larger, consisting nominally of two companies of infantry and twelve Indian scouts, under the command of Capt. E. R. Ames, Sixth Infantry. I say nominally, because an officer and fifteen men of one of these companies were left at Fort Buford to escort the Commissioner, and did not rejoin their company, and at the Sweet- grass Hills, August 1, the remainder of that company was detached. Cap- tain Ames, however, did everything in his power to facilitate the work of the survey, and I feel the more grateful to him as his interests were entirely opposite to mine. It was essential to the performance of my work that the topographical and mounding parties, three and sometimes four in number, should carry on their operations in rear of my own tangent party, and independently of each other ; and as we were in the proximity of Indians, whose peaceful and honest intentions were at least open to doubt, it was also essential thai these parties should each have a small escort. On the if: ^0 KEPORT OF TDE CHIEF ASTEONOMEK, APPENDIX B. 339 Other hand, Captain Ames naturally desired to keep his companies together for discipline, supply, and defense. He, however, yielded to my requests, and sent a detachment, with a non-commissioned officer and a scout, with each party, until he soon found his force reduced to fifteen men, and the main body of the escort was over one hundred miles away, and its exact whereabouts unknown. We were in this condition on the 18th of July, my parties being spread out over a distance of about seventy-five miles, when, on informing Captain Ames of my intention of moving ahead the next day, he replied that his original instructions from Major Reno were very positive, not to separate himself from his detachments by more than forty miles. These instructions were entirely unknown to me, and, although completely binding on Captain Ames, placed me in a very disagreeable position. A large band of Assiniboines had been encamped, only a few days previous, in the very locality where we then were (Astronomical Station No. 28), and the mail-rider had been chased almost into camp, only the day before, by a party of Yankton Sioux; so that I was taking considerable risk in going ahead with my party containing only fifteen carbines, and attempting to work on a tangent twenty miles long, without any escort in camp. On the other hand, it was onl}- by the utmost exertions — often working for twenty- two consecutive hours — that I could keep the tangents up with the astron- omy, and if I waited a week for the detachments to close up, there would be another one hundred miles between Captain Gregory and myself 1 therefore determined to push on alone, and after bidding good-bye to Cap- tain Ames the next morning, saw no more of him for ten days. I can only repeat that Captain Ames sacrificed his personal inclinations, and did everything in his power to assist the progress of the survey, but that his force was inadequate and his instructions too circumscribed to have allowed him to materially aid us in case the Indians, who hovered about our trail, had at any time proved troublesome. The question of the rela- tions between an officer in charge of a surveying-party and the officer in command of his escort, is at best a vexed one, and particularly so when the surveying-officer, who must necessarily direct the movements, is the junior, and I am glad to be al)le to record my appreciation of the forbear- ance and kindness exiiibited by all the officers who were detailed with me. 340 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. On my jom*ney fi-om the Sweet-grass Hills to Benton via Fort Shaw, I was also without an escort, my party numbering twenty-five men and fifteen carbines. "We passed through the country of the Blackfeet and Piegans, and within a few miles of the spot where the latter were so terribly punished by Major Baker, in 1870. These Indians followed us, and once accosted the men at the rear target, but they did not molest us in any way. In closing these acknowledgments, I wish to record my thanks to Capt. L. Wheaton and Maj. J. E. Yard, successively in command, and Lieut. Paul Harwood, Twentieth Infantry, post quartermaster at Fort Pembina, who during the summer of 1872, and the winter of 1873 and '74, constantly extended favors to us. And I particularly wish to express my gratitude to Gen. John Gibbon, commanding, and Lieut. J. W. Jacobs, Seventh Infantry, quartermaster at Fort Shaw. In 1874, 1 was a day and a half, and in 1875 ten days, at their post; during which I was constantly the recipient of their private hosjDitality as well as their official courtesy. Being alone in 1875, I was entirely dependent on them for men and transportation to assist in the work I had to do, and these were furnished most kindly and cheerfully. To the officers at Fort Buford I am also indebted for many favors, but as I was only there at the same time as yourself, your acknowledgments naturally supersede mine. CHAPTER I. GEODETJG CONNECTIONS. The geodetic operations were those necessary to establish and mark the 49th parallel of north latitude, in the intervals between astronomical stations, which were about twenty miles apart. There are two methods of tracing a curved line — one by means of chords, and the other by tangents and offsets The latter method was ex- clusively employed on this survey. A tangent-line (tangent to prime ver- tical great circle at initial point) was prolonged on the surface of the earth from the meridian of one astronomical station to the meridian of the next, and on each meridian was measured tlie distance from the tangent to the astronomical determination of the parallel. By the use of proper geodetic formulae the relative positions of the two stations were determined, and the difference between the geodetic and astronomical determinations, including the errors of both, was taken as the " Station-error." The astronomical determinations were regarded as an absolute standard, and the station-error was distributed between the stations in direct ratio to the distance. To fix intermediate points of the parallel, meridional offsets were measured from the tangent, and the proportional part of the station-error was included in these offsets. The successive steps in these operations were; 1. Azimuth-observations at initial point. 2. Tracing the tangent-line on the ground. 3. Azimuth-observations at terminal point. 4. Deducing the station-error and computing the offsets for mounds on forty-nintli parallel. 6. Construction of the mounds. The results of these observations are oniven in full in the details of the tangents. ,'!4I 342 ryiTED STATES XORTHERy BOU>TARY CO.ADIISSIOX 1. Azimuth-ohservatlons. — The instrument used was a transit-theodolite, made by "William "Wtirdemann, of "Washington. The horizontal limb, eight inches iu diameter, was divided to 10', and read to 10" by two verniers: vertical limb (used principally as a finder) was four inches diameter, divided to 20', and read to 1' by single vernier. The spindles of the instrument were of steel, all the other parts of brass. There were three foot-screws, a circular level between the standards, and striding-level for the axis of tel- escope. All tangent-screws worked against springs, which was, I think, a serious defect. The telescope was of one and one-hah" inches aperture, and sixteen inches focal length, eye-piece magnifying twenty-five times. A 45^ prism, fitting in a slot in fi-ont of the eye-piece, answered the purpose of a diagonal eye-piece. The tripod consisted of three double legs supporting a solid block of wood two inches thick. This instrmnent was mounted in the meridian of the astronomical station, and as near as convenient to the mound marking the fortv-ninth parallel. An approximate azimuth of 90^ was then turned oflP, fi'om any data available, and on this direction was placed a bidl's-eye lantern, firmly fixed to a small post. It was at first cus- tomary to inclose the lantern in a box, but this was found unnecessary, for the lantern was generallv at a distance of two miles from the instrument, and at that distance the image of the light was about the same as that of a second magnitude star. The true astronomical azimuth of the direction of this lamp was then observed. The chronometer-error was derived fi"om time-observations with the sextant, taken in the intervals between azimuth- stars. An observing-list of these latter stars was prepared for each month, giving the magnitude, azimuth, altitude, and chi-onometer time of elongation for each star. The methods of observing culminations above and below the pole, and Polaris at any hom--angle, were both tried, but did not give such good re.-iults as a series of observations near the time of greatest elongation. The stars most convenient, in July and August, were ^ and y, Cephei, and Polaris, eastern elongation, and y5 and y-, Ursas Minoris, western elongation. J and A, Ursae Minoris, and 51 Cephei, although much nearer to the pole, were not used, because tlie telescope did not define stars below the fom-th magnitude with sufficient acciu-acy. The method used was to take five point- ings on the mark, then five on the star, the time being noted for eachj then REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 343 revolve the instrument 180° in azimuth, and take five more readings on the star, followed by five on the mark. To each reading on the star was applied a difi'erential azimuth-correction, due to the interval of time fi'om elonga- tion. The mean of the corrected results, with the mean reading on the mai'k, gave the result for that star. Five stars observed in this manner, and in dif- ferent parts of the di^•ided arc, constituted a good determination, although three were considered sufficient. The azimuth resulting from each indi- vidual reading was also computed, and these were treated in the usual manner (after applying a collimation con-ection) to obtain the probable eiTor of the mean. This varied from ±0".8 to rb4".0 at a station, with a mean of ±1".8. The average range of foily individual observations was o7".3. With tangent-screws working in ball-and-socket joints, this range can probably be reduced one-half Level-corrections were at one time applied, but were soon given up, in the belief that they only introduced additional eiTor. The length of the striding-level was only six inches, and the value of one division over 4". A sliglit inaccuracy in the grinding of the glass would introduce large errors, and the behavior of the level showed such inaccuracies. Hence the instrument was carefully leveled before each set, and examined afterward, in both positions of the axis. If it had been disturbed in level during the observations, they were rejected. The following formulae were employed : Ag =z Azimuth of star at elongation. ^J rr Latitude of station. a — Right ascension of star. S :rr Declination of star. T^ — Chronometer time of elongation. r z= Difierence between observed time and T^ p zr Reduction to elongation. E rz Chronometer-error < , ' I — slow. V — f^*i ^t 4 = Hour angle at elongation < , '. •^ ( + west. , tan ^ . cos S tan (5 -. — - m ^« zc -^ ^-^ ^e — ^.^g ^ 2 sin- A r P — — ; — zrrr- tan A,. sni 1 344 UKITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. The value of 2 sin" ^ r sin 1" is given in the usual tables for "reduction to the meridian." I deem it only proper to add that this method was derived from the Coast Survey Manual by Mr. C. A. Schott, published in Appendix 11 to the Report for 1866. This is the only publication I know of in the English language where the subject of azimuths is treated at any length. 2. Tracing the tangent-line. — After finding the true azimuth of the mark, it was a simple matter to find a point of the prime vertical near it; the required meridional distance being the tangent of the angle equal to 270° or 90° minus the observed azimuth, for a radius equal to the distance from instrument to mark. A stout picket was driven and the point of the tangent was marked upon it with a pencil point; with this and the point of obser- vation, the direction was established, and the line was prolonged to the next station. lu 1872, with the idea of avoiding errors due to error of collimation, the method employed Avas that of two front-sights, i. e. the two targets were always in front of the instrument, the more distant being aligned with the one nearer. This method was found to work very badly in practice. A little reflection wnll show that in passing over even a small hill it was necessary to take very short sights, sometimes as short as fifty feet. At fifty feet an error of three-hundredths of an inch subtends an arc of 2', and this, at a mile, gives an error of three feet. From these causes the tangent of 1872, which was thirty-three miles in length, was found to have an azimuth error at its extremity of 7' 44". It was therefore entirely rejected, and retraced. After 1872 a diff"erent method was pursued, viz, the method of back and fore sights, collimation-errors being cut out by taking the mean of two pointings in reversed positions of the axis. With this method the average azimuth error at the terminal points was 28".7. Into this determination enter the local errors due to deflection of plumb, and actual errors of observation at both ends of the line. If we take the whole line to have been in error by 14".i>, the deviation of the tangent, at the end of twenty miles, will average nine and a half feet. This shows at once the supei'iority of the method by back and fore sights. The same U.S. NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION iS.^r. Pc-cto-iith.. REPORT OP THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 345 instrument was used for tracing the tangent as for azimuth observations, and the objects sighted on were two targets, one in front and one in rear. Their shape is shown in these drawings. The legs of the tripod were fast- ened to a triangular brass casting, similar to that used on theodolites, and this casting was firmly attached to the under side of the stand A. This stand was made of oak, 24" long, 6" wide, and 1" thick, and was covered, on the upper side and edges, with a thin piece of brass. The target B was of three-eighths of an inch pine, strengthened with light iron braces, and was fastened to a slide, C, of oak, tipped with brass. This slide embraced the stand A, and moved freely along it, thus giving a slight motion to the target; and it could be clamped in any position by the binding-screws D. Throvigh a small hole in the center of the target, passed a cord, from which was suspended a plumb-bob, which could thus be lowered to the stake marking the line. With favorable conditions of the atmosphere, these targets have been distinctly seen and aligned at a distance of over six miles. The rear target was set up over the point where the instrument stood in the azimuth observations. The instrument was set up over the point determined near the mark, and the front target sent ahead with three men provided with a telescope — the length of sight depended on the nature of the ground, but was usually about three miles. The telescope was pointed on the rear target, turned on its axis, and the front target ranged approxi- mately into line. Then the target was set up, and slight lateral motion given by the slide until it was bisected by the cross-hair. A point was then marked by the plumb-bob on a cross-piece fixed to a firm stake. The axis of the telescope was then reversed by turning the instrument in azi- muth (owing to the presence of dust, the telescope was never taken from the Y'). The same operation was repeated and another point determined. As it was found impossible to collimate inside of 3", the two points were about ten inches apart for a sight of three miles. The point midway between them was taken as the point of the tangent. The instrument and targets were then moved forward one station and the same operations repeated, and so on to the terminus of the line. ]\Iuch time was saved by using the United States Ai-my code, supplemented by a few special signals. The men 346 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. quickly learned the system, and to' prevent any liability to mistakes, each one was provided with a printed card containing the alphabet. The flags used were of red cloth, six feet square, and containing a white square in the center. These wei'e easily read, with a field-glass or small telescope, at a distance of six miles in ordinary weather. The weight of the instru- ment precluded the idea of can-ying it by hand, and a light, two-wheeled spring-cart was used for this purpose, and to cany the signal-flags, men's lunches, &c. Occasionally, also, the men at the front target were carried in a two-horse wagon, thus saving a great deal of time. With these favor- able circumstances as much as eighteen miles of tangent has been traced in a single day. The most favorable state of the weather for this work was a cloudy day, or failing that, the hour just before and after sunrise, and the three hours before sunset. Between 10 a. m. and 3 p. m., on bright days, the radiation and reflection of heated air from the surface of the ground caused such a dancing of the images in the telescope as often to necessitate an entire stoppage of the work until later in the afternoon. A slight breeze diminished this disturbance, and a strong wind removed it altogetlier; but this latter introduced other sources of error by deflecting the telescope. The only large azimuth-error in all the tangents (viz, 1' 49", on tangent No. 8), was due to attempting to work in a high wind — being very much pressed for time. This disturbance does not extend more than thirty or forty feet from the ground, and hence gave biit little trouble in sighting over valleys. In a mountainous country it is hardly noticeable. The chaining was carried along at the same time as the tangent, the alignment being corrected at every instrument-station, and once or twice between them. The tallies were recorded in a book by one of the chainmen, and a small stake was driven at every second tally and marked with its distance from the initial point of the tangent. The instrument-pickets were also marked with their distance. As I rode along the tangent I examined the tally-pickets to avoid the chance of any error. In 1872 and 187.'! I liad several distances, of over ten miles in length, chained twice. The results differed by only six Inches in a mile at the most, and it was, therefore, not considered necessary to chain twice on level ground. What little broken country we met was always chained a second time. The standard of length REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B, 347 was a box-wood rod, tipped with brass, ten feet long and two inches square in cross-section, made by Negus & Co., of New York. The chain was com- pared with this for each tangent. We also had one of Stackpole's fifty-feet tape-lines, with level, thermometer, and spring-balance adjustments. This instrument measures to within 1 in 100,000, but it was found to require too much time for our purposes, and was only used occasionally as a standard of comparison. Its length always agreed with the wooden rod. Our lon- o-itudes are all deduced from the record of the chaining. 3. Admuth-ohservations at the terminal point. — There were 22 tangent- lines in all traced by myself On twelve of these, independent azimuth- observations were taken at the terminal points, similar in every respect to those described above for the initial points. On five of the remainder the azimuth was tested by a series of angles connecting the tangent with some line whose azimuth was carefully determined— either a British tangent or astronomical meridian. Two tangents (Pembina and Turtle Mountains) were only a few miles in length. This, then, leaves three tangents whose azimuth was never tested beyond the initial point, viz, Nos. 11 and 12, of 1873, and No. 18, of 1874. At Nos. 11 and 12 the season was very late (October), and we were in the midst of a series of snow-storms and cloudy nights. At No. 18 the azimuth-observations gave such unsatisfactory results that they were rejected. A summary of the errors in the tangent, deduced from these observations, has been given above. 4. Deducing the station-error and computing the offsets for the mounds. — The formulfB employed to find the geodetic latitudes, longitudes, and azi- muths at points on a line perpendicular to first meridian, are : — ^' =9o°-^ra- =9o»-Jirc // These formulse are discussed on pp. 2')G, and from them is derived, pp. 257, the table of offsets and azimuths of the tangent. Entering tliis 348 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. table with the argument K, equal to the length of tangent in English feet, the computed offset to 49° is found. If E, represent the station-error, 0, the computed offset, Ei the error of the initial point, north or south of 49°, Ea the error due to azimuth-deviation, and 0,„ the measured distance from the tangent to the second astronomical determination of 49°, then E^ = 0^ ± JEJf ± ^o — 0^. To compute the offset for any intermediate mound let 0^, represent tlie computed offset for the given distance, E^, the proportional part of the station-error, E^, the proportional part of the azimuth-error, and 0,„f the required offset, then 0,„, =: 0^, ± -E'r' ± -^i ± E^,. 5. Construction of the mounds marking the boundary.— \Yh'i\e tracing the tangent at each station where it was thought a mound should be built, the true meridian was turned off, by the aid of the table of azimuths of the tan- gent, and a picket driven to mark its direction. After finishing the tangent the offsets were computed by the formula3 given above, and a list containing the position of each mound and its offset Avas sent to the chief of the mound- builders' party, who built the mounds, and kept a complete record of all distances measured, and all the facts relating to his work. Along the Red River Valley, and up to the astronomical station at Long River, mounds were built at intervals of one mile; these were subsequently replaced by the iron pillars planted by Captain Gregory in ISTf). Beyond Long River they were built at an average distance of three miles, and placed on the crests of the rolling prairie, the conditions being that each mound should be plainly visible with the naked eye from the two adjacent ones. Wherever a sufficient amount of stone could be found within a radius of five miles the mounds were built of the small prairie bowlders, Aveighing from ten to eighty povmds each, and in the form of a cone twelve feet in diameter at the base, and six feet high. Where stone was not available they were built of earth and well rammed, and in the same shape and size as the others. If there was any timber available a large post was sunk two feet in the ground in the center of the mound, and marked on the southern face "XLIX PAR." In all cases a picket was driven one foot under ground, with a cross cut on its head marking the exact position of the parallel. In the Great Roseau Swamp there was no earth to he found within several miles, and, if there had been, it would not have withstood the action • EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 349 of the water. The mounds here consisted of a pine post, about eighteen feet long, squared to ten inches, and pointed on its lower end. This was sunk, by its own weight, to various distances, from two to ten feet. Around it, from two hundred to two hundred and fifty tamarack poles, four inches in diameter, were driven into the mud, as far as possible, with heavy malls. Their tops were then cut off to give the shape of a rude cylinder with con- ical top. The center post was marked on its southern face " XLIX PAR." The computation of the offset and the nature of each mound will be found in the details of tangent-lines. LONGITUDES AND STATION-ERRORS. As previously remarked, the longitudes adopted are those derived from the chaining along United States and British Tangent Lines. The origin of longitudes is the joint astronomical station near Pembina. This was observed, in the winter of 1872-73, by the British Commission, in telegraphic communication with Mr. T. H. Safford, at the Observatory in Chicago. The result as communicated by Capt. S. Anderson, Royal En- gineers, is 97° 13' 51".5; which was adopted as the basis of all our longi- tudes. In order to convert the chained distances into arc, I made an examination of the various authorities on the elements of the earth's figure, with the following results: — L rr Length of 1 ° of longitude on equator. L' =: Length of 1 ° of longitude at ^. a = Equatorial radius of the earth. L' ^L — „ . „ — ^t- (1 — e-sm^$)*. b — Polar radius of the earth. e rz Eccentricity = | ^ — ) E - EUipticity -"~^ e- = 2E a Kater's value of the meter, 39'°.370790. Clarke's value of the meter, 39^370432. a 1) E L L',(

tude, 111° 45' 04.9. ^ 7400.5 feet sou 111 of instrument. 10 10 I 1^ ; Ci'plici E . Polaris E .. l3 UrsaiMinons.. W.. y" Ursse Minoris. . W. . O / II 179 54 10.2 54 12.9 53 50. 8 54 39.5 Mea a . ............................ 179 54 13. 6 Mark was moved 12'.1 west, to establish direction of tangent point. Azimuth-observations at terminal point. [Observer Lient. F. V. Greene.] Date. 1875. July 16 July 19 Position of instru- ment. Position of mark. No. of readings. Star. Azimuth. Terminal point of meridian south of Sun River. Station 46 of me- ridian, north of Sun River. 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 y Oephei E .. A Draconis W.. /i Cephei E .. 4 Draconis W.. Polaris E .. Polaris E .. 7 Cephei E .. f} Ursa) M uoris ..W.. )'- Ursai Miuoris ..W.. O ' II 3.59 53 01. I •54 55.6 .53 04.2 54 04.3 53 07. 4 53 26. 3 .53 45.2 53 19.2 r>2 45.4 M can 3.59 53 VJ. I ± 2". 4 * Rejected. 352 UNITED STATES NOETHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. This error was larger than was anticipated, but the notes showing no reason for assigning it to any one place, it was distributed over the whole length, 102.5 miles, of the line, by assigning 1' to each fifteen miles. The successive increments in deviation were then computed; giving a total of five himdred and ninety-eight feet at the terminal point, equal to 8". 8 of longitude. Tfiangulation at Fort Shaiv. 47-.S-46 S-i&-Al 40-47-7? 46-i3-47 47-46-i; 46-C-B AQ-B-i: C-A(3-B Angle. Length in feet. C ' " 32 17 25. 4 97 17 51.2 S-47 13420 50 24 43. 4 A'-4G 17273 79 02 31. 47-46 9302. 7 55 27 54. 5 47-ZJ 8053. 6 45 29 34. 5 46-7? 11080.8 19 59 10. 4 46-C 26932. 8 123 52 09. 6 B-C 19132 36 08 40. C-P 2550 Azimuth. 82 35 27. 9 50 18 02.5 359 53 19. 1 78 55 50 134 23 44. 6 98 15 04.6 78 15 54.2 223 15 54. 6 Lat. Dep. Coordinates from A 47, in feet. 1730. 5 13303 A 46 N. 9302. 7 W. 18. 11033 13290 9302.7 18.1 S S. 1730. 5 W. 13308. 1546.3 7903. 8 7756. 4 7921.7 B N. 1546. 3 E. 7903. 8 3865. 3 26654 C N. 5437. 4 E. 26636.0 3891.1 18732. 2 1856. 9 1747. 8 r N. 3580. 5 E. 24886.2 In order to obtain the longitude of the Principal Meridian, I consulted the plats of the land-office in Helena, and found that, in latitude 45° 41', it was thirty and one-fourth miles west of Lieutenant Wheeler's Observatory in Bozeman, Mont., whose longitude, established by telegraph, is 111° 03' 31".9. By this means, we are enabled to compare our own longitude with those of the Land-Surveys, as follows: — Longitude of Bozeman, Mont, 111° 03' 31".9 Thirty and one-fourth miles of longitude in latitude 45° 41', 37' 29".8 Longitude of Principal Meridian, 111° 41' 01". 7 KEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEK, APPENDIX B. 353 Westing from Principal Meridian to Fort Shaw Meridian, 2-1,888 feet in latitude 47° 31', G' 02".5 Longitude of A 47, Fort Shaw Meridian, as determined by land-surveys, 111° 47' 04".2 Longitude of Pembina 97° 13' 51".5 Westing to Initial Point, Fort Shaw Meridian, 660" 18'=^30 in latitude 49° 14° 31' 13".4 Longitude Liitial Point, Fort Shaw Meridian, .... 111° 45' 04".9 Deviation in Azimuth to east, 8". 8 Longitude of A 47, Fort Shaw Meridian, as determined by Boundary Survey, 111° 44' 56".l I also made a chronometer expedition from Fort Shaw to Bozeman, from which the longitude of A 47 was . 111° 45' 57". 6 It will be seen that the chronometric determination is nearly the mean of the other two, but to this no particular importance is attributed. The difference between the land-survey longitude and our own is 2' 08", equal to 8,795 feet, or 1.67 miles ; but the method in which the Principal Meridian was run makes the Land-Office determination of no greater value than our own. The Principal Meridian was one hundred and twenty-six miles in length from the latitude of Bozeman to that of Fort Shaw. Of this length forty-eight miles was traced over the broken country west of the Gallatin River. Here an offset was made of eighteen miles to the west in order to avoid the almost impassable mountains east of the Missouri River. From the end of this offset a meridian -rt^as traced north, over the spm-s of the Rocky Mountains to Sun River Valley, whei'e an offset was measured east- ward again, and a stone post planted to indicate the intersection of the Principal Meridian and Fifth Standard Parallel. The lines were ti-aced by a solar compass. Our own surveys embraced lines aggregating a length of seven hundred and sixty-three miles from Pembina to Fort Sh|u\ , against N B 23 354 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. one hundred and ninety-two miles of the land-surveys from Bozeman to Fort Shaw; but their methods were not considered sufficiently accurate to wai-rant a change in our determination. At the monument on the summit of the Eocky Mountains we connected with the surveys of the Northwest Boundary Commission. The longitude of this monument, as determined in 1861 by the method of lunar culminations, is 114° 03' 28".4. Our own determination of the same point, by chaining, is 114° 02' 56".5. The dif- ference, 31".9, is equal to 2,124 feet. It is difficult to say how much importance should be attributed to this result ; but, at all events, the results of the land-survey near Fort Shaw were not sufficiently reliable to warrant any change in our chaining, which was adopted for the determination of longitudes. The following table contains the longitudes of the astronomical stations, and their station-errors, with reference to the Lake of the Woods Station: KEPORT OP THE CHIEF ASTKONOMEK, APPENDIX B. 355 Longitudes and Station-errors of Astronomical Stations. No. By whom observed. Name of astronomical station. Lonaitude. fc- C3 O ^ o a .2 M 5 -^ w c3 British and United States British ....do British and United States ....do ....do United States .-..do British ....do United States British United States British United States British United States British United States British United States British United States British United States British United States British United States British United Slates British United States British United States British United States British ....do United States British and United States (1861). Lake of the Woods (joint station) PineRiver West Roseau Red River (joint station) Michel (joint station ) Pembina Mountain (joint station) Pembina River Long River Sleepy Hollow Turtle Mountain east Turtle Mountain west 1st Mouse River South Antler Creek 2d Mouse River United States, No. 8 Short Creek 3d Mouse River Grand Coteau — ... Mid Coteau Bi<; Muddy River Bully Spring Poplar River . West Poplar River Little Rocky Creek Frenchman's Creek Cottonwood CouI6 Pool ou Prairie Near Goose Lake East Fork WestFork Milk River Lake Milk River East Butte West Butte Red Creek ... South Branch Milk River North Branch Milk Eiver Rocky Mountains Belly River... .- Chief Mountain Lake Summit of the Rocky Mountains 95 16 95 59 96 46 97 13 97 40 98 00 98 16 98 54 99 19 99 40 100 31 100 57 101 28 101 57 102 26 102 50 103 11 103 34 104 05 104 39 105 12 105 41 100 12 100 40 107 23 107 45 108 13 108 48 109 24 109 41 110 10 110 43 111 11 111 33 112 00 112 32 112 58 113 26 113 40 113 53 114 02 55.3 01.0 .^1.9 51.5 25.2 33.0 06.3 52.0 03.0 04.3 13.8 29.8 02.9 50. 25.2 00.9 11.3 53.7 34.0 53.6 21.4 39.2 34.4 31.5 48.2 45.9 09.2 59. 5 07.7 38.2 19.5 46.0 02.5 02.6 19.5 50.3 25.2 35. 3 39.0 19.0 50.5 M. Ch. Feet. 31 72.05 68 12.63 88 43. 3(i 108 59. 62 124 00.02 135 63. 07 165 13.05 183 39.11 203 77.29 238 15. 10 258 07. 44 281 19.73 303 71.50 325 33. 46 343 28. 92 359 32. 54 377 29.77 400 49.25 426 50. 35 451 18.41 473 34. 54 490 09. 06 .522 47. 42 550 67. 40 507 38.81 588 19.31 015 32.02 042 02. 18 055 23. 57 677 02.81 702 30. 23 723 03. 83 739 57. 70 760 31.60 785 02. 79 804 33.01 825 01. 3> t36 33. 85 846 02. 40 853 25.29 388. N. 470.2 N. 556. 1 N. 588.4 N. 533. 3 N. 459. 5 N. 376.7 N. 213.4 N. 54.2 N. 154.9 N. 240.2 N. 203. 3 N. 40.0 N. 7. 8 N. 183.4 N. 203.2 N. 138.8 N. 414.1 N. 40. 4 N. 151.8 N. 333.5 N. 150.7 N. 390.7 N. 430.9 N. 593.6 N. 540.9 N. 397.1 N. 830.0 N. 669. 3 N. 416. N. 106. 6 N. 304.3 S. 571.2 S. 10(). 5 N. 181.5 N. 115.5 N. 112.5 S. 383.5 S. 10. 6 S. 133. 4 N. CHAPTEE II. TOPOGRAPHY. The sources from which our topographical information was obtained were as follows : 1. The tangent-lines. 2. Meander-lines, with the theodolite and stadia-rods. 3. Minor compass-surveys. 4. Triangulation and intersection in the Rocky Mountains. 5. Reconnaissances. Tangent-lines. — The topographical information obtained by these was altogether secondary to the main object of making a geodetic connection of the astronomical stations. It consisted of notino: the crossing's of streams and valleys intersecting distant hills, and sketching the immediate vicinity. The stakes of these lines, however, were the basis of the stadia-lines both for distance and azimuth. Stadia-lines. — The theodolites employed in this method of survey were made by Wiirdemann, and were similar in construction to the large eight- [i^ ^^ inch transits used for azimuth work. The horizontal limb ^S?"-- 10 was six inches in diameter, divided to 10', and reading, by ^:.":j5 two verniers, to 10"; vertical limb, four inches in diameter, divided to 20', and reading, by vernier, to 1'; telescope of 10" focal length, magnifying 17 times, and having iu the reticle three horizontal and one vertical line, which were fixed. The rods were made of pine, 3" X 0".g, in cross- section, were about twelve feet long, and folded on a hinge The inner side was painted white, and marked with figures. at the middle. 307 358 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. as shown in this sketch. Each rod was adjusted for a particular theodolite, as follows : A distance of 1,000 feet was measured on the ground with great care, and the rod placed at one end, the theodolite at the other. The space covered by the constant visual angle was noted on the rod, and this space (representing 1,000 feet) was subdivided into equal parts, the smallest of which represented five feet, from which one foot could be read by estimation. Habitually two, but sometimes three, rods were used with each theodo- lite, and all measurements were made twice — i. e., the distance and elevation of a course were recorded once as a foresight and once as a backsight. The azimuth was taken from the tangent, and was kept throughout the line — i. e., each recorded angle was the angle between the course and the true meridian. An average day's work for a single party was a line of five miles in length, but as much as twelve miles of line have been run by one party in a daj^. The notes of the stadia-surveys were reduced in the office — first, each reading for distance (being the hypothenuse of a vertical right-angled tri- angle) was reduced to horizontal distance and diff"erence of level, then each bearing was corrected by its proportional part of the total error in azimuth: the horizontal distance was then resolved into rectangular co-ordinates, with reference to the first meridian; these co-ordinates were algebraically summed, and compared with the co-ordinates of the terminal point as given by the tangent ; the error of the last point, in latitude and longitude, was then dis- tributed in the co-ordinates of each course in proportion to its length; the adjusted co-ordinates were then plotted on the map. For reducing the read- ings to horizontal and vertical distances, the formulae used were those de- duced by Prof. S. W. Robinson, C. E., formerly of the Lake Survey. They were originally published in the Journal of the Franklin Institute for Feb- ruary, 1865. cl~^ {B-c-f) cos- r-\-{c-\-f) cos V h-^^ {B-c-f) sin 2 V+{c+f) sin V REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 359 in which — V = angle of elevation or depression. B =z length of a measvired base. II rz reading of stadia on that base. / = principal focal distance of object-glass of telescope. c z=z distance from axis of telescope to object-glass. B' zr any reading for which the horizontal distance and difference of level are required. d =z horizontal distance corresponding to JR'. h =. difference of level corresponding to B'. With these formulae, tables have been constructed by Alfred Noble and William T. Casgrain, assistants in the United States engineer's office at Milwaukee. They assumed B and B each equal to 1,000 feet, and (c-\-f) equal to 1.4 feet. These assumptions con-espond to our own instru- ments and rods. The tables are of the same form as traverse tables, the argiunents being the stadia -reading and angle of elevation or depression. The total number of stadia-traverse lines is one hundred and thirty, aggregating a length of one thousand two hundred and eighty-seven miles. The notes were all redviced in the manner above described. Of these, sixty- nine lines (seven hundred and thirty-eight miles) were closed on known points, and their results are brought together in the following table in order to show the degree of accuracy of this kind of surveying : 3(50 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Stadialhics. 15 28 41 25 29 63 58 53 20| 24 17 27 36* 38t 57 33 21 65 47 8 6 2 CI 16 12 46 30 -1 32 7 4 52 56 48 42 49 31 55 45 62 43 51 26 35 1 G6 54 37) 3 59 . McG . McG .D . A.D... L.C... ..do.... A.D... ..do.... C. L. D V. T. MiG O. S. Vf . h.C .... F. V. S - . A.D.... ..do F. V. S . . L.C ... A.D.... V.T A.D ..do. V.T, ..do. C.L ..do O. S. W . C. L. D . (). s. w . L. D . r. McG L.D C ... s. C. L. D ..do.... ..do.... O. S. W C. L.D V. T. MeG A.D V. T. McG F. V. S . . C. L. D . ..do ..do A.D.... C. I . D . A.D... C. L. D . ..do V. T. McG O. S. \V . C. L. B . ..do ..do CO o a a .a D ti a V p iJ Nov. 1873 1.48 Alis- 1873 1.50 on., \**7:i 1.71 Jnlv 1873 1.79 Sept. ,1873 2. 61 All!?. 1874 2. 65 Aug. 1874 2. 06 July 1874 3.11 June , 1873 3.17 June ,1873 3.24 Dec, 1873 3.35 Alls. 1873 3.44 Sept. ,1873 3.85 Sept, ,1873 3.8Q Alls. 1874 3.91 Sept. ,1873 3.93 June 1873 4.43 Ans. 1874 4.48 Jiilv, 1874 5.17 Nov., 1873 5. 24 Nov. 1873 5.41 Nov., 1873 5.71 Aus. 1874 6.52 Dec, 1873 6. 56 Dec, 1673 6. 63 July, 1874 6.65 Sept. ,1873 G.76 June 1873 6.79 Kept. ,1873 7.24 Nov., 1873 7. ,54 Nov., 1873 7. .57 July, 1874 8.24 July, 1874 8.43 Julv, 1874 8. 75 Sept. ,1873 8.76 July, 1874 9.36 Aug., 1873 9.38 Julv, 1874 9. 46 July, lt-74 9. 54 Aus. 1874 9. 76 Sept. , 1873 9. 95 July, 1M74 10.75 Ai'S-, 1873 11.56 Oct., 1873 12. 14 Jau., 1874 12.21 Ans-j 18r4 12.28 Julv, 1874 13. M Sept. ,1873 13. 16 Nov., 1873 13. 19 Aug., 1874 13. 92 .a 24 20 12 14 13 14 10 16 20 1 20 24 20 19 25 34 17 28 33 43 34 37 33 26 27 35 33 36 36 43 33i 44 35 37 58 43 4o; 32 31 71 53 47i Feet. 1307 1186 1297 948 133( 1070 2012 182 698 851 1475 1297 X55(' 1412 20(i5 1297 1172 1390 136.'-| 1253 1429 1588 1378 1004 2060 1254 1038 834 1125 919 1212 l(i73 1647 1321 1401 1372 1377 1138 1.526 1165 1501 1535 1C52 lr2ii 1610 2025 2010 970 1315 1564 Total errors of closure. + 8 00 + 12 51 —14 00 +19 40 + 6 50 + 8 80 8 00 — 2 45 — 6 31 — 14 20 + 2 45 + 2 34 + 3 15 5 40 -16 30 + 18 00 6 50 — 4 20 + 9 00 1 00 — 1 15 — 2 12 +17 08 +22 25 + 8 38 +28 40 29 35 + 6 05 + 13 40 + 1 20 Feci. 2.5. 4 N. 277. 8 S. 14. 9 N. 16. 8 N. 15. 8 S. 103. 8 S. 127. 5 S. 19. 8 S. 85. 9 S. 31. 5 N. .53. S. 30. 2 S. 2. 1 S. 63. 6 S. 29. 3 N. 59. 4 S. 26. 2 N. 235. 5 N. 325. 3 N. ll(i.«N. .55. 3 S. 1S2. 2 N. 16. S. 208. 2 S. 207. 7 S. 28. 8 N. 64. 8 N. 60. 4 N. 455. 7 N. 41. IN. 78. 2 S. 63. N. 204. 5 S. 291. ON. 99. 1 N. 39. 3 S. 3. 2 S. 71.7 S. 203. ON. 120. 4 S. 193. 7 S. I(i5. S. 87. 5 N. 49. 2 N. 17 5S. 91. 3 N. 241. 3 S. C3 a Feet. 35, 7 F. 32. 3 E. 17. 4 W. 4. W. 131.1 E. 30. 3 W. 23. 1 E. 1. 9 W. E. 27.''.. 217. E 77. W ir,5. 6 w. 165. 5 E. 1. W, 90. 9 W. 57. 9 E. 33. 3 E. 85. 2 AV. 5. 7 W. 126. 2 E. 364. E. 39. 8 E. 142. 2 W 96.2 E. 6. W 249. 5 W. 259. 7 E. 333. 5 W. 143. 1 W 34. W. 8. 6 W. 17. 9 W. 377. E 47.0 E 18. 3 E 155. 3 W. 131.7 E, 22. 5 W. 13. 3 \V. 26. 3 \V. 469. 8 E. 203. 9 W. 17. 9 E. 203. 5 W. 53. 5 E. 8. 7 W. 191. 5 \V. ,-.61.8 E. 46. E. 122. 4 \V. Feet. +27. G +38 1 + 14 — 4.2 -36.0 —44.4 Proportional errors -a M S " 80. 364. 4 '.58.'5 120. 59.0 34.2 36.4 3.0 8, 23.0 '3.5. 8 8.2 0.1 5.7 20.0 'so.'o 25.1 1.7 11.0 10.0 20.0 1. 1. 4.0 23.4 38.4 14.0 29. 6 41.3 "ii.'i 24.1 1.5 'Co Feel. 3.2 33.4 L6 1.7 1.0 7.5 9.0 1.2 5.1 1.8 3.0 1.6 0.1 3.2 1.2 4.5 0.9 7.7 11.4 3.8 1.0 5.3 0.5 5.9 6.0 0.8 1.7 1.8 11.4 0.9 1.7 1.3 4.4 4.9 2.0 0.8 0. 06 1.4 3.8 2.1 ,1 3 2. 5 1.3 0.7 2.5 1.3 3.3 t-O C3 O Feet. 4.6 3.9 1.9 0.4 8.9 2.2 1.6 0.1 10.5 12.7 4.4 8.6 9.1 0.0 4.4 2.8 1.4 3.6 0.2 4.0 12.7 1.3 3.5 2.8 0.2 7.1 7.6 9.6 3.7 1.0 0.2 0.4 8.5 1.0 0.4 2.6 2.7 0.4 0.2 0.5 8.1 3.6 0.3 3.1 0.8 0.1 2.7 8.1 0.7 1.7 ' Along C'oteau-tangent. t Tiiugent west of Coteau. } Coteau-tangeut. EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 361 Stadia-lines — Continued. V.T.McG .do C.L.D ... ..do V.T.McG. ..do C.L.D ... C.L.D ... V.T.McG. C.L.D ... ..do ..do. ..do ..do ..do F. V. S . . . . C.L.D .. , L.C A. D F. V.S.... C.L.D ... ■| Aug., 1874 Aug., 1874 Nov., 1873 Dec, 1873 Aug., 1874 Aug., 1874 Dec, 1873 July, 1874 ., 1874 .V, 1874 it.,1873 , 1873 :.,1873 ., 1873 3, 1873 ;., 1873 June, 1873 , 1873 1874 Au, Jul Sep't Oct., Sept., Nov., une, lec, J ,. D July, Jan n 14.31 14.71 14.91 1.5. 91 16. 63 16. 96 17.26 17.73 17.81 18. 36 19. 35 20. 40 20. 40 21. 36 22. 00 25.91 26.37 27.86 46.34 3: 39 85 105 52 4 106 51 63 102 75 104 99 108 111 181 178 112 Feel. 2043 1991 927 801 1687 1990 860 1142 1844 1539 1001 1435 1030 113 1085 1232 769 799 2186 Total errors of closure. a — 9 25 — 3 15 — 7 00 + 4 00 ■ 50 4 1 46 00 + 4 05 —.59 41 —18 05 — 3 12 -1345 —10 16 +26 40 —26 00 +14 20 Latitude. Feet. 288. 1 N. 3:i7. 2 S. 12.5. 8 N. 21. 5 N. 0.7 S. .5. 6 S. 283. 9 N. 95. 4 S. 69. 5 S. 420. S. 148. 2 S. 90. 7 N. 54. 4 S. 791. 2 N. 304. 8 N. 521. 9 N. 50. 8 S. 1700. S. 112. 9 N. Fec.f. 20. 4 E. 280. 4 K. 268. 8 W, 36. 5 E. 112. 3 W. 802. 3 E. 30. 3 W. 1.36. 9 \V. 175. W. 158. 3 E. 27. 6 E. 47. () E. 6. W. 193. 7 E. 569. 9 W. 130. 4 E. 532. 7 \V. 496. 5 W. Feel. +89.8 —33.1 +i6.'o +44. 3 +92.0 Proportional errors. 3 O a " 15.3 5.0 4. 2. 0. 26.0 3.9 34.9 14.4 1.8 7.6 5.5 8.8 8. Feel. 3.8 4.3 1.6 0.2 0.1 0.1 3.1 1. 1 0.7 4.3 1.4 0.9 0.5 6.8 2.6 3.8 0.4 11.9 0.5 Feel. 0.2 3.G 3.4 0.4 1.2 9.0 0.3 1.4 0.8 1.6 0.3 0.4 0.1 1.7 4.8 0.9 3.8 3.5 * Along Lake of the Woods ; closed on sextant-station. MEANS. ti 0; 1.1 at: 1^ Cm o . •3 2 Total errors. Proportional errors. Az. Lat. Dep. Az. Lat. Dep. Toe 69 lines 10.69 9.83 12. 74 10. 20 7. 35 9. 66 13.67 4. 50 15. 67 7.62 3.49 8.87 19. 48 45 50 54 34 24 30 57 20 84 44 14 35 84 1361 1154 1313 1600 1626 1710 1310 1225 1139 1120 1356 1363 1365 / // 12 14.6 20 0.5.9 10 46. 3 6 26. 6 7 05 5 40.1 12 55. 5 12 19.2 16 05 22 21.7 9 28.4 10 46.3 14 46.0 Feet. 160.5 177.7 20(i. 3 115.4 105. 5 122.0 172. 1 70.4 533. 5 110.2 83.0 124.5 270. 3 Feet. 146.4 188.8 96.7 l;!4. 6 69.5 1.56. 7 131.8 59. 3 338.4 2S1. 89.6 126.6 224. 9 // 27.2 69.2 16.4 10. Feet. 3.40 4.03 3. 92 2. 49 2. 74 2. 96 2. 97 2. 51 4. 52 7. 52 5.14 2. 75 2.51 Feet. 3.31 4.72 2.46 2.42 1.46 2. 88 2.49 3. 59 4. 90 7.56 4.79 2. 85 2.35 Season of 1873 Season of 1873-74 . Assistant O. S. W Assistant V. T. McG Assistant C.L.D Assistant AD . . Assistant F. v. S Assistant L. C According to length : From 9. 48'" to 5.71"" From 6. 52" to 12. 28™ From 13. 14" to 46. 34"' 362 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUjNDARY COMMISSION. The mean of sixty-nine lines shows that the average error of our topo- graphical surveys, by this method, was about one foot in three hundred. The means for the various seasons show a constant increase in the accuracy. The mean error of 1873 is larger than the others, and arises from the want of experience on the part of one or two assistants. Most of the work of that summer was done under fair circumstances, including several days of high winds which cannot be avoided on the plains. The work during the winter of 1873-74 was done under very unfavorable circumstances. The thennometer was near zero every day, and most of the lines were run over swamps and ice, where it was almost impossible to keep the instrument in level. The two lines, Nos. 10 and 11, were run on the ice of the Roseau River, and up through the swamp, to the forty-ninth parallel. One, over seventeen miles in length, closed within about three hundred feet (ji), and the other, nearly twenty-six miles long, closed within about five hundred feet (±). Line No. 14 was run on the ice of the Lake of the Woods, and mean- dered the shore from the forty-ninth parallel to Rainy River. It was closed on a sextant latitude station, and a carefully observed azimuth. Although more than forty-six miles in length, its error in azimuth was only 14' 20", or 7". 7 for each course, and in latitude only one hundi-ed and thirteen feet, or „-^. These lines were run by Mr. C. L. Doolittle, and reflect great credit on his carefulness and precision. The work in 1874 was all done by experienced assistants, and under the ordinary circumstances to be met on the plains, that is, a high wind and "boiling" of the air on three days out of five. The error is seen to bo about ^. This I take to be the greatest accuracy that can be expected for a whole season's woi-k, when the party is so pressed for time that it cannot lie over on windy days. Several individual lines are much more accurate. The smallest error is in Line No. 45 by Mr. Doolittle, length about ten miles and error ^^. This of com-se is accidental; but there are eleven lines whose eiTor is less than j^. The last three means are obtained by dividing the lines into three equal sets, according to length. For the first set, witli a mean length of about three miles, the error was ~; for the second, with a length of about nine miles, 3^; and for the third, with a length of about REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 363 eighteen miles, ^; that is, the longer lines were the more accurate, in pro- portion to their length. This probably shows a considerable error on one or two courses of the short lines, which, divided by a small distance, gives a large proportional error. The same error distributed over a long line would, of course, be much smaller proportionally. It is also probable that the accidental errors tend more nearly to counterbalance each other in long lines. As the proportional errors are smaller for the long lines than the short, it would seem probable that there are no cumulative errors, such as lost motion in tangent-screws, &g. An error once made, however, is carried through to the end of the line, and as it is impossible to discover where the error is, the only feasible method of adjustment is that which we have adopted; namely, to distribute the azimuth-error, proportionally, in each coui'se, and the position-errors in each course proportionally to its length. As the result of our own experience, then, the average accuracy of surveys with the stadia is ^^, under good circumstances we may expect ^^ and on selected days, with great care, ^^ can be obtained. This shows that this method is available for surveys for maps of a scale of i^, or about six inches to the mile. The plane-table is, of course, superior for minute tojjography in certain localities, in populated countries, &c.; but for meandering streams on the plains, I think the stadia-method is the best. If there are ravines to be crossed, its measurements are more accurate than those made with the chain; and it has advantages at all times in its great celerity in giving heights, as well as distances, and in the fact that all the measurements are under the control of the engineer. The plane-table would be useless on the plains, on account of high winds, dust, and sudden storms. General Comstock, in charge of the Lake Survey, states that he con- siders jij, on ordinary ground to be the precision of good chaining and ;~^ that of good stadia-work. On rough and broken ground, the stadia was equal to the chain in precision, and on bad ground was superior. He adds, "In topographical work our main lines are chained, or derived from chained bases which have an accuracy of ^^^^ to 5^; the side lines diverging from 364 UNITED STATES NOKTHEEN BOUNDAEY COMMISSION. these, and checked by returning to them, are all stadia-lines, whose average accuracy (probable error) I estimate fit ^ij to ^ for distances of 1,000 feet." Prof S. W. Robinson states that the error of stadia-measurement has been found to be about i to j^jj,^, and that lines "have been run from one to six miles, and over heights of one hundred and fifty to two hundred feet, in which the final error in height ranged from to 1.5 feet, with no more than ordinary care." We have no precise data for determining the errors in height. Some of the lines were closed on points whose approximate height was detennined by the barometer, or by trigonometric leveling. The errors ranged from four to one hundred feet ; the greater part of this was probably in the barometric result. The superiority of this method of survey over that with the chain, in very rough country, is clearly shown by lines 36, 37, and 38. All of these lines were along the tangent. Nos. 36 and 37 were in the Coteau — a series of irregular hills in close proximity — and both of them gave measurements less than the chain, by nearly the same amount, about j|j. No. 3(S was also along the same tangent, but on level ground. It differed from the chained measurement by only one foot in nearly four miles ; the intermediate errors — never larger than a few feet — having balanced. Minor compass-surveys. — In connection with these stadia-lines, surveys of small extent along minor features, such as branch-ravines, &c., were made with a six-inch compass, the distances being estimated from pacing. The variation of the comjDass was obtained from the true azimuth of the stadia-line, and these compass-surveys started and closed on points of the stadia-line. They were of small extent, seldom a mile in length, although aggregating about two hundred miles. Their average accuracy is about i. They were adjusted in the same manner as the stadia-lines. The Rocky Mountains. — The portion of the Rocky Moimtains crossed by the 49th parallel, between the summit and the eastern slope, is about twenty-six miles. In this inaccessible region the method of stadia-surveys was not feasible, and we had not the time for a comprehensive triangula- tion. Hence this portion of our map is not as accurate in detail as the others. We have, however, considerable data for constructing it. These data consist of a stadia-line, by Mr. Doolittle, along the eastern slope, and KEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 365 extending into the valley of Belly River to connect with the British Astro- nomical Station ; of a careful triangulation of Chief Mountain Lake, under Captain Gregory's direction, including intersections on neighboring peaks ; of a stadia-Hne by Mr. Wilson, from Chief Mountain Lake, through the South Kootenay Pass, over the water-shed and connecting with a traverse made in 1861, to the Akamina Station; and, lastly, of a triangulation, by myself, of certain peaks in the neighborhood of the summit-monument, from which intersections were taken on all the principal peaks within the five-mile belt. I also obtained cross-intersections on these points from a peak at the head of Chief Mountain Lake, located accurately by Captain Gregory's triangulation. The principal peaks were approximately located in position and alti- tude by these means, and the topography was supplemented by numerous profile sketches. To accomplish the triangulation near the summit I fol- lowed the old and very blind trail along Akamina Creek to the base of the water-shed, where I identified the astronomical station of 1860-'61 by the observing-logs, old boxes, &c. Here I observed for azimuth, and measured a base-line. The length of this was one thousand seven hundred and forty-nine feet, being the mean of four measurements with the Stack- pole tape, differing from each other by less than one inch, or ,y^^. From this base the triangles were expanded to the peaks near the summit-monu- ment, and from them intersections were taken. I had intended to extend the triangles to a point about two miles south of the monument, where, from an altitude of nearly nine thousand feet above the sea, and five thou- sand feet above Chief Mountain Lake, the whole country can be seen, but I found it impossible to transport the heavy eight-inch theodolite be- yond the monument. This monument is finely placed, upon the very water- shed of the Rocky Mountains, at an altitude of six thousand seven hundred feet above the sea. It is in the center of a flat saddle, about five hundred by one hundred and fifty feet, and is overlooked, on the north and south, by sandstone knobs, from eight hundred to a thousand feet higher than itself. On the east is a sheer precipice of nearly two thousand feet, termi- nating in a lake which discharges, through the Saskatchewan River, into Hudson's Bay. On the west the slope is steep, but still accessible with 366 UNITED STATES NOKTHEKN BOUNDAEY COMMISSION. care, and terminates in a lake discharging through the Columbia River into the Pacific. The monument is a rude pyramid of undressed-sandstone blocks, about ten feet at the base, and eight feet high. It is in as perfect order as when built in 1861. Within a few rods of the cairn the divide is reduced to a mere knife-edge of ragged rock, which must be passed, if at all, a cJieval. It was at this point that I found it impossible to transport the transit any further. In company with one of the men, named Macey, I passed over this, and, taking an aneroid barometer with me, followed the crest of the divide to a prominent sandstone peak, about two miles south of the line. The climbing was difficult, for the sedimentary sandstone was weathered in vertical cracks. Some of these, not more than eight or ten feet across and one hundred feet or more deep, we easily jumped ; but at the larger ones we had to let ourselves down, from ledge to ledge, for two hundred feet on one side, and ascend, similarly, on the other — a tiresome operation, after the novelty of the first two or three trials had worn off. •The view from the peak was, however, very fine. On the east we could see over the tops of the range beyond Chief Mountain Lake on to the bi'own plains extending indefinitely eastward. To the west we recog- nized the broad valley of the Flathead River, and beyond that another mass of mountains. In our immediate vicinity was a most tumultuous mass of mountains. From the main divide the ridges curved off in circles, on either side, forming vast amphitheatei's. The effect was heightened by the im- mense masses of snow — some of them more than a mile in extent — covering the northern slopes of these ridges, and frequently terminating in lakes whose intense blue I'evealed great depths. The barometer gave the altitude of this peak eight thousand six hun- dred feet. This ought to be about the timber-line for this latitude and dis- tance from the sea, but this line is not at all distinctly marked. The heavy pine timber of the valleys did not seem to extend much beyond the altitude of seven thousand feet, and terminated gradually. Beyond thii were irreg- ular bunches of dwarfed spruce; but the greater part of the curved ridges was destitute of any timber, and this, together with the reddish-brown color of the bare rock, and the curious ."^hapes it haa assumed under the effects of M^ ^i^y^y.. f ■„v 'mn REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 367 the weather, combined to give an exceedingly wild and rugged appearance to the whole landscape. Reconnaissances. — Trails passed over, outside the belt of accurate sur- vey, were approximately surveyed. The basis of the survey was the astronomical position of the various camps, where observations were taken, on north and south stars for latitude, and east and west stars for time. The trail generally began and ended at points accvu-ately known, and thus we had the means of determining the traveling rate of the chronometers. Be- tween the camps the courses were kept by a six-inch vernier compass, mounted on a jackstafF. Two light spring-carts were employed, one carry- ing a man to set up flags on prominent points, and the other the assistant with the compass, who sighted on the flags and sketched the topography. The distance was derived from odometer measurements. The courses and distances were plotted, and then adjusted to agree with the astronomical work. The trails thus reconnoitered were, in 1873, from the Mouse River to Fort Totten; in 1874, from the Missouri to the Boundary along the two branches of Poplar River, the Meridian trail to Fort Shaw, the Rip- linger road from the Boundary to Fort Shaw, and the stage road from Fort Shaw to Fort Benton. In addition to this, a reconnaissance of the course of the Missom-i River was made while descending that stream in boats, in September, 1874. The astronomical camps, as before, were con- sidered as fixed points ; the courses between them were kept by compass- readings, and the distance was obtained from a record of the time combined with estimates of the velocity of the current, based upon some rough meas- urements by floats. To adjust the compass-work to conform to the astro- nomical positions, the co-ordinates were first computed and summed alge- braically between camps. Let us suppose that the result is a 6 and h c, and that the astronomical co-ordinates are a B and B C ; each course is then corrected in azimuth by 368 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. the angle c a C, and multiplied by a "factor of distance" representing the ratio of a c to a C ; the co-ordinates are then recomputed, and their sum is found equal to a B and B C. The "factor of distance" varied from 0.85 at Fort Benton to 0.57 near Bismarck, showing that the velocity of the current was always overestimated, and more at the lower part of the stream than the iipper ; the mean was 0.66. Our estimated distance, from Fort Benton to Bismarck, was one thousand two hundi-ed and eighteen miles, agreeing closely with that of the steam- boat men; but the adjusted sm-vey reduces this to 805.4 miles. Tt is believed that this reconnaissance is more accurate than any other of its predecessors, particularly in the matter of longitudes I got good observations at fifteen of the seventeen intermediate camps, and had six chronometers to get the longitudes. The longitude of Fort Benton was fixed by an accurate reconnaissance from the Boundary-line. That of Bis- marck had been determined by telegraph From observations at these points I deduced the traveling-rates. The most important change from previous maps is in the longitude of the mouth of the Muscle Shell River, near which we camped. We move the mouth to longitude 107^ 53' 18" from 108° 08' 52", as given on the engineer map of the Department of Dakota. The information gained from these various reconnaissances, and those made by other parties of the survey, has been combined to make the reconnaissance maps. The land-office plats of the Canadian Dominion and the United States have been utilized to fill up the blanks near Red River and the headwaters of Sun River. Yoiir reconnaissances in 1869, in Dakota, have also been used. The rest of the map is our own. In the appendix is a summary of the astronomical work. Construction of ma])s. — In the field, the topogi'aphical note-books were forwarded to me by the assistants in charge of small parties. The lines were then platted on a scale of ^^^, iipon protractor sheets, and the topog- raphy filled up. It was not always possible to keep these field-plats up to the work in the field, but they were completed at once on retimiing to the office. After the stadia-notes had been reduced and adjusted, they were plotted by co-ordinates upon forty-five sheets of super-royal paper, REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 369 on a scale of 1 mile =z 1 inch, or ^g. The topograjihy was filled in by reducing from the field-plats. This formed the preliminary series of maps, and I'epresented a belt of country five miles in width, on the United States side of the line, and extending from Rainy River to the summit of the Rocky Mountains. Photolithographic copies of these were made as soon as they were finished, and these copies were furnished to the British Commission. They, in turn, furnished us with tracings of a similar set of maps, showing their surveys on the northern side of the Boundary. From these two sets of preliminary maps the final joint series has been con- structed, on a scale of 1 inch zr 2 miles, or x:;^, the reduction being made by squares. There are twenty-four sheets in this series. In both series the projection used was the polyconic. The forty-ninth parallel at Lake of the Woods being taken as the central parallel, each sheet was projected with reference to its own central meridian, and the pai'allel shown on the map was the parallel actually marked, including station-errors. The reconnaissance notes were reduced and adjusted in a similar man- ner, and then plotted on protractor sheets, on a scale of 1 inch ^z 4 miles, or '^duu- From these, a reduction was made by squares, to a scale of 1 incli z= 8 miles, or j^^. The projection was polyconic; the central parallel being 48° 15', and each sheet being projected with reference to its own central meridian; the borders being rectangular, the sheets join on the parallel of 47° 30', and overlap on the parallel of 49°. Each sheet is 20.54 by 15 inches. Six of these sheets show the general outlines of the topography from the Rocky Mountains to the Lake of the Woods, and between the parallels of 47° 30' and 49° 10'. The seventh sheet is a profile along the boundary. The data for this are the barometric heiglits at the United States astronomical stations, the trigonometric altitudes on the United States tangents, and accurate leveling for forty-five miles west of the Lake of the Woods. The horizontal scale of this sheet is 1 inch — 8 miles, to agree with the others, and the vertical scale 1 inch — 2,000 feet. N B 24 CHAPTER III. OPERATIONS DURING THE WINTER OF 1873-'74. The experience gained in carrying on a sm'vey in the depths of winter, in a locality where the temperature reached a point 50° below zero, was of such a novel character that I think a somewhat detailed account of it will not be out of place. As previously stated, on the conclusion of the summer's work at Fort Totten, you directed me, October 24, 1873, to proceed to Fort Pembina with my parties, and complete the geodetic and topographical woi'k between the Red River and the Lake of the Woods; and to adopt, without examin- ation, the intemaediate astronomical stations observed by the British parties during the preceding winter. These two stations were at West Roseau and Pine Ridge, about twenty and fifty-six miles respectively from Pembina; and, together with the joint stations at Pembina and Lake of the Woods, made four stations in eighty-nine miles. The British parties had also made topo- graphical surveys of the six-mile belt on their side of the line, had cut sight-lines for their tangents, and had marked the parallel for thirty-one miles from the Lake of the Woods. We left Fort Totten on the 25th and arrived at Fort Pembina on the 29th of October. The greater part of this journey was over an open prairie from which the grass had been burned, and was made in the face of a northerly snow-storm. As we were insufRcieutly clad, having only the ragged remains of the summer's outfit, we suffered considerably — more perhaps than during the rest of the winter. On arriving at Pembina I immediately began to reorganize the parties and provide their outfit for the winter. I hired enough additional men to carry the total strength up to forty-seven; of these, eight were teamsters 371 372 UNITED STATES IS'ORTQERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. and seven dog- drivers, the rest being divided into a tangent-party and two stadia-parties. The outfit to be provided included transportation, clothing, snow-shoes, forage, rations, tent-stoves, and iron tent-pins. It was also necessary to over- haul the tents, tools, and instruments, which had been in constant use tlii'ough- oiit the summer, and were all in need of repairs The best form of transportation w^as a subject upon which I asked the oi)inion of the settlers in the Red River Valley and the officers of the British Commission. I found that wliat was commonly used in freighting along the Red River country in winter, on hard roads, was either wagon-beds mounted on runners or single ox-sleds ; farther north, around Lake Winnipeg where there are no roads, dog-sleds are in univers;d use. Tlie English officers advised me strongly to procure dog-.sleds at once, gi\'ing it as tlieir opinion, based upon their experience of the jirevious wintei', that large animals could not make their way through the swamps. I thought it best, however, to give tlie mules a trial. I had four government wagons (six mules each), an ambulance (four mules), and three hired teams, two of which were drawn by two mules each, and the other by a pair of oxen. After some difficulty I succeeded in procuring about Pembina a sufficient number of second- hand sleigh-runners, known by the freighters as " Maineite bobs," for all the wagons. These wei'e re})aired and fitted witli new tongues for long teams, and they answered the jiurpose very well. On hard roads the wagons were loaded as high as six thousand pounds, and the mules found no trouble in drawing them. Even in soft snow there was no trouljle in hauling as much as could be loaded in the wagons, provided the animals could find a hard footing under the snow. In following the winding roads through the woods great care was required in diiving the long teams (six mides), and even this was iu)t always sufficient to keep clear of the trees. At the end of every ti'i}) one or more bobs would be broken ; fortunately there was plenty of oak and ash available for repairs, for during the winter the wood-work of every set of bobs had to be re})laced. The mules withstood the extreme cold ver\- well. Tliey were occasionally aUowed to run loose during the day, but at night were always tied up in the shelter of the lliickest brush at hand, but without any covering. Their forage aUownuce, as was to be expected, had REPORT OF THE GHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX P>. 373 to be largely increased. Of hay, each mule consumed about forty pounds per day as food and bedding, an ample supply having been cut and stacked for our use during the summer. There was no corn to be had in the country, and their grain was oats, wheat, and barley. Of this they consumed daily about twelve and one-quarter pounds each; an allowance gi'eater by one- third than the Aimy ration, and more than twice as large as we had been feeding during the summer. I could detect no sickness or signs of weak- ness among the mules, and at the close of the season they were in nearly as good condition as at the beginning. Their superiority over oxen was clearly proved, as I had an ox-team with Mr. Doolittle's party. Their greatest daily travel was eighteen miles, against forty-foiu- for the mules. At the close of the season they could only make eight miles a day, and were abandoned by their owner, whereas the mules carried us from Pem- bina to Georgetown, one hundred and forty miles, over a heavy road, in live days. With these heavy teams I was enabled to get all the supplies for the winter transported to a depot at Point d'Orme, on the Roseau River, thiit3^-three miles from Pembina. I also used them for camp transportation until we came to the edge of the Great Roseau Swamp, about midway be- tween Red River and the Lake of the Woods. I tried an empty sleigh on this swamp, and, in so doing, mired the mules to their bellies, and lamed one quite badly. To my great surprise it was found that the swamp was not frozen at all, in spite of the fact that we had already had the thermom- eter down to 35° below zero. The explanation of it was soon discovered. The swamp is covered with a tall and strong grass. Before the cold weather had come there had been a heavy fall of snow, which had bent down the tops of the grass, but not into the water; the swamp was then covered, as with a blanket, with a foot or more of snow, separated from the water by a stratum of air. It fonned a perfect protection for the water, whose tem- perature was slightly above the freezing-point. The swamp being thus impassable for the teams, I took them back to Point d'Orme, and thence followed up the Roseau River on the ice, which was about eighteen inches thick, to Roseau Lake, and thence up to the Pine Ridge Station. Biit as it was essential that the tangent should be earned across the swamp, it was necessary to provide some sort of transportation 374 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. for Mr. Wilson and a small party. To this end T had the carpenters make in camp three "tobogans" or flat trains, each to be driven by a single animal. These tobogans were made of two pine boards, fastened side by side with transverse cleats, and sprung vip in front by hot water. This made, in fact, a rude sledge, twelve by two feet. Its load was packed after the fashion of a dog-sled. Before taking an animal on the swamp it was neces- sary to prepare a road. To do this a party of men were sent ahead on snow- shoes, and by passing and repassing over the same ground the snow was packed and pressed into the water; it instantly froze, and in a few minutes was hard enough to hold several tons, and there was no danger of its thaw- ing for the next five months. Mr. Wilson crossed his outfit in this way, and as the route was much shorter than by the river, I had the road widened by the same process of packing, and it was used by the large teams to bring supplies up to Pine Ridge Station. It was not a very safe road, however, for the drifting snow soon filled it up to the level of the surrounding coun- try. It was not distinguishable by the eye, and had to be followed by feel- ing, the road being hard, and the rest very soft snow. If, by any careless- ness, a sleigh got a runner off the road and in the soft snow, the whole was instantly upset, and it required several hours to right it again. This mishap occurred two or three times. Beyond Pine Ridge the dense windfall along the line rendered the use of large sleighs quite impossible. By following the ice on the streams, however, I managed to carry forward enough supplies to form a depot on the main East Roseau River, about ten miles north of the line, and about thirty miles from the Lake of the Woods station. Beyond this depot dog-sleds were absolutely necessary, and I procured six of them from Pembina, at a cost of about $80 for each train complete, including dogs. The dog-sled used in the Saskatchewan and Hudson's Bay country, consists of a straight piece of hickor}-, or ash board, about half an incli thick, ten feet long and ten inches wide. The front end is bent up, in the form of a curl, l)y steam. Tliere are five transverse cleats which prevent the sled from splitting, and afford points to which are attaclied the loops of buffiilo thong used in lasliing. To pack the sled, a wrapper made of moose-skin is laid out flat across the sled and the load is placed on EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMEE, APPENDIX B. 375 it, as compactly as possible; tte wrapper is then folded over and the lash- rope is passed through the loops on either side in succession, from front to rear, and tightly fastened. The team generally consists of four, or some- times five dogs, which are driven tandem. The pure Esquimaux dog is the best. His fur resembles that of a grizzly bear in length and color, and he weighs from seventy to one hundred and twenty-five pounds, and is short and'' thick set. I had only three of these in the whole number, the rest being a motley collection of large curs of all kinds— the only requisite being strength. They averaged about eighty pounds in weight, were soon broken to harness, and worked very well. The most important dog in the team is, of course, the leader. If he is intelligent and willing, all goes well; if not, there is always trouble and often disaster. The harness con- sists of a light collar of moose-leather, padded with hair around a piece of one-fourth-inch iron, a pair of traces, and back and belly bands. Decora- tions in the shape of bells, fancily worked cloth covering the back, flags, (fee, are added, according to the taste and means of the owner. The drivers which I had were all half-breeds from Pembina. They were lazy and unrehable, and apparently very cruel to the dogs; but they got a great deal of work out of them, and were themselves capable of great endurance in running, and possessed of enormous gastronomic powers. The art of driving dogs consists in the adroit use of a whip, with a short stock, but stout lash about six feet long, and in an unbroken volley of oaths in bad French. When traveling on a well-beaten road, the leader keeps the road, and the driver follows at a half trot, in rear of the sled, cracking his whip and shouting to the dogs. Occasionally he thinks they are lagging, and he runs out, alongside the team, and gives each dog a sound welting and cursing, beginning with the leader; the howling of the dogs and the shout- ing of'' the di-iver makes a very lively scene, for the time, but everything soon quiets down again. The cruelty of the drivers is more apparent than real, for the dogs begin to howl as soon as they see the whip, and as their fur is nearly six inches long, it takes a good stroke to make any impression. Occasionally, however, their cruelty is outrageous, and they beat their dogs for several minutes in succession. I saw one driver— not in my employ- cut off a dog's ear with his whip, and as several of the dogs were minus an 376 UNITED STATES NORTHERX BOUNDARY COMMISSION. ear when they came to me, I suppose the practice is not uncommon. Some, also, had lost the sight of one eye, Avhich was said to be due to the same cause. On good roads such as ice, hard crust, or well-packed snow, the doo-s Avill travel alonij at about four miles an hour for ten or twelve hours without showing fatigue, and carry a load of about four hundred pounds per sled. In soft snow where there is no road the difficulties of this mode of travel are alternately ludicrous and vexatious beyond all patience. Every one has then to put on snow-shoes, and one man goes ahead to break the road: the dogs tug along after him for a few hundred j-ards when the sled Is brought to a stand-still by some twig which has caught fast in the lash- ing; the dogs lie down to rest with perfect unconcern, and the driver has to maneuver round the sled (no easy matter with snow-shoes) and disengage the lashing, give the sled a stai-t and a few cuts to the dogs. After a few of these mishaps the lashing becomes loose and the pack begins to oscillate; if passing over windfall (sometimes as high as the shoulder) one dog slips between two logs, the sled oscillates for a second on top of a log, and then falls bottom side up, and to crown all, the driver slips astride of a log, and tripping on his snow-shoe, is precipitated, head first, into the snow. Then it is necessary for the whole train to stop, first extricate the driver, then right the sled, take off the load and entirely repack it — an operation requiring a half hour, at the least. On such roads the speed is reduced to about two miles an hour, and the load to about two hundred pounds. The dogs require but little care. Arrived in camp, the}^ are unharnessed and chained to the nearest bush ; here they curl up and burrow in the snow, and sleep com- fortably until required for work again. Often, in the morning, after a heavy fall of snow, nothing is visible but their noses. Their food is a pound of pemmicau per day. This is chopped off with a hatchet, and thrown to them in one lump about siuidown, or at the close of the journey. If pem- mlcan cannot be had, they are fed on fish (about three pounds), or meat, or, in fact, anything available. They are great thieves, and should never be allowed to run loose about camp. Occasionally one will manage to slip his collar, and make way with ten pounds of meat during the night. They are never fed before starting on a journey, as it makes them lazy. They eat snow for water, and on the regular daily meal of a pound of jjemmican REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEK, APPENDIX B. 377 keep in good condition. Those tnat I had gained abont ten per cent, in weig'ht duvins: the Avinter. On account of the extremely cokl weather the men were all supplied with a suit of outside clothing, at a cost of $24 each. It consisted of — Head-gear — a close-fitting skull-cap, made of two thicknesses of blanket, and lined with flannel. Sewed to tliis was a havelock, also of blanket, reach- ing to the shoulders, and fastening under the nose. This left only the eyes and nose exposed. In addition to this the men generally wrapped around the face and ears a heavy scarf of some kind, as it was found that in a wind, on the open swamps, the ears were frozen through the blanket-cap. Sack-coat — of buffalo-leather, made loose, and fastened around the waist by a scarf Trowsers — of buffalo-leather, made "barn-door fashion" to keep out the wind. The coat and trowsers for myself and assistants were made of moose-leather, which is closer and keeps out the wind better. Its cost is about double that of buffalo-leather. • Mittens — of moose-leathei', lined with blanket, with gauntlets reaching to the elbow. Those were made large so that a pair of gloves might be worn inside of thom, but this was not found desirable. The mittens were svispended from the neck by a string. Foot-covering — early in the season, while the snow was wet, I tried the Fort Garry " beef-jiacks," but when the thermometer began to get down in the twenties below zero, these were useless, as the leather froze as stiff" as iron. I then procured moccasins for the whole party. They were made after the Sioux pattern, and several sizes too large. The ordinary covering for the foot, throughout the rest of the winter, consisted of one or two pairs of woolen socks, then a pair of " neeps " (slippers made of blanket), then a square piece of blanket wrapped several times around the foot from heel to toe; finally the moccasin was put on, more to keep the blanket and slip- per in place than for any other purpose. This method of covering proved to be a perfect protection to the foot, provided care was taken to always have a dry pair of moccasins and stockings on hand. The feet often got wet in moving about a fire, and to start out on a journey with wet stockings was to insure the freezing of the feet. 378 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. The trowsers were always tied tiglitly around the ankle to keep out the snow, and, in addition, we sometimes wore leggins made of moose- leather or of blanket — the latter being preferable, as the snow did not soak into it as into leather. The leather clothing was worn over a suit of woolen clothes and two or three suits of woolen underclothes. In the woods where the wind could have no force, it formed a perfect protection, and the men worked cheer- fully and lustily in temperatures of 20° and 25° below zero. But on the open swamp, a temperature of —5° accompanied by a wind was sufficient to put a stop to all stationary work, such as mounding, &c. The building of the mounds across the Great Roseau Swamp occupied about ten days, whereas there was not more than three days' real work in it ; but the men could not ^vork more than an hour or two at a time, and on some days could not work at all. We traveled across open places, however, in all sorts of weather, but it Avas accompanied with considerable suffering, with frozen ears, noses, and fingers, with icicles hanging from the beard, and the eyelashes closed from time to time with ice. Our snow-shoes were kindly procured for us, from Montreal, by the British Commissioner. They were well made, but rather small and light for our work among brush and windfall. They generally broke at the point where the sides meet, near the rear end, and at tlie close of the season not one in fifteen pairs was fit for use. They measured forty inches in length, and sixteen inches in width at the widest part, and weighed one and one-half pounds each. Those made and used by the Indians about the Lake of the AVoods measured sixty to seventy inches in length, fifteen inches in width, and weighed three and three-quarter pounds. The sticks of which they are made are an inch in cross-section, and will easily bear the weight of a man without breaking when caught on a stump. In regard to supplies of rations and forage, I had expected to pin-chase them from the commissary and quartermaster at Fort Pembina, but ho could only spare me ten thousand pounds of grain, and no rations. It therefore was necessary to procure everything from the Hudson's Bay and other stores about Pembina. Tlie supplies were of excellent quality, but tlio rations cost If) per cent, and the foratre HO per cent, more tlian the govern- REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 379 ment price. The camp-equipage was thoroughly overhauled and repaired as soon as we arrived at Pembina. For heating the tents I had with me six Sibley stoves. In addition to these I had the blacksmith make eight box- stoves of hght sheet-iron, 14 X 10 X 12 inches, and the necessary pipe. This gave one stove to nearly every tent, and some of the men's tents were joined together, end to end, so as to make one stove heat both. These box- stoves, although more difficult to transport, were in every other way supe- rior to the Sibley. Water and dishes could be heated on them, which was a veiy important consideration when everything metallic was so cold in the morning that it could not be held with the naked hand. Moreover, we were often dependent on snow for water, and required some place to melt it, and, worst of all, we sometimes encamped on a frozen swamp where the fire in a Sibley stove would melt the ice, which, in turn, would extinguish the fire. Great care was required in guarding against fire with so many stoves. In spite of our caution, during the winter two tents were entirely destroyed, with a considerable amount of clothing and bedding, and every tent we had was more or less punctured with spark-holes. Wooden tent-pins were useless in the hard-frozen ground. The iron pins were very good, but many of them were lost in the snow, the men being rather careless about them, since we always camped in thickets where the ropes could be secured to a bush or tree. The tents, thus arranged, and banked with three feet of snow on the outside, were very comfortable — that is, the temperature, during the day, was 35° or 40° against —20° outside, and this, with our thick clothing, Avas sufficient. I do not remember hearing a single complaint all winter of loss of sleep from cold, even when the nights were as cold as 45° below zero. With the large Hudson Bay blankets the men used to make a bed stretching across the tent, about eight thicknesses of blanket under them, and four thicknesses of blanket and a bufialo-robe over them, the whole well tucked in on the sides and ends. In this four men slept. Myself and assistants slept separately, and each had a bag of buffiilo-leather, eight feet long, and about the same in circumference. This was surrounded, above and below, b}^ several thicknesses of blanket, and the whole was strapped up ill the canvass bed-cover. On first getting into it it was very cokl, and 380 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. it required lialf an hour for the heat of the body to warm it. After that we slept without interruption till da3dig'ht. » "While the preparations for the winter were being made at Pembina the parties were not idle. Tlie third day after our arrival enough leather suits were finished to clothe Mr. Doolittle's party, and a few nights before the thermometer had suddenly gone several degrees below zero, freezing the river to a depth of more than a foot, and rendering a crossing very simple; consequently I started him out, November 4, to begin topographical work at the twelve-mile ridge. From there he worked on to the east, and arrived at the Roseau River, where I visited him on the I'.'id, and directed him to survey the course of that river on the ice, and close his line on tlie Pine Rido-e Station. We all met there on the 16th December. About the 5th November I moved the other parties from Fort Pembina to the east bank of the Red River, near the Hudson's Bay post; here I ob- served for azimuth, and began to trace the tangent eastward, and Mr. Wil- son and Mr. Downing made topographical surveys in tlie neighborhood. At the same time I sent out about twenty thousand pounds of supplies to form a depot near Point d'Orme, on the Roseau River. About the 20th November I finished the first tangent, and moved the parties to Lieutenant Galwey's Station at Roseau Ridge. Tlie thermometer had already been down in the minus twenties, and the winter was fairly begun. Nearly everything in the commissariat line was frozen liard. The beef had to be sawed off in slabs like limestone; vinegar, if left in an open vessel, had to be chopped out with a hatchet ; several novices attempted to drink out of metallic cups without first warming them in water, and, as a result, left the skin of their lips on the cups ; the dark mules were white and glistening with frost in the morning; and various other novel and amusing effects of a minimum temperature were witnessed. At this station I observed for azimuth on three nights when the thermometer was 20° or more below zero. In antici- pation of tlie cohesion of the ])arts from the congealing of the oil, I had previously taken each instrument apart and carefully wiped off every par- ticle of lubricant Avith warm cotton in a hot room. I have since been told that black lead makes an excellent lubricant in extremely cold weather, but I did not know of this at the time, and it was hoped that, with perfectly o < REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX P.. ;]81 clean surfaces, tlie plates would not adhere to each other. The first night's work was very unsatisfactory. Out of six sets of observations three had to be rejected, and the remaining tlu'ee had a range of over 1'. In those re- jected the readings of the arc, for lamp east and lamp west, differed by several degrees from each other; this showed — as the lower clamp was fast and the upper one perfectly loose — that, in turning the instrument 180° in azimuth, the plates had held fast together while the spindles had moved one within the other. Besides this, it was found, on examining the clamp and tangent-motion, that when the tangent-screw was turned away from the spring, the latter did not follow the screw, the spindles being so frozen to- gether that the spring was not sufficient to move them. After fixing the cross-hairs upon any object, as a slow-moving star, the tangent-screw could be moved away from the spring until nearly out of its socket, and still the cross-hair would be on the star, when, suddenlj^, with a jump, the star would leave the field altogether. The weakness of this spring was jjartially rem- edied by strengthening it with rubber bands, but the adhesion of the spin- dles could not be prevented. The only method to pursue was to place the azimuth mark as nearly as possible in the meridian so that the instrument would have to be turned only slightly in azimuth during the observations ; then make a set of observations with lamp east — make a fresh setting — and observe with lamp west. The meridian mark and tangent had then to be connected by a long series of repetitions, which gave very discoui-aging results, the only re- source being to take a great number of readings, and reject all which differed very largely from the mean. The usual number of sets of observations for azimuth, in the summer, was four, and the range of them averaged 34" in 1873, and 22" in 1874. Diu'ing the winter it was found necessary to take from eight to fifteen sets, to get even a tolerable result, and the average range was 1' 53". These poor results were all the more discouraging from the fact that they involved so much labor, and such great personal discomfort. If a tangent screw Avas touched with the bare fingers the instantaneous result was a "burn," and not a temporaiy sensation, but one like that from a hot iron, lasting several minutes. If the fingers were wet the metal clung to them so tightly that 382 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. it could only be removed with the skin. The lamp.s burned about fifteen minutes before the oil congealed and extinguished them, hence it was neces- sary to have duplicate sets at the mark and about the instrument, one set being constantly by the fire. For the comfort of the recorder, and as a refuge for the observer, it was found necessary to pitch a tent within a few feet of the instrument, and to keep a bright fire in it. If the wind blew the smoke in the direction of the instrument the observations had to cease, for the fire was essential to thaw out the lamps, keep the observer's fingers flexible, and occasionally unfasten his eyelashes stuck together with frost. The pain in the eyes, from the proximity of the cold eye-piece, was at times very severe, and occasionally brought tears, which congealed in little icicles depending from the eyelashes, and gave the face a comical look, somewhat like that in the children's pictures of Jack Frost. The chronometers were packed in straw to protect them as much as possible from sudden changes of temperatures. As the winter went on the oil gradually thickened and the rates changed from about —2' to about — 10', but on the whole they did good service, the change being gradual. After returning to the East I took them to the makers, Messrs. Negus & Co., of New York, who said that these sudden changes (say from — 35° outside to -f 40° inside a tent) had injured the metal of some of the more delicate parts so much that they had to be replaced. The topographical parties had less trouble with their instruments, as their work was done in the day-time, when the thermometer was from 20° to 30° higher than during the night. The accuracy of their work (1 in 300) was nearly orpial to that of the summer. Our experience, then, proves that fair topographical work can be done in a semi-arctic climate, and that astronomical work of a certain sort can also be done, but that refinements are out of the question. While at Roseau Ridge I carried the tangent eastward thirteen miles, to Point d'Orme, on the Roseau River, Messrs. Wilson and Downing completing the topography, and keeping the field-plots up with the surveys. On the 27th of November we moved over to Point d'Orme, and I left Mr. Wilson here to make the neces- sary azimuth observations and to carry the tangent on to the next junction, at the foiiy-mile ])oint, while I returned to Pembina to complete the pur- REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 383 chase of supplies for the winter. I returned to camp on the 7th December, and we immediately moved on to the forty-mile point, and made a snug camp in a thick grove of spruces. Here the necessary azimuth observa- tions and horizontal angles were 'taken, and then Mr. Wilson was left, as previously described, with a small party and two " tobogans," to carry the tangent across the Great Roseau Swamp, while I took the other parties and sleigh-train around the swamp by the ice of Roseau River, and reached Pine Ridge Station December 15. All the parties came together at this point the next day. Mr. Doolittle was then provided with fresh supplies and some "tobogans,'" and directed to follow the ice on the branches of East Roseau River, and survey their courses until he came to the crossing of the boundary, when I woiild furnish him with dogs, and he could com- plete the topography to the Lake of the Woods, and survey its shore-line to Rainy River. As the British Commission had marked the boundary-line between Pine Ridge and the Lake of the Woods, it was unnecessary for me to retrace their tangents. It only remained to examine their azimuths at one or two points. Consequently, I left the greater number of the men, ani- mals, and heavy sleighs with Mr. Wilson, at Pine Ridge, and directed him to complete the topographical work in that neighborhood, and then begin building the mounds westward. Mr. Downing remained at the same point, to finish the field-plats. The dog-trains arrived, about this time, from Pem- bina, and I loaded them and a few tobogans with enough supplies to last a month for the few men I took with me, and for Mr. Doolittle's party. With these I went eastward, about twenty-five miles, and found a good location for a small depot on the East Roseau River, about twenty miles from the Lake of the Woods, and accessible for heavy teams from Pine Ridge by the ice of the stream. I then traveled up a branch of this river to the boundary-line, where, at East Roseau azimuth station, the two parts of the British tangent joined. Here I was delayed, by stormy weather, from December 23 to 30, during which I got azimuths on two nights which were partly clear. A more dismal holiday-week I have never passed. There were six of us in all, but I had no assistant for company. Our camp, of two little tents, was pitched in an opening of windfall, close to the post 384 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. marking the junction of the tangents. Under the intricate lacing of fallen logs, and the three feet of snow in which they were imbedded, was a frozen swamp. My own tent-floor was composed of ice, and in order that the stove might not melt through this and disappear, it was supported on a scafFoldinff of loo's run out under the tent. In the moniiner the tent-floor was hard, but, during the day, the heat'of the stove melted a pool under it, with a radius of about two feet, but there was never sufiicient heat to soften the ice in the opposite corner, where my bedding lay. It snowed fiercely during the greater part of the week, and our efforts at cooking (the regular cook being left behind), over an open fire, were not the most successful. The appearance of the camp, with a smoldering fire, the dogs curled up in the snow, and the whole shut in by cold-looking jiines, was lonely and desolate in the extreme; and to add to its weirdness, at intervals a wolf would approach camp and utter a low moan, which would be taken up by all the dogs. Beginning gently with a soft sigh, it swelled with a full cres- cendo, in which every cur joined, and then gradually subsided, only to begin again. Finally, some driver's impatience would overcome his antip- athy to leaving his warm bed, and he would get up, whip in hand, and go through the pack. Then the would-be musical howl would change into the sharp "ki-yis" of pain and fear, supplemented by a choice selection of French imprecations, in which all the other drivers joined from their tent. Then we would have quiet, but only for a few hours. I finally obtained enough azimuth observations to satisfy myself that the English tangent was cor- rect, within the uncertainty of my observations, and then packed up to move over to the Lake of the Woods. The breast-high windfall in the intervening space being absolutely impassable for large animals, I had given Mr. Doolittle four dog-sleds, keeping two for myself; so that I had to reduce my party to myself and two others, McKenney, a Scotch dog- driver, and King, an observatory attendant. Even then, I had to borrow some of Mr. Doolittle's sleds when I reached his camp, for I had been five hours in making four miles The loads were top-heavy and upset every hundred yards. With the exti-a sleds we still made slow progress, and, at tlie close of the short day, had only traveled twelve miles. We stopped for supper, and then pushed on along the British cutting, on a cold but beau- REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 385 tifull J clear and moonlit night. "We reached the Lake of the Woods Station a little before midnight. We had been sixteen hours in passing over seven- teen miles, and were rather disgusted with snow-shoes and dog-sleds, but we were satisfied that no other animal but a dog could have drawn a load through the thickets, windfall, and swamps over which we had passed. The next night, December 31, was clear, and I got good azimuth observations, and, on the 1st of January, I stai'ted out to cross the Lake of the Woods to Rain}^ River. ]\IcKenney and King were with me, and we had only the instruments, tent, blankets, and enough provisions for two weeks. The surface of the lake was in fine condition for traveling-. A frozen crust of snow, a few inches thick, covered the ice, and gave a good footing, and left no necessity for snow-shoes. The thermometer was a few degrees above zero. The sun was shining brightly near the horizon, and the air was quiet and very bracing. We went along, at a jog-trot, behind the dogs, in high spirits — a marked contrast to our return. We ariived at the mouth of Rainy River early on the second day, and pitched our tent on the nari'ow point of land between the river and the lake. The object of coming to Rainy River — which is several miles south of the forty-ninth parallel — was to get an accurate survey of all that portion of the lake within our territory. The British had carefully surveyed the shore line from the Northwest Point to the forty-ninth Parallel; Mr. Doo- little carried on the survey from the forty-ninth Parallel to Rainy River, and, at the latter point, I checked his work by a careful series of sextant latitudes and by azimuth observations. I remained there ten days. The Indians did not receive me very cordially, and there were several pow-wows and a good deal of "bluff" and threats on either side. They did not suc- ceed, however, either in inducing me to go away, nor in getting any rations (I had barely enough for myself), nor did they molest me. One Indian, indeed, was good enough to invite me to go with him on a moose-hunt, and I had the satisfaction of living on tea and bad bread for four days, and of trudging after him tln-ough the snow all day long for the same period. We were much exhilarated by the sight of several warm elk-trails, but we saw no game. I had finished my observations, and was only waiting for a storm to N B 25 386 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. clear up before I ventured on the open lake to return westward, when, on the night of January 11, about one o'clock, I was awakened by a scuffling of the other men, and beheld our only tent in flames over my head. All our eiforts to extinguish it were unavailing, and we were glad to save our bedding and clothes from more than partial destruction, and to have pulled three pound-cans of powder from the edge of a burning mass of leg- gins. The bright fire lit up the woods and made the dogs blink in an in- quiring manner, and revealed the spirit-thermometer fixed to a neighboring ti-ee. It stood at 18° below zero, and plainly told us that, storm or no storm, we could not remain where we were. So we heaped up a big blaze, and while one man repaired the scorched dog-harness the others pi'epared a breakfast of indigestible " flippers," strong tea, and rich, fat pork. "We dis- patched this, packed up our remaining traps, and with light loads, at four in the morning, started out in the black darkness of the cloudy night. With this accident to our tent began a week of misfortunes. The day broke about seven in the morning (we had been traveling by compass), and revealed dark, threatening clouds, and an indistinct line of shore a mile to our left, showing that we were not much out of our course. It was still very cold, but as yet only a few flakes of snow were flying in our faces. One of the lead-dogs had a swelling on his shoulder, which pained him a good deal, and caused him to keep circling off out of the course. We put the other sled in front, when its leader slipped his collar and broke loose. He kept along with us, but about a hundred yards to one side, and eluded all our efforts to catch him for more than an hour. We kept on our course, however, only deviating from it to cross the large cracks and piled- up snow, which in the dim light we approached in bad places, and, about ten o'clock, passed Mr. Doolittle's party moving south. It was now snow- ing quite fost, with a good breeze against us, and still very cold. About noon we reached a point of land where our course turned to the west, and here we found a tent and one of Mr. Doolittle's men. We had run twenty- five miles, and now took a good rest, and ate an enormous lunch of strong tea and pork. Meanwhile the stonn had increased, and was blowing a fierce gale fi'om the north, with such masses of snow that it was impossible to see clearly for a hundred yards. At two o'clock I wanted to start out to reach EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER, APPENDIX B. 387 the Astronomical Station, about fifteen miles distant, but I found great diffi- culty in inducing the driver, McKenney, to venture out in the storm. We finally started, however, and in a few minutes were out of sight of every thing but blinding masses of snow. We kept our course by compass, and relieved each other in taking the lead, as it was found that, after half an hour's peering into the whirling whiteness, it was impossible for one to keep a straight course. Just at dark (about half past four o'clock) we came in sight of a dark point of timber, and were sheltered from the storm. We felt our way along the shore until about seven o'clock, when I thought I recognized the appearance of a point of land near the station. After sev- eral minutes of yelling we brought forth a response from a man named Macey, whom I had left there with one tent. We got to bed about ten o'clock, thoroughly exhausted with forty miles of travel, and twenty-one hours without sleep We were up the next morning at five, and soon ready to continue our journey. McKenney told me he knew a much better trail to return by than the horrible windfall along the boundary cutting, and, as he said it was not much longer, I determined to follow it. We went south across a bay of the lake, for about eight miles, to an In- dian village at the mouth of War Road River. Here we turned westward, thi'ough the woods and across open " muskeages," and kept traveling until nearly dark, when we stopped to rest. McKenney assured me now that it was only about eight miles to the depot on East Roseau River, and which I knew was on the trail. As I was anxious to get on as fast as possible, and had only enough provisions to make two half meals, I decided not to camp, but to consume all our provisions in a hearty supjoer, and then travel on during the night. If it was only eight miles we could surely make it be- fore midnight, for the storm had broken and left a clear sky. By eight o'clock we had finished our supper, put on dry socks and moccasins, packed up, and started. Midnight did not find us safely at the depot, but only three or four miles from our resting-place. The sky had clouded again; we had lost the road, and had broken through some shell-ice in a little brook of whose existence McKenney did not know. One man had floundered in up to his shoulders, and the water had permeated through his socks and "neeps" to his foot. The rest of us had gotten out so quickly that only 388 UNITED STATES NOKTUERISr BOUNDARY COMMISSION. our leggins were wet ; but as the temperature was somewhere about 20° below, our legs were instantly incased in a garment of ice which rendered locomotion impossible, and the dog-sleds had added about two hundred pounds to their loads in the shape of ice. The dogs lay down with perfect unconcern, glad of a rest, and we cut sticks and began a vigorous beating, first of our leggins and then of the sleds, to detach the ice. We got our legs pretty well limbered, but could not clear the sleds, which were so heavy and so rough on the bottom that we had to abandon about half the loads — everything in fact but our blankets, instruments, and records. Then we went on again, McKenney and King with one sled, in front, and Macey and myself with the other. McKenney was a better driver than myself, and got more work out of his jaded dogs, and so was soon out of sight. We followed on the trail, however, occasionally losing it in the darkness, until, about ten o'clock, I discovered a fire ahead of us on the trail, and coming up found that King's foot was very badly frozen, and he was in great pain. We thawed his foot with snow, and bound it in pieces of dr}^ blanket, and then I particularly warned McKenney not to get out of hear- ing of us, as the trail was very blind. A few minutes after we had started, however, I broke the cord of my snow-shoe, and had to stop to repair it. We saw no more of McKenney, our guide, till noon the next day. Macey and I were now on an open muskeage, where we had never been before, and as we had nothing to eat, and had abandoned our stoves, there was no use of camping, so we kept on. Presently the lead-dog turned sharp to the riffht and got the sled stuck in a soft snow-bank. We tried to move it along, but could get no work out of the dogs, and so threw off all the load except t]ie records and chronometers. With an empty sled we managed to make the dogs move on slowly, in a westward direction, while we took turns in feeling with our hands for the hard snow of the "road." But we could not find it, and could not retrace our steps, for our tracks were almost instantly covered up by the drifting snow. In a few minutes the dogs stopped short, and each scratched a little hole in the snow and lay down as if he intended to stay. We were so e.xhausted that we could hardly use the whip, but we plied it to the utmost of our strength, and accompanied with shouts, to urge them on. The only rcsidt was a low moan as eacli dog curled closer and EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTKONOMER, APPENDIX B. 389 buried himself deeper in the snow. They were utterly exhausted. Then we yelled in hopes of finding McKenney, but without success. The only thing left for Macey and myself was to get ourselves out of the scrape as best we could. By the aid of some matches I wound the chronometers (2.15 a. m.), and covered them and the records with the sleigh-wrapper. Then twisting the whip in the lead-dog's collar, to suggest what was in store for him when he woke up, we bade them good-bye, and started out to the westward, across the muskeage. I had a good compass with me, and the moving clouds occasionally revealed the stars, so that there was no difficulty in keeping our course. I knew, also, that the supply-depot was on a river flowing north, and not more than fifteen miles ofi' at the utmost, and that there was a sleigh-trail to the depot, but not beyond it, so that if we reached the river I would know which way to turn. Hence there was no fear of being lost, but what I did seriously fear was that before we could reach the river we should succumb to sleep and that ten-ible languor which is the premonition of freezing, and which we already felt. During the last forty-eight hours we had run between sixty and seventy miles, and for twenty hom's we had had but one meal. The longing for sleej^ was so great that whenever I stopped to rest for an instant, I lost conscious- ness, and was awakened by the thud of having fallen into the snow. I was strongly possessed with the temptation to quietly lie there, it was so com- fortable. But I had just enough sense left to know that if I did lie there it would be three or four days before I would be found, for the wind cov- ered up our tracks at once; and in three days I would, undoubtedly, be frozen to death. So we tnidged on through the snow, knee-deep, on our broken snow-shoes, tripping, and falling, and making perhaps a mile an hour, through the long hours of the night, into the dim day-break and the early hours of the morning. Still going west, we had crossed the muskeage and come into some timber, but, as yet, had found no tracks, although I knew we must be nearing the stream. Finally, near noon, we came to a small stream, and there, nearly covered by fresh snow, but still unmistak- able, were snow- shoe tracks. Macey and I leaned up against a tree, and getting a good ready we yelled — all the breath there was in us. No answer. We rested awhile and tried it affain, and still no answer! The tracks led 390 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. to the northwest, and as they would not take us much out of our course, we followed them. In about half an hour we came upon a track, not three hours old (for the snow had fallen then), and crossing the other at right angles. We sat down on the bank, and gathered breath, and yelled again. We almost jumped as an instantaneous reply came, seemingly not one hundred feet off. It was, in fact, not very much farther, and, moving in its direction, we soon beheld the river, the depot, and two men quietly unloading some hay. Our first question, somewhat enraged, was, "How long has McKenney been here?" McKenney ? They did not know any- thing about McKenney — "had not seen him for a month." So it seemed that he had been lost as well as om-selves. I immediately started a man out with a sled to find them, and to pick up my dogs and various articles which had been abandoned, and then we ate a mighty breakfast, after our thirty-hours' tramp. We were just finishing when we heard the jingle of bells and the "marche! marehe!" of a driver, and McKenney appeared with his sled, and King riding on it. It seems that when he discovered that he had left us behind, he waited awhile, and shouted to attract atten- tion. Failing in this he started to go on for a distance, but his dogs refused to move. King's foot now began to pain him so much that he could not walk. In this dilemma there was nothing to do but burrow in the snow, and wait till the dogs were enough rested to go on. So McKenney had nnhitched his dogs and dragged his sled to the nearest point of timber. It was at this place that my leader had turned off and we had lost the trail, for McKenney found my dogs there in the morning. Once in the woods they shoveled out the snow and got the materials for a fire, but discovered, to their dismay, that all the matches had been in King's pocket, and had been wet in his bath. There was a strong probability of freezing if they could not get a fire, so they searched every particle of their bedding and clothes for a stray match. At last, in the comer of the inside pocket of McKenney's overcoat, they did find an old stump, about half an inch long, but with the "sulphur end". They took great precautions against its going out, and collected enough dry shavings for a first-class attempt at arson. Their efforts were successful, and with the fire once going they were all right. They slept till morning and then came on. As soon as they had EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTKONOMEll, APPENDIX B. 391 arrived I turned in and slept for eighteen hours. During this time my dogs had been brought in, very hungry, but looking as bright and cheerful as possible, except the leader, whose shoulder was fearfully swollen. I had to leave him behind; but, with the others and an empty sled, I started out the next day, January 15, for Pine Ridge, and made the journey of twenty- five miles in six hours. There I found Mr. Downing with the field-plots well advanced, and the next day I rode along in a " carriole" (light sleigh for one horse) to where Mr. Wilson was at work on the mounds across the Great Roseau Swamp. I then sent a telegram to you asking for instructions about cutting the parallel, and received answer to ckar it a width of ten feet, from the end of the British cutting, near Pine Ridge, to Red River. This was intrusted to Mr. Wilson. He also built the mounds along this interval. Leaving Mr. Wilson engaged upon this work, I sent word to the East Roseau depot to cache enough supplies for Mr. Doolittle and bring the rest to Pine Ridge, where I collected the sleighs, and moved them to Point d'Orme, January 20. I remained here a week waiting for the other parties and completing my computations. During this week we had the coldest weather of the winter. On every night the thermometer went down to 40° below zero or lower, and during the day it seldom reached as high as 15° below. One night, just before going to bed, I looked at the two spirit-ther- mometers fastened to a tree, and they read 46° and 47° below. In the morning they recorded the astounding temperature of 60° and 51° below zero. Every one had slept soundly, however, inside of skin and blanket bags. The parties all anived at Point d'Orme on the 26th of January, and I sent Mr. Doolittle on to resurvey the Red River, on the ice, and left Mr. Wilson to finish his cutting and mounds. Taking my dogs and an empty sled, I drove in to Fort Pembina, forty miles, in the nine hours of sun- light, on January 27, and began to settle up accounts and get ready to turn toward the States. On the 6th of February Mr. Wilson's party arrived at Pembina, and the winter's work was over. I had previously turned over the dogs and sleds to the British Commission to be sold or disposed of in any way they could, and on the evening of the 6th discharged about half the men. The 392 UNITED STxVTES NOHXnEKN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. next morning, with the bahmce of the men and the six heavy sleighs, I started south for the raih-oads of Minnesota. We made the journey to Fort Abercromhie, one hundred and eighty miles, in five and a half days, dui-ing which we suffered greatly on the open prairie from the cold and the driving- snow. At Fort Abercromhie I sent the train of sleighs, under Wagon- master Estes, across country to Saint Cloud to report there to Lieutenant Ladley. With the rest of the men I took the cars at Breckinridge for Saint Paul, where we arrived February 1 6. The parties were disbanded and paid off the same day. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTRY. The flat, treeless valley of the Red River extends on the east for twelve miles; here a gentle ridge is encountered about thirty feet high and run- ning in a northwest and southeast du'ection. For the next twenty miles to the Roseau River the country is slightly broken. The knolls are covered with small jjoplars, and the intervening hollows are marshy and full of large granite bowlders. Beyond the Roseau River the country entirely changes. The woods are dense — at first of oak, elm, and ash, gi'adually giving place to spruce and pine and then to tamarack. The last forty-five miles to the Lake of the Woods may be characterized as one vast tamarack swamp, with large openings of "muskeage." This is not only true along the Forty-ninth Parallel, but wherever I penetrated back from the shore of the Lake of the Woods the same character of country was found. Some of the Norway pine grows to a large size — three feet and more in diameter — but nearly all of it has been taken out by lumbermen and rafted down to Fort Garry, so that now there is no considerable amount of valuable timber along the line. Except the Red River Valley, the whole country is at present not only worthless for agricultural purposes, but is quite impassable in summer, even to Indians, except along the streams, in canoes. All of these swamps, west of about ten miles from the Lake of the Woods, are partially drained into the Red River by the Roseau River system. This river rises in two bi'anches — one north and the other south of the line, which, united, are known as the East Roseau River, and flows into a small lake of the sazne name, which also recei\es a small affluent from the north, known as Pine River. This lake discharges into the Roseau River, which flows south of, REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 393 and really parallel to, the boundary for about thirty miles, crossing it at Point d'Orme, and continues, in a northwesterly course, till it meets the Red River, about twelve miles north of the line. This Roseau River is about two hundred feet broad throughout its length, and has a rapid cur- rent of about three miles. The depth was about ten feet wherever we sounded it. It would be navigable for small boats but for the pi-esence of of a few rapids. The princii^al one of these I did not visit. It is about twenty-five miles below Point d'Orme, and from the description of the half-breeds is quite violent, and must have a fall of fully twenty feet in a quarter of a mile. Logs cannot be rafted over it later than the 1st of May. If land ever becomes so valuable in this region that it is desirable to drain this country, it could be done by cutting through these rapids. The bed of the river is, generally, a soft clay, through which the stream would lower its bed, and thus drain the swamps. At present the large swamps are on a level with, or a little lower than, the water of the stream, from which they are separated only by a natural dike of clay and grass, a few feet in height. The Lake of the Woods contains an area of between six hundred and seven hundred miles. It is very irregular in shape, and its eastern shore has never been carefully surveyed. There are a large number of islands dotting its surface. Some soundings were, I believe, taken by the English parties, and the greatest depth obtained was eighteen feet. As the surround- ing country is very low and flat, it is possible that it has no great depth, but we have n© -positive knowledge of this. As the ice was from two to three feet thick, I had no opportunity to make soundings. Various small streams drain into it from the surrounding swamps, but the principal aiflu- ent is the Rainy River, which empties at its most southern point. This stream comes from Rainy Lake, is about sixty miles long, and a quarter of a mile bi'oad at its mouth. It forms part of the international boundary. The Lake of the Woods discharges, by Winnipeg River, into Winni- peg Lake, and forms part of the great northern chain of lakes, whose waters eventually reach Hudson's Bay. The Indians residing in this neighborhood are small tribes of the for- merly great Ojibway nation There are about twenty families around Lake 394 UNITED STATES NORTUERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Roseau, as many more at the mouth of War Road River, and about fifty families at the mouth of Rainy River. Several families also pass the winter on the islands in the lake. They are generally peaceable, but extremely indolent. Those about Rainy River live on lands which have never been ceded, and they ai-e the only ones that show any spirit. They have several log houses, and make feeble attempts at agriculture, but many of them live in birch "tepees," and their principal sustenance is fish. Several vaiieties of whitefish, pike, and pickerel are caught, through the ice, by the squaws in winter. The men occasionally hunt the moose, elk, deer, and feathered game, using the Hudson's Bay shot-guns, with an ounce-ball, or with shot. They also do a good deal of trapping; beaver, marten, mink, otter, and fisher being quite plentiful. Those who survive the age of ten years seem to be a healthy race of people, but many children perish from lung diseases and exposiue to the cold. The winter climate of this couutiy is exceedingly severe; the thermometer going below 40° every year. And in spite of the fact that the maximum is, every year, nearly 100°, the annual mean is lower than at any other point in the United States and Territories, and lower than any inhabited point in Eu- rope. I insert hero the record of the Medical Department, at Fort Pembina, for two years. My own record, during the winter of 1873, is a little lower than tin.'*, but it was not taken with so much care. Meteorological report — Fort rcmbina. Month. 187 >-73. 1S73-74. Me.iii. Max. Mill. Kain-f.ill. Mcin. Mas. Miu. Kain-f.ill. Julv c 67. 6l> (v.. 4 1 r>3.78 4'..sn 1<.2S — 5. 72 — 4. 49 4. 43 12. 05 34. 04 .'•.3. 76 67. 20 97 91 85 48 34 31 33 43 64 81 9! 30 34 i.-i — 28 — 51 — 40 — 31 — .10 16 29 38 — ,M i-.c/ieK. 3.09 62 1.67 1.16 53 2. 95 41 75 35 39 2.11 2.91 o 67.10 66. 43 47. 78 3fi. 37 15. 67 6. 76 — 3.17 2. V9 12.11 30. 32 57. 04 6l>. 29 ','1 .-11 82 45 35 37 32 47 76 98 94 o 34 24 23 3 — 25 — 27 — 44 — 32 — 29 — 4 07 33 Inches. 1. 30 2. 3S 2.05 56 66 18 26 25 ;<5 20 1.55 3.41 Sfintt^tubor . Dooeiiibor - Jaimary l<'ol)rii;u-v Miiroh Mav For till' yiNir 34. 24 97 17.14 3:^.81 98 -" 13.15 REPORT OF THE OHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 395 For purposes of comparison, I add the annual mean temperatures at the coldest posts in the United States, and at a few other points, from data kindly furnished by the Chief Signal OiBcer of the Army. Mean temperatures. Forts. Territory. Latitude. Years. Annual mean temp. Authority. Pembina Sew.nrd liradv Hufonl Stevenson . . Uaker Abercrombio . EUia Kiee Ijineoln ... Snelliuf; . .. Sitka Plattsbnrg Bonlon Sbaw Winnipeg . St. Petersburg Do Stockholm Dakota. ... ....do Michigan. . Dakota ....ilo Montana . . Dakota. ... Montana . . Dakota ...do Minnesota . Alaska . .. . Now York . Montana . . ...do Manitoba.. Iceland. .. . Russia ...do Sweden .. . 45 57 46 52 46 30 48 00 47 34 46 40 46 27 45 45 46 40 46 47 44 53 57 03 44 41 47 45 47 30 49 50 64 CO CO 59 20 1870-'74 '74 1872-'74 1870-'74 1870-'74 1872-'74 1870-74 1871-73 1872-74 1870-74 1870-74 18r0-74 1870-74 1870-74 1870-74 1870-74 1845-71 1867-70 90 years. 1859-71 34. 37. 37. 38. 38. 38. 39. 40.1 41. 41. 42. 43. 43. 44. 44. 32. 37. 38. 38. 41. Circular No. 8, Sur- > geon-General's Ofiice, U. S. Army. J Dawson. Thorlacius. Wild. V. Kantz. Edland. 396 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. ASTRONOMICAL POSITIONS ON RECONNAISSANCES. LONGITUDES. Oh reconnaissance from second crossing of Mouse River to Fort Pembina via Fort Totien, bij Lieut. F. V. Greene, 1873. Chr. Error ou Wash- ington time. Error on local time. Longitnde from Washington. St.ation and date. Remarks. 1455 953 h. 711. s. Slow 1 19 52.26 Fast 4 50 21.74 h. m. 8. Fast 34 41.6 Fast 6 44 55.6 h. m. 8. 1 54 33. 86 Lient. Galwey's station, ou Pop- lar River, Oct. 30, 1873. Chr. licies. 1455 Losing... 4^34 953 Losing... 4».08 1455 953 Slow 1 21 55. 66 Fast 4 48 25. 84 Slow 1 13.3 Fast 6 09 08.2 1 20 42.36 Fort Pembina, Oct. 31.4. Latitudes. 1455 953 Slow 1 20 46. 1 Fast 4 49 31. 1 Fast 17 5.5.3 Fast 6 28 17. 1 I 38 41.4 46.0 Mouse River, Oct. 15.4. 101° 44' 01". 3 Polaris... 48 39 4o'.'7 ePegasi... 38 13.5 Mean.. 48 38 57.1 Mean 1 38 43. 7 1455 953 Slow 1 20 50. 4 Fast 4 49 27. Fast 17 13.8 Fast 6 27 35. 9 1 38 04.2 08.9 Mouse River, Oct. 16.4. 101° 34' 44". 1 Polaris .. 48 23 23.2 ePegasi... 10.3 Mean 1 38 06. 5 Mean.. 48 23 19.7 1455 953 Slow 1 21 01.3 Fast 4 49 15.8 Fast 14 22.3 Fast 6 24 45. 9 1 35 23. 6 30.1 Oct. 18.9. 100^ 54' 48". 6 Mean 1 35 26. 8 1455 953 Slow 1 21 03.0 Fast 4 49 15. 2 Fast 11 54. 1 Fast 6 22 10. 9 1 32 .57. 1 61.7 Oct. 19.3. 100° 17' 50". 8 aAquil!B .. 48 02 46.3 Mean 1 32 .59. 4 1455 953 Slow 1 21 07.8 Fast 4 49 10. 7 Fast 10 20.6 Fast 6 20 42. 5 1 31 28.4 31.8 Oct. 20.4. 99° 55' 37". 3 PoLaris... 43 00 58.1 cPegasi... 25.3 Mean 1 31 30. 1 Mean.. 48 00 41.7 1 1455 953 Slow 1 21 12.1 Fast 4 49 06. 6 Fiist 8 03. 8 Fast 6 18 2r>. 3 1 29 15.9 18.7 Oct. 21.4. 99° 22' 25". 3 Polaris... 47 58 24.0 f Pegasi ... 25. 9 Mean.. 47 58 25.0 Mean 1 29 17. 3 1455 953 Slow 1 21 23.4 Fast 4 48 56.0 Fast 6 26.3 Fast 6 16 47.2 1 27 49.7 .51.2 Camp near Fort Totteu, Oct. 24.0. 99° 00' 42". 6 Mean 1 27 50. 4 EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 397 ASTRONOMICAL POSITIONS. Station. Latitude. Initial point, stone mound Camp, October ir), 16, Mouse River . October 10, 17, Mouse River . October 18, 19, Mouse River . October 19,20, Alljali Laltes . October 20,21, Giraud Lalie . October 21, 22, Stony Lalie . . October 23, 25, near Totten . . Fort Totten flag-staff 49 00 00 48 H8 57.1 48 23 20 48 03 08.3 48 00 42 47 58 25 47 53 40.5 Longitude. 101 54 50. 9 101 44 01.3 101 34 44. I 100 54 48.0 100 17 50.8 99 55 37.3 99 22 25.3 99 00 42. G 99 01 38.1 ASTRONOMICAL POSITION OF CAMPS. Reconnaissance from Fort Buford to Forty-ninth Parallel, June, 1874, hj Lieut. F. V. Greene. Chr. 1455 953 1455 953 1455 953 1455 953 1455 953 1455 953 Error on Wash- ioKton time. Slow 2 01 28.7 Slow 2 07 34. 3 Slow 2 02 06.0 Slow 2 07 29.2 Slow 2 01 40. 9 Slow 2 07 32. 6 Slow 2 01 40.6 Slow 2 07 31.8 Slow 2 01 51.7 Slow 2 07 31.1 Slow 2 01 59. Slow 2 07 30.2 Error on local time. Slow 13 47.7 Slow 19 53. 3 Slow 5 28. 1 Slow 10 51.3 Slow 11 33.3 Slow 17 20.2 Slow 10 23.8 Slow 16 11.4 Slow 9 48.0 Slow 15 22.3 Slow 8 32. 8 Slow 14 09.4 Longitude from WashiuKtou. h, m. s. 1 47 41.0 41.0 Mean 1 47 41.0 1 56 37. 9 37.9 Mean 1 50 37. 9 1 r>0 07.0 00.4 Mean 1 50 07 1 51 23. 8 ■ 20.4 Mean 1 51 22. I 1 52 03.7 08.8 Mean 1 52 00.2 1 53 26. 2 20.8 Mean 1 53 23. 5 Station and date. Fort Buford, Juno 20. 103° 58' 20" U. S. Ast. Station No. 12, near West Poplar River, June 30.33. 100° 12' 35" Crossing of Big Muddy, June 23.4. 104° 34' 50" Frenchman's Point, on Missouri River, Juno 24.94. 104° 53' 40" Camp on Poplar River, June 26.4. 105° 04' 40" Camp on Poplar River, June 2H.4. 105" 24' 00" Remarks. Ch: 1455 953 Hates Losing. .. 3=.G1 Gainiug.. OVWS Latitudes. O I II 49 (JO 00 Sun 48 08 4,5. .5 Polaris . . 39. Mean.. 48 08 42.6 Polaris .. 48 08 46.4 Sun 12.0 Mean.. 43 08 29.2 Polaris .. 48 16 43.1 Sun 18.3 Mean.. 48 16 30.7 Polaris .. 48 44 32.2 Sun 02.5 Mean.. 48 44 17.3 398 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Reconnaissance from Little Eoclcy Crcclcto United States Astronomical Station No. 13, via Fort Turnay, by Lieut. F. V. Greene, 1874. Chr. 1455 953 14.'55 953 1455 953 1455 953 Error on Wash- ington t.ime. li. VI. a. Slow 2 02 19. 9 Slow 2 07 26.7 2 02 31. 2 07 24. 4 2 02 25. 8 2 07 25.5 2 02 28.2 2 07 25. Error on local time. Slow 3 26. 2 Slow B 33. Slow 1 08.2 Slow 6 01.6 2 13.7 7 14.5 1 08.8 6 06.5 Longitude from Wushiugton. h. m. e. 1 58 53.7 53.7 Mean I 58 53. 7 2 01 22.8 22.8 Mean 2 01 22. 8 2 00 12. 1 11.0 Mean 2 00 11.5 2 01 10.4 18.5 Mean 2 01 19. Station and date. Little Rocky Creek, July 4.3. 10C° 46' 31". 5 U. S. Ast. Station No. 13, July 8.35. 107° 23' 48". 2 July 6.4. 107° 06' 00" July 7.34. 107° 22' 50" Remarks. Chr. 1455 953 Eaiea. Losing... 2«.74 Gaiuiug.. 0"..568 Latitudes. o / // 49 00 00 49 00 00 Polaris.. 48 45 20.5 aOphinchi 44 39.5 Mean.. 48 45 00 Polaris.. 48 54 11.7 aOphiucbi 05.5 Mean.. 48 54 08.6 Reconnaissance of Biplinger Road, hy Assistant G. L. Doolittle, 1874. Date. Latitude. Longitude. Cemarks. September 2 September 3 September 4 September 5 / // Polaris 48 39 32.1 Cut Bank River. Birch Creek. Muddy Fork. Teton River. a Aquilas 07.7 Mean 48 39 19.9 Polaris 48 20 50 AqniK-B 19 58 Mean 48 20 24 Polaris 47 59 46. 5 a Aquila3 53 44.7 Mean 47 59 15.0 Polaris 47 47 25. 3 a AquiK-o 46 35.2 Mean 47 47 00.2 KEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMBE, APPENDIX B. 399 Sextant latitudes on Shaw meridian, hy Lieut. F. V. Greene. Date. Latitude. Longitude. Kemarks. September 4 September 2 September 8 Polaris 48 45 49.6 o / /' 111 46 111 45 05. 1 111 48 On small lake. Initial point of Shaw meridian. About 1,500 feet east of flag-staff at Fort Shaw. oAquilaj 12.0 Mean 48 45 30.8 49 00 00 Polaris 47 31 03.3 Sextant latitude on trail near spring, about Jialf-icai/ between Fort Shato and Fort Benton, by Lieut. F. V. Greene. Date. September 10 Latitude. o ' " Polaris 47 43 22.7 oAguila) 10.2 Mean 47 43 16.5 Longitude. Remarks. MISSOURI RIVER. Longitudes and latitudes. Error on Wash- Error on local Longitude from Station and Remarks. Chr. ington time. time. Washington. date. h. m. s. h. m. 8. A. m. a. 1319 1514 235 1513 1481 188 Slow 2 09 32. 4 Slow 1 15 13.2 Fast 9 56 12.0 Slow 1 47 02.6 Slow G 00 50. 4 Fast 45. 3 Fast Fast 59 13.0 27 24.2 2 14 21\« Fort Benton, Sept. 10.4. 110° 39' 48" Ckr. 1319 1514 235 1513 1481 Eates. Losing... 2'.70 Gaining.. 0=.03 Losing... K03 Losing... 0^57 Gaining.. e'.43 1319 Slow 2 10 28. 2 188 Losing... 0".42 1514 Slow 1 14 54.0 Fast 20 12 1 35.06 Bismarck, 235 Fast 9 55 50.9 Oct. 1.0. 1513 Slow 1 47 14. 4 1481 188 Slow 6 00 47. 5 Fast 30. 100° 49' 36". Latitudes. 1319 1.M4 Slow 2 09 39. 4 Slow 1 15 10.8 Fast Fast 2 12.9 56 39. 1 2 11 52.3 49.9 Sept. 13. Polaris . - 47 4^ 58'.'9 aAquilaj.. 49 00.0 235 1513 Fast 9 56 09. 3 Slow 1 47 04. 1 Mean.. 47 49 02.7 1481 Slow 6 00 55.3 18- Fast 44. 2 Fast 2 12 40. 5 56. 3 Mean.. 2 11 52.8 110° 01' 17". 8 400 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Longitudes and latitudes — Continued. Chr. 1319 1514 2:!5 loi:! 1481 ISti i:?iy 1514 2:!.-! 151.'? 1481 188 1:?19 1514 235 1513 1481 188 1319 1514 235 1513 1481 188 Error on Wash- ington time. Error on local time. 1319 1514 2::5 1513 14;1 188 7i m. s. Slow 2 09 42. t Slow 1 15 10. Fast 9 50 08. 3 Slow 1 47 04.7 Slow G 00 54.9 Fast 43. 8 Slow 2 09 47. 5 Slow 1 15 03. 1 Fast 9 56 06. 2 Slow 1 47 05.8 Slow 6 00 54. Fast 43. Slow 2 09 52. 9 Slow 1 15 08. 2 Fast 9 56 04. 2 Slow 1 47 06.9 Slow 6 00 53.2 Fast 42. 1 Slow Slo-sj- l^ast Slow Slow Fast 2 09 55. 4 1 15 05. 3 9 .56 03.2 1 47 07.5 6 00 52. 8 41.7 1319 Slow 1514 Slow 235 I'ast 2 09 58. 1 1 15 04. 4 9 5G 0-2.2 1 47 08. 1 Slow 6 00 52. 3 15131 Slow 1481 188 Fast 41.3 Slow 2 10 00.8 Slow 1 15 03. 5 Fast 9 56 01. 1 Slow 1 47 03.6 Slow 6 OU 51. 9 Fast 40. 8 1319 1514 2:5 1513 14.'1 Slow Slow Fast Slow Slow 18 Fast 2 10 03.6 1 15 02.5 '.) .'.6 00. 1 1 47 09. 2 6 00 51. 5 40.4 /(. m, 8. Slow 1 19.2 Fast 53 12.8 Fast 12 04 34. 6 Fast 21 20.7 Slow 3 52 29. 5 Fast 2 09 11. 9 Slow 6 23. 9 Fast 48 16. F.ist 11 59 31.3 Fast 16 20. 4 Slow 3 57 26. 8 Fast 2 04 11.4 Slow 11 31.0 •F.ast 43 16.4 Fast 11 54 25. 1 Fast 11 16.9 .slow 4 02 28.9 Fast 1 59 09. 4 Slow 13 13.9 Fast 41 37.2 Fast 11 52 43 Fast 9 35.7 Slow 4 04 09.5 Fast 1 57 28. 3 Slow 16 01.7 Fast 33 53. 8 Fast 11 49 .56.9 Fast 6 49. 7 Fast 1 54 43. 4 Slow 18 30.6 Fast 36 27. 7 Fast 11 47 29.7 Fast 4 21.6 Fast 1 ,52 14.0 Slow I'ast Ivist Fast Slow Fast 21 33.2 33 2;».( 11 44 29. ( 1 21.1 4 12 18.8 1 49 14.0 Longitude from Washington. h. m. s. 2 08 22. 9 22.4 20.3 25.4 25.4 23.1 Me.an.. 2 08 25.1 2 03 23. 6 24.1 25. 1 26.2 27.2 28.4 Me.an.. 2 03 25.8 1 58 21.9 22.6 20.9 23.8 24.3 27.3 Me.an.. 1 53 23.4 1 56 41.5 42. 5 39.8 43.2 43.3 46.6 Mean.. 1 56 42.8 1 53 56.4 58.2 54.7 57.8 62.1 Mean.. 1 53 57.8 1 51 30.2 31.2 23.6 30.2 Mean . 33. 2 1 51 30.7 1 43 30. 4 32.1 29. 5 31.1 32. 7 ::3. 6 Mean.. 1 48 31.6 Station and date. Sept. 14. 109° 09' 22". 3 Sept. 16. 107° 54' 32". 8 Sept. 18. 106° 33' 56". 8 Sept. 19. 106° 13' 47". 8 Sept. 20. 105° 32' 32". 8 Sept. 21. 104° 55' 46". 3 Sept. 22. 104° 10' 59". 8 Bemarks. Polaris o Aquilffl 47 46 53.2 53.9 Mean.. 47 46 53.5 Polaris . a Aquilse . 47 27 50.7 28 01.6 Mean.. 47 27 .56.1 Polaris a Aqnilte 47 47 07. 46 56. 5 Mean.. 47 47 01.' Polaris aAquilce 48 01 37. 5 36.2 Mean.. 48 01 36.8 Polaris . a Aquil® 48 04 10.0 13.7 Mean.. 48 04 11.8 Polaris a Aqiiilis 48 06 09 05 55 Mean.. 48 06 02 Polaris . a Aquila! 43 02 52.5 03 11.5 Mean.. 43 03 02.5 REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. Longitudes and latitudes — Continued. 401 Chr. 1319 1514 235 1513 1481 188 1319 1514 235 1513 1481 18« 1319 1514 235 15l3 1481 188 1319 1514 235 1513 1481 188 1514 1319 1514 235 1513 1481 188 1319 1514 235 1513 1481 188 1319 Error on Wash- ington time. ft. m. 8. Slow 2 10 00.3 Slow 1 15 01.5 Slow Slow F.ist Slow 2 10 09. 1 1 15 00.6 9 55 58. 1 1 47 10.4 Slow 6 00 50.6 Fast Slow Slow F.ast Slow Slow Fast Slow Slow Fast Slow Slow Fast 39.6 2 10 11.8 1 14 59.6 9 55 57. 1 1 47 11.0 6 00 50. 1 39.1 2 10 14.5 1 14 58.7 9 55 56. 1 1 47 11.5 6 00 49.7 38.7 Slow 1 14 57.8 Slow Slow Fast Slow Slow Fast Slow Slow Fast Slow Slow Fast 2 10 20. 1 1 14 56.8 9 55 54. 1 1 47 12.7 6 00 48. 8 37.8 10 22. 8 14 5.5.9 55 53. 1 47 13.3 00 48. 4 37.4 Slow 2 10 06.3 Error on local time. h. m. 8. Slow 22 26. 8 Fast 32 34. 6 Slow 24 35. 1 Fast 30 34.9 Fast 11 41 31,8 Slow 1 33.3 Slow 4 15 13.8 Fast 1 46 17.2 Slow 27 27.5 Fast 27 48.2 Fast 11 38 42. 6 Slow 4 21.2 Slow 4 18 01.2 Fast 1 43 27. 3 Slow 29 26 Fast 25 48.6 Fast 11 36 45.9 Slow 6 19. 1 Slow 4 19 56. 9 Fast 1 41 31.8 Fast 23 53. Slow 33 09.9 Fast 22 16.2 Fast 11 33 05. 2 Slow 10 01.0 Slow 4 23 36. 5 Fast 1 37 51.3 Slow 34 52.7 Fast 20 35. 2 Fast 11 31 23. 6 Slow 11 42.6 Slow 4 25 17.2 Fast 1 36 09.5 Slow 22 26. 8 Longitude from Washington. Mean. Mean . ft. m, 8. 1 47 36. 1 1 47 36. 1 1 45 34.0 35.5 33.7 37.1 36.8 37.6 1 45 3.5. 8 1 42 44. 3 47.8 45.5 49.8 48.9 48.2 Mean.. 1 42 47.4 I 40 48. 6 47.3 49.8 52.4 52.8 53.1 1 40 50.7 1 38 50.8 1 38 50. 8 1 37 10.2 13.0 U. 1 11.7 12.3 13.5 Mean.. 1 37 12.0 1 35 30. 1 31.1 30. 5 30.7 31.2 32.1 1 35 31.0 1 47 39. 5 1 47 39.5 Mean . . Station and date. Remarli^s. Near Fort Bn- ford,Sept.23. Sept. 21. 103° 27' 02". 8 Sept. 25. 102° 44' 56". 8 Sept. 26. 102° 15' 40". 3 Sept. 27. Sept. 28. 101° 21' 05". 8 Sept. 29. 100° 55' 50". 8 Fort Buford. Polaris . . 47 58 58. 8 aAquila).. 59 20.8 Mean.. 47 59 09.8 Polaris .. 48 02 09.8 aAquilte .. 01 12.8 Mean.. 48 01 41.3 Polaris .. 48 06 56.7 Polaris .. 47 46 21 aAquite .. 45 53.9 Mean.. 47 46 07.5 Polaris .. 47 31 33.3 a AquilsB .. 21. Mean . Polaris . AquiliB . 47 31 27.5 47 20 58. 8 21 16.8 Mean.. 47 21 07.8 Polaris .. 47 07 n 8 a AquilsB .. ti5. 6 Mean.. 47 07 08.7 By zenith telescope, Capt. Gregory : , o / // 47 59 22. 19 N B- -2G 402 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. STATION ERRORS ON THE 49TH PARALLEL OF LATITUDE, BETWEEN THE LAKE OF THE WOODS AND THE KOCKT MOUNTArNS. D. A. B. D-(A + B) Stations. Station errors, mean Computed deflec- tions 1 to 10 C m p n t e d deflec- Unexplained deflec- liarallel = 0. tions 10 to 40 miles. tions. miea. 1 — 2.31 — .007 — 2.30 2 + 1.52 + 1.52 3 + 2. 33 + 2. 33 4 + 3.28 — .15 4- 3. 43 5 + 3.50 — .23 + 3.73 6 + 2.95 — .42 — .27 + 3.64 7 + 2.22 — .09 — .46 + 2.77 8 + 1.40 — .36 + 1.76 9 — .21 — .54 + .33 10 — 1.78 — .09 - 1.16 — .53 11 — .78 — . 15 — .74 + .11 Vi + .06 — .65 + .71 13 — .30 — .46 + .16 14 — 1.91 — .68 — 1.23 15 — 2. 23 — .83 — 1.40 16 — .50 — .92 + .42 17 — .31 — 1.07 + .76 18 — .94 — .99 + .05 19 + 1.77 - .38 + 2. 15 'JO — 1.91 -t- .10 — 2.01 21 — .81 -f .80 — 1.60 22 + .98 + 1.50 — .52 23 - .76 -f 1.90 — 2.66 24 + 1.54 -f 3.29 — 1.75 25 + 2.00 + 2. 16 — .16 2fi + .3. 55 -f 2.85 + .70 27 + 3.03 + 2.80 + .23 28 + l.Cl -f 2.03 — .42 29 + .5.94 + 1.38 + 4.56 30 + 4. 30 + .99 + 3.31 31 + 2. 09 + .95 + 1.14 32 - .67 — 1.43 + .76 33 — 5. 32 — 2.31 — 1.77 — 1.24 34 — 7.95 — 7. 25 — 1.37 + .67 35 — .67 — 1.04 -f .37 3G — . 52 — 1.00 -f .48 37 — 1.17 ? 38 — 3. 42 ? 39 — 6. 09 ? 40 — 2. 42 f 41 — 1.00 43". 97 43". 98 ? (T 36 '. 09 15". 82 Means. .. 2".146 1".442 111 the preceeding table, the column D contains the "Station-errors", or the discrepancies between each astronomical determination of the paral- lel and the mean parallel. The mean parallel is that with reference to which the sum of the discrepancies north is equal to the sum of those south; its EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 403 position is determined by referring- all the discrepancies to one station and dividing their algebraic sum by 41. It will be noticed that the first and last stations (Nos. 1 and 40) observed by this commission differ from each other by only 0".ll in latitude, although 346 miles apart. The least discrepancy between adjacent stations is between Nos. 35 and 36, where at a distance of 24.6 miles from each other, the astronomical latitudes differ only 0".15; the largest discrepancy is near the Sweet Grass Hills between Nos. 34 and 35, where the latitudes differ by 738 feet, or 7".28. The most northerly (No. 29) is nearly 14" north of the most southerly (No. 34). The mean deflection is 2". 146. These results are shown more clearly on the accompanying diagram. The upper figure represents a profile of the country constructed from observations with the mercurial barometer at the astronomical stations and from trigonometric leveling in the intermediate points; the lower figure shows the main features of the topography for a distance of forty miles on each side of the line. The middle figure is a representation (exaggerated more than 200 times) of the relative positions of the astronomical and mean parallels. The scales are given for each figure (pp. 267). Having given the actual deflections, it now becomes interesting to see how far these can be accounted for by the attraction of masses above the surface, and how many of them must be referred to some attracting force under ground, where, as Pratt says, "we seem to have an unlimited resource upon which to draw, to explain any anomalies of local attraction we may perceive on the surface." The formulae which I have used for calculating the deflections are those deduced by Lieut. Col. A. R Clarke, R. E., of the British Ordnance Survey. The whole discussion is found at length in his "Account of the Principal Triangulation", pp. 576-630, but I shall merely give an outline of the manner in which the deduction is made. "The plumb-line is acted upon by gravity G in a vertical direction, and by the disturbing force A acting in a horizontal direction ; the resultant of these forces — V A^ + G"^ acts in a direction which makes the angle tan"' — with the direction of gravity. When A is very small in comparison 404 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION, with G, tills angle is identical with its tangent." Using Airy's expression for gravity, Clarke shows that ^z=12".447^ (1) in w^hich ^ is the deflection caused by an attraction A, and S is the mean density of the earth. In order to find the value of A the ground in the vicinity of the station is divided into compartments by a series of radii and circles ; and the at- traction of one of these compartments is found to be: — A = p (}■' - r,) (sin a' - sin a,) ~ (2) in which: p is the mean density of the compartment. h the mean height of the compartment. / and r, the bounding radii. a' and a, the azimuths of bounding radii. * - 2 It would be extremely inconvenient to compute the attraction of each compartment separately, and the form of (2) immediately suggests a law of division of the lengths and direction of the radii, which will avoid this, and make the second member of the form, constant x h. Tiiis law evidently is to make the lengths of the radii in arithmetical progression, and their direc- tions such that their sines shall be in arithmetical progression. Denoting then by (r) and (.s) the common difference respectively of the lengths of the radii and the sines of their azimuths, and by i7„ the sum of the mean heights of all the compartments between the nth and n + 1th circles on the north, and by H'^ the same on the south, we have:— and consequently: H — H' ^zz24".894g(.)2Sj^^ (4) ^ may be taken at ^ since the average specific gravity of rocks varies REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 405 from 2.5 to 3.0, and the mean density of the earth is about 5.5. If the radii are so drawn that their azimuths are sin~^ ( Tn ) sin~* ( Ta )> ©tc, (s) be- comes Y()j ^^^ if H„, etc., be expressed in feet the formula becomes, for « + 1 circles : V- = 0".0002357 i ( ^' ~ ^'' + ^- ~ ^'^ + H„ - WA . . In order to use this formula contoured maps are necessary for finding the mean heights ; our stadia surveys supplied these maps in the immediate vicinity of the station, and for distant attractions I have used 200 feet contours on the diagram to which I have before referred. In the preceding table the system of deflections A was calculated with radii whose common difference was 1 mile, and which extended from 1 to 10 miles, except at station 34, where the common difi'erence of the radii was 2,000 feet. The system of deflections B was calculated with radii, whose common difference was 10 miles, and which extended from 10 to 60 miles Deflec- tions A have been calculated at only six stations — those, namely, in the vicinity of the Pembina and Turtle Mountains, and the Sweet Grass Hills. All the other stations from 1 to 36 are surrounded, in their immediate vicin- ity, by level plains, only broken here and there by the gorge of a stream ; the maximum deficiency of attraction of any one of these ravines is 0".3, and this is less than the estimated uncertainty of the numbers in column D. Beyond station 36, and in the Missomu Coteau, we have not sufficient data for contours. It may seem strange at first that the distant attractions should be so much larger than those nearer the station ; but this must always be so in a country like the plains east of the Rocky Mountains, where there ai-e few abrupt irregularities, but where large tracts of country have a gradual tilt in the direction of the drainage. For instance, let us suppose a tract of country with a radius of sixty miles, which has everywhere a uniform slope to the north of only 2 feet in a mile; the j^lumb-line at the center of this tract will be deflected less tlian 0".04 by the attraction within the 10-mile circle, but 0".36 by that between the 10 and 60 mile circles. 406 UNITED STATES NOKTHEEN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. By inspecting the table given above, we see that some of the observed deflections are accounted for by the irregularities of the surface and some are not. The column D — {A-\- B) contains the unexplained deflections, the mean of which is 1".442, or about two-thirds the mean of the observed de- flections. Only one-third of these deflections is then accounted for by the irregularities of the surface. If we correct the latitudes by the deflections A-\- B, the mean parallel will be 0".39 north of its present position. * * * * The results of this investigation may then be summarized as follows : On the 49th parallel, between the 95th and 114th meridians, the average meridional deflection of the plumb-line is 2". 146. At 29 stations the deflec- tions calculated from the irregularities of the sui-face are in the same direc- tions as those observed, and at 12 stations they are in the opposite direction. The residual deflections, unexplained by the irregularities of the surface, have an average value of 1".442, or about two-thirds of the whole deflection. It is possible that these results might be modified by more extended and detailed topographical surveys than it was possible for us to make con- sistently with our prime duty of marking the parallel beyond the possibility of dispute and without imnecessary expense. F. V. GREENE, First Lieutenant of Engineers. APPENDIX H EEPORT OF CAPT. W. J. TWINING, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, CHIBF ASTRONOMER. 407 EErORT THE DECLINATIONS OF THE STARS EMPLOYED IN LATITUDE WORK WITH THE ZENITH TELESCOPE, EMBRACING SYSTEMATIC COHRECTIONS IN DE- CLINATION DEDUCED FOR VARIOUS AUTHORITIES. AND A CATALOGUE OF FIVE HUNDRED STARS FOR THE MEAN EPOCH 1875, ASSISTANT LEWIS BOSS, 'I NOW DIKECTOU OF DUDLEY OBSKRVATORV. Dudley Obskrvatouy, Albany, iV. 1'., February 21, 1877. Dear Sir: After unexpected delay I have tbe honor to transmit, hcrewitli, my report on tbe accuracy of the declinations adopted by tbe United States Commission in tbe latitude work of tbe Northern Boundary Survey. In doing this, permit rae to thank you most cordially for the kind interest and generous support which you have throughout accorded to this undertaking. The sense of obligation is the more keenly felt, when I reflect upon tbe mauy imperfections and deficiencies of the work; but your intercourse with me has been uniformly such as to cause me to forget the debt, and leaves only the most pleasant recollections. I have tbe honor to be, very respectfully, your obedieut servant, LEWIS BOSS, Director of Dudley Observatory, and late Assistant Astronomer of the United States Northern Boundary Commission. Capt. William J. Twining, United States Unginccrs, Chief Astronomer and Surveyor of the United States Northern Boundary Commission. INTRODUCTOEY. The method of obtaining latitudes with the zenith telescojie, which was adopted by the United States Xorthern Boundary Commission, rendered it necessary, in IS72, to calculate the declinations of a large number of stars. The short time allowed lor preparation rendered a critical discussion of these star-places quite impracticable. The declinations adopted in tbe work of 1872 were, therefore, derived from a limited number of authorities; but were subsequently revised whenever additional material 409 410 TJXITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [4J could be secured. Tlius the catalogue for 1874 was compiled from nearly all tbe authorities wliicli could be obtained from tbe librarj' of tbe United States Naval Observatory. Tbe metbod of reduction was substantially that employed by Argelander in the seventh volume of Bonn observations.* The principal deviations from this plan con- sisted in tbe smaller weights given to declinations from tbe older authorities, and in applying no systematic corrections to those of a mean dute later than ISGO. Upon the accuracy of tbe adopted declinations depend the latitudes of twenty-two statioifs in the vicinity of tbe forty-ninth parallel. There is every reason to believe that for the majority of the stations tbe error in location due to instrumental causes is practically iusignilicant. and that if any considerable correction is needed it may sately be ascribed to systematic error in tbe values of declination assigned to tbe determining stars. To ascertain tbe numerical limits between which tbe value of such a correction is likely to exist, and, as far as practicable, to compute its actual amount, was the original l^urpose of this discussion. When the work was about half completed, it appeared tl:at tbe systematic correc- tions and tbe declinations of the p'rincipal stars, adopted as standard in this i)aper, might prove acceptable to others engaged in certain classes of astronomical reductions. This circumstance led to a considerable enlargement of tbe original scope of the work. Only stars of the northern hemisphere, with a few in tbe lirst ten degrees of south declination, bad hitherto been considered. Tbe list was now extended so as to include all tbe stars of the American Ei)bemeris. Quite recently, upon my appointment to tbe astronomical direction of Dudley Observatory, tbe work received an additional impulse from my determination, iu reducing observations made with the transit circle, to use a standard catalogue in declination as well as right ascension. This course was adopted for the reason that, whenever the places of the principal fixed stars can be predicted from observations already made, with greater accuracy than tbcy can be determined at any one observa- tory by a single series of a few years duration, a desire for the greatest economy of labor and accuracy iu results should dictate one of two courses: either a special and rigorous research, having in view the indepcudeut determination of tbe places of a small number of tbe brighter stars; or, tbe use of a standard catalogue, compiled from the best available sources, to which tbe observations of all other objects should bo essentially referred. It is much to be regretted that owing to unavoidable circumstances this change in ))Ian was made too late for the most advantageous disposition of materials available for the purpose in view. On the other hand, tbe corrections and tbe resulting declin- ations are i)robably very near those which would have resulted from a more systematic and elaborate discussion, adopting tbe same general principles. This considerable extension of tbe original plan was determined upon at a time when it was out of the question that the computations should be completed during the existence of tbe boundary commission; so that in the performance of the work it has been necessary for mo to incur many obligations. For material assistance I am especially indebted to Prof. Simon Newcomb, of tbe United States Naval Observatory. * Uoiiii Ikob., Hand VH., Ablh. I., " UutersQchuugea iibtT die Eigeiibcwcgiuigeu von 200 Stenien." [5] KEPORT OF THE CEIEF ASTlfOXOMER, APPENDIX H. 411 Without Lis generous intervention it would Lave been impossible for me to liave com- pleted the work in its present extent, within the prescribed limits of time. For further aid, I am under tlie greatest obligations to the office of the American Ephcmeris and Nautical Almanac; and to the Dudley Observatory, where the later computations have been carried on partly for the purpose of constructing a standard catalogue of declin- ations, for use with the transit circle, as already explained. The services of several computers have been engaged from time to time, generally for short periods. For such services, I am chiefly indebted to Assistant O. L. Doolittle, since Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy in the Lehigh University, Pennsylvania, and to Assistant O. S.VVilson, who have labored on the work in a most disinterested and competent manner. My thanks are also due to Thomas I£, Featherstonhangh, A. M., iormerly assistant at the Dudley Observatory. The facilities of the Observatory at Washington were most kindly extended to me by Admiral B. F. Sands, Superintendent, and by his successor in oilice. Admiral (J. 11. Davis. To the various members of the astronomical cOrps at that institution I desire to express my acknowledgments; particularly to Professors Eastman, Earkuess, and Nourse, for special courtesies. PEELIMINAKY STATEMENT AND GENERAL PLAN OF THE WORK. It is well known that troublesome systematic discordances exist even among inde- pendent declination determinations of the highest rank, while the differences which were found between the earlier results of Bessel, Brinkley, and Pond, and even between difi'erent results by the same astronomer, were such as to provoke an acrimonious con troversy and to lead to most erroneous theories. The science of exact measurement of zenith distances was no doubt very much stimulated by the latter circumstances, for in the period extending Irom 1820 to 1S50 we have more than one-half the entire material now available for researches upon the absolute declinations of the fundamental stars. For the purpose here proposed, it will not be necessary to make any extensive enumeration of the attempts which have been made from time to time to ascertain and reconcile these differences. Since the appearau(;e of Bessel's reduction of Bradley's observations,* the uniform practice has been to consider these places for 1755 as abso- lute, and to compare them with the results of a single modern series, or with the mean of two or more. With the declinations and proper motions thus formed, the corrections necessary to reduce any given series to the standard could be ascertained. Miidler compared a number of modern catalogues with Pond's Catalogue of 1,112 stars, the proper motions being derived from the FundamentaA Dr. Gould reduced the star- places now adopted in the American Ephemeris in a si«iiilar manner, using for the modern catalogue the Abo Catalogue of the late Dr. Argelauder.f Dr. ^yolfers cor- rected the declinations of Bessel's Tahulcc Ec/jiomonfuncc, using lor that purpose eleven modern catalogues. Many series of observations were adai)ted to the system thus formed through the labors of Dr. Argelander and Dr. Auners.§ The latter has cou- * Fiiiidameula Asirojwmiai jiro anno 17C5, ex oburratwnihus J. Biadlcy, Jnclure F. W. Bessfl. Rtyio- monli, 1818. t Dcirpat observations, vol. xiv. J. IT. iliidler. t Dr. B. A. Gould's Stiinilii, p. 75. t Annals of Harvard College Ohservatory ; Jlcnioirs American Academy, New Scries, vol. iii ; Mean declinations of 981 stars for l.-^To, Washington, 187;?, etc. ^ GcHcralberieht dvr EuropUwchcit Oradiiicssune/, lo71. [7] EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTKONOJIER, APPENDIX H. 413 It will be shown that the interval of time between the group of early determina- tions by Bessel (1821), Struve (1821), and Argelander (1829), and the later ones at Leiden, Melbourne, Greenwich, and Washington observatories (not to mention inter- mediate catalogues), is quite sufficient for an independent judgment as to the approxi- mate accuracy and consequent weight of Bradley's results, and that a reliable system of corrections to the various catalogues may be founded on a discussion of recent cat.i- logues alone, taking as the earliest that of Cessel for the mean epoch 1821. Having premised this much, for the purpose of a more exact understanding of the scope and contents of the succeeding pages, the successive steps and objective points will be indicated in brief. These are: — 1. The selection of stars to form the catalogue, and particularly of a list of stars most frequently observed, which shall serve as the basis of the normal system and as a medium of comparison between the various series of observations. 2. The formation of approximate positions and proper motions for the fictitious epoch 1875.0. These will be necessary for the computation of precession coefficients. Furthermore, the values of the assumed S and /i' should be fair approximations, for reasons which will appear in the proper place. 3. The computation of precession coefhcients, and with the aid of these (and in the case of close circuinpolar stars by the rigorous formula;) the reduction of the individual declinations to the required epochs, in order that the assumed declinations may be cor- rected by comparison with the observed values. 4. The selection of catalogues and series of observations, which shall serve in various stages of the work to correct the assumed declinations. These will be divided into three classes. 5. The application to the declinations given by these catalogues of certain correc- tions deemed advisable from an inspection of the constants and methods of reduction, and numerous compilations of the results of several successive years at the same obser- vatory into single Cittalogues embracing convenient intervals of time. These correc- tions are such as can be determined without recourse to comparisons of the determina- tions of one instrument with those of another. The compilations are for the purpose of rendering available a large mass of material that would otherwise be inconvenient or unsuitable for the purpose hero proposed. Generally, published catalogues, which combine in one determination the results of several years, have been used without change. C. The collection of results and formation of the approximate normal system from a discussion of the declinations of the fundamental and principal circumpolar stars, using for this purpose only those series of observations which are supposed to give determinations of sufficient independence and weight. 7. Ey the aid of the approximate corrections to the selected list of authorities to enlarge the number of standard declinations, and, in turn, with these to derive the systematic correction required by Bradley's observations as reduced by Bessel in the Fuuflamcnta Astronomice. 8. With this correction together with tbose previously found, and with an increased list of stars, to ascertain corrections to tlie assumed declination and proper motion of each star; and taking them as a basis, to compute definitive corrections and weights for all the catalogues except those of the third class; with which final weights and 414 UNITED STATES NORTDERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [8J corrections, the definitive declinations are computed (as tbey appear in the cata- logue at the end of this paper), a few excepted which depend on a small number of authorities. V. The computation of a few systematic corrections to catalogues of the third class; and the formation of all remaining declinations for the final catalogue. 10. A few deductions relative to the accuracy of the declinations formerly adopted in obtaining latitudes ou the Northern Boundary. SECTION I. SELECTION OF STARS. The preliminary catalogue necessarily embraces all the stars used in zenith tele- scope worli of the United States Northern Boundary Commission, 1S72-1S7.1. All of the stars of the American Ephemeris for which apparent places are given in that publication are added to this list, Sirius and Procyon excepted. The great rniijority of these stars are required for the purpose of constructing the normal system. These were supplemented by a considerable number of the Poulkova Uauptsterne, preference being given to those most frequently observed at Poulkova and elsewhere. At the suggestion of others a few stars were added which might serve for latitude determinations with zenith telescope on or near tfee parallel of .390 north latitude. Eflectively, the selection may be regarded, for convenience, as embracing at least five different classes of stars : a. The fundamental and principal circumpolar stars which have been by common consent quite universally observed. b. A class of stars less frequently observed, but with the cbservalions so distrib- uted in time, that reliable determinations of declination and i)roper motion can be had without recourse to Bradley's observations; and which, together with the fundamental stars, may serve to construct an approximate normal system for the epoch 1755. c. A class of stars similar to the last, but lacking in satisfactory authorities for the epochs included between 1S20 and 1840. After the systematic corrections of the older authorities are ascertained, these will serve equally with the preceding in deter- uiiuiug the systematic corrections required by the jjrincipal authorities. (/. A considerable number of stars, which do not furnish proper mateiial for ascer- taining systematic corrections to the principal authorities, but which will be found valuable for the purposes of perfecting the system of corrections adopted for a few catalogues of small weight, and for extending the system to catalogues deficient in observations of the first three classes of stars. e. The remaining declinations are such as depend on few authorities, and are prac- tically of no service in ascertaining systematic corrections. They belong to the class of stars selected and used for observation with the zenith telescope; and it is desirable to calculate their declinations with whatever precision can be attained by the use of all authorities that are conveniently accessible. [OJ EErOET OF TDE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, ARRENDIX H. 415 SECTION II. APPROXIMATE POSITIONS FOR 1S75.0. Our plan contemplates tbe assumption at a given epoch of approximate values of the right ascension and declination, and of proper motion in both co-ordinates. These will servo for the accurate computation of the precession coefQcients. For this pur- pose it is simply necessary to avoid errors which are large enough to introduce apjire- ciable errors in those terms of precession in declination that depend on the higher powers of the time, and in the geometrical part of the annual variation. It is, however, desirable in order to facilitate subsequent ecmpntations that the declination and its proper motion should be so determined that the corrections they may require will not be inconveniently large; and that the difference between the assumed and con- cluded proper motions will not bo so large, that the neglect of the small difference between the adopted mean epoch of observation for each catalogue and the [jarticular mean for a given star will seriously affect the final result for declination and proper motion, The epoch of reduction selected for the catalogue is tbe fictitious or Besseliau epoch 1S75.0. Eight ascension. For the fundamental stars this is copied from Professor Newcomb's paper, Appen- dix III., Washington Observations for 1870. The proper motions are from the same source. Except for stars south of declination — 30°, the remaining right ascensions are taken from the American Epbemeris for 1875, as far as possible. The following incon- siderable corrections are, however, applied in most cases. They are intended to reduce these right ascensions to the standard of Professor Newcomb's paper, above cited. Hour. Correction. Hour. Correct iou. Hour. Correction. 8. s. s. + .03 8 — .02 10 -f .01 1 + .02 — . 02 17 -f .02 2 -f .01 10 — .02 18 + . 03 3 + .01 11 — .02 11) + . 03 4 00 12 — .01 -.0 + .03 5 — .01 13 — .01 21 + .03 G — .01 14 — .00 22 + .03 7 — .02 15 + .01 23 + .03 8 — .02 IG + .01 24 + .03 The proper motions, in A. R., of these stars were taken from the Star Tables of American E[)hemeris (Wn., 18G9). They are mostly those of Dr. B. A. Gould's Stand- ard Places of Fundamental Stars, United States Coast Survey, second edition (Wu., ISGO). For other stars the A. R. and n were computed, if possible, from at least two good modern authorities compared with either Bradley, Piazzi, or Groombridge, and 41 G UNITED STATES KORTHEEX BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [10] occasionally with all three. The authorities were first corrected by the tables of Pro- fessor Newcoinb's paper just lueiitioued. In a few cases where older authorities were wanting the assumed A. 11. and ix were computed with greater care. Declinations. In comjiuting assumed declination and proper motion in declination, the preference was given: flrst, to the Northern Boundary catalogue of latitude stars for the epoch ISTJr.O; second, to the decliuations for 1870.0 reduced by Bruhusfor the Gradtncssung, and contained in Generalbericht dcr Europilisclien Gradmessung fur 1871 ;* third, exclud- ing stars south of — 30° declination, to the declinations for 1875.0 of the American Ephemeris ; and fourth, in the failure of these three sources of supply, decliuations were computed in a manner entirely analogous to that adopted with right ascensions, except that no systematic corrections were applied. Nearly all the decliuations of stars south of — 30° declination were formed from the mean of Mr. Stone's recent catalogue of Maclear's observations at the Cape for ISGO, and the First Melbourne Catalogue for 1870, the assumed proper motions being copied from the latter. In "Details of Corrections to Assumed Places" the preliminary a and S with their assumed variatious are given at the head of the table for each star. SECTION III. COMPUTATION OF PKECES3I0N TERMS. The constants of Peters and Striive have been adopted. They aref: — m = 4G".0G23 + 0".0a02S19 [t — ISOO) n = 20".0G07 - C".C000SG3 [t — 1800), where t is expressed in years. These are now in very general use, and probably are not far from the correct values. f At any rate, since our object is not so much to ascertain the exact amount of proper motion as to know the total change produced by the annual movement, great ai:curacj' is requii'ed only in terms of precession involving higher powers of the time. The effect of proper motion has been considered in every case, and for this purpose the formula; given by Professor Hill iu Star Tables of the American Ephemeris (p. xix) have been adopted. The coefficient of <' has received a slight modification due to the neglect of small terms. So that, if the first and second differential coefficients in both * "Vic DccUnationoi ih-r hci dcr Gradmessung zu BrdlenheslimnuitKjen henutzten Fixstcrnc" C. linihiis. Tho . This series embraces observations with the Washington mural circle in the years 1853-1858. They are reduced and the results jtriuted in Appendix II., \Yash- ington observations for 1870. Prof. A. Hall has formed the declinations of the funda- mental stars into a single cittalogue, printed in Ast. Nach. 1947. I have taken tha declinalijus from the original source. Gh 57. The Greenwich Seven-year Catalogue of 2022 Stars reduced to the epoch 18C0.0. The observations embrace the years 1854-1860 inclusive. C. G. U. 58. Observations made witli the Cape circle in the years 1856-'61 by Sir Thomas McClear, reduced to the epoch 18C0 by E. J. Stone, astronomer royal at the Cape of Good Hope, and printed in "The Cape Catalogue of 1159 Stars," etc.. Cape Town, 1873. Wn 04. Results of observations with Washington mural circle for the years 18G1- 18C5, printed in the annual catalogues of the respective years. Gh 64. The new Seven year Catalogue of Greenwich, embracing the results of observations with the Greenwich transit circle, for the years 1861-1807, both inclusive. Ln 07. This series is taken from " Mitikrc Deelinationen von 57 Fundamentalsiernen, abgclcitit aus Leidcncr Meridiankreisbcohaehtunyen in den Jahrcn 1864-1868," W. Val- entine (Ast. Nach. N. 902 Bd. 80, s. 93); and from "Annalcn dcr Sternwarte in Leiden, heraitsgegtben von Dr. F. Kaiser.''^ Me 68. "The First Melbourne General Catalogue of 1227 Stars, for the Epoch 1870. Deduced from Observations extending from 1863 to 1870, made at the Melbourne Observatory," etc. li. L. J. Ellery, Melbourne, 1874. Wn 68. Results of observations made with the Washington transit circle in the years 1866-1869, taken from the annual volumes. Re 68. Results of observations made with the Canington circle at the Radcliffo observatory in the years 1862-1873. These are taken from the annual catalogues of the Radcliffe observatory. They are finally divided into two scries— Re 66, including years 1862-1809; Re 72, including j^cars 1870-1873. Gh 70. Results of observations made with the Greenwich transit circle and printed iu the annual catalogues of the Greenwich observatory, 1808-1872. Wn 72. licsults of observations with the \Vashington transit circle 1870-1874, printed in annuiil v' General Catalogue of the Principal Fixed Stars, from Observations made at Madras, by T. G. Taylor." Madras, 1845. The declinations are reduced to the epoch 1845. Ms 50. Astronomical observations made at Madras for the years 1848-1852. Mad- ras, 1850. Wn 48. Declinations from the prime vertical transit at Washington, principally in the years 1847 and 1848. Eh 58, Eh 03, and Eh 07. Edinburgh astronomical observations. The groups are respectively 1854-1800; 1801-1864; and 1805-1800. The declinations are taken from the annual catalogues. Pa 02. " ObservatlonH faifcs a VListrument des Passages etabli dans le premier Verti- cal,^' volume iii, " Observations de Foiilkoca,'" pp. 224 to 237. The declinations are determined by Mr. F. A. Otim. [19] EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEE, APPENDIX H. 425 Wu 70. Declinations by Prof. M. Yarnall with the mural circle of tbe Washington observatory, lSGG-1873, taken from the detailed results in annual volumes of Wash- ington Astronomical Observations. Pa 71. In the ninth volume of " Vierteljahrsschrift dcr Astronomischeu Gesellschaft (pp. 83 to 88), is giveu a catalogue of the ''■ Zusatzsterne" from observations of the Poulkova observatory. The declinations are undoubtedly of a high order of accuracy; but feeling some uncertainty about the proper manner of deducing systematic correc- tion from them, I have placed them in Class III. ; and in consequence use but one of the declinations for definitive purposes. SECTION V. EXPLANATION OF PEELIMINAEY COKEECTIONS AND COMPILATION OF RESULTS. Before proceeding to actual discussion of normal declinations, it will be necessary to examine each catalogue for tbe purpose of applying such corrections as shall appear advisable from inspection. These corrections may be regarded as of three classes : First. Those required on account of the reduction of tbe observations from appar- ent place to the true epoch of the catalogue. These are principally for nutation and proper motion actually employed. In a few cases small corrections have been applied to reduce from epoch "Jan. 1" (Greenwich), or = 281° to the fictitious epoch O = 280°; and rarely, a correction for precession which is always practically insignificant. Modern researches appear to show that no considerable correction to Peters's nutation is needed; and that value is now universally used. This value for 1800 is {Numerus Constans Nutationis \). 37) : 9".223 cos Q, sin a - 6".SC5 sin Q cos a. Among other'Yalues of nutation that have been used in reducing observations are these : — Value employed by Bessel in Fund. Ast 9".G48 Bradley's (original value) 9".00 Maskelyne's 9".55 Groombridge's 9".G3 Lindenau's • 8".977 Baily's (A. S. C. and B. A. C.) 9".25. The individual corrections applied to each catalogue are for the principal terms, and are of the form 5} sin a + r/ cos a, which appears to require no explanation. In most cases requiring it the correction for proper motion has been applied. If t denotes the epoch of reduction of the catalogue and t' the mean eiJoch of the obser- vations of a particular star in the same, /x', the assumed proper motion (Section III.), and n" the proper motion which was applied in the reductions of the catalogue, we shall have corrections for proper motion, where {t — (') is expressed in years : — (/.' - /.") {t - i'). Where the correction is practically insignificant, where the epoch of observation 426 UNITED STATES NOETHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [20] is not conveniently ascertained, where reductions are inaccurate, or not carried beyond first decimal place of seconds, and, especially, in a few of the cases where proper motions have been determined by comparison with Bradley, this correction is com- monly neglected. The correction, for epoch, i.e., from sun's longitude 281° or from "Jan. 1" to O = 280°, is applied to most of the English catalogues whose epoch is previous to 1857, and to Wn 47. The correction for precession is generally insignificant, and is often included in the form. An. Var. assumed — An. Var. of Catalogue. In case of catalogues which had been reduced by help of the Astronomical Society's Catalogue (Baily 1830) it was convenient to include a correction for precession with that for epoch and nutatiou. Scco)i(l. In many catalogues, corrections which have been derived by special exami- nation of the instrument, or discussions of the observations, are indicated in the intro- ductions, but not applied to the results. Similar corrections sometimes occur through the neglect of certain precautioUvS, and which, discovered too late for correction of the printed results, are in the nature of errata, to be applied by the reader. Gorrcctioncs Ultimcv, in Struve's Pos. Med., are of the former class ; certain corrections in the intro- ductions to the two Radcliffe catalogues are of the latter class. Finally, under this head come errata wherever found. Third. In a limited number of cases it has been thought advisable to examine cer- tain series of annual catalogues in order to reduce the discordances iu the results of separate years, and, if possible, to ascertain corrections which seem to be required by preliminary inspection. This is analogous to the work already done by the authors in many cases, where catalogues have been formed from those of several separate years. Under the designation of each catalogue will be enumerated all the corrections above specified which have actually been applied iu this discussion. Some of the peculiarities in methods of observation or reduction which appear to invite special attention will be noticed in the same connection. The reasons for grou])ing, and the methods of combining the results of partial catalogues, will be es])laiued. The corrected catalogue declinations are then compared with the assumed declina- tions of this i)aper (Sections II. and III.), and the residuals, in the sense Observed- Assumed Declinations are exhibited in column " C," in "Details of Corrections to Assumed Declinations". To facilitate comparisons of separate years iu the case of compilation, the subtraction, Observed— Assumed Declination is made at the out- set, by which means the various catalogues are effectively referred to a common mean eroch, with the assumed annual variations (Section II.)- These residuals are then com- bined with or without correction, as the case may require. Gh 17.3L'-17r)r). The coeflicient of nutation adopted by Bessel in the reductions is 9".G4S. Taking the mean epoch of observation for northern stars to be 1752, and for southern 1755, the corrections to the declinations will be: — N'orthern stars — ".34 sin (« — 53o.9) Southern stars — ".425 sin (« — 2^.1} Before discussing the systematic correction, the corrections applied by Bessel to Bradley's declinations between the parallels -f 14^ and — 14° are subtracted from the (catalogue places. No attempt was made to ascertain proper motion corrections on [31] REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRON^OMER, APPENDIX H. 427 account of the difficulty of linding the mean epochs of observatiou, aud also from the fact that Bessel has applied the correction, approximately, by comparison with Po ISOO. Ill Dr. Druhnu'' reduction of Gradmessimg stars is found a list of declinations which have been computed by Dr. Auwers from the observations of Bradley. But these are not definitive, nor are they at this stage of their redaction independeut, because Bessel's (Konigsberg) refractions have been employed. It will be seen that the weight of testimony is iu favor of refractions, on the average, at least as small as those which Bessei deduced from Bradley's observations. Professor Newcomb kindly placed at my disposal similar results for a limited list of stars which he was reducing. But both the lists combined embrace less than half the stars required iu this discussion, so that the old results were used. Po 1800. I have applied correction to this catalogue only for proper motion in a few cases where the latter is large. The effect of the nutation correction is included iu the A. R. term of the declination correction subsequently ascertained. Bh 10. The mean epochs of observatiou are secured from the first Radclifife cata- logue, and the proper motion correction applied in every case. As the catalogue was not included in Glass I., the application of nutation correction was not made, but it is included in the A. R. term subsequently found. In the use of this catalogue I have encountered a diiBculty which introduces some uncertainty in the results. For many of the stars most frequently observed two results for declination are given in the catalogue. In the introduction this is explained by say- ing that the first of the two results was originally reduced to 1807, and the second to 1812. I have assumed that the observations are distinct, and that thee[ioch given for these stars iu Re 45 is the epoch of the first set. In all these cases the mean of the two results has been takeu, without correction for proper motion, as the mean epoch is probably veiy near 1810. The history of the reductions, for reasons partly unavoidable, is an unfortunate oue, aud this is the more to be regretted, for the editor says (p. ix, Int.), "There can be no doubt, I conceive, that this instrument at the time of its erection, and for several years afterward, was the finest in the world." It a[)pears to have been well handled, and was reversed ten times at least during the active period of the observations making up this catalogue. The materials were probably suited to the formation of an independent cat- alogue, which would have been no mean coutribution to the solution of the problem of absolute declinations. Kg 21. To the results as given by Dijllen has been applied the correction — ".24 sin (a + 7°.5), due to the use of Lindenau's nutation. Gh 22. The correction — ".22 sin {a + 320.1) is applied for nutation. Dt 24. No correction is applied to this catalogue. Ao 29. Correction for Lindenau's nutation + ".24 sin (« — 9o.3), is adopted. Va 29. The same nutation correction as for Ao 29 is used. The observations are reduced with Bessel's Kouigsberg refractions, but no details are given whereby an independent judgment may be formed of the character and accu- racy of the declinations. Dt 30. To all the results have been applied " Corrcctiones UUimw" {Pos. Med., pp. 351 to 371), which is considered as bringing them systematically in accordance with those of Dt 24. It may be doubted whether this is completely accomplished for the 428 Uis'ITED STATES NOETHEEX BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [22] entire series, aud so this catalogue has not been used in formatiou of Normal System. Wherever the proper motions have not beeu ascertained b,v comparison with Fund. Ast. this correction has beeu applied, using for the purpose the mean date of observa- tion, always supplied in such cases in the Catalogus Geiieralis. S. H. 31. The observations were reduced with Young's refractions. This table is given in the introduction, p. 22, for "adapting the St. Helena declinations to Bessel's refractions." £) The mean ± .56 is considered as the probable error of a single pointing. A com- parison of observations made in different years gives for the minimum error of a single position ± .20. The minimum for a single year for stars observed, both directly and by reflection, would be ± .14. These results are apparently too small. The argument for using the accompanying table of weights is one-half the total number of observa- tions in any one year; and it supposes that the probable error of any star, circumpo- lars excepted, cannot be less than i .14. It can only be considered a rough approx- imation to the true weights. Wt. Number of obser- vations. Wt. Number of obser- vations. Wt. Number of obser- vations. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 and 4 5 6 and 7 6 7 8 9 10 8 and 9 10 to 12 13 to 15 16 to 20 21 to 25 11 12 13 14 26 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 61 03, or more. The probable error of the unit is thus supposed to be about ± .45, iu the average of cases. With these weights, the residuals formed by subtracting the assumed dec- lination from the corrected value for each year, are formed into a single correction to assumed place. The numeroias errata in these and subsequent years are carefully applied. Ce 48. In 1844 a few nadir observations had been taken lor practice; and the method was adopted for obtaining zenith points iu 1845 and subsequent years. It was, however, controlled by the results of direct and reflected observations. In 1840 began the use of the a', b', c', and d' of the B. A. C. In other respects the observa- tions are not different from those of previous years. The long period of time, how- ever, rendered these somewhat arbitrary divisions necessary. 432 UNITED STATES NORTHEEN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [2GJ These corrections for uutation, etc., arc applied iu respective years: — 1845 + ".05 siu {a + 2540) 1S4G + ".05 sin (a + 245°) 1847 + ".05 siu (a + 237°) 1848 + ".03 sin (a + 214°) 1849 + ".07 siu (a + 251°) 1850 + ".OG sin (a + 2530) 1851 + ".05 sin (a + 25GO) Inspection of tlie observations of circumpolar stars indicate that a considerable correction for latitude is needed. Observations of a and d Ursse Minoris are aloue available for ascertaining this correction. The table of weights given under Ce 40 is used, and reflected as well as direct observations iuclnded. Following is the sum- mary : — Corrections to as- sumed latitudo. Weight. Corrections to as- sumed latitudo. Weight. 1845 1846 ld47 1848 1849 1850 — .26 — .32 — .30 — .76 — .94 — .73 5 8 11 4 1 G 1851 (Dir.)... (Ref.)... Me.in . . — .32 — .52 — .34 6 21 20 — . 43 ±. 04 Probable error of unit of weight ± ".5G. The correction — ".43 is applied to all the declinations of this group. This steady diraiiiution in values of latitude obtained since 1833 with the same instrument, used substantially in the same method, is suggestive of an actual change in that element when it is taken in connection with the apparent existence of the like phenomenon at Greenwich, Washington, Poulkova, and elsewhere.* Ce 5G. During this period there is a marked falling off' both in the number and character of the observations. These corrections for nutation and epoch have been employed : — 1853 + ".04 sin (a + 205°) 1853 + ".08 sin (a + 274°) 1854 + ".OG sin (a + 2S20) 1855 + ".05 sin (a + 294°) 1856 + ".04 sin (« + 3130) As in preceding years, only the proper motions of the Nautical Almanac were used in the annual catalogues. The position of the telescope on the circle was changed at irregular intervals, but the same relative weights and system of combining, as in Ce 40 and Ce 48, are here employed. As this series is not used in forming the Normal System, no correction for error of assumed latitude is applied, nor do the observations themselves afford adequatb means for deducing such a correction independently. The erratum to reflected observations of 1854 is important. Ms 35. The results from this catalogue are used without charge. The proper * " Die Polhohe von Pulliowa. Von Dr. Magnus Nyr — cos2 E) + r + zi

(1843) + ".63 + ".894 (218° -25)+ kj (1844) + ".09 + ".894 ( 78° - 2 5) + I; where Ai, etc., are to be taken, as before, from the tables of division correction in the annual volumes. The following table exhibits in column I. the values of this expression, computea for every five degrees of declination (and includes fc). Column II. is the sam of column I. and the definitive correction found for Eh 43 in Table IX. at the end of this paper. To this is still to be added a small correction depending on right ascension. Table of corrections to Edinburgh, 1841-1844. (! 1841. 1842. 1843. 1844. I. II. I. II. I. II. I. II. S.P. o II // II II / / II '/ 75 + .13 + .13 + 1.24 + 1.24 — 1 37 — 1 37 + .34 + .34 BO + .01 + .01 + 1.10 + 1.10 — 1 39 — 1 39 + .37 + .37 85 .17 .17 + 1.06 + 1.00 — 1 30 — 1 30 + .37 + .37 90 — .23 — .23 + .94 + .94 — 1 29 — 1 29 + .36 + .36 Abovo imlc. + 90 + .23 + .23 — .94 — .94 + 1 29 + » 29 — .36 — .36 + 85 + .28 + .28 — .80 — .80 + 1 18 + I 18 — .34 — .34 + 80 + .28 + .28 — .67 — .67 + 1 04 + 1 04 — .31 — .31 + 75 + .25 + .25 — .56 .50 + 90 + 90 — .28 .28 + 70 + . F) + .16 — .44 — .44 + .75 + 75 — .26 — .20 + 65 + .05 + .03 — .30 — .38 + 59 + ..57 — .24 — .26 + 60 .08 .13 .31 — .36 + .40 + .41 .23 .23 + 55 — .23 — .31 — .30 — .38 + 35 + .27 — .23 — .31 + 50 — .39 — .47 — .33 — .41 + .26 + 18 — .23 — .31 + 45 .54 . .00 . . .40 .46 + .20 + .14 — .21 .27 + 40 — .07 — .70 — .51 — .54 + .17 + .14 — .20 — ,23 + 35 — .78 — .78 — .05 — .05 + .18 + .18 — .10 — .10 + 30 .86 .81 .78 .73 + .18 + .23 .10 — .05 + 25 — .91 — .79 — .94 — .82 + .20 + ..32 — .02 + .10 + 20 — .93 — .74 — 1.09 — .90 + .23 + .42 + .09 + .28 + !•'. .93 .00 1.23 .90 + .27 + .54 + .21 ^- .48 + 10 — .92 — .58 — 1.34 — 1.00 + .28 + .02 + .34 + .68 + 5 — .89 — .53 — 1.43 — 1.07 + .30 + .06 + .47 + .83 .87 .53 1.48 1.14 + .31 + .05 + .59 + .93 — 5 — .84 — .59 — 1.51 — 1.26 + .31 + ..56 + .71 + .93 — 10 — .82 — .09 — 1.51 — 1.38 + .32 + .45 + .79 + .92 — 15 .80 .78 1. .'■.0 1.48 + .33 + .35 + .83 + .85 — 20 — .80 — .88 — 1.48 — 1.56 + .35 + .27 + .83 + .75 — 25 — .80 — .95 — 1.46 — 1.01 + .38 + .23 + .81 + .08 — 30 — .79 -I .00 — 1.44 — 1.C5 + .45 + .24 + .74 + .53 [33] HEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTKONOMER, APPENDIX H. 439 With the corrections of column I. added to those for nutation and proper motion all the results for a given star were formed into a single mean, with the following table of weights : — Weigbts. Observations. 1 2 2.5 3 4 5 1 2 aud 3 4 5 to 9 10 to 35 36, or more. Eh 58, Eh G3 and Eh 67. There are few observations in this series ; but many of them relate to stars for which few observations are found elsewhere. The unimportant corrections for nutation applied to Cambridge annual catalogues of corresponding years previous to 1857 are used. The proper motion correction is generally neg- lected : the difference between those assumed in this paper and those of B. A. C. used in reduction of Edinburgh observations being usually sm;dl, for the short interval of time intervening between the mean epoch of observation and the beginning of the year. The grouping is determined by constancy of zenith circle readings, which, how- ever, were often changed during the period embraced in Eh 58. Kg 43. The reduction by Luther, in Ast. Nnvh. 1070, employs Bessel's refractions ( 1821) and derives the latitude from a Urs. Miu., a Aurigse and a Cygni. I have followed the lead of Dr. Auwers {Ast. ]\^och. 1549), taking the latitude from a Urs. Miu. alone and applying the correction - ".17 to the declinations of all stars, except a Aungae and a Cygni, whose declinations are taken from upper culmination alone, and the cata- logue places corrected respectively by - ".44 and - ".41. The observations were originally reduced with Peters's nutation. GREENWICH CATALOGUES, 1836-1872. This long and valuable series of observations is remarkable for the uniformity of its plan and methods, the thoroughness and accuracy of its numerical reductions, and the vast amount of material it contains, chiefly relating to places of sun, moon, planets, and stars of the sixth magnitude, or brighter. The observations are made with non reversible instruments, and the problem of absolute declinations is rendered altogether subordinate to the requirements of routine work on a largo number of ob- jects.* This robs the series of an interest it might otherwise possess ; but when syste- matic corrections to its various catalogues are once ascertained, it becomes the richest mine of information on the declinations of the brighter stars. Two mural circles were used until March, 1839, then a single mural circlet until 1851, when the great transit circle was mounted, and has been used until the present time. The position of the telescope on each of the mural circles was changed at the beginning of each year. The relation of tbe telescope and circle of the transit circle is invariable. • lu a crirical examiaation of Greenwicb polar distances for 1851-1854 Mr. A. Marth has pointed oat very conclusively the defects of the Greenwich transit circle, as applied to the problem of absolute declinations. (Ast. Kacli., 1200.) t In 1818, for a short time, the Jones Capo circle was used. 440 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [34] The obscivations were reduced with Bessel's refractions (Tab. Keg.) until 18G8, when the retractions of the Fundamcnta multiplied by 0.99797 were adopted on the authority of a discussion by Mr. E. J. Stone (Mouth. Not., vol. I'S, j). 27), who uses for the purpo&e observations made with the transit circle of Greenwich 1857-1805. Gh o9 and Gh 45. The observations of separate years are usually reduced to the besinniug of the year with no proper motion, or with values of that element taken from A. S. C. Wherever the error from this is considerable, it has been carefully attended to in the cnata ol later catiilogues. 1 have not investigated any cases inde- pendently of these. The proper motions of the B. A. 0. were used in compiling the general from the special catalogues. Where the difference between these and those assumed in this paper is worth regarding the proper correction has been applied, using for the purpose the mean e[)ochs of the Twelve-year catalogue, which are only given to the nearest year. For reduction to apparent place the special catalogues de- pend upon the Nautical Almanac. The following mean corrections for nutation and epoch have been applied : — Gh 39. + "-04 sin (« + 305°) Gh 45. - ".02 siu (a + 01°) Gh 50. The nutation correction is : — - ".05 sin {a + 70°) The remarks under the preceding catalogues are generally applicable. A portion of the time the mural circle was used in a temporary observing-room, and the circum- stances under which much of the work was done were necessarily unfavorable. Some uncertainty in the systematic correction of this catalogue must arise from the fact that it combines results from two distinct instruments at different times. Gh 57. This catalogue may be regarded as containing the work of the transit circle in its best estate, when the observers had become accustomed to its peculiarities, and before any appreciable imperfection or wear had resulted from long use. Though the instrument was used in a single position during the entire period, the circle readings were made with sis microscopes. Furthermore, the error of division was carefully examined for every degree and for some si)ecial divisions, and the high reputation of the makers is a guarantee that the accidental errors of division are probably small. The proper motions of this and succeeding catalogues of Greenwich are generally in fair agreement with the assumed proper motions, so that this correction is seldom applied by me. The special catalogues, until 1857, require small corre<;tions for nuta- tion and epoch; after that year the observations were reduced with Peters's nutation, and to epoch = 280^. The resulting small correction was neglected. Gh 01. The series embraced in this catalogue is essentially a continuation of the preceding. No correction is needed save that for proper motion, which is usually insig- nificant. During the long period of its use the instrument underwent slow changes from wear, which might be quite sufficient to cause a real difference in the systematic correction required (see Gh 70). Gh 70. The slight corrections required by the annual variations of the special cat- alogues were sometimes regarded. The results of separate years were then combined with weights according to number of observations in each year. 1 became aware of the [35] KEPORT OF THE CHIEl^ ASTllONOMER, APPENDIX H. 441 large error due to wear of the micrometer screws too late to make any use of a sijccial correction on that account. I have taken my information from Mr. Christie's paper in Month. Not. R. A. S., for November, 187G. The series of reflection observations made during the period 183G-1872, at Green- wich, has attracted wide attention, and has been the subject of some interesting memoirs. A brief consideration of the principal points involved will be of use in judging the value of the declinations in the absolute sense. During most of the i)eriod 7? ^ T) occupied by observations with the mural circles, the correction — - — was found to be SO small and so irregular that it could not safely be applied.* The corrections of earlier years, and for 1850, were small. It may, therefore, be assumed that the declinations of that period (1S3C-1850) are practically uninfluenced by the discordance in question. On the introduction of the great transit circle in 1851 this discordance was at once noticeable, and a correction has always been a[>plied to all polar distances deduced from the observations of this instrument — this correction being assumed to be equal for the two classes of observations (direct and reflected), but a[)plied with opposite signs. The division error was discussed for every degree of pointer reading, first in 1851-'2, again in 1856, and lastly in 1871. The results of the three investigations essentially confirm each other. The first table of corrections was used in the years 1851-1856 ; tlie second, 1857-1867; the third, which is the mean of the first and second, 1868 and later. The horizontal flexure was several times determined by the opi)osiug horizontal collimators. Until 1866 the telescope was raised from its bearings in order to render the collimators intervisible. In the latter part of 1865 the telescope cube was pierced in such a manner as to dispense with the raising. Owing to construction of the instrument a single circular opening could not be cut, but several radiatiug apertures in the form of sectors were made. This necessitated the use of very large collimators (aperture 7 inches). The value of the horizontal flexure suddenly changed at this time nearly one second, passing from a decided plus value to a minus value. In the table to be given it will be observed that there is a simultaneous change in the opposite direction of the sign of the coefiicient of sin ^cos^ Z. As Professor Newcomb suggested to me recently that the entire series of observations with the transit circle could be reconciled to the supposition of a uniform coefiicient of flexure, depending on sin Z, 1 have examined this question, not, however, in any very critical or conclu- sive manner. It is necessary to remark that the formula of correction was, nutil 1862, assumed to be (1) rt -f & sin Z; subsequentlv to that time (2) a + V sin Z cos^ Z. I have reduced V to make it comparable with &, by supposing that the mean Z, where D — R occurs, is effectively about 25°, and, therefore, that b would have been about .8 b', had the law expressed in (1) been used instead of (2). The groups arc partly determined by the periods during which the same coefficient determined from opposing collimators was used. The following table exhibits approximate results. The first column gives the year or period ; the second, adoi)ted value of flexure depend- *Airy says, p. xli, Int. Gh. Obs., 1840, " The values ot B — D are so siuall, and the existeuce of any law among theui so uncertain, that I have thought it best to adopt the circle-results without any correc- tion for M — D." This remark is substantially repeated in each volume until 1850. 442 UNITED STATES NOETHEEN BODNDAEY COMMISSION. [3G] ing on sin Z, obtained from observation of collimators; the third, the average value of b for the given period — for the first three groups directly derived — for all after 18C2 from b' in the manner explained ; the fourth, the average value of the constant term a; the fifth, the sum of second and third columns; the sixth, the weight — the result of one jear being the unit. The spaces indicate eiiocbs of change in division correction used : — Period. Collimator flexure. b, or. Sb' a Re.sidual flexure. Weight. 1851 1852 1853-1856 + .73 + .73 + .50 — .24 [- .241 — .31 " + .10 [+ -10] - .03 -1- .49 -1- .19 1 4 1857-1861 1862-1864 1865 1866-1670' + .56 + .50 + .76 — .37 — .42 — .43 — .02 + .62 + .04 -f .01 — .04 -1- .10 + .14 -f .13 + .14 - + .25 5 3 I 5 1871 and 1872 — .12 + .51 - .01 + .39 2 + .». 21 * The actaal change in division correction used took place iu 1866, and is uuimportant. Thus it appears that, if the uniform value of sine flexure, + ".21, had been employed throughout the series, we should have had sufficiently good agreement between direct and reflection ob.servatious. This appears to me to throw discredit upon the value of flexure derived from opposing collimators, and forces me to the belief that the change iu the collimator flexure between 1SG5 and 1860, if it has indeed any reality in fact, was much smaller than has been supposed. In this particular case, at least, the fore- going discussion appears to argue strongly for the utility of reflection observations. If there is a real residual discordance, R — D, it would appear from the discus- sions of Airy (Mem. E. A. S. xxxiii, and Seven-year Catalogue, \}. viii); Faye (Comptes Bendus, ^x\, ltl>. 401, 635, 757); and Van de Saude Backhuyzen* (Ast. Nacli. 1720), that it is probably due iu some measure to the efl'ect of variations of temperature at different altitudes in the observing room. It is quite likely, that the reflection obser- vations are principally aflected — as Ileuderson and others have supposed. It maj be interesting to note that, if we assume the latitude derived by Bessel from Bradley's observations {Fund. Astr.) to be near the truth — and there is good reason for believing it is — and if we suppose the mean latitude for the period 183G- , we shall have : — 1860 to be that which is affected by the correction -^^ — 1755: c = 51° 28' SO^.G 1847 : ^=zolo 28' 3S".17, " " Ueber den i^ivflaaa dcr Strahlenbrechung im Beobachtungeaaah, auf die mit dem Meridiankreise bestim- ten Vedinationen." This paper treats, most thoroughly, the observations of Greenwich transit circle, 1851-1864, with reference to discrepancies in polar distance, which are cotemporaneous with difference of readings of outer and inner thermometers. As a practical result, the form of an ideal surface of junc- tion between the outer and inner air is deduced, which appears to explain the discrepancies in a satis- factory manner. [37] REPORT OP THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 443 Annual variation of latitude —".0155, or —".0139, if the latitudes are reduced to the same refractions. Comparing the results found by Airy (p. viii. Seven-year Catalogue), with

■' Eridani a Leporis e Can. Majoris 15 Argus S Crateris /J Corvi o- Librae /3' Scorpii a Scorpii 44 Opbiuchi ^' Sagittarii 43 Sagittarii a- Capricornl a Pis. Aust + .04 + .74 — .24 —1.74 +1. 48 — .04 + .10 + .06 — .09 —1.04 + .11 + .21 + .04 — .62 + .59 — .15 — .33 + .05 + .43 + .10 —1.27 + .21 +1.57 + .02 + .16 — .62 — .08 — .11 + .19 + .39 — .07 — .68 + .34 + .06 + 1.40 + .96 — .48 + .02 —3. 26 + .03 — .77 Note.— The catalogue for 1873 was not received in time but is used later in making up C'„ for Bt 72. to be used in forming the above correctiong, [391 REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 445 lu forming the corrections, a few polar distances marked in tbe catalogues as doubtfnl. or to be rejected, with a few which result solely from observations below the pole at great zenith distances, were not used. The weights of a few others were reduced in forming the means, on account of unusual discordance, or because the cat- alogue p. d. is made up partly of sub polo determinations at zenith distances over 70°. In general, the results are far less exact than we should have expected from the circumstances. Though the instrument is of the non-reversible pattern, the relation of the telescope to the divided circle can be altered at pleasure; yet this precaution was exercised but once, at the beginning of 1870. It would be impossible to detail the various systematic corrections which have been applied iu the reductions from time to time. The division error was determined on the assumption that the mean of 8 microscopes is free from error, and a correction applied after 1862. The values of horizontal flexure as adopted in reductions have varied from + 1".13 to + 2".83. The dependence on the time is not marked, the adopted value iu 1802-'G3 being + 2".5; and in lS71-'73, + 2".8, In 18C2-'G3-'64 and 'G7, corrections were applied E-D for Various corrections were applied for discordance of zenith points, deter- mined by nadirs and by reflection observations, etc. The refractions are those deduced by Johnson, and used in the Radcliffe general catalogues. To show the variety of practice in reducing the observations, we have the following table of latitudes adopted in reductions : — ■ Year. Adopted latitude. Yeiir. Adopted latitude. 1862 o / // CI 45 35.85 1869 51 45 35.42 1863 35.73 1864 35. 50 1S70 36. 20 1865 35.28 1871 35. 81 1866 36. 55 1872 36.06 1867 35.96 1873 36.33 1868 36. 16 The groups indicate periods for which the zenithal circle readings were the same. Pa 45. The catalogue results are used without change. The instrument used in these observations is of peculiar construction, and in many respects superior to any yet employed iu meridian observations for the purpose of deducing standard decli nations. The results like those of Kg 21, Dt 24, and Ao 29 are independent in every essential respect, and are such as to inspire the highest confidence. Ah 41 and Ah 52. It was decided to use the Armagh places for 1840 as two cata- logues. The tir.st includes the observations 1835-1840 ; the second, 1847-1854. Where a star had been observed in both periods, the separation was accomplished iu this manner. In the section entitled "Observed Places of Stars," pp. 1 to 040, the means, for each period, of corrections to the assumed polar distance (that of A. S. O., B. A. C, etc.), were taken. The mean of all the results was then subtracted from tbe separate means; the results are corrections to the catalogue i)clar distances for the respective periods. In the majority of instances all the observations of a given star are embraced in one or the other of the two periods. No correction for nutation was 446 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [40] applied. The catalogue places are reduced without proper motion except in a few cases specified by Dr. Robinson in Ast. Nach. Ix, 75. The proper correction has been carefully applied. WASHINGTON MURAL CIRCLE, 1845-1873. The most of this series, together with observations of meridian circle, meridian transit, and prime vertical transit, have been compiled in a general catalogue* for the epoch 1860, by Professor Tarnall. For the present purpose it is desirable to separate the work of the various instruments, and to combine the work of the mural circle into such convenient gronps as ajipear to be advisable. The error of division of this instrument though not investigated is undoubtedly small, and to provide against error from this and other causes the position of the telescope on the circle was fre- quently changed. Wn 47. The declinations are reduced in 1846 with Liudenau's nutation; in the three following years with that of the B. A. C, and to epoch, © = 281°. The correc- tions are : — + ".21 sin {a + 3150.2) + ".05 sin (« + 244° ) + "M sin (a + 2440 ) -f ".06 sin (a + 247° ) The proper motions employed in the reductions are those of N. A., 1848, and B. A. C. After 1845 the declinations are reduced to 1850, so that the correction is often considerable. The latitude which results from the observations of circumpolar stars in 1845, and which is adopted in subsequent years, is smaller by ".25 than that actually employed in the reductions of 1845. Accordingly, the correction — ".25 has been applied to the catalogue declinations of that year, reversing the sign where the declination results from o'oservations below the pole. The circle was used in thirty different positions, relative to the zenith, in 1845 ; in 1840 and 1847 the zenith reading remained the same, and was again changed at the beginning of 1848. The process of combination is as follows : The declinations of 1840 and 1847 are combined with weights ])roportional to the number of observa- tions ; to the resulting declinations for 1845, 1840-47 and 1848 weights are assigned according to this table : 1845 1846 1847 1848 Weight. Number ob- servations. Weight. Number observa- tions. 1 2 2.5 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 to 7 5 6 7 8 9 8 to 11. 12 to 16. 17 to 26. 27 to 50. 51 and upward. Wn 50. The simple mean of the separate results in all the years is taken without correction. Professor Ilall {Ast. Nach., 1047) finds the correction -f ".19 to the lati- * ' Catalogue of stars observed at the United States Naval Observatory during the years 1845 to 1871." Appendix III., Washington Astronomical Observations for 1871. [41] EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEE, APPENDIX H. 447 tude actually used in reductions (38° 53' 39".25). The resulting correction to decli- ations, I have not used. Wn Gi. All the declinations must be corrected for the full amount of proper motion — that of a Lyra in 1862 excepted. The latitude assumed in the reductions should be corrected by —".47, according to the discussion by Professor Newcomb.* I have applied to all declinations above the pole the correction — ".47 ; and to all below, 4- ".47. To all the declinations by direct observations in ISCl and 18G2, 1 have applied the correction, — ".21 for discordance of direct and reflected observations, on the authority of the discussion, p. xxx, Wash. Ast. Obs. 1863. In combination, the weights were taken from the table given in Wash. Obs., 1864, p. xli, which is here copied for reference : Weight. Number of observations in differ- eut years. 1861-'62. 18G3. 1864. 1 2 3 1 or 2 .... Above 2 . . lor2 .... 3 to .5 .... Above 5.. 1. 2 or 3. 4 to 7. 8 to 20. Above 20. 4 5 Wn 70. All declinations are corrected for full amount of proper motion. In 1872 and 1873 the assumed latitude is 38° 53' 38".8, and this is ".45 s-maller than that of previous years. +".45 is applied as a correction to the catalogue declinations of 1872-'73. So 51. The declinations of the catalogue are used without alteration. So 55. Proper motions were employed by Mosta in a few cases only. These are specified on p. xli. Int. The nutation correction is that of Ce 55. Ps 53. The declinations of the catalogue are used without change. The position of the telescope on the circle was twice changed during the observations of this series. There is everj^ reason to believe that the observations are exceptionally free from errors due to the instrument (Garabey circle). The exror of division appears to have been small (vide Lauuier's catalogue, p. 55, and Compt. Rend., tome, xxvii, p. 633). No sensible flexure is indicated by the few reflection observations which were taken. Caillet's refrac ionsf were adopted in the reductions, and the numerous observations of circumpolar stars do not indicate any considerable correction to them. PARIS ANNUAL CATALOGUES, 18o4-'G7. The declinations of the annual catalogues require no sensible correction. Until 1862 the Gambey mural circle was used alone. After that time the declinations depend principally upon observations made with the great meridian circle. The position of the telescope on the circle was changed in September, 1857. A comparison between results obtained before and after this time shows that there is a constant difference, amounting, approximately, to ".25. In 1863 and 1864 the transit circle was used without any cor- rection for flexiire; afterward the correction — ".77 sin Z was applied in the reductions. * Appendix to Washington Astronomical Observations for 1864. t Additions & la Conn, des temps, 1851. 448 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [42] Comparison of the results obtained by the two circles, when r.sed in common, shows no appreciable systematic difference between them. The declinations are not independent — the polar points being derived from obser- vations of the stars of a standard catalogue, the i)laces of which are revised from time to time on the authority of the observations themselves. The process is analogous to that commonly adopted in the determination of right ascensions. The separate results making up each of the four groups — lS54-'t57, 1858-02, 1863- '04, and 1865-'67, are combined with weights proportional to the number of observa- tions. The observed declinations of stars, not included in the Taris standard catalogue, are not conveniently accessible, and the apparent places for the days of observation only are given. Consequently they have been used oidy in a few special cases. BRUSSELS ANNUAL CATALOGUES. The declinations of these catalogues are unaffected by the reduction for proper motion, except for stars of the British Nautical Almanac. I have applied the proper correction. The nutation correction ior 1855 and 1850 is identical with that of Cam- bridge for corresponding years. The correction for division was not ajiplied until 1857. Though there is no appre- ciable alteration in methods during the period 1857 to 1807, the observations were divided into two nearly equal groups — 1857-02, 1803-07 — by which means greater accuracy is secured in the solution of conditional equations according to the adopted method. This is the more to be desired because the Brussels series contains numerous observations of stars generally neglected, elsewhere, in recent times. Tbe combination of the separate years in each of tbe three groups was effected by means of weights strictly proportional to the number of observations. C G H 58. The proper motions employed in this catalogue are usually very near those assumed in this paper. Where this correction becomes sensible it has been a])pUed. Tiie instrument is a duplicate of the Greenwich transit circle, and is of course subject to the same theoretical objections. Mr. Stone suspects that the zenith distances given by this instrument require a considerable correction*, which is proportional to cos Z. This will tend to throw suspicion upon the results of the discussion of refraction correction in introduction to the Cape catalogue (p. s). This discussion indicates that Bessel's refractions should be multiplied by .9953 in order to correspond to the obser- vations of circumpolar stars, but r.o use is made of this result by Mr. Stone in forming the catalogue. Me 02. The small corrections for difference between assumed and catalogue (Plain's) proper motions have been applied, also the table of corrections for flexure, etc., given in the catalogue (p. xxi, int.). The instrument used in these, and subsequent meridian observations at Melbourne, is similar iu most respects to the Greenwich transit circle. It is much smaller, however, and there are only four circle microscopes. During tbe period embraced in Me 02 the instrument was used at Williamstown, a short distance from its present site. The instrumental reductions are very uncertain, • Montb. No*. R. A. S., vol. 33, p. 69. [43J EEPOKT OF THE CUIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 449 aud the circamstances were unfavorable for accurate work. The decliDatious are prob- ably much inferior to those obtained with the same instrument at Melbourne. Me G8. The catalogue polar distances are reduced to 1870, with proper motions, which seldom differ much Irom those of Section II. However, the resulting small cor- rections have been carefully applied. Following the discussion by Mr. E. J. Stone (Month. Not., vol. 38, p. 27), the declinations are reduced by Mr. Ellery on the assump- tion that for stars culminating north of Melbourne zenith, Bessel's refractions should be multiplied by .9909, and for stars south by .9903. The latter number results from observations of circumpolar stars at Melbourne, the former from comparison with Greeu- wicli declinations, 1857-05. From circumpolar stars Dr. Gylden has found .99718 (V. J. S. Bd., iv, 102), and arguments derived from a consideration of Cape of Good Hope and St. Helena declinations, compared with those of northern observations, incline him to the belief that there may be a real difference in the refractions for the two sides of the zenith at Melbourne, though the question is much ob.scured by the uncertainty as to division error and flexui'e of the iustrument. The instrument being non-reversible we must remain in ignorance as to the amount of cosine flexure, and while this uncer- taintj' I'emains it will be difficult to draw decided conclusions about refraction, espe- cially when we consider the necessarily large probable error of refraction determina- tions at the latitude of Melbourne. The comparison of Washington and Melbourne (p. GG) throws some further light on the matter, Bn GG. The declinations taken iromAat. Nach., 1719, are used without change; those from the sixth volume of Bonn observations are corrected for the full amount of proper motion, and for the quantities (ajiplicable to decliuatious, clamp east) iu the following table, which is extracted from the introduction to the volume iu question (p. xiv): — (! Correction. (5 Correctiou. o ,/ c — 25 — .51 35 + -47 — 15 - .47 45 + .52 — 5 — .38 55 + . .'•.0 + 5 — .20 05 + .43 + 15 + .06 75 + . 32 + 25 -f .31 85 + .13 When the clamp is west the sign of tlie correction must be reversed. The decli- nations depend essentially upon those of the Berlin Jahrbuch (Wolfer's). Lc GG. The declinations must be corrected for the full amount of proper motion, none having been employed iu the reductions. The declinations are founded syste- matically upon the standard catalogue of the German Astronomical Society (V. J. S., iv, 324). Ln G7. A few small corrections for proper motion have been applied. In trans- cribing the declinations from this series, the order of prelerence has been — first, Ast. Nach.,l\)0'2; second, circumpolar stars, ]>. [141], second volume Leiden Obs.; third, from the catalogue of Gradmessiing stars, p. [125] ibid. The stars of the Gradme^'sung catalogue depend upon readings of circle B alone; for the others both circles were used. Exceptional care appear.s to have been exercised both N B 29 450 UNITED STATES NOKTUERN UOUNDAKY COMMISSION. [44] ill the obscivatioiKs and their rt'ductions. The instrninent is of the reversible ])atteru, iiud, where practicable, equal numbers of observations have been taken in each of the four posiiioiis— clunii) east, (dir. and ret'.), clamp west (dir. and ref.). The error of division for every o' mark on both circles has been ascertained. The corrections for flexure, and to assumed latitude and refraction constant, are thoroughly discussed according to the methods of Bessel. The Gnulmcssunf/ stars were each observed .ixteen times — the others much more frequently. KESULT8 OF OBSERVATIONS FOR DECLINATION WADE WITH TIIF. WASHINGTON TRANSIT CIRCLE FOR YI:ARS ISGC-lSTl. These are printed in the annual volumes of the United States Naval Observatory for the resi)ective years, and have been taken from the sections entitled "Corrections to the star positions of the American Ephemeris,'" etc., ami " Positions of Miscellaneous Stars," etc. I have not used the results obtained by Professor Newcomb, from the observations of 1860 and 1807, and published in Appendix III. of the Washington volume for 18G7, nor the annual catalogues in the later volumes. Notwithstanding the large probable error of its single determinations, this series appears to be worthy of particular attention, both on account of the great variety of circumstances under which the observations were taken, and because the instrument under consideration is in latitude nearly 13° farther south than any other in the northern hemisphere which has been used for important independent determinations of declination in recent times. The instrument, one of the largest of its class, is easily reversed. It has two IJnely divided circles, denominated respectively A and P. Circle A was read in 1800 and B in subsequent years. In the Washington volume for 1805 will be found an elaborate and exhaustive treatise by Professor Newcomb relating to the theory of errors of the transit circle, and in the same connection a jjractical aiiplication of the principles derived, to the particular case of the Washington transit circle. The division correc- tion of each circle is ascertained with great care at intervals of single degrees; the corrections for llexnre of circles and telescope are examined, so far as the same was practicable without recourse to celestial observation. The reductions of subsequent years assume the accuracy of these investigations. The instrument is usually reversed at the beginning of each calendar year, and at various times the circle is shiltcd rela- tively to the telesco))e, so that a given polar distance will depend upon different divisious-in different years. The only exception is in the .\ears 1871 and 1873, which, for practical pur[)oses, may be regarded as the work of a single year. The zenith points until June, 1807, were mainly ared with the questionable values of its corresponding /i p. Thus xi series of values A Pi — dp were obtained for each date, and the mean of each set adopted as the correction to the results as printed. The column headed "No." shows the total number of values of J P, — Jj), which are used to form the corresponding correction. The corrections with reversed signs are applicable to the results of reflection obser- vations. Date. Observer. Correction. No. Eemarlcs. March 18 H + 1..5 10 Polaris to n Cancri. September 7.. F — 1.5 19 October 1 T — 2.0 1(3 October 13 F — 2.0 19 October 16 F — 1.7 16 November 6. .. E — 0.9 22 f Cygni to Polaris. November 6. .. E — 2.3 U 6 Canis Majoris to a Hydrje. Decembers. .. F - 1.2 14* * Tlie result from a Aquilae is excluded. The corrections on November 6, taken in connection with the corresponding "zenith point corrections," whicii for the first group was 13". 0, and for the second 14".3, show that the Nadir determinations may indicate a considerable change in ttie zenith point without any real alteration. The "zenith point corrections" on November 6, according to the above table, should have been 12".l and 12".0 respectively, for the first and second groups ; while they were found to be from Nadir observations on * Washington Astronon)ical Observations, 1866, p. xvii. Introduction. 454 UNITED STATES NOETHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [48] November 5, 11".9, on November 7, lo".2, aud on November 9, 10".C, each depending on two separate observations, — those on November 7 being respectively 14".58 and 11".97. The only remaining corrections adopted to aid in forming J P in this aud in other years are for errata, which are to be found at the end of this Appendix. Twenty seven observations in 1868 -which differed more than 3".5 from the concluded means, were rejected. In 18GG the values of J P resulting from zenith points as corrected are adopted. Probable Error. Before combining the results of separate years, it is important to know their rela- tive weights ; especially as an examination, merely preliminary, shows that the accu- racy of a single determination varies greatly in different years. In getting probable error, the corrected results were used in 18CG ; and the results as printed and corrected for errata, in subsequent years ; except that the rejected observations of 18CS were not included. Each Ap was compared with its A P, aud the residuals arranged in groups according to zenith distance. The probable error e was supposed to follow the well- known law* Whatever the theoretical objections to this formula, they are nothing in com- parison with the uncertainty of the determination; because in this particular case there are few observations at great zenith distances. No distinction is made between observations north or south of the zenith, owing to the considerable number of bisec- tions taken at each pointing; aud these, for northern stars frequently observed, are more numerous on the average than for the southern ; so that the greater accuracy in a single bisection of an equatorial star is in this way assumed to give no marked advantage. In 1806 and 1807, stars observed twenty times or more were used, except at zenith distances greater than 55°, where the minimum was reduced to 7 observa- tions of the same star. In the two succeeding years the minimum for zenith distances less than 60° is 10. The results follow:— 18(i6. Grouii. Meau Z o I G 2 20 :i •>s 4 43 •"i 51 (i 58 No. resid- uals. 210 'i()2 104 2ia 251 201 Observed e ± .54 ± .52 ± .58 ± .03 ± .71 ± .05 e from formula. 57 57 58 GO (!3 G7 18G7. G 10 25 49 53 59 G9 226 232 205 127 85 31 ± .51 4- .55 ±.53 ± .GO db .54 ±.74 ±.,51 ± .52 ± .55 ±..57 ±.59 ±.7l * Vide Laugier's Memoir ; Kaiser, Second Volume Leiden 01)fierv,ations, etc. [49] EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. APPENDIX H. 455 186S. Groiiii. Mean Z No. resid- imI.s. Observed e e from formula. o II // 1 8 liiy ± .m i .76 2 21 ••)■)[} -- .71 -- .76 ii ■S2 205 -- .76 -- .77 4 50 34:^ -- .77 -- .7y 5 56 ra -- .72 -- .«1 6 65 8?, -- .60 -- .86 4 72 45 ±1.00 i .06 Two Imndred and eighty-seven residuals of stars ujost frequently observed iu 1809 give e = it .07. One hundred and sixty-five residuals of stars most frequently observed by reflec- tion in 1807 give £ — i ".50. The following formulie were adopted for the respective years : 1800 £2_//303 ^ '/.04u0 taug^Z 1807 £2 ^".201 + ".0333 taug^^ 1808 £= = ".578 -f {".0333) taug^.^ 1809 £« = (".455) -f (".0415) tang-.^ For 1808 the factor multiplied by tang^Z was assumed equal to that found by experiment in 1807 ; the result for 1SC8 being of extremely small weight. For 1809 the formula found from the observations of Wn 1870-1873 was adopted as being a close approximation. With the arguments Z and year, we have the following table of — Values of s z= 0° 20° 30= 40= 50° 55° 60° 65° 70° 7.5° II II 11 II II „ ,, II II // 1866 .,57 .,57 .58 .60 .62 .64 .68 .73 .81 .97 1867* .51 .52 .52 .53 .55 .57 .60 .64 .72 .85 1868 .76 .76 . 77 .78 .79 .80 .82 .86 .91 1.02 1869 .68 .08 .68 .70 .72 .74 .76 .80 .88 1.02 The value of e, must be determined from a comparison of observations in different positions of the circle. It will now be assumed that the systematic corrections required by the adopted values of A P, are : a, a correction B for division error. This has been taken from tables in § 72 of the descriptiou of the transit circle, Washington Observations for 1805. ft, a constant correction, — J Z, to all of the zenith points of a given year. The correction to /) P will be -f J 2'. * Tbe value of cs; at ^0°Z agrees precisely with that found in another way (see p. 47). The value there found corresponds to a zenith distance of about 40^. 456 UNITED STATES NOKTHEltN UOUNDAKY COMMISSION. [50] c, a correction for flexure, arbitrarily assumed to bo of the form F sin Z + F' cos Z. d, a correction, — J c, to J P (1SC6-1S69) for error in the assumed latitude, 38° 53' 3S".80. These corrections are of the forms usually adopted, aud stem to require no ex- planation on theoretical grounds. Accepting these, the final polar distance by direct observation will be — ^' -^/ ^' \ + 1) + J Z + Fsin Z+ F'cosZ-J

, Appendix I, ij 60 to ^ 67. t ^ (0.''>) App. I., Wn. 01)S., 186,5. [51] EEPOET OP THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 457 weight. Many of the detertninatious by opposing collimators were known to be iufln- enced by temperature in the room varying at different altitudes, and such were rejected. It is not altogether improbable that the measures accepted may have been affected injuriously by the same cause, though in a smaller degree. They are also liable to error from other causes, among which maj' be mentioned i)ersonal error, and the error possibly arising from the small aperture of the collimators.* It would bo difficult to estimate the i)robablo error in the determiuatiou of F and F' ; but perhaps enough has been said to show that a considerabla correction to the adopted values Is not altogether inadmissible. The reflection-observations of 1SG7 and 18G8 will iirst be examined to ascertain whether the differences J P(Eef) — /I Pt will tolerate the supposition that they are caused wholly or mainly by a constant error in adopted zenith point combined with an error in the assumed coefficient of sin Z in the formula for flexure. And for the purpose of assigning proper weights to /) P(Ref) — J P in each case s, will be ascertained by approximation. In 1867 there are a few observations of "miscellaneous stars" by reflection, and as tiiese are situated almost exclusively near the zenith they will afford additional evidence as to the character of the change near the zenith in the value of A P(Ref ) — J P. The following table exhibits the results from these stars arranged in order of zenith distance of stars observed directly, zenith distances being counted from 0° to 300°. The first column gives the name of the star; the second is P cor- rected wherever necessary by — ".34, to reduce to adopted zenith points ; the third is seconds of P (Ref ), reckoned from reflected pole through nadir, etc. ; the fourth gives the number of observations respectively for P and P (Ref), separated by a hyphen ; the fifth shows the respective weights on the unit whose probable error is 1".00. These weights are deduced on the supposition that the value of e, is =t ".25. The sixth column shows the values of P(Ref) — P, and the last column shows the values of Z. Name. P P(Ref) Obs. 77' P{Rei) — V Z B.A.C.1144 h UrsiB Majoris fi Ursaj Majoris 81 Ursse Majoris 21 Ursaj Majoris 1 Can.Ven o / /' 24 52 46.60 27 33 15. 02 32 55 18.32 33 .59 05.38 35 25 36.07 35 50 31. 17 36 48 07.39 40 14 03. 10 41 29 61.03 41 34 11.07 46.16 13. -18 16. 99 05. 73 36.85 30.97 08.28 02.81 58.57 11.36 2-1 1-1 2-2 2-1 2-1 3-1 2-1 2-1 1-2 4-1 2 1.5 2.5 2 2 2 2 2 II — .44 — 1. 54 — 1.33 4- .35 + .78 — .20 -f- .89 — .29 — 2.46 -1- .29 334 337 342 343 344 345 346 349 350 350 X Ursas Majoris Recapitulation ( itars north of zenitl 20 — .39 ± .23 344 * The apertnre of the collimators is only 2^ inches, while that of the telescope is 8.5 inches. \^P=^P,+D. 458 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Name. P P(Ref) Obs. n' P(Ref) Z B.A.C. 4962 B.A.C. 4S09 y Cor. Borealis d Bootia .......... O ' " 62 24 32.79 62 44 40.97 63 17 29.45 64 17 29. 63 65 58 27.14 67 19 60.:i9 07 47 30.42 08 .'JO 40.27 68 56 22.20 74 00 47. 13 76 38 37.05 79 37 07. 15 33.74 47.64 28. 2S 29. 70 28.04 59.80 31.71 40. 13 22. 83 46. 32 36. 77 07. 43 2-1 2-1 2-1 3-1 3-1 2-1 2-1 2-1 2-1 2-1 2-1 2-1 2 2 o 2 + .95 + .07 — 1.17 4- .07 o 11 12 12 13 15 16 17 18 IH 23 25 28 (J4 Tjponis ....... 2 + .90 2 — . £9 ^ti Bootis .......... B.A.C. 1970 B. A. 0.2788 C Tauri 2 2 2 2 3 + 1.29 — .14 + .63 — .81 — .28 + .28 B.A.C. 5620 30 Gemiiiorum I Onliiuchi ...... 24 + . 15 ± . 14 17 The jirobable errors are deduced from the actual residuals; had they beeu e. or J 7J' = -^^(Ref.)-JP ^ ,,_o6 sin Z; 460 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. |64] i. e., assuming- JZ to be different for northern and sonthern stars, and excluding the supposed flexure, except that of + ".00 deduced from opposing collimators. We have for northern stars, JZ'=—".20; for southern stars, AZ" = + "AO. Professor Newcomb found*: — AZ' = — "A5 AZ"=+"Ab. The difference is mainly the efiect of the correction — ".34 to reduce systematically to zenith points derived from collimators. In the first solution the small value of J^ shows that the zenith points thus derived are practically free from constant error. While the numbers in column I. do not show that agreement of fact with hypoth- esis, which is desirable, they ought to have some preference over those of column II., especially when we consider that the manner of using the corrections dZ' and dZ", is at least highly questionable on a xwiori grounds. It may be noted that of the eight comparisons making up line (7), we have: — Stars. Z AP(Eef.)-AP, etc. ■k' I. 1st 2(1 4 4 o 349 353 If — 1.51 + .23 13 9 + 1.3 — .4 Whatever the source of these anomalies it is undoubtedly quite irregular in its action, and is suggested with some probability by Faye's hypothesist as to columns of heated air in the observing-room, which may principally or solely affect observations by reflection. Explanation of column III. will follow later, (p. 57). We have a similar table for 1868: — No. Mean Z AP(Rpf.) — AP + .10 Bin ^ t:' I. II. III. o // II II // (16) 308 — .73 C -1.01 — .69 — .46 (17) 310 — .70 3 — .83 — .69 — .41 (18) 333 —1. 03 14 — ..}9 — .34 — .01 (19) 328 —1.75 20 + .42 + .40 + .77 (30) 335 —1.40 13 + .20 + .00 + .49 (21) 345 -1.14 10 + .13 — . 10 + .37 (23) 351 —1. 30 10 + .43 + .02 + .01 (23) 11 + .38 16 — .74 - .27 — .71 (24) 18 + .33 20 — .55 - .22 — .57 (25) 34 — .07 21 — .28 + .10 — .21 (2G) 38 — .10 23 — .03 + .15 — .13 (27) {38) 33 — .51 23 + .47 + .58 + .35 39 00 11 + .00 + .09 — .10 (29) 48 + .54 16 — .34 — .43 — .55 •P. six, Int. Wash. Ast. Ohs., 1867. tF.aye, f'oniptc^ Urndiis, xxi. [55J REPORT OF THE OHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 461 The explanatious under 1867 apply. We bave for I. : — J Z = — ".35 ± ".035 1^=4- ".GO ±".070 For II. : JZ'=- ".03 and AZ"=- ".02. The difi'ereuce between these numbers and those deduced by Newcomb,* JZ'=— ".78 and J Z" = — ".10, is probably due to the changes in some of the zenith points (see p. 47,) and iu the changes and additions produced bj' errata. There is apparently not much to choose between I. and II. I shall, therefore, proceed on the hypothesis that a portion of the discordance in question is due to atmospheric, or causes other than flexure depending on sin^. Furthermore, the method of obtaining value of F by comparison of direct and reflected observations of Z will be considered asof equ.al weight with the method which employs opposing collimators. If we take the mean by weights of the two values of F, deduced from observations of 1867 and 18G8, we have +".69, which gives as the mean by the two methods :— F= + ".37. The observations of 1869 are too few to afibrd a practical contribution to this result, and those of 1866 were deduced with a difl'erent circle. By comparison of J P 68 — J P 67 we shall have an excellent determination of the quantities F' (or entire cosine flexure) and J Z68 — J^G7. To obtain most probable values of jF", F', J ZG7 and J ZGS, it will be best to comprise in one set of conditional equations all determinations which contribute to a knowledge of either of the required quantities, so that each may exert its proper influence upon all others. Each compar- ison JP68~ JP67 furnishes an equation of the form J Z67 — JZC)S + 2V' cos Z = JP6S — JP67, for direct observations, and J Z(>7 — J ZGS + 2 F cos Z ^ — J PiJS + A P67 for reflected observations. The results of 1867 and 1868 furnish 247t such equa- tions of the total weight 908. Arranging them in the order of zenith distance in zones about 5° ill width, we have 38 means or groups : — 1868-1867. AF 68 — AP 67 No. Mean Z oriiP67(Ref.) — AP68(Kef.) it' III (30) 288 — .40 U + .42 (31) 294 — .57 22 + .47 (:i2) 306 — ..'•>o 22 + .20 (33) 311 — .33 23 .04 (34) 316 — 1.20 9 + .84 (35) 323 — .86 30 + .32 (36) 328 — .60 34 00 (37) 332 — .56 19 — .08 (38) 337 + .01 10 — .69 (39) 345 — .f^S 16 + .If (40) :,5l - .45 22 .31 (41) 360 - .19 33 .58 • p. XX, Int. Wash. Ast. Obs., 1868. t The comparisons of a C.issiop., S. P., and a Cephei, S. P., are rejected as of small weight. 462 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. |56] 186S-1S67— Coutiuued. AP68 — AP 67 No. Mean Z orAP67(Ref.) ^ III. 1 — AP66Eef.) (42) o 7 — .e6 20 + .10 (43) 11 — 1.17 40 + .42 (44) 17 — .S3 44 + .11 (45) •21 — .86 26 + .17 (46) 54 — .71 50 + .04 ' (47) •29 — .89 60 + .•26 (■18) x^ — .42 72 .16 (49) 40 — .(16 43 — .44 ' (50) 47 — .42 65 + .02 (51) 5:{ — .55 •24 + .•24 (5-') 59 + .58 2-3 .79 (*?) (i4 — .05 16 — .08 (.}4) 69 + .92 7 — .96 2M + .66 6 + .44 •2-24 + .w 3 + ] .17 217 + 1.41 18 .12 (5c) •210 + 1.8-2 14 .46 (59) •205 + 1.31 17 + .10 ,.;.■. 195 + 1.63 10 .15 i-g + 1.-21 12 + .29 ]r,s + 1. 13 13 + .36 + ^•2-2 12 + .•24 i- .1 + 1.34 •20 + .03 (U-.) 14-5 + 1.86 21 .52 (66) 140 + 1.10 G + .15 ''"? ' 132 + 1.21 13 .07 Finally we have from opposiug collimators :— F -' " (68) +".06 620 +.32; where -' is determined a posteriori in such a manner that it shall be equal to one-half the weight of F in the solution of normal equations. Representing by — n, for convenience, the numbers in third column (in the three tables), we have the forms: — (1867) \2JZG-; + 2FsmZ+n^0\V^ (1868) {•2JZGi + 2FsmZ+n = 0\V-' (186S-1S67) J JZ 67 — J Z 68 + 2 1"' sin Z+n = 0\ y/-' \F—"m = 0\y/&H) The solution of numerical equations formed in accordance with the above, leads to these normal equations. // J -^ 6S + 904.6 F' + 100.0 F + 2552.0 J Z 07 — 90S.0 — 908.0 + 1756.0 + 904.6 - + 100.0 + The solution gives, — 904.0 94.2 JZ67 - 904.6 + 2493.!t + ".082 ± + 94.2 + 1255.5 ■'.024 5.71=4) + 31.59 = + 1088.08 = — 459.40 = J Z 68 = - ".290 ± ".030 F' = - ".571 ± ".024 F = + ".381[±".030J i:= i i".o7 [57J REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 463 It is hardly necessary to remark tluit the probable error as applied to F has no significance; but if we admit that the anomalous conditions aQecting J P(Ref) — AF acted with tolerable uniformity in 1SG7 and 18GS, then the probable error of the value of F' is quite real. The value of E is unlavorably influenced by the introduction of equation (68). Using (as in other cases) the separate residuals making up groups (30) to (54) inclusive, we have i; = ± ".994 ; and from groups (55) to (07) inclusive -B = ± 1".031. The agreement of E with assumed value is all that could be desired. The numbers in column III. are the residuals arising from the adoption of the above values in the individual equations. From groups (30) to (07) there are no evidences of large outstanding errors of a systematic nature ; nor, with one or two exceptions, of residuals larger than should be expected from the weight.s. Small errors in the division correction doubtless exist, aud it is to me matter of surprise that these groups are so well represented by the simple law assumed. So much cannot be said of the first 29 groups. The outstanding residuals in column III. may be attributed to atmospheric disturbances, to error in assumed value of F, and to other possible causes, whose existence is not clearly defined. It will be assumed that the difiiculty is mainly with the reflection observation ; aud these will accordingly be excluded from all further participation in the definitive results for 1807 and 1SG8. Assuming the correctness of F, the value of J Z 09 will be deduced from the comparison of direct and reflected observations of 1809, given on p. xxiii, Int. Wash. Ast. Obs. Reversing the signs in column "D — R", correcting by — .04 sin Z, and taking one-half the mean by weights of the outstanding residuals, we have: — J .Z 00 = + ".44 ± ".00. The circle was shifted at the beginning of the year 30' relatively to the telescope. In computing flexure, no account was taken of this circumstance. The observations of 1805 afi'ord no opportunity for independent determination of the cosine flexure of the circle used . d Z 66 and the sine flexure (F) were found by Professor Neweomb from comparison of direct and reflected observations.* The values were— JZ66 = -- ".72 J' 06 =-".78 The result of the investigation for 1^00 in the volume for 1805 is — 1".12 ; and this was adoi)ted in the reductions, I have adopted the mean of the two results P 60 = - ".95 The mean by weights of J P 67 and J P 68 corrected for A Z, F and F' was then taken • lutroductioii to Washiugtan Astrouomical Obaervatious for 186fi, p. xsiii. 464 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [58] as standard, with which A P CG, corrected by — ".72 — ".95 sin Z was compared. Arran{?ed in convenient groups the results are these : — Group. Mean Z A P j g^ 1 (corrected) — A p 66 (corrected). ■K- Calc. — obs. (1) o 293 — .14 24 + .06 C^) 307 — .07 32 — .03 (a) 312 + .12 44 — .22 (4) 325 + .02 70 — .13 (•'>) 334 - .25 35 + .14 («) 349 — .02 50 — .10 (7) 2 — .25 67 + .13 («) 13 + .02 112 — .14 (9) 23 — .03 150 — .09 (10) 32 + .01 1G6 — .12 (11) 44 — .35 150 + .25 (12) 55 -.37 62 + .28 (13) 65 — .30 42 + .29 (14) 228 Q'J 21 + .20 (15) 214 + ■.19 37 — .20 (IG) 206 + .15 28 — .16 (17) 192 + .10 35 — .10 (18) ICiS — .37 30 + .37 (19) 153 + .20 38 — .21 (20) 140 .00 14 — .01 (21) 132 — .02 22 00 The results from (14) to (21) are from reflection observations. The numbers in thii-d column are too small and too irregular to exhibit any decided preference for a given law. It will be assumed that the above value of J Z 6(5 requires correction, and that a term should be introduced for cosine flexure. I have found : — - ".00 [± .04] - ".OG [± .04] cos Z. The residuals in the last column are, on the whole, very satisfactox'y. Those in (11), (12), and (13), however, show a slight tendency to deviation from the assumed law. We have arrived at the following corrections to J P, which are adopted. Irregular correction for error of zenith 1SC6. — .78 — .U5 sin Z — .00 cos Z 18G7. +.08 + .38.siuZ-.57cosZ+^ ^^^j^^.^^ 18C8. — .29 + .3-i sin Z + .57 cos Z + {Irregular corrections.} 18G9. +.44 + .38 sin Z — .m cos Z or more conveniently : (A) 18GG. 18G7. 1SC8. 18C9. -.78 -.95 sin J 312.5 + P\ + .08 + .G9 sin \ 252.G + P j + etc. .29 + .G9 .sin \ '.+ P| + etc. + .44 + .09 sin \ 2.52.G + P \ These corrections are applicalth' to ])ol:ir distances from direct observation. [591 REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 465 Latitude and Refraction. In this series of observations, there is no materia! for cxaminiu,£f the correctness of the adopted temperature coefQcient of attnosphetic expansion. Owing to the low elevation of the pole and the deficiency of observations at low nltitudes of .stais at lower transit, the determination of an independent constant of refraction is likewise out of the question. The process of obtaining A

bci. (4) 2 — 144 -f 1.09 23 4 .33 <5 Ursai Minoris. (5) 2 — IGO -I-1.P8 10 -f .32 3 (6) 2 — 102 + .66 29 .10 5 (7) 2 — 171 -f . 85 31 + .09 7 (^) 2 — 185 + .78 13 + .01 3 (9) 2 — 202 + . 30 21 .47 4 (10) 2 — 210 + .72 8 — .05 5 (11) 2 — 227 -f . 91 16 + .14 4 (12) 2 — 236 + . 95 5 + .18 1 (13) 2 — 256 -1-1.23 4 + .45 2 (14) 2 — 320 -1- .88 4 + .09 1 The coefiQcients of Ic are taken at their mean values for the mean temperature at Washington, those from (11) to (14) excepted, which are for lower culmination taken from the detailed observations. From the above equations result — Aip = - ".309 i fc = -t- .00014 i ".105 ; or - ".38 -Y 8C".9 7.- .00119 fBcssel's refractions} x .99980 = Washington. The probable error of h is thus nearly 10 times the quantity itself, and as the change in refraction would bo practically insignificant, no use is made of it. The probable error of zJ ^ is with respect to the uncertainty of fc. Assuming li to be with- out error the probable error of A o becomes ± ".03. To get the deviations from A 75°, the results of separate years, for latitude are : // // 1866 — .46 ± .08 1867 - .26 ± .06 1868 - .46 i .06 1869 - .22 ± .12 Mean by weights — Ml The differences are not much greater thau the probable errors would lead us to expect, especially when we consider the uncertainty of J Z fcr each year. The adopted latitude, 38° 53' 3S".43, is more than 0".8 less than that found in 1845,* with the mural circle, and ".35 less than the result with the same instrument in 1861-2-3-4.t The difference between the earliest and latest determination is appar- ently greater than the sum of auy probable instrumental errors in the two -series. If the flexure from opposing collimators had beeu adopted, the seconds of latitude would have been 3S".66 very nearly. If, on the other hand, we take the results of comparison of Me 6S with Wn 68, and suppo.se, accordingly, that the refractions of the latter ought to be multiplied by .9953 the seconds of latitude are 38".S3; leaviug a difference not accounted for of ".42 ; and this, too, under the extreme supposition that the refractions of 1845 are correct, while the same refractions for 1868 n^ed to be multiplied by .9953. Combining with table (A) the correction + ".37, for — J (p already determined, we arrive at the following definitive correction to P and J P: II II 1866 - .41 - ,95 sin (312.5 + P) 1867 + .45 + .69 sin (252.6 + P) + \- ".34 to nadir values of P and J P. \ 1868 + .08 + .69 sin ( 5.2 + P) + ^ Irregular corrections for error , ^ ^ ^ ' ( zenith points. See p. 47. 1869 + .81 -f .69 sin (252.6 + P) Column (P) of the subjoined table is constructed from these. In column "Final" are found the systematic corrections necessary to reduce the North Polar Distances, after they are first corrected for division error and error of certain zenith points, to the Nor- mal System of this paper. It is formed by subtracting from (B) the declination cor- rection of Wn 68, taken from Table IX. "Appendix to Wasbington Astronomical Observations for 1845. 1 Appendix to Wasbington Astronomical Observations for 1864. [Gl] REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 467 Wn 66- Wn GO. Table of corrections to Polar Distances by direct obscrvatiov* 335 340 345 350 355 300 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 CO 05 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 1-25 186G. («) + .50 + -47 + .43 + .39 + .34 + .29 + .23 f -17 f .10 f .03 - .04 - .12 - .20 - .28 - .37 - .45 - .53 - .02 - .70 - .77 - .85 - .92 - .99 — 1. 05 —1.11 —1.16 —1.21 — 1. 25 —1.29 — 1. 32 —1.34 Filial. + .70 + .02 + .53 + .44 + .36 + .29 + .21 + -l-^ CO — .12 — .24 — .38 — ..52 — .04 — .76 — 87 — .93 —1.09 — 1.20 —1.30 —1.40 —1.49 —1.57 —1.64 —1.70 —1.76 — 1.84 —1.95 -2.09 —2.25 —2.43 1867. (C) — .05 — .09 — .13 — .16 — .18 — .20 — .21 — .23 — .23 — .23 — .23 _o2 — !20 — .18 — .16 — .13 — .09 — .05 — .01 + .03 -1- .08 + .14 ,19 .30 + + + + + .42 + .48 + ..54 + .00 + .00 Fiual. .15 .06 .03 .11 .16 .20 .23 .23 .33 .38 .43 .48 ..52 ..'.4 — . 54 — ..52 — .51 — ..50 — .47 — .43 — .39 — .34 — .29 — .24 — .21 ■)■) . 26 .33 .43 1863. (i') — .15 — .10 — .04 4- .02 + .00 + .14 + .20 + .20 + .32 + .37 + .43 + .48 + .52 + .57 + .61 + .04 + .CS + .70 + .73 4- .74 + .76 + .70 + ."7 -f .76 + .70 + .74 -I- .72 -h .70 + .67 + .64 + .60 Fiual. + .05 + .05 + .00 + .07 + .10 + .14 4- .18 1869. («) + .30 + .-6 + .23 + .20 + .17 + .15 4- .14 + 21 + • 13 + 22 4- . 12 + 22 + 12 + 23 4- 13 + 22 + 14 + 20 + lb + .21 4- 17 4- .22 + iO 4- .22 + 22 4- .23 + 20 4- . 23 + .30 4- .23 + .34 4- .21 + .39 4- .21 + .44 4- .19 H- .49 + .19 + . 55 4- .19 + .60 4- .19 + .6() 4- .14 + .72 4- .09 + .78 00 4- .W4 — .13 + .90 — .29 + .96 — .49 + .01 Final. + + "I" 4- + + 4- 4- 4- 4- 4- 4- + 4- 4- 4- ,r.o ,41 .33 .25 .19 .15 .12 .08 .02 .03 .07 .12 . 17 .19 .19 .ai . 19 .17 .16 .14 .11 .08 .03 .01 .07 .12 .15 .14 10 03 03 * Au explanation of tbe dilTerenco between the corresponding i.nnibers contained in columns "(B)" and " Fiual" is suggested in the co iip.arison of Washington and Melbourne polar d.stancee. (See pp. 60 to 68.) 468 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOONDARY COMMISSION. [621 With the corrections in column (B), and the table of weights, on p. 53 the follow- ing catalogue is constructed, which appears to require no explanation, except that the deliuitive declinations converted Irora N. P. D. are first given, followed by their respective weights; and after these the seconds of declination converted in like man- ner for separate years : Wn OS Catalogue. Star's name. a Andromedffl y Pegasi a Cassiopeas /? Coli 'Zl CassiopesB 21 CassioppjB, S. P ... e Piscium V Pisoiam a Ui>aB Minoris a UisiB Minoris S. P. D Ceti A CassiopejB I? Piscium Piscium /3 Ariel is 50 Cassiopeae GO Cassiopeae.S. P. 8 21 14 26 fi5 48 18 42 74 15 41.36 57. 84 45. 69 42. 44 57.51 7 10 26 34 88 36 42. 72 08.94 20.33 + 8 51 69 35 -f 14 39 + 8 29 + 20 09 + 71 46 55.48 02.07 51.18 31. 44 41.09 49.78 + 22 50 + 8 13 + 66 48 + 2 40 + 52 13 + 3 34 12. 29 33. 38 22. 85 39. 92 12. 48 12. 14 -f 77 14 42.20 -f 20 33 + 49 23 + 47 21 + 23 41 + 31 29 — 13 53 -f 15 18 + 18 53 + 16 -f 66 -f 32 + 15 + 45 — 8 + 28 -f 74 11.28 18. 20 43. 94 39. 92 19. 16 10. 10 22. 20 05. 69 28.12 49. 30 13. 72 02. 29 36. 35 23.54 33. 98 58.71 23 17 55 r,8. 43 0.>. 93 — 1 17 20. 12 — 34 m 47. 58 + 7 22 46. 37 44 45 23 34 38 35 112 28 3 39 37 41 31 47 32 17 31 3 38 41 27 24 8 36 18 25 30 32 45 19 36 26 16 35 44 5 34 36 42 1836. 1S67. 41.6 58.4 45.9 42.1 57.6 58.3 43.0 20.7 20.4 55.6 51.3 32. 3 41.4 50.6 48.6 12.5 33.9 23. 4 40.0 12.7 41.8 42.8 11.6 18.5 40.1 18.8 10. 5 21.8 05.7 28.1 49. 4 13.8 02.9 3(;. 5 23.4 34.2 ■58. 6 19.7 47.8 46. 6 10 41.4 58.0 45.9 42.2 56.2 57.3 42.6 08.9 20.2 20.3 55.4 40.1 17.9 10.3 22.1 05. 7 23.2 49. 13.8 02.0 36. 23. 8 34.0 50.7 30.9 40.3 49.1 49.9 12.1 33.3 22. 2 40.1 12.5 12.2 42.0 42.1 11.0 18.4 12 58. 11 1868. 41.7 56.9 45.6 43.1 57.5 57.1 42.4 20.3 11 46. 3 13 20.2 20.2 55. 4 02.1 51.3 31.2 41.2 51.0 49.4 12.1 33. 3 22.6 39.9 12. 2 42.5 41.5 11.3 17.5 43.3 39.9 20.4 09.6 22. 5 06.9 28.4 49.4 14.1 01.6 35.8 22.9 33.9 57.7 60.3 58.3 20.4 48.0 46.6 1869. 40.7 57.9 44.6 42.9 58.1 19.9 20.7 7 6 7 5 6 9 7 7 7 13 10 5 8 6 5 7 11 3 2 7 52.6 31 5 42.0 49.5 49.5 12.5 33.0 23.0 38.8 10.5 43.5 11.3 17. 6 46.0 39.1 09.1 23. 7 05.4 27.7 49.5 13.0 03.0 38.3 24.4 33.7 59.0 09.9 20. 1 47.0 45.9 103] EEPORT OF THE CDIEF ASTEONOMER, APPENDIX H. 469 TT'h GS Catalogue — Continued. ytai's name. Camelopardalis (22 H) Geiuinorum Geiuinorum CepbeiCGl II) Cepbei (r.lH.)S.P Caiiis Ma.joris Cauis Majuris Geminorum (i Geminorum Pi. VII 07 a' Geminorum /i Geminorum {> Geminorum Ursfe Majoris (3 H). 15 Argua e Hydrfe i Urs» Majoris it' UisiB Slajoris K Cancri a Lvneis Draconis (1 II) Draconis(lH.)S.P . a Hydrae 24 Uisai Majoris Ursa? Majoris e Leouis li Leonis a Leouis 32 UrssB Majoris Leonis Draconis (9 H) Draconis (9 H.) S. P. Leonis Leonis UrsoB Majoris Ursa} Majoris Leonis Crateris Leonis Draconis Leonis UrssB Majoris Leonis Ursaj Majoris Virginis Draconis (4 II) Draconis (4H.)S. P Virginis Corvi Draconis Camelopardalis (32 II) Camelopardalis (32 H.) S.P. 6 1H63.0. + C9 21 + 22 34 + 16 30 + 87 14 38.95 41.09 32. C3 28.83 28 47 20 11 IG 40 + 22 •f OS + 32 + 28 + 27 4- C8 — 23 + e + 48 + 67 + 11 11 + 34 50 + 81 54 40.55 08. 42 30.87 20. C2 CO. 22 £0.41 32. 07 1G.71 30.47 32. 28 03. 44 27. 00 02. 77 50.00 55. 34 20.17 — 8 05 + 70 24 + 52 10 + 24 22 4- 20 37 + 12 36 4- 65 45 17.06 27. 02 30. 96 49.38 37. 42 39.55 54.91 + 20 30 28. 05 + 70 23 29.48 + 9 59 04.99 + 11 14 34.02 + 57 05 20. 30 + 02 27 40. 23 + 21 14 40.61 — 14 03 53. 33 + 3 34 57.95 + 70 03 33. 15 — 05 43.50 + 48 31 39. 10 + 15 18 34.72 + 54 25 42.87 + 9 27 57. 92 + 78 20 59.70 Canum Venaticorum Virginis + 04 00. 19 — 22 39 59. 66 + 70 30 58. 53 + 84 07 50.03 + 39 01 54. 03 — 4 50 01. 45 12 20 40 68 32 15 3 42 8 41 48 35 2 30 39 23 21 37 8 20 1806. 39 3 5 36 32 45 10 42 32 35 36 5 30 41 29 31 28 34 3 44 31 35 37 36 33 14 27 46 34 41.7 32.7 29.0 28.8 40.3 07.8 30.9 20.7 23.9 31.9 10.4 32.9 03. 3 27.7 02.8 50.0 17.2 49.4 38.2 39.7 29.1 29.1 05.1 34.1 45.1 40.8 53.2 .=^7. 5 32.6 44.5 'si'f 42.8 58.0 59.7 60.3 59.6 59.7 58.7 51.6 54.1 01.3 10 1867 14 10 73 04 + + + + :i6. 47 27.54 01.83 53.06 35.91 41.59 15.44 14. 27 19. 12 40. 94 — — 8 + -f 31 + 49 — + 75 36. 59 23. 01 30.17 51. 40 15.38 50. 03 47.16 -f 10 + 65 — 8 — 30 + 14 ■4- 49 + 67 + 5 — 4 + 76 34.33 24. 08 53.20 16.74 43. 51 05. 40 22. 58 14. 32 39. 27 44. 68 + + 40 07 32. 42 56.46 35 27 33 22 7 22 41 20 27 25 1866. 26 30 28 6 3 30 29 17 24 21 43 7 18 28 30 32 36. 5 27.8 02.0 53.7 4i.'9" 1.5. 6 14.4 19.1 1867. 7 30 34.0 23.6 53.6 16.8 43.7 05.2 13.9 39.2 45.3 41.9 56.8 10 37.0 27. 3 01.4 53. 6 35. 9 41.1 15.6 14.1 1H.4 41.2 42.2 35.8 22. 5 30.2 1868. 49. 34.0 24. 1 52.5 16.2 43.4 0.5.6 23.0 14.6 39. 6 44.8 44.8 56.1 34.9 27.5 02.2 53.5 10 12 41.8 15.1 14.3 •:o.3 40.2 40.4 37.0 23. 5 29.6 50.7 47.1 47.3 35.3 24.6 53.5 17.2 43. 1 22.2 14.5 38.5 44.5 44.2 32.4 56.6 1869. 37.2 02.0 53.9 15. 3 40.3 36.8 50.2 34.1 44.0 41.4 The value of " C" in "DetaiLs of Corrections," etc., is computed from these declina- tions; and in column "obs." the values of -' are given instead of the number of obser- vations. A comparison of this catalogue with the polar distances of the Melbourne General Catalogue (Me OS) may not be devoid of interest. The mean epochs of observation in each are nearly identical, so that erroneous proper motions will be practically with- out intluence in the comparison. In the comparison* by E. J. Stone, of Greenwich and Melbourne (to which reference is elsewhere made), the refraction at the latter place is supposed to be different for equal zenith distances north and south. From circum- polar stars observed at Melbourne, with a correction of -|- ".15 to o, it was found that the adopted refractions should be multiplied by .99628. From comparisons of stars common to Grecnwicli and Melbourne the latter quantity was found to be .99086. Tiiese results were adopted in formation of Me (IS. Though possible on a priori grounds, this hypothesis is open to serious objections, when we consider the difficulty * £. J. Sloue, .Moulb. .Vol., 28, p. 27 [67] REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 473 of determining ( 1— Ic) independently, at the latitude of Melbourne, and the small weight of the actual determination, with a circle which was throughout used in a single position. Before comparing I have, therefore, reduced the polar distances of Me 08 to those which would have resulted from circumpolar stars alone. This I have accom- plished by the application of the correction — .00543/) to all polar distances less than 327° 50'. The individual weights are so uniform that to each comparison I have assigned weight 1, these excepted, — aAurigie, a Cygni, S Scorpii, tr Sagittarii, and a ColumboB, which received weight 0.5; and a Persei and : Ursse ilajoris, which were rejected for obvious reasons. If P be the computed and (1 — A) p the required mean refractions at Washington for a given star, / and (1 — Ic') p', the corresponding quantities for the same star at Mel- bourne, and if — II = P (Wn) — P(Me), we shall have from each comparison {n), -' being the weight : { P + 72.") 7; + (/ + 75.") /y + n = } V^' The two catalogues furnish 87 such equations which, though separately formed, are combined for convenience of solution in the following groups : + C5A; + 53S h' 72 314 79 2J4 83 205 90 175 95 159 100 148 105 138 109 132 117 122 124 115 130 107 151 100 1G5 95 170 91 191 88 219 f^4 200 70 Eesiduals after substitution. // TZ' n 3.31 = 1 -1 .06 .90 3 + .51 .73 4 + .49 1.01 + .12 1.02 9 + .03 l.GO 5 — .58 1.21 8 — .21 1.15 — .16 .98 8 + .01 .80 7 + .18 1.05 — .05 .87 6 + .15 1.13 5 — .00 .72 2 ■f .40 1.00 o 5 + .15 1.29 3. 5 — .08 1.47 *> — .14 1.79 0. 5 — .29 The solution gives Probable error (when /.- = -f .00468 ± .00061 I' = + .00302 ± .00045 ' = 1) = ± ".41 The refractions at Melbourne are already (as assumed), Bessel's (Tab. Beg.) x .99028. They now become 0.99028 X (1 — .00302), or .99207 x (Bessel's). Those at Washington become .99532 x (Bessel's). Admitting that e, for Melbourne is only ± .20, the probable error of an average single P, (wherj k' = 1) for Me 08 is roughly ± ".37. 474 UNITED STATES NOETHEUN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [OS] Judgiug iVom this, tbe hypotbesis adopted to explain the differences Wn CS — Me 08 is not repugnant, to tbe facts, especially when we bear in mind that tbe Melbourne circle has remained in an invariable position during the period for which the com- parison holdy good. But, on the other hand, this very circumstance throws a doubt u])ou the whole discussion ; for we cau form but an imperfect idea of the degree to which our work may be affected by errors in adopted division and flexure correction, and by uncorrected flexure, such as has been suspected in the Cape circle. (Month. Not., vol. 33, p. 09.) I have formed the following table of — Corrections to j^olar distances of Wn 08 and Me 08. P. Wn 63. Me 68. P Wu 68. Me 68. I. II. III. IV. I. II. III. IV. o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 CO 05 70 75 80 85 90 // 00 — .06 — .10 — .14 — .17 — .21 — .23 — .26 — .29 — .31 — .33 — .30 — .38 — .40 — .43 — .40 — .49 — . 51 — .50 00 — .02 — .05 — .10 — .15 — .20 — . 26 — .32 — .30 — .39 — .42 — .45 — .47 — . 50 — .53 — .55 — . 57 — ..58 — .59 // // o 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 13U 135 140 145 iro 1.^,5 100 105 170 175 180 — ..50 — .00 — .05 — .71 — .79 — .89 — 1.04 — 1.27 // — . 59 — .59 — .00 — .03 — .70 — .80 — .93 --1.09 + .19 + .M + . 22 + .23 + .24 + .25 t-M + .26 + .25 + .23 + .21 + . 19 + .16 + .14 + .11 + .08 + .04 .00 + .16 + .18 + .21 + .26 + .30 + .32 + .36 + .38 + .40 + .34 + .22 + .12 + .05 .00 ] 1 — .20 — .00 + .02 + .07 + .11 + .1! + .10 + .17 + .19 — . (i7 — .48 — .11 -h .03 + . 15 + . 1"' + . 15 + . 15 + .16 Column I. exhibits the results of the correction (/> + 72") x — .00408 for Wn 08. Column II., for purposes of comparison, gives the final correction of Wn 08 to Normal System. Column III. shows the correction just established for Me OS by comparison with Washington. For stars of north polar distance less than 127° 50', this coriectioa is ".27 — .0018/); for the remainder it is, (/9 + 75") x .00362. These corrections are applicable to the results as iiriiited in the ''General Catalogue." Column IV. gives the adopted correction of Me 08 to Normal System. Tbe agreement between I. and II., as well as between III. and IV., is such as to strengthen the belief that a great part of the difi'erence Wn 08 — Me 08 is due to error in the adopted refractions at each observatory. Wn 72. The mean corrections to polar distance of American Ephemeris, or simply polar distance, with the correction for "Div. Flex., etc.," are taken as printed from sec- tions entitled "Corrections to tbe Star Positions of the American Ephemeris," etc., and "Mean Places of Miscellaneous Stars," etc., without change for stars of polar distance less than 40°. From polar distance 50° southward certain corrections, which are in- [GO] REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX II. 475 eluded iu the reductions on account of discordance between direct and reflected obser- vations, are rejected. Tlie eflect of this is to apply the followin' l'('c;asi .. n P.fiasi . . n' Ilerculis . 3 Leoui3 . . a Tauii ... [■i<5] + .043 -t- .193 -f .111 . 02-2 .178 .1)9 . 00-2 . 0->-2 . 0-22 + + + .'2. + + + (105 0.>2 I0.-> •2-JS 2c5 1?;! •229 032 CV] AJ — .848 — . i.-.o — .430 — .148 — .106 — .493 + .023 — .075 + .248 — .102 — .r,94 — .217 — .22f; — . 914 -f .141 —1. 844 — .219 -f .052 + .187 -I- .128 — .009 — .207 — .136 + .028 + .019 + .040 + .003 + .056 -f .111 — .231 -f .330 -[- .197 + .259 + .060 ^y! —1. 003 — .014 — .784 — .405 + .467 — .740 — . .569 — .020 — . 104 — . 251 —1.177 — 1.04G — . KM —1. 825 — . 336 —2.441 — .790 M .055 . 062 .062 .071 . 055 . 055 , 059 .056 . 051 . 05(i . 062 .063 .oi;i . 0;!8 . 060 .047 .067 ^A/ .345 .390 .387 .441 .340 . 345 . 3CG .349 .319 . 343 . 385 . 394 . 373 .268 . 372 .288 .415 .47 .53 .60 .46 .47 .."0 .47 .43 .46 . .52 .53 .51 .33 .51 .39 .56 —10.4 — 8.4 — 8.0 — 1.1 + 3. 5 + 6.0 + 6.9 -f 7.4 -h 8. 5 +10.2 + 12.7 +12.7 +14. 3 + 11.4 +14. 6 +15.4 +10. 2 EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER, APPENDIX H. Table I— Gontiuued. 481 Name of star. a Bootis a Arietis a Coiouao Borealis . . . a AndrouiecIjB p Geminonim /9 Tauri [A<5] a Ly rcB a Cygni a AurigBE a Persci 7) Ursce Majoris . y Draconis /J Diaconis y Urs® Majoris . a Cassiopea3 a Cephei a Urs» Majoris . ij Cephei fi Ursai Minoris . y Cephei f Ursaj Minoris . (5 Urs* Minoris a Ursaj Minoris . a- Capricorni a2 Librae a Scorpii a Piscis Australis . — .265 — .138 — .067 — .164 — .S20 — .■>97 + .345 + .0-37 — .006 — .223 + .090 — .031 + .134 -I- . 192 + .024 — .024 + .042 + .000 — .009 4- .041 — .146 [V] —1. 378 — .459 — .016 — .420 — . 164 — .182 —1. 258 — .800 — .241 .098 .899 , 058 + .343 — .164 — . 452 .321 .775 A<5 + + — .088 — ,099 +1. 196 — .071 — .234 — . 128 — .018 — .144 — .206 — .247 + .362 + .0:51 A/i' + 010 S35 + .098 — .051 + .129 + .196 + .023 — .067 + .025 — .014 — .070 + .045 — . 127 + .009 + .087 — .314 + .063 — . 020 — .505 —2. 020 — .649 — .996 — .904 — . 430 + .349 —1. 627 — .860 — .579 + .333 —1.013 + .347 + .411 — .2.51 — .428 +1. 682 — .454 +1. 326 +1. 050 +1. 122 — .393 ^AJ + + o .6,59 . 258 .593 .133 . 353 .380 .048 .047 . 052 . 056 .041 .047 .044 . 049 .063 .063 .045 .059 .067 .049 .059 .0.57 .053 .038 .043 .045 .041 .06 .03 .072 .084 .086 .126 C A / .297 .293 .345 .377 . 254 .292 . 273 .309 .393 .396 .276 .361 . 428 .301 .366 . 355 . .327 .2.33 .263 .279 .247 .20 .10 .449 .524 .541 .782 .40 .40 .43 .46 .34 .39 .36 .40 .51 .50 .35 .46 .47 .38 .46 .45 .41 .29 .33 .35 .31 .61 .71 .45 .49 +20.0 +22. 7 +27. 2 +28. 2 +28. 4 +28. 5 +38. 6 +44.7 +45. 8 +49. 3 +50.1 +51. 5 +52. 4 +54. +55.7 +61. 9 +62.6 +69.9 +74.8 +76. 8 +78. 3 +86.6 +88.5 —13. —1.5. 4 —26.1 —30. 4 The weights assigned iu the case of the two polar stars « and 5 Ursse Miuoris, are not those of the table, since the relative weights here depend on principles entirely dift'ereut from those which have governed in the selections of weights to be used with equatorial stars. The weights are those given iu column tt of the tables for these two stars. The four stars o? Capriconi, a^ Librae, a Scorpii and a Piscis Australis are not found in "table A," since the subsequent process with these is exactly the same as for other stars iu the same region. The formation of normal places for the limits — 30° to — 90° declination is re- served for a later period of the discussion, and the manner will be hereafter explained. By the substitution iu the equations of condition of the values of J <5 and J// cou- tained in columns four and five, we derive the numbers in column "r", table A, "Details of Corrections," etc. These are the corrections to the catalogue declinations given by the approximate Normal System. These are arranged for each catalogue iu the order of declination, and from them systematic corrections derived, which are exhibiteil in Table II N B 31 •18: rxiTF.D sr.\rK8 noutukkn hoinuakv ci^mmission I7«l Tablk 11. IWlimiHiirj/ sj/stfmatic c«rreeiioHS to fumlanKHial itUaloffUts, derirtti through ivmparison icith the tMinatioHS o/forttt-foHr fuHdamtHtal and chvumpitlar stars. « d a s ij ;^ 3 a5 Si ;s R s S >.■ •5 is 9 5 ^x ^ A O s < c i^ S ^ 5 ^ S ,S3 £ S — J» -»! 1 IV - f ^ +1.05 4-1. OT 4-1. os> |l.U 4-1. IS 4-1. 15 IV 00 00 ** -,40 -.40 40 m •• 1 .^4 w -,40 -.40 — 40 w 00 00 " M m 00 0(1 N M -SO -9S —96 ., .... ...... .I ""i ■ t — « -KSJ - : (V 0(.> -.40 -.40 \ s.< , 1- -.40 -.40 IV o« 00 00 IX> -34 - .w +.■!» -*> -i^SJ w _ .SH -»,« 00 -.40 ^ 1-lH -.40 00 00 IV +,".M -Kf¥ -SO ->!! -;^*"i IK> _ • SJ -l.M +I.K IV -.40 .'o -.40 IV 00 W ■ -: , fO k» -US -1« -;^«. IV _ .■N - .!><.> +1.1S1 IV -.40 . 40 w> IV "1 -1« -u -T^'^* w _ .(«> - ,^1 -fl.Sl >v -.40 ,40 IV —.10 +,4i . ■« -u -«3 -K*< IV - .w - ,ra U-1.SS (V -.40 .40 00 ■" -14 -10 -K'N »v _ .M - .S!>!+.SH -K» —.40 ■^-'' .65 l-,40 00 -K40 -K16|+,49|+,,M -10 - S 4v*< w _ ,M - -W ' .^1" ' -.v - il . , 1x1 -.41 ^« -:-,.-%i --. If. -.*) ..:.i - « -f^d< »v — . ,« .- .\' - j> — 6 - S -KSS (V « .« - ..V - 5 — 4 •'; .\1 _ .« - ..M - 4'.' — 4 _ .41 - .■!> .4,< ,-,44 -4-. 10 -t-..*^ -r^ Ip 1 -1^4; 4^*4 - a .SI - .4.- .44 !-,45 -Ks; -KIO |+s47 ., .ST - .♦; i\ -, .Ji^ . u - . ,x» - , 17 --.. H< -. u - 4 4-s -f-.*J iV _ .» - ,-10 4 -K 43 iV — .S< - .S:> -".iM IV _ ,ss — ,ss H -+- # +.S« IV _ .s« - .s« , -rl.Sl -.SI ;-.;s -r-i;> -r.is' -r^ i!> -TN 44 — la -T-S +u> -i-.ai IV .A) - .S-l I +1.44 -.so -,.\s --OS + .4S + .SI -.SJ -1^16 +.3T —so +10 +15 +-1!> IV .:j: - ,Sl U-l.Sl -,S1 _,\t! -.06 ^.«= M-.se -.« -KIS -f.40 -K41 -K41 — S4 4-15 -1^1 il? w _ .44 - .*t -ia.44 — OS !-.<« _ iV -;- .14 ; ,v» -.■w 4^« -p. 14 -K44 -KS9 — 47 -1 -A» +« «< _ .« - .s> • ■ lo — W _ V. - .IS — ."i^ +,41 _,- IT .^ ;7 _ ;.*, -■:-^ -tJ» -K«s I.V « .^ — .^.' TS _ .14 — f^ -SSS W 4» -KU IXI _ .!# - .Sv- ■,^ •:5 — . 11 -,A> -;-4l -.«. +*' -KIS (.V _ .18 - .IS . .i ..0 — W — - ,*■ — 10 I«,\ _ .14 _ .«« .^'..W -.ei — .ST -IS — . Ct Xw ...,, _ .IS - .15 rK.SM .... — .NS — .a> — 10 -. >i' _ • Jl - .IS -^- .Sk< '— , J^ .so — »» — . 0.- -1 _ ,u> - .n -^1. o; ,^,^..' . ,. w VV _ .l,X! - .IV +1.31 ...,.r , ■■ IV IV -i~W V V _ ,07 - .0^ , l-.»r. — . i.> — . u- V\' i\. IV IV — .l» - .OS .<>4 - .(M -,1S -,iv -.10 —.IS — .IW (V "■V IV IV IV Ov' ^;i +*> w IV IV w . ^^' 1 '^' IV iV IV 1 1 ' 1 ^^» 1 «v S. H. SI is »p\>lk\«No ttf ifco docliuatioiis *s i>riu*iN.1 iu tlw canUi^jpux Xv^TK, — TKt>st> oorrwtiivus ,-»ro amxlioaWo, ot iviirs»\ to tho cittaloguts as aflV>ct«.Hl by tUo prvHiuinary I'^l iJKi'oiM' oi' rill-: + .10 -.20 -I-.28 -.4* |..30 -. 19 -.28 •(•. 00 -.08 -.18 + .53 -.40 - .75 -. 13 + 4 -|. 5 -.41 — . 25 +.17 -.19 + .28 -.42 I-.30 -. 19 -.28 + .08 -.10 -.17 + ..52 -.40 - .73 -. 13 -)- 5 + (i -.41 -.25 +.17 -.18 + .28 -.41 I-.30 -. 1!) -.29 + .10 -. 12 -.17 + . 51 -.40 - .71 -.14 + fl + 8 -. 3'J -.25 +.18 -.10 + .28 -. 3i) (-.30 -.17 -.29 + .13 -.lis -.10 + .50 -.48 - .00 -. 10 ■V 8 + 10 -.38 -.25 +.18 .-.14 + .29 -..38 +-.30 — .15 -.30 + .10 -.18 -.10 + .49 -.00 - .02 -.17 + 10 15 -. .34 -.32 +.17 -.09 + .28 -.34 +.30 -.10 -.29 +.18 -.20 -.13 + .40 -. .50 - ..53 -.18 13 20 -.30 -.40 + .10 -.01 + .28 -.30 + .30 -.00 -.20 +.20 -.29 -. 11 + .43 -.40 - .45 -.20 20 25 -.20 -. ,')0 +.01 +.01 + .28 — . 25 I-. 31) -. '■'.) -.21 +.17 -. 30 -.07 + .40 -.37 - .38 -.20 25 30 -.22 -.00 -.0>j +.00 + .28 -.21 +. 30 -. 12 -.1(1 +. 14 -.30 -.02 + .38 -. 20 - .34 -.20 30 33 -.18 -. 05 -.11 +.11 +.28 -. 17 +.30 -.22 -.08 +.09 -.30 I-. 00 + .30 -. 15 - .31 -.20 :'5 40 - 14 -.70 -. 15 +. 1« +.28 -. 13 +.30 00 + .04 -.30 +.20 + .33 -.04 - .29 -. 20 40 4.'5 -.10 -.fill -. 14 + .22 -.07 +. 20 00 00 -.30 + ..31 + .00 - .28 -. 20 45 50 -.00 -.02 — . 13 +.28 -.02 f.28 00 00 -.28 + .29 + . 13 - .28 -. 20 50 M -.01 -. 51 -.11 +.30 + .07 I-.20 00 00 -.25 -1- .20 + .17 - .28 -.18 95 eo + .04 -.40 -.10 +.33 + .17 +.25 00 00 — . 21 + .23 + .21 - .18 -.17 00 or, +.12 -.27 -.08 +.31 + .20 + .23 00 00 -.10 + .21 + .22 - .20 -.13 05 ■;o + .20 -. 15 -.00 + .30 +.21) + .22 00 00 -.10 + .17 +.18 - .25 -. 10 70 7.') + .20 -.07 -.04 +.22 +.28 +.10 00 00 00 + .14 + .09 - .20 -.05 73 80 + .2.'. 00 -.03 +.15 +. 2(1 +.11 00 00 00 + .10 00 - .10 00 eo He + .10 00 00 00 + .20 00 00 00 00 + 00 00 00 00 90 • Tho correction (ictually UHorl by miDtrtko Tor Co 48 Ijntwncn tlio liinltH of — KP and —30'-' wah +".13. t An uctually used, tho correction from — 13'-' to —30^ wan about — ".20. Hco oxpluntitlon (p. 00). The following explaiiatioim will servo to show the manner of computing these corrections. As tho points of coinjiarisou were relatively few, sudden fluctuations in the values of tho correclioii are to be avoided, unless they seem to be conijiletely justKiiMl by the testimony of the observations. Wlienever a general expression such as a (sin Z + sin ^'), or, a (tan Z + tan Z')^ (where Z' is the zenith distance of the pole), was found to represent, approximately, the residuals, r, it was adopted. In the derivation of the corrections from —10° to +90° declination, only stars within those limits were used. From —10^ to —M'^, tlu; corrections are very rough a[)proxima- tioiis, there being but four standard declinations within these limits to control the curves. In fact, the curves were continued, in many cases, according to the law adopted for them within the limits +90° to —10°, where this course was not too strongly opposed to the residuals given by the four southern stars.* We proceed to notice such peculiarities in the individual corrections as appear to be worthy of remark. " Tho met 1)0(18 iited in deducing Koinoof the corrections of Table Il.aro not entirely tatiHlacloiy to the writer, but were rendered practically unavoidable for reanoiiM which are given in the introductory. (See].. [41.) 484 UNITED STATES IsOllTUEKN BOUNDAltY COMMISSION. [78] Kg 21. I have supposed that the systematic error in this catalogue is more likelj' to be due to error ia the constant of flexure employed than to anything else. This is found to correspond well with the residuals. Assuming the correction to be of the Ibrm, a (sin Z + sin Z'), we have for a + ".16, The use of this formula was continued to the extreme southern limit. Gh L'2. The correction is so small and so uncertain, that zero has been adopted for all declinations. Dt 24. The correction is assumed to bo of the form x ^IL^ilJ where p and />' are respectively the mean refractions foi a given star and the pole. We have : X = - .299 The Dorpat observations are reduced with a refraction constant which is Bessel's multiplied by .99545.* From the formula we shall have as the true factor, .99545 X 1.00299 = .99843. The following table shows the agreement of the formula with the means of the several groups of residuals. Mean d of group. Number ofstars. Meanvalne j,^^^ ala. Residual. — 8.9 3 — . 49 — 53 — .04 + 5.2 6 — .53 — 34 + .19 + 13.8 8 — .21 — 27 — .00 + 25. 8 6 — .03 — 22 — .19 + 43. 3 — .17 — 15 + .02 + 52.3 o — .25 — 13 + .12 + 62.3 o — .18 — 10 + .08 + 75.0 4 — .08 — OG + .02 Ao 29. The process with this correction was exactly similar to that pursued with Dt24. We have:— y. = - .333 and the following comparison : — Mean 6 of group. Number ofstars. Mean value ^i ofr. ^°™ jla. Residual. o — 8. 9 3 5S 02 // - .04 + .5.2 6 — .34 — 39 - .05 + 13.8 ,s — .36 — '.'2 + .04 + 25. 8 6 — . 33 — 25 + .08 + 43.0 3 — .28 — 17 + .11 + 52. 3 — .03 — 14 — .11 + 62. 3 •1 — .02 — 10 - .07 + 7.1.0 4 + .00 — 00 — .11 a. H. 31. From declination +00° to —10°, the curve was formed by adding to the numbers given by Dr. Auwers for S, U. 31 {Ast. Nach. Bd. G4, /S. 378), the difference " Pos. Med. (Struve), p. xxxii, Int. REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 485 between tbe correction just deduced for Ao 29 and that given by Dr. Auwers (ibid.), the difference being taken in tbe sense Normal — Auwcrs. For tbe limits —10° to — 3(P, the catalogue places corrected to Bessel's retraction, were taken without change. 0. G. H. 33. The correction for this catalogue was formed in precisely tLe same manner as that of S. H. 31, and between the limits —10° and —30°, correction zero is arbitrarily adopted. Ce 34. The residuals were plotted on a convenient scale as ordinates, both singly aud in groups, with the mean declinations as abscissa*. A curve of the simplest form was then drawn by hand, passing as nearly as possible through the mean of the i^oints. Eh 37 and Eh 43. Constructed on similar principles to that of Ce 34. Kg 38. A band-curve was drawn, but was found to be very uncertain. Gh 39. In the interval + 90° to + 52°, the correction zero was assumed. The remaining interval is well represented by the formula, — ".61 tan Z, which is adopted. Ce 40 and Ce 48. Process same as for Ce 34. Kg 43. The formula of correction assumed is : — K + P 100* The values derived are these : K= + ".30 ± ".09 ; x = — .24 ± .15. The correc- tion zero is assumed between the limits — 10° and — 30°, though from the formula a small minus correction would result. Pa 45. The adopted form of correction is a (sin Z + .503), the decimal number being the approximate sine of the co-latitude. This would closely represent the effect of an error in the adopted coefficient of sine flexure. There is room for reasonable doubt whether the constancy of the coefficient of flexure can be relied upon where the ocular and objective are interchanged as at Poulkova. At any rate, as will appear from the subjoined table of comparison, this formula accounts very accurately for the diifereuce, Normal — Poulkova. The value of the constant is + ".341 i ".015:— Mean 6 of Number of Mean value Formula. Residual. group. stars. of r. — 8.9 3 // + .49 + .49 .00 + 5.2 6 + .43 + .45 + .03 + i:!.8 8 + .48 + .42 — .06 + 25.8 6 + .31 + .36 + .05 + 43.0 3 -f .'25 + .27 + .02 + 52. 3 6 + .16 + .'21 + .05 + 62. 3 2 + .38 + .16 — .'22 + 75.0 4 — .02 + .08 + .10 The use of this formula is continued to the southern limit. Gh 45. A simple hand curve is drawn. Re 45. Owing to the large probable error of this authority, and the uncertainty of the curve, a comparison with Pa 45 and Gh 45 is instituted for every star in common with these catalogues and that at the end of this paper. The comparisons are included within the limits +90° and —10° declination, and are in the sense of corrections to 486 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [sr; Re 45. The weights were adopted without reference to the iiuinber of observations in Pa 45 or Gh 45, unless the number in the former is less than 4 and in the latter less than 5. With this exception, the weights are these: — Observatious ill Re 4.'). Wei-ht. 1 ■2 3 or 4 5 or more .4 .0 . 8 1.0 These were multiplied by .5 when the number of observations in either of the other catalogues is 1, by .7 when in Gh 45 the number is 2, by .8 when in Pa 45 the number is either 2 or 3, and in Gh 45, 3 or 4. It was seldom necessary to use these factors. The following table contains in the first column the mean declinations of the groups Fa — Re; in the second, the mean residual Pa — Re for each group; in the third, the weight; in the fourth, the probable error of the unit of this weight determined from each group. The fifth, .sixth, and seventh columns contain corresponding particulars for Gh 45 — Re 45, omitting the probable errors, which were not determined. The eighth and ninth columns show respectively the sums of numbers in columns two and six added to the corresponding corrections of Pa 45 and Gh 45, taken from Table II. The tenth columu contains the means of columns eight and nine, giving the numbers in column eight double weight except for the first group. From this last column the curve of correc- tion is constructed graphically by the usual method. 1. o^ 3. 4. 5. G. 7. 8. 9. 10. ^^., ,., // o fj ,, // — 8.4 - .33 G ± .00 — 8.G + .40 8 + .16 + .56 + . 36 — 0.8 + .15 G .45 — 1.3 + .53 9 + .02 + .09 + .(i4 + :?.5 — .78 5 .41 + 3.G .60 6 — .32 .43 — . 36 + 8.1 — .»)() 15 .31 + 8.0 — .18 15 — . -22 CO — .15 + i:!.7 — . 77 <) .43 + 13. G — .41 10 — .36 — .•20 — .31 + 18. 1 — .42 C .46 + 18.3 — .•23 6 — .02 — .01 — .02 + 21 8 —1.10 9 .48 + 2-2.9 — .89 9 — .72 — .70 — .71 + -2^. - .87 / .40 + 28.1 . — . 57 6 — . ('^2 — .43 — .49 + :i5. 1 —1.34 .5 .46 + 35. 1 — .81 3 — l!o3 — .76 — .94 + 41.1 — .08 •20 .45 + 41.4 — .03 2*2 — .40 — .06 — .29 + 47. a — .34 19 .44 + 47.2 + .22 '24 — .09 + .14 — .01 + r.-2. — .-24 1-2 . 35 + 51.8 + .1-2 15 — .02 + .04 00 + ,-(i.8 — .07 10 .01 + .56. 7 + .15 14 + .12 + .12 + .12 + Gl.O — .07 13 .•21 -t- 60. G + .06 •21 + .09 + . 06 + .08 + (;;i. 1) + .01 G .13 + GG. 1 + .'2o 9 + .14 + .26 + .18 -1- 70.1) + .0(1 11 .3-2 + 70. 1 + .04 10 + .76 + . (i6 + .73 + 7(i. r. +1. 0,-. 7 .33 H- 76.8 + . 5^2 9 +1. 1-2 + .52 + .92 L8:..8] [- . 1-2] [7] [85.7] [+ .32] ['] The correction of the table is not considered apt)licable between the limits 80° and OOo declination when stars are observed both above and below the pole. Between the limits — 10^ and —22^ the curve was constructed by the help of Dr. Auwers's table {Aat. yach., Bd. (i4). Search for terms in the declination correction of Re 45, which dejiend upou tlie right ascension of the star for tlieir magnitude, failed to dis- [81] REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 487 cover any whi,;h it was thought sate to apply- Dr. Gould finds a considerable cor- rection of this kind {Ast. Nach., Bd, G5, s. 182), and Dr. Auwers {Ant. Nach., Bd. G4, s. 335) finds by comparison with Ac 29: + ".285 sin a — ".14G cos a. Jly comi)arison includes stars between — 10° and + 74° declination, and, after subtracting the difler- ence of declination corrections from the separate differences Pa — Re and Gh — Re, I find:— Pa 45 — Ke 45. Gh45 — Ee45. Mean a of group. Weight. Difference. Mean a ot group. Weight. Difference. h. 0.2 2.2 4.2 .5.8 8.1 10.1 12.1 14.0 ICO 18.0 19.9 22. 14 17 13 11 10 15 ,s 11 15 8 15 15 // — .11 + .10 + .13 — .12 + .01 — ..'iS — .01 .00 — .30 — .34 + .02 — .OG h. 0.1 2.2 4.2 .5.8 8.1 10.1 12.2 14.1 IC. 18. 19.9 22.0 17 18 13 13 11 14 14 14 IG 12 18 24 — .02 + .21 + .21 — .18 + .OG — .52 + .01 + ■:" + '. 15 + .20 + .20 Wn 47, Wn 50, Wn G4. The corrections were derived by the graphical process. None of these curves are very certain for declinations north of 40o. Gh 51, Gh 57, and Gh G4, Ps 63, C. G. H. 58, Lu 67, Re C8, and Wu 72 were also discussed by means of hand curves. So 55. A uniform value of the correction was adopted, since sufficient material for drawing the cu^ve with requisite certainty was not available. Me G8 and Wn G8. Gom[)arison with the residuals r shows that the results of the discussion of Washington and Melbourne declinations (p. G8) answer sufiiciently well for the first approximation to their respective corrections. This opinion is supported by the final discussions. Gh 70. The empirical formula a (sin' .^+ sin' Z'), which diflers little in practical effect from that employed with Dt 24 and Ao 'JO, though it does not very closely rep- resent the mean values of r, is adopted. Discu. UrsiE Miuoris /3 Utshs Miuoris X Draconis y'' ljrs;t?, Jliuoris i/)' Draconis X Draconis /} (.'I'pboi -2 — .43 + .53 — .25 — .24 + .87 — .90 + .41 + .94 + .35 — .02 —1.01 +1.85 — .73 + ..33 + .06 — .68 + .GO + .33 +1.03 — ..58 + .52 — .08 — .88 +1.77 — 1..59 + .06 —1.69 +1.14 —1.40 —1.31 —2.67 ..52 1.14 .90 1.25 1.00 1.60 1.60 \35 .75 .95 1.05 .68 1.21 .82 .54 .97 .87 .60 1.63 1.08 1.59 .70 .78 1.19 1.23 1.04 l.GO .74 1.60 .96 .69 1.63 .85 .97 .70 .97 .59 1.66 .71 l.OG 1.69 .91 .91 .70 .74 .73 1.05 1.12 1.14 Cor. to Bradley. —3.8 —2.0 —1.5 — .2 — .2 — .8 —3.6 —1.6 —2.0 —1.7 —2.2 — .5 —2.6 —1.6 —4.2 —2. 5 —2.3 +4.0 —1.8 — .1 — .4 + .2 + .9 —1.2 + .7 — .1 + .2 —1.1 + .4 + .3 + .0 — .6 —1.7 — 1.5 — .5 — .7 + .9 —2.4 — .7 + .2 —1.6 +1.9 + 1.8 +1.8 — .2 + -9 + 1.G +2.4 .4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 .7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 .4 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 .4 2.0 .7 .7 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 j 1.0 i 1.5 i Resdnal. —4.3 —1.1 0.0 + .2 + .7 — .6 —2.3 —1.7 — .5 — .6 — .3 -1.5 — .8 —2.6 — .8 — .8 +1.9 — !9 o o!o + 1.0 — .2 + .5 + .3 — .4 — .6 +1.6 + .4 —1. 5 + .3 — .6 — .7 + .9 — 1.4 — .3 — .5 + 1.1 —1.6 — .6 — .5 —1.0 — 1.3 + 1.0 + 1.5 — .5 + .6 + .9 + .9 490 UNITED STATES NOETDEIIN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [84] Table III— Continued. Name of star. '/ /3 f' Lyr» I? Hercnlis n CamimVenaticoium. a Lyra? 01 Cvgni l3 AtdromedsB. 3 Tdanguli . . . c Cygni rf Lyras I Aurigaj f Herculis .. .. ." Cygui ,3 Tauri 3 Geniinorum . a ADtlromedas. /i Herculis . c Boot is .. . (I Coronje . . ft Leonis... f Lf ouis . . . 7/ Tauri a Arietis /t Gt^miuonim . (S Geminoruiu . (i Leouis ' Leonis.. Boot is .. Boot is .. Tauri . . . Leonis . . a' Herculis , a Pegasi... >' Pegasi... i Aquilae . . a Opbiuehi a Leonis... 7 AquiUe . . C Pegasi . . . K Oiihiucbi r Pegasi . . . o Aquite . .. n Orionis . .. f Pisciuin .. f Hyclrte a Scrjientis . Piscium Aiiiiila; . Piscium Ccti .... .\i|iiiUe . 1755. o i>79. 1 248. G I'Jl. 1 277. 2 314.0 14.0 28.8 30S). 1 2.S0. ;? 70.3 248. 315. G 77.7 112.G 358. y 264.2 218. G 231.1 144.7 143. 53.2 2^.4 92.0 106. 4 1G5. 3 151. G 211.1 205.8 G5. 5 174.1 255. 9 343. 1 0.2 283. 5 2G0.9 148. 8 293. 7 337. 3 251.5 323. 294. 7 8;>. 5 12. G 128.4 233. 1 356. 7 295. 8 351.8 42.4 288.3 +39.4 +39.4 +39. G +38.6 +37. 6 +34. 3 +33. 8 +33. 1 +33. 1 +32.1 +29. 2 +28.4 +28. 6 +27.7 +27. 9 +2-1. 1 +27. G +27.1 +24. 9 +23.3 4-22. 3 +22. G +22. 4 +21. 9 +2L1 H-20.5 +19.6 + 16.0 +15.9 +14.7 +13.9 +13.8 +13.5 +12. 8 +13. 2 + 10.0 + 9.G + 9.8 + 8.8 + 8.2 + 7.3 + G. G + 7.3 + 7.2 + 5.5 + .5.8 + 4.3 + 3.1 + 2. G ^^ + + + +1 + + + .731 .G85 . 055 . 3G2 .607 . 254 .284 .897 .140 .448 .039 .517 . 242 . 206 .144 .094 .121 — .018 — . 495 + .046 — .190 — .128 — . 5.5.5 — . 172 + . 142 — .331 — .234 — .229 + .060 + .259 + .197 + .330 — .231 + . 149 + .111 + .056 + .003 — .4411 — .011 + .037 + .040 + .019 — . 343 — . 189 + .028 — ..515 — . 136 — .572 — .2117 + . IIMI ■'M 28. 42.4 49.1 G6. 1 36.9 36.0 20.9 29. 4 46.2 33.3 29. G 29. 2 69.4 70.3 70.4 18.2 32. 4 69. 7 30.8 30.1 30. C 70.7 31.7 30. 5 43. 2 35.7 70.7 43.4 71.5 69.7 70. 5 70.7 69. 1 30. 9 70.3 71.5 70.0 29.7 29.8 29.6 71.5 71.5 2G. 1 28.2 71.5 35. 1 71.5 42. 71.5 45. 8 A/^' +1.G7 —3. 20 — .87 — 1.G3 + .15 -2. 17 — .68 —2. Gl —2. 10 —1.05 + + .18 .65 . 35 .43 .90 — 1. 94 + .53 —1.00 +1.23 —1.68 — .18 — . 65 — . 03 —2. 38 — 1. 61 —3. 11 —2. 02 —1. 22 — .79 —2. 44 — .34 —1. 82 — .16 — .67 —1. 05 —1.18 — .25 + 1.85 — .39 — .61 — .10 — .02 + .32 —3.46 — .41 — .74 +1. .58 + .49 — .11 "A/i' Cor. to Bradley. .60 1.12 1.24 1.G9 .83 .71 .59 .93 1.08 . 77 .78 .55 1.80 1.83 1.52 .67 .76 1.83 .C4 .70 .57 1.83 ,.59 .59 1.01 .76 1. 83 1.03 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.83 1.82 .72 1.82 1.84 1.77 .C)S .83 .68 1.84 1.84 . 63 .55 1.84 .69 1.84 . 9G 1.84 LOG —1.5 +1.7 + .4 +H + .8 +2.6 +1.2 +L9 —1.7 +1.1 +L5 — .9 — .4 + .8 +1.1 +2.4 + .3 +2.9 —2. 5 +1.1 — .7 + .5 —1.2 + .6 — .3 +L1 +1.8 + .r. +1.7 +L8 +L4 +2.8 — .1 +2.1 +3.0 +1.9 +1.5 + 1.9 +1.1 +L7 +L0 —1. 5 +3.3 +2.9 + L5 — .2 — .4 +3.3 I 1.0 . 7 .7 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 . 7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.0 . 7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 L5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 .7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 I.O 1.0 Residual. —1.6 + .8 + -a + .2 — .1 +1.7 + .3 + .6 —2.1 + .5 + .3 —1.4 —2.0 + .3 + .2 + .0 — .G — l.G — L8 + .1 — .8 — .3 — !i —1.0 + .3 — .8 + .9 + .3 — .3 +1.7 — 1. 1 + .3 +L3 + .4 — .4 + .3 — .1 + .2 + .1 —l.G + 1.0 +1.0 — .9 — LO + 1.2 [85] EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER, APPENDIX H. 491 Table III — Continued. Name of etar. 7 Ceti J3 Virginis f Viigiuis ly Virginis li Orionis I? Aqnani a Aquarii e Orionis 71 Serpentis i Opbiuchi /3 Aquarii 12 Hydra; f) Orionis 01 Ceti (3 Libraj a Virginis n' Cai)ricorni (5 Crateris y' Eridaui fi^ Libr* a Leporis /3 Ceti , IS' Scorpii ^' Sagittarii (5 Scorpii (3 Corvi 15 Argus a Scorpii t Canis Majoris . a Piscis Australis ! l7'o-o. a 6 37. - + 2.2 174.5 + 3.1 200. 6 + 0.7 181.8 + 0.7 79.9 — 0.5 335.7 — 1.4 328. 3 — 1.5 80.9 — 1.4 272.2 — 2.9 240.4 — 3.0 319.7 — C.6 138.9 — 7.6 75.7 — 8.5 17. 9 — 9.5 226. — 8.5 198.1 - 9.9 301.1 —13.0 106. 8 —13.9 56.7 —14.0 219. 3 —15.4 80.5 —17.9 .07.8 —18.8 237. 8 —19. 4 270.2 —21.1 2.36. 5 -22.2 185.4 —22. 5 119. 3 —23.9 243. —26.1 102. 2 —28.8 341. —30.4 A<5 — . 390 — .019 — .249 — .425 — .515 — . 603 — .009 — .221 + .366 — .329 + .198 + .128 + .187 + .187 + .066 + .052 — .310 — .641 —0.417 + .050 — .098 — .301 +1. 620 — ..%7 + .796 — .404 + .033 — .071 — .663 — .609 "^li 37.4 .58. 4 33.0 25.5 26. C 17.9 71.5 24.9 29.5 32.7 28.3 69.9 71.5 22.1 34.6 71.5 Am' —1.25 — .89 — .37 — 1. 42 +1.51 +1.82 — .40 —1.51 —2.04 + .48 —1.39 — .78 — .01 — .87 —1.23 —1.00 + .75 +1.00 + — 1 — .13 +1. 43 —5.84 +1.63 —4.14 + .45 —1.69 -1.06 +1.62 +1.34 -A^' Cor. to Bradley. .80 1.41 .72 .50 .69 .54 1.84 ..50 .02 .74 1.81 1.84 .63 .79 1.84 + .8 + 1.0 + 1.0 +1.3 + .0 +1.0 +2.8 +3.5 +1.7 +2. 3 +3.5 ^-1.6 — .0 +1.2 +2.7 + .9 — .2 + +1 +1.2 — .8 +1.7 —1.2 +3.8 + .6 +3.2 +1.2 +1.1 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 .7 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 Residual. + .1 — .2 + 1.0 — .4 — .4 + .4 + 1.0 + 1.4 + .3 +1.0 + .1 — .(■) + .0 + .4 -1.2 —1.4 —1. 3 + .3 —1.0 + .8 +1.3 + .5 + -1 Columns one, two, and three require no explanation. Columns four and five con- tain the correction to the assumed declination for the epoch 1845, with the weight as determined from the equations of condition. Colnmu sis contains one hundred times the correctiou to the annual variation assumed, and column seven its weight. In reference to the weights, it should be remarked, that for the first five stars the weights were assumed on different princii)les from those which prevail with other stars. The manner of assigning weights to the stars from a^ Capricorni to a Piscis Australis has been already explained. As they are not, therefore, strictly comparable with the pro- ceding they are omitted. Column eight contains the correction to Gh 1752 and Gh 1755, resulting from the preceding values of J S and J jj.'. The process of obttiiniug these corrections was this: The catalogue declinations were corrected for nutation as explained (p. 2i)). The declinations between + 14° and — 14°, have been corrected by 492 UNITED STATES NOETHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [86] Bessel for certain quantities necessary to make tbem agree with Bradley's observations of the siui. Tbe following table is given in Fundamenta Astronomice (p. 62). (! Correction. <5 Correction. 6 Correction. o — 13 — 11 — 9 — 5 + ."1 + .63 + .24 + .72 — .06 o — 3 — 1 + 1 + 3 + 5 + .67 + 2.36 + 1.03 + 1.46 + .42 o + - + 9 + u + 13 + 1.22 + .47 + .93 + .49 These corrections I have subtracted from tbe catalogue declinations ; by which means we are able to assume tbe same system for all stars south of Greenwich zenith. Tbe standard declinatiou for 1752 is equal to the assumed declination + J //' — .93 J y. From the standard so formed is sul)traclcd the corrected declination of tbe catalogue. Tbe result is the "Correction to Bradley." For the .stars enumerated below the correc- tions to declinations from lower culmination are given with reversed sign, as the above table deals with upper culmination only. Stars observed sub polo. Name. a + 180° Corr. to Bradley. Weight. Name. a + 180° Cor. to Bradley. Weight. 1 Ureaa Minoris ... a UrssB Minoris - - . d UrssB Minoris . .. Camelop.(32H). f Urate Minoris ... f UrssB Minoris . .. 139.6 190.9 102.7 12.0 78.0 58.3 + .24 —1.55 +1.13 —2.74 — .27 —2.85 .4 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 o 172.4 86.6 108.1 65.2 101.9 319.1 + .89 —2. 24 +1. 17 — 5. 64 +2.04 — .24 .4 i!o 1.0 1.0 1.0 Tp Draconis '5 Draconis 7! Draconis Draconis 6 Ursae Majoris . .. Tbe ninth column gives the we igbt used in solving tbe equations of condition, following is tbe scale : Tbe Obs. Weight, j 1 2 3-9 10-25 over 25 .4 .7 1.0 1.5 2.0 In estimating these weights, no account is taken of tbe uncertainty of the standard places. Their probable error seldom exceeds ".45, and for the fundamental stars averages about ".3. The probable error of the unit of weight for tbe additional stars is approximately ".35. Owing to the uncertain character of tbe residuals I did not think it safe to attempt the drawing of a curve. Careful preliminary examination showed that the error varies [87 1 REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 493 greatly with the Right Ascension, according to what law it is difBcult to conjecture. I assumed at first the simple i^eriodic formula of correction, X sin a + y cos a. The form of the declination correction (order of declination) especially for southern stars, api>ears to be tolerably well represented by the expression — V + ic s,m2 Z + u tan Z. For southern stars alone the normal equations are these : + 109.2 v + 77.2 «7 - O.Cx+ CO y + 111.0 w - 100.0 = + 77.2 V + 03.5 iv - 3.3 ^ + 3.9 y + 82.3 u - 85.7 = — O.Gv— 3.3 «p + 59.G a; + 1.8 y- 9.2 ?« + 30.1 = + 5.9 » + 3.9 to + 1.8 a; + 49.G »/ + 4.3 « -f 8.5 = + 111.0 V + 82.3 w - 9.2 x+ 4.2 7/ + 245.2 u - 121.8 = From which — v= - 21 «' = + 1..50 x= - .41 y = - .25 w = + .08 Arranged in four nearly equal groups, we have the following values of v, x, and y, the residuals being first corrected for + 1".50 sin 2 ^ + ".OS tan Z. Mean <5 I) X .'/ Weight of tj. Adopted y. o // // II n — 13.0 - .20 — .17 — .88 10 — .98 + 08.3 — .07 — .r>2 — .72 16 — .48 + 25.6 — .42 — .49 + .09 11 — .06 + 43.4 — .19 — .29 + .36 10 + .37 The constancy of v and x is as good as we might expect, but such is not the case with y. In the uncertainty, I have supposed y to vary directly with the declination, and find — The equations for northern stars are : + C0.9 V - 27.6 w — 13.1 j; + - 27.0 y + 20.3 H' + 1.3 j; + - 13.1 V + 1.3 w + 31.1 x - + ,5i;+ 0.2w- 1.8 a; + 29.8 2/ - 2.8 m + 17.2 = - 29.0 <) + 21 .5 IV — 3.9 x - 2.8 y + 43.9 « - 31.5 = 0.5 y — 28.9 n + 63.8 = 0.2 ;)/ + 21.5 u - 35.2 = 1.8 2/ - 3.9 ?f - 13.7 = 494 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [88J Wheuce — ' t; = - .63 w = + 1.25 x=+ .04 y = - .01 u = — .35 The number of stars ,au(l the weights are too small to admit of auy valid argument from the process of grouping ; the residuals, however, are not remarkably well repre- sented by the formula. The real correction is probably much more variable. The equality of the two values of «c derived from northern and southern stars is quite striking. The smallness of u in each case is an argument that the refraction deduced by Bessel corresponds well with Bradley's observations. For the definitive correction I have dropped m and combined the equations for both northern and southern stars. Two sets of coefiScients for sin a and cos a are separately determined. For northern stars these are denoted by x' and y'. y is introduced into the equations in order to eliminate its mean influence on the determination of the remaining quantities. The equations follow. + 170.1 » + 49.0 (P - 13.1 a;' + 0.5?/'- 0.6 x + + 49.6 V + S3.S w + 1.3 x' + 0.2 y' - 3.3 a; + - 13,1 V + 1.3 ic + 31.1 x' - 1.8 y' 0.0 .r + + 5.9 y - 36.2 = 3.9?/- 121.0 = 0.0 y - 13.7 = 0.5 V + 0.2 ?() - 1.8.1'+ 29.8?/' 0.0 a' 0.0?/ + 17.2 = 0.0 V — 3.3 (r 0.0 a:' 0.0 ?/' + 59.0 a; + 1.8 y + 30.1 = 5.9 y+ 3.9 H' 0.0 a;' 0.0 y' + 1.8 x + 49.6 y + 8.5 = ion gives: V = - .21 ± .06 ?P = + 1.56 ± .10 a' = + .25 ± .16 ?/' = - .57 ± .16 *• = - .41 ± .10 y =- .25 The probable error of the unit of weight is ± ".79. For northern stars it is + 1".03 ; and for southern ± ".05. These probable errors are somewhat larger than can fairly be ascribed to Bradley's declinations, since they include the eflect of the prebable error of the normal places themselves. In order to be on the safe side I have adopted the following weights in final discussion, the supposed probable error of the unit being ± ".30, as will be explained hereafter. W.M^Ilt. Number of observations. Northern stars. Southern stars. 00 .05 .1 .•i .3 1 2 to S 9, or more. 1 2, or 3 4 to 20 21, or more. [89J KBPORT OF THE OHIEP ASTRONOMEH, APPENDIX U. 495 lu computing Table V., weight .5 is assigned to 4 or more observations, and weight .3 to less than that number. Declinations of Gh 1752-55, from one observation are rejected. If the corrections above determined are combined with those for nutation we liave — For uortheru stars (north of 51*3.5 S) — ".21 + 1".56 sin Z + ".05 sin a - ".29 cos a. For southern stars (south of 510.5 3) — .21 + 1.56 sin Z — ".82 sin a — .24 ^5^^^^^^^ cos «. Z is reckoned in the usual direction from 0° to 360°. For convenience the following tables have been constructetl : Table IV. Definitive corrections for BesseVs Fundamenta Astronomice. Northern stars, + 51o.5 to + 90°. A Coi rectioD. iS Above Below pole. pole. o II // fSO - .13 + .82 55 - .40 + 1.06 60 - .66 + 1.27 65 - .92 + 1.46 70 - 1.15 + 1.60 75 - 1. 35 + 1.70 80 - 1. 52 + 1.76 85 - 1.05 + 1.77 90 -1.73 + 1.73 Note. — The corrections are .applicable to declina- tious directly, whether observed above or below piilc. The entire correction for northern stars is J + n. Corr. a B b .29 h 12 1 — .27 13 •> — .23 14 3 — .17 15 4 — .10 IG 5 — .03 17 6 + .05 18 7 4- .12 19 8 + .19 20 9 + .24 21 10 + .28 22 11 + .30 23 12 + .29 24 From IS"" to 24'' the correction has the opposite sign. 496 UNlTliD STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMJVIISSION. [90] 0*. For stars south of 51°, 5 S. -E. DECLINATION. +50° -f45° +40O +33° +30° +25° +20° +15° +10° +05° +00° -05° -10° -15° -20° -25° -30° + .42'+. 50 4-. 18 4-. 34 - . 071-1- . 03 - . 33 - .15 - .58 - .79 - .96 -1.08 -1.13 -1.10 -1.02 - .87 - .68 - .3' - .55 - .69 .63 .49 .29 . 44 - .06 . 19 + . 19 . 07 + . 43 + .32+ .65 -I- .534- .83 + .70 +.97 + . 82+1. 05 4- . 87|4-a. 07 + . 84J-1-1. 03 + . 76 + . 93 -1- . 42 + . 57 + .71 .48 -- .82 60 5 + . 39 + . 03 + . 19 .17 .32 - .43 .48 .48 .41 .28 - .11 + .09 + .32 -I- .55 + -r 1.12 1.23 i i -1.28 -1.28 -1.21 +1.08 -[-.71 + .92 4-. 70 + .49 + .31 + .01 - .11 - .19 - .21 - .18 - .08 I + .68 4- .89 +1.09 1.27 1..39 1.47 I t: + .21 + .03 -t- .09 + .21 + .37 57 + .78 +1.00 1.21 1.3'J 1:- 52 1.C4 +1.68 +1. 49 +1. 07 1.4G-+-1.61 1.30+1.49 +1.22 4-1.04 4- .83 +1.33 4-1.13 4-0.92 +1.01 + .80 -(-.61 4-. 47 I I + .42 -^.54 4-. 71 .91 1.13 1.35 li + .99 +1. 36 +1. 71 4-1.7,5 4-1.9; +1.89+2.0' -J-.41 + .40 + .45 -1- .70 + .90 +1.12 +1.34 +1.57 +1.99 +2.03 +2.01 +2.15 +2.16 +2.11 01 +1.94+2. +1. 82+1. 86 +1.65+1.66 +1. 45+1. 44 ■ 1. 23+1. 2'J 1.01 4- .99 ti + . 93 + . 82 4- . 73 4- . 62 4-. 57 +.48 + . 40 + . 39 + . 41 + . 36 4- .43 4- -41 4- . 50,+ . 32 + .69 4- .89 4-1.14 + .04 + .8i +1.04 +1.28+1.39 4-1.52 4-1.63 4-1. 75+1. 88 +1. 95'+2. _. -1-2. ll!-}-2.22 +2. 22'4-2. 31 +2. 27+2. 34 4-2. 25 4-2. 29 4-2. 19j4-2. 18 +2. 04+2. 01 +1. 60+1. 81 4-1. 64'-j-l. 56 +1. 40+1. 31 -hi. IC- -1.05 +0.93-1-0.8! + .te 4- .46 4- .33 4- .20 + .26 4-. 34 + .48 + .66 -t- .91 +l.lt +1. ii -1-1.72 +1.96 +2. 1," +2. 2? 4-2! 3C +2.3C +2. +2.14 1. o."- ■1.71 1.44 ■I.IC ■ .90 • .66 .46 I... + .10 i + .62 ■ .89 1. 19 t +1.48 +1.76 4-2.00 ■2.19 ■2. 32 2.36 2. 34 23 2. 00 I +1.84 4-1.59 4-1.27 + .08 + .70 + .46 + .21 + .0 - .09 - .1: + !06 4- ••27 i +1.45 4-1.77 +1.99 -4-2. 18 -f2. 29 +2.32 +2.27 4-2.13 +1.93 1.6' 1.36 1. 06 I + .75 - .08 - .26 - .36 - .37 - .30 - .14 - .10 + .39 + -71 +1.06 1.39 1.69 1.94 i +2.12 -f-2. 2r 4-2! 23 16 00 1.76 1.47 1.15 - .08 - .40 - .58 - .67 - .60 - .50 - .37 - .10 + .22 + .57 + .94 +1.29 +1.61 -1-1.80 --2. 04 --2. 13 2. 12 2.02 ■1.83 --1.50 +1.24 + .89 4-. 52 + .17 - .15 - .40 - .75 - .92 -1.00 - .9' - .85 - .03 - .33 i +1.1 +1.49 +1.75 +1.92 +2.00 +1.9' +1.83 +I.C3 +1.33 i - .17 - .49 - .75 I -1. 13 -1.29 -1.35 -1.31 -1.16 - .91 - .58 - .20 + !63 +1.02 4-1. 3G 4-1.62 +1.79 +1.85 +1.81 ■1.66 ■1.41 1.08 + .70 + .29 - .13 - .52 - .85 -1.12 * Between -[-14° and table, p. 63, Fund. Ast. -14°, (5, the entire correction is, C+- correction taken with opposite sign from SECTION VIII. DISCUSSION OF FINAL COEKECTIONS AND WEIGHTS. With the correction just deducecl, we shall be able to add a cousiderable number of standard stars to the list embraced in Table III. The places of the four extieuie southern stars of Table I., as well as the additional stars of Table III., will be revi.sed by the addition of Gh, 1753 or '55, as an authority. Forty fundamental and circum- polar stars of Table I. would not be materially affected by this addition. For the present, their declinations as already corrected, will be regarded as standard. Two or three stars, which should have been included in the list, were omitted by accident. The manner of deducing J d and J // has been sufficiently explained under sections VI. and VII. Their values will be found to be not materially different from those finally deduced. [91] EBPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX U. Table V. 497 Values of AS and J,a' adopted in computing final systematic corrections for the principal catalogues. Star's name. a. AndromedEB CassiopeEB 7 Pegasi f Cassiopea) a Cassiopeffl Ceti 7j CassiopeK 7 CassioiesB c Pisciiim Andromedae a Ursas Minoris . . (5 Cassiopem . 01 Ceti jy Piscium 51 AudromedsB 54 Andromod» Piscium £ CassiopesB Arietis 50 CassiopeiB y AndromedjB a Arietis Trianguli . f Ceti f= Ceti 7 Ceti a Ceti Persei a Persei f Tauri 5 Persei T] Tauri 7 Eridani e Tauri a Tauri 4 Camelopardalis a Camelopardalis 1 Auriga) Camelopardalis £ Auri^aj ri Aurigse . . a Auriga) Orionis Tauri 6 Orionis 1845. A() — .14 — .31 — .2:! — .i:i + .02 — .23 —1.20 — .39 — .26 + .24 + .09 + .08 + .13 — .,'i2 — .35 4- + + + + .43 .13 .18 .04 .44 .26 .13 .31 .04 .13 — .40 — .21 + .44 — .23 +1.37 — .25 — .13 — .44 + .18 + .06 + .25 + .36 — .47 + .23 + .13 + .23 + .01 + .19 — .24 — .48 Au' — .90 + 1.11 — .16 + .47 — .43 +1.20 + 1.02 +2. 63 — .39 — 1.97 — .26 ±:i —2. 36 + .06 o_92 — 1!59 + .25 -1.76 +2. 02 + .96 — .65 — .33 — .57 + .40 —1.14 + .49 — .92 + .33 + .58 + .04 — .84 + .66 —1. 35 — .79 + .20 —2. 12 — .76 — .12 — .91 —1.14 — .53 — .01 + .35 —1.18 Star's name. n. Leporis e Oriouis a Orionis Auriga) ri Geminorum . . /i Gemiuoruci.. 7 Geminorum . . Cepliel, (51 II) c Canis Majoris f Geminorum - . 6 Geminorum . . Canis Minoris K Geminorum .. Geminorum . . (i Geminorum . . p Argus Caneri Ursae Majoris. ! Bootia a Draconia a Bootia \ Bootia Bootia p Bootia y Bootia .'> UrsoB Slinoria f ' Bootia a- Librre iS Ursa) Minoris /3 Bootia l3 Librto /t Bootia /' IJrsie Minoria 1 Draconia a CoroniB Borealia a Serpentis e Serpentia i Ursoe Minoria 6 Scorpii ,3' Scorjiii 6 Draconia 6 Opbinohi T Herrulis a Scorpii i; Draconia 1.5 Draconia (7 llcrcnlis i Herciilia 1} llercnlia K Opbiiiolii 18-)5. A,I — .G3 + .04 + .20 — .01 + .20 — .40 — .14 — .39 — .34 — .03 + + + + + +1 .57 .31 .00 .08 .05 .00 .33 .10 .21 .23 .23 .43 .14 .22 '02 + .03 — .01) + .05 .07 .02 + .04 — .30 — .10 + .12 — .02 + .03 — .23 — .13 + .01 +1.02 + .03 — .34 — .30 — .05 + .10 + .01 — .17 + .03 — .09 — .01 ^n' Star'a name. +1.08 — .43 —2. 44 —LOO .54 .10 .70 .00 .80 +5 +3.83 +3. 43 — . 83 —2. 54 —1.00 + .35 —2. 70 — LOl — 1.45 + .22 —2.02 +1.03 — .70 -1.14 —1.41 +3. 32 + .28 -1.87 +1.05 — .70 — .97 — .57 — .13 — .28 —1.00 — ..'.7 —1.85 — .39 —2. 74 —5.77 + .73 + ..59 — .30 —1.20 — .48 + .84 + .45 + .28 —3.00 — .39 e Herculia f Ursffi Minoris o' Herculia p' Herculia j} Draconia..... a Ophiucbi o Draconia ft Herculia 1^' Draconia Y Draconia /I Sagittarii ... . 6 Ur^ao Minoria ij Serpentis . ... X Draconia a LyrsB f ' LyrsB /? LyrsB (7 Sagittarii.... o Draconia f AquiliB A AquilsB f Aquiloe (5 Draconia K Cygni T Draconia (5 Aqnilte t' Cygni « Aquilaa 6 Cygni Y AquUte <5 Cygni (I AquilfB , ,3 Aquiloe A Ursa) Minoria o' Cygni q' Capricorni . . K Cephei Y Cygni Cepbei a Delpbini a Cygni e Cygni ri Cepbei H Aquarii , Y Cygni Ol'Cygni f Cygni II Cepbei (3 Aqii.arii , |3 Cepbei 1845. A<5 + .35 + .19 + + .20 .11 .13 + .11 — .31 + .02 — .01 — .05 — .42 + .01 + .30 + .40 + .30 — .68 + .21 — .02 + .25 — .23 + .13 + .13 + .11 — .33 + .42 + .05 — .03 — L27 — .45 + .00 + .20 + .04 — .14 + .20 — .21 — .30 + .30 + .42 + .10 + .01 + .03 +1.69 — .39 — .08 —2. 57 + .01 — .45 — .07 + .07 — .01 A/x' —2.31 — .63 34 14 41 — 1 + —1.05 +1.70 — L47 + .59 + .35 + .34 + .00 —2. 02 + .03 -1.03 + .91 —2.85 — .05 — .84 + .35 — .73 — .47 + .81 + .00 +L17 + .45 — .43 —2.84 +1.85 — .25 —2.01 — .10 — .74 13 40 +1 + + +2. —1. + .74 —1.70 53 50 .97 — .83 —2.41 +1.37 —2. 81 +1.41 + .10 —1.39 +1. 03 — .34 +1.33 [93J EEPORT OF THE OHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 499 Table V — Coutiuued. Star's name. c Pegasi .. V Cephei.. IC Pegasi.. a Aquarii . { Cephei.. Aquarii . y Aquarii. d^ Cepliei.. a Lacertia 71 Aquarii . 1845. + .04 — .13 + .06 — .10 + .24 — .30 — .16 + .00 4- .08 — .06 A,y — .65 +1.20 — .72 — .40 —1.09 —1.53 + .49 +1.77 — .43 +2. 20 Star's name. i Pegasi A Pegasi I Cephei A Aquarii a Piscis Australis a Pegasi Cephei 1 Piscium ■y Cephei u Piscium 1845. A(5 Am' // U — .46 +2.01 — .10 — .01 + .07 +1.20 — .37 —2. 07 — .66 +1.75 + .33 —1.62 + .53 +4. 63 — . 54 + 1.21 + .04 + 1. 12 — .47 —1.04 The general condition in the selection of the stars of Table V. is, that the weight of A y! as determined by the adopted weights (p. 72) shall be at least .5. In two or three instances it fell below this amount by trifling quantities. Column 0„ "Details of Cor- rections to Assumed Declinations," contains the values of 0, corrected for the proper quantities taken from Tables II. and IV. From these A d and A /i' are computed. With the help of A 3 and A /j.', the correction to the assumed declination was computed for every epoch required. Denoting these corrections by A d', we have: r= A S' — C. These are the corrections* to various catalogues given by the standard declina- tions of Table V; and from these, arranged by catalogues and successively in the order of declination and right ascension, the definitive systematic corrections are derived for all catalogues ; a few excepted which were of small weight, or which con- tained few observations of standard stars. Determination of Definitive Systematic Corrections and tceifjJits. For convenience the residuals were combined in groups embracing generally not more than 5°, when discussed in order of declination, and two hours in order of right ascension. To effect these combinations, weights are assigned in each particular case, which are based either on special investigations made in this paper, or elsewhere; or upon an empirical law derived from a consideration of the circumstances surrounding the observations, or their reduction. The usual form of this law has been : ^2 ^', + - n Where E is the probable error of a single observation, or of the unit of weight, and the other quantities have the same signification as in the discussion of Washington * For the values of r consult " Details of Corrections," etc. 500 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [94] £ declinations (p. 4G). For the ratio — , an integer was always used, since it must nec- essarily be a mere approximation. The weights attached to means of groups were ciade use of in the graphic process, by means of which the corrections in order of declination are invariably deduced. The choice of scale in plotting the residuals, depends upon the accuracy of the catalogue places under consideration, and was always such, that the relative weights could be clearly represented by circles drawn about the points to which they respectively belong. It was my original intention to investigate nearly all the corrections by the use of periodic formulae; but the time at my disposal proved too limited for the purpose, and it may be doubted whether such a course is really desirable for the corrections which depend upon the order of declination. Extreme accuracy is not to be expected in the corrections derived from graphic process. The temptation to make abrupt changes in direction of the curve, in order to represent what may be mere accidental accumulation of errors, has been ste.idily resisted. On the other hand, where even a slight peculiarity is found to be persistent for a number of catalogues under the same cixcumstances {i. e., at the same observa- tory or with the same instrument), it has been respected. Such peculiarities have been noticed in the later Greenwich and Radclitfo catalogues, and in others. Theoretical considerations have sometimes received weight in deciding the general directio7i of curves, especially where refraction exerts an important influence. Corrections depending on right ascension have generally been viewed with suspi- cion. In many cases, however, they are important and clearly indicated, and in others they might have been safely expected. Where the correction appears to follow approximately the same law in successive catalogues of the same series we may adopt it without hesitation. The separation of the residuals into two or more zones hns always been made before accepting a correction as definitive. The adopted form, — a; sin a + y cos a, has some support in theory, and is here invariably adopted in corrections of this class. Corrections to Declinations froin— 30'^ to —90°. The continuation of the curves of correction from —30° to —90° offers only a rough approximation. The corrections to C. G. H. 31, S. H. 31, C. G. H. 33, So 51, So of), C. G. H. 58, Me 62, and Me 08, were iirst approximately determined between the limits — 10° and— 30°. These approximations are almost identically those of the final table, and are formed on the same basis — the only diflerence being that the general direction of the curve of correction was better ascertained after its approximate character was known for the southern limit. A value of the correction being assumed for declination — 30°, the remaining values were directly interpolated from this point, so as to have the value zero at declination — 90°. These preliminary values are in some cases quite different from those of the definitive table (IX.). The following table contains these prelimi- nary corrections as actually used. Under the designation of each authority, is also given the weight assigned to it in the discussion of J S and A til. When the number of observations is three or four, the weight is one-half that which otherwise would [95] REPOKT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEE, APPENDIX H. 501 have been assigned; -n-ben it is two, the weight is three-tenths, and one observation is always rejected. Table VI. (5 C.G.n.31. S. H. 31. C.G.H.33. So 51 So 55 C.G.H..58. Me G2. Me 68. — 30 00 + .50* + .yo — .50 00 -f. .87 — .57 — 40 00 + .42 + .75 + .G7 — .42 00 + .73 — .48 — 00 00 + .34 -f .GO + .53 — .34 00 + .58 — .38 — eo 00 + .yo + .45 + .40 — .25 00 + .44 — .29 — 70 00 + .17 + .30 + .26 — .17 00 + .29 — .19 — 80 00 4- .08 + .15 + .13 — .08 00 + .15 — .10 — 90 00 + 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 Weight.. 1 2 2 2 2 4 2 3 • The corrections S. H. 31 are aiJj)] icahle directly to catalogue places. For convenience, the epoch of zl 5 is taken for these few stars at 1850. The values of A d and J p.' thus determined, are shown in Table VII., which contains only stars whose declinations are given both in S. H. 31 and C. G. H. 33. Table VII. First approximation to Ad and A, a' for stars between — 30° atid 90°. Star's name. /? Hyelri y PtKBuicis a EriJani e' Eridani n Columbae /3 Columba) a Argua f Argus X Argus I Argus ?1 Argus (3 Chameleontis . .. o' Cruois /3 Centauri o'' Centauri a Triang. Australia Ti Scorpii a Octautis a Pavonis a Gruis Ad 1850. — .02 + .27 + .33 — .13 — .34 07 43 05 32 33 08 31 15 13 51 72 42 11] 4G 37 + • + . +1. [+ + 'A6 17.7 7.1 15.9 10.5 1.5.9 11.3 17.7 ^5 10.5 12.9 16.2 16. 1 19.6 16.4 13.0 14.4 9.4 11.7 12.7 Afi' + ..57 —2.71 —1. 13 — .81 — .27 — .85 +1.32 — .70 —2. 13 30 43 + .04 —2.69 —5. 27 —8.28 —4.58 + .23 [- .76] —2. 29 +2. 06 +1 ^A/i' .32 .18 .32 .22 .32 .25 .32 .21 .22 .25 .28 .27 .29 .32 .22 .27 .20 .26 .28 I estimate the probable error of the unit of weight to be ± A. This would give for average probable error of A d ± .1, and for A n' ± .8. In discussing the probable error of the unit of weight for each catalogue, the stars from — 30<^ to — 90° were not used in any case. 502 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [96J Discussion of Individual Catalogues. Tbe examinatioa of the systematic corrections and i)robable errors of each catalogue will now be presented. A brief explanation will probably suifice to make tbe process easily understood. Tbe relative weights of tbe individual values of r for a given catalogue, were first assigned, usually, by deciding upon a value for -. The following ^/ table is constructed with tbe arguments, number of observations, and i-, where s is that 1 part of the probable error, which is supposed to diminish in proportion to--==,n being number of observations, and e, the minimum probable error, or probable error ■when n. is a maximum. Table VIII. £=2 ^- = 3 ?^4 n t' n '^ n ff' 1 2 and 3 4 5 to 9 10 to 35 36, or more. 1 1 2 2.5 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 to 7 8 to 11 12 to 16 17 to 27 28 to 51 52, or more. 1 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 and 4 5 6 and 7 8 and 9 10 to 12 13 to 16 17 to 20 21 to 25 26 to 33 34 to 44 45 to 62 C3 to 92 93, or more. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "With the chosen weights, tbe values of r were combined in order of declination into convenient groups, >-o, embracing generally not more than 5° of declination. From these the curve is carefully drawn. The values in column Co are taken from this curve. The outstanding residuals r' (formed by subtracting from tbe individual values of »• the correction from the curve) are then arranged in order of right ascension and in groups, embracing each about two hours. Mean a is usually given to nearest hour, unless the fractional difference is more than two or three tenths. In discussion, the nearest degree of a was taken. In order to fiicilitate examination, the corrections in order of a have beeu in all cases arranged in two or more zones of declination, but where such an arrangement is of no particular interest it is here omitted. In a few cases the correction in order of declination has been rediscussed after subtracting from r the respective values of a; sin a + ?/ cos a, but this has not usually beeu considered necessary. FcUowiug the discussion of correction of each catalogue is a statement of tbe probable error, derived from the outstanding residuals alter subtracting the proper [97] EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 503 systematic correction from the separate values of r. The result of no star was taken, which at the given observatory culminates at a zenith distance greater than 70°. These probable errors are somewhat too small for the catalogues used in forming Table v., and slightly too large for all others. The former difiSculty is remedied in a few instances by the adoption of probable errors f junded on special discussions. Kg 21, Dt 24, Pa 45, Wn 68, and Wn 72, are examples of this kind. These probable errors are, of course, not the absolute probable errors ; they express simply liability to fortu- itous errors, after systematic corrections have been applied. They are required for the purpose of constructing a table of relative weights to be used in the discussion of definitive places. In deriving the probable error {E) of a single observation, a quantity m was always subtracted from the number of residuals before dividing the sum of squares multiplied by weights — that is, the probable error of the unit is derived on the estimate that an equal degree of accordance could have been secured with a formula of correction con- taining 1)1 terms. Po 1800. Each declination is supposed to be entitled to the same weight, embrace each about 2° of 5. Bcsiduals in order of declination. The groups Meau i jr' ro Co Meau (I jr' ro Co ft 'i o // II + 86.7 5 — .23 .00 + 23.9 4 — 1.70 — 1.22 + 76.3 6 + .90 .00 + 22. 1 6 — .88 — 1.27 + 7-2.0 5 — .71 .00 + 19. (i 6 — .94 — 1.41 + 69.5 4 - .54 .00 + 15.3 8 — 2. 02 — 1.83 -f 67.2 4 + .26 .00 + 1.3.5 5 — 2. 17 — 1.85 + C5.3 2 + .15 .00 + 10.3 9 — 1.79 — 1.01 -f 62.0 7 + .35 .00 + 8.4 8 — 1.35 — 1.36 + 59.7 8 — .11 .00 + 6.6 5 — .20 — 1.20 -f 57.3 8 — .24 — .05 + 3.6 7 — .71 — 1.13 + 55.3 3 + .12 — .05 — 0.5 * — 2.04 — 1.59 -f 52. 4 7 + .19 — .15 — 3.6 5 - 2.72 — 2. 04 + 49.4 7 — .60 — .22 — 7.2 3 — 2. 20 — 2.24 + 46.8 5 — .30 — .40 — 9.1 7 — 1.76 — 2.22 + 44.5 6 — .82 — .54 — 14.1 4 — 2.40 - 1.79 + 41.7 5 — .24 — .90 — 18.7 3 — .80 — 1.25 -f 39.5 7 —1.19 —1.04 — 22. 4 4 — 1.12 — 1.05 -f 37.7 3 —3. 33 -1.19 — 27.1 3 — 1.08 — 1.00 -f 34.0 6 -2. 05 —1.44 — 30.0 I — 1.40 - 1.00 + 31. 4 3 —1.19 —1.45 — 35.0 2 + .08 — 1. 00 + 28.4 6 — .77 —1. 30 — 42. 1 5 - 2.21 - 1.00 -f 26. 6 4 —1. 33 -1.23 In drawing the curve much assistance was derived from the comparison of Ao 29 and Po 1800, made by Argelander (Abo Catalogue, p. xi). If we denote by i3 the cor- rection to Gh 1755, and by §' the definitive correction to Ao29 (Table IX.), we shall have oq oo — . (|9 — ;S') + ;?' for Stars south of 610.5 declination, and ^ (i^ — /5') + /5' for theremain- ^4 77 der, as the correction to be applied to the comparison. The drawing of the curve proved to be extremely difficult, but its values are adopted in the discussion of all stars except the few reserved for treatment with catalogues of Class III. The separate outstanding residuals, grouped in the order of a, give: — 504 UNITED STATES ^'OETnEEN BOUND AEY COMMISSION. Residuals in order of right ascension. [98] Dccliuation limits. Declination limits. Declination limits. — 30= to + 40° — 30° to + 0° — 30= to + 90= Mean a „/ 'o' -' 'o' „/ ro' Co' h. 1 11 + .73 2 + .90 23 II + .35 — .04 3 / + .54 3 + .47 10 + .42 + .25 .'•) 10 + .03 4 + .90 16 + .40 + .46 7 12 + .44 2 — .80 13 + .29 + .56 9 9 + .67 1 +1.00 14 + .71 + .50 11 10 — .41 4 — .75 19 — .16 + .31 13 7 + .79 5 + .72 12 + .42 + .04 ir> 12 + .40 5 + .50 20 + .52 — .25 17 10 — .91 o — .50 19 - .89 — .46 19 13 — .99 5 _ g-j 21 — .89 — ..56 21 11 — .91 4 — .90 21 — .39 — .50 23 10 — .93 5 — .74 16 — .47 — .31 The values of r^ taken betweeu tbe limits the foUowiu": correction: — 30° and + 90° of declination give _ ".04 + (".53 ± ".0S5) sin a — (".IS ± ".OSj) cos a. The formula reduces the sums of squares from 351" to 312". With m = 10, JS = ± ".S5. To derive the final curve (order of o) for use with stars of Section X., the resid- uals resulting from the defiuitive'places of 380 stars were first diminished by the value of the periodic term + ".53 sin a — ".18 cos a. The result of no star is accepted where the probable error of J/^' is estimated to be greater than ".8, and where the same is betweeu ".G and ".8 the corresponding residual is given half weight. Never more than 5°, and generally not more than 4°, of declination were included in a single group. The results follow : — Residuals in order of declination. Mean (S ;;■' o + 80 7* + 78 9 + 73 12 + 69 Ui + 64 12 + 59 20 + 51 15 + 49 23 + 44 19 + 39 30 + :i4 10 + 30 20 + 20 22 + 15 71 30 44 + .85 + .31 + .35 + .17 — .23 —1.23 —1.4.! — l! 30 Co + + + + + + — 1 — 1 — 1 13 36 47 52 51 45 30 02 40 85 04 10 41 Mean 0 + .11 — .03 13 15 17 19 21 23 IG 24 19 18 18 11 n + .03 + .10 — .53 — .03 — .07 + .12 Va 29. Each r receives weight 1. Residuals in order of declination. Mean 6 7t' »-o Co o „ // + 7.1. 8 1 + ..50 + .40 + 09.9 1 + .81 + .40 + &i.2 2 — .39 + .40 + 55.1 2 + .80 + .33 + .50.3 3 + .(U + .31 + 45.2 2 — .03 + .24 + 38.7 1 + .HI + .14 + 28.1 4 — .19 — .03 + 21. 3 2 — .31 - .19 + 14.3 7 + .05 — .15 + 8.2 4 — .14 — .13 + 4.8 2 — . 08 - .10 — 1.1 1 — . 53 — .06 — 9.1 3 — .13 — .01 No attempt is made to discuss terms in a. With in = 4, we have: J5 = ± ".47. [103] REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX E. Ao29. Residuals in order of declination. 509 Mean S _/ '•o Co o // // + 88.9 7 + .20 00 e + 76.6 33 + .00 00 e,= ^ + 71.6 34 — .01 00 + 09.3 33 + .02 00 + 61.2 eo — .05 00 + 56..') 58 — .02 00 + 50.6 74 + .09 — .02 + 45. 77 — .13 — .07 + 39. 3 60 — .15 — .14 + 34.0 46 — .21 — .17 + 27.4 47 — .20 — .24 + 20. 9 43 — .30 — .28 + 14.4 68 — .33 — .33 + 8.4 41 - .32 — .33 + 4.6 53 — .47 — .44 — 1.5 25 — .67 — .54 — 9.1 27 — .58 — .66 — 14.0 21 — .83 — .70 — 18.8 5 — .30 — .70 — 26.1 9 - .70 With m = 4, we have : — 17 = ± ".46. Residuals in order of right ascension. Declination limits. — 30° to + 90° Declination limits. — 30° to + 90° Mean a it' r,/ Mean a n' 'o' li. 1 :i 7 9 11 119 32 09 9 71 79 - .10 - .05 - .02 .00 + .34 .00 h. 13 15 17 19 21 23 49 90 80 88 93 56 11 + .08 + .02 + .06 — .09 + .07 — .05 510 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Gh 30. Each r is given equal weigbt. Residuals in order of declinatioji. [104] Mean 6 V '•o Co o // // + 86.3 6 + .55 + .11 + 76.7 5 - .18 + .15 + 70.8 9 + .22 + .13 -f- 66.0 4 — .17 + .09 + 60.8 15 — .05 + .03 + r>7. 5 10 — .18 — .06 + 50.9 14 + .03 — .28 + 45.7 1-2 — .47 — .50 + 39.9 16 —1.00 — .76 + 33. 1 9 —1.14 —1.02 + 27. 2 11 —1.29 —1.19 + 21.2 14 —1. 09 —1.29 + 14.6 13 -1.51 —1.31 + 9.0 19 —1. 36 -1.31 + 4.1 9 —1.11 —1.34 — 1.8 12 —1. 51 —1.41 — H.5 10 —1.23 —1.62 — 14.1 4 —2.00 —1.91 — IS. 7 3 —2.10 —2. 36 — 23. 4 4 —2.75 —2. (.7 — 27.9 4 —2.9 -2.9 — 34.1 1 +9.3 With m = 5, we have;- J3 = ± ".33. Residuals in order of right ascension. Declination limits. Declination limit.M. Declination limits. — 30° to +5° + 40° to— 30*^ — 80° to +90° Meaij a y »o' 'o' tt' '•o' h. // // // 1 2 — .25 11 + .15 21 + .20 3 3 + .43 7 + .24 10 + .18 5 4 + .57 10 + .12 16 — .04 7 2 + .50 12 + .13 13 + .33 9 1 - .30 9 — .16 13 + .06 11 4 - .10 10 — .14 19 — .07 13 5 + .12 7 + .09 13 .00 15 5 + .32 12 + .03 20 — .04 17 2 — .80 10 — .45 20 — .35 19 5 — .06 13 — .15 21 — .03 21 4 — .17 10 — .18 20 — .16 23 5 + .30 9 + .17 14 + .08 A small correctiou, depeiuliiig on the right ascension, may be indicated. The discussion was not, however, undertaken. [105] EEPORT OP THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. C. G. H. 31. Residuals in order of declination. 511 Mean S tt' To ■ Co // // + 12.7 2 — .88 + .35 Tr'- + 8.2 9 + .00 + .35 + 3.3 3 + .61 + .35 — 0.7 7 + .55 + .35 For the last five groups — 8.4 11 + .27 + .35 the weights are estimated. — 17.9 2 +1.02 + .35 — 21.1 4 — .60 + .35 — 26.5 3 + .61 + .35 — 35.0 2 +1.03 + .17 — 41.4 2 — .51 + .03 — 52.6 1 + .33 .00 — 59.9 5 — .40 .00 — 78.1 1 + .90 .00 The correction is extremely uncertain, owing to the small number of observations, as well as large probable error. The value of E is estimated to be ± 1".2. The declinations have not been employed in the reduction of any stars between the limits of declination + 90° and — 30.° S. H. 31. The values of r are applicable to the catalogue places as reduced with Young's refractions. Residuals in order of declination. Mean 6 n' >'o Co o + 73.1 + 65.1 15 4 11 + 1.0 + .1 + 1.30 + 1.30 ^=2 5; + 62.4 10 + 1.37 + 1.30 + 56. 2 11 + 1.20 + 1.30 + 51.0 19 + 1.76 + 1.30 + 44.7 7 + 1.20 + 1.30 + 38.7 8 + .90 + 1.30 + 33.2 6 + 1.21 + 1.30 + 27.9 33 + 1.18 + 1.30 + 21.3 18 + 1.85 + 1.30 + 14.6 53 + 1.26 + 1.30 + 82 35 + l.CO + 1.26 + 4.1 24 + 1.35 + 1.21 - 2.4 55 + .79 + 1.13 — 8.5 -0 + 1.22 + 1.00 — 14.1 30 + 1.32 + .86 — 18.5 18 + .24 + .74 22 9 17 — 1.09 + .05 - -ii^. 1 31 + .n + .61 — 35.0 2 — .13 + .60 — 42.1 5 + .69 + .60 — 50.4 2 + 1.41 + .60 — 59.2 6 + .66 + .41 — 74.8 3 + .14 + .35 512 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [106] There appears to be a welliuarked correction depending on a, as is sbowu in the following table: — Residuals in order of right ascension. Declinatiou limits. — 30° to + 5° Declin.atiou limits. + 5° to +60° Declination limits. — 30° to +00° Mean a it' ra Mejin a tt' I'o' Mean a 7r' I'o' h. 1.0 3.3 5.H 7.4 9.3 11.2 13.0 15.0 18. 9 21.8 16 16 25 11 <) 7 23 44 28 56 II + .25 + .73 + .20 — .89 — .10 + .50 — .39 — .01 — .28 + .18 h. 23.8 2.5 5.2 7.6 11.2 29 16 18 9 24 // + ..58 + .98 + .30 + .10 — .75 h. 0.7 3.6 5.7 8.3 11.3 13.2 15. 5 18.2 19.9 22.3 46 32 42 24 31 31 09 52 56 52 II + .46 + .86 + .02 — .25 — .46 — .10 — .00 — .23 — .16 + .38 14.9 18.0 19.9 34 30 32 — .38 — .12 — .10 ro' in limits — 30° to + 60° gives tbe correction + ".27 sin a + ".47 cos a. The probable error of each coefficient is ± ".OD. With TO = C, we have: — j; = ± i".;u. C. G. H. 33. Each )• is given weight 1. 'Residuals in order of declination. Mean fi it' '0 Co o // II + 33.2 1 + .35 + .31 + 27.7 7 + .41 + .54 + 21.7 i + .09 + .48 + 14. 2 8 — .25 + .11 + 8.4 / 02 — .09 + 3.7 + .29 - .14 — 2.2 5 — .10 - .10 — 8.0 — .02 + .10 — 14.1 4 + .32 + .40 — 18.7 3 + .70 + .05 — 22. 4 4 +1.05 + .79 — 27.9 4 + .92 + .89 — 35.0 2 + 1.15 + .71 — 4J. 1 5 + .04 + .32 — 55. 1 o — .00 + .05 — .59.2 t + .04 + .01 — 75.1 3 — .11 — .09 With in = 6, we have: — U = + ".30. [1071 REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. Residuals in order of right ascension. 513 Declination limits. + 40° to — 30^ Declination limits. 4-400 to— 30° Mean a 7r' ro' Mean a 7^ '•o' h. 0.35 3.00 5.41 7.C6 10.67 5 5 8 5 7 n + .10 — .12 + .19 — .34 + .09 h. 13.40 15.53 18.31 19.72 22.06 4 9 7 5 7 + .25 + .02 + .09 — .04 — .33 Ce 34. Residuals in order of declination. Mean 6 tt' 'o Co o „ If + 87.3 25 — .08 .00 1=3 + 75.5 14 + .06 — .04 + 69.7 14 — .25 — .14 + 66. 2 17 — .18 — .24 + 01.2 31 — ..59 — .38 + ,56.6 43 — . 28 — .52 + 50.3 23 — .71 — .70 + 45.0 21 — .87 — .78 + 39 4 15 — .79 — .83 + 33.2 8 — .57 — .82 + 27.8 48 — .83 — .86 + 20.4 50 — .40 — .56 + 14.3 52 — .47 — .39 + 8.5 57 — .25 — .36 + 4.1 24 — .46 — .40 - 0.8 22 — .19 — .49 - 8.4 36 — .85 — .70 — 14.0 12 —1.22 — .85 — 19.2 10 — .62 — .96 — 21.7 9 — .79 — .99 — 28.4 13 —1. 25 —1.00 — 31. 1 2 —1.4 With m = 5, we have : — jE7 ± ".70. N B- -33 514 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Besiduals in order of right ascension. [108] Declination limits. + 40°t.o — 30^^ Declination limits. + 40° to + 90° Declinntion limits. — 30° to + 5° Declination limits — 30° to + 90° Jlean « _/ )-o' tt' »-o' it' '■u' -' )-u' h. 1 3 5 7 9 U 13 15 17 19 21 23 35 22 31 24 •J2 32 20 50 22 49 25 21 + .16 + .53 — .21 + .04 + .39 + .03 + .11 — .00 + . 03 — .13 — .12 — . 45 32 10 11 — .23 — .44 — . 35 3 8 5 — .70 + .30 — .20 07 32 42 24 27 06 51 59 31 GO 58 28 — .01 + .20 — .25 + .04 + .23 + .09 + .17 — .02 + .06 — .11 .00 — .35 .5 34 25 9 9 17 33 7 -.50 + .14 + .23 + .20 + .12 — .05 + .10 — .06 8 8 20 14 7 7 25 4 + .40 + .05 + .20 + .42 + .48 — .54 — .12 — .25 No certain correctiou following a appears to be indicated. Mb 34. In Observationcs Astronomicic, lSo;j and 1834, Lainont compares his decliuations of fundamental .stars with those of liessel and Struve. The compaiisons are used in finding the curve of correction, but no use is made of Ihe declinations of the stars so compared. Residuals in order of declination. Mean c! -' r„ '■o + 74. 4 12 — . 29 " — .29 ^ ;S + 02. 6 14 — .36 — .49 f, + .^.7. 7 — .08 — .56 + 49.0 27 — .74 — .02 + 40. 1 30 — .55 — .54 + 32.0 15 — .28 — .24 + 27. 7 50 + .01 + .01 + 21.0 00 + .27 + .29 + M-O 72 + .43 + .47 + 9.1 79 + .63 + .50 + 4.3 42 + .94 + .49 — 1.5 49 — .14 + . 38 — 9. 43 + ..58 + .17 — 14.2 19 + .70 — .01 - 19.7 ;» — .43 — .19 — 20. 2 20 — .61 — .5 flOOJ I?EPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEE, APPENDIX H. 515 Inadvertently the nutation correction was not applied to the values of r previous to tlie above discussion. The outstanding residuals are: — Eesiduals in order of right ascension. Declination limits. Declination limits. Declination limits. — 25° to +5° + 5° to +75° + 75° to— 25= Mean a -' )-o' 1 ^/ ro' h. „ II 1 i) + 1.70 42 + .49 44 + .53 3 10 + .82 9 + .01 19 + .44 5 17 — .11 2K + . 11 45 + .03 7 4 — 1.50 45 — . 32 49 — . 42 9 1!) + .10 28 + .IG 37 + .14 11 20 — . 45 55 — .40 75 — .41 13 SiO — .04 7 — .03 27 — .04 1.5 17 + .34 55 + .17 72 + .21 17 4 — .40 44 — .17 48 — .19 19 i:i + .05 31 + .20 44 + .17 21 Id - .07 20 + .17 38 + . m 23 19 + .41 11 + .03 30 + .49 Discussed for terms in a, the last column (+ 75° to — 25°) gives: — ^ 4- ".03 sin a + ".27 cos «, which agrees well with the uutation correction + ".02 sin « + .18 cos «. therefore adopted. With m = 5, we have : — E= ± 1".05. Eh 37. The latter is With m = 8, we have: — 7? = J- ".52. 516 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [110 1 Residuals in order of right ascension. Declination limits. Declination limits. Decl ination limits. Declination limits. — 30° to + 5° + 5° to +40° + 40° to + 90° — 30° to +90° Mean n 7t' ro' tt' ro' it' ro' ^1 rj h. // II II II 1 —1.05 26 + .14 15 + .16 47 .00 I! 10 + .25 10 + .08 5 — .04 25 + .12 5 14 + .16 20 — .m 12 + .30 46 — .11 24 + .08 — .17 5 — .02 29 + .06 9 4 + .20 18 11 + .14 33 — .02 11 13 + .02 20 + .11 16 — .05 49 + .03 13 15 + .19 8 — .15 W .00 .33 + .03 15 14 + .66 18 — .43 ;» — .32 41 + .34 17 (i — .15 n - .04 19 .00 36 — .01 19 7 — .42 27 — . 01 7 + .11 41 — .06 21 15 — .23 17 + .09 23 — .11 55 — .08 23 13 — .31 18 + .'.il 10 — .06 41 — .02 A correction i.s indicated, sucli as might be due to an error in the adopted temper- iiture coefficient in refraction. Very little correction i.s shown in the summary. I have thought it safest to neglect the discussion of terms in a. {Tide Eh 43). Kg 38. Each r was given equal weight. The numbers iu column V result from a redis cussion adopting the value of the periodic formula deduced below for terms in «. Residuals in order of declination. Mean c5 tt' )-o Co To" o II // II + 87.5 ^t — .05 - .05 — . 07 + 75. 8 .J — .21 — .26 — .11 + 71. 2 »> — . i't — .32 — . 54 + 62.2 2 — .69 — .24 — . (iO + 55. 1 ■> + .44 + .10 + .40 + 51.1 1 + .65 + .24 + .84 + 45.9 3 + 1.03 + .30 + .80 + 39.8 6 — .08 + .22 — .01 + 28.1 4 — .07 + .08 — .17 + 21. 3 2 — .01 + .13 — . 01 + 14.3 7 + .39 + .27 + .42 + 8.2 4 + .29 -- .46 + .41 + 4. 3 + 1.10 -- .59 + 1.10 — 1.1 1 + 1.10 + .77 + 1.05 — 9.1 3 + . 99 + 1.09 + .97 — 14.2 o + 1.36 + 1.31 + 1.62 — 26. 1 1 + 2.8 + 1.8 + 3. 16 The declination curve founded on ro i-s adopted. [Ill] EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER, APPENDIX H. 517 Residuals in order of right ascension. Declination limits. — 30° to + 90° Declination limits. — 30° to-f 90° Mean i tt' '•o' Mean 6 ■k' H' h. 0.9 3.1 5.2 7.0 9.7 11.5 6 4 5 1 2 4 + .27 + .75 + .50 + .20 — .05 — .30 h. 13.3 14.9 17.1 19.3 20.9 23.3 2 7 5 8 5 2 ti — .45 — .44 + .4a + .13 + .04 + .15 The correction depending on a is qnite marked. The result is + ".14 + ".24 sin a + ".32 cos a. The probable errors of the terms in a are each ± .07. The formula of correction is adopted. With }» = 8, we have : — E '.39. Gh 39. Residuals in order of declination. Mean d n' ra Co It II + 86.5 79 + .07 + .01 f + 76.7 71 + .05 + .04 - = 4 + 70.5 67 + .10 + .08 + 66.2 62 — .10 + .09 + 60.9 176 + .06 + .10 + 56.8 147 + .07 + .11 + 50.9 138 + .20 + .12 + 45.5 136 + .02 + .12 + 39.7 98 + .07 + .13 + 32.9 54 + .22 + .14 + 27.4 114 + .19 + .16 + 21.1 134 + .15 + .19 + 14.5 130 + .26 + .24 + 8.9 135 + .29 + .29 + 3.9 85 + .37 + .35 — 1.6 90 + .40 + .43 — 8.6 97 + .53 + ..56 — 14.1 51 + .71 + .68 — 18.7 36 + .53 + .80 — 22. 5 44 +1.04 + .90 — 28. 1 44 +1.24 +1.05 With m = 4, we have: IJ=Az ".71. 518 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 1112J Residuals in ordar of right ascension. Declination limits. Declination limits. Declination limits. -30° to +5° + 40° to — 30° — 30<: to +90° Moan a 77' >-o' , 111' -' »'o' h. „ ,, // 1 25 — .21 96 — .15 212 — .13 3 39 — .13 57 — .24 95 — .13 5 48 — .41 107 — .20 174 — .18 7 25 •f .31 89 + .11 103 + .10 9 13 — . 30 73 — .11 127 — .11 11 33 + .01 89 + .13 207 + .13 13 48 + .17 74 + .08 1,52 + .09 15 45 + -n 108 + .20 202 + .12 17 25 — .04 72 + .09 168 + .05 19 26 + .20 119 — . n 201 + .05 21 45 + .27 89 — .21 212 — .06- 23 36 — .13 84 — .10 144 — .11 A tolerably wellmarked correctioa depeudiug ou a is indicated. No discnssion is uudertakeu, bowever, as the correction would in any ca.se be very small. Ce 40. The weigbt.s formed in the manner explained in Section V. evidently increase too rapidly with the number of observation.s. Residuals in order of declination. Mean (5 7r '■o Co «' is tberefore formed in this ni.auner : o + 86.6 75 + .02 .00 Weight com- + 76.6 55 + .12 .00 puted .ac- J + 70.2 33 — .11 — .07 cording to " + 65.8 34 — .08 — .16 Section V. + 61.2 + 56.2 134 65 — .38 — .37 — .29 — .40 + 49.6 57 — .54 — .55 1 to 5 1 to 5 + 45. 3 91 — .62 — .65 6 + 39.0 74 — .75 — .77 6 + 32.9 24 — .63 — .85 8 and 9 7 + 27.7 85 — .83 — .89 10 and 11 8 + 21.2 113 — .78 — .82 12 to 14 9 + 14.4 118 — .57 — .58 15 to 17 10 + 8.9 116 — .37 — .47 18 to 21 11 + 3.7 56 — .51 — .54 22 to 25 12 — 1.3 57 — .78 — .64 26 to 30 13 — 8.6 70 — .65 — .70 31 to 35 14 — 14.1 25 — .93 — .68 3() to 40 15 — 19.4 11 — .35 — .56 41 to 46 16 — 21.9 8 — .43 — .,50 47 to 52 17 — 26.3 7 — .07 — .4 5:{ to 58 59 to 65 66 to 72 18 19 20 73 to 80 21 81 to 88 22 89 to 96 23 97 to 105 24 1 06, or more 25 [1131 REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDI.X H. 519 ResiduaU in order of right ascension. Dcclin.ation limits. Declin.ation limits. Decliuation limits. Declination limits. Declin.a ion limits. — 30° to + 5° + 5° to + 40° + 40" to — 30° + 40= to + 90= — 30° to + 90° Mean a tt' 'o' tt' j ro' ^' ro' tt' To it' rj h. // II // 1, II 1 6 + .45 62 — .09 68 — .04 79 + .or. 147 + .01 3 20 + .16 13 — .15 33 + .04 30 — .07 03 — .01 5 16 + .23 43 + .09 59 + .13 44 — .11 103 + .03 7 54 + .26 + .34 54 + .26 + .35 54 + .26 + .u 9 9 + .40 44 53 32 — .28 85 11 13 + .39 48 + .04 61 + .12 78 — .12 i;!9 — .02 13 20 + -14 24 — .03 44 + .05 46 + .19 90 + .12 15 29 + .02 63 + .14 92 + .10 46 — .02 138 + .06 17 10 + .06 42 — .02 52 — .01 45 — .02 97 — .01 19 14 — .06 86 — .04 100 — .04 50 — .11 150 - .07 21 41 — .30 32 — .19 73 — .25 76 + .01 149 — .12 23 24 — .13 30 — .28 54 — .21 32 + .25 86 — .04 A correction varying with the right ascension is well marljcd in the zone + 40° to — 30° (and is supported in some degree by Ce 34). I find + (".15 ± .025) siu « — (".15 + .025) cos a. With m = 8, we have: — jB = ± ".46, Ce 48 gives ± ".62, and Ce 56 i ".60. I have adopted J5J = ± 60. Ah 41 and Ah 52. Tbese were at first treated as separate catalognes, bnt the experiment proved that there exists between them no difl'erence, whicli can be, safely jn-edicated from the material. Ooms's very thorough comparison of Robinson's Armagh Catalogue {Ast. Nach. Bd. .59, p. 248), after the proper correction, has been relied upon to a great extent in drawing the curve. 520 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION, [114] Ecsiduals in order of declination. Direct comparison. , Through Ao 29. Difference Mean <5 tt' ro Co Mean -o' h. II h. If 1 48 - .03 13 27 - .16 3 19 + .05 15 40 + .05 5 33 — .34 17 35 — .37 7 20 — .02 19 35 + .18 9 34 + .64 21 48 + .01 11 59 + .03 23 38 + .26 [115] EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER, APPENDIX H. 521 Kg 43. The correction in order of declination is adopted as it results from the discussion in Section VI. (Table II.). In the following table, each value of r' is supposed to have an equal degree of precision. Residuals in order of right ascension. Declination limits. — 30° to + 42° Declination limits. — 30° to + 42° Mean a jr' »-o' Mean a tt' To' h. 0.7 2.9 5.4 7.6 9.7 11.7 3 1 5 1 2 1 — .40 — .40 + .14 — .30 — .20 — .30 h. 13.3 15.0 17.0 19.4 20.9 22.9 1 4 3 4 3 1 .1 — .20 — .12 + .10 + .40 + .40 + .20 The division into two zones, which was made, is of no interest, owing to the small number of stars. From the above is found as a correction: — - (".la ± ".06) sin a + (".13 ± ".07) cos a ; and this is adopted. Dr. Auwers found {Ast. N'ach., Bd 65, S. 230):— — ".139 sin (a - 250 38') - ".239 (sin 2 « + 65° 27'). The term depending on 2 a is indeed indicated, but I have preferred to neglect it, since the number of residuals is small. With m = 4, we have : — -EJ = ± ".26. 522 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [1161 Eb 43. Residuals in order of declination. Me.in 6 ^f '■o ( 'o + 86.8 156 + .06 It .00 The weights (tt') are + 76.5 85 + .14 .00 coustructetl according + 70.5 24 — .44 .00 to Section V., which + 66.5 7 — .20 — .01 supposes: + 61.3 33 — .08 — .04 f 2 + 56. 5 54 — .14 — .07 e, + 50.6 54 + .07 ■ — .08 The argument for form- + 4.5.5 38 — .19 — .06 iug -' is not therefore + 39. 4 42 + .03 — .03 the total number of ob- + 33. 3 18 + .33 + .02 servations, but the sum + 27.4 66 + .14 + .09 of the values of v' in + 21.3 66 — .10 + .17 each year. + 14.2 68 + .18 + .28 + 8.6 66 + .40 + .35 i +4.1 42 + .10 + .36 — 1.4 52 + .40 + .31 — 8.7 65 + .20 + .16 — 14.1 31 — .07 + .04 ■ — 18.8 21 — .50 .06 — 22.0 17 — .38 — .12 — 27. 10 + .0 — .02 Residuals in order of right ascension. Declination limits. Declinat ion limits. Declination limits. Declina ion limits. Declln.ation limits. — .30° to +5° + 5° to + 40° + 40° to — 30° + 40° to + 90° — 30° to + 90° Mean a ^ '•o' tt' rd -' '■o' it' 'V -' ' J'o' J, /' 1^ 1, // // 1 15 — .54 40 — .35 5.5 — .40 75 — .11 130 — .24 3 19 — .40 6 — .10 25 - .54 15 — .13 40 — .39 5 30 + .01 24 + .12 54 + .61 21 + .04 75 + .05 7 6 + ..^.0 40 + . 03 40 + .09 24 .00 70 + .06 9 i 9 + .60 37 + . 09 40 + .19 14 + .23 60 + .20 11 16 — . 39 25 + .20 41 - .03 37 + .05 78 + .01 13 14 — .30 17 + .64 31 + .22 31 + .06 62 + .14 15 28 — .07 3() + .24 64 + .10 63 + .30 127 + .20 17 12 — .05 27 + .02 39 — .01 54 + .22 93 + .13 19 21 + -M 42 — .07 63 .00 43 + .06 106 + .02 21 33 — .1)-^ 20 — .15 53 — .11 • X — . 09 110 - .10 23 20 + .03 IS - .22 38 — .09 31 — .27 69 — .17 A cori'ection dependiug on a is quite well marked in all tbe zones. gives : — — (".05 ± ".(13) .sin a — (".19 ± ".0-3) cos «. The discussion Dr. Auwers found {Ast. 2\h(ch., Bd 64, S. 343) - ".002 .sin « -".310 cos a lor the Edinburgh declinations, 1835-1-o' Mean a jt' »-o' 0.9 3.1 5.1 7.1 9.3 11.3 24 22 29 32 27 2-2 — .37 + .15 + .49 + .07 + .10 + .53 h. 13.1 14.9 16.7 19.0 21.2 22.9 21 30 19 40 22 18 — .16 — .07 — .31 — .16 — . 19 — .66 There is an evident progression of ro' with a. The discussion gives, as the correc- tion to be applied : — + (".24 ± ".07) sin a — (".185 ± ".075) cos a. There is some reason to expect such a correction for this series, and it is adopted. With m = G, we have: — ± ".86. Ps 53. Residuals in order of declination. Mean 6 tt' ro Co o n II + 86.3 tii - .10 + .06 1 = 3 e, + 76.7 23 + .18 + .19 + 70. 6 31 + .33 + .25 + 06. 18 + .20 + .28 + 61.9 29 + .40 + .29 + 56.5 40 + .29 + .23 + 50.6 33 + .05 + .23 + 4ii.O 16 + .48 + .19 + 39.5 26 + -17 + .12 + 33.2 13 — .03 + .05 + 27. 7 30 — .08 — .03 + 21. 5 38 — .15 — .10 + 14.4 38 — .01 - .19 + 8.7 49 — .31 — .28 -4-3.9 33 — .44 — .34 — 1.2 28 — .15 — .37 — 9.0 19 — .47 — .31 - 14.1 19 — .16 — .21 — 18.7 13 — .21 — .06 — 22. 3 10 + .12 + .12 — 2^.6 1 13 + .92 + .6 With m = 5, we have:- E^ ± ".57. 532 UNITED STATES NOETHEKN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Residuals in order of right ascension. fl2G] Declination limits Declination limits. Declination limits. — 30° to + 5^ + 40° to — 30° — 30*^10 + 900 Mean a i/ '•o' ^ ro' ff' ro h. 1 9 // .08 39 II — .02 59 — .05 3 16 + .35 24 + .10 41 + .18 5 17 .02 31 + .26 42 + .02 7 6 + .20 25 + .17 31 + .15 9 3 + .60 IS - .09 27 — .02 U 8 .45 22 — .26 56 — .11 13 13 + .13 20 + .10 44 — .11 15 16 .22 27 — .14 55 - .11 17 8 + .05 20 — .44 50 — .18 19 9 .00 36 — .21 48 + .12 21 10 — .10 35 + .01 01 + .15 23 15 + .10 5 + .60 24 + .35 So 55. Residuals in order of declination. Mean S ff' To Co o + 45.8 1 — .56 II £ r. + 38.3 2 +1.19 + .50 - = 2. + 24.5 4 + .67 + .48 + 20.9 13 + . 51 + .45 + 14.2 27 + .30 + .29 + 8.3 29 — .03 + .18 + 3.8 15 + .46 + .18 - 1.9 12 + .45 + .32 — 8.7 20 + .35 + .39 — 14.0 12 + .55 + .17 — 19.0 7 — .07 — .03 — 22.2 11 — . 58 — .10 — 28.6 12 — .31 — .05 — 42. 8 + .34 + .27 — 51.8 i + .42 + .24 — 59.3 3 + .19 + .12 — 78.3 2 — .49 .00 With m = 6, we have: — JS = ± ".91. [127] REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 533 Residuals in order of right ascension. Declination limits Declination limits — 30° to + 40° — 30° to -i- 40° Mean 6 tt' )'o' Mean 6 it' 'o' h. , h. ' 1.1 7 + 04 12.9 13 — 41 2.5 i:i 17 15.2 16 + 61 5.0 14 — .09 16.7 IC — .15 7.0 8 .38 19.2 25 + .02 9.4 13 — .39 21.2 13 + .40 11.3 19 — .16 22.7 8 + .21 If there is a real variation of the correctiou, proceeding with the right ascension, it is apparently of an entirely different nature Irom that adopted for So 51. The weights are small, and the observations are assumed to be practically ireo from any error of this kind. Wn 56. Residuals in order of declination. Mean 6 ■k' '■o Co + 86.1 + 76.7 63 20 — .18 — .05 — .07 + .10 i = 4 + 70.2 6 + .55 + -^J + 66.3 4 + .30 + .18 + 62.1 27 + .50 + .17 + 56. 1 15 + .24 + -14 + 50.3 51 — .16 + .10 + 45.3 30 — .10 + .05 + 38.9 64 + .08 — .01 + 32. C 15 + .37 — .06 + 27.6 80 — .05 — .11 + 21.5 79 — .23 — .17 + 14.5 75 — .16 — .24 + 8.7 86 — .16 — .26 + 4.2 62 — .69 — .27 - 1.5 57 — .26 — .25 — 8.5 58 - .13 — .19 — 14.0 34 — .08 - .11 — 18.9 20 — .28 — .04 — 22. 2 20 + .09 + .02 — . 28. 5 31 + .19 + .13 The probable error, E, is derived from the outstanding residuals corrected further for the effect of terms in a given under Wn 47. With m = 6, we have: — E^± ".88. With a smaller value of -, we should have a smaller and probably more accurate value of E. 534 UiJITED STATES NOKTHEEN BOQNDAKY COMMISSION. [128] Residuals in order of right ascension. Declination limits. Declination limits. Declination limits. DecliD.ation limits. — 30° to + ;,° + 40° to — 30" -1- jo° to + 90° — 30° to + 90° Mean a ir' I-u' ■k' J-o' !t' >•«' ■k' >•„' h. 1 19 II — .35 01 — .07 22 — .10 83 — .08 3 27 — .77 42 — .75 10 —1.00 52 — .80 5 16 — .G4 48 — .41 12 — .45 GO — .41 7 12 — .22 49 — .01 14 - .10 03 — .04 9 3 — .30 24 + .25 10 + .13 34 + .21 11 10 + .19 40 + .17 25 + .40 05 + .28 13 30 — .02 47 .00 12 + .08 59 + .02 15 20 + .48 72 + .34 21 — .23 93 + .21 17 17 + .£7 53 + .28 28 + .05 81 + .20 IQ 18 — .25 81 - .04 21 — .19 102 — .07 21 32 + .22 70 + .07 38 — .05 114 + . 03 23 43 + .18 70 + . 12 11 — .00 81 + -11 For further explauation see Wn 47. Ps 56. Residuals in order of declination. Moan il '•o Co o II ,/ + 80.6 20 — .35 — .32 4- 70.fi 15 - .31 — .22 + 70. « 15 — .04 — .16 + 00.2 10 + .00 — .13 + 01.0 30 _ oo — .10 + 50.7 32 — .17 — .09 + 50.4 25 + .05 — .11 + 45.2 30 — .05 — .15 + 39.4 25 — .47 — .21 4- 33.0 20 - ..52 — .20 + 27.0 37 — .17 — .30 + 21. 1 48 — .20 — .35 + 14.5 53 — .37 — .36 + 8.9 70 — .38 — .36 + 4.0 32 — .32 — .35 — 1.7 47 — .31 — .33 — 8.5 43 — .29 — .23 — 14.1 15 — .07 — .08 — 18.8 12 + .11 + .12 — 21.9 13 + .20 + .ly — 28.1 17 + .42 + . 50 After the further (•orrectiou dependiug on a (to be explained), the outstanding residuals, with m = 7, give: — E=i: ".40. [129] eepo]:t of the chief astronomer, appendix h. 535 Residuals in order of ripht ascension. Declination limits. Declination limits. Declination limits. Declination limits. — 30° to + C° + 40'= to — 30? + 40° to + 90O — 30<:to + '.KI'-' Mean a tt' )-o' >■„' „/ '■"' -' 'ii' h. 1 8 - .15 21 + .05 25 + .23 4f! + '.15 3 U + .15 23 + .13 13 + .01 3G + .08 5 15 + .07 37 + .09 13 + . 12 50 + .10 / 4 + .70 32 + .17 4 + .10 30 + .10 9 4 + .30 24 + .25 4 + .:',() 28 + .25 11 10 + .55 33 + .11 27 + .09 CO + .10 13 22 + .21 30 + .15 22 — .11 52 + .04 15 19 + .04 40 — .05 23 — .01 63 3.03 17 10 — .35 33 — .25 19 — .13 52 — .21 19 20 — .28 50 — .31 14 — .01 64 — .25 21 19 + .01 44 — .17 20 — .03 04 — .13 23 25 — .30 38 — .24 11 — .23 49 — .23 Tbe (lepeutlcuce of r^' on right nsceiision is nutloiibteil. From tbe coluiiiu —30° to + 90°, 1 derive:— + ".19 sill a — ".07 cos «. From the tables exhibited successi vely under Ps 00, Ps 04, mid Ps 00, I find : Year. Fonnnla of correct on. 1800 1804 1800 + . 18 siu a — . 04 cos n + . 17 sin fi — . 00 cos a + . 19 sin a — .10 cos a From the ]iroper combination of tbe four sets, we htive: — + (".20 ± ".01) siu a - (".05 ± ".01) cos «. This is adopted as the definitive correction for each of tbe four catalogues, since there appears to be no marked increase with the time. This correction might be approximately computed in the following manner: — If in the definitive formula of correction* for the declinations of the Fundennenta south of + 0I0.5 we substitute 30° for <5, we shall ha-^e for that part of tbe correction depending on «: — — ".82 sin a + ".07 cos «. If, further, we suppose that the mean declination of tbe stars of the Paris sttiudard catalogue, chiefly used for obtaining zenith jjoints, is about +3Co, that the catalogues nialiitig up the Paris standard are free from errors depending on «, aud tbtit tbeir mean epoch is about 1845, v.e shall have for the epoch ISOl (about tbe mean of the entire Paris series) as a correction to Paris observed declinations: — IG ( + ".82 sin a + ".07 cos a ) x ^ = + '.146 sin « — ".012 cos «. Of course, if the mean epoch of the catalogues making up the standtird is earlier than 1845, this correction will be larger. * Section Vll. 586 UNITED STATES KOKTHERN BOUND AEY COMMISSION. Bs 56. Residualis in order of declination. [130J Mean i5 ■n- '0 Co + 86.9 27 + .:-,o + .24 1=3 + 76.4 19 + .23 + .31 + 69.8 11 + .63 + .31 + 61.8 20 + .30 + .25 -t- 56. 9 17 + .15 + .13 + 50.6 39 - .07 — .10 + 45.6 16 — .U3 — .33 + 38. 3 20 — .64 - .52 + 32. 8 24 — . 35 - .50 + 27. 4 36 — .23 — .41 + 21.2 34 — .71 — .45 + 14.2 37 — .54 — .(i4 + 8.5 36 — .44 — .72 + 4.6 24 —1.50 — .74 — 2.0 21 — .73 — . 59 — 8.4 18 + .18 — .30 — 14.1 18 — .23 — .21 — 19.3 9 — .11 .— .23 — 22.2 11 — .37 — .24 — 28.7 10 — .73 — .29 With m = 7, we have : — E = ± ".95 Besidtmls in order of right ascemion. Declination limits. Declination limits. Declination limits. + 40° to — 30° + 40^ to + 90'" — 30° to + 90O Mean a ^/ >'o' rf To 7r' To h. 1 21 — . .^.0 19 — .17 40 — .36 3 13 -1.76 6 — .17 19 —1. 25 5 14 + .41 t + .21 21 + .35 7 10 + .92 1 + .20 11 + .85 9 25 + .14 13 + .40 38 + .26 11 22 — .16 16 + .32 38 + .04 13 10 — .01 11 + .11 21 + .05 15 46 + .28 13 - .08 59 + .21 17 30 + .03 19 + .09 49 + .05 19 43 + .06 12 — .04 55 + .04 21 25 — .29 25 — .13 .50 — .21 23 34 — .05 10 -^24 44 — . 09 A considerable correction depending on a is indicated. The residuals from limits - 30O to + 90° give :— — ".04 sin a — ".28 cos «. But, since this result is entirely opposed to that derived from the later Biu.ssels work, the correctioa is neglected. This could do but little harm, since the observations receive small weight. [131] KEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEE, APPENDIX H. 537 CeSG. ''^he weights are formed as in the two preceding Cambridge catalogues. Residuals in order of declination. Meau S t' 'o Go o + 87.5 32 // — .10 — .22 + 75.8 12 — .50 — .30 + 70.7 12 — .51 — .35 + 65.7 11 — .03 — .43 + 60.7 44 — .64 — .53 - + 50.9 30 - .45 — .69 + 49.2 28 —1.25 —1.16 + 45.4 30 —1.39 —1. 36 + 39.3 28 —1.47 —1. 45 + 39.7 14 —1.22 —1.35 + 27. 9 42 —1.21 -1.22 + 20.5 28 — .96 — .92 4- 14.5 52 — .59 — .06 4-8.9 33 — .56 — .58 4-5.2 9 — .96 — .57 - 0.9 10 — .53 — .55 — 8.3 19 — .08 — .50 — 13.9 12 — .32 — .47 — 19.1 4 — .29 — .43 — 21.6 3 + ■•?7 — .41 — 26.2 4 — .47 — .38 With m = 5, we have: — E =± ".60. Residuals in order of rifjht ascension. Declination limits. -30° to 4- 90° Declination limits. -30° to 4- 90° Mean a ir' )c' Mean a t' '■o' h. 1 3 5 7 9 11 41 8 22 27 41 48 // 4- .09 4- .06 4- .02 4- .01 — .24 — .02 h. 13 15 17 19 21 23 39 54 44 64 51 26 4- .33 — .11 — .10 + .12 — .09 4- .29 538 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [13'.' Gh 57. Ecsiduals in order of decimation. Mean I'l it' lo Co + bli. 7 45 + .04 + . 02 f o + 70.2 39 + .07 + .OS F, = 3 + 70.4 42 + .19 + .15 + C(i.7 31 + .34 + . 19 + 01.2 G8 + .24 + .23 -f 5(1.7 34 + .18 + .22 + 51. (•(! + .26 + .16 + '45.4 36 + .10 + .11 + 40.2 63 + .05 + .11 + 32.5 54 + .26 + .20 + 27. 3 94 + .25 + .29 + 21.2 110 + .34 + .36 + 14. G 110 + .39 + .38 + 9.0 14() + .42 + .34 + 4.1 71 + .20 + .26 — 1.5 84 — .04 + .17 — 8.fi 69 + .22 + .20 — 14.1 30 + .31 + .-.5 — 1«. H 22 + .43 + .26 — 22. 3 31 + .39 + .26 2^. 2 29 + .02 + .22 With m = C, we have: — i' = ± "AG. Tbe satue quantity for ISCi is ± ".49; ± "48 is adopted in constructing tbo definitive system of weights. Mr. Stone linds (Month. Not., 29-324) lor zenithal value of i ± ".47, and thi.s becomes ± ".85 at 70°. It is jirobable, therefore, that : is taken too small. Residuals in order of right ascension. Declination limits. Declina tion limits. Declination limits. -30- to + .5" — 30° to +40° — 30° to +90° Mean a -' ro' 77' ro' tt' ro h. ,, ,, ,1 1 16 — .25 80 + .01 129 — .03 3 20 + .08 45 + . 07 55 + .05 5 24 + .01 78 + .07 109 + .08 / 14 + . 15 82 + . 15 91 + .15 9 8 + .20 60 + .06 85 + .08 11 30 — .12 73 - .05 99 .00 13 39 — . 25 56 — .25 78 — .16 15 39 + .11 83 — .01 103 — .02 17 16 — .45 60 — .02 127 + .02 19 24 + .07 90 — .05 134 — .05 31 27 — .04 77 — .05 146 — .03 j 23 38 — .06 71 + .05 93 + .10 r' 33] EEPOIIT OF THE CHIEF ASTliONOMEK, APPENDIX H. 589 C. G. H. 58. Residuals in order of declination. Meau (i tt' J To + 49.8 H- 44.7 3 3 — 3.47 1.27 -7 '--O + 3.-=.(i + 32.9 8 10 .00 .23 — .m — .10 The weights of the last + 27.2 + 21.2 35 48 + .10 .21 — .05 — .09 < five groups arc arbi- trarily selected, and + 14.5 + S.9 + 3.9 45 58 31 — .13 .20 .19 — .15 — .18 — .21 have no rctcienco to the scale adopted above. — 0.8 31 — .23 — .23 — 8.5 38 — .2() — .20 — 14.1 19 — .38 — .21 — 18.9 12 + .21 — .16 — 22.4 19 + .17 — .13 — 28.0 20 .08 - .07 — 34.9 o .01 .00 — 42.1 4 + .18 + .09 — 52. 1 2 .30 + .17 — 58.7 (i + .43 + .25 — 75.1 3 + .36 + .19 With m = 4, we have : — E= Jz ".50. Dr. G.ylden finds (V. J. S., X, 197) for £ iiom 15o.2 to 410.4 zenith distance ± ".45, and ".24* bnt a slight increase to 60° Z. D. Assuming e, to be ± -7=- = ± ''.17, we have: — B == ± ",48, for the zenith. The above value, ± ".50, appears to be quite trustworthy. Eesiduals in order of right ascension. Declination limits. Declination limits. Declination limits. — 30° to +5'3 + 5c to + 40° — 30° to + 40° Mean a it' '■«' -■ J-o' ^1 >'o' h. // II ,, 1 10 + .15 27 + .14 37 + .14 3 12 -f- .03 9 — .16 21 — .05 5 18 + .10 22 — .19 40 — .07 7 10 + .20 30 + .13 40 + .15 9 5 + .10 21 — .01 2(i + .01 11 17 + .21 19 — .07 3C — .12 13 19 .00 3 — .17 22 — .02 15 19 + .37 14 — .08 33 + .14 17 9 + .04 15 — .10 24 — .05 19 14 + .20 25 + .04 .39 + .10 21 14 — .22 12 + .52 26 + .12 23 21 — .08 10 — .03 31 — .07 * Dr. Gylden finds J; ".24 as the probable minimum error of a ditt'eronce of declination. Gli 57- 0. 0. 11. 58 (V. .1. .S.. X. 200). 540 UNITED STATES NOETHBKN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [1.34J Re 58. Residuals in order of declination. Mean (! tt' '0 Co o + 80. 3 17 II [- • 02] + .40 f 2 + 75.8 14 [+ .11] + .02 + 71.3 12 + .82 + .71 + 00.9 11 + .70 + .71 + 01. I 24 + ..55 + .02 + 50.7 20 + .52 + .51 + 50.0 27 + .35 + .23 + 4,'-). 8 15 + .48 — .07 + 39. 4 30 — .07 — .45 + 33.1 24 — .03 - .71 + 27.4 30 — .82 — .77 + 21. 1 34 — .03 — . 00 + 14.0 35 - .41 — ..■!2 + 9.1 48 — .11 — .03 + 4.3 23 + .18 + .24 — 1.5 29 + .59 + .57 — 8.5 22 + .92 + .70 — 15.9 17 + .(5 + ." — 22. 4 11 + 1.1 + ..54 — 27. 9 12 — .0 + .22 With m = 5, we bave: — E^ Az ".80. ± ".77 is adopted. (See Re 45.) lu drawing the curve I bave been luiicb assisted by tbe very complete dis- cussion of tbis catalogue iu Volume V. of tbe Vierteljahrsschrift der Ast. Ges. Tbe examination for terms iu a, however, fails to confirm Table IV., given in the place cited, as will appear from tbe following : Residuals in order of right ascension. Declination limits. Declination limits. Declinjition limits. — 30" to + 5° — 30° to + 40° — 30° to +90° Mean a tt' ro' tt' To' 7r' 'o' h. II 1, // 1 4 —1. 45 28 — .35 54 — .01 3 V — .37 13 — .30 19 + .02 5 12 — .32 28 — .51 37 — .32 7 — . 15 31 + .05 34 — .01 9 3 + .90 25 — .01 37 — .12 11 9 + .23 25 — .02 37 — .25 13 11 + .01 19 + .25 32 + .20 15 13 — .00 29 + .17 45 — .18 1? 5 — .00 25 — .35 44 — .32 19 9 - .31 31 — .07 44 + .04 21 9 + .83 27 + .53 41 + .51 23 14 — .03 20 + .27 43 + .30 The correction depending on a, if it exists, is so uncertain, from the small weight, that no attempt at discussion is made. Tbe probable error of tbe residuals in last column varies from J- ".VI to ± ".18. [135 ] KEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 641 Ps60. Residuals in order of declination. Mean 6 7r' '■o Co o + 86.8 + 76.6 20 13 — .15 — .47 — .19 — .12 --2 + 70.8 13 — . 03 — .05 + 60.2 8 + .03 .00 + 60.8 29 + .05 + .04 + 56.6 28 + .03 + .06 + 49.7 25 + .07 + .10 + 45. 2 27 + .23 + .10 4- 39.5 26 — .12 + .10 + 33. 31 — .19 + •^•5 + 27.4 47 — .06 — .03 + 21. 1 57 — .03 — .11 + 14.6 58 — .12 — .16 + 9.1 86 — .26 — .19 + 4.1 33 — .15 — .20 - 1.7 .52 — .16 — .16 — 8.7 45 — .08 — .06 — 14.1 17 + .03 + .07 — 18.9 12 + .35 + .24 — 21.9 13 + .21 + -i^ — 27.9 16 + .76 + .62 The outstanding residuals are first corrected for the effect of terms in a, as found for the entire Paris series. (See Ps 56.) With m = 7, we have : — ^ = ± ".35. Residuals in order of right ascension. Declination limits. — 30° to +5° Mean a h. 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 10 13 15 4 5 12 23 19 10 19 20 25 J-o' — .05 + .07 + .25 + .50 .00 + .25 + .07 — .04 — .10 — .24 — .07 — .02 Declination limita. — 30° to + 40° 47 26 44 39 35 40 32 43 37 49 50 40 To' .00 — .10 + .16 + .17 + .23 + .12 + .02 — .11 — .14 — .25 — .27 + .01 For general explanation sec P>> 56. Declination limits. + 40° to +90° 26 U 12 24 15 24 31 35 20 >o + .08 + .32 + .21 + .50 — .02 + .08 — .09 — .13 — .11 — .15 — .05 — .10 Declination linjits. — 30° to + 90° 73 37 56 40 40 64 To + .03 + .02 + .17 + .18 + .20 + .10 47 — .02 67 — .12 68 — .13 84 — .21 70 — .20 48 .00 542 UNITED STATES NOETHEEN BOUNDAEY COMMISSION. Bs6a. Residuals in order of declination. (13G^ Mean (! -' '0 Co o // II + 86.7 38 + .21 + .-^4 £ „ + 7G.G 19 + .31 + .36 e. + 71.4 18 + .64 4- .40 + (i6.4 / + .32 + .39 + (U.(i 32 + .53 + .30 + .'ili. 2 31 + .03 + .14 + r.i.y 43 — . 15 — .11 + 45.6 19 — .47 - .28 + :!a6 32 — .44 — .31 + 33.0 27 - .20 — .21 + 27. 5 o/ — .14 — .04 + 21. .0 64 + .11 — .03 + 14.8 6.5 — .32 — .08 + 9.2 83 — .01 — .09 + 3.2 38 — .27 — .05 — 1.6 53 + .10 — .02 — 8.5 45 — .10 .00 — 14.0 24 + .03 .00 — 18.8 14 + .13 .00 — 22. 4 19 + .21 .00 — 2H. 2 19 — .25 .00 The curve from which Co is taken is derived from the meau of Bs tio and Bs G5, sinci^ there is uo reasou for supposing the'two to differ. Besiduals in order of right aseension. Declination limits. Declination limits. Declination limits. Declination limits. -30=10 + 5'^ — 30^ to + 40° + 40^ to + 903 — 30^ to + 90-^ Meau a .■ ; V -' >■«' 77' >-o' tt' 'o' h. „ ,, // // 1 11 —.05 47 — .16 29 + .01 76 — .10 3 18 — .24 30 + .('7 8 + .20 38 + .10 u 18 + .31 50 + .16 12 — .03 62 + .11 ' 11 + .75 46 + .40 6 + .60 52 + .42 ;) 7 — .10 33 — .09 18 + .12 51 — .02 11 15 + .05 43 + .05 18 — .31 61 — .05 13 28 — .28 40 — .17 14 — .39 54 — .23 15 18 —.14 54 — .22 14 — .32 68 — .24 17 12 — . 40 49 — .28 25 + .09 74 — .16 19 16 + .13 53 — .07 20 — .17 73 — .10 21 20 + .04 46 — . 112 34 + .09 80 + .03 23 20 + .15 46 - . 12 12 — .12 58 — .12 1 There is a tolerably well-marked correction iudicatetl, which i.s substantiated by ibe e.xamiuatiou of Bs 05. From the combined values of r/ in the limits —30° to + 90°, we have :— - (".17 ± ".^y^) s\u « + (".oor. + ".o;5) cos «. [137] REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 543 This is very nearly what might have beeu predicted from the discussion of Brad- ley's declination, the zenith-points at P>russels being derived from a standard catalogiie of a much eailier epoch, with proper motions computed from the Fuiidamenta. Correcting the values of r for the cur\ e and the above formula, with m = 8, we have for Bs GO : — E = ± ".59, Me 62. Residuals in order of declination. Mean 6 tt' ro c„ o + 48. G 3 ti — 1.77 " 1 = 2 + 45.4 + 38.7 5 — .99 4 + .98 — --—■■■ *■/ + 32.4 10 + .58 + .44 + 27.1 25 + .54 + .40 + 21.0 28 + .36 + .38 + 14.7 :i7 + .22 + .38 + 9.2 39 + .35 + .56 + 4.2 22 ■4- .75 + .74 — 1.2 31 + 1.13 + .88 — f.rt 24 + .83 + .87 — 14.0 15 + .48 + .77 — 18.6 11 + 1.33 + .66 — 22. r> 12 + .90 + .57 — 28.2 14 + .33 + .46 — 34.8 2 + .52 + .21 — 41.1 1 — .08 + .06 — 50. 1 2 — .12 — .04 — 59.4 6 — .:i0 — .20 — 75.1 3 — . J9 — .14 The conrection here determined is applicable in addition to the correction given in Introduction to Williamstown, 1861-63 (pp. xxi and xxii). With m = 6, we have : — E= i: ".90. This large probable error, nearly twice that of Me 68, found in precisely the same way, may be partly owing to the neglect of correction proceeding according to a. The observations themselves are known to be less exact* than those of Me 68, but appar- ently not in the ratio indicated above. In the comparison of Gh 57 — Me 62t Dr. Gylden finds :— + ".07 cos a + ".14 sin a — ".40 cos 2 a — ".34 sin 2 a. Something like this is indicated in the examination below, and probably has a real existence. On the whole, I thought it not advisable to investigate the correction, what- ever it is, depending on a. " Vide V. J. S., vol. v, p. 289. t/W-o' h. 1 3 — .50 50 — .19 62 — .05 112 // - .12 3 8 — .25 22 — .12 8 — .36 30 — .18 5 11 + .04 36 — .53 17 — .03 53 — .37 7 2 - .20 29 — .24 11 — .50 40 — .31 9 2 + .20 29 + -17 10 + .48 39 + .25 11 6 — .20 35 - .16 29 — .32 64 — .23 13 20 + .47 34 + .32 32 + .28 66 + .30 15 16 + .33 45 + .40 48 + .25 93 + .31 17 12 + .10 41 + .34 32 + .26 73 + .30 19 12 — .37 54 — .03 31 — .37 85 - .19 21 20 + .21 41 — .02 45 + .23 86 + .11 23 30 — .09 51 + .05 25 - .06 76 + .01 The general explanation is given under Wn 47. Gh 04. Residuals in order of declination. • Mean S tt' rr Co o + 86.7 47 + .11 .00 i = 3 + 76.5 41 — .23 .00 + 70.7 47 — .12 .00 + 66. 4 41 + .06 .00 + 61. 4 54 + .07 .00 + 55. 9 28 — .14 .00 + 51.0 53 + .20 .00 + 45.6 53 — . 12 .00 + 40.2 68 + .12 .00 + 32. 8 55 — .03 + .07 + 27. 2 87 + .16 + .12 + 21.1 101 + .13 + .15 + 14.6 102 + .15 + .12 + 8.9 122 + .05 + .05 + 4.2 50 + .19 .00 — 1.2 64 — .22 — .09 — 8.6 65 — .07 — .03 - 14.1 26 + .07 + .11 — 18.8 17 + .61 + .24 — 22.1 21 + .25 + .32 — 28.1 23 + .55 + .49 With in = 5, we have : — U = ± ".49. ± ".48 is adopted for the definitive weights, as explained under Gh 57. N B 35 546 UNITED STATES NOETHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Eesiduals in order of right ascension. [140J Declination limits Declination limits. Declination limits. — 30° to + 5° — 30° to + 40° — 30° to + 90° Mean a tt' '•o' tt' )-o' !r' ro' 1 11 + .57 76 + .14 114 II + .05 3 16 + .09 37 — .09 54 — .01 5 25 .01 73 + .03 104 + .04 7 7 — .49 68 — .15 77 — .13 9 7 — .40 58 — .14 76 — .02 11 21 — .14 60 — .05 91 — .11 13 33 — .14 49 — .12 79 — .05 15 2S — .06 76 + .01 116 — .03 17 9 .00 01 + -11 103 + .09 19 22 + .02 78 — .02 121 — .06 21 27 + .23 09 + .18 138 + .14 23 33 + .05 60 + .13 85 + .04 For remarks see Bn 66. Ps 04. Residuals in order of declination. Mean 6 tt' 'o Co o // // + 86.6 20 — .18 .22 e „ + 76.6 12 — .40 — .26 — =2 + 70.7 11 — .16 — .27 + 66.2 8 — .04 — .27 + 61.1 21 — ..30 — .25 + 56.3 21 — .17 — .22 + 50.6 30 — .17 — .22 + 45.3 25 — . 33 — .20 + 39.5 25 — .39 — .30 4- 32.8 33 — .31 — .28 + 27.2 47 — .15 — .16 + 21. 56 — .03 - .06 + 14.0 53 — .06 — .07 + 9.1 77 — .21 — .16 + 4.0 25 — .29 — .22 — 1.8 51 — .16 — .21 — 8.5 40 — .15 — .13 — 14.1 15 + . 02 + .04 — 18.9 10 + -41 + .29 — 21.9 13 — .08 + .43 — 27.9 15 +1.01 + .90 With the correction depeading on a, and with m = 9, we have :- I? = ± ".37. From Ps 66, we have : — U=Az ".41. The mean is adopted, since both series are essentially the same. [141] REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 547 Residuals in order of right ascension. Declination limits Declination limits. Declination limits. Declination limits. - - 30° to + 5° — 30° to + 40° + 40° to + 90° — 30° to + 90° Mean a tt' '■q' tt' 'o' tt' '■o' it' ' I,. 1 8 .25 42 // + .04 25 + .14 67 + .08 3 12 + .13 24 + .05 13 + .05 37 + .05 5 - 16 + .38 45 + .19 9 — .07 54 + .14 / 4 + .60 40 + .13 1 + .30 41 + .14 9 5 + .20 36 + .08 8 + .30 44 + .12 11 10 + .92 37 — .01 23 + .16 60 + .05 13 23 .10 32 — .03 14 + .03 46 — .01 15 20 + .03 42 — .15 15 — .09 57 - .14 17 10 .06 34 — .15 15 — .17 49 — .16 19 13 — .05 48 — .27 12 - .24 60 — .27 21 21 + .05 39 — .19 17 — .01 56 — .14 23 16 .08 32 + .50 4 .00 36 + .04 The correction is derived under Ps 56. Bs65. Residuals in order of declination. Mean 6 n '■o Co o + 87.0 22 // + .27 + .24 1 = 3 + 70.6 18 + .22 + .36 + 70.5 9 + .47 + .40 + 67. 3 1 + .!5 + .39 + 61.8 16 + .37 + .31 + 55.9 17 — .01 + .10 + 50.2 30 — .06 — .17 + 45.2 21 — .22 — .29 + 39.0 26 — .30 — .31 + 32.5 20 + .12 — .19 + 27.4 51 — .05 — .03 + 21.3 47 + .27 + .0.i + 14.4 48 — .08 — .08 + 8.8 67 + .07 — .09 + 4.2 27 + .14 — .05 - 1.6 47 — .12 — .02 — 8.6 42 + .02 .00 — 14.0 22 + .26 .00 — 18.8 15 + . 15 .00 — 22. 3 18 + .13 .00 — 28.2 8 — .05 .00 From the final residuals, corrected as in the case of Bs CO, we have (with »i = 8) : — I have considered this large increase in precision to be real, and have adopted the respective values of .27, as determined, in constructing the definitive table of weights lor Bs CO and Bs 65. 548 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [142] Residuals in order of right ascension. Declination limits. — 30° to +5° Declination limits. - 30° to + 40° Declination limits. + 40° to + 90° Declination limits. — 30° to +90° Mean a jt' ^ ro jj ro' ff' ro' h. 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 11 13 13 5 7 12 26 20 10 13 21 16 + .35 + ■ 55 + .12 + .50 .00 + .12 — . 20 + .04 — .06 — .05 + .05 — .08 43 23 37 28 28 36 38 41 44 45 43 34 II + .16 + .39 + .35 + .32 + -14 + .20 — .06 .00 — .04 — .18 + .05 .00 20 7 7 3 10 18 10 13 15 19 8 II — .09 + .10 + .13 + .20 + .29 + .26 + .10 ±:?I - .34 63 30 44 31 38 54 48 54 59 53 62 42 + .08 + .32 + .32 + .31 + .18 + .22 - .03 + .01 — .00 — .13 + .01 - .06 For farther explanations see Bs GO. Ps66, Residuals in order of declination. Mean 6 ^ l-o Co // It + 87.4 16 — .32 - .20 e „ + 70.7 7 — .10 - .20 - = 2 + 70.9 5 — .15 - .18 + 66.0 5 - .19 — .12 + 60.9 19 + .01 — .03 + 56.5 19 + .07 .00 + .^.0.4 20 + -14 - .01 + 4.5.2 27 — .13 — .07 + 39.4 26 — .26 — .15 + 32.9 34 — .19 — .16 + 27.4 47 — .06 — .10 + 21.2 51 - .03 — .06 + 14.7 52 — .11 - .16 + 9.1 78 - .29 - .25 + ■i-l 26 — .32 — .27 — 1.8 48 — .21 — .24 — 8.5 41 — .25 - .19 — 14.1 14 + .01 - .09 — 13.7 12 — .14 + .02 — 21.9 12 + .11 + .14 — 27.9 15 + .56 + .39 In the same manner as with Ps C4, we have : — E= Az ".41. it .39 is adopted, as previously explained. [143 REPOKT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. Hesidiiah in order of right ascension. 549 Dedication limits. Declination limits. Declination limits. 1 Declination limits. — 30° to +5° — 30° to+40o + 40° to + 90° — 30° to +90° Mean a n' ro' T ro' '■a- ro' tt' 'V /(. II // ,, U 1 8 + .35 45 — .03 18 + .18 63 .00 3 10 - .22 23 — .21 13 + .18 35 — .07 5 16 + .10 42 + .26 8 + .05 50 + .26 / 3 +1.40 36 + .2« .00 36 + .28 9 4 + .30 33 + .11 8 — .07 41 + .08 11 10 + .52 32 + .24 16 + .12 48 + .20 13 22 + .14 31 + .10 11 ^ .37 42 + .17 15 16 - .15 40 — .17 12 + .27 52 — .07 17 9 + .39 35 — .20 9 + .02 44 — .15 19 19 — .11 45 — .21 10 — .04 55 — .29 21 16 — .08 46 — .14 16 — .22 62 - .16 23 20 + .04 36 + .03 7 — .31 43 - .02 The discussion of correction is given under Ps 66. Bn 66. Each value of r receives weight one. Residuals in order of declination. Mraii (S V ro Co o + 85.6 2 + .34 + .41 + 76.3 4 + .47 + .67 + 71.0 6 + .82 + .71 + 66. 1 3 + .72 + .57 + 62. 5 + .26 + .25 + 56.0 4 .45 — .28 + 50.6 10 — .58 — .54 + 45.4 6 — .63 — .59 + 39.2 3 — .62 — .56 + 32.8 5 — .27 — .45 + 27.0 5 — .58 — .32 + 20.7 9 — .19 — .25 + 15.0 4 — .43 — .20 + 9.0 8 .00 — .21 + 4.1 4 — .34 — .27 — 1.3 8 .36 — .35 — 8.2 4 .35 — .40 — 14.0 2 + .05 — .40 — 18.7 3 .76 — .40 — 22. 5 3 .48 — .40 — 28.8 1 [+ .51] [-.40] The correction in order of declination, as well as right ascension, appears to re produce in proper proportion and with opposite signs the peculiarities noticed in the correction for Bradley's declinatious. 550 UNITED STATES NORTBEEN BOUNDAKY COMMISSION. Residuals in order of right asecnsion. [144] Declin.atiou limits. Declination limits. Declination limits. - - 30° to + G° — 30'= to + 40° + 40° to + 90° Mean a -' tt' ro' jj ro h. /, II II 1 2 — .30 6 — .20 5 + .14 3 *» + .25 4 + .37 2 + .10 5 3 + .13 6 + .07 4 + .03 »> + .CO 5 + .48 + .03 + .57 9 11 3 6 4 4 + .1-2 — .33 2 -\- .05 13 4 + .07 C .00 2 + .25 15 2 — .55 4 — .45 4 - .30 17 1 — .".0 4 - .10 5 — .14 19 2 — .(;4 4 — .31 <> + .90 21 1 + -1^' 5 — . 32 G - .30 23 4 — .10 5 — .OG 3 — .03 Tbe "Nortlieru stars" were reduced on otber principles (hau tbose adopted for the zone — 300 to + 40°. Argelauder lias piveu (iu Volume VI. of the Y. J. 8. dcr Ast. Gcs., ]). 100) tbe results of a very careful compaiisoii of tbe difference of decliuatiou between Gb 04 and Bn 06. He finds (p. 114, ibid) for tbe zone — 30° to + 40°:— (1, _ ".423 + 0".3I3 sin a — 0".201 cos a, as tbe difference "Gr. — Bonn." From tbe above table, decliuatiou limits — 30° to + 40O, I find :— (2) + 0".309 sin a — O'Mal cos a, as the correction to Bn CO. This coincidence between the peiiodic terms of (1) and (2) tends to prove that the discrepancy between Gb 04 and Bn 00 is almost wholly due to error of tbe latter. Taking the mean epoch of the catalogues npon which are based the declinations of Wolfer's Tahiikv. L'cdiictioniim (also Berlin Jahbtich, on which Argelander's (ISGG) decli- nations are founded) to bo 1832, and assuming their mean to be practically free from error, proceeding according to right ascension, we shall have as the correction to these declinations {Berlin Jahrhuch) for ISCO, and for + 20° declination: — ^ X (+ ".S4 sin a + ".17 cos «) = + ".37 sin a + ".00 cos a* It Considering the great uncertainty of the individual positions of Wolfer's catalogue for ISCO, this may be regarded as a very fair approximation to (2), which is adopted as tbe definitive correction for tbe zone —30° to + 40°. The Northern stars appear to require no such correction. With m = 8, we have :— IJ=± ".31. • Argelander finds (V. .1. S., Vol. v., 1'. 110) Gr. 18C4 — ■Wolfer's = + 0".47o siu (a — 2° 58'.) [145] EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER, APPENDIX H. 551 Ee G6. Owing to the extreme uncertainty of the individual corrections, tbe comparisons witb definitive curves are of little interest, and for convenience they are here omitted. The residuals were all plotted on a single sheet, so that peculiarities common to all the years were easily detected. Residuals in order of declination. Mean d Ee 62. Eo 03. Ee64. Ee65. EoOO. Eo67. Ee68. Ee69. V ro y '•o jr' '•o ^ J-o ^1 Jo ^' ro tt' ro tt' ra o // II II II II // It Jl + 87 :!4 — .25 38 — .12 34 + .33 27 + .21 22 + .84 29 + .16 32 + .08 36 + .05 + '*> 12 — .63 8 —1.41 18 + .32 8 + .94 "s +1.40 21 - .01 17 + .05 21 — .04 + 70 .5 + .00 8 — . 55 9 — .42 4 + 1.30 8 +1.36 20 + .15 28 + .74 41 — .03 + 65 + 62 2 4 — .15 —1.60 4 17 + .30 —1.09 5 18 + .53 + .12 2 4 + 1.40 + 1.00 9 20 + .07 — .10 8 21 — .47 + .02 17 39 — .4H — .16 "5' — i.'ss + 56 + 51 + 45 1 1 1 —3.10 —1.00 + .00 7 — .93 1 C 3 + 1.C0 — .32 +1.03 3 5 9 + .90 +1.90 + .14 14 17 — .17 — .82 -1.03 23 19 6 + .34 — .16 +1.26 49 36 22 — .10 — .46 — .44 "h' 5 — i.'eo' —1.50 ' 2 -i.'ib' + ;» 4 — 1. 45 6 + .05 .. 7 - .37 9 - .63 14 — .55 10 — .40 32 — .22 + :« 17 —1.77 )3 — .37 'io —'.'.55' 20 — .53 24 — .-43 12 — .62 7 — .01 24 —2.75 + 2" 52 —1.31 41 — .6! 33 — .60 34 + .02 41 — .05 33 — .29 30 + .12 52 — .29 + 21 44 —1.51 52 -1.15 32 — .48 27 + .14 41 — .50 38 - .51 31 + .12 34 — .37 + 15 58 —1.78 56 —1.32 24 — .48 43 - .40 44 — .88 38 — .26 37 — .15 54 — .65 + 9 56 —1.80 03 -1.16 33 — .49 54 — .44 52 -1. 2(1 46 — .98 29 + .07 54 — .55 + 4 :?o —1.44 28 — .37 24 + .43 26 - .16 19 — .67 12 —1.80 10 —1.14 18 — . 58 — 1 31 — .85 40 + .15 24 + .07 23 + .-^2 29 —1.16 14 — .67 15 — .71 27 — .70 — 8 34 — .61 31 - .27 18 + .86 30 + .46 21 — .5(1 18 — .83 14 — .64 19 — .24 — 14 12 — .38 18 — .21 8 + .58 15 + .55 13 —1.04 1 + .00 3 + .43 10 — .25 — 19 10 + .01 10 — .16 6 — .45 9 + .72 10 —1.80 —1.18 4 — 1. 02 7 — .67 — 22 11 -.63 16 + .14 7 + .46 8 — .47 10 —1.96 2 —1.80 3 + .30 7 — .57 — 28 10 +2.85 7 + .83 4 + .18 7 + .06 4 —2.67 5 —2. 79 3 — .66 10 + .15 For tbe earlier years tbe curve of correction for stars from + 35° to + 90° is necessarily largely ideal. "With various values of ?«, I deduce .roughly. i; = ± i".i. From Ee 72, we have : — £ = ± ".9. The mean ± 1".00 is adopted in forming tbe definitive table of weights. 552 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [146 1 Residuals in order of right ascension. Mean a Re 62. Ee63. Ee64. Ee65. Re 66. Re 67. Re 68. Re 69. ■e »-o' n-' >o' -k' »-o' ■k' )o' -■ lo' t' 'o' -k' ro' rr' 'V h. 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 37 18 37 32 27 26 27 .'•.2 39 51 54 34 II + .18 — .04 + .29 + .41 + .52 + .09 + .06 — .11 — .05 — .48 + .13 — .04 37 21 31 36 26 34 30 45 45 43 52 39 It — .11 — .30 — .18 + .30 — .50 — .24 + .28 + .10 + .17 + .34 — .07 + .32 38 11 12 22 19 28 17 31 15 33 50 37 II — .25 + .04 — .00 — .39 — .07 — .25 — .25 + .15 + .77 + .31 — .19 + .50 44 16 22 21 14 27 17 44 31 .37 53 41 II + .53 + .24 — .06 — .36 + .13 — .03 — .21 — .02 — .98 — .66 + -17 + .44 40 19 50 36 11 23 21 37 45 38 31 20 II + .05 + .22 + .18 — .43 — .02 — .12 + .12 + .18 — .25 -.58 + .19 + .31 33 21 26 30 16 38 30 44 46 35 32 25 // — .04 — .89 — .19 — .19 + .35 + .37 + .03 + .27 + .06 + .12 — .39 — .08 40 8 26 22 11 37 21 46 43 30 38 22 // — .19 — .29 + .79 + .67 — .05 + .39 — .04 — .06 + .02 — .28 — .21 — .88 61 18 21 24 39 57 52 09 88 74 56 46 // + .17 + .28 + .13 — .28 — .10 — .05 + .20 + .U — .06 — .15 + .16 + .11 There appears to be no consistent, well-defined correction depending on A. E. The division into zones proved equally unavailing for tbe discovery of such a correction. Lc67. Each value of r receives weight one. Eesiduals in order of declination. Mean 6 ■K- '0 Co o // II + 80.7 r. + .38 + .38 + 76.8 4 + .82 + .87 + 71.0 6 + 1.20 + .99 + 66.4 5 + 1.18 + .93 + 60.8 13 + .89 + .74 + ,50.5 8 + .36 + .52 + 50.9 14 .00 + .23 + 4.5.6 11 — . 23 — .01 + 40.1 11 + .10 — .23 + 33.3 8 - .09 — .40 + 27.5 9 — .49 — .50 + 21.2 10 — .81 — .55 + 15.5 U - .48 — . 53 + 8.8 13 - .33 — .46 + 4.0 7 — .35 — .43 — 1.7 11 — .54 — .43 — 8.6 7 — .51 — .43 — 14.0 2 — . .32 — .40 — 18.7 3 .00 — .32 — 22. 5 3 — .32 — .24 — 28.8 1 — .40 — .08 With m = 8, we have :— E=± [147] EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER, APPENDIX H. Residuals in order of right ascension. 553 Declination limits. Declination limits. Dfclination limits. — 30° to + 5° — 30° to + 40° — 30° to +90° Mean a tt' To' -r' »-o' ■k' ro' ft. II // // 1 2 — .05 10 .00 18 - .03 3 3 + .07 5 + .12 8 - .04 5 4 + .25 10 + .14 17 + .16 7 2 .00 7 + .01 8 — .01 9 1 .00 5 + .22 10 + .06 11 3 + .10 8 .00 17 — .15 13 5 - .23 7 — .33 10 — .12 15 2 + .05 7 + .14 14 + .04 17 1 + .10 7 + .21 15 + .16 19 3 + .20 10 • +.07 18 + .04 21 2 — .30 8 + .09 16 + .02 23 4 — .20 S -.19 12 — .14 Ln 67. Each value of r receives equal weight. Residuals in order of declination. Mean 6 ■' »'o Co o + 86.7 5 It ± .00 II .00 + 76.8 3 + .04 — .01 + 69.9 1 — .22 — .05 + 66. 3 3 — .16 — .09 + 60.7 10 — .23 — .16 H- 56. 4 7 — .20 — .21 + 51.1 13 — .25 — .24 + 45.6 10 — .33 — .26 + 40.0 11 — .09 - .26 + 33.6 5 — .26 — .26 + 27.2 8 — .21 — .26 — 20.7 7 — .40 — .26 + 14.5 9 — .22 — .24 + 8.6 11 — .37 — .22 -- 3.9 5 — .19 — .16 — 2.2 6 + .06 — .09 — 8.6 6 + .17 + .01 — 14.1 3 — .14 + .09 With m = 4, we have : — E= ^ ".137. The weight (on the adopted scale) from this value of E is 4.8 As the fundamental and circumpolar etars are, without doubt, more exactly determined than others at Lei- den, to them in definitive discussion, is assigned weight 5.0, and to all others weight 4.0. 554 UNITED STATES NOliTDEEN BOUNDAKY COMMISSION. Besiduals in order of right ascension. [148] Declination limits. — 30° to +5° Declination limits. — 30° to + 40° Declination limits. — 30° to +90'^ Mean a ff' '•o' n' 'o' n' 'o' h. 1 3 5 4 9 U 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 II + .46 - .22 + .04 11 4 14 8 8 6 4 11 22 10 • 10 12 — . 05 — .24 + .0,! + .08 + .02 — .00 + .03 — .05 — .01 + .14 + .11 + .07 28 14 29 12 14 26 13 23 39 32 35 20 — .01 — .02 — .03 + .11 — .03 + .01 — .05 — .01 — .05 + .07 + .03 + .06 2 2 2 3 2 4 4 + .17 + .07 + .08 — .12 — .08 + .19 + .08 + .34 Me G8. Hesidiials in order of declination. Mean d tt' '•o Co o 11 // + 49.0 2 [+ 1.8] + I. -2 ^- = 2 + 45.8 11 + 1.1 + 1.0 + 38.6 12 + .63 + .01 + 33.3 16 + .47 + .23 + 27.4 36 + .06 + .01 + 21.1 40 — . 0(5 — .14 + 14.6 44 — .46 — .15 + 8.8 50 — .03 — .15 + 4.4 29 — .12 — .15 — 1.3 39 — .09 — .17 ■ — H.G 30 — .24 — .20 — 14.4 17 — .41 — .25 — 18.8 13 — .06 — .29 — 22. 6 16 — .45 — .31 — 23. 1 17 — .33 — .34 — 34.8 o — .27 — .38 — 42. 1 3 — .48 — .39 - r.o. 1 2 + .09 — .34 — 59. 2 7 — .36 — .23 — 75.1 3 - .05 — .09 With m = o. we have : — E=^ ".47. Dr. Gyklen fouiul, from the results of lSC3-'5: — 'E =Ji03 G)=+ij0.2G3 + 0.04071 '-' LiooJ Tbia would give nearly ± ".G as the probable error correspoudiug to E above. As it is probable that in later work the accuracy of observation improved, the value for E, + ".47, is adhered to. •v.J.s.,iia.iv,s. 102. [149] EEPOET OF THE CDIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. Besiduals in order of right ascension. 555 Declination limits. Declination limits. Declination limits. + 5° to - -30° + 5° to + 30° — 30° to + 40° Mean a ^' '•o' ^f V tt' ro' h. 1 8 It + .05 24 + .15 32 11 3 12 .10 8 + .15 20 .00 5 16 + .10 24 .00 40 + .04 7 10 — .15 16 -f .50 26 — .03 9 4 - .30 12 + .20 16 + .07 11 9 + .12 20 - .10 29 — .03 13 22 — .02 8 — .10 30 — .04 15 20 + .25 20 - .02 40 — .12 17 10 + .15 20 — .14 30 — .04 19 10 — .10 26 .00 36 — .03 21 13 — .19 27 + .06 30 — .03 23 13 + .02 12 — .43 30 — .16 For further remarks see Section V., comparison of Me 08 and \Vn C8. Wn C8. Tbe weights are adopted from the discussion in Section V. Besiduals in order of declination. Mean i 77* '•o Co + 87.0 405 + .04 It + .01 + 7(). 5 IHl — .02 + .08 + 70.7 172 + .15 + .14 + 66.7 124 + .10 + .18 + 62. 1 79 + .34 + .24 + 55. 3 06 + .23 + .32 + 50.4 155 + .42 + .35 + 45.7 84 + .35 + .39 + 39.1 247 + .36 + -1r 4- 33. 2 73 + .41 + .46 + 27.6 406 + .43 + .43 + 21.1 399 + .51 + .52 + 14.5 440 + .50 + .56 + 8.9 526 + .69 + .57 + 4.2 220 + .45 + .58 — 1.3 336 + .76 + --rl — 8.7 311 + .47 + .00 — 14.1 125 + .57 + .62 — 19.1 03 + .54 + .09 — 22. 5 109 + .64 -^ -11 - 27.8 107 + .95 + .83 The values of ro would have been very well represented by the correction derived in Section V. from a comparison of Wn OS and Me 08. I find:— i; = ± ".91. The weights were constructed on a unit whose probable error was supposed to be i 1".00. The latter value for E is adopted. 550 UNITED STATES NORTHEEN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [150] Residuals in order of right ascension. Declination limits. Declination limits. Declination limits. Declination limits. — 30° to +5° — 30° to + 40° + 40° to + 90° — 30° to + 90° Mean a n- To' V 1-a tt' 'V ■k' ro' 1 C2 II -.23 350 — .05 177 .00 527 II — .03 3 94 — .56 162 — .18 24 + ..54 186 — .08 5 es + .07 307 — .02 35 — .13 342 — .03 7 Ci-2 + .17 259 + .03 90 + .16 349 + .07 9 39 — .03 236 + .14 49 — .30 285 + .00 11 94 + .18 327 + .07 97 — .04 424 + .05 13 193 — .12 2S3 — .06 118 — .14 401 -.09 1.5 130 + .02 351 + .01 181 — .02 532 .00 17 C8 + .19 251 + .05 136 .00 387 + .04 19 101 — .16 296 — .21 113 + .12 409 — .12 21 129 — .12 238 — .13 219 + .18 457 + .01 23 135 + .14 237 + .11 140 + .13 377 + .12 Gh 70. Besiduals in order of declination. Mean d .> 'o Co Form. o // II II + 86. 6 48 — .15 — .06 — .05 « n + 76.4 42 — .51 — .19 - .19 = 3 + 70.0 59 - .09 — .24 — .24 + 66.4 31 — .04 — .29 — .26 + 61.1 89 — .31 — .:3 — .28 + 56.6 36 - .91 — .36 — .28 + 51.1 71 - .40 — .39 — .28 + 4.5.6 61 — .29 — .41 — .28 + 39.8 62 — .55 — .42 — .29 + 32. 9 61 — .42 — .40 — .32 + 27.3 87 — .32 — .35 — .36 + 21.1 96 — .21 — .33 — .43 + 14.6 97 — .41 — .41 — .54 + 8.9 120 — .55 — .54 — .64 + 4.3 51 — .67 — .69 — .75 - 1.7 73 -1.15 — .87 — .88 — 8.7 52 -1. 15 —1. 15 —1.05 — 14. 1 19 —1.05 —1.38 —1.16 — 18.6 15 —1.61 —1. 60 —1.25 — 22. 6 20 —1.28 —1.80 —1.32 — 27.8 19 -2.11 —2.1 —1.4 The preliminary correction — 1".17 (sin '^z ^- sin V) found from the fundamental and circumpolar stars is unusual; column "Form" is therefore computed from it in order to show its general agreement with the definitive curve. A slight increase of the coefficient would make the agreement better. With m = 5, we have : — J^ = i ".58. This increase over the values of E found for Gh 57 and Gh 64 is most likely due to the error in microscope micrometers, lately discovered at Greenwich. [151] REPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEE, APPENDIX H. Besidnals in order of right ascension. 557 Declination limits Declination Imits. Declination limits. — 30to + .^.° — 30° to + 40° — 30° to +90° Mean n -' »o' „l To' ■k' To' h. II II 11 1 11 .02 74 + .01 146 — .03 3 11 + .53 33 + .23 46 + .17 5 24 + .11 70 — .04 111 + .03 7 5 + .68 65 — .09 74 - .08 9 7 .20 55 + .02 82 — .01 11 17 — .14 60 + .01 121 — .14 13 33 — .18 49 — .02 84 - .08 15 32 .00 78 + .01 1-28 — .13 17 15 — .17 72 — .05 133 + .05 19 23 + .40 84 + .09 116 + .11 21 18 + .02 64 — .03 129 .00 23 29 .33 59 — .26 84 — .14 Ee72. The corrections for this series of annual catalogues are determined in tho came manner as those for Ee 66. Residuals in order of declination. Mean S Ee70. Re 71. Re 72. Ee73. V »'o ^/ '•o ■k' rr' ,.0 II o j^ // + 87 36 + .21 31 + .27 36 + .21 34 -t .20 + 76 22 — .06 19 + .26 20 + .30 21 + .63 + 70 32 + .31 32 + .38 33 + .46 30 + .52 + 65 15 + .22 16 + .97 19 + .79 15 + .85 + 62 45 -.10 46 + .38 46 + .40 28 + .71 + 56 38 + .33 39 + ..'•.3 40 + .92 39 +1.09 + 51 35 + .09 28 + .45 33 + .42 27 + .39 + 45 30 + .25 21 — .01 19 + .42 17 + .59 + 39 28 - .29 21 4- .29 26 + .17 27 + .08 + 32 31 - .66 20 — .23 20 — .29 29 — .04 + 27 53 - .68 60 — .29 50 — .22 53 — .35 + 21 43 - .56 44 — .11 48 — .02 38 + .17 4- 15 51 - .04 51 + .17 55 + .33 59 + .22 + 9 60 + .45 60 + .48 54 + .46 60 + .31 + 4 22 — .11 22 + .25 24 + .23 19 - .33 — 1 26 — .15 30 + .14 28 + .37 31 + .07 — 8 25 — .46 22 — .04 22 + .13 18 — .97 — 14 11 — .90 9 + .04 10 + .15 10 — .12 -19 5 —1.04 6 - .70 3 + .17 7 + .02 — 22 6 — .15 7 + .30 9 — .32 5 —1.56 — 28 8 —1.65 6 — .38 6 — .40 9 + .12 We have :- ^ = ± ".9. ± 1".00 is adopted, as previously explained. 558 UNITED STATES ]S"OETHERN BOUNDARY CO]\LMISSION. [152] licsicltials in order of right ascension. E b70. R 3 71. Ee 72. E i73. Re 62-73. Meau a TT 'o' 7t' To' ro' t' ro 'V h. 1 67 + :'o3 64 -:'93 SB + :'55 59 + !'46 // 4- .10 3 2.5 + .03 17 + .49 20 + .37 22 + .37 + .01 5 46 + .55 35 + .37 36 — .14 41 + .40 + .19 / :i> — .28 43 — .05 41 — .15 27 + .09 — .07 9 29 — .21 32 + .24 30 + .15 26 + .23 + .03 11 60 — .09 .57 — .17 48 — .21 59 + .04 — .04 13 36 — .14 52 — .02 45 + .06 35 — .09 + .04 15 67 — .27 76 + .03 66 — .24 69 — .03 — .01 17 71 — .20 55 + .05 65 — .07 59 — .46 — .12 19 69 + .33 56 — . 23 70 — .15 72 — .45 — .12 21 75 + -14 59 — .08 76 — .04 67 — .02 .00 23 39 — .09 44 + .06 42 + .60 36 — .01 + .16 For Re 73 there is an apparently well marked correetiou depending on a; but as it is not supported by the results of otber years, I Lave thought it best to omit the discussion. Wn 12. The residuals are computed from the standard places for each year. In the dis- cussion, 1 = 3 is assumed. Residuals in order of declinatiot DECLINATION SUB POLO. Mean S 63 75 87 AVn 70. - .10 + -^7 + .07 00 00 00 Wii71-2. Wn 73. Wn 74.' — .03 + .00 + .24 00 00 CO To .30 CO Co '0 on OO — .25 + .36 + .76 + -5 + .38 ABOVE POLE. + 87 27 + .12 00 36 .39 00 29 + .20 00 33 — .24 + 76 16 + .14 CO 8 + .34 00 4 + .20 + .02 18 — .35 + TO 12 .56 CO 9 .03 00 6 .29 + .04 14 — .19 + 65 22 — .09 00 23 + .15 00 10 + .31 + .07 31 — .48 + ;-6 5 + .62 00 2 + 1.19 — .04 4 .16 + .13 10 — .72 + 50 25 .45 — .06 24 .04 — .10 13 + .36 + .18 24 — .45 + 46 15 — .45 — .03 18 + .09 — .15 16 .15 + .23 20 — .72 + 39 29 + .00 — .11 32 .25 — .23 32 + .38 H- .32 44 — .76 + 33 9 .13 — .13 13 — .60 - .28 13 + .15 + .41 15 — .58 + 27 54 — .14 — .15 69 — .35 — .31 51 + .49 + .49 63 — .91 + 21 56 .00 — .16 71 — .27 — .34 56 + .56 + .63 72 — .a-> + 14 41 — .36 — .16 76 — .53 — .33 53 + .00 + .56 73 — .69 + 9 67 — .27 — .16 9 — .26 — .32 63 + .43 + ..57 95 — .64 + 4 !.9 + .19 — .14 39 — .06 — .31 33 + .81 + . 59 43 — .87 — 1 46 + .02 — . 09 56 — .29 — .30 37 + .51 + .03 46 — .74 — S.5 37 + .03 — .02 60 — .49 — .28 49 + .79 + .75 50 — 1.09 — 14 16 + .04 00 23 — .09 — .25 16 + .86 + .84 20 — 1.18 — 19 6 .59 00 Jt — .43 — .23 8 + 1 .57 + .92 12 — .36 — 22 14 + .41 00 13 — .24 — .22 12 + 1 .81 + .93 16 — .78 — 23 13 .24 00 15 — .09 — .20 11 + 52 + 1 .1 18 — .32 — 34 1 — 1 .3 2 + .6 o + 1-1 .21 .26 .33 .41 . 55 .62 .67 .74 .79 .82 .84 .81 .76 .76 .83 .81) .78 .67 .60 .45 See explanation, p. 1,57. [153] EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 559 The probable error is derived by comparing tbe corrected residuals (collected as cue lor eacb star) with the standard zJ(3'. With m = i, we have: — ^ = ± ".84. Taking e as found in Section V., and e, as found for Wn C8 iu the same section, we have: — S = ± Vl-'iUf + (.25f = ± ".74. The agreement is far from satisfactory. The former result, i ".84, is adopted. The combined results of all the years are next arranged in order of right ascen- sion. Residuals in order of right ascension. Declination limits Declination limits. Declination limits. Declination limits. - - 30° to + 5° + 5° to + 40° + 40° to + 90° — 30° to + 90° Mean a TT- >•»' 77' 'o' ^ »-o' tt' 'V ft. 1 39 + 11 .34 162 + .16 88 + .37 289 + .25 3 15 + .08 40 — .18 35 — .07 90 — .10 5 64 .35 109 + .23 24 + .25 197 + .04 7 33 + .15 119 + .05 42 - .36 194 — .02 9 20 .13 88 - .14 19 — .03 127 — .13 11 58 _- .16 131 — .09 36 — .57 225 — .18 13 119 — . .05 53 + .23 60 + .1-2 232 + .06 15 87 + .08 121 + .16 100 + .01 308 + .09 17 33 .05 113 - .29 80 + .03 226 — .14 19 64 + .01 148 + .01 70 - .02 282 + .00 21 68 .44 62 — .10 111 — .14 241 — .22 23 69 + .05 51 + .39 27 — .17 147 + .13 As shown under Wn 68, the correction in order of A. R. found for tbe declina- tions of the mural circle is peculiar to that instrument or observing room alone. The following tables exhibit the results deduced for systematic correction and weight of the various catalogues. 560 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [154 Table IX. — Corrections to decimations. ORDER OF DECLINATION. +00 +85 +S0 +"> +70 +05 +00 +55 +.50 +45 +•10 +:i5 +:iO +25 +'iO +15 +10 + 5 ±0 — 5 —10 —15 —20 —25 —30 —35 —40 —50 — (iO —TO —8(1 —'JO o o 00 00 00 00 00+. 14 +.0i! 00 +.29 +.or +.38 +.30 +.14 00 — . 02 . 05 —. 01 . 20 +. 12 - .50 -1.00 -1.40 -1.40 -1.20 -1.40 -1.85 -1.60 -1.10 +.10 00 -1.50 .... -2. 15 -2. 20 -1.70 -1.15 -1.00 -1.00 -1.00 -1. 00 +.10 +.13 +.1G +.18 +.10 +.1 +.09 +. 0( +.00 +.00 +.0' +.10 +.13 +.lo +.19 +.2; +.33 +.43 +. +.G7 +• +.90 o 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 .05 .12 -.20 -.27 .25 —.17 +.40 — . 21 +. 40 — . 24 +. 40 +.40 +.38 -h.31 . 22 +. 24 .19+. 17 .15 + .13 .12 .15 .21 .29 .49 .60 .72 .o: .03 .16 .20 — . V —.14 —.10 -.07 -.03 00 .84 .. .96.. 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 .02 .0 .13 .16 .22 .25 ■.20 .32 .36 .43 -.52 -.60 -.68 -.70 -.70 C o + .10 + .12 + .15 + .15 + .13 + .08 00 — .12 — .3l! — .54 — .76 , .95... —1.12. —1. 24 . —1. 30 . [+1.30]. +1.30 +1.30 +1.30 +1.30 +1.30 +1.30 -2.00 — 1. 10 — .34 + .20 +1.30 + .52 +1.30 + . +1.30 + .43 —1.31 +1.30 + .14 —1.31 +.35 +1.2S — .06 —1.33'+. 35 +1.22 — .14 -1. 37+. 35 -1.49 +.35 -1.68 +.35 -1.97 +.35 -2. 50 +. 3; -2. 85 +. 3; —2.95 +1.17 +1. 09 + .96 — .14 — .04 + .16 + .84 + + .70 + + -62 + +.32 +.1 00 00 00 ou + .60 + .60 + .60 46 88 + .90 + .' + .4 + .60 + .10 + .50 + .00 + . 40 — . 0^ PO + 00, + I .10 .00 00 00 00 .04— .28 . 14 — . 38 .27— .40 .42 .78 .83 .84 .80 .70 .54 .40 .35 .38 .4 .60 .74 - .98 -1.00 -1.00 .52 -.60 -.62 —.00 .54 .38 .14 +.1 +.32 +.4' 50 +.50 -. 19 +90 -.22+85 —.22: +80 — . 23 +75 — . 23 +70 —.22+65 — .201+00 — . 18 +55 — . 16 +50 — . 15 +45 — . 16 +40 — . 17 +35 — . 2o' +30 — . 21] +25 — . 17 +20 — . 05) +15 +.04; +10 OO' +05 +.41 —.1.5 +.30 —.24'— 5 +.14 -.27|— 10 —.25—15 — . 15 —20 00 —25 +.2 -30 !— 35 —40 -50 —00 —70 —80 —90 * This correctiou is subsequently revised with the definitive Ad and Au'. t DoUen's reduction. t A small nuDus correction deduced. II This correction is considered as .ipplicablo to Dt 30, after " corrcctioncs vUimw" (p. 357, Struve's Pos. Med.) have been added. ** Tlie correction for S H 31 is applicable directly to the catalogue results as reduced with Young's refractions. ttFor the years 1S;?3 and 1834 corrections must bo applied for defective reading of barometer (see Caniliridgis Observations, 1835). To get actual corrections to catalogue results for those years, the eflcct of this correction must be added to the above. [155 1 KEPOKT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX II. 561 Table IX.— Corrections to declinations — Continued. ORDER OF DECLINATION. +90 +a'-. +80 +70 +65 « M w 00 .10 .20 . 2' — .h — .36 +60— .1,5 +,-;-, + . 10 +50+ .23 +45 +40 +:i5 +30 +25 +20 +15 +10 + ± — 5 —10 -15 —20 —25 —30 —35 —40 —50 —60 —70 —80 —90 O 00 + .01 + .03 + .05 + .08 + .09 + .10 + .11 + .12 + . 30 + .12 + .22+ .13 + .11+ .14 + .08 + .09 + .15 + .15 + .17 + .19 + .25+ .23 + .41+ .28 + ..56+ .34 + .73+ .41 + .92+ .49 +1.13+ .59 +1.34 +1..55 +2.00 + .70 + .83 + .9' +1.10 00 00 00 00 .18 .32 .43 .54 .65 .75 .83 .90 .80 .60 .46 ..50 .62 .70 .70 .68 .55 .4 00 + .10 .20 + .20 + .20 + .20 + .16 00 — .35 7r — .81 63 — .42 25 .4 — .74 -1.04 -1. 20 -1.24 -1.11 - .87 - .48 +.30 +.29 +.27 +. 26 +.24 +.23 +.21 -(-.20 +.1- +. 16 +.13 +.10 +.06 00 00 00 00 00 00 .02 .05 .08 .08 .00 .03 00 +.05 +.12 +.19 +.2 +.34 +.36 +.34 +. 25 +.13 +.02 .08 —.15 —.21 00 00 00 .02 +.04 +.06 +.08 +.06 +.00 —.04 —.02 +.or +.12 +.15 +.14 +.10 +. 05 +. 05 +.08 +.12 +.15 +.18 +.22 +.26 +.30 <3 00 00 00 00 + .06 + .12 + .18 + .23 + .':6 + .30 + .33 + .35 + .3 + .38 + .39 + .41 + .44 + .46 + .49 + .53 + .59 + .68 + .84 [+1.1J K 00 +.25 +.50 +.66 +.60 +.42 +.28 +.10 —.07 —.20 —.34 —.48 —.56 —.60 —.59 —.45 —.20 +.04 +.26 +.44 +.51 +.4' +.33 +.16 00 a +.10 +.14 +.15 -f-.14 +.10 +.06 —.02 — .Oi —.05 —.05 —.05 —.05 —.08 —.14 —.21 —.29 —.34 —.35 —.34 —.31 —.27 —.23 —.18 —.11 -.03 00 00 00 00 00 .10 .26 .42 .57 .69 .81 .87 .84 .65 .33 .10 .Oi .05 .0' .11 .13 .12 .08 .04 00 in O —.12 —.13 —.13 —.14 —.15 —.16 —.18 —.20 —.21 —.20 —.16 —.08 +.0i +.10 +■1 + .1H +.10 +.11 +.04 00 00 +.0; + .13 +.20 +.24 + .40 + .53 + .68 + .80 + .90 + .99 +1.04 +1.08 +1.11 +1.13 +1.12 +1.09 +1.06 +1. 02 + .99 + .95 + .92 + .8; + .63 + .38 + .19 ± 00 00 +.08 +.14 +.21 +.26 +.28 +.29 +.27 +.22 +.18 +.12 +.07 +.01 -.06 — . 12 —.18 —.26 — . 33 —.3 —.36 —.30 —.19 —.02 +.2- +.7 +90 +85 +80 +75 +70 +65 +60 +55 +50 +45 +40 +35 +30 +25 +20 +15 +10 + 5 + — 5 —10 —15 —20 —25 -30 -35 -40 -50 -00 -70 -90 *To the declinations of years 1836 and 1837 — ".09 was added before derivinf; the above. t Applicable to declinations as reduced in this paper {pp. 27 to 32). tTo declinations of Wn 1845, — ".25 was first added for error of assumed latitude, before deriviiif; the above table. II The correction — ".43 was first applied to all declinations on the authority of latitude discussion made in this paper (p. 26). The true correction to catalogne-places is therefore — "43+ values taken from the above table for Ce 48. N B 36 502 UNITED STATES NORTH EKN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 1 150 1 Table IX. — Corrections to declinations — Continued ORDER OF DECLINATION. 6 o 03 to a CD in CO /a X 00 S * to a to Si <5 o +90 +H5 -i-80 " II —. 15 —.05 +.05 II —.35 —.30 -.25 // +.22 +.26 +.30 — .20 — .23 — .26 00 +.02 +.05 " +. 30 +.44 +. 56 — . 20 -.19 — . 1(. II +.20 +.26 +.32 " II +.08 +.11 +.12 00 00 00 +90 +85 +80 +75 +70 +6r. +.12 +.17 +.18 —.20 —.15 —.12 +.31 +.31 +.30 — .31 — .36 — .44 +.09 +. 15 +.21 +. 6(i +.73 +.70 —.10 —.04 +.01 +.38 +.40 +.39 +.11 +.08 + .05 00 00 00 +75 +70 +65 +C0 +55 +50 +.16 +.13 +.10 —.10 —.09 —.11 +.22 +.07 —.13 — . 55 — . 77 —1. 12 +.23 +.21 + .15 r-2."4i +.00 +.46 +.20 +.04 +.07 +.10 +.26 +.06 —.17 +.02 —.02 —.05 00 00 00 +60 +.55 +50 +45 +40 +35 + .■56 +.50 +. 05 00 —.04 —.15 —.20 —.24 —.36 — . .52 —.52 —1.40 —1.45 —1.41 +.11 +.11 +.15 [-1.5] — .80 — .30 —.12 —.42 —.65 +.10 +.08 +.04 —.29 -.32 —.27 '+.'56 +.46 —.09 -.13 -.18 00 00 +.05 +45 +40 +35 +30 +25 +20 +.49 +.48 +.44 —.09 —.13 -.18 —.28 —.33 —.35 —.46 —.37 —.47 —1. 29 -1.12 — .87 +.24 +. 33 +.37 — .06 — .05 — .10 —.80 —.74 — . 50 00 — . 06 —.12 —.11 +.04 +.03 +.42 +.39 +.38 —.25 —.3:1 —.40 +.10 +.13 +. 15 +30 4 25 +20 +15 +1(1 +05 +.31 +.20 +.15 —.23 — . 2() —.27 —.36 —.36 —.35 — . 62 —.70 —.75 — .67 — .58 — .57 +.38 +.35 +.28 — . 15 — .18 — .20 — . 35 —.09 +.20 —.15 —.19 — . 20 —.08 —.10 -.06 +.38 +.52 +.71 — . 45 —.46 —.44 +.12 +.07 — . (12 +15 +10 +05 — 5 —10 +.2' +.40 +.39 —.20 — . 23 —.17 —.34 —.30 —.20 —.68 —.45 — . 23 — .55 — .53 — .49 +.20 +. 15 +.21 — .23 — .26 — .2(1 +.51 +.70 +.79 —.18 —.13 —.04 —.03 00 00 +.87 +.90 +.86 —.40 — . 35 — . 28 —.09 —.10 —.00 — 5 —10 —15 —20 —25 +.12 — . 07 —.14 —.10 —.02 +.06 —.05 +.14 +.35 — . 20 —.23 —.27 — .46 — .42 — .39 +.26 +.1:6 +.25 — .20 — . 15 — . 10 +.79 + .08 + .40 +.10 +. 2^ +..50 00 00 00 +.75 + .63 +..50 — . IS' —.1(1 00 + .14 +.27 +.40 —15 —20 —25 —30 —35 —40 —.02 -J-.13 +. 16 +.00 — . 30 [-.35] [+.20] — . 05 00 + .05 + . 15 [+.10] +.70 00 +.44 +.21 +.08 —.14 — . 20 — . 20 +.10 [+.55] —30 -35 —40 +.27 +.27 +.11 00 —50 — OU —70 —50 —60 —70 + .27 + .26 —60 —90 00 00 + . 13 —.08 00 —80 —90 00 "The correction for error of .assumed latitude, flexure, division, Ac, given in tlie introduction to the WiUiiimstown catalogue, must .also bo applied. The true correction is, therefore : Correeton taken from introduction Me 02 + correction of above t.ablo. t To the catalogue deelinations from direct ob.servations above pole for 1861 and 1862 was first added the correction — ".(58 (+".68, below pole); and to the declinations of years 18()3-1865 +".47, aceerding as the declination results from observations above or below the pole. The actual correction is, therefore: Th( se qu.Tntities + corrections from above table. [157J REPOKT OV THE CHIEF ASTKONOMEE, APPENDIX H. 563 Table IX. — Corrections to declinations— CoutinueA. ORDER OF DECLINATION. (5 CO g n .3 * a O d a Wn 71-2. Wn73. n o ; ,1 n II II II It , ,, It II II II +90 +85 +80 20 23 25 +.20 +.26 +.32 —.20 —.20 —.20 +.40 +.41 +.,^.5 4- .22 + .47 + .72 00 00 00 + + 00 02 05 00 — .09 — .15 .oo] .00 .00 00 00 00 00 00 00 +.07 -.04 —.14 +90 +85. +80 +75 +70 +65 — 26 27 27 +.38 +.40 +.39 —.20 +.71 —.17 +.71 —.11 +..'-)4 + .94 +1.00 + .90 —.01 —.05 —.10 + + + 10 15 20 — .20 — .25 — .30 .00 .00 .00 00 00 00 + .02 + .04 + .07 —.24 —.33 —.41 +75 +70 i-65 +60 +55 +50 — 25 21 22 +.26 +.06 —.17 -.01 00 —.01 +.05 —.36 —.56 + .70 + .44 + .18 —.17 —.22 —.25 i+i.'25] + + + 26 32 30 — .34 -.37 - .40 .00 — .03 — .06 00 —.05 —.10 + .10 + .14 + .18 —.49 — . 56 —.62 +60 +55 +.50 +45 +40 +35 — 26 .30 .30 —.29 -.32 —.27 —.07 -.15 —.18 —.60 -.57 —.50 — .04 — . 23 — .37 —.26 -.2u —.26 [+1.00] [+ -67] + .48 + + + 39 42 .45 — .41 — .42 — .42 - .09 - .11 - .13 —.16 —.22 —.26 + .24 + .30 + .38 —.68 —.73 —.77 +45 +40 +35 +30 +2f) +20 — .22 .10 05 — .11 +.04 +.03 —.14 —.06 —.06 —.38 —.28 —.24 — .47 — .54 — .55 —.26 —.26 —.26 + .11 — .08 — .15 + + + .47 .50 .53 — .37 — .33 — .33 — .14 — . 15 — .16 -.30 —.33 —.34 + .46 + .51 + .54 —.81 —.83 —.84 +30 +25 +20 +15 +10 +05 .06 .15 .22 —.08 —.10 —.06 —.15 —.24 —.27 —.20 —.20 —.25 -.52 — .47 — .43 —.25 —.23 —.19 — . 15 — .15 — .15 + + + .55 .57 .58 — .40 — ..52 — .65 — .16 — .16 — .15 —.33 —.32 —.31 + ..56 + .£7 + .58 —.82 —.76 —.75 +15 +10 +05 — 5 —10 — .23 .19 .10 —.03 00 00 —.28 —.24 —.17 —.33 —.40 —.40 — .43 — .43 — .43 —.12 —.05 +.03 — .16 — .18 — .21 + + + .59 .59 .60 — .80 —1.00 —1.20 — .10 — .05 .00 —.30 -.29 —.27 + .61 + .69 + .77 —.82 —.85 —.86 — 5 —10 —15 —20 — 2.-) + + + .07 .35 .60 00 00 00 —.07 +.07 +.25 —.40 —.40 —.40 — . 39 — .30 — .18 +.11 - .26 - .30 - .32 + + + .63 .70 .80 —1.43 — 1.G6 —1. 93 00 00 00 — . 25 —.23 —.21 + .86 + .94 +L03 —.76 —.65 —.53 —15 —20 —25 —30 —35 —40 —50 —60 —70 —80 —90 +1 +1 .00 .35 00 +.48 +.75 [-.40] — .05 — .36 — ..38 — .40 — .34 — .22 — .12 — .05 00 + +1 .93 .09 [—2.20] 00 00 —.19 —.17 +L11 -.40 —.29 —30 —35 —40 —50 -60 —70 —80 —90 •Applicable to declinations derived iu this paper (Section V.). t Applicable to declinations of annual catalogues after correction, .as explained in Section V. X As explained elsewhere the correction, + ".82, to the declinations of 1874, south of Wu. zenith was neglected by accident for stars south of — 12° declination, and the error discovered too late to be corrected in the succeeding results. As actually used in niaUing up the definitive C'„ of the linal dis- 564 UNITED STATES NOllTOERN BOUNDAKY COMMISSION. [1.08] Table IX. — Corrections to declinations — Continued. RADCLIFFE ANNUAL CATALOGUES. <5 62." 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 08. 69. 70. 71. 72. 7.3. i o +U0 +^5 +80 00 — .26 — .48 00 -.17 — .34 +.40 +.26 +.13 + ..10 + .27 + .38 Jl + .74 +1.00 +1.26 00 00 00 II + .10 + .15 + .18 00 00 00 + .10 + .13 + .17 II +.23 +.27 +.31 +.17 +. 24 +.32 .00 +.21 +.39 o +90 +85 +80 +75 +70 +65 — .66 — .H6 — L03 — .50 — .63 — .73 00 —.13 —.26 + .41 + .40 + .31 +1.43 +1.50 +1.41 00 00 00 + .19 + .20 + .18 —.03 —.06 —.12 + .19 + .20 + .19 +.36 +.40 +.42 + .40, +.52 +.48j +.67 +.50 +.80 +75 +70 +65 +60 +55 +50 —1.21 —1.36 —1.49 — .81 — .87 — .90 —.40 —.55 —.70 + .20 + .08 — .03 +1.21 + .90 + .60 00 — .10 — .22 + .13 + .08 00 —.23 —.30 —.34 + .17 + .12 + .11 +.44 +.41 +.35 +.51 +.49 +.42 +.86 +.82 +.70 +60 +55 +50 +45 +40 +35 —1. 56 —1. 60 —1.60 — .90 — .90 — .85 —.75 -.80 —.74 — .10 — .14 — .18 + .47 + .20 — .02 — .37 — .46 — .48 — .06 — .10 — .09 —.32 —.27 —.28 — .01 — .22 — .50 +.23 +.1C —.10 +.33 +.15 —.07 +.47 +.21 —.02 +45 +40 +35 +30 +25 +20 —1.52 —1.51 —1.60 - .85 —1.00 —1.20 —.62 —.55 —.50 — .18 — .18 — .21 — .14 — .30 — .51 - .47 - .49 - .58 + .03 + .ly + .07 —.28 —.33 —.48 — .63 — .65 — .40 —.27 —.25 —.10 —.21 —.17 +.08 —.13 —.06 +.10 +30 +25 +20 +15 + 10 + 5 —1.68 -1.67 —1. .54 —1.23 —1.20 — .87 —.50 —.42 —.20 — .33 — .42 — .26 — .88 —1. 06 —1.11 — . 73 — .88 —1.00 — .06 — .10 — .10 —.62 —.66 —.56 00 + .26 + .20 +.20 +.40 +.36 +.32 +.44 +.40 +.21 H-.23 +.11 +15 +10 + 5 —1.14 — .38 +.25 + .13 - .93 - .88 — . 10 —.47 00 +.18 +.30 -.09 — 5 —10 —15 — .78 — .59 — .43 + .10 + .02 + .09 +.48 +..56 +.56 + .40 + .53 + .62 - .91 —1. 00 —1.30 — .74 — .79 — .69 — .20 — .35 — .51 -.40 —.40 —.40 — .25 — .50 — .65 +.02 -.11 —.24 +.18 +.07 -.02 —.26 —.34 —.35 — 5 —10 —15 —20 —25 —30 — .30 — .20 — .10 + .13 + .16 + .18 +.58 +.65 +.72 + .80 + .90 +1.00 —1.57 —1.83 —2.10 —1.05 —1. 22 —1.40 — .67 — .83 —1. 00 —.40 —.35 -. 30 — .80 - .90 —1.00 —.34 —.42 —.50 —.11 —.20 -.23 —.30 -.25 —.20 —20 —25 —30 cussion of (locliQations, Wu 74 was used as above from + 90" to + 15°. were virtually comi>uted according to tbis table: From that point the corrections (! Corr. 6 Corr. // II + 10 — .78 — 15 — .99 + 5 — .72 — 20 — .77 00 - .65 — 25 — ..55 — 05 — .55 ■ — 30 — .34 — 10 — .38 — 35 — .13 That is, as aotnally used, a declination of Wn 74 (+ 10° to — 35"^), as given in the catalogue, was corrected by + ".82 -f- the values given in this tiible. *As explained under Ee 66, the correotioiia ftom + 35° to + 90°, for the annual catalogues I!e 62- Ke 66 are deserving of little confidence. 159 J EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEE, APPENDIX H. 565 Table X. — Corrections to declinations. ORDER OF RIGHT ASCENSION. n o o 00 o 1— 1 02 CO tc * O (3 to 00 .a CO in o w B SB m n * * 1 cc 1 a t \ n i h II // II II // II II // 11 II „ // }i. 1 2 a —.16 —.04 +.11 +.25 +.40 +.25 +.08 —.09 +.47 +.53 +.55 +.53 +.32 +.38 +.40 +.40 — . 15 —.11 —.06 —.00 +.13 +.08 +.03 —.02 —.19 -.19 —.19 —.17 —.12 —.17 —.21 —.23 —.18 —.12 —.04 +.04 —.05 00 +.05 +.10 +.01 +.05 +.09 +.12 —.15 —.07 +.02 +.11 12 13 14 15 4 5 6 +.37 +.46 +.53 —.26 —.41 —.53 +.47 +.39 +.27 +.37 +.32 +.24 +.06 +.11 +.15 —.07 —.12 —.16 -.14 —.09 —.05 —.24 —.24 —.21 +.12 +.19 +.24 +.14 +.17 +.20 +.15 +. 16 +.17 +.19 +.26 +.31 16 17 18 7 8 9 +.56 +..'55 +.50 —.62 — .66 —.66 +.14 00 —.14 +.15 +.05 —.06 +.18 +.20 +.21 —.19 —.20 —.20 00 +.05 +.10 —.18 —.13 —.07 +.28 +.30 +.30 +.20 +.19 +.17 +.16 +.14 +.12 +.34 +.34 +.33 19 20 21 10 11 12 +.42 +.31 +.18 —.62 —.53 —.40 —.27 —.39 —.47 —.16 —.25 —.32 +.20 +.1S +.15 —.19 —.16 —.13 +.14 +.17 +.19 —.00 +.00 +.12 +.28 +.24 +.18 +.14 +.10 +.05 +.08 +.04 —.01 +.29 +.23 +.15 22 23 24 Note. — When a is taken from right-hand (12/i to 24/i) the signs of the tahle are reversed. • The corrections for Ce 40 and Bn 66 are apiilicablo only within the declination limits — 30° to + 40°. lu computing from tbe values of E, giveu iu the preceding pages, tbe definitive weiglits to be used in tbe final discussion, ± ".30 was taken as the probable error of tho unit, and 5 (corresponding to a probable error of ± ".134) as the maximum weight. Weight .05 is used in a few cases. As the probable errors are somewhat uncertain, especially in their respective relation to number of observations, only the denomina- tions of weight presented in the table were actually used. For convenience, a few weights deduced in Section IX. are also collated here. With the "Catalogue" as an argument, the corresponding horizontal line is fol- lowed until the number of observations is reached, or, at least, the limits which include it. At the top of the column is found the corresponding weight. The second argument is, however, often a probable error (as Kg 21, Dt 24, etc.), or weight resulting from the system of compilation (as with Ce 40, Eh 43, etc.). 566 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [IfiOJ Table XI. — Weights used in discussion Cataloj^uo. Weights. 1 .05 1 .1 1 .2 .3 •4 1 .5 .6 .7 .8 Knmber of observations, preliuj Gh 1752 GI1I755 2 to 8 . . . 9 or more . 2or3 All 4to20 .... 21 or more. Po 1800 BU 1810... . KSSI Gh 22 Probable 1 or2 errors 3 to 5 Ct0l8 .... 19 or more. .44 to .41 . . .40 to .37.. .36 or 35... .34 or .33 . . 1)12-1 ana 30 Va 2'J Same as Kg 21 or Ao 29, acco rding as pro bable error All or number of obseivati ons is the argument . . AoSO 1 Gh 30 AU C G. H.31... S. 11.31 (;. G. II. 33. . . i... ".'.'.. land 2..., 2or3 3 toU Ito » . . - 10 or more. 10 to 21 ... 22 to85 ... 85 or more. (_'o31 1 2 3 . Sand 6 7 Mb34 1 and 2.... 2 or 3 3 4t«6 7(011 .... 12 to 18... 19 to 35 . . . Ms 35 4 or more Eh 37 I 3 Kg 38 All Gh 39 (;e40 Kr43 Weights' . 1 3 2 4 5 Q 1 Eh 43 Weights . . 1 3 4 Gh45 1 2 3 4 Pa 45 Ke 45 Sec table below 1 2 or 3 5 to 14 ... 2 4 and 5 15 or more. 6 to 10 ... 11 to 23... Ah 41 and 52. Wu 47 Co 48 Wn48(P.V.) Ms 50 1 2 to 4 1 Weights. 3 5 Same as Ce40 1 3 4 3 to5 . .. GhSl So 51 Same as Gh39 1 ^ to5 I 6 toll .... 12 to 37 . . . 38 or more P353 3 So 55 1 2 and 3.... 4to7 3 8tol9.... 4 20 or more. Sand 6 Wr 50 1 .. 8 and 9 10 to 12 . . . Pa 50 1 Bs56 Ce5b' Gh 57 Same as 1 Ce40 2 3 and 4.... 5to7 8 and 9.... 10 to 16 ... 17 to 27 . . . 28to5ii... 1 C.G.H.58... Re 58 Eh 58 Same as ii'eih'.'.'.'.'.'. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4or5 6to8 9tol5.... 16 or more . PsCO BaCO 1 3 4 lie 62 1 2 and 3. . . . 4 to6 7tol7.... 18 or more. PaC2(P.V.). Eh 03 Wua4 Gh64 P8 64 Same as Weights Same as Eh 58 1 8 3 Gh57 1 Bs65 1 PsCO BnOO Same as P8C4 L0O7 Lu 07 Eh 67 2 too 6 or more . Me 68 1 Wn 68 Ro CO and 72. Gh70 Weights . 1 1 2 Sor3 3 4or5 1 4 and 5 6to9 6 10 to 14 ... 7 15 to 23 . . . 8 24 to 44 ... 3 9 45 to 152 .. Wn70 Wn72 Weights . 1 or 2 3 to 5 1 or more . 3 4 5 [161] EEPOllT OF TEE CHIEF ASTEONOMEE, APPENDIX H. 567 of definitive declinations. Weights. 1 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3 3.5 4.0 5,0 Catalogue. iiiary weight, or probable error. Gh 1752. Gb 1755. Po 1800. Bh 1810. Kg 21. Gh 22. Dt 24 and 30. Va29. Ao 29. Gb30. c,G.n.3i. S.H.31, C. G, H. 33. Ce34, Mb 34. Ms 35. Eh 37. Kg 38. Gh 39. Ce40. Kg 43. Eh 43. Gh 45, Pa 45. Ro 45. Ah41.Tnd52. Wn47. Ce48. Wn4S(P.V.) Ms 50. Gh .51. So 51. PS53. So 55. AVn ."^6. P8 56. B8 56. Cp66. Gh57. C. G. H. 58. Re 58. Eh 58. Ps60. Bs60. Me 62. Pa63(P.V.) Eb 63. Wn 64. GhOI. P8C4. lis 65. Pseo. Bn 60. Lc 67. Ln07. Eh 67. Me 68. Wn 68. Re 66 aud 72. Gh 70. Wn 70. Wu72. .32 to .27.... .26 to. 23.. .22 to .20.... .19 .18 and .17 .. .16 .15 .14 or less... 4 to6 7tol0 11 to 16 ... 17 to 29 30 to 68 68 or more . . 8tol8 19 or more. 5tol2 13 or more. 7toll 4 12 to 21 ... 5to8 All 22 to 45 9 to 13 46 to 156.. 14 to 19... 20 to 28 29 to 38 39 to 55 56 or raoro . . Sand 6 5 to8 7 and 8 9 to 14 ... . 9toll 15 to 26.... 12 aud 13.. 27 to 50... 14 to 16 51 to 139 .. . 17 and 18.... 140 or more . 19 to 22 23 or more . . 6 and 7 8 to 10 ... . 11 to 13 14 to 16... 17 to 19 20 to 22 23 to 27 28 or more . . 5aud 6 4 to7 8tol5.... 16 to 39... 40 or more. 13 to 27 3 to5 28 to 124 . . 6tol8.... 125 and more 3 aud 4 4 to9 5to7 lOormore. 8tol2 13 to 21 ... 22 to 44 45 to 207 ... 208 or more . 3 9tol8 ... 4 to6 19 to no 7tol2.... 61 or more. 13 to 30 5to8 2 3 or more . . . Sandfi 7 to 9 10 to 12 13 to Vs.. . 16 to 18 19 and 20 *^ 3 to5 4 aud 5 — 6 to 12 6ti8 13 to 52 ... 9tol3 .... 14 to 21 22 to 37 .... 38 and more All All All not fun. damental or circumpolar. Fundaoieutal and circum- polar. 3to6 10 to 13 7to24.... 14 to 19 ... 20 to 25 26 to 30 . . . 31 to 36.... 37 to 41 42 to 49 50 or more . . 5 to7 8tol7 .... 18 to 47 48 or more. 7to9 10 to 13 ... 14 to 17 18 to 21 ... 22 to 25.... 26 to 29 30 to 35 36 or more . . 568 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [162] Note 1. — The Poulkova observations are weighted accortliug to the probable errors given on pp. (29) anil (30) of introduction (Vol. V.). The weight is slightly reduced in two cases. Following is the table of weights. Between + 55° and -(- 65° declination, when the observations are above the pole, the weights of the first Hue are multiplied by .4 : .5 1 obs. 2 obs. 4 obs. 8 obs. 16 obs. + 40° to 55° and 65° to 80° . . . -(-30°or + yO° 1 1 1 .8 .5 .3 .2 2 ^> 2 1.5 1.0 .5 .3 3 3 3 2.5 1.5 1.0 .7 4 4 4 3.5 2.5 1.5 1.0 5 5 5 4 3.5 2.5 2.0 + 20^" or + t-0° S. P + 10° or + 70° S. P -J- 00 or + 60° S P — 10° or + 50° S. P — 15°or + 45°S.P Note 2. — When the zenith distance of a star observed at a given observatory is greater than 70° the above weights are multiplied by the following arbitrary nnmbers: z n Factor. ZD Factor. o o 70 1.0 76 . 5 71 .9 77 .4 72 .8 78 .3 73 .7 79 .3 74 .6 80 .2 75 .5 Note 3. — In using the later Greenwich catalogues (Gh 57, 64, and 70), Ps 64 and Ps 66, and Bs 60 and Bs 65, a considerable moditicatiou of the above weights takes place, whenever the same star is observed in two or more series at each observatory. The maximum weight given to Gh 57, G4, and 70 combined, is 7.0 ; to Ps 64 and Ps 66, 4.0 ; and to Bs 60 and Bs 65, .5.0. Where the combined weights were smaller than these totals, arbitrary reductions of each are made; these reductions being proportionally less, tho fewer the observations. This course is taken because, strictly speaking, tho catalogues of the respective groups are really parts of the same series and have to eome extent the same errors. Of course, when either of the above-mentionetl catalogues stands as the sole representative of its observatory it receives the full tabular weight. In a less degree this reduction of weights is applicable to groups of catalogues not included in the above enumeration ; but in all such cases it is believed that the reduction of weights required is without practical consequence to the final result. With the values of C computed iu Section V., and with the correctious and weights of Tables IX., X., and XI., the definitive values of J<5 and A/j.' are next computed for 436 stars, a and '5 Urste Minoris are allowed to stand as first computed, and 62 others are reserved until .systematic corrections shall have been derived for certain authorities from the definitive places. The conditional equations are so constructed as to give J'j for 1875. Much care has been exercised in these computations, and the usual checks have been faithfully employed. Column C„ in " Details of Correctious to Assumed Declinations" is computed from (7, by the addition of corrections taken from Tables IX. and X. Column - is next formed from Table XL, subject to the limitations expressed in notes 2 and 3 above. The epochs are taken from column "Cat."' The resulting values of J" and J/t' are [163] REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 569 giveu in the catalogue at the end of this paper. With these, column r, is computed from the expression : — , /T'-1875\ f. By the addition of J 5 and -^, respectively, to the declination and annual variation at the head of the table for each star ("Details of Corrections," etc.), we derive the definitive values of those quantities given on the right-hand pages of the catalogue. The probable errors there given do not result irom the sums of squnres of resid- uals, but are computed from the weights of Ad and Ai±'; assuming the probable error of the unit to be ± .30. A few trials showed that these probable errors are a little larger, on the average, than those which actually result from the sums of squares of r,. In deriving these sums accurately the full weight must be given to each of the catalogues of the Brussels, Paris, and Greenwich series, though as explained (note 3, p. 102), less than the tabular values of the weights are sometimes assigned to them. For the fundamental and principal circum[)olar stars, the jirobable error of the unit of weight, as it actually results from the residuals of each star, is given below. It will be seen that in the mean it is much smaller than the standard, i ".30, to which it should correspond. The difference is not so great for the remaining stars. Probable errors vf unit of n, derived from values ofr,. a An■„' h. 1 28 20 6 — .45 34 — .29 3 22 — 34 7 + .14 29 — .32 5 19 — 14 7 + .31 26 — .02 7 15 + 07 3 — .07 18 + .05 9 13 00 6 — .25 19 - .08 11 16 — 39 8 + .08 24 — .24 13 13 — 39 5 — .02 18 — .09 15 26 + 78 7 + .89 33 + .80 17 30 + 49 8 + .16 38 + .42 19 25 12 13 + . 14 38 — .03 21 33 — 38 13 — .08 46 — .30 23 23 ~~ l^l 11 - .11 34 — .15 1 572 UNITED STATES KOBTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [16CJ Wn 48 {prime vertical transit). Sixty one observations in 1847 of 13 stars gave as the mean correction: — - ".82 ± ".09. The probable error, E, of a single observation, is ± ".70. Ms 50. The correction is ascertained from the declinations of the principal stars given in tbe introduction. Each residual is given weight one. Residuals in order of declination. Mean 6 tt' '■o Co o + 87 5 + .to + .00 + 75 4 + .37 + .25 + 6:! 2 + ..'54 + .30 + .-.2 b + .16 + .30 + 41 5 + .37 + .23 + 29 « - .06 — .08 + 22 8 - .41 — .40 + 14 8 - .96 — .<3 + Ob 9 - .64 — .93 7 —1.17 —1.05 — 9 6 — .99 — .99 With m = 4, we have, probable error of a single declination :— J7 = ± ".32. If we assume ; = 2, we shall have for 3 to 5 observations, approximately, weight .3 in the system of Table XI. Residuals in order of right ascension. Mean a ff' ro' Mean a 7r' ro' h. // h. „ 1 r^ — .17 13 4 .00 3 O — .20 15 7 + .19 .', 6 — .29 17 — .01 i 5 + .28 ' 19 9 + .35 9 •'. - . 37 21 8 + .40 11 5 - . 34 1 23 4 — .26 [1671 REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 573 Eb 58, Eh 63, and Eh 67. ^ = 2. Eh 58. EhC3. Eh 07. Mean (5 jt' '■o Co Mean 6 ■k' >o Co Mean d ff' »'o Co + 89 + 73 4 3 —.63 —.94 II o + 89 + 73 2 1 -.40 +.27 " o + 89 + C7 2 5 + .86 +1.34 II + 55 + 32 + 19 + 7 — 5 20 26 26 31 37 +.06 — . 52 +.53 — . 36 22 -.33 —.33 — . 33 — . 33 — . 3:; + 55 + 32 + 19 + 9 — 1 19 20 30 18 14 +.37 +.35 +.72 +.59 +.39 +.51 +.51 +..51 +.51 +.51 + 54 + 32 + 19 + 07 + 05 16 18 28 17 17 + .38 — .45 + .50 + .61 —1.30 00 00 00 00 00 The correctious to these catalogues can only be roughly ascertained. It is assumed to be constant from — 10° to + 60o. We have, JS? = ± "60 for Eh 58 (exchiding /? Lyrfe), ± ".77 for Eh C3, and ± 1".33 for Eh 67. ± ".69 is adopted in constructing weights for Eh 58 and Eh 03, Pa 62 ['prime vertical transit). Twenty-one observations of 5 stars give the correction : — + ".25 ± ".05 ; and for probable error of single observation i ''.23, which is considerably larger than the value supposed in the third volume of Poulkova observations (pp. 213, 214). But even this requires the maximum weight (5.0) for 3 observations, and is adopted. Pa 71. But one declination is used from this catalogue — that given for B. A. O. 5313. For its correction, I find + ".50 from eight stars between + 50° and + 60° declination. For this declination the arbitrary weight 1.0 is assigned in deducing corrections to assumed place. Wn 70. Residuals in order of declination. Mean 6 7t' 'o Co o '/ // + 86 21 + . 22 00 e „ + 75 ,57 — .04 00 -=2 + 65 67 - .43 — .25 + 55 17 + .12 — .43 + 45 31 — .63 — ..57 + 35 20 — .44 — .66 + -.5 33 — .72 — .73 + 15 24 — .42 . lO + 05 29 —1.08 — .70 — 07 14 — .05 - .36 574 UNITED STATES NOKTHEEN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [108J With 7n = 4, we have : — E=i: 1".01. The curve resembles that of Wn 5G closely, except that its minus values are about ".40 larger. From — 10° southward, Wu bG — ".40 can probably be used without serious error. Residuals in order of right ascension. Declination limits. Declination limits. Declination limits. - - 10° to + 40° + 40° to + 90° — 10° to +90° Mean a ■tt' ro' 7t' ro' 57- ro' Co' h. // ,1 // II I 11 + .21 25 — .14 36 — .04 — .17 3 12 + .02 15 — .59 27 — .32 — .23 o 4 — . /i> 13 — .77 17 - .76 — .24 7 14 + .(19 5 — .30 19 — .01 — .18 9 9 -'r .20 11 — .21 20 — .03 — .07 11 4 — .75 15 — .29 19 — .38 + .06 13 9 — .36 15 — .23 24 — .28 + .17 15 (i + .70 19 + .80 25 + .78 + .23 17 12 + .60 20 + .33 32 + .43 + .24 19 15 — .78 17 + .26 32 — .23 + .18 21 l(i + .35 21 + .04 37 + .18 + .07 23 12 — .26 18 — .16 30 — .20 -.06 Column Co' is taken from the correction found to be applicable to the previous series of observations with the Washington mural circle. There is sufficient resem- blance between it and the values of r^j in the last column to justify its continued use for this catalogue. Table XII. — Corrections to catalogues of Class III (and to Po 1800). ORDER OF DECLINATION. Mi-au S + 90 + 85 4- 80 + 75 + 70 + 65 + 60 + 55 + 50 + 45 + 40 + 35 + 30 + 25 + 20 Po 1800 00 + .16 + .30 + .44 4- .52 + .52 + .48 + .35 + .10 — .30 — .80 —1.03 —1.10 —1.35 —1. (52 Ms 35. Ms 50. Wu 70.* Mean (5 II // II o + .50 + .55 + .()0 00 + .10 + .20 00 00 00 + 15 + 10 + 05 + .()5 + .70 + .65 + .25 + .30 + .30 00 — .14 — .25 - 05 — 10 + .60 + .60 + .72 + .30 + .30 + .30 — .37 — .43 — .,50 — 15 — 20 — 25 + .72 + .62 + .48 + .28 + .22 + .10 — .57 — .(i2 — .61) — 30 — 40 + .26 — .02 — .32 — .04 — .26 — .49 — .70 — .73 — . 75 — 50 — (iO Ms 35. -1. 62 -1. 35 -1.29 -1.56 -1. 86 -1.96 — .56 — .68 — .67 — .61 — .57 — .50 -1.82 — .40 -1..5I1 — .30 -1. 16 — . 17 -l.Oi -1.21 -1. 40 — .05 + .05 + . 15 + .40 + .(>5 Ms 50. Wu 70. // — .70 — .86 —1.00 —1. 05 —1.(5 — .97 — .75 — .75 — .70 — .59 — .44 — .25 • If the ac'u.al correction for Wn 1872 and 1873 is desired, + ".45 must be added to tbe quanf itieB given in tlie aliove t.'.lilc for Wii 70. [IGUJ REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 575 Table XII. — Continued. Catalogue. Correction. Remarks. Wn48 Eh 58 Eh 03 Pa 62 Eh67 — .82 — .:« + .51 + .25 00 Constant. Constant from — 10° to + 60°. Constant from — 10° to + 60°. Constant. Constant from — 10° to + 60°. The corrections in order of a for Po 1800 and Wn 70 are to be taken from Table X. With these additional corrections the values of J -5 and J// were computed for the 02 remaining stars. These are sufficiently indicated in the "Details of (Corrections to Assumed Declinations" by the use of one or more of the catalogues of Glass III. Section X. GENEBAL REMARKS RESPECTING THE CORRECTIONS AND PROBABLE ERRORS OF STARS USED BY THE NORTHERN BOUNDARY SURVEY FOR LATITUDE. The preceding pages aiford the means, to some extent, for answering the question as to the probable errors of the declinations used in latitude work on the Northern Boundary. These declinations in the general catalogue of 500 stars at the end of this paper are distinguished by an asterisk, affixed to the current number. Opposite each star, on the right-hand page (and in the third column), will be found its probable error estimated in the manner described in Section VIII. This, taken together with the cor responding value of J 5, given on the left-hand page, will aid in forming some judgment as to the probable limits within which any correction is likely to be included. These values of J (5 refer to the declinations adopted in the work of 1874. Those of the pre- ceding years are less accurate, and differ slightly from these, but the differences are not systematic. The general correction required by the latitude work of 1874 has been roughly comjiuted in three different ways: — First. Fifty different pairs (100 stars) were observed for latitude during the year. Six of these, however, were used but once; one, three times; three, four times; nine, live times; and others more frequently — eighteen times being the maximum. Taking the simple mean of all the values of J « tor the one hundred stars, we have: — + ".042 as the common correction to the declinations actually used ; and this is, of course, applicable to the latitudes. Second. If, however, we take into account the number of times each pair was used, giving weights proportional to the numbers, we have: — + ".008 as the common correction to all the latitudes. Third. If, still further, we take into account the weights of the stars as computed in this paper, and if we suppose that each observation ot a i)air with the zenith tele- 576 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [170| scope gives an instrumental probable error for latitude of ± ".3, we bave as the mean correctiou : — + ".©03. I regard it as quite improbable that a common correction larger than i ".I is needed for the latitudes as actuallj' established in the field. In this paper the stars of the latitude list were reduced without the slightest reference to the previous work performed on them— even the seconds of declinations being transcribed from the vari Oils catalogues anew. Under these circumstances the present work may be regarded as an efficient check on the values of declination adopted in the former discussion. EXPLANATION OF TABLES. RECAPITULATION OP SYSTEMATIC COKEECTIONS. This table shows as nearly as possible the total systematic corrections applied by me (either before or after discussion of Normal System) to the catalogue places as I find them. If to these be added errata and corrections due to proper motion, with a few corrections specified in the notes at the end of the table, we shall have declinations according to the system adopted in this paper. In order, however, to accertain the degree of confidence to be placed in certain values from the curves (especially those from — 10° to — 30°), it will be necessary to recur to the detailed reductions. DETAILS OP COERECTIONS TO ASSUMED DECLINATIONS. These embrace Table A, Table B, and Table C. Table A contains particulars of reduction for the fundamental and principal cir- cumpolar stars. However, four southern stars, usually regarded as fundamental, and (^ Geminorum will be found elsewhere. Table B contains details for all other stars (i. e., stars not included in Table A) situated between +90° and —10° declination. In this region the weights are in no case afiected by the question of zenith distance. Table C contains details for all stars situated south of — 10° declination. With one exception the construction of all the tables is alike. At the head of the tabular statement for each star is given its assumed right ascension and declina- tion, with the annual variation of each as computed in Sections II. and III. Column " Cat." contains the designation of each catalogue or series of. observa- tions. The explanation of these designations is found in Section IV. It is sufficient here to state that the figures refer to the mean year of observation, and the letters are usually the first and last in the name of the observatory according to the English spelling. Column "Obs." contains either the number of observations, weight, or probable error, according as either is made an argument for computation of weight from Table XI. Column G contains the correction to assumed declination given by the respective catalogues in the manner detailed in Sections III. and V. For the later Radclifie cat- alogues, and for Wn 72, values of C are contained in Section V. [171] EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 577 Column 0/, in Tables B and C, contains for a limited number of stars the sum of G and of the systematic correction taiien from Table II. The place of this is supplied in Table A by column r„, which contains the correc- tion given to each authority by the declination computed according to the prin(;iples of Section VI., but with the addition of the Fundamenta as an authority, with weight one. Column r contains the quantities from which definitive systematic corrections were computed. It is formed by subtracting G from the value of the expression J 5 4- Z^' — 1845\^^,^ ^ ^ ^^^ j^, jjgjjjg jjjj^pjj j.j.pjj^ Tables V. and VII. Column C/, is formed by the addition of the systematic corrections of Tables IX. and X to column C. For Re 66 and Re 72, as well as Wn 72 and S H 31, the value of G„ is specially computed. Column JT contains the weight computed from Table XI., with the argument in column "Obs." Column r, contains the outstanding residual found by subtracting C„ from J3+ Jfi' ( ~ )) where J5 and J/m' are to be taken from the left-hand page of the "Catalogue of 500 Stars" at the end of this paper. CATALOGUE OP 500 STABS. On the left-hand page : Columns 1, 2, 3, and 4 appear to require no explanation except the caution that the latter column is simply copied from the catalogue of the British Association. Column 5 contains the approximate right ascension as deduced in Section VII. Column 6 contains the annual variation, and column 7 the secular variation in Right Ascension given in units of the fifth decimal place. The eighth and ninth columns give dd and J, a' as they result from the final com- putation, using columns C„ and tt of "Details," etc. On the right-hand page, in column 1, the current number is repeated for con- venience. Column 2 is the definitive declination formed from the assumed declination given with each star in " Details," etc., by the addition oi Jd from the preceding page. Column 3 contains the probable error ascertained in the manner explained near the end of Section VIII. In a few cases this column is left blank. It is to be understood in such cases that a definite estimate is declined, either because the error is large or cannot readily be ascertained. Column 4 contains the weight to nearest unit, from which the preceding column is estimated. The probable error of this unit is supposed to be uniformly ± ".30. It is likely to be smaller than larger (p. 103). When this column is left blank it is to be understood that the computed weight is less than .5 Column 5 contains the definitive annual variation, computed by adding to the annual variation of " Details," etc., — ^; ^fi' being taken from the left-hand page. N B 37 578 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [1?2] Column C contains the probable error of the annual variation computed from the woi[jht of J// in conditional equations. Cohimna 7 and 8 contain the secular variation and third term of precession in declination which are given respectively to the sixth and eighth places of decimals. The mode of their computation is fullj' explained in Section III. Column 9 contains the proper motion formed by subtracting from the annual variations 20".0542 cos a. The uumber is Peters' constant of precession (n) for 1875. RECAPITULATION OP SYSTEMATIC COREECTIONS TO DECLINATIONS. [173] 579 RECAPITULATION OF SYSTEMATIC CORRECTIONS. + 9U + 85 + 80 + 75 + 70 + 65 + 60 + 55 + 50 + 45 + 40 + 35 + 30 + 25 + 20 + 15 + 10 + 5 — 5 — 10 — 15 — 20 — 25 — 30 — 35 — 40 — 50 — 60 — 70 — 80 — 90 sl C3 00 + .16 + .30 + .44 + .52 + .52 + .48 + .35 + .10 — .30 — .80 —1.03 —1.10 —1.36 —1.62 —1. 62 —1.35 —1.29 —1.56 —1.86 —1.96 —1.82 —1.50 —1.16 —1.08 —1. 21 —1.40 00 + .14 + .29 + .38 + .30 + .14 — .02 — .01 + .12 + .10 00 00 + .03 + .06 + .10 + .13 + .16 + .18 + .16 + .13 + .09 + .06 + .06 + .06 + .07 + .10 + .13 + .16 + .19 + .25 + .33 + .43 + .55 + .67 + .78 O 00 + .04 + .11 + .20 + .28 + .36 + .43 + .46 + .48 + .49 + .51 + .56 + .61 + .66 + .74 + .81 + .88 + .95 +1.04 +1. 15 + 1.31 + 1.44 + 1.59 +1.76 > 00 00 00 00 CO CO 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 .05 .12 .17 .21 .24 .26 .27 .25 ■ .22 ■ .19 • .15 ■ .13 ■ .12 ■ .15 - .21 - .29 - .38 - .49 - .60 - .72 - .84 - .96 o <: .=1 o + .40 + .40 + .40 + .40 + .38 + .31 + .24 + .17 + .07 — .03 — .16 — .20 — .17 — .14 — .10 — .07 — .03 00 00 00 00 00 00 CO 00 00 .02 .07 .13 .18 .22 .25 .29 .32 .36 .43 ..52 .60 .68 .70 .70 K 6 6 + .10 + .12 + .15 + .15 + .13 + .08 CO — .12 — .31 — .54 — .76 — .95 —1.12 -1.24 -1.30 -1.31 -1.31 -1.33 -1.37 -1.49 -1.68 -1.97 -2. 50 -2.8 -2.9 A.K. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 o Ph - .18 — .04 + .11 + .25 + .37 + .46 + .53 + .56 + .55 + .50 + .42 + .31 + .18 .a + .40 + .25 + .08 — .09 — .26 — .41 — .53 — .62 — .66 — .66 — .62 — .53 — .40 — .03 — .09 — .15 — .19 — .22 — .24 — .24 — .22 — .19 — .15 — .09 — .03 + .03 + .03 .09 .15 .19 .22 .24 .24 .22 .19 .15 .09 .03 .03 J3 o — .13 — .18 — .20 — .22 — .22 — .21 — .18 — .14 — .09 — . 03 + .03 + .08 + .13 =3 > — .04 + .02 + .09 + .14 + .19 + .22 + .24 + 24 + .23 + .20 + .15 + .10 + .04 — .04 + .02 + .09 + .14 + .19 + .22 + .24 + .24 + .23 + .20 + . 15 + .10 + .04 J3 + .35 + .35 + .35 + .35 -I- .35 + .35 + .35 + .35 + .32 + .17 00 00 00 00 CO CO + 90 + 85 + 80 + 75 + 70 + 65 + 60 + 55 + 50 + 45 + 40 + 35 -f^ 30 + 25 + 20 + 15 + 10 + 5 — 5 — 10 — 15 — 20 — 25 — 30 — 35 — 40 — 50 .— 60 — 70 — 80 — 90 d A.E. .08 13 .18 .21 .23 .23 .22 .19 .15 .10 ,04 ,02 ,08 h. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 When the argument is 12^ to 24i> the signs are to be reversed. [175 J r:81 582 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. Recapitulation of systematic corrections — Continued. [176J f! CO 6 d Ce 33, Ce 34. CO !c3 X Eh 34 to Eh 39. 00 CO CO .a O o to" <5 o + 90 + b5 + 80 + 75 + 70 + 65 + 60 + 55 + 50 + 45 + 40 + 35 + 30 + 25 + 20 + 15 + 10 + 5 — 5 — 10 — 15 — 20 — 25 — 30 — 35 — 40 — 50 — 60 — 70 — HO — 90 n // "oo — .02 — .05 — .11 — .23 — .38 — .55 — .72 — .86 — .95 —1. 02 —1.05 —1.03 — .95 — .81 — .70 — .68 — .75 — .87 —1. 06 -1.26 —1.50 —1.73 —1.98 II 00 00 00 — .04 — .14 — .27 — .42 — .57 — .70 — .78 — .83 — .84 — .80 — .70 — . 54 — .40 — . 35 — .38 — .47 — .(0 — .74 — .88 — .98 —1.00 — .28 — .38 — .46 — .52 — . 60 — .62 — .60 — .54 — .38 — .14 + .17 + .32 + .47 + .50 + .50 + .41 + .30 + .14 — .03 — .20 — .40 II + .50 + ..55 + .60 + .65 + .70 + .65 + .60 + .60 + .72 + .72 + .62 + .48 + .26 — .02 — .32 — ..56 — .68 — .67 — .61 — .57 — .50 — .40 — .30 — .17 — .05 + .05 + .15 + .40 + .65 — .19 — .22 — .22 — .23 — .23 — .22 — .20 — .18 — .16 — .15 — . 16 — .17 — .20 — .21 — .17 — .05 + .04 00 — .15 -.24 — .27 — .25 — . 15 00 + .2 // 00 — .10 — .20 — .27 — .33 — .36 — .15 + .10 + .28 + .30 + .22 + .11 + .08 + .09 + .15 + .25 + .41 + ..5b + .73 + .92 +1.13 + 1.34 + 1..55 + 1.77 +2. 00 "00 + .01 + .03 + .05 + .08 + .09 + ..10 + -11 + .12 + A-i + .13 + .14 + .15 + .17 + .19 + .23 + .28 + .34 + .41 + .49 + ..'■^9 + .70 + .83 + .97 +1.10 // — .09 — .09 — .09 — .09 — .16 — .27 — .41 — .52 — .63 — .74 — .84 — .92 — .97 — .99 — .89 — .69 — .55 — .59 — .71 — .79 — .79 — . 77 — .64 — .5 — .4 o + MO + 85 + 80 + 75 + 70 + 65 + 60 + 55 + 50 + 45 + 40 + 35 + 30 + 25 + 20 + 15 + 10 + 5 — 5 — 10 — 15 — 20 — 25 — 30 — 35 — 40 — 50 — 60 — 70 — 80 — 90 [+1.30] +1.30 +1.30 + 1.30 +1.30 +1.30 +1. 30 +1.30 +1.30 +1.30 +1.30 +1.28 +1.22 +1.17 +I.09 + .96 + .84 + .70 + .62 + .60 + .CO + .60 + .60 + .50 + .40 + .30 + .20 — 2."6o' —1.10 — .34 + .20 + .52 + .57 + .43 + .14 — .06 — .14 — .14 — .04 + .16 + .46 + .71 + .88 + .90 + .71 + .47 + .10 ± .00 — . 08 — .10 00 A. R. ^ CO 6 if o ja + :'i8 + .18 + .17 + .15 + .11 + .07 + .02 — .02 — .07 — .11 — . 15 — .17 — .18 X s 5 6^ A. K. h. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 H 9 10 11 12 + ;'47 + .53 + ..55 + .53 + -47 + .39 + .^7 + .14 00 — .14 — .27 — .39 — .47 — "07 — .07 — .07 — . 06 — .05 — .03 — .01 + .01 + .03 + .04 + . 05 + .06 + .07 It — .07 — .07 — .06 — .05 — .03 — .02 — 00 + .02 + .04 + .'5 + .06 + .07 + .07 — !'06 — .05 — .05 — .04 — .02 — .01 + .01 + .02 + .03 + .04 + .05 + .06 + .06 It — ;'o6 — . 05 — .04 — .03 — .02 0(1 + .02 + .03 + .04 + .05 + .06 + .06 + .06 + :'34 + .34 + .30 + .-.^1 + .17 + .09 — .01 -.10 — .18 — .25 — .31 — .34 — .,34 - :'o3 — .02 — .01 — .01 00 + .01 + .02 + .02 + .03 + .04 + .03 + .03 + .03 — !'04 — .03 — .03 — .02 — .01 00 + .02 + . 03 + .03 + .04 + .04 + .04 + .04 /.. 12 13 14 15 16 17 IS 19 20 21 22 23 24 When the arguuieut is 12'' to 24'' the hiijiis ai'o to he reveiscd. 177] REOAPITDLATION OF SYSTEMATIC COREEOTIONS. Recapitulation of systematic corrections- Continued. 583 o + 90 + 8b + 80 + 75 + 70 + 65 + 60 + 55 + 50 4- 45 + 40 + 35 + 30 + iih + ao + 15 + Hi + 5 — 5 — 10 -a 15 «0 25 30 35 . 40 ■ 50 ■ (iO - 70 - HO - 90 00 00 00 00 .07 .18 .32 .43 .54 .65 .75 .83 .88 .90 .80 .60 .46 .50 .62 .70 .70 .68 .55 .4 .3 00 + .10 + .20 + .20 + .90 + .20 + .16 .00 — .35 — .75 — .81 — .63 — .42 — .25 — .27 — .47 — .74 —1.04 —1.20 —1.24 -1. ]1 — .87 — .48 + .30 + .29 + .27 + .26 + .24 + .23 + .21 + .20 + .18 + .16 + .13 + .10 + .06 00 A.E. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 o + O' — .19 — .14 — .09 — .02 + .05 + .11 + .17 + .21 + .23 + .25 + .U + .•.;2 + .19 + .23 + .28 + .28 + .25 + .16 + .03 — .13 — .31 — .47 — .60 — .70 — .78 — .81 — .79 — .74 — .06 — .58 — .53 — .53 — .59 — .69 — .78 — .88 — .95 —1.00 J3 .94 .80 .67 .56 .44 .38 .36 ■ .38 ■ .41 . .46 • .54 - .65 - .73 - .82 - .90 - .96 -1.00 -1.07 -1.14 -1. 20 -1.38 -1.48 -1. 56 -1.61 -1.65 S2 +1. 29 +1.18 +1. 01 + .90 + .75 + .57 + .41 + .27 + .18 + .14 + .14 + .18 + .23 + .32 + .42 + .54 -I- .62 -i- .66 + .65 + .:s + .45 + .35 + .27 + .23 + .24 .a O + .13 + .08 + .03 — .02 — .07 — .12 — .16 — .19 — .20 — .20 — .19 — .16 — .13 — .36 — .34 — .31 — .28 — .26 — .26 — .28 — .31 — .31 — .27 — .23 — .16 — .05 + .10 + .28 + .48 -j- .68 + .83 + .93 + .96 + .92 + .85 + .75 + .66 + .53 00 00 00 + .02 + .04 + .16 + .08 + .06 + .00 — .04 — .02 + .05 + .12 + .15 + .14 + .10 + .05 -i- .05 + .08 + .12 + .15 + .18 + .22 + .26 + .30 00 00 00 .00 + .06 + .12 + .18 + .23 + .26 + .30 + .33 + .35 + .37 + .38 + .39 + .41 + .44 + .46 + .49 + ..53 + .59 + .68 + .84 + 1.1 00 4 .25 + .50 + .66 + .60 + .42 + .28 + .10 — .07 — .20 — .34 — .48 — .56 — . 60 — .59 — .45 — .20 + .04 + .26 + .44 + .51 + .47 + .33 + .16 00 + 90 + 85 + 80 + 75 + 70 + 65 + 60 + 55 + 50 + 45 + 40 + 35 + 30 + 25 -i- 20 + 15 + 10 + 5 — 5 — 10 — 15 — 20 — 25 — 30 — 35 — 40 — 50 — 60 — 70 — 80 — 90 .a — .24 — .24 — .23 — .19 — .15 — .09 — .03 + .03 + .09 + . 15 + .19 + .22 + .24 .23 .22 .22 .19 .21 .21 .21 .18 .a 15 15 , 09 — .10 — .04 — 05 + .02 + .01 + .08 + .06 + .13 + .11 + .17 + .16 + .21 + .19 + .23 + .21 — .19 — . 19 — .19 — .17 — .14 — .09 — .05 00 + .0.-. + ■ 1" + .14 + .17 + . 19 .a — .02 — .02 — .02 — .02 — .01 — .01 — .01 + 00 00 .01 + .01 + . 02 + .02 A.E. h. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 •22 23 24 When the argu meDt is la" to 24'> the sisns are to I'c reversed. 584 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION, [I78J Recapitulation of systematic corrections — Continued. (5 a Wu 40 to Wn 48. Wu 48 (P. V. o O in O lO o Ui X ITS , ■^ 00 d o + 90 + 85 + 80 + 75 + 70 + 65 + CO + 55 + 50 + 45 + 40 + 35 + 30 + 25 + 20 + 15 + 10 + 5 — 5 — 10 — 15 — 20 — 25 — 30 — 35 — 40 — 50 — 00 — 70 — 80 — 90 -:'i5 — .11 — .10 — .11 — .15 — .19 — .27 — .30 — .30 — .30 — .30 — .30 — . 33 — .39 — .40 — .54 — .59 — .00 — .59 — .56 — .52 — .48 — .43 — .36 — .88 + :'io + .14 + . 15 + .14 + .10 + .06 — .02 — .05 — .05 — .05 — .05 — .05 -.08 — .14 — .21 — .29 — .34 — .35 — .34 — .31 — .27 — .23 — .18 — .11 — .03 If '—'.'82" — .82 - :'43 — .43 — .43 — .43 — .43 — .53 — .69 — . 85 —1.00 —1.12 —1.24 —1.30 —1. 27 —1.08 -.76 — .53 — .48 — .48 — .50 — .54 — .56 — .55 — .51 — .47 — .43 - :'i2 — .13 — .13 — .14 — . 15 — .16 — .18 — .20 — .21 — .20 — .16 — .08 + .02 + .10 + .17 + .18 + .16 + .11 + .04 00 00 + .05 + .13 + .20 + .24 II '+'.'46' + .5:_! + .68 + .80 + .90 + .99 +1.04 + Hi8 + 1.11 +1.13 +1. 12 +1. 09 + 1.00 +1.0-: + .99 + .96 + .92 + .85 + .63 + .38 -t .1? 00 // 00 + .10 + .20 + .25 + .30 + .30 + .30 + .30 + .30 + .28 + .22 + .10 — .04 — .26 — .49 — .70 — .86 — 1.00 — 1.05 —1.05 — .97 "00 + .08 + .14 + .21 + .26 + .28 + .£9 + .27 + .22 + .18 + .1--2 + .07 + .01 + .06 — .12 — .18 — .26 — . :j3 — .37 — .36 — .30 — .19 — .02 + .27 + .7 II '+'.'r,6 + .50 + .49 + .48 + .44 + .31 + .20 + .15 + .27 + .40 + .38 + .12 — .07 — .14 — .02 + .13 + .27 + .27 + .11 00 00 00 — "15 — .05 + .05 + .12 + .17 + .18 + .16 + .13 + .10 + .05 .00 — .04 — .09 — .13 — .18 — . 23 — .26 — .27 — .26 — .23 — .17 — .10 — .02 + .06 + .16 + 90 + 85 + 80 + 75 + 70 + 65 + 00 + 55 + 50 + 45 + 40 + 35 + 30 + 25 + 20 + 15 + 10 + 5 — 5 — 10 — 15 — 20 — 25 — 30 — 35 — 40 — 50 — 60 — 70 — 80 — 90 A.R. 1 o '•" 00 ' ^ a ooH O p © .a CO 1* A.R. Ii. 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 // — .27 — .27 — .26 — .23 — .19 — .14 — .07 00 + .07 + .14 + .20 + .24 + .27 -:'i7 — .23 — .27 — . 28 — .29 — .28 — .19 — .13 — .05 + .03 + .10 + .17 ft — ;'o5 — .05 — .05 — .05 — .04 — .03 — .02 — .01 00 + .02 + .03 + .04 + . 05 - :'o5 — .05 — .04 — .04 — .03 — .02 — .01 00 + .01 + . 03 + .03 + .01 + . 05 - :'i8 — .12 — .04 + .04 + .12 + .19 + .24 + .28 + .30 + .30 + .28 + .24 + .18 // II II // — .12 — .17 — .21 — .23 — .24 — .24 — .21 — .18 — .13 — .07 00 + . 06 /). 12 13 14 15 16 17 ■ IH 19 20 21 22 9:? + . 12 24 1 1 When the arcnmcnt is 12' to 21'' t.ho ftiijna are to he, reversed. 1 179] RECAPITULATION OF SYSTEMATIC CORRECTIONS. Recapitulation of systematic corrections — Continuecl. 585 d m m CO P ■a H 8' a) O o O .a C5 X d d "5" OD EZ} Ph o 00 a & > 6 o + 90 + 65 + 80 + 75 + 70 + 65 + 60 + 55 + 50 + 45 + 40 + ^o + 30 + 25 + 20 + 15 + 10 + 5 — 5 — 10 — 15 — 20 — 25 — 30 — 35 — 40 — 50 — 60 — 70 — 80 — 90 r — .35 — .30 — .25 — .20 — .15 — .12 — .10 — .09 — .11 — .15 — .20 — .24 — .28 — .33 — .35 — .36 — .36 — .35 — .34 — .30 — .20 — .05 + .14 + .35 + .60 + :'22 + .26 + .30 + .31 + .31 + .30 + .22 + .07 — .13 — .36 — .52 — .52 — .46 — .37 — .47 — .62 — .70 — .75 — .68 — .45 — .23 — .20 — .23 — .27 — .30 _:'2o — .23 — .26 — .31 — .36 — .44 — .55 — .77 -1.12 —1.40 —1.45 —1.41 —1. 29 —1.12 — .87 — .67 — .58 — .17 — .55 — .53 — .49 — .40 — .42 — .39 [-.35] "oo + .02 + .05 + .09 + .15 + .21 + .23 + .21 + .15 + .11 + .11 + .15 + .24 + .33 + .37 + .38 + .35 + .28 + .20 + .15 + .21 + .26 + .26 + .25 [+ .20] i+2.'4J' '-'■:^ — .30 — .06 — .05 — .10 — .15 — .18 — .20 — .23 — .26 — .26 — .20- — .15 — .10 — .05 .00 + .05 + .15 + .27 + .26 + .13 .00 // + .30 + .44 + .56 + .66 + .73 + .70 + .60 + .46 + .20 — .12 — .42 — .65 — .80 — .74 — .56 — .35 — .09 + .20 + .51 + .70 + .79 + .79 + .68 + .40 [+ . 10] _ ;'2o — .19 — .16 — .10 — .04 + .01 + .04 + .07 + .10 + .10 + .08 + .04 .00 — .00 _ JO — .15 — .19 — .20 — .18 — .13 — .04 + .10 + .28 + .50 + .70 II + .20 + .26 + .32 + .38 + .40 + .39 + .26 + .06 — .17 — .29 — .32 — .27 — .11 + .04 + .03 — .08 — .10 — .00 — .03 00 00 00 00 00 00 11 II o + 90 + 85 + 80 + 75 + 70 + 65 + 00 + 55 + 50 + 45 + 40 + 35 + 30 + 25 + 20 + lo + 10 + 5 — 5 — 10 — 15 — 20 — 25 — 30 — 35 — 40 — 50 — 60 — 70 — 80 — 90 + .25 + .50 + .46 + .42 + .39 + .38 + .38 + .52 + .71 + .87 + .90 + .86 + .75 + .63 + ..'iO + .44 + .21 + .08 — .14 — .20 — .20 — .08 00 1 A.E. n o o . o O OD X 6 d P3 x«= in o . > Ph A.R. h. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 _:'o5 00 + .05 + .10 + .14 + .17 + .20 + .20 + .19 + -17 + .14 + .10 + .05 -:'o3 — .03 — .02 — .01 00 + .01 + .02 + .03 + .03 + .04 + .04 + .04 + .03 // II H II -:'o5 .CO + .05 + .10 + .14 + -1' + .20 + .20 + • 1" + .17 + .14 ! -u . 10 + '.'01 + .05 + .09 + .12 + .15 + .16 + -17 + .16 -J- .14 + -l-^ + .08 4- .04 // II h. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 + .05 1 — .01 1 When the argument is 12'= to 24'' the signs are to be reversed. 586 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [180J Recapitulation of systematic corrections — Continued. — .23 — . 19 — .10 + .07 + .35 + .00 [+1.00] + :'2o + .20 + .32 + .38 + .40 + . 39 + . 2(i + .00 — .17 — .29 — .32 — .27 — .11 + .04 + .03 — . 03 — .10 — .00 — .03 00 00 00 00 00 00 — ."20 — .20 II It II II + .40 + .41 + .55 + .71 + .71 + .54 + .05 — .30 — .50 — .00 — .57 — .50 — .38 — .28 — .24 — .20 — .20 — .25 — .33 — .40 — .40 — .40 — .40 — .40 [-.40] + 90 + 85 + SO + 75 + 70 + 05 + 00 + 55 + 50 + 45 + 40 + .35 + 30 + 25 + 20 + 15 + 10 + 5 — 5 — 10 — 15 — 20 — 25 — 30 — 35 — 40 — 50 — 00 — 70 — 80 — 90 — .20 — .20 — .17 — .11 — .01 00 — .01 — .07 — .15 — .18 — .14 — .00 — .00 — .15 — .24 — .27 — .28 — .24 — .17 — . 01 + .07 + . 25 + .48 + .75 — .33 — .33 — .33 — .33 — .33 — .33 — .33 — .33 — .33 — .33 — .33 — .33 — .33 — .33 — .33 + . 51 + .51 + .51 + . 51 + .51 + .51 + .51 + .51 + .51 + .51 + . 51 + ..51 + . 51 + . 51 + .51 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 CO — 40 — 50 — 60 — 70 — HO — 90 1 1 A.R. 5 ji Si 3 s ^ 5 £ i .a 5 s + e5 " A.R. h. 1 2 3 4 5 7 H 9 10 11 12 - :'i2 — .17 — .21 — .23 — .24 — .24 — .21 — .18 — .13 — .07 .00 + .CO + .12 // — .12 — .17 — .21 — .23 — .24 — .24 — .21 — .18 — .13 — .07 .00 + .00 II - :'o5 00 + .05 + .10 + .14 + .17 + .20 + .20 + . 19 + .17 + .14 + .1(1 + .05 + "oi + .05 + .09 + .12 + .15 + .16 + .17 + .10 + .14 + .12 + .08 + .04 — .01 - ."05 00 + .05 + .10 + .14 + .17 + .20 + .20 + . 19 + .1' + .14 + .10 + .05 " // // // — .15 — .07 + .02 + .11 + .19 + .20 + .31 + .34 + .34 + .33 + .29 + . 23 + .15 ft. 12 13 14 15 10 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 + .12 1 Wlicn the urj;iiment is 12'' to 24'' the, sinrn.s are to bo reversed. [181] liEGAPITULATlON OF SYSTEMATIC COERECTIONS. 587 Becapitulation of systematic corrections — Continued. 6 o o O is ^i- _ g-s Wn 67 (after Jnnel). tran- sit circle, (fj) l-1 • Wn 69, tran- sit circle, {ff) fi o + 90 + 85 + 80 + 75 + 70 + 65 -f CO + 55 -f 50 + 45 + 40 + 35 + 30 + 25 -f 20 + 15 + 10 + 5 — 5 — 10 — 15 — 20 — 25 — 30 — 35 — 40 — 5(1 — 60 — 70 — 80 — 90 II + .22 + -47 + .72 -4- .94 +1.00 + .90 + .70 + .44 + .18 — .04 — .23 — .37 — .47 — .54 — .55 — .52 — .47 — .43 — .43 — .43 — .43 — .39 — .30 — .18 — .05 "oo 00 00 — .01 — .05 — .10 — .17 — .22 — .25 — .26 — .26 — .26 — .26 — .26 — .26 — .25 — .23 — .19 — .12 — .05 + .03 + .11 ,1 "oo — .09 — .15 — .20 — .25 — .30 — .34 — .37 — .40 — .41 — .42 — .42 — .37 — .33 — .33 — .40 — ..'■,2 — .65 — .80 —1.00 —1. 20 —1.43 —1. m —1. 93 [—2.20] — !'29 — .21 — .12 00 + . 12 + .24 + .38 -f ..52 + .64 + .76 -f .87 + .9S -f 1.(19 + 1.20 +1. 30 + 1.40 +1. 19 -1-1.57 +1.64 +1.70 + 1.70 +1.84 +1. 95 +2. 09 +2.25 +2. 43 + ;'2o + .23 + .28 + .:i3 + .38 + .43 + .48 + .52 + .54 + .55 + .55 + .54 + ..52 + ..51 + .50 + .47 + .43 + .39 + .34 + .29 + .24 + .21 + .22 + .26 + .33 + .43 n + . 54 + . .57 + .62 + .67 + .72 + .77 + .82 + .86 + .88 + .89 + .69 + .88 + .86 + .85 + .84 + .81 + .77 + .73 + .68 + .03 + .57 + .55 + .56 + .60 + .67 + .77 // — .14 — .18 — .21 — .22 — .22 ^ Q.^ — !20 — .21 — .22 — .22 — .23 — .23 o;^ — !21 — .21 — .19 — .19 — .19 — .19 — .14 — .09 00 + .13 + .29 + .49 — .15 — .12 — .08 — .02 + .03 + .07 + .12 ^• .17 + .19 + .19 + .20 + .19 + .17 + . 16 + .14 + .11 + .08 + .03 — .01 — .07 — .12 -.15 — .14 — .10 — .03 + .08 o + 90 + 85 + ISO + '5 + 70 + 65 + 60 + 55 + 50 + 45 + 40 + 35 + 30 + 25 + 20 + 15 + 10 + 5 — 5 — 10 — 15 — 20 — 25 — 30 — 35 — 40 — to — 60 — 70 — 80 — 90 '[+1-25] L+1.00] [+ .67] + .48 + .11 — .08 — .15 — . 15 — .15 — .15 — .16 — .18 — .21 — .26 — .30 — .32 — .36 — .38 — .40 — .34 — . 22 — .12 — .05 .00 A.R. h4 oo o 5 o A.R. h. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1/ /' // // // // " // II 7(. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2i 24 1 1 I 1 1 1 i 1 I 1 When the argument is 12'' to 24'' the signs are to be reversed. 588 UNITED STATES NOETHEEN BOUNDAEY COMMISSION. Recapitulation of systematic corrections — Continued. [182] II // h. 12 13 U 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 When the argument is IS"" to 24'' the siftn.* .ire to be reversed. [183] RECAPITULATION OF SYSTEMATIC CORRECTIONS. Becapitulation of systematic corrections— Continued. 589 <5 s CO 5 t § o t» 1 n 6 & <§ ^ D5 9 M c M (S o + yo + 85 + 80 + :'io + .27 + .38 + .74 "oo + :'io "oo + :'io + :'23 + :'i7 "oo o + 90 +1.00 00 + .15 00 + .13 + .27 + .24 + .21 + 85 +1.26 00 + .18 00 + .17 + .31 + .32 + .39 + 80 + 75 + 70 + 65 + .41 -4- 40 +1.43 00 + .19 — .03 + .19 + .36 + .40 + .52 + 75 +1.50 +1.41 00 + .20 — .06 + .20 + .40 + .48 + .67 + 70 + .31 00 + .18 — .12 + .19 + .42 + .50 + .80 + 65 + 60 + 55 + 50 + 45 + 40 + 35 + .20 + .08 — .03 +1.21 00 + .13 — .23 + .17 + .44 + -!i + .86 + 60 + .96 + .60 — .10 — .22 + .08 00 — .30 — .34 + .12 + .11 + .41 + .35 + .49 + .42 + .82 + .70 + 55 + 50 10 + .47 + .20 - .02 — .37 — .06 — .32 — .01 + .23 + .33 + -47 + 45 — .14 — .18 — .46 — .48 — .10 — .09 — .27 — .28 — .22 — .50 + .10 — .10 + .15 — .07 + .21 — .02 + 40 + 35 + 30 + 25 + 20 — .18 — .18 — .21 — .14 — .30 — .51 — .47 — .49 — .58 + .03 + .12 + .07 — .28 — .33 — .48 — .63 — .65 — .40 — .27 — .25 — .10 — .21 — .17 + .08 — .13 — .06 + .10 + 30 + 25 + 20 + 15 + 10 + 5 33 — .88 — .73 — .06 — .62 00 + .20 + .32 + .21 + 10 42 —1.06 — .88 — .10 — .66 + .26 + .40 + .44 + .23 + 15 — .26 —1.11 —1.00 — .10 — .56 + .20 + .36 + .40 + .11 + 5 — 5 — 10 + .13 + .40 + .53 — .93 — .88 — .10 — .47 00 + .18 + .30 — .09 — .91 — .74 — .20 — .40 — .25 + .02 + .18 — .26 — 5 —1.06 — .79 — .35 — .40 - .50 — .11 + .07 — .34 — 10 15 + .62 + .80 + .90 —1.30 - .89 — .51 — .40 - .65 — .24 — .02 — . 35 — 15 20 —1.57 —1.05 — .67 — .40 — .80 — .34 — .11 — .30 — 20 — 25 -1.83 —1.22 -.83 — .35 — .90 — .42 — .20 — .25 — 25 — 30 — 35 — 40 +1.00 —2.10 —1.40 —1.00 — .30 —1.00 - .50 — .28 — .20 — 30 — 35 — 40 ...... .• — 50 — 60 - 50 — 60 70 — 70 — 80 — 90 — 80 — 90 A.R. «3 8 CO A.R. h. 1 2 3 4 5 6 ■ 7 8 9 10 11 12 // // II II II // // II II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 .'.'.'.".'. When the argument is IS" to 24" the signs are to be reversed. For general explanation see Sections VIII. and X. Notes.-ln a few cases the corrections of the table are only .applicable to declinations by direct obser- vations above the pole. For these, where it is thought to be worth while, the corrections to declina- tions, as they result from observations below the pole, are given in the following table. 590 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [184] For observations below (he pole. 6 — .1169 37 — 57 52 20. 30 .22 2 + 18.3763 .0086 — 1375 — 40 — . 0474 *.38 + 50 03 28. 61 .10 9 + 18.2954 .0040 — 2282 — 164 — . 0309 39 + 8 31 39. 81 .09 12 + 18.2459 . 0037 — 2009 — 102 + . 0263 •40 + 50 10 25. 57 .33 1 + 17.9714 .0068 — 2496 — I(i8 — .0449 41 + 63 03 11.63 .11 8 + 17.9450 . 0034 — 2828 — 234 — . 0247 42 + 28 58 08. 16 .20 2 + 17.7131 . OOon — 2291 — 125 — .2357 43 + 20 11 45. 94 .07 19 + 17.7609 . 0035 — 2262 — 113 — .1180 44 + 71 48 53. 84 .10 10 4- 17.6975 . 0036 — 3503 — 357 + . 0235 •45 + 63 47 06.78 .32 1 + 17.6409 .0079 — 3108 - 248 -f .0135 N B- -38 594 UNITED STATES NOETHEEN BODNDAKY COMMISSION. [188J Caialofjrie of 500 ainrx Name. a o ->^ . a MO s a c o A.I A/ii' 46 47 »4-J 49 *oO *51 5-2 53 *54 55 56 57 58 59 '60 61 Gi 64 65 66 *(i7 *m *69 70 71 *n •74 •76 77 78 *79 *f-"0 HI •82 8:5 84 *85 P6 87 88 89 90 628 648 656 684 744 752 760 777 825 827 837 863 872 885 696 937 949 947 953 963 962 979 999 1029 1043 1057 106-i 10i)7 1101 1129 1127 1166 1207 1203 1228 1234 1254 1235 1266 1287 1328 1376 1420 1456 1474 y Andromed» a Arietis !i Trianguli... f Ceti J CassiopeK . . 11 Trianguli f^ Ceti ft Arietis . Persei . . y"- Ceti.... ■q Persei . . 41 Arietis T Persei . . Eridani Ceti Persei Persei Persei Persei - f Arietis . 60 Arietis . <: Persei . o Taiui f Taiiri 6 Persei . ri Tauri . f Persei . Persei . >' Eiidani 1 Persei . . 48 Persei. li Persei . y Tanri £■ Tauri a Tauri 4 Camelopardi . n Camelopardi. 3 2 4 5 4 6.5 4 5.5 6 4 3 4 3 5 6 3.5 2.5 3.5 4 2.5 4 5.5 5 7 2. 5 4.5 4 6 C.5 3 6 3 2.5 4.5 6 5 4.5 3.5 3.5 1 7(. III. 8. 1 56 13.9 2 00 07. 8 02 06.7 06 22.5 18 47. 5 20 03.8 21 30.9 26 11.4 35 19.3 35 40. 2 36 49. 5 41 .35.5 42 37. 8 45 24. 3 49 33. 8 53 31.2 55 44.8 55 45. 3 57 10.3 3 00 02. 4 00 0.3.3 04 32. 1 07 43. 1 13 01.2 15 24. 4 18 0.5. 3 20 23. 8 21 33.3 27 51.4 34 01.8 34 12.7 40 03.4 46 16.6 46 24. 7 50 51.5 52 11.8 57 16.7 57 58.1 59 35.5 4 05 43.5 12 40. 9 21 19.1 28 45.0 37 35 9 41 3i^,0 s. + 3.652 + 3.368 + 3.550 + 3.170 + 4.844 + 3.535 + 3. 181 + 5.553 + .3.370 + 4.061 + 3. 103 + 4.333 + 3.514 + 4.212 + 7.668 + 2.274 + 3. 129 + 4. 307 + 3. 821 + 3.878 + 4.294 + 7.360 + 3.436 + 3.542 + 4.249 + 3.221 + 3.244 + 6.430 + 3.708 4. 241 + 5. 600 3. 555 3.757 + 5.242 3.873 + + 2.794 + 4.440 +16. 853 4- 4.331 4- 4.380 3.408 3. 406 3. 436 4.9li9 .5.915 s. + 39 + -21 + 30 + Vi + 131 + 27 + 1-2 + 200 + IB + 51 + 9 + 68 + 23 + 58 + 457 + ' + 10 + 59 4- 33 + 35 + 52 + 353 + IS + 20 + 48 + 11 + 1-2 + 204 + a4 + 41 + 116 + l'^ + 22 + 84 4- 25 + 4 + 42 +1811 + 37 + 37 + 11 + 12 + 10 + 40 + 69 + .34 — .35 — .32 — .20 — .03 — .42 — .16 + .36 — .26 +1.14 — .56 + .66 — .69 — .08 + . 55 — .43 — .17 + .49 — .41 — .07 + + .23 .48 .23 — .24 — .04 _ .22 +1 + + .52 .6S .12 .30 .13 _ .37 — .29 — .21 — .84 .34 — .15 + .86 .87 + .13 . . .88 — .13 — . .25 + .28 .24 + .46 — .75 — .10 — .43 + .77 + .07 + .28 +1.57 . '22 + 1.29 — .45 +3.10 + .15 + .46 +2. 19 —1.35 + .21 +1.17 —1.18 +1.41 — . 32 + .34 + .56 — .55 + .77 +2.78 + .90 — .08 + .30 — .78 — .73 — .26 — .71 + .40 — .37 +3. 28 — .90 + .58 —2. 55 —1.67 —1.08 + .60 —2. 14 [189] CATALOGUE OF 500 STARS. 595 for the epoch 1875.0 — Continued. o 1% C3 . no (2 s a d= 3 e| di- dfi u a a ■5 tc '53 0.2 2 o-c a El, ^ +* < CLi Cli ■16 o ' " + 41 43 43.50 + 22 52 13. 17 + 34 23 41.73 + 8 15 3;i.55 + 66 50 l'.l.27 // .13 5 ii + 17.4676 II .0036 ll — 2663 — 149 // — .0621 47 *48 49 «50 .06 .11 .11 .11 25 7 8 7 4- 17.2103 + 17.2248 + 17.0606 -j- 16.4926 . 0021 . 0037 .0040 . 0043 — 2543 — 2714 — 2492 — 4097 — 116 — 136 — 97 — 310 — . 1515 — . 0496 — .0153 + . 0047 *51 + 31 14 19.64 + 7 53 55.03 + 72 16 09.56 + 19 28 38.91 + 48 41 53.24 .25 1 + 16.3870 .0075 — 3031 — 129 — . 0373 — .0142 + .0047 — . 051-2 — . 0981 53 *.54 55 .08 .19 .22 .20 14 3 2 2 + 16.3369 + 16.11.56 + 15.5662 + 15.5050 . 0036 . 0063 . C073 .0051 — 27r.8 — 4883 — 3148 — 3819 — 95 — 432 — 107 — 181 56 57 58 59 «60 + 2 42 28.16 + 55 22 29. 46 + 26 44 37.79 + 52 14 56. 91 + 78 .55 16.59 .08 .23 .11 .13 .16 16 2 7 5 4 + 15.3820 + 15.2466 -)- 1,5.0941 + 15.0427 + 14.8183 .0029 .0065 . 0042. .0048 .0053 — 2919 — 4166 — 3407 — 4122 — 7610 — 85 — 213 — 118 — 194 — 904 — .1575 — . 0260 — . 1195 — .0114 -1- . 0U69 61 62 63 — 40 48 22. 63 + 3 35 52.89 + 53 00 .'■i4.54 + 38 21 15. 39 4- 40 28 20.48 .29 .06 .23 1 22 2 + 14.0222 + 14.3553 + 14.4384 .0101 . 0023 .0068 — 2336 — 3226 — 4424 — 45 — 82 — 198 + .0465 — . 08.59 — . 0023 — .1127 — . 0122 64 65 .20 .09 2 12 + 14.2417 + 14.1657 .0061 . 0029 — 3963 — 4058 — 141 — 146 66 *67 *68 *69 + 49 08 01.33 + 77 16 19. 19 + 20 34 46.80 + 25 12 38.65 .21 .11 .11 .24 2 7 7 2 + 14.0 -.53 + 13.8452 + 13.6107 + 13.2529 .0061 . 0051 . 0042 . 0089 — 4631 — 7819 — 3716 — 3912 — 193 — 763 — 101 — 107 _ 175 — .0918 — .0519 — . 0842 — . 0996 — .0334 70 + 49 24 51.43 .03 13 + 13. 1625 .0030 — 4725 71 72 »73 •74 75 + 8 35 14.68 + 9 17 43.17 + 72 55 12.89 + 31 15 38.51 + 47 23 08.49 .14 .12 .29 .27 .08 5 (i 1 1 13 + 12.9299 4- 12. ^077 + 12.7748 + 12.3255 + 11.8o28 .0048 .0044 . 0121 .015 . 0029 — 3624 — 3688 — 7273 — 4316 — 5024 — 81 — 82 — 502 — 114 — 158 — . 0835 — .0563 — .0112 — .031 — . 0438 •76 77 78 *79 *80 + 66 48 24. 09 + 23 43 00. 57 + 31 30 37.56 4- 62 42 10.78 + 35 25 46. 51 .21 .07 .09 .26 .20 2 18 11 1 2 + 11.8228 + 11.4429 + 11.0171 + 11.0480 -f 10.6936 .0079 . 0029 . 0036 . 0094 .0056 — 6642 — 4298 — 4621 — 6422 — 4825 — 329 — 94 — 106 — 257 — 112 — .0910 _ . 0558 — .0313 + . 0094 — .0181 81 •o2 83 84 ; "85 — 13 51 .^6. 04 + 50 00 34. .57 -)- 85 13 20.27 + 47 22 34.67 -1- 48 05 21.69 .08 .12 .19 .23 .22 16 6 3 2 2 + 10.4965 + 10.1890 + 10.2135 4- 10.01.50 + 9.5579 .0033 . 0043 .0066 .0060 . O0.')7 — 3507 — 5617 —21219 — 5510 — 5652 — 46 — 154 — 37e6 — 142 — 139 — .1160 — .0437 + .0328 — . 0430 — .0322 86 67 88 89 90 + 15 19 26.23 + 18 54 04.44 + 16 15 21.78 + 56 31 56.13 + 66 07 36.73 .09 .08 .06 .11 .10 11 16 26 7 H + 9. 0238 + 8. 3258 + 7.5^36 + 6. 9050 + 6. 7231 .0040 .0039 .0021 . 0042 .0037 — 4486 — 4679 — 4658 — 6819 — 8151 — 67 — 66 — 58 — 141 — 213 — . 0275 — .0147 — .1918 — .1510 — .0U14 596 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [I'JOJ Catalogue of 500 stars 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 123 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 1520 1536 1540 1541 1557 1558 1613 1623 1681 1706 1730 1741 1765 1H02 1845 1878 1883 1SS5 1695 1900 1980 2002 2047 2096 2163 2194 2157 2237 2293 2305 2345 2398 2410 2439 2442 2462 2485 2551 2555 2617 2710 2707 2728 2778 2819 Name. ( A.urigiB /3 Camelopardi. £ Aurigse C AurigsB 11 Orionis AnrigSB AurigsB Orionis Tiiuri Oriouis... Leporis . . Oriouis.. . ColumbiS. Aurigte a 4 4.5 4 4 5 4 1 1 o 2 2.5 2 5 /3 ColumbaB 3 ••■ Orionis 1 (5 Aurigae 3.5 ,3 Anrigae Aurigse 4 Geminoruni . Gemiuorum. Argus Geminorum. £ Geminorum . 6 Geminorum... f Cauis Majoris. f Geminorum... 6 Cans Majoris. X Geminorum... Geminorum... f Argus 55 Camclojiardi . P Argus (i Caucri o Ursae Majoris . 3.5 4.5 3 5 4 3.5 4 4 K "2 h. m. s. 4 48 51.3 52 18.3 53 00.0 53 44.5 57 25.7 57 45. 1 5 07 27.4 08 31.9 18 23. 5 23 01. 6 25 37. 3 27 13.1 29 52. 3 35 07.4 42 49. 6 46 33.2 48 24. 3 49 14.1 50 21.5 51 11.8 G 05 03.9 07 20.0 15 23.9 21 10.5 30 29. 4 36 14.5 41 14.7 44 32.9 53 42. 8 56 41.7 7 03 18.5 10 54.5 12 39. 4 17 51.4 17 57. 7 20 22. 3 26 37. 36 54. 37 39.9 45 50.8 59 11.5 8 00 20. 9 02 13.3 09 44. 1 19 51.9 + 3.897 + 5.309 + 4.292 + 4. 181 + 3.425 + 4. 196 + 4.422 + 2.881 + 3.788 + 7. 990 + 3.064 + 2.645 + 3.042 + 2. 173 + 4. 155 + 2.113 + 3.247 + 4.936 + 4.395 + 4.090 + 6.619 + 3.622 + 3. 633 + 1.330 + 3.469 + 3.694 +30. 234 + 3.900 + 2.357 4- 3.563 + 2. 439 + 3.4.53 + 3.591 + 6.311 + 3.736 + 3.2.57 + 3.839 -f 3.629 + 3.681 + 3.684 + + 2.108 6. 066 2. 554 3. 257 5.043 dfi + 14 + 42 + --^o + 18 + ■•^ + 17 + 16 + 4 + 8 + 77 + + + + + + + + + + 7 1 1 + 1 — 1 — 3 -2101 — 7 + a + 1 — 84 — 10 — 4 — 13 — 11 — 13 — 13 + 1 — 119 + 1 — 7 — 76 — .81 + .1-^ — .23 + .31 —1.07 — .23 — .16 + .10 — .36 + .83 + .09 — .36 — .40 — .62 + .10 — .12 — .01 — .02 — .14 + .22 .40 All' — .95 — .34 —1.29 + .48 —2. 75 —1.18 — .74 — .11 — .47 +2.11 +2.00 — .06 — .36 — .51 — .31 — .11 — .02 — ..52 — .25 +2. 30 —1.13 + .08 + .19 .86 —1. 46 — .13 + .87 — .25 —1.36 -h .23 — .12 + .03 — .11 .29 —1.02 — .43 + .72 + .37 —1.14 .81 + .93 + .62 — .99 .96 -2. 53 +1 . 38 +3. 55 .08 — .08 .13 — .58 + .03 — .13 + .57 —1.13 .33 — .35 — .33 —1.06 + .08 — .03 + ..57 + 1.30 .51 —1.46 .27 - .10 + .22 + .34 [101] CATALOGUE OF 500 STARS. 597 for the epoch 1875.0— Contiuued. Hi.- o c ^ 'm d?6 c o .a S a Declination, 1875.0. 1- 4 5 'in •oil (W dP u « — 2 in 92 93 94 95 o / " 4- 32 57 57.28 + 60 15 22.90 + 43 38 09.00 -)- 40 .53 27.31 4- 15 13 40.70 II .08 .11 .11 .20 .12 15 6 8 2 7 fl + 6. 1044 + 5. 8243 + 5. 7606 4- 5. 6922 4- 5. 3t90 .0033 .0041 .0031 . 0051 .0044 II — 5437 — 7431 — 6017 — 5868 — 4837 II — 65 — 139 — 79 — 72 — 40 — . 0215 — .0134 — .0189 — . 0252 — . 0385 96 97 98 99 100 + 41 C3 46.64 + 45 52 05.56 _ 8 20 51.96 4- 28 29 58. 49 -)- 74 57 22. 41 .11 .00 .06 .06 .16 7 23 24 25 4 + 5. 3065 + 4.1231 + 4.4598 4- 3.4402 + 3.2404 . 0033 .0020 . 0022 .C021 .0001 — 5921 — 6312 — 4114 — 5452 —11526 — 69 64 22 34 210 — .0738 — .4344 — . 0061 — . 1807 -(- .0191 101 Wi 1015 104 105 — 23 36.71 — 17 54 48.06 _ 1 17 00.94 — 34 8 31.22 4- 39 06 33.53 .07 .09 .08 .16 .21 18 10 15 4 2 + 2.9320 4- 2. 8581 + 2. 6292 + 2.1273 + 1.5192 .0029 .0038 . 0033 . 1-066 .0060 — 4433 — 3832 — 4409 — 3163 — 6047 — 17 11 14 7 17 — . 0050 — . 0006 + . 0004 — .0451 + .0179 lOfi 107 108 109 110 — 35 48 59.72 + 7 22 54.34 4- 54 16 19.12 + 44 55 55.62 + 37 12 04.92 .27 .06 .11 .09 .17 1 2(i 7 12 3 + 1. 5648 + 1.0210 4- 0.8114 + 0.8399 4- 0. 6751 .0086 .0021 .0044 .0028 .0060 — 3087 — 4735 — 7206 — 6392 — 5968 — 5 5 14 10 6 4- .3889 4- .0068 _ . 1302 — .0035 — .0950 111 112 113 114 115 + 69 21 3,5.08 + 22 32 27. 18 + 22 34 31.93 — 52 37 40. 83 + 10 30 14.10 .13 .10 .08 .23 .07 5 10 16 2 19 — 0.5615 — 0.6576 — 1. 4080 — 1.8416 — 2.7078 . 0055 .0041 .0030 . 0085 . 0033 — 9645 — 5270 — 5289 — 1925 — 5009 + + + + + 28 8 15 2 23 — .1183 — .0161 — .1216 -f . 0087 — . 0476 116 117 118 119 120 + 25 15 09.76 -f 87 14 04.35 + 34 06 34.48 — 28 48 12. 13 + 20 45 05.75 .14 .07 .11 .11 .11 4 19 8 7 8 — 3.1732 — 3.6289 — 3. 9229 — 4.6700 — 4.9219 . 0051 . 0033 .0047 .0059 .0040 — 5306 —43267 — 5648 — 3324 — 5017 + + + + + 32 4794 48 14 44 — .0152 — . 0391 — . 0492 — . 0128 — .0114 121 122 123 124 125 — 26 11 45.81 4- 16 45 50.12 + 22 12 37. 60 4- 08 43 03. 10 + 28 02 39. 96 .12 .16 .07 .16 .14 6 4 18 4 4 — 5.4602 — 6.1.521 — 6. 2680 — 6.7199 — 6.7729 . 0055 .0047 .0029 .0058 .0048 — 3393 — 4767 — 4948 — 8652 — 5097 + + + + + 18 50 57 264 68 + .0093 — . 0459 — .0163 — . 0375 — .0818 126 127 128 129 130 4- 8 32 21.07 4- 32 09 37.90 4- 24 41 44. 66 4- 28 19 34.20 4- 27 05 14.74 .10 .07 .15 .06 .11 10 19 4 26 8 — 6.9393 — 7.4784 — 8.2919 — 8.3472 — 8. 9607 .0041 . 0024 ,0051 .0020 .0041 — 4426 — 51.52 ~ 4787 — 4790 — 4771 + + + + + 48 80 76 79 85 — .0498 — .0783 — .0633 — .0.-.75 — .0246 131 132 133 134 135 — 39 39 06.72 + 68 50 20.20 — 23 56 42.71 + 9 34 09.08 4- 61 08 00.80 .30 .14 .10 .09 .12 1 4 9 10 6 — 9.9360 — 10.0515 — 10.1495 — 10. 8076 — 11.6155 .0096 .0053 .0043 .0039 .0037 — 2621 — 7619 — 3155 — 3956 — 5957 + + + + + 24 353 37 73 251 + .0297 + . 0020 4- . 0454 — .0520 — . 1226 598 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [192] Catalogue of 500 stars a a a < Name. a c3 sq S Uf2 <1 2 a ^r! A/.' 136 137 138 139 140 141 14-J 143 144 145 14G 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 15fi 157 158 159 10(1 IGl l(i-2 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 17-i 173 174 175 17G 177 178 179 180 9953 2965 2971 304 ■< 3075 3099 3111 3126 3178 3186 3199 3223 3232 3242 3312 3331 3316 3371 3453 3459 3496 3505 3523 3533 3593 3609 3695 3708 3767 3777 3812 3834 383-4 3852 3859 3900 3914 3946 3981 3995 4002 4017 4072 4112 4123 6 Cancrl ( Cancrl .. £ HydrijB I Ursae Majoris K Urs» Majoris c^ UrssB Majoris K Caucri A Argus a Lyucis I Argus a Hydrae 24 IJrfiB Majoris UrssB Majoris Lconis £ Leonis V Ursse Majoris /J Leonis ?! Leonis c Leonis 32 UrpOB Majoris /I llrsse Majoris y' Ursse Majoris fj, Ursae Majoris p Leonis J7 Argus 53 Leouis fj Ursoe Majoris a UrsieMajoiis ip UrsK Majoris 6 Leonis Leonis V VissB Majoris (i Crateris T Leon's A Draconis .. .. I' Leonis X Urs.-E Majoris ;8 Leonis /3 Virginis 7 Urt-se Majoris Virginis 6 Ursae Majoris 4.5 5 4 3.5 4 3 4 3 4 3 3.5 1 3.5 2 3 5.5 4 2 6 2 3.5 2.5 3 4 3.5 4 3.5 4.5 4 2.5 3.5 2 4 5 5 3 k. m. s. 8 37 34. 8 39 07. 8 40 09. 4 .'■)0 38. 4 55 05. 59 22. 9 00 58.5 03 23. 9 13 26. 1 13 44.6 19 05. 9 21 26.7 23 23. 5 24 29. 1 34 28.6 38 4.5.2 42 05. 1 45 39. 10 00 31. 01 42.8 08 .'■.6.0 09 33. 1 13 04.7 14 52.6 24 25.0 26 13.7 40 12.9 42 41.1 54 17.3 55 59. 8 11 02 37.7 07 27.5 07 40.8 11 43.4 13 05.5 21 30.5 23 57.5 30 32. 9 39 26. 7 42 41.0 44 U.O 47 14.8 58 50. 5 12 06 19.4 09 13.9 + 3.419 + 3. 644 + 3.184 + 4. 139 + 4.125 + 5.374 + 3.255 + 2.202 + 3.672 + 1.606 + 9. 113 + 2.949 + 5. 425 + 4.050 + 3.207 + 3.419 + 4.330 + 3.424 + 3.278 + 3.202 + 4.437 + 3. 646 + 3.317 + 3.602 + 5.303 + 3. 166 + 2. 310 + 3.159 + 3.367 + 3.758 + 3.398 + 3.202 -)- 3. 1.55 + 3.2.58 + 2.995 — 3. 088 + 3.637 + 3.072 + 3. 197 + 3.065 + 3. 125 + 3. 188 + 3.058 + 2.9(14 + 3.003 — 13 — 20 — 7 — 44 — 44 — 134 — 9 + 4 — 27 2 — 795 — 2 — 169 — 55 — 9 — 18 — 82 — 20 — 13 — 10 — 115 — 38 — 15 — 36 — 280 — 8 + 22 — 8 — 63 — 81 — 37 — 13 — 10 — 23 + 6 — 2 — Ill — 36 — 7 — 44 — 3 — 126 — 43 + .00 22 — l!l7 — .20 + .91 +1.95 — .87 — .04 — .08 + .22 —1. 06 — .03 — .32 — .13 + .38 — .43 + .17 — .54 — ..56 — .32 + .61 — .27 — L24 — .18 — .51 — .54 — .06 —1.10 — .64 + .09 — .27 — .54 + .34 — .01 — .53 +1. ■■■)9 — .86 — .13 — .47 — .43 + .28 — .76 +1.67 + .Ob — .18 —1.15 —3.17 + .02 +2. 79 +3.92 —2.47 —1.74 — . 18 +2. 82 + .34 .48 .01 .85 .03 —1.46 — .42 — .66 —1.84 — 1.30 + .95 + .41. —2. 65 —1. 36 —1.11 — .98 — .38 —2.78 —2. 70 + .04 — .18 —2. 31 —1. 22 —1. 28 + .35 —1. 20 +3. 84 — 1.80 — .52 —2. 51 —1.05 — .05 —1. 22 +2. 93 + .92 [193] CATALOGUE OF 500 STARS. for the epoch 1875.0 — Continued. 599 o ci . O rt a sg "EO ^ > o Declination, 1875.0. 5S Is CS - s a P « < III III (Pd (It- (P6 I* 3 o / „ It ft // Jl II // 13G + 18 36 44.17 .12 6 — 12.9634 .0039 — 3797 + 9;; . . 2358 137 + 29 12 55. 56 .20 2 — 12.8937 .0060 — 4025 + 115 — .C615 138 + 6 52 34. 59 .07 17 — 12.9548 . 0030 — 34 H6 + 80 . 0537 139 + 48 31 50.87 .08 15 — 13.8425 . 0020 — 4333 + 173 . . 2.528 140 + 47 38 57.05 .17 3 — 13.9401 .0047 — 4279 + 174 — .0671 141 + 67 38 23. 33 .12 6 — 14.1971 .0041 — 5494 + 359 . 0558 14-2 + 11 10 11.92 .08 14 — 14.2444 . 0040 — 3278 + 92 — .0037 143 — 42 55 43.04 .30 1 — 14.3765 . 0102 — 2171 + 34 + .0126 144 + 34 55 11.02 .10 9 — 14.9717 . 0039 — 3474 + 135 + .0152 145 — 58 45 03.78 .25 1 — 14,9766 .009s — 1486 + 24 + . 0282 146 + 81 52 32.83 .12 7 — 15.3300 . 004(i — 8510 + 142H .0184 147 — 8 07 04.31 .07 22 — 15. 4132 .0023 — 2076 + 75 + . 0302 148 + 70 22 40. 25 .18 3 — 15.4916 . 00(-l — 4915 + 401 + .0599 149 + 52 14 44.25 .08 13 — 16. 1682 . 0028 — 3548 + 185 .5565 loO + 10 27 35.91 .10 8 — 16. 1789 .0037 — 21)94 + 98 — .0333 151 + 24 20 55. 41 .07 19 — 16. 3863 .OOSO — 2810 + 119 . 0216 152 + 59 37 31.17 .11 8 — 16.6917 .0033 — 3476 + 2.i3 — .1602 153 + 26 35 40. 61 .08 13 — 16.7.587 .0034 — 2676 + 121 — . 0526 154 + 17 22 16.68 .18 3 — 17.3984 . 0053 — 2304 + 110 — . 0084 155 H-12 34 38.26 .06 27 — 17.4430 .0020 — 2217 + lO.i — .0010 156 + 65 43 50.60 .14 5 — 17.7705 .0060 — 2927 + 265 .0255 157 + 43 :;2 15.64 .10 9 — 17. 8131 .0032 — 2378 + 152 — . 0429 153 + 20 28 22. 85 .07 19 — 18.0565 .0028 — 2112 + 117 — . 1455 159 + 42 07 38. 22 .12 6 — 17.9619 .0040 — 2245 + 148 + . 0194 160 + 76 21 20. 73 .11 7 — 18.3514 .0044 — 3054 + 441 . 0161 161 + 9 56 56.87 .08 14 — 18.4077 . 0035 — 1758 + 101 . . .0088 16-^ -!S9 01 39.76 .22 2 — 18.8551 .0088 — 1067 + 43 — .0038 163 + 11 12 21.88 .08 13 — 18.9527 .0043 — 1443 + 105 — . 0288 164 + 57 03 06. .52 .09 11 — 19.2275 .0036 — 1435 + 165 + . 0080 165 + 62 25 31.31 .06 24 — 19.3439 .0021 — 1420 + 177 .0666 166 + 45 10 34.53 .09 12 — 19.4710 .0031 — 1141 + 133 .0418 167 + 21 12 29. 60 .07 21 — 19.0719 .0026 — 981 + 112 — . 1424 168 + 16 06 45.03 .18 3 — 19.6111 .00.55 — 956 + 107 — .0772 169 + 33 415 33. 99 .24 2 — 19.5798 . 0062 — 909 + 118 + .0312 170 - 14 06 08.73 .08 15 — 19. 4521 .0034 — 801 + 92 + .1835 171 + 3 32 39.95 .10 9 — 19.7930 .0039 — 668 + 101 . 0210 172 + 70 01 14.63 .09 12 — 19. 8274 . 0030 — 743 + 164 — . 0206 173 - 08 01.73 .08 15 — 19.8.539 .0035 — 489 + 100 + . 0350 174 + 48 28 20.68 .11 8 — 19.9549 . 0034 — 330 + 115 + .0188 175 + 15 16 14. 62 .06 25 — 20. 1161 . 0021 — 248 + 99 .1191 1-6 + 2 28 08.39 .09 12 — 20. 2890 .0028 — 233 + 105 .2825 177 + 54 23 22. 85 .07 20 — 20. 0247 . 0022 — 173 + 112 — .0015 178 + 9 25 38. 37 .09 12 — 20. 0162 . 0036 + 64 + 99 + .0378 179 + 78 18 39.34 .10 9 — 20. 0253 . 0043 + 203 + 85 + .0213 180 + 57 43 38.28 .11 8 — 20.02S8 . 0035 + 263 + 93 + . 0092 600 U]SirrED states northern boundary commission. [194] Catalogue of 500 stars a 181 182 183 "184 *lh5 186 187 •188 1h9 *190 191 *VJ2 19.? 194 *193 196 197 *198 *199 200 »-201 *-20ii 204 *2U5 206 »207 208 *209 210 211 *212 2i:i 214 215 *216 217 218 219 *220 221 222 223 224 *225 a 02 a 4131 4145 4187 4191 4222 4234 4239 4258 4342 4335 4346 4366 4401 4421 4433 4480 4484 4506 4513 4532 4540 4596 4607 4618 4637 4648 4059 4669 4675 4696 4706 4732 4729 4741 4789 4804 4808 4812 4822 4827 4832 4864 4876 4895 4897 Namo. /? Chameleontis. 7] Virgiiiis r.' Crucis 14 Couiffl 4 Draoonis a Corvi K Draconis 9 Canum Venatiooium £ UrsEB Majoris a Canum Venaticorum 78 Vii-tB Majoris d Virginia i3 Com» a Virginia f ' Urs:e Majoris . f Virgiuis 81 UrsEe Majoris . !7 UrsoB Majoris . 6 Bootis 7 Bootis I? Bootis. /3 Centauri 11 Bootis n Draconis 12 Bootis. a Bootis. A Bootis. 6 Bootis. 24 Bootis p Bootis y Bootis 5 XJrsie Minoris. a^ Ceutauri 34 Bootis.... e' Bootis... c^ Librae □ 3.5 1 2.5 3.5 6.5 5.5 3 2.5 5 4.5 4.5 5 1 3 6 6 4 5.5 6 2.5 6 6 3 6 1 6 3.5 5.5 5 1 4 4 G 4 3.5 4 6.5 1 4.5 3 3 ' « GO H o « ~ t. .a a P.MO h. m. s. 12 11 03.5 13 30.7 19 39.5 20 08. 9 24 37.5 27 49.3 28 08.3 32 45. 2 48 13.8 48 31. 5 50 10.7 55 21.7 13 03 28.8 06 02.3 08 02.7 18 36. 6 18 53. 4 22 56.7 24 56.6 28 19.5 29 18.9 40 55. 1 42 36. 8 43 48.2 47 14.6 48 44.0 50 29. 3 51 01.1 55 30. 4 14 01 00.4 04 42. 09 45. 09 57. 6 11 37.8 20 56.5 24 16.9 26 26. 6 27 02.6 27 48. 8 29 31. 8 31 07.2 37 55.7 39 31.7 43 57.9 44 12.3 + 3.380 + 3.068 + 3.282 + 3.009 -j- 2.677 -I- 3. 132 + 2. 600 + 2. 904 + 0.361 + 2.661 + 2.817 + 2. 592 + 3. 101 + 2. 807 + 2.730 + 3. 152 + 2. 421 + 1.518 + 2.848 + 3.053 + 2.320 4- 2.555 + 2.374 + 2.840 + 2. 867 + 2. 859 — 0. 014 + 4. 170 4- 2.724 + 1.623 + 2.739 + 1.098 + 2.735 + 2.284 + 2. 043 + 2. 088 -I- 2.587 + 2. 418 — 0.208 + 2. 186 + + 4.029 2.639 -i- 2.621 + 3.309 + 2.357 fa s. + 180 + a + 68 — 12 — 58 + 1« — 54 — 19 + 221 — 273 — 15 — 25 + a — 8 — 14 + 11 — 17 + 7 — 5 + 6 — 14 — 9 — 10 2 — 6 + 182 + 84 — 3 + 5 + 29 + 2 — 5 — 1 — 3 2 — 3 + 121 o + 74 + 15 — 1 :ia + .21 — .87 — .76 — .02 — .14 — .25 +1.41 — .93 +1.72 +1.44 — .34 — . 65 — .86 — .27 — .13 — .14 — .07 — .01 + .22 —1. 22 — .15 — .18 — .20 — .08 — .72 — .67 + .06 — .14 — .08 + .21 — .40 + .34 — .86 — .26 — .18 — .13 — .33 + .30 +1.61 — .16 —1.13 + .21 + .30 — .47 —1.16 A/i' — .68 —1.58 —2.17 — .80 —1.02 + .41 +2.93 —1. 42 H-3. 38 +3.96 —1.09 —2. 46 —2. 12 —1. 64 —1.79 — .68 — .07 — .67 +2. 20 —2. 79 +1. 02 — .35 — .75 —1. 37 —2.67 -1.-59 + .08 —4.71 — .53 — .11 —1. 26 + .02 -2.04 — .68 — .32 — .68 —1. 58 —1.74 +3. 59 — .53 —6.43 — .31 +1. 42 —1.86 —1. 52 fl95] CATALOGUE OF 500 STARS. 601 for the epoch 1875.0 — Continued. o s . Sa a u Declination. 1875.0. % -4-3 ■no. a > 1^ 00 -^ rt fZ=(5 d\ '*3 g ■c ' ID .a a 3 2° C3 .s s a III g s dt^ d(3 p. p a jZi Pi < Oh 11; o / II II II // II II II 181 — 78 37 04.29 .'I'i 2 — 19.9878 .0094 + 323 + 133 + . 0432 182 + 01 40.75 .07 18 — 20. 0472 .0032 + 349 + 100 .0273 183 — 62 24 21.76 .25 1 — 20.0219 . 0090 + 495 + 121 — .0417 »184 + 27 57 38.99 .20 2 — 20. 0038 .0056 + 471 + 94 . 0270 *185 + 69 53 38.16 .14 4 — 20. 0038 .0061 + 505 + 66 — . 0652 IHO — 22 42 18. 75 .09 12 — 19.9725 .0039 + 637 + 105 _ . 00.59 187 + 70 28 38.85 .10 9 — 19.8980 .0031 + 548 + 61 + .0053 "188 + 41 33 45.55 .28 1 — 19.8729 . 0066 -1- 688 + 84 .0232 189 + 84 05 32.73 .11 8 — 19.5990 . 0042 + 191 + 69 + .0128 *190 + 56 38 18.77 .12 6 — 19.6318- .0042 + 895 -i- 64 .0254 191 + 38 59 37.72 .07 20 — 19. 5274 .0027 + 970 + 76 + .0481 *192 + 57 02 25. 55 .30 1 — 19.4966 .0098 + 993 + 60 .0246 19:? — 4 52 16.10 .07 16 — 19.33U . 0034 + 1319 + 100 — . 0412 194 + 28 30 44. 08 .13 5 — 18.3458 .0044 + 1220 + 74 + .8816 *195 + 40 48 55.48 . 37 1 — 19. 1607 . 0114 + 1.49 + 69 + .0161 196 — 10 30 29.68 .06 26 — 18.92.39 .0021 + 1625 + 103 .0378 197 + 55 34 43. 01 .10 10 — 18.9095 .0031 + 1281 + 49 . — . 0317 *198 + 73 02 27.83 .22 — 18.7748 .0083 + 866 + 20 — .0197 *199 200 + 24 + 52 02 56.68 38.03 — 18.6925 — 18.5432 "".'0631' + 1585 + 1743 + + 76 93 ".'67' '"is" ""'+" .'o4oi' *201 + 55 59 22. 25 .24 2 — 18.5713 .0084 + 1365 + 44 .0208 *202 + 41 42 58.88 .34 1 — 18. 1897 .0110 + 1672 + 50 — .0485 203 + 49 56 15.80 .06 24 — 18. 1020 . 0021 + 1570 + 46 — .0245 204 + 21 53 07. 12 .24 2 — 18. 0229 . 0076 + 1892 + 74 + . 0093 *205 + 18 32 58.49 .27 1 — 17.9231 . 0062 + 1965 + 76 . 0247 206 + 19 01 30. 42 .07 21 — 18.2001 .0028 + 1979 4- 75 . 3009 *207 + '9 36 44.94 .23 2 — 17.7777 . 0093 — 133 + 124 — . 0092 208 — 59 46 07.14 .23 2 — 17.6344 . 0091 + 2997 + 218 — . 0531 *209 + 27 59 28.11 .16 4 — 17. .5600 .0047 4- 1998 + 65 + .0007 210 + 64 58 25.33 .07 17 — 17.3174 . 1 028 + 1262 + 27 + .0059 211 + 25 41 04.84 .25 1 — 17. 2238 .0116 + 2142 + 6. . . 0656 '212 + 70 01 10.40 .19 3 — 16.9961 . 0081 + 933 + 33 — .0708 213 + 19 50 02. 58 .06 27 — 18.9148 .0020 + 2151 + 66 — 1 .9994 214 + 46 39 47.01 .13 6 — 10.6817 . 0043 + 1808 + 41 + .1548 215 + 52 25 45. 12 .09 11 — 16.7873 . 0032 + 1767 + 34 .4072 *216 + 50 24 K 17 .24 2 — 16.2565 .0060 + 1833 + 33 . 0468 217 + 30 55 15. 53 .09 11 — 15.9845 .0040 + 2313 + 53 + .1132 218 + 38 51 21.11 .15 4 — 15.9247 .0041 + 2170 + 45 + .1410 219 + 76 15 06.01 .09 10 — 16. 0100 . 0031 — 108 + 106 + . 0159 *220 + 47 20 04. 78 .36 1 — 15.9744 .0109 + 2009 + 37 . 0393 221 — 60 19 11.63 .23 2 — 15. 4245 .0090 + 3347 + 176 + . 4257 222 + 27 03 36. 91 .25 1 — 15. 4814 . 0069 + 2515 + 55 .0031 223 + 27 36 07.83 .07 20 — 15. 3787 . 0028 -f- 2515 + 54 + . 0102 224 — 15 31 15.67 .07 21 — 15.2156 . 0024 + 3224 + 100 .0786 '225 + 38 19 37. 78 .25 1 - 15.0076 .0094 + 2302 + 41 + .1158 N B- -76 602 UNITED STATES NORTHEEN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [196] Catalogue of 500 stars a s a a *■£>& 4918 'ii7 4936 -228 4937 2-29 4958 •2:!0 4974 '2;!i 5026 2;!2 5024 2!!:? 5034 2:i4 5 71 2o5 5084 236 5094 *237 5097 238 5098 *239 5115 240 5122 241 5130 242 5131 243 5143 244 5157 245 5168 *24G 5178 247 5192 248 519G 249 5216 2o0 5245 »251 5271 252 5285 253 5298 254 5302 255 5303 *25G 5313 257 5329 258 5341 259 5348 2(50 5388 261 5406 *2C2 5415 263 5414 264 5426 "265 5460 266 5463 267 5466 2GS 5473 269 5484 *270 5502 Name. P Ursas Minoris . (3 Boot is. 44-Bootis. 3 Serpentis. /3 Libr® /i' Bootis. r UrsiB Minoris Draconis Corouaj Borealis . Bootis. v" Bootis t) CoronsB Borealis . a Corouas Borealis . Bootis. f CoroDSB Borealis . y Coronas Borealis . a Serpentis /? Serpentis f Serpentis Herculis UrsiB Minoris Herculis C'oroDOB Borealis Scorpii /i' Scorpii Draconis Herculis . 6 Opbiuchi . 16 Herculis . r Herculis. y- Herculis. f Coron£e . 23 Herculis. 5.5 3 6 3 6 6 2.5 6 4 3.5 3 4 6 5.5 5.5 4.5 2.5 6 5.5 2.5 3.5 3 6 4 6 4.5 3 .5.5 2 5. 5 3 6 3 6.5 6 4 3. 5 o -e - h. m. 8. 14 48 16. 1 51 05.4 52 14. 1 ,57 14.2 59 40. 3 15 08 50. 08 58. 7 10 16.9 16 24.7 19 46.2 20 56. 5 22 09. 1 22 40.6 25 2 '. 9 26 26. 4 27 18.6 27 53.4 29 23.8 30 .52. 9 33 20.3 15 34 40. 3 37 29.7 38 06. 7 40 24. 9 44 35.2 48 21.2 48 3:!. 9 51 1-^.2 .52 24. 9 52 56. 6 .54 49.4 58 10.2 .58 54.2 59 33. 16 04 49. 9 05 59. 1 00 36. 1 07 47.8 09 56. 3 15 38. 1 15 58.9 16 21.4 17 13.7 18 OS. 6 21 41.5 + 1.517 — 0. 246 + 1.984 + 2.260 + 1.979 + 2.284 + 2.979 + 3.220 + 1.7.59 + 2.208 — 0. 144 + 1.325 + 2.476 + 1. 179 + 2. 153 -I- 2. 145 + 2.414 + 2.539 + 2. 0.56 -I- 2. 154 + 2.2.57 + 2.518 + 2.951 + 2.765 + 2. 9S7 + 2.071 — 2.281 + 2.019 + 2.485 + 3.537 + 1.410 + 3.477 + 1.525 + 1.119 + 1.884 + 0.1.34 + 1. 170 + 3. 138 + 2.655 + 2.04^^ + 1.798 + 2.644 + 2.343 + 2.302 + 1.309 dt' s. + 9 + 103 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 7 + i-i + 5 + 1 + 75 + 14 + ^ + 17 + •■i + + + + + + + + + + + 3 + 203 + 4 + 3 + IG + 10 + 14 + 9 + 14 + 5 4- 40 + 14 + 8 + 4 + 4 + r, + 4 + :i + 3 4- 10 Afi + + .69 .39 .05 .27 .05 .47 .18 .24 .51 .56 — .51 + 00 + .34 + .38 + .03 58 22 — .37 — .21 —1.08 — .19 + .26 — .20 +1.01 — .66 +1.06 — .11 — .21 —1. 59 — .24 + .28 — .16 + .72 + .27 + .07 + .18 — .32 — .25 + .07 + .69 — . 35 — .08 — .28 + .12 +1. 15 A/i' —2.51 +1..54 —1.48 — .73 — .64 -1. 13 — .46 — .49 —2. 10 —1.06 —1.03 — .53 — .65 +1.51 — .20 — .03 —2.17 — .77 — .59 —2.50 — .18 —3. 96 — .71 —1.77 —1.19 +2.99 + .14 —1.07 —2. 75 —2. Go +1.32 —5. 80 +1.60 + .63 — .40 — .10 —2.70 + .16 —2.11 +1.90 — .34 — .80 —1.64 —1. 32 +3. 46 [197] CATALOGUE OF 500 STAES. 603 for ihe epoch 1875.0 — Continued. 1 a Declination, 1875.0. hi 2 = C3 . = 3 a 2 a -M < Probable error of annual va- riation. m a a o o / II It II // It // II *226 + .59 48 09. 67 .25 1 — 14.7446 . 0082 + 1531 + 25 + .1429 227 + 74 39 58. 82 .06 23 — 14.7165 .0021 — 187 + 103 + . 0044 •228 + 50 08 25.11 .25 1 — 14.8935 .0083 + 2043 + 30 .2408 229 + 40 53 04. 27 .08 14 — 14.3957 .0035 + 2359 + 37 . 0453 *230 + 48 08 30.91 .23 2 — 14. 1601 .0065 + 2057 + 28 + .0406 '231 + 38 44 02. 28 .27 1 — 13.6428 .0114 + 2504 + 36 .0193 232 + 5 24 17.12 .23 2 — 13.6369 . 0075 + 3249 + 68 — .0226 233 — 8 55 13.00 .07 20 — 13.5611 .0029 + 3518 + 84 — .0309 234 + 52 24 33. .59 .33 1 — 13. 1505 .017 + 1996 + 25 — .021 235 + 37 48 59.73 .10 9 — 12; 8177 . 0033 + 2575 + 34 + .0884 236 + 72 16 43.62 .08 14 — 12.8097 .0024 — 107 + 84 + .0177 *237 + 59 24 16.68 .09 13 — 12.7252 . 0042 + 1547 + 26 + . 0;.'07 238 + 29 32 15.34 .19 3 — 12.6428 . 0057 + 2836 + 41 + . 0!)75 •239 + 61 OC 07. 12 .31 1 — 12.5392 . 0103 + 1397 + 28 .0129 240 + 41 15 36. 63 .24 2 — 12.4559 .0081 + 2515 + 31 — .0020 241 + 41 19 28. 32 .24 2 — 12.4035 .0070 + 2509 + 30 . 0093 242 + 31 46 55.88 .26 1 — 12.3759 . 0090 + 2820 + 39 — .0J17 243 + 27 08 11.55 .05 25 — 12.3498 .0021 + S995 + 42 — . 0997 244 + 43 34 56. 59 .23 o — 12. 1038 . 0095 + 2433 + 28 + . 0431 245 + 40 45 41.21 .23 2 — 11.9172 .0065 + 2577 + 30 + . 0580 *246 + 37 02 33. 81 .20 2 — 11.8762 . 0007 + 2700 + 32 + .0052 247 + 26 41 33. 66 .19 3 — 11.6641 . 0054 + 3027 + 40 + .0174 248 + 6 49 12. 87 .06 24 — 11.6037 . 0022 + 3565 + 58 + . 0339 249 + 15 48 52. 01 .19 3 — 11.52(16 .0052 + 3360 + 49 . 177 250 + 4 51 19. 62 .10 10 — 11. 1035 . 0039 + 3677 + 58 + .0681 "251 + 42 48 08.07 .26 1 - 10.2901 . 0063 + 2629 + 24 + .61.59 252 + 78 10 40.77 .07 18 — 10.8824 . 0024 — 2731 + 280 . 0016 253 + 42 55 49. 89 .34 1 — 10.6895 . 0099 + 2539 + 25 — . 0107 254 + 27 14 27. 75 .15 4 — 10.6578 . 0053 + 3120 + 36 — . 0615 255 — 22 15 50.64 .10 9 — 10..VJ34 . 0046 + 4429 + 82 — . 0365 •256 + 55 06 13.04 .22 2 — 10. 3006 .0089 + 1772 + 21 — .1162 257 — 19 27 41. 36 .08 16 — 10. 2034 . 0032 + 4413 + 75 — .0380 258 + 53 15 49. 12 .59 — 10.0441 .016 + 1961 + 21 — .034 259 + 58 53 58.60 .11 ""s — 9.7203 .0030 + 1408 + 22 — . 3408 260 + 45 15 48.77 .16 3 — 9.6258 . 00.".1 + 2443 + 22 — .0330 261 + 68 08 22. 63 .16 3 — 9.5012 .0065 + 204 + 52 + .0690 •262 -4- 58 15 50.87 .35 1 — 9.4827 . o■i:^ + 1542 + 23 + .040 263 — 3 22 14.98 .07 17 — 9.5740 . 0032 + 4075 + 56 — .1434 264 + 19 07 29. 87 .23 2 — 9.3.579 .0113 + 3466 + 37 — . 0931 •265 + 40 00 31.66 .49 — 8.S149 .014 + 2699 + 22 + .005 266 + 46 36 42.79 .10 9 — 8.7700 .0037 + 2391 + 20 + .0226 267 + 19 26 53. 32 .13 6 — 8. 7062 .0043 + 3502 + 34 + . 0530 268 + 31 10 59. 72 .20 2 — 8.5928 . 0065 + 3116 + 26 + .1016 269 + 32 37 33. 02 .22 2 — 8.6424 .0076 + 3072 + 26 + . 0032 •270 + 55 29 24.26 .25 1 — 8.3192 .0090 + 1765 + 20 + .0216 604 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [198] Catalogue of 500 stars .2 a 271 a72 ♦•J7;i a74 275 ♦270 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 •285 286 *287 '2c8 •289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 *298 299 300 301 "302 303 304 305 •306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 '315 5498 5512 5523 5520 5535 5545 5541 5552 5548 5568 5596 5578 5604 5617 5624 5643 5644 5658 5693 5706 5708 5731 5747 5780 5776 5778 5801 5^23 5821 5834 5847 5s53 5874 5876 5te86 5911 5918 5937 5941 5997 6006 6021 6033 ()030 6047 Name. a Scorpii ri Draeonis 30 Herculis /I Ophiuclii 34 Herculis 15 Draeonis 32 Herculis a Herculis f Opbiucbi 42 Herculis a Trianguli Aust f Herculis 7! Herculis 46 Herculis 53 Herculis K OpbiucLi f Herculis 59 Herculis £ UrsEB Minoris . )? Scorpii f Draeonis I.' Herculis TT Herculis 69 Herculis 44 Ophiuchi p'2 Herculis 77 Herculis (3 Draeonis a Ophiuchi a Draeonis /t Herculis 87 Herculis i/i' Draeonis 1 3 5 4 6.5 4.5 6 4 3.5 6 5 2 3 3 7 6 6 5 6 4 3 5 4 G 3.5 6 3 3.5 3.5 4.5 6 6 5 4 5.5 6 2.5 o 6 4 4 6 7 4.5 ■sg=: ■•- aoo C tJ)o h. v>. s. 15 21 44.7 22 18.2 24 32.3 24 36.6 !^6 40. 2 28 14. 3 28 37. 30 04.5 .30 16.6 32 32. 4 16 35 21. 4 35 26. 9 36 34.5 38 36.7 40 06.7 42 55.7 43 19.8 44 17.8 48 13.6 50 43.9 51 45.1 55 30.5 56 59. 3 58 50. 9 17 01 31. 03 12.1 05 23. 9 08 2.5.7 08 56.9 10 41.6 13 21.6 13 37.8 17 37.6 18 44. 2 19 22. 2 23 25. 4 24 12.5 27 3C5 29 08. 36 50. 6 37 41. 1 41 34.0 43 4.3.0 43 46. 7 44 09.9 c3 a B o + 3.668 + 0.805 + 1.968 + 3.024 + 1.644 — 0.141 + 2.332 + 1.932 + 3.298 + 1.741 + 1.025 + 6.287 + 2.263 + 2. 055 + 2. 385 + 1.134 + 1.914 + 1.237 + 2.269 + 1.721 + 2. 835 + 2.293 + 2.209 — 6. 376 + 1.594 + 4.286 + 1.151 + 0. 162 + 2.733 + 2.087 -I- 2. 030 + 1.527 + 1.908 -|- 3. 0.57 + 2.070 + 1.586 + 0.895 + 1..351 + 2.782 + 1.815 — 0.355 + 2.345 + 2.430 + 1.613 — 1.082 (Pa + 15 + 18 + 4 + 6 + 6 + 41 + 3 + + + + + + + + 6 91 3 4 3 + 10 + 4 + 10 + 3 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 3 4- 307 + *i + 17 + H + 19 + 3 + 3 + + + + + + + + + 3 + 11 + 4 + 3 + 3 + 2 A<5 — .18 + .06 —1.35 — .07 + .75 .00 + .65 — .05 —1.65 + .93 + .27 — .09 — .14 —1.44 + .20 — .21 — .23 + .09 .00 —1.38 — .21 — .34 —1.49 + .02 — .01 — .25 + .90 — .02 + .13 — .00 — .68 — .56 — .29 — .55 — .10 + + + .30 .50 .05 .22 46 40 — .13 + .19 + .08 A/i' — .67 — ..54 —3.74 —1.42 +1. 28 — .41 — .47 + .40 —2.58 +1.16 — .41 —1.63 — .10 —2. 63 +1.11 —1.85 — .60 + .84 —1.00 -4. 12 — .86 —2. 15 —2.89 — .59 +2. 89 + .57 +3.90 + .28 — .26 — .87 —3. 09 —4. 18 + .93 — 1. U -1.02 + .01 + 1.99 — .06 —1.11 .00 +1.97 —1.49 —1.17 +1.3U — .41 [199] CATALOGUE OF 500 STARS. 605 for the epoch 1875.0 — Continued. o rt 'oh a .a a Declination, 1875.0. '5^ a 3. dl- dl 1 '0 ■0 o u ^ a -*^ t-l (H i-. '^ CL| <1 P^ m o / II II II II II II ,1 271 — 26 09 09.18 .09 u" — 8. 3734 .0041 + 4900 + 71 — .0367 272 + ei 47 .51.11 .07 17 — 8. 2376 . 0026 + 1107 + 20 + . 0540 *273 + 42 09 28. 15 .27 1 — 8.1111 . 0083 + 2056 + 20 + . 0026 274 + 2 15 32. 64 .11 8 — 8.2062 .0043 + 4008 + 44 . 0982 275 + 49 14 02.15 .43 — 8.0040 .0109 + 2230 + 18 — .0612 *276 + C9 02 18.29 .13 6 - 7.7958 .0047 — 157 + 55 + .0209 277 + 30 45 45. 25 .20 •2 — 7.7S08 . 0106 + 31.58 + 24 .0047 278 + 42 41 45.08 .12 6 — 7.0334 . 0041 + 2637 + 19 + . 0350 279 - 10 11 43.56 .11 8 — 7.0308 .0047 + 4480 + 52 + . 0212 2«0 + 46 52 01. 93 .40 1 — 7.4570 .0116 + 2379 + 17 -t .0116 281 + 49 10 25. 04 .19 2 — 7.2184 . 00.52 + 2335 + 17 + . 0209 282 — 68 47 39. 59 .22 2 — 7.2882 .0094 + 85H5 + 268 . 0503 283 + 31 49 49. 47 .08 15 — 6. 7387 . 0032 + 3008 + 20 + . 4010 284 + 39 09 39.91 .10 9 — 7.0633 . 0030 + 2844 + 19 . 0903 *285 + 28 35 15.28 .30 1 — 6. 6077 .0087 + 3302 + 22 + .0421 286 + 57 00 20.98 .16 4 — 6.5672 . 0103 + 1596 + 17 + .0505 •287 + 42 27 45.00 .29 1 — 6.6194 .0104 + 2(;(<8 + 16 . 0350 '288 + 55 37 54. 61 .29 1 — 6.5260 .0122 + 1751 + 17 — . 0210 •289 + 31 54 35.34 .19 2 — 6.2002 .0056 + 3159 + 19 — . 0220 290 + 46 44 31.22 .34 1 — 6.0105 .0131 + 2428 + 14 — .0412 291 + 9 34 15.45 .07 19 — .5.8897 . 0032 + 3947 + 27 — . 0050 292 + 31 06 42. 18 .10 9 — 5.5476 . 0042 + 3230 + 17 + . 0215 29;i + :i3 45 01.75 .15 4 — 5.4424 . 0058 + 3120 + 10 + . 0021 294 + 82 14 22. 49 .07 18 — 5.2906 . 0028 — 8926 + 552 — . 0029 295 + 48 58 37.19 .30 1 — 5. 15.33 .0113 + 2285 + 13 — .0911 290 — 43 04 17. 25 .29 1 — .5.1936 .0109 + 6083 + 03 — .2743 297 + 55 55 38.90 .48 ...„. — 4.6937 .014 + l(i52 + 14 + .039 *298 + 05 52 00. 96 .11 — 4.4578 . 0039 + 251 + 27 + .0168 299 + 14 32 03.76 .06 23 — 4.4039 . 0022 + 3905 + 19 + . 0264 30U + 36 57 03.65 .11 7 — 4. 29J9 .0050 + 2987 + 12 — .0147 301 + 37 25 24.02 .18 3 — 4.0069 .0049 + 2920 + 11 + .0401 *302 + 49 49 33.75 .30 1 — 4.01.57 . 0123 + 2190 + 10 + . 0142 303 + 40 05 54.51 .26 1 — 3.7504 .0100 + 2840 + 10 ' — .0097 304 — 24 03 29.05 .13 6 — 3.7222 . 0060 + 5200 + 27 — .1311 305 + 37 15 43.15 .11 7 — 3. 5458 .0042 + 2985 + 10 — .0092 •306 + 48 21 56. 68 .18 3 — 3,2029 ,0058 + 2299 + 9 — . 01.59 307 + 58 45 24. 50 .25 1 — 3.0992 .0110 + 1303 + 12 + . 0199 308 + ^fi, 23 40. 57 .07 17 — 2.8255 .0025 + 1959 + 8 — . 0006 309 + 1-2 39 09. 44 .06 24 — 2.9:^99 . 0022 + 4044 + 12 — .2371 310 + 43 H- 08 31 58. 67 — 1. 9728 + 2650 + + .050 311 48 55.74 .11 7' — 1.62.58 .0041 — 499 + 14 + . 3237 312 + 27 47 42. 17 .07 20 — 2. 3701 . 0031 + 3380 + 8 — .7589 313 + 25 39 56.97 .18 3 — 1.4703 . 0057 + 3538 + 5 — .0497 314 + 47 39 22. 19 .41 1 — 1. 4053 .014 + 2358 + 5 + .013 *315 + 72 12 34.25 .11 7 — 1.0570 .0040 — 1565 + 30 .2731 606 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [L'OOJ Catalogue of 500 stars ■= 3 31G *:517 318 3IS) 320 «321 322 323 *324 325 *326 327 326 329 330 *331 *332 *333 3:!4 *335 330 337 '338 339 340 341 *342 343 344 345 346 '347 348 349 350 351 '352 •353 354 355 35f) 357 "358 359 3(i0 0050 0073 0079 0082 0001 0114 0115 0150 0157 0108 0200 0210 0281 6229 5959 6245 0208 0289 0302 0325 0355 0305 6390 0387 6397 6421 6429 0440 0403 0478 0470 0487 0491 0526 6528 0553 0580 0584 0585 0012 Oti-ji 6(124 6650 6646 Niinie. 88 89 c s 7 Hcrcnlis. Draconis , Ilerculis Draconis . ... 35 Draconis y" Siigittarii ... o Heiculis 102 Hcrculis H Sagittarii ... 40 Draconis . (! Ur8a3 Miuoris ■q Serpent is Octantis. fi Lyra! , 39 Draconis X Draconis 1 Aquilas . " LyriB .. e' LyriB .. . 110 Herculis. 111 Hercnlis. j} Lyras a Sagittarii. Draconis . .50 Draconis . E Aqiiilaj . y Lyras .. /I Aquilse . Aquilse... LyiiB Draconis . Sagittarii Acjiiilse.. (! Draconis K. Cygni ... Hercnlis j 5.5 r Draconis (5 Aquilse ... 3.5 4 2 4 4 .5.5 3.5 4 6 5.5 5 4.5 (J 3 4 6 4.5 3.5 C3 o O t. J a h. m. n. 17 40 47. 1 50 22. 7 51 22. 1 51 57 9 55 42. 4 .55 02.6 57 40.7 02 40. 03 24.7 06 17.2 18 09 2:!. 4 12 30. 12 39. 3 14 .50.5 15 28. 5 17 17.0 20 00.8 22 04.9 23 18.0 25 58.8 28 24.3 32 42.4 35 58. 1 40 11.9 40 17.0 41 30.1 44 10.0 45 27.9 47 30.8 49 21.4 50 23. (! 51 29.3 53 57.0 54 10.0 59 30.9 18 .'■9 39. 8 19 02 42. 09 17.7 10 19.2 10 19.9 12 31.3 14 12.8 14 47.4 17 50.7 19 11.7 X a c o a '-5 + + + + + + + 1. 507 2. 420 1. 030 2. 053 1.394 2.090 3. 852 2. 338 2. 5(i0 3. 584 — 4.470 + 1. 002 — 19.420 + 3. 100 +109. 0.58 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2. 645 1.974 0.874 1.075 0. 820 3.272 2. 031 2. 030 1. 980 a. 582 2. 649 1.547 2.214 3. 723 0.887 1. 901 1.580 2. 721 2. 242 3. 184 2.755 2. 2(i0 0. 238 3. .514 2. 909 0. 033 1.388 2. 005 1. 108 3. 024 (Pa di- + + + 4 + + + + + + — 20 + 1 — 385 + 2 —11035 + 2 + a — 9 — 1 + + + + + + + + 1 1 2 I 17 1 23 3 1 58 2 A(! — .05 — .20 + 1.05 — .47 + .04 + .'-'4 + .07 + .43 — .41 — .38 + .59 + .40 + .17 + .12 + .08 + .55 — .05 — .18 — . 15 + . 38 + .05 00 — .12 — .70 + .08 + .03 + .35 — .53 — .03 CO + 1. 18 +1. 45 — . 05 — .50 — .11; — .OS — .12 + .24 —3. 50 — .73 + .25 — .14 — .04 + .70 + .11 A/i' —1.39 — .90 +1.02 —1. 83 + .28 + .84 + . 15 — .80 -1.69 — .18 +3. 24 + 1.50 + .03 — .22 — .76 +1.70 —1. 22 + .22 —1. .50 +1.01 — .82 —1. 10 — .48 — .04 + .05 —1.29 +2.08 —2. 51 + .28 — .02 +1.65 +1.54 + .74 —1.38 —1. 03 — .42 + .56 —5.74 —1.78 + .74 + .40 + .00 +1.00 + .03 [201] CATALOGUE OF 500 STARS. 607 for the epoch 1875.0 — Continued. H -J CO C3 . So g=3 S • m d?S a _o s a 3 Declination, 1875.0. 1-- r .a I —1 "—I 1 = a 2 . t. -^ ^ ;z; Pi P ■< ^ u / II II ,1 II II It II 3G1 + 24 41 17. 62 .21 2 + 6. 2-38G .0057 + 3348 — 22 .6515 ■.'m + 19 51 03. 13 .25 + 6. 8-74 .0(101 + 3555 ■ — 27 — . 0344 *303 + 57 46 32. 43 .40 + 7. 1371 .0103 + 14.55 — 15 — .0105 ■XA + 27 41 54. 06 .09 11 + 7. 3094 . 0038 + 3247 — 21 — .0141 3G5 + 51 27 51. 12 .12 + 7.5195 . 0033 + 2024 — 14 + . 1245 3GC + 34 11 17.40 .17 + 7.4381 .0068 + 3001 — 21 . 004:! 307 — 7 18 13. 08 .10 + 7. 6886 .0044 + 4317 — 52 + . 0('08 •31)8 + 43 25 38. ■3 + 7.9023 + 8. 1709 + 2520 + 2122 — 17 + .021 369 + 49 55 56.67 ".'ii' '".'66.34' — 16 .2)75 *370 + 54 40 52. 85 .35 + 8.3070 .017 + 1783 — 15 + .160 371 + 25 28 26.27 .19 2 + 8. 3641 . 00.57 + 32G9 — 29 + .0065 37-2 + 10 18 36. 31 .0{; 25 + 8. 49-20 . 0021 + 3732 — 41 . 0084 •373 + 57 43 08. 02 .28 1 + 8. 4770 .0 00 + 1545 — 17 — . 0617 374 + 44 49 35. 66 .12 6 + 8. 5908 .0044 + 2444 — 18 + . 0308 375 + 8 32 22.75 .06 27 + 9.2151 . 0020 + 3841 — 40 + . 3701 •.376 + 40 16 56.92 .41 1 + 8.9377 . 0132 + 2647 — 21 . 0365 *377 + 47 36 34.95 .24 2 + 9.1190 . 0095 + 2256 — 18 — .0188 378 + 69 56 58.38 .12 7 + 9. 1772 .0041 — 245 — 51 i + .0271 379 + 6 05 45. 45 .06 24 + 8. 7049 .0021 + 3783 - 46 . 4909 380 + 88 55 51.48 .06 22 + 9.2170 .0026 —78715 —56385 + .0110 381 + 52 OG 28. 04 .13 5 + 9.4175 .0047 + 1955 — 17 . 0281 •382 + 50 34 02. C5 ..56 + 9.5436 .015 + 2066 — 18 + . 020 3S3 + 27 24 32. 89 .24 ■■"2' + 9. 7185 . 0007 + 3110 — 33 . 0004 384 + 6 55 35.57 .15 4 + 9.88.-,4 . 0004 + 3084 — 51 + . 0076 •385 + 36 23 21. 23 .22 2 + 10.3933 .0007 + 2733 — 28 + .0057 •3S6 + 61 42 01.60 .26 1 + 10.8185 .0076 + 1196 — 24 + . 0779 387 + 46 21 46. 84 .12 7 + 10.7554 . 0042 + 2279 — 22 + .0027 388 — 12 55 50. 43 .07 19 + 10.8577 .0025 + 40:'.9 tl + . 0003 389 + 77 20 02.43 .10 9 + 11.0284 .0038 — 2300 — 220 + .0283 390 — 57 07 59.13 .24 2 + 11.1055 .0100 + 5741 - 212 .0902 •391 + 61 51 39.15 .:57 1 + 11.3494 .0094 4- 1166 — 24 + .0251 392 + 39 51 26.82 .09 12 + 11.3333 . 0020 + 2539 — 28 . 0069 393 — 18 37 11.65 .11 7 + 11.4971 .0041 + 4060 — 89 — .0173 394 + 38 01 50.23 .18 3 + 11.C.-83 . 0070 + 2576 — 30 — .0541 *395 + 36 02 18. 19 .19 2 + 11.8195 .0072 + 2612 — 32 — . 0080 396 + 10 52 47.17 .08 15 + 11.9939 . 0024 + 3294 — 56 . 0219 397 + 62 34 27.40 .12 6 + 12.0075 .0038 + 1138 — 25 — .0251 •398 399 + 42 + 72 46 06 00. 62 28.99 ...... + 12. 1764 + 12.2255 '.'6666' + 2374 — 299 — 28 — 77 + . 073 . 0196 '.'is 400 ■\- 14 09 41.07 .22 2 + 12.2709 .0064 + 3187 — 55 — .0.541 401 + 20 45 48.44 .27 1 + 12.3925 .0078 + 3015 — 49 .0188 402 + 15 23 20.30 .10 8 + 12.4808 .0042 + 3l:!8 — 54 + . 0082 •403 404 + 55 + 44 33 .50 52.71 03.97 + 12.54;^ + 12.6916 '".'6626' + 1711 + 2253 — 22 — 28 . OCO .0084 '.'06 "'24' 405 + 14 37 37.87 .22 2 + 12.6675 .0060 + 3098 — 54 "~~ .0031 N B- -.39 GIO UNITED STATES XORTBERX BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [204 J Catalogue of 500 stars .3 406 407 408 *409 410 411 *412 413 •414 415 4Ui •417 "418 419 -420 421 422 *42;i 424 *425 42G *427 *428 42t» *4oO 431 432 *433 *434 435 436 437 43S *43y 440 441 *442 •443 444 *445 *44G 447 *418 *4ty 450 < 7200 7204 7206 7215 7220 7239 7277 7299 7320 7333 7336 7345 7368 7377 7380 7385 7398 7399 7416 7418 7448 7453 7484 7460 7478 7493 7489 7505 7514 7521 6554 7501 7566 7571 7588 7595 7605 7618 7627 7636 7fi54 7686 7C>79 7688 Name. >' Dclpbini E Cygni... 13 Delphini rj Cephei , II Aqnarii V Cygni.. i Cygni . 61'Cvgni (Fed. 3689) 63 Cygni f Cygni a Kqmileii T Cygni .. . a Cygni . .. V Cygni . .. a Cepbei .. 1 Pegasi t9 Cygni 71 Cygni (3 Aqnarii. a Cephei . 72 Cygni . . f Aquarii. 74 Cygni . 76 Cygni . £ Pegasi 79 Cygni . K Pegasi 11 Cephei .... V Cepbei 12 Cephei .... /i Capricorn i. 16 Pegasi 79 Draconis 16 Cephei a Aqnarii . .. 4 3 5.5 5 3.5 4.5 4 5 6.5 4 o 3 5 4.5 5 4.5 4.5 3 4 6 6.5 7 3 3 6 5.5 6 6 2.5 6 4 .5 2t~ c -*^ " u~ a <: h. m. s. 20 40 51.6 41 09.2 41 37.0 42 14.8 42 44.7 45 54. 6 52 30. 8 53 11.6 58 13.9 21 00 23. 1 01 17.8 01 33.6 02 17.9 07 37.0 08 37.2 21 09 34.5 09 48. 1 12 30. 4 12 46.7 15 35. 7 1(! 18. 4 19 46. 9 20 40.6 23 30.0 24 50.2 24 58.7 27 02.4 27 1.5.5 29 40. 3 31 05.8 31 56.4 36 32. 7 38 02. 8 38 1.5.4 38 59. 1 40 05. 1 41 50.6 43 44. 46 28. 7 47 22.5 48 54.4 51 18.7 57 27.5 ,57 36.6 59 21. 8 (Pa + 2.783 + 2. 426 + 2.975 -L 1.489 + 1.230 + 3.240 + 2.234 — 2. 504 4- 2.323 + 2. 180 + 2.C88 + 1.462 + 2. 0:i4 + 2.550 + 1..530 + 3.001 + 2.391 + 2.353 + 2.463 + 1.437 + 2.774 -i- 2.006 + 2. 445 — 4.602 + 2.209 + 3.164 + 0.799 + 2. 017 + 2. 446 + 3. 198 + 2. 400 + 2.408 + 2.948 + 2.473 + 2.711 -f 0.90;') + 1.730 + 1.766 + 3.279 + 2.727 + 2.014 + 0.736 4- 0.882 + 2. 4.58 + 3. 083 + 3 3 — 4 — 14 + 4 — 309 + 4 + 4 + l-'> — 6 + 4 + 4 + + + + 2 + r, + r- — 844 + u — 34 + 5 + 7 — 8 + + + — 33 + 3 11 + 8 — 46 — 37 + 10 — 4 Ac5 — .30 +1. 32 — .02 + .06 + .02 —1.50 + .09 + .22 — .39 — .10 + ..53 + . 29 — .15 — . 77 + .09 + .07 + .60 — .07 + .40 + .02 —1.24 + .28 + .17 + .04 + .01 + .30 +1.57 — .39 — .92 — .51 — .18 — .13 — I.II7 — . 6;; + .43 + .09 + .52 — 1. 03 — .21 + .64 + .69 — .21 +1. 1(> — .04 A//' —1.40 —2. 09 — .84 +1. 39 +1.29 —2. 33 + .77 +1. 35 — .93 — .93 — . 54 +2. 10 —2.44 —1. 13 + .82 — .02 —2. 68 +2. 13 — .88 +1.58 — .39 —3. 37 + .04 + .17 — .36 — .45 + 1.23 +6.10 — .06 —1.83 —1.03 —3. 88 — . 58 —3. 50 + 1. 65 + .85 +1. 40 —3. 33 — .51 +2. 17 +4. 02 — .95 +3. 60 + .01 [205] L-v^j CATALOGUE OF 500 STAKS. for the epoch 1875.0 — Continued. 611 =s_- Si ^ fco ■Z°. t > ■U (^ « a; "^ 3 Dccliuation, 1875.0. c2 ■5 "3 43 '0 5-2 C C r^ III a & <"^ (5 " " P £ o / // ,/ II „ II // „ 4(iG + 15 40 29.78 .12 7 + 12.7372 .0044 + 3040 — 55 _ .2110 407 + 3,3 30 10.44 .09 10 + 13.2739 . 0035 + 2674 — 43 + .3001 408 + 5 33 00.58 .33 1 + 12.9902 . 0085 + 3250 — 67 . 00S4 *409 + 57 07 ,54.11 .30 1 + 12.t'095 . 0087 + 1.581 — 21 . 231 1 410 + 01 21 13.39 .12 7 + 13.8890 . 0033 + 1319 — 29 + . 81.59 411 — 9 27 03.64 .10 10 + 13.2392 . 0040 + 3484 — H6 _ . 04:!3 *41-i + 40 41 12. 20 .12 (i + 13.0915 . 0040 + 2318 — 34 . 0183 413 + 80 04 .56. 31 .14 4 + 13.7227 . 00-18 — 2729 — 3/1 . 0305 *414 + 38 09 50.69 .24 + 14.0041 . 0092 + 2354 — 3H . OOliO 415 + 43 25 47.90 .14 5 + 14.2037 .0041 + 2184 — 33 — . 000() 41G + 39 08 08. 47 .07 17 + 17.4880 .0028 + 2991 — 37 + ;. . 2276 '417 + 59 + 47 45 31.97 + 14.2617 + 14.3066 + 14;!6 + 2045 23 . 015 .01,54 *418 08 48^05 '.'23 2 '".'0057' — 30 z 419 + 29 42 54.22 .07 IH + 14.5765 . 0032 + 2477 — 49 . 0073 *4yO + 59 28 22! 71 .29 1 + 14.6950 . 0079 + 1454 — 23 — . 0088 4'31 + 4 43 55. 81 .14 4 + 14.0732 . 0048 + 2902 — 70 _ . 0872 4-2a + 37 30 4.5. 48 .14 4 + 1,5.2070 . 0044 + 2308 — 43 + . 43.32 *4-23 + 38 52 17.47 .13 5 + 14.9311 .0043 + 2226 — 41 .0017 4-24 + ;i4 22 22. 33 .28 1 + 14.9299 . 0066 + 2330 — 45 . 01«8 *425 + 62 03 23. 00 .07 21 + 1,5.1537 . 0022 + 1334 — 24 + .0418 426 + 19 10 14.37 .12 (> + 15.2039 .0040 + 2593 — 02 + .0511 •427 + 51 07 11. 76 .28 1 + 15.3104 .0101 + 1816 — 30 . 0337 *428 + 36 07 41.23 . 25 1 + 15.3758 . 0007 + 2220 — 45 — . 0246 429 + 83 43 44. 24 .30 1 + 15.5592 .0111 — 4299 — 947 + . 0017 »4:m + 45 59 24.26 .19 3 + 15.7294 . 00.52 + 1953 — 36 + .0984 431 — 6 07 12. 05 .06 24 + 1.5.6223 .0028 + 2823 — 92 _ . 0165 432 + 70 00 43. 81 .07 21 + 1.5.7404 .0022 + 655 — 37 . — . 0047 »433 + 52 + 37 04 09. 69 + 15. Hi:, 9 + 15. 97(19 + 1746 + 2116 — 30 + + . 051 *434 58 27. 35 ".'14' ""5 '".'0644' — 46 . OH44 4^5 — 8 24 49.39 .10 9 + 1.5.9330 .0041 + 2758 — 96 . 0353 436 + 39 51 09.77 .24 2 + 16.0117 .0059 + 2039 — 44 _ . 0002 437 + 40 14 16.92 .33 1 + 16.1094 . 0084 + 1987 — 45 — . 0828 438 + y 18 10.14 .07 19 + 10.3231 . 0031 + 2428 — 78 — . 0058 *439 + 37 42 42. 66 . 55 + 10.3075 .019 + 2021 — 51 — . 032 440 + 25 04 k;. 37 .19 3 + 10.3057 . 0054 + 2212 — 62 — .0107 441 + 70 44 10.05 .12 6 + 16.5283 . 0052 + 709 — 35 + . 0965 •442 + 60 32 39. 77 .11 8 + 10.5080 . 0034 + 1359 — 26 .0115 '443 -f- 60 06 4(5. 94 .30 1 + 10.0117 . 0079 + 1374 — 26 — .0010 444 — 14 08 21.03 .11 8 + 10.7437 . 0040 + 2576 — 107 — . 0023 *445 + 25 20 15.72 .08 13 + 10.7709 . 0049 + 2102 — 64 — . 0121 '4 46 + 55 37 25. 52 .24 + 16.8036 . 0003 + 1518 — 31 + .0017 447 + 73 00 39. 91 .12 6 + 17.0001 .0061 + 505 — 41 + .0312 •448 + 72 35 06. 16 .16 4 + 17.0786 .0050 + 568 — 35 . 17(;5 '449 + 42 — 12 42. 70 + 17.2950 + 17.3257 + 1748 + 2185 — 49 + . 033 4oO 55 34. 69 ".'oe' 2"^ "".'0026' — 92 . 0139 s. 612 UisITED STxVTES KOETDERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [20!!] Catalogue of 500 stars a 3 < 451 4o2 453 454 455 *45(> *457 45f^ '459 400 *461 4G-i ♦403 404 4(i5 406 407 408 *4(i9 *470 471 47d *473 474 *475 470 47 47ci 470 *4o'0 481 482 •483 *484 •4c5 480 *4S7 488 *483 490 491 492 493 494 •495 7089 7092 7706 7733 7749 7755 7705 7773 7787 7795 7800 7814 7f-20 7843 7848 7855 7ft08 7881 788-i 7907 7008 79^3 7945 7958 7962 7907 7970 7992 8023 8024 snr2 8034 8030 8059 8083 8124 8128 8177 8200 8224 8-229 8233 8238 8237 8273 Name. V Pegasi.. a Ginis... I Pe};asi . 28 Teg.-KM . C Cejibei . X Cepbci . d Aquaiii y Aquarii . 2 Lacertte. ir Aquaiii.. 4 Lacerlai. 38 PeKasi -- (1- Cepbei .. a Lacertaj . ij Aquaiii.. f Pogasi .. V P.^gasi .. A Pegasi .. /( Pegasi .. 14 Lacertai. I Ct pbei A Aquarii c Piscis Atistralis . Audioaiedai ij Pegnsi ' Pegasi 3 Au(lr + II + 1' + 1- — 33 + 1' — 18 + a + 11 + S + 9 + n + 22 — 6 — 21 + 1'-' + 26 + 12 + '•' + 23 + '-M + 37 + 41 + 21 + -i + 16 + 28 + 25 — 3 + 73 + 26 + CO A(5 + + .43 .37 .11 + .36 + .01 — .14 + .40 — .74 + .78 — .02 — .38 — . 47 — .54 22 + ico + .05 — . 17 + ..59 — . 07 + .76 00 .30 .11 .03 .18 4- .20 — .99 — .28 — .04 — .10 — .58 — .23 22 + ioi 00 +1.61 — .45 —1.64 — .21 + .92 + .20 — .19 + .42 + .47 — . 23 •i/^' — .82 —1.22 —1.41 — 1.D9 — .63 00 +1.48 —1. 38 +2. SO + .08 — .92 — .76 — .74 — .*-9 +2. 01 + 1.2-' + .11 + 1.4(1 +3. 80 +1.63 — 1. 18 — .08 + .07 — .52 + .SO —1.73 + .92 —2. (!4 — 1.31 — 1. — 1. + . + ■ +3. 62 —1.05 —3. 03 — . 53 00 —1.70 +1.18 + 1.15 — .41 —1.38 [207] CATALOGUE OF 500 STARS. 613 for the epoch 1S75.0 — Continued. 53 a 3 Declination, 1875.0. 2 . 2° 1 c3 c a B a '3 robable error of nnnual va- riation. ^<5 dp a _o g 1 a ^ Pi < Ch (!( o / II II II II II II II 4r)i + 4 26 54.27 .24 2 + 17.4299 .0070 + 2150 — 87 + . 0898 452 — 47 33 54.17 .22 2 + 17.2104 . 0094 + 2703 — i(;9 . 0282 453 + 24 44 06.85 .13 6 + 17.4253 .0043 + 1955 — 09 + . 0059 454 + 20 21 51.76 .25 1 + 17.5392 .0(i70 + 1916 — 73 . 0J59 455 + 5" ■c6 07.92 .10 9 + 17.6493 .0032 4- 1301 — 34 + .0037 *456 4 58 47 53.44 .25 1 + 17.6458 .0072 + 1330 — 33 .0310 '457 + 39 05 43. 24 .20 + 17.7168 .0059 + 1072 — 5(; — .0112 458 — 8 24 17.80 .08 15 + 17.7731 .C035 + 2059 — 102 — . 0248 •459 + 52 01 49.94 + 17.9577 + 18.0066 + 1426 + 1925 — 43 + + .018 4tiO 00 59. 24 '".'m '"'12 '".0036 — 96 . 0128 *461 + 45 54 26. "ii .26 1 + 18.0002 .0071 + 1.501 — 51 .0192 46t> + 44 37. 04 .12 6 + 18. 1296 . 0046 + 1831 — 93 — .0046 «4r>3 + 48 50 34. 36 .26 1 + 18.1255 . 0059 + 1423 — 48 — . 0294 4G4 + 31 50 00.28 .18 3 + 18.3128 . 0009 + 1542 — 69 — .0189 465 + 57 46 33.16 .15 4 + 18.3424 .0040 + 1229 — 39 + .0031 4G6 + 49 38 2.5. 05 .11 8 + 18.4035 . 0035 + 1357 — 51 + . 0005 407 — 00 45 40.21 .(i7 17 + 18.4345 . 0030 + 1663 — 9.i . 0.572 408 + 75 34 5(1. 49 .16 4 + 18.5212 . 0061 + 523 — 31 — . 0089 '409 + 49 + 74 25 20. 62 + 18.5090 + 18.7108 + 1294 + 592 — 52 + + .018 *4;o 43 19. 24 ".'33" ...... '".'oiii' — 26 .041 471 + 10 10 45.77 .07 18 + 18.6S.-i2 .0031 + 1497 — 89 . 0127 4T2 + 29 34 04.43 .11 7 + 18.7101 . 0042 + 1306 — 74 — .0478 •473 + 22 54 29. 73 .12 6 + 13.83.52 .0040 + 1347 - 80 — .0248 474 + 23 56 31.11 .12 6 + 18.9105 .0043 + 1294 — 81 — .0503 •475 + 41 17 31. 12 .30 1 + 18.9721 . 0070 + 1185 — 66 — .0102 476 + C5 32 35. 59 .10 9 + 18.8635 .0031 + 903 — 35 .1330 477 — 8 14 39. 10 .09 11 + 19.0561 . 0037 + i:;04 — 103 + . 0.!57 478 — 30 17 03. 08 .12 7 + 18.9746 . 0057 + 1371 — 123 .1708 479 + 41 39 15. 78 .12 6 + 19.2431 .0043 + 1019 — 70 — .0384 •480 + 56 26 02.61 .33 1 + 19.2038 .0134 + 926 — 55 — .0191 481 + 27 24 18.34 .12 7 + 19.4466 .0038 + 1001 — 83 . — . 1283 48a + 14 31 59. 01 .06 24 + 19.2872 . 0022 + 1071 — 90 — .0501 •483 + 49 22 22. 11 .16 3 + 19.4886 .0053 + 959 — 06 + . 1503 •484 + 48 36 54. 02 . 25 1 + 19. .5354 . 0002 + 909 — 68 + .1181 *485 + 56 28 41.74 .22 2 + 19.7947 .0076 + 919 - 79 + . 2689 48G + 67 25 40.26 .12 + 19.6601 .0044 + 636 — 51 4- . 0172 •487 + 41 23 38. 04 .2; 1 + 19.0509 .0067 + 742 — 78 + .0005 488 + 5 41 33. O.i .12 + 19.7175 . 0039 + 652 — 96 .0563 •4-9 + 30 38 07.66 .25 1 + 19.8347 . 0000 + 520 — 89 — .0213 490 + 45 4J 51.87 .19 3 + 19.4689 .0047 + 446 — 85 — . 4300 491 + 42 34 34.26 .13 6 + 19.8999 .0050 + 434 — 86 .0050 492 + 4 56 50. 19 .07 19 + 19.4773 . 0029 + 437 — \\)l — 4432 493 + 76 56 01.87 .07 21 + 20.0711 .00i2 + 304 — 49 + . 1435 494 + 43 Si 31.17 .25 2 + 19.9077 .0060 + 395 — 87 .0201 •495 + 67 06 44.16 .16 4 + 19.9722 .0051 + 238 — 78 .0198 614 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [20S] Catalogue of 500 stars g -2 a • 2 ' " a &« aj ;« a 1^ — .H7 —1. 20 *499 '500 8344 83GG 5 5 55 15.0 58 39. 4 + 3.02G + 3. OGl + ,52 54 + .37 — .10 + 1.59 + .90 [209] CATALOGUE OF 500 STARS. 615 for the epoch 1875.0 — Continued. E-i o k . S« a g Declination, 1675.0. 1? +3 c a obablo err >f annual v iatiou. III- o f a K o a 8 i. ^ , special comparison with Eh 45 and Pa 45 79 forl8G0 18,37,134 [213] SPECIAL lj:>rDEX TO APPENDIX H. 619 Pago. Radclifpe Obs. — Continued. annual results 16, 37, 81, 145, 151 special table of corrections 37 remarks on 39 Reflection Observations : at Cambridge 24,25 at Greenwich 35 at Eadcliffe 39 at Wasliington 44, 50, 54 Eefraction ... .22, 27, 34, 37, 41, 42, 43, 59, 66, 68, 88 EOBIXSON. {See Armagh.) Sain't Helena, catalogue 15, 22, 78, 105 Saffoed, Prof. T. H 6 Sands, Admiral B. F 5 Santiago Obs., Gillis, 1851 17, 41, 124 — ,Mosta, 1855 16,41,81,126 Smyth, Prof Piazzi. (5ec Edinburgh Obs.) Stars, Selection of, to form catalogue 8 Stone, E. J. {See Green-wich and Cape of Good Hope) 34,42,43,66 Struve, O. ((ScePoulkowa.) Stru\tj, "W. {See Dorpat.) Systematic Corrections in declination : Special table for Eh 43 32 Wn 68 CI Wn68andMo68 68 Table II, first ajiproximation 76 deliuitive determination of 93-169 depending on A. R., remarks on 94,96 to declinations from — 30° to — 90° Table VI, preliminary — , definitive, Table IX, order of declination . — ,— , Table X, order of A. R , Table XII — , recapitulation of 94 95 154 159 168 173 Taylor, T. G. (5ee Madras.) Vienna Obs Page. .17,21,102 Washington Observations 7,9,68,81 Mural Circle . . . 15, 16, 19, 40, 81, 121, 127, 138, 167 Prime Vertical Transit 18, 166 Transit Circle, 1865-1869, Special discu.s- sion of catalogue of Wn 68 62 comparison with Me 68 .'.. 66 description of observations 44 discordance ' ' R-D " 50 , table of,forWn 67 52 Wu68 54 latitude 59 — ■ , secular variation of 60 nadirs in 1867, correction of 46 not.itiou 45 probable error 48 refraction 59, 66, 81 systematic corrections 61,68 weights, table of 53 zenith points for 1868 47 results for 1868-1S69 81, 149 results for 1870-1874 68, 70, 81, 1,52 special table of corrections to ass'd (5 69 Weights, prcliminarj-, for normal system . . 72 final ■ 93, 98, 163 Table XI (definitive) 160 WiEN. {See Vienna.) Wilson, O. S 5 Wolfers, Tabulaj Rcductionum 5,144 Yarn ALL, Prof. M. {See Washington, Mural Circle) 19,40 Young's refractions 22 Explanation.— It has been found necessary to omit Part 2 of Appeudi.x H, containing the details of corrections to assumed places. INDEX TO SUBJECTS. Page. Report of the Coiomissioner 9-40 Letters of transmittal 1 1-13 Treaties and official documents 17-19 Narrative 20-30 Record of final meeting of commissioners- 31-32 List of astronomical stations 34 List of monuments 35-40 Report of the Chief Astronomer 43-268 Letters of transmittal 43-44 Chapter I. General characteristics of the country 47-65 Chapter II. General narrative G7-78 Chapter III. The Northwest Point, Lake of the Woods 79-83 Chapter IV. Astronomical determina- tions of latitude and methods of sur- vey 85-94 Appendix D. Records 95-253 Abstract of Appendix C 198-199 Notes on Geodetic Formula 255-258 Page. Report of the Chief Astronomer— Continued. Chapter V. The Mean and Astronomical Parallel 259-268 Appendix A. Report of Captain Gregory: Narrative 271-287 Instruments used and methods em- ployed 288-302 Northwest Angle, Lake of the Woods. .303-312 Chief Mountain Lake 312-316 Chronometer performances 316-327 Appendix B. Report of Lieutenant Greene: Narrative 331-340 Chapter I. Geodetic connections 341-356 Chapter II. Topography 357-370 Chapter III. Operations during the win- ter of 1873-74 371-395 Astronomical positions on reconnais- sances 396-401 Station-errors, computation of 402-406 Appendix H. Report of Assistant Boss 409 621 GENERAL INDEX. Page. Act authorizing tlie survey 19 Agreements of the commissioners . . 22, 27, 31, 32, 261 Appropriations 19, 24, 25 Adjournment of the Joint Commission 32 Astronomical stations observed by the Joint Commission 34 Astronomical stations observed by the United States Commission 95 Arable lands, Extent of 49 Azimuths 91 Arc of parallel. Length of 94 Astronomical camiis, Altitudes of 198, 199 Astronomical party, Manner of conducting work 292-294 Blank forms 294 Convention of London, October 20, 1818. .5, 6, 17, 31 Characteristics of the country 47-53 Coteau of the Missouri Gl,62 Chronometers, Corrections, 1872 187 Chronometers, corrections, 1873 188, 191 Clironometers, corrections, 1874 192, 193 Discussion of errors 310-322 Table of errors 323 Table of daily rates 324 Table of weekly rates 325 Longitudes by 326,327 Connection of astronomical stations. 91, 265, 341-349 Details of United States tangent hues . . 200-229 Details of British tangent lines 230-251 Azimuth observations 342-344, 347 Tracing the tangent lines 344-347 Station errors and offsets ^ . 347-349 Construction of moiinds 348 Chronometers 291 ( lliief Mountain Lake 65, 312 Chief Mountain Lake, Survey of 314-316 Criterion, Application of .SG Dawson road ■. 54 Declination of fixed stars. Computation of.. 87,9] Declination of fixed stars, adopted 194-196 Page. Declination of fixed stars, computation of B.A.C. 240 197 B.A.C. 67 89-91 Deflections of the plumb-line 262-2G4, 402-406 Dog-sleds 374 Estimate of the Chief of Engineers 18, 19 Extract from report of Colonel Long (1824) . . 21 Ei)hemeris, used in the field 296 Forests 52 Frenchman's Creek 281 FortN. J. Turnay 281 Geodetic Formulae, Notes on 255-258 Hill of the Murdered Scout 60, 61 Hurricane Lake 72 Hypsometry 300-302 Irrigation 51 Instruments, Astronomical 85, 288 Surveying 91 Instrumental Constanta 86, 297 No. 7. Micrometer 170 No. 7. Level 171 No.20. Level 172 No. 20. Micrometer 174, 175, 184, 185, 186 No. 11. Micrometer 181,183 No. 11. Level 176,182 Instrument Stands 288-290 Letter of the Secretary of State 5-7 Letter of the Commissioner 11-44 Letter of the Chief Astronomer 11-13, 43-44 Lake of t he Woods 53, 393 Lake Roseau 55 Latitudes, U. S. Observations: Station No. 1, Pembina 90-100 Station No. 2, East, Lake of the Woods. 101-104 Station No. 2, West, Point Jlichel 105-107 Station No. 3, Pembina Mt 108-111 Station No. 4, PembinaMt., West side. 112-115 Station No. 5, Long River llG-119 Station No. 6, Turtle Mt ltO-123 Station No. 7, South Antler Creek 124-127 623 624 GENERAL INDEX. Pago. Latitudes, U. S. Observations — Continued. Station No. 8, Kiviere desLacs 128-131 Station No. 9, Mouse Elver 132-135 Station No. 10, Mid Coteau 136-133 Station No. 11, Bully Spring 139-141 Station No. 12, West Poplar 142-144 Station No. 13, Frenctman's Creek 14.5-147 Station No. 14, Pool on Prairie 148-150 Station No. 15, East Fork 151-153 Station No. 16, Millc River Lakes 154-157 Station No. 17, East Butte 158-lGO Station No. 18, Red River 161-103 Station No. 19, NortliFork,MiUv River. 104-166 Station No. 20, Chief Mountain Lake. 107-169 Sumuiary of British Stations 198 Summary of results 298 Letter of Captain Gregory 271 Letter of Lieutenant Greene 331 Little Rocky Creek 280 Longitudes 349-355 Message from the President 5 Monuments, List of. 35-40 at Northwest Point 81,305-309 Description of iron monuments 285 Mouse River 59 Milk River Ridge 04 Maps, Projection of 94 CoustrncUon of 368-369 Mean and astronomical parallel 259-268 Meridian of Fort Shaw 351-354 Meteorology 300,301 Northwest Point, Lake of the Woods. .23, 79-83, 303 Computation of surveys at 310-312 Natural divisions of the country 50-51 Norl hwest angle. Lake of the Woods 53, 303 Narrative of tlie Chief Astronomer 67-78 Captain Gregory 272-287 Lieutenant Greene 332-340 Officers detailed 20 Page. Offsets, Computation of 93 Oifscts, Table of 257 Prairie streams, Characteristics of 51 Pembina Mountains 58 Report of the Commissioner 17-40 Rainy River 53,385 Roseau River 55-56 Red River 56-58, 392 Riviere des Lacs 60 Rocky Mountains 64, 364-366 Reconnaissances, Astronomical positions on 299, 396-401 Settlements on the Red River 47 Sextants 290 Station-errors, Discussion of 402-406 Station-errors, Table of 355, 402 Stadia-liues, En-ors of 94, 360-361 Snow-shoes 378 Turtle Mountain 59 Three Buttes 63 Tangents, Tracing of 92 Topographical work 94, 3.57-367 Tangent-lines 357 Stadia-lines 3.57-364 Minor compass surveys 364 Reconnaissances 367 Triangulations, Belly River 252, 253 Northwest Point 311 , 312 Fort Shaw 352 Treaty of Ghent, Declaration of Commis- sioners 303 Tobogans 374 Temperatures, Tables of 323-325, 394-395 Woody Mountain 02 Wood End 70 Winter transportation 373 Clothing 377 Observations during 380 Temperatures 391 \ RECOl L A K^E^ OF THE W (> O T^- c\ ^. tl al f I I ' ' UNITED STATES XORTHERJt BOUNDARY COMMISSION. PROFILE. RECONNAISSANCF. SEIUKS, A LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 014 432 627 1